UMASS/AMHERST 312066 0333 2729 4 m': MM, w'';i.'' 1!' '''^ ■ :■; MAS- Index to Gleanings in Bee Cultnre VOLUME L In using this index the reader should not fail to note that it is divided into five deijartnients. namely, General, Editorial, A. I. Root's writings, Contributors and Illustrations. The index of General includes everything except Editorials, Illustrations and A. I. Root's writings. A ADVERTISING Dirt'erentiatiou in 771 Methods of... 21, 22, 532, 760 Story-Telling in 707 Agarita (see Honey Plants). Age Brings Wisdom, Bill Mellvir 168 Alfalfa, Long Honey Flow of.515 Alfalfa Yields in the East.. 042 Alighting-Board, Why Not Omit ; 168 Allen, Grace, Personal Letter from 733 Alsike, Pollination of 231 Aluminum Combs •...237 AMERICAN HONEY PRO- DUCERS' LEAGUE Annual Meeting in 1923. . .668 Better Distribution, a Func- tion of 635 Booklet on Laws 533 Message from President of. 647 Notes Concerning 778 Officers of 173, 600 Program of 712 Treasurer's Report 173 Ants, Circumventing in Flor- ida 35 APIARY Choosing Site of 368-371 Observations About 223 Richter's Plant 144 Ridding, of Foul Brood... 659 Apiculture, Who's Who in. ..321 Apparatus for Lifting 21 April, Important Things to Do in 250 Artichokes as a Farm Crop.. 780 August, Work of Beekeepers in 536 Automobile Radiators, Honey in 167, 794 B Bacillus alvei. Relation of, to Abnormal Appear- ances 299 Bacillus larvae, Cause of American Foul Brood. . .300 Bacillus pluton, Cause of European Foul Brood... 299 Bacteria, Functions of 298 Bacteria, Nature of 298 Barrels That Do Not Leak. . .705 BEE Bonks, Rare, List of.. 652. 653 Escapes. Use of 509 Moth. Work of Larvae of. ..462 Space Below Frames 154 Tree, Saving Bees from. . .667 BEES Age Beginning Field Work. 394 Breeding, Suited to Local- ity 532 Can Woman Keep? 777 Carrying Out Brood 247 Defense of 661 Distinguish Colors 792 Do They Injure Fruit ?... .229 Eaten by Chickens 37 Energy Produced by 157 How They Use Their Wings 793 in Cellar, Noise Made by. .797 Infected, Fall Treatment of 645 in Roman Mythology 160 GENERAL. Locating 171 Loss of, in Cellar 37 Make Millions for Fruit Growers 226 Moving 37, 39, 171, 599 Native, in Africa 707 Old, Eliminated in Fall 85, 157 Plenty of Stores for. .. 39 Preference in Blossoms Shown by 228 Quit Working in Supers.. 463 Stingless, Mexican 776 Suddenly Becoming Cross. 463 Talking Them in Schools.. 571 Think 393 Valuable for Pollinators 227, 643 Watching Flight of 223 When to Buy 102 Wonder work of 226 Beeswax, Digging It From a Mine 772 Beekeeper, Virgil's, from Cor- ycus 313 Beekeeper, Young 643 Beekeepers Merchant a Friend to 575 BEEKEEPERS' ASS'N. California 242 Georgia 789 Michigan 593 Mississippi 165 North Carolina 166 Ohio 600 Ontario 34 Texas 163 Value of Local 572 BEEKEEPING and Agriculture 229 as a Sideline 26, 90, 160, 240, 312, 384, 452, 524, 586, 652, 717, 783 Books 39 Compared with Other Ag- ricultural Lines 721 Helps Boys Through Col- lege 583, 646 How to Start in 102 in Africa 707 in August 536 in British Columbia 720 In Guatemala, 16 in Ontario 711 in Porto Rico. 96, 244 Migratory 436 Not Exactly; But 443 Profit in Backfot 155 Two Schools in 439 What It Can Do for Boys.. 643 Beginners (see Talks To). Black Ijocust (see Honey Plants). Blight. Cause of 229 BOOKS AND BULLETINS "Beekeeping in Clover Re- gion" 320, 396 Dadant's "Langstroth on the Honevbee" 680 How Obtained 39 "Sweet Clover" 600 Books on Bees. Rare 6^2 Bottling Without Scum on Top 632 Breeding and Requeening. . .296 Brood Carried Out by Bees. .247 BROOD-CHAMBER Large 699 to Keep Free of Honey... 247 Waste Space in When Second Given Double, for Spring BROOD-COMBS Evolution of Perfect.. 79, Examination of Stronger When Old Confusing Symptoms of. . BROOD DISEASES Dangerous Advice, on Diagnosis of Specimens Where Sent.. Variations in Brood-nest, Congestion of. Causes Swarming Brood-rearing Suspended.. 100, 596, Buckwheat, Pollination of.. Bush-bonnet (see Honey Plants). Buying Colonies in Winter. .700 .322 .319 157 .250 . 99 .299 , 83 . 38 . 38 298 373 664 230 39 CALIFORNIA a "Melting Pot" 311 Crop in 590 Honey Week in 101 Houses in 311 Migratory Beekeeping in.. 436 Orange Locations 76 Star Thistle Region of... 307 Seeing It From a Roadster.781 Northern 92 162, 242, 314, 386, 590, 719 Southern 28 92, 162, 242, 314, 386, 454, 526, 590, 654, 719, 785 Cages, Queen, Filling 446 Canvassing Consumers for Orders Filled by Retail- er 707 Capping Not Done 534 CAPPINGS Disposal of 304 Percentage of Honey in. . .374 Pin Holes in 38 CAPPING-MELTER Heater for 517 Use of 304 with Corrugated Bottom. 304, 381 Carriers, in Shipping Comb Honey 575 Carrot (see Honey Plants). Cartoons by Donahey 36, 168, 444, 641. 701 Cell, Part of Base Covered by Larva 394 Cells. Kinds of 250 CELLAR Bees Taken from 149 Colonies in 3 Classes .... 150 Door Left Ojien 797 Loss in. Cause of 37 Noise Made by Bees in... 797 Wintering in 598, 667, 680. 779 Changes of Personell at irfe- dina 40'. Chickens Eating Bees 37 Choosing a Location 368 Clipping, Wines of Queen... 250 Clipping, Queen of After- Swarm 322 CLOVER Red. Pollination of 231 Sweet Pollinated by Bees.. 233 Yellow Sweet, Saves Feed- ing 155 ^•7-3'X C:> 5r.C'5 Cluster, Size in Wmter 664 Coffee, Pollination of ^°'J COLONY ^ ..„ Being Fed, Robbed 642 Diagnosis of .......••• -^jf Manipulation, Richter s . . .14j Obtaining the First ^9 Record Yield of.. . 460 Sections. 116 from One... 661 with 2 Queens and Queen cell ^-^^ Yearly Cost of Operating .. 770 COLONIES Buying in Winter. . . . ■iJ Difference m Value ot....lUZ Diseased, Killing Bees of. .667 Equalizing, New Way ot...31J How Many in First Season. .177 How to Judge 10^ in Cellar in 3 Classes ..... loO Packed Becoming Too Warm ■ ■ • •. J^l Preparations tor Moving. ..438 Queenless, What to Do S;Tng"bu7BeTt with »■ -" " " '~' Smaller as Autumn Ap- proaches ^9 < Strengthening witli Young Bees '^'* ' Weak, Uniting 597 Why Disappear ■ • ■ • . ^°^ Colorado, Average Crop in... 655 Colors, Distinguished by Bees. 792 COMB „, , . Lovers and Fire A\ orship- efs 079 or Extracted Honey 170 COMB HONEY Care of 536 Damaged by Moth 536 Prom Hive to Market 513 Keeping in Winter 3a Moth Larvae in --w'^^r Packing 513, 576 Shinning 57a, 649 COMB-HONEY PRODUCTION^ Control of Swarming 375 Harder Hi Swarm Control in 375 COMBS Classifying ■■ - 3B4 Containing European h . a INDEX TO GLEANINGS IN BEK CULTURE ^^^^ V ■ ^ ^ 786 FieiralmPWrario 467 660 to In- in Wisconsin o91. Produced by Small Hive.. 700 Yield per Colony m U. S. .066 Crops, Field, Pollinated by Bees -■^'-' Cucumber, Wild (see Honey Plants). D Dakota, S.. Another Big Re- port from .... Demand for Honey _ crease -^ ' - Demand of Consumer, Great- er Development Needed. . 69 1 Demaree Plan for Swarm Con- trol 39a Dequeening. R e (i u e e n 1 n g Without ■^^'- Desert Bloom (see Honey Plants). Disinfectant Solution in American Foul Brood. . .76o Distribution, Better, Needed. .635 36 Dolla~r of Consumer. How Di- vided 569, 69n Donahey's Cartoons. .. .... • 36, 168, 444, 641, 701 Drone, Defense of 234 Drone, Value Worth Cost of. .234 Drones, Rearing Supply of.. 235, 309 Duty "on Imported Honey... 713 Fifty Years' Experience .... 37o Pilaree (see Honey Plants). Filling Bottles, Device for. . .633 Fireblight (see Pear Blight). Plights in Winter 169 FOUL BROOD Both Diseases in Same Col- ony |0^ Controlling 00 It Lewis Cure of ' r^a Liable to Reappear 578 Saving of Combs 764 Sources of Infection 578 Stewart Cure of 83 Treatment for a34 FOUL, BROOD, AMERICAN Area Clean-up Plan 512 Cells and Larvae of 301 Disinfecting with Solution of Lye 442 Experiment with 794 Fall Treatment for 599 in Bee-Trees oVo"'E?? in Wisconsin ol\f, 0x1. Positive Symptom of 301 Substances Destroying Germs of • ■ -765 Treatment for 441, 579 Treatment Less Effective than Destruction. . . .511, 520 Various Treatments of.... 441 Virulence of Spores in . . . .667 Whv Not Eradicated 511 FOUL BROOD, EUROPEAN Cause of • 299 Cells and Larvae of 300 Comb-Honey Supers 394 Cure of .157 Containing .306 .323 .395 Using .395 Crooked, to Get Rid of... 247 Difficulties in Disinfecting. .765 Diseased, Disinfecting .... 764 of Diseased Colonies, Using 599 on Outside of Hive 46d Pollen. clogged, Cleaning... 97 Confiniiig Bees in Hives in Winter 667 Congestion of Br 0 o d-n e s t Causes Swarming 37.-. Consumer's Dollar, Distribu- tion of 509 CONTAINERS . Five and ten lb. Pails .... 31 Barrels Not Leaking 70.5 Large Ones Popular 23 Preferred 632 Convention, Beekeepers (see Beekeepers' Ass'n.). Co-operative Movement 770 Corn, not Nectar-bearing. . . .•■>.'4 Corn Syrup, Feeding for Win- ter COSTS Accurate Accounting ot.../t)^ . Difficulties in Figuring ... 768 of Distribution. Analysis Egg-Laying Season 100 Eggs Arrangement ot "4.' Eggs, Weight of 394 Elwood, P. H.. Sketch of. . .438 Enemies, Ants in Florida. . . .166 Enemies, Wheel Bug 164 Energy Produced by Bees... 157 ENTRANCE Closed by Snow 99 Meaning of Things Seen at.248 Observations at 224 Size for Packing Cases. . .666 Entrances Clogged — Why ? . . 779 Excluder, Effect of, on Super Work 463 Experimental State Labora- p,.,„- Hoffman !. ._. .- 15 ^^^^^ Frame. Standard Difficulties in Cleaning up. Requeening in Using Combs FOUNDATION Full Sheets Best 172 Preventing Stretching ot, in Hiving Swarms 390 Wood-Base 79, 82 15 1 Foundation-F a s t e n e r, Wil- lianis' l^-* Fracker. Dr. S. B.. Accepts^^^ New Office tory 111 EXTRACTING Equipment 302 Home Plant for 508 House on Wheels 44o How to Tell When Combs are Dry 3 75 Outfit at Medina 302 Portable Outfit for 508 Room at Medina 303 Richter's Plant for 508 Room, Richter's 510 Straining in 303 than Easier Jumbo , to , 70r ,154 Handle FRAMES Bee-Space Below ■ Disinfecting with Lye So- lution -443 Half Bee-Space Above and Below 661 Handling .249 74 374 598 ,66 7 'of ,t68 Cotton (see Honey Phmts). Harvesting •>"« in British Columbia 720 in California. ..101, 590, 719 in Colorado 65.a in Idaho '^'r in MichiE-nn ^■>'' in New York 78 1 in Ontario 6.i6 Utiib ,59-: Surprises in Tests of Efficiency in Too Closely '■ . EXTRACTOR Adapting IMotor to Run... 46-- Puckeye ^02 Cleaning of 37 Disinfecting 46. 1 Fair, State, in Tennessee ... 71 7 FALL Abundant Stores in 59 / Management in.. 537. 596, 664 Requeening in 537 Treatment of Infected Bees.64.> Feed, Fermented Honey as.. 170 Feeder Demutli Automatic, () ;i 1 . 714 FEEDING Honey G r a n u I a t e d m Combs 246 in Spring Unsealed Honey. .797 Saves, in Spring 155 Stimulative in Spring ... .247 Fertilization. Process of . . . .227 Field Crops Pollinated by Bees 230 Methods of Wiring 79 Froth on Bottled Honey. . . . .100 Fruit-Growers Helped by Bees •„•••••^■ Fruits Requiring Cross-Fer- tilization .227 G , .26, Geo, 90 Georgics, of Virgil Gleaned by Asking, by S. Demuth • ■ • ^7 99, 169. 246. 322. 394 462, 534. 598, 666, 730 Goldenrod, Bees Fail to Work on 599 Goldenrod (see Honey Plants). Gooseneck Device in Filling Bottles .• •. • -o^' Gooderham. C. B.. Dominion Apiarist ^•••/•Vr^o Greiner, Friedman, Death of. .668 Guatemala. Beekeeping in... 16 H Harvest (see Crop). Harvesting Honey Crop . . . . ■■'08 Heat, Loss, by Air Currents in Hive 639 Heat Produced by Bees. . . . .1j7 Hernandez Apiaries, Huge System of "OJ INDEX TO GLEANINGS IN BEK CULTURE HIVE Best Si/e Discussed 699 Better Wintering Avith Smaller 702 Combs on Outside of 463 Combs Placed Crosswise in. 598 Conforming to Wishes of Queen 700 Fitting the Cluster 664 Hetherington-Quinby 14 How to Open 248 Jumbo 99 Lifter, LaborSaving. .445, 774 Manipulation 248 on Scales, Advantages of.. 460 Question Again 699' Scraper, Good 461 Size Less Important than Proper Management .... 702 Small, Reducing Crop.... 700 Small, Requires Much Ma- nipulation 701 Spaces in 154 What to Look for Inside.. 249 with Large Brood-Chamber. 699 Confining Bees in 667 Kind for Beginners 171 Large or Small 780 Large in New Mexico. ... 97 Number for Beginners. . . .172 Shade for 772 HONEY Abundant for Winter 597 Advertising 771 Appearance of Unripe 535 Argument for 581 as a Cosmetic 663 Bees Do Not Cap 534 Bird of East Africa 776 Bottling and Selling 632 Brannies 587 by Parcel Post 19 Care of Comb 536 Container, Glass or Tin?.. 699 Co-operating with Dealer in 573 Deadly Germs Can Not Live in 581 Dealers Prefer Stable Prices 773 Demonstrate It in Stores.. 571 Fed Back 534 Fermentation Avoided . . . 582 Fermented, Feeding 170 Food Value of 796 for Automobile Radiators . 167. 237. 794 from Diseased Colony .... 796 Granulated, Feeding 246 Heating for Bottling 632 FTelpfuI Hints on 710 Ice Cream Cones for 518 Imports and Exports of... 667. 754 in Bottles. Froth on 100 Increasing Sales by Co- operation 581 in Small Packages 632 Keeping B r o o d-Chamber Free of 247 Kinds of 236 Loading in Early Morn. . .519 Market Conditions 697 Marketiner 597 Merchandi.sing of 568 Minor Sources of 370 No Overiiroduction of.... 636 Novel Method of Taking.. 51 9 Per Capita Consumption of. 636 Percontase in Canpings . . . 374 Popularizing as Food 570 Producers' .\ss'n. Western New York 32 Recipes 710 fV^ Removed before Fall Flow. .537 X. "5 Sealing at Close of Season. .462 )Lr Shipped in Barrels With- ■•-^ out Leaking 705 S-lling Hint 713 ">?x Selling Pails and Bottles ,,>^ of 632 ^^^ Sold Below Cost 635 Sources in Migratory Bee- L> ' keeiiing 436 Souring, Causes of 463 Surplus Colony Yield. 533, 799 Taking Off 466 Talk Its \'alue as Pood... 572 Transported by Mule Trains 703 Unsealed, for Spring Feed- ing 797 Vitamines in 153 Warming in Extracting. .. .302 Which Kind to Produce' .. 170 HONEY FLOW Alfalfa, Management Dur- ing 515 Fully Prepared for 144 Grabbing the 307 How to Recognize 397 Loafing During 394 Season of 464, 536 Supers Taken off When... 516 To Tell Close of 464. 521 When to Expect 324 HONEY-HOUSE Bee-Tight 511 Bray's, Montana 148 Babbitt's, Idaho 147 Stark's, Idaho 14S West's. Idaho 148 Are They Ever Bee-Tight . 512 HONEY PLANTS Agarita 29 Black Locust 384 Bush-Bonnet 29 Carrot 93 Cotton 164 Desert Bloom 93 Filaree 315 Goldenrod 599 Horseniint 29 Maple 246 Marigold 528 Mistletoe 29 Russian Pea 29 Sourwood 448 Velvet Bean 534, 774 Vetch 457 Wild Cucumber 595 Willow 457 Honey Production, Cost of.. 768 Honey-Pump Introduces Air. 305 Honey Week, in California.. 101, 162 Hop Clover, as a Honey Plant 588 Horsemint (see Honey Plants). HUB AM Apiarist Contracts with Farmers to Grow 696 as a . Farm Crop 762 as Fertilizer Compared with Other Legumes 762 as Silage, Value of 764 as Yielder of Nectar 170 Extracted Six Times from Apiaries of 697 F.trmers Plant 438 Acres Near Apiary OT)-', Heavy Honey Flow from...6'.)7 in British Columbia S8 Saves Year in Crop Rota- tion 762 Seed to be Distributed Free in Germany 799 Size of Roots of 762, 763 Soil Builder 763 Tons fif Honey from 696 ■^ield Compared with Other Legumes 762 Huber. Francois. Discoveries of 90 Ilut.son. Ray. Accepts Office in N. J 668 I Idaho. Condit ions in 657 Idaho (Von ill 722 INCREASE Making 527 Previous to Honey Flow.. 323 When Removing Surplus.. 460 ■\Vithout Reducing Crop... 322 Import.^ and Exports of Hon- ey 667, 754 Importation, Is It Now Neces- sary? 296 Introducing in Difficult Cases. 532 Introducing, Two Kinks in.. 517 Inventory, How to Make. . . .769 Isle of Wight Disease, Mite Causing 234 Italianizing, Late in Season..535 J Jar, Liquid and Ilonev Ca- pacity of ■ 535 K Karo. Feeding for Winter... 667 Keeping Comb Honey in Win- ter 3g Killing Bees Not Wanted 'for *Viiit6r c ^ c Killing Bees of Diseased Col- onies 067 L Label, Attractive 634 699 Labels, Paste for gs' 642 Labels, Word "Extracted" on 236 Larvae, Age for Queens 246 LAW Amended in New York. . . .396 Booklet on 533 Digest for Beekeepers ...'! 320 in Louisiana 709 in Utah '/ ' ,\^r^Q Marking Net Weight!!'.!' , ^•••\- ■ : 23, 585, 726 iioating, during Honey Flow 394 Locality, Fitting Manage- ment to . . . 10 LOCATION Choosing a 3(53 of Hives ! ! ! ! i^ji Protective Measures in* 370 Sage 368 M MANAGEMENT During Honey Flow 307 in October gg4 in September ' ' 595 Suited for Different Lo'caii*. ties 2^2 797 Why Disagreement in...'. 13 Maple (see Honey Plants) ¥A''iKfJ-J'''^^ Honey Plants). MARKETING Co-operation in 591 698 Developing Local 698 Division of Proceeds . . . 573 l^o^ey 597 ^ocally 632 Problem 573, 58i_ 635 Standardized Packages in 573 Net Weight 500 (See Selling). " Maxims, Ten Good 392 May, Building-up Period ...! 324 Mellvir. Bill, Age Brings Wis- dom J68 Mellvir, Bill, Doing"Our"Best 36 Merchant, Friend of Beekeep- er 574 Migratory Beekeeping. ..436. 521 Miller, Dr. C. C. Grace Al- len's Memorial Poem Re- published 589 MILLER MEMORIAL LIBRARY Books and Journals Asked for 577 Dedication of 668 Good It Will Do ! !577 List of Contributors to... 254 Liberal Contributions to.. 40 Location of . : 578 Mistletoe (see Honey Plants). Moisture in Hives ... 38. 75, 780 Morse. Miss Josephine . .312' 381 MOTHS Carbon Bisulphide Rem- edy for 535 Larvae of, in Comb Honey. 666 Looking for Larv.ie of... 534 INDEX TO GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE Moving Bees j7, 171, 599- N Native Bees in Africa 707 NECTAR Comes from Where 230 Secretion, Conditions Influ- encing 368 Secretion on High Alti- tudes 792 Secretion Varies 170 Net Weight Law in N. Y. . . .726 Newspaper Advertising 766 Newspaper Method for Unit- ing 666 New York. Crop in 787 Not Exactly Beekeeping, But. .443 Nuclei or Package Bees 100 O Observations About Apiary. ..223 ONTARIO Beekeeping in 711 Crop in 656 Sweet Clover in 656 Orange Locations of Califor- nia 76 ORANGE PLOW Colony Manipulation Dur- ing 78 Conditions of 76 Preparing for 77 Oregon, Crop in 592, 663 Out-Cluster at Morning 645 Outside Observation in Api- ary 223 Overstocking an Apiary .... 370 P Package Bees or Nuclei. .100, 171 Package Bees, Two-P o u n d Record 43, 167 PACKING Comb Honey 513, 576 Cases, Size of Entrance . .666 Honey in Tin Pails 634 in Korea 647 Lack of Uniform Results in 84 Material for 638 Paper, Form for 644 Securing Chaff for 532 Simple Method of. 706 Thickness of 638 When Removed 322 Packages, Tin and Glass. . . .632 Pails, Tin, Packing Honey in 634 Paper Winter Cases 639 Parcel Post Packing Contain- ers 19 Parks. H. B., Chosen Texas State Apiari.st 243 Paste for Labels 98, 642 Pear Blight. Cause of 229 Peddling at Wholesale Prices. 779 Pennsylvania, Conditions in . . 722 Pests of Rural Industries ... 157 Phillips, N. E., Extension Api- culturist of P e n n s y 1 vania '. . .723 Pioneer Beekeeping 438 Plants Blooming in Septem- ber 596 Plants. Migration of 528 POEMS "The Farewell Sone of the Bee" 26 "On Trying to Write as Requested" 653 "In Memoriam" 589 "The Silences" 525 "A'k Dreaming Must" . . . .241 "Greetings" 26 "Ilomemaker Taken While at Work" : 253 "Gone Home" 255 "November Memories" ... 718 Pollen Not Needed for Win- ter 99 POLLINATION Nniiibcr of Colonies for. . .24 7 of Cotton by Bees 233 of Field Crops by Bees... 230 Stimulates Growth of Fruit Body 23 Porto Rico, Beekeeping in . . . 96 PRICES Changeable 698 Polly of Cutting 794 How Determined .... 568, 573 Principles in 568 Retail, Wholesale and Job- bing 568 Stable, Preferred by Deal- ers 773 Standardization of 574 to Consumer. Retailer, Wholesaler .648 When Selling Locally 584 Propolized English Sparrow. . 659 Pullinger, Ada E., Student at Root Factory 582 Q QUEEN Cages. Filling 446 Clipped, Finding in Swarm- ing : . . .323 Clipped, Killed by Bees. . .394 Clipping Wings of 250 Finding 250 Head and Mouth Different from Workers' 796 Introduction 517 Laying Eggs on Side of Cells 462 Palace for. How to Build. ..701 Rearing. Simplified 461 Time for Development of.. 598 Traps, Using . 322 Weight of 394 QUEENS Age of Larvae for 246 Caged, Lose Fertility 20 Cataleptic 377, 449 Classes of 462 Importation of 296 Rearing 531 Two or More in Hive. .20, 463 Wintering Two in One Hive 598 Queenless Colonies, What to Do with .597 B Rabbets, Metal, Purpose of.. 797 Rea, Geo H., Takes Up New Work 668 Rearing Queens 531 Recipes 383, 451, 651, 710 Record, Good, Instance of... 391 Records, Making 369 REQUEENING Every Year 297 in European F. B 323 in Pall 537 in Swarm Control 395 Leaving It to the Bees. . . .531 Reasons for 29 T Simplest Method of 298 When and How Often. 298, 462 Without Dequeening..392. 462 Rheumatism Cure. Mr. Mid- dlerib's 640 Richter's Extracting Plant.. 508 Riehter's Plant in Califor- nia 144 Retailers. Co-operating •vvith..707 Retail Package Made Attract- ive 698 Tioadsidn Displays 22 Roadside Selling". .. 95, 104. 570 ROBBING Bees Tear Down Combs.. 644 Colony Being Fed 642 Means of Selection 595 Moth-Infested Colony 666 Root Company Changes 40 Root, Mrs. A. I., Tribute to 24, 89 ROYAL JELLY Amount in Cells .■ 151 Chemical Analysis of 151 Tremendous Growth Force of 151 Robber Cloth, Improved 447 Russian Pea (see Honey Plants). S Salesmanship, Value of Good. 699 Scott, Nina, Beekeeper 777 Scrajiing, Knife for 514 Scraping Table, Convenient . .513 Sealing Honey at Season's Close 462 SECTIONS Different Sizes of 169 Unfinished, Given Back... 465 Weighing and Grading. . . .514 SELLING Locally 570, 584, 632, 648, 726 More Through Booklets ... 713 • National Organization Needed for 635 Retailer Helped in 707 Standardized Packages in.. 573 (See also Marketing.) Shade for Hives 772 Shed as Winter Protection . .680 Shipping Cases for Comb Honey 514 Short Courses in California . . 92 Short Courses in Louisiana. .708 Sif tings, by J. E. Crane.. 23, 89, 157, 237, 309, 381, 449, 521, 585, 649, 714, 780 Signs, Display 532 Skyscrapers in Australia .... 793 Smoker, Fuel, Sumac Bobs.. 23 Smoker, Shield for 460 Smokers, Word About 726 Snow Closing Entrance 99 Sourwood, Uncertain Yielder.448 Souring of Honey, Cause of. ..463 Spiders to Control Wax Moth. 519 SPRAY Lime-Sulphur Harmless... 169, 246 Poison 309 When 246 Star Thistle, Region of Cali- fornia 307 Stings, How to Avoid 249 Stock, Chilian 296 Stock, Foreign 296 STORES for Winter 637, 664 Lot Too Much 384 Natural, Wintering on.... 236 Provide Plentv.39, 43. 177. 324 Story. Second When Needed. .325 Supersedure. Leaving It to the Bees 381 Super Lifter Handy. . . .445, 774 Supering. Near Close of Hon- ey Flow 464 SUPERS Bees Quit Working in ... . 463 Character of Honey Flow 14 ing Bees 394 Comb, and European F. B..394 Device for Lifting off.. 445, 774 Kind for Beginners 172 Management of 397 Nnn^ber of. Determined by Character of Honey Flow 14 Ridding from Bees 509 Shallow Extracting 170 What Size Preferred 170 Surplus. Failure to Store. . . .463 SW.ARM After, Clipping Queen of.. 322 After, Preventing 322 Losing Queen 395 SWARM CONTROL Demaree Plan for 895 Gill's Plan 378 Modification of Demaree Plan 377 • Never Failing Plan.. 390, 449 Put -up Plan for 394 Reoueening in 395 SM'ARMING Caused by Congestion of Brood-Nest 373, 449 Caused by Crowding 372 Caused bv Old Queens .... 372 Control of 375 Empty Chamber Below to Prevent 394 INDEX TO GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE Excessive 452 Factor Always Present in. .373 Field Bees Contribute to.. .373 Finding Clipped Queen in.. 323 Influence of Locality on.. 13 Instinct Sometimes Dor- mant 371 Many Causes Put Forth. . .371 One Way to Take Care of. .381 Out, Swarm Newly Hived. .322 Preparations Distinguished from Supersedure 323 Preventing Loss from.... 326 Problem of 32.5 Reduced by Keeping Bees Comfortable 399 Storv of 326 Using Queen Traps in . . . .322 When to Expect Further. 323, 39.5 Young Bees Contribute to. .372 Hiving 390, 452, 524 Looking for 223 Newlv Hived, Swarming Out 322 Taking from High Trees.. 392 Sweet Clover in Ontario. ... 656 SYRUP Feeding Cold 660 for Winter, How Made. . . .665 How Fed 665 Talks to Beginners, by Geo S. Demuth 39, 102, 171, 248, 324. 397, 464. 536, 598. 664 Tank Pressure, Use of 526 Tariff on Honey 713 Time Factor, a Big One 144 Tons of Honey from Hubam..696 Tool. Two-in-one 98 Top-Bars, Thick, Objection- able 87 Aluminum Combs, Comments on 74 Aluminum Combs, in Experi- mental Stage 141 Automobile Radiators. Honey in 760 BEEKEEPERS Legislation Affecting 505, 629, 693, 694 Local Organizations for... 694 BEEKEEPING Weather Forecasts for.... 693 and Good Roads 141 and Income Tax 221 Better Management in.... 143 New 143 Progress in 143 BEES Destroying Old in Fall ... 74 Inverting Sugar Syrup .... 760 Prohibiting Importation of 293. 629 Samples wanted by Bureau of Entomology 434 Setting Out of Cellar 142 BOOKS AND BULLETINS "Heat Production of Hon- eybees in Winter" 75 "Beekeeping in Buckwheat Region' ' 74 ' 'Beekeeping in Clover Re- gions' ' 74 "Beekeeping in Tulip-Tree Region' ' 74 Brood-Rearing. Restricted. . .567 California. Wintering Prob- lem in 10 CELLAR Moisture in 761 Putting Bees into 694 W^hen to Set Bees Out of. .142 Chambers, Separate, for Food. 630 Clover, Increasing Acreage of 73 Colonies. More than Last Year 142 Color Grades. Establishing. . 365 Top-Bars Thin, Non-Sagging 448, 521 TRANSFERRING from Standard to a Jumbo. .246 from Tree, Good Results of. 392 Yet Securing Good Crop.. 390 Tunnel for Winter Cases, Size of 796 U Uncapping Knife, Steam-heat- ed 305 UNITING Newspaper Method for. . . .666 Peppermint Method of . . . .659 Weak Colonies 597, 664 Previous to Honey Flow.. 323 Utah, Crop in 592 V Velvet Bean (see Honey Plants). Ventilator, Wooden 98 Vetch (see Honey Plants). Vitamines in Honey 153 W Wasp Nest Taller than Man. .461 Watson, Lloyd R., Resigns 243 Wax Moth, Spiders to Con- trol 519 Weight, Net, Marking 520 Western Notes 451 West Virginia as a Honey State 390 Wheelbarrow as Super-Lifter. 774 W'hite, Gilbert. Beekeeper ... 652 Who is This Man? 97 Who's Who in Apiculture. . . 321, 396 Willow (see Honey Plants). Willson, R. B., Goes to New York 467 Windbreaks for Protection . . 31, 665 EDITORIAL Colorado, Winter Protection 9 Comb Honey, Inferior Stock Reduces Value of 507 Combs, Aluminum 74 Combs, Problem of Better.. 74 Crop and Market Situation . . 565, 759 Crystallization of Syrup. Pre- venting 293, 629 Disinfecting Combs, Drugs for 750 Energy Produced by Bees... 75 Feeder, Automatic 630 Feeder. Simplest and Best Winter 759 Fireblight. Bees Help to Con- trol 566 Food Chamber, a Labor-Saver. 630 Foul Brood. Confusing Symp- tom.s Explained 293 Foul Brood, European, Pecu- liarities of 75 Foundation, Fastening to Sec- tions 365 Good Roads and Beekeeping. 141 Harvest. What It Has Been. .505 Harvest. What It Will Be. . .365 HIVES Disinfecting Without Char- ring 9 Double-Walled. Insulating Value of 565 How Moisture Escapes from 760 Is Moisture Detrimental in. 761 HONEY as a Cosmetic 9 Fall, for Stores 629 Helping firocer Sell 566 in Automobile Radiators . .759 Market Conditions 565, 629, 759 More Sold Locally 73 Production. Interest in... 10 Hubam. for Winter Pasture.. 565 WINTER Cases, Paper 639 Cluster, Location of 596 Cluster, Seeing Inside of. ..794 Entrance to Hive 84, 639 Nest 35 Packing 638 Packing in Korea 647 Protection. .84, 638, 665, 726 Size of Cluster for 664 Stores for 236, 637, 664 Young Bees for 664 WINTERING in Cellar 598, 667, 680, 779. 797 in Two Stories 100. 516, 599, 794 on Natural Stores 236 Outdoors in Ontario 660 Problem 636, 714 Strong Colonies for 637 Three Commandments in.. 659 Too Many Bees 85 Uncertainties, How Elim- inated 636 Weak Colony over Strong One 667 WIRING Jumbo Frames 167 Methods 79. 393 .Wiring Vertical, Wavy Combs from 391 Woman, Keeping Bees 777 W'onder Work of Bees 226 Wood-Base Foundation .... 79-82 W^ood. Dr., Beekeeper and Showman 717 Work That Counts 461 Wrench for Tight Screw Caps. 660 Y Yield* Surplus per Colony . . . 533 799 Yields, Large in "s.* Dakota .'.792 Hubam, Knock, a Boost. ... 9 IMPORTATION OF BEES Bill Against 293, 366 Danger of Indirect 365 Prohibiting of 222, 293 Through Mails Prohibited. .293 Increase. How Made 433 Income Tax and Beekeeping. .221 Inverting of Sugar Svrup 760 ISLE OP WIGHT DISEASE Bill Approved by Commit- tee 565 Bill Introduced '. 366 Bill Opposed 433 Bill Passed 629 Meeting to Consider 222 Labels. What Law Requires on 694 LAW Affecting Labels 694 Net Weight Stamping 505 Recent 693 League, Honey Producers', Officers of 505 Management to Prevent Swarming 294 Market Conditions 565, 629. 759 MILLER MEMORIAL FUND Appreciated by Mrs. Miller 566 Committee in Charge of . . .141 Contributions Reported ... 73 Miller Memorial Library. Do- nation of Books for.... 693 Miller Memorial Library, Lo- cation of 566 MOISTURE Condensed in Hives 11. 695. 760 in Bee Cellar 761 Paraffin Applied to Hive Parts 435 Planning Now for Next Year.. 434 Production, Useless Consum- ers in 567 INDEX TO GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE Queen, Wonderful Record of. .435 Queens, Their Disappearance in the Tropics 142 Requeening in July 434 Selling, Helping Grocer in...566 Spray Poison Evil 221 Statistics Wanted by Agricul- tural Dept 630 Stock, Inferior, Reduces Value of Comb Honey.. 507 STORES Abundant to be Given .... 29.j Advice to Young Couples ... 801 Apiary in Tree-top. 329 Aluminum Mending Solder . . . 403, 540 Alpena," Visit to .603- Allen, Grace, Poem, Memorial to Mrs. Root .253 Automobile Accidents Caused by Drunken Drivers .... 732 Artichokes... 671, 673, 734, 736 Bennett, P. C, Letter from.. 43 BIBLE . Funny Tilings in-; • • 6b J Pitching Out of Window.. 800 Interesting ^01 Blueberries, Bulletin on 10 r Blueberries in Florida. .471, 542 "Bonnie Doon" on Chime of Bells '73-1 BOOKS AND BULLETINS Blueberries lO' "Evolution at the Bar' "... 468 "Merry banks and His Neighbor" 604 "Poultry," Richardson's. .604 "Bread, Casting on the Wa- ^gj.g' ' 669 "Carnival of Criminals" ... .733 Carver W. C, writes on Blue- berries 471. 542 Charity for the Erring 602 Olipfell, C. D., Expert Me- chanic 469 Corey, J. G., Invents Smoker. 175 Darwinism, Attitude Toward. .468 Declaration of Independence Needed 673 Demoniacal Possession, Ex- ^ amples of 60 i. Diseases Due to Intoxication. 733 Double Standard for Men and Women 801 Dream, Not All a Dream. . . 802 ELECTRICITY Amount Needed 295 Pall Honey for 629 Leave Plenty of 434 Saving by Destroying Old Bees 74 Shortage in Spring Takes Great Toll 295 Sugar Syrup, Inverting of... 760 SWARMING Effect of Emerging Bees Upon 365 A. I. ROOTS DEPARTMENT. Cars Moved by 603 Cooking by 329 Lectures on 41 Wind 176 Evolution, Book on 423, 468 "Farm Journal," Kind Word from 803 Plying Macliines 402 Ford Plant, Visit to 538 "Give Us This Day Our Daily Bread" 403 Goodhue, Geo. O., Visit from. .252 Gospel Hymns. Longing for. .401 Helianti . . : 671 ' 'Homemaker Taken While at Work,'' Poem, Grace Allen 253 HUB AM in England 107 in Florida 253 in Iowa 329 in Oklahoma 107 Nitrate of Lime for 604 Jewelry Store Opened 41 Kaiser, L. C 469 Kresge, S. S 538, 540 "Leap for Joy," When Per- secuted 670 Life Beyond, Taught in Bible.400 Living, High Cost of 736 Mending Your Own Tinware 403, 540 Mother's Influence 400 "Mv Grace is Sufficient for Thee" 601 Persecution, "Leap for Joy" in 670 Portland Cement 603 Potatoes, Success in 670 Prayer Service at Factory. . .106 PRAYER, ANSWERS TO Money Loaned by Goodhue. 252 Saloons, Stopped 327, 328 Smoker, Invention of 175 Strike Settled 106 How Reduced 506 Management to Prevent ... 294 SYRUP How Fed 293 Preventing Crystallization of 629 That Will Not Granulate. . 293 Weather and Nectar Secre- tion 506 Wintering in Colorado 9 Wintering in S. California.. 10 PROHIBITION Good Reasons f or . . . .732, 734 Triumph in Ohio 80S World Eye-opener 43 Recognition of Friends in Next World 400 Restaurants, Good Meals at. ..736 Scientific American's Tobacco Ads 106 Sibley's Farm, Visit to. 734, 735 SMOKER Giving Away 174 Invented by Corey 175 New Invention 175 Starving Victims of Turks.. 803 Sunday School in Jail 251 Sunflower for Stock 672 Surgery, Modern, What Ac- complished by 802 Sympathy, Kind Words of.. 107 SYMPATHETIC LETTER FROM Allen, Grace 253 Rowe, H. G 401 Potter T. Chalmers 604 Weckesser, Christian 402 Temptations, Joy in 669 Temptations of Satan 601 TOBACCO Factory Rules Cause Strike. 106 Father Gives Up 105 Scientific American Ads. . .106 Transportation by Air Route. .402 Turning-Point in Life 800 Unconditional Surrender. . . .800 WIFE Death of 42, 400 Homemaker and Mother. . . 42 Meets His Future 41 Price Above Rubies 41 WINDMILL Building Tower of 470 Electric Power from 176 Wiring 469 "Ye Must Be Born Again".. 802 APIARY Allen's, Tennessee 385, 452, 453, 525 Borton's, S. Dakota 319 Wolfe's, Colorado 768 Coolidsrce's, Ohio 156 Destroyed by Foul Brood .379 Gill's. Utah .516 Government, British Co- lumbia '''20 Grapevine, Medina, Ohio.. 772 Guatemala 16, 17. 18 Ideal Site of 370 in Eucalyptus Grove 369 in Indian Summer, Novem- \>er cover. in Tree-top 329 in Winter, January cover, in Winter, February cover, in Winter, March cover. Infected with Foul Brood. .380 Krouse's, Ontario 711 Los--Cum. North Carolina. ..795 Matheson's. Florida 35 Moving with Trucks. .436. 437 on Platforms 371 Powell's New Mexico.... 97 Root's, Medina. Ohio.... 772 Schimmoeler's, Ohio 727 ILLUSTRATIONS. Stocked from Small Hives. .297 University of Wisconsin.... 152 Unprotected 368 Swahn's, Wisconsin : 21 with Tarred Paper Cases. ..639 Apicultural Building, Ontario. 712 Apple (see Blossoms). Armstrong, James, at Field Meet 662 Artichoke 672 Basswood (see Blossoms). Beauty and Bees, April cover. BEES Examined by Lady With- out Veil 589 in Bedroom 641 Learning to Fly 225 on Aligliting-Board 224 BLOSSOMS Apple, May cover. Basswood, July cover. Buckwheat, August cover. Clover, June cover. Cucumber 595 Goldenrod, September cover. Orange 78 Brood-combs, Large 700 Cage, Screen 232 Cages in Position to Fill. . . ,446 California, Typical Sage Re- gion of 145 Capping-melter, Steam-heat- ed 304 Capping-melter, West's ....305 Car Not Properly Packed... 576 Carton, Comb Honey 514 Cellar, Doolittle's, New York. 150 Cells, American Foul Brood. .301 Cells. European Foul Brood. .300 Clipfell, C. D 470 Clover (see Blossoms). Colonies in Pairs for Unit- ing 795 Colonies. Migrating 77 Comb, Shaking Bees from... 465 Container, Ten-pound Pail.. 19 Crimping Machine, Quinby's. 79 Cucumber (see Blossoms). Doing Our Best 36 Drones. Expelled from Hive. 225 Klwood, P. H 439 Entrance, during Honey Flow. 225 Ksrape-Board. Putting in . . . .466 EXTRACTING House on Wheels 445 House, Richter's. . . .508, 510 Room at Medina 303 Filling with Syrup 795 INDEX TO GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE Feeder Puils, Holes iu 795 Feeder Pails, Upside Down.. 795 FIELD MEET New Jersey 658 New York 662 Vermont 572 Food-chaniliers, Tiered up.. 727 Foul Brood. Treatment 580 FOUNDATION Bristol Boiird 80 Fastener, Williams' 154 Wire Cloth 79 Wood-base 80-82 Qiiinby Closed-end . . . .15, 440 Goldenrod (see Blossoms). Gooseneck to Fill Jars 633 TTank Clears Stone Fence... 444 Hernandez. L. E 704, 705 HIVE Carried Easily T h o u g li Large 662 Decoy 76 HetheringtonQuinby 14 Large 702 Lifter 445 Question Discussed 701 Chilian 297 Paper-packed 644, 645 Supported by Lifter 446 Two-storv for Wintering. . 795 with Built-in Packing. ... 638 Home of Constance Root Bov- den 522, 523 Honey Exhibit, California ... 699 Honev Exhibit, England 698 HONEY-HOUSE Bray's, Montana 148 Rabbitt's. Idaho 146, 147 Stark's. Idaho 148 West's. Idaho 147 Honeyland 767 Aeppler. C. W 151 Allen Grace 26, 90, 160, 240, 253, 312, 384, 452, 524, 588, 652, 717, 783 Andrews, L. L 28, 92, 162, 242, 314, 386, 454, 526, 590, 654. 719, 785 Atwater, E. P 84. 97, 377, 391, 519, 582, 657, 722 Arbuckle, H. B 306 Barnard, W. C 774 Barnhill. W. W 772 Bartholomew, C. E 165, 243, 316, 458, 789 Bartlett, I. D...31. 456, 528, 721 Bennett, F. C 660 Bigelow, E. F 644 Boggs, Newton 655 Bonney, A. F 461 Boon, W. C 390 Borton, O. G 319 Boyden, Constance Root ..24, 158, 238, 310, 382. 450, 522, 586. 650, 715, 781 Brav. R. A 21, 722 Bromfield, 0 659 Brown, H. IT 98. 584. 648 Brown. Jas. A 776 Buchanan. John 98 Buffuni. G. H 518 Byer. J, L 33, 35, 83. 236. 318. 389, 459. 527. 656, 702, 724, 779 791 Cameron. I. W 461 Campbell. S. M 792 Cannell. S 446 Clark. H. D 460 Clement. W. L 443 Cole. E. M 520 Coolidge. C. S 155 Crane. J. E 23. 89. 157, 237, 309, 375, 381. 449. 513. 521, 585, 649, 714. 780 Cutts. J. M 94. 164. 167, 244, 389. 656 Davis. E. C 94. 244, 309, 315, 457, 790 Demuth. Geo. S HUBAM Field, Cut for Seed Field, British Columbia.. Field of Hulling Pollinated Racemes of... Root System of Unpollinated Racemes of... Isle of Wight Disease, Mites of Kaiser, L. 0 Knives for Scraping Lake, Artificial in .Australia.. "Merry Christmas." Decem- ber cover. Morse, Josephine Nucleus House, for 12 Nu- clei Orange (see Blossoms). Orator, Know-it-all PACKING-CASE Brick for Eight Colonies Quadruple Snow Melting on Stake Between Entrances... with Cover Attached Pails, Popular Packages.... Pettee, George, Young Bee- keeper Pullinger, Ada E., Beekeep- 764 88 696 763 233 763 233 234 469 513 793 312 QUEEN Cells vs^ith Foot Against Sting. Rankin, D. F. and Sons.... ROADSIDE Display Display Ca.se Selling Booth Sign 571, 594, CONTRIBUTORS. 168 647 637 727 726 727 727 634 643 ,582 326 378 583 571 22 570 662 .... 12, 37, 39, 99, 102, 169, 171, 229, 246, 248, 322, 324, 371, 394, 397, 462, 464, 534, 536, 596, 598, 636, 664, 666, 730, 796 Desmond, G. G 707 Dickman, J. Clay 774 Dixie, Chad 792 Drury, J. B 723 Fabian. F. W 441 Fink, L. A ' 707 Fisbeck, J. H 319 Foot, G. H 532 Fowler, C. E 794 Fracker, S. B 511, 778 Gilbert, A. C 461 Gilbert, Geo 645 Gill, M. A 96. 245. 378. 456, 515, 592 Greiner. F 460. 520, 726 Griessenaur. Geo. J 793 Griffin, O. B 532 Hardin, Robert 776 Harmer, Walter 779 Harner, L. S 645 Harrison, Geo.. Jr 706 Plassinger. E.. Jr 30. 388, 529, 721 Hedderick. L. J 660 Hefinger. A. L 35 Hendriekson. A. H 226 Hiratsuka. Yasuo 647, 661 Hollowav, E 392 Hoist, Axel. ..392. 461, 595, 792 Holtermann, R. F 699 Hutzelman, Dr. J. C 764 Hyde. W. G 392 James, H. C 532 Johnson. C. C 659 Kelty, R. H 593, 788 Kinzie, Chas. S 794 Kirk, S. E 460 Kirkpatrick, E. A 646. 777 Klein, Nic 794 Larsen. Geo. D 98 Latham. Allen 154, 234 Latham, C. J 595 Le Stourgeon. E. G 573 Robber Cloth, Improved 447 Root, A. 1 705 Root, Mr. and Mrs. A. I. . . . 25 Scraping Table, Crane's 513 Selling Locally 584 Sih))ald, H. G., at Field Meet.662 Shaking Bees from Comb... 465 Shiijping Carrier 514, 575 Shii)ping Case 514 SHORT COURSE Class, Louisiana 708 Class, Utah 515 Parade, Louisiana 709 Skyscraper 661 Skyscraper in New South Wales 793 Sparrow, Embalmed 659 Sting, Queen's Foot Against. .378 Strainer, Cheese-cloth 304 Super-Lifter, Made fro m Wheelbarrow 77 5 SUPERS Arrangement of 397-399 Being Cleaned 727 Not Skyscrapers 727 Swarm at Decoy Hive 224 Swarm Returning 223 SYRUP Pilling Pails with 795 Loading Pails of 795 Pails of. Inverted for Feed- ing 795 Tarred Paper Cap 706 Tool, Two-in-one 98 Top-bar, Sag-proof 448 Trays, Pilled with Packing.. 706 Wasp Nest Big 461 Windbreak of Trees 727 Winter Cases (see Packing- cases). Winter Scene in Arizona .... 792 Livingston, T. W...33, 530, 789 Long, W. P 88 Lovell, J. H 595 Lund, E. A 391 Lund, John 642 Mace, S. W 726 Mackay, B. B 708 Martin, Thos 445 Mellvir, Bill 36, 158 Martin, W. J. .166, 245, 458, 790 Mendleson, M. H 391 Millen, P. Eric 711 Miller, A. C 86, 307. 768 Miller, E. S 30, 387, 390, 529, 581, 655, 787 JVIiller, S. E ... .19, 447 Morgan. E. A 661 Myers. H. M 32, 167, 388, 457. 526. 78 7 McCrav, Doris W 710 McMurry, H. L 379, 581 Norton, A. N 97, •392 Osborne, M. C 20 Ormond, J. V 164, 594 Palmer, Jos. E 794 Pangburn, W. S 167, 317, 531, 655 Park.s, H. B 29. 93. 163, 243, 455, 528. 591, 786 Parks. I. W 441 Pease, Claude M 308 Perrv. L 387 Peterson, J. H 642. 660 Pettee. Edith 643 Pettit, MorIey..87, 390, 517, 660 Philbrook. H. S 20 Phillips, Dr. E. P 234, 577 Place, G. H 98 Platz, Albin 791 Powell. E. W 44S Powell. J. W 0 7. 713 Raggatt, H. W 773 Rankin. D. F 583 Rea. Geo. H 32, 317. 457, 528, 593. 722 Reicker, C. T 167 Richter. M. C 76. 92, 144, 162. 171. 223. INDEX TO GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 242, 296, 314, 368, 386, 436, 508, 578, 590, 697, 719 Rickard, R. K 532 Riedel, George 16 Root, A. 1 772 Root, E. R 14, 438, 575, 582, 632. 703 Root, H. H 79, 146, 302, 374, 568, 774 Rouse, S 644 Scullen, H. A 29, 315, 387, 454, 531, 592 Sharp, H 391 Sheafer, R. C 461 Sheppard, "W. J 86, 720 Skovbo, J 773 Slattery. J. J 448 Smith, Jay 95, 316, 377, 456, 517, 700, 723 Snodgrass, R. L 155 Snyder, P. G . . . .96, 244, 530. 658, 791 Speer, Ocie 642 Stahlman, D. C 445 Sterner, E 391 Stone, A. W 390 Sturtevant, A. P 298 Stuart, D 307 Sutton, J. E 659 Thomson, Geo. M 779 Taber, C. 11 661 Thomp.son, J. E 532 Townsend, P. N 726 Turner, G. A 659 Volkofsky, A 793 Vorhies, C. T..163, 315, 455, 654 Ware, J. M 392 WelDley, Frederick 255 Wheeler, A. M., Jr 168 Wheeler, F. L 659 Whitney, B. C 794 Williams, W. S 390 Williams, R. J 154 Willson, R. B 95, 165, 245, 316, 594, 725, 726, 774 Wilson, H. F 21, 30, 318, 454, 591. 647, 712, 786 Williams, R. J 154 Winkler, E. A 696, 762 Wolfe, C. H 766 Wolford, Wm. H 770 Woodward, D. L 149 Woodruff, W. E 460 Yancey, J. D 236 York, G. W 63.-. '^tt Culture C'Mii*'^* The speckled sky is dim with snow. The hght flakes faher and fall slow; Athwart the hilltop, rapt and pale. Silently drops a silver veil. And all the valley is shut in By flickering curtains gray and thin. On turf and curb and bower-roof The snow storm spreads its ivory woof. The hooded beehive, small and low. Stands like a maiden in the snow; All day the blasted oak has stood A muffled wizard of the wood; Garland and airy cap adorn The sumac and the wayside thorn. And clustering spangles lodge and shine In the dark tresses of the pine. 1922 JANUARY Vol. L No. I LOWER PRICES Pending the publication of our new catalog, send us your lists of requirements of bee supplies and we will quote you our new prices. New catalog out January, 1922, mailed on application. THE MILLER BOX MANUFACTURING CO. LOS ANGELES, CALIF. Changes in Personnel Effective January 1, Mr. A. L. Boyden, formerly sales director and secretary of the A. I. Root Company of Medina, Ohio, will have full charge of The A. I. Root Company of Cali- fornia and make his permanent resi- dence in California. His brothers, Mr. L. W. Boyden and Mr. R. W. Boyden, both having been long asso- ciated with the Medina organization, will be affiliated with the new Cali- fornia Company, the latter taking charge of the San Francisco ofTice in Mr. Bostwick's place. It is the aim of the new organiza- tion on the coast to give better service than ever befoi-e to the Californin beekeepers the year around. The A. L Root Co. of California Los Angeles - - - San Francisco ' ' Griggs saves you freight. ' ' TOLEDO By the time you read this our 1921 crop will be history. How about your Honey Cans, Comb- honey Cases, Extractors? Let us know your wants. We can serve you promptly and well. Honey,New Crop Send sample and say how much you have, kind, how packed, and price asked in first letter. Beeswax always wanted. THE GRIGGS BROS. CO. Dept. 25 Toledo, 0. ' ' Griggs saves you freight. ' ' First ■^^- ^ACKERS and .Tanuauv, 19'22 G L R A N I N G S IN B K R C lU. T tl H R" JANUARY, 1922 Honey Markets . Editorials Some Locality Differeucos Geo. S. Deniutli Hetherington-Quinby Hive E. R. Eoot Beekeeping in Foreign Lands George Riedel Honey by Parcel Post S. E. Miller Five Queeijs in a Hive H. S. Philbrook Caged Queens Lose Fertility. , , M. C. Osborne Saves a Lot of Lifting .' H. F. Wilson It Boosts the Sales R. A. Bray Sif tings J. E. Crane Mother : Constance Root Boyden Beekeeping as a Sideline Grace Allen From Northj East, West and South Heads of Grain from Different Fields Doing Our Best Bill Mellvir Gleaned by Asking.- Geo. S. Demuth Talks to Beginners Geo. S. Demuth Just News Our Homes A. L Root SUBSCRIPTION RATES. — One year, $1.00. (Low paid-in advance subscription rates withdrawn.) Sing:le copy, 10 cents. Canadian subscription, ] .5 cents additional per year, and foreign subscription, 30 cents additional. DISCONTINUANCE. — Subscriptions, not paid in advance, or speciiically ordered by the subscriber to be continued, will be stopped on expiration. No subscriber will be run into debt by us for this journal. CHANGE 01' ADDRESS. — Give your old address as well a.s the new and write the name to which the journal has heretofore been addressed. REMITTANCE. — Should be sent by postoffice money order, bank draft, express money order, or check. CONTRIBUTIONS to Gleanings columns solicited: stamps should be enclosed to insure retuin to author of manuscript if not printed. ADVERTISING RATES. — Advertising rates and conditions will be sent on request. Resiilts from advertising in this journal are remarkably satis- factory. ADVERTISERS' LIABILITY. — The publishers use utmost diligence to estab- lish in advance the reliability of every advertiser using space in this journal. Entered as second class mail matter at the Postoffice at Medina, Ohio. Published monthly. Space occupied by reading matter in this issue. 59.4 per cent; advertising, 40.6 per cent. THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY, Publishers, Medina, Ohio Editorial StafF Geo. S. Demuth and E. R. Root A. I. Root H. H. Root H. G. Rowe Editors Editor Home Dept Assistant Editor M'n'g Editor GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE January, 1922 C Money Saved Time Saved Bee Supplies Root's Goods at fadory prices with WEBER'S service. Send us a list of your wants and we will quote you prices that will save you money. C. H. W. Weber & Co. 2163-65-67 Central Ave. Cincinnati, Ohio SUPERIOR FOUNDATION I While the hum of the bees grows fainter, the hum of our M machinery grows stronger, preparing for another enormous M spring demand for Superior Weed Process Foundation. g When buying secure the best. | Manufactured by = SUPERIOR HONEY CO., OGDEN, UTAH | iiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiio^^^^ ' ■ ^ , „,, :; ,:, , :,,:::j:;!jii;':i::,!i:':i!::iii::i:;::!;!!Jji;:!i';:i!:iiii!i;!!:iiii;iii::i!ii:iiiiiiiiiiy ■; . : .iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiill MR. BEEKEEPER - f We have a large plant especially equii)ped to manufacture the sup- = plies that you use. We guarantee all materials and workmanship, g We ship anywhere. We allow early order discounts and nu^ke promjit shipments. M = We pay the highest cash and trade prices for beesivax. g I Write for free illustrated catalog today. M I LEAHY MFG. CO., 95 Sixth Street, Higginsville, Missouri | J Texas Beekeepers should write to A. M. Hunt, Goldthwaite, Texas. '• | JanM ABY. 19'2'2 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE A Happy New Year to You Our 1922 catalog will be ready in January. Mail a list of your requirements for our special quotations. The Fred W. Muth Company Cincinnati, Ohio Indianapolis Is the Town You Want to Think of When You Need Beekeepers' Supplies Our stock is 90% new, which insures you of getting clean supplies. Write us for prices. Catalog for the asking. The A, I. Root Company 873 Massachusetts Ave. Indianapolis, Ind. IT'S HERE! WE HAVE IT! QUALITY BEE SUPPLIES Polished Shipping Cases One-piece covers and bottoms, glass, paper, and nails included. Selling at cost prices, as follows : 24-lb. for 1% sections, $30.00 per 100. 12-lb. for 1% sections, $17.00 per 100. Write for illustrated catalog on our bee supplies. We are al- ways ready to serve you. CHAS. MONDENG 146 Newton Ave. N. and 159 Cedar Lake Rd. MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA. 4 GLEANINGSIN HONEY MARKETS U. S. Government Market Reports. INFORMATION FROM PRODUCING AREAS (FIRST HALF OF DECEMBER). CALIFORNIA POINTS. — The general situation shows little change over that prevailing two weeks ago. Stocks continue to decrease and are much lighter than were those at the corresponding period last year. Demand is reported as light. Due to light supplies, the market, altho quiet, has a healthy tone. Alfalfa honeys are in heavier supply than white honeys. Quotations per lb. in carlots or less than carlot quantities, f. o. b. California points: White orange blossom, nominally 12-12 %c; white sage, ll-12c; light amber sage, Si^c; light amber alfalfa, 6i/^-6%c. Growers are said tp be asking 10-13C per lb. for white orange blossom and 6%- 7c for light amber alfalfa. Beeswax is in fair local demand at present at 20-25c, mostly 22c per lb. to the beekeepers, by bee-supply houses for use in mak- ing next season's foundation . Demand from the East is lacking, as imported wax oflfers too great competition. INTERMOUNTAIN REGION. — The unusually large volume of Hawaiian honey coming into the country at prices considerably below asking prices for domestic stock is said to have a noticeable effect on the market in this area. Carlot sales of white sweet clover and alfalfa extracted in 60-lb. cans are reported at S-SVoC per lb. with less than carlot sales at 10-llc, and transactions in smaller con- tainers high as 12i,^-15c per lb. Large lots of No. 1 white comb honey have been sold at $4. 25-4. .50 per case. Beeswax market is very dull at 22-24c per lb. Many beekeepers are refusing to accept the prices offered bv dealers. SOUTHWESTERN STATES. — Honey movement from Texas is light, as the crop has been largely disposed of. It is reported that the bulk of the Texas honey movement usually occurs between May and August. Demand is fairly good. Prices range 9-12c per lb. for liaht-colored extracted honey, in less than car lots, and 12-14c per lb. for chunk comb honey. A good demand is experienced for bulk comb honey in 3 and 5-lb. pails. Colonies are in exceptionally good condition. The crop in Salt River Valley, Ariz., is rapidly becoming exhausted. Sales of several cars are reported on a basis of $7.00 per 120-lb. ease, or just under 6c per lb. Bees are said to be in excellent condition for the winter. EAST CENTRAL STATES. — The heavy demand earlier in the fall has absorbed a large part of the crop, and recent shipments have been only mod- erate. At present the market is rather dull, ex- periencing a pre-holiday lull, but a brisker demand is looked for earlier in the new year. The present outlook is that the market will be bare before the 1922 crop is ready. Increasing advertising, better financial conditions and shortage of canned fruits are listed as reasons for the improved demand for honey this season over that of last fall. Large lot sales of white clover in 60-lb. cans are firm at 10- 12c per lb. with frequent transactions in smaller quantities nt ]3-15c per lb. NORTHEASTERN SECTION. — Supplies of both white clover and buckwheat are light, as a result of unusual fall demand. The market price has strengthened slightly, and large lots of white clover in 60-lb. cans are now selling at mostly 10c. some 12c per lb. Comb honey in carlot quantities has been selling at $4.50 for 24-section cases of white clover, $3.50 per case for amber, and $3.00 per case for buckwheat. In smaller quantities, materially higher prices are reported. WEST INDIES. — Supplies much lighter than normal. Heavy shipments made to Holland at 61c per gallon, including cost and freight. SOUTHEASTERN STATES. — Best grades ex- tracted and comb already sold; some dark extracted .still on hand. Honey movement is slow at 7-12c per lb. for white and light amber. New crop of cane syrup just put on market is responsible in some sections for light demand. Outlook encourag- ing. Bees strong in brood, but rather light in stores. Very little clustering so far. TELEGRAPHIC REl'ORTS FROM IMTORTANT MARKETS. BOSTON. — ^Approximately 50 cases Vermont ar- rived sin(e last report. Trading shows customary BEE CULTURE January, 1922 seasonal dullness with little buying and prices prac- tically unchanged. Comb : Sales to retailers, Ver- mont, carton stock 20-section cases No. 1 white clover $6.50-7.00, light low as $5.00. New York, 24-section cases No. 1 white clover $6.00-7.00. Ex- tracted: Sales to confectioners and bottlers, Porto Rico, amber per gal. 80-85c. California, white sage mostly 16c per lb. • Brokers nominal less than carlot quotations, delivered Boston basis. Califor- nia, per lb. white sage 12-13c, light amber alfalfa or sage 9-lOc, amber alfalfa or sage 7-7i/^c. CHICAGO. — Since last report, 2 cars Arizona, 2,000 lbs. Minnesota and 4,000 lbs. Colorado ar- rived. Stock moving well from brokers and job- bers to bottlers and confectionery manufacturers but sales to retailers very slow. Market steady. Ex- tracted: Per lb. sales to bottlers and candy manu- facturers, Colorado and Arizona white clover ll-12c, light amber alfalfa 9%-10i4c. Michigan, white clover 12-13c. Comb: Sales to retailers, Colorado and Minnesota, 24-section cases No. 1 clover $5.75- 6.00 ; light weight, leaky, and off color stock low as $4.50. Beeswax: Receipts moderate. Demand and movement just fair, market steady. Sales 1» wholesale druggists, harnessmakers and ship supply houses per lb. Oklahoma, Missouri and Colorado, light 30-32C, dark 26-28c. Central American, best grades light, around •24c. CINCINNATI. — ^Since last report, 1 car Wyom- ing arrived. MINNEAPOLIS. — Since last report, 1 car Wis- consin arrived. Demand and movement light, mar- ket steady. Comb : ■ Supplies liberal. Sales direct to retailers, 24-section cases, Colorado, Idaho and Utah, alfalfa and sweet clover mixed No. 1, $6.50, few $7.00. Minnesotas and Wisconsin, No. 1, $6.50. Extracted: Sales direct to retailers, confectioners and bakers, Colorados and Utahs, alfalfas and sweet clover mixed, white 13-15c per lb. NEW YORK. — Domestic receipts moderate, for- eign receipts limited. Stipplies moderate. Demand limited, market dull. Extracted: Spot sales to job- bers, wholesalers, confectioners, bakers and bottlers, domestic, per lb. California, light amber alfalfa 8-9c, light amber sage 9-lOc, few lie; white sage 10%- 12c, white orange blossom 12-13c, few 14c. New York, white clover 9-1 Oc, buckwheat 7-8c. West Indian, refined 65-70c per gal. Comb: Few sales. New York and Western, 24-section cases white and light amber clover, best $7.00-8.00, fair $6.00- 7.00, buckwheat $4.00-5.00. Beeswax: Foreign re- ceipts moderate. Supplies moderate. Demand lim- ited, market steadq. Spot sales to wholesalers, man- ufacturers and drug trade. South American and West Indian, crude light, best 21-23c, poorer low as 18c, dark mostly 15c. African, dark, 13%-15c. PHILADELPHIA. — Since last report, 3,000 lbs. Porto Rico arrived. Demand very slow, market slightly weaker, with very few sales. Extracted: Sales to jobbers and bakers, Porto Rico, light amber various flavors 74ft per gal. No other sales re- ported. Beeswax: Supplies light, but sufficient to meet demand. Very little trading, no change in prices. Sales to manufacturers, per lb. crude, me- dium Chilean 22c, Brazilian 2ic, African, dark 14-15C. H. C. TAYLOR, Chief of Bureau of Markets. From Producers' Associations. While the price of honey remains the same, there is a somewhat less demand, caused, it is sup- posed, by the Christmas season. Bulk comb honey is practically off the market, and only moderate supplies of extracted are available. The holiday trade has caused an increase in parcel post pack- ages of extracted honey and section comb. Inquiries from jobbers indicate the demand for honey is yet strong. Producers are yet receiving 8 to 9 cents for extracted 60-pound basis and 12 to 14 cents for bulk comb. Bees and honey plants are in fine shape generally. In a few localities where, on ac- count of drought, no fall flow occurred, feeding and uniting are the order of the day. Texas Honey Producers* Ass'n. San Antonio, Tex. E. G. LeStourgeon. Tlie demand for extracted honey in carload lots is quite satisfactory, and 't does 'ook now that good white table stock would be used up before a new Jantary, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE crop comes on to the market. Comb honey is mov- ing somewhat slower. The Colorado Honey Producers' Ass'n., Denver, Colo., Dec. 6. F. Rauchfuss, Sec. Special Foreign Quotation. CUBA. — Today's prices in Cuba are: Honey, 42 cents a gallon ; wax, 20 cents a pound. Matanzas, Cuba. A. Marzol. Airline Honey Quotations. The A. I. Hoot Company, bt'Kinning with the February number of Gleanins^s in lioo Cultinc. will quote its prices for honey as it finds its need de- mands in packing the Airline brands. These quo- tations are not made this month because of the un- completed work resulting from a reorganization of the Airline dci)arlment of our company. H. H. ROOT, General Manager, The A. I. Root Co. The Opinions of Honey Producers Themselves as Reported to Gleanings in Bee Culture. Early in December wp .■^cnt to actual honey pro- ducers and some associations the following ques- tions : 1. What portion of the 1921 honey crop is still in the hands of producers in your locality? Give answer in per cent. 2 . What price are producers receiving for honey at their station when sold to large buyers? (a) Comb honey? (b) Extracted honey? 3. What are prices to retailers in small lots? (a) Comb honey, fancy or No. 1 per case? (b) E.x- fracted honey in tivo-pound jiails or other retail packages ? 4. How is honey now moving on the market in your locality ? Give answer in one word as slow, fair or rapid. 5. How much of the 1921 crop of honey is being sold locally this season in your locality? Give answer in per cent. The answers as returned by our corps of honey and bee reporters are as follows: Crop In lar /e lots. To R etailers. Move- Sold States. Reported hy Unsold. Comb. E.1 ■tracted. Comb. Extracted. ment'. Locally. Alabama. J. M. Cutts . . . 40. . . $ .08. . . . .$ .50. . . . . Slow . . . .90 Alabama. J. C. Dickman . . . . . . 25. . . . 1 .00. . . . . Fair . . . .90 Arkansas. .T. Johnson . . . 25. . . .$6.66. . . Slow . ...50 British Colum. W. J. Sheppard. . . . . . 15. . . .28 . i.75... ..Fair . . .100 California. L. L. Andrews. . . . .12. . . . . 1.00. . . ..Fair . . . .10 California. M. A. Savler . . . 20. . . . .$3.00. . .08 . 3.60. . 75 . . . ..Fair . . ..50 California. M. H. Mendleson. . . . . 0. . . . 6.50. ..Fair . ... 5 Colorado. J .A. Green ... 5 . . . . . 4.G0. . .08 . 4.80. . .65... ..Pair . ... 5 Colorado. B. W. Hopper . . . 0. . . . . 5.00. . .09 . 6.00. . .80... . . Slow . . . .10 Connecticut. A. W. Yates . . . 40. .. . . 6.00. . .15. . . . . 8.00. . 1.00. . . . . Slow . . .100 Florida. H. Hewitt . . . 10. . . .10. . . . . .85... ..Fair . ...90 Florida. . . . 20. . . '. '. 3 ! 60 ". '. .08 .10 '. k'.sb'. . .75... .75. . . ..Fair . ..Fair . ...50 Florida. c. c. Cook . . . ; . . . 50. . . . ..75 Georsria. J. J. Wilder . . . 65. . . .10 . .75... . . Slow . . . .85 Illinois. A. L. Kildow . . . 30. . . .. 5.25. . . 12 . . . . . 6.66. ..Pair . . ..10 C. F. Bender T. C. Johnson . . . 0. . . . . . 5. . . . 6.50. . 6.00. Slow 90 Indiana. . 1.00. .. . . Fair . . .100 Jay Smith . . . 10. . . '. 6!6o'. . 1.35... . 1.00. . . ..Fair . ..Fair . . . .75 Indiana. E. S. Miller . . . 45 . . . . .100 Iowa. E. G. Brown . . . 25. . . .11 . 6.00. .90. . . . . Rapid. . ..25 Iowa. F. Coverdale . . . 0. . . . . Fair . ... 0 Iowa. W. S. Paugburn . . . . . . 50. . . .14. . . . .90. . . . . Slow . . . .30 Kansas. .T. A. Nininger 0. . . . 6.00. .75... ..Fair . Kansas. C. D. Mize . . . 25. . . . 6.75. . . 75 . . . . .Fair . . .100 Louisiana. E. C. Davis . . . 25. .. . . 6.00. . .08. . . . . 6.00. . .50... ..Fair . . . .75 Maine. 0. B. Griffin . . 6.75. . . 7.20. ..Fair . Marvland. S. J. Crocker, Jr. . . . 5.25. . 1.00. . . ..Fair . ...75 Massachusetts. 0. M. Smith . . Slow . . .100 Michigan. E. G. Norton 20 OS . .60... . 85 . . . . 1.25. . . . .Slow . ..Fair . . .Rapid. . . .12 . . . 10. . . .12. . . . .1:! . 6.00. . . .90 Michigan. E. D. Townsend. . . . . . 20. . . . . .10 Michigan. Mississippi. I. D. Bartlett R. B. Willson.... 12 S ^t . .Fair . ... 75 . . . 40. . . . . 4.75. . .10..... . 5.75. .95... . . Fair . ... 50 Missouri. .T. W. Roniberger. . 0. . . . . 6.75. . . 14. . . . . 6.00. . . Slow . . .100 ■ Montana. R. A. Bray .. . 30. . . . . 5.50. . .10. . . . . 6.00. . .80... . .Fair . . ..25 Nevada. L. D. A. Prince. . . . . . . 0. . . ..Fair . .. .100 New Jersey. E. G. Carr . . . 20. . . . 6.50. .80. . . ..Fair . . . .10 New York. Adams & Myers .... . . . 20. . . . 6.50. . 1 .00. . . ..Fair . . . .90 New York. F. W. Lesser o . . 5.00. . .10. . . . . 6.00. . 1.00... . .Fair . ... 5 G. Howe C. S. Bumgarner . . . 1.15... . 1.00. . . i.'siow '. . . .97 North Carolina. . .100 North Carolina. Vif. J. Martin . . . 10. . . . . 6.00. . .13. . . . . 8.40. . 1 .25. . . . . Slow . . .100 Ohio. E. G. Baldwin . . . 40. . . . . 4.75. . .07. . . . . 6.75. . .90. . . . .Fair . . . .40 Ohio. R. D. Hiatt ... 15... . 6.00. . 1.15. . . ..Pair . ..100 ■ Ohio. J. F. Moore . . . 10. . . .12. . . . . .80... ..Fair . . . .10 Oklahoma. J. Heueisen ; 0. . . . 1 . 25 . . . ..Fair . . .Fair . . .100 Oklahoma. C. F. Stiles E. J. Ladd n . .100 Oregon. . . . 20. . . . 6.00. . 1.00. . . ..Fair . . .100 Oregon. H. A. ScuUen . . . 20. . . . 6.00. . 1.00. . . . . Fair . . .100 Pennsylvania. D. C. Gilham . . . 30. . . . 7.00. . 1.25. . . . .Fair . . . .90 Pennsylvania. C. N. Greene . . . 33 . . . . . 6.25.. .10. . . . . 6.50. . .75... . . Rapid. . . .90 Pennsylvania. H. Beaver . . . 40. . . .09 .70. . . . 1 . 50 . . . ..Fair . ..Fair . . . .20 Rhode Island. A. C. Miller 0. . . . .100 Texas. J. N. Mayes ... 5 . . . . . 3.36. . .10.... . . 60 . . . . . Rapid. . . .40 Texas. T. A. Bowden . . . 20. . . .80. . . . . Slow . . .100 Texas. H. B. Parks 10 . . 4.50. . .70... . . 65 . . . . 1.25... . . Fair . . . Fair . . .Fair . ... 65 Utah. M. A. Gill 0. . . . . .80 Virginia. T. C. Asher . . . 10. . . ...75 Washington. G. W. York . . . 50. . . . . 5.50. . .11. . . . . 7.20. . .95... . . Slow . . . .50 Washington. G. W^ B. Saxon. . . ... 75 . . . .16.... . . Slow . West Virginia. V/. C. Griffith 3. . . . . 8.00. . .15. . . . . 8.50. . 1.25. . . ..Fair . . .100 Wisconsin. N. E. France ... 10. . . . 6.00. . . 75 . . . . .85... . .75... . .Fair . . .Rapid. . . Slow . . . .95 . . 5 . . . .. .90 Wisconsin. G. Dittmer ... 75 . . . .12 ...50 Wisconsin. H. F. Wilson . . . 7. . . . . 6.85. . .13 . 7. 00-. . .95... . .Rapid. . . .95 6 GLE A N TN G S T N P. E E C U LTU R E January. 19-22 Bingham's Big Smoke Smoker 1^ /jl Wins Contest at New York State NEWplNGnAM ^^^^m Beekeepers' July Meeting. REE 5MQ[iER ^^^^^ M Gilbprtsville, N. Y., Oct. 3rd, 1921. A. G. Woodman Co.: Last winter I bought a copper Big Smoke Smoker with shield of you and in July took the same to the Chenango County beekeepers ' picnic and entered the Smoker contest. There were nine contestants and the Big Smoke won the prize, which was a fine queen bee. Needless to say, I was very proud of the victory. They gave us one minute, and at the expiration of thirty-five minutes the Big Smoke was the only one burning. They called it ' ' Steam Boiler." However, it won and thought I would in- form you. C. F. Bushnell. Tlie contestants were allowed to use any fuel tliey desired and as much or as little of it as thought advisable. The contestants were given one minute in which to light their smokers, then let set for thirty minutes. At the end of this period, the one that smoked best in thirty seconds won the prize. Buy Woodman Section Fixer One of our men, with the Section Fixer, puts up 500 sections with top starters, in one hour and thirty minutes, 500 sections set up with top starters in ninety minutes. This includes the labor of cut- ting foundation, getting sections and supers and placing the sections into the supers and carrying them away. A complete job. This is nothing un.- usual, but his regular speed. You can do the same if you have tlie push after you become ac- customed to the work. There is no breakage of sections. It will pay you to secure one of these machines for this work. Tt is the best thing of tlie kind on the market. Special Sale on Honey Packages Friction-top Pails in tlie 5-pound at $7.00 per crate of 100; $13.00 for crates of 203; ■ the 10-pound size at $11.30 for crates of 113. Special prices on GO-pound cans, one- gallon square cans, and other sizes. A. G. WOODMAN CO., Grand Rapids, Michigan .Tani'ARV, 192U GLEANINGS IN B K E C V I, T U H E I QUEENS rUT QUEENS | s Have a special offer to Beekeepers ' Associations or groups of beekeepers that g m cau use a car of bees at a time, 800 to 1000 packages. We are prepared to load 2 cars B = a week after April otli, 1922. Free ticket to the party coming down to go back with M M the car or I can furnish a man. This is the best way; no transferring from one car g M to another; bees go through in 3 to 4 days. Also special attention given to small orders. M I 1922 PRICES. BOOKING ORDERS NOW. SAFE ARRIVAL GUARANTEED. | M 1-pound package $2.25 each; 25 or more $2.15 each g g 2-pound package 3.75 each; 25 or more 3.60 each g g 3-pound package 5.25 each; 25 or more 5.00 each g g 2-comb nuclei 3.75 each; 3-comb nuclei 5.25 each g M (Add price of queen wanted.) g g 1 Untested Queen $1.50 each. ; 25 or more $1.30 each g g 1 Select Untested 1.70 each; 25 or more 1.50 each g g 1 Tested 2.25 each ; 25 or more 2.00 each M g 1 Select Tested 2.65 each; 25 or more 2.25 each g g One-fifth down with order, balance just before shipping; or 4% discount for full re- g g mittance for December, and 3% for January orders. g I THE NUECES COUNTY APIARIES, CALALLEN, TEXAS | m E. B. AULT, PROP. g lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll!l!llllllllllllllllllllillllll!l!IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII!iy 17,203 Italian Queens for 1921 and orders for many more turned down. We do not tell you this in a boasting way, but rather to show our customers what they have helped us to accomplish. If we did not have really SUPERIOR ITALIAN STOCK could we have sold that many and had so few complaints, or could we have built our queen business from nothing to that in eight years, if we had not given value re- ceived for our customer's money? Italian Bees of the same SUPERIOR STOCK in Packages, Nuclei and Full Colo- nies. We have 2,000 colonies headed with young queens. Can give you good stock at attractive prices. Let us quote you on your needs. Special prices on three-frame nuclei. Special attention to car-load shipments. THE STOVER APIARIES, MAYHEW, MISS. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE January, 1922 A : FEW : SUGGESTIONS : FOR NEW: YEAR'S : RESOLUTIONS » "The plans you make, are the factors that t/overn yot(r success." 'HILE your bees are not at present bringing in any returns, but are consuming honey which is valuable, the winter months may be made the most profitable of the whole year. As you sit in your com- fortable room reading bee literature and having visions of the coming season, the plans you make are the factors that govern your success. The mere physical labor of carrying them out is a very simple matter in comparison. Therefore, EESOLVE to keep bees better and EESOLVE to keep better bees. RESOLVE to produce more honey per colony and then EESOLVE to keep more bees. EESOLVE to secure some of Jay Smith's Queens. They are backed by the strongest guarantee. Your order may be booked for shipment at any time without making any payment until time for shipment, or if you prefer you may take advan- tage of the 5% discount we offer on all cash orders received during January. Provided you make these resolutions and then proceed to put them over, it goes without saying that yours will indeed be a Happy and Prosperous New Year. A card will bring our 1922 catalog. QUEEN PRICES Before August First After August First 1 to 4 inclusive. .. .$2.50 1 to 4 inclusive. ... $2.00 .' to 9 inclusive. . . . 2.45 5 to 9 inclu.sive. . . . 1.95 10 or more 2.40 10 or more 1.90 Breeding Queens for the season, $10.00 each JAY SMITH :: ROUTE 3 :: VINCENNES, IND. llllillllllllllllllllllllllllllllillllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllilllllllllllllllllllllllKllllllllllllllllllli^ E GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 1 EDITORIAL A PLAN for disinfecting the liivos wlicn treating for American foul brood, used by F. E. Buchanan, Disinfecting Hives Without Charring the Wood. an extensive honey producer of Los Angeles County, Calif., enables him to scorch out the hives without danger of charring the wood. He first wets the inner surface of the hives with water, then piles several hive-bodies in a pile, ap- plies gasoline to the inside of the pile and ignites it. By this plan a high degree of heat is applied to the surface of the wood, but the water prevents any charring. 01= =«^©5= 3© FROM ancient times down to the present various writers have recommended honey as a beautifier The Use of Honey either when used as a Cosmetic. as a food or as a cosmetic. Certain manufacturers of cosmetics are now using the word honey in their advertisements and on their labels to conjure with. Now comes Grace Margaret Gould in her "Beauty Talks" in the November issue of the Wom- an's Home Companion, recommending honey as a cosmetic in glowing terms as follows: Honey, to bring the flower-freshness back to your face. Mustn't forget that honey is the product of flowers, and if properly used will give the pink and white freshness of youth to the skin that is old and tired-lookinsr. Tell my Good Looks friends about the honey mask. Following is the recipe : Mix a tablespoonful of strained honey with a tablespoonful of fine white flour. Add a few drops of rose water, just enough to make the honey paste smooth and as liquid as you need it. Spread carefully over the face. Let it stay on half an hour and then wash off with cold water. Try the mask twice a week for a month. Result — youth back in your face. Clt= =>o . ,«= IN THE December issue of the Country Gentleman there appears an article by J. Sidney Gates, entitled A Knock ' ' I.s Hubam a Failure? ' ' Is a Boost. While he does not an- swer this question in the affirmative in so many words, he intro- duces negative testimonj^ from experiment stations which, naturally enough at this time, are conservative. We could not ex- pect them to give their final conclusions. He api)arently tried to find all the fault he could witliout introducing any testimony fa- vorable to Huliani from sources lie jniglit have drawn on. Moreover, lie goes out of his way to ridi- cule Professor Hughes for the manner in which he introduced the seed of this plant. He does not bring out the point that Pro- fessor Hughes did not get a single dollar on the sales of the seed and never has. He gave away the seed in order that all might test it. Notwithstanding there are hun- dreds if not thousands of persons who have tested Hubam, Mr. Gates makes no allusion to any of these. He apjaarently ignores the fact that the annual sweet clover will pro- duce a crop in a third of the time of the biennial; that it has been tested for hay, silage, and as a turn-under crop. While the roots do not live over, the seed, if not har- vested, will lie on the ground and produce a large volunteer crop the following season. Had we not seen what Hubam is doing all over the South, North and West we should feel less enthusiastic over it. Apparently Mr. Gates has not seen the immense fields of Hubam in its native state, Alabama; nor large fields of it in Ohio, Michigan, the Da- kotas and elsewhere where it is grown. He has never met Professor Hughes, apparent- ly; for if he had he would have known that he is not an exploiter nor one who is in the habit of making statements that he can not substantiate. It is not to be wondered at that a good thing should have its detractors. They al- ways do. A knock is a boost. At the two short courses recently held in Colorado there were conflicting opinions ex- pressed by dif Winter Protection in Colorado. ferent beekeep- ers present as to the value of win- ter protection for bees. It has long been considered unprofitable to pack bees for winter in Colorado, as well as other parts of the arid region of the West. This is appar- ently the opinion of most of the extensive honey producers in Colorado, but a few men reported a remarkable increase in the yield per colony wlien winter protection is pro- vided. In one case the figures showed that colonies which had been packed well dur- 10 fiLfiAMlJSTGS IN BEfi CULTURE January, 1922 ing the winter yielded an average of seven supers of honey per colony, while those left unpacked yielded an average of but one super each. No doubt the difference of opinion among beekeepers of the Intermoun- tain Eegion as to the value of winter pro- tection is a result of differences of altitude and exposure to winds, but probably the chief reason for the prevalent practice of wintering in single-walled hives lies in the fact that the main honey flow comes so late that even weak colonies have time to build up for it in the spring. Some of those who are packing for winter in Colorado practice dividing these strong colonies in May, which enables them to have two strong colonies ready for the honey flow which usually begins the latter part of June or the first of July. If no increase is want- ed the colonies are reunited at the close of the main honey flow, which gives strong colonies for winter and saves considerable fall brodtl-rearing. 3fi^S)S= EEPOETS from some of the meetings of beekeepers recently held in different parts of the country Are Beekeepers Losing Interest in Honey Production? indicate a smaller attend- ance than usual, as well as a lack of interest in some cases. This is to be expected after a few years of abnormally high prices for honey, and no doubt many of those who plunged headlong into honey production when prices were high will drop out when prices are no longer so alluring. Honey production must now pass out of the highly speculative, "get rich quick" class and go back among the more conservative industries. Perhaps the sooner this is ac- complished, the better. But many of the older beekeepers are finding it difiicult to readjust themselves to the new conditions; and, strange as it may seem, just when beekeepers are most in need of the benefits that should come from their meetings in helping them to reduce their production costs and increase their yields, many are failing to take advantage of the winter meetings. The Editor is convinced that now is the time to push ahead in hon- ey production instead of hanging back. The greatly increased consumption of honey thus far this season, in spite of adverse in- dustrial conditions, certainly looks good for the future. The potential market for honey is no doubt greater than any of us have ever dreamed it could be. Those who stick to honey production now, get away from the wasteful methods in production which, in spite of the waste, yielded a profit when prices were higli, and pass by no opportun- ity to learn something that may help to in- crease their average yield per colony, are tlio ones who will have their buckets riglit side up when more jirosperous times come. THESE editorials are written in southern California where the Editor is assisting in a short course in The Wintering Problem in South- ern California. beekeeping given at Los Angeles by the Extension Division of the University of California and the U. S. De- partment of Agriculture. At this time (Dec. 10) normal colonies of bees of normal strength for this season are broodless and about as quiescent as they ever become in this region except during periods of rainy weather. Apparently the bees try to take a rest here during the winter as they do in the North, but during the day the hive is warmed up by the bright sunshine and, if the bees have formed a cluster during the night, it is broken during the day. The bees usually fly freely nearly CA^ery day except during rainy weather. Willows are already beginning to put out new growth where they have sufficient wa- ter supply, and soon the bees will be gath- ering pollen from this source. Some varie- ties of the eucalyptus are now in bloom, and the bees are beginning to obtain nectar from this source. The warm days and cool nights, together with some early pollen and nectar, will soon stimulate in all normal colo- nies brood-rearing, which is then continued thru the remainder of the winter, tho it is not carried on extensively. Usually brood can be found in some of the colonies of any apiary in parts of southern California every month in the year. Thus while there is a more or less definite broodless period here in the fall or early winter, this period is only a few weeks long instead of a few months as in the North. One outstanding feature of winter brood- rearing here is that, as a rule, it is the strongest colonies that remain broodless the longest. Weak colonies or colonies made up largely of old bees are the ones that can be expected to rear brood at this time when the strong colonies are broodless. This long- er period of no brood-rearing should give to the strong colonies a great advantage. With so much winter activity the colonies often become badly depleted during the win- ter, dwindling down to mere nuclei before they begin to gain in the spring. Surprising as it may seem to northern beekeepers, the problem of having the colonies rousing strong at the beginning of the honey flow from orange blossoms is apparently more difficult than that of the northern beekeeper in having his colonies ready for the honey flow from clover. In other words, excessive winter flight, together with winter brood- rearing, is more difficult to overcome than winter activity because of cold weather or poor stores during confinement in the North. The most important steps in the prepara- tion for winter here, to prevent the deple- tion of the colonies bv excessive winter ac- .Taniakv, 19'. GLEANINGS IN 15 K l'". GUI. T V U P. 11 tivity, are to Imvc viprorous young queens in the late suniiiior and leave an abundance of honey — more than enough. The temptation to take away too mueli honey is even greater here than in the North, because the beekeeper expects his bees to gather a little during the winter. Those beekeepers who have learned to "wrap their bees in lots of honey" for win- ter, as one man expressed it, are the ones who are securing crops of orange blossom honey; while those who expect their bees to rustle for a living after extracting time and during the winter, as too many still do, count on obtaining but little surplus from orange blossoms, the bees building up on the orange honey flow ready to be moved to the sage whieh comes on later. Many of the most progressive beekeepers here now winter their colonies in two stories, w^ith the u]iper story two-thirds full of honey. CM . — »o ^ an — to BEEKEEPERS have long- associated wet and mouldy combs with poor wintering. In fact, the con- Condensation of Moisture in Hives in Winter. d e n s a tion of moisture within the hive is often looked upon as the cause of poor wintering, and many methods have been worked out for the re- moval of moisture from the hive in winter in order to bring about better wintering. Before the invention of movable-frame hives some beekeepers had learned to turn the box hives upside down in cellar-winter- ing in order to permit the moisture more readily to escape from the hives. Even to- day some who winter their bees in the cel- lar raise the hive cover slightly or remove it entirely and spread a piece of cloth over the hive for winter to keep the ift-erior of the hives dry. In outdoor wintering some provide for the escape of moisture-laden air Ihru openings in the upper part of the hive or thru a porous covering such as burlap, canvas or pieces of old carpet. These methods, of course, are effective in removing the moisture; but the same draft of air that carries out the moisture also car- ries with it the precious lieat which the bees, having no other means of warming their hives in winter, are compelled to gen- erate by muscular activity, which, in turn, creates more moisture. In order to prevent much upward draft of air and at the same time keep the hives dry, packing material is usually placed above when upward venti- lation is provided for by using burlap or cloth over the frames instead of the regu- lar hive cover. More or less moisture is being given off by a colony of bees all of the time, the amount given off being directly in propor- tion to the amount of honey they consume, which, in turn, depends upon the amount of activity of the bees. During the summer when the bees are most active they give off' large quantities of water vapor, but in the winter when they are broodless and quies- eent they give off but little moisture, tho it is only during cool or cold weather that any of this moisture condenses in tlie hives. As long as the inner walls of the hive re- main warm enough there is, of course, no condensation of moisture within the hives. In this case the moisture passes out the en- trance in the form of water vapor. But as soon as the walls of the hive or the combs that arc outside the cluster are chilled be- low the dew point, which varies according to the amount of moisture being given off by the bees, condensation of moisture will take place upon these cold surfaces. If the moisture given off by the bees is decreased, the inner walls of the hive must become colder before condensation takes place; and if the moisture inside the hive is increased, condensation takes place at a higher tem- perature of the hive walls. W:hen colonies of bees become quite active during the win- ter because they are using poor stores while confined without a cleansing flight or be- cause the hives are too cold, they give off more moisture than when they are quiet and wintering well. If any colonies begin brood- rearing in winter, they will, of course, give off more moisture than if they remain brood - less. In such cases there will be wet and mouldy combs if the hive becomes cold enough on the inside to cause condensation. Thus it is the active colonies that become wet ,while the quiet ones may remain dry. To remove the moisture by excessive venti- lation in such cases is to remove a symptom while the cause remains. No doubt wet and mouldy combs are in- jurious to the colony, but to a large extent at least they should be looked upon as a re- sult of poor wintering instead of the cause. Condensation of moisture within the hives in the cellar usually indicates either that the cellar temperature is too low or that the bees are using poor winter stores, which cause undue activity. In outdoor wintering it is more difficult to keep the walls of the hive warm enough to prevent condensation within the hive during severe weather, but condensation is greatly reduced by provid- ing good winter stores and giving ample winter protection. In the far North where the inner walls of the hives may get too cold even when well packed, some beekeepers provide for a slight amount of upward ventilation thru the packing at the top, but this is not neces- sary, except where winters are quite severe, when the hives are well pacl<:ed. Sealed covers are usually preferable for cellar-win- tering, if the stores are good and the tem- perature of the cellar is kept high enough. Sealed covers can also be used for outdoor wintering if the stores are good and the hives well protected, except in the far North where the packing may not keep the inner hive walls above the dew point. Id SLfiA KINGS iisr BEE CUL'jftJRE January, 1^'2'2 SOME LOCALin DIFFERENCES Importance of Fitting the Manage- • ment to Conditions Peculiar to the Locality and the Season By Geo. S. Demuth TSE free in- terchange of ideas among b e ekeepers, which has been such an impor- tant factor in the development of the industry, revealed, years ago, many differences of opinion among careful observers in different parts of the country. Many of these differences were of course due to differences in the localities where the observations were made; so, early in the history of beekeeping in this coun- try, the influence of locality upon the be- havior of the bees, as well as upon the man- agement necessary for best results, was generally recognized. In those days bee- keepers in their conventions and thru the bee journals, finding that they could not agree on many important beekeeping ques- tions, usually explained their differences by the differences in the localities. But beekeepers are not inclined to agree on many questions of management when located in similar regions, and even in the same region. They would not be living up to the traditions of their craft, if they were inclined to agree fully when discussing many of the questions of management that naturally come up whenever two or more real beekeepers meet either in person or thru their literature. In the earlier days many differences of opinion were explained by "locality," which really were the result of faulty observations or personal preju- dices. Out of this there has come a grow- ing tendency for beekeepers of one region to reject the experience of beekeepers in other regions as not being applicable to their own, instead of searching out the differences in the environment which brings about the apparent difference in the behavior of the bees in the different regions. This unfortun- ate tendency, to a certain extern, has hin- dered development, for it is much easier to blame the "locality" than to search out the real reasons for the differences. For this reason during recent years the term "local- ity" has been held in ill repute, many writ- ers avoiding its use; and when it is used in conventions to explain away differences of opinion, it often causes considerable merri- ment. To avoid the use of this term in our liter- ature may be as great a mistake as its for- mer abuse, which led to its degradation. Those who have been tolerant enough with the other fellow's views to go to the trouble of analyzing the factors in the environment in each ease, have learned much about the way honeybees respond to different factors in their environment and the differences in management indicated for the various con- ditions. But they have also learned that bees can be expected to behave in the same way in every lo- cality, if the to- tal environment could be made the same. The factors which make up the locality are (1) the various combinations of weather conditions and (2) the honey plants of the region. Almost endless combinations can be made up from these. The differences in management necessary for different locali- ties are largely brought about by the time of the occurrence of the main honey flow in relation to the time of the natural great expansion in brood-rearing activities in the spring. The length of time between the nat- ural occurrence of these two things gives several types of localities. In the white and alsike clover region of the northeastern portion of the United States and the adjacent portion of Canada, the natural heavy brood-rearing of spring occurs just before the beginning of the main honey flow from clover, so that under good management the colonies are ready for the short honey flow with a great horde of young workers. The citrus-fruit region in southern California is very much like the clover region of the far North, so far as management is concerned, in spite of the great difference in climate, for in each re- gion the main honey flow is short and rapid and occurs at about the time the colonies have reached their peak in spring brood- rearing. In the midst of the buckwheat region of southern New York and northern Pennsyl- vania where there is but little if any clover, the bees plunge ahead with their brood-rear- ing in May (provided they have wintered well and have plenty of food) as tho they were getting ready for the honey flow from clover in June, altlio here the main honey flow does not come in June but comes in August. The splendid force of workers reared in May, which become the harvest hands in the clover region, are of but little if any value for the honey flow from buck- wheat. In fact, many of them may already have died of old age before buckwheat be- gins to bloom; and, if still alive, they are too old to help much in gathering a crop of buckwheat honey. The problem of building up for the honey flow in the buckwheat region is therefore quite different from that of- the clover re- gion. The same thing is true, to a less de- gree, in the irrigated regions of the West where alfalfa is the chief source of nectar. In some portions of this region the bees build up early, if well managed, just as they do in the clover region and the citrus re- gion; but the main honey flow does not come until a month or six weeks later, at which time the colonies may not be in as good con- Januarv, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 13 dition to gather a large amount of surplus honey as they were earlier. Here again the beekeeper is confronted with the serious problem of keeping up sufficient brood-rear- ing to hold his colonies strong until the be- ginning of the main honey flow, the prob- lem being similar to that of the buckwheat region. In some localities in the South the bees regularly build up to great strength early in the spring where there is no honey flow yielding surplus honey until six weeks or two months after the bees are ready for it. If left alone during this interval, these colonies, which were strong too early for the honey flow, may become almost worthless by the time the main honey flow finally ar- rives. In other localities in the South there may be several honey flows of major importance during the season, with a period of dearth of nectar between. If the first of such a series of honey flows occurs just after the heavy brood-rearing period of spring, the bees, if well managed, should be strong enough taii' of wagon wheels. Even the dogs paid their respects by grabbing at my ankles. On this same bicycle trip T discovered the Hoffman frame — that is, a sort of cross between the old-style Langstroth and the closed-end Qiiinby. That frame as now modified by me has lived to become almost universal. This apparent egotism on my part may be softened by the remark that there are some who think i-t the worst frame ever devised. I found also on that trip the closed-end Quinby frame and hive. I ran across these at the home of P. H. El- wood, then of Starkville, up among the hills of Herkimer County. I spent several days with him, and at the conclusion of my visit I became convinced that these frames could not only be handled rapidly, but that, too, without the nuisance of bee glue or of bee- smashing. In fact, I saw Mr. Elwood actu- ally go thru dozens of his hives rapidly without smashing a bee — simple as could be if one only knew how. At the time, in a series of articles in this journal I described the Hetherington-Quinby hive. Of course it will be understood that Captain J. E. Hetherington, who then had about 3,000 of them, had slightly modified the original Quinby hive and frame so that it was more workable for the commercial beekeeper. It should be understood that the Quinby frame proper is not a hanging frame, but a standing frame, resting upon the bottom- board, upon one end of which is fastened a piece of strap iron about % inch above the floor. Every Quinby frame had at one corner a piece of strap iron hook which en- gaged the aforesaid piece of strap iron. The purpose of this arrangement was to keep the frames in alignment and to secure them in an upright position upon the bottom- board. Eight or ten of these frames were hooked on to the bottom-board as shown by the illustration, when two wooden panels covered the two exposed sides. A common string was looped around and tied. On top of the whole were placed supers for box honey, for this was primarily a comb-honey hive. Mr. Quinby and Mr. Hetherington were firm believers in warm hives. They therefore had an outer case and a rim that telescoped over the whole. When a second super was put on, another rim was put in place, and an ordinary "cap" telescoped over the whole. This arrangement made a double-walled hive, very warm, and exactly suited for the production of comb honey. The inner wall consisted of closed-end bars, -the two side panels, the outer wall of the rim, and cap before mentioned. The important feature of this hive was the construction of the entrance. The bot- tom had a large opening which could be con- tracted during cold weather. This opening connected with a sort of sub-floor so that the bees would enter the hive by going un- der it — at least; that was the general de- ls sign used by Mr. Elwood. Others had an opening in the sides wiiicli allowed the bees to pass on this sub-floor up thru the hole in the bottom-board of the hive proper. There are not many, comparatively, who are using closed-end frames in New York; and I am told the main reason is because the Hetherington-Quinby closed-end frame hive is not a regular equipment, and can not be purchased at any beehive factory. Two years ago while I was visiting ('. F. M. Stone of Lamanda Park, Cal., near Pasa- dena, he showed me one of those old hives that he secured from O. J. Hetherington, a brother of J. E. Hetherington, who, as I said, had at one time some 3,000 colonics on these same closed-end frames, being at that time the largest beekeeper in the world. I considered this old Hetherington- Quinby hive as a real souvenir and a curi- osity. And yet it was something more than a curiosity, because the colonies in this hive were always strong and prosperous. He at- tributed this to the fact that the frames are closed-end, and that the hive is double- walled — a combination that is also rare in California. I said to Mr. Stone, "I wish you would open up this hive and let me show thru the camera its construction and just how you handle it." Quinby closed-eud frame. This shows how the brood- nest can be split up or dissected for examination. He had been told by O. J. Hetherington how to manipulate it, and his mode of pro- cedure was precisely that of P. H. Elwood, and presumably that of the renowned and brilliant Captain Hetherington himself. First, Mr. Stone, as shown by Fig. 1, lifted the cap that covered the hive proper. After lifting the lower frame that surrounds the bottom of the hive and the super he pro- ceeded to loosen the string that held the panels around the closed-end frames. He then showed, exactly as Elwood had donn nearly 30 years before, how these frames 16 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE .Taxuarv, 1922 could be separated by means of a common penknife, and how they could be slipped back in place without killing a single bee. This was done by slipping the frames end- wise. In fact, that was the only way they could be disengaged, on account of the hooks and piece of strap iron before men- tioned. This endwise movement brushes off any bees that may be in the way, and a lot of them become snugly and squarely in place. The top-bars of the frames drop down a bee-space where the bottom-bars are raised up the same distance. The objection might arise, when this kind of hive is tiered up, that there would be a double bee-space. This is overcome by the use of a rim or frame that is fitted in between the two stories. I asked Mr. Stone what he thought of that hive. ' ' Mighty good hive to winter and spring bees in. They nearly always have the best colonies." "Whv do you not adopt these exclusive- ly, then ? ' ' "First, because I can not buy them any- where; second, because they are odd-sized; third, they are not well adapted to the pro- duction of extracted honey; fourth, they are hardly suitable for out-apiaries where much moving is practiced. But," he continued, "I do believe in- the principle of closed-end frames because they are warm; and I do believe in the principle of a double-walled hive, and I believe in the size and shape of the frame for breeding purposes; but it is not a frame for extracting." I guess he is right. This last of Mr. Stone 's reasons explains to you why this wonderful Hetherington-Quinby hive did not become popular. I should imagine it would be a wonderful hive for the South- land to supply the pound-package trade. BEEKEEPING IN FOREIGN LANDS Honey Industry Neijv but Flourish- ing in Guatemala Where Good Crops are Assured Every Year By George Riedel WHENIcame to this coun- try four years ago it was impossible to find any one who would even con- sider the honey- bee as worthy of cons id e ration from a business standpoint. There had been some interest created here by a beeman from Chile who had given instruction in beekeeping to some classes, but those who installed small apiaries from the informa- tion so gathered had finally let them peter out. The only other activity in this line consisted of apiaries on some of the larger coffee plantations owned by Germans.' The object of their operators seemed to be cen- tered on economy and the installations were of the worst. In the majority of cases not even extractors were used. "What a change has occurred in the short space of four years, one can imagine from the state- m e n t of the American consul to Mr. Tollafield, that in his opin- ion the honey industry would be the third business of this country within the next five years. Coming here without capital I began to form partnerships with different plantation owners. The first big modern apiary was formed in combination with Don Arturo Castillo in the plantation "Agua Tibia," and consists of 500 colonies. This was at an altitude of over 5,000 feet, and seemed to me to be too cold during the honey sea- son, which is. from October to April. The next year I began establishing apiaries in PfSgl^J mi ' ^ I 'il^WL; iB""*"^!' — — i ^^^ ^ ,£W^^, : .■:.^»----^.-. -^ .:.^y. A typical Guutemala upiary. Noto the bcU suspended from a tree (the arrow pointing to it) tliat is found in almost all itpiaries in Central America, The Ik^U is only rung when a swarm takes flight tu cause it to cluster (perhaps). JANUAfeV, 1S22 OLfiA^li^GS IN bfefe OULTi^Ri; 17 the so-called coffee zone, which has an alti- tude of from 3,000 to 4,000 feet. The cli- mate is ideal for bees, and the flora is hard to beat. In this zone, which is in the de- l)artnient of Santa Eosa, can now be found about 16 fine modern apiaries of 500 colo- nies, 11 of which were formed by me, and a great many others are being started on a smaller scale. The Seasons and the Honey Plants. In this country there are two distinct seasons, called winter and summer by the inhabitants, but in reality they should be called the dry and the wet. The dry season begins about October 20, and that is the time when the beeman must rustle, because the bees begin at once to bring in about five pounds of honey daily, and by the 12th of color it is a light amber. The second honey flow comes cliiefly from a shrub called "Suy- kani. " When this is in flower it perfumes the whole countryside with the most de- lightful odor, and when I came here it was the general opinion that this was the chief source of honey. There are other trees al- most equally good, among which are the Ahuacati, Mango, Zai)otillo, Hoja de queso, Bareto, and others; but I should say that all of these combined do not give one-half of that 'given by the aforementioned sage called " Chinchiquasti. " Increases 400% and Secures Good Honey Crop. In May when the rainy season begins, the bees, after having been lying dormant and trying to rob for about a month, again start Beekeepers in Guiitemala place their hives on elevated stands to avoid loss from ants and sudden deluges of tropical rains. November a good colony is bringing in from ten to fifteen pounds a day. I kept a hive on scales for two seasons and found the re- sults the same for both years. In fact the one feature of the country that cannot be paralleled in any other part of the world is the invariability of the seasons. There is never a drought nor failure. Between the 20th of October and the first of November one can absolutely count on the honey flow to begin. It increases until about Novem- ber 25, and then gradually slackens until Christmas when it ends; that is to say, the flow from the annual plants ends. About February first another lioney flow begins from tlie biennials and this continues, but not so heavilv as the other, until about April 15. I should say that about 70% of the honey comes from a plant called "Cliinchiquasti. " It is a true sage, very much like the Cali- fornia purple sage, having a blossom prac- tically the same. The honev is, in my opin- ion, fully equal to the California white sage honey. It is quite dense and crystallizes in about a month. The flavor is mild iind agreeable and does not pall on the taste. In to thrive. A light honey flow begins, just enough to keep them going; but a great quantity of pollen is brought in so that by June the hives are simply bubbling over with young bees. This is the season that I used for increasing. To give an idea what can be done, I might mention that in July, 1918, in the plantation La Vega, owned by Don Jorge Morales, I increased from 90 to 350 in the months of July, August and Sep- tember, and obtained an average yield of 165 pounds to the hive from the 350 so made. If one counted, by the so-called spring count method, it would have made an average yield of over 600 pounds to tiie hive, wliich 1 dare say would almost have been a record. Last year, in one of my own apiaries, Los Verdes, I increased from 90 to 600 during the rainy season, but did not get as large a yield, as I had divided a little too much. However, one can count on increas- ing four times and get a good honey crop too, but one must be on the job every min- ute because, just before the season starts, we have a month of heavy rain, and if the bees are not fed artificially they will be so weak that they will not be in condition 18 GLteAiJliJGS ti^i feEfi CULTURE January, 1922 until the best part of the flow has passed. Some Unattractive Features. From the foregoing it might be inferred that this is a good country for the honey business — and it is. However, I don't want to paint too rosy a picture. I myself have sold out all my interest in this line, and am now developing an enormous cattle and ma- hogany plantation. I might also mention that three other men T^^ho have come down here with the idea of staying have given it up. Now why? Not because it *is not a good bee country; but simply because the conditions in some cases are too difficult to surmount to recompense for the gain. These countries are extremely attractive in many ways and offer many chances for an ambi- tious man; but before anyone decides to settle here for good he should make a trial; especially if he has a family he should con- sider the many handicaps. Bad roads, prac- tically no foreigners, a strange language and peculiarities of climate that we are not used to make the life here too difficult for most American families. It is different when one is the owner of a great plantation. In that case he may live like a prince; but, all in all, I would not advise Americans to come here to start in this business. It is true that as a strictly bee proposition I be- lieve there is no place in the United States its equal. No bee diseases, cheap and good labor, ideal climate, a sure crop every sea- son with big results; but when one consid- ers the difficulties of marketing, the reduced price and the fact that one is spending the best years of his life in a strange country, I for one would rather make smaller profits and live in my own country. I should like to see this business develop and be controlled by Americans, since we have been the ones to start it. I truly think this is the best way to conquer these coun- tries, industrially and commercially, for once we have made ourselves felt in that direction it will not be necessary to resort to the crude methods of military strategy. Guatemala, Cen. America. [Beekeepers are quite like all mortals and liave the usual traits of mankind, one of the most outstanding being that the average beekeeper believes that the other fellow 's meadow is the better one. Our foreign mail continually brings to us letters from one country asking for information regarding another. A New Zealander will write de- ■siring to locate in the United States, one from Australia regarding locating in the Argentine, etc. Beekeeping in Guatemala is of the mush- room variety. Four or five years ago there was no- one in the republic keeping bees un- der modern conditions, or producing honey as a commercial proposition but today there are possibly 50,000 colonies or more in mod- ern equipment. A young American who had been interested in beekeeping in Cali- fornia arrived on the Pacific Coast of Guate- mala possibly four years ago with the idea of becoming interested in beekeeping; his capital being very limited indeed prevented him from venturing on any large scale, and the only thing he could do was to make an attempt to interest some of the large pro- gressive owners of coffee plantations or ' ' fincas. ' ' Finally a few of the large ' ' finca ' ' owners were induced to put in a few colo- Castor oil trees or cheaply constiucted sheds are frequently used in this land of hot sunshine to supply shade for the hives. However, in the case of some young men with ambition who know the business, this is not a bad field, and beginning with this they may pass into other opportunities of which there arc many. I myself want to see more Americans enter these countries and develop them and bring them under the in- fluences of American ways of doing things. iiies of bees, and the interest in beekeeping and honey production is so strong today that the American Consul at one of the ports of entry stated that if this activity continued to grow in the future as it had grown in the last three years, honey would be in a very few years the third or fourth export of the Republic. — Editor.] January, 19' OLEANINGS IN BEfi CULTURE 1& W^Wi^^^l HONEY BY PARCEL POST A Simple Method of Packing for tlie Mails. How to Find the Customers I sincerely believe that, if pure honey in attractive shape could be brought to the attention of every prospective purchaser, there would never be a supply beyond the demand, and the price would be relatively higher. I am not an extensive producer and my yearly crop runs from 1,000 to 3,000 pounds, sometimes 3,5(i0. But I believe that I could dispose of quite a large quantity at a big advance over what it would bring me if sold wholesale. Some years ago I had printed a lot of cir- culars six by nine inches. In this circular I inform the prospective customer that I am offering pure honey direct to the consumer, and explain just what extracted honey is and how it is produced. At the time I had my price list printed on the reverse side of the sheet. That was before or about the beginning of the war, and when all commodities went up in price my list was much too low. I now regulate my prices to conform somewhat to the general wholesale price of honey and change them as the price goes up or down. I make the price just about double the wholesale price, and the purchaser pays for the container and the postage. I sell mostly in five and ten pound fric- tion-top pails and have orders for many more of the ten-pound than of the five-pound pails. I prepare it for parcel post shipment in the following manner: I cut a disk out of the strawboard corrugated material so much used at this time for boxes. This can be picked up at your nearest grocery store. The disk is of the .same size as the top of the pail. After driving down the cover se- curely this paper disk is laid on top. A strong cord is wrapped around the pail from top to bottom anil crossed on top, then taken again around the pail and tied securely. This gives a cord in four places dividing the circumference into four parts. This cord holds the paper disk securely down on the cover. I then cut two cords long enough to go around the pail and leave enough ends to tie. One cord is placed an inch or so from the top, and the other the same distance from the bottom. As I go around the pail with these cords they are taken under and over the upright cords — that is "a turn is taken on each of the upright cords. I do not now recall a single instance of honey shipped in this way arriving at destination in bad order, while it is not uncommon to liave complaints of broken and leaky pack- ages when sent by express or freight. I write the name and address on the paper disk, and also attach a tag bearing the same and my own address. The ten-pound pail, when prepared for mailing, weighs under 11 pounds and will go to the second zone for 15 cents. The 5-pound pail will come under six pounds, and 10 cents will carry it with- in the second zone. I have what I consider a very attractive blue label that reads: "Pure Honey, Blue Label Brand, from the Star Apiary, Ehineland, Mo. S. E. Miller, Prop." In addition I have had printed small white labels with a red margin. These are one and This picture shows how Mr. Jliller prepares Iiis five and ten pound pails of honey for shipment by parcel post. one-fourth by two and one-fourth inches. I have two kinds; one of which reads, "Gath- ered from autumn flowers, ' ' and the other "From white clover." One of these (ac- cording to the kind of honey contained in the pail) is posted just underneath the lar- ger blue label. I could not find in the catalogs a label that suited me exactly in giving directions just how to care for honey; so I got one up according to my own ideas. It tolls whv and under what conditions honey will granu- (jLEANINGtS IN BEE 0 U L T U R fe January, 1922 FROM THE FIELD OF EXPERIENCE late and gives the different ways of lique- fying it without spoiling the flavor. Many people think that granulated honey is spoiled for use and do not know what to do with it. It is well to advise them with each container how to care for honey. One of these labels is placed on the reverse side of each pail. Where do I find my customers? Well, I have some old-timers that have purchased honey from me for over 25 years. Then I write to the publisher of a newspaper in some small or moderate-sized city and pro- pose that I send him a ten-pound pail of honey and take it out in advertising. Near- ly all editors will accept this offer, and when they get the honey they are so well pleased with it that they will give me a pretty liberal amount of space. One in par- ticular in our state capital usually runs a two-column ad of about three-inch space and carries it for three or four issues. I think he has got to where he expects his ten-pound pail of honey each autumn, and the results are very satisfactory to me. The clerks in the postoffice and also some of the state officials got a taste of my honey, and they seem to pass the good word along. In some way a merchant found that my honey was having quite a run there and I have received liberal orders from him in five and six case lots of the five-pound lots. I send out my circulars to parties that I know, and also have a list from the post- master in St. Louis, giving the names and addresses of parties that purchase direct from the producer by parcel post. One cus- tomer that is well pleased will, as a rule, get one or two more. Advertising in the daily or Sunday papers of the large cities I have not found satis- factory. The small amount of space they allow for a considerable sum makes adver- tising with them too expensive. Sometimes when my crop is larger than usual I sell some of it to a manufacturer of high-grade candies in St. Louis, and usually get about one-third more than it Would bring if shipped to a commission firm. I make it a rule to sell only first-class honey to my retail customers. If I have an otf-grade honey, such as honeydew, I sell it :it an otT gi.-idci j)ric<' to sonic manufacturer oi a commission house. 8. R. Miller. Rhineland, Mo. =iO^Op: FIVE QUEENS IN A HIVE How They Were Induced to Live Peacefully To- gether in the Same Brood Chamber I was surprised at such an old practical beekeeper as A. C. Miller (page 566, Glean- ings) departing so far from nature in his wintering experiment. But as he asks some quite difficult questions as to his queens, I will relate an experiment of my own, prac- ticed in the year 1906. At about that time Gleanings was publishing a series of arti- cles as to E. W. Alexander's management of bees. Among them were mentioned the ben- efits of dual queens and methods of intro- ducing. I failed in practically introducing laying qiieens dually in a swarm by follow- ing Mr. Alexander's directions. I took six virgin queens and placed them in a full- sized colony isolated some distance from the yard, and after first preparing the colony to receive tliem I clipped the stings off the queens and liberated them in the swarm. The result was a great disturbance in the hive as shown by the demonstrations at the en- trance. After a couple of days I made an examination and found all of the queens' wings cut off close to the thorax. _^ I killed them and placed six more in the colony after clipi)ing the stings and the horny part of one mandible. Five out of the six were mated and laid regularly; but instead of expanding their brood-nest they all laid in the regular-sized brood-nest, and the cells had five eggs in them, which were gradually removed by the bees until only one was left. Sometimes, however, there were two or three left until they hatched into larval form. When the flow of honey stops it is bee nature to practice strict economy in prepar- ing for winter, as witness the killing of drones in the fall, and this is just what hap- pened to my extra queens. The bees killed all but one, and therefore I think it will be a difficult job for Mr. Miller to winter over dual queens. H. S. Philbrook. Newbury Park, California. CAGED QUEENS LOSE FERTILITY After Eighteen Days in Mailing Cages Two Queens Become Drone-Layers In treating two advanced cases of Euro- pean fonl brood in July 1 kept the queens in mailing cages for 18 days. They were Ital ians of fine strain, reared this season and very prolific. But upon releasing them they were drone-layers — one entirely so — the other laying about three-fourths drone eggs. I held them some time to see if they would become normal, but there was no improve- ment. They were as beautiful and active as before being caged and seemed about as pro- lific, but they laid abnormally to a consid- erable extent, there being in many cells two, three and four eggs, and some of them were deposited on the side walls. This was not duo to lack of strength of colonv. Had I January, 1922 GLEANINGS IN I? E E C U I- T U R K FROM THE FIELD OF EXPERIENCE used a push-in-tho-coinb cago, I boliovo tlu> result would luivc been otherwise. When doing some requeening I brought some of the old queens home with me, and then decided to see how the "royal battle" is pulled off. So I put two in the same cage (there being three or four workers present). They made two or three attempts at battle, which seemed to me mild ones. I placed the queens away for the night, and next morn- ing both queens w^ere all right and apparent- ly the best of friends. European foul brood is very prevalent in this section and most "backlotters" have bad cases o'f "cold feet." In short, the situation, as I see it, is that bees can no longer be successfully kept here except by the man who is willing to make diligent ap- plication and learn the game thoroly all the way thru, and then allow no loose practices. Raymond, Wash. M. C. Osborne. SAVES A LOT OF LIFTING How Cable and Tackle are Used Above Long Rows of Hives Mr. Swahn has his colonies arranged in three long rows capable of holding about 50 colonies to the row. At the end of each row he has had erected a telephone pole, with a cable running the full length of the row. He has constructed a carrier to run along this cable, the release of which is controlled by a rope fastened at the top. By merely jerking and slightly twisting the rope he can tighten it so that the carrier when lifted into the air will remain stationary. The carrier is made something like a set of ice tongs, with the lower part of suflicicnt length to lift three or four hive-bodies. The big value of this piece of machinery is in that he is able to lift all the supers at one time, and leave them suspended in the air while he goes thru the brood-chamber. When he desires to put them back, all that he has to do is to give the rope a pull and lower the supers back upon the brood-cham- ber. The carrier rides the cable so that he can very easily shift it from one part of the yard to another, and it can be detached from one cable and placed on another in a very few minutes. Because of the length of the cable it necessarily sags to a more or less extent in the middle, but this is taken care of by an adjustable prop which can be placfed at any position along the cable where he desires it. H. F. Wilson. Madison, Wis. IT BOOSTS THE SALES Inexpensive Local Advertising Works Wonders in Selling Honey We need only to step into any grocerj store to see many instances of how adver- tising is controlling not only the demand, but also the price of many articles of every- day use. While some large concerns are spending large sums of money and are ac- complishing a great deal toward increasing the (kunand for honey. T believe that bee- keepers everywhere will find themselves well Mr. .Swaliii :ij)i;uy arranged for liftiufr supers \>y t:uk1e and U-aviiig tlioiu susnendt'd in the air while tli? broodcliainbers are beins examined. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE January, 1922 FROM THE FIELD OF EXPERIENCE repaid for any effort they put forth in local advertising. It will be found that the ad- vertising cost will eventually be paid by the consumer, because of the increased de- mand and higher price for the honey which is advertised. The following are a few of the methods which have proved successful for me, which I hope may be of value to others. A grocer has so many articles to display and sell that he can not give much attention to any one article, unless aided by persons interested in that particular product. Neat display signs, calling attention to honey and its uses, should be furnished to the grocer. These signs, as well as other advertising matter, may be obtained from the supply dealers at a very nominal cost or may be produced locally. Small slips to be placed by the grocer in out-going orders, calling the attention of the customer to the fact that the grocer has on hand a supply of honey from your apiary, together with a few suggestions for its use, may prove of value. One of the best and cheapest advertis- ing mediums is the display window. A short time spent in aiding the grocer to fix an attractive honey window display will bring in a large increase of orders. The window to be decorated should, as a rule, be covered with cloth or paper of a suitalDle color to harmonize with the labels or other decora- tions. Crepe paper is good for this pur- pose and may be purchased in a variety of colors at any drug store. Decorations pre- pared for some holiday may be used. Artifi- cial flowers placed among the jars and cans produce a pleasing effect. Honey in the comb and in a variety of glass and tin containers should then be placed in the window in neat order. A pyramid of honey in glass jars, with an electric light placed behind it, will attract much attention in the evening. A very attractive window sign may be made by taking five clear glass quart jars of hon- ey, and on each jar pasting a letter cut from paper, so that the word "honey" is spelled out. A small box containing an electric light, with flasher attachment, is then placed behind these jars, and a small blinking electric sign is the result. Since prohibition the use of sweets in all forms has been greatly increased. We furnish local soda fountains with neat dis- play cards calling the attention of patrons to sodas, sundaes and malted milk drinks made with honey. Thick honey should be slightly diluted with water for fountain use, and is then used the same as any other fountain syrup. In my estimation there is not a better or more delicately flavored drink on the market than honey malted milk. Restaurants are also good places in which to place display cards because people have ample time to read them. Wordings such as "For Delicious Sweetness, Order Honey, or "Order Honey, the Sweetheart of the Flowers, ' ' are good. An advertising slide, run occasionally in a local picture theater, brings results. When cantaloupes were first on the market this season, we ran a slide suggesting the use of honey with cantaloupe. A number of peo- ple tried it and later remarked how good it was. A slide should not contain too much reading matter- — about 15 words are plenty. About once a year we make it a point to donate honey for some public dinner. Ten pounds will serve a large number of people, and many of them will later purchase a sup- ply from their grocer. When our local high school starts the fall term the domestic science class is presented with a pail of honey, with instructions to ask for more when needed. The teachers are usually glad to recommend its use. A road-side lionoy display case used by Mr. Allen of Big Timber, Mont. For those who live along a public high- way the tourist business is quite profitable, as well as being good advertising. C. W. Allen of Big Timber, Mont., has a very unique road display sign, the novelty of which attracts a large per cent of the pass- ers-by, who stop, and purchase not only honey but milk, butter and eggs. As seen by the illustration this display case is easy to construct. It has a hinged glass door on each side, which may be locked to protect the contents. During the last four years the demand for honey has been increased fivefold in this community, due almost entirely to the small amount of diversified advertising which has been done. Big Timber, Mont. R. A. Bray. c ur January, 1922 DOES rollin.n- tion Stimu- late Growth of Fruit Body?" is asked on page 773 and answer- ed in the nega- tive by Axel Hoist. The cases of seedless or- anges, bananas and seedless tomatoes are given as examples, and so far he is quite right. But Nature is many-sided, and what is true of one plant may not be of another. A leaf of the Kex begonia, laid on a damp soil with a suitable temperature, will pro- ceed to take root and form new plants, but it by no means follows that the leaves of other plants will do the same. In my back yard is an apple tree that produces many one-sided apples, i. e., one side fully devel- oped while the other side is dwarfed or im- perfectly developed; also some small ones one-half or one-fourth size. If we cut into these one-sided apples, we shall find seed in the well-developed side and no seed in the dwarfed side. The small apples contain no seeds. The same appears to be true of grapes. The seedless grapes or raisins, so far as I have observed, all appear to be dwarfed. This might at first seem to be a characteristic of the variety; but if we take a variety like some of Kodger's hybrids that produce both seeded and seedless grapes in the same cluster, we shall invariably find those having seeds are large and perfectly developed, while those without seed are small and inferior in size. * * * B. F. Kindig tells on page 777 that it is lawful in Michigan to give only the mini- mum net weight of sections in a case of sections. This, I understand, is true of the U. S. law in such matters, but is it desir- able to pack our honey in this way — 12, 13, 15 or 16 ounce sections all in the same case? I noticed in visiting several packing houses in Florida some years ago, that oranges were carefully sorted, one size going irrto one box and another size into another. So we find in the retail stores the oranges are sold according to their size, the large ones for one price and the smaller ones for less. Why should not the same be true of section honey? Why should the retail grocer charge as much for a 12-ounce section as a 15-ounce section, as he naturally would if all were labeled "minimum net weight, 12 ounces?" * * « After a busy day it is very enjoyable to take Gleanings in Bee Culture and sit by a warm fire and read of beekeeping in the "North, East, West and South," the pleas- ures, anxieties and disappointments of bee- keepers in every direction, and feel that, after all, we have fared as well as the aver- age or better than most of them. How freely have the flowers been distributed GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE SIFTINGS J. E. Crane 1 ^^^^^^^^^^ TLJ 23 o\er our broad land I As one nectar-producing plant disappears, another comes in to supply the bees and repay for their care. Surely the fu- ture is bright for tlic success of our industry. * * * "The Silver Lining Grows Brighter," says the Editor on page 742. Well, I be- lieve prices are not nearly so bad as they seem. We have had low prices before and lived thru it. I remember buying, years ago, the finest white sage honey in Boston for six cents a pound. Let us all rejoice that the price is low enough so that the poor, as well as the rich, may enjoy honey with their bread. The low price will lead such as have not used it, to do so, and those that have been using it, to use it more ^^eeiy- * * » The increasing popularity of the large re- tail tin packages holding from 21/4 to 10 pounds is evident from many pages of the December number of Gleanings. This has been our experience this year. I met with the Maine State Beekeepers' Association two weeks ago. The gathering was a joint meeting of beekeepers and fruit-growers. One speaker told how a retail grocer had changed from selling apples by the pound to selling by the bushel, and, as a result, sold several hundred more bushels than for- merly. ^ ^ ^ Most interesting is that account of a bat- tle between a bumblebee and honeybees, on page 777, causing the death of 25 honeybees before the giant bee was slain. It was as exciting as the story of David and Goliath, only it did not turn out as well. It in- creases our respect for the honeybees that counted not their lives dear to them when the good of the colony required the sacri- fice. * * ♦ One Maine beekeeper told me how he sold his crop of honey by canvassing the towns about his home by course, not skipping a single store, and he said he not only sold all his own honey but had to buy several thou- sand pounds to supply the demand. » « • Let us all try to remember the statement by John N. DeMuth, on page 772, of the value of sumac bobs for smoker fuel. If it proves as he says, as doubtless it will, it will be well worth remembering. « » » We were glad to notice, on page 753, that the U. S. Department of Agriculture has found that the honeybee is quite as efficient a pollenizer of red clover as the bumblebee, GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE C MOTHER lur Do you re- member the 'play thing drawer ' in your mother's kitch- en table?" ask- ed a cousin who had come to be with us during those first hard days when mother's loved form lay in the old home, awaiting the last resting place. Do I remember? It is one of my most pre- cious memories, and it is such a revelation of our mother's character that I am going to tell you a little about it. Sweet and mod- est as the violet of her native England, mother always kept herself in the back- ground, and only her husband and children know how much of the credit for anything which they have accomplished should go to her. THE modern compact kitchen with its cabinet, sanitary table, and other con- veniences to save steps is very different from my mother's kitchen when I was a lit- tle child. The table at which mother stood to do most of her work was of walnut, with drop leaves, and at one end was a wide, shallow drawer, designed for cutlery, cook- ing spoons, etc. But unselfishness, mother's dominant characteristic, is revealed in the fact that the drawer, within my recollec- tion, never held anything to help mother in her work and save her steps. It held chil- dren's playthings. Little, hindering, and mischief-making hands were busy at the drawer much of the time while mother's pa- tient feet carried her many steps to the large pantry after articles which might have been kept near at hand in the drawer. That drawer reveals something of her life of service. Children's treasures are apt to be kept in the room in which mother spends most of her time. Father and mother were neither of them ever robust, and who knows .but that the fact of all mother's children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren sur- viving her is due to her spending so many hours preparing simple but delicious and nu- tritious food for her family. In the early years of her married life the struggle to make ends meet made such work a neces- sity, and in later years she chose to do it because of her innate love of a simple life, a taste which she shared with father. The old drawer reveals her sweet mother- liness and love of all little children. When her own children wore grown and had homes of their own she still kept the table drawer much as it had been. Some of my dearest recollections of mother are the visits we had when I took my babies, each one in turn, and sat beside that drawer, the cur- rent baby ecstatic over its contents while mother, still quick, active and light on her feet, went on with h^r work. 1 CONSTANCE ROOT BOYDEN (Stancy Puerden) ^^^^^^^^^ JANUARV, 1922 Mother was not only a baby lover; she was a baby charmer as well. She could pick up a baby screaming with pain or just baby rage at not having his own way, lay him in a certain position across her knees, pat his back, trot him gently and rhythmically, talk to him and in a minute he would be smiling blissfully at grandma. The contents of the drawer reveal her understanding of child nature. I think there was scarcely a toy in it. By toy I mean something bought at a toy shop. It was filled with "treasures," queer bits of metal and wood, an old steel puzzle made by father, rubber balls, balls of string, little wooden boxes and a little shallow bowl, carved from black walnut. The last named we were fond of sailing on a "lake," which mother prepared for us by putting a dishpan or tub filled with water on the floor. In cold weather she always warmed the water of the little lake that childish hands might not be chilled. She never forgot the com- fort of anyone but herself. A few days ago when I visited mother's kitchen, opened the drawer and tried to see the contents thru hot tears I thought of an- other trait which the old drawer reveals. It was her talent for exquisite neatness and order. The drawer was lined with clean paper and its contents, now so few, were in perfect order. The old "treasures" were nearly all gone, given away, bit by bit, to coaxing grandchildren. But there was one thing with which mother never would part. Her youngest child, a son, many years ago visited a foundry, pressed his fat little hand into a clay mould and a workman filled the mould with molten metal. That little iron hand is still in the drawer, and the one whose boyish hand made the print is now, at thirty-eight, the father of a long-hoped- fo;- baby boy, whom his grandmother never saw. IT was not only in babyhood that mother loved and mothered her grandchildren. The memory of her friendship for our two sons, now 22 and 18 years of age respective- ly, is a rich legacy for them and for us. I imagine their way of running to her and confiding in her reminded her of her own two sons in their bovhood. For years they sel- dom missed eating Sunday evening lunch with her, when in town, and I never could be quite sure whether she invited them or thev just gravitated in that direction. She was very happy over the school and college work of all her granchildren, for love of education amounted almost to a passion with her. and she was always ready to sacrifice anything that her dear ones .lANl'ABV. 1922 G I. K A N I N O S IN REE C II T, T IT II K 2S iiiiglit have tlie eolloge education wliicli slic liad iiiisaed. But mother did not eonliue her hiving acts of service to her chihlren and their cliildren. She was never so happy as when she could help the needy or lonely, those widowed or fatherless. I doubt if father himself real- izes quite how many of his kind acts were done at her prompting. In Florida she "mothered" the neigh- bors all around her, especially those who came for a season only and were unacquaint- ed in the region. In her last letter, written just two or three days before her death, she was planning to take fruits and vegetables to a neighbor. To her a garden meant an opportunity to distribute its products among her children, friends, helpers and neighbors. Mother's care for the helpless extended even to animals. Her tender heart would never let her rest until she had made sure And she looked just as cool and dignified as usual. I II reading over what I have written it seems so inadequate. 1 iiave not touclied on her loyalty to friends, her wisdom as a coun- selor to husband and children, her ability in every branch of home-making and her indomitable energy which outlasted her strength. Here is the Scriptural text which best de- scribes her, "Even as the Son of Man came not to be ministered unto but to minister." THE little picture below shows mother and fatlier at a picnic. They would not accompany us to hotel dinners, they would not come to formal dinners or parties in their honor; but they loved simple picnic suppers out in the open, witli their loved ones about them. that an absent neighbor's chickens had wa- ter and food in plenty, stray cats and dogs must be fed, and she was miserable if she thought a horse was being neglected, over- worked or abused. A former pastor, not being able to find a word which expressed mother's thoughtful- ness for others, coined the word "otherli- ness, " as being more comprehensive than the word " motherliness. " He also spoke of another word which always came into his mind in connection with mother, and that was the beautiful old word "gentle- woman." Just to give you a glimpse of the lively and fun-loving side of mother let me tell a little incident. When mother was nearly seventy-two her youngest granddaughter, about a year old, had a habit of entertain- ing callers by turning graceful somersaults. It can be done gracefully, you know, if one is young and supple. My sisters and I were laughing about it with mother one day when she unexpectedly said, "That's easy, I could do it myself," and deftly folding her skirts about her ankles she put her head down on the rug, was over without a jar and on her feet again before we realized her intention. Just two months before mother's death we celebrated her sixtieth wedding anniver- sary with a simple family supper. At this time she had ten children (including those her five had married, for mother heVself re- garded them as her children) ten grandchil- dren and four great-grandchildren, all alive and well, and the number of grandchildren has been increasel by one since then. Each successive year it has been harder for her to leave all these dear ones and go to her winter home in Florida. This year it was especially hard, as I believe she herself was sure she was not long for this world. But when the car_ took her away from us the tender, beautiful, mother smile was on her dear face. Mother had suffered greatly at various times in her life, but when death came it was sudden and painless, while she was at work. It was what she would have chosen except for one thing. Her tender heart could not contemplate leaving father and she therefore had expressed a wish to outlive him that she might make him comfortable to the end. And I know father well enough to be sure he is thanking God that he is bearing the grief instead of mother. c 26 I SIMPLY can- not get into my subject this month with- out being per- sonal first. It is so long since I have been! — so here are . Greetings. Happy New Year to you, friends, Gleaners one and all, Amateurs and veterans, beefolk great and small — East and west and south and north, forest, field and fen — Happy New Year to you all, women- folk and men I Happy New Year to the kiddies with their starry eyes 1 Greetings to the Editors, friendly folk and wise! Everybody, everywhere, here and overseas, Happy New Year to you all — and also to your bees ! Frankly, that is a come-back. I greeted you just that way five years ago. But, in one way, I am coming back myself, today. That, at least, is how it feels — as tho I had been away for a whole year in some far-off place of strange formalities, where all the friendly intimacies were forbidden. You may not have missed me, but oh dear!- — ^oh dear everybody! — how I have missed you! Missed, that is, the old sense of chatting merrily with you — you others who love the great good world of the great good God and all the things in it, bees included — chatting merrily about a thousand and one things perhaps, tho chiefly about the one. Beekeeping is only a sideline with you and me, and we have an almost embarrass- ing wealth of interests besides that of bees. That is the bond of our fellowship. But life does not hold us' to that, and it is hard sometimes to let the printed page so hold us. With the specialists, who must study so sternly and steadily their solemn problems of method and cost of production and the rest, it may be different. Tho deep down in my own heart I fancy, somehow, it may not. Most of them are so delightfully hu- man, too. But anyway, this is not their De- partment! It expects them to skip it' You see, we tried an experiment during 1921^ — had you noticed it? Part of us wasn't really happy about it, but she tried hard, at that. She tried to be very practical — very- — very direct and definite and detailed and matter-of-fact, howsoever prosy and dry-as- dusty her page might thus become. (Eemem- ber the anatomy number? — ^!!! Yet, after all, the real joke was — it was fun!) But now — well, the rest of us have been most courteous. And I have come back. If, however, you don 't like it — you who keej) bees for a sideline — if you really do not want one single thing except bees, beekeep- ing and beclc^^epcrs mentioned in this de- partment— and that without ti'immings or GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE Januaey, 1&3'J Beekeeping as a Side Line 3 Grace Allen flully - ruffles — no friendly per- sonalities and no glimpses into the great world of action or as- piration or beau- ty or books — you have only, I suppose, to men- tion that fact to the Editors. And there will be another change. One day last year, at about this time, I didn't know whether to laugh or to break my heart. Over and again I had tried to write the January Sideline article in a new mood and manner. I wrote and destroyed, wrote and destroyed; but each effort was more dead and wooden than its predecessor. Till at last, in a sort of blithe despair, I wisely gave up, and did these lines instead — On Trying to Write as Requested. My thoughts come dressed in gayest gauze, Like baby rainbows tipped with wings. They leap from flower to star to catch The little echoes when life sings. They kneel or dance impartially For thoughts are spirit things. But one cold dawn I dragged them forth And wrapped them round with sober gray. "Now keep your feet on eartli," said I, "And walk as proper people say, Down roads of reason, hedged and straight, And-get-some-where-Ipray ! They walked like mummies in old masks! All day I grieved because their tread So hollow rang. I did not know That something out of them had fled — Till spirit things, with rainbow wings. Came laughing home to bed! Do you know Virgil's Georgics? I have been living with them in the spare time of the last few days, till I feel as tho I had been in Mantua. And Virgil, known pre- viously only in the Anna viruntquc cano of schooldays, has sung his way straight into my heart and on to the ends of my finger- tips. By what long paths of wonder do the an- cient gifts come down! Seventy years be- fore the birth of Jesus of Nazareth, was Virgil born. Great actors were on the world's stage in those days — even as in these. While the little Virgil played about his father's farm, Pompey was clearing the Mediterranean of pirates, Cicero was thun- dering his deathless orations against con- spiring Catiline, and the great Augustus was born. While he was a schoolboy, Caesar was conquering Gaul. While he was still a young man, Pompey the Great was over- come by Julius Caesar — -still greater; four years later Caesar himself was assassinated "at the base of Pompey 's statue, Which all the time ran blood . ."; Brutus, defeated in his turn, slew himself at Philippi; arid Marc Anthony gave his in- toxicated soul into the keeping of Egypt '■:■ queen. Before he was forty, Anthony and Cleopatra, overcome in battle, had brought Jakvarv, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 27 about their own deaths and the fall of Egj-pt; the Civil Wars were at an end, and the warring Roman Eepublic had become a peaceful Empire under Augustus, who "found Eome a city of brick and left it a city of marble." And during all these years, the poet Virgil, delicate of health but robust of ambition, had lived quietly in the country with his books and his Muses, writ- ing ever greater and greater poetry. Thru all these centuries it has lived, both in the original "sensitive Latin" and in many translations into all modern languages. In this country and this century, a new translation has boen made by that scholarly lover of Latin poetry. Theodore Chickering Williams, so saturated with Latin that he "wrote it, spoke it, thought in it," loved it and turned it into English of such beauty and, we are told, such scholarly fidelity, that he has made us love it too. The Williams Georgics in the library at Peabody College is the last link in the long chain leading to this page from Virgil at Mantua, with his slaves writing his lines on papyrus — nearly two thousand years ago. There are four Georgics — strangely seri- ous poems about country life, mingling a gentle song on the beauty of the Italian countryside with "a continuous chant on the worth of work ' ' and an unbelievably in- teresting, straightforward presentation of practical information and instruction. For Virgil was really a countryman, tho inti- mately associated with Augustus to whom he was, with cause, deeply devoted. He was intensely patriotic. With earnest conviction amounting to consecration, he wrote these poems as his effort to help strengthen his country and solidify the State of Augustus, by chanting of the dignity of farm life — the honorable foundation of national peace, family virtue and individual content. The First Georgic treats largely of the cultivation of the soil and the signs of the weather. The Second, which contains, say those who know and dare to say, "the most perfect passage in all Latin poetry," treats of trees, orchards, fruits, wine. The Third takes up flocks and herds. The Fourth is about bees. In this Fourth Georgic, Virgil writes about many things we write about today — loca- tion, windbreaks, shade, water, ^entrances, swarms, wing-clipping, moth, disease and its treatment, the division of labor, destruction of the drones and devotion to the queen^ — • calle'-l "king" in his day. The king error is not the only one. We realize, in a self- satisfied way, how far we have gone since that last century before Christ — tho not so far, perhaps, for the time we have had — when we read some of the queer ideas of beekeepers of tliat period. The funniest are the "clashing cymbals" at swarming time — tho I understand some folks still clash 'em ! — the pebbles for ballast, the treatment of disease and the ideas of repro- duction. Then there are other plain errors, just as apparent, tlio not so striking. But I wonder what the progressive read- ers of Gleanings in A. D. 3821 will say about our own bee books and journals, to say nothing of our verse,, when they are nine- teen hundred years old! Here tlien are a few brief extracts from the Fourth Georgic of Virgil: "First, find the bpes safe shelter and abode Where no winds enter And where no slieep, no kids with frolic horn, Trample upon th': flowers, nor roving calf Swish thru the dewy grass and tread it down, liet not the scale-backed, painted lizard peer Too nigh the bees' full barns, nor thievish birds, But flowing fountains near the hives should be, Still pools with fresh, green mosses bordered round, And thru the grasses a small rill should run. Above their portals let a branching palra Or large wild olive its deep shadows throw. Around the place let verdant cassias grow. With much strong-scented thyme, and let the stream Flow thru sweet beds of thirsting violets. The hives themselves, if stitched of hollow bark Or plaited basket-work, should have but doors Of narrow compass Thou likewise o'er the beehives' crannied sides Wilt smear warm clay, patting it down, and then Strew leaves on top They fondly tend, with sweet mysterious joy, The young brood in the nests, and skilfully Sculpture the wax and mould the honeycomb. At the same season, when the caravan Pours from the hives, and skyward, starward, soars Along the glowing air take heavy-scented herbs, Bruised balsam and the wax flower's humble weed, And sprinkle with their juice some chosen spot And clash loud cymbals like a Corybant. At this balm-breathing place the swarm will stay And rear, as in their wont, the future brood. Thy art must govern their inconstant mind. The task is easy. Thou hast but to clip The leaders' wings ; for when these lag below, No common bee will soar aloft, nor dare Give marching orders to the bivouac. They are the only creatures to possess Offspring in common, and their city build Of undivided houses, where they live Obeying mighty laws. Warned of approaching winter, they employ Tlieir summer's day in toil, and store their gains As common treasure. Certain chosen ones Forage for food and, so it is agreed, Keep busy in "the fields while others, pent Within the walls of houses, firmly mould The bottom of the comb. Others lead forth Their infant brood in air, the tribe to be. Still others closely pack the honeydew. Till every cell with nectared sweet runs o'er. For others 'tis the apportioned task to stand Gate-sentinels, and keep alternate watch For auguries of rain and cloudy skies. These at the gates receive the little loads Of the home-comers, or, lined up for war. Fight the dull drones and bar them from the hive. The oldest ones Take counsel for their city, raising walls About the honied treasure . . but the younger so: t Come late at eve and weary, bringing home Thigh-loads of flowery foorl. Sometimes they lift small pebbles, as light boats Bear ballast thru the waves; and weighted so. They keep their balanced flight thru stormful air. But veriest marvel of the ways of bees Is 'that from leaves Of fragrant herbs the mothers with their lips Breathe in their offspring, and nil virginal Give birth to kings and tiny citizens. Repeopling so their waxen state and throne." So much that is lovely is omitted! But some of the rest we must have next month. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE January, 192'j FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH In Southern California.— ^.^ ^""^ still m 0 re dry are the weather conditions thruout southern California. It is a serious ques- tion as to whether the early rains were a help or an injury to next year's honey crop. Sage, that put on two or more inches of growth after the rain, is now drying up. This severely injures the prospects for sage honey next season. Perhaps we count too much on expectant rainfall. An old Indian once said when asked if he thought that there would be much rain: ''Don't know; this all time dry country; no big trees, all time small brush. ' ' He may have been right as it is only on the mountains and along the waterways that we find natural timber of any size. Considerable off bloom is found on the different varieties of fruit trees. Only a week or two ago a pear orchard was in full bloom. This was probably caused by the early rainfall, followed by very warm weath- er. Lately we have had several days of "norther," a severe, dry and dusty wind. We always hope for a rain after one of these winds; but, as they blow from the north and east, we seldom get any moisture for some time after. As the year draws to a close, beekeepers begin to ask themselves questions somewhat like the following: Did 1 make any money on my bees in 1921? What are the prospects for good honey prices in the future? Are bees likely to continue to be considered good property and to have a value commensurate with their earning ability? The first ques- tion can be answered only by the individual beekeeper. As to the second, I feel confi- dent that good living prices will prevail for years to come. Values will always fluctuate, and we can hardly expect ever to see the war-time prices again, nor need we expect the extremely low prices of a few years ago. In answer to the third question, I would say that bees will always be considered good property and will have a value more or less in proportion to their earning ability. Eight now bees are being offered much cheaper than a year ago and may go even lower be- fore another honey season. It is quite often the case that when a beekeeper needs money, he will sell the "goose that lays the golden egg." Also once in a while some one wants to leave the locality or go out of the busi- ness and offers his bees and equipment at a bargain. These are opportunities that every real beekeeper should take advantage of. For a term of 26 years, tliru lean years and fat, with crops varying from nothing to 200 pounds per colony and with prices rang- ing from three and a half to 22 cents per pound by the earlot, and good crops at each time, with bees ranging in price from the cost of the hive or less to $15 per colony, I can still say that the business has been sat- isfactory and has given good returns for the time and money put into it. We know of nothing that a young man can go into, capi- tal and labor considered, that will give bet- ter returns during a period of years. The big proviso in connection with these state- ments is that the young man must have "pep" and must thoroughly enjoy the work. An old boyhood friend of mine once said to me: "If I could only let my business run itself or let others run it satisfactorily for one or two months in the year, as you bee- keepers do, I would be very willing to take the responsibility for the other ten or eleven months. But, you see, it is like this. I am in the chicken business, and I must.be at home Sundays and week days, mornings and evenings, 365 days in the year. ' ' This man enjoys his work and is successful finan- cially, and yet he longs for a little time for recreation. But our business is different in many ways and takes a different manage- ment. Our work is not continuous thruout the year, but neither do our returns come in every day, week or month. We must often distribute the returns from one sale over a whole year. Day after day do we work, with no financial reward for several months or even more. And last but not least, the work often gets monotonous, as a feilow has to work day after day alone, with no one to speak to from morning until night. Two men from Arizona were making a tour of southern California during the month of November and called to see me. They were seeking information in regard to shipping packages of bees by mail or ex- press. In their locality they have a peculiar condition that should be good for this line of work. Colonies under normal condition get very strong during the early spring months, and yet the real nectar flow does not come until the summer months. A great problem with the beekeepers of this district has been to retard early brood-rearing, and thus try to prevent swarming. It has been some problem, but by doing this they save part of the stores that would be consumed by a somewhat useless early brood. The idea now is to allow the bees to get strong early, and then to sell several pounds of bees from each colony. By this method nature is al- lowed to take its course, and besides a large part of the low-grade honey, that would necessarily have to be sold at a low price, can be used in raising these young bees. The northern beekeepers need young bees early, and these southern beekeepers have more than they need. Co-operation will be a good thing for both. L. L. Andrews. Corona, Calif. .Tantakv. 19-: GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH In the Northwest.— Jhe past October has been the warnipst October for many years according to the report of the Weather Bureau. The rainfall has also been less than normal up until the middle of November. Up to the jiresent writing (November 29) there has been no killing frost in many parts west of tlie Cascades. Recent heavy snows in east- ern Oregon and a silver thaw in the Port- land section may have done some damage. Beekeepers who neglected to feed their light colonies earlier in the fall should pre- pare to give them frames of candy, made after the recipe found in A B C and X Y Z. The writer finds it convenient to use an emp- ty but wired frame as a mould into which the hot candy is poured. A cardboard is tacked to one side to keep the candy from running out until cold. When cold the frame of solid candy is placed in the hive near to the cluster. Honey is moving in a satisfactory way and will apparently be well cleaned up be- fore the new crop appears. American foul brood has recently been found in Deschutes County for the first time. Three samples have been determined by the Bureau of Entomology. One sample came from Tumalo and two samples from Sisters. Beekeepers should keep in mind the meet- ing of the Oregon State Beekeepers' Asso- ciation, which is to be held at Pendleton, Ore., January 26-27. H. A. Scullen. Corvallis, Ore. * * * Jj^ Texas There has been too little rain in November for the best development of honey plants. Broom- weed, asters, yellowtop and kinnickmick are still in bloom and bees are still at work. Beekeepers took advantage of the cool pe- riod in the middle of the month to take the remainder of the honey crop. Because of dry weather very little honey has been taken from the hives since the first of August — no honey flows and robbing too fierce. This honey comes in very handy now, as the de- mand for bulk comb is yet strong and the supply is almost exhausted. The latter part of the month the bees were extremely busy collecting propolis from Mexican persimmon. It looks as if they expect winter soon and intend to be ready. Our first frost occurred the morning of November 28, but was not severe enough to hurt anything. The honey plants are in good condition. Horsemint seedlings are numerous and of good size. Huajilla has put on the growth required to give a bloom- ing next spring. Agarita, altho not rating as a surplus honey plant, is very important as it furnishes much pollen and nectar for brood-rearing. At the present time it is in better condition than for years. This is one of the plants which, like the tvilip tree of the East, is a surplus producer if the bees are strong early in the year. Mistletoe, the plant that starts off our brood-rearing, is just ready to bloom. This plant is peciiliar in that it blooms in De- cember and January, and ripens its fruits the next December and January. The ber- ries are now ripe, and the flower buds are ready to burst into full bloom whenever there comes a bright dry day. The pollen is yellow-green, and for the next two months on every warm day the bees will bring in great quantities of it. While mistletoe is a parasite, it is more prevalent than many other species of bee plants. Another species of horsemint has shown up. This is a perennial species with narrow leaves and flower resembling those of .1/. Pioictata but smaller. It blooms from April to December and bees work it all the season. Its habitat, so far as known,' is the sandy land of the Gulf Coast prairie. It is be- lieved that this mint exists in large quanti- ties over a considerable area. This may help to explain some of the peculiarities so far unexplainable relative to horsemint honey. ort tlie bees of that county in fine condi- tion and foul brood not so prevalent as com- monly supposed. They say that the honey plants are in fine condition, horsemint being especially good. The movement of honey is quite rapid, and the demand is growing stronger. Little horoy, however, ip in tho h.and!> of the pro- 30 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE .Taxiarv. 1922 FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH ducers. Many beekeepers offered their bees for sale on account of the low price of hon- ey. These offers were taken almost as soon as made. As a whole the beekeepers are op- timistic. H. B. Parks. San AntoniOj Tex. * * * In Wisconsin " ^^^^f ^^^*J,^?A,% ^T Cloverland. " That slo- gan ought to sell honey if anything can; and if the beekeepers of northern Minne- sota, the upper peninsula of Michigan and northern Wisconsin ever unite in an effort to spread their propaganda, the rest of the world will need to hustle. We folks from Wisconsin admit that we have one of the finest beekeeping regions in the world, but even in this region there are better locali- ties. Little has been said about northern Wisconsin and upper Michigan; but, if ever there was a paradise for beekeepers, that is the place — a honey flow that lasts from spring to September and in which a surplus from raspberry, clover, basswood and fire- weed can be secured, beside a further sur- plus from fall flowers. The first of August showed little surplus in northern Wisconsin this year, but after that date a big surplus came to those who were in the favored regions or else moved their bees into fireweed sections. Beekeep- ers who are planning to make a change should look over this land of opportunities, for not only is it a wonderful bee territory, but also one may hunt and fish to his heart 's content. A farthest-north meeting of beekeepers was held at Iron Mountain, Mich., Nov. 17 and 18, for the benefit of the beekeepers of upper Michigan and northeast Wisconsin. Mr. Kindig and Mr. Uhlman represented Michigan, while the writer and C. D. Adams helped to spread the gospel from Wisconsin. The most interesting thing of all was the beeyard of a Mrs. Eskil on the outskirts of the city. Mrs. Eskil packs her bees in sin- gle cases with about three inches of pack- ing. She reports the best of success, and we wonder whether bee cellars are really better or beat. Among the new lines of marketing at- tempted in Wisconsin this year was a mar- keting exposition, which was held in Mil- waukee Dec. 5 to 10. The exposition was held in the city auditorium where all the agricultural marketing organizations made displays of the products which they offer for sale. The Wisconsin Honey Producers' Co-operative Association had a booth where samples of honey in 8-ounce jars were dis- posed of to prospective buyers. This show will be an annual affair, and it is hoped that the conventions of each organization repre- sented will be held during the same week. The State Beekeepers ' Association held their meeting in one of the committee rooms of the exposition auditorium, and, in spite of the fact that this was a new innovation, the meetings were well attended. Wisconsin honey is rapidly disappearing from the market, and there should be no old stock on hand when the next harvest begins. Fall conditions in Wisconsin have been somewhat similar to those of 1920, and many of our beekeepers left the bees with an abundance of stores in October to find the the bees light again in November. It is difficult to explain the cause; but for some reason the bees haA^e used up an unusually large amount of stores, and several beekeep- ers, who packed their bees early, report that they have had to unpack and feed a second time. Beekeepers thruout the northern states should be prepared to make an early examination of their bees in the spring to see that sufficient stores are present, as it seems quite likely that even the strongest colonies will be in need of stores for spring brood-rearing. H. P. Wilson. Madison, Wis. Bees in this section of the country had their last flight in October. November 7 snow came, and it snowed almost daily for two weeks. It stayed cold, with the snow eight inches deep. The lowest temperature was 12 degrees above zero. Most of the bees to be wintered in the cellar were put in around the 20th, covered with snow. The last few days in November turned warm again with rain, and on Dec. 2 all the snow was gone again. This season the bees could have been placed in the cellars to their ad- vantage the first week in November. Honey continues to move rapidly, and local beekeepers will be sold out by Jan. 1. Many stores will be without local honey on their shelves by that time. This would not be necessary if our co-operative marketing association were now in operation. In our opinion this is the only possible solution of the problem. Our local beekeepers cannot and will not buy honey and put it up for the trade. A state bottling plant, with a uni- form blend of honey, all with the same uni- form label, "Association Honey," would be the best means of supplying the established trade of individual beekeepers who have not enough honey to supply the trade the year around. Edward Hassinger, Jr. Greenville, Wis. * » * In Indiana '^^^^ season's crop in north ern Indiana has proved to be somewhat better than the average. Had it not been for the largo fall flow following heavy rains in August, there would have been a considerable shortage. The honey is .Taxtarv. 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 31 FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH of fine qualify and is moving well, tlio local market being exceptionally good. With plentiful rainfall thruout the last part of the season, the clovers apparently are in excellent condition. The next sea- son's crop, however, will be determined chiefly by the winter and spring precipita- tion, and by the weather during the clover flow. It's a wise prophet who really can forecast a honey crop. The local and shipping demand for honey this year is very much greater than usual. In fact, more honey is being sold to the con- sumer than ever before both thru the retail grocers and direct from the producer. There are probably a number of reasons. One is the unusual shortage of fresh and canned fruits. A recent report in the Chicago Jour- nal of Commerce declares the market almost bare of canned fruits of all kinds. Another cause for increased sales of honey is the in- creased amount of advertising, both local and in journals of nation-wide circulation. There is no doubt but that the efforts of the American Honey Producers' League, as well as the advertising of some of the large deal- ers, has contributed very materially in cre- ating a demand for honey in every part of the United States. Furthermore, many car- loads of honey put up in five and ten pound pails are being shipped from the West to our large cities and distributed by canvas- sers directly to the consuming public in a- house to house campaign. Where reason- able prices are demanded it helps the mar- ket rather than depressing it, as would be the case if it were left in the hands of brok- ers and commission men in the large cen- ters. We still have in our midst the fool bee- keeper who persists in selling his product at a price below the market and then brags how much he can sell. The bees, you know, work for nothing and board themselves, and, as his time isn't worth anything, he can af- ford to undersell the grocer and everybody else. As a rule, he doesn 't take a bee jour- nal nor attend any meetings of beekeepers; consequently he knows all about bees and selling honey. If one were to attempt to buy his crop, he would demand about twice the price he asks in retailing it. To make things more interesting he often will adver- tise in the local papers to deliver honey at about the price quoted by commission men in the large city. This practice of under- selling the grocer, probably more than any- thing else, prevents the marketing of honey at a profit. If one were to count all the costs in the production of honey, deprecia- tion, interest, labor, etc., it will be found that, in most localities, these costs are above the present wholesale prices quoted by city dealers. E. S, Miller, Valparaiso, In4. In Michigan.— r'^* this time of the year & the real strenuous days of the season, so far as northern Michi.i^an beekeepers are concerned, are over. The honey harvest is completed, the bees packed for winter, and the honey nearly all sold; and yet there are at least a few things to which it might be well to call attention, which are of vital importance to the success of the coming season. First, we should con- tinue to talk honey and sell honey until it is all sold, for we all know the effect a bare market has in stimulating a fair and just price. The buyers cannot say, "You know that there is a great deal of last season's honey left over." And then I just believe it sharpens the appetite to be without it a little while previous to the new offerings. Second, there is nothing more important or vital to the success of out-of-door wintering than a good windbreak. Do not build a solid fence, it is nearly valueless. I have had one for years and believe I speak the truth. Wind has a tendency to cling to the surface and will sweep over the fence and down again in a very short space. Build the windbreak to break the wind. Place the boards several inches apart and note the effect. It is a real windbreak. However, nothing is better than a natural brush-break of short bushy shrubbery or scrub trees. I wintered perfectly the past year with the proper windbreak, where for many years I failed for lack of it. I am experimenting this winter with 45 colonies, placed in a thick second-growth wood. They have no packing overhead ex- cept a canvas cloth, a bag and several thick- nesses of newspapers. I am also placing 16 colonies in the shelter of a wood, orchard and other brush, along with a neighbor who has wintered successfully year after year regardless of the severity of the weather. The secret of his success is the windbreak, which protects his colonies, spring and fall, and causes the snow to pile up over them in the winter, giving them the necessary protection in our latitude from zero weather. It was not until I had written the above that I read E. E. Root's timely article on ' ' The Value of Windbreaks. ' ' However, I feel that a good protection from the pre- vailing cold winds is so necessary for good wintering that I am going to leave it as a second warning to those who have neglected the matter. Remember also that bees packed in winter cases should have protection against the severe winds, and it will pay big returns for the labor and expense. Northern Michigan very often has a heavy short white honey flow and all supplies should be purchased and assembled during the winter and spring months to be in readiness for it. Every j'ear J have many neighbors who leave their farm GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE ft FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH work to come to me to get a super or two, or have to hive a swarm of bees, when the loss of time could profitably be avoided. Again, this is the logical time to read and plan and make preparations for any experi- ments wc may wish to make the coming sea- son. The snow is piled high and the winds cold, and, on these stormy days when we cannot do much out-of-doors, we can occupy our time to advantage in reading and plan- ning and working in the shop. East Jordan, Mich. Ira D. Bartlett. * « * m J-ennsyiVama. ^^^ipted many bee- keepers to delay unusually long in packing or cellaring their bees. In many cases, those who usually pack in October did not have the work all done in late November, and the cellaring usually done in early November has been put off until the time of this writ- ing (Dec. 3). There are still many bees waiting for that last flight. This is danger- ous practice. As soon as brood-rearing is over, the bees go into their winter rest and should not be disturbed. It is a bad thing to put bees in the cellar before all the brood has emerged and the young bees have had their flight. This usually occurs in New York and northern Pennsylvania by the first of November. Bees should be placed in the cellar at this time before hard freezing and snow come. Outdoor packing may well be done any time after the fall honey flow and before brood-rearing is over. Less mixing of the flying bees and less harmful disturbances generally will result by placing the hives in packing cases, while the weather is warm and the bees are flying, than after they have clustered. Many bee-cellars are giving better results than they did four years ago. The two main improvements have been higher temperature and less ventilation. The cold cellar with a lot of ventilation, where bees have wintered badly, usually makes a good cellar by closing the ventilators and providing better insula- tion. Hundreds of new packing cases, well made and heavily insulated, have been built in the past summer. The quadruple case seems to be in the lead, altho many very good cases of other styles are seen. Some still cling to the idea that a thin-walled chaff-packed hive with no bottom insulation or a packing case with no bottom insulation is good enough. The nemesis of such beekeeping is spring dwindling, European foul brood and a short honey crop. More feeding of granulated sugar has been done this fall than for several years. Now that sugar is back to a normal supply, beekeepers should make a regular practice ef feeding about 15 poundis of sugar to qacb colony in October, to insure good winter food and prevent the consuming of aster and goldenrod honey. The goldenrod ■ flow was unusually heavy this fall, and thousands of colonies crowded the queens practically out of the brood-nests in September. This may result in a shortage of young bees and in dwindling colonies in winter and spring. State College, Pa. Geo. H. Eea. * « * In New York. '^^^ Western New York Honey Produc- ers ' meeting at Buffalo, Nov. 15, was not as well attended as usual, about 75 being pres- ent. But unusual interest w^as manifested in the discussions, especially on factory or homemade supplies and the marketing of honey. The consensus of opinion was that it does not pay the majority of beekeepers to make their own supplies, considering the re- cent reductions in the price of factory-made " goods and that a big per cent of homemade supplies are not made true, being but poor substitutes, to say the best. The matter of marketing and the selling price of honey was the real issue of the day. Following a very interesting talk on marketing by Mr. Marks of Silver Creek, a very lively discussion occurred. The great variance in prices that have obtained thru- out the country has been manifest to a greater or less extent in western New York, and the price-cutting evil has made some rather hard feelings. As has been customary in the past, the Association thru its crop and market com- mittee sent out price recommendations, ad- vising beekeepers not to sell at less than the recommended prices. The great major- ity of members held for and received this price, while a few sold for considerably less. This, of course, would not have been so bad had the sales been in a jobbing way, but it was mostly in the retail trade. A few mem- bers sold as low as 50% under the recom- mendations, while others in the same neigh- borhood were selling for association prices. Naturally the man holding feels peeved at his neighbor and brother member who un- dersold him, and it is evident unless some- thing can be done to eliminate this condi- tion that the Association, which has meant thousands of dollars to the beekeepers here during the last decade and, what is more, has built up a fraternal feeling among over a hundred beekeepers, must suffer. I have no remedy to offer, but I cannot help but notice that those who are first to cut the price never spend any effort or money in advertis- ing. Supposing all beekeepers resorted to the same tactics, what would the outcome be? In common with beekeepers everywhere w(> became interested in ahnual swr-et clo- ver tmd bought as ounce o£ eeefl last sprittg; .Taxiakv, i'.)-2'Z GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 33 FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH sowed it in a little plot about the first of May and about the first of June transplant- ed it into the open field in rows 3 feet apart and 18 inches in the rows, and cultivated the same as we do corn. Altho this was the dryest summer in history it made a growth of from 4 to 5 feet and ripened its seed. The ounce gave us plants enough for about one- half acre, and when harvested made a nice little jag on the Ford ton truck. We tried to thrash this out with flails on the barn floor but could not get nearly all the seed off the straw in this manner. However, we succeeded in getting enough unhulled seed and leaves to fill a grain bag, and we are now wondering if we can sow this unhulled seed next spring and have it mature next summer or whether we should sow it this winter to give the elements a chance to rot off the hulls. Who will tell us? We might add that we don't feel so overmuch en- thused about this annual, and cannot see any great advantage that it is going to have over the biennial, which is being grown with increasing acreage and is the only clover seeding that has withstood the past season's drouth in this locality. [Your Hubam seed should be scarified to sow next spring. — Edi- tor.] It seems that a good many of our neigh- bors in Ontario are still using the draining method for cappings, having many barrels of cappings candied solid to render during winter. They seem to feel that the capping melters are not a success, being either too slow in operation or else discloring the hon- ey. In our practice we drain the cappings during the day while we are uncapping and at the end of the day run them very rapidly over a Peterson melter, having a three- burner oil stove to furnish the heat. In this way one man will tidy up the honey- house and render all the cappings from a day's extracting in about two hours' time in the evening, leaving everything ready for a clean start next morning. Running the cappings thus rapidly we find but very little discoloring of the honey, and we like it much better than having a lot of barrels of cappings standing around. H. M. Myers. Eansomville, N. Y. T f— rcTt^ ^ '^^ ^^^ think that bees in into winter quarters in bettor average condition. If we can have the right kind of weather next spring, this means a good lot of bees on hand ready for the early nectar that usually comes, esy)ocially in the Coas- tal Plain region of Georgia and adjoining states. The fall crop has been unusuallv .ibundant. but in this locality has been most- 'y left ^'ith the beea. The carlv crop was Hinstly sold Ibau ttga, 90 thtit tliert* ip h^^ little upon the market in this vicinitv and prices are irregular. In some parts of the state the early crop was fairly good, and is selling fairlv well, considering the cheapness of cane 'svrup[ which is the strongest rival tliat honey has in this part of the countrv. It is only the best grades of honey that "will compete' with it for table use. The Southeastern Fair at Atlanta had a very creditable honey exhibit from different parts of this state, Tennessee and Alabama. The Georgia State Fair at Macon had a bet- ter exhibit of honey than was expected, and the large building that was tendered the Georgia Beekeepers' Association was rea- sonably well filled with honey, bees and apiarian supplies, so that those interested could get some idea of the methods of mod- ern apiculture and the magnitude and im- portance of the industry in the state. This makes a good start for the association in the direction of exhibits and was the means of selling a good lot of honey on the spot. Next year it ought to be very much better in every way, and probably will be. I was glad to see a good deal of interest taken in improving the bee pasturage in the state, and several encouraging reports were received from those that had scattered seeds of sweet clover. I saw some stalks of it growing where seed had been scattered in Bermuda grass without any sort of cultiva- tion, which encourages the' hope that it can be easily raised in Georgia, especially the Hubam variety. If all beekeepers will'make it a point to start a small patch of it next year and master the problem of raising it and making it pay as a money crop, aside from its value for honey, and show the far- mers how, there is no telling what great things in the agricultural and apicultural lines may result from it. There are many thousands of peach trees in the northern half of the Coastal Plain and in the Piedmont region, and I saw at the state fair my first sample of honev that tasted like peaches. If we could produce such honey by the hon we could sell it like hot cakes; but unfortunately it is a rare thing to get any at all — partly, I suppose, because the bees are not strong enough at the time peach trees bloom, but mostly be- cause of unfavorable weather conditions. Norman Park, Ga. T. W. Livingston. * * * In Ontario. ^^ montione.l in Decem- ber Gleanings, Novem- ber was ushered in here in Ontario with a real wintry appearance, some six inches of snow falling during the first few days of the month. But the white mantle soon dis- appeared, and up to Dec. D the late fall and early winter have not hoo.n »>nysually cold. 34 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE January, 1922 a FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH In fact, I should say that the temperature has been above the average for the time of year. But while we have had little cold weather, yet here in our immediate section we have not had a day since late October in which bees could fly freely. And this uncer- tain weather is responsible for the fact that our 65 colonies, which are to go into the cel- lar, are still outdoors. We have waited in vain for that fine day for a flight, but if all goes well they go inside tomorrow morning (Dec. 10). I expect they would have been better off inside two weeks ago; but, of course, we naturally hoped for another flight before placing them inside. No mat- ter what can be said against outdoor win- tering, one thing is sure, there is less care in fall and spring with outdoors bees, as when once they are packed in October we pay lit- tle attention to weather after that. The Ontario Beekeepers' Association met in Toronto on Nov. 22, 23 and 24. There was a large attendance — about 300 I think — just as there is always a large attendance at the meetings of this association. In addition to the representative gathering of members of the craft from here in Ontario, we were fa- vored with the presence of a number from across "the line," and some from sister provinces of the Dominion. New York had a splendid representation, among whom I might mention Mr. and Mrs. House, Mr. and Mrs. Stone, Messrs. Myers, Lesser and Kinyon. E. R. Root came unexpectedly, but he is always welcome; and when he missed the evening train on which he intended to leave for home, thus having another session with us, it was the old story of one's loss being some one else's gain. Indiana was ably represented by the inimitable Jay Smith, who had two addresses assigned to him, both on the subject of breeding and rearing queens. Mr. Smith understands his business all right, and this knowledge, cou- pled with a keen sense of humor, always as- sures him of a good hearing in any gather- ing of beekeepers. C. E. Fetch gave a splendid talk on bee- keeping in Quebec province, while Mr. L. T. Floyd, Frovincial Apiarist of Manitoba, gave us a delightful and much useful infor- mation on the subject, "Beekeeping in the Northwest." So, all told, the gathering was more than local, and the information given by these men from the United States and provinces of our Dominion was of such a nature as to interest all, many lasting im- pressions being given. Many of our largest producers were present, and the discussions carried on by old timers like Messrs. Sib- bald Krouse,' Holtermann, Chrysler, McKm- non and others, who number their colonies by the hundred, always bring out something of value. Then we have a fine lot of young- er meo coming ou in the business, and many are not slow to express their opinions when any debatable question is on; so it is an as- sured fact that the conventions of the fu- ture will not lack material for profitable meetings. It would take up too much space to enter into details of the various addresses given, and I shall not attempt to make even a brief reference to the sundry good things of the eight sessions. Aside from the regu- lar issues of beekeeping commonly discussed, possibly the address given by the Minister of Agriculture for Ontario, Hon. Manning Doherty, stirred up more interest than all other matters. He spoke on the subject of "Marketing," and to the surprise of many present, in the course of a vigorous address he strongly advised the association to get together at once and form a co-operative union for the purpose of handling the honey crop in future years. Mr. Doherty is a forceful speaker and his earnest manner car- ries an audience with him, so there is no question but that he convinced the great mass of the beekeepers present (for the time being at least) that his ideas were the proper ones to act upon. I feel skeptical at this stage as to the scheme 's working out at the present in a successful way, for as yet we can sell honey too easily. This may seem like a foolish statement, but facts seem to point to the conclusion that all the co- operative associations that are making a success were driven to take action because of dire necessity. That is, conditions had reached such a stage that there was no profit in their business any more, and they had- to get together to save themselves from bankruptcy. Human nature is about the same among beekeepers as in any other class, and until we can get enough cohesion among the great mass of producers, so that nearly all will join any association formed to further the progress of its members, I can see little prospect of success. So far as any little influence I may possess is concerned, I certainly feel like helping any legitimate movement along that is for the good of all and injury of none, and by this I would in- clude consumers of our product as well as producers. A strong and representative com- mittee was named to look into the matter and take any action they may see fit. Said committee includes the following men, all well known to Ontario beekeepers: Sibbald, Holtermann, Chrysler, Krouse, Weir, and Secretary Millcn of Guelph, who is handling all correspondence in connection with the committee 's work at present. E. T. Bainard of Lambeth, Ont., is presi- dent of the Ontario Beekeepers' Associa- tion for the ensuing year, and Prof. Millen of Guelph, O. A. C, is secretary as usual. Markham, Ont. J. L. Byer. Jantarv. 1922 G r. E A N T X G S IN BEE CULTURE 35 HEADS OF GRAINlP(FB^arDTFFMEm^~F^^^ Circumventing Here are some photos tak- Ants in Florida, en on Key Biseayne, near Miami, of apiaries owned by Ilufih i\r. Mntlicson. Mr. Bartholomew, formerly of the Bureau of Entomology, Washington. D. C, is in charge of the api- aries. He was in a fair way to make a total of 1000 colonies as he expected to do. I found Mr. Bartholomew fighting the Flor- ida ants in a uviique way. Each of his yards lot apiary next to my garage and chicken run in the heart of our city. You will no- tice the heavy covers on the hives. I am experimenting with them and thus far have found them of good service in this sub- tropical climate. I have no other shades than these covers, padded inside with about a dozen sheets of newspapers. When these covers are removed the sub-cover is only normallv worm. No need to sav that in the An apiary of Mr. Matheson near Miami, Tla., surrounded by ditches that ward off the ants. (four at that time) had ditches around with water in them even at low tide water, and all the ants inside of the ditches have been exterminated. Since ants do not like to swim the water they have to look on at the bees from the opposite shores with envious eyes. Mr. Bartholomew stated that ants are his bees' greatest enemies, which state- ment I can second, having lost several colo- nies myself thru their persistent attacks. Key Biseayne being a sand-bar island, the actions of the sea tides serves a good pur- pose in this instance. I am also enclosing a picture of my back- winter season it works admirably in keep- ing the bees nice and warm even in the coolest nights (but not too warm). Miami, Fla. A. L. Hefinger. The Winter "What about a winter nest Nest. . of empty cells for bees to clus- ter on?" I hear some one say. As many know, I do not for a moment believe that many empty cells are nece?;- sary for bees to cluster on; in fact, I might say that I know that such is not the case. I have tested the matter out thoroly, and I Heavy liive covers in an apiary in Miami, Fla,, that serve instead of shade. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE January, 1922 HEADS OF GRAIN l[?P^UrT)rFFEREN^^^^^ happen to know that the most of the exten- sive producers in Ontario entirely agree with me on this question. In the October issue of Gleanings, page 617, Mr. Demuth well says, ' ' There is greater danger in having too many vacant cells than in having too few;" and I have always maintained that a big winter nest is the cause of more win- ter losses than all other causes combined. Markham, Ontario. J. L. Byer. Doing Our Best.— By Bill Mellvir (With apologies to Walt Mason.) If every one would do his best in watch- ing for disease, existence would be trebly blest for all the honeybees. If every bee crank would inspect his brood-combs twice a year and with his weather eye detect the first germ to appear; then swat the thing right in the neck and knock it galley west, we 'd run them off the map, by heck, if each would do his best. Bacillus larvae would not eat the baby bees alive. We'd drive them out, so help us Pete, from each and every hive. No sunken cappings would we find; no toothpick roping test; no gluepot smell, the luscious kind, if each would do his best. Bacillus: pliiton, yellow beast, we'd banish from the land. No longer could it have a feast on larvae, young and bland. No larvae with Mongolian hue, there 'd be, because this pest had sucked their life blood thru and thru if each would do his best. The brood diseases that we know would quickly fade away, and those who wished a slice of woe would have to search all day. No Gloomy Gus could then complain and holler like the deuce about diseases raising cain and microbes breaking loose. We'd hear less talk from grumbling hicks about the season's punk, for then they'd have to can their kicks or scrap them with the junk. The knockers would crawl in their shells and give us all a rest, for all would be a wearing bells if each would do his best. c GLEANED Geo. S. Januarv, 1922 QUESTION. —If I lend my extractor to my neigli- bor, liow can I clean it so that I may be sure that there is no danger of foul brood if any of his colonies hap- pen to have either kind of the disease? Colorado. Vernon L. McClure. Answer. — Tlie iinportant thing in cleaning an extractor, which has been used in ex- tracting honey stored by colonies having American foul brood, is to wash off thoroly every particle of honey from all parts of the extractor. It is safer to wash away every particle of honey, thereby removing the medium by which the disease may be transmitted, than to try to sterilize the transmitting medium. To make sure that the extractor is thoroly clean it will be nec- essary to rinse it out with clean water after it has been thoroly washed, in order to take away any remnant of honey that may be left after the first washing. Hot water is, of course, better than cold for this purpose, because it more readily takes up the honey. Scalding out the extractor with boiling wa- ter will not sterilize an extractor contami- nated with American foul brood, but a thoro cleansing should render it safe. In the case of European foul brood there is not much danger of transmitting the disease thru the extractor. MOVING BEES SHORT DISTANCES IN WINTER. Question. — I shall have to move my bees about a quarter of a mile. When is the best time to do it, now or later? F. R. Davis. New York. Answer. — The bees can be moved short distances, without much danger of many going back to the old location, any time dur- ing the winter after they have been confined to their hives for a few weeks. Probably March or early April will be as good a time as any to do this successfully in your local- ity. They should be moved before they be- gin to fly freely in the spring, because if left until spring activity begins many bees would go back to their old location. They can be moved in midwinter if more conveni- ent. CAUSE OF HEAVY LOSS IN CELLAR. Question. — I have been losing from 50 to 75 per cent of my colonies in the cellar. The temperature never goes below .38 degrees and never above 45 degrees. The inside of the hives is always wet and mouldy. What causes this trouble? W^isconsin. C. H. Gebhardt. Answer. — It is not possible to tell from your question what caused such a heavy winter loss. The mould and dampness which you noticed in the hives tell us that the bees were too active to winter well, and also that the temperature of the cellar was too low to prevent the condensation of tlie mois- ture within the hive. Increasing the tem- perature of the cellar a few degrees above G L E .V N I N G S IN B K E CULTURE BY ASKING Demuth 1 37 that which you liad, will reduce the condensation of moisture within the hive and at the same time reduce the activity of the bees in keeping warm, thus re- ducing the amount of water vapor which they give off. While the temperatures you mention are rather low for best wintering, the temperature alone is not a sufficient ex- planation of a winter loss of 50% to 75%. If your colonies wore strong in vigorous young bees in the fall and were put into the cellar just after a good cleansing flight, about the only explanation of the heavy winter loss is that of inferior winter stores. No matter what temperature is maintained in the cellar, if the stores are poor the bees become active from discomfort caused by indigestible ma- terial in the stores, and of course wear them- selves out rapidly, giving off much moisture as their activity is increased. Those who are most successful in wintering bees in cel- lars, are careful to see that their colonies are supplied with the best of winter stores, such as the best white clover honey or sugar syrup. When the bees gather inferior hon- ey from fall flowers late in the season they store this between their clustering space and the earlier-gathered honey above, which arrangement causes them to use the last- gathered honey first. When they do this the trouble can be corrected by feeding each colony about 10 pounds of thick sugar syrup after brood-rearing has ceased but before the bees are put into the cellar. The bees will then put this syrup where it will be used first, leaving the poor stores until spring when no harm results from their use. CHICKENS EATING BEES. Question. — Will chickens eat bees or disturb them in any way if the hives are located in the chicken run? Ruth Nicolls. New York. Answer. — Usually chickens do not eat worker bees. Sometimes a few chickens of the flock will learn to catch and eat drones, but carefully avoid the workers. la doing this they do not disturb the colonies to any extent, for in catching the drones the chickens learn to be stealthy and care- ful. If many chickens are confined in a small run, they sometimes learn to eat the workers, usually catching them as they are returning heavily laden with nectar. For this reason it is not advisable to have colo- nies of bees in a run where many chickens are confined, but when the chickens have the freedom of a large run or an orchard they do not often bother the bees. DO PACKED COLONIES BECOME TOO WARM? Question. — After packing my bees for winter this fall I noticed some bees at the entrance fan- ning their wings. The entrance is reduced to % x 3 Vi inches. Is there danger of their becoming too 33 GLEaKINGS in B£E CULTURE Janvary, 1922 ■warm and starting brood-rearin? since they have plenty of stores ? Jacob Noordiloos. \Vashin!u:kage boos, and nuclei. Tlie reliulile A. I. Koot strain. (xolden and leather-colored Italians. Vir- fjins, GOc; untested, $1.,'J0; select untested, $2.00; tested, $2.50; select tested, $3.00. Circular free. A. J. Pinard, 440 N. 6th St., San Jose, Calif. FOR SALE — Three-banded Italian bees and queens. 2-lb. package with queen, $4.75 ; without queen, $3.75. Queens, $1.00 each, $11.00 per doz- en ; 25 per cent cash books order ; safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed in U. S. and Canada. We ship nothing but the best. W. C. Smith & Co., Cal- houn, Ala. EARLY SPRING delivery, 1922. Three-banded stock only. One Hoffman frame emerging brood, one good untested queen, one pound bees, April deliv- ery, $5.25 each package. Same as above. May de- livery, $4.75. 5 per cent discount on 25 packages or more; 10 per cent deposit to book your order. L. C. Mayeux, Hamburg, La. I EXPECT to be ready to start shipping 3-lb. packages of bees with 1-frame brood and bees, 1 untested queen, at $6.00; 2-frame w'ith untested (lueen, $4.50, about April 15. Young tested queen, fiOc extra, or $1.50 each. I think I was the sec- ond to ship packages of bees from this state and know how to serve customers. F. M. Morgan, Ham- burg, La. LARGE, HARDY, PROLIFIC QUEENS. Three- band Italians and Goldens. Pure mating and safe arrival guaranteed. We ship only queens that are lopnotchers in size, prolificness and color. After June 1: untested queens, $1.50 each; 6 for $8.00; 12 or more, $1.40 each; 25 or more, $1.25 each. Tested queens, $3.00 each; 6 for $16.00. Buckeye Bee Co., Zoarville, Ohio. WE know our queens are much better than all the rest. By actual test side by side, all workers look just alike. Three bands only. If they show the slightest trace of four bands, fire them back to us, for that shows very poor breeding indeed. Pure bred Italian bees onlv show three bands. Untested, $1.00; select untested, $1.25; tested, $2.00; select .tested, $3.00. F. M. RusseU, Roxbury, Ohio. CONNECTICUT queens. Highest grade 3-banded Italians readv June 1. Select untested, $1.25 each; 0, $6.50; 12, $12.00; 50, $47.50; 100, $90. Two lbs. bees with queen, $5.00; 31bs. with queen, $7.00. Two-frame nuclei with queen, $5.50; 3-frame with queen, $7.50. Select virgin queens (not culls), 50c each, $-15.00 per 100. No disease and satisfaction guaranteed. A. E. Crandall, Berlin, Conn. PACKAGE BEES, delivery April 15 to May 15, 1922. Three-banded Italians, no disease, safe ar- rival and satisfaction guaranteed. Inspection cer- tificate with each package. 2-lb. pkg. bees with select untested queen, $0.50 ; 3-lb. pkg. bees with select untested queen, $8.50. 10% discount on orders of 25 or more packages; 25% books your order. Reference: A. I. Root Co., New Orleans, La.; R. S. Knight, 4927 Conti St., New Orleans, La. FOR MAY AND JUNE DELIVERY— Place your order for our high-arnde three-banded Italian bees ;ind queens now. Take advantage of early order discounts by ordering now. We guarantee to please you. Prompt service and quality stock is our motto. We want your orders for bees on Root standard Hoffman frames, emerging be&s. Pound packages and nuclei, with or without queens. Write for our prices and valuable information. Oscar Mayeux, Hamburg, La. FOR SALE — 1922 bees. Mr. Beeman, send your order early. First arrived, first served. Make shipment April 25 to .Tune 5. Several years' ex- perience. 2-lb. package three-banded Italian bees. 1 untested queen, $5.50. 1st. We use pure sugar syrup; better than honey or candy to ship on; it contains water as well as feed. 2nd. Feeders are made more substantial, Vx larger and have screw cap that will not .iar out. One-third down and bal- ance just before shipment. Guarantee safe arrival all-over LT. S. and Canada. A. J. Lemoine, Moreau- ville, La. BURLESON ITALIAN BEES AND QUEENS— In 2 and 3 lb. packages; 1 21b. package with select untested queen, $5.00; 25 or more, $4.50; 1 3-lb. package with select untested Italian queen, $6.25; 25 or more, $5.75. Ten per cent with order, bal- ance 10 days before shipment; 1000 colonies to draw from. Can deliver the goods on time. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. T. W. Burle- son, Waxahachie, Texas. THREE pounds of bees, a Hoffman frame of brood and honey, and an untested Italian queen for $6.50. Discount allowed on large order. I guar- antee satisfaction, safe arrival and free from any kind of disease. I will replace any package that arrives in bad order, or shortage, if given a receipt from the express company to that effect. 25% books your order for April and May delivery. E. J. Beridon, Jr., Mansura, La. FOR SALE-T-Ttalian bees shipped with comb after April 15. With young queen, 2 lbs. at $5.75 ench ; 3 lbs. at $7.25 each. Nuclei, wired combs filled with brood, same prices respectively as pound packages. Queens, May and June prices, untested, $1..50; 12, $1.25 each: tested, $2.25; 6, $2.00. Discount on large orders. Certificate of inspection with shipment. Safe arrival and satisfaction guar- anteed. 25% books your order. J. L. St. Remain, Hamburg, La. FOR MAY DELIVERY, 1922 — One vigorous Italian queen, one frame emerging brood, one pound bees. Price, complete, f. o. b. Bordelonville. $5.00. Additional frames of brood, each $1.00; additional pound of bees, each $1.00. Queen introduced and laying enroute to you. Safe delivery and satisfac- tion guaranteed. No disease. Reference given. Or- ders booked one-fifth down. May delivery. Send for addresses of satisfied customers. Jes Dalton, Bordelonville, La. NEW 1922 PRICES — On account of the present price of honey and recent reduction in the price of supplies we are now booking orders for our three- band leather-colored Italians at the following low prices: 2-lb. packages of bees, no queen, $4.00; un- tested queen, $1.25; 12. $13.50. Select untested, $1.50; 12. $15.00; tested, $2.25; 12. $20.00. No disease. Safe arrival in U. S. and Canada and satisfaction guaranteed. Write for circular and pricn.s on quantities. J. M. Cutts & Son, R. D. No. 1, Montgomery, Ala. LOW PRICES — High quality stock for 1922. 2- frame nuclf^i and untested Italian queen, $5.00 «ach ; 25 or more, $4.75 each. 3-frame nuclei and untested Italian queen, $6.50 each ; 25 or more, $6.25 each. If tested queens are wanted, add 50c per nucleus. All prices f. o. b., Macon. Miss. No disease has ever been in our yards. Will replace any loss or refund money, on purchaser sending us bad order receipt from express agent. Terms: 10% of amount with order, balance just before shipment is made. Order early and get your bees when you want them. Hummer Bees, Queens and Service will give satisf.iction. No queens except with nuclei. Geo. A. Hummer & Sons, Prairie Point, Miss. BEES AND QUEENS — Vigorous leather-colored Italian queens, famous three-banded stock, also bees in packages. Two-pound package with queen. $6.00; three-pound package with queen, $7.25. If you ■wish a purely-mated queen in a package, add $1.00. Three-frame nucleus with queen, same price as n three-pound combless package with queen. 90% of queens I sell are purely mated. These queens are from select breeding queens from recently imported stock, and every queen is young and laying, when taken from hive for shipment. These queens, from highly-bred stock, cannot be surpassed. I consider my qtieens a credit to the beeke,-ping world. De- posit of 25% required with order, balance payable just prior to shipment. My bees are healthy. Un- solicited testimonials vouch for satisfaction given in past seasons. Shipments begin about .April 20 or first days of May, depending upon weather and ."reason conditions. If bees do not arrive safelv. I shall replace them or refund monev. C. M. Elfer, St. Rose, La. u GLtiANiKGtS IK fefiE OUL'rtRfe January, 1922 MISCELLANEOUS. FOR SALE— -Pure Saanen bucks, grade doe kids, Nubian doe, pure doe kids. G. White, Hillman, Mich. CALIFORNIA wonder Corn for seed. Greatest producers wherever grown. Shelled Spanish pea- nuts. Save retail profits. James McKee, Riverside, Calif. MEDICINAL roots and herbs are very profitable to grow. We especially recommend growing Golden Seal, which with good care will yield as high as $10,000 per acre for each crop. It takes several years to mature but will average $1000 a year. Special Crops, a monthly paper, tells how. Sample copy, 10c; $1.00 per year. Address Special Crops Pub. Co., Box "G," Skaneateles, N. Y. HELP WANTED. WAJ^TED — Man with general experience for commercial apiaries. Exceptional opportunity, state qualifications and wages wanted. The Wood- ward Apiaries, Clarksville, N. Y. WANTED — One experienced queen-breeder for season of 1922. Give age, experience and refer- ence in first letter, also wages desired. N. Forehand, Ramer, Ala. I W^ISH a young man to learn the bee business. Start March 1, 1932. 400 colonies, and a big queen business. A fine chance for the right youngster. Allen Latham, Norwichtown, Conn. EXPERIENCE AND FAIR WAGES given to active young man willing to work, for help in well- equipped beekeeping business of 600 colonies. Sea- son April to November. State occupation, weight, height, age and experience. The Pettit Apiaries, Georgetown, Ont., Can. SITUATIONS WANTED WANTED — By married man, position with bees or poultry. Have 12 years' experience with bees. State wages and conditions. Emil Anderson, Box No. 216, Anita, Pa. 1922 ITALIAN QUEENS Untested, $1.20 each, 12 or more, $1.00 each. Select Untested, $1.50. Tested, $2.00. No disease. Package Bees Priced on Eequest. D. W. HOWELL Shellman, Ga., Box A3. TIidBESTTIGHT Positively the cheapest and etroLt£eut lij^ht on earth, tlaed In every country on the Klobd. Makeo and bums its own gas. Casts no ihadows. Clean and odorless. Absolutely safe. Over 200 styles. 100 to 2000 Candle Power. Fully Guaranteed Write for catalog. AGENTS WANTED EVEHYWHEKE. THE BEST UGHT CO. 306 E. 5th St.. Canton. O. "The Capital of Beedom" ■ Half-a-hundred trains — freight, express, and mail — besides boats and motor-trucks, at the beeman 's service every day. Full stocks, best goods, service and treat- ment. Get catalog. MOORE & PEIRCE, ZANESVILLE, OHIO, 221/2 S. Third St. I \m 4-WAY BEE ESCAPES 1 I Four exits from .supers. Fits all standard boards, i I Springs of coppered steel. Made of substantial | i metal. Price each 18c postpaid. Made by = I G.B.Lewis Company, Watertown, Wis., U.S.A. I I Sold only by Lewis "Beeware" Distributors. 1 Southland Queens 3-banded leather-colored Italians. Pack- ages and nuclei a specialty. Special Prices to Associations or Beekeepers on large orders. Write for circular. Mating guaranteed. Safe arrival guaranteed. Eeplaeements made at once. Special attention given foreign shipments. De- livery April 15th or sooner. Terms: 25% down, bal- ance before shipping. THE SOUrHLAND APIARIES Box 585 Hattiesburg, Miss. CANDY FOR WINTER FEED In winter bees sometimes starve with plenty of honey in the hive. Use candy and avoid this un- necessary loss. Put up in large paper plates weigh- ing two pounds each. Write for price, also catalog of Bee Supplies. H. H. JEPSON 182 Friend St. Boston, 14, Mass. EVERGREENS Hill's Hardy Tested Sorts Be.st for windbreaks, hedges and lawn planting. Protect buildings, crops, stock, gardens and orchards. Hill's Evergreens are nursery grown and hardy every where. Hill's Evergreen book sent free. Write to- day. Beautiful Evergreen Trees at moderate prices. World's largest growers. Est. 1855. THE D HILL NURSERY CO . INC . DUNDEE. ILL. Box 246 Evergreen Specialists Write tor Book Today FARM WAGONS High or low wheels — steel or wood — wide or narrow tires. Steel or wood wheels to fit any running gear. Wagron parts of all kinds. Write today for free catalog illustrated in colors. ELECTRIC WHEEL CO., 23 Elm Street, Quincy. ilL JA^•l■AR^•, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 49 SURE SERVICE ROOT GOODS Airco foundation, hives, frames, smokers, tin goods, jars and tumblers. Everything for the beekeeper. Write for special prices. January Discount 3%. Shipment from factory or branch nearest you to save you money. OKDER NOW. Hubam Clover Certified Seed, $2.00 per lb. THE SOUTHLAND APIARIES Box 585 Hattiesburg, Miss. I Established 1885. I Write us for catalog. I BEEKEEPERS' ^p tJOf SUPPLIES The Kind You Want and the Kind That Bees Need We have a good assortment in stock of bee sup- plies that are mo.stly needed in every apiary. The A. I. Root Co.'s brand. Let us hear from you; information given to all inquiries. Beeswa.x wanted for supplies or cash. John Nebel & Son Supply Co. High Hill, Montgomery Co., Mo. TYPEWRITER SENSATION S in bee CULtURfi Honey and Hubam The words are synonymous. The nectar flow is abundant. Conies oaily and stays until late fall. Makes water-white honey so coveted by hon- ey producers. Also a boon to the or- ehardist, the stock raiser, the general farmer. Seed Sense, our monthly mag- azine, tells about it. Just say HUBAM to us and we'll ])iit you on our list. Buy your seed of this wonderful new annual white sweet clover early. Buy it from a well-established firm with a refutation for squareness. Price now is $2.00 per pound, for certified seed of our own growing. The Henry Field Seed Co. Shenandoah, Iowa. '-S^^ liMii Costs Only $4.96, Complete In an hour you can make a better brooder than j'ou can Iniy. No tools needed but saw and ham- mer. It will do the work of 4 old hens and do it better. The materials, including heater, cost $4.96. I '.vant you to trj- my Brooder and will send you plans for making it, together with a Putnam Brooder Heater, (or S4.7S; all postpaid. Try the Brooder out and if you don't sa^' it's the best Brooder you ever used, return the Heater in 30 days and get your money back. Your dealer will make you the same offer and guarantee. Ask him, but if he does not carr>' the Brooder Heater, send me $4.75 and I will mail you a Brooder Heater and plans promptly. Illustrated circular free. I. PUTNAM Route 160 B Elmira, N.Y. ^ftitifiiiitJlllM^"t*i bii t ':a 1 1 e n t i o n HUBAM THE NEW GIANT HONEY CLOVER A mass of white l)loom until late au- tumn, heavy with A-1 honey. A sum- mer-long paradise for bees. Hubam produces an almost incredi- ble yield of honey, and, being annual, saves a year in crop rotation. Sown with grain, it matures after harvest for forage, soiling or seed. Six times as much nitrogenous material for plowing down as Eed Clover. 1 to 4 lbs. per acre in 30-in. drills gives big seed yield. Tremendous de- mand— and the honey is ' ' velvet. ' ' Our Hubam is scarified and certified to be from origina.l Ames stock. Write for further information and prices. May Seed & Nursery Co. 120 Elm Street Shenandoah, Iowa This Ball Bearing APAC Grist Mill PREPAID FOR ONLY $822 ■pEED the hopper, turn (lie wheel, fliul enjoy makiiic: your own wholesome whole wheat or giahaiu Hour, oldfa.shioned corn meal, rye flour, ehops and liominy, and bring down livin'j cost. Best coffee and spice grinder. If you have poultry, grind your chicken feed, save feed money and get more eggs. Apache grinding plates of special mixture iron made to give longest wear. Steel ball l)earings make it only a boy's job to run it. Send money or check today. Satisfaction guaranteed. For the pre.sent we can make prompt delivery. So don't delay. A. H. PATCH, Inc., Clarksville, Tenn. The Apache Grist Mill is companion to the Black Hawk Corn Sheller. famous? for 35 years for its "Can't Wear Out" Guarantee. !54 G L E A K 1 N G S IN BE E C U L T V K E BUYING BEES IS LIKE— Janlarv, 1922 Mr. Beekeeper! Buying bees is like buying other stock. The first consideration in the puiclia.se of bees or (lueeiis is to get hardy, vigorous stock. Our bees and queens are noted to be very hardy, vigorous, and very resistant to diseases. The second consideration is getting them in time for the honey ^ow. Send us your order (larsje or small) ; you will not have to worry about lees not arriving on time, loss in t' an- sit, disease, etc. Do you realize that a nice frame of emerging brood is equal to a !b. of bees? Each package is shipped on a frame of emerging brood with honey. Also nuclei, full colonies. Pre-war prices. 10% will book vour order. First-ilass references if desired. Write for pr'ce list and other informa- tion. ■ M. VOINCHE, BUNKTE, LA. Thagard's Italian Queens "BRED FOR QUALITY" The secret of ):)uying queens is not a matter of what you pay for them, but what kind you get. More and more beekeepers are discovering that Thagai-d Italian Queens have all the good qualities they desire. They are hardy, pro- lific, disease-resisting and honey producers. Place our queens against any you may obtain anywhere, and note the results. Safe arrival, pure mating guar- anteed. Write for descriptive catalog. 1 6 r^ Untested $1.50 $7.50 $13.50 Sel. Untested . . . 1.75 9.00 16.00 Tested 2.50 13.00 24.00 Sel. Tested 4.00 22.00 41.00 V. R. THAGARD CO. - - Prices of Bees. 1 25 or more One-pound package. . .$3.50 $2.75 Two-pound ])ackage . . 5.00 4.50 10% discount for cash with order. GREENVILLE, ALABAMA l^ U J-J-tL/i 1 U Package Bees Our queens will fill your hives, with bees full of "Pep" ; to fill your supers full of honey, and your pockets bulge with money. Pure Three-Banded Italians only, at prices greatly reduced. Having spent the greater part of my life in Wisconsin and knowing conditions there, I want to call the at- tention of Northern beekeepers that we are especially interested in their welfare. Our bees and queens won Blue Ribbon at Mississippi State Fair this fall over all competitors. We constantly try to im- prove our stock and methods. We know we have the best mating hives especially for chilly spring weather. Cells are not given to mere handfuls of bees to hatch and mate. Ten-frame hives divided in three compartments and eight-frame in two. This is expensive equipment in that it takes lots of bees, but we are justified in doing this as there is a steady and growing demand for our queens. A postal brings our folder of prices, testimonials, etc. We have the very best of shipping facilities, being on main line connecting North and South; few transfers have to be made to reach any point in northern U. S. and Canada. Shipments reach the following cities in record-breaking time: Chicago via St. Louis, one change, 26-30 hours; Detroit, 42 hours; New York, N. Y., 48-50 hours; St. Paul, Minn., 38-40 hours; Toronto and Montreal, Canada, 1)5 and 74 hours respectively. Untested queens. .. .$1.10 each; over 25. .. .$1.00 each Select untested .... 1.35 each; over 25.... 1.25 each Tested, $2.00; Select Tested, $3.00. (Breeders, $7.50 and $10.00 each shipped on one-frame nucleus.) 2-frame Nuclei with young select queens. ... $5.50 each Over 10 5.00 each 3-frame Nuclei with young select queens.... 7.25 each Over 10 6.75 each 1 lb. Italian Bees, $2.75 ; over 10' packages, $2.50 each 2 lbs. Italian Bees, 4.25; over 10 packages, 4.00 each 3 lbs. Italian Bees, 6.00; over 10 packages, 5.75 each If queens are wanted, make choice and add price. Will start shipping about April 15th. Send your orders early with 20% to book and be assured of a crop in 1922. We guarantee pure mating of queens, freedom of disease, safe arrival East of Rocky Mountains in U. S. and Canada. Prompt efficient service and complete satisfaction. We solicit your business. JENSEN'S APIARIES, Route No. 3, CRAWFORD, MISS. Greenville, Miss., July 29, 1921. Jensen's Apiaries, Crawford, Miss. Dear Sir: — I am very well pleas- ed with the appearance of the fifty queens, in fact much more so than with those from any queen-breeder T have bought queens from in a long time. Respectfully, W. E. Elam, Greenville, Miss. Pres. Yazoo & Miss. Delta Beekeep- ers' Association. January, 1922 OLE A NIK as IN BEE CULTUHfl 55 NORTHERN-GROWN HUBAM SEED BEEKEEPERS:— Now is the time for all beekoepors to secure the new Hiibuni annual sweet clover seed for planting on waste land next spring, and to interest and educate their neighbors in planting it. It will pay any beekeeper to give away seed and to instruct neighbors how to grow it, in order to secure bee pasturage from one of the greatest honey-yieldeTs known. DEALERS: — ^This is just the time to get prices and to interest prospects for spring. Get the county agents back of this valuable new clover, and arrange with us to get your seed at once. Hubam seed will be sold by all branch offices of The A. I. Root Company, and by many of our authorized dis- tributers. Send for our free booklet ' ' Hubam Clover — ^What It Is and How to Grow It," which contains prices and all necessary information for growing. THE A. I. ROOT COMPA^JY MEDINA, OHIO. We Wish You a Happy and Prosperous New Year Is there any better time to make out your order for supplies than now? Look over your stock, and send us a list of your require- ments. We can give you the best attention at this time, besides an early order discount of 390 for this month. Try sending in your order early this year, and see if it doesn 't pay. We are here to serve you, and want to help make the season of 1922 the best ever. F. A. SALISBURY 1631 W. Genesee St. Syracuse, N. Y. inlllllllllllllillllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllilllllllliy^ Piiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii I null I I I iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimii iiin niiiii^ FOR YOUR 1922 REQUIREMENTS We will quote you our new prices on your re- quirements of Bee Supplies. Send us your list. New catalog in January. Send for one. AUGUST LOTZ COMPANY, BOYD, WIS. Banking BYMAIl HAPPY HOMES Health is the first step in success. Thrift is the next — it goes hand in hand with a happy home. Open your Thrift Account with this strong, pro- gressive bank at 4% — you can bank with us by mail Write for Booklet. I gi-es U THE Sayings DEPOSIT bank Co A.T.SPITZER, Pres. E.R.ROOT,VicePres. E.B.SPITZER,Cash. medina;ohio 56 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE I I OnOwiiRooisllV/)3£/i3 ^o^L bushes, oil own roots for i \ erv iCiU^ wlitrc PI lut aiiv time Old 1 1\ oritt^ and iitw lud rirt sorts, tliL ere iii of the world s productions " Diuaee Rosis knonn as tlie 5fs« (01 71 \eirs Sifedelncrv _iin iiit 1 ujxuhir. lu U S Our New Guide to Rose Culture" for 1922 It s FREE Illustril snoi.ilLrful Din^tt Roses n n itur il colors It » more th in 1 1 italof! < iht litttiiiit I \perienceof the Oldest ami Leadmq Rohv (a, uu , I ^ la Amei mi A pncticil work on rose and HovVer culture for the amateur. Otfers 500 varieties Roses and other nhnts, bulhs and seeds and tells how to grow th.^ni Idit oM I.i'iiite.l. Eyta'iliilifd t!f.-o. rnGyeevhniiitef. THE biNGEE & CONAED CO., Box 118, West Grove, Pa. J.\N'UARY, 1922 GARDEN & FLORAL ITS FREE A WORTH WHILE BOOK ^i/rc today For vegetable growers and all lovers cf flowers. Lists | the old stand-bys; tc.is o many iiew varieties. Valu- able instructions on plantir, si and care. Get the benefit of the experience of the oiaestcatalog seed house ai d larirest growers of Asters in America. For 73 years the leadingauf horit\- on vegetable, flowprandfarmseeds, plants, bulbs, and fruits. 12 greenliouses. 500 acres. & VickQualitySecdsGrowlhe Best Crops tieEarlhProduces S\ This book, the bpst we have issued, isa/<- 4\^^**?'*=e- sohiteh/fn,: S. nd inr in, n, ■<;,,,!/ I.p'nyl.e- ^fvyij: 'M fore you, /. i-i/, t. A pustrniiiissiigicient. fcifc JAMES VICK'S SONS. 33 Stone St. ^^::??;^^^]]^^«^ RochL'Eter. N.Y. TheFluwerOity Livingston's Famous Tomatoes STANDARD everywhere — at Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, among all gardeners and truckers, and finest for private gardens. We orig- inate varieties for all climates and conditions, for local or distant markets. Hundreds of acres, tons of high grade seed, 60 years of experience as growers, all mean surest satisfaction and profit to planters of Livingston's True Blue Tomato Seeds. All size packages put up under United States registered Trade Mark seal. No other genuine Livingston grown. Order direct from us and protect yourself. Livingston's Four Big Specials Livingston's New Manyfold Our latest introduction. Heavy cropper. Grows in clusters of from five fruits up- wards. All marketable size. Early tn mature. Bright red — solid. Excellent quality. Pkt. 15c, 1/2 oz. 40c, oz. 70c, M lb. $2.00, lb. $7.50. Livingston's Stone The greatest canning tomato in the world. Large, brisht red,- perfectly smooth. Big yielder. Finest flavor and best keeper in cultivation. Ideal for canning and catsup. Pkt. 10c, 1/2 oz. 25c, oz. 45c, lb, $5.00. Livingston's Globe The greatest shipping tomato known. Finest early purple tomato in existence. VeiTr distinct in shape, firm fleshed, of delicate flavor. Splendid for slicing and shipping. Pkt. 10c, ^/^ oz. 25c, oz. 45c, lb. $5.00. Livingston's Beauty Greatest of all purple-colored home market sorts. Strong grower. Very productive. Large. Ripens early, has firm flesh of ex- cellent quality. Pkt. 10c, >4 oz. 25c, oz. 45c, lb. $5.50. Special prices quoted on larger quantities. Eight entire pages in our New 1922 Catalog devoted to tomatoes New Big Catalog FREE the best, reliable sorts of vegetable, floA book is ready for you now. Write for The Livingston Seed Co., 1147 High Street, Colnmbus, Ohio One of tlie finest seed guides published. Gives truth- ful descriptions and helpful cultural directions of the best, reliable sorts of vegetable, flower and field seeds. A copy of this instructive 96-pag8 book is ready for you now. Write for it today. .Tantarv. 1022 a L E A N I N G S IN R E E C U 1. T IT R E 57 r Italian Bees, Queens and Drones for Sale Write us for prices on Package Bees with or without queens. Nuclei, also with bees or queen added. Bees and queens by Parcel Post. Drones. A card will bring our free circular and price list without obligation on your part. R. V. STEARNS, BRADY, TEXAS .,||tl|||lll||{l||l|ll|||{l|{ll,|||||||l|||l|i;|llljll|l||||llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllHllllllllllllllllll^ Try Achord's Package Bees and Queens THREE-BANDED ITALIANS ONLY. We have the stock, equipment, and experience, and can give you prompt, satisfactory service. We have more than 1000 big, healthy hustling colonies of pure, Italian bees to draw from. Write for illustrated price list. 1 W. D. ACHORD, FITZPATRICK, ALABAMA | ^llllllllllimillllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllHIII!IIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIII!llllllinilllllllllllinill!llll!llll!llllllllllllllllllllllllllin!NII!ll^ CYPRESS BEE SUPPLIES WELL MADE ""^^^T S?'* DURABLE Order a sample and be convinced! Dovetailed Hive-bodies in lots of 100 60c each. Covers and Bottom-boards in lots of 100 50c each Hoffman Frames $50.00 per 1000 Quotations on Special Orders. THE STOVER APIARIES, MAYHEW, MISS. TALKING QUEENS Laws' Queens Speak for Themselves Untested, each $1.50 ; 12 for $15.00. Tested, $2.00 ; 12 for $20 Select Tested, $3.50 each ; 12 for $30.00. Some very fine Breeding Queens too good to be idle. Will mail at $ each, or with a 3-frame nucleus by express for $10.00. "Write prices on bees. Safe arrival and entire satisfaction. - - BEEVILLE, TEXAS W. H. LAWS - 58 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE January, 1922 The Crowning Touch to the Home It's just a house until you plant a garden. Then it becomes a home — a place where happiness can be found indoors or out — ^a living index to the _ . character of those who live within. No wonder real home-makers give such care to planning beautiful gardens ! The choice of varieties is made easy for you by the S. & H. catalog. S. & H. ornamental shrubs are carefully selected, vigorous plants, with abundant foliage and finely colored bloom. All seeds listed are taken from unusually fine strains, proven Dy our own trials. S. & H. trees are preferred by profession- al nurserymen and orchardists all over the country. Nearly every thing you need for your garden is listed. Be svre to send tonight for this in- terestinfi , splendidly illustrated catalog. THE STORRS & HARRISON CO. Nurserymen and Seedsmen Box 119 PAINESVILLE, OHIO 1922 PRICES PACKAGE BEES with select three- banded Italian queens delivered to your address via parcel post, postage paid hy me. Prices: 1-pound package with young Italian queen $4.50 2-pound package with young Italian queen 6.00 3-poujid package with young Italian queen 7.50 25 cents per package less for twelve or more packages. The high quality of my queens, comhined with prompt ser- vice and reliability, justifies the above prices. Let me book your order now with 10 per cent cash, balance just before shipping. WiU send bees on the day you name. Pure mat- ing of queens, safe arrival, and satisfaction guaranteed. JASPER KNIGHT HAYNEVILLE, ALA. Untested 1, 1.2.'5; six. . 7.00 Package Bees -AND-- Reliable Queens GOLDEN AND THREE-BANDED ITALIANS We are now in a position to accept orders for queens and bees for spring- slapping in large quantities. We have the stock and experience necessary to handle your orders, whether large or small. 1-lb. Package with Queen.. $3.00 2-lb. Package with Queen. . 5.00 .3-lb. Package with Queen . . 7.00 Tested Queen 1, $2.50; six.. 12.00 Select Untest. 1, 1.50; six.. 8.00 We are in position to fill orders from 100 to 5000 queens or packages. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. Terms, 25% to book orders. E. A. SIMMONS GREENVILLE - - - - ALABAMA jAxiAin', 19 "J '2 0 T, E A \' 1 N O S T N R K K C I' 1, T V R V. 59 ON DEC. 31st, 1921, old Dad Time made a call on us. Ho -athered to- iietlier all tlie things of the past year, the joys and sorrows, the sun- shine and the shadows, the failures and successes, bid us a Good Day, and set out again on his rounds. He will be back, too, in just another year, for the package we will have for him. "We've been thinking since his visit, not so much of last year, but of tlie one ahead: For while we realize that our fine year at C. B., now just past, is due to the confidence our friends place in us, we are determined to warrant it by giving' their continued business, close and promptest attention. Like- wise we are determined that the mistakes of the past, and there were a lot of them, too, shall be real lessons to us, and that so far as humanly possible, they shall not occur again. We are thinking, too, that while beekeeping nui(U' splendid advances in 1921, it will go still forward in '22; and we renew our ]iledge to boost this fascinating business to the fullest extent of our ability in the year ahead. What we are wishing for all is that when this punctilious Good Father calls on you again, he will find that the bundle you have for him then will be crammed full of success and true happiness. That's what we mean when we wish A'ou all a glorious vear in 1922. THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY OF IOWA Council 'Bluffs, Iowa Is there a groat difforeiU'C among hoes and queens? Mr. Beekeeper, with bees and queens a small difference counts high. A small per cent better laying queen will greatly increase the field force; this will insure a larger honey yield per colony. A small per cent better worker will aid wonderfully. A small per cent more gen- tleness will greatly reduce the stings; this increases the efficiency and speed of handling, not counting the pleasure. A small per cent of better marking adds wonderfully to the beautv of the colony. By developing the small quantities of my bees and queens I have attained marked success in- producing better queens and bees. My aim is to produce bees and queens that will meet the high standard required by beekeepers. Let me book your order for 1922. One-fourth the fu" amount will insure your getting bees and queens when you want them most next spring. Perfect satisfaction, safe deliv- ery, and pure mating guaranteed. Pure Italian bees and Three-band Italian queens of the better kind. T'ntested— 1, $1.50; fi. .^T.aO; 12, .$13.50. Selected Untested— 1, $1.75, (), .$9.00; 12, $16.50. Tested— 1, $2.50; 6, $1.^.00; 12, $24.50. Selected Tested— 1, $4.00; 6, .$22.00; 12, .$41.50. One pound bees, .$2.75; two lounds bees, $4.75; three poun(ks bees, $6.75. If queen is wanted Avith bees add price. Write for prices on large lots. RAMER, ALABAMA GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE Ja.n'uarv, 1922 Our Crow Will be sent you for the asking. This is our 1922 booklet with prices and twenty pages on selecting a strain of bees, rearing queens and packing and shipping bees. It tells you the good points to look for in a strain of bees and how Forehand's Three Bands The Thrifty Kind lia\e stood the tests of America's best apiarists for thirty years. It briefly tells of the growth of our business since 1892. This little booklet will be interesting and helpful to all interested in apiary culture. A copy will be sent you free. W. J. Forehand 6C Sons Fort Deposit, Alabama Give Us a Trial H'r; *S7//^) When Yon W(mt 'I hem. We Will Bouk Only Whal We Know We Can Fill. Italian Bees and Queens of the best strain l-lh. Package $;100; IT) or more $2.20 each 2-lb. Package.... 5.00; 15 or more.... 3.50 eacli .'!-lb. Package.... 7.00; 15 or moi'c. . . . 5.20 each Young Queens Onh/ Italian Queens a Specialty ]Vrile Us Your Wants. 1 Selected Untested,-$1.50; 12 or more, $1.20; 25 or more, $1.10. Queens are raised for us by queen specialist and selected by us for our trade. 20% down books your order. No Disease Quality Service Valley Apiaries A. W. Bryson, Prop. La Feria, Texas January, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE SUPPLIES MADE BY THE DIAMOND MATCH CO. A Superior S^altty at Las Cost One-Story Dovetailed Hives Complete with Diamond Cover and Bottom-Board, Hoffman Frames, metal rabbets and all inside fixtures. Crates of five, eight-frame . ^10.50 Crates of five, ten-frame . . 11.00 Standard Hoffman Frames 100 500 $ 5.50 25.00 Aluminum Honeycombs, as now made by Duffy-DieJil Co. are meetinn with success. We carry these in stock to supply Eastern beekeepers. HONEY! HONEY! HONEY! Beekeepers who are supplying Honey to a resular family trade, or wlio are located along the high- wars, and are supplying motorists, know that their customers want a honey of a uniform color and flavor. And unless tlie honey is at all times uniform in color and flavor, customers sometimes liedime dissatisfied. Our special blend of Fancy Honeys (liquid) is always uniform and is of a fine mild flavor, and will satisfy the most ex- acting trade. Special Blend of Fancy Honey (Liquid) 10 lb. Tins, 6 per case 16c lb. 5-lb. Tins, 12 per case 17c lb. 2 1/2 lb. Tins, 2 4 per case IHc Hi. Various Grades, Crystallized, 60-lb. Tins Water White Orange 14c D). Water White Clover or White Sage. .13c lb. Kxtra Light Amber Sage lie lb. N. Y. State Buckwheat 10c lb. GLASS & TIN HONEY CONTAINERS 2 ^4 -lb. Cans, 2 dozen reshipping cases, $1.45 case; crate.s of 100. .. ! !)!5 5-lb. Pails (with handles, 1 doz. reshipping cases, $1.35 per case; crates of 100. 7. 10-lb. Pails (with handles), i^ dozen re- shipping cases, $1.10 case; crates of 50 c 60-lb. Tins, 2 per case USED -J^EW, $1.30 case; White Flint Glass, With Gold Lacquered Wax Lined Caps. 8-ounco Honey Capacity $1.50 per carton of 3 dozen 16-ounco Honey Capacity $1.40 per carton of 2 dozen Quart or 3pound Honey Capacity $1.00 per carton of 1 dozen HOFFMAN &: HAUCK, INC. WOODHAVEN, NEW YORK e^ GLEANiKGS IN BEiE CULTURE JanuArv, 19'2'2 YOUR BEE SUPPLIES BEES and QUEENS Order now from the Michigan Honey Producers Exchange Incorpoi'ated. Send in your list of needs and we will quote prices. Your order can be in our first car. New clean goods. If you are not a member of the Exchange, send us your order anyway and let us get acquainted. Nothing but staple lines of quality goods will be handled by the Michigan Exchange. OUR PACKAGE BEES AND QUEENS come from a large producer in Georgia. Order Now for Prompt Delivery— -Prices Untested Queens, $1.00; Tested Queens, $1.50 1 Pound Bees, $2.00; 2-Pound Bees, $4.00 3-Poiind Bees, $6.00 Your satisfaction guaranteed. The MICHIGAN HONEY PRODUCERS EXCHANGE is an or- ganization of beekeepers in Michigan and nearby States. You are invited to become a member of this co-operative organization. Order your Supplies, Your Package Bees and Queens from the Exchange Now. Send for Price List. THE MICHIGAN HONEY PRODUCERS EXCHANGE, Inc. 7739 Linwood Ave., Detroit, Mich. E. D. Towiisend, ('U;iii-iiiMii Hci.-iid l)i:ectoi's. G. W. Didl, Manager. jAjsroAEY, i§-2'2 GhiiAiitNaiiii^tit^ctftftfkfi gs Aluminum Honeycombs This modern apiary appliance is being used by beekeepers in many states and countries. Buy these combs from your regular dealer. Any bee suii])ly dealer can furnish them. They are now carried in stock by the following: T)i the East: G, B. Lewis Comjiany, Albany, N. Y. Fred W. Muth Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. G. B. Lewis Co., Lynchbiu-g, Va. In the North : Dadant & Sons, Hamilton, 111. A. G. Woodman Co., Grand Rapids, Mich. G. B. Lewis Co., Watertown, Wis. Standard Lbr. Co., Winona, Minn. In the West: Chas. H. Lilly's Co.,. Seattle, Wash., and Branches. Western Honey Producers, Sioux City, la. ('olorado Honey Producers' Assn., Denver, Colo. B. F, Smith, Jr., Fromberg, Mont. G. B. Lewis Co., Wichita, Kans. In the South : J. J. Wilder, Waycross, Ga. G. B. Lewis Co., Memphis, Tenn. Texas Honey Producers' Assn., San Antonio, Tex. Lower Prices For the season of 1922 the prices on Aluminum Honeycouibs are greatly reduced. Modified Dadant or Jumbo Frames. . . .60c each Langstroth or Hoffman Frames 50c each Shallow Extracting, any style 45c each The above prices are f. o. b. factory or dealers' stock. Write to your dealer for quantity discounts on orders of 500 combs or over. Be sure to buy the combs manufactured in Texas by THE ALUMINUM HONEYCOMB COMPANY OF TEXAS SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS 64 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE January, 1922 The New Year Is Here Unusually good conditions for wintering prevail up to this date. The 1921 honey crop will be off the market before spring. The demand for goods is and will be greater than ever before Prices on bee supplies are mod- erate. Better get your material ready for the bees during the quiet winter months. It spells success. Why not take advantage of the early order quantity discounts on your season's equipment? Others do it, why not you? Send for our 1922 catalog. We sell "Koot Quality" goods only. Our catalog for the asking. We love to quote prices. We want beeswax for cash or trade. M. H. HUNT &c SON 510 N. Cedar Street - - Lansing, Michigan LATHAM'S QUEENS SUIT OTHER PEOPLE BESIDES LATHAM "The 40 queens arrived in fine con- dition. AH beauties." "Those queens jou sent me beat anything T ever saw. My liives are full of l;ees." "The queen I received from you ha.s the greatest amount of brood of any queen in my yard, and I have queens fiom nlna different breeders." "We are delighted with the qual- ity of stock you have sent us." (100 queens went here.) "The 25 queens received July 1st are certainly tine." "I am delighted with the queen you sent me." "The queen you sent me is a prize. I introduced her into one of my weakest colonies, and now she is laying in 20 combs. Nothing weak about that colony now." "Your queens have been highly sat- isfactory in the past, so you see I am coming again. 'She-suits-me.' " SHE-SUITS-ME QUEENS ARE LINE-BRED ITALIANS Vigorous, prolific, and tlirowint; workers tliat are snappy and hustling-, they meet the need of the practical beekeeper. They are dependable, and their presence in your hives means profit to you. You will wish some of the daughters of the queens selected as breeders for the season of 1922. Fifty full colonies and seven hun- dred nuclei devoted exclusively to my queen-rearing business. PRICES — Untested from May 15 to June 15, $2 per queen; if lu or more go in one shipment $1.75 per queen. After June 15 and until November from 1 to 9, $1.50 each; from 10 to 24 $1.30 each; from 25 to 49, $1.25 each; from 50 to 99, $1.20 each. 100 queens $115.00. Tested queens $3 the entire season. DISCOUNT — Upon all orders received prior to April 1, 1922, a dis- count of 20% will apply. TERMS — 10% of price must accompany order to insure discount and booking, and the remainder must be remitted before the queens are mailed. Send for price list of queens, pack- ages, and nuclei. Packages for the New England States a specialty. ALLEN LATHAM NORWICHTOWN, COINN. 1922 Prices Compare tliem witli last year's prices. Here are a few examples: ig2i Price ig22 Price 5 Hive-bodies and Frames . . . ^12.25 ^8.00 5 Hives widi Metal Covers . . . 26.25 18.00 5 Supers, 4>4xi7^ 8.10 4.75 Frames, per diousand 112.00 70.00 Sections, per thousand 22.00 15.00 ^^IS^te the reduction of from 2^ to 40 per cent. Early order cash discount for January, 5 per cent additional. In spite of this great price reduction. Root Quality is now better than ever be- fore, and is constantly being improved. Airco Comb Foundation -—the foundation with perfect cell base and made by im- proved refining process-— is manufactured not only at Medina, but also at Council Blufts, Iowa; San Antonio, Texas; Los Angeles, Calif., and Ingersoll, Ont., Canada. Brief History of the Honey Extractor The first crude honey extractor was in- vented hy Hnischka of Venice. Italy, in 18(35. In 1S()9 A. I. Koot constructed the first metal extractor with revolvina: reel and stationary can. This was called the Novice extractor, and at that time was a ?reat improvement over any other extractor in use. Then came the Cowan extractor with .swin.sins pock- et.^, shortly followed hy the Koot Auto- matic with i>ockets reversed mechanic- ally while at rest. Finally, in 1919, .after years of experimenting, the Root Full Speed Keversintr Extractor was perfected, and after two years of actual testins: amons all kinds of adverse con- ditions, it has proved to be the fastest and sturdiest machine ever Iniilt. Last season it withstood an overspeed test of 350 R. P. M., without injury to fragile combs. Our 1922 catalog with greatly re- duced prices is out. If you haven't yet received a copy of this handsome new edition, send for one at once. Get your orders in early and save delay. There is a Root branch or dealer near you, which will srive you prompt service and save you excessive transpo: tation charsres. Make use of our /■>»'<' Informa- tion liuriau. The A. I. Root Company MEDINA, OHIO New York, rhiladelphia, C'hicasro, Indianapolis, St. Paul. Norfolk. New Orleans, Syracuse, N. Y., Savannah, Ga. "'52 Yfjrs in the "Bee Supply Industry" , - 1922 rii^-^>?k LOWER PRICES Pending the publication of our new catalog, send us your lists of requirements of bee supplies and we will quote you our new prices. New catalog out January, 1922. mailed on application. THE MILLER BOX MANUFACTURING CO. LOS AN CELLS, CALIF. Now Located in Our New Home 537 S. Flores Street (Near Katy Depot) And have just installed a compli'te set AIKCO Comb Foundation Mills, which we invite you to see in opera- tion. An inspection will convince you why beekeepers are claiming AIRCO superior to any. We make your wax into this nnex celled foundation. Prices for working wax into AIRCO Foundation furnished on application. Our stock of ROOT QUALITY Bee Supplies is also complete, so we are ])repared to give you r(>al service. THE A. I. ROOT CO. OF Tl \AS 537 South Flores Street San Antonio, Texas. "GRIGGS SAVES YOU FREIGHT" TOLEDO How About Supplies for Next Season's Use? A Complete Stock Always on Hand and of THE BEST GOODS MADE. LOWER PRICES On all supplies with Is the reason you should buy NOW. SPECIAL PRICES offered on Ship- ping Cases, Extractors, Uucapping Cans. HONEY AND WAX taken in exchange for supplies. Send for NEW CATALOG. THE GRIGGS BROS. CO. DEPT. 25, TOLEDO, OHIO. "GRIGGS SAVES YOU FREIGHT" QyALITY \ >p=^^ First ^^- PACKERS s»£; ^LTIMORE, Fkbruary, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE FEBRUARY, 1922 Honey Markets 68-69 Editorials 7,3- Tf) The California Orange Flow M. C. Ricliter 76-78 Wood Base Foundation H. H. Root 79-82 Some Dangerous Advice T. L. Byer 83-84 Winter Protection in the West E. F. Atwater 84-85 The Lewis Foul Brood Cure. . .W. J. Sheppard and Arthur C. Miller 86-87 Thick Top Bars Objectionable Morley Pettit 87-88 Hubam in British Columbia W. P. Long 88 Siftings J. E. Crane 89 Beekeeping as a Sideline Grace Allen 90-91 From North, East, West and South 92-96 Heads of Grain from Different Fields 97-98 Gleaned by Asking Geo. S. Demuth 99-100 Just News 101 Talks to Beginners Geo. S. Demuth 102-103 Bees, Men and Things 104 Our Homes A. L Root 105-1 07 SUBSCEIPTION KATES. — One year, $1.00. (Low paid-in-advance subscription rates witlidrawn.) Sinijle copy, 10 cents. Canadian sulscription. 15 cents additional per .\ear, and foreign subscription, 30 cents additional. DISCONTINUANCE. — Subscriptions, not paid in advance, or .specifically ordered by the subscriber to be continued, will be stopped on expiration. No subscriber will be run into debt. by us for this journal. CHANGE OF ADDRESS. — Give your old address as well as the new and write the name to which the journal has heretofore been addressed. 'REMITTANCE. — Should be sent by postoffice money order, bank draft, expi ess nione.v order, or check. CONTRIBUTIONS to Gleanings columns solicited: stamps should be enclosed to insure return to author of manuscript if not printed. ADVERTISING RATES. — Advertising rates and conditions will be sent on request. Results from advertising in this journal are remarkably satis- factory. ADVERTISERS' LIABILITY. — The publishers use utmost diligence to e.stab- lish in advance the reliability of every advertiser using space in this journal. Kntered as second class mail matter at the Postoffice at Medina, Ohio. Published monthly. Space occupied by reading matter in this issue, 56.2 per cent; advertising, 43.8 per cent. THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY, Publishers, Medina, Oh Geo. S. Demuth and E. R. Editors Editorial Staff Root A. I. Root Editor Home Dept H. H. Root Assistant Editor H. G. Rowe M'n'g Editor (1(5 a LI :aNINGS in bee culture February, 1922 c Money Saved Time Saved Bee Supplies Root's Goods at fadoty prices with WEBER'S service. Send U5 > a list of your wants and we will quote you prices that will save you money. C. H. W. Weber & Co. 2163-65-67 Central Ave, Cincinnati, Ohio iii!;i!ii;iiii:iiii:ii!::iiiiiii:iii!i!i::i!ii;ii!!:ii!i:i!ii:iiiiii!':!!!!iiiniinii::iiii:!!:;:ii!iii!!:iii!ii^^ MK. BEEKEEPER-- We have a large plant especially equipped to manufacture the sup- M plies that you use. We guarantee all materials and workmanship. B We ship anywhere. We allow early order discounts and make prompt shipments. H We pay the highest cash and trade prices for beeswax. M Write for free illustrated catalog today. M LEAHY Mf G. CO., 95 Sixth Street, Higginsville, Missouri | Texas Beekeepers should write to A. M. Hunt, Goldthwaite, Texas. | "SUPERIOR FOUiNDATlON "BEST BY TEST* Do not fail to eecure our 1922 reduced prices on SUPERIOR FOUNDATION. State quantity desired. We also Jiianufacture Hoffman frames, dovetailed beeliivcs, etc. equality uncxeelled; prices on request. SUPERIOR HONEY COMPANY, OGDEN, UTAH (Manufacturers of Weed Process Foundation.) Fkhruakv, 1922 G h K A NM N O S T N 1! l') !■: < ' I I • T V R K 07 Our 1922 catalog will be ready in January. Mail a list of your requirements for our special quotations. The Fred W. Muth Company Cincinnati, Ohio Look Before You Leap! Send in a list of your needs of BEE SUPPLIES for the com- ing season and get quotations on it. 1922 CATALOG, illustrated, now ready! MONDENG'S bee supplies speak for tlieniselves. CHARLES MONDENG 146 Newton Ave. X. and 1,59 Cedar Lake Kd. MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA. IS IT THE "BEST" YOU ARE AFTER IN QUALITY OF GOODS AND SERVICE? Then Try Us! This is tlio luoiitli to send us your order. You will get our licst at- tention, and goods from our uew stock. Order now before tlic "rush." Send for our catalog, and let us enter into your plans for making the season of 1922 a ' ' HUMDINGER. ' ' Have everything on hand ready for the bees, and they will do their share. F. A. SALISBURY 1631 West Genesee Street, SYRACUSE. N. Y. 68 GLEANINGSIN HONEY MARKETS U. S. GOVERNMENT MARKET REPORTS. Information from Producing Areas (First Half of January). CALIFORNIA POINTS. — Recent heavy rains have strengthened the prospects for a heavy flow of high-grade honey next season. Many bee- keepers who have been holding back some of their higher-priced honeys are now offering them, due to the outlook of a heavier crop. The move- ment has been limited during the past two weeks and the market has been dull. Low prices of sugar and syrups thought to have an adverse ef- fect on honey prices. Competition with cheaper honeys from Inter-Mountain districts also les- sening the movement of white sage and white orange from California. It is believed that the old crop will all be cleaned up before the new crop is harvested, but local demand will be an important factor in the amount of honey that is left. Large shippers quote to outside buyers, in carlots and less, f. o. b. shipping points per lb.: White orange blossom, offered at 12c, but no sales; white sage, nominally lOV^c; light amber sage, 8 Vac; light amber alfalfa, 6y2-6%c. The whole range of prices can be considered nominal, as sa few sales were made. Little demand is also experienced for Hawaiian honey, which is offered in carload lots, f. o. b. San Francisco at ZVzc per lb. for honevdew grade. INTERMOUNTAIN REGION. — Bees with ample stores are wintering well, as the temperature to date has been moderate, while not so mild as to induce activity. The holiday business has been light, but conditions are now expected to im- prove, and some buyers are making slightly im- proved offers. Considerable honey from some sections being consigned. Carlot sales of white sweet clover and alfalfa are reported at 8-8 %c, most 8l^c per lb., with 1. c. 1. sales of 5-gallon cans at 9-lOc, few ll-12c per lb. Carlot sales No. 1 white comb are reported at $4.75 per 24- section case, with No. 2 grade selling at $4.25-4.40 per case. L. c. 1. transactions in No. 1 grade are reported at $5.00-5.50 per case. Beeswax has been purchased for 20c cash or 22c trade, with some transactions at higher prices. In Salt River Valley, Arizona 6 ^/i c per lb. is quoted for a car- lot of amber alfalfa honey. Heavy rains in the Valley point to a big crop next year. Due to the presence of alfalfa weevils and the low prices of alfalfa hay in some sections of Idaho, a consider- able alfalfa acreagew ill be plowed up in the spring, reducing the feeding area for many colo- nies. TEXAS POINTS. — Crop outlook not favorable, due to long drouth in the fall. Bees considered in normal condition. Some light amber extracted honey is selling at 7%c per lb., but the 1921 crop is about exhausted in many localities. Most of the honey in the state was disposed of in the summer and fall at 8%c per lb. for extracted and I2V2C for bulk comb honev. EAST AND NORTH CENTRAL STATES. — Prospects good for next season as fields are gen- erally well covered with snow. Conditions con- sidered ideal for bees which were properly pre- pared for winter. Cellar-wintered colonies re- ported in good condition; colonies wintered in summer stands have, in favorable localities, en- joyed a few hours of flight since last report. While moving more freely than last season, comparative- ly little honey has been sold during the past month, as the attention of buyers has been more closely centered on candy than on honey Bottlers are offering 9-lOc per lb. in carlots, but few sales were made at those figures. Less than car- lot sales of white clover reported at 12-14c per lb. in 5-gallon cans. White comb ranges $4.80- 5.25 per case in small lots. Comb honey is so nearly exhausted in Wisconsin that western hon- ey is now being shipped into that state. Further, western extracted honey is being bought by Wis- consin bottlers for blending as the delivered price is cheaper than local goods can be purchased at. NORTHEASTERN STATES. — The crop outlook for next season is reported as fair, altho the lack of snow in some areas is harmful to clover. Bees are wintering well, l)Ut the (q)])ortunity for a BEE CULTURE February, 1922 cleansing flight is badly needed by some colonies. The honey movement is light, as is usual at this time of year. The supplies of most beekeepers are already largely exhausted. No. 1 white comb is reported at $5.00 per case, and No. 1 buckwheat at $4.00-4.25 per case. No large transactions were reported for extracted white clover in 5-gal. cans, but in 5-lb. pails it has sold freely. Buck- wheat honey in barrels is reported as moving at 7c per lb. SOUTHEASTERN STATES. — Supplies light. Few sales reported of amber extracted at TVz-^c, white 10-12C per lb. Abundance of cane syrup around 50c per gal. is held partly responsible for the light demand this season. In Mississippi and Louisiana rain has been plentiful, and crop out- look and colonies are both good. In Georgia and Florida recent cold weather has kept bees inside the hives except on favorable days. Bees are bringing in pollen from the maple for brood- rearing. Telegraphic Reports from Important Markets for January 14, 1922. CHICAGO. — Since last report 1,000 lbs. each Wisconsin, Kansas, Iowa and Texas arrived. Ex- tracted: Demand and movement very slow, most sales in small lots. Operators taking inventory and not pushing sales. Better movement ex- pected. Market about steady. Sales to bottlers, bakers and candy manufacturers, per lb., Colorado and Idaho, alfalfa and clover, white 11-11 V^c light amber 9i^-10c, mixed flavors dark 8% -9 14 c. California, white sage 11-11 i/^c. Michigan and Wisconsin, basswood and clover, white 12-12 %c. Comb: Demand and movement very slow, market weak. Michigan, Ohio and Minnesota, clover and alfalfa, 24-section cases No. 1, $5.25-5.75; No. 2, $4.00-4.50. Beeswax: Receipts moderate. Demand and movement moderate, market barely steady. Sales to wholesale druggists, laundries and ship- supply houses, African and South American, crude 15-16c. NEW YORK. — Domestic receipts limited, for- eign receipts moderate. Supplies limited. Demand light, market dull but slightly better feeling. Ex- tracted: Spot sales to jobbers, wholesalers, con- fectioners, bakers and bottlers, domestic per lb. ■ California, light amber alfalfa 7-8c, light amber sage 81/2-lOc, mostly 9-lOc, white sage ll-12c, white orange blossom 13-14c, mostly 13c. New York, white clover ll-12c, buckwheat 7-8c. West Indian and South American refined 60-70c per gal. Comb: Supplies light. New York 24-section cases white clover No. 1, $6.00-7.00; buckwheat, mostly $4.50. Beeswax: Foreign receipts moderate. Sup- plies limited, sales to wholesalers, manufacturers and drug trade. South American and West Indian crude light, best 23-24c, few 25c, slightly darker 18-22C. African, dark 15-17c, few 18c. From Producers' Associations. There has been little movement of honey in the past 30 days, but there is developing a better de- mand for extracted honey. Bulk comb is no longer on the market, and only a few producers still have honey to sell. The price to producers on the 60-lb. basis, is stationary at 8 to 9 cents. The last month has been so warm that the bees have consumed large amounts of stores. If spring does not come early, wholesale feeding will be neces- sary. Rain is badly needed over the southwest part of the state. Texas Honey Producers' Association. San Antonio, Texas. E. G. LeStourgeon. Do not expect much business ordinarily the lat- ter half of December, therefore were n- t disap- pointed on the small volume during this period. If retailer will offer honey on a fair margin of profit and will push it, there should be a large movement between now and April, as fruits and pantry stores are getting well cleaned up. The Colorado Honey Producers' Ass'n., Denver, Colo. P. Rauchfuss, Secretary. THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY'S QUOTATION. .*} Medina, O., Jan. 24, 1922. j'ij We are in the market f''r three carlots of \yhite-"';' to-water-white western extracted honey for which;)) we will pay SV^c cash, f. o. b. shipping point, on '■ api)roval of samples submitted. Above quotation ,' based on carlots. We have ample stocks of vvhite February, 1922 or. EANINGS IN BEE GUI. TURE 69 clover, also of aiiiber and lipht auibor {Trades, and any conditions excoi)t as ordered by our purchas- are not in tlie market for conil) at present time. ing department.) (No shipments of honey will be accejited under The A. I. Root Company. THE OPINIONS OF HONEY PRODUCERS THEMSELVES AS REPORTED TO GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. tractcd honey in five-pound pails or other re- tail packages ? Early in January we sent to actual honey pro- ducers and some associations the following ques- tions : 1. What portion of the 1921 crop is still in the hands of producers in your locality? Give an- swer in per cent. 2. What price are jtroducers receiving for honey at their station when sold to large buyers? (a) Comb honey? (b) Extracted honey? 3. What are prices to retailers in small lots? (a) Comb honey fancy or No. 1 per case? (b) Ex- How is honey now moving on the market in your locality? Give answer in one word, as slow, fair or rapid? 5. How much more honey has been sold locally this season than usual ? Give answer in per cent, using amount formerly sold locally as basis. The answers as returned by our corps of honey and bee reporters are as follows : States. Reported by Crop Unsrld. In Large Lots. Comb. Extracted Alabama J. Alabama J. Arkansas J. Arkansas J. British Col W California M. California M. Colorado B. Colorado J. Connecticut ..... .A. Florida C Florida H. Florida W Georgia .T. Illinois A. Illinois C. Illinois A. Indiana T. Indiana E. Indiana J. Iowa R. Iowa F. Iowa W Kansas C. Kansas -J. Louisiana E. Maryland S. Massachusetts . . .0. Michigan I. Michigan L. Michigan F. Mississippi R. Missouri .T. Nevada L. Nevada T. Nevada E. New .Tersev E. New York." Ad New York G M. Cutts C. Dickman 10 Johnson 2.^1 V. Ormond 0 J. Sheppard. ... 10 C. Richter 8.5 A. Saylor 10 W. Hopper A. Green W. Yates 20 C. Cook 40 .$4.80. '. 4.80. .$0.08. . .08. .$5.00. 3.00. 6.00. .09. . To Retailers. Comb. Extracted .$0.60. . , .7.5.. 6.00... 1.00.. 1.00. . 1 .7.5 . . 1.1.5.. .3.60... .75.. Move- Increased ment. Locally. . .Slow 250 .Fair , Slow 50 100 100 30 50 0 .Fair . . Slow . .Fair . Slow . Fair 105 15 8.00-. . . 1.00 Slow 100 08 65 Fair 50 Hewitt 5 08 85 Fair 4400 Lamkin 5 09 75 Slow Wilder 60. Baxter. . Bender . . Kildow . . Johnson . Miller. . 0. 0. 0. 3. o" 5.00. 5.25. .10. 6.00. . .75 . . . . .Slow . . . . . 85 6.50. . . 1.25. . . . . Slow . . . . . 100 6.00. . . ..Slow . . . . . 100 6.00. . . .85.. . . .Rapid . . . . . 20 6.00. . . 1.15.. . . . Slow . . . 25 6.00. . . 1.25. . , . . .Fair . . . . . 30 8.00. . . 1.25.., ...Fair ... . . 25 Smith G. Brown 20 11 5.50... .90 Rapid 25 Coverdale . . . S. Pangbiirn. D. Mize A. Nininger . . . C. Davis J. Crocker, Jr. M. Smith. 0 6.50... .70 Fair 30 13 4.00... .90 Slow 6.50... .75 Slow 0 6.00... .75 Slow 20 09 75 Fair 5.75... 1.00 Fair 1.25 Slow 20 25 D. Bartlett 5 75 Fair New York . .F. W New York . .G. J. New York . .H. L North Carolina . . .C. S. North Carolina . . .W, . J Ohio ..E. G. Ohio . R. T> Ohio T F Oklahoma J H( S. Griggs. . . . Markham . . . . B. Willson . . . W. Romberger . D. A. Prince . . V. Damon . . . . G. Norton .... G. Carr ams & Myers . . Howe Lesser. . . . Spahn . 25. 15. 4.80. 5.50. .12. . .13. . .07. . .11 . . 6.00. 6.00. 1.25. . .8 5. . .85. . .9 5. . . . 500 Slow 100 Fair 125 Fair 125 Fair 100 Fair 4.50. .08. 15. 0. 0. 10. 6.50. 6.50. 7.20. Good Slow .80 Fair 1.00 Fair .95 Fair 6.00. .Slow Stevens 5 09 90 Fair Oklahoma C Oregon E. Oregon H. Pennsylvania H. Pennsylvania D. Pennsylvania G. Rhode Island ... .A. South Carolina ... A. Tennessee G. Texas T. Texas J. Texas H. Utah M. Utah N. Virginia T. Vermont J. Washington G. Washington G. West Virginia .... W. West Virginia. . . .T. Wisconsin N. Wisconsin E. Wiseongin H. Wyoming A. Bumgarner . . . . Martin 10 . . Baldwin 10. . Hiatt 10. . Moore 10 . . Heueisen 0 . . F. Stiles 0. . J. Ladd 10. . A. Scullen Beaver 10 . . 6.00. 4.75. .11. .07. 9.60. 6.75. 6.00. 4.80. 1.25. 1.60. .90. 1.15. .80, 1,00. .Fair . . . Slow . . . Fair . . .Fair . . .Slow .11. .08. 6.25. 5.80. 1.00. . 1.00. . .70. . 1.00. . .95. . .Fair .Fair . Fair .Fair .Fair 20 100 50 100 110 50 200 100 7.00. 10 6.50. 0 Fair . 0 6 50... 1.10 Rapid. 1 25 9.50... 1.75 Fair . IS ■ 80 Slow 50 100 Gilham 20. Rea Miller Conradi . . Bentley . . Bowden . . Mayes 5 3.60... .12 90 Rapid 10 .15 Parks 10 13 80 Fair Gill 5 4.50... .60 Fair 25 Miller 10 08 50 Fair 75 Asher 15 1.25 Fair Crane 7.50... 1.30 Pair 100 B. Saxton... 15 15 75 Slow York 25 11 6,00... .85 Slow 25 Griffith 0 7.50... 1,00 Fair 100 Massie 5 Fair France 3 5 15 60 Slow Hassinger. Jr . . . 5 75 Slow 35 F. Wilson 5 13 7.00... .95 Rapid D. Brown 50 5.00 6.10... 1.00 Slow 25 70 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE T-shaped Form Block The sharp edge of hot plate slides under T-tin when rut- tins: off foundations. Slide Spring on Form Block Holds section securely on the block while it is lieiug re- versed. Hand Lever Which quickly fastens dove- tails of section. Thumb Adjusting Nut Permits lever post to be moved backward and for- ward for sections of differ- ent sizes. Truss Wire Mav be swung over opposite post when fastening dove- tails if desired. Febri'aev, 1922 Adjustable Lever These holes in frame permit raising for use with taller sections. Hot Plate Nut Permits hot plate to be tilted at .iu.st the right angle. Hot Plate lyielts edges of foundation, tlun crts large piece off to make small bottom starter. Wires Supporting Hot Plate Permit it to move to and from the form Idock. Alcohol Lamp Hot plate tilts over lamp when not in use, permitting surplus wax to run off back edge. Simple, Sure, Speedy You cannot afford to do without the WOODMAN combined section press and foundation fastener. It folds comb honey sections and fas- tens top and bottom foundation start- ers at one handling at a great saving in time and money. Fastest Fixer Made. The WOODMAN Fixer is a very fast machine. With a little experience you can easily handle 100 to 200 sections an hour, setting both top and bottom starters. With the machine, a slow and disagreeable job beconies very easy and simple. Delivers Right Side Up. The WOOD- MAN Section Fixer is the only ma- chine from which the section comes away right side up, with a large start- er hanging down. This insures straight combs, firmly attached on all four sides — a requirement to grade fancy. Starters Firmly Fastened. Because the hot i)late melts entire starter edge at once, both top and bottom starters nre securely fastened. Thev do not Woodman 's l)econu' loosened in reversing as in other machines. Easy to Use. Since you are always handling large pieces of foundation, the WOODMAN Fixer is much more easily used than any other machine. By ordinary means, only an expert can set the small starter at all, but with the WOODMAN this is accom- l)lished very easily and quickly. Hundreds Sold. The WOODMAN Fix er is the most successful and ])opu- , lar machine on the market. Every buyer is enthusiastic. Adjusts quick- ly to handle different size sections. If you have but 10 swarms, you can- not afford to do without it. A postal brings full information and price. Our complete catalog of Bee- keepers' Supplies and accessories free for t1u> asking. Wiite for it. .A.. G. WOODMAN COMPANY, Sole Manufacturers. 204 Scribner Avenue N. W. Grand Rapids, Michigan. Section Fixer Fkhkiarv, }9-y2 Cx h K A N r N G S IN 15 K K C V \, T U K I'l 71 HUBAM CLOVER The New Annual White S-weet Clover THEK K ai'e all kinds of this seed beini;' offered to the trade — some good, some poor and some tliat will prove not to be Hubam Clover. The common biennial sweet clover seed looks exactly like the new* annual sweet clover seed and has been sold in the past to the trade as Hubam. OUR Hubam Clover Seed has been grown by ex})ert seedmen under our inspection and they have searched out a locality where it could not be crossed with any other clover. They have rogued the field of weeds, cultivated the plants so that they would develop the strongest. Now when a dollar is a dollar j^ou cannot afford to bu}' anything" but reliable seed, such as we have. OUR guaranteed pure Hubam Clover Seed is scarified, but scari- fied seed will not grow strong healthy plants unless you use INOCULATION material. The all-important thing in glowing Hubam Clover is inoculation from the best source. Again our demand for qual- ity has searched the field. Poor inoculation means a poor crop or no crop, however Avell the soil may be prepared. Ours is pre- pared not by some iri-esponsible firm but by one of the best soil exjierts connected with a leading" state university. EVERY pound of Hubam Clo\er Seed carries with it enough inoculation material and also very clear directions as to how to ai^])ly it. You cannot go wrong. Write for Booklet, "Hubam Clover, ]\'liat If f.i and How to Grow It." One Pound Hubam Clover Seed and Inoculation, $2.50. 10 Pounds and up, $2.00 per Pound. Order no'w from THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY, MEDINA, OHIO WEST SIDE STATION i;iiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiii;iiiiniiiiniiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiitiiiinii^ iiiihmiii 72 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE February, 1922 What Did You Get for Your Honey? Are you sure that you got a fair price for your last year's crop? That your retail prices v/ere in Hue with those of others? The Crop and Market page in THE AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL gives a summary of reports from 200 beekeepers each month with recommendations of approximate prices, etc. Do You Know Your Own Honey Flora? Frank C. Pellett, junior editor of THE AMERICAN BEE JOUR- NAL, is an authority. He has material in nearly every issue on some honey plant, its value, its distribution, etc. Why the Large Hive? A free and frank discussion of its value, especially in larger crops and in checking swarming, is given in THE AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL by its senior editor, C. P. Dadant, who has had a life- time experience with large apiaries. THE AMERICAN I BEE JOURNAL has a selected group of contributors, each foremost in his field. They know what they are talking at)OUt and tell it to you so you can understand it. Subjects receiving special attention are: Factors controlling nectar secretion. Articles on practical beekeeping. Nectar sources of differ- ent states, The cost of production, Questions answered by C. P. Dadant, General and association notes, Travel and observation notes, The methods of swarm control, manipulation, etc. RECENTLY INCBEASED IN SIZE FROM 32 TO 44 LARGE SIZE PAGES. Subscription price, $1.50 a year, roreigu postage, 25 cents. Sample copy mailed gladly on request. OUR BEE BOOKS THE HONEYBEE, Langstroth and Dadant, 575 pp., 212 engravings, cloth bound. Price postpaid, $2.50. French edition, $2.50. Spanish edi- tion 12.50. FIRST LESSONS IN BEEKEEPING, C. P. Dadant. 167 p.-iges, 178 illus- trations, cloth. Postpaid, $1.00. PRACTICAL QUEEN BEARING, Frank C. Pellett, 105 pages, 40 il- luRtrationg. Cloth. Postpaid, $1.00. OUT-APIABIES, M. G. Dadant, 115 pages. Cloth, 50 illustrations. Price postpaid, $1.00. Add $1.28 to the price book and American B 1000 ANSWERS TO BEEKEEPING QUESTIONS, C. C. Miller. Cloth, 200 pages, illustrated. Price post- paid, $1.25. AMEBICAN HONEY PLANTS, Frank C. Pellett. 300 pages, 155 illustra- tions. Cloth. Po.stpaid, $2.. 50. DADANT SYSTEM OF BEEKEEP- ING, C. P. Dadant, 115 pages, 58 illnstrations. Cldh. Postiiaid $1. BEEKEEPING IN THE SOUTH, Keniiith Hawkins. 125 pages. Cloth, 50 illustrations. Price post- paid, $1.25. of any book for both ee Journal one year. AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL, HAMILTON, ILLINOIS E GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 1 EDITORIAL SIXCIO iiiaiiv tioiis are tak of tlio ln'i'koi'jirrs " assoi-ia y up tlio subject of the Dr. Miller momor- The Miller Memorial ial, at their Library Fund. winter meet- iiigs, thus add- ing constantly to tlie list of donors, we have decideil to wait until the April issue before publishing this list in Gleanings, thus giv- ing time for us to include the contributions now being made at these meetings. Tlie names of contributors to this fund who made their contributions thru Gleanings and The A. 1. Koot Co. up to November were reported to C. P. Dadant, Hamilton, 111., chairman of the committee in charge of this fund. Tliese names were printed in the January issue of the American Bee Journal. THE American Farm Bureau Federation suggests that county farm bureaus would do well to use the Movement Among Farmers to Increase Acreage of Clover. facts and fig- ures of the corn situation as a basis for dis- cussions on the limitation of- corn acreage and the expansion of the legume acreage for 1922. This great federation suggests that "Pitch Clover" may be better than "Plant Corn ' ' for the coming year. Such a move- ment should benefit beekepers wherever any of the clovers are grown. While the farm- ers are debating as to just what legume to plant in reducing their acreage of corn, it is a good time for beekeepers to see that their farmer neighbors are well supplied with good literature on sweet clover (both the Hubam and biennial varieties) and al- sike clover in regions where these plants do well. Several bulletins on growing sweet clover as a farm crop have been published by the United States Department of Agri- culture within recent years, and at least one (Farmers' Bulletin 1151) on alsike clo- ver. No doubt many of these can still be had free by writing to the Department of Agriculture at Washington. In addition to these, several states have published simi'ar bulletins, which can be obtained by writing to the state agricultural colleges. By con- sulting with the county agent or the local farm bureau, beekeepiM's can, no (biubt, make arrangements for a wider distribution of sucli literature in their localities, which should benefit the farmers as well as the beekeepers. a -ta ^,95= to OUR readers will note the tremendous in- crease in the amount of lioney sold locally, as reported on More Honey Sold Locally Than Ever Before. o u r m a r k e t page by honey producers them- selves, wlio are reporting for this page (see page 69, last column). The figures given this month should be comjjared with those given last month, where the percentage of the total crop of honey sold locally is given by the same re- ])orters. While these figures, to a certain ex- tent, reflect the handling of the reporter's own crop, they are in each case, so far as possible, a report for the community repre- sented, so that the figures here given are representative of conditions as they exist thruout the country. Much of the honey sold locally this year must have gone to new consumers, since in many locations, where it has been the cus- tom for beekeepers to ship away practically all the honey produced, a large percentage of honey produced last season has been sold locally. This new outlet for honey, which has been created by the beekeepers them- selves, is largely responsible for steadying the honey market last fall. If the honey carried over from 1920, together with the 1921 crop, had been dumped upon the gen- eral market to be handled thru the regular trade channels, the results would have been disastrous. The honey producers of this country are to be congratulated in finding these new outlets for their product. One serious mis- take has- been made by some in selling hon- ey in a retail way at tlie wholesale price. This abuse will, no doubt, correct itself ulti- mately, especially if market information, such as that furnished by our market page and other bee journals as well as that fur- nislied every two weeks by the Bureau of Markets and Crop Estimates, can be suf- ficiently distributed among beekeepers e\ervwliere. u Gleanings in bee culture Febkuary, 1922 FOR MORE tliaii 50 years Ameiican bee- keepors liavc born striving for better combs, e s p e c ially those The Problem of used in the brood- Better Combs. idianiber, Tlie in- vention of comb foundation thus far stands out as the great- est single step in this direction; but, as bee- keepers know, the use of comb foundation does not always result in perfect combs. Poor combs in the brood-chamber are even now causing annually tremendous losses to those beekeepers who are not fully alert to the importance of good combs, for they stand in the way of the most rapid and complete building-up of the colonies in the spring and also promote swarming. In or- der to insure best result's in honey produc- tion it is now necessary to sort over tlie brood-combs, from time to time, to cull out those which are not best suited for brood- rearing. The aluminum honeycomb which is being- tried out by beekeepers all over this coun- try, as well as in some foreign countries, has therefore created great interest among beekeepers everywhere. In England, the Semi-Comb, which is also made of aluminum, is creating great interest among British bee- keepers. The experimenting with wood-base foundation, described by H. H. Root in this issue, is another attempt to solve this prob- lem, and while not as revolutionary in char- acter as metal combs, the success attained thus far will, no doubt, create great interest, for beekeepers are becoming more and more alert concerning the securing of better combs. With all the effort now being made and with thousands of. beekeepers studying the same problem, surely something will be worked out that will give us better and more durable combs. Just what the final so- lution will be, no one can now tell. In the meantime beekeepers should not [)lunge heavily into an equipment of either of these new things until quite sure that they will answer every purpose. Beekeepers are too often prone to experiment with new equipment on too extensive a scale, letting their enthusiasm for something new run away with their better judgment. It will be infinitely better to try these on a small scale at first. Perhaps neither of these new developments will answer the beekeeper's purpose fully. We can well afford to go slow with them while they are still in the expei'imeiital stage of development. IN an article in this issue, E. E. Atwater points out certain conditions under which it may be profitable Destroying Old Bees in Fall to Save Stores. eliminate the old Ix'cs from strong colonies in the fall, wintering only the younger ones, tlie pui])ose being to save stores and prevent building up too early in the spring. In most localities there is usually no complaint about colonies being too strong in the fall. Where there is a considerable pe- riod of time after the close of the main hon- ey flow before the beginning of winter, or where the late honey flow is meager, the colonies naturally go down to normal winter strength. In fact, the trouble is perhaps more often the other way, for thousands upon thousands of colonies go into the win- ter every year to*o weak for safe wintering. Practical honey producers will, no doubt, be more inclined to criticise Mr. Atwater 's suggestions, in regard to destroying the old bees, on the ground of economy than from sentiment. Instead of rearing a lot of bees that are too old for winter when winter begins and then destroying them, would it not be better to prevent the rearing of these bees? This could be accomplished by killing the old queen, then after an interval of queenlessness, requeening the colonies at such a time that most of the old bees will disappear before winter. The winter col- ony will then be made up of young bees reared from the young queen. No doubt, however, as Mr. Atwater im- plies, these old bees in the fall help the col- ony to winter better, thus resulting in a stronger colony in the spring; but, as Mr. Atwater points out, it is not desirable in his locality to have the colonies very strong in early spring on account of the relative lateness of his main honey flow. In such cases why not so manage that the colonies shall come thru the winter as strong as pos- sible, then divide them in the spring before they have had a chance to reach full strength but in time for each division to build up to maximum strength by the time the main honey flow begins"? Thus two colo- nies will be made, each of which, if ample stores are provided, should be in better con- dition for the honey flow than the original colony would have been if left undivided. If increase is not wanted, the colonies can be united back to the original number some time in August, thus saving in fall brood- rearing, since the united colonies would then rear only about as much brood as each would have reared if not united. THE United States Department of Agricul- ture has just issued three new Farmers' Bul- letins, outlining Four New Bulletins t h e beekeeping for Beekeepers. management re- quired for best results in three important honey-producing regions as follows: Farmers' Bulletin 1215, "Beekeeping in the Clover Region"; Far- mers' Bulletin 1216, "Beekeeping in the Buckwheat Region"; and Farmers' Bulletin 1222, "Beekeeping in the Tulip-tree Re- gion. ' ' Each of these bulletins shows by an outline map of the United States the terri- tory included within the region indicated. Pebruakv, 192': GLEANINGS IN !•: K (■ V 1,'r r u k 75 The peculiaritii's cil' eacli icjfioii aic dis cussed ill each case, and siitn)le direetiouo are given for a system of nianagenient to meet the requirements of the locality. Bee- keepers will, no doubt, welcome tliis method of handling tlie subject of management in beekeeping, the details of which must of course differ for different regions. These bulletins can be obtained free while the supply lasts by writing to The Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C. The fourth new bulletin is United States Department of Agriculture Bulletin 998, "Heat Production of Honeybees in Win- ter." This is a report on the stildy of a colony of bees in a respiration calorimeter. With this apparatus, the energy output of a colony was measured by measuring both the respiratory products given off by the bees and the amount of heat given off within certain intervals of time. The temperature of the air surrounding the hive was changed from time to time to determine the amount of heat and respiratory products given off at different temperatures. The oxygen con- tent of the air, the percentage of carbon dioxide and the humidity were changed, and the response of the bees to these changes carefully noted. One of the surprises in this connection is that neither an excess of carbon dioxide nor a considerable deficiency of oxygen aft'ected the bees adversely. In fact, a lack of venti- lation apparently had a quieting effect upon them. The energy produced by the bees when they were about as quiet as they are under most favorable conditions in early winter, when measured by this apparatus, was found to be greater, according to body weight, than that produced by a man working at hard manual labor, considering the fact that the work Avas done by only a relatively few of the bees of the cluster. According to this, the energy produced by a colony in the height of a honey flow must be tremendous for the body weight involved when com- pared with higher forms of animals. We understand this bulletin is for sale by the Superintendent of Documents for five cents, cash or money order, stamj^s not being accepted for bulletins. IN THIS issue are articles by W. J. Shep- pard, Arthur 0. Miller and J. L. Byer on the Lewis treat- Some Peciiliaxities of European Foul Brood. ment for Euro- pean foul brood. The reader will note the differ- ence in the attitude of Mr. Miller and Mr. Byer regarding the destructiveness of this disease and the importance of elaborate treatment. Mr. Byer sees no need of fussing with drugs, which involve;; fhaking the bees ■•'•o'n their combs once a week in order that the (■(inil)s ina_\ he sjdaycd with a solution of sodium liyperchlorite to control this disease, when under his conditions the bees are able largel}' to control it themselves. As he says he looks upon Euroj)eau foul brood with ' ' ('om[)arative contempt. ' ' On the other hand, Mr. Miller is enthusi- astic about the drug treatment. He men- tions the "virulent type" of European foul brood i)revalent in his locality, which the ordinary treatments for this disease do not cure. Both of these men have been thru the mill with European foul brood, but they emerge with ()uito different views in regard to treatment. Mr. Byer is located in the midst of the clover region of Ontario where the stimula- tion of the comparatively early honey flow from clover causes strong colonies of vigor- ous bees to clean out the dead larvae so thoroughly that the disease is not able to make much progress. If it does get the start of certain colonies, doubtless 10 days of queenlessness and then requeening with a A^oung queen of resistant stock will usually enable the bees to clean up the trouble. Mr. Miller in Ehode Island is outside of the clover region proper where the early honey flow is not dependable, and where the bees can not be depended upon to clean out the dead larvae so promptly or so thorough- ly. One man, because of his stock, man- agement and location, is able to look upon European foul brood with contempt; while another, because of the difference in his locality, is compelled to go to a lot of trou- ble to keep the disease under control. The so-called "virulent type" of Euro- pean foul brood does not, however, entirely stay out of the clover region or regions hav- ing a dependable early honey flow. On aev- eral occasions the Editor has seen it appear suddenly in all its glory in clover localities, but these were seasons when the clover, failed. Even then 'its virulence depended largely upon the stock and management. In any region having a strong dependable early honey flow, beekeepers who have good stock and so manage that their colonies are rousing strong early in the spring will not need to bother with drugs to control Euro- pean foul brood, nor will they need to de- stroy the combs. In regions where nature fails to co-operate in furnishing a good honey flow at the critical time the problem is quite different, but rousing strong colo- nies of good stock go a long way even there. When these fail and requeening after a pe- riod of queenlessness fails, as in Mr. Mil- ler's case, something else must be done. Per- haps the drug treatment is the answer as to what this should be. In regard to the Stewart gasoline treat- ment for American foul brood, mentioned by Mr. Byer, beekeepers can well afford to let the federal and state experts do the ex- perimenting along this line, at least the first seas:)!!. to GLEAlSriNGtS IK feEE C U L l- U R £ I^EBRUABT, li2i THE CALIFORNIA ORANGE FLOW Great Colony Strength, the Mainte- tenance Thereof and Abundant Stor- ing Space Are ^ital Factors By M. C. Richter Out in California when weather conditions are favorable at the time of the bloom of the orange trees, thousands upon thousands of these beauti- ful trees, laden with their fragrant blossoms, ijour out literally tons of nectar daily. At such times the nectar is often so abundant in the or- ange blossoms that men working among the trees sometimes find their clothing sticky with nectar that has dropped on them when the branches were shaken. If all of this nectar could be gath- ered and made Into honey, it wimld require scores of trains to haul it to market. In this the first of a series of articles dealing with Cal- ifornia conditions, Mr. Richter tells how to get the most out of an orange-blossom honey flow. This series of articles will be invaluable to ('alifornia beekeepers as well as others. East- ern beekeepers who are located in the clover region will note the similarity of the problems involved in securing a crop of orange-blossom honey and clover honey, the problems of secur- ing a large force of bees early in the spring, the control of swarming and the supering being almost identical in the two regions. — Editor. THE fact that orange bloom fan produce nectar in com- mercial quanti- ties was hardly r e c 0 g n ized 15 years ago. Here- tofore the sole usefulness of the orange as a source of nectar was, supposedly, that of stimulat- ing the bees to breeding up and becoming strong. Its potential power as a nec- tar-secreter was lost sight of, ow- ing to the fact that its bloom- ing period was early and at a time when most colonies were too weak to store much sur- plus. During the past decade good beekeep- ing has demonstrated that colonies can be made strong enough to gather orange honey in commercial quantities. At the present time, according to the character of the flow and the skill of the beekeeper, average col- ony productions usually amount to from 40 to 2.'50 pounds, and orange-blossom honey ranks among the three main honey sources of the state. The Orange Locations of the State. Southern California produces nearly three- fifths of the state's orange crops; but central and n o T t li e r n California are rajiidly increas- ing their produc- tion, and today Tulare is the banner orange county, leading Riverside by more than 200,- 000 bearing trees. The five leading localities are as follows: (1) The area en- closed in and ad- jacent to a tri- angle drawn thru Pasadena, R e d 1 a nds and Santa Ana; (2) the eastern foot- hills of Tulare County (Lind- say, Porterville and a new sec- tion known as the Terra Bella District; (3) Ventura and Santa Barbara counties; (4) San Diego County, (5) Butte County. There are many other small, but promising dis- tricts in central and northern California, notably in Kern, Sacramento (Fair Oaks) and Placer Counties. Conditions Under Which Nectar Is Secreted. The period of nectar-secretion is most variable and dependent upon several fac- tors, especially climatic ones over which the beekeeper has practically no control. It should be mentioned, however, that the best cultural conditions under which an orange At times there is so m,uch swarming during the orange flow that some beekeepers find it profitable to get increase by means of decoy hives. Februaey, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE grove is kept will prove conducive to greater nectar-secr(?tion. In other words, if an or- ange tree be supplied with the best condi- tions for its growth and reproduction, such as most suitable soil, proper retention of moisture in the soil, sheltered location pro- tected from climatic extremes, and the like, the orange tree then will be found to be thriving under its most favorable conditions and will give forth a greater abundance of nectar. It should also be added that the recent research work of Dr. E. F. Phillips shows that the orange as well as all other plant life secretes better at higher altitudes and higher latitudes. Consequently, River- side, San Bernardino and northern Califor- nia territory are very favorable locations. Blooming in April at a time when there is much inclement weather, the orange flow is necessarily irregular. Its duration may be but 10 days or it may extend over a period of about a month. At times it may be ex- ceedingly rapid, and the intake of nectar may reach 15 to 20 or more pounds daily for several days at a time. When such is the case the nights are comparatively cool and are followed by fine warm days with tem- peratures reaching as high as 85° to 95°F. Significance of an Orange Location. Aside from affording a fairly constant amount of a fine quality of easily market- able honey, the orange flow, as has been pointed out, comes early and is of compara- tively short duration. It is evident from this fact that but few yards are kept per- manently on a purely orange location. The flow is over during the fore part of May, the colonies are strong, and there are sev- eral other sources of nectar available in other parts. The orange flow is a flow util- ized principally by the migratory beekeep- er, and the successful migratory beekeeper is well grounded in the fundamental prin- ciples of his profession. It is a well-known fact that a colony that has been made fit for a honey flow has con- sumed from 50 to 75 pounds of honey or its equivalent in a sugar-syrup feed or in in- coming nectar, and that the colony, if prop- erly handled during the short orange flow, may be utilized again with its strength un- impaired for another flow. The great sav- ing in the cost of preparing a colony for a honey flow is at once apparent. The im- portant consideration to bear in mind, when moving from one source of nectar to an- other, is to move before the first flow of nectar has entirely ceased. In other words, move at the first signs of a waning flow or when the daily intake of nectar per colony has decreased to only 2 or .3 pounds. Very often at this stage there is a slight inclina- tion to rob, which at once is a sign that the bees should be on the move. It is better to move at such a time, even tho the next honey flow has not yet commenced. A decreasing honey flow, especially if it be abrupt, is a sign for the queen to stop laying and for the bees to fill up the brood-nest with honey. Preparation of Colonies for Flow. Orthodox beekeeping tells us that, in or- der to prepare a colony for the orange or any other early honey flow, it should have produced the fall before at least 15,000 young workers or, to put it more specifically, there should be three full Langstroth combs or the equivalent thereof filled with brood during the fall, so that the young bees re- sulting therefrom may go into the quiescent stage during winter. It is these 15,000 work- ers or three pounds of bees reared usually during September that, so to speak, vitalize the colony and make it possible to increase its working force up to from 50,000 to 75,000 by the beginning of April. Orthodox teach- ing likewise says that there should be in the colony a queen of the current year's raising. If there be a fall honej^ flow, no dilEculty is experienced in procuring the 15,000 young bees. If, however, the honey flow is over in earlj' summer and migratory beekeeping is not practiced, then it is advised to requeen during the fall. This should be done early Every year colonies of bees are brought into the California orange groves. enough so as to have the queen laying at least six weeks before the quiescent period. Stores to the amount of 50 pounds more or less are necessary, dependent largely upon what nectar the bees might find during Feb- ruary and March, and to a less extent to what protection the colony has received dur- ing winter and the building-up period. Some sort of winter and early spring protection, either by means of packing paper (see Octo- ber issue of this journal for last year) or windbreaks, is a factor that absolutely should not be disregarded. The all-worker-comb-excluderless-two-story hive is the proper home for a colony during the late fall, winter and early spring months. In this state the quality and the distribu- tion of stores in the two hive-bodies and their bearing on cleansing flights and en'pty cells for clustering space are of but little importance. But owing to the greater ac- tivity of bees during the above periods, Cali- fornia must lay more stress on abundant stores. Inferior stores, such as honeydew hone}', are consumed in greater quantities, owing to the larger amount of indigestible matter contained therein. Colonies, pre- pared as outlined above, need practically no attention until the flow begins. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE Fkbruarv, \921 Moving to the Oranges. MijJiatory beokeepors know tliat moving is expensive and that it costs no more to transport a prepared tlian it does an unpre- jiarcd colony to a flow. They know, too, that the best time to move to a flow is not a few days before it starts, but just at the time that it opens. If the colony to be moved had not been j^repared the fall before, it will more than likely lack the 50,000 to 75,- 000 workers and likewise a good-sized brood- nest of emerging bees. It will be necessary, then, to make up colonies of required strength by either uniting or by the utiliza- tion of frames of emerging brood from weaker colonies. Before moving, each two- story colony .should have at least 10 to 15 pjounds of bees and several frames of well- sealed brood. In addition to this they should have 10 pounds of stores. To make up colo- nies is a very costly procedure. It shows that a good deal of wasted time has been spent on weak colonies, and that a certain" amount of bees and bee equipment is lying idle at a time when it might be very useful. Colony Manipulation During Orange Flow. There are two important considerations liere: first, maintaining intact the working force of each colony; and, secondly, provid- ing at all times suflicient storage capacity for incoming nectar. The former considera- tion is, of course, to prevent the issuance of a swarm, and the procedure is as follows: Put the queen in the brood-chamber with one frame of unsealed brood in the center (having first destroyed all queen-cells), and then fill out with empty worker comb, if the colony is to be used for a honey flow other than the orange. If the orange is the only source of nectar for the season, then substitute an empty comb for the comb o1' brood and frames of foundation for tlu' frames of comb. This will considerably rv tard the production of bees at a, time when they are not needed. A queen-excluder is next placed over the brood-chamber, and then two full-depth supers of empty comb (spaced eight to a ten-frame body or seven to an eight-frame body, as the case may be) are placed over the excluder. If tlie colony liad but ten frames containing brood then these are placed in a super which is put above the two supers of empty comb, tak- ing care to remove any queen-cells that may be found. However, the colonies should have from 12 to 18 frames containing brood at this time or at a time when the colonies hav^e reached their peak in lirood-rearing, and if such be tiie case there will be two hive-bodies containing brood to be placed above the two bodies containing emjjty comb. The frames of brood should be s{)ace(i nine to a ten-t'rame sujier, filling fiie t(»]> super full of brood, with sealed Vjrood on the outside, and the remaining brood in tiie center of the story below. This plan, for all ])ractical purjxjses, })re- vejits swarming and, jn fact, is ;i plan where- by artificial swarming lias been practiced. It is important that two supers of drawn comb be between the queen and the emerging brood above. It is not necessary to destroy any queen-cells that may be started on the brood after it has been placed above. This method of swarm control must be put into practice only when the colony is strong and on the ijoint of swarming. The second consideration, namely, that of sutficient storage space, regulates, as it were, the orange crop. At the onset of the flow, after the colonies have been treated for swarming, they are normally five stories high. The two top stories when they were ])laced above, besides containing the brood, lield also considerable honey, and, as the flow progresses and the brood emerges, these are the first to be filled with honey.. In the meantime the two empty supers below are serving a twofold purpose in that they pre- () 114 lilo-,(i,ii- s\,i.. I 1^ ihi'N ,111 licautifiil. vent swarming and provide ample space for rapid intakes of nectar. These two supers act as safety reservoirs, and the greater the honey flow, the more thin nectar or unripe honey will these reservoirs contain. Sliould the intake for any certain day amount to some 20 pounds, one super of empty combs is none too large to be filled with this thin nectar, wdiich is spread out in every cell of the eight combs. Two or three such days of rapid nectar-secretion may mean the addi- tion of one or two extra supers of comb, and whenever extra supers are needed they should be }ilaced immediately above the ex- cluder. Thruout the honey flow always watch the super just above the excluder, and as it fills up slip an empty one between it and the excluder. Even if the colony mounts to seven stories high, there is no other way in which a strong colony can handle all of the nectar which it hag the abilitv to gatlicr, Mo'.U'sto, Calif. FuBRrARV, 1922 G T. E A N T N G S IN BEE C U L T U R E 79 WOOD BASE FOUNDATION Is This the Solution of the Long Standing ProbUm of Durable Non Sagging Combs ? By H. H. Root THE sociiriuji of 11 o a r 1 >■ ]i 0 r 1' c (' t combs, that will stand the heat of the sumiiior witliout sagging or breaking, is a problem nearly as old as bee- keeping itself. Ill the days of the box hive, beekeepers fastened wooden sticks about one-half inch in diameter thru the middle of the hive to support the combs, these sticks running horizontal!}' in different directions thus crossing each other. After Langstroth first brought out the movable-frame hive in 1853, both he and Quinby tried out wooden bars run- ning thru the mid- dle of the frame either vertically or horizontally to help support the combs, as well as f u r n i s h winter ])assageways thru Crimpin? machine used by the combs. Quin- Moses Quinhy in 1870 for bv reported that making the cells of his metal without such sup- combs. 1 1 X ports he had trou- ble from combs heavy with honey breaking down in hot weather. Working further on this problem in 1870, Quinby made metal combs quite similar to the metal combs now being tried out again in this country and in England. To make tliese metal combs Quinby built a machine to crimp the thin tin stri]is which were used in building up these artificial combs. From the accompanying illustrations, taken from a revised edition of Quinby 's book, it will be seen that these metal combs, made more than 50 years ago, were assembled in almost exactly the same way as the alumi- num combs of to- day, the difference being that t h e cells on each side of the septum were made up sep- arately and at- t a C h e d to the Diagram showing how the sheets of tin cnmped metal was placed to- , . , , , ,, gather by Quinbv to form which formed the the metal combs, septum. This is the principle now used in England in man- ufacturing the ' ' Semi-Comb. ' ' The alumi- num combs made in the United States have a septum incorporated in the strips of metal by the manner in which the metal is crimp- ed, so that the cells on both sides, as well as the septum, are assembled at once. In the early days of comb foundation, which came into use in this country in 1876, A. I, Root (.'onductcd muny e.xperi"ieiits to s t r (■ II g t h (■ n (■ o 1)1 1) s t () pre- vent sagging or breaking out in t ii e extractor. In these experi- ments he tried imbedding cloth, paper, wood ve- neer and other material within the foundation, but gave up all of these in favor of wires stretched thru the frames similar to the way this is done today, except that he used vertical wires to- gether with a support made of folded tin in the middle of the frame. Dr. Miller used small wooden splints, which were impregnated with hot wax and imbedded in the foundation vertically, to strengthen and support the comb. While these prevent the sagging of the combs they do not strengthen them sutficiently for the rough use they usually receive in the ex- tractor. Different Methods of Wiring Frames. If there is a form of wiring a frame that we hnvo not tried, it is a fdrni that none 11 4, i.«"^':E,£^jtLr^. Foundation base. with wire cloth incorporated in tl This has not proved successful. have thought of. We have tested every conceivable form of horizontal wiring; we have tried vertical wiring — five, seven and nine vertical strands — and we have tried a combination of the tw^o, both horizontal and vertical. For two seasons we have been using what is known as the California plan. In addition to the four horizontal wires, a diagonal wire extends from the bottom of one end-bar, up across two tacks in the top- bar and down to the bottom of the other end-bar, the end-bars being notched to per- mit the diagonal wiring. This plan makes a much stronger comb; but, unless all the wires are perfectly imbedded, deformed or drone cells are formed at the intersections. We have tried again the tin stays that A. I. Root used years ago, as well as the vertical wood splints advocated by Dr. Miller. Some of these plans are good so far as the prevention of stretching and consequent building of drone comb are concerned, but in none of them are combined all the good qualities that should ])rovail in a durable comb. Two ycart) ago we began experimenting GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE February, 1922 with combs having as a base some material other than wax, which would stiffen the wax and prevent distortion of the cell and break- ing of the comb in the high-speed extractor. Wire Cloth. Foundation having wire cloth incorporat- ed in the base has a very attractive appear- ance and the bees draw out the cells nicely. There is not enough metal to conduct the heat to or from the brood, and, of course, such combs will not stretch or sag, provided •^'^'i-l'--' Foundation having a base of tougli Bristol board. Combs built ou such foundation are imiversally unsatisfactory. the wire cloth is firmly fastened to the frames. This, however, is a difficult achieve- ment, and the expense and labor necessitated in securing to the frames foundation with a wire-cloth base are quite an objection. Celluloid. About three years ago we made some foun- dation with a celluloid base, coating some old roll film photographic negatives with wax and running them thru the mill. The celluloid yields just enough in the pressure The early attempts in maiiiim' MO(i(l-i)ase inundation were not a success. Note above the irregular cells and drone-cells, a result of insufficient cell wall. of the mill so that the base is quite natural. The combs built from such foundation do not sag, but the celluloid has an unfortunate tendency to spring out and in, like the bot- tom of an oil can, throwing the midrib to one side or other of the center of the frame. Moreover, celluloid after a time dries out and becomes very brittle. We fear that breakage would ultimately result in the ex- tractor. Paper and Bristol Board. In spite of the early experiments of A. I. Boot we next tried \ii\T(\ cardbparrl and even bristol board, the latter being so hard .111 d tough that it could hardly be cut with a knife. Both these materials are objection- able in that, because of being fibrous, the bees gnaw the wax off and then proceed to gnaw the paper. In the moisture of the hive or when thin honey is placed in the cells, the paper also tends to blister, so that the combs in a short time are entirely unfit for use. We have not tried any kind of cloth, be- cause A. I. Boot's early experiences with this were so convincing; furthermore, others who have tried the cloth since have found the same trouble — the bees consider it a for- eign substance and proceed to gnaw it away. Bakelite. To a limited extent we have tried founda- tion with a bakelite base. Bakelite is a material which is used quite extensively in a number of ways, one of the most common uses being for pipe stems. For making foun- dation the bakelite can be obtained in very • f-; K^£'^^^^;f^. This wood-base comb was one of a full set on which, fifteen months prior to the time the picture was taken, a swarm had been hived. The colony built up to full strength, wintered well in 1920-1921 and appears to be normal in every respect today. Note the brood close to the top-bar. thin sheets with a cloth center. The bakelite renders the cloth very hard and smooth wit'i a glass-like surface. While our experiments are not conclusive as yet, we fear that the expense of this material will be an objec- tion; also that its odor of carbolic acid will prove offensive to the bees. Wood Base Foundation. The foundation that has given us by far the best results is that having a base of thin wood veneer with the grain running vertic- ally. We hived a weak colony on such foun- dation in the spring of 1920. The colony built up nicely, wintered well in 1920-1921 and seemed to be normal in every respect last season. Brood was reared close to the top-bars. In fact, we have seen sealed brood in the row of cells adjoining the top-bar. There is, of course, no possibility of sagging or stretching, and the cells are not deformed in the upper part of the combs; therefore the brood area is greatly enlarged. Thin Februaky, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 81 A representative comb from the latest pattern wood-base foundation having the cell walls clearly defined. There are no more imperfect cells than would be found in case of, combs built on regular foundation. This comb is one of twenty built during a goldenrod honey flow in September, 1921, by twenty different colonies. There are some irregular cells next to the top-bar because by an oversight the cells were not not clearly defined on the wood base clear to the top-bar. top-bars and bottom-bars are possible, for, of course, the wood veneer makes the frames very strong. Early in the season of 1921 we tried wood veneer only 1/40 of an inch thick. We found that this, however, has a tendency to wrin- kle in the hive, so that the combs have a corrugated appearance. We first nailed the wood veneer solidly in the frames, but we found that unless there is room for some expansion and contraction from one end-bar to the other, the wood veneer even 1/20 of an inch thick has a tendency to warp. We now support the wood veneer by nailing in the center only, and we also saturate the fiber with water- proofing material, so that the wood will be little effected by atmospheric changes. When we first started making the wood- base foundation we supj^osed that an im- pression of the base only would answer, and we made no effort to secure a good wall of the cell. The bees paid very little attention .to the original base and constructed worker or drone cells as suited their convenience. Moreover, in some instances they seemed to Sealed honey in a comb built from wood-base foundation. Such a comb could be dropped on the floor with- out danger of breaking. The honey extends not only to the thin top-bar but also clear to the bottom-bar. 82 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE Februarv, 1922 think that the wood base was the capping of tlie comb, and they constructed queer bridging effects and irregularities making the combs quite unfit for use. As soon as we secured wood-base founda- tion with a well-defined cell wall we found that the bees built straight worker combs without showing the slightest tendency to make deformed or drone cells. In Septem- ber, 1921, during a goldenrod honey flow we selected 20 different colonies, removed two full combs from each, and on one side of each brood-nest we put a thin top-bar frame with wood-base foundation, and on the other side an ordinary frame with the regular foundation, these frames in each case being placed between the outside comb of brood and combs of honey. In 48 hours all the foundation was drawn out. We could see very little difference between the wood base and the regular, so far as the progress of the work was concerned. There were no defective cells drawn from the wood-base foundation^ and the twenty combs were as nearly perfect as any we have ever seen. The wood-base comb is as smooth as a board, tho occasionally a comb shows a slight curve because of the warping of the wood veneer. We now believe that water- proofing the pores of the wood overcomes even this occasional defect. The wood is about as good a non-conduc- tor of heat as wax. We find no tendency for the queens to shun wood-base combs after July 15, as they have done in the case of the metal combs in our locality. In fact, so far as we can tell now, the bees rear brood in the wood-base combs just as readily as in the combs built from regular foundation. The advantage of the thin top-bar will be The result of extrartiim ih.- liiiiii'\ ii w oml-liase comb without a screen in tlie itocket of tlie extractor. Tlie comb stood the strain all right, liut the wax cells crushed into the braces of the pockets. This experi- ment was merely to test the strength of the comb. recognized as one of the greatest impor- tance, and, since the wood-base foundation extends down between the halves of the split bottom-bar, the comb is built solid to the bottom-bar. In this way the cai)ncity of the comb is considerably increased. I am not prepared to say that a swuriii hived on a full set of frames containing wood-base foundation will build a full set of perfect combs. We have demonstrated that good combs result when the wood-base foundation is drawn out between combs of sealed brood or honey. Of course, that is the best way to get a perfect comb even from regular foundation. It is needless to mention here that, if wood-base foundation is given to the bees at a time when they are not building combs, the results are no better than if ordinary foundation were given at such a time. While we have found no par- A t\ piral wijnd liasf roinb rniitaininj,' bmod in all stages and honey. Tho not .shown in the illustration, the unsealed brood extends practically to the bot- tom-bar. ticular tendency to gnaw the wax off the wood, we believe this is what would happen under such circumstances. In fact, when- ever bees would gnaw regular foundation we think they would gnaw the wax off the wood base. Any kind of foundation should be given only when the bees soon will be or actually are building combs. Wood-base foundation does not entirely prevent the building of a few cells of drone comb, for when any portion of the comb is mutilated, the bees in repairing it will build drone-cells, if the colony is strong a;id pros- perous, just as they do when ordinary foun- dation is used. The question might logically be asked Avhether the flat base is as acceptable to the bees as the pointed base of natural comb. Apparently the bees try to point the base; but, finding they cannot, they seem to pay no more attention to this feature; at least the wood-base comb is built about as quickly as is a comb from regular founda- tion. The base of the metal comb is not iiatural; but, since the bees cannot change it, they waste no time on it. The same is true, so far as we can tell, in case of the wood-base combs. The old flat base foun- dation used years ago was modified by the bees to a natural base. Because they can- not do this in the metal combs nor in wood- base combs, very sensibly they waste no time over it. Tho we have tested hundreds of these combs, wood-base foundation has not yet proven to our satisfaction that it is perfect. T can merely say that, so far, it ])romisos to he the logical answer to the problem that has troubled beekeepers for 50 years — the problem of securing perfect and durable combs. pEBBUARy, 1922 GLEANINGS TN REE CULTURE 8.T BROOD dis- eiises aiiioiij;^ bees is a sub- ject that most b e e k e (' p c v s would like to be able to dismiss { r 0 m t h e i r minds; but eveu it' the subject is ail nn])leasant one, sad experience teaches us tliat no such pleasant prospects are pos- sible for a loufj time to come, to say the least, and, as in the case of many other pests that afflict almost all kinds of rural industries, "eternal vigilance'' is the only thing that will keep us from going under in the fight with this age-old enemy of the bee industry. True there are some who contend that we are gradually gaining in this fight, and that it is only a matter of time before foul brood will be almost, if not altogether, wiped out; yet I for one have no such hopes. I fully believe that this disease wall be here to fight, just as long as this present generation of the genus homo remains here on terra firma, and that is about as far ahead as the most of us care to speculate, so far as earth- ly matters are concerned. Only recently I had first-hand information that large com- mercial beekeepers in a near-by state were being forced to give up producing extracted honey on account of the prevalence of Amer- ican foul brood; so I judge that other sec- tions, as 'well as Ontario, look upon foul brood as still being the chief menace to suc- cessful beekeeping. The curse of the disease does not merely consist of loss from the actual destruction of colonies, but in many other ways as well. We have a slight sprinkling of American foul brood in two of our three beekeeping centers, and I have often remarked that, even if disease is known to exist near our yards, the work of the apiary is increased at least twofold. When looking for queens in the annual overhauling of the colonies during fruit bloom, if the operator is examining for traces of disease at the same time he is sup- posed to be looking for queens, it is surpris- ing how many queens he will overlox)k, as compared with working in an apiary where he is reasonably sure no disease is near, and consequently is able to concentrate all his attention in looking for the queen. In forming nuclei in a rush of work, time must be taken to examine every comb thoroly, if he wishes to be really safe against the pos- sibility of breaking up those same nuclei later in the season. And so these items could be multiplied in- definitely, but all beekeepers who have had much experience in keeping bees in a local- ity where foul brood is present know all about this matter already. The Lewis Foul Brood Cure. But niv attention w;is dii-ectcd to this sub- SOME DANGEROUS ADVICE Lensjis Treatment and Stewart Treat ment for the ^rood T)iseases Han- dled Without Glo'ves By J. L. Byer being heralded by in British Columbia. ject, this eve- ning, by an .-ir- ticle in a recent issue of the American Bee Journal, relative to tlie new cure for foul brood, (both kinds evi- dently) that is some of our friends A drug with various names, some of them verv lengthy, is sprayed over all the surface "of the combs and this, it is claimed, kills all the germs' spores, bacilli or whatever else causes the disease. Our genial but generally very critical friend, A. C. Miller, reports that he has tried it with European foul brood with such success that the disease now has no terrors for him. As the drug solution kills all the eggs in the combs, possibly all the young larvae too, I am forced to wonder why friend Miller has jumped to the conclu- sion that the cure was caused by the drugs, for a cessation of brood-rearing will gen- erally stop the further development of Euro- pean foul brood in strong colonies, as many of us have proved conclusively. Only a few years ago we were panicky here in York County as to the ravages of European foul brood, and I frankly admit that for a time it looked as tho we were going to be put out of business. Altho we do not know what is ahead of us, yet we now look upon this disease with comparative contempt; while, on the other hand, the old brand of American foul brood is still giving us trouble in some sections more than at any other time. A few neglected colonies in a back yard, diseased, later on dead, and then all robbed out, will give a commercial beekeeper worry and trouble altogether out of proportion to the value of all the offend- ing colonies. Aside from the possible benefits of drugs as applied to the combs, so far as combating disease is concerned, the method of treat- ment would be mussy and highly dangerous to other colonies, all combs having to be handled individually while being sprayed on both sides. The bees are all driven out of the hive during the treatment, I understand, and please conjure in your minds just what that would mean unless all colonies were taken away to some place where there were no healthy colonies present. The Stewart Foul Brood Cure. But if you must use drugs for treating American foul brood, why not try the fol- lowing remedy (printed on a card) as it is most simple and every one can get the drug recommended in this case: HOW I HANDLK AMERICAN FOUL BROOD. After dark quietly pick up the di.seased hive and without di.sturbiiig the );ees carry it into the shop Irom which let the hoes go out thru a bee-escape in a window. Authorities tell us tliat a bee carries no honey wlu-n leavins; its liive voluntarilv, and 1 ee 84 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE February, 1922 keepers know that any. bee can enter any hive it wants to when there is no attempt to force it in. When tlie Lees are all out of the hive uncap every cell in the combs. If there is any honey in the cor- ners of the combs, scrape those parts down to the septum and wash out the honey. Then stand the combs in gasoline for two minutes. For that pur- pose a can four inches by ten inches by two feet high is convenient and economical in the use of gasoline. Put the frames in the extractor and throw dTit the gasoline. Stand them a second time in the gasoline for another two minutes, but do not again put them in the extractor. Simply shake out what you can and hang the combs in the supers. When the gasoline has evaporated use the combs any place with safety. This treatment will also kill moths and their eggs. This is much better than the shaking method, for any beekeeper knows that when we shake bees many of them crawl into the clothing, and it is possible that those who have authority to inspect and shake bees thus .scatter more disease than they eradicate as a result of the shaking treatment. Disease-laden bees may thus be carried long distances into locali- ties where there is no disease, and when one of them leaves the clothing and enters a hive the owner at once has American foul brood in his bees. These ideas are for beekeepers who do their own thinking. W. H. H. Stewart. Emerson, HI. During the past two months I have re- ceived a dozen or more cards containing the above directions for handling American foul brood, and as the Editor will see on the ad- dress side, I am asked to "distribute" these messages for the benefit of other beekeepers. Not having ever tried out the plau here giv- en, I should not be too emphatic in my judgment; but if an opinion is asked as to what I think about it, I will say that it ap- pears to me that the circulation of such ad- vice thru the country, at a time when thou- sands of dollars are being spent to fight American foul brood, should be treated as objectionable matter by the postal authori- ties. If I am wrong, I am ready to be cor- rected; but when one thinks of soaking the combs in gasoline twice, and running them thru the extractor, with all the attendant nastiness that goes with the mess of foul and healthy larvae together when thrown out in the process, and all for what — simply to save a few combs — that is enough to con- demn the plan if there were no other ob- jections. Then again, I do not believe that combs filled with dried-down scales would be free from the disease. Markham, Ontario. WINTER PROTECTION in the WEST THE practical results of the research done by Dr. Phillips and Mr. Demuth on the essentials of the most suc- cessful and eco- nomical winter- ing are unques- tionably saving the beekeepers of this coun- try many times the total yearly cost of the Division of Apiculture of the Bureau of En- tomology at Washington; yet, strange to say, there is a vast area where beekeeping is growing rapidly, in which the bee- keepers are skeptical as to the benefits of heavy packing outweighing the heavy ex- pense and labor involved. Eesults of such packing in the great arid West, even tho winter temperatures may for short periods approximate those of Ohio or even more northerly states, require careful interpreta- tion and more extended study. Certain it is, that in practically the entire arid region bees winter, as a rule, with little or none of the careful and painstaking care required further east. For instance, while my old ABC book says that even a slight direct draft upward thru the hive may cause the loss of colonies; here colonies in hives, so open that they act merely as imperfect windbreaks, usually winter nicely, regard- less of the extremes of temperature. One man, an educator of experience, whom I have heard describe his results of heavy packing, packed a number of colonies even more thoroly than advocated. In some of Lack of Uniform Results From Packing. Can Colonies be Too Strong for '^est Wintering ? By E. F. At water these colonies, the saving in stores and other advantages were exactly as an- ticipated, while other colonies, even in the same packing cases, consumed all their abundant food supply by early spring, and had to be fed. My own limited experiments have not been very satisfactory. While the saving in stores, in some of the colonies, was exactly as represented, the colonies showed no con- siderable advantage in early brood-rearing, nor in honey production. In fact, some un- packed colonies were much better. Were the Entrances Too Small? It is quite possible that the excessive con- sumption of stores, in some colonies, may be due to packing too early, leaving packing on too late in the spring, or, more probably, to the very small entrances used, usually about % by 1% or % by 2 inches. After packing, almost the entire population of big two-story colonies would be clustered on the outside, often for days at a time; then in April again this excessive clustering out oc- curred; and on examination some time later, stores were found scanty in some, and more or less brood appeared to have been over- heated, with not many bees in the hives to do the necessary work of the spring breed- ing period. The condition of chaff hives, each containing two colonies with only a thin partition between the two, and a little February, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 85 less than two inches of packing material at the sides and about eight inches above, was much better, even with entrances equally small. The waste of energy in sending air currents thru the small entrance must be ex- cessive on warm days in the spring. If the results claimed for heavy winter packing' may be attained by enlarging the entrances, except during the coldest weather, are there not still some conditions present in many localities, which may render of doubt- ful value the packing or wintering of enor- mous colonies? When Colonies May Be Too Strong in Spring. The old golden rule of beekeeping, "Keep your colonies always strong," is as good ad- vice now as in the past, but I am almost sat- isfied that I have wintered tons of bees that were of no value to me some years, making considerable feeding necessary and probably not adding to my crop of surplus honey. Colonies run for extracted honey and hav- ing a large number of young bees, a young queen and a fairly good late flow of honey, go into winter with a very large force of bees, many of which are quite old. Even without protection, these colonies usually winter quite well; then during dandelion and fruit bloom, they rear a relatively large amount of broody to be followed by a period when there is usually very little nectar to be had. During the two to four lean weeks, there is too often a real difficulty in getting the queens to lay freely and make any con- siderable increase in the amount of brood reared. Colonies are sometimes weaker when the honey flow arrives than they were in early May. The comb-honey man, with his brood- chamber honey-bound late in the fall and usually smaller colonies, winters very well; and, as there is not the big force to rush early brood-rearing, it is probably easier to get that steadily increasing amount of brood up to our June honey flow, which is so de- sirable. If a large increase is desired, that is another matter. It will then pay to win- ter a large force of bees, and make quite an increase during fruit bloom. As to whether or not packing is desirable, it appears to me that in some localities there may be some things that the producer of ex- tracted honey may do to advantage with very strong colonies late in the season. An- other season I shall test some of these fully; I would have done so this year but for my absence from home nearly one-third of the season. Eliminating Old Bees in the Fall. Possibly one of the simplest plans to elim- inate a lot of the old worthless bees is to set out several robber traps about the time that brood-rearing ceases, and, after the bees are robbing to some extent on a few combs of honey, trap all robbers for a day or two. It is said that there is a surprising comfort in equalizing stores and preparing such a yard for winter, free from the annoyance of countless robbers. Ry eliminating most of the old robber bees it is highly probable that the spread of foul brood may be reduced very greatly, and it it not impossible that, in all localities where there is much foul brood, trapping of the rob- bers in all commercial apiaries may be the greatest means for disease control during the fall months. Another plan, which may be successful, is to close the entrance of each very strong colony for a day or two, so no bees can get into the hives, yet all desiring to do so may get out thru a simple escape. Early in the morning, a day or two later, the clusters of old bees may be scraped into a can and de- stroyed. Another plan, used by some, is to remove the strong colonies a short distance, and place empty hives, with a comb or two, in their places, to catch the returning old bees. Possibly other methods, which may be much better, may be devised for getting rid of theSe old bees. When living in S. Dakota, I was told that Daniel Danielson, now of Brush, Colo., had divided colonies in such a way, late in the season, as to secure about all the old bees in one hive, and most of the young bees in an- other, and even tho cellar-wintered the col- ony made up of old bees died. Geo. A. Em- erson of California, for years an extensive producer, tells me that even there some study is being made, and apparently with considerable success, of methods of elimin- ating the old bees in- the fall; and I think it possible that in many localities it may pay well to do so, where there is sufficient time for medium-sized colonies to breed up for the honej^ flow and where but little increase is desired. Where one winters, year after year, a host of non-producers, there is a waste of tons of honey, that the producer, from what I have seen of him in several states, can ill afford to lose. I shall expect this article to bring forth considerable criticism from sentimentalists w^ith their heads in the clouds, on the ground of alleged cruelty in destroying these worse than useless consumers; but many of these same men are not above extracting so close- ly that countless numbers of colonies starve to death in winter, or moving bees with so little ventilation that they fairly scream for air and liberty. The plans suggested only shorten somewhat the lives of some of the bees, and, in my opinion, they are fully as justifiable as any taking of life of other ani- mals that man may live. If there is a possible gain in your local- ity, with your conditions, by wintering me- dium-sized colonies of young bees, eliminat- ing most of the old ones, packed or unpacked as your climate demands, then let us work out the methods necessary, and save the tons of honey now wasted by the useless consum- ers, and by so doing i)ut our business on a better paying basis. Meridian, Idaho, GT. KANINGS IN BEE CULTURE February, 1922 ^y?j^»*^iy^?r^IV'W ffiEDt)F EXPERIE :M£ '^•^■■'•■""■■''v^ THE LEWIS FOUL BROOD CURE One Beekeeper Tells How to Make the Solution. Another How to Use It Please allow me to say that I think the presentment of the Lewia treatment in the November number of Gleanings could not have been improved upon, and will have the effect of setting the ball rolling right. It cannot be too clearly understood that we have stated the case, and given out the results, just as we found them in British Columbia, without any attempt at exaggera- tion, and entirely for the benefit of the bee- keeping fraternity. It is now up to evei-y- one to test the treatment for themselves. For the benefit of those who may be un- able to obtain either B-K or Fecto* it may be stated that sodium hypochlorite, of ap- proximately the same strength as is con- tained in these two proprietary preparations, can be made as follows; Dissolve six pounds of sal soda in two gallons of hot water, and three pounds of chloride of lime in one gallon of cold water. Pour together and allow to settle. The clear mixture, at the rate of eight ounces to the imperial gallon of water, is readj^ for use. The solution should be made with hot wa- ter, at near boiling point, so as to avoid chilling the brood when it is used. A pint of solution will be about sufficient for one spraying for each hive, if a fine mist sprayer is used. Sodium hypochlorite soon deterior- ates if it is not kept well corked and in a dark place. W. J. Sheppard. Nelson, B. C. Sodium hypochlorite is a very powerful destroyer of bacteria. It was the famous "Dakin Solution" of the war. It is quite harmless to drink, and in fact surgeons in the war have told me that they had to use it in their drinking water when the water could not be sterilized by boiling. It is not particularly pleasant to the taste, but one soon gets used to it. Its efficacy as a bac- tericide is due to chlorine gas it contains. Mr. Lewis first used a proprietary article sold under sundry names. I was unable to find any of them here, and on making a few inquiries I learned what the commercial so- lution is and then made it myself. Two pounds of sal soda — common washing Koda — is dissolved in two gallons of hot water. Cold water is too slow. One ])ound of chlor- ide of lime is dissolved in one gallon of cold water. Hot water would free too much of the chlorine gas. It is a fine dry powder and does not readily mix with water, so it is best to stir in a little water at a time, mak- ing a sort of paste and when all is well wet stir in the rest of the water. Then mix the two solutions and let stand over night. A white precipitate is found at the bottom of a clear solution. This latter is the sodium hypochlorite and should be bottled for use. The precipitate can be thrown on the ground forfertilizer, being carbonate of lime. So much for the material. Now for its use. It is to be sprayed all over the combs, and for this purpose a common bush sprayer costing 50 cents is just right. This throws a fine mist and does not wash larvae from the cells. It is advisable to catch the queen and cage her until thru spraying, because she often wanders out with the bees and sometimes does not find her way back. As soon as the spraying is finished and the bees have begun to spread over the combs again, she may be released and returned to the bees. In spraying, the bees are shaken from a comb and both surfaces of it are sprayed; it is returned to the hive, and each succeeding comb is thus treated. The bees will work away from the freshly sprayed combs, and soon most of them are outside the hive. They soon go back and will lick up all drops of the liquor. It is only the the gas which bothers them. The gas penetrates every open cell and destroys all bacteria with which it comes in contact. The liquid can be used full strength; but there is no gain, and I have found half and half of the solution and water fully effective. Now as to the results experienced by Messrs. Sheppard and Lewis in their early spring applications. At that season colonies do not readily open and clean out sealed cells, and until such cells are opened and exposed to the gas the contained bacteria are not destroyed and will readily infect healthy brood. It is necessary to repeat the spraying at intervals of about a week until all sealed cells containing dead larvae have been opened and cleaned out. Thereafter the colony stays clean unless it becomes freshly infected from outside sources. There is a well-recognized type of Euro- pean foul brood called the virulent type, prevalent here and in other parts of the country. It spreads within the colony with startling speed, and in the course of a week or so after the colony is infected 60 to 90 per cent of all larvae are dead or dying. The larvae lose all shape and "melt" down into ;i d;iik, siiapeless, pasty mass which is tracked all itver the combs and hive interior until the filth is most repulsive to the sight, and the bees make only the most feeble at- tempts to clean up. The queen will not use the foul or partly cleaned cells; she will seek such parts of the combs as are free Fkbruarv, 1922 GLEANINGS IN 1'. K E C II L T U R E 87 t.. FROM THE FIELD OF EXPERIENCE from the slimy filth and deposit eggs there, so tlie brood is found scattered all about tlie combs, presenting a very strange and unusual appearance. Sucli larvae as die after the cells are sealed, turn into a most unpleasant liquid. None of the customary treatments of Eu- ropean foul brood liave the slightest im- pression on the virulent type, nor have I yet found any strain of bees in the least re- sistant to it. According to reports from the Government the germs of the two types are the same, and so far I have been unable to discover any reason for its virulence at dif- ferent times and jdaces. When the British Columbia inspectors sent me the jiarticulars of the chlorine treat- ment I was quite as skeptical as you are, but I will try anything once and I was more than glad to hear of anything which prom- ised to check the form of European foul brood we had here. I followed their instructions to the letter, and after I found it was a success I began to vary the application to see if I could cut out any of the details and simplify the ap- plication. I found no advantage in the ad- dition of oil, rather the contrary. The eggs in the combs are often destroyed. Sometimes it seems to be the strength of the solution and sometimes the chilling; but instead of being an ill to be avoided it is on the contrary an advantage, as it is the equivalent of dequeening for three days and gives the bees a better chance to clean up. Where there are many sealed cells the spraying must be repeated at intervals un- til all cells are opened and cleaned. To de- termine this, all but two colonies of an api- ary were thorolj^ disinfected and cleaned, and the two colonies received spray treat- ment until but one or two sealed cells of dead young were to be found in each comb in one hive and but three or four such cells altogether in the other colony. Then they were let alone to see what would happen. In about a fortnight both colonies were again foul with the disease. Both were fairly strong colonies of pure Italians of a strain claimed to be resistant. I now know chlorine gas is a better "re- sistant" agent than any strain of bees. Mr. Sheppard and his associates advised heating the solution before applying it, to avoid chilling the brood. So far I have not found the heating to be of any special advantage. Be sure and wear old clothes and old shoes when working with chlorine solution, because it is a wonderful bleaching agent and will quickly take the color out of gar- ments or tan shoes if it drops on them. Nice tan shoes so treated, tho well spotted, are far from being like trout "speckled beau- ties"— as I found out. Arthur C. Miller. Providence, E. I. THICK TOP BARS OBJECTIONABLE They Reduce the Comb Surface of the Frames and Increase the Brace Comb Nuisance I'ersonaliy I have produced thousands of jiounds of fancy sections built solid to the wood and scarcely a cell not capped. Very wasteful and expensive to have them fin- ished so completely I'll admit; but exhibi- tion rules called for it, and that, by the way, was wiiat killed comb-honey production in Ontario. However, that is an aside; what I wish to say is that such methods would pro- duce burr-combs if they were to be had. But we did not have burr-combs of any account, and our top-bars were only five-eighths inch deep. To me it seems superfluous to mention the depth of the top-bar in connection with burr-combs, because it has nothing to do with them. They are built only where spac- ing is inaccurate. They are merely a protest against inaccurate spacing. Inaccurate spacing of tlie comb is overcome by extend- ing or cutting away cells. Inaccurate spacing of pieces of wood induces burr- combs in large spaces and brace-combs in spaces which are too small. Enlarging the pieces of wood without correcting tlie spaces between them simply increases the burr- comb nuisance by increasing the areas over which they may and will be built. The cure for burr-combs is for the manufacturer and the beekeeper to correct the spaces where they cause the most trouble. I believe the space which bees prefer is not less than a quarter nor more than five-sixteenths of an inch. Witli a correct bee-space there will be very few burrs and braces; but the amount of these will be in proportion to the wood surfaces available for building them, and while not much difference will be seen there are always more of them on a deep top-bar than on a shallow one. I have not the literature available to see if I can tell how the error crept in. That it was fathered by some who have been an un- told blessing to the industry in other ways should not be made an occasion for jjerpetu- ating an error. That I am not alone in the feeling of protest against the intrusion of unnecessary wood in a frame already too shallow is evident by many letters I have received objecting to so much wood. Ow- ing largely to my teachings at short courses and demonstrations there is a rapidly grow- ing demand in Ontario for the shallow top- bar. One manufacturer objects that on ac- count of buying the pine all in seven-eighths inch boards he cannot save anything by making the top-bars shallow. I should think that could be overcome in some way, consid- ering the fearful price now paid for white pine. But even if it cannot, I would rather he dressed off the extra wood and fed it to 88 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE February, 1922 FROM THE FIELD OF EXPERIENCE the furnace than crowd it into my brood- chambers which are already too small. Georgetown, Ont. Morley Pettit. zaa ^c»= HUBAM IN BRITISH COLUMBIA Makes Growth of Thirty and One-half Inches in Twenty-one Days Beekeepers, as a class, are not fully alive to the possibilities of improving their business thru the agency of spreading information among the farmers of their various districts concerning the new fodder plants, which are of value to the farmer as well as the bee- keeper. Hubam clover is an ideal means of improving and prolonging honey flows. It is a plant of wonderful fodder and soil-en- riching value to the farmers, few of whom appreciate its great worth. It is also a good honey plant. Beekeepers might with profit to their business buy seed of this clo- ver from reliable dealers, thereby being sure of getting the correct strain of seed, and re- sell at cost to farmers in their district to try out. In a short time it will be fully es- tablished. ITuli:im clover sown on Miiy 1 at Vancouver, B. C; this picture taken June 20. If a farmer can once see this clover grow- ing, he will be quick to recogni/,e its great value. Here in British Columbia we do not have a great deal of cultivated crops which fire of much use to the beekeeper, and in the coast district our honey flow is over in July. A general cultivation of Hubam clover here would improve and prolong our honey flow until frost. The same condition is true in many other parts of the country. ■^'me ■^y^m^i. The same Hubam clover, sown on May 1, as it looked on Aug. 26. Sweet clover is not looked upon with much favor in British Columbia, but all pre- vious experience with it here has been with the old biennial variety, which can not be compared with the new annual. On a trial plot here, seeded May first, Hu- bam clover had by July 17 made a growth of from four to five feet and was ready to bloom at that time. From July 17 to August 6, just 21 days, it made an additional growth of 301/^ inches. On some of the warmer days it made a growth of two inches in 24 hours. When cut for hay or pastured it grew still more rapidly. This clover, seeded here in 1920, wintered over and was in bloom a week ahead of this year's seeding. Plots left uncut were still in bloom on October 12, and bees were at work on them eagerly. Samples of Hubam at our local exhibi- tion attracted a great deal of attention, and there were many inquiries regarding seed. The accompanying pictures will give some idea of Hubam 's wonderful growth. The above results were obtained in trial plots under various conditions of soil prepara- tions, some with lime and some without; but the growth was about equal in each plot. Vancouver, B. C. W. P. Long. c ur February, 1922 THE short, cd- i t o r i a 1 on piiffo 9 of the January issue of G 1 c a n i ngs set nie to tliiiikiiig of the tinie when I was young in beekeeping, and my bees had American foul brood, when I bought colo- nies of bees from a distance. I got rid of it by simply destroying the combs, without disinfecting the hives. We knew nothing of microbes in those days. A few years ago I was attending a beekeepers' convention where a learned professor told the beekeep- ers how they must disinfect foul-brood hives with a gasoline torch and all tools used in handling the combs, with boiling water. He did not even except their fin- gers. A gentleman sitting near me whis- pered to me and said he had used hives from which foul-brood colonies had been removed without any return of the disease. Now I am not saying that the bare walls of the hive may not carry the germs of Ameri- can foul brood, but I do think the danger to be much less than generally believed. * * * That is a right good editorial on page 11 on the "Condensation of Moisture in Hives in Winter, ' ' and well worth a most careful study by every young beekeeper in the North. To keep bcos dry and warm in win- ter is the secret of successful wintering, and how best to conserve heat and let the mois- 'ture escape is another way of putting it. For this we will make the brood-chamber as warm as we can, and then we will give up- ward insensible ventilation thru old woollen carpeting, rugs, leaves, soft planer shavings or dry sawdust, or cork dust. Such a cov- ering will permit most of the moisture to escape while it retains the heat. With such conditions bees will winter as safely in our cold northern winters as any stock. * * * As I look over Gleanings for January it would seem as tho the most important ques- tion confronting the commercial beekeeper of today is that of marketing or selling his cTop at paying prices. As I look over the markets for the past 50. years and think of the enormous amount of honey consumed to- day, compared with the demand for it when I first began keeping bees, the outlook for the future is bright and promising. There seems but little difference in the retail price today and 40 years ago, notwithstanding the very greatly increased production. The nuis- ance of one producer's selling his honey at retail at wholesale prices seems to be wide- spread; and, what is more, there appears to be no way to prevent it. We may, how- ever, reduce this evil somewhat by bee- keepers or associations securing the names of all beekeepers who practice this method, GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE SIFTINGS J. E. Crane 1 TU 89 and buy their honey early in tlic season. I was told of one beekeeper in Maine, who was selling his comb h o n e y for six cents a pound. Another and lar- ger beekeeper bought him out and put a stop to such considerable competition and made a good profit on the honey at the same time. » » « E. S. Miller of Indiana, on page 31, tells us of carloads of honey being put up in five and ten pound pails and sold by canvassers directly to the consuming public. With low- er prices, this will be practiced more and more. * » * "Caged queens lose fertility," says M. C. Osborne on page 21. Our own experience has been that it is injurious to confine a queen in a small cage for two or three weeks. If it is necessary it is better to confine them with a "push-in-comb cage." * » » That is certainly a very interesting article by George Riedel, page 16, on "Beekeeping in Foreign I^ands," with climate and honey resources almost perfect. Yet even there he finds conditions not altogether satisfactory. There are other things than success in our business that add to or detract from our happiness. ft * * Mr. Demuth tells on page 38 how best to prevent the granulation of comb honey in cold weather. There is still in my mind much mystery as to the causal of granulation of comb honey. Doubtless the kind of honey has much to do with it, but not all. Mr. Demuth 's advice appears to be the best to be given at present. * * » On page 714 of the Atlantic Monthly I read: "It is summer; the breath of sweet air, simmering noises of insects, shrill lo- custs high in the foliage, heavy bees wad- ing from milkweed to clover." Now this may be very literary, but hardly true to na- ture. Bees do not wade from milkweed to clover in real life. It was with a heavy heart that I read of the death of Mrs. Root, in the January num- ber of Gleanings in Bee Culture. Yet not for long for I can not think of her as dead, for indeed she is not dead but rather removed to a higher sphere of life. With even a small acquaintance with her one could not help but recognize her sweet, patient Christian spirit, in fact, her kinship with the Christ. Our heartfelt sympathy is extended to her laroe circle of relatives and friends. 90 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE February, 1922 c HERE is Low Vergil in- structed his IJonian readers to take honey, e o ni m e n t i n g in e a n w hile on stings and insect e n e in i e s, and suggesting a novel way to avoid bad wintering; "If e'er thou wouldst from its small shelf unseal The honied store, first having purified Thy lips and breath, with water sprinkle well And waft the wreathing smoke with wave of hand. Twice iu the year the teeming brood is born. Two harvests have they: when the Pleiad star Spurns with her winged feet the ocean's rim. And when in flight before the stormful sign She sinks from heaven beneath the wintry wave. This is the season when the wrath of be&s Breaks bounds, and if one harm them, they infuse A venom in each sting and in thy veins Implant a hidden barb, leaving behind Their own lives in the little wounds they give. If a hard winter bodes, and thy fond care Forecasts their future, pitying what would be Thy spirit-broken swarm's distressful state. Fear not to smoke them out with odorous thyme And cut the empty combs. Haply some newt Has bored the wa.x unseen or in the cells The sunbeam-fearing beetles throng, or they AVho sit at unearned feasts, the shirking drones. Or .some rude hornet with his mightier sting Has forced his way. or moth of dreadful breed. Or spider, by Minerva curst, has hung Her swinging webs at entrance of the hives. The more the bees feel poverty, the more They turn to eager labors and retrieve A fallen people's fortune, heaping high Their crowded marts and flowery granaries." And thus he described disease and recom- mended treatment. "But if it chance, becau.se the life of bees Has the same ills as ours, that their small frames Languish in pestilence, these certain signs Will tell thee of their plight: the stricken ones Keep changing color and their visages Are hideoTisly wasted; then the tribe Bears slowly from its house the lifeless forms With mournful pomp of death .... Bum at such t'me the sweet-breathed galbanum. Carry them honey poured in pipes of reed Tempting them thus to feed and calling them To the familiar feast. 'Tis also well To flavor it with sap of powdered galls And rose-leaves dried, or freshly trodden must Warmed at a fire, or raisin-clusters plucked From some choice vineyard; also leaves of thyme, Then there's a useful flower Growing in meadows, which the country folk Call star-wort, not a blossom hard to find. For its large cluster lifts itself in air Out of one root ; its central orb is gold But it wears petals in a numerous ring Of glossy purplish hue; The roots of this steeped well In hot, high-flavored wine, thou may'st set down at the hive door in baskets heaping full." Ill one place, after having described cer- tain ways of bees, he wrote these lines of deep loveliness: "These acts and powers observing, some declare That bees have portion in the mind of God And life from heaven derive; that God pervades -Ml lands, the ocean's plain, th' abyss of heaven, .\nd that from him flocks, cattle, princely men, .\11 breeds of creatures wild, receive at birth Each his frail, vital breath ; that whence they came All turn again, dissolving; so that death Is nowhere found, but vital essences Upsoaring in the vast, o'er-vaulted sky Move unextinguished through tiie starry throng." Beekeeping as a Side Line 1 Grace Allen W^^^^^^^^^=^ K There is a long passage a b o u t fighting that is hard to under- stand. Dr. San- born and I were wondering about it a few days ago. What did Vergil have in mind when he wrote it, we wondered? Dur- ing the first few lines I thought it was rob- ing he was referring to, but, no, for he says. " they burst Impetuous from their portals, and the bees • loin battle high in air." I have never seen anything like that. Yet haven't I read somewhere about swarms sometimes fighting? Most glowing and spir- iteens can be reared from worker lar- vae; that if bees are given worker cells con- taining worker eggs or larvae, and also con- taining royal jelly, they will never raise those larvae into workers, but into queens — and if queens are not desired, they will de- stroy the worker brood and devour the royal jelly; that eggs are true eggs — the embry- onic development and emergence having been watched; that some workers sometimes become layers; that drone eggs will produce drones even when reared in worker cells — tho they may be small; and that worker eggs will produce workers even when reared in drone cells — and they will not be large. He aided in the discovery of ovaries in Avorkers, thus doing away with the age-old idea of neuters. He ascertained that the slaughter of the drones never takes places in a colony lacking a fertile queen, or in one still fostering swarming ambitions. By placing eggs in cells in blown-glass, and thru these walls observing the spinning of co- coons, he concluded that drones and workers spin complete cocoons, while queens spin im- perfect ones, which, enveloping the head and thorax, extend only to the second segment of the abdomen, and inferred that if these cocoons were complete the queens could not destroy rival pupae. He observed that the laying of drone eggs is either coincident with swarming preparations, or precedes them, and established many facts about swarming. He demonstrated by many ex- periments that bees, eggs and larvae all ab- sorb oxygen and give off carbonic acid. In studying the air of the hive in this con- nection, he discovered the fact and the de- tails of systematic ventilation, and the re- newal of air in the hive by wing work. He studied thoroly the Sphinx atropos (death's head moth) and its ravages in the hive. He learned that the odor of the poison of the sting rouses other bees to stinging. He dis- covereil the origin of piopolis. He made ex- tensive studies of the senses of bees, locat- ing the organs of touch in the antennae, and those of smell — which he demonstrated to be very keen — in the mouth (tho this theory seems recently to have been disproved — along with the conflicting claims of many otlicr students of these elusive organs;. He failed to establish a sense of hearing, and questioned its existence. He concluded that taste was at least very imperfect. In his study of sight, he discovered that the lenses of the eyes of bees are not adjustable. When he was forty-five years old, he lost liis valued assistant, Burnens, who went to another city and accepted an office of some influence. Ruber's later experiments, espe- cially the very extensive ones with wax, were conducted with the assistance of his son Pierre, who became himself a naturalist of note, ])articularly in connection with the study of ants. Huber discovered that wax comes from the under side of the abdomen of the work- ers. He also proved it to be produced by the digestion and conversion of honey, tho it had long been supposed to come from the conversion of pollen. He confined one swarm of bees on honey only and another on pollen only. New comb was built in the first hive, and removed, seven times; while none at all was made in the second. But why, then, he promptly wondered, do bees gather pollen? Not for the sustenance of the adult bees, he conclvuled after further study (in which he proved honey to be essential), but for larval food. After close scrutiny he decided that workers swallow pollen and later regurgitate it as food for the larvae. Marked bees were seen to eat pollen, go to the brood and plunge their heads into cells containing lar- vae. After they left, these cells were ex- amined and found to contain a supply of larval food. Another thing that he discov- ered when studying wax, was that flowers do not always contain nectar, as had been supposed — and that nectar secretion is in- fluenced by variations iu atmospheric con- ditions. The entire process of comb construction was observed and recorded in all its details. Bees were watched removing wax scales from the under side of the abdomen and passing them forward to the mandibles, whence, later, the plastic and cohesive wax issued and was attached to the top of the hive. One bee alone, he reported, starts the comb-building. When her supply of wax is exhausted, another follows, proceeding the same way, guided by the work of her prede- cessor. When this waxen wall is about one inch long and about two-thirds as high as one cell, they begin excavating it into cells, one on one side, two on the other, the join- ing of the two being exactly opposite the center of the one. Only these first cells, however, are so excavated, all the others being built in their regular cell form. He claimed, too, that the much-praised exact- ness of the bee is overestimated. Huber 's work has been the foundation on which modern investigation has rested. To an astonishing degree modern investigators (not counting Dzierzon) have merely veri- fied the work of the great blind master. 92 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE February, 1&22 FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH In Northern California. ^"^ ^^.^^'"^^ ^'". sections o i our part of the state, colonie. ent into the winter period strong in y( g bees and heavy in stores — ^strong in yo ;• bees owing to various sorts of fall flow„ ui almost all localities, and heavy in stores, owing partly to the fall flows and, to a greater extent, be- cause the market, for the lower grades of honey especially, was so negligible that it hardly paid the beekeepers to extract. This condition is particularly true where it con- cerned members of the California Honey Producers' Co-operative Exchange, who were receiving as an advance but 3 cents per pound, and, as rumor had it, were to receive no more. We have been favored lately with some very heavy rainfall, and, with bees in such good condition, prospects for next season 's crops are excellent. Many of us are greatly concerned regard- ing the future of co-operative marketing of honey in California. It will be remembered tliat the Exchange's three-year marketing contract has expired. Will the various local exchanges continue to exist and, if so, are they again to become members of the State Exchange? And when will the State Ex- change inform its members, the local ex- changes? and, in turn, when w" he local exchanges inform their m^ , the bee- keepers, regarding a se^ at on the 1920 and 1921 pools? It . oeen many months now, according to the best information that the writer can gather, since members of local exchanges have received any correspondence relative to the settlement of pools from either the local or state exchanges. Two weeks of beekeepers' short courses, conducted jointly by the University of Cali- fornia College of Agriculture and the U. S. Department of Agriculture, for beginners and advanced students, were held at Berke- ley during December. The attendance was small, especially for the last week, which was devoted to advanced students. It seems to be almost impossible to convince bee- keepers generally that it is their distinct advantage to attend such courses when some of the best authorities in the country are })repared to give them the very latest on beekeeping practices. Beekeeping has be- come a specialized industry and has changed very rapidly during the past few years. We liardly realize that this is true. A few years ago we did not know where to find good locations, nor would we have known how to secure the crops in such locations, were it not for the teachings of the past few years. To combat diseases is a much more serious problem today. And we are just beginning to find out that wo must know what it costs to produce honey. Dr. E. F. Phillips of Washington, Geo. S. Demuth, of this journal, and other qualified men iliscussed and imparted the latest teachings on the foregoing, as well as other subjects, wliich we cannot afford today to pass over lightly. If we do, others are bound to take our places. Beekeeping journals are recording our progress, and every one of us should devote much more time to their care- ful perusal. M. C. Richter. Big Sur, Calif. » * * In Southern California.— ^ ^ «? ™ ^^'^ came m very dry, and, until after the middle of the month, it looked as if we would have a dry year. Then it began raining, and the ground has not had such a soaking for many years. There was rain, rain, rain and for a change a few more showers. From seven to thirty inches have fallen over the bee-ranges of southern California since my last report. Roads were made impassable in many sec- tions, railway and highway bridges were washed out, some of these being repaired and going out a second time during the storm. The rain has surely put a different aspect on the prospects for honej^ and there ap- parently seems to be no reason for anything but the best of crops for the season of 1922. Of course, spring rains, winds or climatic conditions can still materially help or hinder in the making of a crop. But, generally speaking, everybody is happy. The short course in beekeeping, iield in Exposition Park, Los Angeles, early in De- cember, was not as well attended as it should have been. The course was one of much value to beekeepers, and it is not often that we are given the opportunity of attending lectures of the nature of those given. But the great majority of beekeepers are in- clined to pay little or no attention to such things. When spring comes they get busy for a little while with the bees and then ' ' lay them by ' ' for the rest of the year. It is amazing sometimes how well some apiaries really do— considering the care they get. Referring to page 743 of December Gleanings, we beekeepers of California think that we are entitled to some of those ' ' Short Cuts ' ' promised by ye editor as ' ' Season- able Articles" for use during the year 1922. We hardly think that we are a year behind, so we must be ahead. At any rate, an ar- ticle on swarm control in the May issue would be of little use to a beekeeper whose bees had swarmed during March or April. Or, an article in July or August on harvest- ing a crop of honey and packing it for mar- ket would not do much good to a fellow who had produced his honey during May and June, as many of us do in California. How about this, Mr. Editor? [The Editor had not forgotten the needs of California beekeepers when he wrote the Fkbruarv, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 93 FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH outline of plans for 1922, but had already provided in advance for exactly what you are asking. See M. C. Eichter 's article in this issue and others to follow. Gleanings has some other surprises for you, and expects to do much better than promised editorially in the December issue. — Editor.] Wonder if Gleanings will move to Califor- nia next. With so many of their good peo- ple coming, it may not be expecting too much to look for the whole Gleanings family to follow to the best place on earth. With February comes considerable apiary work in southern California. One of the most important duties is to see that all of the colonies are supplied with sufficient stores to carrj' them thru unfavorable weather. Especially be on the lookout when they begin to have a large number of young bees and much brood to care for. The weather being favorable, some may start queen-cells by the last of the month. These should be carefully looked after, as the col- onies with these young queens are the very best for 1922 honey-gathering. Get plenty of supplies ready, such as supers, frames and hives for increase. All extractors, autos and anything used during the busy season should be put into good condition while there is plenty of time. "A stitch in time" applies to our industry as much as to any other, or more. L. L. Andrews. Corona, Calif. Jjj Texas "^'^^ weather conditions dur- ing December have been al- most ideal, so far as man is concerned, but they have caused the bees to utilize a great amount of stores. We had our first killing frost the 9th of December and a cold snap about the 20th. With the exception of these few cold mornings we have had almost sum- mer conditions. The bees have flown freely almost every day and during the latter part of the mouth on some days were bringing in large amounts of pollen from mistletoe. During the last week of December numbers of bees were seen apparently collecting nec- tar from several species of hardy composites and from white brush. These conditions ex- ist thruout the state, with the exception that the weather is slightly colder in the northern part of the state, and the consump- tion of stores correspondingly less. An ex- amination of about 400 colonies in the past two weeks shows that the prediction made some three months ago has worked out re- markably well. The only colonies which have died out were those with honey and pollen-clogged brood-nests. A careful su- vey of this section of the state leads to the statement that the loss of colonies during the winter will largely occur within the month of December. This statement is agreed to by the large majority of our bee- keepers, and taking this statement as true, it is figured that the winter loss in this sec- tion for 1921-]922 will not be over 3 per cent. This is very small but is accounted for by the fact that large amounts of honey were left upon the hives. In all of the colo- nies that have died out, so far as examined we find that the cause was the lack of young bees rather than the lack of stores, and this was due in a number of cases to old queens. The honey-plant condition remains unchanged, and the prospects appear very good for a spring honey flow. The beekeepers of this section were very much interested in the article by E. F. At- water, in the December Gleanings. If Mr. Atwater were a beekeeper in the chaparral section of southwest Texas, he would not make some of the statements that he makes. In former years we ran our outyards up to 150 or 200 colonies, but after comparing the returns from the larger and the smaller out- yards, the beekeepers have come to the com- mon practice of placing not over 50 colonies in an outyard and placing the outyards closer together. We even believe that in a few years we shall be reducing the size of our outyards to perhaps 2-5 and again short- ening the distance between them. The Tex- as beekeepers look upon the problem from the standpoint that they can get a greater amount of honey by so placing the outyards that the bees will not have to travel more than a mile in the collection of honey. Of course, we understand that these small yards are necessitated by our scanty flora in some places; but in other places we know that we have as great a number of nectar plants per square mile as anywhere on earth, and the short distance between apiaries is simply a method to increase our yield. Dr. Chas. T. Vorhies reports Desert Bloom (lincchnrifi sar(ttliroidps) as a fall nectar and pollen plant in Arizona. In Texas we have several species of BaccJiaris, and while we have never heard of a honey flow re- corded from this plant we positively know that it is the source of a large amount of the amber mild-flavored honey produced along tlfe Gulf Coast. This plant so resembles wil- low that very few people know it as a sep- arate plant. Along the Gulf Coast, Bac- cJiaris grows by the acre. In fact, there are some places where there are thousands of acres in a locality completely covered by this plant. The Mexicans ' name for it is Yerba Dulce. This is very appropriate as the plant has the odor of recently extracted honey. A number of the beekeepers along the Gulf undoubtedly owe their large aver- age yields to this plant. We note that several beekeepers have re- recently reported wild carrot as a nectar plant, and in writing about it have confused 94 G Ij E A N I N G S IN BEE CULTURE Febrcarv, 1922 FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH it with the tame carrot. These plants are very different in the flower arrangement. The flowers of the cultivated carrot are worked very heavily by the bees wherever the plant is allowed to bloom; but the wild carrot, which occurs in immense quantities wherever there is a limestone soil, appears to be a nectar plant only on rare occasions. The writer kept careful notes on this plant for about four years, and only during one period of two weeks were lioneybees ob- served to work upon it. Its nectaries are exposed, which makes this plant primarily a fly plant, and the nectar does not seem to be overly abundant. E. O. Timm of Bennington, Neb., who has been secretary of the Nebraska Honey Pro- ducers ' Association for several years, will work for E. B. Ault of Calallen, Texas, dur- ing the coming summer. The beekeepers of Texas extend the hand of welcome to Mr. Timm, and we are sure that he in turn will benefit us by his presence. Frank Warmuth, who is well known as a queen-breeder in Texas, will be with the firm of Patterson & Winters in 1922. Mr. War- muth has made a very enviable reputation with Mr. Burleson of Waxahachie and Mr. Ault of Calallen. The Texas Honey Producers' Association will hold its annual business meeting on January 17. Many matters of importance must be decided at that time. As these matters concern all beekeepers in Texas, all beekeepers, whether members or not, are in- vited to be present. Three directors and a delegate to the American Honey Producers' League meeting are to be elected. San Antonio, Tex. H. B. Parks. Ttt T r^iici-ina The continued summer- in LOUSiana.— |.j^^ weather all thru the autumn and up to the present time (January 3) has kept a few fall honey plants bloom- ing, and the bees have been constantly at work carrying in some honey and a great deal of pollen. Of course, this condition does not apply to the extreme north end of the state. In that locality, an early frost, about October 20, killed everything, gnd since that time, while the bees have been flying, there was nothing in the nectar line to gather. Today I noticed the fine condition of the white clover. The growth had so far ad- vanced that a great many blossoms were noticeable. This is not unusual here, as the clover begins to bloom at this time each year. However, I have never seen a bee working on white clover until about Feb- ruary 15; after that time it may be depend- ed upon as a nectar producer until about July 1. About January 5 the soft maple comes in blossom and produces quite an abundance of honey and pollen. It is followed from that time on with blossoms of many minor nectar-secreting plants without any inter- ruption, until the big crops of tupelo and black •gum, willow, holly and gallberry come in April and May. I have found a great mistake committed by many beekeepers in Louisiana, and that is the small number of supers placed above each brood-chamber. In many cases I find only one shallow super is being used, while the honey flow in that locality would enable the bees to fill easily a half-dozen supers. Our spring flow comes in such abundance that it is an easy matter for the bees to store, at times, 10 to 15 pounds each day. Why should we lose this valuable honey when it is so easy to purchase extra sup- plies? About March 1 at least as many as three shallow supers can be placed above each brood-chamber. This will help to pre- vent swarming which occurs very early here, and also will insure a good crop. The weather conditions are such in Louisi- ana that this extra room may easily be given without chilling the bees, and it will act as a playground in bad weather for the young bees that arc emerging from the cells so rap- idly at this season. The United States Government, as well as Louisiana State Government, has spent mil- lions of dollars in building levees along the rivers and in digging canals to drain dis- tricts, and in these localities the bee flora has become so great that it is possible for \,i beekeeper to harvest as many as seven crops each year. We have every grade of honey from water white to amber. All of these flows are dis- tinct, with the exception of our July flow, and by extracting in time, the honey from each can easily be kept separate. There are many intelligent beekeepers here, and the industry is rapidly coming to the front. In due time Louisiana will easily rank among the foremost bee and lioiiey- producing states of America. Baton Eouge, La. E. C. Davis. * * » In Alabama.— The winter till January 1 was very mild, and the bees began gathering substitutes for pollen just a few days before Christmas. If this condition had continued all the queens would have begun to lay and, of course, greatly re- duced the supply of winter stores; but on January 1 we had a cold spell that will pre- vent any more trouble from this cause, for a while at least. We have also had very little rain so far. Wliile this has caused no damage yet, unless there are more rains before March we shall probably liavc a wet spring, which will FEBRrARV, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE C U L T U R E 95 FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH (■;ius(' the ])('('s to liuild tip slowly. This, of cour.se, is sci-ious, I'spcH-ially for liic jcu-kai;'!' sliippor. While the general business depression has hit us pretty hard the beekeepers are opti- mistic, expecting better times when things open up in the spring. Practically all bee- keepers are buying supplies and preparing for a big year whether they get it or not. At extracting time last year there was no market for honey; this caused an unusual amount to be left on the hives, some men not robbing half their bees. This, together with the slack demand for queens and the consequent low price, caused beekeepers to leave their bees in better shape than they have in many years. Most package shippers are expecting a good year in spite of the general depression, as supplies are lower than they have been for years, while the price of honey is on the increase. The unusual demand for packages and queens during the war has caused many men to go into the bee business in localities not suited for commercial beekeeping, and oth- ers are still doing this, seeming to feel that beekeeping will remain on a war-time basis while everything else sinks to below pre-war levels. Of course, these men will go out of the bee business as they went into it, poorer but wiser. The low price of honey and high freight rates seem to be a blessing in disguise, caus- ing twice as much honey to be sold locally as before, principally on account of the activ- ity of the beekeepers in jiutting honey be- fore the people. J. M. Cutts. Montgomery, Ala. In Mississippi. ^' '' general thing, rr over the state bees went into winter hea\-y with stores. Novem- ber, December and, thus far, January have been pleasantly mild. We do not think this mildness has been harmful to our bees. In fact, we are of the opinion that the liter- ature has exaggerated somewhat the extent to which bees wear themselves out during the warm southern winters. We have made some observations in the field this winter that bear us out in this. On December 14 last we visited our good friend. Dr. J. D. Shields of Natchez, Miss., for the purpose of laying plans for shipping nuclei and pound packages, which work he will undertake in the spring. The day was warm and sunny. Koses and violets were pro- fusely in bloom about the house. Dr. Shields was anxious to show me the color of his bees to get my opinion as to their purity as Italians. We left his front gallery shortly after noon to look over a small yard near the house, first, however, having lightly complained of the heat and having shed our coats. The mercury was at about 7(i degrees and not a bee was flying. It was necessary lor us to lap at the entrance of each hive to get the bees to show themselves. The Jiext day we visited H. F. Minn is, an esteemed citizen and commercial honey pro- ducer of Port Gibson, Miss. This was an- other warm sunny day, but there was no sound of flying bees in the air. About three o 'clock we did see one bee come in with a load of bright yellow pollen, probably from the tiny blue aster, that was still putting out a, few straggling flowers. Perhaps there were not two dozen bees in this yard of 40 colonies that had left the quiescence of the hive to rove the fields, even tho it was warm and there was some little food available. We recently had the good fortune of a trip east and the pleasure of visiting one of the foremost authorities in the country on beekeeping. He was of the opinion that the South had seen its balmiest days in the nu- cleus and package business. We are not as yet, however, ready to accept this man 's point of view. Those in the business are anything but downhearted. A peep into the bee journals witnesses the fact that they are spending large sums on advertising. We are confident with them, since large numbers of colonies weaken or die out in the North every winter, that the southern beekeeper will be called on every spring to keep this otherwise unoccupied equipment from be- coming dead overhead. E. B. Willson. Agricultural College, Miss. 4f * J^ In Southern Indiana.— ^\^ southern in- diana and Illi- nois, the roadside selling of honey should be more generally practiced than it is, more es- pecially now that hard roads are being built extensively, which brings the buyer in his automobile right to your yard. Let us more carefully study business methods and sales- manship. A man clever enough to produce honey is clever enough to sell it. A sign in large neat letters, well back from the road, so it may be easily read as the autos speed along, is good; or, if placed close to the way, it should be lettered on both sides, that it can be read coming and going. Five and ten pound tin pails are more and more com- ing into use, and are very popular with the auto trade. Nothing ruins the honey busi- ness like selling at too low a figure. Honey is the most delicious and wholesome of all sweets, and should command a good price. There are plenty of cheap syrups and glu- cose concoctions now on the market that are cheap in price and quality, but honey is not at all in this class. We must not attempt to compete with them in price, but ask one that is fair and that brands our goods as superior in every way. We are indeed unfortunate in the name 96 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE February, 1922 FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH "Extracted Honey." It is misleading to the uninformed. A prominent business man came to my place not long ago to buy some honey. He said, "I like your honey for I know it is real bee honey. I can get extract of honey at the stores; but I want real hon- ey." Another man told me once, "I prefer your honey to that honey extract sold in the stores." We laugh at this ignorance, but it reminds me of a story. Hcie met Archie and said, ' ' Archie, I haf a goot choke on you. After this ven you kisses your vife you better pull down der curtains for I zaw you kiss your vife last night." Archie re- plied, "Ah, Ikie, der laff ish on you, der laff ish on you. I vas not at home at all lasht night." So while we are laughing at the other fellow's ignorance, let us be sure "der laff ish not on us." If the public is ignorant of matters pertaining to honey, who is to blame, they for not learning, or we for not enlightening them? Since bee- keeping is our business, and we have honey for sale, I believe "der laff ish on us." Vincennes, Ind. Jay Smith. « * * In Porto Rico.— ^^«^^^.«P"\g ^^ ^"l}^ Kieo is at a low ebb. I know of one firm that has some thousand colonies, which have not yielded an average of 25 pounds per colony in the past three years. This low yield, owing largely to overcrowding, coupled with the low price of honey, has simply stagnated all activity among the beekeepers. I am led to believe there is considerable honey ready for ex- tracting which has been left with the bees, as it would hardly pay for the cost of ex- tracting it. Many apiaries are located in such inacces- sible places that it is impossible tc reach them by any wheeled vehicle. This means all supplies and all honey extracted must be transported to the nearest usable road on the heads of peons (laborers) or by small burros which carry from 100 to 150 pounds a load. When delivered to the road the honey is emptied into fifty-gallon barrels. From this point it is taken in motor trucks to the nearest coast town which is visited by the steamships. All the island transportation is still at the high war-time rates or worse. Local handling of freights now must be done by means of motor trucks. The price of gaso- line averages about 50 cents a gallon, and there is no talk of profiteering. It frequent- ly happens the steamship is delayed. Then the barrels of honey must be left in storage at a price. Unless there is a dock at the port, the honey must be lightered out to the steamship by means of small flat -bottomed boats, also at a price. So it can readily be understood that expenses jump when you figure there is a payment to be made for each separate handling — which is only right, but it necessarily raises the cost of produc- tion. To recapitulate: First, you have the cost of the empty barrel, sold today for about $5.50 each; next, two to three pounds of parrowax to wax the inside of the barrel; delivery of empty barrel to apiary; cost of delivery of honey to port; cost of lighterage, steamship freight and insurance; cost of handling in New York City, if sold there, plus the fixed charge of the commission man making sale. When all these fixed charges are met, you will be lucky if you do not re- ceive a bill for costs which the amount re- ceived for honey did not cover. These are some of the reasons that good honey is not worth the cost of extracting at present prices. In September of this year fifty-gallon bar- rels of honey had been selling on the island delivered to a port town for $19.00. De- ducting cost of new barrel and transporta- tion, the producer receives about one and eleven-twelfths cents per pound, net. Out of this must be paid labor, rent, upkeep and return on investment. Naturally, it is im- possible to produce honey at this figure. Within the past three months the States' price for Porto Eiean honey has advanced about SO cents a gallon. This will help, but this price will not leave a balance on the right side of the ledger. With these prices, there is little doubt many small apiaries will be allowed to dwindle away until there is nothing left but empty hives and damaged frames. Penn G. Snyder. Aibonito, Porto Eico. » * * Tn Utah Utf'h will come up to next sea- son well cleaned up on her two previous honey crops with very little honey held over. Our local market is very good, 100,000 pounds in 60-pound cans be- ing sold in this valley besides the bottled goods sold in the stores. There are perhaps .35,000 people in Cache Valley, so tliis means that these people have bought at least three j)ounds per capita in the last six months. The beekepers of Utah are looking ahead with much pleasure to the meeting of the Honey Producers ' League to be held in Salt Lake City in January, but we were disap- pointed in not being favored by the Gov- ernment men who held two meetings in Col- orado, til en flew right over to California. While there are perhaps not many places where beekeepers need instruction more than we do here, we are not without some merit, for we have one beekeeper who pro- duced 150 tons of honey last season. After the Government finds out that there is such a place in V\nh on tliO map, we may be no- ticed next time. M, A, Gill. Hyrum, Utah. Fkbri'ARV, 1932 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUKE 97 HEADS OF GRAIN tt^PQ^OTDIFFERENT FIELDS Large Hives in We are trying out two New Mexico. yards of the large hives shown in the accompanying picture. They hold 12 frames, but we use only 11 in the brood-chamber and 10 in the super. The colonies in these hives for the last two years (the length of time we have been running them) have produced more than twice as much honey per colony as those in eight-frame hives. The picture of Hives with one, two and three entrances. the one row shows where we have been making tests with one, two and three en- trances during the heavy honey flow. The picture was taken just after the top en- trances were closed. I could see no difference in the ones that had three entrances and the ones that had one good large one. In the picture of the yard the small hives are a part of my mating nucleus yard. The Eio Grande Kiver is just across the valley and runs around the foot of the hills in the dis- tance. J. W. Powell. Mesilla Park, N. M. To Clean Pollen I noticed an article in No- Clogged Combs, vember issue of Gleanings in regard to getting the bees to remove pollen from brood-combs. I have tried scraping the cells with the hive- tool as recommended, and it worked. I have also tried shaving the cells with a sharp knife or an uncapping-knifc and that worked well, too. The best plan I have ever tried where the pollen was old and dry was to fill the cells with water and let the combs soak a day or two. The water will soften the pol- len, and it can be rinsed out. I have never had to melt up any combs on account of their being clogged with pollen. Homedale, Idaho. A. N. Norton. Who Is There is a pestilential fellow, This Man? who is trying to ruin my chances, for successful beekeep- ing (and yours, too). In every state which I have visited, he has been at work before me, blasting my chances and the chances of countless otiiers, and, never tiring, persists at his abominable work, heartlessly taking opportunity for education, travel, and all the better things of life, even bread and but- ter itself, from me and my family, and from yours. Who is this man who skulks on the trail of every beekeeper who seeks to do well by himself, his family, his local community, his nation and the world? Eegardless of cost of production and a fair income to the producer, tho usually a producer himself, he is the man who cuts the price. E. F. Atwater. Meridian. Idaho. An apiary of big hives in New Mexico belonging to J. \V. Powell. 98 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE February^ 1922 HEADS OF GRAIN IPPoiilji DIFFERENT FIELDS Paste for Labels That Stick to Tin. Take one part honey, three parts flour, and water sufficient to cook thoroly into a smooth paste. I leave the paste "a trifle stiff and dip the tip of the brush into water, then lightly over the top of the paste. This paste will keep sweet a long time and will stick labels to tin or glass cheaper and better than any paste I have seen. I have found nothing so far that it will not stick to. The large soft paper mail order house catalogs are just springy enough to make the best of pasting pads. Lay flat with back toward you, and a few leaves turned over or torn out. Place a skewed pile of labels bot- tom up, paste skewed edges and top label, then roll the can on the top label to pick it up and finally smooth down the corners. Laplata, N. Mex. Harrison H. Brown. Ventilator Made Having just read E. L. of Wood. Sechrist's article concern- ing the Hanson ventilator in Gleanings for December, 1921, I take it upon myself to offer a suggestion as to a more simple way to obtain the same result. Mr. Sechrist's idea is very good and wor- thy of consideration. I intend to use it in my own yard during the coming year. Having spent 12 years at the carpenter's trade, I naturally like to make things of wood, especially when I think I can improve them by doing so. When making my ventila- tors, I leave the hole in the super, as Mr. Sechrist has suggested, but discard the three metal parts and in their place put a piece of %-inch board about 2 x 5% inches. This board will have been sawed in two at an angle both on its face and thickness as shown in cut. The smaller piece is nailed to the super, and the larger piece is fastened with one l^i-inch No. 10 R. H. screw in such a way as to allow it to swing on the screw. By swinging the larger piece around and let- ting it hang in a vertical position, the ven- tilator is left open, and by placing a stick between the saw-cut, the ventilator can be opened to any size desired. Both pieces are fastened to super, therefore there is no dan- ger of losing any of the parts. This ventilator can be made almost air- tight, due to the manner in which the board has been cut in two, as the harder the larger piece is pushed in the smaller piece, the tighter it hugs the super. Mr. Sechrist claims his ventilators cost him two cents each. The price of this one will not exceed one cent; and still it em- bodies all the good features explained by Mr. Sechrist in his article, with the added advantage that one does not have to be so careful when painting his supers, as a coat of paint will not interfere with its opera- tion in any way. Geo. D. Larsen. Omaha, Neb. Combined Bee Brush As I do not like to and Hive Tool. have too many tools in my hands, I com- bined a Coggshall brush and a screwdriver as shown in the sketch. I call it the "Buch- man Broom." You are at liberty to use it. It is simply a strong screwdriver inserted in Two-in-one apiary tool. the handle of the brush. It is easy to loosen up the frames with it and then brush off the bees without changing tools. It has to be tried to be appreciated. John Buchman. Trumansburg, N. Y. Cliimk Honey I use the Long Idea Hive in a Slow here, as honey comes in too Honey Flow. slowly to force the bees up- stairs. I use Jumbo frames with full sheets of foundation. The bees will put about four inches of honey above the brood. When this is sealed over I cut out a square piece at each end, leaving a strip at the ends and middle to support the comb below. The next morning after the bees have cleaned up all the honey from the combs I cut out a piece of foundation and fill the holes cut out the day previous. As soon as they are filled I cut out the middle and fill that up as before. Some- times I get a full frame, which I cut out and fill with a full sheet of foundation. If the bees fill an old comb with honey, I spread the brood-nest and put the frame in between when they will clean it out, put- ting the honey in the new combs where I want it. George H. Place. Mountain Home, Ark. c GLEANED Geo. S ur FisuRUARV, 1922 QUESTION. — If . a colony has good, straight combs, is it necessary to cut them out when they get old and re- place them with new ones, or will it be all right to continue using them after they are black with age ? Colorado. Vernon L. McClure. Answer. — No. It is neither necessary nor advisable to discard brood-combs simply be- cause of their ago. Good, straight combs, having nearly all cells of worker size that have had brood reared in them to the top- bar, so that they are strengthened thruout by cocoons, are valuable property and should not be. melted up on account of their age. For discarding combs there are plenty of other reasons, which are much more impor- tant than that of age. Many combs are dam- aged for brood-rearing purposes by the stretching of the cells in the upper portion before this part of the comb has been strengthened by cocoons, because honey is stored in the upper part of the comb the first year, leaving about two inches of tender comb. When the cells are stretched too much out of shape they can not be used for brood-rearing, thus greatly reducing the value of such combs for use in the brood- chamber. You probably have in mind the reduction in the size of the cells by the addition of the cocoons, as brood is reared in them time after time. Theoretically the addition of layer after layer of cocoons would soon so reduce the size of the cells that they would become too small for brood-rearing; but, in practice, combs that have been in use 30 years or more are apparently just as good for brood-rearing as new ones. The bees evidently gnaw out the cocoons at the sides of the cells, leaving them at the bottom. This accumulation of material in the bottom, of course, would make the cells shallower, but the bees extend them to full depth as cocoons accumulate in the bottom. Old brood-combs are, therefore, thicker than new ones. Sometimes the bees tear down the walls of the cells to the base and then rebuild them. This is usually done in patches instead of over the whole comb. SNOW CLOSING THE ENTRANCE. Question. — Will it injure the bees for the snow to drift high enough to cover the hive entrances, or will enough air pass thru the snow to supply the needs of the bees ? G. C. Morrison. Ohio. Answer. — Loose snow does not injuje the bees even when it covers the hives com- pletely. In fact, during cold weather the the snow affords additional protection. The bees do not need much oxygen during winter if they are quiet and wintering well. Plenty of air would pass thru the snow to supply all of the oxygen needed for strong GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE BY ASKING . Demuth ^^^^^^^^^ -1 K 99 colonies that are quiet. If wet, slushy snow is driven into the entrance by the wind and then freezes, closing the entrance en- tirely, there .!„ ^ ., , would be some danger of the bees smothering, especially if the colony is abnormally active and not win- tering well. When the bees are as quiet as they usually are in November and Decem- ber, the entrance could even be sealed with ice tor some time without smothering the bees, since they use so little oxygen when quiet that probably enough would pass thru the walls of the hive to prevent smother- ing for several days. As soon as the bees discover that they are confined, however they immediately become excited and would then need many times as much oxygen as when quiet. DO BEES NEED POLLEN FOR WINTER* Question.— Some of my colonies are going into the winter with little or no pollen, while others have a good supply. Does this make any differ- ^°,f.- . . J. A. Satterwhite. Virginia. Answer.— Apparently bees do not need pollen during the broodless period of win- ter but they will need it when brood-rearina- IS begun in the spring. At this time, how- ever, they are usually able to gather some pollen from early flowers, so it should not be necessary in your locality to have a store of pollen in the hives during the winter for spring use. In localities where early pollen IS not available, combs of stored pollen would of course be advantageous, but these could be given in the spring if necessary. THE JUMBO HIVE. Qu^tion— Does the Jumbo hive have enough room for the queen so that an excluder is not need- brood-chamber of these hives so that feeding is not '^^SJan. Answer.— The Jumbo hive has enough rooni for the most prolific queens if the combs are all good, having nearly all cells o± worker size; but when producing extract- ed honey this does not insure that the queen will stay below, especially if any old dark combs which have previously had brood reared in them, are used in the supers Bv using only white combs in which no brood ha''s ever been reared in the supers, there would be less trouble from queens going above In comb-honey production, of course, the queen- excluder is not needed, even with a smaller hive. The amount of honey stored in the brood-chamber at the close of the season de- pends largely upon the character of the honey flow. In some locations there is but iittle honey in the brood-chamber at the close of the season in extracted-honey pro- duction, even when hives larger than the Jumbo are used; but, in other locations, es- 100 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE February, 1922 pecially if the honey flow is slow toward the close of the season the Jumbo hive is usually well provisioned for winter. The large brood-chamber, as a rule, can not be depended upon to have a sufficient supply of honey for the bees at the close of the honey flow, if extracting supers were given freely during the honey flow. For this reason some beekeepers use a shallow extracting super as a food-chamber, this being filled early in the season and tiered up above the queen- excluder among the extracting supers dur- ing the honey flow to insure sufficient stores for winter, thus avoiding feeding in the fall. WINTERING IN TWO STORIES. Question. — Is there any advantage in using two stories for wintering in the quadruple packing- case when I can easily give a second story when I clip my queens in the spring. S. H. Graham. New York. Answer. — Probably not in your locality. In fact one would expect them to winter better in a single story on account of the smaller amount of space to keep warm. The advantage of two stories is largely in sup- plying a greater amount of stores and room for spring brood-rearing. If a second story two-thirds or more filled with honey is given next spring in time for the heavy spring brood-rearing, the advantages of the two- story system will be secured, with the add- ed advantage of having a smaller winter chamber. The greatest trouble with this plan is the temptation to extract this extra honey when it is taken off in the fall to sell with the surplus honey instead of storing it in a warm room during the winter to be given back next spring. The two-story plan removes this temptation and usually gives splendid results where the winters are not too severe. FROTH ON HONEY IN BOTTLES. Question. — What causes honey stored in a cement honey-house, which is rather damp, to form a white froth when extractpd and placed in laottles ? It looks as tho it is fermenting and is rather thin ? New York. W. Burden. Answer. — Your last sentence would indi- cate that the honey may have absorbed moisture before it was extracted, while stored in the damp honey-house, for it should not be thin now if it was well rip- ened and mostly sealed before you took it from the bees. Unless it was stored for some time in this room before being ex- tracted it should not have absorbed much moisture in this way. You can tell by smelling or tasting if any of it is ferment- ing. Even a slight fermentation can be eas- ily detected in this way. When heated hon- ey is put into bottles the air bubbles rising to the surface sometimes form froth on the top, even on thick well-ripened honey. This can be avoided by having the honey-gate attached to a hose from the filling tank, the honey-gate having a long snout by which the stream of honey can be directed to the bottom of the bottle, the gate being lifted as the jar is filled. Honey that is slightly fermented can be improved by heating not above 150-160 °F. to drive off the alcohol; but, if there has been much fermentation, the delicate flavor of the honey will be de- stroyed. DURING WHAT MONTH DO QUEENS LAY. . Question. — Does the queen bee lay every month in the year ? If not, during which months does she lay? Mary Fisk. Texas. Answer. — Queens do not lay thruout the year, but usually take a rest during the winter. In your locality no doubt there will be some queens laying every month in the year in a good-sized apiary, but when the colonies are normal in strength the queens usually rest for at least a few weeks dur- ing the winter even in the South. Brood- rearing is usually suspended in the northern portion of the United States sometimes in September or early in October, and if con- ditions are favorable it is not begun again until sometime in March. Farther south of course the broodless period is shorter, but except in the extreme South brood-rearing is usually suspended during November and December in all colonies that are normal in strength. Weak colonies usually have a shorter broodless period than strong ones. PACKAGE BEES OR NUCLEI. Question. — Which would be better for me, to pur- clia.se from the South in the spring three-frame nu- clei or three-pound packages of bees at the same price? A young laying queen is to be included in either case. E. W. Wooster. Maine. Answer. — This will depend upon just how much sealed brood would be included in the three-frame nuclei as well as upon the equipment you have ready for receiving the bees. If three frames well filled with brood nearly ready to emerge were included, the three-frame nuclei would give you more bees to start with than the three-pound packages, for each frame would yield nearly a pound of young bees. If, however, only a little brood is included, the packages would, no doubt, give you more bees to start with, pro- vided, of course, the packages and nuclei arrive in equally good condition. When you receive the nuclei, if you receive in sealed brood and bees as many or more bees after the brood emerges, you are ahead in that you have three combs containing some honey and pollen. If you do not have combs containing some honey and pollen and have to start the package bees on frames of foundation, the nuclei should forge ahead of the package bees; but if you can put them on combs containing some honey and pollen, there would not be much difference. Generally speaking, the three-frame nu- clei should be better, but a serious objection to the shipping of nuclei as a general prac- tice is the danger of transmitting the brood diseases thru the combs. Package bees be- ing without combs avoid this danger when provisioned with queen-cage candy in which no honey was used. Fp:brvary, 1922 GLEANINGS IN B E K CULTURE THERE is now in effect a q u n raiitine, v/hich prohibits the importation of bees on i-onibs or useil beekeep- ers' e([uipnient into any part of the Upper Pe- ninsula of Michigan, Cheboygan and Charlevoix Counties, Mich. Eniniit The Governor of California has issued a ])roclaniation making the week of Februarv 6-11 "California Honey Week." This is the week of the 33d annual convention of the California State Beekeepers' Associa- tion. The state of Georgia has amended its foul brood law, requiring that persons who desire to sell bees and queens shall secure a license from the state before selling any bees or queens. The fee for this license is $25.00. E. F. Phillips is to speak on "The Honey- bee, Its Type of Individuals; the Eelation- ship of Bees to Flowers and Their Economic A'alue in Ensuring Cross-pollination; Bee- keeping as an Industry and an Important Branch of Agriculture," at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 19th and Race streets on April 3, this being a part of the Ludwick lectures. At the annual meeting of the New York State Association of Beekeepers' Societies, held at Syracuse, N. Y., Dec. 4, 5 and 6, 1921, it was voted to abide by the motion of Feb. 20, 1920, and merge into the Em- pire State Federation of Beekeepers' Co- operative Associations, Inc. The above change was made to give the state organi- zation a financial and business standing for the mutual benefit of its members, continu- ing, too, the social and educational activi- ties. The board of directors, with the aid of representatives from the Bureau of Farms and Markets at a recent meeting, mapped out tentative plans and framed by- laws for the Federation and local associa- tions for their approval. To further per- fect this organization the directors have called a meeting of representatives of all the local or regional beekeepers ' associations thruout New York State at 10 o'clock, ^Yednesday, Feb. 1, 1922, at the courthouse, Syracuse, X. Y. While this is a meeting of representatives of local organizations, the meeting will be open to all beekeepers. C. B. Gooderham has been appointed Do- minion Apiarist of Canada. The Beekeep- er, published at Peterborough, Out., has the following to say of the new aj)- pointee: " M r . (tooderliam was l)orn in England a n d came to Canada in 1908, residing first in Xova Scotia. lie attended Truro Agricultural College and Macdonald College, Quebec, graduating from the latter as a Bachelor of the Science of Agriculture in 1916. In his final year, he led his class, spe- cializing in entomology. After graduation, he went to Nova Scotia as Assistant Ento- mologist and foul brood inspector where he did splendid work in cleaning up the apiar- ies as well as teaching modern methods of beekeeping. In 1917 he came to the Cen- tral Experimental Farm, Ottawa, as assist- ant to the late F. W. L. Sladen, and has had charge of the apiary. The Department of Agriculture has been fortunate in their choice of Dominion Apiarist, as other in- stitutions, having recognized his worth, were anxious to secure his services." * * * Beekeepers in the cotton belt Avill be pleased to learn that, so far as experiments have been conducted by South Carolina and other states on sweetened poisons, these apparently have no advantage over poisons not sweetened, for control of the cotton boll weevil. Some beekeepers in the cotton belt have expressed the fear that the use of sweetened poisons would destroy honey- bees. « * » The Nebraska Honey Producers' Associa- tion at its annual meeting, held at Lincoln on Jan. 3, had the largest attendance of beekeepers in its history. At the business meeting, C. E. Carhart of Wayne was re- elected president, and Charles E. Gaydou of Blair, secretary. It is the plan of the as- sociation to increase its membership in a state-wide drive by several hundred mem- bers. * * # In a press article prepared for the San Francisco Chamber of Commerce, R. B. Calkins recently said: "California bees have just finished gathering their 1921 crop, that may take .50 trains of 50 cars each for its transportation. California apiaries add three million dollars annually to the produc- tion record of the state. * » * * -pj^g largest part of the California honey crop of ten million pounds a year is marketed thru the beekeepers' organization, the Cali- fornia Co-operative Honey Producers' Ex- change. This organization, with business and collecting branches thruout the state, sells to honey jobbers and to the bottling trade thruout the United States, and also bottles a large amount of e.xcellent houey under its own label." GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE February, 1922 c TALKS TO Geo. S ALTHO. thru- out most of the United States and Can- ana, February is the time for bee- keepers and prosiiective bee- keepers to study their books and bulletins on beekeeping and to attend bee- keepers' conventions, instead of doing any thing with the bees, it is now time for those who have not yet secured their bees to make arrangements to do so. Various Ways to Secure a Start in Bees. Some of the 1922 class of beginners will purchase established colonies already in first-class condition from some reliable deal- er or a neighboring beekeeper. ^ For many this is by all odds the best way, since start- ing right makes the going easier later. Some will i^urchase unproductive colonies not in first-class condition at a much lower price from someone who has not learned to make bees profitable, and then gradually correct the faults until the colony is in first-class condition, thus paying in labor a part of the cost of the equipment. Some will purchase bees probably of inferior stock in box-hives or log gums, then in the spring transfer the bees to modern hives, and later change to better stock by killing the old queen and introducing one of better stock purchased from some reliable queen-breeder. Some will secure their first colonies by cutting bee- trees in the spring and transferring the bees to modern hives. Some will purchase either packages of bees, each with a queen (shipped in wire-cloth cages without combs) or two or three frame nuclei (small colonies with combs) from a breeder or a dealer, and when these arrive put them into hives already pre- pared. Some will waif until the swarming season when they will take to a neighbor beekeeper some empty hives prepared for receiving swarms and arrange for him to hive swarms in them. Some will not think of keeping bees until a stray swarm comes to their place and clusters on a tree or fence as if asking to be put into a hive. This classical and romantic method is the way manv of our greatest beekeepers, including A. I." Root and the late Dr. C. C. Miller, made their start. Which of These Ways Is Best? Those who are sufficiently interested in how to obtain a start in bees to be reading this page, should arrange to secure them in time for the bees to store a crop of honey this season. This rules out the purchasing of swarms, which usually do not issue, espe- cially in the North, until the midst of the honey flow. There is left a choice of any one of the various ways of securing estab- lished colonies mentioned above or purchas- ing either package bees or nuclei in time BEGINNERS Demuth 1 f o ]■ the ni t o liuilil \\\t to full strength for the main honey flow. The main hon- ey flow of the season may be expected to be- gin as early as March and April in some parts of the extreme South, and as late as the latter part of June in the far North and some parts of the alfalfa re- gion of the West. Since it requires six weeks or more for a colony to build up from a two or three pound package or a two or three frame nucleus to full strength, it would be necessary to have these bees de- livered in the North in April or early in May, to have them ready for the main honey flow in June and July. In the South where the main honey flow comes much earlier, there would not be time to build up to full strength from package bees or nuclei, for the breeders and dealers usually are not ready to deliver package bees and nuclei until about the first of April. But in some parts of the South where there is a later honey flow, package bees or nuclei can be built up in time to gather surplus honey. Since not many package bees or nuclei will be shipped until after April first, meth- ods of handling these will be described later; but those who expect to procure bees in this way will do well to order them soon, before the best breeders have booked orders for all they can supply. In the South those who expect to purchase established colonies should do so this month or next, especially in regions where the hon- ey flow comes early. In the North it will be just as well to wait until April or May; tho, if an opportunity to purchase good colonies of bees presents itself earlier there is no reason why they should not be purchased now, except that it is better, when possible, for the beginner to 'avoid the chances of winter loss by waiting until after the cold weather is over. Great Difference in Value of Colonies. There is a great difference in colonies of bees that may be available for purchase. Some colonies are in odtl-sized hives which do not fit standard equipment. Some are in poorly made hives, having crooked combs or ill-fitting frames, which can not easily be taken out of the hive for examination; and some are in box hives, hollow logs, or nail kegs with the combs built solid to the sides; while other colonies are housed in new fac- tory-made hives of standard si/e, cut witli great accuracy so that the combs can be readily taken out for examination and other necessary work done without irritating the bees. Some colonies, even in the very best hives, have such poor combs for brood-rear- ing that the bees can not build up as strong Fkhrlarv, 1922 G ]j K A N I N G S IN B E E C U L T U H E 103 for tlu' lioiicy How ;i.s wluMi Die ooinbs are more iiciirl.v |K'ii'(H-t ; while in otlu'rs tho iH'civi'c'lJt'r used full shoots of foundation in tho biood-framos aud by careful manago- niont when the combs were built secured nearly perfect combs, having almost all of its cells of the size for rearing worker bees instead of drone-cells or badly distorted cells tliat are neither drone size nor worker size. Colonies of bees supplied with a set of good combs are worth considerably more than colonies having crooked combs or combs having a large percentage of drone- cells or misshapen cells, for these will have to be replaced by good combs before the colony can be in first-class condition. Some colonies are of scrub stock that may be cross and ugly to handle, poor honey gath- erers or too much inclined to swarm to be profitable in storing surplus honey; while other colonies are of good stock, their an- cestors having been selected for years for gentleness, energetic work, good wintering and less tendency to swarm. Some colonies may have at this time only a few pounds of hone}', not enough to last until nectar can be had from spring flowers; while others may be supplied with 30 to 40 pounds of honey. Some colonies have only enough bees to occupy one, two or three spaces be- tween the combs when the outside tempera- ture is near the freezing point; while others are so strong that the cluster of bees occu- pies six, seven or eight of the spaces be- tween the combs at freezing temperatures outside. In some colonies the bees will have aged so much during tho winter that they will die off faster during the spring than young bees can be reared to take their places, so they can not possibly attain full strength in time for the honey flow without help; while in other colonics having better conditions for winter, the bees are still young in the spring when they begin brood- rearing, enabling them to build up rajaidly to great strength. Some colonies have old queens that will not be able to lay enough eggs during the spring to enable the colony to build up to profitable strength in time; while other colonies have young queens able to furnish enough eggs to build up mam- moth colonics in time to gather the crop of honey. It will thus be seen that colonies of bees in the spring are worth all the way from the value of the wax in the combs and the kindling wood in the hive (about $1.00), minus the cost of rendering the wax and making the kindling, up to $20 or more for strong colonies having a good queen of good stock, in good hives, having good combs and supplied with 25 to 30 pounds of honey. How to Judge the Colonies. With such a variation in tlie value of colo- nies of bees, how can a beginner choose good ones? Out of all these qualities, since it is good colonies of bees that are wanted, the most important things to look for at this time are the size of the cluster and the amount of lioncy in tlic lii\c Mosl of 1lic other defects can \n' leniodied lalor without sj)oiling the chance of securing a crop of hoiu'v. .Tiie size of the cluster can 1)0 determined by opening the hive and looking down from the top to see how many of the spaces be- tween the combs are occupied by the bees. The cluster should occupy not loss than four of the spaces between the combs when the outside temperature is near freezing. In well- packed hives they should occupy five or more spaces, and in a bee-cellar they should occupy not less than six or eight spaces. Some idea as to the amount of honey in the hive may be had by lifting the hive, then lifting an empty hive, noting tlie dif- ference in weight. A more accurate way, of course, is to weigh them. The hive that is well supplied with honey should weigh 25 pounds more tlian an empty liive and combs of the same kind. In selecting colonies, if the choice lies be- tween a colony that was a last season 's swarm and the parent colony from which it or some other swarm came, it is usually bet- ter to choose tho parent or old colony, for it is the one which has a young queen. Often colonies can be purchased for less than they are woith from people who do not know how to make them productive. It is not often possible to buy bees at a bargain from a successful beekeeper. In buying full colo- nies it is therefore usually necessary to get them from a breeder or dealer or from some one who has not been successful in beekeep- ing. Usually the latter class of colonies are not in first-class condition; but, if they are strong and well supplied with honey, the beginner will gain some valuable experience by buying them and putting them in good condition. For the ambitious beginner who has a little time to devote to it, it is a great pleasure even to purchase bees in box hives and transfer them to modern hives. To pur- chase unproductive colonies and make them l)roductive brings a feeling of satisfaction in achievement that is worth something. In deciding on the price to pay for bees in box hives, odd-sized hives or poorly made and ill-fitting hives, the beginner should study his catalog of beekeepers' supplies to find the cost of new complete hives, for this must be added to the price paid for the bees if the old hives are not usable. By study- ing the catalog carefully the beginner will be enabled to judge as to the value of the modern hives in which bees may be offered for sale in his vicinity. Factory-made hives .■ire usually made more accurately than those made by hand or at a local planing mill. The standard size used most extensively in this country is the 10-frame Langstroth hive. The 10-frame Jumbo and tho 11-frame Jumbo (Modified Dadant) are also standard sizes and are preferred by some producers of ex- tracted honey. 104 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE February, 1922 Mi C BEES, MEN AND THINGS (You may find it here) LJ UCH has been said about sell- ing honey in 5- pound and 10- pound pails at about the double the wholesale price. It cannot be done in Flor- ida, as we have homemade cane syrup on the market all the time at low price."— Ward Lamkin, Liberty County, Fla. "I suggest that your label department accept the suggestion of the Editorial de- partment, and arrange to cut out the "ex- tracted."— Elton Warner, Buncombe Coun- ty, N. C. "You will notice by the corporation en- velope in which this letter is sent that our village has adopted the old straw skep as part of its crest, and it is also in the cor- poration official seal."— T. A. Chapman, Beeton, Ont. "Last spring, thru the incentive of Glean- ings, I had painted a large sign on both sides, 'Honey for Sale,' and placed it on my lawn at "the side of the state highway where it could be read by parties approach- ing from either direction. As a result my entire honey crop was sold at home at a very good price. This sign will be worth from $50.00 to $75.00 to me each year in the future, according to the size of my hon- ey crop. Yours for home bees, birds and flowers.— S. E. O 'Neel, Jefferson County, Ind. "The Department of Agriculture is do- ing some very extensive work by way of inspection of apiaries and educational lines. We can now boast of a chief apiary inspec- tor, and seven or eight deputies, of whom I am one. I inspected over 5,000 colonies of b.ees the past season in 500 different yards. We have a few persons that keep bees, and quite a few that just let the bees stay around, but the European and the American foul brood are making a good many read up and get wise. There are all kinds of hives being used, even crocks, and I have seen beer kegs in several yards with bees flying in and out the bung hole. Hundreds of pounds of beeswax are wasted by the bee- keepers leaving boxes where the bees have died for the worms and mice to eat up. If this could all be saved I believe the price of foundation would be much less." — S. W. Uber, Indiana County, Pa. "Only 300 miles off the north coast of Australia is Timor, the last link in an island chain sweeping from Singapore, the south- east corner of Asia, to the big south conti- nent. Wild bees are numerous there, and in the mild climate of Timor build their eomb in the open on the under side of the limbs of tall trees. One of the picturesque. 1 TU tho perhaps painful, i n d u s- tries is the col- lection of the nests by nearly naked native t r e e - climbers. The people feast on the honey and sell the wax which forms one of the chief exports of the islands. ' ' — National Geographic Society 's News Bulletin, Washington, D. C. "I got 28,000 lbs. of honey for the entire year of 1921 from 260 colonies and increased to 360."— C. C. Cook, Lee County, Fla. "While working around my hives Dec. 29 I noticed drones flying out and in the hives almost as if it were spring time." — G. O. Pharr, Iberia, La. "Clover was so short here if the bees got any honey from it in Monroe County they had to get on their knees to do it." — Louis F. Wahl, Monroe County, N. Y. "Bees are wintering well to date, Jan. 12, but light in stores which is mostly sugar fed late last fall. Bees will need close at- tention the coming spring to prevent star^ vation." — T. C. Asher, Campbell Countv, Va. "My best colony produced for me 190 sections last season, varying in weight from 121/^ ozs. to 16 ozs. I should say the aver- age per colony was about 130 sections. We secured 35e per section, and even at the latter figure our venture has been very profitable." — Harold Q. Breisch, Schuykill County, Pa. "The Cuban beekeeper of today deals only with black (German) bees, or the Ital- ian species. There are several species of diminutive Cuban bees, entirely stingless; they are now kept only as a curiosity in little boxes or the holes of nearby trees. The products of the Cuban apiaries are about 1,000,000 pounds of strained honey and comb combined." — Bureau of Public Service, Havana. "I was registering a letter at the Miami (Fla.) postoffice, when the clerk remarked on the firm name, 'The Pettit Apiaries.' He said, 'Do you keep bees down here?' 'No,' I said, 'I keep bees in Ontario in the sum- mer and come down here to rest while they sleep in winter.' 'Oh, yes,' he said, 'they seal it up in the winter, don't they?' I said, 'Yes.' What else could I say? Then he went on to explain: 'Down here the bee- keepers can cut honey all the year around.' Mentally I could see his picture of people cutting combs out of skeps or box hives. It fitted with his former vision of bees indus- triously sealing honey while the snow piled high over their hives, and — I was speech- less. ' ' — Morley Pettit, Georgetown, Ont. February, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE lOS IN Our Homes for September I told }'ou how a single person was, as I bc- 1 i e V 0, led to change his mind ver}' sud- denly in answer to prayer. I am now going to try to tell you how quite a respect- able crowd of people all of a sudden turned about and took ' ' a back track, ' ' also in answer to prayer. I hardly need tell you that all my life I have been opposed to the tobacco habit — not because it is a notion of mine, but because I have felt sure it is harmful to hunianit.y at large, young and old. My father used it many years; in fact, the habit became so firmly fixed on him that he was scarcely ever seen without his pipe. He finally began failing, and was feeling much cast down because old age seemed to be coming on when he should have been almost in his prime. Some good sensible doctor advised him to try going without tobacco. It was a terrible task he had before him, especially for a few days; but in a few weeks the gain was very ap- parent. People joked him wherever he went by remarks something as follows: "Why, brother Root, what is up? You seem to be getting young again. ' ' He did get back his health and happiness, and lived to a fairly good old age. Well, when I started out to serve the Lord in place of A. I. Root, one of the first things I was called on to do was to furnish em- ployment to the needj^ people of our town; and very soon I had men and women, and girls and boys, at work for me. When our first brick building beside the railway track was completed in the fall of 1878, and we liad moved in, I was much annoyed by hav- ing the carpenters and others squirt tobacco juice all around the premises. I took this, liowever, as a kind of necessary evil, and did not say much about it. But one day in passing some boys on the street, one of them, with a cigar in his mouth, said to his companion, "Johnny, I don't see you smok- ing any more. What is the trouble?" "Well, I don't have any money to buy cigars; but when school is out I am going to Avork for Mr. Root again, and then I shnll have money so I can learn to smoke.'' This happened so long ago that I can re- licmber only imperfectly the particulars; but I decided then and there that if my giving employment would help boys buy OUR HOMES A. I. ROOT Know ye not tliat ye are tlie temple of God, and that the Spirit of God dwelleth in you ? If any man defile the temple of God, him shall God destroy ; for tho temple of God is holy, which temple ye are. — T. Cor. .".ae. 17. When a man's ways please the Lord, he maketh even his enemies to be at peace with him. — Prov. 16:7. Tf ye had faith as a grain of mustard seed ye might say unto this sycamine tree, Be thou plucked up by the root, and be thou planted in the sea, and it should obey you. — Luke 17:6. tobacco it was time to call a I'alt; and I think 1 made some kind of a rule that no boys who used tobac- co would be giv- en employment until they gave ii]> the use of it. I do not think we had any law then in regard to selling tobac- co to minors; but the question soon came up as to what age a boy ceases to be a boy and becomes a man, and it was not long before I had found I had run against a snag. I was interfering with personal liberty, and that same "personal liberty" is being ta^ked about, as you may know, just now. I told the men folks who used tobacco the story about my father, and I suggested to them to try giving it up, and some of them did try. 1 remember that one day my foreman said laughingly he wished that a certain carpenter would go to using tobacco again, and gave as a rea- son that since he had stopped or tried to stop he was not worth half price. The mat- ter was talked over, pro and con. I can not remember just now the particulars, but I had for once in my life a little experience with what might be called a "strike." My help talked it over^ and I was asked to back down in what I had undertaken to do in regard to the tobacco habit. I do not think I had prayed over it as I ought to have done; and I am inclined to think that I was at least just a little unreasonable; but be- fore I kn'ew what was going on, the engine was shut down; my help, old and young (with very few exceptions), including the women in the office, got their dinner pails and left the premises. Let me digress a little right here. Some years before this event occurred a bright little girl with a remarkably sweet and pleading face came to me for work. I said to her something as I did to the boy Jacob, ' ' Why, my little friend, are you old enough to work in the office ?" She replied with a very pretty girlish smile that she knew she was _voung, but she wanted to help her widowed mother. Site took hold of the Avork in a way that sur- prised me; and after she had been with us for about two years she came to me and said something as follows: "Mr. Root, I have a very dear friend who is wasting her time and talents by going to dances and being out late nights, etc. If you could give her a place here in the factory, say to 106 Gleanings in bkk cult u r e Frbruary, 192'2 help me, for instance^ I think we might get her interested in something of more account in this busy world of ours. I must get her away fiom the crowd she is now going with. ' ' I was particularly pleased to know that Bessie (in fact, I am now talking about the one we called "Queen Bess") had in mind "treasure in heaven" as well as in this world; and those two women, or young girls, got to be in a little time the life of the business, especially so far as filling or- ders promptly and accurately was concerned. These two opened the mails, and looked after liaving every letter promptly answered and instructions faithfully followed. While lliese two bright girls. worked at their desk, busy as the bees, they sometimes hummed in a low tone snatches from Gospel Hymns which were just then being copied and sung by almost everybody; and altho I have, during my long life, listened to many great singers, I am sure I have never heard any- thing from anybody that equaled the sing- ing of those two particular friends of mine. Well, when the strike started up, to my great surprise and astonishment my gentle friend and exjiert helper, before I knew it, had turned right about, and was, I might almost say, leading the strike. Her brother (one of our men) was a user of tobacco. When I saw them desert their post, one after an- other, and go out with their dinner pails, I was so surprised that I am afraid I actually forgot my emergency prayer, "Lord, help." The strikers were almost half a mile away in their march before I came to my senses. But I did finally go into a little room where I had been in the habit of praying, and I think my prayer was something like this: "O Lord, thou knowest all about this trou- ble. Thou knowest, too, that thy servant is weak and human, and full of mistakes and blunders. Now please take him and my mistaken friends into thy hands and care; and may the Holy Spirit follow them and convince them of the mistake they are making, where I seem to have failed." As nearly as I can find out, at the veru time I uttered this prayer the "procession" came to a halt. Bessie was the leader. She called a halt and said something as fol- lows: "Please hold on a minute, friends. I am afraid we are making a mistake. I am sure Mr. Eoot will be reasonable if we go back and tell him we should like to go back to work. " Then the procession turned around and started back. I cannot remember the par- ticulars; but one of the other girls in the office suggested that in tlie future we should take ten minutes every day just before the noon whistle blew. During this interval of ten minutes we were to sing a hymn, and I, or somebody among the helpers, would close with prayer. This time was also to be de- voted every day to having the employer and the employees become acquainted with each other, and, by discussing things of mutual interest, to promote the welfare of all. At this juncture each hand contributed a day's work toward the purchase of an organ for use at these exercises. This was done in the summer of 1879, and the services were held regularly till Sept. 1, 1885.* About this time my health failed; and owing to the in- crease of business and my enforced absence from home it was deemed necessary to dis- continue the noon service, especially as it seemed to be a difficult matter, in my ab- sence, to get the help together upstairs. Now, this tobacco matter is a great ques- tion; and the cigarette habit that has been coming in of late is a still greater question, especially where cigarettes are sold to boys of almost an}^ age who happen to hav6 a nickel to pay for them. We need much wis- dom on both sides. Some time ago I remon- strated with the editors of the Scientific Aniericfin because of the full-page advertise- ment printed in their columns recommend- ing cigarettes; and as it seems to touch both sides of the question I submit a part of the correspondence below. Below is my let- ter: September 24, 1921. Scientific American Publishing Company. Attention Mr. Chas. Allen Munn, Publisher. M.v good Friends : Now, you haven't asked me for advice, or even to give opinion, but I am going to venture one nevertheless. Had you kept the cigarette advertise- ments out of the weekly, especially the full-paged advertisement, in colors, is it not possible it would not be necessary to change it to a monthly? I am .sure a good many people like myself have noted the inconsistency of such a glaring advertisement in a journal devoted to a better humanity and a better world. Some years ago- I ventured a remonstrance, and one of the Munn's, I think it was, wrote me that he felt a good deal as I did about the cigarette advertising. Now, I don't know what your plans are for the monthly, but I do hope and pray that these glar- ing advertisements of cigarettes, so offensive to many people (and I think the best people in the world), ma.\' be eliminated. I am now close to eighty-two years old. Of course, T wasn't able to read very intelligently when the tir.st Scientific American came out, but when I was ten years old I was so much taken up by it that I borrowed tlie back numbers and read them over and over; and when I was somewhere about four- teen or fifteen, I wrote one or more articles for the Scientific American, that were published. May the great Father above guide you and direct you in whatever course you may take, is the praver of Your old friend, A. I. Root. P. S. — Since writing the above, the Scientific American, dated September 24, 1921, is ,iust at hand, and I want to say to you the article on the "Divin- ing Rod" is worth the price of the Scientific Ameri- can the whole year. It's worth that to me anyway ; and now comes the reason why it should be con- tinued weekly: The promoters of this fraud (and I think quite probably it is fraud) will be taking thou.sands of good dollars from good, honest men, while if a paper like this came out once a week it might save a lot of people from getting entrapped. T am sure you see the point ; and I hope to live long enough to see the Scientific American changed back to a weekly, or to see some other .iournal take its place (or try to take its place) if it has gO't to *Perhaps it would be well to say right here that my stenograplier, who is taking down these notes, \V. P. Root, played that organ at every noon ser- vice, with scarcely an omission, during all those six years. Pkbkuarv, 1922 GLEANINGS IN B R K CULTURE 107 lonif. Witli all that's going on nowadays in the way of wonderful discoveries in science, we must have some periodical that can sift the wheat from the chaflf, just as you have been doing for the paKt st'vontv rears or more. Your old friend, A. I. Root. SOIENTIPIO AMERICAN (Established 1846) PUBLISHING COMi'ANV MuNN & Co. New York, Oct 4, 1921. Dear Mr. Root : Your very good letter addressed for the atten- tion of Mr. Clias. Allen Munn is received, and in his absence I beg to thank you for your kindly ex- pressions towaid the Scientific American, also for your subscription for a half year to the new monthly. It is a great stimuhus to the imblisher.s and to the editors to hear from a reader who has been subscribing for and reading the Sciciitihc American such a great number of years. You have made some pointed suggestions, which gives us the privilege of answering and explaining. In the first place, it would be utterly impossible for piililications to exist in their present form today, were it not for the patronage of advertising. We could not liegin to pay the writer, illustrator, en- graver, printer and paper manufacturer their pres- ent i)rice,s were it not for the advertising. It has alwajs been the policy of the Scientific .American very carefully to censor all advertising « hich is admitted to its columns, 'and we not in- frequently decline advertising because it does not ad/nit of our strict censorship. That particular class of advertising (cigarettes) does not, as you say Mr. Munn has told you, appeal to us; neverthe- les's this advertising is appearing in almost all the reputable journals. More than that it is appearing in practically all of the daily press. Cigarett&s are on sale at \ our department store, your newsstand, your stationery stores, in fact any place you turn. If you abhor the exploitation of cigarettes, and carry >our point to boycotting those who exploit or handle them, I am fearful you would not be able to carry on your daily routine of life. If the Scien- tifie American had declined this advertising, it would have in the past year or two made a serious dent in our revenue, such a dent as we could not afford. I hope therefore, my dear sir, that you will close your eyes if possible to this class of ad- veitising, and bear with us for the reasons as stated. The first copy of the Scientific American Monthly contains two cigarette advertisements, which I feel sure are going to be objectionaljle to you, but inas- much as we were under contract to run these adver- tisements, we had no alternative, tho be assured we would have greatly preferred to omit them. We are working toward the perfection which, as an old friend, you would like to see, and we ein- cerely hope tliat even if you have outlived three score and ten, you will live to see it and rejoice with us in it. A. C. Hoffman, Secretary. Blueberries in the North, and Blueberries in Florida. The Department uf Agriculture has just sent out a most valuable bulletin of over 50 jiajres and almost as many beautiful illus- trations, entitled, "Directions for Blueberry Culture. " It is from our good friend, Dr. Coville (sec page 653, October issue). It makes the matter very plain in regard to jiropagation. On account of the beautiful and expensive plates the price is 30c. Ad- ou money on three-band cjueens. package bees and nuclei. Special orders Bolicited. Send for circular and prices. No disease. Until •Tune 1 write our Apalachicola, Fla., office. Tupelo Honey Co.. Columbia, Ala. BOOKING orders for spring delivery. Queens, package bees, and nuclei. The reliable A. I. Root strain. Golden and leather-colored Italians. Vir- gins, r>0c ; untested, $1.25. Circular free. A. J. Pinard, 440 N. 6th St., San Jose, Calif. FOR SALE — To clear partnership 160 colonies Italians, good hives, metal-spaced, wired, full sheets metal tops : 4000 good comb.s, cheaper than pound packages. Will sell part of them in 10-fr. full-depth l)odies, 2 and 3 each. Ed Bradley, Trenton, Ky. ORDERS booked now for spring delivery, 3-frame nucleus and queen, $6.50: select tested. $7.50; Dr. Miller'.s strain. No pound packages. Low express rates and quick transit north. lOr/^ with order. S. it. Crocker. Jr., Roland Park, Baltimore. Md. ^ COLORADO HEADQUARTERS for QUEENS— Northern-bred leather-colored three-band Italians. Safe arrival guaranteed. Booking orders now for •Tune 1st delivery. Send for circular and price list. Loveland Honey & Mercantile Co., Loveland, Colo. MERRILL'S Selected Italian Queens combine the qualitifw you want. They are large, vigorous, well marked, beautiful and gentJe. Trv them at $1.00 each; 6, $5.50; 12, $10.80. Ready after April 15. I ship nothing but the best. Order now. G. H. Merrill, Greenville, R. D. No. 5, S. C. FOR SALE — ^20 colonies Italian bees in new standard 10-frame hives. Requeened last August with the famous Root (jueens. Price $10.00 per colony. Also 15 colonies, same as above, in 8-frame hives, halved together at the corners. Price $7.00 per colony. James Dearniin, Oakland, Minn. BRIGHT ITALIAN QUEENS, $1.00 each, 10% less in dozen lots. Pure mating, safe arrival arid reasonable satisfaction guaranteed in U. S. and Canada. Write us for prices on package bees. We have them in season. Gra\don Bros., Rt. 4, Green- ville. Ala. FOR SALE — Three-band leather-colored bees and queen.s — big cut in prices. No disease. Safe ar- rival and satisfaction guaranteed. Shipping r lAmer a A|r ctiL 1 ork n ro ai i lie r ultur t tl t ur Olt r dOO v i t R s d tl r I I 1 11 1 1 i t 11 ) o t THE biNGEE & CONARD CO., Box 218, West Grove, Pa.' Fkbruary, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE Trees — Plant s — Seeds Kverytliinsj for tlie fruit grower, farmer or sub- url>;ui lioiiie. Hislie-st si":i*1p Block, low, direct- from-grower prices. You can lie sure when you buy from us tliat stock is healthy, sturdy and ready to produce maximum results in fruit or flower. Our extensive line of ornamental shrubs, bushes, and perennials includes the worthwhile varieties for beautifying the home grounds, a splen- did stock for commercial growers or home use. Seeds for the vegetable or flower garden. Our 1922 catalog, a mine of plani- ng information, is free. WOODLAWN NURSERIES 882 Garson Ave., Rochester, N. Y, We have the exclusive sale of the Dr. Worcester Peach. ROSES , ofJVew Castle ^p^^ •e the hardiest, sturdiest, ^HW ^f^ ^r^ Are freest blooming rose plants in America. Grown on their own roots in the fertile soil of New Castle. We give you the benefit of a lifetime experience and the most select list in America. Every desirable Rose now cultivated in America is included in our immense stock — and the prices are right. Our rose book for 1922 ROSES OP NEW CAS- TLE tells you how to make rose growing a success. Published and elaborately printed in actual colors. Send for vour copy today — a postal will do. Address heller" BROS. CO., Box 218, NEW CASTLE, IND. .OpD SEEDS ^ Grown From Select Stock _^ —None Better— 52 years selling good seeds to satisfied customers. Prices below all Others. Extra lot free in all brders I fill. Big free cata- logue has over 700 pictures of vegetables and flowers. Send your and neighbors' addresses. R. H. SHUIMWAY, Rockford, III. ALFM^ ISBELL'S MICHIGAN-GROWN Whatcxer your soil, there's a Bell Brand strain that is fit- ted to your farm— that will give you a big yield yet is so hardy that it will not winter- kill. Do not risk a crop failure -plant the proven, tested Bell Brand. FRrr Camnloc of any field seeds to show qual- rncc o seed most wondei~ clover evei* dis- covered • Tnoroli^ tes'ted 'i^an t)e qrown onywherc?-- Pecompiendod bqtarrnci's edit- OI-5 etc. Osi -/or 6ookJ^^^ SUPPLIES The Kind You Want and the Kind That Bees Need We have a good assortment in stock of bee sup- plies that are mo.stly needed in every apiary. The A. I. Root Co.'s brand. Let us hear from you; information given to all inquiries. Beeswax wanted for supplies or cash. John Nebel & Son Supply Co. High Hill, Montgomery Co., Mo. LEWIS 4-WAY BEE ESCAPES 1 Four exits from supers. Fits all standard boards, f = Springs of coppered steel. Made of substantial f = metal. Price each 18r i^ostpaid. Made by | I B.B.Lewis Company, Watertown, Wis., U.S.A. j i For Sale by all Dealers. | "The Capital of Beedom" Haifa-hundred trains — freight, express, and mail — besides boats and motor-trucks, at the beeman 's service every day. Full stocks, best goods, service and treat- ment. Get catalog. MOORE & PEIROE, ZANESVILLE, OHIO, 221/2 S. Third St, Bee Supplies F. COOMBS & SONS, BR.4TTLEB0R0, VERMONT ORDERS FILLED PROMPTLY. CATALOG ON REQUEST. u falcon tt SUPPLIES -- QUEENS -- FOUNDATION Wlien you buiy **^alC011^' y^^^ ^^^' ^^^^ best. Prices for 1922 will i)lease you. Ask for our free Catalog- and booklet, ''Siniplified Beekeepinji'." W. T. FALCONER MFG. COMPANY FALCONER (Near Jamestown) NEW YORK ''Where the best beehives come from." If there is no "falcon" Dealer near you, write for our proposition to dealers. Fkhriarv, 1»'2"2 G 1, K A N T N (i S I N 1'. K (' r 1, 'I' r K K 119 BUYING BEES IS LIKE— Mr Beekeeper- Buying bees is like liuvins other stock. The first consideration in tlie purchase of hees or .'luoens is to get hardv, vigoious .stock. Our bt-cs and (jueens are noted to lie vcy ha:dy. vigorous and vi-rv resist-mt to diseases The ?eiond consideration is getting them in tinie lor the honey flow, bend us voii'r oAler You will not have to worry ahout liees not arriving on time, loss in transit, disease etc., as "safe delivery and satisfaction are guaranteed. Uo you reali/.e that a nice frame of emerging brood is equal to 1 Ih of bees' Each package is shipped on a comb of emerging brocd with honey. Also nuclei, full colo- nies, pre war prices. lOr/. with your orders. First-class referen.es 'f-/''';i;-J\'l^p^!;'''' f/;'.. l^";'^ ''f ^""' other infoimation. ^- V01^CHK, BLNKIE, LA. Responsibility We like to liavo our custoiiiers think of (iiir stock, our sliippiug facilities and our treatment of their orders as RELIABLE. Not the best perhaps, but equal to any. A card will bring our circulai'. May we hear from you ? R. V. STEARNS BRADY. TEXAS. QUEENS OUR OLD RPM. TABLE THREE-BANDED ITALIANS ARE HONEY GETTERS. They are gentle, prolific, and very resistant to foul brood. Orders booked for one-fourth cash. Safe arrival guaranteed. Circular free. PRICES APRIL 1st TO JULY 1st. Untested $1.25 ; over 2.5, $1.00 each SeL Unt 1.50; over 25, 1.25 each Tested 2.50; over 25. 2.25 each Selected Tested 3.00 each Sef our Drr. and Jan. Arh-ertisement. JOHN G. MILLER 723 C Street, Corpu.s Christi, Texas. BEES AND QUEENS for 1922 5 PER CENT DISCOUNT FOR OR- DERS RECEIVED IN JANUARY. One 1-frame nucleus witli untested queen, $4.00; one 2-fraiiie nucleus with untested queen, $5.00; untest- ed queens, $1.25 each; 12, $1.10 each; tested queens, $1.60 each; 12 or more, $1.35 each; select tested queens, $2.00 each. Breeders, $5.00 at all times. Satisfaction and safe arrival guaranteed. H. L. MURRY - SOSO, MISSISSIPI QUEENS Three-banded Italian Queens that must please. Pure mating and satisfaction guar- teed. We do not claim to have the best, but do claim them to be as good. Untested Queens, $1.25 each. Twelve or more, $1.10 each. Tested Queens, $1.60 each. Twelve or more, $1.40 each. CYPRESS BEE SUPPLIES Hives, hive-bodies, bottom-boards, covers, frames, foundation, etc. Write for prices. All queens shipped from Crawford, Miss., all supplies shipped frsm Coker, Ala. The Abston Apiaries Crawford. Miss. Coker, Ala. QUEENS NUCLEI AND PACKAGE BEES Jensen's "Blue Riljbon" Bees and Queens win favor wherever they go. "Highest Quality" and "Best Service" are -synonymous with us in han- dling your orders, large or small. Eight j ears' experience in the South, rearin'_' queens and preparing bees for shipment, coupled with best shipping facilities, are items in your favor that will count. Our bees are good hustlers, hardy winterers, gentle, and uniformly marked Three Bands. Queens that are beauties : pos.sessing great prolificacy and longevity, the quali- ties that determine a queen's worth. They clean up European foul 1 rood. We guarantee: Freedom from disease, health certificate with eax'h shipment. Safe arrival East of Rocky Mt.s. in U. S. and Canada. (Agent's statement must accompany claims to avoid delays.) Complete satisfaction. QUEENS — Untested queens, $1.10 each; over 25. $1.00 each. Purely mated. Select Untested, $1..'5."'> each; over 25. $1.25 each. Tested. $2.00 each. i=ielect Tested, $3.00 each. Breeders. $7.50 and $10.00 each, in a one-frame nucleus. NUCLEI — Two-frame with young queens, $.5." young queens, $7.25 each. Over 10, $6.75 each. iver 10, $5.00 each. Three-frame with h: COMBLESS PACKAGES — One-pound. $2.7 over 10, $4.00 each. Three-pound. $(5.00 f choice and add price. TERMS — 20'7t to book, balance before shipment when agreed. Shipment of bees by e.xpress f. o. folder, it's free. JENSEN'S APIARIES, R. F. D. NO : liver ver K 10. $2. , $5.75 I each. Two-pound. $4.25 each : ich. If queen is wanted make We do not a b. here nnle.' ceiil more s (| noted order.s than we can till itherwisp. .\sk for our 3, CRAWFORD, MISSISSIPPI. 120 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE February, 1922 BEES AND QUEENS Mr. Beekeeper, if you want good quality, quick ser- vice, prompt attention, and perfect satisfaction, TRY NORMAN BROS.' pure three-banded Italian bees and queens. And see for yourself. We are going out to please our customers and to build up our busi- ness, and we know it will take honest dealing to do it. And we are going to send out just what we are advertising. Our bees are hardy, prolific, disease- resisting and honey gatherers. Orders booked with one-fourth down ; balance before shipment is desired. Place your order with us. We ship when you want them. We ship only 2-lb. packages by express f. o. b. shipping point. $4.00 each; 12 or more, $3.80 each. Add prices of queens wanted. Prices April attd May. 1 6 12 100 Untested Queens . .$1.25 $6.50 $12.50 $90.00 Select Untested., 1.35 7.00 13.20 100.00 Tested Queens... 2.00 11.00 21.00 Select Tested 2.50 each We guarantee pure mating, safe arrival, free from all diseases, and perfect satisfaction in LT. S. A. and Canada. Remember you take no risk when you deal with us. Isn't that enough said? NORMAN Bros; apiaries NAFTEL, ALA. 1922 "ROOT ^^^^ QUALITY QUEENS 3000 Nuclei headed with young Italian Queens ready to serve you on early spring orders April, May and June. Untested Queens ... .$1.50 ; 25 to 99, $1.30 Select Untested Queens 1.75; 25 to 99, 1.50 Tested Queens 2.25 ; 25 to 99, 2.00 Select Tested Queens. 2.75; 25 to 99, 2.25 July to November. Untested Queens $1.25 ; 25 to 99, $1.00 Select Untested Queens 1.50; 25 to 99, 1.25 Tasted Queens 2.00; 25 to 99, 1.50 Select Tested Queens.. 2.25; 25 to 99, 2.00 Write for prices on 100 or over. 1 1-frame Nucleus with Tested Breed- ing Queen $10.00 lib. Package Italian Bees $2.25 2-lb. Package Italian Bees 3.75 3-lb. Package Italian Bees 5.25 Quantity prices on application. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaran- teed to any point in the United States. The A. I. ROOT GO, OF TEXAS Box 765, San Antonio, Texas. For Your 1922 Requirements Everything' in Bee Supplies, Quality and Service combined with Lower Prices. Our production cost is lower; beekeepers, this is all given to you. o Oiu- catalog for 1922 is out, send for one. August Lotz Company, Boyd, Wisconsin Banking BY MAIL I gres HAPPY Health is the first step in success. Thrift is the next — it goes hand in hand with a happy home. Open your Thrift Account with this strong, pro- gressive bank at 4% — you can bank with us by mail. Write for Booklet. J, The Sayings Deposit Bank Cb A.T.SPITZER, Pres. E.R,ROOT,V!cePres. E.B.SPITZER,Cash. MEDINA ;OHIO Pkbruary, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE The Crowning Touch to the Home It's just a house until you plant a garden. Then it becomes a home — a place where happiness can be found indoors or out — a living index to the character of those who live within. No wonder real home-makers give such care tv planning beautiful gardens ! The choice of varieties is made easy for you by the S. & H. catalog. S. & H. ornamental slirubs are carefully selected, vigorous plants, with abundant foliage and finely colored bloom. All seeds listed are taken from unusually fine strains, proven by our own trials. S. & H. trees are preferred by profession- al nurserymen and orchardists all over the country. Nearly every thing you need for your garden is listed. Be sure to send toniyht for this in- teresting, splendidly illvstraied catalog. THE STORRS & HARRISON CO. Nurserymen and Seedsmen Box 147 PAINESVILLE, OHIO HUBAM THE NEW GIANT HONEY CLOVER A mass of white bloom until late au- tumn, heavy with A-1 houey. A sum- mer-long paradise for bees. Hubam produces an almost incredi- lile yield of honey, and, being annual, saves a year in crop rotation. Sown with grain, it matures after harvest for forage, soiling or seed. Six times as much nitrogenous material for plowing down as Eed Clover. 1 to 4 lbs. per acre in 30-in. drills gives big seed yield. Tremendous de- mand— and the honey is ''velvet.'' Our Hubam is scarified and certified to be from original Ames stock. Write for further information and prices. May Seed & vio^i) Nursery Co. 120 Elm Street Shenandoah, Iowa A CINCH FOR BEEKEEPERS That's -what HUBAM means. It makes a wonderful honey flow from early summer to killing frost; is a splendid legume for pasture or hay; and a luxuriant growth to plow under for humus and plant food. Be- sides this, the cash crop from the seed alone is no small item. Our av- erage yield has been 400 lbs. per acre. Let us send you our Seed Sense magaijine free. Tells all about it. We offer genuine, certified HUBAM at $2.00 a pound on early orders With each and every order for Hubam we will include FREE a can of Nitragin pure culture ijacteria which will insure proper growth of the Hubam plant. HENRY FIELD SEED GOMPANY SHENANDOAH, IOWA. 12-2 G L E A N T X G S IN BEE CULTURE February, 192. THREE-BANDED ITALIAN BRED rOR SATISFACTION. As good as money can buy. Breeding queens are imported from Italy. By using imported mothers and mating their daughters to domestic drones, you have a light leather-colored bee, which is recognized by the largest bee- keepers of the world as the best for general purposes. All queens are reared in strong two-story ten-frame hives, under the natural condition. You take no risk in buying from me, as I guarantee perfect satisfaction or return your money. Give me a trial, I can please you. 1 Untested ...$1.50 Sel. Unt 1.7.5 Tested 2.50 Sel. Tested. . 4.00 Write for prices on larger lots. D. E. COLLIER RAMER, ALABAMA. 6 12 $7.50 $13.50 9.00 16.50 13.00 24.00 22.00 41.50 I Pay Transpor- tation Charges on Package Bees 1 11). liiifkajre, ineludina; young ^ till ee-ljanded queen $4.50' ■J-lli. package, includinsf youiifc tlu'ee-lianded queen 6.00 D-Ib. package, including young three-banded queen 7.50 1!5 cents per package less for twelve or more packages. Deliver- ed to your address via parcel post. In comparing my prices with oth- ers, take in consideration you have no express charges to pay. Parcel. po.st shipments go through quicker. BANDED SELECT (one grade) untested queens, $1.50; si.x, $8.00; twelve, $15.00. .Safe arrivjil of bees and queens, pure mating, and satisfaction guaranteed. Let me book your order now with ten per cent cash, balance ,iust before shipping. Shipment will be made on the day you name. I have not yet disap- pointed a customer. No disease. JASPER KNIGHT HAYNEVJLTE - - - ALABAMA Queens SWARMS OP BEhS B\ THE POUND FOR 1922--THREE- BANDED STRAIN ONLY Queens Price of Packages by Express — lib. packages, $4.00 each; 6 up to 12. $;!.90 each; 12 or more, $;!.75 each. 2-lb. packages, $5.50 each; 6 up to 12, $5.25 each; 12 or more $5.00 eacli. 3-lb. packages, $7.25 each; 6 up to 12, $7.00 each; 12 or more, $6.75 each. If wanted by par- cel post, add 10 per cent. Select untested queens, $1.50 each; 12 or more, $1.40 each. Select tested queens, $3.00 each; 12 or more, $2.75 each. Pure mating of all queens is guaranteed. Wings clipped on request. We breed only the 3-banded strain, as we find after test they are unsurpassed by any other strain. All queens are reared by experienced and expert queen- breeders and the business management is under control of those having over thirty years' ex- perience keeping bees in a large way. Every package or queen ordered is guaranteed to arrive in good condition and to give entire satisfaction. 10 per cent casli with order. Bees or queens shipped day specified. HAYNEVILLE APIARY COMPANY, FTAYNEVILLE. ALA.. U. S. A. TAT KTNO LAWS' queens OTTFFNS A X:i.J_JJ-V±l 1 VT SPEAK FOR THEMSELVES \^ ^-^ -■-'^^-L ^^ Over thirty-five years as commercial queen-breeder and advertiser in this journal have brought orders from thousands of Gleanings readers. If there is a dissatisfied customer I do no<- know it. I have many testimonials that make me glad. One firm bought over 5000 queens of me, and writes that my "queens and business methods are very satisfactory." Another writes, "Your (jueens are all good queens. Our individual crop of honey was ]05,000 ]iounds season 1921; Laws' queens did it." PRICES: Untested, each, $1.25; 12 for $12. Tested, eacli, $1.50; 12 for $15. Breeding ({ueens, none better if as good, eacli, by mail, $5; or with a 3-frame nucleus of her own bees by express, $10. This nucleus, if ordered early, should gather honey enough to pay all costs. Write for prices quantity lots. I am prepared to furnish in large lots; also bees in threr frame nuclei. No disease; entire sntisfaction. Address W. H. LAWS, BEEVILLE, BEE COUNTY, TEXAS Fkbri.arv, 192'2 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE ELTON WARNER'S QUEENS (Italian) — n strain developed duriiia; years of selective breedinj;; for use in his many coniniercial lioncyiiroducins: api- aries. Kvery (lueen is reared and selected with the ;rreate.st care, and only one grade is sold. No queen leaves onr apiaries that does not reach our high standard of per- fection. To secure shipment when wanted, please place your order early. No cash required with order. (Payment to be made before shipment.) 1 to 3 $2.00 each. 4 to 11 $1.80 each. 12 or more $1.60 each. ELTON WARNER APIARIES. R. D. No. 1, Asheville. North Carolina. ./ In, ilhlshilird nihil.. BURLESON'S OLE) RELIABLE Three -Banded Italian Queens NONE BETTER — Not as cheap as sonu', but worth the difference. I guarantee tlieni to be absolutely free from brood diseases. These are My 1922 Prices — Untested, .$1.25 each; $13.50 per do/.; 25 or more, .$1 each. Select Untested, $1.50 each; $15 per doz., 25 or more, $1.15 each. Select tested, $3 each. Considering the high quality of niv queens conil.inL'd with service and reliability jus titles the above prices. Send all orders together with remittance to J. W. SEAY, Mgr., MATHIS, TEXAS T. W. BURLESON, WAXAHACHIE, TEXAS. gimiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMii tiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ Try A chord's Package Bees and Queens THREE-BANDED ITALIANS ONLY. We have the stock, equipment, and experience, and can gi\e you prompt, satisfactory service. We have more than 1000 big, healthy hustling colonies of pure Italian bees to draw from. Write for illustrated price list. W. D. ACHORD, FITZPATRICK, ALABAMA ^iiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiniini!iii!iiii[iiii!niiniiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinni!niiiiiini!Niiin:iiii:iin!iiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiii!iiiiiniiii[ii:iiii[i!n'n QUEENS Three-Band Italians Orders booked with 25 per ceut depcsit, bahiuce just before shipping QUEENS Silver Gray Carniolans Deliveries start April 1st. Safe arrival guaranteed of bees within Canada. Circular free. 1-pound package $'2.00 each. 2-pound package 3.50 each. 3-pound package 5.00 each. 1 Unte.sted queen 1.25 each. 1 Select Untested queen 1.50 each. 1 Tested queen 2.00 each. 1 Select Tested 2.25 each. Write for pricex in larije lots. Breeders, extra selected and tested for breeding $5.00 each References by permission — First National Bank of San .Jose; Security State Bank, San Jose ings in Bee Culture. Medina, Ohio; .\merican Bee -lournal, Hamilton, 111.; AVestern Honev Bee. Los Anseles. days of shipping point, queens anywhere in U. S. A. or 10 or more $1.75 each 10 or more 3.00 each 10 or moie -4.50 each 10 or more 1.20 each 10 or more 1.40 eacli 10 or more 1.80 each 10 or more 2.00 each Glean J. E. WING, ISS SCHTELE AVENUE. SAN JOSE. CALIFORNIA 124 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE Eebruaby, ld22 Bees and Queens for 1922 Is there a great difference among bees and queens? Mr. Beekeeper, with bees and queens a small difference counts high. A small per cent better laying queen will ^^reatly increase the field force; this will insure a larger honey yield per colony. A small per cent better worker will aid wonderfully. A small per cent more gen- tleness will greatly reduce the stings; this increases the efficiency and speed of liandling, not counting the pleasure. A small per cent of better marking adds wonderfully to the beauty of the colony. By developing the small quantities of my bees and queens I have attained marked success in producing better queens and bees. My aim is to produce bees and queens that will meet the high standard required by beekeepers. Let me book your order for 1922. One-fourth the full amount will insure your getting bees nnd queens when you want them most roxt spring. Perfect satisfaction, safe deliv- ery, and pure mating guaranteed. Pure Italian bees and Three-band Italian queens of the better kind. Untested— 1, $1.50; 6, $7.50; 12, $13.50. Selected Untested— 1, $1.75, 6, $9.00; 12, $16.50. Tested— 1, $2.50; 6, $13.00; 12, $24.50. Selected Tested— 1, $4.00; 6, $22.00; 12, $41.50. One pound bees, $2.75; two pounds bees, $4.75; three pounds bees, $6.75. If queen is wanted with bees add price. Write for prices on large lots. N. FOREHAND RAMER, ALABAMA PACKAGE BEES All bees are shipped on a standard Root frame, emerging bees with honej'. April 15tli to May 10th Shipments. 1 pound bees, with frame $2.50 2 pounds bees, with frame 3.75 3 pounds bees, with frame 5.00 Add price of queen if wanted. Untested three-banded $1.50 Tested three-banded 1.75 For shipments after May 10th deduct 12 per cent. Please order from this advertisement. 15 per cent down to book orders. Bal- ance fifteen days before shipping L. C. Mayeux BOX 15, HAMBURG, LOUISIANA. Package Bees — AND - Reliable Queens GOLDEN AND THREE-BANDED ITALIANS We are Jiow in a position to aceej^t orders for queens and bees for spring shipping in large quantities. We have the stock and experience necessary to handle your orders, whether large or small. 1-lb. Package with Queen.. $3.00 2-lb. Package with Queen.. 5.00 3-lb. Package with Queen.. 7.00 Tested Queen 1, $2.50; six. Untested ....1, 1.25; six. Select Untest. 1, 1.50; six. We are in position to fill orders from 100 to 5000 queens or packages. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. Terms, 25% to book orders. .12.00 . 7.00 , 8.00 E. A. SIMMONS GREENVILLE ... - ALABAMA FKP.Ri'Ahv, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEK CULTURE 125 Our Crow Will be sent you for the asking. This is our 1922 booklet with prices and twenty pages on selecting a strain of bees, rearing queens and packing and shipping bees. It tells you the good points to look for in a strain of bees and how Forehand's Three Bands The Thrifty Kind have stood the tests of America's best apiarists for thirty years. It briefly tells of the growth of our business since 1892. This little booklet will be interesting and helpful to all interested in apiary culture. A copy will be sent you free. W. J. Forehand &: Sons Fort Deposit, Alabama QUEENS ^Kr QUEENS Have a special offer to Beekeepers' Associations or groups of beekeepers that can use a car of bees at a time, 800 to 1000 packages. We are prepared to load 2 cars a week after April 5th, 1922. Free ticket to the party coming down to go back with the car or I can furnish a man. This is the best way; no transferring from one car to another; bees go through in 3 to 4 days. Also special attention given to small orders. 1922 PRICES. BOOKING ORDERS NOW. SAFE ARRIVAL GUARANTEED. 1-pound package $2.25 each; 25 or more $2.15 each 2-pound package 3.75 each ; 25 or more 3.60 each 3-pound package 5.25 each; 25 or more 5.00 each 2-comb nuclei 3.75 each; 3-comb nuclei 5.25 each (Add price of queen wanted.) 1 Untested Queen .$1..'iO each; 25 or more $1.30 each 1 Select Untested 1.70 each; 25 or more 1.50 each 1 Tested 2.25 each ; 25 or more 2.00 each 1 Select Tested 2.65 each; 25 or more 2.25 each One fifth down with order, balance just before shipping; or 4% discount for full re- mittance for December, and 3% for January orders. THE NUECES COUNTY APIARIES, CALALLEN, TEXAS E. B. AULT, PROP. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE February, 1922 MODIFIED DADANT HIVE Glance at the 11 frames, spaced 1% inches from center to center, 11% inches deep of the Modi- fied Dadant hive, giving adequate room for brood and stores in one hive body. Note the outlines of the standard 10-frame Hoff- man depth hive body compared to the Modi- fied Dadant body. You can see why m ore swarms and less surplus come from small hives. The Large Hive for Extracted Honey Production .vnioug: the reasons why the Modified Dadant hive deserves a trial, especially wliere present equip- ment is not giving sati-sfaclion aie: DEEP FRAMES, liy+ IN. LARGE 1 STORY BROOD NEST FRAME SPACE VENTILATION ADEQUATE WINTER STORES SWARM CONTROL EASIER GREATER BROOD ROOM 6 1/4 -IN. EXTRACTING FRAMES. STANDARD COVERS, BOTTOMS Present equipment may be used as super equipment on Modified Dadant brood-chambers. Covers and bottoms for this hive are the familiar metal roof cover with inner cover and regular standard bottoms, except for larger dimensions. THE STANDARD OF WORKMANSHIP IS "BEEWARE." ■ AVrite for free booklet on this hive to G. B. LEWIS CO., WATERTOWN, WIS. DADANT & SONS, HAMILTON, ILL. Tin a di.stiUiiiti, Indianapolis Is the Town You Want to Think of When You Need Beekeepers' Supplies Our stock is 90% new, which insures you of getting clean supplies. Write us for prices. Catalog for the asking. The A. T. Root Company 873 Massachusetts Ave. Indianapolis, Ind. He Doesn't Want a Pipe! Jacksonville, Jan. 1, 1022. The A. T. Root Co., St. Paul, Minn. Naw ! ] don't want my pipe! And if 1 want my sli|)})t'rs, I can .yet them myself. What I Avant is my bee supplies for the Honey Flow. So 1 am going- to order my bee sii])plies from you at St. Paul, where 1 can get 100% Quality and Service, A (rial order Avill convince any- body of their unexcelled service. They gi\e special (| u)tations on quasitity lots, too. JIM JA(Test, most TKOLIFK' QUEENS of todav. SPECIAL Orders imist lie IxKikc.l not later than March 1.'), l!»i"J. 25 or more riiteste: K C U L T U K 10 Texas Made Metal Combs Note what some users of the Texas-Made Aluminum Honeycombs say: I (■(uisidi'i- thcni a grrat suecoss and T consider these eoiiibs a success hen-, cheaper in the long run than foundation. and tliis is a cold climate. — John Santens, — T. A. Engels, Mineral Point, Wise. Hazelhurst, Pa. The Aluminum comb is wortli many times j ]ike the aluminum comb very mudi and its cost. The only fault I have is my re- want to replace all other combs witli it gret that T didn't use more.— Arch G. —Thornton Bogert, Cincinnati, Ohio Newbern, Villa Rica, Ga. TVT • 11 !•«■ 1 , -, After being built out 1 here is no (lin'cn'iice No appreciable difference between them • i • -■ , , . 1 1 T> • 1 1 1 • i. XI I'l choice ot wax combs o\er a iimmuin and wax combs. Raised brood lust the i 4.1 -vr ^^ t^ • m ■ > , ,,«,,. 1 r\ r^ tvt-ii "^" the (lueeii. — M. O. Davis, Trimb f, (). same tlie ftrst time used. — Oscar C. Miller, .1 > ■ 1217 Ashland Block, Cliicago, 111. My frames were filled in eight days, and Don't want anvthing better during a hon- I extracted 45 pounds of fine buckwheat ev flow.— R. A. Arnold, Woodward, Tex. honey from eight combs.— Wm. J. Shaf- fer, Waverly, N. Y. Four colonies provided with aluminum combs produced some surplus, whereas I believe the aluminum combs are the we got very little from others with wax cheapest in the long run. They are here combs. — Lowther Bros., Ferguson, Mo. to stay, for they are giving good results. ,, + <-• T -A i\ — J- ^. Sanderson, Fredericksburg, Ohio, tor extracting purposes I consider these ' *'' combs ideal.— T. W. Burleson, Waxa- i p^t four combs of aluminum and four liachie, Texas. frames with full sheets of foundation in Placed one frame in center of top bodv ^he hive at the same time. The queen (over brood-nest) and two on one side. l^'if^ « few eggs in the center of each The one in center w^as filled with eggs 24 ^ omb, and the bees put what little honey hours after put on. Did not expect this, that was coming in around the outside of as there were seven empty wax combs the comb before they ever started to put on at same time.— Arnt Ronning, work on the wax foundation.— Oscar Alcester S. Dak. Lehman, Menomonie, Wise. You Can Get the Same Results Buy Texas Made Combs from your regular dealer. Any bee-supply dealer can fur- nish them. They are now carried in stock by tlie following: In the East: In the North: G. B. Lewis Co., Albany, N. T. Dadant & Sons, Hamilton, 111. Fred W. Muth Co., Cincinnati, O. A. G. Woodman Co., Grand Rapids, Mich. G. B. Lewis Co., Lynchburg, Va. G. B. Lewis Co.. Watertown, Wis. Deroy Taylor Co., Newark, N Y. Standard Lumber Co., Winona, Minn. ., ,, „, , Minnesota Bee Supply Co., Minneapolis, Minn. In the West: . „, ^T ^ .„ , ^ _, ... ^.j , In the South: Chas. H. Lilly's Co., Seattle, Wash. Western Honey Producers, Siou.x City, Iowa. J. J. Wilder, Waycross, Ga.* Colo. Honey Producers' Assn.. Denver, Colo. G. B. Lewis Co., Memphis, Tenn. B. F. Smith, Jr., Fromberg, Mont. Texas Honey Producers' .Vssn., San .Vntonin, G. B. Lewis Co., Wichita, Kans. Te.xas. Superior Honey Co., Ogden, Utah. Crenshaw Bros. Seed Co., Tampa, Fla. Lower Prices For the season of 1922 the prices on Aluminum Honej'combs are greatly reduced. Modified Dadant or Jumbo frames $6.00 for 10 Langstroth or Hoffman frames 5.00 for 10 Shallow extracting any style 4..50 for 10 The above prices are f. 0. b. factory or dealer's stock. Write for quantity discounts on orders of 500 combs or over. Be sure to buy the combs manufactured in Texas hy THE ALUMINUM HONEYCOMB CO. OF TEXAS, SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS 132 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE February, 1922 ^^V' '\ Ho,, Put l^ur Bees in the Center y^Opportunitjr tiiey \^ili pro- f^ uce lor^ou o^ T^^' succe; ful h Oilr ces on lots Jror jxi '"sAVt^,,-" j^ V i fi 11^* pney purposes mara^titeed d>^^ ?p^. g^sxinst impuri' lies until s^fc in your tis^n-ds >).H;;/ Certified-Pedi^reed Northetn-^rown . kH .,« "; FARM BUREAU BRAND Qualif ----- ikM;.sai2>^'^^i^^^R&^^ ^1 a^ lK^\ ^v:^l ■ fi.G CooKs "^ *t.<' 3-/^ MICHIGAN STATE FARM BUREAU BOX C-I^^^SEEO OEPART/v\eMT ^BOX C- I LANSING = MICHIGAN We said last month that we loved to quote prices. We like it just as well this month. Others are telling us about their 1922 needs. Why not you? Best of all, they are ''Root Quality" ^00 ds. If you haven't thus far — —Let us send that catalog. — Send us that list of goods for quotations. — Ship us your beeswax. If today were the middle of the honey flow, and you were short of gcods, how would you feel today? LOOK AHEAD! M. H. HUNT 6c SON, LANSING, MICH. 510 North Cedar Street Liiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimimiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiim.iiii WH^T CONSTITUTES The Best Big Hive? Isn 't the big hive that the bees accept as readily as any liive, that costs only a trifle more than the standard-sized hive, that takes the regular 10-fr. Langstroth supers, and standard-sized covers, bottom-boards, etc., thus minimizing expense — isn't this the best big hive? We think it is, and so for more than 20 years we have manufactured just such a hive, called the Jumbo Hive It fully meets the requirements of the beekeeper who for any reason wishes a big- ger hive than the old reliable Standard hive taking 10 Langstroth frames. But the Jumbo changes Langstroth dimensions only in depth, the hive being 11 ^| inches deep while the Standard is 9fs inches deep, and the frames to fit the Jumbo hive are 11^/4 inches deep, or 2l^ inches deeper tlian the regular Langstroth frame. It has 3400 square inches of comb capacity, or 27% more than the Standard. This gives room for the laying of the most prolific queen in the brood-chamber, as well as for 15 to 20 pounds of stores. We can't say that the Jumbo, any more than the biggest big hive, entirely does away with swarming or always assures sufficient winter stores. The difference of locality and management may make this impossible. In some localities the big hive may be preferable. Where it is preferable, the Jumbo meets every require- ment and has the added advantages of low price and takes standard equipment — a great economy in labor and first cost. ^.•'i'*J!!?! Standard 10- frame Langstroth Hive. Jumbo nive. Same dimension.? except in depth — Scame equipment above the brood-chamber. Jumbo hive- body costs only ] 5c more than Standard, and Jumbo frame (needed i nly in the br 'odcham- ber) costs only y2C more than Standard frame; Jumbo sheets of foundation cost only a trifle over 3c more than Standard foundation sheets — or (he Jumbo hive with frames of foundation costs only 50c more than the Standard hive with frames of foundation. Write us for fullest information about the Jumbo — the leader of big hives. FREE — Send for sample of Airco foundation and Root sections. DON'T BE LATE.- — Man\ifaeturers have only a very small amount of bee supplies in their I warehouses. Business conditions don't warrant lyins; up capital in this way. Order now. Next spring, if there is a rush, you may not be able to get supplies at all when needed. I THE A. 1. ROOT COMPANY, MEDINA, OHIO. I Branches at New York, Philadelphia, Chicago, Tndiana]iolis, St. Paul, Norfolk, I New Orleans, Savannah, Ga.; The A. I. Root Co. of Texas, San Antonio; The I A. I. Root Co. of Iowa, Council Bluffs; The A. I. Root Co. of Canada, IngersoU, Ont. i iimTniTiTiiitiiiiiiiiiiTitiitmiTiiTiiitiiTniTiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiTiTitiitiimniiitiiiitimirtiiiiTiiiiii'Ttim""" ■»»..i.titii.i».... nt.tt.n.t............... .....,..„. t (gleanings; rs:.. in' v»5 ^tt Culture ..{ ; 1:^ Let the March winds blow. Volume L iMarrli Number 3 Miller's California Foundation ueens * * * * "First Aid to Amateurs, " a pocket edition of beekeeping for beginners. By Henry Perkins. Price 25 cents. THE MILLER BOX MANUFACTURING CO. LOS ANGELES, CALIF. "GRIGGS SAVES YOU FREIGHT" TOLEDO How about supplies for next season's use? A complete stock always on hand and of THE BEST GOODS MADE. LOWER PRICES On all supplies with EARLY ORDER DISCOUNTS is the reason you should buy NOW. SPECIAL PRICES offered on ship- ing cases, extractors, un- capping cans. HONEY AND WAX taken in exchange for supplies. Send for NEW CATALOG. THE GRIGGS BROS. CO. DEPT. 25, TOLEDO, OHIO. "GRIGGS SAVES YOU FREIGHT" 1922 ROOT ^^^^ QUALITY QUEENS 3000 Nuclei lieadctl with voinin- Italian Queens ready to serve you on eaily s|)iin>i orders. April. May and Jiiiie. Untested Queens $1.50 ; 25 to 99, .$1..T0 Select Untested Queens 1.75 ; 25 to 99, 1.50 Tested Queens 2.25 ; 25 to 99, 2.00 Select Tested Queens.. 2.75 ; 25 to 99. 2.25 July to November. Untested Queens $1.25 ; 25 to 99. $1.00 Select Untested Queens 1.50; 25 to 99, 1.25 Tested Queens 2.00 ; 25 to 99. 1.50 Select Tested Queens.. 2.25; 25 to 99, 2.00 Write for prices on 100 or over. 1 l-£rame Nucleus with Tested Breed- ing Queen $10.00 1-lb. Package Italian Bees $2.25 2-lb. Package Italian Bees 3.75 3-lb. Package Italian Bee.s .').25 Quantity prices on application. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaran- teed to any point in the United States. The A. I. ROOT CO, OF TEXAS Box 765, San Antonio, Texas. iNqpiRiES sot icii^^ 4 March, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 1:53 V: Honey Markets . 136-137 Editorials 141-143 The Time Factor a Big One M. C. Eichter 144-146 Some Western Honey-Houses H. H. Eoot 146-149 When and How to Set Out D. L. Woodward 149-151 Tremendous Growth Force C. W. Aeppler 151153 Another Foundation Fastener E. J. Williams 154 Spaces in the Hive Allen Latham 154-155 Saves Feeding in the Spring E. L. Snodgrass 155 Profit in Backlot Beekeeping Chas. S. Coolidge 155-156 Siftings J. E. Crane 157 Notes on Transplanting Constance Eoot Boyden 158-159 Beekeeping as a Sideline Grace Allen 160-161 From- North, East, West and South 162-166 Heads of Grains in Different Fields 167-168 Age Brings Wisdom Bill Mellvir 168 Gleaned by Asking Geo. S. Demuth 169-170 Talks to Beginners Geo. S. Demuth 171-172 Just News 173 Our Homes .A. I. Eoot 174-177 SXTBSCEIPTION RATES. — One year, $1.00. (Low paid-in-advance subscription rates withdrawn.) Single copy, 10 cents. Canadian subscription, 15 cents additional per year, and foreign subscription, 30 cents additional. DISCONTINUANCE. — Subscriptions, not paid in advance, or specifically ordered by the subscriber to be continued, will be stopped on expiration. No subscriber will be run into debt by us for this journal. CHANGE 01' ADDRESS. — Give your old address as well as the new and write the name to which the journal has heretofore been addressed. REMITTANCE. — Should be sent by postoffice money order, bank draft, express money order, or check. CONTRIBUTIONS to Gleanings columns solicited, stamps should be enclosed to insure return to author of manuscript if not printed. ADVERTISING RATES. — Advertising rates and conditions will be sent on request. Results from advertising in this journal are remarkably satis- factory. ADVERTISERS' LIABILITY. — The publishers use utmost diligence to estab- lish in advance the reliability of every advertiser using space in this journal. Entered as second class mail matter at the Postoffice at Medina, Ohio. Published monthly. Space occupied by reading matter in this issue 55.3 per cent; advertising, 44.7 per cent. THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY, Publishers, Medina, Ohio Editorial Staff Geo. S. Demuth and E. R. Root A. I. Root H. H. Root H. G. Rowe Editors Editor Home Dept Assistant Editor M'n'g Editor 134 (3-LEANlNas IN BEE CULTURE March, 1622 Money Saved Time Saved Bee Supplies Root's Goods at fadory prices with WEBER'S service. Send us a list of your wants and we will quote you prices that will save you money. C. H. W. Weber & Co, 2163-65-67 Central Ave. Cincinnati, Ohio ^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^^^ MR. BEEKEEPER ~ I We have a large plant especially equipped to manufacture the sup- g plies that you use. We guarantee all materials and workmanship, m M We ship anywhere. We allow early order discounts and make prompt shipments. 1 S JVe pay the highest cash and trade prices for beeswax. ^ | M Write for free illustrated catalog today. m j LEAHY MFG. CO., 95 Sixth Street, Higginsville, Missouri | 1 Texas Beekeepers should write to A. M. Hunt, Goldthwaite, Texas. | iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^^ "SUPERIOR FOUNDATION "BEST BY TEST" Do not fail to secure our 1922 reduced prices on SUPERIOR FOUNDATION. State quantity desired. We also manufacture Hoffman frames, dovetailed beehives, etc. Quality unexcelled; prices on request. SUPERIOR HONEY COMPANY, OGDEN, UTAH (Manufacturers of Weed Process Foundation.) March, 192^ GLEA^TTNOS tN BEE OULtURE 135 Our 1922 catalog will be ready in January. Mail a list of your requirements for our special quotations. The Fred W. Muth Company Cincinnati, Ohio Look Before You Leap! Send in a list of your needs of BEE SUPPLIES for the com- ing season and get quotations on it. 1922 CATALOG, illustrated, now ready! MONDENG'S bee supplies speak for themselves. CHARLES MONDENG 146 Newton Ave. N. and 159 Cedar Lake Rd. MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA. MARCH WINDS BLOW, but something tells us that spring is on its way. Even now the number of orders we are receiving hint of spring. DON'T LEAVE IT TOO late before ordering your sup- plies. If you haven't "our cat- alog, drop us a card and we will mail you our 1922 prices. // is SERVICE that counts, and we can gi-ve you the best. TRY US! F. A. SALISBURY 1 63 1 West Genesee Street SYRACUSE, N. Y. 136 Q- LEANING S IN BEE CULTURE March, 1922 HONEY MARKETS U. S. GOVERNMENT MARKET REPORTS. Information from Producing Areas. (First half of February.) CALIFORNIA POINTS — Prospects for next season's croiJ considered favorable, both as to vol- ume and quality, if spring rains are normal. The prolonged cold spell earlier in the season caused a setback to bees in some sections with many colonies considerably depleted in numbers. Prices show little change over those prevailing two weeks ago. Since the heavy rains many bee- keepers have disposed of their reserve supply of honey, and those still holding are increasingly in- clined to sell. "Honey Week," authorized by proclamation of the Governor of California for Feb. 6-11 inclusive, may slightly have helped re- tailers to dispose of their surjjlus stock, but ap- parently has not as yet stimulated buying from the brokers. Quotations continue largely nominal. Recent carlot sales of light amber alfalfa are re- ported at 6 V2 c per lb.;, one of light amber sage at TV2C, and one of white orange blossom and sage at 11 ¥2 c per lb. INTERMOUNTAIN REGION. — Bees generally wintering fairly well, but in need of early flight if spring dwindling is not to be serious. The cold weather and long confinement will mean a some- what larger loss than normal. Spring feeding will be necessary with many colonies, due to open weather in fall which depleted stores. Crop out- look good for coming season. Supplies in carlot quantities clearing up. and local demand can be counted on to absorb small-lot surplus. Rather active inquiry received from both eastern and western buyers. The uniform carlot price for .5- gal. cans of white sweet clover and alfalfa is 8^/^c per lb., with occasional sales at 9c, and with less- than-carlots ranging 10-12c. Several carlot sales of Arizona light amber honey reported at $7.00 per case of 120 lbs. Comb honey of No. 1 grade white sweet clover and alfalfa generally selling $4.00-4.15 per 24-section case, with occasional sales high as $5.00. For beeswax 20c per lb. in cash or 22c in trade is being offered. PACIFIC NORTHWEST. — The continued cold period, with little suitable flight weather, has caused a considerable loss of bees. The prospects for the 1922 crop are reported normal. Supplies of extracted honey are generally light, altho occa- sional beekeepers report much honey still in their " hands. Light-colored extracted honey in small lots of 5-gal. cans is being sold at 10-12 i/^c per lb. TEXAS POINTS. — The bees are generally win- tering with little loss, altho some beekeepers re- port dwindling as result of constant flying. Stores have been rapidly consumed. Brood-rearing com- mencing in south Texas. Prospects for the new honey crop continue doubtful due principally to lack of rain during fall and winter. Extracted honey in 5-gal. cans selling mostly at 8V^-10c per lb., with chunk honey 4c per lb. higher. Bee- keepers are receiving 22-24c per lb. for beeswax. EAST AND NORTH CENTRAL STATES — Wintering prospects greatly improved by several days of weather suitable for bee flights. Clover fields in northern part of area generally well pro- tected by snow, but outlook for honey flow less favorable in southern section where many fields are bare of snow. Demand has increased some- what, and the movement of honey is bett^-r than that of last month. Bottlers 'are offering 91/2- 10%c per lb. for.carlots of. white clover in 60-lb. cans. Many small lot sales of this size container made at 11% -15c per lb. Carlots of amber honey are quoted at 6-8c per lb., with smaller lots at 9-lOc. White comb honey ranges $4.80-5.50 per case. Sales direct to consumer show great in- crease over those of last year. Some beekeepers are bringing in western honey to fill their orders. PLAINS AREA. — The mild winter has been favorable to bees, but lack of snow has injured prospects for good nectar flow next season. Salps of extracted white clover reported at 12c per lb. in 60-lh. cans. NORTHEASTERN STATES.— Supplies in bee- keepers' hands are practically exhausted as re- sult of unusually good demand. The bees are wintering we'.l in both cellars and outside stands. The outlook for the new crop is generally good, as clover fields are well covered with snow. Bees have enjoyed occasional flight days. Sales of buckwheat in barrels at 7c per lb., and at 9-lOc per lb. in 601b. cans reported. Few sales made of extracted white clover in 60-lb. cans. Large lots of 24-section cases of white clovor comb hon- ey have sold around $5.00 per case, with small lot sales direct to retailers and consumers at $5.75-6.50 per case. CUBA. — Cuban honey continues to be quoted at 4c per lb. f. 0. b. Recent heavy shipments to Holland reported at 54c per gal., including cost and freight. Telegr. Reports from Important Markets, Feb. 14. BOSTON. — No carlot arrivals reported since last report. Conditions practically unchanged with light demand and steady prices. CHICAGO. — Since last report 1 car Nevada, 1 car Wyoming, 1 car Arizona, 2 000 lbs. Wiscon- sin, 3,000 lbs. Minnesota, and 3,500 lbs. Ohio arrived. Demand and movement slow to fair, market about steady. Extracted: Sales to bottlers, bakers and candy manufacturers, Arizona and Wyoming, per lb., alfalfa white 10-11 %c, light amber 9V&-10C. Michigan, Minnesota and Wis- consin, white clover 11^-12V2C. California, white mixed mountain flowers 11-11 Vic. Comb: Sales to retailers, Ohio, Michigan and Minnesotas, 24- section cases No. 1 $5.00-5.50. Beeswa.x : Re- ceipt)', moderate. Demand and movement moder- ate, market about steady. Sales to wholesale druggists, ship supply houses and laundry supply houses, California, Colorado and Arizona, best crude 30-32c, poorer 27-29c. Central American, best crude 24-26c. NEW YORK. — Both domestic and foreign re- ceipts limited. Demand moderate, market steady. Extracted: Spot sales to jobbers, wholesalers, con- fectioners, bakers and bottlers, domestic, per lb., California, light amber alfalfa 7-8c, light amber sage 9-91/^e, few 10c, white sage ll-12c mostly 11 %c, white orange blossom 12-14c, mostly 13- 14c. Intermountaiu Region, white sweet clover 10-1 Ic, few high as 12c. New York, white clover ll-12c, buckwheat 7-8c. West Indian, South Amer- ican, refined 65-70c, few high as 75c per gal., poorer low as 60c. Comb: New York, 24-section cases white clover No. 1. $6.00-7.00 per case. Beeswax: Foreign receipts limited. Supplies lim- ited. Demand moderate, market steady. Spot sales to wholesalers, manufacturers and drug trade, South American and West Indian crude light, best 22-25C, dark 15-18c. African, dark 16- 17c, poorer low as 14c. H. C. TAYLOR, ]'.) Chief of Bureau of Markets, i j From Producers' Associations. There has been no local market for honey dur- ing the past month. Northern buyers have been buying granulated honey for their market. Mes- quite and cotton honeys preferred. Demand in- creasing. Producers closing out their stocks at 8 to 10 cents. Bees are not in the best shape. Cold and dry weather are unfavorable to both, bees and honey plants. Much feeding is being done. Beekeepers, however, are optimistic and are buying supplies freely. Texas Honey Producer?' Association. San Antonio, Tex. - E, -G. LeStourgeon. White extracted honey has recently moved from inter-mountain points in carlots at 8V2C i. o, b. loading point. As far as we can find out there is but little fancy white in carlots left now. Some very good white comb honey is still available i^ carlots; but no interest was shown by jobbers for this commodity during the past month, altho a number of the important markets are practically bare of comb honey. ■ The Colorado Honey Producers' Association. Denver, Colo. F. RauchfUss, Sec'y. Our members have consistently held their price on extracted honey at 81/20 per 11).. f. o. b. Ida- ho in carlots. We have been refusing 7 1/^ c, 7%c and 8c for weeks, and are now selling carlots at our price of 8%c. Inquiry slackened noticeably just prior, to the holidays but is now somewhat above normal, communications having been re- March, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 137 ceived from buyers who were not interested in honey the first part of December. Local produc- ers have sold considerable extracted honey in 5 and 10 lb. pails to local markets and it is almost a certainty that our 1921 crop will be cleared up shortly. Idaho-Oregon Honey Producers' Ass'n. Caldwell, Ida. P. S. Farrell, Secy. The A. I. Root Company's Quotation. We are in the market for two carlots of white- to-water-white western extracted honey for which we will pay 8V^c cash f. o. b. shipping point (about 10c to IOV2C at Medina); also 1 carlot of white clover extracted honey for which we will pay lOV^c f. o. b. Medina. Samples to be submitted. Not in the market for amber or light amber grades, and not in the market for comb. No shipments of honey will be accepted under any condition.s except as ordered by our purchas- ing department. The A. I. Root Company. The Opinions of Honey Producers Themselves as Reported to Gleanings in Bee Culture. Early in Fel)ru:ir.v we sent to actual honey pro- ducers and some associations the following ques- tions : 1. What portion of the 1921 crop, if any, is still in the hands of the producer in your locality? Give answer in per cent. 2. W^hat price are producers receiving for honey at their station when sold to laTge buyers? (a) Comb honey? (b) Extracted honey? 3. What are prices to retailers in small lots? (a) Comb honey, fancy or No. 1, per case? (b) Ex- tracted honey in five-pound pails or other retail packages ? 4. How is honey now State Ala. Ala. Ark. B. C. Cal. Cal. Cal. Colo. Colo. Conn. Fla. Fla. Ga. Ida. 111. 111. 111. Ind. Ind. Iowa. Iowa. Iowa. Kan. La. Maine. Md. Mass. Mich. Mich. Mich. Miss. Mo. Nev. N. Y. N. Y. N. Y. N. Y. N. C. Ohio. Ohio. Ohio. Okla. Okla. Ore. Ore. Pa. Pa. Pa. R.I. Tenn. Tenn. Tex. Tex. Tex. Utah. Vt. Va. Va. Wash. W. Va. W. Va. Wis. Wis. the market in In large lots. Comb. Extract. $0.08. . . To Retailers. Comb. Extract. moving on Crop Rejjortedbv: unsold J. M. Cutts. ..".... 50. . J. C. Dickman 10. . J. Johnson 20 . . W. J. Sheppard.... 5 28. L. L. Andrews 12 . M. A. Sayler 10 M. C. Richter 20 11 J. A. Green 5 08 ... . 4.60 B. W. Hopper 0 Slow Latham 20 7.00 Pair Hewitt 3 08 85.... Fair Lamkin 2 3.08.. .75.... Fair J. Wilder 40 09 72.... Fair your locality? Give answer in one word, as slow, fair or rapid. 5. What is the condition of the colonies at present as compared with normal ? Give answer in per cent. 6. What is the condition of the honey plants at this time as compared with normal? Give an- swer in per cent. 7. What is the per cent of winter loss of bees, if any, in your locality? 8. How does the number of colonies in your local- ity at present comjiare with last year ? Give answer in per cent. The answers as returned by our honey and bee reporters are as follows : ,$5.75. . 5.00. 3.60. .90. . 1.00. . 1.75. . 1.00. . .75. . 1.30. . .65. . Move- ment. Slow .Pair . Fair .Pair Fair .Pair . Slow .Pair Condition. Winter Colo- Bees. Plants. Loss. nies. '. 100. . 115 115 . 85. .100. . . .5. . . .100 .100. .100. . . .1. . . .100 .100.. 100.. 10 125 .100.-. .30. . . . 85 .100 105 Miller. . . . Bender. . . Kildow 0. Baxter 0. Johnson 0 . Miller 35. Brown 20 . W. S. Pangburn 27. P. Coverdale 2 . J. A. Nininger C. Davis 20. B. Griffin 12. J. Crocker, Jr . . . M. Smith D. Bartlett. . . . Markham ... S. Griggs B. Willson. . . . W. Romberger D. A. Prince. . B. Howe W. Lesser. . . . 08 60 0 6.00 Slow . 60. .100. . 70. .100. . 75. .125. .100. , 90. .100. '100.' .$5.25. .11. .14. 5. . 10. . 10. . 8. . 0. . . 0. . 0. . . 0. . .08. .12. .13. .09. .11. .13.'. 6.00.. 1.00 6.00. . 1.15. . . .Slow 6.00.. 1.00 Slow 6.00. . 1.00. . . .Slow 6.00. . .85. . . .Pair 7.20. . 1.07 Slow 6.50 Slow 6.00.. .75 85 7.00 4.75 .Rapid . .125. 6.00. 1.00. , .75.'. .80. 1.00. 1,00. .95. . . Slow .Fair 6,00 7.00 Slow . Slow .Slow .Fair . Slow .Slow -Fair 5.75.. .11 6.25.. .95 Fair Fair 7.20. . 1.10. . . .Good 4.50. . 1.00. . . .Slow Adams & Myers 5.75.. .15.... 6.50.. 1.00.... Pair J. Spahn 10 Slow S. Bumgarner... 10 1.25.... Fair P. Moore 10 4.80,. .80 Slow D. Hiatt 6.00.. 1.10.... Pair G. Baldwin 0 Heueisen 0 P. Stiles 0 J. Ladd 5 5,00.. 1,00..., Slow A. Scullen 10 5,60., 1,00. Beaver 7 08 65. C. Gilham 15 7,00.. 1.00, H. Rea 5 6.75.. 1,00. C, Miller 0 Slow M. Buchanan .... 10 1.00 .... Slow M Bentley 0 Slow A, Bowden 16 80.... Slow N. Mayes 2 11 60 , , . . Fair B, Parks 10 09 Slow A, Gill 5 4,50., .60.... Fair E, Crane 6.00,. 1,25 Pair N. Gravely 25 3.60 Slow C, Asher 5 1.25 Pair W. York 20.... 5.00.. .09.... 6.00.. .80..,. Slow 90 .100 .100 . 90. . .100. . . 80. . . 90. . .100, . .100. . . 90. . .100. . .100 ,100 ,100 ,100 . 80. .100. . 90. .100. .100. .100, .100. .100. .100. .100. . 75. .10. . .0. . .0. .100 0, . . .100 .100 100 .105 . 95 . 95 .120 .105 ,105 . 90 .105 .100 .110 .100 75. 75! 80. 100. 90. 100. 100, .100 '. 80 ,115 ,125 , 90 .125 .110 .100. . . .0. . . .110 .100 0, .100 .110 .125 .100 0. . , .105 Rapid . 1.10 Slow . . 97. .100. !l00. .110. . 90. !ioo! 50. . .90, . 50. .100. 100! . 50. .100. .125. . 90. .100, . 80. 75. 60. 100. .3. . ,0. .10. .125 aoo .125 .100 .100 .110 .110 .125 .140 50 .100 . 80 .Fair . . 90 . . 90 , . . . 1 , , . .110 . Slow .Pair . Pair 95 100 95 125 100. .100 100 .100.', .100. . ." 90. . . 75. . .110. . . 85. , .100. . . 85.. . 80. . 100. 100. 100. 80. 60. 85. 100. 100. 75. 90. .15, . .2. K. Massie. C. Griffith. E. Prance . . E. Hassinger, Jr. 0 Pair 0 5 4.80. . .75. . . .Pair 4 85. . . .Slow 95.. 80. .100. , 95. 100. 50. ,100 ,110 .100 . 90 . 90 .115 .110 .110 .105 . 95 '. 85 '. 80 .105 138 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE March, 1922 For Real Success You Should Buy Woodman's Inner Overcoat Hives BEE CAUSE: 1. Protected Bees work day and night. It has been sliown by careful obser- vation that maintaining a tempera- ture of 98 degrees permits comb-build- ing to go on both day and night. The bees will thus devote more daylight time to gathering honey. 2. Larger Honey Crops are assured. The bees are enabled to rear brood earlier in the spring, with no danger of chilled brood on account of cold snaps. One bee in March is worth one hundred in July. 3. You will practically eliminate winter losses. With your colonies in normal condition (that is, with plenty of good stores, a young queen and young bees) you will be able to winter prac- tically 100%. 4. The Inner Overcoat Hive will last a lifetime, as the outer hive walls are the same thickness as in the single- wall hive. In other words, WOOD- MAN Inner Overcoat Hives are a lifetime investment — not an expense. 5. Out-of-door Wintered Bees have many advantages over cellar-wintered bees. They do not spring-dwindle and are stronger at the opening of honey flow. 6. Insures Close-up Protection. A per- son may have any amount of blank- ets fastened up to the wall of his room and still freeze to death if left in the center of the room without close-up protection or insulation. Tlie close-up protection in the Inner Over- coat Hive is what does the trick. special circvlar on WOODMAN'S Protection Inner Over- coat Hive, showing 10 large illustrations, sent on reqiiest. A. G. WOODMAN COMPANY Sole takers 238 Scribner Ave., N. W., Grand Rapids, Mich. March, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 139 One-Story Complete Dovetailed Hive With metal telescope cover, inner cover, reversible bot- tom, Hoffman frames, nails, rabbets. Standard Size. Crate of Five, K. D., 8-frame $12.65 Crate of five, K. D., 10-frame 13.25 Jumbo Size. Crate of five, K. D., 10-frame 14.25 -0- -o- -o- Hive-Bodies With Hoffman frames, nails, rabbets. Standard Size, crate of five, K. D., 8-frame. $5.20 Standard Size, crate of five, K. D., 10-frame. 5.85 Jiimbo Size, crate of five, K. D., 10-frame . . . 6.85 -0- -0- -0- HofFman Frames standard Size 100, $5.20 Shallow 100, 4.30 Jumbo 100, 5.80 500, $25.00 500, 21.00 500, 28.00 -0- -0- . -0- Diamond Brand Foundation Medium 5 lbs., 68c lb. ; 50 lbs., 65c lb. Thin Super 5 lbs., 75c lb. ; 50 lbs., 72c lb. -0- -0- -0- We carry Aluminum Honeycombs as now made by Duffy-Diehl Company, in stock to supply Eastern Beekeepers. -0- -0- HOFFMAN 8c HAUCK, INC. WOODHAVEN, NEW YORK 140 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE March, 1922 Dadanfs Foundation A BRIEF STORY Forty-three Years Ago Dadant 's Foundation was first manufactured for the bee- keeper. Forty-one Years Ago The Dadant Process of purifying beeswax which leaves the natural odor of the wax and thoroughly cleans it without in- juring it in any way was first used and has not to date had an equal. Thirty-five Years Ago The first special foundation mills for making thin and extra thin foundation were devised by us and manufactured espe- cially for us by Mr. Vandervoort of Pennsylvania. Previous to that time all weights of foundation were made on the same mill. This gave to the beekeeper something on which the finest comb honey could be produced. Twenty-nine Years Ago We adopted a method of rendering beeswax which left it free from air bubbles and which produced a clear transparent foundation, much tougher than the old cloudy article. Twenty-five Years Ago The Weed Process of sheeting beeswax was first used in the manufacture of Dadant 's Foundation (ever since tlie process was available). The only advantage of the Weed Process over our old process is that it makes the production of foundation more rapid. Every Year Dadant 's Foundation is being improved. Some new kink, some new machinery is added which makes the foundation more nearly perfect and gives to the bees every advantage possible. This Year Additional improvements are under way which make for econ- omy for tlie beekeeper and the very best combs for the bees. These will not be offered until actual tests on a large scale have convinced us first of their practicability. We want the name "Dadant" to stand, as it always has, for a tried and true article which will stand the test of time. DADANT & SONS, Hamilton, El. E GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 1 EDITORIAL AS mentioned last month we expect to pub- lish the list of donors to the Dr. Miller Me- morial Fund The Miller Memorial Library Fund. in the April issue, making it complete up to the time of going to press. This will en- able us to include the amounts donated by the various beekeepers' associations during the winter, either as associations or as in- dividuals, who made their contributions tliru the secretary of an association. Glean- ings has not heretofore published a list of donors to this fund, chiefly because the list has been constantly growing. The committee liaving charge of this pro- ject have not set a time limit for contribu- tions, but we have definitely decided to pub- lish the list next month. In order that this list shall be as large as possible all con- tributions should now be sent promptly in order that the names may reach this office in time to be printed next montli. The funds are in charge of C. P. Dadant, Hamil- ton, 111., who is chairman of the commit- tee, but contributions may be sent to any member to be forwarded to Mr. Dadant. Tlie other members of the committee are Dr. E. F. Phillips, Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C; E. G. LeStourgeon, San Antonio, Texas; B. F. Kindig, East Lansing, Michigan, and E. E. Root, Medina, Ohio. We understand that this committee will soon make some important announcements in regard to plans for the Dr. Miller Me- morial Library, now being considered. In order that the names shall reach this office in time to be printed in the April issue it will be necessary to send them early in the month, especially those which are not sent direct. All names should be here not later than the middle of March, if they are to apjjear in the list. SINCE the editorial comment on aluminum combs Avas made in the February issue of this journal, sev- The Aluminum eral letters have Honeycombs. been received scold- ing the Editor for not discussing more fully the advantages and disadvantages of these combs. Our readers may rest assured that if these combs prove to be certainly advantageous in honey production. Gleanings in Bee Cul- ture will point this out immediately. The stand that the Editor takes at this time, judging from his own experience and from reports received, is that aluminum combs are still in the experimental stage, and may never get out of that stage. They are accepted hy the bees and filled with honey, altho the bees show a decided pref- erence for natural combs. Brood is reared in them, but under some conditions only a part of the brood will develop, the combs often having a spotted appearance as if the queen was failing. Probably this is par- tially responsible for the difficulty experi- enced in the attempts to winter colonies on these combs in the North, tho no doubt the rapid conductivity of heat by the metal is the chief cause of this trouble, aluminum being one of the best conductors. It now seems that if these combs should ever come into general use it will be for extracting combs instead of for brood- combs. They are not easily broken in the extractor, yet they require careful handling, for, unlike natural combs, the bees are not able to repair them when the cells are in- jured by rough handling. The larvae of the wax moth are not able to destroy these combs, but when they are exposed these larvae spin their cocoons in fhe spaces be- tween the metal and the frame, sometimes destroying the frames by cutting away wood, besides injuring the combs otherwise. Perhaps these difficulties can be overcome after further experiments, and, no doubt, aluminum combs will give better results in some climates than in others. It would cer- tainly be unwise for any beekeeper to in- stall an extensive ec^uipment of metal combs without first trying them out thoroughly on a small scale for his conditions. ACCOEDING to reports of the Bureau of Public Roads of the United States Depart- ment of Agricul- Good Eoads and ture 11,930 miles Beekeeping. of roads were con- structed under the joint supervision of the Federal Govern- 142 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE Mabch, 1922 ment and the states in 1921. The projects under way during the year amounted to 31,228 miles, or more than enough to encircle the earth. This represents only a part of the road worK carried on in the United States during the year. While tliese good roads are not always built where the bee- keeper needs to go in his out-apiary work, in many cases they open up new territory for outyards and greatly simplify their op- eration. In fact, good roads, automobiles and swarm-eontrol are three great factors in the large increase in out-apiaries during recent years. :30^«p: THE figures given by producers on our mar- ket page, as to number of colonies, show a substantial increase More Colonies over tluit of a year of Bees Than ago. In a few cases Last Year. a decrease is shown, but these are offset by the many cases where there is a gain. Since these figures reflect, to a large extent, conditions found among commercial honey producers they indicate a spirit of deter- mination in beekeepers as they adjust them- selves to new conditions. While on first thought an increase in the number of colo- nies may suggest that the country may pro- duce too much honey for advantageous mar- keting, it is well to remember that there is also a danger of producing too little to de- velop properly the consumption of honey. As a result of all the agencies that have been at work during the past six or eight months pushing the sale of honey, a great multitude of new consumers have learned that honey is good and that it leaves a taste for more. When beekeeping finally comes into its own, this country will produce many times the amount of honey now being pro- duced, and honey will be better known to the American housewife than it is now. ON PAGE 165 of this issue C. E. Bartholo- mew mentions the disaj)pearance of queens as one of the diffi- Disappearance culties of tropical of Queens in beekeeping. Similar the Tropics. reports have come from Porto Eico as well as other tropical countries, even when the colonies are requeened annually. Mr. Bartholomew points out that it is the young and most prolific queens that most com- monly disappear. Tliis loss of queens, often occurring when the bees are not rearing brood, causes serious winter loss, frequent- ly much greater than the winter losses in tlie far north. Why so many young queens should disappear is a baffling question that should be answered if possible. Do laying queens sometimes risk their lives by taking a flight in the sunsliiut> wlien they are not busy laying eggs? Mell Pritch- ard, queen-breeder for The A. I. Eoot Com- pany, says that they do. He says that it is not uncommon for laying queens to take flights in late summer or autumn when they are not busy laying eggs. He has seen lay- ing queens do this again and again, but al- ways late in the season when they are lay- ing but little if any. Perhaps this is more common in the tropics where the queens are idle for two months when the weather is fine for flight. In the north, the queens can not "take the air" during their idle months of winter because of cold weather, and dur- ing the summer they are too busy for play. It might be well for tropical beekeepers to pen the queens in their hives by means of entrance-guards, while they are not busy laying, to see if this would reduce the num- ber that disappear. Perhaps clipping their wings would answer, tho, no doubt, an en- trance-guard would be safer. 20^ca= THOSE who winter their bees in the cellar can now tell with considerable accuracy how their colonies will Setting Bees Out winter, even tho of the Cellar. they may be left in the cellar an- other month or more. If they are quiet now and show no signs of dysentery, they should come thru in good condition. If they are restless and spot the hives around the en- trance they have already wasted themselves badly and cannot come out in the best con- dition, for their restlessness will increase from this time on until they are set out and have had a cleansing fliglit. About all that can be done now for bees tliat are restless is to try to keep them from flying out of their hives by lowering the celhir tempera- ture. Formerly great stress was placed upon the time and the manner of setting the bees out of the cellar in spring; but, since better cellars are being built and cellar wintering is better understood, there is less complaint about the two great difficulties of cellar- wintered bees in former years — drifting and spring dwindling. Bees that have wintered well in the cellar are not so much inclined to drift during their first flight as bees that have wintered poorly. Bees that have win- tered well in the cellar should not be trou- bled with spring dwindling. In fact, they should be even better able to endure cold spells during the spring after they are set out than bees wintered outside. It was for- merly thought that the bees wintered out- side were hardened by the winter and that this hardening enables them better to en- dure cold spells in the spring, but apparent- ly this is not true. Since cellar wintering is better understood, beekeepers are setting the bees out in the spring earlier than for- merly thought advisable, and tliere is less anxiety iibout clioosing exactly the right March, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 143 kind of day for this work. Probably most of the cellar-wintered bees will be set out this year the latter part of this month in- stead of in April, especially if the weather is at all favorable for so doing at that time. A few simple precautions are usually suf- ficient to prevent drifting if the bees have wintered well, such as airing the cellar the night before tlie bees are set out, handling the hives carefully wlien carrying them out and contracting the entrances before the bees begin to fly. Many beekeepers now prefer to set the bees out at night or on a day too cold for them to fly so they will not rush out of the hive during their first flight, as they are inclined to do when set out on a warm day. By consulting the daily weather map it is usually possible to have notice a few days in advance of an ap- proaching warm spell. Those who are not able to interpret the weather map should consult the teacher of physics in the local high school, who should be able to do this. :2n ^ca= WITHIN recent years there has sprung up a new type of beekeeping, which is rapid- ly placing the indus- The New try on a safer basis Beekeeping, than heretofore. Even in regions formerly thought not to be suitable for honey produc- tion on a commercial scale because of so many seasons of failure, "the new beekeep- ing" is quietly creeping in and paying crops of honey are being harvested. Honey is now being shipped in carload lots from localities formerly thought to be too poor for commercial honey production. Some say that the seasons are growing better, espe- cially in the eastern portion of the country. So they are for those who have taken up "the new beekeeping." What is this thing that is now SAveeping over the country, converting poor localities into fair ones and good localities into splen- did ones? The answer can be put into two words — better management. During the past 10 or 15 years great strides have been made in management to produce great col- ony strength at the right time to take ad- vantage of the honey flow. For 30 years or more previously, beekeepers were so en- grossed in the development of apparatus that some of the essential things in manage- ment were overlooked. Many beekeepers were so busy inventing new hives and appli- ances, designed to force nearly all of the honey into the .supers, that they failed to see how tliis was leading to smaller colo- nies at the beginning of the main honey flow. Fortunately, the emphasis has changed from hives and fixtures to better management. This does not necessarily mean that hives and fixtures have reached perfection but that beekeepers are learn- ing that equipment can not take the place of management. The result is mucli strong- er colonies at the beginning of the honey flow tlian were formerly thought possible. It seems to have taken unnecessarily long for this change to come about, and the indus- try, as a whole, still has a long way to go in this respect. "The new beekeeping" does not leave to chance anything vital to the X'rosperity of the colonies that can be taken out of the realm of chance. It demands in August nor- mal colonies headed by a good queen, pre- ferably young, and plenty of food. It de- mands that the colonies be put into as near- ly perfect condition as possible for winter, even tho the latter part of the season is un- favorable for brood-rearing. It demands that each colony be supplied with an abund- ance of stores at the beginning of winter, and in the north where bees are confined to their hives for long periods, that the winter stores be of the best quality. It demands that these conditions be in all colonies at the beginning of winter and not in some of them. While such colonies are liard to kill by winter exposure "the new beekeeping" provides adequate winter protection for the severest winter every year instead of for the average winter. In the spring "the new beekeeping" de- mands that every colony be given every op- portunity to build up quickly to the greatest possible strength for the honey flow. When Doolittle pointed out the value of "millions of honey at our house" for this building-up period, together with an abundance of room in the form of good worker combs for brood- rearing, he pointed the way for "the new beekeeping." This new beekeeping takes no chances on nature furnishing enough food during this critical time, but every col- ony is supplied with a large reserve of honey — from 15 to 50 pounds. "The new beekeeping" completely con- trols swarming, and during the honey flow conditions are brought about to induce the bees to work with the greartest possible spirit. Of all things which help to bring about uniformly strong colonies at the beginning of the honey flow and therefore bring suc- success in honey production, the big and outstanding one is a great abundance of re- serve stores, especially in the spring when workers are being reared for the liarvest. Those who provide a second story two-thirds filled with honey as a food chamber at this time and permit the queen free range thru both stories are reaping rich rewards for doing so. In many localities tliis food cham- ber with its "millions of lioney at our house" converts poor localities into good ones and practically eliminates poor seasons in ordinary localities. "The new beekeep- ing" is based largely upon this safety de- vice. The food chamber, togctlier with the slogan "millions of honey at our house," is now working miracles in honey production. 144 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE March, 1922 THE TIME FACTOR A BIG ONE Importance of Being Fully Prepared for the Rush Season. Yard Work Should be Done During Honey Flow By M. C. Richter TIME is a very impor- t a n t factor in successful bee- keeping p r a c- tices. Good man- agement and the proper planning of work will bring about con- ditions where it is possible for us to avail ourselves to the fullest extent of the time factor. Why is time such an important factor in beekeeping, and why should we place so much emphasis on this fact? It is because we deal with a colony of bees that can be worked at certain times only. Such times are relatively short and are, generally speak- ing, during periods of honey flows. Work at such- periods, then, must be definitely planned beforehand, so that it may progress rapidly, smoothly and intelligently. There are many days during April and May when our time may be valued at several dollars an hour. Working weather with the bees during honey flows utilizes our most precious moments. We must do everything in our power so to arrange our work that our best energies may be expended with the bees themselves. A realization of this is of the utmost importance, and it is the purpose of this article to place special stress upon this fact. Of course, there is a considerable amount of work to do with bees when they are in- clined to rob, but the work can be mini- mized surprisingly thru proper management. We all unite in saying that there is no bet- ter time to work bees than during a honey flow. Let us then plan our work so that we may take advantage of this most important consideration. In early spring, as far as it is possible, everything about the apiary buildings, the equipment and yards should be in readiness for the season's work. We will describe how our plant is arranged, but the reader must bear in mind that the description is useful only in so far as it is of value as a time-saver. The plant is a home extracting plant, located on a sage range and run for extracted honey. The apiary buildings con- sist of a warehouse (storage room for equip- ment), extracting room, tank room, shop, garage and wax-house. The Warehouse. Tlie warehouse is amply large enough so that it will accommodate, without crowding, sufficient honey cases, extracting supers, tops, bottoms, excluders, etc. The arrange- ment of the equipment in the warehouse is such that each particular kind of equipment is set off in separate piles. We will take, for instance, the item of extracting supers. There are in the warehouse in March the following: (1) pile of supers containing No. 1 brood-combs, 10 to the super, this pile be- ing limited in number to about one-third as many supers as we have colo- nies of bees; (2) pile of supers* containing either No. 1 or No. 2 brood-combs con- taining eight combs to the super, this pile consisting of about three supers to every colony of bees that we possess; (3) pile of supers containing 10 frames of foundation each to the super, this pile consisting of one and one-third supers to every colony of bees. There are, perhaps, other piles, such as su- pers with wired or empty frames, or the empty supers themselves. In like manner til ere are separate piles of tops, bottoms, ex- cluders, escape-boards, moving screens, nu- cleus boxes, etc.; but in each instance each pile is easily accessible and at a moment 's notice may be made available to a waiting truck at the doorway. It need hardly be mentioned, I hope, that all supers, tops, bot- toms, etc., must be in proper shape before being placed in piles. It is important to maintain an inventory of the various piles. Extracting Room and Garage. The extracting room joins the storeroom and adjoining this is the garage. They are all under the same roof. When a load of supers containing honey arrives at the plant, the truck is driven into the garage and the doors are closed. The supers are then car- ried into the extracting room (a door opens from the garage into the extracting room). During extracting, the empty supers, as soon as filled with wet combs, are placed directly on the truck and are thus ready to go to a yard when the proper time arrives. Here is a saving in the handling of a super of at least once and at a time when time is so valuable. There can be no robbing since both rooms are bee-tight. When honey flows are rapid, the extract- ing outfit must be capable of liandling at least a daily output of two to three tons. This is easily obtainable today with our modern appliances. Shop and Wax House. The shop is a corner in the storeroom and must be fitted so that it will take care of ordinary repairs in the extracting room and on the truck. Tools must always be replaced after being used, and the shop must be kept iu order at all times. Endless time is lost during the busy season, if tliis important rule is not observed. The wax-house is a building by itself, suf- ficiently removed from the other, on account of the danger from fire. This liouse may also serve for the purpose of handling American foul brood. Old, broken and diseased combs and scrapings are rendered into wax after the extracting season is over. The same March, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 1 I.' liolds true for ;ill hive inatcrials contamin- ated with Anierieaii foul brood. Tliis ])liasc of tho business can wait until the more pressing work of extracting is over. Cap- pings or Avax from the capping melter may be refined with all other wax at the season's close. Auto Truck. Eegarding tlie truck, it should need a certain amount of overhauling during the winter according to the amount of use to which it has been put. If used extensively it should be turned in for a new car every other year. It cannot be overemphasized that the auto truck must be in excellent me- chanical condition for the season's work. A breakdown during the busiest part may prove very disastrous, and the upkeep and care of the car must be ever so closely at- tended to. Strict attention to this allows us more time for manipulation in the yards. Another factor is that the truck should be fast, and we know of no other truck that partial or total dearth of incoming nectar, if the yard be in excess of 100 colonics; (8) tlie greater case and rapidity with which a yard may be worked when there is very little inclination to rob; (4) as a disease- control measure; and (5) a truck load, tak- ing all things into consideration, handles a yard of this size to the best advantage. When possible the colonies arc arranged in double rows, leaving a driveway between each pair of rows. This plan reduces the carrying of supers to and from the truck to a minimum. The hives themselves must sit level, but may slant slightly towards the front. If they do not sit true, combs drawn from foundation will conform more to New- ton's law^ than to the form of the Hoffman frame. The result would be not only an imperfect comb but a loss of time in colony manipulation. Colony Manipulation. We all have a fairly good idea of what constitutes working weather with the bees. Typical sage country of California. can do our work better than the Eeo. A speed of 35 miles per hour with a full load on a paved highway is a great saving of time. Smokers, veils, hive-tools and fuel should be so arranged upon the truck that they are held securely, well protected and very accessible. Care must be exercised to protect a hot smoker .from fire danger. Before the season opens there should be enough fuel on hand to last thruout the busy season. We use burlap put into proper lengths to fit the smokers. This fuel is stored where it may be drawn upon each morning before the truck starts on its daily run. Yards and Their Arrangement. We do not like to keep more than 75 or 100 colonies in a yard. There are several reasons: (1) During spring manipulations two men can get thru a yard in good shape on a fairly good bee day; (2) the demoral- izing effect that it begins to have upon the yard when visited the second day during a If we had but a few colonies there would be nothing to hinder us from working them al- ways in ideal weather and everything would proceed beautifully. But, alas,' when colo- nies run up into the four figures, often we must do a certain amount of work which is performed with great reluctance. It is an unpardonable sin, if traceable to faulty management, to arrive at a yard, we will say, at nine o'clock in the morning when bee weather actually commenced at eight 0 'clock. Again, it is little short of a crime to arrive at a yard with too few supers of foundation, tops, or excluders, or whatever other equipment might be needed. It would be all the more unpardonable to commence work with an asthmatic smoker, leaky veils or no hive-tool. The spring work is always planned in such a way that we spend the warm, sunshiny hours of the day with the bees, and we are at times in tw^o or more yards during a single day. It is our en- deavor to bring about conditions among the 146 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE March, 1922 bees so that we must manipulate them as little as possible. The preparation of bees during the fall of the year, as outlined in last month 's arti- cle on the "Orange Flow in California," showed that under ordinary conditions no further attention was required until the col- onies had bred up to nearly their full strength. When they have about reached the point where they might swarm, they are treated to prevent swarming. Thenceforth, as an aftermath of the swarming treatment, they are requeened and examined for pur- poses of giving more room or taking off honey according to the character of the flow. Thus, it is seen that normal colonies un- der ordinary c(Tnditions are manipulated but little. Colonies that require the least spring work produce the most honey. Unfortun- ately, however, it is impossible to keep all colonies normal, and still further impossible to control abnormal weather conditions which bring about a greater amount of man- ipulation. For this reason and, likewise, for the reason that colonies vary so greatly as to the time when they approach the treat- ment for swarming, we must spend all the time we can get with the bees. What is more important tlian doing the right thing at the right time? The difference between today and tomorrow may mean the difference between 50 pounds or 1.50 pounds to any individual colony. If we can so plan our work that we have made it possible to squeeze in an extra 20 or 30 or 35 minutes more per day actual working time in a yard, then we know we are working in the right direction. As we become more pro- ficient, our bees will be kept better and soon we can keep more of them. Much that is written herein, you have read often. To plan in oi'der to save time is obvious. Yet why is it that we heed so little that which is so obvious? Big Sur, Calif. SOME WESTERN HONEY-HOUSES Permanently Equipped Central Ex- tracting Plants Becoming More Com- mon. Importance of Room and Light By H. H. Root TEN years ago a honey- house or a hone y-building of any descrip- tion costing thousands of of dollars was of rare ; occurrence. Likewise, even five years ago, a five or six horse-power steam boiler was not considered a necessary part of the extracted-honey producers' equipment. Today both are common. We find, of course, a variety of opinions in regard to the proper construc- tion of buildings for beekeepers' use. One produc- er, to keep down expense, will construct the cheapest shed that can be made bee-tight (and not all of them are bee-tight), of a size just large enough to- house the equipment and a few supers of tJopey-liQUsp pnd workshop bu}lt by Eo^ Jlabbitt, PftWwell, Ida, It has plenty at room and plenty of light, March, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CUI-TURE M7 Rear view of Roy Rabbitt's honey-house and workshop. The garage is located in tlie basement, the trucks having access by driveway to the middle story. combs. Like the Israelites of old when a move to new pastures becomes necessary, the beekeeper can easily pick up and go, for the shed itself can be moved or it can be sold without much loss. More and more the central extracting plant is coming to the front, owing to the improved roads and to better and cheaper trucks. Among the central-plant advocates we find a group who believe in constructing a building ample for their requirements, but of such a shape and style as to be readily reconstructed into a garage, barn, or even into a dwelling house, in case a move be- comes necessary. In this way the prop- erty can be disposed of without great loss. Then there are other beekeepers who be- lieve in constructing a special building of a type exactly suited to their needs. This group seems to be increasing— a testimony in favor of the increasing stability of the honey business. Eoy Babbitt of Caldwell, Idaho, has a very fine building. Mr. Eabbitt produces both comb and extracted honey, and his building is well adapted to the needs of both. Counting the basement, there are three floors. Because of being built on a sidehill, tlie first and second floors are on the grade line. Mr. Eabbitt has rooms for special purposes, including a garage for two trucks, workrooms, rooms for the storing of supplies, warm rooms for the storing of comb honey, etc. He has an abundance of light and electricity for both heat and poAver. By the way, Mr. Eabbitt A creamery converted by H. M. West of Parma, Ida., into a honey-house. It was already provided with a horizontal boiler of good capacity, an insulated room, plenty of tanks, etc. A trucj? may be backed up to the basement or up the incline to the main floor. i48 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE MARrn, 1922 R. A. Bray's solid concrete honey-house at Big Timber, Mont. Mr. Bray lost a former honey-house by fire, hence when he built new he adopted fireproof construction thruout. buys all of his supplies, as he figures that his time is worth more in other ways during the winter than in the construction of home- made appliances. H. M. West of Parma, Idaho, was very fortunate in securing an abandoned cream- ery building all complete with steam plant, insulated room, etc. It is an ideal build- ing for his extensive extracted-honey pro- duction. I do not feel that any power ex- tracting plant is complete without a fair- sized boiler for steam. In extracted-honey production it is really indispensable. Most of the honey-houses in the Inter-Mountain dis- trict have these boilers in sheds adjoining the building, or, in some instances, right out in the open air. A 5 or 6 horse-power boiler is ample; the amount of coal used in a season is almost negligible; and, besides, there is an abundance of steam for every purpose. Mr. West has a large horizontal boiler, one firing of which gives him all the steam he can use for several hours. He was fortunate in securing this old creamery. J. M. Stark of Middleton, Idaho, has a commodious well-built honey-house right in town. A good-sized boiler at the rear keeps him supplied with steam. He can drive right into a shed adjoining the build- ing. Long windows in the side and front of his house furnish an abundance of light. R. A. Bray of Big Timber, Mont., some time ago had a disastrous fire, in which he lost his building and everything in it, sav- ing absolutely nothing except a honey pump, which, being full of honey at the time, was not injured by the heat. His new building is constructed of solid concrete, and is a model structure in every way. It has con- crete floors thruout and abundance of light, water, steam and all modern con- veniences. One room is partitioned off for an office, another for the boiler, extracting equipment and tanks, while the rest of the J. M. Stark's honey-house, Middleton, Ida. The vertical steam boiler in the shed outside furnishes ample steam for all purposes. March, 1923 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 149 building is left for tlio storage of supplies, for his garage, etc. One thing that impressed itself on my mind most forcibly when visiting these western beekeepers is the fact that room and light, plenty of both, are considered in- dispensable, and I am sure that they pay for themselves in the saving of labor. No one can do efficient work in dark, small, poorly ventilated rooms. The outdoors of the West seems larger and loftier than that of the East. Perhaps that is the reason why buildings used by the western beekeepers average larger than those used by eastern beekeepers. In this brief article I have not attempted to give floor plans. I have seen extracting rooms by the score, but I have never seen two arranged just alike. This is not sur- prising. There are possibly 700 kitchens in Medina, and while some' of tliem are the same in size and shape no two of them are arranged alike inside. The habits and ways of individuals are different, and so are the conditions. Just as no uniform arrangement of a kitchen would fit all conditions or suit all women, so no one arrangement of an extracting room will answer all require- ments nor suit all extracted-honey produc- ers. The floor plan, therefore, in my opinion can best be arranged by the beekeeper him- self, who contemplates the construction of a building. In the next number, however, I shall have something to say in regard to the arrangement of extracting equipment. I shall discuss the various forms and parts of the equipment used. WHEN AND HOW TO SET OUT IN the Septem- ber issue of Glean ings I described our unde r g r 0 u n d concrete bee-cel- lar, showing in- terior and ex- terior views of it. On the last day of November we finished putting the bees in this cellar for the third time since tlie cellar was built. Generally we have put our bees in the cellar about the middle of November; but, owing to the late fall and continued warm weather, we were able to leave them out much longer last fall. Requires No Attention During Winter. We moved to our winter quarters in Al- bany on December first, and I have not been able to visit our cellar more than twice since coming to town. At both times I found the thermometer at 48 °F., the cellar free from moisture and the bees quiet. Dur- ing the past two winters this cellar has held its temperature from 48° to 50° with not more than two degrees variation and with no attention whatever. Last winter and the winter before we ex- perienced less than a two per cent loss, which loss was mostly due to the poor con- dition of the bees at the time of going into the cellar. I believe that if we could be sure that all of our bees were in perfect condi- tion for Avintering when placed in the cel- lar, this cellar would winter one hundred per cent perfect without one moment's at- tention from December till April. I certainly think that if some of our brother beekeepers, who practice wintering outside, either in packing eases or on their summer stands with the wind and snow as tlieir only packing, could try out, for just one winter, a satisfactory cellar such as ours Take the ^ees from Cellar in March, and Do It at Night. Sort the Colonies in Groups By D. L. Woodward has proven to be, they would never return to outside winter- ing. Outside win- tering has some advantages, but they are so few, compared with the advantages of a good cellar, that they are not worth mentioning. We are wintering, this year, 307 colonies in this cellar. It took one man just one day to wheel the 300 colonies into the cel- lar and tier tlie hives up five high. The doors are locked, there is no more worry for us, and the bees are warm and comfortable. When to Take Bees from Cellar. If the latter part of March proves no ex- ception to the past two or three years, our bees will come out of the cellar about March 20. For a number of years we have been waiting until about April 5 to -15 to take them out, or until the weather becomes somewhat settled. We now plan to have our bees on their summer stands the first sea- sonable weather after March 20. It is generally supposed, if bees are taken from the cellar too early, or before the weather is settled, that they are apt to re- ceive a setback during the early part of April. Our Experience for a few years past has proven to us that whatever setback they may receive at tliis time, they are still in the lead when the honey flow starts, which is about June 10 with us. A couple of years ago we took out 50 colo- nies the latter part of March. The bees had liad several good flights when we awoke one morning to find a foot of snow on the ground and a blizzard raging. The snow drifted and covered most of the hives, so that we could discern where 150 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE March, 1922 the rows were only by the little mounds of snow. A week of genuine winter weather followed, but the bees suffered no harm, and when the honey flow came on these were our strongest colonies. Experience has taught us that, if the bees can have a week of good weather with several flights during that time, they are in shape to withstand any bad weather that may follow. Advantages of Setting Bees Out at Night. Many beekeepers remove their bees from the cellar during the day, but we prefer to take them out at night, with the prospect of a cool and cloudy day to follow, so that the bees will not try to fly until the next warm day. Then they will start out gradu- ally as the heat of the sun warms the hives A familiar picture — the underground bee-cellar of the late G. M. Doolittle ; one of the first of its kind. from the outside and assures the bees that it is safe to venture forth. In this way there is no mad scramble to get out for the first flight, the bees fly out gradually, mark- ing their location as they go out, and there is very little drifting. We do not try to remove our 300 colonies all in one night, but take several evenings to do the work. Sometimes a week will in- tervene between the first and the last lot taken out. Therefore there is less confusion in the yard, the following day, than if all were removed on the same night. In handling the work in this way it is best to fill out all rows started each night in order to start at the end of a new row the next night; otherwise the bees in the hives near the ends of the rows will have marked their location, and when the row is con- tinued the following night, these bees will become confused upon flying the follow- ing morning, to find that their home is in the middle of the block instead of on the corner. Each morning after moving a lot of bees from the cellar, we proceed to clean out the entrances, put in the alighting-boards, and contract the entrances to about one inch, which keeps out the cool night air and lielps to prevent robbing. I have often been asked if there is no danger of robbing when bees are taken out in this way. All I can say is, that we have never had any trouble from this. No doubt if one is careless he would have trouble; but, if proper precautions are taken, there will be no robbing on this account. I think that if some who practice cellar wintering and taking their bees out during the day, will try the niglit trick, they will be con- vinced that it is far ahead of the daylight plan. They will have no flying bees, no gloves nor bee-veil to contend with, and the work is done during the coolest part of the day. If you can not pick a moonlight night for the work, bring Henry around to the yard and let him cast his eagle eyes over the yard, wliich will answer just as well. Separating Colonies of Different Strength. In putting our bees into the cellar we arrange them in three classes — heavy, me- dium and light. The heavy ones are placed on the two bottom rows, the medium ones next and the light ones on the top. There are two reasons for this: one is to save lift- ing the heavy colonies so high, and the other is, that the colonies near the ceiling will not consume as much honey as the colo- nies next to the floor. With us light colonies mean weak colo- nies, that is to say, that they were found weak in bees and light in stores at the last inspection in the fall. Colonies that were light but strong in bees were attended to at that time; but those that were weak in bees, and light, were considered to have enough stores to carry them thru till they could be attended to in the spring. If not, they were given enough feed to carry them thru the winter. In taking the bees out we proceed to place our light colonies, which we know to be tlie weaker ones, on the stands in the front rows of tlie yard, as we have found that the front rows of any beeyard gener- ally contain the strongest colonies in the fall, due to the fact that the bees from the back of the yard coming in heavily loaded will often droji down and enter the hives March, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 151 at the front of the yard. Likewise in mov- ing bees to our outyards we always try to set the weaker colonies at the front of the yard, so that they will cateli these workers whieli lielp to strengthen them. Our medium colonies are then placed in the center of the yard and the heavy colo- nies at the back. Now we have the yard classified, and we know just which colonies need immediate attention without going over the whole yard. On the first warm day that is suitable we proceed to go over the light colonies to ascertain if they have enough stores to carry them thru till the honey flow starts. If we find that some are short of stores, and we have not provided for this emergency by saving combs of honey, it is an easy matter to borrow some from the heavy colo- nies of the yard, provided they have no foul brood. If there is disease in tlie yard, this becomes a dangerous practice. After taking the bees from the cellar they should not be disturbed until the weather is settled, un- less it is absolutely necessary. Care should be taken not to loosen the sealed covers, .and let in the cold air at the top of the hive, as the bees cannot seal them up again at this time of the year. When the apple blossoms bloom, we don our white suits and bee-veils, and the fun begins. I know that you are all anxiously awaiting the blossom time. Clarksville, N. Y. TREMENDOUS GROWTH FORCE WHEN I was assistant in beekeeping at the Wiscon- sin College of Agriculture, and also queen- breeder at that institution, I de- ter mined to study royal jelly or larval food, to find out, if possible, just wherein lay its great nutri- tive value. In searching thru all the chem- ical and bee literature, I was able to find only one person who had tried to throw light on this subject. Dr. Adolph V. Planta in 1888-1889 published an account of his in- vestigation in "Zeit. f. Phys. Chemie. " His chemical analysis, however, is only an ele- mentary analysis. Larval Food, in Drone and Worker Cells. It has been often stated that it takes two or three workers to support a drone. This may still be true, but I felt that a little in- vestigation into the feeding of the drone and worker larva would not go amiss. The work was done during the clover honey flow, when the amount of larval food, sup- plied to the young workers, is at its maxi- mum. Every beekeeper has seen that in early spring the larvae are fed more spar- ingly. Two average colonies were chosen in order to have a check on the weighings that were to be made. The larvae from 100 worker-cells and from 100 drone-cells were removed. As nearly as possible, larvae were chosen of about the same age. The larval food was removed from the cells and placed in watch glasses, that were kept covered to prevent evapora- tion. This was done with each colony, great care being taken to have the watch glasses properly numbered. The larval food adher- ing to the larvae could not readily be re- moved, so that the results are only approxi- mate, yet they give us an idea as to the Inrestigations Reveal the Food Mir- acle in Royal Jelly. 'Drone Eats Five Times as Much as Worker By C. W. Aeppler relative quanti- ties in each case. Before the lar- val food had been placed in the watch glass- es these had been carefully weigh- ed on analytical balances on which one can weigh a ten-thousandth part of a gram (a gram is about l/28th of an ounce). In other words, one can weigh a grain of dust on such a balance. After the watch glasses containing the larval food had been weighed, the weights of the empty glasses were subtracted in each case, and the results were as follows: DRONE CELLS— Colony A : 100 cells contained 1.046 s;r: larval food, or. .01046 gr. per cell. Colony B: 100 cells contained 1.0974 gr. larval food, or .01097 gr. per cell. WORKER-CELLS— Colony A: 100 cells contain- ed .1843 gr. larval food, or .001843 gr. per cell. Col- ony B: 100 cells contained .1970 gi-. larval food, or .00197 gr. per cell. From the above results it ean be seen that a drone-cell contains about 5.5 times as much larval food as does a worker-cell. These figures speak emphatically in favor of full sheets of foundation to suppress the rearing of drones. Chemical Analysis of Royal Jelly. The greatest obstacle to be met in making a chemical analysis of larval food or royal jelly is the small amount of the material that any chemist can secure. Larval food is about 70% water. Cows' milk is about 87% water. The 30% solid material in lar- val food suggests the difficulty in obtaining enough for analysis. It took me two years to obtain enough larval food to conduct the analysis and feeding experiments. This lar- val food was obtained during the summer of 1915 and 1916. As the larval food was removed from the queen-cells, it was placed in watch glasses. GLEANIKGS IN BEE CULTURE March, 1922 and dried over sulphuric acid in a dessica- tor. In addition to this, the air was pumped out of the dessicator once a day, in order to draw off any moisture that escaped from the larval food. In this way it dried very quick- ly, yet without any heat or chance of fer- menting. Instead of being white or gray- ish white in color, it was now light amber in color, hard and brittle. The color was not due to chemical change. The solids, had merely been concentrated. I was unable to collect much more than a water glass full in dry condition the first summer, altho a lot of queen-cells were started in order to secure enough of the material to make the analysis worth while. In the spring of 1916 I wrote 180 letters to as many beekeepers in every nook and corner of Wisconsin. I asked them to save all the queen-cells that they possibly could, removing the larvae, and sending the cells to me as soon as possible, after removing from the hives. About 30 beekeepers re- sponded, and with what I received from them, together with that secured from the University queen-rearing yard, I had suc- ceeded by fall (1916) in obtaining the larval food from about ten thousand queen-cells. The beauty of it was that it came from many sources, and any analysis conducted with it would be a good average of larval food as it exists. In carrying out the chemical analysis, I had the co-operation of another student, E. G. Gross, who performed the analytical work. The elementary analysis that had to be conducted, checks very well with the results of Dr. Adolph V. Planta, as obtained be- tween 1885 and 1888. Dr. E. F. Phillips in his book, "Beekeeping," doubts the results of Dr. Planta, but we found them to be cor- rect. However, his analysis is only an ele- mentary one. No compounds were isolated, therefore, no conclusion can be drawn as to wherein lies the nutritive value of larval food. The first procedure was to determine the different groups of organic and inorganic compounds, viz.: protein, fat, sugars and ash (mineral matter). The following results were obtained: COMPOSITION OF LARVAL FOOD IN AIR- DRIED CONDITION. Moisture after drying at 100°C 24.15% Total nitrogen 4.58% Total protein (factor 6.25) 30.62% Total phosphorus 67% Total sulphur 38% Total ash 2.34% Total sugars 14.05% Total dextrose 11.70% Total sucrose 3.35% Total ether extract 15.22% Iodine number of ether extract 12.51% At least a dozen tables would be neces- sary to give all of the data that were se- cured in the analysis of the larval food, but only a mere summary of all of these tables and data can be given here. The protein consisted of 76.37% of non- basal nitrogen, of which 59.49% was amino nitrogen, 5.16% ammonia nitrogen, and 3.23% melanin nitrogen. The basal nitro- gen constituted 14.23% of which 9.51% was basal amino nitrogen, 1.74% histidine nitro- gen, 4.41% lysine nitrogen, 3.28% cystine nitrogen and 4.77% arginine nitrogen. The material was fairly rich in basic nitrogen, and unusually rich in cystine. It also con- tained trytophane and tryrosine. Boiling it all down, we have three con- stitutents to consider, viz., proteins, sugars, and fats. These three constituents of larval food determine its nutritive value. Prob- ably the greatest factor of all is the high protein content. Few foods are so high in protein; and the form in which the protein exists, would allow us to conclude that the great nutritive value of larval food lies in its high protein content. The high sugar content gives to the larva a readily avail- able source of energy. It should be noted tliat the sugars exist chiefly as dextrose. The ash content is not abnormally high, which brushes aside the belief that has ex- isted in the past, that bees need a large quantity of mineral matter in feeding their young. It is clear that the protein and fat are derivd from the pollen, and sugars from lioney. The ash is derived probably jointly from pollen and honey. However, it is fair to suppose that a portion of the sugars is -^1^ ^ .^Hk .^^Mu i^^WirV ^ O flu " ' f f ft /J^^ .■^ " 1 .'.-. 1 isi ^^H rhm^^hrh H 1^ aSl ^Ei^idPI B^HB^B View of the apiary at University of Wisconsin, where Mr. Acjipler made his exijerinients on royal jelly. March. 1922 GLEANINGS IN obtained from pollen, inasnnicli as the analy- sis of pollen shows the presence of sugar. Some Deductions. While the chemical analysis of larval food presents many new things to the beekeeper I feel that it presents the most to the queen- breeder. We know that the feeding period of the queen larvae is about 5% days, or about 132 hours. All that any bee, queen, drone or worker, will deliver in terms of eflicieuey, is determined during the larval feeding period. For every hour less than 132 hours that a queen-larva is not fed on an excessive amount of larval food, at least 1% should be deducted in terms of de- creased efficiency. Vitamines in Honey. At the suggestion of one of the professors I carried on some feeding experiments to determine, if possible, if larval food is rich in either fat-soluble "A" or water soluble "B" vitamines, since this might throw a great deal of light on the subject of the great feeding value of larval food. Young rats were fed on purified food- stuffs that were lacking in one of the vita- mines. The rats were kept on such a ration until they were in a sensitized condition, that is, until they were in such a condition that they would respond very quickly to the addition of this accessory. Two young rats were fed on a complete ration, except that it lacked the fat-soluble "A," tho it was rich in water soluble "B," owing to the presence of 10 grams of wheat embryo. The ration fed was as follows: RATION PERIOD 1. PERIOD 2. Grams 10% of larval food re- Casein 18.0 placed an equivalent Agar 2.0 amount of dextrin. Salt 3.7 Dextrin 76.3 Part of the dextrin car- ried the alcoholic ex- tract of 10 grams of ■wheat embryo. The larval food was given at the begin- ning of the second period. During the first week, the young rats made a slight gain in weight. However, during the second week they lost in weight. At the end of three weeks rat No. 2 ate rat No. 1 and during the fourth week showed a slight increase in weight, but did not grow as a normal rat should. From this it is evident that the fat soluble vitamiue "A" is either lacking, or is present in only small amounts in larval food. However, it is highly probable that it is present in sufficient amounts to promote the natural growth of bee larvae, since all experiments that have been conducted seem to prove that the two vitamines mentioned are necessary for the normal development of all animal life. Another lot of young rats were at the same time fed on another complete diet, except that the ration lacked the water soluble "B" vitamine. The ration fed was as follows: BEE CULTURE 153 RATION PERIOD 1. PERIOD 2. Grams 10% of larval food re- Casein 18.0 placed an equivalent Agar 2.0 amount of dextrin. Salt 3.7 Dextrin 71.3 Butter fat 5.0 The coni])ositioii of tlie salt mixture used in the above ration and also in tlie previous ration was as follows: Grams Sodium chloride 0,173 Magnesium sulphate 0.266 Sodium hydrogen phosphate 0.347 Potassium hydrogen phosphate 0.954 Calcium hydrogen phosphate 0.540 Iron citrate 0.118 Calcium lactate 1.300 This mixture would supply a normal amount of mineral matter in each instance, allowing no argument that lack of growth was due to lack of mineral matter. When the young rats were in a sensitized condition, 10% of larval food was added to the ration, replacing an equivalent amount of dextrin. The animals immediately began to grow again and take on weight. In every way they grew as a normal rat should. It is clearly evident that larval food contains considerable quantities of water soluble "B, " enough to promote the normal growth of rats. Larval food might be considered an end product of pollen and honey. Inasmuch as no fat soluble "A" is present in larval food to an extent sufficient to promote the normal growth of rats, it is fair and logical to believe that this accessory is not found in large quantities in honey. However, it is fair to assume that it is present in minute quantities — enough to promote the normal growth of the larvae. In recent experiments, Professor P. B. Hawk of Jefferson Medical College, Phila- delphia, proves that water soluble "B" is present in honey in only minute quantities, so that he was unable to secure the normal growth of rats when extracted honey was added to the ration. Therefore, it is fair to assume that the abundance ,of water soluble "B" in larval food, is derived at least largely from pollen. This corresponds with the statement I made in "The Bee- keepers' Item" in 1918. Professor Hawk shows that fat-soluble "A" is present in comb honey. Does this mean that extracted honey is not a good food? Certainly not. Extracted honey always was and always will be a good food. As a readily available source of en- ergy, few foods can compare with it. Mere- ly because it does not contain an appreci- able amount of vitamines, it cannot be dis- counted as a food. What it lacks in this, it makes up for in its availableness as a food. Beekeepers, as a whole, will get the farthest by sticking to facts. There is no need of making vitamines a talking point in adver- tising honey, but talk palatability. Oconomowoc, Wig, 154 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE March, 1922 THrPiE ED 'OF EXP^^ ^■^ ■' •i:!»" uM. ANOTHER FOUNDATION FASTENER Revolving Box Passes Work from Person Who Folds to One Who Fastens Foundation Verily there is nothing new under the sun, especially in apiculture. About eight years ago I built a foundation-fastener similar to the one described in the December issue. It was surely rapid compared with the old way of fastening foundation, but I thought it somewhat cumbersome; so I built another along similar lines and thought I had im- proved on the old one. This consists of a box 6 x 20 inches, with the top narrower than the bottom, thus making the sides sloping. Two sets of blocks are fastened on these sloping slides. It is not necessary to have these blocks slide up and down, since the foundation sits nearly perpendicular. This box has a 1-inch hole bored in the center of the bottom and pivots on a peg fastened in the center of a board 12 by 24 inches. The illustration printed below does not show the pivoting device. Mr. Williams' revolving foundation-fastener. To operate, place the apparatus in the center of a small table. Pile the sheets of foundation on top of the box. Take a chair at one side of table, with a stove for your hot-plate paddles at your right. Give your assistant a seat on the oppo- site side of the table with a box of sections, empty section-holders and supers handy. Your assistant folds four sections, places them over the blocks and then slips a holder over them. Now swing the box around so these sections are on your side, drop in the sheets of foundation and fasten them with the hot metal paddles. By this time your helper has the opposite side of the box ready with holder and sections. Reverse the box again, and while your helper folds four sec- tions, the foundation cools enough for the holder of sections to be lifted off and placed in the super. Now keep busy. Don't visit and don 't quarrel, and it will be necessary to call in m'ore help to carry away the filled supers and bring you supplies. Attica, Ohio. B. J. Williams. SPACES IN THE HIVE Allen Latham Prefers the Bee Space Below the Frames Instead of Above Them On page 76 of February (1921) Gleanings ;ip]iears one of the best articles that we read- ers have been favored with for some time. Every honey producer had best read it, and can make no mistake to read it the second time. Some of us may differ from Mr. Pettit as to how we shall carry out the principles involved, but we must agree with him in his statements of those principles. I shall choose for my text a sentence found on page 77 in the first column, near the bottom. "This leaves a full bee-spaee under the frames." One of the amazing things in scientific apiculture which a student of this science runs up against is the frequency with which the manufacturer or fate has fastened stand- ard misfits upon us. I will not enumerate here the numerous weaknesses of the fac- tory hive, or so-called standard hive, but will select onlj"- one weakness and that one the position of the bee-space between bodies and supers. In my effort to find out why this space was placed above the frames and above the sections I have come to the conclusion that it must have got there thru the notion that the cover should come down flat against the hive walls. Instead of looking ahead and considering the inconveniences which would result if the space were put above rather than below, the early hive-makers saw only the disadvantage of setting on that cover. How simple it would have been if they had seen the advantages of the lower position of the space and had contrived some way of offsetting the diflBculty if it were placed above! A little thought would have arrived at a simple solution. I will now enumerate the disadvantages of having the space above the frames rather than below. First, in manipulating the hives one must always have some empty body or open-topped box upon which to place each super he lifts from a hive. If he does not he will crush many bees. He cannot set it down upon the neighboring hive. (Right here it will occur to many of my readers that a particular form of cover was the outcome of this difiiculty. This cover met the needs, but the cover itself has so many disadvan- tages that the remedy was costly.) Second, when the supers are placed in the wagon or auto disaster is frequent. A burr-comb on the bottom of a frame causes the bottom- bar to be pushed up so that the comb above is slightly crushed, and leakage occurs. Often, too, a bottom-bar is bowed down- March, 1923 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 155 FROM THE FIELD OF EXPERIENCE ward, and this again causes leakage. When the supers reach the shop or honey-room more leakage occurs. Follow those supers wherever they go and you will find much leakage. One must always furnish a rim of some sort upon which to place the bottom super, or else get floors of car and room sticky with honey. Compared with the inconvenience of the bee-space above, consider that super with the space below. This super can always be set on the auto floor or upon the shop floor without first setting a something else upon which to place it. Even if there are lumps of comb upon the bottom-bars, or even if those bars are warped, they will not go be- low the bottom edge of the super. Leakage will occur only when the super is placed upon some loose small object like a chip, a butternut, or a nut from the auto. If one keeps floors free from loose objects, there is no likelihood of leakage when the bee- space is below the frames. The comb-honey super also is much bet- ter with the space below. When set down on any but a flat surface with the space above, there is much likelihood of pushing the sections up and causing some of them to get jammed. The great advantage, how- ever, is the tin-rest in the case of the bot- tom-spacing. Who can think of a poorer con- trivance than the tin strip tacked to the bottom edges of the ends of the comb-honey super? These tins prevent a close fit of one super upon another, and they are the worst invitation for the deposition of propolis that man ever devised. When the space is below, a very narrow saw-kerf can be made about 15/64 of an inch from the bottom of the super edge and the tin-rest slipped into this. It is an arrangement infinitely superior to that in vogue. All inner covers should be made with bee- space on either side. The double strip, that is, strip on either edge, greatly reinforces the cover and prevents to a large extent warping and twisting. It can be placed either side down, and is convenient when one wishes to present a clean surface to the bees. It also is better when the escape-board is inserted, for there is no chance that the hole be blocked by bottom-bars or top- bars. I made my first hives with spaces above. I knew no better. As I learned better I adopt- ed the other arrangement, making the top of the hive flush with the top-bars, and al- lowing the space below. I have now used this arrangement for 19 years and could not be hired to change. Whenever I buy hives which I do not wish to sell again, I at once convert them to my arrangement. This is done very easily. The tin frame rest is removed. A strip of wood is inserted and the tin re- placed. It is a simple thing if you have only a few hives, but to do it to 500 hives and the accompanying supers would mean some task. It is too bad the mistake was ever made in the first place. Hard as that task would be, I verily be- lieve that I should perform it if it came my way. I surely would do so rather than be put to the inconveniences incident to a bee- space above the frames. No reform can be brought about without some loss, and usually much labor. Allen Latham. Norwichtown, Conn. SAVES FEEDING IN THE SPRING Five or Ten Acres of Yellow Biennial Sweet Clover Will Do This Every beekeeper should have at least five to ten acres or more of this variety to build up brood-rearing early in the season for the honey flow from alfalfa and other clovers. It blooms so much earlier that a beekeeper can afford to pay $5.00 to $10.00 per acre for the land, for it will keep 100 colonies or more from starving, and it is much bet- ter than to have to feed, besides being cheaper. Afalfa often fails to give any nectar the first blooming, but I have not had the yellow sweet clover fail in 20 years. Alfalfa failed to secrete any nectar in my locality the en- tire season of 1921; but I had 50 acres of the yellow sweet clover and about the same amount of the white, and my 100 colonies gave me a good surplus, some colonies filling five shallow extracting supers. In addition to the honey I secured a good crop of seed that I am selling at $6 per bushel. In the 20 years or more that I have been raising the yellow sweet clover I have not had a failure in a honey crop; besides, it has built up the land greatly. It is far bet- ter for hay than the white, laeing much more easily cured. E. L. Snodgrass. Augusta, Kan. PROnT IN BACKLOT BEEKEEPING Began When 56 Years Old and Has Got a Lot Out of It I am sending you two photos of my back- yard apiary, taken in summer while the crop was on, and in the winter after the hives were packed. The photos might be of some use to you to show to other backlotters (be- ginners) what an ordinary backlotter with a few colonies of bees will do in the way of making money, and the other benefits he de- rives in the way of exercise and pleasure. I started this little plant just four sea- sons ago, by purchasing for $3.75 two colo- nies of bees in old hives and transferring to new lO-frame hives. Since then I have each 156 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE March, 1922 FROM THE FIELD OF EXPERIENCE Mr. Coolidge's backlot apiary in summer. season added to it until I now have 20 colo- nies. When I started to buy bees I made up my mind to buy cheap, for I was afraid they would all fly away and leave me with the bag to hold. I now have 20 good colo- nies in 10-frame hives, 50 large supers all filled with good combs, one new Root-Cowan extractor, one 60-gallon and one 25-gallon honey-tanks, one hot-water uncapping tank, queen-excluders, bee-escapes, knife, and all the other necessary articles that go with the business; also 10 winter cases, that are take- down and interchangeable, and can be packed away in the summer. Now I don 't care to set any value on this outfit, but what I want to show is that it is all profit. The bees are the owners, it's theirs, they made it. I keep an expense and receipt account for them. The bees pro- duced honey that I sold for $836.10; the cash paid out for the entire apiary and out- fit was $283.14, making for me a profit of $552.96. The apiary is worth — what? Its net profit is — . The balance I leave to the backlotter to solve. Now that's the money part; but say, I had the bee-fever right and that was worth all I paid out for the bees. I still have it, but I am more careful not to show the symp- toms so strongly. I have gotten acquainted with lots of fellows that I would not have known if it had not been for the bees. The time surely does pass away quickly when two fellows get to talking beedom. I have missed some meals. My wife says I don 't know enough to come home. I am not very old, only 60, and what I knew about bees four years ago would make you laugh; but that's another story. All I want to say is, any person that will get a little bee-sense and a couple of colonies can have a hundred or two hundred pounds of honey each year. It's fun worth while. Try it. Troy, Ohio. Chas. S. Coolidge, Jlr, Coolidge's backlot apiary in winter. March. 1922 THE evolution of the per- fect brood- comb, by H. H. Root, commenc- ing on page 79, February Glean- ings, is what I have been look- ing for for many months, and is of great value. Tracing the various efforts that have been made by va- rious persons to secure the perfect founda- tion for a perfect comb during the past 50 years, he gives a very complete history, in brief, of the whole subject. The candor and conservatism of this article lead us to be- lieve that the merits of the "wood-base foundation" have not been overdrawn. The next question we ask is, ' ' Can this wood- base foundation be manufactured at a cost that beekeepers can afford to use it in place of that now in use?" * * * On page 83, J. L. Byer speaks of the many kinds of pests "that afflict almost all kinds of rural industries, ' ' so that it requires "eternal vigilance" to keep one from going under. He is quite right. The potato has its beetles and blights; the apple tree has, it is said, more than 150 enemies; the plum, its eurculio; wheat, its blight; the cotton, its boll weevil; domestic animals, their dis- eases; bees, foul brood; and so on to the end of the chapter. Besides insects and blights, bacteria and microbes, there are storms and tempests, floods and drouths, and sometimes earthquakes thrown in for good measure. Surely it looks as tho there was some malign spirit abroad in the earth, with power to make all the trouble possible for us mortals. But it is not so. These dif- ficulties are for our good, and our efforts to overcome them have helped to make the rural population of America the most intel- ligent and enterprising in the world. Take the boll weevil that has invaded the South and within a comparatively few years was thought to be a national calamity; it is now, if I am correctly informed, considered a bless- ing instead. It has in much of the South- land revolutionized farm life, compelling the cultivating of a large number of crops in the place of cotton, requiring greater intelli- gence and in the end producing greater com- fort and wealth. * * * The beekeepers of the country owe a debt of gratitude to Arthur C. Miller for his painstaking experiments in curing European foul brood, as given on pages 86 and 87. I believe any one who has had much experi- ence with this kind of disease will be ready to admit that there is a virulent type of European foul brood that does not readily give way to the dequeening and Italianizing method of treatment. It is simple, inexpen- sive and appears to be practical. This type GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 157 of disease has doubtless much to do with the contradictory ex- perience of bee- keepers in try- ing to clean up European foul brood. For one I am glad Mr. Miller recognizes it as a distinct type. * * * E. F. Atwater, on page 85, discusses the advisability of removing the old bees from a colony before winter. Well, is it desir- able? We know* a strong colony will win- ter more successfully than a small one; and yet, if we put two strong colonies together in the fall, we do not feel at all sure that the double colony will be any stronger the next June than either one would have been if wintered separately. During the fore part of winter the old bees will help keep the colony warm and in fact all winter, if the hive is well protected, but they drop out very quickly when they begin to fly in spring. This should be the rule; but those old bees are more restless than the younger bees and may (and, I believe, often do) set up a restless condition in the colony, so that the colony is worn out before spring. So we may have two colonies side by side equally strong in the fall, and find one win- tering well and the other very badly. Let us have young bees for winter if we can. * * « On page 75 is a short editorial on the Gov- ernment Bulletin 998 that merits every bee- keeper 's attention, as it relates to the en- ergy produced by bees under different con- ditions, and the tremendous amount of en- ergy required by bees during a good flow of honey. I used to wonder, as doubtless many others have, when we first began to read of flying machines why such high horsepower engines. were required — 50, 75 or 100 and over, just for one man to fly. So we may learn from the bee how much energy is required for flight, as well as the value of honey as fuel. * s » "From North, East, West and South," the reports are very favorable for a bumper crop for 1922. It would seem as tho con- ditions were more than usually favorable. How much we are indebted to the kindly criticism of other beekeepers for our knowl- edge of our business! These criticisms have been like steppingstones to a broader knowledge of the science of beekeeping we might not otherwise have acquired. * * * Bill Mellvir may be a rustic jay, but his method of insuring his bees against freez- ing when his "honey crop is sold" is wor- thy the attention of every beekeeper; be- sides he is able to beat Walt Mason at his favorite trick. See Nov. and Jan. issues. 158 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE March, 1922 E lur THIS article is for the b e n 6 fi t of those beekeepers who have the hardihood to at- tempt to trans- plant those per- ennials common- ly known as wives. It can be done, but the operation is attended with risk. In the first place, unless the transplanting is done when the wife is young and not deeply rooted it is well to transplant one who has been frequently moved. Any nur- serj'^man can tell you he moves his stock occasionally to insure a compact ball of roots which will endure transplanting with- out great shock. But if for certain reasons you deem it necessary to transplant a wife who is not young, who is very deeply rooted by reason of never having been moved, then be sure to dig around her with exceeding care, take as much soil as possible, and avoid breaking the little tender roots which reach so far into the soil in every direction. Even with the greatest care there is bound to be more or less shock, and for that reason and in order to make her fit her new location some pruning will be necessary. And when you finality plant her in the new location, see that she is properly sheltered for a few days and that her new environment is as much as possible like that from which she has been taken. THE reason I can write on this subject with so much assurance is twofold: transplanting is one of the gardening op- erations with which I have been quite suc- cessful, and just now I am writing from the standpoint of the perennial herself instead of from that of the man who did the trans- planting. When you read the ordinary book on gardening, you read what the gardener has written from his observation and expe- rience. Wouldn't it be more to the point if the plants could tell you how they feel about it? When my particular gardener (husband) first broached the subject of transplanting me to California this fall — he had talked of it often before in the years gone by until I had come to regard it as "castles in Spain" — I was more or less enthusiastic about it, generally more in the morning and much less at night when I was tired. Also the Staney Puerden part of me regarded it as a glorious new adventure, while Con- stance Boyden thought of the parting with old friends and giving up her old home as nothing less than a tragedy. You know everyone has that dual personality, but he may never discover to what extent unless he contemplates giving up his old home and going to live among strangers in a strange. NOTES ON TRANSPLANTING CONSTANCE ROOT BOYDEN (Staney Puerden) 3 TU tho fascinating land. Then the struggle between the two person- alities is enough to wear out the unfortunate in- dividual who harbors them both. Also it makes it so much harder when all one's friends are ranged on the side of the personality who fights transplanting. We know there are just as fine people in Cali- fornia as in Ohio — we have met some of tliem already and have received welcoming letters from many more — and yet, when you have lived in the same small town all your life, when you have scores of friends who call you by your first name, you feel deep in your heart that no new friends can ever fill their places. There is one phase of leaving the old liome town which is both a great pleasure and a pain. It is this: — you never realize how much your friends think of your family and yourself until you contemplate leaving them in this way. It is heartbreaking to have so many call and try to express how much grief they feel at the separation; to meet people who, you supposed, regarded your family as mere pleasant acquaintances and find that they seem to feel the separa- tion as a keen, personal loss; to have people call for the first time in years to express their regret. And it is almost equally hard to have your friends, when they recognize that the step is inevitable, try to talk cheerfully about it, talk of the wonderful business oiiportunity and promise to visit you when their children are all educated. But it is a great pleasure to listen to the very kind words which are spoken of your husband, your sons and your daughter. You know we mothers all secretly feel that our families are a little exceptional, but we never realize to Avliat extent our neighbors and friends share this feeling until we plan to leave them permanently. If you don't believe me, just try moving away from your home town and you will hear your family eulogized until you feel sinfully proud. Un- doubtedly it is true "that a prophet hath no honor in his oavu country," but if he an- nounced that he was leaving that country permanently honors would be heaped upon him. As to leaving brothers and sisters, those by birth and those acquired by marriage, and nephews and nieces, no words can ex- press the pain of the parting. It is espe- cially hard when one has lived in a neigh- borliood surrounded by a large number of relatives. There is where the roots of the perennials become entwined with the roots of other perennials, with the result that transplanting breaks the tender roots not only of the plants which are moved but of March, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 159 those wliii'h are left. Indeed, the roots of two of tlie perennials in Eootville were so closely entwined that it was deemed best not to try to separate them, and therefore both were moved to California at the same time. Those perennials were my sister and myself, who have such similar tastes that we married brothers and have lived side by side practically all our married lives. I suspect our gardeners knew it would be ex- tremely risky to attempt to separate the two families. IN the case of perennials, not young, which have never been moved, it is a shock from wliich it is hard to recover when the home is sold. The house is not the home, and yet, when the house was planned and built by your husband and yourself at the time you were married, more than 23 years ago, when your three children were born in it, when you have remodeled and improved it from time to time, when you have planted shrubbery and flowers around it, you love every stick and stone in it, and the disman- tling and giving up possession is a keen sorrow. In our own case it seemed to me that in those last few weeks I could read in the dear old house a chronicle of the love and thoughtfulness of my husband and cliildren. At one time we removed a partition to make a large living room with fireplace where we loved to gather as a family. At another time a large sleeping porch, with three sides all wide, canvas windows, had been built to insure an abundance of fresh air and coolness for me at a time when I was out of health. Underneath the sleeping porch was a greenhouse or sunroom where I could coax a bit of spring into an Ohio winter. The kitchen floor is covered with inlaid linoleum, firmly cemented all over the floor by the head of the house himself because the so-called "experts" would not do it according to the homemaker's ideas. Inci- dentally that floor was a joy to take care of. It never bulged and cracked nor shrank from the wall, and an occasional waxing made it easy to keep clean. Adjoining the kitchen was the little breakfast alcove, designed to save the homemaker's steps, and underneath the edge of the gas range was the convenient dust chute, the description of which in these pages brought so many letters from interested readers. A part of the house at which the head of the family felt much regret at leaving was the large attic den, lined with bookshelves and containing an office desk and convenient cupboards for a large stamp collection. There was also a pool table, for the den was originally designed as a room for the two boys of the family. When one of the boys went to college and the other boy rode his wireless hobby in the basement at all times and seasons, the den was left to dad and he made good use of it. I am inclined to think all men like one room in a house which has not a feminine touch about it. And I suspect the young wireless enthusi- ast felt an equal amount of regret at dis- mantling his apparatus in the basement. You see attics and basements do not seem to' be popular in California. TO return to the subject of transplanting perennials: — When our gardeners accom- • plished the feat of getting us to Cali- fornia they deemed it best not to try to set us out in permanent locations immedi- ately and so secured one large pot into which they carefully placed us both, set- tling all the little roots, firming down the soil and watering plentifully. It was a wise precaution, for no sooner were those plants in the pot than the mercury began to slip down in the thermometer until that California thermometer looked so much like one in Ohio that you never could have told the difference. I believe it slipped clear down to 20° above zero in our vicinity, altho I am not sure it is good form for a Californ- ian to mention it in writing to people who are still in the East. If you know anything about transplanting perennials, you know that even the hardy varieties will not stand freezing very well immediately after trans- planting. However, thanks to the precau- tions of our gardeners we have stood it very well, even if we did droop a little for a few days. But that weather really was very unusual. There, didn't I say that just like a Cali- fornian of two years instead of two weeks? I have also learned to say "another perfect day", and "this is real California weath- er. ' ' But this cold weather was extremely unusual, for I believe no colder has been recorded by the weather bureau in this re- gion, with one exception. And it froze so many nights in succession. Being accus- tomed to the cold out of doors in winter we should not have minded it except for our sympathy for the citrus growers and our sorrow at the temporary blighting of so much beauty; but when the gas pressure went lower and lower until it reached the vanishing point and the temperature of that "furnace-heated" house went down with it, our spirits followed. But sunshine always returns in Califor- nia, and we soon found we could keep fair- ly comfortable by staying on the sunny side of the house. In our rides with real estate agents to look up permanent homes, my sister and I have tried to impress it upon them that we must have houses every room of which has either a southern or east- ern exposure, the former for the sunshine and the latter for the views of the moun- tains. We haven 't found them as yet. A north room in California is an abomination, at least at this time of year. Why is the (Continued on page 185.) 160 GLEANIKGS IN BEE CULTURE March, 1922 c Beek eeping as a Grace Allen lur NEAELY ev- every body enjoys the ancient tales of Greek and Ro- man mythology, born in the dim far-away child- hood of the world, when dreaming wondering folk tried to account for the things around them, and tried to shape into something comprehensible their^ own groping and indistinct ideas of God's eternal forces, each one of which they con- sidered a separate god. There is something majestic in their conception of Saturn (Time), the first and oldest of the ruling gods, as being the son of Coelus (Heaven) and Terra (Earth). The story has it that Saturn overthrew his father, and was allowed by his brothers to be sole ruler of earth, on condition that he rear no male. heirs. So one by one, as they were born, he devoured them — as Time still destroys what it produces. But Rhea, his wife, succeeded in saving three of the boy babies, Jupiter, Neptune and Pluto, giv- ing their father Saturn large stones, which he unsuspectingly devoured instead. Later, Jupiter overthrew Saturn and became him- self the supreme deity. "Where do the bees come into this story? Right at the birth of Jupiter. For his moth- er Rhea sought a cavern on the island of Crete at the time of his birth; the nymphs held him in their arms; one of them rocked him in a golden cradle; the Cretan priests, dancing around him, clashed arms and cym- bals to prevent Saturn from hearing his cries. And the wild bees, guided by these clashing cymbals, hastened to the cave, to deposit their honey on his lips! Amalthea, the beautiful snow-white goat, put her two young ones aside to give "heaven's infant king" her milk. Thus milk and honey, so loved by all Oriental poets as symbols of peace and plenty, became the regular food of the infant Jupiter. Perhaps it was this habit, formed so early, that caused them later to be introduced, refined into ambro- sia, the extract of purest milk, and nectar, the quintessence of honey, as the food of the gods themselves. It was while Jupiter was still on the Cre- tan island, fed by the wild bees and nur- tured by the snow-white goat, that one day in his play he accidentally broke off one of Amalthea 's horns. At first it was made into a primitive drinking cup, but later Jupiter decreed that it should always be full to overflowing with whatever its pos- sessor should desire — and so came the horn of plenty — the coriiti cnpiae. In recognition of their services and in deep gratitude, Jupiter, after he became king of all the gods, placed Amalthea and her two young ones in the sky as a constel- Side Line 1 TU lation, and to the bees he gave such remarkable gifts that even to this day peo- ple say of them, "What marvel- ous creatures they are! I won- der how they can do all these tilings! " The story-tellers of old answered that Jupiter gave the bees these great gifts in return for their care of him in Dicte's cave, when they came so prompt- ly at the call of the clashing cymbals of the dancing priests. That is one of the most ancient of those old tales.. Here is another later one. But no, let us lead up to this one the way Virgil did. First he tells his readers how to re- stock their beeyards, if by ill chance they should lose all their bees at once. "But if thy whole swarm at a stroke should fail With no stock left for breeding, let my song Tell now a memorable art derived From an Arcadian king, and show what way When bulls are slaughtered oftentimes their blood Out of corruption generates the bee. From ancient lore I will the tale unfold." Remember it was nearly two thousand years ago that Virgil wrote this, unfolding his tale from what was even then ancient lore. He assures his readers, too, in passing, that in Eygpt "their opulent ease depends upon this art." Then he outlines the details of this truly marvelous system. First, he says, they build a narrow sort of building, roof it with tile and make the walls straight. "They cut four windows open to four winds. But not square to the sun. Then from the herd They take a steer, a two-year-old, whose horns Just curl upon his brow." They kill this steer, most cruelly — may I not spare you the details? ". . . . The body then Is laid in the enclosure; under it They scatter boughs, the fragrant leaves of thyme And cassia freshly pulled. This must be done When first the Spring winds set the waters free. Before the meadows blush with early flowers Or ere the chattering swallow hangs her nest Under the roof-tree beam. Soon waxing warm The moisture rises in the softened bones, And living creatures, wonderful to see, Come forth, at first all footless, but erelong With whir of wings the restless multitude In swelling numbers on the liquid air Bursts swift away." Then he traces his system back to its origin, thus: "What god, 0 Muses, labored to devise This art for us, or how did human skill Unto such novel venture find a way? The shepherd Aristaeus " And he is off, fairly launched on our other old story. The shepherd Aristaeus was the Apollo and the nymph Cyrene. He was brought up by the Seasons, who fed him on nectar and ambrosia, so making him immor- tal. The nymphs taught him how to culti- vate olives — and bees. But when he had of March, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE grown into quite a young man there came a year when all Iiis bees died. Other trou- bles, too, came upon him. So one day he stood by the side of the river, "all tears — making hard complaint and bitter cry" to his sea-nymph mother. One wishes the nymphs had taught him to be more manly! (Yet after all, making hard complaint and bitter cry, and asking to be helped out of trouble is still a common human custom.) Well, in this story, the nymphs were down in their chambers below the waves, sitting in a circle on their crystal thrones, spinning rare fleeces on their looms and listening to one of their number tell beautiful astonish- ing tales of the love and adventures of the gods. They heard the cry of the discour- aged youth above, and one of them rose swiftly to the surface of the water to lis- ten. "Sister," she called down, in effect, "Do help your boy, somehow." Gyrene then gave orders that he be admitted to this abode of the nymphs and that "the opening river floods should yield free path to the young shepherd's feet. And lo! the waves rose like a hilltop round him ' ' and he passed down into his goddess mother's realm within the river's deeps. There he was in the midst of great wonders, at the very place where the rivers rise that sweep "thru rich farms to meet the purple sea." Nymphs brought water and napkins for his liand-washiug, "piled the board with feast- ing and with wine-cups oft refilled — the sacred altars blazed with fragrant fires. ' ' And at last his mother told him to go for advice to Proteus, the old sea-deity, whose prophetic soul "has vision clear of all that is and was and soon will be. ' ' She warned him, tho, he must use violence, and not be dismayed by the changing shapes of Proteus. "No precept will he give save on compul- sion," she told him. In a cavern by the sea Aristaeus found him, the hoary old sea-god who shepherded the seals. He "rushed in upon him with a mighty cry and bound him as he lay." The struggling god ' ' changed himself into all wondrous things; to flames of fire,to fright- ful monsters and swift-passing streams. ' ' But Aristaeus would not let him go. (Re- member "T will not let thee go until thou bless me"?) Finally Proteus yielded; and he told the shepherd that it was Orpheus who had sent these troubles upon him, to avenge the death of his wife. Which leads us straight into still another story, Orpheus, son of Apollo and the muse Cal- liope, was a poet and philosopher, and even more a musician. From Apollo he had re- ceived a lyre of seven strings, to which he had added two more strings, thus increas- ing forever the music of the earth. Or- pheus had wed Eurydice, one of the forest nymphs. But one fatal day, our young bee- keeping shepherd Aristaeus, attracted by the surpassing beauty of Eurydice, had pur- sued her, and as she fled him in terror, she was bitten by a serpent, and died. "The forest nymphs, her lovely peers, to the liigh hilltops sent their wailing cry." And poor desolate Orplieus took his lyre and went right down into the lower regions after her. There with the charm of his music he cap- tivated everybody and everything. Instru- ments of torture stopped their turning, the guards were softened and even the rulers of the place became "loving and pitiful." Permission was granted for Eurydice 's re- turn— but on this condition. Orpheus must go ahead and must not once, until they were wholly back in the sunlit places, look back at Eurydice, who was to follow at a dis- tance. Back the long perilous way he went in safety, but just as the first ray of light touched them, "ere he knew, a sudden mad- ness seized the lover's mind — a fault to be forgiven, could hell forgive," and in his great anxiety to know if she were really coming, he sent one swift glance back at the beloved. Instantly loud thunder sound- ed three times, and Eurydice was snatched back — irrevocably — to the regions of dark- ness and desolation. "Farewell," she cried, "no longer thine, alas! but lifting thee my helpless hands." And up and down the land went Orpheus, "beneath the windy crags and by the shores, ' ' lamenting his loss in music "that made tigers tame and lured the rugged oaks to follow." Because in these sad-singing wanderings he was ever true to Eurydice, "his faithful arief angered those Thracian maids whose kiss he scorned," and in a drunken orgy they killed him. But his voice with its last disembodied breath still cried "Eurydice!" It was this broken-hearted Orpheus, then, aided by the bereaved sister-nymphs, Avho had brought the avenging troubles upon the sliepherd Aristaeus. So his mother, when "Proteus' tale had end and with a leap he plunged him in the sea," advised her son to make sacrifice to appease all those offended ones; to take "four noble bulls surpassing large and strong, and with them take as many heifers fair"; to build "four altars at the wood nymphs' favored shrine"; to slaughter the victims; "but leave behind their bodies in the leafy grove"; in nine days to come back. He did all that his mother said, built four altars and on them sacrificed the four noble bulls and the four unyoked heifers. Afterward, "when the ninth morn had risen, ' ' he retraced 'His footsteps to the grove. There suddenly Men saw a wonder passing strange: the sides Of the slain cattle, now turned soft, buzzed loud With swarming bees; the belly and the ribs Were teeming; and the bees in formless clouds Streamed upward to a tree-top, and hung down In pointed cluster from the swinging bough." Thus was the "memorable art derived from an Arcadian king," showing how "if thy whole swarm at a stroke should fail, with no stock left for breeding," "the blood of slaughtered bulls out of corruption generates the bee." 162 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE March, 1922 FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH In Northern California.— ^ ^ ^ " ^'( was cold, especially the latter part of the month. Enough rain has fallen to take care of the needs of plant life. In the extreme northern portion of our section, rainfall is still below normal; but, as we reach the central portion of the state, we find that the normal amount has already fallen. On the whole, bees left their hives but little during the month, and consequently the consumption of stores dur- ing this period was but little. The last few days of January were extremely cold and nearly all portions of our district, including the valleys as well as the coast sections, were visited with snow. Altho practically our entire sage belt was covered with this blanket of snow, there need be no alarm concerning injury of this year's growth. The new shoots will withstand several inches of snow, and no setback need be feared. The manzanita buds look fine, and there will be an unusually heavy bloom during February. The California State Beekeepers' Associa- tion will hold their annual meeting at Visa- lia on Feb. 8, 9 and 10. Unfortunately the convention will be over when these lines are read. It is our sincere hope that many will be in attendance, for under the untiring leadership of the Association's president, Mr. Gary W. Hartman, the meeting is cer- tain of success. It need only be mentioned that the Association has been responsible for an executive proclamation, to the effect that the week of Feb. 6-11 has been desig- nated as "Honey Week" in California. We remember very well California 's honey week of a year ago, when many, many peo- ple in the city of Oakland wanted to buy honey but could not get it. Many restaur- ants and groceries did not carry honey, and those that did have it on the shelf carried but little so that their supply was soon ex- hausted. Can you imagine that not a few concerns were at a loss to know where they could purchase honey? Wliat a state of ;if- fairs! Several carloads of honey in small package form could have been used to ad- vantage in Oakland alone. What a Avonder- ful thing is advertising! Our product lends itself readily to the advertiser, and the pos- sibilities in this direction are immense. We need but to press the button, as it were, and there would be created a most active de- mand. The real problem of the future should be that of production. In order to assist yourself and your in- dustry, it is well to become a member of the California State Beekeepers' Association. This organization is very much alive. L. W. Lasell is the secretary, and the membership dues are one dollar. The Association's place of business is located at 400 Hutchinson Building, Oakland, Calif. M. C. Richter. Big Sur, Calif, In Southern California.— ^heweath- er the past month has been very encouraging to the beekeepers of southern California in gen- eral. It has been colder than usual but no hard winds, and, with the ground thoroly soaked, all plants are getting a good start. A hard freeze on Jan. 12 and 13 did much damage to citrus fruits over most of the country, a loss of 50 per cent being esti- mated in some places. Corona came thru the freeze the best, perhaps, of any local- ity in southern California. The probable loss here is from two to possibly ten per cent of the fruit. Corona has only a very limited number of locations for making or- ange honej^, as over 60 per cent of the citrus acreage -here is planted to lemons, which are not classed the same as oranges in honey production. Several carloads of bees have already ar- rived in southern California from Utah and Idaho points. Also, two cars have been shipped into Riverside County from the Im- perial Valley. This same man shipped to the Imperial Valley from Riverside County about 12 years ago. When we think of the inconsistency of some people it is no won- der that we sometimes doubt man's sincer- ity. It is only a short time since the bee- keepers of Imperial County enforced an ex- clusion ordinance to such an extent that a man who had arrived with a carload of bees was compelled to reload what he had un- loaded and reship out of county, to his great inconvenience, to say nothing of the loss. To give and take is the only way. Until we look upon our brother beekeeper as hu- man and entitled to his share of the things God has put here for all of us to enjoy, we will not get from life the real blessings of living. Much credit is due Gary W. Hartman, President of the California State Beekeep- ers ' Association, for his untiring work in bringing the use of honey before the public. It was greatly thru his efforts that the Gov- ernor of California proclaimed Feb. 6-11 as "Honey Week." This should stimulate the industry, as all of the citizens of the state are urged to use the products of the bee- keepers during that period. Many beekeepers are still feeding sugar in considerable quantities. This shows good judgment. A colony that comes thru the winter a little stronger, by the judicious feeding of a few pounds of sugar, will be in condition to store honey or divide for increase weeks ahead of the one that just ])ulls tliru on account of the shortage of stores. Keep a close watch on all colonies, and any that are at all short of stores sliould be provided for. It is too late now to let any starve out or just exist. A few of the strongest coloaies may show March, 1923 GLEANINGS IN BEK CULTURE 163 FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH signs of swarming by the last of the month. To lose any of these will be a loss, indeed; for if "A swarm of bees in May is worth a ton of hay," as the old saying goes, what is it worth in March? Early in the season we often have morn- ings that stay cool until well into the fore- noon. This gives much time to set founda- tion, wire frames and do odd jobs. But he who is wise will have as much as possible of this kind of work done before the real bee-work begins. L. L. Andrews. Corona, Calif. * * * In Arizona. — Tjie probability suggest- ed an our last report tor this department, that a large proportion of the bees in Arizona were entering the win- ter without adequate stores for the season, has been verified by further reports from beekeepers. The winter, especially the month of January, has been below normal in temperature, at least in southern Ari- zona. This has doubtless had a tendency to conserve the scanty stores up to the present. In this month, however, in the southern region (in which are located nearly all of the apiaries of the state) may confidently be expected the beginning of spring, mark- ed by the opening of cottonwood catkins and the blossoming of the sweet-scented leafless mistletoe on mesquite trees. The pollen available from these sources, with possibly some nectar from the mistletoe, to- gether with the rising temperature, stimu- lates brood-rearing and consequent rapid consumption of stores. It therefore be- hooves the beekeepers of this region to ex- amine into the condition of their colonies at this time and to feed those requiring it until nectar from outside sources is avail- able. Tlie winter rains for the months of No- vember, December and January, taken to- gether, have been somewhat below normal, but for January alone slightly above normal at Tucson. It therefore appears probable that conditions may again be favorable for an early spring nectar- flow from various wild flowers, sufficient for spring upbuild- ing, prior to the regular mesquite-catselaw flow. The rainfall for February and March is, however, the determining factor for tliis early flow. If this occurs, feeding will be necessary for only a short period. It will be remembered by Arizona apiarists that this early spring flow was very fine in 1920, coming on strongly in March and yielding some surplus in April, but that it failed en- tirely in 1921. Should this flow develop well, beekeepers will need to be on guard with swarm-prevention measures against un- controlled increase. Chas. T. Vorhies, Tucson, Ariz. Tj, Texas '^^^^ weather in January has been extremely variable and not advantageous to tlie bees. The first part of the month was very warm and dry. The bees were active every day, and the amount of stores consumed was great. In many cases bees were observed carrying in supplies of pollen and nectar. It was very interesting to see the number of bees en- gaged in carrying water into the hives at this time of year. It is reported that there has been enough blooming along the Kio Grande to cause a considerable amount of brood-rearing and a nectar flow sufficient to warrant the queen-breeders in starting work. The latter part of the month Texas suffered from a blizzard. The reports from various parts of the state relative to the honey plants are very contradictory. Observant beekeepers, liv- ing but a few miles apart, report very dif- ferently. Dry weather during November, December and January has very much de- creased the chances for a horsemint honey flow. It seems to be the opinion of the majority of the beekeepers that we must have rain in the next month if we have anything like a normal honey flow. A num- ber of old-time beekeepers, however, predict that we shall have a good honey flow from huajilla and mesquite, as they say that these plants always give a good surplus following a dry winter. The Texas Honey Producers' Association lield its annual meeting on Jan. 17 when the membership was well represented. A policy of retrenchment was agreed upon, and the membership in the American Honey Producers' League was continued. E. G. LeStourgeon, W. O. Victor and Miss Alma M. Hasslbauer were elected to succeed them- selves as directors, and T. W. Burleson of Waxahachie was elected to fill the unexpired term of W. C. Collier, resigned. Ambrose Johnson of Laredo was elected president; E. G. LeStourgeon, manager; and Miss Alma M. Hasslbauer, secretary. There seems to be more activity among the beekeepers than for several years. Many of the large beekeepers, who have made no increase for the past three years on account of the high price of fixtures, are now plan- ning on increasing their number of colonies considerably. Numbers of men who own box hives will transfer this spring because of the lower price of hives. During the past four years, a great deal has been printed relative to beekeeping on the farm, and this publicity is commencing to bear fruit, as during the coming spring there will be many farmers who will install a few colo- nies of bees. Mr. Reppert, Extension Ento- mologist, A. & M. College, informs us that the bee interest is becoming very strong in the southeastern portion of the state and GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE Marcji, 1922 FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH that much transfer work will be done this spring. It has been mentioned several times that honeybees rarely work inside of the cotton blossom in collecting nectar. T. W. Burle- son of Waxahachie reports that after the flower has wilted the bees collect a great deal of nectar from the calyx. This bears out the statement I have made a number of times that all of the nectar glands of the cotton plant are situated on the calyx or other vegetative parts of the plant. The nectaries on the inside of the calyx are pro- tected from the bees by the corolla and can be reached only as the flower commences to dry up. This places the cotton in the class with such plants as tobacco, the Jerusalem mustard and a number of other long-tube flowers which become nectar-bearing only after the flower has withered. This fall many beekeepers reported a large bug was killing many of their bees. An investigation showed that this insect was one variety of the stink bug, sometimes called the wheel bug. These insects are large, gray-colored bugs with long legs and a very long bill. During November and De- cember, in many apiaries, four or five of these individuals would be seen around each hive entrance, and every one of them would have its bill inserted in a honeybee. As this bug is a native, there is little danger of its becoming a pest. The people of Texas pride themselves upon the inability in any way to predict the weather or condition of crops. Just why this tradition has grown up is very uncer- tain, as the people who have come into Texas find that predictions on the weather and crops are just as reliable in Texas as in any other state and, in fact, more so. While the predictions may not come true, the bee- keeper will never be at a loss if he is pre- pared for the predicted honey flow. Tn Texas, where a large per cent of the honey plants are native, there is a greater chance of regular flows than in a country where the honey flows come mostly from imported plants. The beekeeper should ascertain the time of the commencing of his main honey flows and should be ready for the flow at the earliest date upon which he has found the flowers to yield nectar. H. B. Parks. San Antonio, Tex. « « * In Arkansas '^'^'^ beekeepers of Arkan- sas have' very much to be thankful for, since we have very little foul brood in the state and have received a fair- ly good price for our honey for the 1921 crop. Now we have a favorable winter, having had a good snow in the northern part of the state on Jan. 26. Our winter problem is keeping the bees in the hive during the winter months, since the colonies are in single-walled hives. The warm days cause the winter cluster to be broken. I believe we should consider the expense and the advisa- bility of having double-walled hives in order that we may overcome this disadvantage, thereby conserving bee energy. This see- saw in temperature has a tendency to use a greater amount of stores than would be used under an even or continuous cold. March generally is a spring month with us and we find much to do. First of all, we give each colony a thoro inspection to see if it is well supplied with honey for brood- rearing, since with us this is very important, from the fact that it is too often we have cold, wet weather when the blackberries and huckleberries are in bloom. It may inter- est some readers to know that we have a certain school of people keeping bees in our state who insist that we should "rob the bees ' ' during March or the bees will carry the honey away to make room for the new crop soon to come on. Next in importance is to see about our queens, so that we may properly care for the queenless colonies. Now that we have a new trouble looming up, we must add to our spring work a close lookout for any foul brood. Unfortunately for us, we have no laws in Arkansas for the protection of our important industry. We must watch for this disease and wipe it out, and at the first opportunity we must interest our senators and representatives to the degree that they will pass some law protecting our interests. In several back issues of Gleanings I saw articles by Mr. Foster and others pertaining to the importance of some marketing sys- tem for our commodity. I believe the time is now opportune to organize producers of honey in these United States — to organize not as producers, but for the commodity, honev, in a marketing association. Elba, Ark. J. V. Ormond. * « * In Alabama.— J'j^^ beekeepers of the black belt of Alabama and Mississippi are in danger of having their 192.3 honey crop ruined by cold weath- er. All of the white sweet clover seed have sprouted in the warm weather during Janu- ary, and severe cold at this time would prac- tically destroy the crop. This is our sur- plus crop, and without it the bees would get scarcely enougli honey to exist. Of course there is a chance for no more severe cold this winter; and yet our worst cold weather is generally in February. We had these same conditions in 1917, which caused a big loss to the beekeepers of the South. The low price of honey and the poor de- maud for queens last summer caused the Makcu, 19'J- GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH boes to be put up with plenty of stoics and all young queeus. This should give us plenty of young bees for the early package trade. The demand for honey for the past few montlis has been very slight, caused prin- cipally by the big crop of cane syrup. When the very best syrup can be bouglit at 50 cents per gallon retail, and honey at four times that figure, there is naturally little demand for honey. Conditions will doubt- less be much better in the spring when the syrup begins to get strong. As honey re- tains its delicious flavor many people will use it regardless of price. J. M. Cutts. Montgomery, Ala. In Mississippi.- j;; STe-^eepe™" Association met on Jan. 12 in its second annual business meeting. The report of the secretary-treasurer showed that the Associ- ation had served a good purpose. Most of the honey crop had been sold. A dealer from a branch house of one of the well- known supply manufacturers announced that, due to the increased business done with his firm last year, he had been author- ized to offer a still larger discount to the Association. The Association passed resolutions urging the Legislature, now in session, to appropri- ate sufftcient funds for the State Plant Board to continue its bee-disease inspection and eradication service. Altho 1921 was the first year of this work, with five men in the field during the summer, American foul brood was reduced over 84% and European foul brood over 62%. The beekeepers in the Delta section (to which section foul brood in Mississippi is confined) not only are anxious to eradicate these diseases that they may make more honey, but they are eager to eradicate tlieni so that they may enter the nucleus and package bee business. Colonies build up strong and swarm in April in the Delta, but no honey flow comes until June. These beekeepers realize that they can sell two or three pounds of bees from each colony in April, the removal of which will stimulate their colonies to increase brood-rearing, which in turn will bring the colonies up to the honey flow in better con- dition than they would be Avere no package bees taken. The present State Plant Board regulations prevent a man from shipping bees unless his apiaries are free from foul brood diseases, as far as rigid inspection can ascertain. People buying bees from Missis- sippi can rest assured that they are not importing any foul brood with their pur- chase. Altho the Mississippi & Yazoo Delta Bee- keepers' Association is not as yet affili- ated with the American Honey Producers' League, they are interested and agreed at the meeting to hold their next meeting at the convenience of the speakers who, we ex- pect, will tour the country this year in the interest of the League and beekeeping in general. Apiary inspection in seven Delta counties has thrown a revealing light on census fig- ures. According to the last census these seven counties had 1,024 colonies of bees. According to the apiary inspection service there were 2,769 colonies in these counties. Such glaring discrepancies as this should provoke all apicultural interests to such ac- tion-as would secure for us a fair census re- port of our industry. The census figures point out a mere 11% growth in the number of colonies kept in Mississippi during the past decade. These figures, of course, do not point out the enor- mous growth in commercial beekeeping dur- ing this period. In 1910 the queen, nucleus and package bee business was unknown. In 1921 over 3.5,000 queens were shipped from Mississippi, besides over 10,000 nuclei and pound packages. We are ideally located for the production of early bees that can be rapidly delivered to the East and Middle West. Mississippi expects to ship $12.5,000 worth of bees in 1922. E. B. Willson. Agricultural College, Miss. Tn Flr»rirla — '^'he winters in the extreme m rionud. southern part of Florida and on the Keys are much more trying on the bees, and the winter losses are much greater, on the average, than in the clover belt. This is due to the warm dry winters when every day the temperature is around 80 degrees and there are no nectar-produc- ing plants in bloom. The bees work them- selves to death in the fields and there is no brood-rearing, or so little of it that the young bees do not come on in sufficient num- bers to take their places. The present win- ter has been an extremely trying one on ac- count of dry weather. There has been less than an inch of rainfall from the first day of November to the first of February. A serious winter loss is caused by the disappearance of queens at a time when drones are absent and matings can not be secured. This loss of queens is not confined to the winter months, but is distributed thruout the year. It amounts to about 25 to 30 per cent for the year. Other beekeep- ers with tropical beekeeping experience, with whom this trouble has been discussed, have experienced the same difficulty, but none have been able to give a satisfactory answer as to the cause. It is not from su- persedure, with the young queen lost on her wedding flight, as it is the young and most prolific queens that more commonly disap- (i I, K A N 1 N G S IN BEE CULTURE MARrH. 1922 FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH pear. It i.s ii;irt]i(d«(!iiew. In North Carolina.— J/^'\"=';-'' ,' " Aorth Larolma, marks the height of tlie quiescent season with bees, there being, however, but few pe- riods of more than a few days at a time when the bees are kept continuously in on account of cold. They were bringing in pollen right up to Christmas week, and in this southeastern section, there will prob- ably be not more than a very few weeks be- fore they will be gathering it rapidly again, especially from mistletoe and others of the earlier flora. In fact, nectar for increased brood-rearing will be getting plentiful by the middle of February. Information from various sections of the state indicates the continuance of a very satisfactory condition of colonies among the beekeepers generally. Furthermore, the very poor honey yield the past season seems not to have materially discouraged the bee- keepers. In every quarter plans are being laid for aggressive work with the bees for tlie approaching season. For two weeks very eold weather, with exceptionally heavy snow fall, has stirred the expectation that there will be a late spring, and this would mean less probability of frost to curtail or destroy the early spring flora, as was the case last April. In- deed, the prospect now is for ideal condi- tions for honey production hereabouts. Bee- keepers, generally, were careful to see that their bees went into the winter witli ample stores, feeding wherever necessnry to make uj) any deficiencies. The convention of tlie North Carolina Beekeepers ' Associatioji was hehl at the State College, Raleigh, Jan. 18-19. Elton Wjirner, Asheville, was made president; J. K. Kckert, Kaleigh, secretary-treasurer. It \\as in many respects a most profitable con- \ entioii, with practical talks on various phases of bee culture by President Warner, p]. R. Root, C. L. Sams, state bee specialist, T. M. H. Lewis and others. The Association appointed a special com- mittee, consisting of W. J. Martin, Elton Warner and J. E. Eckert, acting in conjunc- tion with state and federal bee specialists, to work toward the enactment of whatever additional legislation the state may need to assure the control of bee diseases, which are as yet jiresent to a very limited extent in this state. It will be with the 1923 General Assembly, whicli coinenes next January, tliat the committee will deal especially, un- dertaking to get together the best and most ,ida])table features of such laws in other states for application in North Carolina. Tlie best time to beat bee diseases is before they get a foothold. Wilmington, N. C." W. J. Miirtiu. M.VKl II. 19-2-J. GLKANINGS TN BEE rTLTUKK 167 HEADS OF" GRAIN tt?g|rirDIFFERENT FIELDS Honey for V-aU Ikmu'v in westcMn Xt'w Automobile York tliis .v(.':ir is i-oiisidorjihlv Radiators. mixed with lioiieydew, and i)t' course of low ([uality. We are disposing of most of ours as an auti-freeze for automobile radiators. Honey mixed half and lialf with water makes a solution which we liave never yet known to freeze and will readily eireulate in any cooling system. The boiling temperature of lioney being 24.'i degrees and that of water 212 degrees, it makes a solution with an approximate boil- ing temperature of 228 degrees, or 1(5 de- grees higher than water alone, and as the honey does not evaporate, all that is needed is to add more water from time to time as needed. We are selling this low-grade honey for this purpose at lOe per pound; and, as an ordinary Ford radiator requires about 15 lbs., it costs $1.50 for a Ford, and more or less, as the case may be, for other cars. The men using it here say it is cheaper than wood alcoliol, taking into consideration the loss of alcoliol by evaporation. Besides this they are at all times sure with honey, while with alcohol they never know if they have enough of it, owing to the evaporation. Honey will not in any way injure either metal or rubber. In fact, it is a rust pre- ventive and after being heated it holds its heat longer than water and makes starting easier in cold weather when the car is left standing for a few hours. James H. Sprout of Lockport, X. Y., was, I think, the first man to use it for this purpose. He has used it continually for at least six winters; and, if beekeepers everywhere \vi\\ adver- tise its merits for this purpose, the demand for it will take care of all and more of the cheap grades of honey produced in this country. H. M. Myers. Ransomville, N. Y. Wiring Much is being said of late aV)out Jumbo the Jumbo frame, and many will Frames. l)e put in use the coming year. 1 I notice some firms are sending these frames out with end-bars pierced for only four wires, the same as the regular Langstroth. A great many good beekeepers have considered that four wires are scarcely enough for the regular frame, and that many sagged combs are the result even with careful and painstaking beekeep- ers. It seems to me, knowing these tilings, that it is folly even to think of getting any- thing but sagged combs with four wires in a Jumbo depth frame, unless some support is given the foundation other than the four horizontal wires, and I would hate to chance it then. The past two years 1 have been using the "one thousand dollar trick" described in (ilcanings some time ayo and aui exceeding ly well pleased as well as repaid for using it. 1 have tried it out under the most try- ing conditions, by hiving swarms on the foundation with a brood-comb between, also by giving all foundation excepting the out- side combs. In examining these conil)s not a single sagged comb have 1 found, and they are as nearly perfect as it is possible to get them — something T was never (piite sure of when the four liorizontal wires weic useil alone. It is certainly worth trying by any beekeeper who is working for perfect combs, and really it is xevy little more bother. A sagged Jumbo comb is very little better, if any, than a perfect Langstroth comb; and if the results are obtained tliat we want and expect from making the change of hives and frames, it will be necessary to take more precaution with the wiring of Jumbo frames than the Langstroth. The diagonal wiring holds the frame perfectly square if the frame is placed in a square form before tightening the diagonal wires — another good feature. I use a small wire staple driven in the groove of the top-bar. I have never had one pull out, and the wire slides easily thru the staple Avhen tightened. Center Junction, la. W. S. Pangburn. $168 from Two- On page 4:'.. .laiuiary is- Pound Package sue, is a record of a two the First Season, pound ])ackage of bees that jn-oduced more than $50.00 worth of honey the first season. This is indeed a good record; but I am in receipt of a letter from C. B. Hamilton of Michigan that a two-pound package shipped him last spring profluced 577 finished sections of honev (24 cases), that sold for $7.00 per case,' or $168.00. I believe this to be the greatest amount of comb honey ever produced by a two- pound package in the same season that it was shipped. If anyone has done better, we should like to hear from him. Montgomery, Ala. J. M. Cutts. How to Secure We have 20 colonies of bees. Surplus in as much for pleasure as Poor Seasons. profit. We have bought queens of our leading breeders until we have bees that we are proud of. Our 1021 honey flow was the poor- est for several years. We sold about 700 pounds at 20c a pound. I know of only three that got any surplus. Our hives were boil- ing over with bees just at the right time, which gave us our surplus. I know of one beekeeper having 28 stands who had to buy honev for his own use. 168 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE March, 1922 HEADS OF"~GRAINnpFR0M DIFFERENT FIELDS I am over 70, but I have to do something and the bees fill the bill to the dot. Blackwater, Mo. C. T. Reicker. Why Not Omit the Alighting-Board? On page 44 of Gleanings for January, 1921, you quote George J. Gries- enauer of Cook County, 111., regarding the obstruetiou of tho entrance at the alighting- board. Why not dispense with the alight- ing-board and the trouble along with it? I use tho %-inch entrance, closing the %- inch side. A discarded super, or rim, for a a hive-stand furnishes a vertical plane surface from the ground to the entrance and is satisfactory. The bees enter as readily as with the alighting-board. Bees missing the entrance move upward readily without negotiating the under side of an alighting-board. A larger entrance is pro- vided by raising the hive at the front on blocks on the rails of the bottom-board. Falls Church, Va. A. M. Wheeler, Jr. iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin!ii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiniiiiiiiiii!iiiniiiniiH!iiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiii!iiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^^ Age Brings Wisdom — By Bill Mellvir (With apologies to Walt Mason.) When I was young, I'd wind my tongue, then go away and leave it. It worked by steam on any theme tho natives scarce could believe it. I talked on bees in one grand wheeze to Thomas, Dick and Harry. With wisdom great I filled each skate with more than he could carry. I lectured loud to every crowd of beemen T could gather. I thundered forth great thoughts of worth till I was in a lather. Then every y'ear my frame I'd steer straight to our bee conven- tion to sprinkle words on wise old birds, of hives and swarm prevention. I'd criticise wise-looking guys and roast the ancient crit- ters. Then when they'd spring some brand- new thing, I'd roll tlieiii flat as fritters. I knew it all; with buoyant gall, the beemen I instructed; I thought they'd make a grand mistake if not by me conducted. I made a hive that ate alive the Langstroth big invention so these queer folks would can their jokes and give me due attention. I wrote enough beekeeping stuff to fill a year of Gleanings, but Mr. Root said, "tho you're cute, your stuff is chaff and screen- ings." But now I'm old and not so bold, I 'm not so sure and cocky. To wisdom 's gate the road is straight but also awful rocky. Till now at last I'm learning fast — a beeman in the making. But believe me, boys, you're chiefly noise — it takes a lot of baking. IFTHATFfLLER DdNT 9UIT PRETTy SOON ILL EXPLODE March, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE lf)9 QUESTION. — When t h e 1 i 111 e-sulphur solution is used on fruit trees for control of San Jose scale, is dam- age or injury there- from likely to re- sult to bees located in the orchard from gums or resinous c GLEANED Geo. S BY ASKING Demuth 1 ur TU gather substances they might from the trunks of the trees for propolis? Idaho. Lawrence 0. Nichols. Answer. — So far as known the lime-siil- phur solution does not injure bees in any way. It would seem that the chances of bees being seriously injured in the manner you suggest would be very small indeed. So far as known, it is only when poison, such as arsenic in some form, is added to the spray solution that bees are injured. Even then they are seriously injured only when the spray is applied wliile the trees are in bloom or when the bees are working on the cover crop on which some of the poisoned liquid falls. BEES DISAPPEAR DURING WINTER. ■Question. — In March last year I found all the bees gone from three hives, leaving plenty of stores. What do you suppose was the trouble with them ? North Carolina. T. W. Gentry. Answer. — These colonies may have been queenless last summer or fall, and having none but old bees they would, of course, die off gradually from old age until none were left. It sometimes happens when bees swarm that the young queen left in the par- ent colony is lost in her mating flight or fails to become fertile. When this happens the parent colony is hopelessly queenless and will die in the fall or winter if not be- fore, unless tlie beekeeper supplies them with either a queen or .some brood from Avhich to rear one. Sometimes laying queens are lost, and thru some accident the colony fails to requeen itself. ■ The colonies may have swarmed out be- cause of American foul brood. They often do this if the disease is permitted to run for long, even when they have plenty of honey. You can tell by looking for dead larvae and pupae in the brood-combs, and especially by looking for the dried-down scales on the lower cell wall if the colonies had American foul brood. By examining the combs carefully you can also usually tell if they were queenless the previous sum- mer. Queenless colonies usually fill their brood-combs Avith pollen; so, if you find the combs heavy with pollen, you may be fairly certain that these colonies were queenless. BEES LEAVE HIVE AND BECOME CHILLED. Question. — What causes bees to leave their hives in a frenzied manner, take flight and drop to the ground stiffened from the cold? The bees are well packed, and the thermometer was 25° when they caine out. Andrew Stofka. Ohio. Answer. — Bees will flv from their hives wheii it is too cold for s a f e fliglit, only wlien in distress from age or accumu- lated feces. Old bees often leave t li e hive 0 n bright days in . w i )i t e r and (|uu'kly become cliilled iii the manner you describe. Since these old bees would otli- erwise die in the hive a little later their loss is of but little consequence. When bees are wintering on poor stores, such as some kinds of late-gathered fall honey or honeydew, they often become so laden "with indigestible matter that they are in great distress and fly out in an effort to relieve tlieiiiselves of accumulated feces. It some- times happens that many bees are lost when there is snow on the ground, even when the air is warm enough for safe flight, by fall- ing into the snow and becoming chilled be- fore they can again take wing. DIFFERENT SIZES OF SECTIONS. Que.stioii. — Why are sections made in th^ee differ- ent sizes? W. .J. Shafer. Ohio. Answer. — Formerly many more different sizes and styles of sections were made than at present. During the period of the de- velopment of the standard hives and equip- ment of today, many beekeepers used odd- sized hives and supers. In many cases these odd-sized supers called for odd-sized sec- tions. Just why certain sizes have become stand nrd is an interesting story. A.' I. Eoot made his first sections 41^x414 inches in order that eight of them would fit inside of a standard-sized Langstroth frame made of 1/4 -inch stuff but wider than the brood- frames. To make these hold about a pound he made them 1{§ inches wide, with top and bottom narrower to admit the bees. Later, when the one-piece section was invented, the openings at the top and bottom were cut out of the wood to form the beeway, as they are made today. When wooden instead of tin separators came into vogue, about 1890, the width of the standard section was reduced to 1% inches to allow -^g inch for the thickness of the separator. This size and style of section are still standard, more of these being used in this country than any other. When the fence separators and plain sections were introduced in 1897 the 4^,1 X 414 X l^L'-inch plain section was made to fit the same supers as the' standard bee- way section, these plain sections having the same comb thickness and therefore the same capacity as the standard 1%-inch section. The 4x5 section came into general use largely in connection with the divisible brood-chamber hives which were so vigor- ously exploited from 1885 to 1900, tho sec- tions taller than wide had long been in use 170 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE March, 1922 by extensive houey proilueers in New York to fit the Quinby standing frame hive. The frames in the divisible brood-chamber hives were 5% int-lies deep, wliich at once sug- gested the 5-inch section, tlius making the brood-chamber parts and supers alike, ex- cept the inside fixtures. HIU.AM AS VIKLDKK (IK NK will be time to i)ut the hives together and get them ready for the bees when they ar- rive. A careful study of a catalog of bee- keepers' supplies will greatly aid those who liave not seen modern beehives to under- stand their construction and their various ]iarts. Beginners are usually confused as to what style and size of hives to select. In the catalogs several diff'erent sizes, as well as diff'erent styles of hives, are listed to suit the needs or notions of different bee- keepers. The size used by most of the ex- tensive honey producers is the standard hive liaving 10 frames for the 10 separate combs. These frames are 17% by 9% inches out- side measure. Some beekeepers, especially GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE Mabch, 1922 extracted honey })iodiu-ers, prefer the Jumbo hive, which is the same size as the standard hive except in depth, being 214 inches deep- er. Formerly the standard-depth hive made to hold eight frames was quite popular in this country, and many extensive honey pro- ducers still use this size. While the expert can produce just as much honey using 8- frame hives as if using larger ones, the be- ginner will do well to select the larger hive, since a single 8-frame brood-chamber is not large enough for the development of full- strength colonies in the spring, and too often such'small hives do not contain enough honey for winter and spring for safety. Those who desire to use a size other than the standard 10-frame hive will find it safer to use a larger rather than a smaller one. Beginners who are undecided as to which size is best suited to their locality can safe- ly select the standard 10-frame hive, this being the size most universally used. Where the winters are not too severe the double-walled hives with built-in packing are desirable, especially for beginners who do not expect to move their colonies often, as many extensive honey producers do. In the extreme South and in California where extra protection is not necessary in winter, as well as in the far North where the bees are wintered in the cellar or packed in large winter packing cases outside, most beekeepers prefer the single-walled hive, tho a few who winter their bees in cellars use double-walled hives on account of their better protection during cool weather after the bees are set out in the spring. Those who are undecided as to which style of hive will best suit their needs will not go far wrong by selecting the single-walled hive, preferably with the metal cover; but in most parts of the country these hives must be given extra protection either by pack- ing them in a winter case or by placing them in a good cellar for winter. What- ever hive is selected, a full sheet of foun- dation should be included for each of the frames. What Kind of Supers, for Beginners? Supers are separate chambers designed for the storage of surplus honey, which the bee- keeper takes from the bees. They are placed on top of the brood-chamber or hive proper, and are so constructed that any required number of them can be tiered up on top of the brood-chamber. Supers arc made for either comb honey or extracted honey. Comb honey is usually produced in sections (small wooden boxes), but for home use and in some localities in the South for- market, comb honey is pro- duced in frames holding when filled several pounds. When comb honey is produced in sections the box is sold with the honey, but when produced in larger frames the comb honey is cut out in chunks. This is called bulk comb honey, or chunk honey. Honey that is to be extracted is usually produced in frames of the same size as those in the brood-chamber, the honey when fin- ished being thrown out of the combs by means of the honey-extractor. The combs are not injured in the process of extracting, and they are given back to the bees to be refille.d, so in producing extracted honey the combs to hold the surplus honey need to be built but once. Most beginners produce comb honey at first to avoid purchasing an extractor the first season, tho comb-honey production is more difficult than extracted-honey produc- tion on account of more trouble from swarm- ing and greater difficulty in inducing the bees to work in the comb-honey supers as readily and as vigorously as they do in ex- tracting-supers. Until considerable skill in comb-honey production has been acquired, the yield of extracted honey is usually near- ly double that of comb honey. In many cases where the honey is sold locally, ex- tracted honey can be sold at the same price as comb honey. Wherever this can be done, of course, an extractor will soon pay for itself. On the other hand, the present wholesale price of comb honey is more than double the wholesale priec of extracted hon- ey, and in some cases it is more profitable to produce comb honey. Comb-honey pro- duction is more fascinating to most begin- ners, and being more difficult the beginner usually learns faster when producing comb honey. The style of super used most extensively l)y comb-honey producers is the one de- signed for the 4yix4%xl% beeway sec- tions. The style of extracting-super used most extensively is the regular standard hive-body Ofg inches deep, which is made exactly like tlie standard brood-chamber, tho some prefer the shallow extracting- supers. The style of super best suited for the production of bulk comb honey is the shallow extracting-super. To hold the crop of honey, from two to four comb-honey su- pers will be needed by all good colonies if the season is at all favorable, or from one to three full-depth extracting-supers if ex- tracted honey is to be produced. In some seasons double this number of supers are needed. Full slieots of foundation should be used in all the sections and all extracting frames. Medium brood foundation is usually the best weight for both the brood-frames and the extracting frames, and thin super foun- dation is usually the best weight to use for comb-honey supers. If comb honey is to be produced, about one additional hive will be needed for every two colonies in the spring for swarms, if the season is favorable for swarming. If extracted honey is to be produced, these extra hives are not necessary unless increase is desired. In addition to hives and supers and their inside furniture, the beginner will need a (Oontiniied on pa^e 177.) March, 192C G T. E A N I N G S IN BEE CULTURE 173 THE aniiunl meeting o f the stock- holders of the Colorado Honey Producers' As- sociation will he held at the Au- ditorium Hotel, Denver, March 6 and 7, 1922, for the election of ofiicers and other business. * ^ * The American League Meeting. Fifty-six delegates and members attended the third annual meeting of the American Honey Producers' League at Salt Lake City on Jan. 30-31. The report of the secretary-treasurer showing the following financial statement of the League was filed. GENERAL FUND. RECEIPTS. Balaiipe on band, Sec'v Chas. B. Justice. . .$ 48.16 Balance on hand from 1920 466.90 Receipts froTri .state organizations since 1921: Nebraska State Beekeepers' Assn 100.00 Colorado Honey Producers' Assn 32.5.00 M'^ashington State Beekeepers' Assn.... 100.00 Kansas State Beekeepers' Assn 100.00 Texas Honey Producers' Assn 791.00 Texas State Beekeepers' Assn 50.00 Montana State Beekeepers' Assn 72.00 Wisconsin Beekeepers' Assn 91.00 Iowa Beekeepers' As.sn 100.00 New York Beekeepers' Assn 18.00 Oregon Beekeepers' Assn 100.00 Illinois Beekeepe's' Assn 100.00 Receipts from Allied Trades: G. B. Lewis Co 200.00 A. I. Root Co 200.00 Dadant &, Sons 200.00 Leahv Mfg. Co 60.00 Falconer Mfg. Co 50.00 Illinois Glass Co 25.00 National Can Co 25.00 W. W. Boyer & Co 25.00 Hamilton & Menderson 2.^^.00 Viro-inia. Can Co 25.00 A. G. Woodman Co 10.00 Mars'hfield Mfg. Co 10.00 Receipts from individuaks : B. F. Smith, Jr 20.00 E. B. Ault 20.00 H. E. Weisner 10.00 Wm. Glatter 10.00 L. D. Leonard 10.00 Mrs. Marv G. Allev 10.00 .1. M. Davis 5.00 Bruce Anderson '. 2.00 . Will M. Kellogg 1.50 W. E. Woodruff 1.00 W. P. Southworth 1.00 Receipts — Miscellaneous : Sale of Warning Posters 24.07 Total Feb. 1, 1921, to Jan. 31, 1922. . . .$3431.63 DISBURSEMENTS. Stenographer hire $ 828.33 Postage 178.00 Printing, bulletins, stationery 372.70 Freight 4.12 P. O. box rent 9.00 Miscellaneous, telegrams, etc 3.50 Total $1395.97 Balance in General Fund $2035.66 Tlie advertising campaign was heartily endorsed. See the advertising financial re- port printed below. An appeal is to be made to supply-manufacturers, dealers, honey- bottlers and the manufacturers of contain- ers to r (■ M e w their advertising pledges of last year, and bee- keepers ever y- where are to be solicited to send in at least one cent for every colony owned as a contributioii to the advertising cause. The committee of legislation presented a draft of a bill designed to harmonize the various laws on the interstate shipping of honey. The possible importation of Isle of Wight disease was discussed, and Dr. E. F. Phillips was empcwered to appoint a spe- cial committee with power to act for the League. Other bureaus of the League mak- ing reports of progress in their work were: Legal Aid, O. L. Hershiser, chairman; Arbi- tration, H. B. Parks; Educational, Dr. J. H. Merrill; Eesearch, Dr. E. F. Phillips; Tree Planting, H. L. McMurry; and the commit- tee on Meeting Schedules, B. F. Kindig. The president, E. G. LeStourgeon, having served for two years, asked to be released and a successor be elected." The term of office of B. F. Kindig, vice-president, and F. B. Paddock of the Executive Committee haA'ing expired, a ballot was ordered to be taken by mail among the League member- ship to choose these three officers. Both these ballots have been mailed and the re- sult will be announced as soon as known. ADVERTISING FUND. RECEIPTS. Receipts from organizations: Michigan State Beekeepers' Assn $ 192.72 Wisconsin State Beekeepers' Assn 100.00 Texas Honey Producers' Assn 350.00 Utah State Beekeepers' Assn 300.00 Receipts from Allied Trades : A. I. Root Co 1000.00 F. W. Muth Co 500.00 C. H. W. Weber 500.00 G. B. Lewis Co 400.00 Dadant & Sons 300.00 Falconer Mfg. Co 200.00 Foster Honey & Merc. Co 100.00 Hazel Atlas Glass Co 100.00 W. W. Boyer & Co 100.00 Leahy Mfg. Co _. . . . 100 00 Miller Box Co. . 100.00 U. S. Can Co 50.00 Receipts from individuals : F. J. Rettig 100.00 .T. J. Wilder. S. F. Lawrence Ernest Kohn Colin P. Cami)bell W. W. Foster John Kneser Receipts from sale of booklets. 50.00 10.00 10.00 5.00 5.00 .36 31.00 Total receipts $4604.08 DISBURSEMENTS. Paid to Proctor & Collier Co $4166.77 Freight on booklets 25.85 Expressage on advertising matter 21 5 t Standard Printing Co 8.00 Magazines distributed 5.00 Postage on booklets 147.47 Total $4374.63 Balance cash on hand $ 229.45 FINANCIAL CONDITION OF ADVERTISING FUND. Cash on hand $ 229.45 Unpaid pledges 607.28 Liabilities — Due to Proctor & Collier Co . . 684.77 174 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE OUR HOMES A. I. ROOT We know that all things work together for good to them that love God. — Romans 8:28. And it shall come to pass that, before they call, I will answer; and while they are yet speaking, I will hear. — ISA. 65:24. The path of the just is as the shining light that shineth more and more unto the perfect day. — Peov. 4:18. IN our last is- s u e I had something to say about the to- bacco habit; and, good friends, I now find I have something more to say. By the way, I have giv- en you instances of nearby an- swers to prayer. I have in mind at least three more to mention, and these three might be called "long-range" . answers. When I first began to investigate bee culture there was very early mention of driving bees or hiving them with smoke. I think one of the first plans was the use of smoke from a cigar; and as at least a few people did not use tobacco they suggested rotten wood; and our good friend Dr. Miller, when he made that first visit here, suggest- ed that a small saucepan would be an excel- lent thing to hold the smoking wood or punk. By blowing across the top of the saucepan he could quiet the bees very nicely without any ashes dropping on the combs. A few days after he left, however, I burned up a colonv of bees by being careless with that same 'saucepan. In order to keep the grass and weeds down I had a good coating of sawdust put around the entrances of the hives. This made the apiary look very neat and tidy. But others, as well as myself, had trouble from the sawdust getting on fire. Later on somebody suggested a smok- er made of a tin tube. You were to blow in at one end, and the smoke would come out at the other. If I remember correctly, Doolit- tle described and devised such a smoker; and then somebody (I do not know but it was Moses Quinby) suggested a little hand bellows to blow the smoke in order to avoid getting out of breath when one happened to have some bad hybrids. Grace Allen sug- gested that Quinby gave us the first bellows smoker, and I think she is right about it. But it was a small affair. About this time T. F. Bingham of Michi- gan and myself each invented what we con- sidered to "be an improved form of bellows smoker. Bingham had his patented. Let me now digress a little: I went to visit some beekeeping friends in Chatham, near Medina. Several young boys were with us out in the apiary; and some one of the crowd had a lighted cigar, and showed us how quickly the bees could be quieted with toharcn smoke. Thereupon one of the boys remarked that he was go- ing to learn to smoke, in order to handle his bees in the way we had just witnessed. Then I spoke up and said: "No, no, my young friend. Do not learn March, 1922 to smoke tobac- co. I have just invented a good bellows bee- smoker. The price is fifty cents; and I will make you a pres- ent of one of these new smok- ers, provided that if you at any time in the future use to- bacco in any form you are to pay me the fifty cents." This caused some merriment. Then another boy spoke up and said, "Mr. Eoot, can I have one on the same terms?" Then still another asked, "And can I have one, too?" To both of whom I replied, "Yes, I will give any one of you a smoker on the same terms. But your names will have to be printed in our bee journal, so that everybody who knows you may keep you in mind of your tobacco pledge. ' ' The matter was written up and printed in Gleanings as to how the tobacco pledge got started. But little did I know what was to be the outcome. See our first text at the head of this talk. You may be sure the mothers and sisters, wherever Gleanings went, took hold of this, and I hope that many of the fathers did. We were kept quite busy making smokers and giving them away. At just this time, however, Mr. Bingham informed me that my new smoker was an infringement on his patent. I told him that my invention was made prior to his. In order to settle the matter in a friendly way, Mr. Bingham paid us a visit; but the more we talke/', the more it seemed plain that the matter would have to be set- tled in the courts. While we were discuss- ing tlie matter I said: ' ' Mr. Bingham, tonight is our regular teachers' meeting for the study of our Sun- day school lesson, and I seldom miss the teachers' meeting; so I hope you will kind- ly excuse me. ' ' Let me now explain that, altlio Mr. Bing- ham was a very bright and good man, I am sorry to say that he stood a good deal with James Heddon, who was to some extent a follower of Bob Ingersoll and Tom Paine. With this in mind, imagine my surprise when he replied, "Why, Mr. Eoot, I should like to attend your teachers' meeting my- self. Why can't I go along with you?" Of course, I told him that I should be very glad to have him go with mo. At the close of the meeting our pastor asked me to make the closing prayer. Please remember that I was then a comparatively new con- vert. I do not think that I ever prayed be- fore in public — at least not in such a gath- March, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 175 ering. Satan suggested that Mr. Bingham might use my humble prayer as an occasion to cast ridicule on the followers of our Lord and Savior. On the way home he said some- thing like this: "Mr. Root, I want to get off bright and early in the morning. Can we not settle this matter of the smoker before we go to bed? I shall sleep a little better if we can settle it in a friendly way. ' ' On the impulse of the moment, or maybe it was at the suggestion of the dear Savior, I said: "Friend Bingham, I believe you are hon- est in thinking that my smoker is an in- ■fringement on your invention; but whether j'ou are right or wrong, rather than go to the expense of settling it by law I will give way. I will stop making the smoker. ' ' He was evidently surprised, and said: "Why, Mr. Eoot, this is unexpected. Of course I will pay you something for giving me the right of way in the smoker busi- ness." I told him I did not want anything — in fact, I preferred not to take a cent. Then we dropped the matter with the understand- ing that I would, at least for the present, buy smokers from him. Now, friends, you may think me stupid; and, in fact, if it had not been that the Lord Jesus Christ has taken care of my stupidity, it would have made me lots of trouble in times past. When I reached home I told Mrs. Eoot about it, and she said: "Why, my dear husband, I am afraid you have done something that you will re- pent of. This giving smokers away by the hundreds to those who stop using tobacco — what are you going to do about it? Are you going to buy them of Mr. Bingham at something like a dollar apiece to give away?" Now, here conies in the stupidity. When I agreed to give up making that little fifty- cent smoker I actually forr/nt the matter of giving them to the boys if they would not learn to smoke. Then I had to own up to the dear wife that I did it without consider- ing what would happen. Then she replied: "Well, what are you going to do in this mmhJle^ " ' ' My dear wife, we are going to kneel dow^n and ask the dear Lord to help us out of this trouble just as he has helped us out of other troubles in the past." And now, dear friends, here comes in the "long-range" answer to prayer. The next morning, when I went down to the factory I found on my desk a queer-looking package that had come in the mail after I left the office the night before. It was a bellows smoker made on an entirely new principle, and it came from away off in the mountains of California, with a letter reading some- thing as follows: "Mr. Root, I have invented a bee-smoker o» a different principle, and I think it is better than anything else the world has yet had. I was going to get it patented but after tliiuking it over I told my wife I would rather have the fun of surprising our friend A. I. Root than to get quite a sum of money out of it when patented, and here is the smoker. I know from your habits that you will enjoy giving it to the world." I took a look at it, and then marched to the tinshop that had just been started in our new brick building, and showed it to the tinners. To our surprise we found we had all the machinery necessary to make them at much less expense than those we had been making; and before night we had a dozen or two ready to go out. More than a thousand were given away to those who took the tobacco pledge; and all along the years since this incident kind letters have come from those who broke off from the habit years ago thru the influence of that little smoker. The man who sent me the ' ' cold blast smoker ' ' was our old friend, J. G. Corey of California, and it was my pleasure to pay him a visit years after; and in one of these visits I wandered away off to Puget Sound, and stopped there with an old friend, H. A. March. Over the man- telpiece was a bright new tin smoker that evidently had never been used. When I asked what it meant, friend March set it down opposite me and held up his hand, saying: "Mr. Root, can you hold your hand any stiller than I hold mine?" I replied, "No, friend March, I am sure I can not, for your hand is as steady as if it were made of cast iron. ' ' Then he explained to me that some time before, maybe two or three years, he was run down, broken up, and nervous. His hand shook so that he began to think he would have to stop writing letters. He consulted the doctors, but they could not give him any help. After suffering for months he saw my offer of a smoker to any reader of Gleanings who would give up the use of tobacco. He said: "Now, I can not begin to tell you w^hat a job it was; and to help me fight it out I put thfj^t smoker up there where I could see it, and it has helped me, nobody knows how many times, to hold fast to my pledge. My experience was like your father's. In just a few weeks I began to have better digestion and better health than I had known for years. ' ' This is a sample of the letters I received, and now here is something more: Of course the above was written up, and, as I told you, hundreds of smokers were given away. But just one Vear from the day we began making the cold-blast smoker we had had cash sales of over 20,000. Just one thing more: One of the great dailies published a little item something like this: "Down at Medina, Ohio, there is a queer chap in the bee business, and he thinks it is wicked to smoke pipes &nd cigars; and to 176 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE March, 1922 encourage the young beekeepers, he offers to give to any one of his readers a bee- smoker free of charge if said beekeeper will sign a pledge, printed in his bee journal, to use no more tobacco." This item was put in as a joke, but it helped the sale of 20,000 smokers. After I had written the above up in our journal I gave it as a swift answer to prayer; but somebody suggested, "Why, Mr. Root, you are making a big mistake. Your good friend Corey mailed that smoker, by your own statement, before you uttered that rash promise to Mr. Bingham." But, dear friends, I had been reading my Bible pretty thoroly from beginning to end, and I was thus enabled to point my critic to our first text— "Before they call I will answer." With the great Father above there is no past, present, nor future, and he is able to set the vast machinery of the uni- verse in motion so as to answer the prayers of a poor humble follower like myself Avhen he gets into trouble or thinks he has. "WIND ELECTKICITY." Making the Cold North Wind Warm up Homes in Denmark, Holland, and Germany. Learning from the "Our Homes" Department that Mr. A. I. Root is very much interested in the development of electricity by wind power, I copy a couple of short news items from "Concrete, a monthly magazine published in Detroit, feeling sure that Mr. Root will be glad to read it. EL*ECTRIC POWER FROM WINDMILLS. Denmark is building windmills to produce electric power, owing to the high cost of fuel. At the Oersted Congress in Copenhagen, in 1920, Professor Dr. Phil Erik Schou read a paper on "The Modern Basis for the Construc- tion of Windmills," published in Ingenioren, April 16, 1921. o ^ , M Owing to the scarcity of coal and fuel oil. an engineer, R. Johannes Jensen, was engaged to construct electric generators capable of transforming the cycle and voltage. The con- struction was successful, and seven windmills have been completed, transforming the energy of wind to commercial electrical power. The windmills have a concrete structure, with a su- perstructure of structural steel supporting the wings. The calculations of the windmills were ac- cording to the "Drzewinski" theory, founded upon Professor La Cour's Methods. — "Con- crete," July, 1921. WIND REPLACING COAL. In our last number we mentioned the Danfsh wind power — electric power stations — and now find that Holland and Germany also eagerly try to benefit by thi.s nature's auxiliary to coal. Denmark, Holland, and Germany already have more than ,500 power stations utilizing wind power as a mafri or auxiliary motor. The last issue of Current Opinion states that the Per- kins Corporation in conjunction with the Westinghouse Electric Co., has erected in In- diana the first perfected outfit in the United States for generating electricity from the air in violent motion. A 50-foot steel tower, topped by a large windwheel, a generator, a, switch- board, and a battery are included in the opera- tion. Tliis method of generating electricity is ex- pected to bring in a new era to a farm power and light field, putting electricity within reach of many who live where it is not now to be had. — "Concrete," August, 1921. Geo. J. Gri&senauer. 5006 Catalpa Ave., Chicago, 111., Sept. 29, 1921. It would seem from the last quotation that the manager of Concrete has no knowl- edge of the work that has been done for years by the Wind Electric Corporation of ■ Wyndmere, N. D., now located at Minneap- olis, Minn. And while we are discussing this subject, below is a clipping from the Christian Herald indicating the rapid de- velopment of electric energy in the United States: Between 1910 and 1920 the population of the United States increased less than 15 per cent, while the number of customers of electric light and power companies increased over 250 per cent, and the amount of electrical energy sold increased over 3S0 per cent. Wind Electricity in 1922. On page 170, Gleanings for March, 1921, I suggested some other power was rather needed when the wind didn't happen to blow, especially if one wanted the wind to furnish current for running an electric auto, besides lighting the premises. At that date I didn't know of any such outfit, to be used only in an emergency. For two winters we got along very well, by using the auto, for about 5 or 6 miles a day; but the third win- ter there were several times when a little more "juice" would have been a help. This present winter (the fourth) since the "trop- ical hurricane (see Gleanings for December, page 780), Nature to make amends has given a winter up to present time, Jan. 9, some- times a whole week with almost no wind at all. Our readers, of course, know of the re- cent reduced prices on farm lighting outfits. I recently paid Sears, Roebuck & Co. $185 for a combined engine and generator, and when the wind doesn't blow, we use this. We get gulf kerosene here at only 14c when we buy 50 gallons at a time, and so far it stores all our batteries beautifully. As near as I have been able to figure, a gallon of kerosene will store the auto batteries sufficient to run, with one passenger, 15 or 20 miles. Call it only 14 miles, and we have only 1 cent a mile for fuel for an electric auto. Now the windmill costs nothing foi fuel, but the long rubber belt costs about .$16.00 and runs on an average two years. If we run the auto 1000 miles each winter and light the premises, it will cost as much more; so we have $20.00 for kerosene against $16.00 for belt. But we must remember the windmill is much more expensive than the generator I have mentioned which cost $185. On the other side, we must take into ac- count the many more and much stro))(jrr winds in the Dakotas and other adjoining states. Now while I like the little cheap engine very much, at the same time I enjoy seeing the two windmills when there is a fair wind, in the saving of kerosene, blowing not only "shillings," but dollars right into Mabch, 1922 Gleanings in bee culture 1^? my pocket while I sleep. I have felt it no more than fair I should give you the above because I have in the past been so enthusi- astic in regard to "wind electricity." The low price of the modern generators, together with the low price of kerosene itself, is what changes the situation. We must credit the windmill with the fact, that owing to the slow revolution of the wind wheel (only 25 a minute) it will almost never wear out. While the kerosene engine, so I am told, is good for only four or five years, the windmill ought to last a lifetime. The wooden tower, however, will need painting about as often as a dwelling house. A painter is just now painting my first wood tower, that had two coats of paint when first put up four years ago. The expense of storage batteries and electric generator will be practically the same, as both will be required for either wind or kerosene. Later: Today (Jan. 12) we are having the second day of a strong north wind that has stored all our batteries, and the two wind- mills are among "the great army of unem- ployed," pulled out of the wind. Our baro- meter told us it was coming, so I didn't waste much kerosene. I mention this, to show that Florida, as a rule, can give us "wind electricity." Talks to Beginners. — Continued from page 172. good smoker, a bee-veil and perhaps a pair of bee-gloves to protect his hands and wrists from stings. How Many Colonies the First Season. Most beginners are satisfied with one or two colonies for the first season. Much can be learned from a single colony, but there are some advantages in having at least two or three colonies to begin with. The am- bitious beginner need not hesitate to under- take the handling of a dozen or more colo- nies the first season. Importance of Abundant Stores. One of the first things for a beginner to learn is the necessity of having the bees well supplied with food at all times. Bees do not waste food when they have more than they need, but store it away in the combs until needed. During the spring a vast' army of workers must be reared, if the colony is to be strong euougli to gather surplus honey. The rearing of these young bees requires much more honey than the bees are usually able to gather during the spring; so, if the colonies were not amply supplied with honey last fall, it will be necessary to feed them in the spring unless they are able to gather more than usual from early flowers. It is well to see that every colony has at least 10 to 15 pounds of honey in the hive thruout the spring. Bees can be fed even in the North this month, if necessary, by laying a slab of hard candy made of granulated sugar on top of the frames against the cluster of bees; or sugar syrup, jnade by heating two parts of sugar and one of water, can be fed in an ordinary friction-top pail having small holes punched in the cover, the pail of syrup being inverted just above the cluster. Such a feeder should be placed in an upper story of the hive and the space around it filled with old grain bags or old clothes. Regular Advertisers Discontinued in Good Standing. D. E. Collier, Ramer, Ala.; L. C. Mayeux, Ham- burg, La. BEE WANTS GREATEST PRODUCTION Obtained bv nsina; SOUTHLAND SURE SERVICE. ROOT GOODS. Shipments from factory or branch nearest you. Mail your list. We quote to serve you. Wholesale Discounts. ORDER NOW. THE SOUTHLAND APIARIES, Box 585 Hattiesburg, Mississippi. Burbank Seeds Bulletin 61 free, describing new and rare flowers, grains and vegetables. Also announcing the new books (just published) "How Plants Are Trained to Work for Man." LUTHER BURBANK Santa Rosa, Calif., U. S. A. -BE(E) READY— Spring is almost here. Order hives and other supplie.s now. Carload stocks, best goods, serv- ice, treatment. Railroads to everywhere from the "CAPITAL OF BEEDOM." Get catalog. MOORE & PEIRCE Zanesville, Ohio, 221/2 South Third St. UMDAM The Honeybees' Friend llUUmil Beekeepers are greatly interested in nl nifCD Hubam Clover because it produces the III llVtn largest crop of splendid honey food. *'^*"^" We have a select lot of certified hardy Huham Clover seed. 25c an oz. ; $2.50 a lb.; when orders are placed for ten lbs. or more, $2.00 per lb. Order early. Supply limited. KEITH BROS. NURSERY, Box 716, Sawyer, Mich. llliniUASK FOR FREE BOOK, "Hubam Clo- HIIKAHver, What, Where, Why?" Get the full truth. Grown where it originated under supervision H. D. Hughes, original discoverer and distributor. We are determined to give you the best seed available, unquestionably genuine, at prices you can pay. You will grow Hubam if you get the book and our special low prices; transportation prepaid. Ask — ALABAMA HUBAM CLOVER ASS'N., INC. "There's a Reason." Box 68, Newbern, Ala. 178 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE March, 1922 Classified Advertisements Notices will be inserted in these classified columns for 50c per line. Advertisements intended for this department cannot be less than two lines, and you must say you want your advertisement in the classified column, or we will not be responsible for errors. Copy should be received by 15th of preced- ing month to insure insertion. EEGULAK ADVERTISERS DISCONTINUED IN GOOD STANDING. (Temporary advertisers and advertisers of small lots, when discontinued, are not here listed. It is only regular advertisers of regular lines who are here listed when their advertisements are discon- tinued when they are in good standing.) Van Wyngarden Bros., R. C. "Wittman, W. X. Johnson, F. W. Luebeck, F. W. Summerfield. C. S. Engle, J. Tom White, C. A. Mayeux, Dingee & Con- ard, Woodlawn Nurseries, Heller Bros., C. C. Brin- ton, W. H. Laws, Elton "Warner, Aluminum Honey- cornb Co., M. Voinche. HONEY AND WAX FOB SALE FOR SALE — Buckwheat honey in 5-lb., 101b., or 60-lb. cans. H. B. Gable, Ro.mulus, N. Y. FOR SALE — Light amber honev in new 60-lb. cans. J. N. Harris, St. Louis, Mich. FOR S.\LE — iWhite clover and aster honey in 60- lb. cans and ten-pound pails. John S. Field, Brooks- ville, Ky. FOR SALE — Clover, amber and buckwheat hon- ey, 60-lb. cans and 5 and 10-lb. pails. C. J. Bald- ridge, Kendaia, N. Y. FOR SALE — Choice clover honey, 15c; buck- wheat, 10c per pound. Two 601b. cans to case, f. 0. b. here. Wm. VoUmer, Akron, N. Y. FOR SALE- — Buckwheat honey in 60-lb. cans, one can to case, liquefied, $6 ; 2 cans to case, granu- lated, $10.80. John J. Lewis, Lyons, N. Y. • FOR SALE — Buckwheat honev in second-hand cases, 120 lbs., $9.60 each. Sample 10c. R. V. Cox, SloansviUe, N. Y. FOR SALE — A few dozen 10-lb. pails of clover extracted honey. Will sell cheap to close out. State quantity wanted. J. D. Beals, Oto, Iowa. FOR SALE — '6000 lbs. choice white alfalfa sweet clover honey in cases of 5 and 10 lb. pails, $7.50 per case, f. o. b. Montrose, Colorado. H. R. Fisher. FOR SALE — 20 casej; white comb honey, light weight, stamped NOT UNDER 10 ounce, $4.00 per case, 24 sections to ca.se. H. G. Quirin, Bellevue, Ohio. FOR SALE — White honey in 60-lb. cans, also West Indian in 50-gal. barrels. Samples and price on request. A. I. Root Co., 2.3 Leonard St., New York City. FOR SALE — Extra-choice extracted white clover honey, put up in new 60-lb. cans and 5-lb. pails. Sample 20c, .same to apply on first order. David Running, Filion, Mich. FOR S.'VLE — Clover, basswood or buckwheat honey, comb and extracted, by the case, ton. or car- load. Let me supplv vour wants with this fine N. Y. State honey. C. B. Howard, Geneva, N. Y. FOR SALE — Extracted honey, clover, 15c per pound; amber, 10c; two 60-lb. cans to case; amber in. barrels, 8c; in five-case or five-barrel lots, 5% of¥; in ton-case or ten-barrel lots, 10% off. H. G. Quirin, Bellevue, Ohio. FOR SALE — 12,000 lbs. of choice white clover honey, well ripened, put up in new 5 and 10 lb. pails". Sample 25c. W. B. Wallin, Brooksville, Ky. FOR SALE — Finest white clover and basswood honey in 60-lb. cans and 5 and 10 lb. pails. Sam- ple i5c. Write for prices. A. S. Tedman, Weston, Mich. HONEY FOR SALE — In 60-lb. tins, water- white orange, 15c: white sage, 13c; extra L. A. sage, lie; N. Y. State buckwheat, 10c, for imme- diate shipment from New York. Hoffman & Hauck, Inc., Woodhaven, N. Y. RASPBERRY honey, blended with willow-herb, put up in 60-lb. cans. In order to close out quickly will sell for 12c a lb. We have some raspberry mixed with a small quantity of goldenrod for 10c a lb. Sample of either kind, 20c, which may be de- ducted from order for honev. Elmer Hutchinson & Son, Lake City, R. D. No." 2, Mich. HONEY AND WAX WANTED. WANTED — Honey, section, bulk comb and ex- tracted. Elton Warne:-, Asheville, N. C. BEESWAX WANTED — For manufacture into SUPERIOR FOUNDATION. (Weed Process.) Superior Honey Co., Ogden, Utah. WANTED — Shipments of old combs and cappings for rendering. We pay the highest cash and trade prices, charging but 5c a pound for wax rendered. The Fred W. Muth Co., Pearl and Walnut Sts., Cincinnati, Ohio. WANTED — Beeswax. W^e are paying Ic and 2c extra for choice yellow beeswax and in exchange for supplies we can offer a still better price. Be sure your shipment bears your name and address, so we can identify it immediately upon arrival, and make prompt remittance. The A. I. Root Co., Me- dina, Ohio. FOE SALE. ROOT'S GOODS AT ROOT'S PRICES'. A. W. Yates, Hartford, Conn. HONEY LABELS — New designs. Catalog free. Eastern Label Co., Clintonville, Conn. FOR SALE — A full line of Root's goods at Root's prices. A. L. Healy. Mayaguez, Porto Rico. YOU will make no mistake in ordering your comb foundation of E. S. Robinson, Mayville, N. Y. SEE my large display advertisement on page 191. .Tes Dalton, Bordelonville, La. FOR SALE — Small comb-extracted outfit. Good condition. No foul brood. N. W. Hosley, Arkport, N. Y. FOR SALE — Ten-frame hive-bodies in flat, also white clover extracted honey. C. H. Hodgkin, Ro- chester, Ohio. FOR SALE — 'SUPERIOR FOUNDATION, "quality unexcelled." Let us prove it. Order now. Superior Honey Co., Ogden, Utah. ROOT'S BEE SUPPLIES — For the Central Southwest beekeepers. Beeswax wanted. Free cata- log. Stiles Bee Supply Co., Stillwater, Okla. FOR SALE — 300 P fences for 4%x4^ plain sections, new but few slightly discolored by air, $12.00. King's Apiaries, McArthur, Ohio. PORTER BEE-ESCAPES save honey, time, and money. Great labor-savers. For sale by all dealers in bee supplies. R. & E. C. Porter, Lewiston, 111. March, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 179 FOR SALE — All of my bees and fixtures. Ask for full particulars. Reason for selling, ill health. L. E. Evans, Ousted, Mich. FOR SALE — 10-frame standard beehives with metal covers, $2.50 each. Hive-bodies, 90c vi^ithout frames. Thos. Cordner, Sparta, Wise. FOR SALE — 300 good brood-combs, 100 imper- fect combs suitable for extracting only. 30 empty L. depth supers. No disease. Bargains. Porter C. Ward, Allensville, Ky. FOR SALE — Good second-hand 601b. cans, two cans to a case, boxed, at 60c per case f. o. b., Cin- cinnati. Terms cash. C. H. W. Weber & Co., 2163 Central Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. FOR SALE — Jumbo and Standard hives with bees;" also good 10-frame hives, metal roofs and re- versible bottoms, with or without drawn combs. No disease. Horace Lamar, Liberty, Ind. SPECI.A.L SALE — Low price for 30 days on 1-story 10-frame single-wall dovetail hives, KD in packages of 5. Material and workmanship guaran- teed to please. Write for price stating quantity wanted. A. G. Woodman Co., Grand Rapids, Mich. FOR S.ALE — 86 standard 10-frame deep hive- bodies with self-spacing frames. Eight Excelsior covers, 10 reversible bottoms, all new. One two- frame Cowan extractor, used very little; 15 or 20 hive-bodies used one season, two uncapping knives. Best offer by April 1 takes all or any part. Henry Mcintosh, Robinson, R. D. No. 2, Ills. FOR SALE — To further reduce our large equip- ment, we offer a full line of NEW and SLIGHTLY USED Jumbo and standard Langstroth bee supplies of Root manufacture. We also offer full colonies of bees in Jumbo and Langstroth hives. Complete list free. We can save you real money. No dis- ease. The Hofmann Apiaries, Janesville, Minn. WANTS AND EXCHANGES. ROYAL typewriter, $65.00. Will trade for hon- ey, queens or offer. E. A. Harris, Albany, Ala. WANTED — Bees on shares. M. Knudsen, 153 Institute Place, Chicago, Ills. WILL buv or rent 25 to 150 colonies bees near Chicago. J. W. Hosie, 1618 W. Adams St., Chicago, 111. WANTED — Used "Buckeye" hives. Give price and number immediately. James Cockburn, Wells- boro, Pa. BEEHIVES WANTED — Double-walled hives, must be in good condition and cheap for cash. D. H. Rice, Jr., Barre, Mass. REGISTERED Shorthorn cow and two heifers. Will exchange for bees, if warranted disease-free. C. L. Monier, Sparland, HI. WANTED — A bee inspector for Fremont County for the season of 1922. Address communications to W. E. Chadwick, Lander, Wyo. WAJNTED — Old combs and cappings for render- ing on shares. Our steam equipment secures all the wax. Superior Honey Co., Ogden, Utah. BEESWAX wanted. Old combs (dry) and cap- pings for rendering. Also wax accepted in trade. Top market prices offered. A. I. Root Co. of Iowa, Council Bluffs, Iowa. TRADE — Winchester repeating 12-gauge gun, model 1897, with leather case. All good as new; price $40.00. For Italian bees and queens. Dr. W. S. Windle, Oskaloosa, Iowa. FOR SALE OR EXCHANGE— 28 10-frame su- pers, nailed and painted, used 3 years. For 41^ x 4^x1% beeway sections. Mineola Apiaries, Bath, N. Car. WANTED — 200 or less colonies of bees, any style hive, for spring delivery. When .quoting price please remember 6c to 8c honey is in sight for next crop. Address A. W. Smith, Birmingham, Mich. OLD COMBS, cappings or slumgum wanted for rendering by steam press process. We pay cash for wax rendered, trade for supplies, or work it into foundation. W. T. Falconer Mfg. Co., Fal- coner, N. Y. FOR SALE OR TRADE — For pure-bred Nubian doe a young pure Nubian buck from one of the best herds in California. Has been tested and ready for service. R. M. Collins, 630 S. 22nd St., Mus- kogee, Okla. . PACKAGE BEES WANTED — I expect many more orders for package bees than I have bees f.or sale. Breeders and others having more bees than they can sell will do well by getting in touch with me. E. D. Townsend, Marksville, La. FOR TRADE OR SALE CHEAP— Good sec- tional honey-box machinery. Automatic V-groover, a fine double-head beeway cutter for sections and Hoffman frames, and a dovetailing machine. Can use some brood foundation and 10-frame L. hive- bodies. O. H. Townsend, Otsego, R. D. No. 2, Mich. EXCHANGE — I have a 400-egg Queen incubator to trade for one small extractor, colonies of Italian bees in Root standard 10-frame or Buckeye hives, or 3-frame nuclei with queens. Must guarantee no disease. R. F. Pratt, R. D. No. 23, Box 13, East Akron, Ohio. OLD COMBS WANTED — Our steam wax-presses will get every ounce of beeswax out of old combs, cappings or slumgum. Send for our terms and our 1922 catalog. We will buy your share of the wax for cash or will work it into foundation for you. Dadant & Son, Hamilton, Illinois. FOR TRADE— A 5 and 2 H. P. marine Detroit engine, running order. Medical books, office chair, instruments, spray outfit. Old Trusty incubators, fine muzule-loading rifles, for package bees and queens, or colonies, Alexander feeders, capping melter, pow- er extractor, 4 14 x 4 M, x 1 % sections. Doctor Gibbs, Waldron, Mich. WAJNTED — ^To hear from parties that have bees to sell in the following states, either with a farm or separate. State the amount that you have in the first letter, and just what you want for them, and all information, as to condition of bees, whether you have disease, and just what you have in the way of a farm ; farm need not be large, but location must be good; price must be right, and in keeping with the times, Michigan (central part preferred), Wisconsin, Mississippi, Alabama, Illinois or New York. O. S. Mullin, 42 Morgantown St., Union- town, Pa. SEEDS AND PLANTS. "We will not guarantee the purity of any seed advertised nor any nursery stock, as nurserymen ordinarily will not do this themselves; but any seedman or nurseryman advertising in our columns will have given us excellent references in advance, and our readers may consider this fact in their favor." — Fiom Our Guarantee and Advertising Con- ditions. HUBAM — SCARIFIED, POUND, $1.45; 10, $11.00; 25, $25.00; prepaid. — Phelps, Shawnee, Okla. FOR SALE — Northern-grown Hubam clover seed, $2.00 per lb., prepaid. Homer Flickinger, R. F. D. No. 2, Cheboygan, Mich. HUBAM.— AMES, IOWA, STRAIN, SCARI- FIED, RECLEANED. — State test shows 99% pure and no weed seeds. — ^You don't pay for hulls, trash or weed seed. — Order from these ads. You'll be pleased. Distance is no barrier. — We deliver: — 100 pounds, $70.00. — Chas. B. Phelps, Shawnee, Okla. 180 HUBAM clovel- seed, Vz lb., $1.00; lb., $1.75; 10 lbs., $16.50. Noble Nursery, Noble, Okla. PURE Hubam, unhulled clover seed, 1 lb., $1.10; 5 lbs., $5.00, postpaid. Evan Jones, Williamstown. N. J. HUBAM CLOVER — Genuine Hughes strain, scarified seed. 1 oz. to 16 oz., 15c oz. ; 1 lb. to any amount, 90c lb. net. Sacks free. Post or freight paid. Jas H. Kitchen, R. D. No. 5, Springfield, Ohio. HUBAM. — SCARIFIED, RECLEANED, GENU- INE ; no other sweet clover within miles. — Refer- ences, and full proof furnished. — Note — all our prices are prepaid: — 10 pounds, $11.00; 25, $25.00; 50,. $40.00; 100, $70.00. — Phelps, Shawnee, Okla. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULfURE March, 1922 BEES AND QUEENS. FOR SALE — ^Italian queens, nuclei and pack ages. B. F. Kindig, E. Lansing, Mich. HARDY Italian queens, $1.00 each. W. G. Lauver, Middletown, Pa. TRY ACHORD'S BEES and QUEENS. Price list by return mail. W. D. Achord, Fitzpatrick, Ala. WHEN it's GOLDEN, it's PHELPS. C. W. Phelps & Son, Binghamton, N. Y. A card will bring our circular and price list of our reliable bees and queens. R. V. Stearns, Brady, Texas. BOOKING orders now for early queens and pack- age bees. Write for prices. Sarasota Bee Co., Sara- sota, Fla. WARNER'S QUALITY QUEENS — Write for il- lustrated catalog. Elton Warner, R. D. No. 1, Asheville, N. C. FOR package bees and Italian queens, write Jone.s & Stevenson, Akers, La. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. FOR SALE — Carload bees, nuclei, pound pack- ages, full colonies. See our ad elsewhere. The Stover Apiaries, Mayhew, Miss. PHELPS GOLDEN QUEENS will please you. Mated, $2.00; 6, $10.00; or $18.00 a doz. C. W. Phelps & Son, Binghamton, N. Y. ROSEDALE APIARIES, Route No. 2, Alexan- dria, La., J. B. Marshall and H. P. Le Blanc, Props. See our larger ad elsewhere. QUEENS, day-old and untested. Bees, 2-lb. pT'k- ages. Thompson safety cages. Resistant Italians. Cir- cular ready. James McKee, Riverside, Calif. BUSINESS-FIRST queens offer you their illumi- nated descriptive handbook with prices, select un- tested, $1.50. M. F. Perry, Bradentown, Fla. PACKAGE BEES — $1.50 per pound. Untested Italian or Carniolan queens, $1.25 each. See lar- ger adv. Circular free. J. E. Wing, 155 Schiele Ave., San Jose, Calif. WE are booking orders now for spring de'ivery for the famous "Colorado Queens." Send your order early so as to be sure to get your queens. C. I. Goodridge, Wlieatridge, Colo. SELECT THREE-BAND ITALIANS, tested queens, $2.50 each ; untested, $1.25 each, anv number. Send for circular. Geo. W. Coltrin & Son, Mathis, Texas. FOR SALE — ^100 colonies of certified Italian bees 8 L. shipping hives. Hives to be returned at my expense. Under slate supervision 23 years. Charles Stewart, Johnstown, N. Y. FOR SALE — Home and apiary, dwelling and lioney-house, and 4 lots, 120 colonies of bees, su- pers, drawn combs, power extracting outfit, no dis- ease. C. H. Harlan, Spring Valley, Wis. FOR SALE — 75 colonies bees in 10-frame Lang- stroth hives, now packed with abundant stores. W. C. Riddings, Lawreneeburg, Ind. PACKAGE bees and nuclei. Booking orders 1922 delivery. See ad elsewhere or write. Canadian or- ders not solicited. M. L. Nisbet & Brc, Bainbridge, Ga. FOR SALE — 10 colonies Italian bees in standard hives. Also 30 supers with drawn combs. Never had disease. Write Emil Uyldert, New Brunswick, N. J. MOTT'S Northern-bred Italian queens. Will have packages of bees to offer in June. Plans "How to Introduce Queens" and "Increase," 25c. E. E. Mott, Glenwood, Mich. FOR SALE — ^15 colonies of Italian bees of 10 frames, wired and combs built from full sheets of foundation. $10.00 per colony. H. Shaffer, 2860 Har- rison Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. FOR SALE — Three-band Italian queens, select untested, $1.00 each; $12.00 per doz. 2-lb. package with queen, $5.00. Satisfaction guaranteed. W. T. Perdue & Sons, Fort Deposit, Ala. FOR SALE — Early package bees, nuclei and queens. We handle 1800 colonies. Shipping sea- son March 1 to June 1. Loveitt Honey Co., Phoe- nix, Ariz. FOR SALE — Bright Italian queens, 1, $1.25; 12, $12.00. Write for prices of nuclei and pound packages. Safe arrival guaranteed. T. J. Tallev, Greenville, R. D. No. 3, Ala. BEES BY THE POUND — Also QUEENS. Booking orders now. FREE circulars giving details. See larger ad elsewhere. Nueces County Apiaries, CalaUen, Texas, E. B. Ault, Prop. FOR SALE — ^Golden Italian queens ready May 1. 1 queen, $1.25; 6, $6.50; 12, $12.00; 100, $85.00. Virgins, 50c each. Write for prices of nuclei. W. W. Talley, Greenville, R. D. No. 4, Ala. YOUR name on a card will bring by return mail descriptive booklet with prices of my Improved Strain of Italian queens. Twenty-four years' ex- perience. J. B. Hollopeter, Queenbreeder, Rockton, Pa. IF GOOD bright Italian queens are wanted by return mail, send your order to M. Bates, Green- ville, Ala. Price, $1.00 each; $10.00 per dozen; $75 per 100. Pure mating, safe arrival and sat- isfaction guaranteed. FOR SALE — 10 colonies Italian bees in 10-frame Root hives, combs built from full sheets foundation. Young queens. No disease. Each $8.00. Three 10-frame Root hives, each $2.00. Pearl Barton, Gentryville, R. D. No. 1, Ind. FOR SALE — A complete bee-yard of 40 colonies. Material for 100 more. Honey-house, 10 x 14. 10- frame hives, everything new. In best location. Spring feed in abundance. Alfalfa all around. J. T. Ham- mersmark, 645 W. 6th St., Reno, Nev. 2-POUND PACKAGES — 3-banded Italian bees with queens, $5.25 each, 10 or more, $5.00 each; one-fourth down books order. Shipment begins April 20, no disease and perfect satisfaction guar- anteed. J. J. Scott, Crowville, La. MY GOLDEN ITALIAN QUEENS pcssess the qualities which make beekeeping profitable. Mated. $1.00 each, $10.00 per doz. Virgins, 50e each or $4.25 per doz. Safe arrival and satisfaction guar- anteed. Your orders solicited. Crenshaw County Apiary (Melvin Talley, Prop.), Rutledge, Ala. EXPRESS is lower on northern bees. Prices no higher. 2 lbs. Italian beas with queen on comb of stores in May, $5.75. Comb of stores insures suc- cess. Prompt delivery and safe arrival guaranteed. Card brings circular of golden and 3-banded queens. Ross B. Scott, LaGrange, Ind. March, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 181 FOR SALE — Package bees and Italian queens. We have been shipping packages and queens for years. Try us I Allenville Apiaries, Allenville, Ala. FOR SALE — Three-banded Italian bees, with good queens, in either Jumbo or Langstroth hives. No disease. Send for complete description. The Hofmann Apiaries, Janesville, Minn. BOOKING orders for spring delivery. Queens, package bees, and nuclei. The reliable A. i. Root strain. Golden and leather-colored Italians. Vir- gins, 60c; untested, $1.25. Circular free. A. J. Pinard, 440 N. 6th St., San Jose, Calif. ORDERS booked now for spring delivery, 3-frame nucleus and queen, $6.50 ; select tested, $7.50 ; Dr. Miller's strain. No pound packages. Low express rates and quick transit north. 10% with order. S. G. Crocker, Jr., Roland Park, Baltimore, Md. BEES BY THE POUND — I am prepared to fur- nish for April or May deliveries Italian bees in one, two or three pound packages. Shipped in Root- Pritchard or Root combless shipping cages. Corre- spondence solicited. G. O. Pharr, New Iberia, La. COLORADO HEADQUARTERS for QUEENS — Northern-bred leather-colored three-band Italians. Safe arrival guaranteed. Booking orders now for June 1st delivery. Send for circular and price list. Loveland Honey & Mercantile Co., Loveland, Colo. BRIGHT ITALIAN QUEENS, $1.00 each, 10% less in dozen lots. Pure mating, safe arrival and reasonable satisfaction guaranteed in U. S. and Canada. Write us for prices on package bees. We have them in season. Graydon Bros., Rt. 4, Green- ville, Ala. FOR SALE — Three-band leather-colored bees and queens — big cut in prices. No disease. Safe ar- rival and satisfaction guaranteed. Shipping season April 15 to May 25. Send for circular and prices on quantities. J. M. Cutts & Son, R. D. No. 1, Montgomery, Ala. MERRILL'S Selected Italian Queens combine the qualities you want. They are large, vigorous, well marked, beautiful and gentle. Try them at $1.00 each; 6, $5.50; 12, $10.80. Ready after April 15. I ship nothing but the best. Order now. G. H. Merrill, Greenville, R. D. No. 5, S. C. FOR SALE — ^200 colonies Italian bees in new standard lOframe hives. Requeened last August with the famous Root queens. Price $10.00 ner colony. Also 15 colonies, same as above, in 8-frame hives, halved toge+her at the corners. Price $7.00 per colony. James Dearmin, Oakland, Minn. PHELPS' GOLDEN ITALIAN QUEENS com- bine the qualities vou want. They are GREAT HONEY-GATHERERS, BEAUTIFUL and GEN- TLE. Virgins, $1.00; mated, $2.00; 6 for $10.00, or $18.00 per doz. ; tested, $5.00. Breeders, $10.00 to $20. Safe arrival guaranteed only in the U. S. and Canada. C. W. Phelps & Son, Binghamton, N. Y. MAY deliverv, one, two and three pound pack- ages, $.3.00, $4;00 and $5.00. Nuclei, $3.00, $4.25 and $5.50, with select untested Italian queens. Spe- cial orders solicited. Select untested three-band .queens, April and May, $1.25, 6 or more, $1.00 each. 20% books order. State health certificate. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. Address Apalachicola, Fla., office. Tupelo Honey Co., Colum- bia, Ala. BEES — 2-lb. packages, $3.50; 6 or more, $3.45; 12 or more, $3.40; 25 or more, $3.25; young Ital- ian queens, $1.25 extra. Shipments April 10 to May 1, by express f. o. b. New Orleans. Hardy three-banded and leather-colored stock, free from disease, shipped in Root cages on frame of founda- tion, safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed or money refunded. 25% deposit to book your order Order early and state date you prefer shipment. Reference A. I. Root Co., New Orleans, La. R. S. Knight, 4927 Conti St., New Orleans, La. THE ITALIAN QUEENS OF WINDMERE are superior three-banded stock. Our aim is not quan- tity but quality. Our first consideration is to give perfect satisfaction. Untested, $1.50 each; 6 for $8.00; tested, $2.00 each; select tested, $3.00 each. Prof. W. A. Matheny, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio. FULL COLONIES, 2-FRAME NUCLEI, PACK- AGE BEES and ITALIAN QUEENS from the api- aries of E. R. King, formerly Deputy Inspector of Ohio, later in charge of Apiculture at Cornell Uni- versity. Write us what you want. Prices and in- formation win be sent you. King's Apiaries, Mc- Arthur, Ohio. FOR SALE — 18 colonies Italian bees, on full sheets wired foundation in Hoffman frames, will sell one or all and deliver when weather allows. No disease. A certificate if desired. Many of these colonies are headed bv 1921 queens from the Stover Apiaries. $10.00 for 'Stover queens; $9.00 for oth- ers. Benj. B. .Jones, Lake Roland, Md. FOR SALE — 200 colonies of the celebrated Moore strain of leather-colored Italians. They are in Langstroth hives, combs all built on wired foun- dation. All have tested queens less than one \ear old. No disease among or near them. Price in lots of one to 50, $12.00 each; 50 to 100, $11.50 each; 100 or more, $11.00 per colony. Elmer Hutchin- son & Son, Lake City, Mich. FOR SALE — Golden Italian queens and bees, un- tested, 1 queen, $1.00; 1 doz., $10.00; 100, $75.00. 2-lb. package, with queen, $5.00; 1-lb. package with queen, $3.00; 12 or more, 5% off. 2-frame nucleus with queen, $5.00; 15 or more, 5% off. Safe ar- rival and satisfaction guaranteed. J. F. Rogers, Greenville, R. D. No. 3, Ala. FOR SALE — Package bees for spring delivery, three-banded strain, bred for business, 20% cash books your order. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. A two-pound package of bees, and se- lect untested queen for $5.00; 25 or more for $4.75 each. Write for prices on larger lots. Caney Valley Apiaries, J. D. Yancey, Mgr., Bay City, Texas. LARGE, HARDY, PROLIFIC QUEENS. Three- band Italians and Goldens. Pure mating and safe arrival guaranteed. We ship only queens that are topnotchers in size, prolificness and color. After June 1: untested queens, $1.50 each; 6 for $8.00; 12 or more, $1.40 each; 25 or more, $1.25 each. Tested queens, $3.00 each; 6 for $16.00. Buckeye Bee Co., Zoarville, Ohio. WE know our queens are much better thaft all the rest. By actual test side by side, all workers look just alike. Three bands only. If they show the slightest trace of four bands, fire them back to us, for that shows very poor breeding indeed. Pure bred Italian bees onlv show three bands. Untested, $1.00; select untested, $1.25; tested, $2.00; select tested, $3.00. F. M. Russell, Roxbury, Ohio. CONNECTICUT queens. Highest grade 3-banded Italians readv June 1. Select untested, $1.25 each; 6, $6.50; 12, $12.00; 50, $47.50; 100, '^90. Two lbs. bees with queen, $5.00; 3 lbs. with queen, $7.00. Two-frame nuclei with queen, $5.50; 3-frame with queen, $7.50. Select virgin queens (not culls), 50c each, $45.00 per 100. No disease and satisfaction guaranteed. A. E. Crandall, Berlin, Conn. THAT PRITCHARD QUEENS AND PRITCH- ARD SERVICE made a hit last season is proven by the manv letters of appreciation and repeated orders received! This vear we are BETTER PREPARED with a LARGER OUTFIT AND REDUCED PRICE. Three-banded Italians, untested, $1.25 each, 6 for $7.00; select untested, $1.50 each, 6 '"r $8.50; select te.sted, $3.00 each. Queens clipped free on request. We are booking order.s now. Send yours at once and we will do our best to ship on date you desire. Acknowledgment and diiections for intro- ducing sent on receipt of order. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. Untested ready about June 1. Arlie Pritchard, R. D. No. 3, Medina, Ohio. 182 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE March, 1922 FOR SALE — Limited number 3-lb. package bees •with untested Italian queen, $5.50 each, % cash with order. Shipped June 1 to 10. No foul brood in county. Mineola Apiaries, Bruce Anderson, Own- er and Operator, Bath, N. Car. My 1922 queens and bees for sale, the big yel low kind, none better. Satisfaction guaranteed or money back. Price, untested, $1.00 each; $10.00 per doz., or $80.00 per 100. Tested, $1.75. E. F. Day, Honoraville, Ala. THREE pounds of bees, shipped on a Hoffman frame of brood and honey, with an untested Italian queen for $6.00. No disease, satisfaction and safe arrival guaranteed. 25% books your order for April and May shipments. E. J. Beridon, Jr., Man- sura, La. FOR SALE — Three-banded Italian bees and queens. 2-lb. package with queen, $4.75 ; without queen, $3.75. Queens, $1.00 each, $11.00 per doz- en; 25 per cent cash books order; safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed in U. S. and Canada. We ship nothing but the best. W. C. Smith & Co., Cal- houn, Ala. I EXPECT to be ready to start shipping 3-lb. packages of bees with 1 frame, 1 untested queen, at $6.00; 2-frame nuclei with untested queen, $4.50, about April 15. Young tested queen, 50c extra, or $1.50 each. I think I was the second to ship pack- ages of bees from this state and know how to serve customers. F. M. Morgan, Hamburg, La. FOR MAY DELIVERY — One vigorous Italian queen, one frame emerging brood, one pound bees, price complete, $5.00. Additional pound bees, $1.00. Additional frame of brood, $1.00. Banat mixed queens and bees 5% discount. After May 25 10% discount on all. Safe arrival guaranteci. Send 10% to book order. T. W. Livingston, Norman Park, Ga. "SHE-SUITS-QUEENS." See advertisement on inner back cover of the January issue. The gen- erous discount is for the purpose of getting my or- ders booked before the season opens. It is a great advantage to a queen-breeder to know weeks ahead just how many queens he must get ready. If he does not know, he either will have hundreds on hand with no sale at times, or will have orders for hun- dreds and no queens to fill the orders. The dis- count will positively be discontinued at the opening of the season. Get your orders in early that you may be sure of your dates. Allen Latham, Norwich- town, Conn. LOW PRICES — High quality stock for 1922, 2- frame nuclei and untested Italian queen, $5.00 each; 25 or more, $4.75 each. 3-frame nuclei and untested Italian queen, $6.50 each; 25 or more, $6.25 each. If tested queens are wanted, add 50c per nucleus. All prices f. o. b., Macon, Miss. No disease has ever been in our yards. Will replace any loss or refund money, on purchaser sending us bad order receipt from express agent. Terms: 10% of amount with order, balance just before sbioment is made. Order early and get your bees wh^n you want them. Hummer Bees, Queens and Service will give satisfaction. No queens except with niiclei. Geo. A. Hummer & Sons, Prairie Point, Miss. AN OPPORTUNITY FOR A BIG BEEKEEPER — Do you want to keep bees in an excellent tropical climate in the Dominican Republic, where there is NO BEE DISEASE? Laws to keep it out. Honey- flows from December to August. No winter prolj- lem. My five apiaries of about 1000 colonies in a radius of 15 miles, all in standard 10-frame hives, are capable of producing nearly 500,000 pounds of fine honey annually. Experienced help cheap. Liv- ing cost.s very low. Good local market or freight rates to N. Y. less than 10c a gal. Selling for family reasons, old age, and ill health. Everything including lands, houses, tanks, extractors, supers and all necessary equipment, including a Ford, for immediate sale or on shares to the right man, who can pay me from his profits. Address until April 1. H. J. Brandon, 2007 Jackson St., N. E. Washing- ton, D. 0. BURLESON ITALIAN BEES AND QUEENS — In 2 and 3 lb. packages ; 1 2-lb. package with select untested queen, $5.00; 25 or more, $4.5?; 1 3-lb. package with select untested Italian queen, $6.25; 25 or more, $5.75. Ten per cent with order, bal- ance 10 days before shipment; 1000 colonies to draw from. Can deliver the goods on time. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. T. W. Burle- son, Waxahachie, Texas. BEES — Engage your queens from any reliable dealer, and we will furnish you the bees. One-lb. pkg., $1.35 each; 2-lb. pkg., $2.50 each; 3-lb. pkg., $3.00 each. No orders accepted for less than 5 lbs. 10% will book your order. Bees will move exact date ordered. 1500 colonies to draw from. Our apiaries are favorably located for early breeding, hence all orders filled with young, vigorous bees. Never had a case of disease in our apiaries. We are experienced shippers. We give a full guarantee, safe arrival and satisfaction. Brazos Valley Apiaries, H. E. Graham, Prop., Gause, Texas. FOR SPRING DELIVERY — Vigorous leather- colored Italian queens, famous three-banded stock, also bees in packages. Can ship April 15 or May 1. Two-pound package with laying queen, $6 ; three- pound package with laying queen, $7.25. Three- frame nucleus with laying queen, same price as three pounds bees with laying queen. If you wish a purely-mated queen in a package, add $1. I offer thoroughbred rtock, and stock bred for business. I am now booking orders for spring delivery. Safe arrival guaranteed, or replacement or money re- funded. Order early. C. M. Elfer, St. Rose, La. PACKAGE BEES — I offer for sale 100 4-lb. pack- ages of hybrid bees with hybrid queens, not over one year old, no guarantee of purity, at the same price and condition as the lot offered from Georgia in an- other liner. Also 100 2-lb. packages hybrid bees and hybrid queens as above, only most of the 2-lb. packages will be supplied with young untested queens, bred_ from pure stock; mating not guaran- teed at the low price I am offering them as follows : One 2-lb. package with queen, $5.00; 10 or more packages at $4.00 each. These bees are from La. and to be sure of getting any quantity of them would advise wiring or writing at once, as they will go fast at this low price. No disease ever in this locality. Safe arrival guaranteed. Address E. D. Townsend, Marksville, La. ITALIAN BEES AND QUEENS — I am winter- ing tested queens, reared late ■ last fall, for earb- shipments with packages. Pound packages shipped with comb. Shipped when you want, with tested queens, 2-lb. pkg., $5.75; 12 or more, $5.50 each; 31b. pkg., $7. -^5; 12 or more, $7.00 each. Nuclei, per frame, same prices respectively as pound pack- ages. For May delivery with tmtested queens, de- duct 50c per package. Queens, May and June, un- tested, $1.50; 12. $1.25 each; select untested, $2.00; tested, $2.25; 6, $2.00 each; select *ested, $3.75. 10% discount on orders for queens received prior to April 1. Certificate of inspection with ship- ments. Satisfaction and safe arrival guaranteed. 25% books your order. J. L. St. Romain, Ham- burg, La. QUEENS AND PACKAGE BEES — March 1 finds us ready for shipping. Let us book you for short notice shipping. Bees and queens for yoxir unpacking time. We have just added 1200 colonies of bees to our business in Mesa, Ariz., with our Mr. Jas. Lisonbee, where weather and spring condi- tions are ideal for March and April package bees. All queens will be shipped from our large queen yards at Sandia, Texas, where we breed our pedi- greed strain of three-band leather-colored queens from tested honey-producing mothers, and 8 miles out we breed our special golden queens that pro- duce bees solid yellow to the tip. Very gentle, pro- lific and good honev-getters. 1 untested queen, $1.50; 25 or more, $1.25 each; 1 select untested queen, $1.70; 25 or more. $1.40 each; 1 select tested queen, $3.00; tested breeder, $5.00. 1-lb. package bees, $2.25; 25 or more, $2.15; 1 2-lb. package bees, $3.75; 50 to 100, $2.60 each. Larger size quoted on request, also parcel post packages. Safe arrival guaranteed. Send all orders to Dr. White Bee Company, Sandia, Texas. March, 1922 GLEANINGS IN FOR SALE — 100% queens bred from extra- select Jay Smith breeder. Larger queens from my cell builders reinforced with hatching brood and mated in standard frame nuclei. I guarantee safe arrival and entire satisfaction and that every queen lays before being caged. Also package bees. I am after a name and reputation. Give me a trial. Select untested, 1, $1.25; 6, $7.00; 12, $13.00; 25 to 100, $1.00 each. H. Peterman, R. F. D., La- throp, Calif. PACKAGE BEES — 'While publishing the Bee- keepers' Review I sold thousands of packages of bees for others and I do not think I ever offered a better bargain on bees than I can offer on 200 4-lb. packages from Georgia. They are really a one-frame nucleus containing 4 lbs. of bees, the comb contain- ing the feed for the bees while in transit. There is really no loss in shipping bees this way, as I know from long experience in shipping hundreds of packages. The queens are tested three-handed stock less than a year old,except a few mismated ones which will be replaced by young ones reared this spring. There has never been disease in this loca- tion. Safe delivery by express guaranteed. Deliv- ery to be made between April 20 and May 10. The regular price of package bees seems to be $2.00 per pound and tested queens, $2.00 each, which would make one package at market price cost $10.00. I quote 10 4-lb. packages of bees with tested queens at $60.00; 50 packages at $287.50; 100 packages, $550.00. Large purchasers had better wire in their order, as they will not last long at this low price. Write or wire me here at my winter home. Address E. D. Townsend, Marksville, La. QUEENS — Bright, three-band Italian. We are now booking orders for the season of 1922. Ship- ments of queens this year will commence on March 15. All queens are mated in standard full-sized nuclei. We operate four thousand standard full- sized nuclei. Capacity and output this season five thousand queens per month. We own, operate and run for extracted honey in the states of California and Nevada twelve thousand colonies of bees. All of our breeders are selected queens whose colonies headed these twelve thousand colonies of bees last season. Better selection of breeders cannot be equaled or had anywhere. We have the capacitv and output of queens to make shipments promptly as and when promised. We guarantee safe arrival of queens. Prices — Mated, untested queens, 1. $1.00; 6, $5.50; 12, $10.00. In larsjer quantity, 75c each. Terms, 10% deposit on booking order. Balance at time of shipment. See our large advertisement in this magazine. Western Bee Farms Corporation (Principal) : Western Honey Corporation and West- ern Citrus Honey Corporation (Associated Corpora- tions) ; Claus Spreckels Building, No. 703 Market Street, San Francisco, California. MISCELLANEOUS. FOR S.'VLE — A Cinch telescope, surveyor's com- pass, little used, very accurate. 0. Bromfield, So, Jacksonville, Box 312, Rt. 8, Fla. SORGHUM POP, Burbanks new popcorn, pkg. 15c, 4-oz. pkg. 25c, postpaid. Emil A. Lund, Vin- ing, Minn. FOR SALE — One squirrel cage broom winder, one broom vise and a quantity of supplies. Good condition, price $30.00. James S. Green, Kinzua, Pa. TYPEWRITERS — ^All makes slightly used; $20 up. Easy payments. Free trial. Express prepaid. Guaranteed two years. Payne Company, Rosedale, Kansas. MEDICINAL roots and herbs are very profitable to grow. We especially recommend growing Golden Seal, which with good care will yield as high as $10,000 per acre for each crop. It takes several years to mature but will average $1000 a year. Special Crops, a monthly paper, tells how. Sample copy, 10c, $1.00 per year. Address Special Crops Pub. Co., Box "G," Skaneateles, N. Y. BEE CULTURE HELP WANTED. 183 WANTED — An experienced bceman. State ex- perience, reference, age, married or single, and wages wanted. W. J. Stahmann, Clint, Texas. WANTED — Two industrious young men of good habits, to work with bees and on farm the coming season. Board and lodging furnished, 13 apiaries. N. L. Stevens, Venice Center, N. Y. WANTED — Man to help with 150 colonies of bees, poultry and gardening at Madison, N. J. Give experience. L. W. Smith, 56 Williams St., New York City. WANTED — lYoung man with general experience for the coming bee season. State qualifications in first letter. Room and board furnished. B. B. Coggshall, Groton, R. D. No. 12, N. Y. WAJ^TED — Clean active young man to work at bee work and learn business. State age, height, weight, experience if any, and wages expected, all in first letter. Apiaries at Filion, Mich. Address David Running, Filion, Mich., or Sumterville, Ala. WANTED — A man to help work in bees from April 15 to Sept. 15, 1922, who has had some ex- perience with bees. State age, experience and wages with board furnished in first letter. The Alexan- der Apiary, Delanson, N. Y. WANTED — Young man for active season of 1922, in system of 10 apiaries. State age, weight, experi- ence and wages expected in first letter. Possible permanent position for satisfactory man. Ray C. Wilcox, Odessa, N. Y. AM prepared to take as students several young men for the bee season of 1922. They must be clean in mind and body. Operating 8 to 12 apiaries. Board given for services and something more. R. F. Holtermann, Brantford, Ont., Can. WANTED — Four men for the coming season ex- perienced in comb-honey production, to work in our apiaries in Montana. Give references, experience and wages expected in first letter. Steady work for right man. Weber Bros. Honey Co., Blackfoot, Idaho. EXPERIENCE AND FAIR WAGES given to active young man willing to work for help in well- equipped beekeeping business of 600 colonies. Sea- son April to November. State occupation, weight, height, age and experience. The Pettit Apiaries, Georgetown, Ont., Can. WANTED — By a large and financially responsible corporation, operating at several different points in the states of California and Nevada, several expe- rienced bee men and several helpers. Good wages (board and room) and permanent position, twelve months a year if work is satisfactory. Financial references furnished if desired. Give age, experi- ence, and full particulars in first letter. Apply Western Bee Farms Corporation, 703 Market St., San Francisco, Calif. SITUATION WANTED. WANTED — ^Position in apiary. Have had experi- ence. Address W. I. Reed, 118 Forest Road, Ral- eigh, N. C. SEVERAL intelligent and hard-working students require work with commercial apiarists for summer. United States or Canada. Professor Millen, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. WANTED — Work as assistant in apiary during summer, by High School teacher. Age 30, some ex- perience, absolutely dependable. Address Paul H. Herzog,. Pawnee, 111. WOMAN — Some experience, wants work with queen-breeder or commercial apiai-y, comb honey preferred, California. Barnwell, Apiculture De- partment. O. A. C, Guelph, Ont., Can. 184 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE March, 1922 pider Agents Vanted A^Select from 44 Styles, colors and sizes of Ranger Bicycles. Hide and exhibit sample Ranker and make mouey. Deliv- ered free, crp/vNN prepaid, on Approval. [»'On any Ranger if de- J sired. Write today \ pricfs and terms. , Lamps, horns. wheels, parts, equip- ► mcnt, and repairs at half usual k price. Save $10 to $25 on your Ranger bicycle. JTA^mAOept. H Chicago rreecatalogN lOMoiitlistoFayl Afil for our marvelous pri Tires r price.Sav Shrubs and Trees That provide Nectar for the Bees and Fruit for the household. No Cash with )rder. Get our Catalog TODAY. PROGRESS NURSERIES 1317 Peters Ave. Troy, Ohio OPD SEEDS Grown From Select Stock —None Better— 52 years selling good seeds to satisfied customers. Prices below all others. Extra lot free in all •orders I fill. Big free cata- logue has over 700 pictures of vegetables and flowers. Send your and neighbors' addresses. R. H. SHUMWAY. Rockford. III. EVERGREENS "■^"Hill's Hardy Tested Sorts Best for windbreaks, hedges and lawn planting. Protect buildings, crops, stock, gardens and orchards. Hill's Evergreens are nursery grown and hardy every- where. Hill's Evergreen book sent free. Write to- day. Beautiful Evergreen Trees at moderate prices. World's largest growers. Est. 1855. THE D. HILL NURSERY CO , INC . DUNDEE. ILL. Evergreen Specialists 12S Seeds ^SJf^ To build newbusiness we will send you a trial package of this Won- derful New Tomato and our big leo-page S-ed and Nursery CataloK. Tells how to pl.-in, plant and care for gardens, and tho prices are lower than ever, ("ondon's Seedayiel" ibundantlythefinest Fruits, Flow Ts and Vegetables. Write— today CONDON BROS., SEEDSMEN HorltHiver Valley Seed /•'arm aox 8 4 Rockford, lllino 66 varieties Also Small Fruits, Trees, etc. Iwst i....if.i bi.irl,. Genuine. Cheap. 2 samrle vines mailed for •2IJc. Llescnptive price list free. LEWIS ROESCH, Box C, Fredonia, N. T. f0 Book S K E LLOG G*3 ^TRAWBERRIE^ ^^m eind How to Grow Ther THE KEl-l-OGO WA.^< Write quick for this valuable 68 page book of straw- berry information and art. Written by America's most successful strawberry grower. Explains how he makes poor soil rich without manure or fertilizer and gives his secrets for growing the big crops of sum- mer and fall strawberries that won him fame and for- tune. Pictures in colors and tells all about his won- derful new Everbearer that won the $1,000.00 Cash Prize. Shows 34 pages of strawberries, strawberry fields and gardens in natural color. Gives 30 tested recipes for making the most delicious strawberry dainties. Contains notliing but proven facts. Gives you the benefit of more than 40 years of successful strawberry experience. Send for this valuable book and learn how easy it is to make big money growing Kellogg Strawberries The Kellogg Way. Worth its weight in gold--costs you nothing. Just send your name and address— a postal will do. ThebookisFREE. R. M. KELLOGG Co. BOX 333 THREE RIVERS, MICH. RHODES DOUBLE CUT PBUNING SHEAE RHODES MFG. ( 928 S. DIVISION AVE.. GRAND RAPIDS, MICH. YHE only pruner made that cuts from both sides of the limb and does not bruise the bark. Made in all styles and sizes. All shears delivered free to your door. Write for circular and prices. WrHe foi' Isbeirs 1922 Catalog CAPD£NSi£D. BELL BRAND Isbell's Michigan-grown Garden Seeds assure a big-yielding, profit- able garden, for they are thoroughbred stock — the result of 43 years of development and selection. Send today, for Isbell's 1922 Seed Annual, giving valuable information on quality seeds and quoting direct- from-grower prices. • S. M.ISBELL& COMPANY 678 Mechanic St. (30) Jackson. Mich. March, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 185 Notes on Transplanting. ^Continued from p. 159 sunshine in California so warm and the shade so cold? One can journey from a May day in the temperate zone to some- thing like December in the Arctic circle, by taking a few steps around the corner of a house. It affords a fascinating variation in climate. In spite of little drawbacks like freezing temperature, low gas pressure and recent transplanting we perennials are thriving and happy, and so are the little plants, springing up around our roots, which were transplanted with us. The large pot (house in beautiful Pasadena) is comfortable now that the weather is moderating and the view on every side is wonderful. To the south are orange trees, palms, pepper trees, rose-covered pergolas and green lawns and soon there will be flowers again. To the northeast lies the mountain range with its ever changing beauty, with the glistening, snowy crown of "Old Baldy" peeping over the shoulders of the nearer mountains. The future in our chosen state looks beautiful and interesting. tiiiMiMMiMiMiiiiiitiimitmimiiiimiTii""""""""""'"""""""""" 450,000 200 varieties.Also Grapes, Small Fruits. etc. Bfstri.ut.d stuck Genuine. Cheap. 2 s.iniple currants mailed for 20c. Descriptiv price list free. LEWIS ROESCH, Box C, Fredonia, N.Y. Three-Banded Italian Bees & Queens 2 Il).s. l)cH'.s, 1 untc'stod queen, $5.00. Special price on 2-lb. packages without queens. No diseases. Safe delivery and sat- isfaction guaranteed. Ask for prices on large orders. Health certificate with each shipment. J. L. LEATH, CORINTH, MISSISSIPPI. Three-Banded Italian QUEENS Bred from queens whose bees have given big crops of honey. Pure mating and sat- isfaction guaranteed. May 15 to June 15: 1, $1.50; 6, $7.50; 12, $13.50. All orders filled in rotation. First on list will be first tilled. J. D. KROHA, 87 North St., Danbury, Conn. BURLESON'S OLD RELIABLE Three -Banded Italian Queens NONE BETTER — Not as cheap as some, but worth the difference. I guarantee tiiem to be absolutely free from brood diseases. These are My 1922 Prices — Untested, $1.25 each; $13.50 per doz; 25 or more, $1 each. Select Untested, $1.50 each; $15 per doz., 25 or more, $1.15 each. Select tested, $3 each. Considering the high quality of my queens combined with service and reliability jus- tifies the above prices. Send all orders together with remittance to J. W. SEAY, Mgr., MATHIS, TEXAS T. W. BURLESON, WAXAHACHIE, TEXAS. Banking BY MAIL This strong bank, which is under strict State Supervision, receives deposits by mail and pays 4% interest, compounded twice a year. De- posits received the first five days of the month draw interest from the first. U THE SAVINGS DEPOSIT BANK CO. A.T.SPITZER, Pres. E.R.ROOT, Vice Pres. E.B.SPITZE R , Cash. medina;ohio 186 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE Maech, 1922 This Ball Bearing APAC Grist Mill PREPAID FOR ONLY $822 XpEED the hopper, turn the wheel, nnd •■• enjoy making your own wholesome whole wheat or graham iiour, old-fashioned corn meal, rye flour, chops and hominy, and brinir down living cost. Best coffee and spice grinder. If you have poultry, grind your chicken feed, save feed money and get more eggs. Apache grinding plates of special mixture iron made to give longest wear. Steel ball hearings make it only a boy's job to run it. Send money or check today. Satisfaction guaranteed. For the present we can make prompt deJivery. So don't delay. A. H. PATCH, Inc., Clarksville, Tenn. The Apache Grist MiU is companion to the Black Hawk Corn Sheller. famous for 35 years for its "Can't Wear Out" Guarantee. ^C6U^y^orWs Best ^ a^S^ Reo" Cluster Metal Shingles, V-Crimp. Corru- gated, Standing Seam, Painted or Galvanized Roof- ings, Sidings, Wallboard. Paints, etc., direct to you at Kock-Bottom Factory Prices. Positively greatest offer ever made. Edwards "Reo" Metal Shingles cost less; outlast three ordinary roofs. No painting orrepairs. Guaranteed rot, lire, rust, lightning proof. Free Roofing Book Get our wonderfully low prices and free samples. We sell direct to you and save you all in-between dealer's profits. Ask for Book No. 183 LOW PRICED GARAGES Lowest prices on Readv-Made Fire-Proof Steel Garages. Set up any place. Send postal for Garage Book, showing styles THE EDWARDS MFG. CO.; 333-383 '"'''« St., Cincinnali, 0. FREE Samples & RoofiniBook .liriiti MMIi Costs Only $4.96, Complete In an hour you can make a better brooder than you can buy. No tools needed but saw and ham- mer. It will do the wo/k of 4 old hens and do it better. The materials, including heater, cost $4.96. I want you to try my Brooder and will send you plans for making it, together with a Putnam Brooder Heater, for S4.75; all postpaid. Try the Brooder out and if you don't say it's the best Brooder you ever used, return the Heater in 30 days and get your money back. Your dealer will make you the same offer and guarantee. Ask him, but if he does not carry the Brooder Heater, send me $4.75 and I will mail you a Brooder Heater and plans promptly. Illustrated circular free. I. PUTNAM Route 360-B Elmira, N.Y. -:;i7:5IPoM GARDEN & FLORAL GUIDE ITS FREE A WORTH WHILE BOOK ^^i/^^ '^ODay Forvegetablegrowersand all lovers of flowers. Lists \ the old stand-bys; tells ofmany new varieties. Valu- ' ableinstructions on planting andcare. Get the benefit of the experience of the oldestcafalog seed house ai.d largest growers of Asters in America. ForTSyearsthe leadingauthority on vegetable, flowerandfarniseeds, plants, bulbs, and fruits. 12 greenhouses. 500 acres. VickQaalitySeedsGrowtheBestCropstheEarthProduces This book, the best we have issued, isa^- ,_jyt^ solutelufrte. S. iiiiLl\JVlLjXV AND CULTIVATOR Eiarht reel blades revolve against a stationary underground knife — like a lawn mower. BEST WEED KILLER EVER USED. Works right up to plants. Cuts runners. Aerates the soil. Has leaf guards, and shovels, for deeper cultiva- tion— 3 garden tools in 1. FREE ILLUSTRATED BOOK. Tells how gardeners and fruit-growers every- where are reducing their work; increasing their yields. — How to bring growing plants through a dry season. — How to conserve the moisture and force a larger, more rapid growth. Send TODAY for this free, illustrated book and spe- cial Factory-to^User offer. BARKER MANUFACTURING CO. Dept. 23. David City, Neb. Barker Mfg. Co., Dept. 23, David Citj', Neb. Gentlemen : — Send me postpaid your free book and Factory-to-User offer. Name ::..^^^~~^ — Town f^^J^JgM^gfl^D ^tate . R. F. D. or Box, LEWIS 4-WAY BEE ESCAPES Four exits from supers. Fits all standard boards. Springs of coppered steel. Made of substantial metal. Price- each 18c postpaid. Made by e.B.LewJs Company, Watertown, Wis., U.S.A. For Sale by all Dealers. EVERBEARING STRAWBERRIES $1000 per acre Plants by mail,postp'd SPECIAL OFFER Our Selection Best Varletres for Home and Market Trade Mark 100 Plants - 200 Plants 300 Plants - $2.50 $4.25 $6.0O Besf Up-to-DateStandard Varieties (Not Everbearing) (Our selection.) 100 Plants, $1.25; 200 Plants, $2.10, 300 Plants, $2.95. Catalog Free. Only Best Varieties. Home of the Everbearers. Introducers of Progressive. C. N. Flansburgh& Son, Jackson, Mich. TYPEWRITER SENSATION ^f I or 41 e a month ^H— ^O WILL Buy A Standard, Guaranteed TYPE- WRITER With Every Modem Writing Convenience Write Today For Illiistrated Cirevlar lExplaining Try- Before- You- Buy Flan SMITH TYPEWRITER SALES CO CHarry A.SinlthV 370|-21S No. Wells St..Chlcago, III. t^^-tilfrtiiii Positively the cheapest and strongest lif bt oo eartii. Used In every countzy on tlie globe. Makes and boms Ita own eras. Casts no ihatlows. Clean and odorlesa. Absolutely safe. Over 200 styles. 100 to 2000 Candle Power. Fully Guaranteed Write for catalog. AGENTS WANTED EVERYWHERE. THE BEST UGHT CO. 306 E. 5th St.. Canton. O. BARNES' HAND & FOOT POWER MACHINERY Tlii.s out represents our combined circular saw, whicli is made for bee- keepers' use in the con- struction of their hives, sections, etc. Machines on Trial Send for illustrated cata- log and prices. W. F. & JOHN BARNES CO. 546 Ruby Street ROCKFORD. ILLINOIS March, l§'l2 C*I-,EAjjtNGS IN BRE CULTURE 201 QUEENS Bright Three- banded Italians. A nnouncement to QUEENS Bright Three- banded Italians. Beekeepers We are now booking orders for queens for the season of 1922. Shipments of queens this year will com- mence on March 15th, 1922. All queens are mated in standard full- sized three-frame nuclei. Our queens are bred on natural honey flows. No artificial flows used in breed- Better selection of breeders cannot be equaled or had anywhere. We have the capacity and output of queens to make shipments promptly as and when promised. All queens shipped by us in six-hole mailing cages. No small-sized mailing cages used. We are operating four thousand stand- ard full-sized three- frame nuclei. Capacity and output this season will be five thousand month. queens per We own, operate and run for extracted hon- ey in the states of California and Ne- vada twelve thousand colonies of bees. All of our breeders are selected queens whose colonies headed these twelve thousand colonies of bees last season. Prices and Terms Mated Untested Queens 1 $1.00 6 5.50 12 10.00 In larger quantity, 75c ea. TERMS. 10% deposit on booking or- der. Balance at time of shipment. We guarantee safe ar- rival of queens. Any queen arriving dead at destination will be re- placed without charge. Eeferences by permis- sion: The A. I. Eoot Company of Califor- nia, No. 52 Main St., San Francisco, Cali- fornia, and No. 1824 East 15th Street, Los Angeles, California ; The Western Hon- ey Bee, No. 121 Temple Street, Los Angeles, California. We respectfully solicit your patronage. WESTERN BEE FARMS CORPORATION (Principal)- WESTERN HONEY CORPORATION WESTERN CITRUS HONEY CORPORATION (Associated Corporations) \ GENERAL, OFFICES. Claus Spreckels Building, No. 703 Market Street, San Francisco, California. 202 &LEANINGS IN BEE C U t T U R fi March, 1&22 biiiimiinmmiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiwuiiiiiuii»iiiwiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii»iniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiwiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiwiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiuiiuiiiii» Thagard's Queens Bred for Quality We have spent years building up our strain of Three-banded bees. In doing so we have not bred altogether for color, but for the many other good qualities that you want in your queens. Our queens have proven this to thousands of beekeepers. We want you to try some of them, test them against any you may obtain anywhere, AND NOTE THE RESULTS. Our queens are bred from imported queens, mated to domestic drones ; they are hardy, prolific, gentle, disease-resistant and honey-producers. Safe arrival, pure mating, prompt service and perfect satisfaction guaranteed. Write for descriptive catalog. ITALIAN BEES 1 G 12 Untested $1.50 $7.50 $13.50 Sel. Untested 1.75 9.00 15.00 Tested 2.50 13.00 24.00 Sel. Tested 3.00 18.00 32.00 1-lb. package $3.50 2-lb. package 5.00 25 or more $2.75 4.50 THE V. R. THAGARD COMPANY GREENVILLE, ALABAMA. pr.i.t.nnniniiii.iMi.ini.m.m.m.itnimnMiiinni riimt.mMiim.T.m.i..nn..tMHiiiiMii.tT.iiiiMi..ini..iinti.n.int.tM.m«ti.ft.mi.MMmmmii.i.-< A card will bring our 1922 catalog. QUEENS While gentleness and color are not lost sight of in breed- ing our queens, still the honey-getting quality of the bees is tlie most desirable feature. By selecting for pro- lificness and vigor, we have produced a strain that are splendid honey--getters. Mr. W. A. Chrysler of Chatham, Ontario, one of the big fellows up there, writes: "The queen I got from you iu 1920 and a queen I raised from her, produced a little over four hundred pounds of honey each. There was not five pounds difference in them. They outdistanced any of the rest of our three hundred colonies by about 75 pounds. ' ' QUEEN PRICES. Before August First 1 to 4 inclusive $2.50 each 5 to 9 inclusive 2.45 each 10 or more 2.40 each Breeding Queens for the season, $10.00 each. After August First 1 to 4 inclusive $2.00 each 5 to 9 inclusive 1.95 each 10 or more 1.90 each We still have a number of breeders that are not sold that can be delivered any time after April 1. We believe these are as good breeders as we have ever sold. JAY SMITH, ROUTE 3, VINCENNES, IND. March, ld22 Gleanings in bee culture 203 "I've been pretty busy for the past two months. Been all over the United States, up in Canada, down in Mexico, Cen- tral America, the Canal Zone, Cuba and Jamaica. Made a few trips over to the British Isles and down in Italy and over to India. They even sent for me over in Australia and China. "O, the distance doesn't count. The boss pays all the ex- penses and I enjoy the trips. You see it makes no differ- ence how little you appreciate my visit or how much good it does you, you can't lose more than a postage stamp. "I'd enjoy visiting your apiary too ; I would visit it if I knew the way. I'll bring with me one of the handsomest booklets, that will give you some mighty good advice about buying bees and queens. There is something about select- ing, breeding and building a strain of bees, too. There is lots more too, but you will find out about that when I bring the booklet. "If you will just write a card to W. J. Forehand & Sons at Fort Deposit, Alabama, they will start me right off in the direction of your apiary. No, I hardly ever miss the way; if I do, just write the boss again. "I want to visit the apiary of every real beekeeper this month. It doesn't make any difference if gfou've got one colony or five thousand. I want to see you before you place your order because I believe I can show you how to make some extra money with your bees during the coming season. "I'd like to visit you next. Why not write the boss right away, and I'll be over just as quick as a pair of good, strong wings can take me?" 204 GLEAiSfiNGS IN BEE CULTURE March, 1922 i^^ ->>^ ■■-""'■^^t ^-.d. A Gniinuotis FloW^ Abundanf^iteHonejr pFoducm^ nectar \ uniil your bect^^ j stop^flyingo /> Excepiiofiall)^ . ^ ,.o'^ prices oi\. Iota for honey purposes o Gt^^vraivieedl p^^cvinsi impiir'= iiies until s^^fe , ^, in your Kands ..,„ j[ \ JiNorthern-^'own * mic: , FARM BUREAU BRAND Ak 1^ ^■^■mm m.r E Correspond Imjnedisi^ely £orIhriicuIairs 5^ Ouofy iJons MICHIGAN STATE FARM BUREAU BOX C-Z^SEEO OEPART/VNCMT ^BOX C-2 LANSING = MICHIGAN March Is A Good Month — To order your Extrading Outfit. Hives, extra hive-bodies, frame.", AIRCO Brood Foundation, wire, etc See catalog pages 5, 6, 7, 10, 17, 19 and 21. — To order your Comfc-Honey Outfit. Hives, Supers, Sections, AIRCO Super Foundation, etc. See Catalog pages 5 to 9, and pages 15 to 19. — To Order your Beginner's Outfit. An order placed for an outfit this month will insure May delivery of bees. See cata- log pages 58 to 61. AND THEY ARE ALL "Root Quality" [That catalog tor the asking. We love to quote prices. We want beeswax for cash or trade. ] M. H. HUNT 6c SON, LANSING, MICHIGAN j/o North Cedar St. SEND FOR SAMPLES Write today for free samples of Airco Foundation and Root Sections We want you yourself to judge Airco Foundation. Tlie wax in it, refined by our new process, in an immense vat, witliout the slightest contact with any acid, is the cleanest, strongest wax possible to haA'e, and retains the full rich aroma of natural beeswax that the bees like. Tlie making, done on our entirely new-plan type mills, gives the exact shape of the base of natural honeycomb, perfectly symmetrical sides of the base, with the walls braced as in natural comb. Instantly ni-ceptable to bees. We want you yourself to judge Root Sections. The material in Eoot Sections is the highest quality No. 1 clear white-to- cream basswood lumber, free from all blemishes, carefully air-dried and cured in open sheds. Fifty years of ex]3erience is put into our buying and treatment of basswood. Tlie workmanship is the most skillful we can hire. ■When you get your sample, note how accurate is the V-groove, and cut with flat bottom that prevents breakage. Polished on both sides in double surface sanding machines. The dovetailing fits clean and holds securely. It is the perfect section. A Great Labor Saver More comb honey is likely to be produced this year than in 1921. It is time now, if you use the old methods, to be fold- ing the sections and fastening the foundation. But there is a way by which the foundation can be fastened so rapidly that it is not necessary to do this till the bees need the supers, thus giving tlie bees foundation fresh from the box. We have girls who fasten the foundation in sections at the rate of 2000 an hour by using our new Multiplex Foundation-Fastener. It's a wonder. See our Supplv log, page 20. Price for all-sized sections, $2.50. Cata- THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY, MEDINA, OHIO Biiinches at 23 Leonnid St., New York Citv; 810 Vine St., Philadelphia; 224 W. Huron St., Chicago; 87.3 Massachusetts Ave., Indianapolis, Ind. ; 290 E. Sixth St., St. Paul, Minn.; 10 Coitinierce St., Norfolk, Va. ; 120 Bay St., Savannah, Ga.; 224 Poydras St.. New Orleans; The A. I. Koot Co. of Texas, San Antonio; The A. I. Root Co. of Iowa. Council Bluffs; The A. I. Root Co. of California, 1824 E. 15th St., Los Angeles, and .'52-.54 Main St., San Francisco ; The A. I. Root Co. of Canada, Ingersoll, Ontario. mm in '^ If? CHuItur? \t?rJo( (I tiiral College The Beauty and che Bees VOLUME L ^ APRIL, 1922 NUMBER 4 Bee Supplies Send us your orders for your 1922 requirements NOW. We guarantee our goods to be first class in workman- ship and material. Special Prices on Tin Honey Containers 5-lb. Pails, per 50 $ 3.75 5-lb. Pails, per 100 7.00 10-lb. Pails, per 50 5.50 10-lb. Pails, per 100 10.50 60-lb. Sq. Cans, per case of two. 1.25 No, 2 Section Honey Boxes 50,000 41/4x41/4x11/2 plain. .$8.50 per 1000 25,000 41/4x41/4x13/4 beeway.10.00 per 1000 "Write for our new Catalog. A. H. Rusch dc Son Co. Reeds'ville, Wisconsin Indianapolis Is the Town You Want to i Think of When You Need Beekeepers' Supplic s Our stock is 90% new, which insures you of getting clean supplies. Write us for prices. Catalog for the asking. The A. I. Root Company 873 Massachusetts Ave. Indianapolis, Ind. '''' Bees and '"'' Queens of Quality Get your orders in early. 3000 Nuclei headed with young ItaUan Queens ready to serve you on early spring orders. April, May and June Untested Queens $1.50; 25 to 99, $1.30 Sel. Untested Queens. 1.75; 25 to 99, 1.50 Tested Queens 2.25; 25 to 99, 2.00 Select Tested Queens. 2.75; 25 to 99, 2.25 July to '^^blpvember Untested Queens $1.25; 25 to 99, $1.00 Sel. Untested Queens. 1.50; 25 to 99, 1.25 Tested Queens 2.00; 25 to 99, 1.50 Select Tested Queens. 2.25; 25 to 99, 2.00 Write for prices on 100 or over. 1 1 -frame Nucleus with Tested Breed- ing Queen $10.00 1-pound Package Italian Bees $2.25 2-pound Package Italian Beer, 3.75 3-pound Package Italian Bees 5.25 Quantity prices on application. Safe arrival and sati.faction guaranteed to any point in the United States. THE A. I. ROOT CO, OF TEXAS BOX 765, SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS. QyAUTY First April. 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 205 APRIL, 1922 Honey Markets 208-209 Editorials 221-222 Outside Observations M. C. Eichter 223-226 Wonder Work of Bees A. H. Hendrickson 226-229 Beekeeping and Agriculture Geo. S. Demuth 229-233 The Isle of Wight Disease Dr. E. F. Phillips 234 Their Value Worth Their Cost Allen Latham 234-235 The Old Lesson Eepeated J. L. Byer 236 Word "Extracted" on Labels J. D. Yancey 236 Siftings J. E. Crane 237 The Small House of Southern California. ..Constance Eoot Boyden 238-239 Beekeeping as a Sideline Grace Allen 240-241 From North, East, West and South 242-245 Gleaned by Asking Geo. S. Demuth 246-247 Talks to Beginners Geo. S. Demuth 248-250 Our Homes A. L Eoot 251-253 Miller Memorial Fund 254-255 Gone Home Dr. Frederick Webley 255 SUBSCRIPTION RATES. — One year, $1.00. (Low paid-in-advance subscription rates withdrawn.) Single copy, 10 cents. Canadian subscription, 15 cents additional per year, and foreign subscription, 30 cents additional. DISCONTINUANCE. — Subscriptions, not paid in advance, or specifically ordered by the subscriber to be continued, will be stopped on expiration. No subscriber will be run into debt by us for this journal. CHANGE OF ADDRESS. — Give your old address as well as the new and write the name to which the journal has heretofore >Ben addressed. REMITTANCE.— Should be sent by postoffice money order, bank dratt; express money order, or check. CONTRIBUTIONS to Gleanings columns solicited ; ^^mps should be enclosed to insure return to author of manuscript if not printed. ADVERTISING RATES — Advertising rates and conditions will be sent on request. Results from advertising in this journal are remarkably satis- factory. ADVERTISERS' LIABILITY. — The publishers use utmost diligence to estab- lish in advance the reliability of every advertiser using space in this journal. Entered as second class mail matter at the Postoffice at Medina, Ohio. Published monthly. Space occupied by reading matter in this issue, 52.8 per cent; advertising, 47.2 per cent. THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY, Publishers, Medina, Ohio Editorial Staff Geo. S. Demuth and E. R. Root A. L Root H. H. Root Editors Editor Home Dept. Assistant Editor H. G. Rowe M'n'g Editor 206 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE April, 1922 Money Saved Time Saved Bee Supplies Root's Goods at fadiory prices with WEBER'S service. Send us a list of your wants and we will quote you prices that will save you money. C. H. W. Weber & Co. 2163-65-67 Central Ave, Cincinnati, Ohio MR. BEEKEEPER - We have a large plant especially equipped to manufacture the sup- plies that you use. We guarantee all materials and workmanship. We ship anywhere. We allow early order discounts and make prompt shipments. We pay the highefit cash and trade prices for beeswax. Write for free illustrated catalog today. LEAHY MFG. CO., 95 Sixth Street, Higginsville, Missouri Texas Beekeepers should write to A. M. Hunt, Goldthwaite, Texas. "SUPERIOR FOUNDATION "BEST BY TEST" Do not fail to Eecure our 1922 reduced prices on SUPERIOR FOUNDATION. State quantity desired. Wo also manufacture Hoffman frames, dovetailed beehives, etc. Quality unexcelled; prices on request. SUPERIOR HONEY COMPANY, OG DEN, UTAH (Manufacturers of Weed Process Foundation.) April, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 207 ^ FOR YOU MUTH Bee Supplies ■ 1Q22 Catalogue \^\ The FRED W. MUTH CO. ^* ' t^ ' yr'yd CfNCINNATI OHIO ^' *% You need our new 1922 bee supply catalog more than ever before. Have you received one? Many new articles are listed for the saving of labor and greater honey production. Our attract- ive prices, superior quality and prompt service will always be appreciated by beekeepers. Send a list of your requirements to us. THE FRED W. MUTH COMPANY, Pearl and Walnut Streets, Cincinnati, Ohio. Look Before You Leap! Send in a list of your needs of BEE SUPPLIES for the com- ing season and get quotations on it. 1922 CATALOG, illustrated, now ready! MONDENG'S bee supplies speak for themselves. CHARLES MONDENG 146 Newton Ave. N. and 159 Cedar Lake Rd. MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA. Write us for catalog. BEEKEEPERS'!^ SUPPLIES The Kind You Want and the Kind That Bees Need We have a good assortment in stock of bee sup- plies that are mostly needed in every apiary. The A. I. Root Co.'s brand. Let us hear from you; information given to all inguiries. Bees wax wanted for supplies or cash. John Nebel & Son Supply Go. High Hill, Montgomery Co., Mo. LEWIS 4-WAY BEE ESCAPES Four exits from supers. Fits all standard boards. Springs of coppered steel. Made of substantial metal. Price each 18c prepaid. Made by G. B. LEWIS COMPANY, Watertown, Wis., U. S.A. For Sale by all Dealers. 208 GLEANINGSIN HONEY MARKETS U. S. GOVERNMENT MARKET REPORTS. Information Erom Producing Areas (First Half of March). CALIFORNIA POINTS. — A bumper honey crop is looked for, although the season may be late on account of cold weather. Some plant species in southern California have been in bloom for several weeks. Bees are active. Supplies are light, the demand very limited. The market is largely nomi- nal, with few recent sales. Quotations f. o. b. California points, for eastern shipment, in less- than-carlots or pooled carlots, follow: White or- ange blossom lie, light amber sage 8c, extra light amber sage 8 1/20, light amber alfalfa 6% -7c. Little demand is reported for beeswax, which is selling lightly at 22c cash or 25c in trade. INTERMOUNTAIN REGION. — Heavy losses are feared due to continued cold. Many colonies short of stores. Supplies of many beekeepers are prac- tically exhausted. The best grades of white al- falfa and sweet clover honey in 5-gal. cans are be- ing sold at 8-8y2C per lb. in carlots and at 9-lOc in less-than-carlots. Carlots of fancy and No. 1 white comb have been sold at $3.50-3.75 per 24- section case, with less-than-carlots moving at $4.00 per case. A few beekeepers are selling white ex- tracted to near-by dealers in carlots and less as low as 7%-7%c per lb. Inquiry still active, but many sales held up because of high freight rates to eastern markets. The beeswax market remains at 20-26c per lb. for average yellow. PACIFIC NORTHWEST. — -Present indications are for a rather heavy winter loss. Supplies of honey very light. Light alfalfa and sweet clover reported selling in 5-gal. cans at rather wide range in prices, 8-12 %c per lb. TEXAS POINTS, — Severe weather early in the month killed the early bloom in many sections, thus depriving bees of much-needed pollen. Hack- berry is budding and prospects are bright for a good flow from mesquite. Recent rains have im- proved crop outlook, which long-continued drought and cold had rendered uncertain. Very little honey reported left in hands of beekeepers. Light amber extracted sold in a small way at 8V^-10c in 60-lb. cans. Beekeepers are receiving 20-24c in cash per lb. for beeswax. EAST CENTRAL AND NORTH CENTRAL STATES. — Colonies have come through the win- ter so far with little loss where sufficiently pro- tected. Honey plants in northern part were gen- erally well covered with snow during winter, but crop prospects are less favorable in southern sec- tion on account of limited snowfall. Demand shows some improvement, but movement still rath- er slow. Considerable dark honey still on hand, but white clover cleaning up fairly well. Carlots of white clover extracted quoted around 9 1/4 c per lb. at shipping point, with sales of 5-gal. cans in less than-carlots ranging 91/2 -13c, mostly around 12c per lb. Amber grades have sold 7% -10c per lb. in 60-lb. cans, with some sales of dark stock reported low as 5%c. Large amounts extracted white clover sold in Michigan direct to consumers at 25c per lb. in 10-lb. pails and at 22 1/2 c per lb. in 5-lb. tins. PLAINS AREA. — -Bees in outdoor stands had good flight days in the month. Crop prospects not favorable due to lack of moisture during the win- ter and reduction in alfalfa acreage. Honey is largely out of producers' hands. A little white clover extracted in 60-lb. cans brought 12-12 %c per lb. Beeswax was sold at 25-26c per lb. NORTHEASTERN STATES. — Bees are gener- ally reported to have come through so far with very little loss. The outlook for the new crop is good, as clover fields in most sections have been covered with snow. Buckwheat has been selling in carloads in 160-lb. kegs and 60-lb. cans at 7c per lb. and 8-9c iier lb. in less-than-carlots. Small lot sales of white clover in 60-lb. cans reported at 101/2 -13c per lb. SOUTHERN STATES. — Unusually cold weather has checked the brood-rearing and nectar secre- tion. Bees said to be more dormant than for any season in 10 years. Shipments of package bees will therefore be later than usual. Much ex- tracted honey still on hand in Alabama and Geor- gia. BEE CULTURE April, 1922 WEST INDIES. — Prices in Cuba have advanced to 4?4c per lb f. o. b. Quotations delivered to Hol- land have been received at 57c per gal., including cost and freight. Reports have been received that a considerable quantity of Porto Rican as well as South American honey has gone to foreign mar- kets, notably Holland, at prices higher than the shippers can realize in the United States. TelegrapMc Reports from Important Centers, March 14. BOSTON. — Demand and movement slightly im- proved for extracted honey. Market steady for West Indian stock, slightly weaker for California. Comb: Sales to retailers. New York, 24-section cases No. 1 white clover $6.50-7.00. Vermont, 20- section cases carton stock No. 1 white clover $6.50- 7.00. Extracted: Sales to confectioners and bot- tlers, California, white sage 13-14% c per lb. Brokers' quotations in either straight or pooled cars, delivered Boston basis, per lb., California, white sage 12c, light amber 8-9c, amber 7-7 %c. CHICAGO. — Demand and movement very slow, market weak; prices have changed but slightly during past two weeks. Extracted: Sales to bot- tlers, bakers and candy manufacturers, Colorado. Montana and Wyoming, alfalfa white 10-llc, light amber 90 %c, dark amber mostly 8c. Michigan and Wisconsin, white clover ll-12c. Comb: Sales to retailers, Colorado and Montana, 24-section cases best clover and alfalfa $4.75-5.00, poorer low as $3.50. Beeswax: Demand and movement moderate, market about steady. Sales to whole- sale druggists, shoe manufacturers and harness- makers, Colorado and California, best 30-31c, poor- er 24-26C. NEW YORK. — Domestic receipts limited, for- eign receipts moderate. Supplies moderate. De- mand moderate, movement limited, market steady. Extracted: Spot sales to jobbers, wholesalers, con- fectioners, bakers and bottlers, California, light amber alfalfa mostly 7c, light amber sage 9-lOc, white sage ll-12c. white orange blossom 12-14c. Intermountain Region, white sweet clover 10^^- 11c. New York white clover mostly 10-lic. buck- wheat 7-8c, South American, refined, best 65-68c, poorer low as 60c per gal. Beeswax: Foreign re- ceipts limited. Supplies rather limited. Demand moderate, market steady. Spot sales to whole- salers, manufacturers and drug trade. South American and West Indian, crude light best 21- 23c, few 24c, poorer low as 18c, dark 14-15c. African, dark mostly 15-16c. ST. LOUIS. — Supplies generally moderate. De- mand and movement fairly good, market steady, prices practically unchanged. Comb: Sales to wholesalers in 24-section cases. Colorado, white alfalfa and clover No. 1 heavy $6.25. Sales direct to retailers in small lots, Colorado, white alfalfa and clover No. 1 heavy $6.75. Extracted: Small lots sales in 5-gal. cans direct to retailers, per lb.. California, light amber alfalfa 1011c. Southern light amber various mixed flavors 10c. Beeswa.x: Nearby and southern, average quoted on sales to jobbers, 23c per lb. From Producers' Associations. The demand for extracted honey has improved quite a little of late, and it looks now that strict- ly first-class bottling stock would be all cleaned up before another crop comes on. There is still some comb honey on hand in carload lots through- out the Inter-Mountain region, but there is very little interest shown by joblxTs in comb honey. Losses in bees through Wyoming and Montana are likely to be quite heavy. The Colorado Honey Producers' Assn., Denver, Colo. F. Rauchfuss, Secy. Buyers are manifesting considerable interest in extracted honey but hesitate to pay our price of 8%c per lb. There is no interest shown in comb honey. There was practically no winter loss in bees except in one of our districts which re- ported an abnormally heavy loss. Idaho-Oregon Honey Producers' Assn.. Caldwell, Idaho. P. S. Farrell, Secy. Honey retails at 15c per pound in 5 and 10 lb. containers. The few sales that have been made in larger lots have been for 8c, 60-lb. basis. The condition of the bees and the honey plants is som^^t what improved. Severe cold snaps the first oftfi^ ArRiL, 1922 GLEANINGS IN B E K C U Ij T U R E 209 month stopped brood-rearing; but, as the cold was accompanied by rain,, the general outlook for a honey crop is much better than a month ago. Texas Honey Producers' Assn., San Antonio, Texas. E. G. LeStourgeon, Mgr. CUBA. — Honey is 48c a gallon; wax, 21c pound. A. Marzol. Matanzas, Cuba, March 9. The Opinions of Honey Producers Themselves as Reported to Gleanings in Bee Culture The A. I. Root Company's Quotations. We are in the market for one carlot of white clover honey, for wliich we will pay 11 cents cash f. o. b. Medina. Samples to be submitted. We are not in the market for any other honey. No shi)>monts of honey will be accepted under any conditions except as ordered by our purchas- ing department. Medina, Ohio. The A. I. Root Company. Early in March we sent to actual honey pro- ducers and some associations the following ques- tions : 1. What portion of the 1921 crop, if any, is still in the hands of producers in your locality ? Give answer in per cent. 2. What price are producers receiving at their station when sold in large lots? (a) Comb honey? (b) Extracted honey? 3. Wliat are prices to retailers in small lots? (a) Comb honey per case, fancy or No. 1? (b) Ex- tracted honey in five-pound pails or other re- tail packages ? Crop State. Reported Unsold. Ala^ J. M. Cutts.". ..... 15.. Ala. J. C. Dickman.... 8.. Ark. J. Johnson 15. . B. C. W. J. Sheppard. . . 2. . Cal. L. L. Andrews .... Cal. G. Larinan Cal. M. A. Sayler 5. . Colo. J. A. Green 5. . Colo. J. H. Wagner. ... 8. . Colo. B. W. Hopper. ... 0. . Conn. A. Latham 5 . . Conn. A. W. Yates 0. . Fla. H. Hewitt 1 . . Fla. W. Lamkin 2 . . Fla. C. C. Cook 12. . , Ga. J. J. Wilder 40 . . Ida. J. E. Miller 0. . . 111. A. L. Kildow 1. . Ind. T. C. Johnson Ind. E. S. Miller 30. . Ind. J. Smith 0. . , Iowa. P. Coverdale 1 . . Iowa. E. G. Brown 10.., Iowa. W. S. Pangburn . . 20... Kan. J. A. Nininger. ... . . . Ky. P. C. Ward 10. . , La. E. C. Davis 15 . . . Me. O. B. Griffin 7. . . Md S. G. Crocker, Jr . . 5. . . Mass. O. M. Smith 0... Mich. F. Markham .... 5 . . . Miss. R. B. Willson.... 10... Mont. R. A. Bray 20... Mo. J. W. Romberger. . 0. . . N. C. C. S. Bumgarner.. ... N. Y. G. B. Howe N. Y. F. W. Lesser. ... 0. . . N. Y. Adams & Mvers Ohio. E. G. Baldwin. ... 5. . . Ohio. J. P. Moore 5... Ohio. R. D. Hiatt 5. . . Okla. J. Heueisen 0 . . . Okla. C. F. Stiles 0. . . Ore. E. J. Ladd 5. . . Ore. H. A. ScuUen . ... 9. . . Pa. H. Beaver 3. . . Pa. G. H. Rea Pa. D. C. Gilham 8 . . . S. C. A. S. Conradi.... 0... S. D. L. A. Syverud Tex. T. A. Bowden . . . 10*... Tex. J. N. Mayes 0. . . Tex. H. B. Parks 10. . . Utah. N. E. Miller 1. . . Utah. M. A. Gill 0... Vt. J. E. Crane 0. . . Va. L. N. Gravelv. ... 0. . . Wash. W. L. Cox 0. . . Wash. G. W. York 25... Wash. G. W. B. Saxton . . 30... W. Va. T. K. Massie 0. . . Wis. F. Hassinger, Jr.. 3... Wis. H. F. Wilson 2. . . Wyo. A. D. Brown 40... In large lots. Comb. Extr. r$70^T; .09.. .$5.75. .28. 09. .11. .10. .lo! .11. .10. .11. .14. .08, .12 .08 5.25. .11 5.60. .11 .08, .10. .12. . .09. . .12. . 4. How is honey now moving on the market in your locality? Give answer in one word, as slow, fair, rapid. 5. What is the per cent of winter loss of bees, if any, in your locality? 6. What is the condition of the bees at present as compared with normal? Give answer in per cent, (a) As to strength of colonies? (b) As to amount of stores ? 7. What is the condition of the honey plants at this time, compared with normal? Give an- swer in per cent. The answers as returned by our honey and bee reporters are as follows: Plant To Retailers. Move- Winter Colonies. Condi- Comb. E.\tr. ment. Loss. Str'gth. Stores, tion. M.80. 6.00.' 3.60! 4.60. 4.10. 7.50 ". .$.60. . .90. !l.75! , .75. '. .75! .60. .75. .85. . .75. . .75. . .75. . .55. . Move- ment. rrsiow^ .Fair . .Fair , .Fair . .Fair . .Fair .Fair . .Fair . .Fair . . Slow . , .Rapid . .Fair . . Slow . .Pair . . Pair . . Pair . . 0. , 5. , 2. ,10. 20. 5. 0. . 6.00 6.00 8.50 6.00. 5.75. .1.00 .1.00 . .Slow . .Fair . .Pair . . Slow . .Pair . . Slow . .Slow . . Slow . .Fair . . Slow . . Slow Slow 80. . . .Slow Rapid. ... 1 . . . 0. . .10. . ,25. . .15. . . .80. . .85. , .75. '. .75! !i.oo! 6.00. 6.25. 4.50. 6.00. . .85. . .95. . .95. !l.25; .1.00. ,1.00. . . Slow . .Fair . .Fair . . Slow , . .Rapid. . . Slow , . , Fair . 0. . 0. . 0. . 0. . 7. .5. . 0. , . 2. , .5. .10. ,10. . . 0'.'. , 0. . 1. . , 5. . . .125. . . 90. . .100. . .100. . .100. . .100. . .100. . .100. . .100. . . 90. . .110. . .100. . .100. . . 90. . .100. . .100. ' .110. .100. .100. . 75. .105. !ioo! . 100. .100. .125. . . 85. , . 95. , ,100. , .125. . . 75. . . 100. . .100. . . 60. . .100. . .100. . . 85. . .110. . . 80. . .100. . .100. . .100. . !ioo! ! .100. . . 98 ! ! .100. . . 90.. . 50. . . 70. . !ioo. ! . 85. . .100.. , 100. . , 80. . .100. . ,100. . , 100. .125, ,100. .125. ,1.10. 5.50. .1.00, . .1.00. 3.00.. .65. 7.00. .1.00. 7.00. .1.00. 6.00.. 3.75. , . 95. .80. . 90. .100. .100. .100. .105. . .Pair .... 5. . . . 90. . .Pair 95. . .Rapid. ... 3 . . . . 95. . .Slow ... .10 90. . .Slow . . . .10. . . . 50. . .Pair . . . .10. . . . 90. . .Fair 90. ..Fair ....10 100. . .Pair .... 5. . . . 95. . . . .Pair 95. .65 Pair . . . .10. , . . 85. .75. . ..Slow 90. 2. ... 90. .65 Slow .... 3. . . . 90. Fair 20. 6.00. 6.00. 5.75. ,1.25. . .1.00. . .75., . .65. .1.10. , '. .85.! .1.05. . .75., , . .Rapid . ..Pair . . . Slow . . .Fair . . . Slow . . . Slow . '. '. Slow '. . .Rapid. ..Slow . .. 0. ..30. . .35. . .10. . . 0. '. !io! ..20. . 75. .100. . 98. . 80. . 75. . 75. , 90. !ioo! , 75. . 95. . 50. . 90. !ioo! . 75. .105. . 90. . 90. . 25. . 80. . 25. . 75. . 90. .100. . 90. . 95. . 85. . .100. . 80. , . 90. , ! 80!! '. 95'.! . 75. . . 50.. . 90. . . 85. . 50, .125 .100 .100 .100 .100 .100 .100 .100 .100 . 90 .100 . . .100 . . .125 . . .100 . . .100 . . .100 '. '. .100 , . .100 . . . 90 , . .100 , . . 80 , . . 90 '. '. !ioo , . .100 . .100 . . 90 . .100 . .100 . .100 . .100 ! ! 50 . .110 '. '. 80 . . 50 '. '. 90 '. !ioo . .100 . .100 . . 80 . .100 . .100 . .120 . .100 . . 95 . . 85 . . 50 . . 85 i.'lOO .. 95 .. 85 . .100 . .100 . .100 210 GLEANINGS IN BEE CUIjTURE April, 1922 For Real Success You Should Buy Woodman's Inner Overcoat Hives BEE CAUSE: 1. Protected Bees work day and night. It has been shown by careful obser- vation that maintaining a tempera- ture of 98 degrees permits comb-build- ing to go on both day and night. The bees will thus devote more daylight time to gathering honey. 2. Larger Honey Crops are assured. Tlie bees are enabled to rear brood earlier in the spring, with no danger of chilled brood on account of cold snaps. One bee in March is worth one hundred in July. 3. You will practically eliminate winter losses. With your colonies in normal condition (that is, with plenty of good stores, a young queen and young bees) you will be able to winter prac- tically 100%. 4. The Inner Overcoat Hive will last a lifetime, as the outer hive walls are the same thickness as in the single- wall hive. In other words, WOOD- MAN Inner Overcoat Hives are a lifetime investment — not an expense. 5. Out-of-door Wintered Bees have many advantages over cellar-wintered bees. They do not spring-dwindle and are stronger at the opening of honey flow. 6. Insures Close-up Protection. A per- son may have any amount of blank- ets fastened up to the wall of his room and still freeze to death if left in the center of the room without close-up protection or insulation. The close-up protection in the Inner Over- coat Hive is what does the trick. Special circular on WOODMAN'S Protection Inner Over- coat Hive, showing 10 larye illustrations, sent on request. A. G. WOODMAN COMPANY Sole SMakers 238 Scribner Ave., N. W., Grand Rapids, Mich. GLEANINGS IN B 1-: E CULTURE One-Story Complete Dovetailed Hive With metal telescope cover, inner cover, reversible bot- tom, Hoffman frames, nails, rabbets. Standard Size. Crate of Five, K. D., 8-frame $12.65 Crate of five, K. D., 10-frame 13.25 Jumbo Size. Crate of five, K. D., 10-frarae 14.25 -0- -0- -0- Hive-Bodies With Hoffman frames, nails, rabbets. Standard Size, crate of five, K. D., 8-frame . $5.20 Standard Size, crate of five, K. D., 10-frame . 5.85 Jumbo Size, crate of five, K. D., 10-frame. . . 6.85 -0- -0- -o- HofFman Frames standard Size 100, $5.20 Shallow 100, 4.30 Jumbo 100, 5.80 500, $25.00 500, 21.00 500, 28.00 -0- -0- -o- Diamond Brand Foundation Medium 5 lbs., 68c lb. ; 50 lbs., 65c lb. Thin Super 5 lbs., 75c lb. ; 50 lbs., 72c lb. -0- -0- -0- We carry Aluminum Honeycombs as now made by Duffy-Diehl Company, in stock to supply Eastern Beekeepers. Standard Langstroth $5.00 box of 10 Shallow Extracting 4.00 box of 10 Jumbo 6.00 box of 10 HOFFMAN Qc HAUCK, INC. WOODHAVEN, NEW YORK 212 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE Apeil, 1922 MR. SAMPLE is on the road for us, ready to call, and show you Root money- saving devices and supplies. HAVE you seen the new Aireo foundation? It will save you money. Let him explain. THE V-groove Root Section is a wonder. You can't afford to use any other. He will tell you just why. GLEANINGS in Bee Culture, the most practical and useful paper of its kind, is still one dollar for 12 issues. Mr. Sample would delight in showing you this Beekeeper's magazine. INDEED, if you want quotation on Root 's Guaran- teed Bee Supplies, we'll be pleased indeed to give a detailed description of any Root "Quality" Bee Supplies, and quote the most attractive prices. It will pay you well to investigate carefully all quality guarantees. IP you want Mr. Sample to call, let us know. He is ready to serve you. Send Mr. Sample to me, please with, I I Your new Airco, and quotation on lbs. I I The Eoot V-groove sections, and price on I [ Gleanings in Bee Culture, with your special clubbing offers. I I Hoffman frames I I This does not obligate me in any way. Name Address THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY OF IOWA, Council Bluffs, Iowa April, 1922 OLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE . 213 ENGLAND BEEKEEPERS. Bee Supplies F. COOMBS & SONS, BRATTLEBORO, VERMONT ORDERS FILLED PROMPTLY. CATALOG ON REQUEST. Write for Book TfMiay FARM WAGONS High or low wheels — steel or wood — wide or narrow tires. Steel or wood wheels to fit any running: gear. Wagon parts of all kinds. Write today for free catalog: illustrated in colors. ELECTRIC WHEEL CO.. 23 Elm Street. Qutncy. ItL DON'T DELAY-GET OUR PRICES WE SAVE YOU MONEY u ft falcon SUPPLIES - QUEENS - FOUNDATION W. T. FALCONER MFG. COMPANY FALCONER (Near Jamestown) NEW YORK "Where the best beehives come from." BANKING BY ^/lA.IL, AT A.TSpitzer PRES. E.RRoot VICE PRES. EB.Spitzer CASHIER PRIVACY AND ABSOLUTE SAFETY are yours when you deposit your Savings at 4% interest in this bank — always within easy distance of you. Write for our "Banking by Mail" booklet TODAY. The S/yiNGS DEPOSIT BANK CO, THE HOME OF THE HONEY-BEE MEDINA, OHIO 214 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE April, ld22 iiiwiiiiiiiiiiiiiiwiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiwiiiiiwiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiJiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiuwiiiwuiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiinwiiiuiiuiuuwiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiwiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiwiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiJi ROOT QUALITY QUEENS SOMETHING ABOUT THEM. Fifty years of continuous breed- ing up to the pres- ent Eoot Quality Queens and Bees. A. I. Eoot bought the first niotlier of tliis strain from L a n g s t r oth 55 years ago. No ex- pense or pains has been spared to de- velop this strain of improved three- banded leather- colored Italians. PRICES OF April 15 to June 30 — 1 to 9. Untested ..$2.00ea, Sel. Untested 2.50 ea, Tested 3.00 ea Sel. Tested. 3.50 ea July 1 to November 1 - 1 to 9. Untested ...$1.50 ea Sel. Untested 2.00 ea, Tested 2.50 ea Sel. Tested.. 3.00 ea ROOT QUALITY QUEENS. 10 to 24. $1.80 ea. 2.25 ea. 2.70 ea. 3.15 ea. 10 to 24. $1.40 ea. 1.90 ea. 2.35 ea. 2.85 ea. 25 to 49. $1.70 ea. 2.10 ea. 2.55 ea. 3.00 ea. 25 to 49. $1.35 ea. 1.80 ea. 2.25 ea. 2.70 ea. 50 to 99. $1.60 ea. 2.00 ea. 2.40 ea. 2.80 ea. 50 to 99. $1.25 ea. 1.70 ea. 2.10 ea. 2.55 ea. lOOorover. $1.50 ea. 1.85 ea. 2.25 ea. 2.60 ea. lOOorover. $1.15 ea. 1.60 ea. 2.00 ea. 2.40 ea. PRICES OF BEES IN COMBLESS PACKAGES BY EXPRESS. April 15 to September 1 — C310700— 1-pound package. .$3.00; 25 or more. .$2.85 ea. C310800 — 2-pound package.. 5.00; 25 or more.. 4.75 ea. C310801— 3-pound package.. 7.00; 25 or more.. 6.60 ea. Add price of queen wanted to package price given above. Early deliveries will be made from our Alabama apiaries. ! THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY, MEDINA, OHIO, U. S. A. [uuuuuuuuuuuuuiuiuiuuuiumuuuiu HtltlHtlH.M..H.Hl.imMmillH.....lH.lHllllM..lHl.MHlll.llH.l.lllMlMM.IMHIllt..Mll.HIMIIMIM.tini 'llllUilWUlllllllllWlli:illlliillllllMlllUilWilllllJilllJlllMllllWlllIllllllllllllUllllllllWlllllllllWlllllWMIIIllllllMlllllWllllllllUIUIlUlllllillllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllUlllllllllllllllJIIlUllllllllII': SUPERIOR ITALIAN BEES AND QUEENS With this guarantee, that is, if they are not entirely satisfactory, we want to replace them. Untested queens to June 15: 1, $1.25; 10 or more, $10.00 Tested queens to June 15: 1, $2.00; 10 or more, $17.00 f SPECIAL For orders received this month for shipment from May 10 to June 1 we will make a special price on good, strong three-frame nuclei with queens. PACKAGE BEES One pound, with queen - - $4.00; 10 or more, $3.50 I Two pounds, with queen - - 5.50; 10 or more, 5.00 I THE STOVER APIARIES, MAYHEW, MISSISSIPPI ^llll^tllltlllll^t■l.llll■ll■■.■M■l■l^l^■■l■l■■tll■l■l■.l^lllIlllt^^ll■■■■ll■■l■Tl■■^l■■tll■■l■l■^^■■■l■l^■■ll■^lltllttlllMlMl■■■■■■■■■I^■■lll■l■ll■I■ll■■■■l^lM.lI■■ltll■l■T■t^.ll■■l^^lll^l^llIlllllllllllllllMlMl1lllll April, I92i a L E A N T N G S IN B !•: E CULTURE 215 QUEENS— QUEENS PACKAGE BEES AND NUCLEI Read wliat a breeder from France wrote: "Queen received in fine con- dition ; after being on the road 21 days, only three bees dead. Thank you very much for sending me a $100.00 queen for $5.00. I used her for a breeder, and every customer that bought her daughters has re- ^^^^^^^^^^____^____ ordered for 1922. She is a wonder. I have ^cfQo PRICES bought dozens of queens from Italy, and she is Booking Orders Now. ahead of them all I have compared her bees Safe Arrival Guaranteed. ^ith the best breeders of the country, and she lib. package 12.25 each is at the top. " 25 or more 2.15 each 2-lb. package 3.75 each j^. ^g cheaper to pay a little more and get the 25 or more • 3.60 each , .^ >., , ^, , ■, ... 3-lb. package 5.25 each best; they are hustlers, hardy, very resistant 25 or more 5.00 each to European foul brood, etc., etc. Send for 2-comb nuclei 3.75 each circulars. I ship thousands of pounds of bees 3-coTnb nuclei 5.25 each ,, ^ , „ « : , ^ (Add price of queen wanted.) every year all over the U. S. A. and Canada. 1 Untested Queen .. .$1.50 each One-fifth down with order; balance just be- 25 or more 1.30 each fore Shipping. 1 Select Untested.... 1.70 each 25 or more 1.50 each \5^'ot more " : ! i i ! '. Iloo e'a^'h THE NUECES COUNTY APIARIES 1 Select Tested 2.65 each 25 or more 2.25 each £. B. AULT, Prop. CALALLEN, TEXAS THREE-BANDED QUEExNS BEES IN PACKAGES FOR 1922 After twenty-six years of select breeding we have a strain of Bri(l this wonderful plant growing on the "Old Gilmer Plantation." near Tyson, Ala. Since that time we have watched with interest its great spread and growth throughout Alabama, its native home. As a plow- under green manure crop it has no supe- rior, and for honey it has no equal. In gathering this seed, through a misunder- standing, we had a lot that was mixed with biennial. Therefore our loss is your gain, as we are selling this seed hulled and scari- fied at the unheard-of low prices, as long as this lot of seed lasts. In 5 or 10 pound lots by parcel post, pre- paid. 30c a pound. In 25 to 50 pound lots by express pre- paid, 25c a pound. In 50 to 100 pound lots by express pre- paid, 20c a pound. Seed is guaranteed to be pure sweet clo- ver running from 50 to 90 per cent pure Annual, the balance Biennial. Germination we also guarantee to fully please. M. C. BERRY & CO. Montgomery, Ala. Box 697 CHADWICK'S QUEENS THREE-BANDED ITALIANS ONLY At quality-sustaining prices. Rear- ed, caged and mailed without being touched by hands. Properly prepared for the mails. From Selma, Califor- nia, to Hankow, China, 47 da.ys in tlie mails is my unequaled record. Prices: One, $2.00. Three, $4.50. Six, $8.00. Dozen, $15.00. Fifty, $60. Hundred, $110.00. GET MY NEW BOOKLET, "Big Essentials in Successful Beekeeping" Read what leading beekeepers say of it: "I think you have the book well named 'Big Essentials,' and in my judgment you have hit the big essentials." — E. R. ROOT. "I can find no criticism to make of your statements * * * 1 regard vour discussion of these as sound." — FRANK C. PELLETT. ''It is well written and the views you express are thoroughly sound and good." — W. J. SHEPPARD. "It is mighty good stuff." — J. D. BIXBY. "It is well written and has many good points." — M. H. MENDLESON. PRICE $1.00 PER COPY. P. C. CHADWICK Box 186, Selma, California. HIGH QUALITY QUEENS NUCLEI AND PACKAGE BEES Untested queens, $1.25 each; $13.50 per dozen; 25 or more, $1.00 each. Select un- tested, $1.50 each; $15.00 per dozen; 25 or more, $1.15 each. Select tested, $2.25 each; $25 per doz. 2-frame nucleus, $4.25; 3-frame nucleus, $5.75. 1 -pound package, $2.50; 2-pound package, $4.25; 3-pound package, $5.75. Add price of queen wanted with nucleus or package. Fullest satisfac- tion guaranteed. Read what this customer says: ''Dear Mr. Bornhoffer: We want to tell you how greatly pleased we are with the nuclei we got of you this spring. Those we received of you a year ago this spring far excelled those received from other shippers of nuclei in the South, and this year again yours are outstanding ahead in every way of those received from others. Both years your bees have been noticeably gentle. non-swarming, and great honey-gather- ers." (Name on request.) FRANK BORNHOFFER MT. "WASHINGTON, OHIO. When You Want quality, disease-resisting, and honey- gatherers why not Root's strain that has been tested out for over 50 years? I am prepared to take care of your wants. Small or large orders will re- ceive my prompt attention. Quality, service and satisfaction is my motto. Remember you get what you order with a guarantee backed by years of experience. PRICES TO JULY 1. Untested Queens, 1, $1.25, 12, $13.80, 100 $90.00. Select Untested, 1, $1.60. Tested, 1, $2.00. Select Tested, $2.40. After July 1, 10% discount. Write for circular. A. J. PINARD 440 North 6th Street, SAN JOSE, CALIF. 220 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE April, 1922 "-Non-Sag— Reinforced Foundation qA ^al Success at Last Makes Non-Sag oAll- fVorker Comb Jnst&nt j^^semi^ Quickly Accepted by 'Bees Without '^serration The Finished Comb a '•Delight to the Eye TESTED BY TIME AND USE. Dadant's Wired Foundation is not an experiment of a few Dioiitlis' time, but it is a carefully evolved specialty of a life-time of foundation specialists. It has also been thoroughly tested for several years in large apiaries in all parts of the United States. ITS USERS ARE ENTHUSIASTS. We have dozens of statements like the following: ''I have tried Wired Foundation this year under the same conditions with founda- tion wired horizontally. Every frame of the old style foundation sagged badly but the Wired Foundation made perfect combs. I have 75 big hives in use now and not a comb in a single one of them is anywhere near as perfect as those I have had drawn from Wired Foundation. I call it the greatest improvement modern beekeeping has had for many years." PORTER C. WARD, AUenville, Kentucky. DADANT'S WIRED FOUNDATION may be used in new style split bottombar frames or in the old style one-piece bottombar frames with equal satisfaction. It is also adaptable to any size and style of brood or e.xtracting frame. COSTS NO MORE. Since Dadant's Wired Foundation cuts out the cost and labor of wiring, its e.Ktra price of three cents per pound above the catalog prices of old-style foundation is thus more than returned (o the beekeeper. ASK FOR SAMPLES. A small mailing sample sent free on request. A sample of seven sheets, for either si)lit bottombar or old-style one-piece bottombar frames, will be sent, postpaid, to any address in the United States for $1.00. Specify size desired. DADANT & SONS "ituN^r Catalog and Prices on Foundation, Bee Supplies, Beeswax, Wax Working Into Comh Foundation and Comb Rendering, for the asking. E GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE ^ EDITORIAL OUR "Just News" depnrtinent is crowded out of tliis issue by exceptional demands on our space. It Several Important News Items. is only because of this fact that we do not give a full report of the incorporating of the Empire State Honey Marketing Co-Opera- tive Association at Syracuse, N. Y., on Feb. 24, backed by a large number of the leading honey producers of New York State. Other beekeeping news items of impor- tance that we wish we could give more ex- tended notice are: The short course in bee- keeping at the Connecticut Agricultural Col- lege, April 11 to April 21, given by L. B. Grandall, bee specialist in the extension ser- vice; the releasing of a moving picture film, "Bees — How They Live and Work," by the U. S. Department of Agriculture; and a very favorable report on Hubam clover issued by the Iowa Experiment Station. A BEEKEEPEE in a fruit-growing district writes that his colonies were badly injured last year by spray pois- The Spray oning, some of his Poison Evil, strong two-story colo- nies being reduced to mere nuclei just at the time they should have been building up most rapidly for the honey flow. His letter is typical of dozens of others making similar complaint. In some cases what the beekeeper thought to be de- pletion by spray poisoning, on investigation turns out to be European foul brood, but there are plenty of instances of great dam- age to bees through carelessness or utter disregard of the interests of tlie beekeeper on the part of fruit-growers. Several have asked whether it is advisable to shut the bees into their hives or put them into a cel- lar at spraying time. The Editor would be inclined to move the bees away from or- chards where the trees are sprayed while in bloom. If all the bees were moved to safe locations, the orchardist would, no doubt, soon be willing to pay the beekeeper to re- turn the bees to the vicinity of the orchard, to insure better pollination. For this kind of service the beekeeper is justified in ask- ing a liberal price. See in this issue the articles, "Wonder Work of Bees" and "Beekeeping and Agriculture." Gleanings is prepared to furnish printed cards calling attention to the value of bees in fruit-growing and directions for spraying without injuring the bees. These will be fur- nished free, upon request, to our subscribers who desire to distribute them among their fruit-growing neighbors. IN MANY cases, no doubt, the necessity of making out an income tax report has been a blessing in dis- The Income Tax and Beekeeping. guise to beekeep- ers and farmers, for it has com- pelled them to keep accounts in their busi- ness. Keeping careful accounts of all costs and sales is a jirime necessity in any busi- ness, especially so today when the margin of profit, if any, is small and when the balance is too often on the wrong side of the ledger unless great care is taken to hold down the costs of production and selling. Those who have not heretofore kept careful records of all the costs entering into the production and handling of their crops of honey should by all means begin this at once. It is not necessary for the beekeeper to be an expert accountant. His problems of accounting are greatly simplified by a careful study of the various forms sent out by the Internal Eev- enue Department for income tax purposes. If a record is made of every item of ex- pense connected Avith the production of hon- ey, it should not be difficult to make up a balance sheet at the end of tlie year. While no charge for labor on the part of the owner or members of his family is per- mitted in the income tax report, for busi- ness reasons a careful record of all the labor should be kept. The time and expense which go into the care of the colonies throughout the year, representing the fixed expenses, should be kept separate wherever possible from those incident to securing the crop such as super- ing, taking off the lioney, extracting, pack- ing and selling, Avhich vary according to the size of the crop. Wlien such records are kept over a period of years it becomes possible to determine what it costs to operate the bees in a given locality. This forms a basis for figuring how many pounds per colony must be secured to pay expenses. A compilation of such data for various parts of the coun- try would be of great value. The Michigan Agricultural College is now obtaining such 222 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE April, 1922 data for Michigan, tlie project being under tlie joint control of tlie Departments of En- tomology and Farm Management. Michi- gan beekeepers who are willing to assist in this can secure from the college at East Lansing, a pad of accounting sheets and in- ventory blanks, which are designed to sim- plify the beekeepers' cost-accounting. SINCE the discovery of the cause of the Isle of Wight disease by Dr. John Eennie and his associ- Prohibiting Importation of Bees and Queens. ates, as announced late in 1920, cer- tain things have developed to cause American beekeepers considerable concern. Last summer the Bureau of Entomology called for samples of sick bees which might be suspected of having this malady. Samples were sent from all parts of the country, but none of them were infested with the para- sitic mite which causes the Isle of Wight disease* While this does not prove that these mites do not exist in tliis country, it certainly is strong evidence that they do not. Last summer a sample of live bees, taken from a colony suffering from Isle of Wight disease in Scotland, was sent to the Bureau of ■ Entomology at Washington. The mites were alive Avhen these bees were received at the Bee Culture Laboratory, thus demon- strating tliat these parasitic mites can eas- ily be transported by bees shipped into this country from Europe. While Isle of Wight disease was originally supposed to be confined to the British Isles, it has recently been discovered in the Erench Alps. Eemembering the rapid spread of this disease from the Isle of Wight, where it was first observed in 1904, to all parts of Great Britain, its discovery now in the French Alps is certainlj^ cause for alarm. In the light of these developments the subject was taken up at the meeting of the Apicul- ture Section of the Association of Economic Entomology, held in Toronto in December. A committee was appointed to plan some measure to prevent the introduction of this disease into the United States and Canada, this committee being composed of Dr. S. B. Fraeker, State Entomologist of Wisconsin; Prof. Geo. H. Rea, Pennsylvania State Col- lege; and C. B. Gooderman, Dominion Api- arist of Canada. A conference of entomolo- gists and inspectors was called by Dr. Fraeker on March 9 at the Bee Culture Lab- oratory of the Bureau of Entomology at Washington, where it was decided inadvis- able to apply any means of regulation as to the importation of bees and queens and that nothing short of absolute prohibition of fur- ther importations would meet the situation. Following is a report of the action taken at this meeting: Serious ravages causing almost complete destruc- tion of the beekeeping industry in portions of Europe by the "Isle of Wight" disease have start- ed determined action by American beekeepers to save their business from similar losses. "Isle of Wight'' disease is caused by a para- sitic mite in adult bees and is easily transported by bees shipped from Europe to America, as was proved during the past summer when live bees carrying living mites arrived in Washington from Scotland. Should this disease become established in America, beekeepers, queen-breeders and manu- facturers of bee supplies would quickly be ruined and horticultural interests would be seriously dam- aged. A meeting was called at the Bee Culture Labor- atory in charge of Dr. E. F. Phillips of the Bu- reau of Entomology at Washington, D. C, March 9, which was attended by specialists from several states and Canada who are interested in measures to prevent the introduction of the "Isle of Wight" disease into the United States and Canada. Among those at the meeting were Dr. L. O. How- ard and Dr. C. L. Marlatt, Chief and Assistant Chief of the U. S. Bureau of Entomology; Dr. E. F. Phillips, Government Apiarist; Prof. F. E. Mil- len, Apiary Inspector for Ontario, Canada; Prof. Geo. H. Rea, Pennsylvania State College; E. G. j Carr, Apiary Inspector of New Jersey; J. G. San- I ders, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, President of the ' American Association of Economic Entomologists ; Prof. N. E. Phillips, Massachusetts Agricultural College; and Dr. H. E. Ewing, Expert on Mites, of the U. S. Bureau of Entomology. The meeting decided to recommend that the U. S. Post Office Department shall at once pro- hibit the introduction of queen bees through the mails from all foreign countries except Canada, and that a bill be introduced into Congress to prohibit the introduction of adult bees into the United States except, for experimental and scien- tific purposes by the U. S. Department of Agri- culture. Since there is no known Isle of Wight disease in Canada, and since it is hoped and ex- pected that the Dominion of Canada will establish the same safeguards to the beekeeping industry, it is planned not to establish any quarantines or prohibitions against shipments of bees from and to Canada. It was the opinion of those in attendance that the Isle of Wight disease is such a serious men- ace to beekeeping on this continent, that every possible step should be taken to prevent its in- troduction, and that all importations of queen bees should be stopped. Pending full legislation in this matter, it is hoped that beekeepers through the continent will co-operate, to the fullest degree, by making no attempts to introduce adult bees into the country. Any queen-breeder who introduced this disease into the country would be doing a great damage to the beekeeping industry, and it would be a serious drawback to his future busi- ness. The committee urges that beekeepers who see any outbreak of any disease of adult bees shall at once send samples for examination and diag- nosis to the Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C. More detailed information concerning this disease will be presented in a future issue of this journal and in the meantime information may be obtained by writing to the Department of Agri- culture, Washington, D. C, for a copy of Depart- ment Circiilar 218, entitled, "The Occurrence of Diseases of Adult Bees," which circular is for free distribution. Signed by Committee. J. G. Sanders, Harrisburg. Pa., Chairman. E. G. Carr, New Jersey. F. Eric Millen, Guelph, Canada. Those who have im])orted any bees or queens from Italy or from any other for- eign country, should watch their colonies for any indications of this disease, and, if any such are found, samples of sick bees should be sent to the Bureau of Entomology at Washington for' examination. If it should be discovered that the Isle of Wight disease lias already been brought to this country, the colonies should be found and immedi- ately destroyed. No chances should be tak- en in such an important matter. April, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 223 H OW many in our pro- OUTSIDE OBSERVATIONS fession arc diligent enougli in taking notice of what trans- pires about tlie apiary and about the hive en- trance? A bee- keeper who has cultivated a trait of keen observation is indeed fortunate. When we leave home for an outyard do we look straight ahead and permit our thoughts to ponder over our probable crop or prices for honey, or do we observe the bloom along the roadside, and record that visited by bees, the number of bees noted on the bloom, what they are gathering, the time of day, etc.? If we are observant we might catch a "line of flight" a.s we travel along. The line of flight is worth studying. Are they our bees? If in doubt, it might pay us to follow up, if only to discover that soUieone had jumped our location and placed an apiary but a few hundred feet from our own. It is not a bad idea to be- come acquainted with the bees in our vicin- ity. Moreover, on some ideal bee day dur- ing April we might spy a swarm along the roadside. In other words, be a keen ob- server and let crop and honey prices take care of themselves. Observations About the Apiary. Upon arrival at a yard at the busy sea- son of the year, it is a great temptation to light the smoker at once and start right in on a row of colonies. This is an unwise pro- cedure under any circumstances. WatcMng the Flight of Bees. The first thing we do is to watch bee ac- tivity, and we walk about the yard and mark the direction in which the bees are going. (In all our observations we take par- ticular note of the time of day.) By study- ing their line of flight a few moments we can judge fairly well, taking into consider- ation several factors such as climate, time of day and year, etc., whether the colonies are (1) wearing themselves out, (2) making a living or (3) storing a surplus. (1) When but a few bees are flying in almost any direction and with no marked line of flight, they fly "wild" and are known as search- ing or prospecting bees. There is then no incoming nectar and, if some colonies are to be manipulated, precaution against rob- bing must he resorted to on the very first hive opened. (2) A fair amount of general activity about the colonies with a marked line of flight, and with the intake of nec- tar balancing the consumption of stores, protection against robbing is likewise in order. (3) The line of flight is well marked, even in two or more directions. Tlie flight is swifter and lastly the tone of the bees is very audible. In fact, upon just reaching the apiary and just after the motor has been stopped, we know whetlier or not the Significance of What the Bees Do as Seen in External Examinations Before Hi'ves Are Opened By M. C. Richter bees are storing a surplus. The line of iliglit helps to deter- mine what the bees are doing, but hive- en- trance observa- tions are just as important. This subject will be discussed later. Mean Bees About the Yard. Another thing we notice upon entering the yard is whether the bees seem unduly cross. If we have some hybrid stock we take it into consideration. However, if the bees seem unusually mean we look for an overturned colony, and not finding any we will ' ' try ' ' several tops to ascertain whetlier or not they are "tight," for per- haps some colonies have been manipulated Swarm returning to parent colony. The general direction of flight is towards the hive, and the bees are rapidly alighting at the entrance, setting up their "call" for their sisters to follow. during our absence. If the tops be in order we look for skunk tracks. Another cause for meanness could , be attributed to the shutting-off abruptly of a honey flow. It might be added that pure Cyprians confine their stinging to the hive, and that crosses show a most vindictive character for weeks after manipulation. Looking for Swarms. We almost always look for swarnis about the apiary and after several seasons learn to know their favorite clustering places. It is a characteristic of black bees to clus- ter higher than Italians. We never take it for granted that we know the condition of our bees to the extent that they won't swarm on a certain day. Surprises are very apt to occur; but, granted that no swarms have issued, it often happens that outside swarms are attracted to the apiary and cluster near by. Aside from natural swarm- ing there are found, but only in poor bee- keeping practice, hunger and disease swarms. In treating for American foul 224 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE April, 1922 brood, it is advisable to have an excluder between tlie bottom-board and brood-cham- ber so that the shaken bees have no oppor- tunity to abscond. A heat swarm is of rare occurrence and is encountered only in a Entrance (alighting-board) to colony shown in previous cut. A true type of leather-colored Ital- ians, lined up in front of their home, abdomens slightly elevated, fanning at a speed faster than one thousand per second (photo taken at speed of one-thonsandth of a second) and exuding and driving away their scent, which emanates from a gland (visible in picture) situated between the seventh and eighth terga of the abdomen. very hot dry spell. When such excessive weather prevails (115°F. in the shade) bees will leave their homes in some instances and cluster on trees. While on the subject of swarms, it might be mentioned that it is an excellent idea to set out several decoy hives about each yard. One other point: Do not become so en- grossed in your colony manipulations tliroughout the day that you forget to look up occasionally and survey the apiary for issuing swarms. Many a swarm has disap- peared in just such fashion. Observations at the Colony Entrance. Having made the observations about the apiary, which seldom take longer than two or three minutes unless swarms be encoun- tered, we next place our attention upon the hive entrances. It is surprising, the amount of valuable information that may be gath- ered from a study of the entrance to a bee's liome. The beekeeper detective can find any amount of evidence at the threshold of a colony, and the more observant he be- comes, the greater are the number of clues which he picks up. The act of (1) swarming is at once dis- tinguishable by the "pouring out" at the entrance and by the way in which bees fill the air in their circular flying. After a swarm has issued we notice, on the alight- ing-board and adjacent thereto, the very young hairy bees that were unable to take wing with the swarm. Their presence fur- nishes us with a clue, which tells us that the colony' examined has cast a swarm. On the (2) return of a swarm we may find a disabled queen about the entrance. She may be clipped, wing-frayed, feeble or too heavy to fly. We examine next the en- trance for signs of queenlessness (see "6") and, if such examination confirms our sus- picion, we know that the swarm has re- turned to the hive. When (3) young bees take wing for the first time, which usually occurs just after the noon hour, they do so in a sort of an up and down movement fac- ing the hive entrance. Gradually they in- crease their radius of flight, apparently marking all the while the spot where their home stands. A little study of this activity Immense swarm taking possession of a decoy hive. ArRiL, 1923 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 225 will at oiiee c-oiitrast itself with the flight of the (4) incoming honey gatherers. The latter do not tarry about the entrance, as do the young bees, but soon drop on the alighting-board and disappear within. The outgoing honey gatherers leave the hive like a shot and soon vanish from sight. (5) The pollen-laden bees are indicative of breeding. When little or no pollen is car- ried into a certain colony, as contrasted with a considerable amount of pollen-bear- ers entering most other colonies, it is a sign of either a failing queen or queenless- ness in the former. (6) Qucenlessness means restlessness, intermittent fanning of wings of some of the bees and a running about, along the hive entrance, over side walls of the hive, and even on the ground, in search of their queen. trance or on tlie ground, the "ball" is likely to be found on the floor-board. Ball- ing of queens is very rare when colonies are not manipulated and may be due to bad weather, or the abrupt stoppage of a honey flow, and is confined, as far as we know, to the black race of bees. Young bees learning to fly at 1 p. m. They mark their location, facing the hives, and widen their flight radius as may be observed by the photo. View of cokiny entrance during a honey flow. The heavily laden bees, some carrying pollen, are alighting slowly at the entrance. When we see (11) drones flying for the first time in spring, we know that almost any day thereafter virgin queens are li- able to emerge. This is a valuable obser- vation, as it is an indication that treat- ment for swarming is in order. We must all know that (12) expulsion of drones indi- cates that the honey flow is over. When we notice, however, that some colonies tol- erate drones several weeks after most colo- nies have expelled their male inhabitants, we know that we have colonies that are either (13) supersedure ones, or that they are queenless, laying-worker or drone-laying colonies. Dead queens before colony en- trances may be attributed to supersedure, if she be a worn-out queen; to a balled queen when she shows the effects of much abuse (it is practically impossible, however, to distinguish between the two) ; and if there be one or more virgins or immature queens, to swarming. The bees (14) fanning at the entrance are the A^entilators of the hive and ripeners In (7) laying-worker and drone-laying colonies as well as queenless colonies there is a certain amount of apathy towards work as contrasted with normal colonies. Nor- mal colonies have their guards, ventilators, incoming and outgoing bees, etc., perform- ing their tasks regularly but in "6" and "7" we see little groups of bees idling away their time, as it were, and the gen- eral inactivity of such colonies is at once noticeable. Unusually agitated or excited bees, with no other apparent reason for such condition, may be attributed to the (8) mating of a virgin queen, to the process of (9) feeding, and to the (10) balling of a queen. From the time that a virgin queen leaves a colony until a short time after she returns, there is usually an undue amount of agitation about the entrance'; soon after bees are fed there is a decided "investigative turn of mind" at the entrance; and in "10," if we do not see a knot of bees at the en- Expelling from and hindering the entrance of drones into the hive after a honey flow. 226 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE April, 1922 of hone3^ A study of their activities will soon show how much ventilation and ripen- ing are taking place. During honey flows these two processes go hand in hand, and in the evenings, this evaporation practice, indicated by the roar of the bees, is an ex- cellent indication, to one who is familiar with this phenomenon, of the amount of sur- plus stored during the day. Bees fanning in very hot weather, and when there is usu- ally no honey flow, should never be molested. A normal colony can maintain a cooler tem- perature within than that which exists with- out the hive, but if either smoked or opened during such a hot spell, it may never be able to regain the necessary colony tem- perature which prevents the burr and brace combs in the upper story from melting. Melt-downs originate in just this manner. The phenomenon of (15) clustering outside the hive may be due to excessive heat, to a preponderance of honey gatherers at a time when there is no nectar secretion, or to a honey-bound condition within the colony. Occasionally upon the return of a swarm, all or a part may cluster without. The action of (16) robbers is, we are sure, understood by all of us and this propensity of the bee need hardly be mentioned. Prevention! Keep everything covered, contract entrances of weak colonies, use a robber tent, or do anything that spells prevention. Above all, never smoke a colony that is being robbed. By so doing, the guards become disorganized and the effect of the smoke upon the robbers is negligible. In the fall of the year (17) propolizing bees may be confused with robbers. Crev- ices between supers, and between super and tops are often propolized, and the action of bees during this kind of work often resem- bles robbers nosing about for an opening. (18) Crumbs of wax strewn about the hive entrance is usually a sign of wholesale rob- bing. Open up the hive and look for scales of American foul brood. If none are found an expression of relief is surely in order. Otherwise, constant inspection must be re- sorted to throughout the season. Sometimes bits of wax (cappmgs) are found about the entrance. • Their presence may mean noth- ing more than the consumption of stores from within, as the removal of stores re- mote from the cluster to cells surrounding the winter nest is of common occurrence during the inactive season. Bees affected with (19) paralysis are eas- ily distinguishable about the entrance, and all of us are hoping that the Bureau of Entomology at Washington will soon tell us what we have when we talk about paraly- sis. Occasionally we see bees carrying (20) out dead larvae or pupae; this act may be caused by acute starvation, chilling of the outer part of brood-nest, or by the brood having become overheated. The above observations are helpful in col- ony diagnosis and they can be made doubly advantageous if they be used from a com- j)arative standpoint. Lastly, after the day's manipulations in the apiary have been concluded, we make it a point to examine carefully the en- trances of every colony that has been han- dled. (If we feel that there is any likeli- hood that queens may be balled, this ob- servation is made during the day.) Our purpose in doing thjs is to, observe whether or not the colonies are queen-right, and also to notice how mischievous robbers have become. Big Sur, Calif. THE relation of the hon- eybee to the production of de- ciduous fruit is a question that interests both the beekeeper and the fruit- grower. In the early days of horticulture nearly every farm kept a few bees as a sideline, but of late years this practice has almost entirely dis- appeared. The fruit farm with a number of colonies of bees is now the exception rather than the rule. Sporadic attempts have been made from time to time to interest orchard- ists in general in keeping bees, but almost invariably they have resulted in failure. The orchardist was a fruit-grower and not a beekeeper; hence he soon lost interest when he began to lose SAvarms and his colo- nies became diseased. Steadily diminishitig crops in manj^ of the highly specialized fruit WONDER WORK OF BEES They Make Millions for the Fruit Growers, ^ees that Returned to the Orchardist O'ver $ioo per Colony By A. H. Hendrickson College of Agriculture, University of California sections have caused a wide- spread interest in anything that will bring up the yield. Attention has been re-di- rected to the humble bee as t h e conecting link between trees and fruit. Actual experiments with honeybees in or- chards were carried on over 30 years ago. Professor A. J. Cook, who was our State Commissioner of Horticulture for several years, while stationed at the Michigan Agri- cultural College, proved the value of bees in ajyile orchards. He gave substantial figures to back his claims. In 1893, at a 'California state fruit-growers' convention, several ob- servers reported on the value of bees in their respective districts. As early as 1894 a government report showed that the cherry crop in a large orchard near Vacaville was Aprii., 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 227 ^roiitly increased when several colonies of bees were placed in the orchard. It is in- teresting to note that this ranch today keeps a large number of bees and produces large crops consistently year after year. Yet on other ranches in the same section where crops were erratic, the owners did not be- lieve that bees were in any way responsi- ble. In spite of this information printed in the reports of the State Commission of Hor- ticulture and hence available to the county commissioners and others, many growers had no conception of the importance of these useful insects. Many ranchers went to the opposite extreme and disposed of their bees, claiming they were a nuisance at dry- ing time and generally hard to care for. In 1916 and 1917 the University of California by means of tents of mosquito netting over prune trees proved conclusively the value of bees in prune orchards. Since that time the use of these insects in the Santa Clara Valley and elsewhere has steadily increased. In 1921 the results of similar experiments demonstrated to the Placer County growers the need of bees for their plums. From in- terest shown thus far it would seem that this district would be a promising field for an energetic beeman with several hundred colonies to rent. Process of Fertilization. Before proceeding further, it would be well to stop and consider briefly what is necessary to secure a set of fruit. The im- portance of bees is more fully realized when the intricate process of fertilization is un- derstood. Assuming that the orchard has been given normal care, the trees will blos- som in a satisfactory manner at the proper time. Each blossom produces one or more pistils, as the case may be; a large number of stamens; a row of showy white or pink petals; and, on the outside, a row of green sepals. The important organs are the first two, the petals being largely for show. The pistil, or female portion, consists of a young fruit in which is located the unfertilized egg, and above which is a rather long slen- der stalk surmounted by a flattened sticky surface called the stigma. The stamens, or male elements, are long slender filaments bearing the anthers, which enclose large quantities of pollen. Deep down in the flow- er is usually the nectary which secretes the honey. At the proper time the pollen falls upon the stigma, germinates, and sends down a tube thru the pistil to the egg. The male nucleus passes into the egg and unites with the female nucleus, completing the process of fertilization. Under this stimu- lus the young fruit develops very rapidly. If the egg is not fertilized in a compara- tively short time, it shrivels and the young fruit turns yellow and falls to the ground. The egg or young ovule remains receptive for perhaps several days, depending some- what upon the climatic conditions. If not fertilized during that time it begins to dis- integrate and the young fruit is doomed to fall. Many potential fruits are lost each year because the egg was beyond the recep- tive stage before the pollen tube reached it. Thus, the rate of growth of the pollen tube down the style becomes a very important factor. If the growth is slow, disintegra- tion of the egg may commence before the nucleus can pass over and complete the pro- cess of fertilization. Experiments have shown that pollen tubes grow much slower in cold weather than in warm, which may help to account for light crop following cold springs. Pollen tubes also grow much slower in self-pollinated flowers than in cross-pollinated ones. Self-pollinated fruits are those pollinated with the pollen from the same variety. Cross-pollinated fruits are those produced when pollen from an- other variety is used. This slow growth may be one of the fundamental causes of sterility among deciduous-tree fruits. For full setting it would seem that the ideal con- ditions would be fairly warm clear weather and ample facilities for cross-pollination, so that a strong, active growth would be se- cured in the pollen tubes. In addition to this impediment to self- pollination just described, nature has also provided others which are more obvious. Many fruits like the plum and apple do not have the pistil and stamens maturing at the same time. While the pistil is receptive, the pollen is not yet mature. Consequently pollen from another variety must be placed on the pistil to secure fertilization. An- other factor is the one of difference in length of the important organs. In certain varieties of almonds, cherries and plums the pistil is so much longer than the stamens that there is no possibility of the pollen dropping on the stigma. An exception to this rule seems to be the apricot and possi- bly the peach. With but few exceptions the pollen must be transferred mechanically to the stigma of the same or difi'erent flowers. Insects and wind are the only two distrib- uting agents worthy of mention. For prac- tically all of our tree fruits except walnuts, wind as a pollen carrier may be considered as practically negligible in value. Insects are the effective pollen carriers. No one knows exactly of what importance each one is, but the honeybee is usually considered the most valuable. Increased crops, due to the addition of bees to the orchard, is am- ple proof of this statement. Fruits Requiring Cross-Fertilization. Bees are a vital necessity with many va- rieties of fruits, and are very helpful with nearly all others. Among the fruits which are benefited by bees are almonds, apples, cherries, pears, plums and prunes. Shy bear- ing in almonds, for a time attributed to cold weather and similar causes, is largely due to lack of cross-pollination. In bulletin GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 228 306 of the Uuiversity of California, Profes- sor Tufts has shown that all varieties of almonds are self-sterile. He recommends in- terplanting proper varieties and the use of one colony of bees per acre. In bulletin 307 he makes the same recommendation for pears. In various parts of the United States apples have been greatly aided in_ setting crop with bees, because so many varieties of the fruit are self -sterile. Likewise, cherry varieties, as shown by work in Oregon, Ida- ho and California, are all self -sterile. The writer has observed many demonstrations of the value of bees in cherry orchards where there was formerly almost no crop. Japa- nese plums are likewise self -sterile with but few exceptions and are in great need of effective cross-pollination. The same is true of most European plums. Among prunes two well-known varieties are self-sterile and two are self-fertile. The results, as reported in bulletin 294 of the California Experiment Station, show that the Imperial prune, long notorious as a shy bearer, is wonderfully benefited by bees; and even the French prune, long known as a consistent bearer, is caused to produce larger crops by these same insects. In other sections bees are helpful in producing different crops. It is reported that cranberry yields are greatly increased by the use of bees, and their impor- tance in growing tomatoes and cucumbers under glass is well known. On the other hand apricots, according to some observers, are pollinated with their own pollen before or soon after the blossom opens. It is also known that they are self- fertile and able to set fruit with their own pollen. Whether bees would aid this fruit or not is a question that has not been an- swered as yet. The same situation exists with many varieties of peaches. The flower is so constructed that self-pollination may take place easily. The writer has also ob- served that the peach flowers are very at- tractive to bees and are visited by them in great numbers. What effect the work of bees may have on this fruit is not known; but most certainly there seems little cause for worry, as great plantings of a single variety of this fruit are known to produce regularly and abundantly. The importance of the element of time, as previously mentioned in pollination of fioAvers, cannot be overestimated. Distribu- tion of pollen for a given variety must be made in a very few days. If delayed, lack of set may result for the reason already ex- plained. It is in this case that the bee is especially valuable. Other insects might succeed in visiting every flower if given time enough; but the bees, due to their un- tiring efforts, seem to accomplish this work in the shortest possible time. The conse- quent mixing and distribution of pollen, as soon as the pistil is ready to receive it, is the thing that makes for big production. Large numbers of bees are needed in cloudy April, 1922 or wet and rainy seasons where every hour of sunshine counts. Preference Shown by Bees. Bees have preference for particular varie- ties. Some kinds are accepted until others open, when the former are deserted. There are not many data on this point, and it is of more concern to the grower than to the beekeeper. It has been reported that in some sections bees have been observed to desert cherries for apples. In my own ex- perience I have observed that early Japa- nese plums are not visited as frequently as the later varieties. For example, Formosa and Gaviota are both shunned when the European kinds begin to open. Scanty pro- duction of pollen and honey in these two varieties may be the cause. Bees are said to work satisfactorily on strawberries and are especially fond of raspberries. In Cali- fornia, because of their long blooming sea- son, the latter fruits are of considerable value as honey plants. Some growers have their own bees, but most prefer to rent for the season. The rental is usually made with the understand- ing that the owner is to place the bees where desired and to remove them promptly after blossoming season in order not to in- terfere Avith other orchard operations. The best method of distribution is to place the hives singly throughout the orchard. This method insures a more even set of fruit than is the case where 10 or 20 colonies are all put in one place. It is also well to put the hives near the center of the orchard, so the bees will work near at home as much as possible. The average grower is not altru- istic to the extent of paying for an increase in his neighbor's crop. Ordinarily about one hive to the acre should be sufficient, although excellent results have been obtained when fewer Avere used. Increased Yield Due to Bees. Noticeable increases in yield have invari- ably followed the use of bees. What these increases are in actual figures is hard to secure. The average grower knoAvs he har- vested a larger crop than he did before, and that is about all. One ■ or tAVO examples, however, will suffice. In 1916 one grower with 180 acres of prunes produced 344 tons of dried fruit. The folloAving year when 115 colonies of bees Avere used the crop was 432 tons, an increase of nearly 100 tons. An- other groAver on seven acres of cherries with 17 tons in 1918 raised his yield to 52 tons in 1920 and to 49 tons in 1921 by the use of 10 colonies. Other groAvers have undoubt- edly had similar experience elsewhere. Quality of Cross-Fertilized Fruit. Witli most of stone fruits there is no out- ward sign shoAviiig AA^hether the fruit has been properly fertilized or not. If the fruit matures and ripens it is usually considered to have been fertilized, altho no one ever thinks of cracking the pit to see if the ker- April, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 229 nel is developed or not. In our experiments plums which were self-jjollinated by hand showed no diffeienee in size, shape or qual- ity from those cross-pollinated. The plant breeder would be interested in determining how seeds would germinate and grow from the various combinations. The grower, however, is satisfied when the fruit remains on the tree to maturity. With apples and 2)ears the case is somewhat different. In- stead of one pistil to each flower there are five. All five must be pollinated and the re- spective eggs fertilized to secure a perfect fruit. Very often, due to lack of pollina- tion, only three of the five carpels or divi- sions in the core of the apple have perfect seeds, while the other two have not. The fully developed portion of the fruit corre- sponds with the side having the perfect seeds. The Cornell Experiment Station has shown a direct relation between the number of seeds in an apple and the percentage of June drop. This drop always consists of the fruits having the smallest number of seeds. In other words the larger the num- ber of seeds, the better the chances for that fruit to remain on the tree until mature. In California where Bartlett pears are grown extensively, a great portion of the fruit is found to be practically seedless and coreless. For reasons as yet unexplained this pear under our conditions is seemingly able to set and mature fruit whether it contains seeds or not. The seedless quality of this variety, it is argued, constitutes a distinct advantage, as the core is much smaller and the flesh is not so gritty. These factors are advantageous to the canner and grower where the product is consumed soon after picking. In the demand for a long- keeping pear, however, some interesting points have been developed in this connec- tion. The University of California has re- cently shown that the Bartlett pear with perfect seeds keeps from two to three weeks, or more, longer than the seedless ones pick- ed at the same time. The advantage of cross-pollination for producing a long-keep- ing pear is obvious. Injury Caused by Bees. The average grower in general has two grievances against the bee. One is the at- tacking and injuring ripe fruit on the trees and in the dry yard, and the other is in the spread of certain diseases, notably pear blight. Usually the sight of several bees gathered around a split or puncture in a ripe fruit is enough to cause the grower to want to rid the entire countryside of these obnoxious visitors. The benefits received during the blossoming season a few months previous are entirely forgotten. It has been demonstrated that bees are not the primary cause of injured fruit. The first damage is usually done by birds or insects which have piercing mouth parts. The honeybee comes along later and gets the blame. Actually the damage, if any, started by bees is so slight as to be practically negligible. With pear blight the case against the hon- eybee is somewliat stronger. Experiments have shown that bees do carry blight, and that the blight organism remains alive in the hives for several weeks after it has been brought there. However, to my knowledge it has never been definitely proved that bees prefer the sticky exudate of the blight can- ker to the honey in the blossom when the latter is available. It may be that the blight organism is picked up accidentally and thus transferred to the blossoms. Be- cause of its size the honeybee seems to be tlie most frequent visitor to pear trees, and hence is judged guilty of doing all of the harm. As a matter of fact other insects, such as thrips, aphis, ants and beetles of various kinds are as guilty as the bee. If they were not, how is blight in young twigs and on young trees without blossoms ex- plained? The solution to this difliculty is to use more care in removing old hold-over cankers which form sources of infection. The honeybee must be given credit for per- forming so faithfully the function of dis- tributing pollen, and should be relieved of tlie stigma of being the chief carrier of blight, and a general nuisance at harvest time. BEEKEEPING AND AGRICULTURE Honeybees of Great Value in the Pollination of Certain Field Crops as Well as Fruit By Geo. S. Demuth SOME one has said that the only way by which one can honestly gain a living by stealing is to keep bees. These industrious little workers pay no attention to line fences or land ownership, but roam freely over 'neighboring fields, gathering nectar from other peoples' flow- ers and carrying it home to make into hon- ey, which enriches the owner of the bees in- stead of the OAvner of the land. .lust what are tlie bees carry- ing away from the neighboring farms when they bring their loads of nectar? The chemist explains that it is chiefly sugar and water. He further explains that sugar is a carbohydrate, so called because it is com- posed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, the liydrogen and oxygen being in the same pro- 230 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE April, 1922 portion as in water. Plants are able to com- bine these elements in such a manner that sugar and other carbohydrates are formed. Where Does Nectar Come From? Who owns the carbon and the water from which the plant elaborates the nectar, which the bee carries away across line fences? The carbon is taken from the air where it exists in the form of carbon dioxide, and the water is carried to the farm on the wings of the wind from ocean, lakes and ponds or wher- ever the air can pick it up by evaporation, except in arid regions where it is carried to the farm in irrigation ditches. These ele- ments, from which honey is made, also dis- regard line fences and land ownership, roam- ing freely over the earth. The carbon of the amosphere and the rain come alike ' ' on the just and on the unjust. ' ' Ownership of either of these would be difficult to estab- lish. When the miner takes out of the earth coal, iron or oil he is depleting the resources of the country. The fisherman and the lumber- man destroy instead of create resources. The manufacturer is usually a consumer of the world's resources in manufacturing his prod- uct. Commerce does not create resources but only trades in them. Agriculture is practically alone among the industries as a creator instead of destroyer of resources. But even the farmer is, to a certain extent, a minor of the soil, for when he hauls cer- tain crops from his farm he is hauling away a portion of the wealth of the land. Production of Nectar Does Not Deplete Soil. The beekeeper, being a producer of an al- most pure carbohydrate, takes practically nothing from the soil, the amount of ash in honey being almost negligible. When he ships his crop to market he is shipping away ma- terial derived from air and water. No mat- ter how many carloads or trainloads of hon- ey are shipped out of a state, the resources of the state are not touched by its removal. Water and air can come back from beyond state borders, if need be, to replace that which was taken away in the elaboration of the nectar from which the honey was made. By nature 's wonderful magic, the world 's supply of carbon and water is not used up by the continued elaboration of sugar, for these are only borrowed until the honey is consumed, when they go back to the great reservoir whence they came. The cycle of carbon in nature and the part it plays in plant and animal life is one of the wonder- ful romances which science has to tell to those who care to hear. Bees Usually Pay Well for What They Take. But in taking the nectar which the plant lias appropriated from the air and passing clouds, the honeybee in many cases renders a service to the plant, and therefore to the owner of the plant, which is of greater value, measiired by human standards, than the value of the nectar. Much has been written about the pollination of fruit and the rela- tion of bees to horticulture. In 1909 Dr. E. F. Phillips wrote in the U. S. Department of Agriculture Bulletin No. 75, Part VI, as fol- lows: Fruit-growers, as a rule, recognize the value of the honeybee to their industry. Taking into con- sideration the insurance of pollination by transport- ing colonies of bees to places where their services are needed, it is safe to say that the indirect bene- fit of the beekeeping industry annually adds to the resources of the country considerably more than the amount received from the sale of honey and wax. Much has been learned in regard to the value of the honeybee in cross-pollination since 1909, and no doubt a revised state- ment by the same author for 1922 would be much stronger. At the short course for beekeepers at Berkeley, Cal., in December, Prof. A. L. Hen- drickson, in charge of deciduous fruit inves- gations of the Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion, University of California, gave some striking figures on increased yields due to bees. In one case a grower, with 180 acres of prunes, increased the yield of prunes nearly 100 tons above previous yields by having a beekeeper put 115 colonies of bees in the orchard during the period of bloom. The prunes were sold at $120 per ton, so the extra yield gave a gross return of $12,000, or more than $100 for each col- ony of bees used. For this service the bee- keeper was paid $3.00 per colony, or $345.00. It is not necessary to discuss here the value of bees to the grower of apples, cher- ries, pears, plums, prunes, almonds, berries of various kinds, cucumbers, beans and other insect-pollinated fruits and vegetables, for the value of bees to horticulture is already well discussed in the beekeeping literature. But it may be well to mention here some of the studies that have been made recently on the pollination of certain field crops. PoUination of Coffee. In 1911 the United Planters' Association of southern India asked the government to pass some rules prohibiting the destruction of bees in the coffee-planting districts, on account of a reduction in the coffee crops, evidently brought about by the regular de- struction of bees in certain districts. As a result of this the Department of Agriculture at Madras made a careful study of the fer- tilization of coffee. Eesults of this investi- gation were published in 1915, in Vol. IV, Bulletin No. 69, Department of Agriculture, Madras, which contains the following sum- mary: The presence of bees is not essential for the suc- cessful pollination of coffee, but the natural, and therefore most desirable, form of pollination is achieved by the aid of flower-visiting insects of which bees are the most important. Ill this case the giant bee of India (Apis (Inrsaia) is mentioned as the species referred to, and recommendations are given for in- creasing the numbers of these bees in the coffee districts in order to increase the cof- fee crops. Al>KIL, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 231 Tower, ill Porto Rico Circular 13, calls at- tention to the value of the common honey- bee to coffee-growers in cross-pollinating coffee, especially in seasons when there is considerable rain at blossoming time. Pollination of Buckwheat. In Farmers' Bulletin 1062, U. S. Depart- ment of Agriculture, Clyde E. Leighty, Agronomist in Charge of Eastern Wheat In- vestigations, has the following to say on the pollination of buckwheat: Commercial beekeeping in buckwheat-growing sections is advisable, as bees can make use of the flowers produced and may in turn be of use in fer- tilizing the flowers. Many buckwheat-growers, in fact, believe that the weight per bushel of the seed is heavier where the crop has been worked largely by the bees. Pollination of Alsike Clover. It has long been recognized that the hon- eybee is the most important agent in the fertilization of alsike clover, ^though actual figures showing their value to the grower of alsike clover seed are by no means plenti- ful. Dr. Ernest Kohn made some observations on this subject in the alsike clover seed- producing district of northwestern Ohio in 1919, which were recorded in this journal in April, 1920, as follows: I have made a complete survey of the township and got all the information from threshers and other sources, concerning about 80 square miles, giving the location of bees, with number of colonies, and the location of alsike clover fields with acreage and yields. The accompanying map shows in circles the loca- tion of bees, with the number of colonies. The nu- merator of the fractions represents the numl)er of acres of alsike, and the denominator denotes the number of bushels threshed. The yield was not heavy at any place, as drought shortened the nec- tar flow at least three weeks. It w^ill be noticed, however, that near a large number of colonies the yield is three to four bushels per acre, while two miles or more from bees the yield is not more than one bushel per acre. * * * The farmers near the bees received more cash per acre from the seed than they did from any other crop produced, and at the same time they were storing fertility in their soil. No doubt the honeybee is responsible for most of the alsike clover seed produced in ■ this country; for, as Dr. Kohn explains else- where in this article, the fields of alsike clo- ver more than two miles from bees were not worth threshing. Pollination of Red Clover. Red clover, which is known to be practic- ally self-sterile making it necessary that pollen come from a separate plant in order to effect fertilization, was long -thought to be pollinated by bumblebees only, but bee- keepers have for years noted some evidence that the honeybee is an important agent in the pollination of this plant. Practically every year I have found the bees working freely on red clover blossoms in the vicinity of my apiaries in Indiana not only on the second crop but on the first crop as well. When the weather was dry and otherwise favorable for nectar-secretion I have seen fully as many honeybees working on the first croj) of red clover during a heavy honey flow as on white clover and alsike clover. 20 >gOT worn* THRASHING 12 \Z zo zo »9 AQ »80 /O n # to (55)^ s 30**'45 IIS 50 SL 2>0 16 f6 6 14 7 9 36 9 36 5 7 7 22 Z7 6 6 28 4 12. (60) AO (3^ 15 AS The circl show the location of the colonies. The iniineratdi-s of the frar-tions represent the number of acres of alsike and the denominators the number of bushels threshed. 232 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE April, 1922 Whenever this has happened the heads which were permitted to rijaen from the first crop contained 30 or more seeds each and often as many as 50, so a seed crop could have been taken from the first cutting. Only an occasional bumblebee could be seen work- ing on the blossoms of the first crop while there were thousands of honej-bees. In this locality the second crop of red clover some- times enables the bees to store a surplus after white and alslike clovers have ceased blooming. Where red clover is grown for seed in Idaho, the seed crop is taken from the first cutting instead of from the second as is usual in the East. No doubt the abundance of honeybees there helps to make this pos- sible, for at tlie time of the first bloom bum- blebees could not yet be sufiiciently abund- ant. A study .of the pollination of red clover, made by the United States Department of Agriculture and reported in Bulletin No. 289, worked on flowers outdde, some could always be seen at work on the clover within the cage. Bees working on the clover witliin the cage were obserTed to collect pollen from the flowers and carry it to the hive. As soon as all the flowers in the cage were ma- ture, an area 4 feet square was measured off and all heads within this area were collected, kept sep- arate, and thrashed by hand. Of the 623 heads collected from this area an average of 37.2 seeds per head was obtained. The higher yield of seed obtained in the honeybee cage than in the bumblebee cage may be attributed, at least in part, to the larger number of bees which had access to this clover. However, the ratio of honeybees to bumblebees was no greater in the cages than in the clover fields in the vicinity of Ames in 1911. In the summary of this bulletin the au- thors say: The honeybee proved to pollinator of red clover as When the precipitation was mal in June, July and Au nectar-producing plants wer collected large quantities of In order to collect pollen t' of the flowers. In doing the flowers. be as efficient a cross- the bumblebee in 1911. considerably below nor- :ust, 1911, and but few e to be found, honeybees ]iollen from red clover. ey must spring the keels this they cross-pollinate Screen cage used by the United States Department of Agriculture to determine the efficiency of honey- bees as pollinators of red clover. A colony of bees was placed within the cage and bumblebees were excluded by the one-fourtli-inch mess screen. — Fig. G, Dept. of Agriculture, Bulletin No. 289. published in 1915, substantiates the obser- vations previously made by beekeepers as to the ability of honeybees in cross-pollinat- ing red clover, as will be seen from the fol- lowing extracts: In order to determine the efficiency of the honey- bee as a cross-pollinator of red clover, a cage 12 feet square and 6 feet high, made of galvanized- wire screen having 4 meshes to the linear inch, was erected in the same field as the bumblebee cage. It was previously determined that a mesh of this size would permit a honeybee, or any insect smaller than a honeybee, to pass thru, but would not permit bumblebees to do so. Two weeks before the clover came into bloom a small colony of honeybees was placed in one corner of this cage (Pig. 6). The bees soon learned to pass thru the screen. By the time the clover began to bloom the bees had l;ocome accustomed to the cage, and while most of them In the regions where red clover seed is grown, there are usualh^ no other honey plants in bloom during the second bloom of red clover, and beekeepers in these regions know that near large apiaries many more honeybees may be seen working on red clo- ver practically every year than any other insect. No doubt the yield of red clover seed is increased near large apiaries by the many visits of honeybees. If data on the yield of red clover seed near large apiaries were collected, it would, in all probability, show the highest yield in fields adjacent to the apiaries and decreasing yields in more distant fields, as in the case of alsike clover mentioned above. April, 1922 GLP:ANINGS IN BEE CULTURE Pollination of Sweet Clover Last August the U. S. Department of Ag 233 riculture publislied a result of some studies in pollination of sweet clover in Department Bulletin No. 844. These studies were con- ducted at Arlington, Va., and at Ames, Iowa, in 19J6. The biennial white sweet clover Racemes of Hiibam clover, from which bee.s were excluded, at DeGraff, Ohio. A large wire-cloth cage was placed over the plant.s while in bloom. Only a few seed.s were develoised. (Melilotufi alha) was used chiefly in these experiments, for it had previously been de- termined that both Melilotus alba and M. officinalis (yellow biennial) were visited by the same kinds of insects and that both re- quired the same methods of pollination in order to set seed. There is every reason to believe that the annual white sweet clover (Hubam) requires the same methpds of pol- lination. This makes the findings of the De- partment of even greater interest just now. In regard to the necessity of insect pol- lination for sweet clover this bulletin says: The results in Table V show that an average of 0.37 pod to the raceme was obtained from the plants protected from visitation by all insects dur- ing the flowering period. As the racemes of Meli- lotus alha will average appro.ximately 50 flowers each, less than 1 per cent of them set seed without being pollinated by insects. ***** On account of the ease with which the heavy flow of nectar of sweet clover flowers may be ob- tained many insects visit the flowers, thereby pol- linating them. While the useful insect visitors of flowers of red clover are limited to a few species of Hymenoptera, those pollinating sweet-clover blos- soms are many and belong to such orders as Coleop- tera, Lepidoptera and Diptera, as well as to the Hymenoptera. However, in the United States the honeybee is the most important pollinator of sweet clover. Recognizing the value of honeybees in pol- linating sweet clover, the leading growers of Hubam seed, last summer, had a large number of colonies of bees moved into the midst of their acreage of seed-producing Hubam. The A. I. Root Co. supplied a car- load of bees to pollinate the Hubam clover for the DeGraff Food Co., DeGraff, Ohio. Pollination of Cotton. Who would ever think there could be any relation between the honeybee and the pro- duction of automobile tires? Here is a state- ment by Thomas H. Kearney, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Department of Agri- culture, in The Journal of Heredity, March, 1921, showing the importance of the honey- bee in increasing the yield of the long-staple cotton, used bj^ tire manufacturers. There can be no doubt, in the light of these facts, that thorough pollination, which results in an in- creased number of seeds per boll, also increases the yield of fiber. What, then, can the cotton-grower do to insure effective pollination? It is, of course, not in his power to increase the number of wild bees and wasps which visit his cotton flowers, but often honeybees also are effective pollinators. It would, therefore, seem desirable to encourage the keeping of bees in the vicinity of the cotton fields and to watch their behavior in relation to the crop. The use of bees to increase the yield of long-staple cotton was also advocated by Rowland M. Mead in the Journal of Hered- ity for October, 1918. More and more careful investigation is revealing the value of the honeybee to agri- culture. The growers of insect-pollinated crops of the future will not take a chance on the haphazard pollination by insects not un- Racenics of Hubam clover to which bees had free access during bloom. These were taken from the same plot of ground as those shown in cut at left but were outside the cage during bloom. Note they are well filled with seed pods. der control, but will demand that pollina- tion be insured every year. Agriculture in the future will, no doubt, demand that large numbers of bees be kept where certain crops are grown. Agriculture would demand this, even though honeybees never yielded any returns in honey. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE April, 191 FIT®^ the^fieedWex ^ THE ISLE OF WIGHT DISEASE The Mite Causing this Disease Not Yet Found in the United States American beekeepers have been much in- terested in the reports that have come from their fellow workers in Great Britain re- garding the losses that come from the Isle of Wight disease, as it is commonly called. So far as is known, this condition does not exist in the United States, and naturally we are not anxious to have it. The findings of Dr. John Eennie and his associates of the University of Aberdeen, reported in Decem- ber, 1920, that the disease is caused by a parasitic mite, Tarmnemus ivoofli, seemed to hold out ultimate hope of some remedial methods, for until the cause was known little could be done on treatment. This in- vestigation is one of the outstanding dis- Mite associated with Isle of Wight disease. Figure at left male, dorsal view. Figure at right female, dorsal view. — (Hirst.) coveries of the decade in beekeeping, and great credit is due Doctor Eennie and those who worked with him. A recent paper by Stanley Hirst, the Eng- lish specialist in mites, is of interest for two reasons. First, he gives much the best illustrations that have yet appeared of the mites found in bees suffering from the Isle of Wight disease; and, second, he decides that the mite is so specialized in structure that it should be placed in a new genus. It should now, according to Hirst, be called Acarapis ironrli. The illustrations, partly drawn by the artist Tarzi, are especially fine and are here reproduced in part.. These will give an idea of the characteristics of tliis parasite, and would be useful in identi- fication in the event that at any time mites are found in the United States which are susx^ected of being the one which causes the disease which has been so destructive in Great Britain. In the differentiation of various mites the number and position of hairs are important. Hirst's descriptions of the mite are tech- nical and they are not given, but any one interested may find them in the June, 1921, number of the Annals and Magazine of Natural History, VII, No. 42 (9th series), pp. 509-519. From time to time a considerable number of samples of diseased adult bees have been sent to the Bureau of Entomology for ex- amination and since the announcement of the results from Aberdeen they have been examined for mites; none of them were found to contain specimens of this mite. In case any peculiar cases of disease in adult bees are observed, the Bureau of Entomol- ogy will be glad to receive specimens for examination. Such specimens may be sent in an ordinary queen mailing cage l3ut it will be better to send a larger number, prefer- ably as many as 200, in case any serious condition is observed. Mites are sometimes found about the hive, especially in dried pollen and in debris, and in case such material is observed it will be worth wliile to have it examined also. It is not at all probable that Acarapis! irondl would be found in any such place, but now that a mite is found to be causing a disease of bees, it will be well to get all possible information on mites about the apiary. Sev- eral species of mites have already been found in such places as are indicated. Mites are so small that they may often be overlooked, but can often be detected by slight movements in debris. Washington, D. C. E. F. Phillips. I THEIR VALUE WORTH THEIR COST A Defender of the Much Maligned Drone Says the Workers Shine up to Him On page 151 of March Gleanings, Mr. Aeppler gives the readers of Gleanings a very interesting article relative to the food value of larval food. Without wishing to throw any discredit on the work of Mr. Aeppler, I desire to call attention to one or two details which have a bearing on one of his conclusions. In getting the weight of the feed as taken from the cells of drones and of workers, what precautions or signs did he go by to select those of the same age? Did he go by size alone? If he did there is a great chance for error for two reasons. Drone and worker larvae are not of necessity the same age when they are the same size. Again, larvae of the same size are not necessarily of the same age even if of the same sex. Bees flood larvae with food at intervals, and though I have much yet to learn in this re- gard I am inclined to the belief that the Ai-Rir,. 192: GLEANINGS IN B E K CULTURE 235 FROM THE FIELD OF EXPERIENCE flooding is related to the skin-casting pe- riods. Queen larvae have abundance of food with no break, but drone and worker larvae are not fed freely while they are in the quiescent period just prior to the moult. It would be a very easy matter to select 100 larvae, then to select another hundred of apparently the same size, and then to find that in one case the food was ten times what it was in the other. It does not seem at all reasonable that bees should waste food on the drones, nor that the drone larva because of its sex should waste food in its feeding. Now, as drones are only 11/5, that is, only a trifle over twice as heavy as workers, they should need only twice as much food. Mr. Aeppler finds them fed over five times as much. Something is wrong here, or rather has been overlooked. Possibly the drone food has much more water in it. My real subject, however, is not the rela- tive cost of producing drones and workers, rather is it the value of drones in spite of their cost. In the efforts to cut down the number of drones there is, in my opinion, danger of going too fnr. Drones are expen- sive to rear, although it is quite possible that they are reare'l at a time when there is an excess of food, much of which would otherwise be wasted. It requires only a lim- ited number of nurse bees to care for all the worker brood of a colony, and if the nurse bees are in excess the condition is much like that of a family with a new milch cow. Said family o^ets a pig to use up the excess of milk. Bees should at seasons appear able to rear a horde of drones with but little ap- parent drain upon their resources. When we limit a colonv to combs all worker this colony is all right until this ex- cess-f'^od ■^eriod "omes then thev seek a remedy. They will put drone cells anywhere they can. Why will beekeepers persist in proing con- trary to the instinct of bees? Bees came into their own while our remote ancestors were just coming out of the seas and acquir- ing lungs. These instincts are prettv well fixed, and the wise beekeeper will go no fur- ther than trv to guide these instincts rather than try to thwart them. If. then, miscel- laneous drone comb is a nuisance, whv not give in to the bees and let them have a rea- sonable amount in a place where it will prove least annoving. Users of the cross- wise frame find that the best place is the lower tliird of tlie front comb. Drones may cost, but trving to eliminate them is also costly. But suppose we could, in some cheap fashion, succeed in eliminat- ing drones almost entirely, would it pay? In regard to this proposition, T have no abso- lute data. Such are diflficult to get. Honey flows, colonies, treatment, local condition, etc., etc., offer such a variety of conditions that one finds it almost impossible to make an exact conclusion. For these reasons I offer the following only as my belief, not as a proved fact. In my experience I have been led to con- clude that those colonies which lead in honey production are colonies with numer- ous drones, that rarely does a colony pro- duce a bumper crop of honey and not also rear a lot of drones. I have seen exceptions, but these exceptions are of such a nature that one is unable to deduce anything from them. I am led to conclude that the pres- ence of numerous drones in a colony acts upon that colony as a whip. Let us put this into exact figures. Suppose two colonies are exactly equal except for this one thing — -colony one rears few if any drones while colony two rears 5,000. Admit that it took 10 pounds of honey or its equivalent to rear those drones. Colony one is ahead of colony two by 10 pounds of honey. A. heavy flow of honey comes and lasts for three weeks. Colony one has stored a surplus of 100 pounds, while colony two has stored a surplus of 140 pounds. It will be seen that colony two has not only wiped out the 10 pounds advantage which colony one had, but has gained an advantage of 30 pounds. The 5,000 drones cost 10 pounds of honey, but their presence in the hive caused the' colony to gain a net profit of 30 pounds. Those figures are all suppositional, and not backed b^^ any experimental data. Yet in my study of colony life I have been amazed again and again that apparently colonies supported a numerous drone prog- env Avith no apparent loss. How account for it? I never have been able to account for this paradox except in the way putlined above. Whether T am right or not, I think it will be wise for us to go slowly in this matter of seeking to eliminate the drone. If the drone reacts iipon colony activity and so actually pays well for his board and keep, in spite of the fact that he can himself gather no honey nor do anv work about the hive, then he must be considered of econom- ical value. We call worker bees neuters. They arc undeveloped females. What do we know about their sexual reactions? How can we say with any confidence that they desire in no way to shine in the presence of the male? My study of bee life has led to me to think that we should go slow in thinking that worker bees are entirely without sexual in- stinct. 1 believe that it is residual sexual instinct in them that brings on the swarm- ing fever, but that is another subject. Norwichtown, Conn. Allen Latham. 236 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE FROM THE FIELD OF EXPERIENCE April, 1922 THE OLD LESSON REPEATED Bees Far North Do Not Winter Best on Natural Stores Alone On Sunday, March 5, bees in our home district ('York County) had their first cleans- ing flight since late last fall. Although we have had a milder winter than usual, yet around home here not a day was warm enough for the bees to take to the air. As previously mentioned, our bees south of Hamilton have had more than one good flight during this time — all going to show what 50 or 60 miles may mean in the matter of wintering bees. On March 6 my son and I made a hasty visit to five apiaries in the home district to see that no entrances were clogged or water standing in front of en- trances. With the first warm weather, pools of water will sometimes form directly under the entrance, even if the hives are all on high ground. Judging by the looks of things at the different yards, I should say that there will be little loss, taking all apiaries into con- sideration. At four yards we noticed but one dead colony and that was queenless last fall and overlooked when the bees were packed. This one dead colony was one among an apiary of 178 colonies. Of course, there will be sure to be losses later on from queenlessness, etc. In fact, we always ex- pect a certain percentage to drop out each spring when systematic requeening is not carried out in actual practice, much as we would like to be able to do this. At the fifth and last yard visited, condi- tions were not any too good, and we found three colonies dead and a few others ready to go, all from the same cause — dysentery. It required no examination to tell the rea- son of these impending and actual fatali- ties. Simply looking at the back of the hive, to see whether the colony had been fed sugar syrup or left with natural stores was all that was required to solve the problem. At this apiary the bees are all on Jumbo frames and, as a consequence, they are quite heavy with a mixture of buckwheat and sweet clover honey gathered mainly in Aug- ust. Of course they had far less sugar syrup than any of the other apiaries and, as a result, there will be more loss in that one yard apparently than in the other seven apiaries where the bees were lighter in the fall and consequently had to be fed more sugar syrup to get them in condition for Avinter. So far in our experience, we have found sweet clover honey a very poor food for winter. It granulates solid, and in colo- nies showing the dysentery so badly we found combs of honey all so solid that one could hardly dig it out of the cells. For three years we have found this same condi- tion in colonies having any quantity of sweet clover honey for stores, and it is cer- tainly a case of three times and out, for in the future we will not risk this grade of honey for winter purposes. As to apiaries in Simcoe County I have heard nothing since last October, except to learn in February that all were covered with two to three feet of snow. We are just making preparations to take a run in the car tomorrow to visit the five apiaries south of Hamilton, which we have not seen since Jast October. This is about 85 miles from home, but we are not worrying over the trip as much as we would have worried, a few years ago, at the thought of making a trip to a yard 10 miles away. Many changes have come about during the last 10 years, and beekeeping, while not making progress in some lines perhaps as much as some other itidusti'ies, has greatly changed during this time. J. L. Byer. Markham, Ont. I WORD "EXTRACTED" ON LABELS Needed Some Places to Distinguish Between Ex- tracted Honey and Strained Honey Shall we eliminate the word "extracted" from honey labels? In my opinion, no, sir! Most emphatically not. Down here in Texas we beekeepers have spent years educating our customers to the superiority of extracted over ordinary honey, which may have been boiled or squeezed together with brood, pol- len, and dead bees, and the whole mass sus- pended in a sack to strain, drain, or drip. Formerly our extracted honey had to compete with much of this "strained hon- ey, ' ' as it was called. However, as the old- time box-hive beekeeper learned better methods, and transferred to frame hives, this stuff that once passed muster as honey has almost disappeared from our markets. But if I should send out my price list quoting "Honey," I am satisfied that nine- tenths of the replies would inquire as to kind of honey (whether "extracted," "comb," or "chunk") before placing or- ders. Of course, if one is quoting both "Honey" and "Comb Honey," the nat- ural supposition would be that the "Honey" is not comb honey, but at the same time it might be almost anything else; whereas all my customers know that ' ' extracted ' ' is the cleanest, clearest, most wholesome, and best-tasting honey they can buy. Perhaps it was unfortunate, in the first p]ace, to have coined the term "Extracted Honey;" but, at this late date, I submit that it would be just as big a mistake to make the change suggested. Bay City, Tex, J. D. Yancey. April, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE o c u U E frieud, Allen La- tham gives on page 154, March Glean- ings, many good reasons why the bee-space should be below rather than on top of supers. Now, he may be right, but will it pay to change where we have hundreds or thousands of hives or supers with the bee- space on top? When I began beekeeping there was a great deal said about different- sized frames, each claiming to be better than the others, and I changed the size of my frames and brood-chamber as many as five or six times. Each size, I found, had its advantages as well as its disadvantages; and I finally went back to the Langstroth frame, not because it was better than others but because it was a standard frame in gen- eral use. We are using hundreds of supers without bee-space either at top or bottom of super and get along very well. It doesn 't, as a rule, pay to keep changing over our outfit even if something is a little better. * » * That editorial, on page 141, on aluminum combs, is well worth the careful attention of anyone in the North who contemplates using these new-fangled combs. Our ex- perience tallies with that of others, that these combs do not prove satisfactory in our cooler climate, however it may be in the South. Side by side I prefer the well- wired frame of foundation to a complete comb of aluminum. SIFTINGS J. E. Crane 1 TU 237 are apt to think our location un- fortunate; but when we read of the difficulties of b e e k e epers in other sections, as for instance C. E. Bartholo- mew, who lost 100 colonies in a single night (see page 166) from those pesky ants, we may thank our stars we are as well off as Ave are. Mr. Poppleton told me the best way to fight them was to follow them to their nests and destroy them there. These nests I found mostly in the decaying roots of the saw palmetto. » * * The size and appearance of those western honey-houses almost take my breath away. But the West is a big country, and busi- ness of all kinds is done on a large scale. There is, however, one thing peculiar about honey-houses, that no matter how large you build you never regret it. * * » Honey mixed with water half and half, as described by H. M. Myers, page 167, as an anti-freeze mixture for automobiles, is an idea worth remembering. He tells us the boiling temperature is approximately 228 de- grees. We are more interested in the tem- perature required to freeze it. Will it stand 20° or 25° below zero? An advantage of such a solution would be that it evaporates much more slowly than clear water. I set some of this mixture out last night and it stood 14° below freezing this morning. The "New Beekeeping" described on page 143 is sufficiently distinct from the old hit-or-miss metliods to be called new, and it has been tested by a sufficient num- ber of beekeepers to prove its value, so it can be safely recommended to all who have not tried it out. Yes, sir, it is all right. * * * "When and How to Set Out," D. L. Woodward 's article beginning on page 149, should be of great value to beginners. The advice to set bees out at night is doubtless all right, but of late years I have come to think a cool or cold day, too cool for bees to fly, is just as well. We usually have enough such days during the season in which to set out all our bees. * » » E. L. Snodgrass informs us, page 155, that 10 acres of j-ellow sweet clover will keep 100 colonies from starving. This may be true in Kansas, but it would hardly prove true in the East. Tlie sweet clovers do not appear to yield nearly as much nectar in the East as in the West. Eeading Gleanings helps one to be optimis- tic. When we meet with some reverse we E. J. Williams, page 154, says, "Verily there is nothing new under the sun, espe- cially in apiculture." However true this proverb may have been 3,000 years ago, it is not so today. We have no reason to be- lieve that the Queen of Sheba wired King Solomon of her intended visit, or that Alex- ander used an ounce of gunpowder in his somewhat famous conquest of the world. The Eomans did not use airplanes in their military tactics nor steamboats in their war- fare against Carthage. The printing press was unknown at the beginning of the Cliris- tian era; and Simon Peter never used a motorboat in setting his fish nets in the sea of Galilee. Vergil, who wrote so interest- ingly of bees, never dreamed of a frame hive, nor did Huber ever hear of a honey- extractor or comb foundation. Even our beloved father Langstroth or Quiiiby or even Dr. Miller would have opened wide his eyes to hear Mell Pritchard tell of queens taking a joy flight of an afternoon in our Indian summer, after their arduous l.-ibor of egg-laying was over. Yes! verily, tiiere is much that is new in beekeeping as in every- thing else. If we were to tell of all th;it is new, even in beekeeping, it would take much more space than I have at my disposal. iSS IT is an unusual and rather c ur agreeable ex- perience for a mother of a fam- ily to find her- self so popular that she is con- stantly receiving i n V i t ations to take pleasant rides with gentlemen — real estate agents. Without exaggeration I believe we have been through hundreds of houses, and let me tell you of some of the conveniences and comforts we have found in these southern California homes and see if you do not agree with us. IIST the first place the California housekeep- er in average circumstances, like your Avife, Mr. Subscriber, or me, apparently realizes that a small, compact house can hold more happiness than a large one, for it enables her to have more time to enjoy the wonderful climate and scenery with her family. We have been through little bungalows which cost a small fortune to build, exqui- site and perfect in every appointment and evidently designed for people who could af- ford to gratify every whim but preferred a house small enough to manage without a resident servant. SUPPOSE yoii let me conduct you through a typical' southern California bungalow, moderate in price and yet complete and convenient. We will take this frame, colo- nial bungalow, painted ivory white with a touch of gray green on the window screens and with a dull green, shingled roof. We might select a flat-roofed Spanish stucco, an English cottage type of stucco with steep gables or an Italian villa, also of stucco, but when one must choose a moderate-priced home I believe the good old substantial frame house is safer. Notice it nestles close to the ground, but the lawn is gently terraced down a few feet from the house and at the street is terraced down with bricks on which ivy is growing. You see the effect is low although it is well above the street level. Notice the view of the distant mountains from the porch. The solid front door you see is 3^^ feet wide, and I have seen them even wider. While there is no screen to this door there are screens to the long side lights, and many cautious housekeepers open the side lights and view the prospective guest through the locked screen before opening the door. There are also two pairs of French doors opening on to the porch. ■ The living room in this bungalow is about 14 by 23 feet with a beautiful fireplace at one end, flanked by built-in bookcases which fill the whole end of the room. The fire- place is of dull finished tile in soft colors, framed in ivorv woodwork, for that is the GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE The Small House of Southern California 1 CONSTANCE ROOT BOYDEN (Stancy .Puerden) TU APBiii, 1922 finish throughout this house. The paper, which is alike in living and dining rooms, is of a light, stippled effect which will har- monize with any color scheme. While we have yet to see a California house without a fireplace we have seen very, very few which show use. Sometimes a gas heater is placed in the fireplace and often an ugly little stove stands out in front of it. Notice that this one has a fire of "bri- quets." There is a gas "floor furnace" in this room too, with a flue to carry the fumes to the chimney. Many of the bungalows are piped merely for gas stoves, and almost none of the modern ones have real furnaces. Notice as you come into the dining room that there are glass doors in the wide open- ing between the two rooms. The high cost of fuel in this state makes such doors quite as much of a necessity as in the East. In the dining room is one of the most charm- ing features of California homes. It is the built-in sideboard or buffet with ample china closets on each side, the whole extending across one end of the dining room or re- cessed into the middle of one side wall. Thus there is no cumbersome piece of furniture to mar the fine oak floor when moved, nor do you have to wield a daily dust mop under it. I am told that during and immediately following the war, when lumber was so high, there was a tendency to omit the built-in furniture, but the sensible, labor- saving custom is apparently returning, for some of the finest new houses we saw con- tained exceptionally fine built-in sideboards. Properly built they tend to make a small dining room seem more spacious and sym- metrical. The French doors, opening out to the little pergola roofed patio, make the dining room seem almost out of doors in warm weather. That little patio is typical of southern Cali- fornia homes, even the humblest, although it is not always out of the dining room. NOW come out into the kitchen with me. If you men can get some ideas for im- proving the kitchens presided over by your wives they will appreciate it. Notice that the walls and woodwork of this kitchen are spotlessly white with a pretty, inlaid lineoleum on the floor. I never saw a California sink which was not under a window or pair of windows, so that the housekeeper may not only feast her eyes on God's out-of-doors and breathe pure air while she is at work, but listen to the music of the mocking birds as well. In this kitchen, between the windows, is a little cupboard set into the wall. It is similar to a bathroom medicine cabinet and in it is kept a supply of soap, scouring powders, sapolio, brushes, etc. The sink itself is built in with tiling Ai-KlL, 102'. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE forming a shelf at each side instead of the enameled drain boards which are so common in the East. Underneath the tiled shelves the space is solidly built in to the floor Avith cupboards, drawers, zinc-lined bins for flour, sugar, etc., and a kneading board which slides out like those in kitclien cabinets. The space underneath the sink is open, of course, for comfort in standing before it; but all the other space is utilized, and being solid to the floor the housekeeper is saved the necessity of sweeping under it. Above the tiled drain boards are hung more cupboards at a height which leaves a convenient working surface underneath tliem. Notice that these cupboards are a little narrower than those below on account of the windows over the sink. Instead of tile a composition called woodstone is often used. Above the sink notice the little re- cess iu the tile for a cake of soap. This built-in hood, plastered like the rest of the ceiling, is over the range to carry away the odors and steam from cooking. Another convenience found in every Cali- fornia home which we have seen is the so- called "cooler." This is a cupboard, shaped much like an ordinary chimney, reaching from floor to ceiling, with shelves of wire netting or slatted wood. There is a screened opening into tliis from the outside, below the level of the floor, and another at the the top or near the top. A current of air is drawn through this at all times, making it a good substitute for the refrigerator in cool or moderate weather and supplement- ing the refrigerator in warm weather. In some of the best coolers is a shallow draw shelf for eggs. These coolers are supposed to be more efficient if they are on a north outside wall, or a shaded wall, but I have seen them in all positions and on inside Avails. If I were going to move back to Ohio, which I am not, that cooler idea should accompany me. We liave found both breakfast rooms and breakfast nooks or alcoves, but to my mind the latter are far preferable, saving time and effort and answering every purpose of the separate breakfast room. Having enthused over the one we built in Ohio to the extent of some 2,000 words on this page I am not going to say any more about them now. Here is something which you men must not miss. Notice when I open this narrow cupboard door a most convenient ironing board drops doAvn into position all ready for ironing, and notice too that a sm;iil sleeve board is so hinged that it can be dropped down over the larger board when needed. If your wife hasn't this conveni- ence, make her a present of it and see if slie does not pay for it by keeping your best trousers in press. This wide cupboard near the range has no shelves. Instead it has rows of strong hooks on ji'hich to hang such utensils as frying pans, stew pans, etc. It is surpris- ing how many kitchen utensils may be hung up and how much more accessible they are than when nested on shelves. CALIFOENTA homes are sometimes built without bedrooms, having "disappear- ing beds" in living room, dining room or both, but I don't believe there is one in Los Angeles without the "screen porch." By this is not meant the ordinary screen- ed porch of the East. A "screen porch" is the dearest little laundry room and back porch combined you ever saw. It is really a small room opening out of the kitchen with several wide windows pro- tected only by screen. The white enameled laundry tubs are usually placeast montli. Work of all kinds is, therefore, held back very much. I have never before experienced such a continued cold and cloudy spell at any one time in my 26 years in soutliern California. However, there are enough wil- lows and other blossoms out so that the bees could soon make a living if the weather would moderate a little. On account of so much rain, the beekeepers are very optimis- tic and feel that the prospects for a crop of honey in 1922 are as good as they have ever seen. Many beekeepers are of the opinion that the orange honey crop will be very late if any crop is secured in those sections where the oranges are badly frozen. We feel that most of the prophecies on the orange crop are only a guess at best. As the leaves on the trees dry up and drop off, it makes the prospects look the more gloomy for honey from that source. But this is one of the seasons wlien one does not have to depend on the orange, as the black sage will be just as early and this year just as sure a producer. Some apiaries are offered for sale and a few sales are reported, the prices ranging from six dollars per colony up. Quite a large per cent of the beekeepers who are members of the Exchange have signed the new contract. They feel that the sj^stem is the proper one. With the pros]iects for a crop so promising and three years of experience back of us, the Ex- change should give good satisfaction to its members during the next few years. Steady work in the apiary Avill be the order this month. A few days will occur when it will be unwise to open tlie liives; but there are always hives to get ready, frames to wire, foundntion to set, and other bee-work to do. A glance in a hive will often suffice to keep one in touch with con- ditions, and, just as soon as the hive is well filled with bees, one can put on a super. Even if the weather is cool no harm will result, if no brood is put above. Treat those colonies that show any signs of dis- ease. The colonies on Avhich drawn combs are placed for extracted honey can, in most cases, just as Avell draw a few sheets of foundation and be all the better for it. Til ere are some cases and conditions where a colony will not draw comb when it will store surplus honey. It is better to have the surplus super on a few days in advance than to have the bees idle because they have no room. Surplus honey is generally stored the last part of April in southern California and extracting is usually necessary. But if a beekeeper has combs enough so that the bees can store all of the orange honey or other first crops Avithout any extracting, it is money Avell iuA'ested. He should be in no hurry to extract this early honey; for if lie has any trouble about unripe honey, it is sure to be this new honey, stored Aviien the Aveatlier is still cool and in many cases cloudy. Plenty of tank room is also essen- tial, as a continued settling tends both to clarify and ripen the honey. Corona, Cal. L. L. Andrews. April, 1922 GLEANINGS IN B 1<; E CULTURE 243 FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH In Florida. >^^"S the southeast coast and on the Florida Keys the spring honey flow will be at its height by the time this is in print. The saw pal- mettoes are in bloom now (Feb. 27) and the young plume shoots are coming on in such numbers that, if the weather is right, there will be one of the best palmetto honey flows this part of Florida has ever known. Unfortunately the honej'^ flow is coming a little too early for the bees to be in con- dition to make the most of it; however, they are rapidly extending brood-rearing and will be able to take advantage of the best part of the honey flow. In addition to saw palmetto the cabbage palmetto is going to give a heavy bloom in March and April. This is about four months ahead of its usual schedule. It may also give a honey flow at the usual time in July and August. Coral sumac is preparing for a heavy bloom and will come along with the pal- metto this year. Usually this tree is the first to bloom in the spring and provides the bees with the stimulus necessary to start their brood-rearing in earnest. The usual order of bloom seems to be up- set this year, especially on the Keys, which have been suffering from drouth, the rain- fall being over three feet below normal last year and none yet this year. There has been only seven-tenths of an inch rainfall in the past four months, and this was di- vided between two light showers weeks apart. It has been exceptionally warm for the season the past winter. The temperature dropped below 60° only two nights and then did not reach 50°. In this part of the state bees went into winter weak and short of stores. On the Keys it has been necessary to feed all win ter, and feeding is an everyday task down here. If at one feeding you give them syrup in quantity sufficient to last, the bees will be unable to care for it and fermentation sours the syrup and kills the bees. Neither will the bees take syrup or thinned honey from an open feeder at any time, and will seldom disturb combs of honey when ex- posed in the yard. .Just last week the combs of honey from an old box-hive were ex- posed in one yard for the bees to rob out, and it took them over four days to do it. In the North the same combs would have been licked out in an hour and the whole yard would have been in an uproar. Key Biscayne, Fla. C. E. Bartholomew. Jj^ Texas The weather conditions dur- ing February have been fa vorable to the bees. The month, as a whole, has been cold and to some extent rainv. Wliile not more than two inches of water has fallen at any one place during the month it has been ample to ensure a spring honey flow. The temperature has been suf- ficiently low to cause the bees to be quies- cent or clustered during most of the time. This has retarded brood-rearing and has decreased the consumption of stores. The coldest temperature of winter occurred the niglit of February 28 when the thermome ter reached 20° above. Just what the result of this cold weather will be is not knoAvn, but beekeepers are certain that no harm has been done either to bees or honey plants. There is a great deal of activity in bee keeping lines this spring. This is not only evidenced by the increased sale of bee fix- tures but by the organization of a number of beekeeping firms. The very latest de velopment is the organization of the Suni- Land Bee and Honey Company. This or- ganization is similar in operation to the Western Bee Farm Corporation of Califor- nia. It is reported that this company will start off the season with 2000 colonies of bees in its outyards. This firm should do well, as the man promoting it has been very successful in putting into operation similar schemes, and the men Avho will have the act- ive charge are experienced beekeepers. T. W. Burleson of Waxahachie started a queenyard at Mathis, Texas, just a year ago. His object was to raise queens for his own pound-package business. This experiment was so successful that Mr. Burleson has in creased the size of his yards and will sell queens this coming season. The queenyard is under the care of J. W. Seay, formerly of Lancaster, Texas, who is well known to the beekeeping world. His assistant is 0. E. Timm, who formerly resided at Bennington, Neb., and was secretary of the Nebraska State Beekeepers' Association. Lloyd E. Watson, who has been the api culturist of the experiment station, for the past year, has resigned and will take up the work toward a Doctor's degree, at Cornell University. The writer will take up the work left by Mr. Watson April 1. Quite a change will be made in the carrying out of the ex periiiiciitiil uork in beekeeping under the experiment station. All of such work will be carried out at a newly established sub station, which is located 12 miles southeast of San Antonio, Texas. All of the equip- ment used in this subject now in the central station at College Station will be removed to the San Antonio location, and, if the present plans are carried out, this sub-sta- tion will become the largest and best-equip- ped laboratory for bee investigations in the United States. H. B. Parka. San Antonio, Tex. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE April, 1922 FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH In Porto Rico '^^^ tropical beekeep- er may not have freez- ing winters to devastate his colonies, but he has what may be equally bad or worse — the wax moth. Few beekeepers who have not kept bees in warm climates can appre- ciate the danger of the wax moth. It is on the job every month of the year, ready to work overtime in any colony which may be- come weak from any cause whatever. However, even the destruction caused by the moth has its silver lining, as it tends to eliminate the careless beekeeper and the bees that are not looked over regularly. The northern beekeeper may allow his bees to go for a year or two with but little or no attention. Unless the winter is excessively cold his loss will not be great. Not so un- der tropical conditions. Once let a colony become weakened in numbers by an old queen, loss of queen, or through shortage of stores, and the colony is gone, unless the owner is on hand to remedy the trouble by giving emerging brood and a new queen. If the bees are left to shift for themselves, the moth will make short work of what is left, leaving nothing but the hive filled with frames, whose wood is badly eaten by the larvae of the moth. It frequently happens that the frames are so weakened as to be of no further use. The life of the queen under tropical con- ditions is short because she has little or no complete rest. Heavy loss in colonies may be looked for all over the island from this cause, where the bees do not receive suf- ficient attention to keep the colonies in good strength. This is the silver lining to the troubles of tropical beekeeping. Tliey do little harm to the man who cares for his bees. On the other hand, they will quickly eliminate his competitor whose colonies become weakened in numbers. One tiling more will tend to decimate the ranks of the tropical beekeeper. This is old Mother Nature herself. The warm, tropical showers are followed by tlie hot sun. This heat beating down turns into vapor or steam any water tliat may be lying on covers or absorbed into the wood. This condition go- ing on, shower after sliower and day after day, quickly destroys the wood of all hives that are not kept well painted with the very best of paint. So one's investment in bee- hives when un cared for rapidly disappears. The specialist in bees has a large invest- ment in his hives, bees and equipment. He well knows the impoitaiice of keeping his colonies in the best possible condition. The man who has only a few colonies as invest- ment, or the man who works his bees as a side issue from liis main business, is more likely to allow his colonies to fall by the wayside when profits are slow in coming. This condition is bound to enhance the pros- pects of the professional beekeeper. It is likely he will be able to absorb his smaller, less-interested competitors. Aibonito, Porto Eico. Penn G. Snyder. » » » In Alabama. -^'^ account of the unusual warm weather for the past month the bees have begun brood- rearing in earnest, some colonies having as many as five and six frames. While this will cause greater consumption of stores it will be beneficial to the package shipper, unless the cold wave that is just beginning here is too severe or lasts a long time. For this same reason the honey plants are making a wonderful growth, and, un- less they are killed, should be in fine con- dition for the honey flow. Most shippers of packages and nuclei have more orders booked than they did this time last year, wliich shows that the northern beekeepers are preparing to keep more bees to make up for the difference in the price of honey. Honey is still moving rather slowly, but most beekeepers who have not sold their crop are confident that it will be all gone before the new crop is ready for market. Montgomery, Ala. J. M. Cutts. » * » In Louisiana.— I^ «ff"^« strange that the Nortli and East, have suf- fered so much by cold this winter, wliile here in Louisiana, wliere the pines and palms meet, we have had very little weather when artificial heat was needed. Only one time this winter has ice formed on exposed water, and that was only for a few liours. Geraniums and other tender plants in flower gardens were not hurt and are now bloom- ing profusely. I have just returned from a tour through tlie middle and southern sections of the state where I found bees in better condition than they have been for years. In look- ing througli some liives I found them in most instances with four and five full combs of brood. Tlie very open winter and great honey flow of last fall did the work. Colonies of bees are usually strong at this date, but not to the proportions that they have already reached this season. They are really in early-summer strength, and the workers are great enough in numbers to gather the willow honey flow, which will be coming very soon. In fact, some of the trees are blooming now (Feb. 28). The yellow jessamine in the hill country is blooin- ing, and in the open country white clover is being worked on freely 1)y the bees. It will take a very heavy freeze now, which is not looked for,' to prevent a very large crop of honey this season. E. C. Davis. Baton Eouge, La. A run.. I '.1122 CLEANINGS IN B K K CULT U R K FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH In Mississippi.— O" the date of writing ri^ tlie state is m the gi'ip of a cold wave tliat may do some damage to bees, especially here on the Gulf Coast. Colonies examined yesterday averaged six frames of brood. Titi and willow are in full bloom. The citrus groves will be in bloom in about one week. If the tempera- ture drops to freezing and endures for many hours, the bees will have to forsake a large portion of their brood. The beekeeper will consequently gather a shorter crop when black gum and tupelo bloom next month and Avhen gallberry blooms early in May. The various species of Nyssa and gallberry are the sources of the best honey made in the Coastal Plain. I miglit add that these hon- eys are hard to beat for quality. The advocate of packing would get a more attentive audience on a day like this. Per- haps in this section packing is not needed, but the Gulf offers no protection when a "norther" blows. And northers are not un- common in this country. In three or four days, Avhen it is warm and sunshiny again and all the chilled brood is carried out, the beekeeper will have forgotten that it was ever cold and ridicule the idea of protection. Perhaps he is right. We need some experi- mental work done to lead us out of our ig- norance. February was especially conducive to brood-rearing in north Mississippi, and colo- nies may be expected to be strong early. Bees were noticed working in great numbers on chickweed early in the month, the first time the writer has observed this lowly flow- er being worked. Bees have been working maple, elm and mustard. Last year 's mus- tard plants were in full bloom early in the month and afforded the bees great delight. Mustard is used as a green in the South. The sweet clover in the prairie section is in excellent condition. Tliere seems to be an exceptionally large number of new plants from seed germinated in February. If only it were all Hubam! E. B. Willson. Agricultural College, Miss. » » » In North Carolina.— ^t * \ '^, * ^ V^ ^ (March 5) spring conditions are most promising in every way. Of course, there are several things that can befall the bees or the pasturage in this state, either to reduce seriously or cut off entirely the 1922 honey crop. Frosts a little later during critical periods of developments of the flora, protracted rain or disagreeable weather in the midst of these honey flows must always be considered as possible. However, right now bees are demonstrat- ing the fact that they have come through the winter in fine condition where they had anything like adequate supplies to start with, or have been fed. This applies in the case of careful beekeepers who use the mod- ern hives. Of course, following the very lean honey season of 1921, probably thou- sands of colonies in old box or gum hives died out even before the real winter sot in and many more are showing up "dead" this spring; but those losses can very readily be counted as a "blessing in disguise," since such laggard beekeepers will have had a most impressive demonstration of the in- compara.ble advantages of the improved hive and will adopt it far more readily. Bees in even the weakest of the colonies that have "wintered" have been gathering pollen right along since early in January and for two weeks have evidently been get- ting in considerable honey from early peach or other fruit bloom and, in this section, par- ticularly from the mistletoe, arbutus and others of the earlier flora. The maple will be blooming very soon now, and by April 1 the tupelo, black gum and holly will be coming in all along the Carolina Atlantic Coastal section. These will be followed by the gallberry in May. All these, of coursC; stand a chance to be curtailed or cut off en- tirely by cold or to have the bees kept away from them to a more or less serious degree by prolonged rains. But beekeepers are op- timistic and are preparing, especially in the matter of having equipment ready at hand, to give the bees ample room for the hus- banding of a bumper crop. Wilmington, N. C. W. J. Martin. » * * In Utah.— ;j^« are having a seveTe win- ter on thig side or the Kockies. Up to Dec. 20 the weather was very mild, and bees were more active than usual, which caused them to consume more stores than they otherwise Avould have done. Since Dec. 20, measured as it fell, there has been seven feet of snow, and the temperature has been as low as 24° below zero. For Aveeks there were more hours when the temperature was below zero than above. There has been no weather yet for a cleansing flight, and some colonies are show- ing signs of dysentery. There is still on March 11 20 inches of old snow on the level. Many colonies are on their summer stands with no protection, and there must be a severe loss in all such cases. Part of my own bees are in the cellar; but 400 colonies are outside, packed, but not as they should have been for a winter like this. During the Avintor I am assistant instruc- tor to the federal men Avho are taking prac- tical bee culture at the Utah Agricultural College at Logan, and yesterday we looked over the college bees as best we could with- out opening the hives. We found them in fair condition but showing some signs of dysentery. Isn't Dr. Phillips right when he advises to prepare bees every winter for the worst? Hyrum, Utah. M. A. Gill. G L P: A N I N G S IN BEE CULTURE C GLEANED BY ASKING Geo. S. Demuth QUESTION. — W hat is the best way to transfer from a Standard 10-frame hive to the Jumbo? I wish to save all the brood and have the bees ready for the honey flow. I have a new Jumbo hive ready with full sheets of foun- dation. C. E. Jeffrey. Kentucky. Answer. — Since you are changing to the Jumbo depth of frame you no doubt expect to produce extracted honey. In that event transfer two or three of the Standard combs, together with the queen, to the Jumbo brood-chamber as soon as the colony needs more room in the spring. Put the Jumbo brood-chamber on top (or below) the Stan- dard with a queen-excluder between. Three or four days later or when the queen has begun to lay in the newly built comb in the Jumbo frames, shake all the bees off from the Standard combs which were in the Jumbo brood-chamber, to be sure that the queen is not taken away with these combs, and put them back into the Standard brood-chamber, filling up the Jumbo brood-chamber with the frames of foundation. As soon as the foundation is all drawn out, put the Stan- dard brood-chamber on top (if it has been below) where it now becomes a super to be tiered up as other supers are added. Age of Larvae for Queens. Question. — After a colony is made queenless how long a time mu.st elapse before it is impos- sible for it to rear another queen from the brood of the former one? William Thomas. Missouri. Answer. — After nine days the brood is all sealed, so it is certain that no .queens can be reared after that time. If all queen-cells are destroyed before the ninth day, the bees will attempt to rear a queen from old lar- vae, even those almost ready to seal, if there are no younger larvae; but these, of course, would not result in a real queen, for the feeding period would be too short. Maples as Honey Plants. Question. — Do maple trees have nectar and pollen or pollen only? Gustav Stolze. Connecticut. Answer. — The different species of maple yield both nectar and pollen. The impor- tance of the maples as honey plants is prob- ably not fully appreciated. Because they bloom so early surplus honey is not often stored from this source. The red maples, the box-elder or ash-leaf maples and the sil- ver maples are especially valuable, but bloom quite early in March and early April in the North. The sugar maple, which blooms later, sometimes yields large quanti- ties of nectar. If the colonies are strong in the spring and the weather is favorable even for a few days when the maples are in bloom thev sometimes store rapidlv, sometimes gaining 20 pounds or more. This is where 1 April, 1922 good wintering makes a great difference in the spring. It is not at all unusual to see strong colo- nies gain in their stores dur- ing bad weather in the spring, while weak colonies in the same apiary are starving. Strong colonies are able to send a large force of bees into the field when- ever the sun shines for an hour or so and it is often surprising how much nectar they are able to carry in even during bad weath- er. Maples often yield freely while there is snow on the ground. Age of Brood in Concentric Circles. Question.- — On a comb having concentric circles of brood of different ages, if the outside circle is pupae, the second larvae, the third pupae and the center is empty cells where young bees have .lUst emerged, how many days has the queen been laying on this comb? John J. Valley. Ohio. Answer. — The queen has been laying on this comb for not less than 42 days. Of course, this process could be repeated so that she could have been laying on this comb much longer. You can figure this out by remembering that the brood is sealed alDOut nine days after the eggs are laid and the young bees emerge about 21 days after the laying of the egg. The condition you describe is found only in very weak colo- nies or when there is but little brood-rear- ing, as in the spring or Avinter. Feeding Honey Granulated in Combs. Question.- — What is the best way to feed up honey that is granulated in unsealed combs ? Montana. Myra Pickering. Answer. — By filling up the cells with wa- ter and hanging the comb in the hive, the combs of granulated honey can be fed to the bees. The cells can be filled with water by laying the combs down flat and pouring on the water from a sprinkling can, or even by pouring the water from an elevation of four or five feet. An old pail with a row of holes punched in the bottom, five holes to the inch, is excellent for filling combs with water. Spraying When Petals Begin to Drop. Question. — We are moving an out-apiary to an orchard. The owner says that he sprays his apple trees with lime and sulphur when the petals begin to fall. Will this be detrimental to the bees if left in the orchard at that time or should they be moved away for a few days when the trees are sprayed? J. P. Williams. Missouri. Answer. — So far as known, lime and sul- phur spray as used for spraying does not harm the bees in any way; but, no doubt the orehardist intends to add arsenic of lead for the spray applied when the petals begin to fall. For best results in spraying most authorities advise that the spraying be done after 90% of the petals are down. When this is done there is little if any dan- April, 10'. G L K A N T N n S IN BEE C U L T U R K 247 per of the bees bciiij]: injured wlioii nrsenic is usimI; but, if applic■ Can the Ethiopian change his skin, or the leopard his spots'? — Jere. 13:23. Hubam in Florida, No clover of any kind, not even alfalfa, wall stand our hot, wet summers. A few cases have been found where it somefimes gets through; the season isn't long enough. But the Hubam is O. K. Nov. 1, 1921, I sowed four rows, perhaps 100 feet long. On March 1, 1922, it is higher than I can reach — some of it — and full of -bloom and bees. The en- tire growth was made during December, Ja'nuary and February. We are going to sow it on all our potato ground as fast as the potatoes are dug. We shall probably spade it all under to enrich the ground for potatoes next winter. Our new potatoes are wanted (once more) faster than we can fur- nish them, at 75c for a % peck basket. Mr. A. I. Root, Bradcntown, Florida. Dear Mr. Root : — Who am I, to be writing you now ? What can I, who am so much younger, say at this time to you, who has lived for so Iouk so near to God? How can I tell you where to turn for comfort? Ah, dear friend, whom I do not know, God comfort you in these days of loneli- ness I Well I know where your faith lies, and how firm and great is your belief in the "many man- sions.'' B\it for the inexpressible personal loss, may God Himself comfort and sustain you. 1 never thanked you for your note of last fall. I do so now. The regret that I felt at that time because you were not to pass thru Nashville has deepened now. How I wish I might have met her. How I hope I may yet meet you and tell you more fully what now I can only suggest, my deep admiration for you and for her memory, and my heart full of sympathy for you today. Over against your sorrow you have a wealth of memories- — -what rich lovely ones they must be! — and an even greater wealth of faith and hope- To these may I add, humbly but affectionately, my own deep sympathy and that of my husband. God bless you I Grace Allen. Route 9, Nashville Tenn., Dec. 15, 1921. TO A. I. ROOT On the Sudden Death of Mrs. Root, Aged 80- A HOMEMAKER TAKEN WHILE AT WORK. How steadily God's winds go blowing Wherever they are sent I I had not thought about her going Before you went. But who can trace the holy thought W^hereby God's purposes are wrought? Perhaps He watched her working there. And said, "Come now, dear Child, I've other work anotherwhere"- — And took her hand, and smiled. (For in God's plan how can we know What service still may be? — - What bread to bless, what fields to sow. What shores of what great sea To watch for homing sails ? — What room To fill with some undreamed-of bloom ? What oil to pour, what lamps to trim And in what windows high To set them on old roadways dim To light God's children by?) For sixty years, when sunset flame Had homeward set your feet. You found her there and called her name And found home very sweet. And when at close of longer day Again you wend a Homeward way — - And find her there — what tho you stand Rapture-hushed and dumb ? She will take you by the hand And tell you where you've come. She will call you by your nanre And say how glad she is you came. And say, "Great things are here to do! — In soul and star and loam — And here is God! — And here are you! — And here is Home." — Grace Allen. STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT, CIRCULATION, ETC., OF GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. PUBLISHED MONTHLY AT MEDINA, OHIO, REQUIRED BY THE ACT OF AUGUST 24, 1912. Editors, Geo. S. Demuth and E. R. Root, Me- dina, Ohio; Managing Editor, H. G. Rowe, Medina, Ohio; Publishers, The A. I. Root Company, Me- dina, Ohio. Stockholders holding 1 per cent or more stock, as follows: Calvert. J. T. ; Calvert, Maude R.; Calvert, Howard R. ; Root, A. I.; Root, E. R.; Root, H. H. ; Root, Mabel K.; Root, Susan; Bryant, Mildred C; Trustees of Employees Profit Sharing Fund ; Trustees of Employees Pension Fund. Mortgagee holding 1 per cent or more of real estate mortgage covering New York property, E. T. Wilson Estate. H. G- ROWE, Mng. Editor. Sworn to and subscribed before me this 17th day of March, 1922. H. C. WEST Notary Public. Following is a list of contributions to the Miller memorial fund, as shown to date by the records in this office. Several foreign countries are rais- ing funds, which have not been reported to the fund committee in this country. 254 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE THE MILLER MEMORIAL FUND e m Barteau. i oo Edward Roost. . . 1.00 Frank Abbott ... 1.00 Allen King 1.00 Elsie Fischhaber. 1.00 H. M. Bachman. . 1.00 H. Delamarter. . . 1,00 K. D. Baker. . . . 1.00 G. F Taylor 1.00 Conn. Beekeepers, sent in by L. B. Crandall 50.00 G. D. Shafer. . . . 2.00 E. J. Delamarter. 1.00 M. D. Van Hulen 1.00 R. B. Grout 1.00 C. F. Davie 4.48 A. O. Comire. ... 1.78 L. C. Root 5.00 H. M. Dorsheimer 1.00 D. Barone 5.00 G. A. Phillips. . . . 1.00 H. H. Moe 1.00 Paul D. Roban. . 1.00 W. L. Gray 1.00 East. Mass. Soc. of Beekeepers. 36.00 .7. Bass Keith . . . 1.00 Fred Bratton . . . . 1.00 M. E. Hamilton. . .45 .T. W. Acree 1.00 W. C. Greenleaf. .50 .T. M. Graves. . . . 2.00 Ghas. F. Baile. . . 2.00 R. L. Veil 1.00 Etienne Giraud . . 2.00 E. Giraud 2.00 Will H. Gray... 6.00 J. E. Pleasants. . 2.00 M. Wachter .... 2.00 V. C. Davis.... 1.00 Jjee O. Addams . . .25 W. Turner 25 R. Pflueger 50 R. E. King 25 Mrs. J. W. Swezev 1.00 F. Talbot 1.00 E. B. AuU, 1.00 S. A. Griffeth. . . 1.00 T. F. Coffman. . . .50 E. W. Cothran. .. .30 P. Provensal. . . . 1.00 Frank Reed 1.00 Otto Puhlmann . . .16 Aug. Pape 1.00 Mrs E. Castleman .25 n. B. Park 6.00 A. M. Hasslbauer 1.00 H. D, Murry 1.00 C. G. Davidson.. .15 W. Zapalach 25 R. Morris 1.00 E. W. Sommerfield 1.00 W. E. Joor 2.50 O. Gaultnev .... 1 00 R. W. Watson. . . 1.00 R. R. Rpppert. . . 1.00 V. Smith 1.00 C. S. Rnde 2.50 M. C. Tanquary.. 5.00 Sternenberg Bros. 3.00 T. T". Robinson . . 5.00 J. Hornbuckle. . . 2.50 G. F. Roberts. . . 1.00 T. W. Burleson. . 5.00 W. G. Stephens. . 2.50 L. H. Terrv. ... 1.00 L. R. Nnlen 5.00 S. W. Bilsing. . . 3.00 .T. W. Barkmever 2.50 ,T. B. King 2.00 L. P5alegg 1.00 E. G. T,eStourgeon 10.00 Geo. Morrison... .35 SophuK Olsen 25 W. S Pangburn. . 1.00 W. B. Bnrnard. . .50 E. W. Kriwitz. . . .10 D. Ti. Ulman. . . . 1.00 S. Heashman 25 Flora Mclntyre.. 1.00 G. T. Rawls S5 W. A. Davis. . . .$ 1.00 Francis Jager. . . 5.00 John Auckland.. 1.00 G. A. Conaway. . 1.00 Mason J. Niblack 1.00 Jas. A . Stone & Son 1.00 Gustav Kohnke. . 1.00 C. C. Wharton.. .25 Herbert Lyon . . 1.00 W. B. Yates 1.00 L. C. Hartman. . 1.00 Chas. D. Blaker. 1.00 C. M. Elfer 1.00 Dr. F. S. Nash. . 1.00 Lee Elliott 1.00 Teddy Ryberg . . .25 F. M. Barteau. . . 1.00 J. W. Stine 1.00 J. E. Keys 1.00 R. E. Saunders. . 1.50 A. .Tones 1.00 P. Dundas Todd. 1.00 T. J. Robinson. . .50 Wm. Sonntag . . . 2.00 John F. Johnson. .10 John J. Hammel. 2.00 Nathan Paddock. .50 E. A. Doney 50 A. M. Wheeler, Jr. 1.00 .Tnlius Nemets . . . .20 Harrv Fisher. ... 1.00 L. W. Benson. . . 1.00 0. H. Cobb 1,00 M. S. Lavton. . . . 1.00 S. K. Luther. . . . 2 00 C. W. Dayton. ... 1.00 Harry Brown. . . . 1.00 Allen Latham. . , . 2.00 Fred H. May. . , . 1,00 J, W, Bittenbender 1.00 J, N, Powell. ... 1.00 C. H. Howard. . . 1.00 E. M. Cole 1.00 P. B. McCabe. . . 1.00 Paul Sefsik 50 Miss E, T. Miller .30 J. E. Anslev 25 B, F. Kindig. . . . 1,00 F. L. Hall 1.00 W. M. Rasmussen 5.00 C, F, Chapin 50 Franklin Wilcox. 1.00 Mrs. John Fogt . . 1.00 L. E. Webb 1.00 D, W. Switzer. .. 1.00 F. W. L Sladen.. 1,00 J, D. Harris. . . . 1.00 A. C. Burrill. . . . 2.00 Enoch Babb 50 Frank L. Cadv . .. 1.00 X. J. Kennedy. .. 1.00 .Jasper Knight... 2.50 Ben.i. H. Fischer. .50 A, J. Foss 1.00 Wallace Griffin... .25 Howard Griffin. .. .25 .Tohn Kneser .... .50 Montgomery Co. Beekeepers Assn. of Pennsvlvania 25,00 J C. Wilhite 25 Jos. E. Wilson. . . .25 E. F. Phillips. . . . 15,00 F. L. Sechrist. . . 5.00 F. W. Churchill. . 1,00 A. N. Norton .... 1.00 J. O. Stewart 2.00 H. Christensen . . . 1,00 A. E. Wolkow. . . 1.00 P. H. Hindinger. . 1.00 J. H. Merrill. . . . 2.00 N. R. White 50 H. H. Haussen. . 1.00 F. M. Bowman. . . 1.00 F. C. Broustater. .20 Jas. A. McCarty. 1.10 Anton Gross .... 1.00 H. Martens 50 Mrs. M. T. Allen. 1.00 Anton Matson . . . .50 Irving E. Long. . 1.00 Will L. Tower. . . .50 Peter Jensen.... 1.25 S. D. McAuley. .. 3.00 Mrs. Edgar L. Heermance . . . 2.00 P. W. Stahlman. . 1.00 F. C. Hinman. . . 1.00 Guy Polley 25 G. J. Schnurlein. 1.00 F. X. Arnold. . . . 2.00 L. K. Hostetter. . 1.00 C. A. H 1.00 A. J. McBride. . . 1.00 F. L. Goss 1.00 L. H. Hoover 50 C. H. Ehlerr 1.00 William Kraus . . .50 W. A. Kuenzli. , . 2,00 Wm. E. Kieffer. . 1.00 J. T. Starkey. . . . 1.00 Wm. Bair 50 W. J. V. Johnson 1.00 J. W. Peterson. . . 1,00 K. O. Thorsvig. . 1,00 T. G. Lvtle 1.00 W. H. Meyer. ... 1.00 M. A, Elderkin, , 1.00 W. H. Humphries 4.95 F. Watterstrom. . 1.00 Moodv & Moodv.. 1.00 Wm. F. Weichel.. .50 G. W. York and wife 10.00 M. C. Richter. . . 5.00 D. O. Taplin. . . . 1.00 J. Bennion .50 C. E. Miller 1.00 Ray N. Crew. ... 1.00 W. S. Carrico. . . 2.00 G. F. Schilling.. 1.00 Mrs, H. L. Wells 1.00 H. C. Davis. .... 1.00 R. E. Hile 1.00 F. D. Covell 25 B. B. Jones 1.00 Dr. F. D. Nash. . 1.00 J. H. Tubbs 2 5 N. W. Sanders. . 1,00 F. Marsden, Jr. . 1.00 J. W. Hinton 1.00 John B. Reese. . 1.00 A. L. Colton. ... 1.00 Dr. W. J. Quick. 1 00 F. W. Krouse 8.70 T. W. Blackman. 1.00 A. F. Brown. ... 1.00 Mr. Logan 25 A. G. Woodman. . 5.00 J. H. Schlemmer. 2.00 Burt Ogburn . . . .50 J. L. Howard .... 3.50 Jack Chadwick . . .91 E. N. Murray. . . 1.00 Aaron Rippev . . . 1.00 L. W. Newell 25 E. Gressman .... 1.00 Chas. MoKinney.. 1.00 H. F. Wilson. . . . 2.00 Wis. State Bee- keepers' Assn. 10,00 Wis. Honey Pro- ducers Cooper. Assn 5.00 H. G. Quirin. . . . 2.00 April, 1922 F. K. Caldwell. .. .25 R. N. Greenfield. 2.00 G. B. Woodberry 1.00 F. M. Batty 1.00 Theo. Melder 1.00 N. L. Jones 1.00 H. C. Carpentier. .50 Geo. Kirk 1.00 R. E. Newcomb. . 5.00 Dr. C. G. Luft. . 1.00 A. B. Swanson. . .25 R. B. Hunter 25 Don McPherson . . 1.60 J. F. Stoughton . . .50 J. L. Hood 10 Ambrose Peet... . 1.00 J. R. Bentley. . . 1.00 J. U. Schipmols.. 1.00 N. C. Jensen. . . . 1.00 J. L. Miles 1.00 A. A. Woodward. .35 Mrs. S. A. Chapman .25 H. Fropchlictz . . . .50 C. E. Welty 50 J. A. Bishoff 50 J. F. Michael. . . 1.00 J. M. Corldige. . .25 Wm. I. Boyle... 1.00 Leland Snyder... .50 W. H. Conner. . . 1 00 E. Kohn & Sons. .70 C. A. Lincoln. . . . 1.00 Paul Coggins . . . . .25 L. B. Gilmore. . . ,50 L. E. Spaulding. 2.00 J. R. Coulson. . . 1.00 O. L. Zody 1.00 F. L. Day 1.00 C. H. J. Baumbeck .50 C. A. Kuhn 1.00 G. Stroete 1.00 C. H. Morgan. . . 1.00 Jno. Hoag 1.00 A. J. Miller 50 F. Schingle 25 A. F. Rexroth. . . 1.00 F. E. Franklin. . . 1.00 C. C. Hoover. , . . 1,00 N, Palmer 50 T. W. Livingston 5.00 C. L. Ruschill. . . 1.00 Wounded Soldiers per E. J. Ander- son 8.00 Benj. B. Jones. . 1.00 D. C. Gilham. . . . 1,00 Wm. Bitzer 1.00 H. J. Armbrush . .25 G. H. Peterson. . 1.00 H. J. Monger. . . 1.00 Chas. LaRue ... 1.00 Bvron Scheid . . .50 F." Halman 1.00 W. C. Hare 1.00 Tupper Bros 10 C. P. Parker 10 R. A. Dehmel. . . . 5,00 D. R-. Johnson. . . 1.00 A. 0. Jone.s 2.00 Mrs. E. E. Whit- ing 2.00 C. C. Cook 1.00 0. A. Billheimer. 1,00 .Tno. Lynch 25 Wm, P. Baebr. . . 1 00 F. Dobert 2.00 H. W. Vankirk. . 1.00 A. F. Paterson. . 1.34 Edw. N. Marsh. . 1.50 Chas. Prickel. . . , 1.00 C. E. Corson. . . . 1.00 V. Bielke 2.00 T. P. Scott roo A. O. Hendrick. . 1.00 David E. Wood. . 2.00 Fred Canoles. . . . 1.00 Alameda Co. Bee- keepers' Assn., per C. W. Hart- man 35.00 W. Denison 50 W. B. Elwood. . . .35 Al'RiL, 1922 GLEANINGS IN B K K CULTURE 255 Miss M. L. Bland 1.00 T. P. Ferhuse. . . .50 ft. Ferhune .... 1.00 C. F. Coombs 1.00 .T. R. Kennan. . .. 1.00 a. H. Nichols 25 E. W. Foster. . . . 2.00 F. R. Ilelmick.. .25 Mrs. S. R. Dillman .25 Henry S. Nixon. 2.00 C. F. Rife 1.00 J. H. Allison. . . . 1.00 J. F. Moore 5.00 Edw. Sterner. . . 1.00 E. Lenark 1.00 Robert Kuhn 50 P. Petrequin . . . .50 Mr. and Mrs. W. H. Zent 2.00 F. T. Godfrey. . . 2.00 E. P. Tremper. . . 2.00 W. W. Poster 1.00 L. Ginter 50 Jno. H. Kitchen. 1.00 •las. Maxwell. . . . 1.00 ft. J. Giersmann and family .... 1.00 Wm. MePherson. .75 J. C. McCubbin. . 1.00 H. L. Pearson. . .25 A. F. Marble and Geo. Dodds . . 1.00 Ezra Mayer .... 1.00 .Jesse Nigh .... .50 C. E. Pavne 1.00 T. McLaine .... 1.00 J. H. Zak 1.00 Olvde W. Reed. . 1.00 W. J. Eaken 20 C. M. Alvord 1.00 .7. S. Scofield. . . . 1.00 H. D. Tennant.. 1.00 Gordon Gore 10 R. J. Radike. . . . 1.00 A. A. Woodward. 1.00 M. C. Osborne.. .50 P. N. Townsend.. .25 J. I. Ulhich 1.00 .T. D. Hull & Bro. 1.00 O. I. Lewis 50 Miss C. E. Jordan 1.00 Mr. and Mrs. Al- fred Hengsh . . 1.00 W. C. Boor 2.00 W. H. Miller. . . . 1.00 S. E. Johns 20 A. G. Karche. . . 1.00 G. Brundage & Sons 1.00 Scharff Co 1.00 Nina Scott 1.00 Mr. and Mrs. F. D. Linneous . . .50 Axel Hoist 5.00 B. J. Thompson. 1.00 I^orain Co, Bee- keepers, per E. M. Vincent.. . . 5.00 C. Schoonover. . . .50 C. W. Runsey. . . .79 W. H. Lewis 1.00 J. N. Beckley. . . . 1.00 E. J. Ladd 3.00 C. Payne 50 J. F. Martin. ... 1.00 W. M. Porster. . . 1.00 Lide Martin .... 1.00 Bernard Kunz . . 1.00 .A. McCulley 1.00 ft. Havelope .... 1.00 J. R Spence 1.00 ft. Henderson . . 1.00 M. H. Courtney. . 1.00 C. Hanslope .... 2.18 M. B. Hinton. . . 1.00 ft. W. Troxell. . . .50 TTlrich Dernehl.. 2.00 Oregon State Bee- keepers' Assn. 18.00 Sires & Sires. . . . 1.00 Iowa State Bee- keepers' Assn.. 25.00 F. C. Wiggins. . . 1.00 Elmer Benge .... 1.00 Name Unknown . . 5.00 Geo. W. Bader. . .50 J. H. Beatty 50 Chris Allen 85 M. W. Beers. . . . 1.00 Fred F. Teets . . . .10 E. Welton 1.00 J. V. Bablock. . . .50 IJurr Leslie .... 1.50 S. F. Ranney... 1.00 T. Hackbarth... .50 H. C. Coventry. . 1.00 Jos. Lindt 1.07 J. M. Crudgington .50 C. Mawhinney... 1.00 J. R. Bullock. ... 3 00 R. Haworth 1.00 C. W. Hayes. ... 1.00 Emmett Deere. . . 1.00 Mary L. Comstock 2 00 Geo. Kay 2.63 Wm. Phalon 25 G. H. Buffum. . . 5.00 H. Rauchfuss. . .. 5.00 W. Lindenmeier . . 2.00 C. E. Drexel 2.00 F. E. Johnson. . . 1.00 J. R. Miller, . . . 2.00 Mrs. Parker .... .75 Newton Boggs. . . 5.00 H. D. Rauchfuss 1.00 M. L. Henthorne 1.00 A. J. Kritchfield. 1.00 Isaac Walter . . . 2.00 Dr. C. P. Gillette 1.00 Mrs. M. Doubleday .50 M. Crawford.... 1.00 Fox River Bee- keeping Assn.. 5 00 Dadant family... 25.00 Mrs. G. B. Daly. 1.50 Wm. A. Baker. . 1.00 Louis H. Soholl. . 10 00 B. A. McKee. . . . 2.00 W. C. Conrads.. .50 S. C. Gordon 50 Dr. A. Wright. . . 1.00 L. B. Smith 50 J. W. Jackson ... .50 0. C. Stone 50 T. J. Hughes 25 P. T. Ulman. . . . 1.00 J. W. Watson. . . 1.00 T. W. Cowan. . . 3.74 Illinois State Bee- keepers' Assn.. 20.00 Wisconsin State Beekeepers' As. 40.00 L. C. Jorgensen . 1.00 E Hassinger. Jr.. 1.00 Mrs. G. Schmidt. 1.00 Ivan Whiting. . .. 1.00 A. G. Gall 50 Conn. Beekeepers' Assn., per L, St. Clair Burr. 50.00 E. R. Smith. ... 1.00 H. Perkins 1.00 T. Winchell 1.00 R. Bonoveas .... 1.00 C. Hughes 1.00 H. A. Stearns. . . 2.00 E. C. Fieheman.. 1.00 Richard Horn . . 1.00 R. Jenkins 1.00 M. H. Mendleson 1.00 Sheboygan Co. Honey Prod. Assn 10.00 G. F. Helder. ... 1.00 W. Osborn (De- catur Co. Bee- keepers' Asso- ciation. Iowa) . 2.00 A. C. Hardy 1.00 W. O. Victor. . . . 5.00 W. E. Joor 2,00 Mr, Christensen. 2,00 J, W. Wilsev. ... 1.00 F. H. Thiele 25 Northern Pennsyl- vania Beekeep- ers' Assn 10.00 Inland Empire Beekeepers' As. 10.00 E. G. Brown 5.00 A. E. Thomas. . . .35 Frank Murray . . 2.00 T. B. McMurtry . . 1.00 Floyd Markham. . 1.00 C. H. Stranger. . 1.00 James A. Green . . 3.00 Raymond Green.. 1.00 A. 0. Green 1.00 John Stotts .... 1.00 S. B. Fralicher. . 1.00 J. E. Harris. . . . 1.00 Grace V. Smith. . 1.00 J. M. Griffith .50 F. M. Snider. . . . 1.00 Mrs. E. F. Pennell 1.00 E. F. Koch 1.00 C, E. Fitzpatrick 1.00 J. D. Caldwell. . . 1.00 F. H. Keeley 1.00 A . Herron 1.00 Mrs. Manspeaker. .30 J. E. Winter. . . . 1.00 H. A. Todd 1.00 M. C. Hiskey .25 C. S. Sieg 1.00 C. E. Wallace. . . 1,00 John Hansen .... 1.00 C. E. Lindsay. . . 1,00 C. E. Kendle .50 .John Pugh 1.00 F. C. Drexel. . . . 5.00 Minnesota Bee- keepers' Assn.. 15.00 F. B. Loomis .... 2.00 R. A. McKee. . . . 2.00 W. C. Conrads.. .50 S. 0. Gordon. . . . .50 Dr. A. Wright. . . 1.00 L. B, Smith .50 J. W. Jackson . . .50 C. C. Stone .50 T. J. Hughes. . . . .25 W. 0. Victor. . . . 5.00 C. E. Welty .50 P. S. Nichols. . . . 1.00 M. B. Antle .50 r. P. Nash 1.00 Albert T. Allen. . .10 L. S. Jackson. . . 1.00 Montg. Co. B. K. A. of Ohio 26.35 E. T. W. Baur. . 1.00 Alabama State B. K. A 12.20 D. L. Calvert. . . 3 00 F. W. Steele. . . . 1.00 I. Steddom .... 1.00 M. C. Thompson. 1.00 S. C. Rising. . . . 1.00 Worcester Co. B. K. A., Mass.. . 16.00 Chas. Snack .... 5.00 F. W. Schroeder. 1.00 R. B. Willson . . . 5.00 P. A. Koch .25 J. W. Jackson . . . 1.00 Mr, and Mrs, A. Allen 5.00 Geo, H, Rea , . . , 3.00 R. E, Rydberg. . . 1.00 H. G. Rowe 5.00 Geo. S. Demuth. 10.00 A. I. Root 20.00 E. R. Root 20.00 H. H. Root 10.00 Total $1233.18 iiiiiiiii iiiniiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii GONE HOME. Dr. C. C. Miller of Marengo, Illinois. fBy Frederick Webley, M. D., E. San Diego, Calif.) Now he has passed beyond the bourne, we know Why brothers of the Bee Craft loved him so. As Homer said of one: "It was his plan _ To live beside the road, a friend to man." He did not seek for honor or renown, But as a knight sought virtue as a crown. He showed us how to leave the city's strife And free, with Nature, live the Simple Life. At Home with friends, his garden and his bees He found his work and happiness and ease. In heart he knew the consecrating grace From God's own heart, his strong abiding place. Kindly and gentle, noble and sincere; His life, in passing, left its fragrance here. He was a Master of the Gentle Craft The happy bee folks follow. Once a draught He drew, in his bright youth, from Nature's well (Sweet as the Hippocrene, poets tell. Flowed from Parnassus), and his heart indrew Love for the Beautiful, the Good, the True, And love for all things living, flowers and trees, The birds and furry folk — but most the bees. Was it from them he glimpsed of God's design Of Social Brotherhood, but made divine? For him a host of workers, on swift wings. Brought sweetness from the living heart of things; It seemed that all the bees of Arcady Gathered to help him and his skill repay. What meetings and what greetings his to know. Where blessings, sweet as milk and honey, flow, Huber and Langstroth welcome him as one, And Cowan, with the gentle Hutchinson. 'Tis sM'eet to find that Faith is lost in Sight, And Hope fulfilled in infinite Delight. 'Twas so with him when he had crossed the stream He met the loved and lost ones of his dream; And One. his Angel, smiling, took his hand And led him upward to the Radiant Land. There will he rest, his earthly labors done. For him the Life Immortal — ^just begun. 256 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE April, 1922 Classified Advertisements Notices will be inserted in these classified columns for 50c per line. Advertisements intended for this department cannot be less than two lines, and you must say you want your advertisement in the classified column, or we will not be responsible for errors. Copy should be received by 15th of preced- ing month to insure insertion. REGULAR ADVERTISERS DISCONTINUED IN GOOD STANDING. (Temporary advertisers and advertisers of small lots, when discontinued, are not here listed. It is only regular advertisers of regular lines who are here listed when their advertisements are discon- tinued when they are in good standing.) H. E. Graham, Rosedale Apiaries, P. O. Wat- kins Wm. Vollmer, A. S. Tedman. Southland Api- aries, A. H. Patch, Miller Bo.v Mfg. Co., C. B. Howard, A. L. Healy, J. N. Harris, Griggs Bros. Co., H. B. Gable, C. N. Plansburgh & Son, H. R. Fisher, Geo. W. Coltrin & Son, Luther Burbank, R H.' Shumway. D. Hill Nursery Co., Condon Bros., Rhodes Mfg. Co., S. M. Isbell & Co., I. Putnam, James Vick's Sons, Storrs & Harrison, May Seed & Nursery Co., Smith Typewriter Sales Co., C. M. Elfer, Valley Apiaries. .iillllllliiiililiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiliiiiliilllliiiiiiiiillliliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiillliliiiliiiiiiililliliiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiilliiiiiiiiil HONEY AND WAX FOR SALE 400 LBS. of best crude beeswax in cakes. Edw. A. Winkler, Joliet, Ills. FOR SALE — Fine quality white honey in 60- Ib. cans. F. C. Gentz, Blackwell, Wise. FOR SALE — White clover and aster honey in 60-lb. cans and ten-pound pails. John S. Field, Brooksville, Ky. FOR SALE — Clover, amber and buckwheat hon- ey, 60-lb. cans and 5 and 10-lb. pails. C. J. Bald- ridge, Kendaia, N. Y. FOR SALE — 10 cases 120 lbs. each clover ex- tracted honey. $15.00 per case. f. o. b. Grafton. F. E. Schriver, Grafton, O. FOR SALE — Buckwheat honey in second-hand cases, 120 lbs., $9.60 each. Sample, 10c. R. V. Cox, Sloansville, N. Y. FOR SALE — 25 tons fine extracted white clo- ver honey at 12c. Comb honey prices on re- quest. Dr. E. Kohn & Son, Grover Hill, Ohio. EXTRA FANCY clover honey, well ripened, in new cans, per case 120 lbs., net $15.50. Write for quantity prices. Edw. A. Winkler, Joliet, 111. FOR S.\LE — 12,000 lbs. of choice white clover honey, well ripened, put up in new 5 and 10 11). pails. Sample 25c. W. B. Wallin, Brooksville, Ky. FOR SALE — Buckwheat honey in 60-lb. cans, one can to case, liquefied, $5.40 ; two cans to case, granulated, $9.60. John J. Lewis, Lyons, N. Y. FOR SALE- — Seven cases clover honey that has gone through the capping melter at $7.50 per case of two 60-lb. cans. J. D. Beals, Oto, Iowa. FOR SALE — White honey in 60-lb. cans, also West Indian in 50-gal. barrels. Samples and price on request. A. I. Root Co., 23 Leonard St., New York City. FOR SALE — Extracted honey, clover, 15c per pound; amber, 10c; two 60-lb. cans to case; amber in barrels, 8c; in five-case or five-barrel lots. 5% off; in ten-case or ten-barrel lots, 10% off. H. G. Quirin, Bellevue, Ohio. HONEY FOR SALE — In 60-lb. tins, water- white orange, 15c; white sage, 13c; extra L. A. sage, lie; N. Y. State buckwheat, 10c, for imme- diate shipment from New York. Hoffman & Hauck, Inc., Woodhaven, N. Y. FOR SALE — White clover honey in 60-lb. cans at 12c per lb., same honey in 5-lb. pails at $10.00 per doz. f. o. b. Waterville, Ohio. F. W. Summer- field, Waterville, Ohio. FOR SALE — Limited amount choice white clo- ver basswood honey in 10-lb. pails cases of 6 pails each. Write for prices. The A. I. Root Co., 230 W. Huron St., Chicago, 111. FOR SALE — -Extra-choice extracted white clo- ver honey, put up in new 60-lb. cans and 5-lb. pails. Sample 20c, same to apply on first order. David Running, Filion, Mich. RASPBERRY honey, blended with willow-herb, put up in 60-lb. cans. In order to close out quickly will sell for 12c a lb. We have some raspberry mixed with a small quantity of goldenrod for 10c a lb. Sample of either kind, 20c, which may be de- ducted from order for honey. Elmer Hutchinson & Son, Lake City, R. D. No. 2, Mich. HONEY AND WAX WANTED. WANTED- Quote price. -Fancy white clover comb C. J. Morrison, South Bend, honey. Ind. WANTED — Honey, section, bulk comb and ex- tracted. Elton Warner, Asheville, N. C. BEESWAX WANTED — For manufacture into SUPERIOR FOUNDATION. (Weed Process.) Superior Honey Co., Ogden, Utah. WANTED — Shipments of old combs and cap- pings for rendering. We pay the highest cash and trade prices, charging but 5c a pound for wax rendered. The Fred W. Muth Co., Pearl and Wal- nut Sts., Cincinnati, Ohio. WANTED — Beeswax. We are paying Ic and 2c extra for choice yellow beeswax and in exchange for supplies we can offer a still better price. Be sure your shipment bears your name and address, so we can identify it immediately upon arrival, and make T^rompt remittance. The A. I. Root Co., Me- dina, Ohio. FOE SALE. ROOT'S GOODS AT ROOT'S PRICES. A. W. Yates, Hartford, Conn. USED 60-lb. honey cans, 60c a case of two. Matt Smith, Preston, Iowa. HONEY LABELS — New designs. Catalog free. Eastern Label Co., Clintonville, Conn. BEEHIVES in flat, made of No. 1 long leaf yel- low pine. R. B. Jordan, Jr., Halls, Tenn. YOU will make no mistake in ordering your comb foundation of E. S. Robinson, Mayville, N. Y. , - FOR SALE — "SUPERIOR " FOUNDATION, "quality unexcelled." Let us prove it. Order now. Superior Honey Co. Ogden, Utah. PORTER BEE-ESCAPES save honey, time, and money. Great labor-savers. For sale by all dealers in bee supplies. R. & E. C. Port ir, Lewiston, 111. ADAPTABLE BEEHIVES are sound in princi- ple and are practical. For free information ad- dress Geo. P. Wood, Peekskill, N. Y. FOR SALE — Good second-hand 60-lb. cans, two cans to a case, boxed, at 60c per case, f. o. b. Cincinnati. Terms cash. C. H. W. Weber & Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. FOR SALE — Capping melter and separator can, from Ham Bros. In good order, used one season only, f. o. b. Hawkestone, $12.00. A. S. Millard, Hawkestone, R. D. No. '2, Ont., Can. Al'RIii, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 257 ROOT'S bee goods at factory prices. Every- thing for the beekeeper. Ask for catalog. S. M. Wilkes & Co., W. E. Tribbett, Asst. Mgr., Staun- ton, Va, FOR SALE — 25 dovetailed honey supers with all fixtures. A quantity of cartons for sections. All fine shape. Number of feeders and queen-ex- cluders. All for $10.00 cash. Frank Quacken- bush, Harvard, 111. FOR SALE — 55 two-story standard metal-cov- ered, ]0-frame beehives, nailed and jiainted, frames nailed, wired with full sheets of foundation. In lots of five or more, $5.00 each f. o. b. Mobile. H. A. Goering, Crichton, Ala. FOR SALE — 25 eight-frame Root hives, slight- ly used, clean, two-story hi^h, metal covers and with under covers, Danz. bottoms, newly painted, in one lot, $75.00. A rare bargain. Edwin G. Baldwin 55 Division St., Ashtabula, O. FOR SALE — To further reduce our large equip- ment, we offer a full line of NEW and SLIGHTLY USED Jumbo and standard Langstroth bee supplies of Root manufacture. We also offer full colonies of bees in Jumbo and Langstroth hives. Complete list free. We can save you real money. No dis- ease. The Hofmann Apiaries, Janesville, Minn. FOR SALE — 56 new dovetailed 10-frame comb honey supers complete with six section-holders and two shallow extracting frames to each super. All nailed and painted two coats. 50 never been used; also 3350 Root sections for same, 4^4x4%x 1%. We offer these choice goods all securely crated and delivered f. o. b. cars Epes, Ala., for $90.00. Can you beat it? Running & Manley, Sumterville, Ala. FOR SALE — Root goods, all new and bright KD. 450 P fences, $20.00; 200 plain section- holders, 41/4x11/2, $7.00: 200 beeway section-hold- ers. 41/4x1%, $7.50; 100 Danz. extracting frames, $3.00; 5 10-frame, 2 8-frame Excelsior and 8 8- frame ventilated covers, 50c each ; 2 Junior smok- ers, 75c each; 2 Parker foundation-fasteners. 30c each; 2 spur imbedders and 10 steel wheel foun- dation cutters, 15c each; 70 Van Duesen hive clamps, $1.00. Chauncey E. Kelly, Halcott Cen- ter, N. Y. WANTS AND EXCHANGE WANTED — From 5 to 25 hives of bees. John M. Saums, Three Bridges, N. J. WANTED — Two-frame reversible honey-extrac- tor. Leslie Jennings, Valois, N. Y. ROYAL typewriter. $65.00. Will trade for hon- ey, queens or offer. E. A. Harris, Albany, Ala. WANTED — 300 used P fences 4i/4x4i/4. free of disease. Willis N. Zeitler, Philipsburg, Penn. W.\NTED — A bee inspector for Fremont County for the season of 1922. Address communications to W. E. Chadwick, Lander, Wyo. WANTED — To buy 125 colonies of bees in stan- dard hives. State lowest cash prices in first letter. F. L. Stearns, N. Bennington. Vt. WANTED — Old combs and cappings for render- ing on shares. Our steam equipment secures all the wax. Superior Honey Co., Ogden, Utah. BEESWAX wanted. Old combs (dry) and cap- pings for rendering. Also wax accepted in trade. Top market prices offered. A. I. Root Co. of Iowa, Council Bluffs. Iowa. OLD COMBS, cappings or slumgum wanted for rendering by steam press process. We pay cash for wax rendered, trade for siipplies. or work it into foundation. W. T. Falconer Mfg. Co.. Fal- coner, N. Y. WANTED — Bees. State amount you have, con- dition of bees, hives, kind, prices, etc. All in first letter. Dr. Winnemann's Apiaries Merrill, Wis. WANTED — 200 or less colonies of bees, any style hive, for spring delivery. When quoting price please remember 6c to 8c honey is in sight for next crop. Address A. W. Smith, Birmingham, Mich. WANTED — -Partner with some cash, or mana- ger for an established bee business of about 1200 colonies in three apiaries, well located, convenient and healthy. Reference exchanged. W. B. Geh- rels, Puntarenas, Box 27, Costa Rica. OLD COMBS WANTED— Our steam wax-presses will get every ounce of beeswax out of old combs, cappings or slumgum. Send for our terms and our 1922 catalog. We will buy your share of the wax for cash or will work it into foundation for you. Dadant & Son, Hamilton, Illinois. FOR SALE OR EXCHANGE — Pure Buff Orping- tons or Barred Rocks. One Root eight-frame rever- sible automatic extractor. International engine, Barnes combination saw. All used two seasons. About 150 hives and supers and frames of drawn combs, quantity of foundation, etc. Dixon, Kee- watin, Ont., Can. REAL ESTATE. 40 ACRES of nice level land in central Wiscon- sin, $1200. Will take healthy Italian bees as part payment. T. H. Hansen, 13 No. Franklin St., Janesville, Wis. FOR SALE OR TRADE — 210 acres 51/2 miles east of Macon, Miss., in the black belt. An ex-. cellent location for bees and Hubam clover. S. A. Chapman, Macon, Miss. SEEDS AND PLANTS. "We will not guarantee the purity of any seed advertised nor any nursery stock, as nurserymen ordinarily will not do this themselves; but any seedman or nurseryman advertising in our columns will have given us excellent references in advance, and our readers may consider this fact in their favor." — From Our Guarantee and Advertising Conditions. HUBAM — 100 lbs. prepaid for $50.00. See our ad on page 263. Blair Bros., R. D. 4, Ames, Iowa. SORGHUM POP, Burbanks new popcorn, pkg. 15c, 4-oz. pkg. 25c, postpaid. Emil A. LunQ, Vin- ing, Minn. FOR SALE — Annual White Sweet Clover Seed. Quality the best and prices low. See large ad else- where in Gleanings. M. C. Berry & Co., Mont- gomery, Ala., Box 697. BEES AND QUEENS. SEE Thagard's ad elsewhere back to pre-war day prices. FOR SALE — Italian queens, nuclei and pack- ages. B. F. Kindig. E. Lansing, Mich. FOR SALE — Italian queens, nuclei and pack- ages. B. F. Kindig, E. Lansing Mich. HARDY Italian queens, $1.00 each. W. G. Lauver. Middjetown, Pa. WHEN it's GOLDEN, it's PHELPS. C. W. Phelps & Son, Binghamton, N. Y. 1922 GOLDEN queens. $1.75 each in May; $1.50 in June. E. E. Tvawrence. Doniphan, Mo. 258 PINARD'S quality brand queens are the con- vincing kind. A. J. Pinard, 440 N. 6th St., San Jose, Calif. . FOR package bees and Italian queens, write Jones & Stevenson, Akers, La. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed^ FOR SALE — Carload bees, nuclei, pound pack- ages, full colonies. See our ad elsewhere. Ihe Stover Apiaries, Mayhew, Miss. ^ GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE April, 1922 PHELPS GOLDEN QUEENS will please you. Mated, $2.00; 6, $10.00; or $18.00" a doz. C. W. Phelps & Son, Binghamton, N. Y. FOR SALE — 75 colonies bees in 10-frame Lang- stroth hives, now packed with abundant stores. W. C. Ridings, Lawrenceburg, Ind. FOR SALE — Three swarms of bees, standard hives with supers and supplies — cheap. Davis, 419 Third Ave., Haddon Heights, N. Y. BUSINESS-FIRST queens offer you their illum- inated descriptive handbook with prices, select un- tested, $1.50. M. F. Perry, Bradentown, Fla. QUEENS, day-old and untested. Bees, 2-lb. pack- ages. Thompson safety cages. Resistant Italians. Circular ready. James McKee, Riverside, Calif. ■ FOR SALE — Package bees and Italian queens. We have been shipping packages and queens for years Try us 1 Allenville Apiaries, AllenviUe, Ala. FOR SALE — Early package bees, nuclei and queens. We handle 1800 colonies. Shipping sea- son March 1 to June 1. Loveitt Honey Co., Phoe- nix, Ariz. PACKAGE bees and nuclei. Booking orders 1922 delivery. See ad elsewhere or write. Canadian or- ders not solicited. M. L. Nisbet & Bro., Bain- bridge, Ga. PACKAGE BEES — $1.50 per pound. Untested Italian or Carniolan queens, $1.25 each. See lar- ger adv. Circular free. J. E. Wing, 155 Schiele Ave., San Jose, Calif. FOR SALE — Bright Italian queens, 1, $1.25; 12, $12.00. Write for prices of nuclei and pound packages. Safe arrival guaranteed. T. J. Talley, Greenville, R D. No. 3, Ala. WE ARE booking orders now for spring deliv- ery for the famous "Colorado Queens." Send your order early so as to be sure to get your queens. C. I. Goodridge, Wheatridge, Colo. FOR SALE — 100 colonies of certified Italian bees 8 L. shipping hives. Hives to be returned at my expense. Under state supervision 23 years. Charles Stewart, Johnstown, N. Y. FOR SALE — 15 colonies of Italian bees of 10 frames, wired and combs built from full sheets of foundation. $10.00 per colony. H. Shaffer, 2860 Harrison Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio MOTT'S Northern-bred Italian queens. Will have packages of bees to offer in June. Plans "How to Introduce Queens" and "Increase," 25c. E. E. Mott, Glenwood, Mich. FOR SALE — Three-band Italian queens, select untested $1.00 each; $12.00 per doz. 2-lb. pack- age with queen, $5.00. Satisfaction guaranteed. ■^ W. T. Perdue & Sons, Fort Deposit, Ala. BEES BY THE POUND — Also QUEENS. Booking orders now. FREE circulars giving de- tails. See larger ad elsewhere. Nueces County Apiaries, Calallen, Texas, E. B. Ault Prop. IF GOOD bright Italian queens are wanted by return mail, send your order to M. Bates. Green- ville, Ala. Price. $1.00 each; $10.00 per dozen; $75 per 100. Pure mating safe arrival and sat- isfaction guaranteed. WARNER'S QUALITY QUEENS— Write for il- lustrated catalog. Elton Warner, R. D. No. 1, Asheville, N. C^ FOR SALE — 25 strong colonies of clean bees, $15.00 each, also entire equipment. S. K. Blun- din, Oxford Valley, Pa. ^^___ QUEENS — One untested queen, $1.50; 6, $7.50; 12 $14 00; 50, $55.00; 100, $100. Tested queens, $2'.50. Wells D. Rose, Sunnyside, Wash. ^ TRY Pinard. He's the one that breeds for quality. Root's strain. Attractive prices. See larger ad. A. J. Pinard, 440 N. 6th St., San Jose, Calif. ^ FOR SALE — An apiary at its value. See ad in February. Nuclei after April 20 Strong 4- f?ame at $4.00 to $5.50. B. F. Averill, Howards- ville, Va. FOR SALE — 50 colonies of bees at reasonable price, good condition. No disease. Good honey producers. Owner unable to care for them. Duane Shaw, Palestine, 111. BOOKED to capacity on early May orders. Heavy discounts on introduced laying-en route-to- you queens with frames, and pounds after May Zb. Jes Dalton, Bordelonville, La. ^ FOR SALE — Three-banded Italian queens, one untested, $1.25; 12, $12.00; tested, $1-75; 12, $18 00; 2-frame nuclei with untested queen, !t>4:.i3U. Jul Bu'egeler, New Ulm, Texas. FOR bees, queens nuclei, packages, see larger ad this issue. Annual Hubam sweet clover seed guaranteed and scarified, delivered for $1.00 per pound. Curd Walker, Scotts Sta., Ala. DO IT NOW — Send for descriptive booklet, prices and testimonials of my improved strain of Italian queens. Pure mating and safe arrival guaranteed. Write J. B. Hollopeter, Rockton, Pa. FOR SALE — A few good strong colonies of Italian bees in May, in 10-frame hive-bodies All queens clipped and one year old m August. A. \v . Lindsay, 438 Mt. Vernon Ave., Detroit, Mich. FOR SALE — Golden Italian queens ready May 1 1 queen, $1.25; 6, $6.50; 12, $12.00; 100 $85 00. Virgins, 50c each. Write for prices of nuclei. W. W. Talley, Greenville, R. D. No. 4, Ala^ ^ __- FOR SALE — Three-banded Italian queens, 1. $100- 6, $5.00; 12, $9.00; 100, $70.00, after May 20. We ship only the best. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. W. C. Smith & Co.. Calhoun, Ala. FOR SALE — Golden Italian queens, untested about May 1. $1.15; 6 for $6.50 ; 12 or more $1^00 each; tested $2.00; select tested, $3.00. No dis- ease No bees for sale. D. T. Gaster, Randle- man, R. D. No. 2, N. C. FOR SALE — 2-pound packages, 3-banded Ital- ian bees, with queens, $4.75 each; 10 or more, $4 50 each; 25 or more, $4.25 each. No disease, safe arrival and perfect satisfaction guaranteed. J. J. Scott, Crowville, La. FOR SALE — 50 hives of bees in 2-story 10- frame hives; zinc queen-excluders, escape-boards. Miller feeders, comli-honey supers, extra combs wired. Other tools and fixtures for bees. L. U. Howell, New Hampton, N. Y. FOR SALE— Our well-known strain of pure Italian bees and queens. They are great honey gatherers and wonderful disease-resisters. benci for free circular and price list. M. C. Berry & Co., Montgomery, Ala., Box 697. FOR SALE — Italian bees, free from disease, in nine or ten Hoffman frame hives, delivered on board the cars at Dayton, Pa., in good order_ Good colonies. $15.00 cash with order. Inquire of Jacob Long, Sr., Dayton, R. D. No. l, Pa. I April, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 259 FOR SALE — Unsurpassed Italian queens, ready June 1. Untested, 1, $1.25; 6, 7.00; 12, ?12.00; 50, $50.00; 100, $85.00. Tested, 1, $2.00; 6, $11.00. My queens are actually laying before they are sent out. J. P. Harrah, Freewater, Oregon. WRITE us number of packages or nuclei you may be in need of. We will be glad to give you our best prices, also amount of (>xi)ress. We be- lieve we are so located that we can make you a substantial saving. R. V. Stearns, Brady, Texas. FOR SALE — 12 colonies, leather-colored Ital- ians, with young tested queens, in ten-frame Langstroth hives. No disease in this part of the country. Ready to ship May 1. Price $12 each, or $140 for lot. Van Collins, R. F. D. Port Chester, N. Y. ORDERS booked now for spring delivery, 3- frame nucleus and queen, $6.50; select tested, $7.50; Dr. Miller's strain. No pound packages. Low e.xpress rates and quick transit north. 10% with order. S. G. Crocker, Jr., Roland Park, Bal- timore, Md. BEES BY THE POUND — I am prepared to fur- nish for April or May deliveries Italian bees in one, two or three pound packages. Shipped in Root-Pritchard or Root combless shipping cages. Correspondence solicited. G. 0. Pharr, Njw Ibe- ria, La. BRIGHT ITALIAN QUEENS, $1.00 each, 10% less in dozen lots. Pure mating, safe arrival and reasonable satisfaction guaranteed in U. S. and Canada. Write us for prices on package bees. We have them in season. Graydon Bros., Rt. 4, Green- ville, Ala. AVIIjLOW-DELL queens and bees have pleased. Will again be ready to handle your orders. May delivery with queen, two-frame nuclei, $4.00; three-frame, $5.25; Jumbo, $4.75 and $6.00. Ship- ping boxes returned collect. H. S. Ostrander, Mel- lenville, N. Y. EXPRESS is lower on northern bees. Prices no higher. 2 lbs. Italian bees with queen on comb of stores in May, $5.75. Comb of stores insures suc- cess. Prompt delivery and safe arrival guaranteed. Card brings circular of golden and 3-banded queens. Ross B. Scott, LaGrange, Ind. MY GOLDEN ITALIAN QUEENS possess the qualities which make beekeeping profitable. Mated, $1.00 each. $10.00 per doz. Virgins, 50c each or $4.25 per doz. Safe arrival and satisfaction guar- anteed. Your orders solicited. Crenshaw County Apiary (Melvin Talley, Prop.), Rutledge, Ala. THREE-BANDED ITALIAN QUEENS. Bred from queeiis whose bees have given big crops of lioney. Pure mating and satisfaction guaranteed. May 15 to June 15, 1. $1.50; 6. $7.50; 12. $13.50. All orders filled in rotation. First on list will be first filled. J. D. Kroha, 87 North St., Danbury, Conn. MERRILL'S three-band and Golden Italian queens, the disease-resisting honey-gathering strain. Large, vigorous, beautiful and gentle. High-grade stock at reduced prices, $1.00 each; 6 $5.25; 12. $10.00; 25. $18.50. Satisfaction guaranteed. G. H. Merrill. R. D. No. 5. Green- ville, S. Car. • FULL COLONIES. 2-FRAME NUCLEI. PACK- AGE BEES and ITALIAN QUEENS from the api- aries of E. R. King, formerly Deputy Inspector of Ohio, later in charge of Apiculture at Cornell Uni- versity. Write us what you want. Prices and in- formation will be sent you. King's Apiaries Mc- Arthur, Ohio. FOR SALE — Comb packages. 3 lbs. bees, one good untested queen on a standard frame of honey and emerging brood. $6.50; 2 lbs. same as above. $5.00. 15% down to book order. To be shipped April 20 to June 1. Queens introduced if wanted subject to be laying en route. Guarantee safe delivery. C. A. Mayeux. Hamburg, La. COLORADO HEADQUARTERS for QUEENS — Northern-V)red leather-colored three-band Italians. Safe arrival guaranteed. Booking orders now for June 1st delivery. Send for circular and price list. Loveland Honey & Mercantile Co., Loveland, Colo. MY 1922 queens and bees for sale, the big yel- low kind, none better. Satisfaction guaranteed or money back. Price, untested! $1.00 each; $10.00 per doz., or $80.00 per 100. Tested, $1.75, E. F. Day, Honoraville, Ala. THREE pounds of bees, shipped on a Hoffman frame of brood and honey, with an untested Italian queen for $6.00. No disease, satisfaction and safe arrival guaranteed. 25% books your order for April and May shipments. E. J. Beridon, Jr., Man- sura, La. FOR SALE — Three-banded leather-colored bees and queens — big cut in prices. No disease. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. Shipping sea- son April 15 to May 25. Send for circular and prices on quantities. J. M. Cutts & Son, R. 1). No. 1, Montgomery, Ala. THE ITALIAN QUEENS OP WINDMERE are superior three-banded stock. Our aim is not quan- tity but quality. Our first consideration is to give perfect satisfaction. Untested, $1.50 each; 6 for $8.00; tested, $2.00 each; select tested, $3.00 each. Prof. W. A. Matheny, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio. FOR SALE — Golden Italian queens and bees, untested, 1 queen $1.00; 1 doz., $10.00; 100, $75.00. 2-lb. package, with queen, $5.00; 1-lb. package with queen, $3.00; 12 or more, 5% off. 2-frame nucleus with queen, $5.00; 15 or more, 5% off. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. J. P. Rogers, Greenville. R. D. No. 3, Ala. I EXPECT to be ready to start shipping 3-lb. packages of bees with 1 frame, 1 untested queen at $6.00; 2-frame nuclei with untested queen, $4.50, about April 15. Young tested queen, 50c extra, or $1.50 each. I think I was the second to ship packages of bees from this state and know how to serve customers. F. M. Morgan, Hamburg, La. FOR SALE — Package bees for spring delivery, three-banded strain, bred for business, 20% cash books your order. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. A two-pound package of bees, and select untested queen for $5.00; 25 or more for $4.75 each. Write for prices on larger lots. Caney Valley Apiaries, J. D. Yancey, Mgr., Bay City, Texas. FOR SALE — 200 colonies of the celebrated Moore strain of leather-colored Italians. They are in Langstroth hives, combs all built on wired foun- dation. All have tested queens less than one year old. No disease among or near them. 'Price in lots of one to 50, $12.00 each; 50 to 100, $11.50 each; 100 or more, $11.00 per colony. Elmer Hutchin- son & Son, Lake City, Mich. LARGE, HARDY. PROLIFIC QUEENS — Three- band Italians and Goldens. Pure mating and safe arrival guaranteed. We ship only queens that are top notchers in size, prolificness and color. After June 1 prices as follows: Untested. $1.25 each; 6 for $7.00; select untested, $1.50 each; 6 for $8.50; select tested. $3.00 each. Special prices on larger quantities. Queens clipped free on request. Health certificate with each shipment. Buckeye Queens. Zoarville, Ohio. GOOD queens advertise themselves. It takes e.xpensive advertising to sell poor qiieens. and if you don't believe it try it. We believed in for- mer years we had the best three-banded queens obtainable. We still believe it. Our customers also tell us the same. Try a few. We have dropped the price in reach of all this year. We will have a few virgins for 50c when we have a surplus of them. We can furnish either from imported or Americanized mothers. Untested. $1.00; selected, $1.25; tested. $2.00; selpct?d. $2.50. F. M. Rus- sell, Roxbury, Ohio. 260 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE Apeid, 1922 TRY ACHORD'S BEES and QUEENS. Price list by return mail. W. D. Achord, Fitzpatrick, Ala. FOR SALE — Italian queens nuclei and pack- ages. B. F. Kindig, E. Lansing, Mich. FOR SALE — Hardy Italian queens. Prices on request. The Brookside Apiaries, Bennington, Neb. BOOKING orders now for early queens and package bees. Write for prices. Sarasota Bee Co., Sarasota, Fla. FOR SALE — 20 colonies Italian bees in standard 10-frame hives. Also Cowan extractor; 30 supers. Bargain. A. L. Rumsey, 105 Catherine St., Ithaca, N. Y. FOR SALE — 1 to 25 colonies of Italian bees in 10-frame hives, each $10.00; 35 10-frame L. ex- tracting supers, each $1.50; 18 10-frame Danz. comb-honey supers, each 75c; one 2-frame Novice extractor, $12.00; 30 cases, two each, second- hand 60-lb. cans, each 40c. Have no disease. C. Kubick 7032 Alcott Ave., Edison Park, Chi- cago, 111. Telephone, Newcastle 1531. PHELPS' GOLDEN ITALIAN QUEENS com- bine the qualities you want. Thev are GREAT HONEY-GATHERERS, BEAUTIFUL and GEN- TLE. Virgins, $1.00; mated, $2.00; 6 for $10.00, or $18.00 per doz.; tested, $5.00. Breeders, $10.00 to $20. Safe arrival guaranteed only in the U. S. and Canada. C. W. Phelps & Son, Binghamton, N. Y. LARGE leather-colored three-banded Italian queens. 10-year selection, bred for honey-gather- ing, gentle, hardy and long life. Price, select un- te.sted, 1, $1.25; 6, $6.50; 12, $12. After July 1, $1.00; 6, $5.00. Tested, $1.50 each. Write for price on large orders. Free booklet, "How to Transfer, Get Honey and Increase." J. M. Ginger- ich, Kalona, Iowa. PACKAGE BEES — With untested 3-banded Ital- ian queen, 21 years of experience enables me to breed queens that get results. 2-lb. package, $4.25: 3-lb. package, $5.50. Deduct 50c each for hybrid bees. No disease in county. Bees shipped by ex- press in May. 25% with order and balance before shipment. Safe arrival guaranteed. Bruce Ander- son, Bath, N. C. FOR MAY DELIVERY — One vigorous Italian queen, one frame emerging brood, one pound bees, price complete, $5.00. Additional pound bees, $1.00. Additional frame of brood, $1.00. Banat mixed queens and bees 5% discount. After May 25 10% discount on all. Safe arrival guaran- teed. Send 10% to book order. T. W. Living- ston, Norman Park, Ga. BURLESON ITALIAN BEES AND QUEENS— In 2 and 3 lb. packages; 1 2-lb. package with select untested queen, $5.00; 25 or more. $4.50; 1 3-lb. package with select untested Italian queen $6.25; 25 or more, $5.75. Ten per cent with order, balance 10 days before shipment; 1000 colonies to draw from. Can deliver the goods on time. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. T. W. Burleson, Waxahachie, Texas. CONNECTICUT queens. Highest grade 3-banded Ttalian.s ready June 1. Select untested $1.25 each; 0. $6.50; 12, $12.00; 50 $47.50; 100, $90. Two lbs. bees with queen, $5.00; 3 lbs. with queen, $7.00. Two-frame nuclei with queen, $5.50; 3- frame with queen, $7.50. Select virgin queens (not culls), 50c each, $45.00 per 100. No disease and satisfaction guaranteed. A. E. Crandall, Ber- lin, Conn. MAY deliverv. one. two and three pound pack- ages. $3.00. $4.00 and $5.00. Nuclei, $3.00, $4.25 and $5.50, with select unte.sted Italian queens. Spe- cial orders solicited. Select untested three-band queens, April and May. $1.25, 6 or more $1.00 each. 20% books order. State health certificate. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. Address Apalachicola. Fla., office. Tupelo Honey Co., Co- lumbia, Ala. LAST fall I had selected and tested six queens. Will use them as breeders this season in my queen yard. Their surplus honey capacity is from 216 lbs. to 288 lbs. each. I guarantee that every queen bought of me in 1922 is to be the daughter of one of these queens. Bees are three-banded. Mated, in June, $1.25 each; 6, $7.00; 12, $13.50; 25 or more, $1.00 each. After July 1, $1.00 each straight. Julius Victor, Martinsville, N. Y. FOR SALE — 100% queens bred from extra- select Jay Smith breeder. Larger queens from my cell builders reinforced with hatching brood and mated in standard frame nuclei. I guarantee safe arrival and entire satisfaction and that every queen lays before being caged. Also package bees. I am after a name and reputation. Give me a trial. Select untested, 1 $1.25; 6, $7.00; 12, $13.00; 25 to 100, $1.00 each. H. Peterman, R. F. D., Lathrop, Calif. BEES — 2-lb. packages, $3.50; 6 or more, $3.45; 12 or more, $3.40; 25 or more, $3.25; young Ital- ian queens, $1.25 extra. Shipments April 10 to May 1, by express f. o. b. New Orleans. Hardy three-banded and leather-colored stock, free from disease, shipped in Root cages on frame of founda- tion, safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed or money refunded. 25% deposit to book your order. Order early and state date you prefer shipment. Reference A. I. Root Co.. New Orleans, La. R. S. Knight, 4927 Conti St., New Orleans, La. THAT PRITCHARD QUEENS AND PRITCH- ARD SERVICE made a hit last season is proven by the many letters of appreciation and repeated orders received. This year we are BETTER PRE- PARED WITH a LARGER OUTFIT AND RE- DUCED PRICE. Three-banded Italians, untested, $1.25 each, 6 for $7.00; select untested, $1.50 each, 6 for $8.50; select tested, $3.00 each. Queens clipped free on request. We are booking orders now. Send yours at once and we will do our best to ship on date you desire. Acknowledge- ment and directions for introducing sent on re- ceipt of order. Safe arrival and satisfaction guar- anteed. Untested ready about June 1. Arlie Pritchard, R. D. No. 3, Medina, Ohio. LATHAM'S queens are well-bred Italians. She- Suits-Me Queens will please you. Get in your order early. The discount of 20% will continue till May 1, and will then be positively removed for the season. Prices for untested queens from May 15 to June 15, $2.00 each. 10 or more, $1.75 each. After June 15, $1.50 each for 1 to 9 ; $1.30 each for 10 to 24; $1.25 each for 25 to 49; $1.20 each for 50 to 99; $115 for 100 queens. See full page advertisement on inner back cover of Janu- ary Gleanings. That discount makes my prices low. I offer the discount so that I can know in advance the number of queens that I am to have ready each month. When a queen-breeder knows in advance, he can afford to give better prices, since that knowledge permits him to produce his queens at less cost. Allen Latham, Norwichtown, Conn. QUEENS AND PACKAGE BEES — March 1 finds us ready for shipping. Let us book you for short notice shipping. Bees and queens for your unpacking time. We have just added 1200 colo- nies of bees to our business in Mesa, Ariz., with our Mr. Jas. Lisonbee where weather and spring conditions are ideal for March and April package bees. All queens will be shipped from our large queen yards at Sandia, Texas, where we breed our pedigreed strain of three-band leather-colored queens from tested honey-producing mothers, and 8 miles out we breed our special golden queens that produce bees solid yellow to the tip. Very gentle, prolific and good honey-getters. 1 untested queen. $1.50; 25 or more, $1.25 each; 1 select untested queen, $1.70; 25 or more, $1.40 each; 1 select tested queen, $3.00; tested breeder. $5.00. 1-lb. package bees, $2.25; 25 or more, $2.15; 1 2- Ib. package bees, $3.75; 50 to 100, $2.60 each. Larger size quoted on request, also parcel post packages. Safe arrival gxiaranteed. Send all or- ders to Dr. White Bee Comjiany. Sandia, Texas. April, 192C GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 261 BY RETURN MAIL — Tested queens, $2.50 each, reared last fall from our well-known strain of three-handed Italians. None better. Untested queens ready to mail April 15, $1.50; $13.50 per dozen. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. Also no disease ever in this locality. J. W. K. Shaw & Co., Loreauville, La., Iberia Parish. FOR SALE — Two-frame nuclei Italian bees, with tested Italian queen, delivery May 1 by ex- press f. o. b. here, $7.50 each. Terms, $2.00 down, iialance ten days before shipping date. These queens wore reared last AuRust from very choice Italian stock, and big producers. Order early as we have set a limit on number of nuclei we will sell this season. First come, first served. Largest apiary in Westchester County. Spahn Bros., Pleas- antvijle, Westchester Co., N. Y. QUEENS — Bright, three-banded Italian. We are now booking orders for the season of 1922. Shipments of queens this year commenced on March 15. All queens mated in standard full-sized nuclei. We operate four thousand standard full- sized nuclei. Capacity and output this season five thousand queens per month. We own, operate and run for extracted honey in the states of Cali- fornia and Nevada twelve thousand colonies of bees. All of our breeders are selected queens whose colonies led these twelve thousand colo- nies of bees last season. Better selection of breeders cannot be equaled or had anywhere. We have the capacity and output of queens to make shipments promptly as and when promised. We guarantee safe arrival of queens. Prices — — Mated, untested queens. 1. $1.00; 6, $5.50; 12, $9.60. In larger quantity 75c each. In quantity of 100 or more write for special price. Terms 10 per cent deposit on booking order — balance at time of shipment. See our large advertisement in this magazine. Western Bee Farms Corporation (Principal) ; Western Honey Corporation and Western Citrus Honey Corporation (Associated Corporations). Claus Spreckels Building, No. 703 Market Street, San Francisco, California. PACKAGE BEES — While publishing the Bee- keepers' Review I sold thousands of packages of bees for others and I do not think I ever offered a better bargain on bees than I can offer on 200 4-lb. packages from Georgia. They are really a one-frame nucleus containing 4 lbs. of bees, the comb containing the feed ^for the bees while in transit. There is really no loss in shipping bees this way. as I know from long experience in ship- ping hundreds of packages. The queens are tested three-banded stock less than a year old, except a few mismated ones which will be replaced by young ones reared this spring. There has never been disease in this location. Safe delivery by express guaranteed. Delivery to be made between April 20 and May 10. The regular price of pack- age bees seems to be $2.00 per pound and tested queens, $2 00 each, which would make one pack- age at market price cost $10.00. I quote 10 4-lb. packages of bees with tested queens at $60.00; 50 packages at $287.50; 100 packages, $550.00. Large purchasers had better wire in their order as they will not last long at this low price. Write or wire me here at my winter home. Address E. D. Townsend, Marksville, La. HELP WANTED. WANTED — Man to help with 150 colonies of bees, poultry and gardening at Madison, N. J. Give experience. L. W. Smith, 56 Williams St., New York City. WANTED — Young man with general experience for the coming bee season. State qualifications in first letter. Room and board furnished. B. B. Coggshall Groton, R. D. No. 12, N. Y. WANTED — A man to work in our apiaries. Must have some experience. Send reference, etc., in first letter. J. B. and Chas. Merwin, Prattsville, N. Y. WANTED — Energetic young man to work in our queen yards. Must have good eyesight and be willing to hustle. In applying give full details and name salary demanded in first letter. M. C. Berry & Co., Montgomery, Box 697, Ala. WANTED — Four men for the coming season ex- perienced in comb-honey production, to work in our apiaries in Montana. Give references, experi- ence and wages expected in first letter. Steady work for right man. Weber Bros. Honey Co., Blackfoot, Idaho. WANTED — By a large and financially respon- sible corporation, operating at several different points in the states of California and Nevada, sev- eral experienced bee men and several helpers. Good wages (board and room) and permanent position, twelve months a year if work is satisfactory. Fi- nancial references furnished if desired. Give age, e.xperience, and full particulars in first letter. Ap- ply Western Bee Farms Corporation, 703 Market St., San Francisco, Calif. SITUATIONS WANTED POSITION WANTED — With progressive bee- keeper to learn the business. Ohio or Michigan preferred. C. A. Henry, Medina, Ohio. WANTED — A position with some good man or widow woman to oversee or take charge of bees. Have had large experience. Raised on farm. J. W. Newton, 1235 Abbott St., Detroit, Mich. MISCELLANEOUS. FOR SALE — A 6-inch telescope, surveyor's compass, little used, very accurate. O. Bromfield, South Jacksonville, Box 312, Rt. 8, Pla. TYPEWRITERS — All makes slightly used; $20 up. Easy payments. Free trial. Express prepaid. Guaranteed two years. Payne Company, Rosedale, Kansas. FOR SALE — Pure young Nubian buck, also 25 half and three-quarter young Nubian does and doe kids from good milking mothers. R. M. Col- lins, 220 No. 4th St., Muskogee, Okla. MEDICINAL roots and herbs are very profitable to grow. We especially recommend growing Golden Seal, which with good care will yield as high as $10,000 per acre for each crop. It takes several years to mature but will average $1000 a year. Special Crops, a monthly paper, tells how. Sample copy, 10c, $1.00 per year. Address Special Crops Pub. Co., Box "G," Skaneateles, N. Y. IMPORTED MOWING ^.^ "Marugg's Special" --^^34;;^'^ BLADES ,= o- ^^ •+! n A MP FT, Piittincr edse "THE MARUGG SPECIAL" are praised by rJit'S r, in'?°^'it:rSe0Ld .y .ea«n.^piaHs.. Write ,o. pa.-,,,,,. tO THE MAI^TJGa COMPANY, Pept, B, TRACY CITY, TENN. 262 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE April, 1922 Newman's Queens ORIGINATED FROM THE WORLD- FAMOUS MOORE STRAIN OF ITALIANS. ABSOLUTELY FIRST QUALITY AND FULLY GUARAN- TEED. NO DISEASE. SATISFAC- TION AND SAFE ARRIVAL. Untested $1.25; 6, $7.00; 12, $13.50. Select Untested, $1.75; 6, $9.00; 12, $17.00. Circular free. A. H. NEWMAN, QUEEN-BREEDER. MORGAN, KY. WRITE US number of packages or nuclei you may be in need of. We will be glad to give you our best prices, also amount of express. We belie\'e we are so located that we can make you a substantial saving. R. V. STEARNS BRADY, TEXAS QUEENS OUR OLD RELI.^BLE THREE-BANDED ITALIANS ARE HONEY GETTERS. They are gentle, prolific, and very resistant to foul brood. Orders booked for one-fourth cash. Safe arrival gunranteed. Circular free. PRICES APRIL 1st TO JULY 1st. Untested $1.25; over 25, $1.00 each Sel. Unt 1.50; over 25, 1.25 each Tested 2.50; over 25, 2.25 each .Selected Tested 3.00 each See our Dec. and Jan. Advertisement. JOHN G. MILLER 723 C Street, Corpus Christi, Te.xas. Ready now. 3-liandpd Italian queens, the fa- mous Dr. Miller and my own stock. Prices: Un- tested, $1.25 each, 0 for $7.00, 12 for $13. Selects, 25c each higher; clipping free. Tested, $2.00 each, 6 for $11, 12 for $20. Write for prices on larger lots. 3-frame nucleus with untested queen, $5.50; without queen. $4.25. Bees, one pound .$2.00; two pounds, $3.75; three pounds, $5.25. (Add price of queens to same.) As I have .iust got located in my new location I am not booked very heavy with orders; so, if you want bees and queens from the south early, give me a list of what you want booked, and date of shipment. A square deal to all my customers, new as well as old. 20 years' experience with the beoB. 10 years rearing and shipping bees; give me a chance. I will surely try to treat you squarely. CURD WALKER, (Foruierly of JelUco, Tenn,) gcotits §tatiQ8. Ala- INDIANOLA APIARY is now booking orders for 1922 for Italian bees and queens. Write for price list and circular. No disease. Bees inspected by State inspector. J. W. SHERMAN Valdosta, Ga. ROOT QUALITY BEES AND BEEKEEPERS' SUPPLIES. Bees in the hive, in packages, and nuclei, three-banded leather-colored Italian queens. Let a beekeeper of long standing serve you in your requirements for 1922. Catalog on request. O. G. RAWSON, 3208 Forest Place, East St. Louis, Illinois. r Siueens of Stalky -from- Tennessee 3-band Italians only. Untested, $1.25 each; six for $7.00; $12.00 per dozen. Ready about May 10th Circular free. J. I. BANKS, DOWELLTOWN, TENN. NO CASH WITH ORDER Progress Trees and Shrubs are so trustworthy that you pay after you get them. Quality that counts and a service that helps. Write for catalog without delay. PROGRESS NURSERIES, 1317 Peters Avenue. TROY, OHIO. IdMraifhstoFssr ^H^h4 You can easily eai n money fur the small payments. Parent; vance first payment to help buy a RANGEK. 44 Styles, colors and mzes. Factory to Rider prices. Delivered FREE. express prepaid, tor 30 DAYS' TRIAL. Terms to Buit— cash or easy payments. Mp{^^£ lamps, wheels, horns, repairs and 'ires Free Ranger Catalog and marvelous prices. rbis. Mead cydff <;ompany wrjte u» Hep*' H ^hica^O free catalog KELLOGG'S Great Crops of STRAWBERRIES and How to Crow Them THE KELLOGG WAY The most practical book on strawberry growing ever published. tiS pages of money-making information and art— 34 pages in natural color. Written by Amer- ica's most successfulstraw- berry grower. Tells how he makes poorsoilrichwithout manure or fertilizer. Gives his secrets for growing the big crops of fancy straw- berries that won him fame an72 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE April, 1922 HUMMER BEES and QUEENS ARE BLUE %IBBON WINNERS The following unsolicited testimonial speaks for itself: West Allis, Wisconsin, January 10, 1922. Geo. A. Hummer & Sons, Prairie Point, Miss. Gentlemen:- — Enclosed find check for $16.2.5, being the initial payment on 2.5 3-frame nuclei and queens. I was extremely Avell satisfied with the hees you sent nie last year; they did very well indeed, and at the Wisconsin state fair I secured first premium on hees and queens from them. I had an opportunity to secure nuclei very much cheaper than you offer, but when I take into consideration your excellent packing, prompt shipment, and honorable business dealings, I feel satisfied to remain your customer. Very sincerelv vours, JOSEPH M. BARR. We have been in the bee business in Mississippi for 30 years, and have bred up a strain of bees that are unexcelled for honey gatherers and gentleness. We make all shipments on time, as we have hundreds of strong colonies to draw from, and do not book more orders than we can fill. We are located on a trunk line railway, north and south; ciuick trips assured, reach Chicago in 24 hours; New York, N. Y.. in 48 hours; Detroit in 42 hours; far western points in 4 to 5 days. 'Prices F. O. 'B. SMacon, Mississippi. $4.75 each. 6.25 each. 2-frame Nuclei and Untested Italian Queen. . . .$5.00 each; 25 or more. 3-frame Nuclei and Untested Italian Queen. . . . 6.50 each; 25 or more. If tested queens are wanted, add 50 cents to above prices. Terms: 10 per cent of amount with order, balance just before shipment is made. We replace all loss on receipt of bad order receipt from your express agent, or refund money, at your option. We guarantee pure mating of queens, safe arrival, satisfaction, and prompt, efficient service. You Will Not Be 'Disappointed If You Order From Us. gEO. qA. HUSMSME% & SONS, PRAIRIE POINT, MISSISSIPPI ier's Quality Queens ''Breeding Queens Imported from Italy. Three-Banded Italians Only. Shipped When You Want Them. Let me have your order for the 1922 season. My queens are bred by men who know how. Every order given my personal attention. All queens reared in strong two-story, ten-frame hives, under natural conditions. Improve your weak, run-down colonies by using young, vigorous, three- banded Italian Queens from my imported stock. You take no risk buying from Collier. If you are not satisfied I will re- place or refund your money. Safe delivery guaranteed. Untested — 1, $1.50; 6, $7.50; 12, $13.50. Selected Untested^l, $1.75; 6, $9.00; 12, $16.50. Tested — 1, $2.50; 6, $13.00; 12, $24.50. Selected Tested — 1, $4.00; 6, $22.00; 12, $41.50. D. E. COLLIER, RAMER, ALABAMA. April, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 273 Make the WEAK STRONG by using Forehand's Th ree-Band Italian Bees and POOR QUEEN, weak colony, invita- tion to disease, ex- pense not profit. Queens GOOD QUEEN, strong healthy colony, pride and profit to Make your weak run-down colo- nies good ones by using young, vigorous 3-band Italian Queens, backed by 28 years of successful breeding. With the cost of supplies plus the cost of production, can you afford colonies occupying per- fectly good hives and combs, net- ting you nothing or a small profit ? We must produce our honey at less cost, to meet the lower prices. Can you make a better start than by bringing those non-producers to the front? Give them a queen that will have the hive chock-full of young bees ready for the har- vest, instead of being in a weak condition when bees are needed most. Give my imported stock a trial. You risk not a penny; if you are not satisfied, notify me and I will replace or refund your money. If the colony is too weak for a queen alone, get one or two pounds of my Italian Bees witli- queen. Introduce to the old col- ony and watch them build up. Let me make you one of my satisfied customers. I have thousands of them in U. S. and Canada. Untested — 1, $1.50; 6, $7.50; 12, $13.50. Selected Untested — 1. $1.75; 6, $9.00; 12, $16.50. Tested — 1, $2.50; 6, $13.00; 12, $24.50. Selected Tested — 1, $4.00; 6. $22.00; 12, $41.50. One pound bees WITH QUEEN. $3.00; two pounds bees WITH QUEEN, $5.50; 10 or more 2-lb. packages WITH QUEEN, $5.00. Write for prices on large lots. Queens are ready by return mail. N. FOREHAND, RAMER, ALABAMA. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE Apeil, 1922 oAnnouncement —to-- Queens Bright Three-Banded Italians. Beekeepers We are now booking orders for queens for the season of 1922. Shipments of queens this year commenced on March 15, 1922. All queens are mated in standard full-sized three-frame nuclei. We are operating four thousand standard full- sized three-frame nu- clei. Capacity and output this season are five thousand queens per month. We own, operate and run for extracted honey in the States of Califor- nia and Nevada twelve thousand colonies of bees. All of our breed- ers are selected queens whose colonies led these twelve thousand colo- nies of bees last season. Better selection of breeders cannot be equaled or had anywhere. We have the capacity and output of queens to make shipments Prices and Terms Untested Mated Queens 1 6 12 .... ^1.00 .... ^5.50 .... ^9.60 In larger quantity 75 cents each. In quantity of 100 or more write for special price. Terms 10 per cent deposit on Ijooking order. Balance at time of shipment. All queens shipped by us in six- hole mailing cages. No small-sized mailing cages used. We guarantee safe arrival of queens. Any queens arriving dead at destination will be replaced without charge. References by permis- sion : The A. I. Root Co. of California, No. 52 Main St., San Francisco, California, and No. 1824 East Fifteenth Street, Los Angeles, Califor- nia ; The Diamond Match Company, Api- ary Department, Chico, California ; The West- ern Honey Bee, No. 121 Temple Street, Los An- geles, California ; Bees and Honey, Hutchinson Building, Oakland, Cal- ifornia ; The Beekeepers Review, Lansing, Michigan. Bank- ing references on request. We respectfully solicit your pat- promptly as and when promised. ronage. Western ^ee Farms Corporation (PEINCIPAL) Western Honey Corporation — Western Citrus Honey Corporation (ASSOCIATED COBPORATIONS) Claus Spreckels Building, No. 703 Market Street, San Francisco, California. April, 1923 GLEANINGS IN BEK CULTURE 275 What Will the Harvest Be? PRICES. 1 Untested $1.50 Select Untested.. 1.75 Tested 2.50 Select Tested... 4.00 12 Untested $13.50 Select Untested 16.50 Tested 24.50 Select Tested.. 41.50 6 $7.50 9.00 13.00 22.00 100 Each $1.00 1.25 2.00 3.35 POUND BEES. To June JO. 1-lb. 2-lb. 3 -lb. package, package . package . Add price of queen wanted 1 ..$2.75 . . 4.75 . . 6.75 25 or more. $2.50 4.50 6.50 DO YOU KNOW why your honey crop is sometimes a failure? The season is not always to blame. In the best seasons it takes the best queens. Are you preparing for a good season? Then you will requeen from some thrifty strain of bees. Don't save lOe or 15e on a queen and lose your crop of honey. An inferior queen cannot meet the demands of a good season. You find this out after it is too late to save the crop. When you buy queens — the factor that will make or lose your honey crop — do you guess they are good or do you buy the kind that have been tested for 29 years by America's greatest honey producers. Forehand^s Three Bands The Thrifty Kind take the guess out of buying queens. They have stood the test in six countries and in al- most every state in the Union. Years of care- ful breeding have brought them up to a stan- dard surpassed by none but superior to many. Get a copy of our 1922 booklet, "Our CroAv." and read what others say about our bees and service. We guarantee pure mating and perfect satis- faction the world over. Safe arrival is guaran- teed in the United States and Canada. W. J. FOREHAND &: SONS FORT DEPOSIT, ALA. 276 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE Apeil, 1922 -r--^', ,6^ ■>- <=• jit r\irond eontentea colonies S an abund' . \ antsurpluj % oLifoneu .;; t/iis-falr in any quanti^ MICHIGAN STATE FARM BUREAU BOX C-3^SEE0 OEPART/VNEMT ^BOX C-3 LANSING MICHIGAN S'f'^!'*S>,J**4 y "^fj ;,'*M^-^'^ lHK*-kl 1. j,\A Mb 1^ K-i «. ^ «r '^ •'" «*»< ?i|^ yyg^-^*^ •«* '""-C^^fc. ' - 2IL^— S / .: -^'■•'f-'-. 1 W^^-" "^ i '^^^I^I^^^^S m ^3-^-^ ^ llP^VIfln .-^ ^.'^^ ^ ^- ^Hm wir^M ^ J . ^. , - -«i-«, ^w*-^^- - /icnoras Italians o/lre Uood Hees Whether you have only a few colonies or five hundred, we believe you will like them and they will prove a worthy addition to your yard. They are a bright, hustling, three-banded strain bred primarily for honey production, but also for gentleness and color. We have spared neither labor nor expense to make them the very best. We begin shipping about April 1.5th. 'Vrice of Packages, April and May, F. O. '■B. Shipping Point, by Express. 1-pound package $2.25 25 or more $2.15 50 or more $2.00 2-ib. package 3.75 25 or more 3.50 50 or more 3.35 3-pound package 5.25 25 or more 5.00 50 or more 4.85 Add price of queen wanted to package price given above. 1*rice of Queens, April and May. Untested, each $1.25 Ten or more $1.15 each 25 Select Untested 1.35 Ten or more 1.25 each 25 Tested, each 2.00 Ten or more 1.75 each We guarantee safe arrival and satisfaction. more $1.00 each more 1.15 each W. D. ACHORD, FITZPATRICK, ALABAMA. Finest Basswood- Finest Sections The A. I. Root Company's portable saw mill at Medina cutting up basswood logs specially selected by Root timber experts. The lumber for millions of sections is sawed annually by this mill. npHE best Comb Honey Sections are made where the best basswootl can be se- -'- cured and when this best basswood is best cured and best dried. '^' ORTHERN Ohio's native forests were full of the finest basswood trees, and •'■ ^ still have a large amount of this timber. Today there is also an abundance of second-gTowth basswood — the whitest and toughest kind of basswood. ^~\ UR own timber experts select the trees in the woods, insuring the highest ^■^ quality of lumber. The logs are sawed by our own portable sawmill, or, if too far distant from our plant, they are sawed by local mills and the lumber hauled to our yards by the timber owners. T^HE boards are winter-sawed, then piled green and thoroughly air-dried. -'- Later the lumber is stored under immense open sheds to thoroughly shrink and cure before going into our saw I'ooms. This is the best possible drying process. TN oui- saw rooms, only the best basswood boards arc selected for sections, ■'■ and our si)ecially designed machines saw out the sections, dovetail them with perfect smoothness, polish both sides, giving uniform thickness of a full eighth inch, and shear cut our improved V-groove that guarantees rigid boxes and least possible breakage. npHAT is the way ROOT "QUALITY" Sections are made, from tree to A packing box — the best way all the way. Although we have a double shift working on sections we are several cars behind orders, which fact indicates that many beekeepers believe that ours are the best sections. Send Today for Sample THE A. L ROOT COMPANY WEST SIDE STA.. MEDINA. OHIO '^ r T-f TfT^" TTt^ 3S If p dulturf i t*» if I /A I ' i " |CJ<£ 2 VOLUME L " May— -paintingjpictures mile on mile." —Emerson. MAY, 1922 NUMBER 5 Bee Supplies Send us your orders for your 1922 requirements NOW. We guarantee our goods to be first class in workman- ship and material. Special Prices on Tin Honey Containers 5-lb. Pails, per 50 * ;^.75 5-lb. Pails, per 100 7.00 10-lb. Pails, per 50 5.50 10-lb. Pails, per 100 10.50 60-lb. Sq. Cans, per case of two. 1.25 No. 2 Section Honey Boxes 50,000 41/4x41/4x11/2 plain. . .$8.50 per 1000 25,000 41/4x41/4x1% beeway 10.00 per 1000 Write for our new Catalog. A. H. Rusch dc Son Co. Reeds'ville, IVisconsin Bees and '''' Queens of Quality Get your orders in early. 3000 Nuclei headed with young Italian Queens ready to serve you on early spring orders. April, May and June Untested Queens $1.50 ; 25 to 99, $1.30 Sel. Untested Queens.. 1.75; 25 to 99, 1.50 Tested Queens 2.25; 25 to 99, 2.00 Select Tested Queens.. 2.75; 25 to 99, 2.25 July to ISlpvember Untested Queens $1.25; 25 to 99, $1.00 Sel. Untested Queens.. 1.50; 25 to 99, 1.25 Tested Queens 2.00; 25 to 99, 1.50 Select Tested Queens. 2.25; 25 to 99, 2.00 Write for prices on 100 or over. 1 1 -frame Nucleus with Tested Breed- ing Queen $10.00 1-pound Package Italian Bees $2.25 2-pound Package Italian Bees 3.75 3-pound Package Italian Bees 5.25 Quantity prices on application. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed to any point in the United States. THE A. I. ROOT GO. OF TEXAS BOX 765, SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS. Order Your Queens Now Pay two weeks before shipment. Just think of it! Only one dollar for one of my bright three-banded Northern-bred Ital- ian queens. After nineteen years of select breeding, I have produced a strain of bees that get the honey and stand the northern winter. Last year every order was filled by return mail; expect to do the same this year. This is the kind of letters I receive daily: "Dear Mr. Major: "How early in spring could you fill an order for one dozen Italian queens? My experience and observation with your strain of Italians have shown them to be extremely gentle, sui)erior as work- ers and unexcelled in the beautifully white and even capping of the honey, "Yours very truly, "Orel L. Hershiser." Mr. Hershiser is one of our State inspec- tors and has been a beekeeper almost all his life; also inventor of the Hershiser wax press. "Does he know good bees when he sees them?" "Does a duck swim?" I guarantee pure mating, safe arrival, free from disease and health certificate fur- nished with each shipment. Select untested, from 1 to 100, $1.00 each. Select tested, $1.50 each. Extra-select breeders, S5.00 each. All candy in queen- mailing cages mixed to government regu- lations. All orders greatly appreciated and acknowledged the same day received. H. N. MAJOR, South Wales, N. Y. -C QyALITY First J^°^« INQUIRIES SOtlClI^^C ^LTIMORE, MO- May, 1922 G L E A N I N (! S IN n I'', K 0 V T- T U R 1''. 277 MAY, 1922 Honey Markets 280-281 Editorials 293-295 Breeding and Eequeening M. C. Eichter 296-298 Brood Disease Variations A. P. Sturtevant 298-302 The Extracting Equipment H. H. Eoot 302-305 European Foul Brood H. B. Arbuckle 306 Northern California D. Stuart 307 Grabbing the Honey Flow Arthur C. Miller 307-308 Heavy Yields in Montana Claude M. Pease 308 liftings J. E. Crane 309 The Land of Contrasts Constance Eoot Boyden 310-311 Beekeeping as a Sideline Grace Allen 312-313 From North, East, West and South 314-318 Heads of Grain from Different Fields 319 Just News 320 Who 's Who in Apiculture 32] Gleaned by Asking Geo. S. Demuth 322-323 Talks to Beginners Geo. S. Demuth 324-326 Our Homes A. I. Eoot 327-329 SUBSCRIPTION RATES. — One year, $1.00. (Low paid-in-advance subscription rates withdrawn.) Sini,'le copv, 10 cents. Canadian subscription, 15 cents additional per year, and foreign subscrijjtion, 30 cents additional. DISCONTINUANCE. — Subscriptions, not paid in advance, or specifically ordered by the subscriber to be continued, will be stopped on expiration. No subscriber will be rur into debt by us for this journal. CHANGE OF ADDRESS. — Give your old address as well as the new and write the name to which the journal has heretofore been addressed. REMITTANCE. — Should be sent by postofiice money order, bank draft, express money order, or check. CONTRIBUTIONS to Gleaning.S columns solicited; .stamps should be enclosed to insure return to author of manuscript if not printed. ADVERTISING RATES. — Advertising rates and conditions will be sent on request. Results from advertising in this journal are remarkably satis- factory. ADVERTISERS' LIABILITY. — The publishers use utmost diligence to estab- li.sh in advance the reliability of every advertiser using space in this journal. Entered as second class mail matter at the Postoffice at Medina, Ohio. Published monthly. Space occupied by reading matter in this issue, 53 per cent; advertising, 47 per cent. THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY, Publishers, Medina, Ohio Editorial StafF Geo. S. Demuth and E. R. Root A. I. Root H. H. Root H. G. Rowe Editors Editor Home Dept. Assistant Editor M'n'g Editor 278 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE May, 1922 Money Saved Time Saved Bee Supplies Root's Goods at fadory prices with WEBER'S service. Send us a list of your wants and we will quote you prices that will save you money. C. H. W. Weber & Co. 2163-65-67 Central Ave. Cincinnath Ohio MR. BEEKEEPER--- We have a large plant especially equipped to manufacture the sup- plies that you use. We guarantee all materials and workmanship. We ship anywhere. We allow early order discounts and make prompt shipments. We pay the highest cash and trade prices for beeswax. Write for free illustrated catalog today. LEAHY MFG. CO., 95 Sixth Street, Higginsville, Missouri Texas Beekeepers should write to A. M. Hunt, Goldthwaite, Texas. SUPERIOR FOUNDATION "BEST BY TEST" Do not fail to secure our 1922 reduced prices on SUPERIOR FOUNDATION. State quantity desired. Wo also manufacture Hoffman frames, dovetailed beehives, etc. Quality unexcelled; prices on request. SUPERIOR HONEY COMPANY, OGDEN, UTAH (Manufacturers of Weed Process Foundation.) Mav, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 279 3icc?r FOR YOU The FRED W. MUTH CO. f* »,*! CINCINNATI, OHIO f *\^ Look Before You Leap! Send in a list of your needs of BEE SUPPLIES for the com- ing season and get quotations on it. 1922 CATALOG, illustrated, now ready! MONDENG'S bee supplies speak for themselves. CHARLES MONDENG 146 Newton Ave. N. and 159 Cedar Lake Rd. MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA. You need our new 1922 bee supply catalog more than ever before. Have you received one? Many new articles are listed for the saving of labor and greater honey production. Our attract- ive prices, superior quality and prompt service will always be appreciated by beekeepers. Send a list of your requirements to us. THE FRED W. MUTH COMPANY, Pearl and Walnut Streets, Cincinnati, Ohio. Write us for catalog. BEEKEEPERS" SUPPLIES The Kind You Want and the Kind That Bees Need We have a good assortment in stock of bee sup- plies that are mostly needed in every apiary. The A. I. Root Co.'s brand. Let us hear from yciu; mfdi-miiiion given to all inquiries. Bees- wax wanted for supplies or cash. John Nebel & Son Supply Co. High Hill, Montgomery Co., Mo, LEWIS 4-WAY BEE ESCAPES Pour exits from supers. Pits all standard boards. Springs of coppered steel. Made of substantial metal. Price each 18c prepaid. Made by G. B. LEWIS COMPANY. Watertown, Wis., U. S. A. For Sale by all Dealers. 280 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE HONEY MARKETS May, 1922 U. S. GOVERNMENT MARKET REPORTS. Information from Producing Areas (First Half of April). CALIFORNIA POINTS. — Outlook continues fa- vorable for a heavy honey flowr. if weather condi- tions are- normal. Supplies of white honey are practically cleaned up, but lower grades are more plentiful. Lack of export demand for amber hon- eys is depressing to prices. As syrups and sugars are now down in price, honey sold in competition with these sweets must conform to their levels. PACIFIC NORTHWEST.— Honey plants report- ed two weeks late but otherwise promising. Stores are said to be very light, with many colonies being fed. INTERMOUNTAIN REGION. — Heavy winter losses in unprotected apiaries continue to be re- ported, reaching as high as 70% in some sections. Hives properly protected have come through fairly well. Some pollen has been gathered, and brood- rearing, which is badly needed, has started in the strongest colonies. Stores are accordingly being rapidly used up. Stocks of extracted honey con- tinue to move fairly readily, and extracted honey will probably be nearly cleaned up before the new crop is ready. Considerable comb may be carried over, as little interest i.s observable in this class of goods. Carlot sales of white sweet clover and alfalfa range 8-8 %c per lb., f. o. b., with less-than-carlot sales in .5-gal. cans up to 12c per lb. The price of comb is lower; carloads of fancy and No. 1 white reported selling at $3.00-3.50; few, $4.00 per 24-section case. In Arizona, colonies are breed- ing up strongly. Prospects are good in this sec- tion for a heavy mesquite flow, ^nd several locali- ties report the flow already on. TEXAS POINTS. — Bees are building up and many colonies are said to be preparing to swarm. Mesquite in southwest Texas appears spotty. Some sections report plants heavy with buds; others that blossoms will be light. Other honey plants said to be coming on well. Crop outlook gener- ally more favorable, due to recent rains, which in some areas have totaled 10 inches since last re- port. Present nectar flow only enough for use in the hives. Practically no sales reported. EAST CENTRAL AND NORTH CENTRAL STATES. — Colonies are reported in good condition and are said to have come through unusually well. Bees are rather short of stores, however, and many colonies will need to be fed. Prospects bright for coming season. Clover has been helped by recent heavy rains and is showing up well. Supplies be- coming exhausted. Few sales white clover in 5-gal. cans reported in less-than-carlots at 11% -14c per lb., with few large lot quotations during past month of 10-1 Ic per lb. Trade in bee supplies in Michigan said to exceed that of most recent years for March and early April. Small lot sales white clover comb reported at $4.50 per case. PLAINS AREA. — Some colonies reported to have suffered heavy losses due to lack of stores; others came through fairly well. Many colonies re- quiring spring feeding to prevent starvation. Sweet clover prospects good if season favorable, but white clover outlook not good due to lack of snow during winter over much of area. Recent heavy fall of snow and rain will help. Supplies almost exhausted. Few sales 5-gal. cans white extracted reported 10-13% c for small lots. SOUTHEASTERN SECTION.— The spring flow is now on, but little surplus stored to date, as col- ony condition generally below normal. Most colo- nies are living on what they gather. High water in Lousiana swamps should prolong spring flow at least two weeks in that state, while Georgia re- ports that rain is needed. Florida has a small crop of orange blossom honey. Saw palmetto is blooming in that state, but due to extremely dry weather is yielding little honey. It is also said to be too dry for gallberry nectar. Heavy winds said to be reducing amount of bloom in Florida. Demand has increased recently in some sections. Few sales tnpelo extracted reported from Georgia in barrels at 10c per lb. Package bee shippers are beginning to get out a few early orders, but are later than usual with the bulk of their orders. NORTHEASTERN STATES.^Fruit trees are far ahead of normal, and plenty of pollen is also available from maples. Brood-rearing is advancing rapidly. Clover and other plants generally prom- ise well. Bees are said to have wintered the best in years with only light losses thus far. Some colonies sufficiently supplied with stores, but many others must be fed liberally or heavy loss will result. Very few sales, as supplies practically ex- hausted. Telegraphic Reports from Important Markets. Arrivals include receipts during preceding two weeks. BOSTON.- — Light demand and movement for both comb and extracted. Comb : Sales to retailers, New York, 24-section cases No. 1, white clover, $6.50-7.00; Vermont, 20-section cases No. 1, white clover carton stock $6.50-7.00. Extracted: Sales to confectioners and bottlers, Cuba and Porto Rico, amber 80-85c per gal.; California, white, sage, 13% -160 per lb. ^Brokers carlot quotations, delivered Boston basis, per lb., California, light amber 8-9c. amber 7-7 %c. CHICAGO. — Demand and movement unusually slow, some dealers doing practically nothing. Low prices of sugar syrups given as main reason for slow movement. Prices remain about the same. Extracted ; Sales to bottlers, candy manufacturers and bakers, per lb., Arizona, Idaho and Montana, alfalfa and sweet clover white 10% -lie, light amber 9-9% c; Minnesota and Wisconsin, mixed white, basswood and clover, ll-ll%c; occasional small sales 12 %c. California, mixed mountain flowers white lie. Comb: Sales to retailers, 24- section cases Iowa, clover No. 1, $4.75-5.00; No. 2, $3.00-4.00; Idaho and Montana, alfalfa No. 1. $4.50-5.00. Beesvvax: Receipts moderate. Demand and movement moderate, market has been gener- ally steady for past two weeks but just at present is a trifle easier. Sales to wholesale druggists, laundry supply houses and harness makers, per lb. California, Arizona, Idaho and Montana, best light 26-29C, dark 23-25c. South and Central American, light 21-25c, dark 15-17c. MINNEAPOLIS. — Comb: Supplies liberal. De- mand and movement slow, market dull. Sales to retailers. Western, 24-section cases alfalfa and sweet clover mixed No. 1, $5.00-5.50; No. 2, $4.50. Extracted: Demand and movement light, market steady. Sales to retailers, confectioners and bak- ers in 5-gal. cans: Western, light amber alfalfa and sweet clover, 12c per lb ; Minnesota, white clover. 15c per lb. NKW YORK." — Domestic receipts light, foreign receipts limited. Supplies rather light. Demand moderate, market steady. Extracted : Spot sales to jobbers, wholesalers, confectioners, bakers and bottlers, domestic, per lb., California, light amber alfalfa 7%-8%c; light amber sage, 9-lOc; white sage, ]l-12c; white orange blossom, 12-13c, few 14c; Intermountain Region, white alfalfa and sweet clover, 10% -lie; New York, white clover. ll-12c; buckwheat 7-8c. South American, refined best, 65-70c per gal.; poorer low as 60c per gal. Beeswax: Foreign receipts limited. Supplies limit- ed. Demand fair, market firm. Spot sales to wholesalers, manufacturers and drug trade, per lb.. South American and West Indian, light best. 25-27c; few high as 50c; poorer low as 23c; dark. 18-20c; African, dark, mostly 19-20c; few, 21c. PHILADELPHIA. — Practically no receipts. Sup- plies generally very light. There seems to be no demand or movement for bulk stock but bottled goods are reported meeting a fair demand and prices holding firm. Beeswax: Supplies light. Market again slightly stronger. Sales to manu- facturers, per lb.. South American light, 25% c; African, dark, 17%-18%c. ST. LOUIS. — Demand reported light, movement slow, market quiet. Comb: Sales to retailers in small lots of 24-section cases, Colorado and North- western, white clover and alfalfa No. 1, heavy. $5.50-6.00. Extracted: Sales to wholesalers and jobbers, per lb.. California, light amber alfalfa, mostly around 9c; Southern, light amber, various mixed flavors, few sales, 9c. Beeswax: Ungraded average country-run wax quoted nominally at 23c per lb. to jobbers. H. C. Taylor, Chief of Markets'. Special Foreign Quotations. , CUBA. — Honey is quoted at 40c a gallon; wax. 30c a quintal " Adolfo Marzol. Matanzas, Cuba, April 8. May, 1922 <; 1. K .A N I N (I S IN B E K C U L T U R K The Opinions of Honey Producers Themselves as Reported to Gleanings in Bee Culture. Karly in April we sent lo actual honey prochicers the following questions: 1. What jjortion if any of the 1921 crop is still in the hands of producers in your locality? Give answer in per cent. 2. What prices are producers receiving for extracted honey at their station when sold to large buyers ? 3. What are prices to retailers in small lots? (a) Comh honey, fancy or No. 1, per case? (b) Kxtracted honey in 5-lb. pails or other retail packages? 4. How is honey now moving on the market in your locality? Give answer in one word as slow, fair, rapid. 5. What is the condition of the colonies in your locality coi)ii)ared with normal as to numbers of bees and stores? Give answer in per cent, (a) Number of bees? (b) Amount of brood? (c) Amount of stores for spring brood-rearing? 6. What is the condition of the honey plants at this time in your locality as compared with normal? Give answer in per cent. 7. How does the early honey flow thus far compare with normal in your locality? Give answer in per cent. The answers as returned by our honey and bee reporters are as fol- lows : Crop Extr. State. Reported by Unsold. Wh'sale. Ark. ,T. V. Ormond 0 Ark. J. Johnson 0 . . . . . . . B. C. W. J. Sheppard ... 0 Cal. M. C. Richter 20 . . . . $.11 . . . Cal. L. L. Andrews 10... Cal. G. Larinan 10 11... Cal. M. A. Sayler 2 08... Colo. B W. Hopper.... 0 Colo. J. H. Wagner 12 . . . Colo. J. A. Green 12 . . . Conn. A. Latham .... . . . Fla. C. C. Cook 10 11. . . Fla. H. Hewitt 25 Pla. W. Lamkin 2 11... Ga. J. J. Wilder 15 10... HI. C. F. Bender 0 111. A. L. Kildow 1 Ind. J. Smith 0 Ind. E. S. Miller 25 Iowa. W. S. Pangburn . . 10 14... Iowa. E. G. Brown 10 10 . . . Iowa. P. Coverdale .... 0. . . . . . . Kan. C. D. Mize 10 Kan. J. A. Nininger . ... 0 . . . . . . . Kv. P. C. Ward La. E. C. Davis 10 09. . . Maine. O. B. Griffin 5 Md. S. G. Crocker, Jr. . 5 Mass. O. M. Smith ..'.... 0 Mich. I. D. Bartlett 5 Mich. F. Markham 5 12 . . . Mich. L. S. Griggs Miss. R. B. Willson 07... Mo. J. W. Romberger. . 0 12... Nev. E. G. Norton 0 Nev. L. D. A. Prince ... 0 . . . . . . . N. J. E. G. Carr 10 N. Y. Adams & Myers ... .... . . . N. Y. G. B. Howe N. Y. N. L. Stevens 0 N. Y. F. W. Lesser 0 N. Y. A. J. Spahn 10 N. C. C. S. Bumgarner N. C. C. L. Sams 0 Ohio. E. G. Baldwin Ohio. F. Leininger 10 . . . Ohio. J. F. Moore 5 12 . . . Okla. J. Heueisen 0 . . . . . . . Okla. C. F. Stiles Ore. E. J. Ladd Ore. H. A. Scullen 0 Pa. G. H. Rea 0 Pa. H. Beaver 2 . . . . . . . Pa. C. N. Greene 5 08... Pa. D. 0. Gilham 6 R. I. A. C. Miller 0 S. C. A. S. Conradi 0 S. D. L. A. Syverud. ... 5 Tenn. J. M. Buchanan ... .... . . . Tenn. G. M. Bentley 0 Texas. J. N. Maves 1 . .' Texas. T. A. Bowden 8 Utah. M. A. Gill 0 Vt. J. E. Crane 0 Va. T. C. Asher 0 Wash. W. L. Cox 0 Wash. G. W. York 11... Wash. G. W, B. Saxton. . . 20 20... W. Va. T. K. Massie 0 W. Va. W. C. Griffith.... 0 Wis. N. E. France 5 Wis. K. Hassinger, Jr . . 2. . . . . . , Wis. H. F. Wilson 2 11.., Wyo. A. D. Brown 30 To Retailers. Colonies. Plant. Honey Comb. Extr. Movem' t. Bees Brood. Stores. Cond. Plow. .100. .150. .150. . .150 . 100. .110. .100. . .100. . . . 75. . 75. . 75. . . .100. . . .$1.25'. . .Rapid . . 70. . 70. . 60. . . . 60. . . 60 .'.$6.00." .90. . .Fair .100. .100. . .100. . . 75 . .Fair . . 75. . 75. '. 75.".' . .100. . . '. 4.00 '. . .75! . .Pair . . 90. . 90. . 90. . . .100. . . 100 . . Slow . . 75. . 75. . 80. . . . 75. . . '. 5.50 ! . .75! . . Fair . . 85. . 85. .100. . . . 90. . . . .Slow . . 95. . 95. . 90. . .100. . . ..Fair . .100. .100. . . .100. . . '. .75! ..Pair . .100. !ioo! . 125. . . .125. . . 100 . .85. ..Slow . .100. .100. . .125. . . 100 . .65. ..Slow . .100. .100. . .100. . . 25 . .75. ..Slow . .100. .100. .100. . . .100. . . 100 '. 6.00 '. . . Good . . 95. .100. . 75. . . .110. . . . .Rapid . .110. . 98.. . .105. . . ..Fair . . 75. .100'. . 25. . . .100. . . '. 6.00 '. . 1 .00 '. . . Slow . .100. .100. . 90.. . . 95. . . . .95. . .Fair . . .100. . .100. . . . .80. ..Pair . .100. '. 90'. '. 80'. '. . .100. . . . .Pair . .100. .100. . 25. . . . 70. . . ". 6.00 ! '. .75. . .Slow . .100. .100. . 75. . . .120. . . . 6.00. . .75. . . Slow . . 90. . 75. . 90. . . . 90. . . . . Slow . .100. .100. .100. . . .100. . . .' .75! . .Fair . ' 0(1 100. 1 00 . . TOO. . . I 50 '. 7.00 ! . . Slow . .100. . 90. . . 4.85. '. .75 " . .Slow . . 90. '. 90! . 90. . '.'.100'.'.'. . . Slow . . .100. .100. .100. . . .100. . . '. .85". . . Slow . . .115. .100. .100. . . .125. . . . .80. . . Slow . . .125. .100. .100. . . .125. . . '. 6.00 ! . 1.00. . . Slow . . .100. . 90. . . .100. .'. . 5.25. . 1.00. . .Fair . . .100. !ioo! .100. . . .100. . . 125 . 6.25. . .95. . .Fair . . . 80. . 50. . 50. . . . 75. . . . 6.00. . .Slow . . 75.. . .100. . . . .Fair . ; ! 50! '. 25.' . 25. . . . Slow . . . 90. . 90. .100. . '.'. 90! ! ! '. 6.00 '. '. 1.00'. . .Rapid . . .100. . 85. . 80. . . . 30. . . . 1.15. . .Fair . . . 95. .100. . 75.. . .100. . . . .110. .100. .100. . . .100. . . '. 4.80 '. '. 1.00'. '. . Slow '. . . 80. . 75. .125. . . . 90. . . ..Slow . . .100. .100. .100. . . .100. . . . .110. .125. .100. . . .125. . . '. '. Fair . . .100. .100. . 90. . . .100. . . . . 95. . 95. .100. . . . 85. . . '. 4.80 '. ". .75". . .Pair . . .100. . 85.. . . 80. . . . 4.50. . .85. . . Slow . . . 75. '. 50! . 50. . . ,100. . . . . 60. . 50. . 20. . . .100. . . '. 1.00'. '. . Slow '. . .100. .100. . 55. . . .100. . . '. 3.50 ! . . Slow . ..Pair . . . 60. . 90. .90.. . .100. . . . .100. . . . .Fair . '. '.100'. ".100! !ioo! ! . .100. . . '. .60! . . Slow . . . TOO. .100. .100. . . .100. . . '. 5.50. . .65. . . Slow . . .100. . 90. . 20. . . .100. . . . 7.00. . 1.00. ..Fair . . .100. .100. . 75.. . .110. . . . . Slow . . .100. .100. .150. . . .100. . . '. 6.00 ! . . Fair . . .100. .100. . 95. . . .100. . . . 3.85. '. .60'. ..Fair . . .100. . 90. . 90. . . . 100 . . . . . Slow . . .100. .110. . 90. . . . 80. . . '. 1.10'. . .Slow . . .100. .100. . 50. . . . 75. . . . . 25. . 25. . 50. . . . 60. . . 50 '. .75'. '. . Slow . . .100. .110. .100. . . . 90. . . .100 .' 4.50.' . . Fair . . .100. . 75. .100. . . .100. . . '. 1.25". . . Slow . . . 85. . 90. . . . 85. . . ., . .Slow . . . 85. . 90. . . . 8 5... .' 6.00.' . .Pair . . . 90. '. so! .100. . . . 90. . . . 6.00. '. .85! . .Fair . . . 50 . . 1.10. . . Slow . . . 75. '. 75! . . 75. . . . .100. .100. '. 90!'. . .100. . . . 10'^ . .100. . 90. . . . 100. . . '. .80'. . .Pair . . . 75 . 50. . .100. . . . .85. . .Slow . . .100. .100. .100. '. . . 95. . . . 1.00. . .Pair . . .100. . 75. . 75. . '. 5.25! . .90. . . Slow . . . 75. . 60. . 40. . '.'.no'.'.'. 282 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE May, 1922 newIMngham BEE SMOKER PATENTED The Smoker You Ought to Own T HE most im]iorrant invention in beekeep- ing, as little can be accomplished without the Bee Smoker. The new Bingham Bee-Smoker is the most efficient and durable machine on the market. The standard for over 40 years in this and many foreign countries, and is the all-impor- tant tool of the most extensive honey produc- ers of the world. Comes with metal legs, metal binding and turned edges. The four larger sizes have hinged covers. The fire grate is of very sub- stantial material, with an abundance of draft holes, the 4-inch size having 381 holes, equal to an opening of 2-inch square. A valve in the bellows of the larger sizes makes the Smoker respond to the most delicate touch. The new Bingham comes in six sizes, including the Big Smoke, which is furnished both with and without shield. The larger sizes are best, as they hold more fuel, give more smoke, re- quire filling less often, and are especially rec- ommended to those who work with their bees several hours at a time. Write for our complete catalog of bee su]i- plies and accessories. Special circular of all sizes of Bingham Smokers free for the asking. A. G. WOODMAN CO. 238 Scribner Ave., N. W. GRAND RAPIDS, MICH., U.S.A. BIG SMOKE— With Shield Fire Pot, 4 x 10. CONQUEROR. Fire Pot, 3x7. LITTLE WONDER. Fire Pot, 3x51/2. Mav, 1!)22 (i L K A N 1 N (i S I N H K K C H T. T U R K 283 ARE YOU IN A HURRY? We can make prompt shipments to you, over any one of twelve lines? Special attention is given to all orders, to see that they are dispatched at once, over the shortest route, to your station. We plan to save the beekeeper every possible cent in freight hauls, and time in delivery. We will give your business just such thought- ful and personal attention, in this your rush season. ^^^ 5^^ The A. I. ^^ot Company of Iowa Council fluffs, Iowa. 284 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE May, 1922 DON'T BE CONFUSED H In buying a larger hive tlian the ten-frame Langstroth hive. Quinby invented an eight-frame hive with frames about llVt inches deep. It was long ago found inade- quate in size and was made into a ten-frame hive, a feize we have offered for some years. 11 Charles Dadant found the ten-frame Quinby depth hive needed another frame. He also found it a beekeeping necessity to change this hive further, and evolved the 1%- inch spacing from center to center of the frames. This is the real principle to be considered in the MODIFIED DADANT HIVE (REGISTRATION APPLIED FOR) Deep frames 11 Vi inches. Frame space ventilation, swarm control easier, GVi- inch extracting frames. Large one-story Ijrood-nest, adequate winter stores, greater brood-room, stand- ard covers, bottoms. Present equipment may be used as super equipment on Modified Dadant brood- chambers. Covers and bot- toms for this hive are the familiar metal roof cover with inner cover and regu- lar standard bottoms, ex- cept for larger dimensions. The standard of workmanship is "Beeware." Write for free booklet on this hive to G. B. LEWIS COMPANY, Watertown, Wisconsin. DADAIMT & SOIMS, Hamilton, Illinois. HONEY SECTIONS Just a reminder that our sections are made from Northern Wisconsin bass- wood; this makes them JUST A LIT- TLE BETTER. This basswood is all winter-sawed, that's why our sections are JUST A LITTLE WHITER and look JUST A LITTLE BETTER. We are working overtime to give our cus- tomers JUST A LITTLE BETTER SERVICE. We have a full line of hives, supers, hive-bodies, frames, foundation and all other Stnndard Supplies that are JUST A LITTLE BETTER; get our catalog and know why. August Lotz Co. BOYD, WISCONSIN. ATav, 1922 a L K A N 1 N (i S IN REE C U L T U R E 285 LEWIS EXTRACTORS ■^ Lewis-Markle Power Honey FZxtractor-Tank Removed. Made in 4 and 8 frame sizes. Accommodates 2 Fizes of baskets, power operation, machinery underneath, no vibration, tank and baskets in- stantly removable for cleaning. A commercial sixccess. Circular free. Address: G. B. LEWIS COMPANY, WATERTOWN, WISCONSIN, U. S. A. There's a Distriljutor Near You. 'sRBusy in need of before the off 'til to- at can be s a pretty in the Bee Order now, when we can give you our best attention. BEE PREPARED BEE SATISFIED F. A. SALISBURY 1631 W. Genesee Street SYRACUSE, N. Y. Better Way to Garden Don't do garden work the slow back-breaking way. You can grow a far better garden, easier and with much less time and work. BARKER WEEDER, MULGHER AND CULTIVATOR THREE MACHINES IN ONE Simply pusli the BAEKER along the rows (like a lawn mower). Eight blades revolving against a stationary underground knife destroy the weeds and in same operatign break up the surface crust into a level, porous, moisture-retaining mulch. Aerates soil. Intensive cultivation. "Best Weed Killer Ever Used." Has leaf guards, also shovels for deeper cultivation. A boy can run it — do more and better work than 10 men with hoes. Write Us Today for FREE Booklet. Let n.s tell you ahmit this niiicliine and how to raise bigger, better gardens — make gar- dening a pleasure. A valuable book, illus- trated. Gives prices, etc. A card brings it. Write us today. Use coupon below. BARKER iVIFG. CO. Box 23 DAVID CITY. NEB. * Barker Mfg Co., Box 23, David City, Neb. Gentlemen: Send me postpaid your free booklet and Factory-to-User offer. Name Town State Box or RFD , 286 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE May, 1922 iiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiii ROOT QUALITY QUEENS SOMETHING ABOUT THEM. Fifty years of continuous breed- ing up to the pres- ent Koot Quality Queens and Bees. A. I. Eoot bought the first mother of this strain from L a n g s t roth 55 years ago. No ex- pense or pains has been spared to de- velop this strain of improved three- banded leather- colored Italians. PRICES OF EOOT QUALITY QUEENS. April 15 to June 30 — 1 to 9. 10 to 24. 25 to 49. Untested ..$2.00ea. $1.80 ea. .$1.70 ea. SeL Untested 2.50 ea. 2.25 ea. 2.10 ea. Tested 3.00 ea. 2.70 ea. 2.55 ea. Sel. Tested. 3.50 ea. 3.15 ea. 3.00 ea. July 1 to November 1 — 1 to 9. 10 to 24. 25 to 49. Untested ...$1.50ea. $1.40 ea. $1.35 ea. Sel. Untested 2.00 ea. 1.90 ea. 1.80 ea. Tested 2.50 ea. 2.35 ea. 2.25 ea. Sel. Tested.. 3.00 ea. 2.85 ea. 2.70 ea. 50 to 99. $1.G0 ea. 2.00 ea. 2.40 ea. 2.80 ea. 50 to 99. $1.25 ea. 1.70 ea. 2.10 ea. 2.55 ea. lOOorover. $1.50 ea. 1.85 ea. 2.25 ea. 2.60 ea. lOOorover. $1.15 ea. 1.60 ea. 2.00 ea. 2.40 ea. PRICES OF BEES IN COMBLESS PACKAGES BY EXPRESS. April 15 to September 1 — C310700— 1-pound package. .$3.00; 25 or more. .$2.85 ea. C310800— 2-pound package.. 5.00; 25 or more.. 4.75 ea. C310801— 3-pound package.. 7.00; 25 or more.. 6.60 ea. Add price of queen wanted to package price given above. Early deliveries will be made from our Alabama apiaries. THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY, MEDINA, OHIO, U. S. A. [ -""■■""""" rt.t...niinMiniMn.i...Mi...iTm..iimintHTMinmti.i l.iii...ii...»iii.....i....iit.ii...ii..i.Miiiii.i.t..it..Miiti.i.t.tiiit.ii.«t..i.tit.iMin.i.n...n.nn.i..n..nmMm.tiii.n...iniwiti.imi.tiMiiiiiMm.mtn.intm WE ARE PREPARED TO TAKE CARE OF YOUR RUSH ORDERS m E sliip thousands of bees all over the U. S. A. and Canada, t Special attention given to small orders. H Queens bred from the best honey-gatherers with all other important points taken into con- sideration. U Safe arrival guaranteed. H Send for special circu- lar for shipping after May 15th. 1| Can take care of your rush orders for shipping before May 15, at the following prices: 1-pound package, $2.25 each; 25 or more, $2.15 each. 2-pound package, f^ 7R p^'">i' S5 or moie S^^O eacn 3-pound package, $5.25 each; 25 or more $5.00 each. 2-frame Nuclei. $3.75 each; 3-frame Nuclei. $5.25 each. 2-frame with 1 pound extra bees, $5.25 each. 1-frame with 2 pounds extra bees, $5.25 each. (Add price of quoen wanted when orderiiin' packages.) NUECES COUNTY APIARIES, CALALLEN, TEXAS E. . Townsend North Star, Mich., June 20, 1921. L. C. and Oscar Mayeux, Hamburg, La. Gentlemen : — The .50 three-pound pack- ages on frame honey came through in ex- cellent shape. I find them away ahead of combless packages. I received 50 combless jiackages same day with yours, and yours are doing much better. I regret very much that I did not order the hundred from you. • — Ed. Stewart, Port Hope, Mich., June 2, 1921. L. C. and Oscar Mayeux, Hamburg. La'. Gentlemen: — The three-frame nuclei you shipped arrived in excellent shape this a. m. and I wish to thank you for your prompt- ness. Your bees have taken well with my friends; one party wants throe three-frame nuclei. Enclosed find check for $18.00 for same. — Globe Hatchery & Supply Co., Berne, Ind., June 18, 1921. L. C. and Oscar Mayeux. Hamburg. La. Dear Sirs: — Your record will show that yoii have shipped me one two-pound pack- age bees with queen on frame brood and honey last May, and they prove a good buy; they paid for themselves, and made a very nice surplus. The frame brood was a good one and made it very easy to transfer to hive.- — O. H. Mills, Forsyth, Montana, Mav, 1921. Nuclei and Packages In order to increase and better our shipping facilities, we found it necessary to combine our business. We are now offering the following: Two pounds bees one Root frame brood and honey, $3.75 each. Two-frame nuclei frames emerging bees with about one pound bees, $3.50. Three frames same as above, $4.35. Untested three-banded queen for above packages only, $1.00 each. Our last advertisement for this season. Shipment May 15th to June 15th, ship by express only, guarantee safe arrival and health certificate. L. C. & OSCAR MAYEUX, HAMBURG, LA., Lock Box 15. """"""""""" riit'iiiiin'iiii'iitiii"ii!iiirnit!t»tiiniTiiiniiimTmtiiiiTit!iinitiiiitiimiiiiiMti;iritiiiiiitMtmiM IMIlltHlMH-nHlTHIlttH.l,^ Superior Italian Bees and Queens On account of being booked for three-fourths of our capacity we have been re- turning orders, as we make it a practice not to book for more than three-fourths of our capacity; then if we have bad weather, we can make deliveries on time. If we have reasonably good weather we will be able to supply another thousand packages in May. If your order is booked for more than prices below, you will get the benefit of these prices. Package Bees and Nuclei, "with Queen 1-pound package, $3.50; 10 or more, $3.00 2-pound package, 5.00; 10 or more, 4.35 3-pound package, 6.50; 10 or more, 5.85 Same price on one, two and three frame nuclei respectively. Untested Queens to June 15. ...One, Untested Queens after June 15. .One, Tested Queens to June 15 One, Tested Queens after June 15. ...One, .25; 10 or more, $1.00 each .00; 10 or more, $0.75 each 5.00; 10 or more, $1.75 each 1.75; 10 or more, $1.50 each Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. THE STOVER APIARIES, MAYHEW, MISSISSIPPI GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE May, 19C EPOCH MAKING! DADANT'S Cuts out cost and labor of wiring and imbedding. Quickly accepted by bees. NON-SAG The finished comb a delight to the eye. FOUNDATION Teiled by time and use Dadant's Wired Foundation is not an experiment of a few months' ti)*ie, but it is a carefully evolved specialty of a life-time of foundation specialists. WHERE WIRED FOUNDATION HAS BEEN TESTED FOR OVER TWO YEARS. THIS IS A REAL TEST. Dadant's Wired Foundation, therefore, is not alone a Dadant product, but it is the final perfection of a needed improvement to which many beekeepers in all parts of the United States have contributed. T\\q map shows the location of many of the biggest beekeepers in the cour.try who have tested the foundation in tlieir own apiaries, guided its development over a long period and who have finally given it their unqualified support. Costs No More. Since Dadant's Wired Foundation cuts out the cost and labor of wiring, its extra price of 3c per pound above the catalog prices of old-style foundation is thus immediately and fully returned to the l)eekeeper. Ask for Samples. A small mailing sample sent free on request. Wired Foundation may be used in new style split bottom-bar frames or in the one-piece bottom-bar frames with equal satisfaction. It is also adaptable to any size and style of brood or extracting frame A sample of 7 sheets, for either style frame, will be sent, postpaid, to any address in the United States for iiSl.OO. Specify size desired.^ DADANT & SONS, HAMILTON, ILLINOIS Catalog and Prices on Foundation, Bee Supplies, Beeswax, Wax Working into Comb Foundation and Comb Rendering for the asking. EDITORIAL HAVING learned through items published in the newspapers that the Bureau of Olieiii istry of the U. S. To Make Thick Syrup That Will Not Granulate. No Acid Needed Department of Ag- riculture is work- ing on the prob- lem of making heavier cane syrup and maple syrup so treated that they will not granulate, the Editor recently visited the sugar laboratory of the Bureau of Chemistry at Washington, to learn how this process can be applied to the preparation of syrup for fall feeding of bees. Some of the things learned through this visit may prove to be of great importance to beekeepers in the North who are seeking a perfect winter food for the bees. By adding a substance called iuvertase, which is now being manufactured commer- cially, the Bureau of Chemistry has dis- covered that it is possible to make a sugar syrup as thick as honey that will stand in- definitely without granulation. The action of this material on the sugar syrup in chang- ing the cane sugar (sucrose) into levulose and dextrose is similar to that which takes place when tartaric acid is added and heat applied; but the amount of material used and the nature of the substance are such that its use in making winter feed can not be objectionable. But the great advantage of this method of partially inverting the cane sugar is that the inversion can be carried to the desired extent and then stopped completely by heat- ing. As explained by H. S. Paine, who is in charge of this work, when the inversion is not carried far enough, the sucrose will crystallize out; and when the inversion is carried too far, the dextrose will crystallize out just as it does in honey in which inver- sion is practically complete. When the in- version is carried to a certain point and tlien stopped by reheating the syrup to de- stroy the invertase, there is a balance be- tween the different kinds of sugar which prevents crystallization. It is therefore pos- sible to make a thick sugar syrup which will stand without crystallization for long pe- riods, whereas either ordinary sugar syrup or honey Avill sooner or later granulate. After the completion of certain experiments here, further reports will be published in these columns regarding this new process. LAST month we reported the action taken at the meeting called at Washington on March 9 by Dr. S. B. U. S. Post Office De- Fracker, a c t- partment Prohibits ing as chair- Importation of Bees man of the Through Mails. committee ap- pointed at the Toronto meeting of tlic .Xmerican Associa- tion of Economic Entomologists, to devise means for the protection of the United States and Canada against the introduction of the Isle of Wight disease. As a result of this action the Post Office Department is- sued an order, on March 21, proliibiting the importation of honeybees through the mails from all foreign countries except Canada. To prevent bees being sent into this coun- try through other channels, a bill has been drafted to make it unlawful for any person to import or offer for entry into the United States any honeybees, except for experimen- tal or scientific purposes by the United States Department of Agriculture. Provi- sion is made by which the Secretary of Ag- riculture and the Secretary of the Treasury may make regulations admitting honeybees from countries where no dangerous bee dis- eases exist. Not only has the Isle of Wight disease been found in the French Alps, as reported in this journal last month, but it has recently been found to exist in Switzer- land. It certainly now appears that it is high time to stop all importation of bees and queens from Europe if this disease is to be kept out of the United States and Canada; for, as was demonstrated last summer when bees containing some of the living mites which cause the diseases were received at the Bureau of Entomology at Washington, the mites could easily be introduced by the importation of queens and their attendants. Australia has already prohibited further importations of bees from the United King- dom and will, no doubt, now prohibit such importations from other countries as well. Those who desire further information on the Isle of Wight disease should write to the Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C, asking for Department Circular 218. LATER. Just as we go to press we learn that the bill to prohibit all importation of bees except under government supervision is to be introduced in the Senate immediately. Beekeepers should write to their Senators and Representatives at once asking them to support this bill. THE article on Brood Disease Variation by A. P. Sturtevant, specialist in the Bacteri- ology of Bee Confusing Symptoms of the Brood Diseases Explained. Diseases, Bu- reau of Ento- mology, U. S. I) e p a r tnient of Agriculture, published in this issue, should clear up many of the puzzling ques- tions which have been troubling those who are struggling with both American foul brood and European foul brood. This arti- cle explains why the appearance of larvae dead from European foul brood varies so 294 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE May, 1922 greatly, and why in American foul brood the symptoms are so constant and uniform; why in typical European foul brood the lar- vae die before the cells are capped, while in American fool brood most of them die after the cells are capped, as well as the reasons for the exceptions to this which sometimes cause so much confusion. Those who have both these brood diseases in their locality should study this article carefully, for, by doing so, they should be able to distinguish between the diseases even when the symp- toms are confusing. a ■ — lo^aa aa AN EXCELLENT plan for reducing or pre- venting swarming when using the standard Langstr o t h Management Previous to the Honey Flow to Prevent Swarming. hive m ex- tracted-hon- e y produc- tion is one that is usually not even recognized as a swarm-control measure because it is so inti- mately connected with the building-up of the colony previous to the honey flow. This plan, so far as the Editor knows, was first suggested by E. E. Coveyou and described in this journal in 1908 (pages 640 and 641) by E. D. Townsend, as follows: E. E. Coveyou of Petoskey, Mich., has a very good plan for handling his bees during the fore part of -the honey flow. He uses ten-frame hives, and before the honey flow he gives the colonies an- other story of combs without putting an excluder between. The cells of these combs should be of the worker size, for the queen is allowed full sway through this story until the colony needs a third one. At the time this third story is given, the queen is placed below in the first story, a queen- excluder is put on, and then the third story of empty combs put over it. Finally, on top of all. the second story partly full of honey and brood is added. This plan has the advantage of giving the colony an abundance of comb room and also an un- limited amount of breeding space for the queen during the critical swarming period previous to the honey flow. When the bees are wintered in a single story, the second story should be given a little before the combs in the lower story are completely filled with brood, honey and pol- len, and at least several of the combs in the second story should be old dark brood-combs to attract the queen above promptly. Since in the North this second story should be given about the first of May (sometimes even the latter part of April in well-win- tered colonies) the hives, if packed, should be left in the packing cases and the packing material replaced around the upper story. If enough early honey is stored in the upper story to crowd the queen there (which often happens with strong, well-wintered colonies in the spring even when weak ones in the same apiary are starving), a third story of empty combs should be given even though the main honey flow is still several weeks in the future. To save trouble when putting the queen down later, it is well to put the queen-excluder over the second story to keep the queen out of the third story. When strong colonies are managed in this way the queen usually abandons the lower story soon after the second story is given, but carries on her work of filling the second story with apparently increased vigor. After the queen has been above so long that most of the brood left in the lower story has emerged, she should be put down. This will usually be about three weeks' after the second story was given if the queen went up promptly when the second story was given. To put the queen below, the Editor prefers setting off the second story and hunting out the queen, and she is then simply picked up and transferred to the lower story. Some good beekeepers prefer to shake the bees from the combs of the sec- ond story, to be sure that the queen is put below, instead of finding her. Strange as it may seem, putting the queen back into the lower story and confining her there by means of the queen-excluder is a swarm-control measure of great importance, just as inviting her into the second story was a few weeks previously. At first thought one might expect that limiting the queen to a single story should increase the tendency to swarm. To have confined the queen to the lower story earlier in the season without having permitted her to go into the second story would result in swarming in many cases, but conditions now are quite different. The bees are now compelled to establish their brood-nest anew in the lower story, which at this time contains but a little brood. This brood is rapidly emerging, and the colony behaves much like a newly hived swarm. There is usually considerable pol- len stored in the lower set of combs, which probably retards the work of the queen to some extent; but, where the honey flow is short, this is often an advantage. The con- ditions are as though an artificial swarm had been made, the swarm being in the low- er story, below the supers and the parent colony above the supers, but all the bees are in the same hive. Nine or ten days after the brood was put up and the queen put down, all queen-cells built in the top story not needed in nuclei may be destroyed and this former brood- chamber left on the hive as a super. It is not always necessary to destroy these queen- cells if this brood-chamber now on top is separated from the lower brood-chamber by at least two standard-depth supers. The emergence of young queens in the top story usually causes no trouble. By pushing one of the upper stories forward far enough to form an opening at the back the drones can escape from the hive, and a young queen may be permitted to go forth to mate through this opening. Unfortunately, this plan does not always prevent all swarming. Where the honey flow is long enough and es- pecially in the North, some colonies man- aged as described above will prepare to swarm after the queen has again filled the brood-chamber to which she is now confined. Since at this time it is not feasible again to let her go into another set of empty combs MAY, 192: GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 295 iuldod above as was done earlier, some bee- keepers take away all the combs of brood or all but one, filling out the brood-chamber with empty combs or frames of foundation and again placing the removed combs of brood above the supers, thus compelling the bees again to establish a new brood-nest in the lower story, confining the queen there as before by means of the queen-excluder. During ordinary seasons instead of doing tliis, any colonies that persist in building swarming cells, after having been given every chance to behave themselves, may as well have the queen killed and all queen- cells destroyed; then, after eight to ten days, a young laying queen may be introduced after again destroying all queen-cells. This settles swarming for the remainder of the season and possibly reduces the tendency to swarm the next year, provided the young queen given is reared from stock that is less inclined to swarm. NO ONE has even been able to say with half enough emphasis how important it is to see that the bees Shortage of Stores in Spring Still Takes Great Toll from American Beekeepers are a b u n- dantly s u p- plied with stores during the heavy brood-rearing period of spring. In spite of all that has been written on this subject and said at beekeepers' meetings, the lack of abundant stores during this critical time takes an annual toll from beekeepers in this country that would stagger the imagination if the figures could be known. Eeports coming to the Editor's desk from widely scattered regions indicate that colo- nies are already dangerously short of stores in certain regions, and in some cases many colonies have actually starved. A glance at the tabulated figures from producers on our market pages reveals this condition, since this month one column of these figures in- dicates the condition of the colonies as to the amount of stores. Of course, no beekeeper worthy of the name will permit his bees to starve now; but merely to prevent starvation is by no means enough, for before starvation be- comes imminent the colonies may be ruined, so far as being ready for the honey flow is concerned, by curtailing brood-rearing. Even extensive beekeepers too often make the serious mistake of permitting the stores to run too low for safety during the period of heaviest brood-rearing which, in the North, should take place this month. The old way to carry the bees through the building-up period of spring was to feed them daily about a half pint of syrup, made of equal parts of sugar and water, to stimu- late brood-rearing. Today we know that such a meager supply can not alone pro- duce the kind of colonies needed to give good yields. For real safety at this time each colony should have not less than 10 to 15 pounds of stores in the combs every min- ute of the time that they are not securing from the fields sufficient nectar for their increasing daily needs. If the bees do not have this reserve of stores, it should be given immediately, even though the days are cold or rainy and the bees disagreeable to handle. If frames of honey are not at hand sugar syrup should be fed. It is not necessary in the North to feed a little each day to keep up brood-rearing at this season, but 10 or 20 pounds of syrup can be given at a single dose. The friction-top pails having perfora- tions througli the cover make splendid feed- ers for this purpose. The pail filled with warm syrup can be inverted over the escape hole in the bee-escape board used as an inner cover. The packing should be replaced snugly around the feeders. To perforate the covers of the friction-top pails, Harry Beaver of Troy, Pa., drives several small nails through a block of hard wood and then uses this block to punch several holes at a time. Usually, every pound of honey that is given to needy colonies during the six weeks just preceding the main honey flow, is returned by the bees tenfold or more in the increased yield if the locality is at all One of the most dangerous practices is that of putting off from day to day the giv- ing of more stores or the examination of the colonies, hoping each day that the next will be more suitable for handling the bees. Too often this results in waiting too long, the damage being done before the beekeeper realizes the seriousness of the situation. Many who compel their bees to live from hand to mouth when they should be rearing brood most extensively are the very ones who complain most bitterly about the low price of honey and the high cost of produc- tion, failing to see that the simplest way to make these troubles vanish is to increase their yield per colony by giving the bees an abundance of stores when the workers for the harvest are being reared. In many cases the yield is more than doubled whr©n this is done. In the North it often happens that the period of greatest danger comes late in May, sometimes just before the main honey flow. Fortunately, colonies that are really strong enough in the spring to send a large force of bees to the field often gain in stores, while weaker colonies in the same apiary are starving, because the former are able to take advantage of every minute of favorable weather during the spring; but^ of course, these splendid colonies are the ones that suffer the most if the stores finally run too low. The beekeepers who give their bees a su- perabundance of stores the previous fall for both their winter and spring needs are usu- ally the ones who are reaping the greatest rewards in honey. It seems to have taken some of us a long time to learn this. 296 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE May, 1922 BREEDING AND REQUEENING Are Further Importations Necessary to Improve Our Stock ? Shall We Requeen Each Year? By M. C. Richter OUE success is measured by the amount of brains that go into our busi- ness. Whatever we amount to as beekeepers is de- pendent upon the manner in which we apply our mental faculties to our work. As producers our chief aim is to get more and more honey, and one of our big prob- lems is the improvement of stock. Others that engage in the live stock industry have benefited more through the application of the principles of scientific breeding than have we as beekeepers. The reason for this is quite apparent, for we have direct control over the female parent only. If we were only in the position where we could speak of drone-rearing as we do of queen-rearing, then, indeed, we would be able to make rapid strides. The most we can do at the present time is to assist nature in her meth- ods of perpetuating the honeybee. Selecting a Breeder. In breeding better bees we always turn our efTorts (1) to the fixiti/ of type of the race of bees which we wish to better. In selection we must first of all jmrify the an- cestry so that the inheritance thereof should become more and more similar as we pro- ceed. Thus, in the selection of a queen it is necessary that she, and to a greater ex- tent her offspring, conform to the type of the race of which she is a representative (the nearer she is to the upper limits of such, the better). After fixity of type comes (2) utility or the honej^-gathering powers of the offspring of the breeding queen. It is impossible for the queen-breeder to set a certain standard for the amount of honey stored. For in- stance one cannot place, say, 200 pounds of surplus honey as a requirement for a breed- ing colonj' on account of the variability of the seasons. We can make use of compara- tive results, however, and by means of care- ful selection from year to year choose from among the best surplus storers our breeding queens. In this manner advancement is brought about in standard yards by breed- ing from the very few exceptional colonies. Prolificness, or (3) fertility, is the next selective point. It should be borne in mind that in selecting for utility the queen- breeder should not go against fertility, and also that a breeding queen may be incon- spicuous as such, but may contribute much to her offspring. The other main point is (4) viyor. Hardi- ness in bees means their power to resist ad- verse conditions such as severe winters and the like. There are two minor points in se- lection; the one, the non-swarming tendency and the other, that of quiet temperament. In comb-honey production white cappers and non-propolizers are selective factors. The p 0 u n d-package man lays special stress upon fer- tility, and the queen-breeder se- lects cell-build- ers. If, p e r- chance, you are in need of drawn • comb and are clever, you will not, of course, give all your strong colonies so many frames of founda- tion to draw out; but on the contrary would soon find that, through selection, some 10% or 15% of your colonies are very fine wax- secreters (as much so as swarms), and that it would be more profitable to let such colo- nies at least start, if not complete, all your foundation into comb. In like manner, the most suitable colonies for comb-honey pro- duction may be selected. Bees kept for the purpose of pollination are selected for fer- tility and vigor and possible for tongue length. Foreign Stock. It must be seen from the above that ma- terial progress can be made in the breeding of bees through careful, painstaking selec- tion over a period of years. We have ex- perimented with most of the economic races of honeybees and, although these races have different characteristics which might fit into the environment of various beekeeping re- gions, in California at least, we have reason to favor the leather-colored Italian. In view of the fact that importations of queens into this country may bring about the introduc- tion of the mite which causes the devastat- ing Isle of Wight disease, the question has been advanced, "Would it not be better, for the present at least, to restrict, the im- portation of queens into the United States?" For three years the writer kept bees com- mercially in Chile. The Italian bee had been imported into that country 70 years before. Owing to the crude methods of bee- keeping prevalent throughout the country, nature did her own selection. The hive (Fig. 1) of the country was small (13 x 13 x 6 inches). We bred from the best stock in Chile and bred also from the best stock we could import from the United States, and we must confess that we could see no dif- ference in results between the two strains over a period of two years. The inhabitants of the hives in Figure 2 were the very bees that came from the Chilian type of liive In. Figure 1. From an equivalent of about six Langstroth frames of brood in the latter, most of the queens were able to maintain, when given a chance, 10 to 15 frames of brood in our standard hives. Owing to the above and to the fact that there were no brood diseases in Chile, a bill was put before the Cliilian Congress to prohibit the introduction of bees into the country. The fixity of type of the Italian race is May, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 297 established in this country. In an excellent article in the "Bee World" for November, 1921, Arthur M. Sturges states: "After deal- ing with a considerable number, both of im- ported American queens and daughters of these, the evidence shows that they build up in the spring with greater rapidity than do the Italian strains from Italy direct." Fig. 1. — Chilian hives, 13x13x6 inches. The struggle for existence in such small hives tends to increase the vigor of the race. It is the writer's opinion in view of the above and of what he has done along the lines of selection in South America and Cali- fornia that further importations are unnec- essary at the present time. Reasons for Requeening. We requeen in order to maintain purity of race, replacing (1) raismated queens. The writer cannot see the wisdom of this prac- tice in commercial honey production. Through actual experimental work com- pleted at the University of California over a period of two years and conducted among several hundred colonies, it was found that the progeny of an Italian queen mated to a black drone alwavs stored more honev than either the pure Italian or black race. Since that time we have found the same to hold true in our yards. In fact we are pleased when our Italians mismate- — -pleased at the big crops and are now quite callous to the few extra stings that have been thrown in. Another common cause for requeening is (2) inferiority — the colony was not up to the average. Better to do the dequeening when scattered brood is first noticed, even if the queen be only two or three months old, than to wait till the season is over be- fore discovering her uselessness. The big question in requeening, however, associates itself with (3) failing queens. The ortho- dox way is to requeen every year. At all events this subject permits of discussion, as the large majority of California beekeepers do not requeen every year. The longevity of tlie queen is dependent upon her inher- ent qualities and upon the amount of work which she performs. In tropical and semi- tropical countries queens wear out fast. Parts of California are semi-tropical and many of our regions have periods of long brood-rearing. In the great valleys of the state there is active brood-rearing for nine to ten months of the year. In other parts of the state there is but half this amount of brood-rearing. Where there are long sea- sons and when migratory beekeeping is en- gaged in, it pays to requeen every year. Re- queening is unquestionably better than wait- ing for supersedure. But when the season is short and fast with only one main flow during spring, how about it? Let it be un- derstood that the queen must reach her peak at the proper time and that she must be responsible for her quota of young bees reared during September or October. Sup- posing a queen is raised just after the peak has been reached this year, will she be able to produce in May, 1924, her 75,000 or 100,- 000 workers? For several years we thought our queens would do it— many of them will. We have found that the extra cost of annual -Stock taken from small hives like those in Fig. 1. Hundreds of colonit great help in studying the principles of breeding. to work with are a 298 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE May, 1922 requeening is more than taken care of in an increase of the crop. One drawback is that we are never sure that the replaced queen is going to be as good as the one removed — often she is not. It pays, however, under all conditions to requeen every year. And it pays likewise to requeen with Italian stock colonies affected with European foul brood. Eequeening is in order for severe cases of sacbrood and for the so-called par- alysis. Eequeening Time. Aside from requeening for mismated and inferior queens, and on account of diseases, which practice may occur at any time dur- ing the year, we hear the question, "What is the best time for the commercial bee- keeper to do his general requeening?" The factors under consideration are to prepare colonies for the (1) main flow, (2) one or more secondary flows, (3) winter, or to re- queen at a (4) time when the beekeepers can spare their precious moments to the best advantage. There is another consideration, however, that outweighs the above factors. Requeening is not synonymous with queen- rearing. The best time to raise queens is during spring brood-rearing. Optimum con- ditions prevail at that time. Springtime is the natural breeding season, and the finest specimens of males and females are develop- ed under their most favorable environment. Simplest Requeening Method. We requeen our colonies as the main floAV tapers oflf in June. It is useless to take up valuable space in a description thereof, for our method was partly described in the cur- rent February issue, and is much more fully and efficiently handled in an editorial in "Gleanings" for May, 1921. One word though; we certainly do like queens raised naturally in their own homes, and nobody appreciates more than we do, the great sav- I European mating nuclei — a method of conserving warmth. This so-called nucleus house is built for 12 nuclei. ing of time which this method makes pos- sible. Queens perform best when reared in nor- mal colonies in spring. Avoid the queen- less impulse and leave the bees alone when the honev plants are on a strike. Big Sur, Calif. il BROOD DISEASE VARIATIONS Explanation for Some of the Con- fusing Symptoms in the Gross Diag- nosis of '^ee 'Diseases By A. P. Sturtevant THE diagno- sis of the brood dis- eases of bees, part icularly without the aid of the micro- scope, cannot be carried out by the use of any definite rule. If the symptoms never varied from those typical ones pictured and de- scribed so often in the various papers on bee diseases, then some of the sources of confusion to the average beekeeper in diag- nosing brood diseases could be eliminated to a large extent. Unfortunately, with the varying conditions under which the brood diseases are found present or thriving, the symptoms differ accordingly. These varia- tions, when encountered, may lead the bee- keeper to erroneous conclusions and conse- quent losses unless he gives the matter care- ful study. It is not the purpose of this paper to take up the entire subject of a comparative study of all the symptoms of the brood diseases of bees. This has been covered more or less completely in various bulletins of the Department of Agriculture and elsewhere. N o further refer- ences to specific literature will be made. There are, however, a few confusing varia- tions, often mis- understood or unrecognized by the average beekeeper. A more complete description may prevent mistakes being made in gross diagnosis. There are many external influences affect- ing the progress of the diseases which may have more or less direct bearing on these variations in symptoms. The actual changes in appearance of the diseased larvae are caused by certain bacteria. Since some of these confusing conditions are easily ex- plained by the action of the bacteria asso- ciated with the disease in question, only this side of the subject will be considered at this time. The Nature of Bacteria and Some of Their Functions. A short digression is here necessary in order to understand the nature of these bac- May, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 299 teria which cause so much confusion. Bac- teria are extremely small micro-organisms, the smallest members of the plant kingdom. They are simple, single-celled plants which grow and increase in numbers by continu- ally dividing in two. This often takes place rapidly under proper conditions of food supply and temperature. Certain pa- thogenic or disease-producing bacteria are known to be the cause of various diseases of plants and animals. These attack only living tissues, as a rule. Others known as putrefactive or decomposing organisms have only the power of decomposing plant or ani- mal tissues after death has occurred, acting like scavengers, breaking down and destroy- ing the dead tissues. Some bacteria have the power of form- ing what are known as spores. These are formed when conditions develop unfavor- able for growth, the purpose being to carry the organism thru this unfavorable period until it can find again the proper growth conditions. The spores have thick walls wliich enable them to resist long drying or high temperatures and to pass thru long periods without food. When spores at any time are placed where food and other con- ditions are again favorable for growth, they germinate and become active once more, in something the same way that seeds sprout on planting. There is another type of bacteria which- never forms resting-stage spores. They al- ways occur only in what is known as the vegetative or actively growing stage. These are like already growing plants that may be transplanted to another spot. When con- ditions become unfavorable for the growth of non-sporeforming bacteria they gradually die off. In the case of bee diseases we have to deal with all these various types of bacteria. The Cause of European Foul Brood. European foul brood will be considered first, since it responds more freely to ex- ternal influences affecting the disease. It is also the worst offender regarding varia- tions in symptoms. The appearance of the symptoms varies to such an extent at times as to cause confusion while, as will be seen later, American foul brood is much more constant in the manifestation of its symp- toms. The explanation lies in the fact that in the case of Europeon foul brood there are associated with the bacteria causing the disease several varying types of organisms, while in American foul brood there is but one organism active, as will be described later. As is well known a specific organism. Bac- illus pluton, is the cause of European foul brood. The organism is presumably fed to the young coiled larvae in their food, pri- marily from some outside source. It at once starts to grow in the larval intestine, increasing quite rapidly in numbers. This rapid start or short incubation period is pos- sible because BacillKs plutoii is always in its active growing or vegetative stage. It does not form spores, and consequently is ready to attack at once without the lapse of time necessary for spore germination. As the disease develops and the bacteria causing the disease increase in numbers, they give off toxins which are absorbed by the larva and eventually cause its death. Relation of Secondary Invaders to Confus- ing Symptoms. There are found associated with Bacillus pluton other varying organisms known as secondary invaders. They never cause the death of the larva, which distinguishes them from the primary pathogenic organism. They are either present in small numbers or get into the larva soon after death and start to develop in the dead larva. In the early stages of the disease both in the larva and even in the colony as a whole, the sec- ondary invaders generally have little effect on the appearance of the symptoms. Most of these do not have the power of decompos- ing animal tissues to any extent. Bacillus pluton, with other not actively putrefactive organisms, predominates in numbers and un- til after the death of the larva occurs is found only inside the larval intestine. When external conditions are such that the disease is allowed to run unchecked for some time, then other secondary invaders developing more rapidly come into prominence, and or- ganisms with purely putrefactive or decom- posing functions begin to invade the entire body tissues of the larva. Therefore it has been found that, as the secondary invaders vary in character and prominence, so the symptoms vary from the characteristic ap- pearances. Relation of Bacillus Alvei to Abnormal Appearances. The most active and pernicious of the comparatively large numbers of secondary invaders in European foul brood is Bacillus alvei. In the early days of the study of the bacteriology of bee diseases it was thought to be a pathogenic organism, as it was so often found present in large numbers in the dead larvae. This has since been proven not to be the ease, for it is now known that Bacillus alvei does not cause the death of larvae. Bacillus alvei belongs to the group of spore-forming bacteria, and practically its only function, connected with European foul brood carried out under the proper conditions for its activity, is to decompose the dead remains. As a result of this putre- factive activity when present, changes in the appearance of the remains occur to such an extent as often to lead to much confu- sion. This condition occurs most abundant- ly where European foul brood is allowed to run unchecked for some time and particu- larly in regions where the disease is always bad. In such cases as mentioned above it is noticed that more and more of the larvae seem to be affected shortly after being seal- ed, at the time when they are still changing position in the cells from coiled to extended. Death generally occurs while they are still 300 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE May, 1922 moving about in the cells, which accounts for the irregular positions of the dead larvae in these cases. Large numbers of the vege- tative rods and spores of Bacillus alvei are found in larvae dying at this age. Under these conditions the irregular positions, shapes and colors of the dead larvae all vary more or less from the characteristic features of the dead coiled larvae in typical Euro- pean foul brood (Fig. 1). They have a dark-brown color and a granular, lumpy, stringiness or old, dried rubber consistency. These cause the confusion sometimes experi- enced by beekeepers in differentiating be- tween the diseases. Furthermore, there is a characteristic odor associated with this condition which is caused by the putrefactive activities of Bacillus alvei. The odor is never found as- sociated with any other condition or brood- disease organism. It has been described as similar to that of putrid, decaying meat. It is markedly different from the typical American foul brood and is much more dis- agreeably persistent. The activity of Bac- illus alvei also, without doubt, causes the rather granular, lumpy, stringy consistency sometimes encountered and mistaken for the typical glue-like roping of American foul brood. Tlie dried-down scale from this type of dead larva in European foul brood is easily removed from the cell walls (Fig. 1 n). The brittle American foul brood scale ad- heres tenaciously to the lower side wall in practically all cases (Fig. 2). This latter feature of American foul brood is a result of the glue-like consistency of the decompo- sition products from the action of Bacillus larvae on the tissues of the larva. The occasional similarity between Euro- pean foul brood and American foul brood when Bacillus alvei'is abundant can be ex- plained by the fact that the non-pathogenic Bacillus alvei and the pathogenic Bacillus larvae, the cause of American foul brood, are "cousins." They belong to the same general family of bacteria, and therefore have somewhat similar characteristics of ac- tion regarding putrefactive functions. The two organisms are quite different, however, in that Bacillus alvei has putrefactive func- tions alone while Bacillus larvae combines the power of primarily producing disease with the ability to decompose the remains. The important fact in the above discus- sion is, as will be seen later, that the pri- mary activities of Bacillus plutou do not prevent the growth of secondary invading organisms which cause most of the varia- tions and so-called abnormalities in the symptoms of European foul brood. Uniform Symptoms in American Foul Brood. It may be well to turn now to American foul brood for comparison. Fortunately the problem in this disease is much more sim- ple. The symptoms in American foul brood nearly always are found to be uniform in character. Every diseased cell contains a dead larva or scale, all having practically the same appearance as to consistency, color and position in the cell. This is true even under varied external conditions (Fig. 2). The reason for the uniformity of symp- toms in this disease, in comparison with the great variations sometimes found in Euro- pean foul brood, is explained by the fact that in American foul brood there is found practically never another micro-organism associated with the disease. This is Bacil- lus larvae, the cause of the disease. This pathogenic, spore-forming organism not only kills the larA^a but carries out the de- Fig. 1. — European foul brood, a, j, k, normal sealed cells; r, normal coiled larva at age at which a majority are attacked by the disease; b, p, first indications of disease, uneasy movements, a light discoloration and promin- ence of the tracheae, or turning in cell with back out showing grayish yellow line of intestine; f h, m, q, various stages of disease in coiled larvae, moist, melting, cream-colored, to partly dried cheesy, light-brown coffee color; c, charac- teristic yellow. brown, coiled scale showing tra- cheae; d, e, g, i, 1, o, irregularly coiled and par- tially extended larvae, darker-brown, moist, cheesy with sometimes a tendency to coarse, lumpy, string- ing accompanied often by a strong, putrid, decay- ing-meat odor; n, partially dried-down scale ir- regularly extended on lower side wall or along the side walls in a corkscrew-like position. These are darker-gray brown, rarely adhere to the cell walls to any extent, having the consistency of old rotten rubber and always the putrid decaying-meat odor. These are often found under perforated or discolored cappings, not shown here. composition of the remains. Furthermore, and this is an important factor in the rea- soning, the products of growth and decom- position apparently prevent the growth of any other organisms. This condition causes the vegetative rods soon to form the resist- ant resting-stage spores. There are no sec- ondary invaders in American foul brood, and what few variations are seen are due to. differences in the age of the larva at the time of death. Reason for Delayed Death in American Foul Brood. liermitting the reversing of the combs under full motion, once, twice or any nimiber of times. This outfit litis been previously de- scribed on these pages, hence no detailed de- scription is necessary, aside from that given ill the illustrations. Fig. 1 shows the ar- rangement of the equipment that we prefer. In the b a c k- ground are the supers of full combs next to the uncapping table. The emp- ty supers are stored in the foreground next to the door. For power, we use a slow-speed one-horse- power electric motor. In the course of a year we receive many inquiries as to the size of motor required to run an extractor. A one-horsepower, if of a good reliable make, capable of handling a certain overload, is usually large enough, especially if the op- erator is willing to give the reel a push by hand as it is started. If the honey is thick and it becomes necessary to elevate it as much as 10 feet, I advise a larger motor, as the extra cost at the start is not great and the current used by a larger motor running light is frequently but little greater than that used by a small motor working to capacity. A two-horsepower motor is ample for any emergency. Warming the Honey. Our honey was so thick last year that it seemed advisable to raise the temperature somewhat to facilitate the straining. We did not care to get it hot; therefore follow- ing a plan suggested by R. A. Bray of Big Timber, Mont., as shown in these various illustrations, we merely surrounded the ver- tical pipe from the pump with a larger pipe, making a water jacket into which. we intro- duced steam. It depends upon the flow of honey from the pump through this inside jnpe as to the temperature secured, but on the average we were able to raise the tem- perature of the honey 10 degrees, which was all we wanted. For shipment in 60-lb. cans it is not a good plan to heat the honey to 150 or 160 degrees, as this delays granula- tion, and granulated honey ships more safe- ly than liquid honey. When packing in smaller cans for local market, heating to 160 degrees is advisable, for the purpose of de- laying granulation. The steam-jacketed honey-pipe is not the best arrangement we have lieard of for all purposes; but it is very satisfactory for raising the temperature slightly, and it is simple and easily in- stalled. Of course, it is necessary to use ex- treme care in making all the pipes join tight. MAV, 19: GLEANINGS TN BEE CULTURE 303 Otlierwise, considerable condensed steam is likely to be added to the honey — uninten- tional "watered stock." Mr. Bray goes further in his own extract- ing apparatus. He punches a small hole in the side of the extractor under the bottom, and introduces through this hole a very small steam pipe. Oi)ening the valve slight- ly permits steam to circulate under the bot- tom of the extractor and to escape around the outside. This plan heats the bottom of the extractor and assists very materially in warming the honey. It discolors the enamel on the extractor, but that seems to be the only disadvantage. Straining. While we have tried a good many differ- ent forms of settling tanks having parti- tions, etc., Ave prefer the plan shown in Fig. 2. A long soft bag of cheesecloth the full depth of the tank is tacked to four sticks, as shown, and the honey is pumped inside. Xo honey is drawn off until the tank is full, and then only fast enough to keep the tank from running over. No especial sizes are important. The bag should merely be as large as the tank will permit, leaving two or three inches for clear honey outside. This plan is really an arrangement for settling rather than straining, for most of the par- ticles of wax float to tlie top so that, after all, the clieesecloth does not have a great deal of straining to do. A bag two feet square and about four feet deep will ordin- arily take care of 10,000 pounds of honey without cleaning. Frequently it will not have to be changed until a much greater amount has passed through. If the honey is exceedingly thick, it may have to be changed in a shorter time. When the accu- mulation of bits of cappings and other for- eign material piles up inside the bag to a level much higlier than the clear honey out- side, a change is necessary. The honey is then drawn off from the tank and the bag lifted over a tub to drain. This is not a particularly easy manipulation; therefore, next year we expect to use a cylindrical bas- ket, a few inches smaller in diameter than the honey tank, made of coarse screen with a stout band of steel around the top. This will support the cheesecloth bag inside and facilitate lifting over another can to drain when it is necessary to make a change. We Tig. 1. — General view of the extractiiifr room as used :it Medina in 19121. The extractor was driven by ii l-horsepower motor. Steam was used to warm the honey from the i)ump to facilitate straining. Steam was also used instead of a stove for heating the water .in the capping-melter. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE May, 1922 shall use two of these screen baskets for the cheesecloth strainer, one to be draining while the other is in use. When a second bag is in place in the tank the work may be resumed without further delay. This plan is no better than depending on settling tanks alone; but it is usually much cheaper, and ordinarily but one tank is needed. To be sure, the one tank when full lias to be kept from running over, so can- Fig. 2. — Cheesecloth bag that strained 10.000 lbs. of honey before it had to be cleaned. The par- ticles of cappiugs and other foreign material float to the surface so that the strainer really has little to do. ning is immediately necessary. With a number of large tanks the canning may be postponed, if desired. The Disposal of the Cappings. B. J. Kleinhesselink of Hardin, Mont., has suggested a very practical improvement on the capping-melter. It is simple, but some- times the simplest ideas are the most valu- able. The bottom of the melter, instead of being flat, has V-shaped corrugations (Fig. 3).' The melting surface is thereby greatly increased; but what is more important, the ridges assist greatly in the quick melting of tlie cappings, leaving cleared spaces under- neath the wax for the honey to run away quickly. There is nothing to clog up, even if old brood-combs are being uncapped so that there is considerable fibrous material in the wax. In my opinion, the capacity of such a melter is about 50% greater than one of the same size but having a flat bottom, and, what is more important, the honey is less likely to be injured. Most of the time we had two uncappers at work with steam knives. The capping-inelter with two operating is crowded, or else there is practically no room for the storage of un- capped combs. It is easy, however, to build a rack on one end of tlie table having a tin trough underneatli to catch the dripping honey frosn the uncapped combs. This al- lows the entire length of the melter for the two operators (Fig. 3). Unless steam is available, it is not pleas- ant to stand over a two or three burner gaso- line stove in a room already too warm for comfort. Therefore, personally I have never been over- enthusiastic over capping-melters. Moreover, the honey is frequently injured somewhat, both in flavor and in color. I do not believe the capping-melter exists that does not have at least a slight effect on the honey. In extreme instances the color is changed so greatly that a difference can be noticed 50 feet away when a jar of honey from the melter is compared in a good light with the same-sized jar containing honey direct from the extractor. I shall give some statistics in a later article as to the propor- tion of honey in the cappings compared with that extracted, but 15% is probably a mini- mum and 30% to 35% a maximum of the total amount of honey that is cut off with tlie cappings. With care a capping-melter need not darken the honey greatly, and if this honey is mixed with the honey that is extracted the effect is not very noticeable. I have always felt it a mistake to pour honey badly discolored from a capping-melter in with good honey. With a capping-melter liaving a corrugated bottom, I am satisfied tliat the honey, if the melter is carefully handled, need not be greatly injured. In any building having steam it is advis- able to avoid the use of separate stoves by Fig. 3. — Capping melter in which the hot water i.'; heated by steam. The steam enters at the lowest end of the melter and the water overflows at the highest end. The extracting was done so far from the power house tliat the steam contained a great deal of water. To get dry steam for the uncapping- knives we had to use a copper boiler over a stove. We have experimented with four or five different electrically heated knives, but have always re- turned to the steam knive, as there is no difficulty in maintaining a uniform temperature with a steam-heated blade. The rack built beyond the end of the melter furnishes storage space for un- capped combs and gives two operators plenty of room for uncapping. Mav, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CUTvTURE 305 running the st^am into the water at the lower end of the melter, allowing the excess of hot water to overflow through a pipe near the top of the upper end of the melter. I prefer hot water rather than steam, as the water is not likely to reach quite as high a temperature as though the bottom of the melter were heated directly with steam. Therefore, there is less danger of discolora- tion of the honey. R. F. Holtermann of Brantford, Ont., Can., after experience with more than one type of capping-melter, has abandoned melting the cappings as they slide from the combs. He uses a large press and forces the greater part of the honey out of the cappings; then he melts the dry cappings, practically free from honey, later on at the end of the sea- son. Draining alone does not permit enough of the honey to escape, especially in a local- ity where the honey is thick. E. F. Atwater of Meridian, Idaho, after making careful record one year of the amount of honey he secured when he melted up his entire batch of cappings and comparing this amount with his total crop, reports that four per cent of the total crop is left in the cappings even when the most improved methods of drain- ing are followed. In a locality where the honey is much thinner, this percentage would be greatlv reduced. Mr. Atwater rec- ommends warming the cappings and honey, and then having some means for separating the two. H. M. West of Parma. Idaho, uses a combination of warming, draininsr and pressing. He finds the pressing of cold cap- pings very slow work on account of the thickness of most of the Inter-mountain honey. Fig. 4 shows Mr. "West's melter (nr. rather, warmer, for he does not melt the cappings") and his press. The right-hand end of the "wnrmer" is elevated so much that the cappings slide down ranidlv without meltin.q-. The temperature of the honev can be controlled by the pitch of this "slide." Without warming he used to fill one of the perforated cvlinders in half a day. Bv warming the honev and cappinars it takes all day to fill one cylinder under the press, and most of the warmed honey has drained out before pressure is applied. The screw is then turned down hard in the evening and pressure left on all night. This plan re- quires considerable equipment, but it does not darken the honey. It is really a com- bination of three plans. Steam TTncapping-knif e. Several have suggested another tube for the steam-heated knife so that the water of condensation mav be carried awav from the honey. This seems to me an unnecessary complication. The knife would not onlv be more expensive, but the free movement of the blade would be interfered with bv rea- son of the double tubing. And. whv the complication? Only a fraction of the water finds its wav into the honev. most of the moisture being absorbed bv the air in the room. However, if a small boiler were used to furnish steam and all the water in that boiler were poured into the honey and cap- pings during the time that amount of water in the boiler would have furnished steam for uncapping, I do not believe the honey would be thinned enough to be noticeable even when testing with a hydrometer; and it must be remembered, as pointed out be- fore, that only a very small part of the water in this boiler actually finds its way into the honey. We have tested several different forms of electrically heated uncapping-knifes, but we have never yet succeeded in getting an ele- ment that will remain hot when submerged in cold honey and still not almost instantly overheat and even burn out after the blade passes through the comb, especially if there is a momentary delay while one is reaching for another coiub. In case of a steam knife there is no difficulty in keeping the temper- ature alwavs uniform. Fig. 4 — H. M. West of Parma, Idaho, tried press- ing the honey out of cold cappings, but with the thick, we.?tern honey it is a very slow process. Mr. West elevates on(! end of his capping "warm- er" so thiit the cappings slide over into, the press unmelted. The honey, however, is heated enough so that it presses out easily. The Honey-pump. The question has often been asked wheth- er the honey-pump does not introduce air into the honey. Yes, under some circum- stances, it does, but most of the air is in- troduced in the extractor. When the honey is quite thick a strong light reveals honey flying to the side of the can in streams so fine that it resembles a mist. The thicker the honey, the more the air is mixed with it. For this reason it is advisable to extract combs that are warm. If the weather is not hot at the time the extracting is done, the extracting room should be made hot by the use of stoves, for the thinner the honey, in my opinion, the less the air is introduced in the process of extracting. The pump should not run any faster than necessary to keep the extractor empty. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE May, 1922 wWi^mt^ SfK&M THWffiEDWBC EUROPEAN FOUL BROOD Two Difficulties Encountered in Cleaning up Thi; Disease and How One Was Solved For three years I have battled with Euro- ])ean foul brood in my West Virginia apiary and have encountered every form and phase of this deadly disease. During these years I have given the subject much study and have learned more than I ever expected to know. I have been fighting the disease against fearful odds, as I can not get to my apiary until the last week in May, and any one familiar with the disease knows what frightful ravages can be wrought during the months of April and May, even in this latitude, if the season is propitious for brood-rearing. I have reached the definite conclusion that the beekeeper may as well make up his mind to fight this disease year after year, if it ever gets a foothold in his neigh- borhood, because, although Ave can secure perfect co-operation of all the beekeepers and eradicate it in our apiaries, there will remain a continual source of re-infection from the bee-trees in the vicinity. So I for one have joined battle to the bitter end. T am not discouraged at the prospect, because T have learned how to clean up the disease in m}"- apiary. (When I left in September T was convinced after the closest inspection of all my colonies, that I did not have a single diseased larva.) I am also encour- aged, because I know that the native black bee, which is of questionable value, is doomed. As the bee-trees become inhabited with pure Italians, the chance of infection will be much less. Furthermore, T am en- couraged, because the jack-leg beekeepers, who store their bees in boxes and "bee- gums." will soon drop out. I shall not discuss all phases of the sub- ject, but shall turn to the two real problems. In my experience I have never succeeded in cleaning up the disease by removing the queen for a period shorter than 27 days. I have requeened with the very best Italian queens T could buy and in every colony into which I have introduced them on the tenth, the fifteenth and the twentieth day, I have found an outbreak of the disease within two weeks. I feel sure that the infection came from inside the colony, for in the same yard, where there might be cases of robbing in hives that are weakened from disease, I have not yet had a single case of re-infec- tion during the same season, in colonies that had been kept qucenless for 27 days. I do not dispute the experience of others in this matter, but I am simply giving the facts from my own experience. Allow me to make a statement for tlu> benefit of those beekeepers who have not had experience with this disease. It is es- sential that tliree things be done, if the fight is to be won. First, the very day you detect the disease, remove the queen. Sec- ond, do not try to clean up a weak colony. Put two weak ones into one hive and de- stroy any frames having brood that you can not get into this one hive. I have found that frames of honey taken from a diseased hive will not transmit the germs to a healthy hive, though I do not advise trans- ferring such frames to healthy hives. Third, never allow any colony in your yard to be- come weak, for you may have overlooked diseased larvae at your last inspection and robbers from the healthy hives will spread the disease all through your apiary. This is most important. Now we are ready for the gravest diffi- culties I have encountered. It has been my experience that any colony that is forced to stay queenless for a long period will become very slack on honey- carrying, but very strong on pollen-carrying. And their combs soon become pollen-bound. In my beekeeping experience I know noth- ing that so demoralizes me as this. T do not know any practical plan of overcoming it. T have tried placing these pollen-bound frames, two at a time, in a hive-body over a new swarm that has been hived in a brood- chamber with only two frames of drawn-out comb, the rest being only foundation, or over a colony obtained by dividing. This has occasionally resulted in cleaning un the pollen-bound frames, but I can not call it a success at all commensurate with the trouble involved. I am not ready to offer a solu- tion for this difficulty. Will some other bee- keeper tell us how to meet it? The more serious difficulty, however, has in a fashion been overcome. This difficulty is the development of laying-workers in the colony that has been kept queenless so long. Any one Avho has ever had those crazy old maids to deal with, when they once get the taste of having children, knows something of the seriousness of this difficulty. T find that about three out of five colo- nies that have been kept queenless for 27 days will develop laying-workers. Here is my plan for preventing it: Ee- move the queen on the first day; cut out queen-cells on the ninth day; introduce a capped queen-cell in a protector on the tenth day; the queen emerges about the fourteenth day and the queen is mated on about the nineteenth day. Cage the queen on the twentieth day'; introduce the new Italian queen in a cage on the twenty-fifth day, and release her on the twenty-seventh day. Not once has this plan failed to stop lay- ing-workers. IT. B. Arbucklo. Davidson, N. C. I May, 192-J G L K A N T N G S T N B K, I-: C U L T U R V. 307 .^ FROM THE FIELD OF EXPERIENCE NORTHERN CALIFORNIA Vast Expanse of Virgin Beekeeping Territory in the Great Star Thistle Region When one exists but is not on the map, how does lie proceed to put himself on the map? Or, more properly speaking, when one is on the map and everyone, including the map, is unaware of the fact, what then? Chico, Butte County, Calif., is in that fantastic predicament. Bee journals and writers generally appear to have formed a soviet to locate northern California between Sacramento County and the Tehachapi, a range of mountains crossing the state from east to west, fully 300 miles south of its geographical center. Everything below the Tehachapi is southern California, and the restricted territory above the Tehachapi, by the same token, northern California. Before our government acquired this stat'e there were two Californias, Alta and Baja, upper and lower, the dividing line being along the southern boundary of San Diego County, about where it is today. Later, when a sleepy little Mexican village vaguely known as Los Angeles, assumed municipal proportions, she staked out the country be- tween Baja California and the Tehachapi into city lots, virtually seceded from the state and named her pre-emption, southern California. Los Angeles' first claim to supremacy was rlimate. Her next, the production of fabu- lous quantities of sage honey, the possibili- ties of which were first demonstrated by John S. Harbison who, back in the sixties, moved his bees south from the Sacramento Valley in central California. Then came the Los Angeles citrus groves and a second de- licious honey to enhance her fame. But unlike tl:e sage, citrus groves proved of a migratory nature and refused to be cor- ralled south of the Tehachapi. They have worked their way steadily northward until thousands of acres flourish at the very door of Chico, and many fine groves as far north as 30 miles. And, oddly, the northern fruit is usually marketed by the time the south- ern harvest begins. So, although the Te- hachapi may be claimed as the beginning of northern California, its further end reaches fully 700 miles bevond this arbitrary line. And now one-half the length of the state from the Tehachapi, comes Chico featuring California's third A-1 honey, star thistle, as an exclusive product of northern Califor- nia. Eeference to the map will show that Chico bears practicallv the same relation to northern California as Los Angeles to south- ern California. Each is the logical center of a wonderfully productive honey district, and each is about the same distance from its respective state lines, Oregon and Ari- zona. Thus, geographically, the one is s()\ithcrn California; the other, northern, and both with oodles of climate peculiarly their own. Three-fourths of tlie state lies between these two centers. Since southern Califor- nia has never laid claim to this territory, and Chico has no immediate intention of ex- tending its suburbs by annexing Marysville, Sacramento and other middle California towns, why not designate these cities and their counties, middle California, with Berkeley and the State University as their center? This middle section also has its distinctive honey, the main flow being from irrigated alfalfa, though there is consider- able sage and orange honey produced in ad- dition. We now come to a marked apicultural dif- ference between Chico and Los Angeles. The beekeeping part of Chico 's population has an aversion to staking off surrounding coun- ties into town lots. Indeed that would be most disastrous, for star thistle is a rene- gade that flourishes best on large ranches, which, subjected to subdivision and conse- quent intensive cultivation, would soon cause that intruder to disappear and star thistle honey to become but a fragrant mem- ory. Again, while Los Angeles has for 50 years or more been the center of extreme activity in apiculture, the counties that surround Chico are virgin territory, so far as honey production on the scale practiced in southern California is concerned. The one has arrived at its zenith; the other has barelv discovered its own existence. This self-discovery was aided and abetted by the attendance of five members of the Butte County Bee Association at the Berke- lev School for beekeepers held in December, ]921. It is the first time since these exten- sion courses were inaugurated on the coast four years asro that representatives from northern California beekeepers have been present. D. Stuart. Chico, Cal. ao^ctc GRABBING THE HONEY FLOW How to Have Colonies Ready on Short Notice When Honey Flow Comes Unexpectedly A generation ago the burden of instruc- tions to beekeepers was on buildiiifr up colo- nies in the spring, pulling from the strong colonies to strengthen the weaker, in effect averaging downward. In the hands of the novice or person of poor judgment the re- sults were often disastrous. In the hands of such experts as Dr. C. C. Miller, where clover was the main flow, the practice was excel- lent; but here in southern New England where a clover flow seldom occurs, it was more often than otherwise that the practice was not good. So some other plan had to be evolved. , 308 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE Mav, 1922 FROM THE FIELD OF EXPERIENCE The plan I am about to describe may not be and probably is not original. When one lias read hundreds of bee books and about a dozen magazines every month go under his eyes, he oft stores away in the mind little items which are for the time forgotten and later bob up as original ideas; so I am not at all sure that the following plan is original with me, but it does work profitably. First, let me explain that we have a series of short flows from which we at times get a surplus; but the flows are erratic, we are never sure of any one of them and now and then get none of them. Sometimes a good flow conies when no colonies are big enough to profit thereby, and then we must be able to step in and help the bees or lose out so far as surplus goes. I keep all my colonies in pairs, as advised and practiced by Dr. Miller; it has many advantages, though at first I thought differ- ently. That is the basic item in the plan under consideration. The next item is to help up the colonies which are slightly be- low profitable size; and I do it by pulling from the weak ones, even to the extent of exterminating them. This makes fair ones good, and cuts out all colonies which are not and cannot be producers. It will also be noted that the big, strong colonies are not disturbed — in other words, weakened to help weak or medium colonies. Now a keen eye is kept on the condition of the plants from which we may get a sur- plus, also a sharp eye on the weather. Tt will be seen that one must be familiar with llie honey sources of his locality and the nature of the soil and moisture conditions. Even with all this knowledge a change in temperature may upset tlie best of fore- cast. But granting that we anticipate a good flow from some source, at once we proceed to grab for it, making all colonies that have a fair chance of getting it so strong in field bees that they cannot miss it. Eight here is seen the immense advantage of the twin stands. One of the two colonies on the stand is moved to a new location, pre- ferably some little distance off, say several hive spaces or into another and distant row. This is to lessen the possibility of the field bees finding their old home. The hive left undisturbed on tlie old stand is provided with an excess of storage room, oft by lifting the supers with contained bees from the removed colony to the one on the old stand. This practice is followed with every pair of hives, the only excep- tions being where both colonies of a pair are very strong, big enough to produce a surplus without help; such are let alone. Now for the results. The field bees from the removed colonies are a bit confused on their return, but soon go into the hive ad- jacent to their old location. Having a load they are well received, and soon all confu- sion disappears and work proceeds with vim. Henceforward it is only necessary to see that tliey have plenty of storage room. What happens to the removed colonies, do you ask? Usually they quite promptly pro- ceed to requeen, and if we are alert we can get without trouble a fine lot of young queens for all our colonies. If we remove the old queen as soon as the cells are well started swarms seldom appear, and even if the old queen is not removed, only super- sedure occurs in most cases. These particu- lar colonies get into the very best of shape for later flows or for winter, where the moving practice occurs for a late summer flow. The producing colonies produce honey as we intended, rarely swarm, but usually fin- isli tlie season with Avorn-out queens, though sometimes supersedure occurs. All this is very plausible, but what are the drawbacks? Absolute need of knowl- edge of locality as regards soil, moisture and honey sources, and some lifting of colo- nies. This latter is done before the moved colonies are heavy with honey; in fact, the best time to move them is a day or two after the bees get really busy on the source of the expected surplus. For a postscript let me add, keep an eye on the removed colonies if a change in the weatlier suddenly checks the flow; other- wise they may suddenly starve, because they have very few field bees. Providence, R. I. Arthur C. Miller. HEAVY YIELDS IN MONTANA Average of 300 Pounds per Colony from Alfalfa and Sweet Clover While our location is rather far north to be considered a beeman 's paradise, I still think we are able to compete fully with most so-called bee countries. I had 40 colonies, spring count, increased to 68, and took off 8,000 pounds of first-grade light honey, most ly from sweet clover and alfalfa. We have quite a bit of dandelion in spring which comes in handy for brood-rearing. I left 5,200 pounds on the bees, or an av- erage of 80 pounds, which will seem an ex- cessive amount to southern beekeepers, but we try to play safe up here. A man within one mile of me took off 12,000 pounds from 40 colonies, spring count; but, of course, he did nothing else, while I ran an irrigated farm in addition to my bees. In packing bees for winter, we use the quadruple case without covers or tunnels for entrances, just contract to about three inches, and use fine straw or chaff for the packing. My cases are built of shiplap and covered with cheap tar paper. Carterville, Mont. Claude M. Pease. Mav, 1<122 0 T. K A N T N n S T N B E K C T" T. T TT R T-: M C SIFTINGS J. E. Crane Y! Isn't that an at- tra c t i V e picture on the cover page of Gleanings for Apr i IV Almost any one after looking at that would want to open and see what is inside. * * * Vol. L on the cover page reminds me that it is now nearly 50 years since I first re- ceived that tiny eight-page baby Gleanings. Wliat a healthy, vigorous growth it has had, expanding from eight to seventy-two pages! * * » Allen Latham, on page 225, makes out a pretty good case for rearing a good supply of drones during the honey flow. Can he tell us just how many drones it takes to satisfy the sexual instincts of the undeveloped fe- males of a colony? Would not 500 ansAver as well as 5000? This would give 50 to each comb in a ten-frame hive. I put out a mixture of honey and water, lialf and half, on March 1 to see how much cold it would stand before freezing; but our coldest weather was passed, and we had but one morning when it was as low as 7 degrees above zero. It stood this temperature with- out any indication of freezing. Who can report "a lower temperature without freez- ing- * * * J D. Yancey, on page 236, objects to drop- ping the word "extracted" before honey on labels, to distinguish it from the old- time "strained honey"; but he says this old-time quality has nearly disappeared from the markets. This being the case, it would seem to be a good time to drop the word "extracted," giving rather the name or source of the honey instead. * * * M. C. Richter, page 223, gives a most in- teresting account of taking observations on tlie outside of the hive, that may be studied with profit by young beekeepers. Quite as important, it seems to me, is when entering a vard to note the sound of the bees. A practiced ear can tell at once whether they are having a holiday, swarming, gathering honev to beat the band, or up to the mean- est of all business, robbing some defenseless colonv. * » * Those two articles in April Gleanings. "Wonder Work of Bees," by A. H. Hen- drickson, and "Beekeeping and Agricul- ture," by Geo. S. Demutli, cover one of the most fascinating subjects connected with farming or beekeeping, viz., the cross fer- tilization of flowers. I wish the facts m these two articles could be put into a small bulletin bv themselves and furnished at cost 1 for gratuitous dist r i b u t i o n a m o n g farmers and fruit-grow- ers. I feel sure a great many bee- keepers would like to buy them for this purpose. This subject has become almost a science of itself; yet if we go back 25 years, very little was known for certain about it. My! but isn't this a great world to live in, and a great age of the world to live in, too? What a pleasure to live in the open where such wonders are going on! Yet some folks will neglect these wonderful thouglits and go to the movies or a dog fight for amusement. I am sorry for them. * * * In no way is the advance in the beekeep- ing industry seen more clearly than in the matter of advertising. Fifty years ago a page or two seemed to satisfy the patent- hive vendors and queen-dealers, while today nearly 40 pages of Gleanings in Bee Cul- ture are required to make known the multi- tudinous wants of honey producers, lioney dealers, manufacturers of containers and bee supplies of all sorts, everything a bee- keeper can think of, and a great many things few of us have any use for. * * * On page 221, the Editor calls attention to the "Spray Poison Evil." which is both timely and important. I do not think it so great an evil as we formerly thought, for in many years it does little harm. If the weath- er is cool or cloudy, or if dandelions are yielding freely, spraying seems to do little harm; but, taking the years together, it is bad enough. I fear there has been some rather slipsliod teaching along these lines in some of our agricultural colleges. Attend- ing a meeting of beekeepers some time ago I related how much damage spraying, had done to one of my yards of bees, when a pro- fessor arose and made the statement that he did not believe bees had evef been in jured by the spraying of fruit trees. Tests made iii the laboratory showed that bees would not take poison sprays. I then stated that I had gathered up the dead bees by the handful and sent them to the Department of Agriculture at Washington for analysia and arsenic was found in their bodies. He replied that arsenic might have been found in the bodies of healthy bees. I confess my patience received a severe jolt and my re spect for professors and laboratory tests dropped a long way below zero. P. S. — It afPords me pleasure to state that that professor, who was at the head of the apiarian department of an agricultural col- lege for a time, has quit teaching and gone into the more prosaic business of repairing automobiles. We wish him success in his new business. 310 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE C lUT IT would be ini- jjossible to sum up the charm of California in one word, but its contrasts explain much of its fas- cination for me. They begin to d a w n on the tourist almost as soon as the train enters the state, and by tlie time it is running through level, fertile valleys with their semi-tropical growth, their fruit trees, palms and flowers, while, deceivingly close, tower the great mountains, crowned with glisten- ing snow, the contrasts almost take one 's breath away. And it is largely due to the mountains that California is so "con- trasty. " (Our landlady took her dictionary and sewing machine along with her when she rented us this furnished house, but I have heard my brother talk of "contrasty" pho tographs, so I'll just call it a word. One has to coin adjectives, and sometimes us > them in the superlative degree, when try- ing to describe the West, for the old eastern ones are quite inadequate.) The mountains not only cause the climate to be full of contrasts and are themselves such a beautiful contrast to the valleys, but their appearance from day to day varies greatly. For instance at times they are seen dimly through a blue haze and lock far away from us here in Pasadena. At other times they quite disappear behind clouds or fogs, and later a cold rain falls in the val ley. Then perhaps late in the day or the next, or the next after that — for California rains are not apt to be mere showers — the clouds break, the sun comes out gloriously and there are the great mountains with snow half way down their slopes, the setting sun tinting the snow to a glowing pink, malving a picture no human artist could reproduce. When a large amount of snow falls on the near-by mountains it creates a curious op tical illusion. The mountains seem to be crowding so close to the town that they look fairly menacing, as if they were advancing on us puny mortals to exterminate us. Ordinarily the San Gabriel range from here looks like a long, unbroken but ser- rated ridge in which certain peaks merely stand up a little higher than the rest. But a few weeks ago after a heavy snow storm in the mountains, the nearer ranges stood out from the higher ones so distinctly that T felt T was seeing my favorite view through an old-fashioned stereoscope. You who are ol:l enough can remember how pictures gained deptli and lost their flatness when viewel through the stereoscope. It was just so with the mountains. The nearer and lower peaks moved toward us, revealing in the back- ground great peak after peak in tlie blue distance. A San Francisco man once said to me, "Los Angeles County li;ts no natural l)eau THE LAND OF CONTRASTS 1 CONSTANCE ROOT BOYDEN (Slancy Puerden) %J May, 1922 ty; that country is all reclaimed desert. ' ' I sus- pect that is true as far as tlie beauty of the valley is con- cerned. But the fact that all this beauty was brought into being by man using the magic of the melting mountain snows makes it all the more fascinating. When we drive about tlie vicinity of Pasadena with its wealth of shade trees, green lawns, roses and rainbow- hued flowers I like to think of the contrast between the desert it used to be and the beautiful present. One does not have to overwork his imagination to picture the des- ert; for, in taking almost any cross-country drive, unimproved desert country may be found, and the contrast is emphasized by tlie perfect, asphalt-like roads. WOULD you enjoy life in one of those regions wher.e the sun is advertised to shine some three or four hundred days of every year? You would have to take an occasional trip to a cloudy country to bring out the beauty of the climate by comparison. For my part I am thankful that we have the, contrasting weather right with us here in southern California, although we do not have the sharp contrast between summer and winter of the North ajid East. We have days when the sun shines and the air is so dazzingly clear that we can see not only the near-by mountains with Baldy peeping over their shoulders to the east, but also snowy ranges 80 or more miles away, the peaks floating above the horizon like a mirage. And after a few days of that glori- ous sunshine, when the weather begins to grow uncomifortably warm, soft fogs drift in from the ocean to temper the heat and rest the eyes and nerves. Before I became a Californian I used to be much interested and a trifle amused to hear people tell of the wonderful variations in climate within a few miles. But after riding about the country immediately after the great freeze and seeing orange groves apparently quite unharmed, while a quarter of a mile away the trees looked as though a blight had descended upon them, those cli- mate stories looked more probable. Indeed, Ave even saw groves unharmed on one side of the street, while they were badl.y frosted on the other, due to currents of wind, we were told. The various valleys between ranges af- ford such variations of climate that it is possible to raise fruits which thrive in cool climates in the same latitude with oranges. For instance, T have eaten delicious apples which were grown only a short distance from here; and, although apples are not grown on a large scale in this vallev, it is nothing uncommon to see them in n yard close to an orange tree. Mav, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 311 But it takes a real estate agent to bring out the contrasts in climate. The town of A is from six to eight degrees cooler than B through the summer months, we are in- foi-med, because of the draft through the canyon, said towns being not three miles apart. Yes, C is pretty warm in summer if you live in the east part of it, admits a real estate agent, but the west side is deliglit- fully cool, as there is always an ocean breeze around a certain mountain to temper it. D, being not far from the ocean, is cool as a summer resort in summer, according to the agent who lists houses in that region; but, if you mention it to an agent interested in another locality, you will learn that you never could stand the summer down there on the flats as it is so hot. Now I don't agree with the woman who told us, "California has more liars to tlie square mile than any other state in the union." I suspect there is truth iji all their contradictory statements, at times. They just prove that California is "con- trasty, " even if it hasn't a well-defined winter and summer. In other articles I have mentioned the sharp contrast between the temperature in the sunshine and in the shade, a contrast which I very much enjoy, but fail to under- stand its cause. I suppose the delightfully cool nights which follow the warm days should be attributed to the same cause. When a Californian is confronted by n tourist who complains of the cold weather preceding a rain he always retorts, "Well, we don't have to wade through mud and slush even it is a little cold at times." It is true, the streets are clean and ordinarily perfectly dry. That is what makes the con- trast during a rain so amusing. After it has been raining only a short time both sides of the streets are rushing torrents. making the passage across almost impossible to pedestrians. You see the water rushes down the steep mountain slopes and through the towns in the valley. It is nothing un- usual to see a kind motorist drive up to a curb where a lady is standing, take her on his running board, drive across the street, deposit her on the curb and drive on his way. At certain places in Los Angeles heavy planks are strapped to the telephone poles to be used in bridging the torrent from curb to street cars. During a dry summer in the East small streams sometimes go dry, but here in the West most of the rivers, arroyos or washes, as they are called, have water in them only during or soon after a rain. "I don't mean to be critical," as a friend always says when he does, but if I ever grow homesick for eastern scenery it will be for rivers and brooks with water in them. AFTEE some three months of house hunt- ing I have come to believe that nowhere are California contrasts more marked than in dwellings. There are great estates with enormous houses in any part of tlie countrv, but T never saw ho many tiny, one- room bungalows as in this vicinity. Whether it forms the iiucleu.s of the permanent home vvliich is built around it later, or whether it is used as tlie garage later, it is a good way to evade the higii rents, and in this mild cli- mate it can be done without great discom- fort. And there are such extreme contrasts in style of architecture. A typical old Cali- fornia house, whether bungalow or two- story, has extremely wide, overhanging eaves, in some cases more than five feet wide, to shade the windows as much as pos- sible. And as soon as liis house was fin- ished the owner planted everything he could think of to secure more shade. Mag- nificent old date palms are in many yards, and great, drooping pepper trees, many va- rieties of acacia and pergolas with immense vines keep out all the sunshine and light possible. The exteriors of these old houses are apt to be of shingles, stained dark brown, and the interior walls are papered or decorated in something equally dark. One would think the inhabitants of such a house would look like bleached celery, if they stayed indoors much. In contrast with these old houses is the latest thing in stucco in white or very light colors, perhaps pink trimmed in turquois blue. These have no overhang to the roof and most of them substitute courts, patios or terraces for the conifortable, shadv porch, even though there is not a tree on the^place to afford any shade. When I see these shade- less, porchless houses and the processions of automobiles on all the boulevards on pleas- ant afternoons I am inclined to believe that the modern Californian has substituted the motor car for his porch or his own "vine and fig tree. " It is only fair to state that there are many charming houses between these two extremes whicii liave both sun- shine and. shade about them, but I was merely contrasting the old with the very new. As one real estate agent told me, "If you will have a house with a porch you must be satisfied with something that is a little old fashioned, for porches are selclom built noAv. ' ' AS" interesting contrast in California is ^/\that afforded by the cosmopolitan char- acter of its population. A Californian born and bred is quite rare. 1 have met only one myself. Here are two questions which are asked us so frequently that I have come to expect them and sometimes volunteer the information: "How long have you been here and where did you come from?" A former Massachusetts man who asked me those questions on meeting me said, "I shouldn't think of asking them back East, but everyone does it out here and no one seems to regard it as rude." California might be regarded as a beautiful "melting- pot" for making enthusiastic Calif ornians of people from every state and from all other parts of the world. GLEANINGS IN BEE C U L T U R K May, l!i22 c Beekeeping as a Side Line ILJ Grace Allen THERE would not be the hard feeling against us poor sideline beekeep- ers in the breasts — and pocket- hooks? — of the professional hon- ey-producers, if we were all of the type of Miss Josephine Morse of the Cloveriey Apiary, Lancaster, Massachusetts. Nearly all reading beekeepers know of Miss Morse, who is now the enthusiastic secretary-treasurer of the Worcester County (Massachusetts) Beekeepers' Association. But perhaps they do not all realize what a fine example she is of persistence in the face of discouragements, and how convincingly, therefore, she has proven herself a real bee- keeper. "I must have been born to be a beekeeper," she admits, "because nothing can seem to discourage me permanently." In another way she seems particularly beekeeper-y. And that is in her apprecia- tions. As a whole, are not beefolk lovers of the beauties of God's good earth? Speaking of the town of Lancaster where she has al- ways lived, Miss Morse calls it a "beautiful old New England town." Don't you love people who love their own home places, recognizing and appreciat- ing their beauties? One thing that helps me to visualize the charm of her beloved Lancaster is her statement that she has lived there all her life, on a farm. So if I see it correctly, it is one of those lovely towns that run on out into the country and defy anybody to say where the town ends and the country begins. It was twelve years ago that Miss Morse made her start with bees. She did it most intelligent- ly and logically, as becomes a daughter of Massachusetts. She took a two-weeks' course — an ex- cellent two weeks' course, she calls it — under Prof. Burton Gates at the Massachusetts Agri- cultural College at Amherst. Then she took over the ownershi]) and care of two colonies of bees that had belonged to a brother. Then the disasters began. There were several cases of severe stinging. Then came foul brood: American foul brood; European foul brood. But, as she says, nothing discouraged her permanently. And now she has 20 colonies of her own, is secretary-treasurer of the county association and is the recognized ad- visor for many beginners in near-by neigh- borhoods. She also cares for the bees of several orchardists, as hers is rather a good fruit-growing section. Her own father has gone into rather extensive fruit-growing, es- pecially apples and pears, and is very glad to liavc his daugliter's bees as pollenizers. 3 LJ Miss Morse has never made any ]) h e n 0 m e n a 1 crops. One d 0 e s n ' t, you know, in Massa- c li u s e 1 1 s, any m ore than in Tennessee. One loves it. Apple bloom comes of course when the weather is unsettled — not much clover — but a goodly quantity of blueberry, and later, goldenrod. Miss Morse extracts her honey, putting it up in 16-ounce jars and selling direct to the consumer. She wisely charges according to the prices for similar honey in similar con- tainers in the high-grade grocery stores. When she started, money didn't enter into her plans at all. There was just the delight of it, and the honey — and a little welcome pin money, too. But her business has so developed that now she feels her interest to be quite decidedly commercial; and still she loves the work. In addition to lier regular yard work, Miss Morse has had various interesting experi- ences in getting bees out of trees and' build- ings. She has many calls for help from be- ginners; she always helps as she would be helped — and as she is helped, she adds. She has also developed a new interest among beekeepers of her section in the matter of exhibiting honey and bees at the agricultural fairs, so that while little attention had been paid to this in former years, larger efforts are being put forth now and greater things still hoped for the immediate future. Which is what may always be expected from the leaven of enthusiasm. Spring in the country! For, after the manner that I boasted of last month, we are country folk at last, burning on cool eve- jiings our own oak wood in the brick fireplace, and walking on moonlit evenings along country roads, sweet now with the scents of spring. And here are the hills, low and gentle, too close perhaps to give us a really impressive "view" such as some of our friends enjoy, yet close and chummy; and we love them. We love, too, the dawn through our neighbor's woods lot and the bright wide book of the sunsets spread open along the low ridge to the west. During the first weeks here, there was the glory of autumn over the earth; in the win- ter the flush of red where the buck bushes grow and sunsets through bare trees; now, in the spring, there is the miracle of un- believable greenness and blossom coming back to trees and grass and fertile field and every upward-reaching slope — wild violets at our feet, mountain phlox by roadsides, small gay earth-loving "May weeds" over the fields, a blush on the hills where the Aliss Josephine Morse with her bees. MAV, 1922 n L E A N I N G S IX B K E C U L T U R K redbuds lildom ;ni(l (In- tlirilling beauty of fruit trees — oh, tlie cdierry orchards today! We have set out — how many will live? we wonder — maples and ' ' cork ellums ' ' and hackberries and dogwood and redbud and baby cedars and fruit trees, and many shrubs. And bought an Airedale pup. We named him Sir Jock of Lone Oak! But we call him Jock. Wondering if the trees we set out will thrive, I am reminded of the aged man whose success in tree planting Vergil re- cords in the apiarian Georgic. I am sorry thus to distress you, kind sir — you who do dislike reference to the classic days of the Emperor Augustus! Must you read it? Tt is very skippable. But the courteous Man- aging Editor Avill tell you that the plans for the rest of this article were badly disar- ranged by the loss of some photographs somewhere between Medina and Lone Oak Eoad, modern, up-to-date pictures of mod- ern, up-to-date bee-yards and the people who work them. So it seems a most happy op- portunity to return to Vergil long enough to tell about the old -man of Corycus, whose gentle life I have been eager to refer to for several months. Your pat and undeniable assertion that Gleanings is being published in 1922 having nearly frightened me per- manently into the present decade, you can guess how charmed I am at this pleasant opportunity? Not of my making, you see — merely claimed as it comes. This conces- sion, however, I make — not to quote the Roman poet line aft^r line, much as I enioy it myself, but to re-tell the substance of it informally, weaving in a few of his espe- (■i;illv appealing phrases. No one knows the name of this old man who has been so charmingly immortalizeil by Vergil. The poet speaks of him as an aged man from Corycus whose friendship he had made. He owned a few poor roods of worthless land — no pasture thereon for cat- tle, no convenient food for flocks, no good soil for vine ;. Yet for all that, there among tlie tliorns, lie raised his small plot of greens; and around the greens — this is one reason people have kept on loving him through all the generations of book-lovers and beauty-lo^A-ers — he sowed a few white lilies and some poppies and verbenas. And " his soul \'ied with the weitlth of Icings, when late at eve He heaped the ■nnpurchased banquet on his board.' ' Ah, that unpurchased banquet! Moreover, in spite of the unfriendliness of his soil, his skill made him first to gather spring's roses and autumn's ripe apples. While winter was still laying "cold curb upon the frozen stream," he was "toying with some soft- tressed hyacinth"— flower-lover that he was. Will you be surprised to learn that he kept bees, too? He gave them, also, such care that he was the first " . . . . whose brooding bees Wero in full sw;ir:n : his fingers earliest Pressed forth the bubbling honey from th',- combs." How lie would have eii,joy('(l fnll sheets of foundation and an extractor! For what challenges our admiration is the way his quiet life of simple wise content was digni- fied by faithful, intelligent, painstaking la- bor, with its resulting skill. He set out lime trees and luxuriant j)ines. What his fruit trees promised him in blos- soming spring, they bore for him in autumn. As for transplanting trees, this is what 1 keep recalling, when I look out at our re- cently transplanted maples and hackberries and ' ' cork ellums. ' ' "His elm-tree saplings even wIumi full-grown He could transplant, or pear-trees iMg and strong. Or the young plane-tree when its spreading boughs Screened from the sun the guest who drank his wine." No such experts were the dark-skinned toil- ers who set out our trees! (Yet today two of the dogwood are coming into bloom, and there are signs and ])romises on one maple and an elm or two.) Don't you wish we might liave known him, the aged man from Corycus? Wouldn't we have enjoyed visiting him, sitting under the spreading boughs of his hospitable plane trees? Doubtless, had he lived today, he would bring up grape juice or lemonade !^ — and how we would all talk! What questions we would ask him! About beekeeping and hyacinths and his philosophy of life. And if invited, as quite surely we would be — being beekeepers! — we would stay to share the unpurchased banquet heaped upon his board, and feed our souls on the fineness and simplicity and rich, full-flavored per- sonality of this beekeeping lover of God's earth. Does this picture of Vergil's old man re- mind you of anybody? Can you not see in it a great resemblance to many beekeep- ers? Bees and flowers and fruit, skill and content and simple living — do not these things form a large part of the rich later years of most beekeepers? I have some- times said that my mental pictirre of the Avord beekeeper is always an old man, gray- haired and adorably wise and gentle (are not the wise always gentle?), with his bee hives set in an orchard. In his impressive and dignified lines. "Gone Home," April Gleanings, page 255, Dr. Weble-y gives our imagination a glimpse of our beloved Dr. Miller being welcomed to the Other Home by Huber and Langstroth and Cowan and the "gentle Hutchinson." Because they were so alike in the fine sim- plicities and noble dignities and serene sat- isfactions of life, may not lie whom we so delighted to honor — "the Master of the Gentle Craft," "the Grand Old Man of Beedom," "the Sage of Marengo" — have been welcomed also, in that "white tre- mendous daybreak," by Vergil's aged man from Corycus? 314 GLEANINGS IN BEE C U L T T R E Mav, i;)2^ FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH In Northern California, u s " a 1 1 y there is a considerable amount of honey stored during ^\|)ril. Ill fact the flow from orange and sage ordinarily is under way during this month. The most notewortliy feature of this season's work is the backwardness of plant life. Sage, orange and practically all other plant life will bloom about one month later than usual. The cold and wet weather is responsible for the lateness of the season. Consequently it is very necessary to supply the bees with plenty of stores. It may not be of uncommon occurrence during the first and second weeks of May to find strong colo- nies on the point of starvation. This sea- son, especially, there must be plenty of stores all through the breeding season. It would prove very disastrous to neglect this phase of the spring work, as a three or four days' wet spell might occur just before the main flow starts. At this time there is much brood to feed, and, witli bees unable to fly, several pounds of honey a day are consumed. We have seen immense colonies honeyless, with not a vestige of unsealed brood in the combs. Don't gamble with nature too much. Supply the bees with a reserve, and remember the three cardinal points during spring work — protection, stores and ample space for brood expansion. This looks like a very good season and owing to its extreme lateness there ought to be some mighty fine bee weather with ex- ceptionally high daily intakes of nectar from sage and orange, both of which will come into bloom and secrete nectar at about the same time. There is one important thing to provide for during a big lioney flow. For spring, the important consideration was an ample reserve of Demuth feeders. Strange as it may seem, there should be provided the same kind of a reserve for the honey flow except, of course, that the feeders should not be full. In other words an abundance of empty comb is what is necessary to take care of the large amount of thin nectar that may be gathered. The California State Beekeepers' Associa- tion is certainly up and doing. We should all do our part to help in their campaign to secure 2,000 members within the next six months. This association is going to be of great benefit to us. It must be strong in membership in order to do the most for us that it can. It is really up to ourselves as producers to bring this about. Active mem- bers are the ones that count; such members interest their neighboring beekeepers in their organization, and when Ave keep up our enthusiasm we achieve results. Big Sur, Calif. M. C. Eichter. In Southern California. .The season seems to be slow and backward. The orange trees are showing a slight swelling of the buds, and it now looks as thougli it might be well to- ward the last of April before much bloom will appear. I find from my records that it is often the 12th or 15th of April, and some- times later, before the bees begin getting honey from the orange blossoms. We are apt to forget and think a season exception- ally late, when perhaps it is not much dif ferent from the average. When it does turn warm, trees and plants will grow and blos- som very fast, and it is well to have plenty of supplies on hand to care for a busy season. The sages are making a good growth, and the wild buckwheat looks thrifty. But it is too early to tell much of the blossoming qualities of the plants, as the long, slender stems that support the blossoms shoot out very quickly and usually show little or no growth before the early part of May. Other plants are also showing up well. The al- filaria has been blooming for some weeks, but the cool weather has prevented the bees from doing as well as they might, consider- ing the amount of bloom there has been. The willows in some sections have given remark- able results, and in locations where there have been plenty of willows and the bees have had suffieient stores, they have built up well. Where there was no early pollen, the bees did not build up; and some colonies with as much as 50 pounds of honey are very weak and have very little brood. How- ever, generally speaking, it looks as thongli nothing but a verv hot period of weatlier can keep the honey crop from being satis factory to the beekeepers. On a cloudy, cool day I observed 26 bees per minute entering the hive of the average colony. Upon opening the hive I learned that those colonies averaged four and five frames of brood, while those with a less number of bees flying in had only from one to three frames of brood. A little observa- tion along these lines might enable one to secure a fairly accurate idea of the condi- tion of the apiary. By examining only a few hives, and then observing the others from the outside, one might avoid the neces- sity of disturbing the bees by opening the hives during unfavorable weather. The weather has been too cold and cloudy for the rapid building up of colonies. Around the orange sections it looks as though not over 50 per cent would be in prime condition for the orange flow. Considerable disease — especially Euro- pean foul brood — is showing up in many apiaries. There is nothing quite like a good honey flow to help eradicate these condi- tions. The winter loss has been quite heavy in many cases; but, as old Adam Grimm once said, "I save all of the eombs and I show you how quickly I fill all of those hives again when the lioiiey flow comes." Corona, Calif. " L. L. Andrews. Mav, li)l'2 (; 1, i; A N I N (i S 1 N B K K C C 1, 'I' r I{ 1-. FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH In Arizona. -^\, '^i"i"ff ^^f^n hi sontlieni Anzonu bus been unusually backward and at presejit (April 4) is from two to four weeks behind its usual condition for this time of year. In view of the fact that February precipitation was scanty, not giving spring annuals a good start, the prolonged coolness has been rather beneficial to beekeepers, tending to retard brood-rearing and consequent con- sumption of stores to some extent. In the meantime nectar conditions have somewhat improved, owing to more satisfactory March rains. On March 12 Tucson had the sur- prising experience of having some five or six inelies of snow on the ground, while liigher points had somewhat more. A fine rain also fell on April 1-2. This moisture has resulted in the production of small wild flowers which, it appears, will be sufficient to carry strong colonies through to the mes- quite-catsclaw honey flow without feeding. Filar ee or alfilaria (E rod in in aiciitariuni), a member of the mustard family {IjC'iquereJla t/nrdoni), and a form of waterleaf (Phacelia (irizoiiica) are in large part furnishing a liv- ing for bees in southern Arizona. Fortunate this year is the Arizona apiarist in whose vicinity the filaree has become established. A trip overland from Tucson to Yuma (April 2-3) revealed the fact that the des- erts to the southwest are even better sup- plied with small wild flowers of many kinds this year than is the region of Tucson. Or- ange and other citrus trees are in full bloom at Yuma, though the area devoted to them at present is too small to be an important factor for any considerable number of colo- nies. Mesquite, which should be in blossom now at Yuma, is just coming into full leaf. By the time this reaches its readers the mesquite-catsclaw honey flow will be on at the lower altitudes, and near at hand at the level of Tucson, and if any southern Ari- zona beekeepers are unprepared for it, they will likely miss a good surplus. Tucson, Ariz. Chas. T. Vorhies. In OreO'On winter losses have been un- o * usually heavy in Oregon this year, due to the fact that bees went into winter light in stores and the winter was unusually long and confining. Spring vegetation is close to three Aveeks late. The willow honey flow started the first week in February in the southern Willamette section. The lioney flow from Oregon maple will prob- ably be at least two weeks late. More large beekeepers are beginning to pack for the winter on the west side. The past winter lias demonstrated to many that this is the desirable thing to do. The large hive is also becoming more popular. The annual meeting of the Oregon State ."Beekeepers' Association was lield at Pendle- ton, January 26 and 27. Although the at- tendance was small, much important work was accomplished. Probably the most im- portant step taken was the joining of the American Honey Producers' League and the sending of a delegate in the person of J. Skovbc of Hermiston, Ore., to the Salt Lake City meeting. Steps were also taken to re- vise the state foul brood law, which is of the antiquated county type. A. J. Sanford of Eedmond, ex-president, was appointed as cliairman of the committee on legislation. This committee will also have charge of the movement to secure a compulsory grading law, similar to the Wisconsin law. At tlie request of the state association the extension service of the Agricultural College will issue a circular news-letter to the bee- keepers interested. These letters will be sent to members of the state and county bee- keepers' associations and to all others re- questing them. Arrangements are being made for a series of field meetings tliroughout the Northwest. The following dates have already been set: June 15, Spokane and northern Idaho; June 17, Yakima; June 20, northwestern Wash- ington; June 22, southwestern Washington; June 24, Portland district; June 27, south- ern Willamette district; June 29, central Oregon district; July 1, Hermiston district; July 3, Ontario district. It is hoped that other northwestern states will line up in the' program and that several prominent men from the East will be in attendance. Time is allowed between the field meetings so that the visitors may have opportunity to look over the surrounding beekeeping sec- tions. Honey seems to be largely out of the liands of the producers but is moving slowly in the retail market. Prices remain approxi- mately the same. H. A. Seullen. Corvallis, Ore. * * * In Louisiana. '^^^ swarming season has come and is a thing of the past for this year in the southern portion of this state. March 14 I visited a bee- keeper near Houma, La., and while in his apiary two swarms emerged from their hives and clustered in trees close by. Upon ex- amining the inside of these hives T found over 50 pounds of new white clover honey in each super though there are 90 days more before the clover is killed by the warm weatlier, July being the usual time. The white clover is very rank here now, in places averaging about eight inches high. Later in the season it sometimes grows to the height of twelve inches. The tupelo gum in this locality is now spreading its beautiful light-green foliage. This tree produces a very bountiful crop of honey in a good season, and this sensoti looks like one of the most frixorablc for llie past four years. n LEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE M.w, 1022 FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH Beekeepers further iiortli in Louisiana should e-vamine their hives at once, and as- certain if there is room iu the supers to hold this big crop, which is sure to come. Order a full supply of fixtures at once from your nearest dealer. Pay a little more attention to your bees at this season, and you will find there is nothing else on the farm which will pay greater dividends for the small outlay of money invested than your bees. Don't forget that the "penny wise and pound foolish" idea cuts deeper in the bee- keeper's pocketbook than almost anything else. If you try to crowd your bees in one or two supers, you force them to swarm; while, on the other hand, if you give them ample room, the bees will pay you over and over again for your expense and trouble. Here in Louisiana in some localities a brood- chamber should have five supers over it, rather than only one, which is usually fur- nished. Try it out this season and find out how fast bees can make money for you. Baton Rouge, La. E. C. Davis. In Mississippi.- .Extemely favorable weather during March and early April has enabled colonies to build up to swarming strength from the Gulf Coast to the Tennessee line. The early blooming honey plants, wild plum, redbud and fruit trees have secreted nectar abund- antly, and the later-blooming plants are in such excellent condition that nothing short of a hard freeze or excessive rains will pre- vent beekeepers in this state from making a bumper crop. A red-letter warning, reading "Beware of Swarming," should be handed each beekeeper down here, for such weather is extremely conducive to swarming and swarming is ruinous to early honey crops. Young queens and a hive-body of honey above the brood-chamber are cheap winter insurance in Mississippi. The package bee- men know this and practice it. Their colo- nies are so heavily populated now that I'm sure packages will be cheerfully put up with gospel measure. And remember, Mr. North- ern Beekeeper, our thorough inspection ser- vice assures you that bees from Mississippi are free from foul brood. R. B. Willson. Agricultural College, Miss. In Florida— The last two weeks in April to the first week in May :s the best period for requeening in this part of Florida. At tliis time the palmetto is trailing out to the end of its bloom, the coral sumac and sea grape are through for the year, and the black mangrove is just beginning to open its first buds here but will not be at its best until around the iM-^^t of June. There is a period just at this time, that varies from year to year, of three to six weeks, during \vliii-]i there is v(»ry lit- tle nectar coming in. The old queens slacken in their egg-laying, and many ;snuw signs of failing. Tlus slack- ening in the brood-rearing just at this time means that many colonies will go into the best jpart of the mangrove flow weak in field bees, and the best days of the crop will be past before the field force is back to full strength again. A young laying queen in- troduced at this time will speed up egg-lay- ing and bring the colony up to the mangrove flow in good strength of bees of jusc the right age. If the beekeeper is prepared to take ad- vantage of these six weeks preceding the mangrove bloom, he can have two colonies ready to gather the crop from mangrove where he liad one for the palmetto. The colonies have all reached the swarming con- dition on the spring flow, and, if the bee- keeper is provided with young laying queens, he can divide his colonies, and the young queens will boom them along, during this period of little flow, into better colonies than the old colonies would have been with old queens. Queens wear out much faster in this cli- mate than in the North and many develop into drone-layers before the end of their first year. Occasionally a queen will de- velop into a drone-layer in a few months, but this is due to poor mating, possibly with a drone reared in a worker-cell from some drone-layer. We enjoyed a visit recently from the State Apiary Inspector and his assistant, J. C. Goodwin and Chas. A. Reese, who were on an inspection tour of this section of the state. They said that they had found no disease in this part of the state. Florida enjoys an almost complete freedom from in- fectious bee disease, and, with the few cen- ters of infection being rapidly cleaned up. it will not be long until this state will be entirely free from American foul brood. C. E. Bartliolomew. Key Biscayne, Fla. In Southern Indiana.— ^'^ "'=)!'>' ^'^ spects tlie com- ing season holds great promise, but in some respects it does not. The winter has been a fair average of our southern Indiana win- ters. There was considera1)le weather when the thermometer registered 10 or 15 above zero, the coldest being 3 above. This con- dition kept the bees contented and they re- mained in their hives most of the time, al- though there were plenty of warm days for them to take cleansing fliglits. The weather gradually warmed up about the first of March so that brood-rearing began a little later in a normal manner. In my own colo- nies, brood-rearing began the latest in the season that I have ever observed it. most colonies containing eggs only about March 15. I am not sure whether this was caused i t May, 1 9'2'J gleanings IN BEE C U li T U R K FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH 317 by the cool weather before that time, or tliat it was due to the fact that, as the colonies were short of stores in the fall, they were given large quantities of sugar. It is possible tliat, due to the fact that they had little pollen in the liives, they waited for pollen this spring before be- ginning brood-rearing. At any rate, the colonies have come through in fine shape and seem contented with the sugar stores, and, as the soft maples come on with their pol- len, the bees are gathering it at a great rate and brood-rearing is coming on with a rush. I believe they will be stronger for the honey flow than they have been when they began brood-rearing earlier. Time will tell. At this date, April first, plum blossoms are creeping out and the pear buds and the peaches are swelling, so that the season looks good for normal brood-rearing. So much for the favorable conditions. Now for the unfavorable ones. In many sections near here the fall crop was a failure. In some cases the bees got a little from Span- ish Jieedles and in others a slight stimulative flow from smartweed. This caused them to fill the hive with brood, and winter found the hives full of bees but short of honey. If the beekeeper was on the job and supplied them with stores, they are in fine condition; but if he did not, about 25% are dead at this time from starvation and another 25% will die between now and the time of our honey flow, the latter part of May. So I wish to sound a warning, and I wish Gleanings would print it in large letters with red ink. EXAMINE YOUE BEES AT ONCE and, if they have not three or four combs paieked full of stores from top to bottom, FEED or the bees will starve. Vincennes, Ind. Jay Smith. * « « In Pennsylvania.— ?^.^^ '^^7, wintered ' fairly well. Those m cellars have not fared quite as well as those outside in good packing cases. Several re- ported taking bees out of cellars in early March because of dysentery. Many of these cellars are too cold. ' Late honeydew and aster honey are re- ported to be the causes. Because of these bad foods gathered in late summer most of the bees in the state would winter much better if fed 15 pounds of granulated sugar after brood-rearing is over. The usual heavy winter loss and weak col- onies have occurred among neglected bees. Such bees cannot be made to yield a good honey crop. However, the beekeeper will be well repaid in supplying plenty of food to colonies which are short, giving needed breeding room for the queens, providing pro- tection for the hives and replacing all fail- ing queens. The plan of wintering in two- story hives, the upper one full of honey, a good packing ease and good queens reared in the previous August, has proven its worth this winter. Colonies thus prepared are in fine condition. This plan solves the winter and spring and European foul brood prob- lems, and gets a big honey crop. Nectar-bearing plants of all kinds are in splendid condition. Most of the state had an abundance of rain last summer and fall. No winter-killing is apparent and spring is advancing slowly. All this is favorable to a good honey crop this year. Most of the nectar will go to waste because of the lack of bees to gather it. Numerous inquiries indicate a lively inter- est in the new law making it a misdemeanor to keep bees in anything but movable comb hives after July 1, 192.3. After that date a penalty is attached to keeping bees in hives that will not permit the inspector to take out freely the combs for examination. The object of this law is to reduce the danger from American foul brood. Thousands of box hives in the state should be transferred in order to make the bees profitable to their owners. Geo. H. Eea. State College, Pa. * * » In Iowa *^ur bees went out of the cel- lar March 15, earlier than usual, but owing to the uneasiness of the colonies it was tliought best to put them out. This condition has been happening altogeth- er too frequently in late years, and is an unexplainable circumstance as far as we are concerned. We never have wintered a bee other than in this cellar as long as we have been beekeepers, which is close to 20 years. We have held the bees in this cellar until April 15, and had them no more uneasy than they were this year a month earlier. The past three years they have consumed more stores than usual, which I cannot ac- count for. However, we noticed a row of bees, which were in a measure isolated from the rest, being more quiet and the winter mortality not being so high, and wondered if we were not crowding our bees too closely in the cellar. The rows are piled five high, with a space of two or three inches between piles. Then comes a two-foot alley and an- other row piled facing the other row. If a few colonies happen to get a little uneasy it is possible they might stir up the others. Who knows? If the beekeepers in this part of Iowa do not keep a close watch, they will lose heav- ily in bees, as well as having what colonies do pull through far too weak for the clover flow. Bees will have to have the attention of the apiarist this spring if they make good on the flow, which usually starts about June 1. The ground is soaked and has been ever since last fall. The clover is starting nicely and appears to have come through the win- ter well notwithstanding the ground was 318 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE May, 1922 FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH bai-e all winter. We were just a little pes- simistic about coming through, as we had some very soft weather, as well as some cold enough to send the frost down about four feet, and the ground bare of snow. Center Junction, Iowa. W. S. Pangburn. « * • In "W^isCOnsin ^^^^ indications are that the beekeeping situation in Wisconsin is normal plus. There has been very little snow in the southern part of the state, but the clover does not seem to have been seriously injured. Most of the bee- keepers with whom we have talked seem to feel that their bees are in unusually good condition. Few bees have died from dysen- tery, and the losses are due mostly to star- vation. Bees wintered out-of-doors have used an unusually large amount of stores, Ijresumably because of the mild weather. The situation in the northern part of the state is even more favorable than in the southern part. The entire northern section has been covered with a blanket of snow to a depth of several feet, and, as a result, the bees wintered out-of-doors have had excel- lent protection. The clover should be in excellent shape due to the heavy snow fall and subsequent protection from periods of freezing and thawing. A cold spell of about a week's du- ration occurred the latter part of March, which held the buds back in the southern part of the state and also to some extent the development of the bees. As brood-rear- ing began quite early and the bees had no opportunity to get pollen in the field, there is some chance that a good many colonies have been reduced by spring-dwindling on account of being unable to rear brood as fast as the old bees died off. If the bees have been given proper protection during April and we have a little well-timed rain in the summer, this should be a banner year for Wisconsin. In spite of the low price of honey, the in- terest in beekeeping does not seem to be lacking,- and quite a number of new bee- keepers are making a start. The attendance of beekeepers at local association meetings during the winter has been very good and the spirit of co-operation seems to be in- ■ creasing. More and more of the Wisconsin beekeepers are becoming interested and are making an effort to do some advertising. Madison, Wis. H. F. Wilson. * * * In Ontario. The latter end of March was colder than the first two weeks of the month here in Ontario; and possibly that condition Avas better for the bees than if the weather had been warm- er, as vegetation was held back, lessening danger from frosts at a later date. .Speaking generally for Ontario, based on reports from many jsarts of the province, I would say that prospects are above the average, so far as clover is concerned. Last year clover made a rank growth and, from what I can learn, the strong root growth saved the plants even in localities like our own here in York County where there was but little snow all winter. I have just returned from a visit to our Simcoe County yards where the clover has been covered well all winter. The clover and wheat just uncovered appear about as green as they did last fall. As to the bees, judging from our own apiaries and from re- ports from others, they have also wintered above the average. While at the Simcoe County yards I made a superficial examina- tion of each colony, being concerned only as to whether stores were present in all cases. Among the 300 colonies there, not a single one that had been normal last fall is dead. About a half-dozen hives were without any live bees; but an examination showed that the colonies had been queenless last fall when packed for winter, as the hives were heavy with honey, very few dead bees were in evidence, and there were no signs of brood. This may seem like an evidence of carelessness — packing away a few queen- less colonies in the fall, but I am free to confess that it happens each season. Run- ning a large number of bees is a different proposition from confining one's attention to a single apiary, and, in our case at least, we always expect a few things like I have just mentioned, to be charged up to profit and loss. Last week I was in Toronto and Avhile there I made inquiries as to the condition of the honey market. I found little evidence of much honey in hands of dealers, and one well-known handler of honey told me that the demand was then the best that he had experienced since last year's crop came on the market. Witli the market well cleaned up of old honey, at least one factor is favor- able to the disposition of the crop we hope to produce this year. With bees wintering well and prospects good for clover, perhaps we might need the aid of the proposed co- operative association earlier than some of us liave believed. Latest reports from Sec- retary Millen of Guelph informs me that a cliarter is being taken out and the beekeep- ers of the province will have an opportunity to subscribe for stock before this year's crop is harvested. Two cars of package bees and nuclei have been ordered by the Ontario association for the benefit of its members. These cars are to arrive about May 1st. In addition to getting the bees for members of the associa- tion, Secretary Millen and his staff are also handling supplies and containers for the members. Markham, Ont. J. L. Byer. May, l;»'J2 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 319 HEADS OF GRAIN VJ^mOl DIFFERENT FIELDS Doulble Brood-chambers I use 10 - f r a m e for Spring. equipment and fol- low the two-body manipulation as early in the spring as pos- sibly, A great deal of emphasis should be placed in giving the bees all of the winter stores they can use. In my locality a 10- frame hive will have to weigh 65 pounds at the beginning of the wintering period. If, therefore, these colonies are provided with sufficient stores early in the fall and given extra room the first thing in the spring, they build up quickly into larger and energetic producers. Of course, the bees must be win- tered well. No one can quarrel with Mr. Stahlman at Knox, N. Y., a photo of whose splendid api- ary was shown in July Gleanings. His "rec- ord speaks for his management. However, in my own beekeeping, I have tried to avoid as much as possible the clustering of bees on the outside of the hives. We must keep tention to the plans I have mentioned above I have found tliat this equipment enabled me last season to average considerably over 200 pounds per colony, spring count, in a season which was only average. From my experi- ence in the last three years, careful observa- tion and such investigation as I have been able to make, I am inclined to believe that an average of at least 200 pounds is possi- ble over a period of five years, if the plans mentioned above are carefully followed. Scotland, S. Dak. 0. G. Bbrton. M A New Way A splendid way to help back- of Equalizing ward colonies which have Colonies. not worn-out queens in spring: Place an excluder board which has four additional %-inch cleats nailed around the edges, underneath, which makes an additional space above the frames on all colonies from v.-hich you (). (;. Biirto-i .secures enormous colonies in standar to averags 200 pounds per all of the bees working all of the time. 1 have laid great emphasis on what Mr. Pettit has termed the "Morale of the Hive," and I find that nothing is more inclined to make a colony balky than to allow clustering. Mv success in swarm prevention I lay to the fact that I try to keep all of the bees busy by allowing a great sufficiency of room not only to the queen but the young bees and field bees as well. The last season I cut no queen-cells and had but two swarms in an apiary of 80 colonies. For our use the 10-frame equipment is more satisfactory, although I believe that without the two-body manipulation it would not be entirely successful. By careful at- d Viive.s by the two-brood-chamber plan, colony by this management. He expects expect assistance in the way of drawing young bees. As these colonies become strong you will find the young bees cluster- ing under the board in this extra space. All the young bees like to cluster in this warm space. Simply remove the board with its cluster of young bees and dump in front of the hive needing help. No danger of losing queens this way in either of the colonies, and the bees "stay put." This method sur- passes shaking bees (old and young) from combs and sometimes the queen or adding combs of brood. It is safe, sane and simple. Don't draw from the strong too near the honey flow. J. H. Fishbeck. St. Louis, Mo. 320 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE T ^ JUST NEWS Editors I HE A m e r i- can Honey- Prod ucers ' League has ac- cepted the gen- erous offer of Colin P. Camp- bell, Grand Eap- ids, Michigan, to conipileand .. make a digest of all the court decisions af- fecting beekeeping and the legal questions arising from beekeeping. Mr. Campbell has offered to do this work without compensa- tion asking only that the cost of clerical work be paid. The work will be published in booklet form and sold to beekeepers. The League is now requesting donations from beekeepers and dealers in honey to help pay the cost of publishing this work. It is esti- mated that it will cost about $500 to publish it. Donations for this should be sent to the secretary of the American Honey Producers' League," P. O. Box 838, San Antonio, Texas. In the preliminary report of the Ameri- can Honey Producers' League from which the financial statement published in this journal in the March issue was taken, one important item was omitted, perhaps through modesty on the part of the genial and energetic secretary. The item Avas that of $2400 for the salary of the secretary for 1921, which has not been paid. The secre- - tary was employed by the executive commit- tee" on a basis of $200 per month. * * * The Colorado State Agricultural College, Fort Collins, Colorado, reports an enrollment of 62 students taking the course in beekeep- ing- ^ ^ ^ The directors of the Idaho-Oregon Honey Producers' Association have decided to close their office and warehouse at Caldwell, Idaho. The business will be transferred to Parma, Idaho, and placed in the hands of the director of that district. All communications to the Association should be sent to Parma, Idaho. * * * The A. I. Eoot Co. of California, now owned and operated by the Boyden Bros., has just arranged to handle the bee supply interests of the Miller Box Co. of Los An- geles. While Milton Metzler, owner and general n\anager of the Miller Box Co., re- tains a financial interest in this work, he is now able to give his entire attention to his growing business in sash and doors. An international congress of beekeepers has been called to meet at Marseilles, France. Sept. 18-21, 1922. Beekeepers of the world are asked to send delegates to this meet- ing. No doubt many American beekeepers and instructors in beekeeping will want a personal membership, even though they have no thought of attending the meeting. 1 gium. The Secretary of Prieur, Place Ste-Croix, France. May, 1922 The fee for per- s o n a 1 member- ship is 10 francs and for national, state or local as- soc iations 50 francs, payable to L. Tombu, 26 Eue D'A n g 1 e- terre, Huy, Bel- Publicity is P. Poitiers, Vienne, \ Prof. E. Owen Wahl of the Grootfontein School of Agriculture, Middelburg, Cape, Union of South Africa, Avho is spending sev- eral weeks in the United States studying en- tomological problems spent a week at Me- dina to study American beekeeping methods and equipment. Prof. Wahl is doing this in order to fit himself better for his work in teaching in South Africa. The Mid- West Horticultural Exposition, which is to be held at Council Bluffs, Iowa, in November, will have one of the most ex- tensive and attractive exhibits of honey and wax ever shown in this country, judging from the movement now under way to in- crease further the cash prizes offered to ex- hibitors. The association has offered prizes amounting to $600, and it is expected that this amount will be increased by at least $200 more. The association expects to at- tract exhibitors from Pittsburg to the Eockies. * * * Tlie three new bulletins on beekeeping, which were announced in our February issue, page 74, were in some manner unexpectedly delayed in the Government Printing Office, so that many were disappointed in not re- ceiving promptly the copies they asked for. These bulletins are Farmers' Bulletin 1251, "Beekeeping in the Clover Eegion"; Far- mers' Bulletin 1216, "Beekeeping in the Buckwheat Eegion," and Farmers' Bulletin 1222, "Beekeeping in the Tulip-tree Ee- gion." They are now being distributed and can now be had free by writing to the Bu- reau of Entomology, Washington, D. C. * * * The American Honey Producers' League, through its schedule committee, is continu- ing its efforts to arrange a national schedule of consecutive beekeepers' meetings, and the committee has sent out a series of ques- tionnaires to all of the state associations. Any secretaries of state associations who have not received this questionnaire should write to H. F. Wilson, University of Wis- consin, Madison, Wis., and give information as to the time of the year when meetings are held and whether or not your associa- tion would like to be included in the sched- ule of the American Honey Producers' League. May, 1922 G I. E A N T N G S IN B R K C tl L T U R. K 321 WHO'S WHO IN APICULTURE We have again corrected our page of "Who's Who in Apiculture," bringing it down to date as of April 1. This page sliould be kept for reference so tliat inquiries regarding brood diseases or general questions on beelteeping can be sent to the proper official in the respective states. In those states where beekeeping is taught in the State Agricultural College, beekeeping questions of a general nature can be sent direct to the instructor in beekeeping at the college. Si;ite or Province y* Sb •o _ a p Townsend, Marksville, La. FOR SALE — 100% queens bred from extra- select Jay Smith breeder. Larger queens from my cell builders reinforced with hatching brood and mated in standard frame nuclei. I guarantee safe arrival and entire satisfaction and that every queen lays before being caged. Also package bees. I am after a name and reputation. Give me a trial. Select untested. 1. $1.25: 6. $7.00; 12 $13.00; 25 to 100. $1 00 each. H. Pet-rman. R P. D., Lathrop, Calif. GOOD queens advertise themselves. It takes expensive advertising to sell noor queers and if you don't believe it try it. We believed in for- mer years w" had the best three-banded queens obtainable. We still believe it. Our customers also tell us the same. Trv a few. We have dronpcd the price in reach of all this year. We will have a few virgins for 50c when we have a surplus of them We can furnish either from imported or Americanized mothers. Untested. $1.00; selected. $l-.25: tested, $2.00; selected, $2.50. F, M. Rus sell, Eo.xbury, Ohio. BRIGHT ITALIAN QUEENS, $1.00 each, 107r less in dozen lots. Pure mating, safe arrival and reasonable satisfaction guaranteed in U. S. and Canada. Write us for j)rices on package bees. We have them in season. Graydon Bros., Rt. 4, Green- ville, Ala. LARGE, HARDY, PROLIFIC QUEENS — Three- band Italians and Goldens. Pure mating and safe arrival guaranteed. We ship only queens that are top notchers in size, prolificness and color. After June 1 prices as follows: Untested. $1.25 each; 6 for $7.00; select untested, $1.50 each; 6 for $8.50; select tested. $3.00 each. Special prices on larger quantities. Queens clipped free on request. Health certificate with each shipment. Buckeye Queens, Zoarville, Ohio. FOR SALE — Two-frame nuclei Italian bees, with tested Italian queen, delivery May 1 by ex- press f. o. b. here, $7.50 each. Terms. $2.00 down, balance ten days before shipping date. These queens were reared last August from very choice Italian stock, and big producers. Order early as we have set a limit on number of nuclei we will sell this season. First come, first served. Largest apiary .in Westchester County, Spahn Bros., Pleas- antville, Westchester Co., N. Y. PACKAGE BEES — I offer for sale 1000 2-lb. packages Italian bees with untested queens for June or July delivery, from Penn., at only $4.00 per package in 10-package lots or more. Order this lot of bees near home and save a large ex- press bill. 500 colonies which should easily pro- duce 1000 packages during the season. This is a fine lot of three-banded bees at a living price and should sell at once. Safe delivery. Address with remittance, E. D. Townsend, Marksville, La. QUEENS AND PACKAGE BEES — March 1 finds us ready for shipping. Let us book you for short notice shipping. Bees and queens for your unpacking time. We have ,iust added 1200 colo- nies of bees to our business in Mesa, Ariz., with our Mr. Jas. Lisonbee where weather and spring conditions are ideal for March and April package bees. All queens will be shipped from our large queen yards at Sandia, Texas, where we breed our pedigreed strain of three-band leather-colored queens from tested honey-producing mothers, and 8 miles out we breed our special golden queens that produce bees solid yellow to the tip. Very gentle, jirolific and good honey-getters. 1 untested queen, $1.50; 25 or more, $1.25 each; 1 select untested queen, $1.70; 25 or more, $1.40 each; 1 select tested queen, $3.00: tested breeder. $5.00. 1-lb. package bees, $2.25; 25 or more, $2.15; 1 2- ib. package bees, $3.75; 50 to 100, $2,60 each. Larger .rize quoted on request, also parcel post Tiackages. Safe arrival guaranteed. Send all or- ders to Dr. White Bee Company. Sandia. Texas QUEENS AND PACKAGE BEES — Bright, three- banded Italian. We are now booking orders for the season of 1922. Shipments of queens and package bees this year commenced on March 15. All queens are mated in standard full-sized nuclei. We ojjerate four thousand standard full-sized nu- clei. Capacity and outp^it of queen yards this season five thousand queens per month. We own. operate and run for extracted honey in the states of California and Nevada twelve thousand colo- nies of bees. All of our breeders are selected queens whose colonies led these twelve thousand colonies of bees last season. Better selection of breeders cannot be equaled or had anywhere. We have the capacity and output of queens and package bees to make shipments promptly as and when promised. We gxiarantee safe arrival of queens and package bees. Prices — Mated, un- tested queens: 1. $1.00; 6. $5.50; 12, $9 60: 13 to 99, 75c each; 100 or more, 70c each. Package Bees- — -Write for special price. Terms. 10 per cent deposit on booking order; balance at time of ship- ment. See our large advertisement in this maga- zine. Western Bee Farms Cornoration (Princi- pal) ; Western Honey Corporation and Western Citrus Hnnev Cornoration C Associated Corpora- tions). Clans" Snreckels Buildinc. No. 703 Market Street, S.an Francisco. California. MAV, 1<)2L' O I-i K A N T N G S IN MISCELLANEOUS. MAPLE sugar, pails and cakes. Write for prices W. A. Grover, Honey Hill Farm. Bristol. Vt. FOX HUNTING — Beekeepers, I have a litter of thoroughbred Walker pups, beauties, at $10 each. Papers furnished. Also one two-yearold H. S. Ostrander, Mellenville, N. Y. TYPEWRITERS — All makes slightly used; $20 up. Easy payments. Free trial. E.xpress prepaid. Guaranteed two years. Payne Company, Rosedale, Kansas. ^rEDICINAL roots and herbs are very profitable to grow. We especially recommend growing Golden Seal, which with good care will yield as high as $10,000 per acre for each crop. It takes several years to mature b>it will average $1000 a year. Special Crops, a monthly paper, tells how. Sample copy, 10c. $1.00 per year. Address Special Crops Pub., Co., Box "G," Skaneateles, N. Y. HELP WANTED. WANTED — Man with some experience to work- in our apiaries. State age, experience and wages. Answer fullv in first letter. The Rocky Mountain Bee Co., Box 1319, Billings, Mont. SITUATION WANTED. A YOUNG German man, professional experi- enced bee-raiser wishes employment. E. Pfeil, 2.5 Division St., Jamaica, L, I,, N, Y. MAN with 30 years' experience wants position as apiarist or bee inspector. E. H. Vincent, Miami. Okla. WANTED — Position with hees. Have 10 years' experience with commercial apiaries. State con- ditions. J. Vick, Box No. 78, Corozal, P, R. V.' ANTED — Work for the summer, with an American, Christian f.Tmily. by an experienced farmer, beekeeper, teacher and Christian worker Manager or helper. Address P. O. Box .5.51. Ot- tumwa, Iowa. 558 Golden ^eens^ 1922 Untested, $1.25 each, or $12.00 per dozen: $90.00 per hundred. Tested, $2.00 each. Two- pound y)ackages. each delivered with untested queen, $6.50 ; two-frame nuclei with untested queen, delivered. $6.50. Satisfaction guaranteed and shipments from April 15th. R. O. COX, Box 25, Rutledge, Ala. QUEENS QUEENS LARGE, leather-colored 3-ljand._^(l ^tp.lian queens; 10-years selection, bred for honey-gathering; gen- tle, hardy and long-lived. Price: Select untested. 1, $1.25; 6, $6 50; 12, $12. After July 1: 1. $1; 6, $5; tested, $1.50 each. Write for price on large orders. Free booklet, "How to Transfer. Get Honey and Increase." J. M. GINGERICH, KALONA, IOWA. BEES— ITALIAN BEES— BEES Full colonies with Italian queen at $15; 2 for $25. 3-frame nucleus with Italian queen at $6.50. 3-lb. package with Italian queen at $6.50. No disease. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. VAN'S HONEY FARMS Van Wyngarden Bros., Props. Hebron, Indiana. B E E C U L T U R E fVe oAre the HUB for HUBAM Guaranteed, certified, Annual Sweet Clover. All new crop, grown ou our own farms and all from the first fifty seeds from that original plant at Ames. We are shipping to all parts of the world now. HUBAM is being planted somewhere every day for bee pasture, hay, pasture, or for green manure to plow in. The seed is hulled and scarified, with a purity of 99.8% and grows 97%. Price now is $2.00 per pound. With each and every order for Hubani we will include FEEE a can of Nitra- gin pure culture bacteria which will insure proper growth of the Hubam plant. Our seed is pure. You buy from an old established firm with a reputation to maintain when you buy from THE HENRY FIELD SEED COMPANY SHENANDOAH, IOWA. Annual Sweei Clover Seed for Sale at Low Prices NOW 13 THE TIME TO PLANT. Fifteen years ago M. C. Berry discov- ered this wonderful plant growing on the "Old Gilmer Plantation." near Tyson, Ala. Since that time we have watched" with in- terest its great spread and growth through- out Alabama. As a plow-under green ma- nure crop it has no equal and for honey we find it wonderful. In gathering this seed we had a lot that through a misunderstand- ing was mixed with Biennial. Our loss your gain, as we are selling these seed at un- heard of low prices as long as they last. PEICES AS FOLLOWS. TRANSPORTA- TION PREPAID. •O to 10 pounds, 2.5c a pound; 2,5 to 50 poimds, 20r a pound, 50 to 100 pounds, IIV2C a pound; 100 pounds and up, 15c a pound. Seed is guaranteed to be pure Sweet Clo- ver running from 50 to 90 per cent pure annual and the balance pure biennial. All seed are hulled, and scarified germination guaranteed to please. M. C. BERRY & CO. BOX 697. MONTGOMERY, ALA, U. S. A. 336 G I> i: A NM X (i S I X B E ]■; CI" L T I' R E May, 1922 I [QUEENS = I Bright Three-Banded ^ I Italian. QUEENS) 1 Bright Three-Banded | = Italian. i ^ Package Bees Prices and Terms MATED UNTESTED QUEENS 1 $1.00 6 5.50 12 9.60 13 to 99, each. . .75 100 or more, ea. .70 PACKAGE BEES. Write for special Price. TERMS. 10% deposit on hooking order. Balance at time of shipment. We are now booking orders for queens and package bees for the season of 1922. Sliipments of queens and package bees tliis year commenced on March 15, 1922. All queens are mated in standard full- sized three-frame nuclei. We are operating four thousand standard full-sized three-frame nuclei. Capacity and output of queen yards this season is five thousand queens per month. We own, operate and run for extracted honey in the states of California and Ne- vada twelve thousand colonies of bees. All of our breeders are selected queens whose colonies led those twelve thousand colonies of bees last season. Better selection of breeders cannot be equaled or had any- where. We have the capacity and output of queens and package bees to make shipments promptly as and when promised. All queens shipped by us in six-hole mail- ing cages. No small-sized mailing cages used. We guarantee safe arrival of queens and package bees. Any queens or package bees arriving dead at destination will be replaced without charge. Eeferenees by permission: The A. I. Eoot Company of California, No. 52 Main Street, Ran Francisco, California, and No. 1824 E. Fifteenth Street, Los Angeles, California; The Diamond Match -Company, Apiary De- partment, Chico, California; The Western Honey Bee, No. 121 Temple Street, Los An- geles, California; Bees and Honey, Hutch- inson Building, Oakland, California; The Beekeepers ' Review, Lansing, Michigan. Banking references upon request. We respectfull.y solicit your patronage. I WESTERN BEE FARMS CORPORATION | = (PRINCIPAL) ^ B Westen Honey Corporation :: Western Citrus Honey Corporation M = (ASSOCIATED CORPORATIONS) ^ = General Offices: Claus Spreckels Building, No. 703 Market Street, San Francisco, California. ^ 1 (M, KAXINCS TN RKK (M' L T T R K r?:!7 One-Story Complete Dovetailed Hive With metal telescope cover, inner cover, reversible bot- tom, Hoffman frames, nails, rabbets. ' Standard Size. Crate of Five, K. D., 8-frame $12.65 Crate of five, K. D., 10-frame 18.25 Jumbo Size. Crate of five, K. D., 10-frame 14.25 -0- -0- -o- Hive-Bodies With Hoffman frames, nails, rabbets. Standard Size,' crate of five, K. D., 8-frame. $5.20 Standard Size, crate of five, K. D., 10-frarae. 5.85 Jum))o Size, crate of five, K. D., 10-frame. . . 6.85 -0- -0- -0- HofFman Frames Standard Size 100, Shallow 100, Jumbo 100, -0- -0- -0- Diamond Brand Foundation Medium 5 lbs., 68c lb. ; 50 lbs., 65c lb. Thin Super 5 lbs., 75c lb. ; 50 lbs., 72c lb. -0- -0- -0- We carry Aluminum Honeycombs as now made by Duffy-Diehl Company, in stock to supply Eastern Beekeepers. Standard Langstroth .$5.00 box of 10 Shallow Extracting 4.00 box of 10 Jumbo 6.00 box of 10 HOFFMAN 6c HAUCK, INC. WOODHAVEN, NEW YORK $5.20 ; ■500, $25.00 4.80; 500, 21.00 5.80 ; 500, 28.00 338 GLEANINGS IN Special Notices by A. I. Root WIND ELECTRICITY. After my statement in the March number had gone out, I realized it didn't cover the ground very well. Since that date we have had wind, so that during March the engine was hardly used at all. In fact, we run the auto on longer trips than he- fore, light the premises, run an electric fireless cooker and I have a warming pad to warm my feet nights — and the wind (often cold north winds) does it all nicely. The engine only gives 16 amperes steadily, while the windmills often give 25, and sometimes even 30 for a brief interval This is all right for heating and cooking, and the batteries in that case are used little or not at all. TheBEST LIGHT Positively the cheapest and Btrongest light on earth. Used In every country on the globe. Makes and bums its own eras. Casts no ihadows. Clean and odorless. Absolutely safe. Over 200 styles. 100 to 2000 Candle Power. Fully Guaranteed Write for catalog. AGENTS WANTED EVERYWHERE. THE BEST UGHT CO. E. 5th St., Canton, O, -•^* 306 BARNES' HAND & FOOT POWER MACHINERY This cut represents our combined circular saw, which is made for bee- keepers' use in the con- struction of their hives, sections, etc. Machines on Trial Send for illustrated cata- log and prices. W. F. & JOHN BARNES CO. 545 Ruby Street ROCKFORD. ILLINO'S. BEE CULTURE May, 1922 ■^■7>p||Tn Practice in Patent Office and Court. DA I tN I O Pat. Counsel of The A. I. Root Co. r" "■" ' " CHAS. J. WILLIAMSON, McLacMan BIdg., Washington, D. C. ►'Free Trial ^Sele^^t from 44 Styles, colors and sizes, fsimous Ranger bicycles. CCHvered free on approval, express prepaid, at Factory Prices. You can easily Save $10 to $26, desired. Parents 'ten advance tirst 1 small payments. lONonlhstoFay If Mmi deposit. I^oys can earn Tl: V -a^«^ Wlfeeis. lamps, horns, equipmentat XvS haif usual prices. Send No Money. Write Cor our marvelous prices and termj. _.- , „ .«•_.- J' today tor , Dept. .^, Chicago free catalog "Reo" Cluster Metal Shingles. V-Crimp, Corru- gated, Standing Seam, Painted or Galvanized Roof- ing . Sidings, Wallboard, Paints, etc., direct to you at ■^ ock-Bottom Factory Prices. Save money— get better quality and lasting satisfaction. Edwards "Reo" Metal Shingles have great durability— many customers report 15 and 20 years' service.Guaranteed fire and lightning proof. Free Roofing Book Get our wonderfully low prices an J free Bamplcs.Wesell direct to you and save you ail in-b'"twoon dealer's proflts Ask for Booki No. 183 LOW PRICED GARAGES Lowest prices on Ready-Made Fire-Proof Steel Garages. Set up any place. Send postal for Garage Book, showing styles. THE EDWARDS IVJFG. CO. 533-583 Pike St. Cincinnati, 0. Samples & Roof ini Book TAT KTNO LAWS' queens OTIFFNS X -r:i.j-jx^xi 1 v^ speak for themselves \^^-^ -'-^^-^■^^^ Over thirty-five years as conniicrcial queen-breeder and advertiser in this journal have brought orders from thousands of Gleanings readers. If there is a dissatisfied customer I do no*- know it. I have many testimonials that make me glad. One firm bought over 5000 queens of me, and writes that my "queens and business methods are very satisfactory." Another writes, "Your queens are all good queens. Our individual crop of honey was 105,000 pounds season 1921; Laws' queens did it." PRICES: Untested, each, $1.25; 12 for $12. Tested, each, $1.50; 12 for $15. Breeding queens, none better if as good, each, by mail, $5; or with a 3-franie nucleus of her own bees by express, $10. This nucleus, if ordered early, should gather honey enough to pay all costs. Write for prices quantity lots. I am prepared to furnish in large lots; also bees in three- frame nuclei. No disease; entire satisfaction. Address W. H. LAWS, BEEVILLE, BEE COUNTY, TEXAS IMPORTED MOWING "Marugg's Special" ^'^^-^ / '^ BLADES And Sickles with DANGEL cutting edge "THE MARUGG SPECIAL" are praised by thousands of users in the United States. Used by leading apiarists. Write for particulars to THE MARUGG COMPANY, Dept. B, TRACY CITY, TENN. May, 1022 . r L K A N I N G S IN BE K C U L T U U K 33d A-T-T-E-N-T-I-O-N! OHIO AND WEST VIRGINIA BEEKEEPERS. We aro most favorably located for serving Cen- tral, Southern and Eastern Ohio, and also West Virginia. No matter where you are, full stocks, best shipping facilities and prompt attention will insure satisfaction. Free catalog. MOORE & PEIRCE Zanesville, Ohio — "Beedom's Capital." Three-banded Italians for May Shipments. 1 12 100 Untested Queens $1.00 $11.00 $ 75.00 Select Untested 1.25 13.00 100.00 Tested Queens 1.35 15.00 125.00 Breeders $5.00 each Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. H. L. MURRY, SOSO, MISS. INDIANOLA APIARY offers Italian Bees and Queen.s for following prices: Untested Queens, $1.00 each; Tested Queens, $1.50 each. Bees, per lb., $2.00. Nucleus, $2.00 per frame. No disease. Bees inspected. J. W. SHERMAN, Valdosta, Georgia. ROOT QUALITY BEES AND BEEKEEPERS' SUPPLIES. Bees in the hive, in packages, and nuclei, three-banded leatlier-colored Italian queens. Let a beekeeper of long standing serve you in your requirements for 1922. Catalog on request. O. G. RAWSON, 3208 Forest Place, East St. Louis, Illinois. —QUEENS OF— MOORE'S STRAIN OF ITALIANS PRODUCE WORKERS That fill the supers quic'i With honey nice and th'ck. They have won a world-wide reputation for honey-gathering, hardiness, gentleness, etc. Untested queens $1.50; 6, $8; 12, $15.00. Select untested, $2; 6. $10.00; 12. $19.00. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. Circular free. J. P. MOORE, Queen Breeder, Route 1. Morgan. Kentucky. PATENTS —TRADEMARKS I offer prompt, personal and expert profes.sional service. 10 years' e.\i)erience. Write for terms. LESTER SARGENT, Patent Attorney, 524 Tenth St., N. W., Washington, D. C. MASON BEE SUPPLY COMPANY MECHANIC FALLS, MAINE From 1897 to 1922 the Northeastern Branch of The A. I. Root Compahy PROMPT AND EFFICIENT SERVICE BECAUSE — Only Root's Goods are sold. It is a business wi(h us — not a side line.' Eight mails daily — Two lines of railway. If you have not received 1922 catalog send name at once. NEW ENGLAND Beekeepers will find a complete line of tlie be.st supplies here. Send in your order early and be ready for the harvest. Remember this is the ship- ping center of New England. Write for new catalog. H. H. JEPSON 182 Friend Street. BOSTON 14, MASS. QUEENS OF QUALITY. When you want thrin at the lowest prices pos- sible for high quality queens. Untested 1 to 12, $1.00 each Select Untested 1 to 12, $1.25 each Entire satisfaction ai^ safe arrival guaranteed in U. S. A. and Canada; will start shipping about May 20. OHIO VALLEY BEE CO., CATLETTSBURG, KY. MAY QUEENS PRICED RIGHT UNTESTED, SI. 20 EACH. 12 OR MORE, $1.00. SELECTED UNTESTED, $1.50. TESTED, $2.00. Satisfaction guaranteed. No Disease. D. W. HOWELL SHELLMAN, GEORGIA. BOX A3. O-U-E-E-N-S Select three-banded Italians that will please. Our bees are unexcelled for gentleness, disease- resisting qualities and honey production. Pure mating and satisfaction guaranteed. 1 6-12 Untested $1.25 $7.00 $13.00 Select Untested 1.50 8.00 14.00 Tested 2.50 13.00 25.00 Select Tested 3.00 16.00 30.00 Select Tested Breeders $5.00 Day-old queens 40c each Queens ready to ship by return mail. Queens' wings clipped free of charge. Write for descrip- tive circular and prices jier hundred. HARDIN S. FOSTER COLUMBIA - - - - TENiXiESSEE Dost Hand Lantorn 1 A powerful portable lamp, (rivnnir a 300 car.dle power pure white liRht. just what the farmer, dr.iryman, stockman, etc. needs. Safe — KcHable — Cconon-.ical— Absolutely Rain, Storm and Bug proof. Ejms either vcascline or kerosene. Lipht in weir^'t. Agents wanted. Big Profits. Write Catalog. -pHg B^ZT UG'IT CO. 306 £. 5th St., Canton, O. S40 LEANINGS IN BEjE Culture May, 1922 BANKING BY IN/IA^IL AT AJSpitzer PRES. E.RRoot VICE PRES. E.B.Spitzer CASHIER ONE DOLLAR DEPOSITS FROM OUT-OF-TOWN CUSTOMERS The Savings Deposit Bank Company welcomes Sav- ings Accounts in any sums from a dollar up. Deposits by mail are received from those who find it inconvenient to call personally. The SAVINGS DEPOSIT BANK CO. THE HOME OF THE HONEY-BEE MEDINA, OHIO iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii IHIIIllllllliillllllllllHilllllllllilllllllllllllllllli llilllllllllllllllllllllllll' Save Those Queens A large percentage of queens are lost throiigb faulty methods of introduction, and many more are injured so that they produce little or no honey where they would have produced several hundred pounds if they had been properly intro- duced. Ths Jay Smith cage will intro- duce every one with absolutely no in- jury, if the simple directions are fol- lowed. It will introduce virgins to full colo- nies, and it will introduce either virgins or laying queens to laying-worker colo- nies. It will save many times its cost in a season. Hundreds of these cages have been used all over the U. S. with un- qualified success. J. E. Crane, one of America's fore- most beekeepers, writes: "It is the best of anything I have seen." M. H. Men- dleson of California, than whom there is no higher authority upon this subject, after purcha-^ing 200 of these cages, writes: "From extensive experiments in introducing many queem, we have had perfect success, never losing a queen nor having a single failure with the Smith cag3. We have even had entire success in introducing queens to laying- worker colonies." The cage is well made and should last a lifetime if taken care of. Price postpaid, 75 cents. Write for descriptive circular. JAY SMITH. (Patent pending.) iiinMiitiiiinniiiim.M.nnMiiiiinimiiiminMniititMnmiiT.MiiitM Route 3. VINCENNES, IND. ,l,l,M.lllMin...lllMIMlMllHII ITALIAN QUEENS. Three-banded. Ready June 1. Satisfac- tion guaranteed. Untested, $1.50 each; 6, $8.00; tested, $2.50 oadi ; (3, $14.00. Will book orders now. CHAS. W. ZWEILY, Willow Springs, Illinois. Too Late for Classification. SEE Thagard's ad eLsewhere back to pre-war day prices, WANTED — Position in apiary by experienced beekeeper. Address Box No. 45, East Downing- town, Pa. FOR SALE — 2 locations, about 500 colonies bees, in good cypress and white pine ]0-fnin:» hives. Am moving to another part of th,' ^:late R. H. Fryer, Sumatra, Fla. FOR SALE — 20 acres of land in Florida 10 acres good timber; ideal location for large apiary in famous tupelo belt: fertile soil grows fruit.s. vegetables, pecans, etc.: wonderful climate, hunt- ing fishing, etc.; good reason for selling; 550 per acre. W. I. Keiter. Cherrydale. Va. FOR SALE- — 250 colonies of bees, all in 10- frame hives, practically all new equipment, a splendid orange and sage location with an eight- room house, modern, plenty of land and in one of the best sections of Southern California. Will sell everything, property furnished ready to move into. Can give possession at once. Honey flow shoiild last until middle of .August. Address 0, A. Wurth, R. 1). No. 1. Box 107, Riverside, Calif. May, 1922 i; [. K A N I N G S IN BEE CULTURE Ready now, Sbaiuled Italian queens, the fa mous Dr. Miller and my own stock. Prices: Un- tested, $1.25 each, 6 for ,$7.00, 12 for $13. Selects, 25c each higher; clipping free. Tested, $2.00 each, 6 for $11, 12 for $20. Write for prices on larger lots. 3-frame nucleus with untested queen, $5.50; without queen, $4.25. Bees, one pound $2.00; two pounds, $3.75; three pounds, $5.25. (Add price of queens to same.) As I have just got located in my new location 1 am not booked very heavy with orders ; so, if you want bees and queens from the south early, give me a list of what you want booked, and date of shipment. A square deal to all my customers, new as well as old. 20 years' experience with the bees. 10 years rearing and shipping bees; give me a chance. I will surely try to treat you squarely. CUED WALKER. (Formerly of Jellico. Tenn.) Scotts Station. Ala. QUALITY BEES From the apiaries of E. R. King, formerly Dep- nty State Inspector of Apiaries in Ohio, later in charge of Apiculture at Cornell University. MAY JUNE JULY Full colony in 1-story 10-fr. hive with tested queen ... $17.00 $14.50 $12.00 Two-frame nucleus with un- tested queen 6.75 5.50 4.00 2 1b. package of bees with untested queen 5.75 4.75 4.00 Untested Italian queen 1.25 1.00 First shipments can be made about May 15. 20. per cent payable with order, remainder at shipment. Price reductions for quantity orders. KING'S APIARIES McARTHUR, OHIO. QUEENS Reared from the best breeders obtainable in strong ten-frame colo- nies. Mated in fou - frame nuclei. DeV.w^-'r after April 10th at th3 '■ following prices: Untested — 1. $1.25: 5, $5.50; 10. $10.00. Tested — 1, $2.00; 10, $17,00. PACKAGE BEES WITH QUEENS. lib. package, $3.50; 10 or more, $3.25 each. 2-lb. package, $5.25: 10 or more, $5.00 each. Situated to promptly supply Western and Northwestern Beakeepern. Safe arrival and sat- isfaction guaranteed. THE ORANGE APIARIES. PORTERVILLE. CALIF. O. F. Darnell, Prop. M. S. Fortune, Breeder. Three-Banded Italian QUEENS Bred from (iiieons whose bees liuvc given big crops of lioney. Pure ni.-iting and sat- isfaction guaranteed. May 15 to June 1.5: 1, $1.50; 6, $7.50; 12, $13.50. All orders filled in rotation. First on list will be first filled. J. D. KROHA, 87 North St., Danbury, Conn. ^^blprthern-hred ^lueens Are Hardy ^eens We are in position to furnish you good, hardy, thrifty queens, the re- sult of ten years' selective breeding, the best breeders from over seven hundred colonies. Each breeder has a honey record. Each year new stock has been secured, and so we have built up a strain of bees which, I believe, cannot be beaten in the Northwest. Orders will be handled promptly. On large orders secure mailing date. Fif- teen per cent down, balance two weeks before shipment. Shipments begin June 1. 1 Untested Queen $ 1.50 6 Untested Queens 7.50 12 Untested Queens 14.00 50 Untested Queens 55.00 100 Untested Queens.... 100.00 Tested Queens, each 2.50 fVELLS D. %OSE . Sunnyside, Washington SCOTT QUEENS ARE GOOD QUEENS MY QUEENS AtlE GETTING RESULTS. Anumg my liundreds of eolonios and for my customers. One writes: "Dear Mr. Scott: Please book me for % dozen queens. Those I got from you last season have made 150 lbs. comb honey so far this season. Yours truly." — (Name on request.) UNTESTED GOLDEN OR THREE-BANDED QUEENS. July 15: One, $1.50; six, $8.00; dozen, $15.00. Pure mating, safe arrival and satisfaction. No disease. Circular on request. ROSS B. SCOTT, LA GRANGE, INDIANA. GLEANINGS IN 3 -BAND ITALIANS Our queen-re;iring department is under the supervision of H. D. Murry, well known to the trade as a breeder of GOOD QUEENS. Eeared from stock that put up 250 pounds surplus honey. Prompt and satisfactory ser- vice. Untested, $1.25; 6, $7.00; 12, $13.50; 25 or more, $1.00. Tested, $2.00. MURRY & BROWN MATHIS, TEXAS. OUR OLD RELIABLE THREE-BANDED ITALIANS ARE HONEY GETTERS. They are gentle, prolific, and very resistant to foul brood. Orders booked for one-fourth cash. Safe arrival guaninteed. Circular free. PRICES APRIL 1st TO JULY 1st. Untested $1.25; over 25, $1.00 each Sel. Unt 1.50; over 25, 1.25 each Tested 2.50; over 25, 2.25 each Selected Tested 3.00 each See uur Dec. and Jan. Advertiisement. JOHN G. MILLER 723 C Street, Corpus Christi, Texas. QUEENS Three-banded Italian Queens that must please. Pure mating and satisfaction guaranteed. We do .not claim to have the best, but do claim them to be as good. Untested Queens, $1.25 each. Twelve or more, $1.10 each. Tested Queens, $1.60 each. Twelve or more, $1.40 each. CYPRESS BEE SUPPLIES Hives, hive-bodies, bottom-boards, covers, frames, foundation, etc. Write for prices. All queens shipped from Crawford. Miss.; all supplies shipped from Coker, Ala. THE ABSTON APIARIES Crawford, Miss. Coker, Ala. BEE CULTURE May, 1922 Newman's Queens ORIGINATED TROM THE WORLD- FAMGUS MOORE STRAIN OF ITALIANS. ABSOLUTELY FIRST QUALITY AND FULLY GUARAN- TEED. NO DISEASE. SATISFAC- TION AND SAFE ARRIVAL. Untested $1.25; 6, $7.00; 12, $13.50. Select Untested, $1.75; 6, $9.00; 12, $17.00. Circular free. A. H. NEWMAN, QUEEN-BREEDER. MORGAN, KY. MOTT'S NORTHERN-BRED ITALIAN QUEENS All are selected queens tliis season. Select Untested, $1.50 each, $15.00 per doz. Sel. Guaranteed pure mated, or replace free, $1.75 each, $18.00 per doz. Sel. Tested, $2.50. Virgins (not mated), 75c each, $8.00 per doz. After June 1st, 10% off to the Canadian trade to help out on exchange. Plans "How to Introduce Queens" and "Increase," 25c. E. E. MOTT GLENWOOD, MICHIGAN. Quigley Quality Italian Queens and Bees are produced by dou- ble grafting, producing queens of superior quality and long-lived bees, filling your big hives with bees. Hustlers, hardy, wintering on summer stands. No disease; 36 years in this location. Purity and satisfaction guaranteed. Tested May and June $3.00 Fine Breeders $10.00 Untested, May and June $ 2.00 Six for $11.00 3-frame Nuclei, tested queen $ 7.50 Send for circular. E. F. QUIGLEY & SON, Unionville, Missouri. BURLESON'S OLO RELIABLE Three -Banded Italian Queens NONE BETTER — Not as cheaj) as .some, but worth tlie difference. I guarantee them to be absolutely fiee from brood diseases. These are My 1922 Prices— Untested, $1.25 each; $13.50 per doz; 25 or more, $1 each. Select Untested, $1.50 each; $15 per doz., 25 or more, $1.15 each. Select tested, $3 each. Considering the high quality of my queens combined with service and reliability jus- tifies the above prices. Send all orders together with remittance to J. W. SEAY, M^rr., MATHTS, TEXAS T. W. BURLESON, WAXAHACHIE, TEXAS. G L K A N' T N O S IN BE E O U I. T U R K That Pritchard Queens AND Pritchard Service made a hit last season is proven by the many letters of appreciation and repeated orders received. This year we are BETTER PEEPARED WITH a LARGER OUTFIT AND REDUCED PRICE. THREE-BANDED ITALIANS. Untested $1.25 each; 6 for $7.00 Select Untested.$1.50 each; 6 for $8.50 Select Tested each $3.00 Queens clipped free on request. We are booking orders now. Send yours at once and we will do our best to ship on date you desire. Acknowledgment and directions for introducing sent on receipt of order. Safe arrival and sat- isfaction guaranteed. Untested ready about June 1. ARLIE PRITCHARD R. F. D. No. 3. MEDINA. OHIO Our Special May Offer on Pacl(ages Transportation Paid Tvven'y-'i>: ^ear - "-'f ■ -^lect breeding gives IS a Ftrain of bright Three-banded Italian Bees that are unpiiT'iji-'^d fc- their di<;ease- resirtlng and honey-gathering qualities. DELIVERY MAY 10 TO JUNE 1. All packages with young select queens. 1-lb. pkgs., $3.50 each; 6, $3.25 each; 12 or more, $3.00 epch. 2-lb. pkgs., $5.00 each; 6, $4.75 each; 12 or more, $4.50 each. 3-lb. pkgs., $6.25 each; 6, $6.00 each; 12 or more, $5.75 each. Untested select queens, $1.25 each. Tested select, $2.50 each. We guarantee our bees to give absolute sat- isfaction and to arrive in perfect condition. Our strain has pleased thousands of others. Give them a chance to please you. They know how. Our little booklet free for the asking. It tell.? all about our bees and how to handle them for best results. M. C. BERRY & CO. BOX C97. MONTGOMERY. ALA, U. S. A. (Formerly Hayneville, Ala.) Pure Three-Band Italians Only. Select Breeding. Best methods and equipment as ap- proved by up-to-date authorities. You can get none better at any price. Our free folder will tell you what others say about them. A trial order will con- vince you that they have the qualities desired. PRICES AND TERMS. Untested, 1 to 12, $1.10 each; 13 to 25, $1.00 each; 26 to 100, 90c each. Select untested, add 25c per queen. Tested, $1.75. Select Tested, $2.00. Breeders, $7.50 and $10.00 each on a one-frame nucleus. For delivery after June 1st, deduct 10% from above. Send 20% to book, and balance before shipment is want- ed. Pure mating, safe arrival and com- plete satisfaction guaranteed. No more package bees or nuclei this season. JENSEN'S APIARIES R. F. D. No. 3, CRAWFORD, MISS. GLEANINGS T N BEE CULTURE May, 1922 DON'T DELAY-GET OUR PRICES WE SAVE YOU MONEY "falcon" - QUEENS - FOUNDATION SUPPLIES W. T. FALCONER MFG. COMPANY FALCONER (Near Jamestown) NEW YORK "iVhere the best beehives come from." ENGLAND EEEKEEPERS. Bee Supplies F. COOMBS & SONS, BRATTLEBORO, VERMONT ORDERS FILLED PROMPTLY. CATALOG ON REQUEST. Do You Want a ^ig Honey Crop for 1922? Thagard^s Italian Queens BRE'D FO% QUALITY Will produce Avorkers that will gather a mammoth honey crop for you. Prompt service and perfect satisfaction guaranteed. We are back to Pre-War days prices on queens and bees. Catalog free. UNTESTED ITALIAN BEES — WITH ITALIAN QUEENS. 1 -pound package $3.00 2-poiind package 5.00 If you want untested queens bred from any special breeders, the price will be: 1 to 5, $1.50 each; 5 to 12, $1.10; 12 to 50, $1.00 each. 1 to 12, $1.00 each; 12 to 49, each, 95c; 49 to 99, 85c each; 100 or more, 80c each. V. R. THAGARD CO. GREENVILLE, ALABAMA. ^rAv, ni'j'.' Cf I> T: A N T N (i S I N P. !•: K C U L T IT R i-: 3000 Month- ly Capacity miiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii 65c EACH iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimn Untested Queens In order to keep working at full capacity we are making a big cut in the price of Forehand^s Three-^ands The Thrifty Kind Tliirty years of experience go into the rearing of our queens. Select breeding for over a quarter of a century brings them up to a standard surpassed by none but superior to many. We guarantee jnire mating and satisfaction the world over. Safe arrival guaran- teed in the U. S. and Canada. For the balance of the season we are selling bees in combless packages only. We have several thousand queens ready for shipment. Send in your order at once. UNTESTED QUEENS EACH. 1, *1.00; 0 to 11, 95c; 12 to 49, 90c; 50 to 99. 85c; 100 to 249, 80c; 250 to 499, 75c; 500 to 1000, 65c. Prices quoted on otlier grades upon application. POUND BEES. 1 one-lb. pkg... $2. 00; 25 and over, .$1.90 1 two-lb. pkg... 3.50; 25 and over, 3.25 1 three-lb. pkg.. 5.00; 25 and over, 4.75 Catalog sent free. W. J. FOREHAND & SONS, Fort Deposit, Alabama Special Low Prices For May Delivery Transportation Prepaid on Everything We Ship. 1000 Full Colonies. 1000 Nuclei. We have the bees and queens and they must ride. Prices of Packages with Young Queens lib. pkgs., $3.00 each; 6 to 12, $2.75 each; 12 and up, $2.50 each. 2-lb. pkgs., $5.00 each; 6 to 12, .$4.75 each; 12 and up, $4.50 each. ?>-\h. pkgs., $6.00 each; 6 to 12, $5.75 each; 12 and up, $5.50 each. Untested select queens, 75c each. Tested select queens, $1.50 each. REMEMBER WE PAY ALL MAIL OR EXPRESS CHARGES. Our bees are wonderful hnney-gatherors gentle and very resistant to disease. Others perhaps as good but none better. Wings clipped free of charge on request. Safe ar- rival and full satisfaction guaranteed. To know us try us. To know our bees try them. We ship promptly or return your money. Hayneville Apiary Go. HAYNEVILLE, ALA. When You Want quality, disease-resisting, and honey- gatherers why not Root's strain that has been tested out for over 50 years? I am prepared to take care of your wants. Small or large orders will re- ceive my prompt attention. Quality, service and satisfaction is my motto. Remember you get what you order with a guarantee backed by years of experience. PRICES TO JULY 1. Untested Queens. 1, $1.25, 12, $13.80, 100 $90.00. Select Untested, 1. $1.60. Tested, 1, $2.00. Select Tested, $2.40. After July 1, 10% discount. Write for circular. A. J. PINARD 440 North 6th Street, SAN JOSE, CALIF. 346 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE May, 1922 A Big Honey Crop Have you learned the secret of a bumiDcr honey crop? If you will head your colonies with young prolific queens, your yield will surely be greater. Buy your queens from L. L. Forehand. They have been on the market for over twenty years. THEY ARE BRED FROM IMPORTED MOTH- ERS. They cannot be beaten for honey-gathering, gentleness, prolificness, disease-resisting and non-swarming. Guarantee I guarantee every queen will reach you alive, to be in good condition, that she will be purely mated and to give perfect satisfaction. I will return your money or replace queens that are not satisfactory in every way. Safe de- livery guaranteed in U. S. and Canada only. 1 6 12 100 Untested $1.50 $7.50 $13.50 $1.00 each Selected Untested 1.75 9.00 16.50 1.25 each Tested 2.50 13.00 24.50 2.00 each Selected Tested 4.00 22.00 ■ 41.50 3.35 each Send for circular. It contains useful information. L. L. FOREHAND, Fort deposit, oAlabama 3000 Young Vigorous Italian Queens For May and June Deli'very Highest Siuality Prompt Service MR. BEEKEEPER: — 1 will have 3000 young vigorous Italian Queens for sale dur- ing May and June. During my 15 years of experience with bees I have bought some of the finest Breeding Queens that could be obtained, and have improved them to the highest point. I now have a strain of bees that I positively guarantee can- not be excelled, at the right price. If you do not believe what I say about these queens, give me a trial order and order the same amount from any breeder you may wish and see for yourself. Why pay $2.00 or $3.00 for your queens when you can get the same strain at a much lower price? Those queens are reared with the greatest care that can be given to queen-rearing, and I positively guarantee that you cannot buy any better. A limited nuiiiber of extra-fine selected tested queens that would make fine breeding queens at $4.00 each. Safe delivery and entire satisfaction positively GUARANTEED. MY PRICES — Untested: 1, $1.25; 6, $6.50; 12, $12.00; 100, $85.00. Selected Untested: 1, $1.50; 6, $7.00; 12, $13.00; 100, $90.00. Tested — 1, $2.50; Selected Tested, $3.00 POUND PACKAGES WITH SELECTED UNTESTED QUEENS, Shipment by return express: 1-lb. packages, 1 to 12, $3.75 each; 12 or more, $3.50 each. 2-lb. packages, 1 to 12, $5.00 each; 12 or more, $4.75 each. The Farmer Apiaries, Ramer, Alabama, Mav, 19 21 G L !•: A N I N (J S I N B 10 K C V L T V R E 34? *«"■•<'•« 1 1- .'^^ 4 ^ ■" V ^■fi ^^^E "^^^^^ ^8!l!I?**'* 1^5 *C| ^Hh| 1? Wi ^'^'M^^^BMH^H P< 1 t ■Hj^j^^^ ^ ween r rices Before August First. 1. to 4 inclusive, $2,50 each 5 to 9 inclusive, 2.45 each 10 or more 2.40 each After August First. 1 to 4 inclusive, $2,00 each 5 to 9 inclusive, 1,95 each 10 or more 1,90 each Breeding Queens, for the season, $10,00 each. A card will bring our 1922 catalog. QUEENS The successful beekeeper is the one wlio has the strong- est colonies just as the hone.y flow opens. Do you know of anything that gives more downriglit pleasure to the beekeeper than to have all colonies extra strong, to have all hives filled with emerging brood, and to have liives and supers crowded witli bees just as tlie honey flow begins? And when a thunder storm suddenly comes up, doesn't it make one's soul glad to see the beautiful yellow bees pour into their hives in countless hordes so as to darken the sky? If a large percentage of your colonies are not in this condition, there is still some- thing to be desired in your management. In a major- ity of the cases where indifferent work is accomplished by certain colonies, it is due to old or inferior queens. Many have noticed a marked increase in the amount of honey secured after purchasing some of our queens and requeening with them or their progeny. Then again, it is a great pleasure to work with gentle bees. Isn't it a plaguy nuisance to liave cross blacks or hy- ]>rids and have the pesky things dancing around in front of your face for hours at a time? Our bees are never guilty of such indecorous conduct. Our cells are built in powerful colonies, made exces- sively strong by adding brood taken from other colo- nies, so that the larva in the queen-cell has more royal jelly than it can possibly consume. Scientific research lias proved what we have long known in a practical way — the magic of royal jelly. Our embryonic queens have it in abundance. In addition, our queens are not hatched in cell protectors or nursery cages so that the emerging queen has every opportunity to measure up to the high .standard for which our queens are noted. The strongest guarantee goes with every queen. Queens-- Rhode Island --Queens Italian Northern-lired queens. Very gentle and hardy. Great workers. Untested, $1,25 each; 6 for $7,00. Queens delivered after .Tuno 1. O. E. TULIP, Arlington. Rhode Island. 56 Lawrence Gtreet, THREE-BAND QUEENS. As good as can be found in Beedom. Mav and June- Untested $1.25 ; $13.50 doz. ; 25, $1.00 each Select Untested Select Tested 1.50; 2.50; 16.20 doz. 27.00 doz.; 25. All queens fully guaranteed. Send for circular. 1.25 each 2.00 each Herman McConnell, Robinson, Illinois. QUEENS FROM GEORGIA THREE-BANDED ITALIANS QUEENS— Untested, $1.00. Tested, $1.50. BEES— 1 pound, $2.00- 2 pounds^ $4.00; .3 pounds, $6.00. NUCLEI— 1-frame. $3.00; 2-frame, $4.00; 3-frame, $6.00. Discounts on quantity orders. Your satisfaction guaranteed. Disease resisting, and from yards f-ertified free from disease. Send us your list of supply needs. MICHIGAN HONEY PRODUCERS EXCHANGE. INC.. 5495 Grand River Avenue. Detroit. Mich. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE May, 1922 MAY ANNOUNCEMENT Bee Supplies They are all "Root Quality." Our line is complete. You will do well by get- ting your supplies early. Send for our catalog. Beginner^s Outfits We are offering a New Outfit, very mod- erate in price. Send for circular. Friction Top Pails 2^^-lb. cans, 5-lb. and 10-lb. pails. New prices now in effect. How many do you want? ^'A'' Grade ^a§ie For tin pails — it sticks. One pint, 25c ; one quart, 45c ; one gallon, $1.50. Re- member it sticks. qA Million Berry Baskets and crates to hold them. "A" grade wood baskets. Wax-lined paper baskets. Send for price list. Beesisoax Wanted for Cash or Goods M. H. HUNT &: SON 510 N. Cedar Street. LANSING, MICHIGAN Achord^s Italians oAre Good Bees Whether you have only a few colonies or five hundred, we believe you will like them and they will prove a worthy addition to your yard. They are a bright, hustling, three-banded strain bred primarily for honey production, but also for gentleness and color. We have spared neither labor nor expense to make them the very best. We begin shipping about April 15th. 'Vrice of Packages, April and May, F. O. "tB. Shipping Point, by Express. 1 -pound package .•$2. 25 25 or more ;fi2.15 50 or more $2.00 2-pound package 3.75 25 or more 3.50 50 or more 3.35 3-pound package 5.25 25 or more 5.00 50 or more 4.85 Add price of queen to package price giyen above. 'J*rice of Queens, April and May. Untested, each $1.25 Ten or more $1.15 each Select Untested 1.35 Ten or more 1.26 each Tested, each 2.00 Ten or more 1.75 each We guarantee safe arrival and satisfaction 25 or more $1.00 each 25 or more 1.15 each W. D. ACHORD, FITZPATRICK, ALABAMA. Over 200 Miles of Pure Sheeted Beeswax Was made into Airco Foundation and sold during the single month of March, 1922. Over 27 tons "were made and sold from Medina. You can judge for yourself as to why AlKCO lijis niacle sucli a wonderful record, and lias caused this unprecedented demand. Ask the man avIio uses ATRCO. Here is a Scientific Fa& That Will Interest E'very Beekeeper 1 ities have estimatcil liiat it takes about 15 pounds of honey to pro- ilace one pound of beesVvax, such as is used in inakiiig foundation. In other Avords, if the bees have to draw out combs without having full sheets of foundation to start on, they consume about 15 pounds of lioncv for each pound of wax pro- duced in comb-building. If given comb foundation to work upon, this much li ' ' ^aved per pound of foundation used. ekeeper afford to go without full sheets of foundation in his s::ii( IS ;iii;r Knowing the above fact? It will pay you well to save the bees' time and energy by getting AIRCO foundation — the only foundation madie which has the perfect cell base. Send for sample of Airco Foundation. Our New Indestructible Combs For years we liave i)een experimenting on non-sagging, indestructible wax foundation. Our experiments have included wires incorporated in the comb foundation, foundation with wire-cloth base, as well as foundation having a base of thin sheet metal, celluloid, cloth, bakelite, cardboard, fibre and wood veneer. So far, the wood-base foundation is away ahead of anything else Ave have tried out. Made up with the thin top-bar frame, allowing for two full rows of added cell-space, these combs allow from 20% to 25% more worker brood area, as no drone comb is made on these combs. Sagging is impossible. We are now in position to furnish beekeepers with a few frames with this foundation for experimental purposes. Supplied only in thin top-bar frames ready for use at 50c each, or $5.00 for 10. For the present season we will not be able to sujjply more than 10 frames to any one beekeeper, as we are already far behind on orders. We would like the opinion of beekeepers on this new product. THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY "j2 Years in the Bee Supply Industry" MEDINA, OHIO New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, St. Paul, Indianapolis, Norfolk, New Orleans, Syracuse. Subsidiary Companies: Council Bluffs, San Antonio, Ingersoll, Ontario. #leanings^ J', A N 1 N (i S T N R K K CULTURE 351 ^ 3t3?r FOR YOU MUTH Bee Supplies fS> ^Cftl Catoloquc 'i TJie FRED W. MUTH CO. You need our new 1922 bee supply catalog more than ever before. Have you received one? Many new articles are listed for the saving of labor and greater honey production. Our attract- ive prices, superior quality and prompt service will always be appreciated by beekeepers. Send a list of your requirements to us. THE FRED W. MUTH COMPANY, Pearl and Walnut Streets, Cincinnati, Ohio. HONEY SECTIONS Just a reminder that our sections are made from Northern Wisconsin bass- wood; this makes them JUST A LIT- TLE BETTER. This basswood is all winter-sawed, that's why our sections are JUST A LITTLE WHITER and look JUST A LITTLE BETTER. We are working overtime to give our cus- tomers JUST A LITTLE BETTER SERVICE. We have a full line of hives, supers, hive-bodies, frames, foundation and all other Standard Supplies that are JUST A LITTLE BETTER; get our catalog and know why. August Lotz Co. BOYD, WISCONSIN. Indiana Beekeepers please note: Service AND Indianapolis ARE Synonymous Why send to some far-away deal- er and wait for two weeks when you can send to Indianapolis and get your bee supplies in two or three days? Have you our 1922 catalog? If not, write us for one today. The A. I. Root Company 873 Massachusetts Ave., Indianapolis, Ind. 351: GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE June, 1922 HONEY MARKETS U. S. GOVERNMENT MARKET REPORTS. Information from Producing Areas (First half of May). CALIFORNIA POINTS. — Continued cool and foggy weather with occasional showers has re- tarded the new honey crop, until it is not ex- pected that new stock will be on the market in appreciable quantities before the 20th or 22d of May. The market is in a waiting position, as the old crop is practically cleaned up, and no sales of new stock have been reported. Dealers report a few purchases extracted honey from growers at 6c for light amber sage, 8c for extra light amber, and 9c for white sage. INTERMOUNTAIN REGION. — In the northern part of the area, the season is cold and wet, and two to four weeks later than usual. Many colo- nies are reported light in stores, and considerable feeding has been necessary this spring. One cor- respondent reports that even colonies which went into winter quarters with 40 lbs. of honey must be fed this spring. In spite of cool weather fruit and dandelion are in full bloom, giving impetus to brood-rearing, and prospects are good for abund- ant flow from alfalfa and sweet clover. Bees building up fast and increasing in strength rap- idly. No carlot sales reported during past two weeks. In less-than-carlots, white sweet clover and alfalfa extracted has been selling in 60-lb. cans at a range of 8 1/2 -10c per lb., mostly 8y2C for shipments of any size. Sales of No. 1 and fancy white comb reported at $4.00, and $3.00 for am- ber. For yellow beeswax, beekeepers are receiv- ing 20-24C per lb. cash, or 26c in trade. In the Salt River Valley section of Arizona considerable feeding has been necessary, due to early breeding up from early pollen. Good prospects for mes- quite flow. TEXAS POINTS. — The crop is generally two to ■four weeks late. Too much rain thus far for much mesquite flow, but it is starting to bloom in some sections. Fine flow reported now from catsclaw. Yield from other flora expected to be good if clear sunshiny weather is present, but ex- cessive rain will cut the early spring crop to below normal. Some beekeepers have begun to extract and comb will soon be ready to take. Good de- mand reported for early honey, especially for chunk honey. White extracted is nominally on a basis of 81/2 c per lb. in cases of two 60-lb. cans. and 14c per lb. for white chunk in the same con- tainer. Some white mild chunk honey reported selling in small containers in 60-lb. cases- as fol- lows: in 10-lb. pails, $8.40 per case; 5-lb. pails. $9.00; 3-lb. cans, $9.60 per case; in less-than-car- lot quantities. EAST CENTRAL AND NORTH CENTRAL STATES. — Largest flow in years reported from dandelion and fruit bloom, which should make up part of the present deficiency of stores in the colonies. Clover outlook also good. Demand is not active, and some extracted will be carried over. Most beekeepers, however, report supplies ex- hausted long ago. Packers reported offering lie per lb. delivered for extracted white clover in large lots, but no sales reported. PLAINS AREA. — -Condition of honey plants greatly improved, due to an abundance of mois- tures, and beekeepers feel much encouraged. Bees building up rapidly. Many colonies reported to be filling supers, which is unusual for this time of year. ,. . ,.^ SOUTHEASTERN STATES. — Conditions differ widely in different states. In Alabama the early flow is reported as unusually good with many hives storing supplies. Clover flow commences about May 20. Few sales tupelo reported to gro- cers and hotels at 10c per lb. in small containers Saw palmetto is said to be yielding a great flow of fine quality nectar in Florida, the best in years. South Georgia, however, reports a more discour- aging situation. Alternating dry weather, cold spells, showers and dry winds have given the bees little opportunity to store nectar, and even if the gallberry flow lasts a week longer it is said that not over half a normal crop will be harvested in this section. NORTHE.\STERN STATES. — Recent frosts have not CT-eatlv affected the flora, and prospects for a good honey crop are excellent. Fruit bloom Is stimulating breeding and colonies are building up very fast. Swarms reported early as May 2 in northeastern Pennsylvania. Abundaiit supply of maple syrup causing extracted honey to move slowly. CUBA. — Shipments to Holland in barrels con- tinue very heavy at 56c a gal., including cost and freight. Price f. o. b. Cuba 4c per lb. Beeswax of- fered at 21c per lb. Telegraphic Reports from Important Markets. BOSTON. — Limited demand for extracted and very light demand for comb. California white sage firmly held, other kinds steady. Comb: Sales to retailers. New York, 24-section cases No. 1 white clover $6.50-7.00. Extracted: Sales to confec- tioners and bottlers, Cuban, amber, 80-85c per gal. California, white sage 15-16c per lb. Brok- ers' carlot quotations, delivered Boston basis, per lb., California, white sage, none offered, light am- ber 8c, amber 7c. CHICAGO. — Supplies believed only moderate. Slightly better movement, market about steady. Sales to bottlers, bakers and wholesale grocers, per lb., Nevada and Colorado, mixed alfalfa and clover white 10-1 Ic, light amber 9-9i/^c, dark around 8c. California, white sage 10-llc, mixed mountain flowers light amber 9c. Wisconsin and Michigan, mixed white clover and alfalfa, and some straight clover, ll-12c, basswood mostly 12c. Comb : Demand and movement very slow, market weak . Sales to retailers, 24-section cases Colo- rado and Montana, mixed clover and alfalfa No. 1, $4.0q-$4.50; No. 2, $3.00-3.50. Beeswax: Re- ceipts light. Market stronger and prices may go higher. Few small sales reported to laundry sup- ply houses, Montana and Wyoming, light 33c per lb. PHILADELPHIA. — Supplies generally light but demand is limited. Market slightly stronger. No sales reported, but one dealer reports a purchase of Cuban amber in barrels at 63c per gal. f. o. b. Philadelphia. Beeswax: Receipts increasing. De- mand moderate and improving, market stronger. Sales to manufacturers, per lb.. African, dark, 20-21C. South American, light 25y2-26i/^c. ST. LOUIS. — Demand light, practically no movement, market very dull. Comb: Sales to wholesalers and jobbers, in 24-section cases, Colo- rado and Idaho, white clover and alfalfa No. 1 medium $5.50-6.00. Extracted: Sales to whole- salers and jobbers, per lb. in 5-gal. cans, Califor- nia, light amber alfalfa 9-lOc, mostly around 9c. Beeswax: No receipts reported during past two weeks. Market nominal, practically no change in prices. Ung:raded average country run quoted to jobbers nominally 23c per lb. NEW YORK. — Both domestic and foreign re- ceipts light. Supplies limited. Demand moderate, market steady. Extracted: Spot sales to jobbers, wholesalers, confectioners, bakers and bottlers, domestic, per lb.. California, light amber alfalfa 8-8*4 c, light amber sage 9-lOc, white sage 11- 12c, white orange blossom 12-13c. Intermountain region, white sweet clover 10 V^ -lie. New York. white clover 10%-lli/^c. New York, white clo- ver 10% -11 '.Ac. few 12c, buckwheat, mostly 7c. South American refined best 65-70c per gal. Comb: No sales reported. Beeswax: Foreign re- ceipts limited. Demand moderate, market firm. Spot sales to wholesalers, manufacturers and drug trade. South American and West Indian, crude light best 27-30c, poorer low as 24c. Afri- can, dark 18-20c. From Producers' Association. Demand for comb honey in less than carlot has improved, and sales have been better than expect- ed. A little interest is also shown in carlots and some business may result. Extracted fancy white suitable for bottlers is closely cleaned up and but very little in carlot available. The Colorado Honey Producers' Ass'n. Denver, Colo. F. Rauchfuss, Sec. The A. I. Root Company's Quotation. We are in the market for one carlot of white clover extracted honey for which we will pay 11 %c cash f. o. b. Medina: one carlot of sweet clover extracted honey for which we will pay 8Voc f. o. b. shipping point; one carlot of water white button sage honey (new crop) for which we will nay 9c f. o. b. shipping point: and one carlot of light amber extracted honey for which we will June, lOl G L E A N I N (i S IN BEE CULTURE 353 imy 60 f. o. b. shipping i)oint. Samples to be sub- mitted. Not in the market for comb. (No shipments of honey will be accepted under any conditions except as ordered by our purchas- ing department.) The A. I. Root Company. "he Opinions of Honey Producers Themselves as Reported to Gleanings in Bee Culture. Early in May we sent to actual lionoy pro- ducers and .some associations tlic following ques- tions : 1. What portion of the 1921 crop, if any, is still in the hands of producers in your locality? Give answer in ])er cent. 'J. What i)rioe are jiroducers receiving, if still having honey for sale, at their station when sold in large lots? (a) Comb honey? (b) Ex- tracted honey ? ;>. What are prices to retailers in small lots? If ])roducers are sold out give prices received by others when selling in your market, (a) Comb honey per case, fancy or No. 1? (b) Ex- tracted honey in 5-lb. pails or other retail packages ' locality? Give answer in one word, as slow. fair, rapid. How does the number of colonies in your locality that are in condition to store surplus honey compare with the number last year? (iive answer in per cent. What is the condition of the bees at present as compared with normal? (a) As to strength of colonies? (b) As to amount of stores? What is the condition of the honey plants at this time, compared with normal? Give an- swer in per cent. How does the early honey flow, if any. in your locality compare with normal thus far? Give answer in per cent. The answers as vpturned by our honey and bee 4. How is honey now moving on the market in reporters are as follow? Crop In large lots. To Retailers. Move- No. Condition. Plant Honey State Reported by: Unsold. Comb Extr. Comb. Extr. ment. Col. Strgth. Stores Cond. Flora. Ala. J. M. Cutts .... 8 . . . .$0.60. . .Fair . .110. . .100. .100. .100. . .200 Ala. ,T. C. Dickman. . 8. . .$5.7.5 '.$.09'.'. $6.00'. . .90.. .Fair . .125. . .100. .100. .100. . .100 Ark. J. Johnson .... 0. . . 6.00. . .90.. . .100. . .100. .100. .100. . .100 B.C. ">V. J. Sheppard . . 0 . . . . . 75. . . 75. . 75. .100. Cal. L. L Andrews . . ... '. .10!! 7.20! '. . .95!! .Fair . . 90. . .100. . 50. . 85. ! ! 25 Cal. M. n. Mendleson 0 . . . .Fair . . 50. . 10. Cal. M. C. Richter. . 10 . . . '. .12!! '. 1.50!! .Fair .' .' 60 '. . . 90. . 60. ! 90! ! ! 80 Cal M. A. Saylor. . . 1. . . 6.00! . 1.00.. .Fair . .100. . . 95. . 90. .100. . .100 Colo. B. W. Hopper. . 0. . . . Slow . .100. . .100. .100. .100. . .200 Colo. J. A. Green. ... 1. . . 4.50! '. .62.'. . Slow . .100. . . 90. . 95. .100. . .100 Colo J. H. Wagner. . 40 . . . 3.00 .' .14.".' 3.75. . .90.. . Fair . . 70. . . 75. . 0. . . 80. Conn. A. Latham 0 . . . . Slow . .125. . .110. . 85. .100. ! ! 100 Fla. C. C. Cook .10. '. ; .65!! .Fair . .140. . .125. .125. . .100. . .100 Fla. H. Hewitt 0 . . . . .85.. .Slow . .100. . .100. .100. .125. . .125 Fla. W. Lamkin .... 0 . . . .Slow Ga. J. J. Wilder. ... 10. . . 5.2.5 '. .oa'.'. '. .70'.! .Fair '.'. 9p". '. '. 90 '. '. 100 '. !ioo! ! !ii5 111. C. F. Bender. . . 0. . . 6.00.' .Good . . 95. . .110. . 75. . .120. . . 75 111. A. L. Kildow.. 0... . .110. . .135. .100. . .125. . .100 Ind. •T. C. Johnson. . 0. . . 5.75'. '. .85'.'. '. Slow . .100. . .100. .100. .110. . .100 Ind. E. S. Miller. ... 20 . . . 6.00. . 1.00.. . Slow . .100. . .100. . 95. . 100 . . .125 Ind. J. Smith 0. . . 6.50 . Fair . . 75. . .100. . 50. .100. . .150 Iowa. E. G. Brown. . . 8 . . . . .10.! 4.50! '. .80!! .Fair . . 90. . .100. . 80. . .100. . .100 Iowa. F. Coverdale. . . 0 . . . (i.OO. . 1.00.. . Fair . . 80. . .100. .125. . .100. . .135 Iowa W. S. Pangburn 10. . . '. .14'.'. . .87.. . Slow . . 75. . . 90. . .100. Kan. J. A. Nininger . . 0 . . . 5.00! . .75.. . Slow . .106. . .100. '. 80 ! . .100. ! !ioo Ky. P C. Ward 1... .Slow . .125. . .120. .120. .100. . .125 La. E. C. Davis. ... 10. . . '. .09 .' ; ; .75.'.' .Fair . .100. . .100. .100. . .100. . .150 Me. 0. B. Griffin... 2... 7.00'. .Slow . .100. . .100. . 85. . . 90. Md. S. G. Crocker, Jr. 10. . . 5.00. '. 1.25!! .Slow . .100. . . 80. . 75. . . 75 . ! ! 50 Mass. 0. M. Smith 0. . . . Slow . .100. . .100. . 90. . .100. Mich. I. D. Bartlett .Fair . .100. . .110. .110. . .125. ! !ioo Mich. P Markham .... 5 . . . '. .12'.'. '. .so'.'. . Slow . .150. . .125. .125. . .100. . .100 Miss. R. B. Willson. . . 3. . . . .08. . . Slow . .110. . .100. .100. .100. . . 75 Mo. J. F. Fisbeck .Slow . ,100. .110. Mo. J. W. Romberger 0 . . . 6.2 5.' .' .90 . . .Fair . .100. '. !ioo! . 90. ! !ioo Mont. R. A. Bray. ... 10. . . 4.50 . .1 T . . 5.00. . .65.. .Fair . . 90. . . 90. '. 85! . 90. . . 90 Nev. E G. Norton. . . 5. . . 5.00 . .08. . . Slow . .100. .100. .. 70. Nev. L. D. A. Prince. . . . .Pair . . 50. . 75. . .100. ! !ioo N. Y. Adams & Myers 6.00' '. 1.00!'. .Fair ! '100! . .125. . 75. . . 40. . .100 N. Y. G. B. Howe. ... 0. . . . 1.10.. . Fair . .100. NY. F. W. Lesser. . . 0. . . 4.80'. . 1.00. . . Slow '. .125! . .100. !ioo! !ioo! ! !l25 N. C. C. S. Baumgarner . . . . .100. . .100. .100. . .110. . .110 Ohio. E. G. Baldwin . . 0 . . . .. 95. . .100. .100. . . 90. . .100 Ohio. R. D. Hiatt. ... 2. . . . 5.50! '. 1.00'.'. '.Fair . .100. . .100. . 80. . . 80. . . 95 Ohio. F. Leininger . . ... 4.80 '. .15!. . .150. .200. .100. . .100 Ohio. J F. Moore .... 3 . . . 4.00! '. .75!! . Slow .' iioo! . .100. . .100 .100. . . 90 Okla. J. Heueisen .... 0 . . . . . 80. . . 75 . . 60. . .100. . .100 Okla. C. F. Stiles 0... 5.25'. . 1.25.! '. Slow . . 85. . . 90. . 80. .100. . .100 Ore. E. J. Ladd . Slow . . 90. . . 90. . 60. . .100. . . 20 Ore. H. A. Scullen. . 0. . . ." 125.'.' .Fair . .100. . . 90. . 90. .100. . .100 Pa. H. Beaver 1 . . . . .60.. . Slow . .100. . .100. .100. . 90. Pa. D. C. Gilham ... 5 . . . 7. no! . 1.00.. . Slow . .110. . .105. . 95. .100. ! !io5 Pa. G. H. Rea 0. . . 6.50. .Fair . .100. . .100. .100. .100. . .100 R. T. A. C. Miller 0. . . '. 1.75'.'. . Slow . .110. . .110. .150. .100. . . 70 S. C A. S. Conradi. . 0. . . .Rapid . .100. . .100. .100. .100. . .100 Tenn. J M. Buchanan . ... '. 1.00.'.' .Slow . .100. . .100. .100. . 90. . .100 Tex. T. A. Bowden. . 6. . . . .75.. . Slow . .100. . .100. . 50. . 90. .. 50 Tex. J. N. Maves. ... 1 . . . 3.00 . '. .08.'. .Rapid . .110. . .110. .110. .125. . .125 Utah. M. A. Gill .' .50.'.' .Fair . . so. . . SO. . 90. .100. . . 75 Vt. J. E. Crane .... 0 . . . . 1.25.. . Slow . .110. . .120. .100. .100. . .100 Va. T C. Asher .Fair . .100. . .100. . 90. . 90. . . 95 Wash. W. L. Cox 0. . . 6.50! .Fair . . 90. .. 85. . 90. . 90. . . 85 Wash. G. W. B. Saxton 20 . , . '. .10!! . .75!! .Slow . . 80. . . 75. .100. . 75. . .100 Wash. G. W. York 0. . . '. .5.50'. . .80.. . S'rtw . .■ 65. .. 75. . 50. . 75. W. Va. W. C. Griffith.. 0... 8.50. . Slow . . 90 . .100. Wis. G. Ditmer .... 15. . . 3 GO '. .-in'.'. 4.80. .75!! . Slow . . 90. '. !ioo! !ioo! .100. ! !ioo Wis. E. Hassinger, Jr. 0... . .85.. . Slow . .105. . .100. .100. .100. . .100 Wis. H. P. Wilson. . . •>. . . '. .11'.'. . 1.25.. .Slow . . 92. . .100. .100. . l'^. . .100 Wvo. A. D Brown. . . 22 . . . 4. .50 . .09.. . .85.. . Slow . . 50 . . 40. .110. 354 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE June, 1922 NEWRlNGHAM BEE SMOKER The Smoker You Ought to Own T HE most imporrant invention in beekeep- ing-, as little can be accomplished without the Bee Smokei\ The new Bingham Bee-Smoker is the most efficient and durable machine on the market. The standard for over 40 years in this and many foreign countries, and is the all-impor,- tant tool of the most extensive honey j^roduc- ers of the world. Comes Avith metal legs, metal binding and turned edges. The four larger sizes have hinged covers. The fire grate is of very sub- stantial material, with an abundance of draft holes, the 4-inch size having 381 holes, equal to an opening of 2-inch square. A valve in the bellows of the larger sizes makes the Smoker respond to the most delicate touch. The new Bingham comes in six sizes, including the Big Smoke, which is furnished both with and without shield. The larger sizes are best, as they hold more fuel, give more smoke, re- quire filling less often, and are especially rec- ommended to those who work with their bees several hours at a time.. Write for our complete catalog of bee sup- plies and accessories. Special circular of all sizes of Bingham Smokers free for the asking'. A. G. WOODMAN CO. 238 Scribuer Ave., N. W. GRAND RAPIDS, MICH., U.S.A. BIG SMOKE— With Shield Fire Pot, 4 x 10. CONQUEROR. Fire Pot, 3x7. LITTLE WONDER. Fire Pot, 3 x Sy.- Junk. lOCC o Tj k a n I n g s in n !•; k culture 355 Time is the essential factor in your success in the days just ahead. Our dealers are getting replenishment orders over this network of roads, in quantity lots. There is a Root dealer near you. Look him up. Today these dealers and the Council Bluffs or- ganization are ready to serve you, completely and quickly. AT YOUR SERVICE F03TER HONEY & MERC. CO., Boulder, Colo. THE BORTON APIARIES, Scotland, S. D. P. J. POOLEY, Mitchell Trans. & Storage Co. Mitchell, S. D. C. F. BUCK, Augusta, Kans. GRISWOLD SEED CO., Lincoln, Nebr. THE WERTZ SEED CO., Sioux City, la. THE RAPID CITY IMPLEMENT CO. Rapid City, S. D. THE RODMAN COMPANY, 301 Delaware Street, Kansas City, Mo. CARHART LUMBER CO., Wayne, Nebr. LODGE GRASS APIARIES, Lodge Grass, Mont. THE A. I. ROOT OOMPANY OF IOWA COUNCIL BLUFFS, IOWA GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE June, 1922 QUEENS Queen-rearing at our apiary is now in full blast. The weather is ideal, and flowers are giving up their nectar in a manner most conducive to the production of high-grade queens. No work nor expense is spared to produce the queens we send out. Each queen is reared by me per- sonally and is the very best I know how to produce. REMEMBER that I guarantee pure mating, safe arrival and that every queen is first class in every respect. If any proves otherwise I want to know of it, that 1 may have the opportunity of replacing her. REMEMBER also it is the colony headed by a good queen that gets the big yield of honey and I believe you will find mine are just what you want. "Several years ago I had two of your queen.s and found them very good, in fact better than anv other Italians I ever had." — J. F. Fattig, Pataskala, Ohio. "Yes. the other breeder I' got of you in 1919 was the finest queen I ever saw. all the way around." — Cecil B. Hayes, Miami, New Mexico. "The queen I got of you last fall is the best I ever saw." Loel M. Seelye. .'Vvon, New York. QUEEN PRICES BEFORE AUGUST 1. AFTER AUGUST 1. 1 to 4 inclusive $2. .50 each 1 to 4 inclusive $2.00 each .5 to 9 inclusive 2.45 each 5 to 9 inclusive 1.95 each 10 or more 2.40 each 10 or more 1.90 each Breeding queens for the season.. . .$10.00 each. Jay Smith Introducing Cage. . . .75c each. JAY SMITH, Route 3, VINCENNES, IND. fc^. \ 1 Pi %J. y^JHHl 1^ p t^ Send for our Queen Cat- alog, and also folder de- scribing our Introducing Cage, which makes queen introduction safe and sure. Another $200.00 Queen A descendant of the Root's famous two-hun- dred-dollar queen was shipped by us to Mr. C. B. Hamilton of Michigan on April 15, 1921, with a two-pound package of bees and produced 577 finished sections of comb honey that sold for $168.00. (See Gleanings for March, page 167.) Mr. Hamilton says this queen kept 20 Standard Hoffman frames filled with brood during the season. THIS BREAKS ALL RECORDS SO FAR. We have secured this queen for a breeder and we are now booking orders for her queens at the following prices, safe arrival, satisfac- tion and freedom from diseased guaranteed. J. M. CUTTS & SON, R. F. D. 1, MONTGOMERY, ALA. 1 untested $ 1.00 12 untested 10.00 1 select untested... 1.50 12 select untested. . . 13.50 We will have no tested queens from this one ready for shipment hefore July 1, but can supply tested queens of the same strain at any time. 1 tested $ 1.75 12 tested 16.00 1 select tested 2.25 12 select tested 20.00 Jink, 192^ GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 357 A beekeeper should never buj^ a queen nor a pound of bees from any queen or bee rearer till he has asked himself this question: ''Why should I buy my queens and bees of this dealer?" We can answer that question when asked of us very briefly: For more than 50 years we have been breeding up to the Eoot Quality Queens and Bees. We do not believe that better bees or queens are reared anywhere in the world today. What we try to do, is to rear THE BEST. We breed queens with special view to the honey-gathering quality of their bees. We have had this one chief purpose in breeding constantly in mind all these years. We have it uppermost in our minds today. THE DIFFERENT GRADES OF QUEENS. Italian queens are distinguished from blacks by three yellow bands on the upper part of the abdomen. Leather-colored Italians show three stripes of dark-yellow leather coIoj^. An untested queen is one which is sold after she is found to be laying, not having been previously tested. A tested leather-colored queen is one which has been examined by the breeder and her bees found to be uniformly marked with at least three dark-yellow bands. Select queens of any of the grades are those which show better color, size, shape, etc. Frequently select untested queens develop into fine breeding queens. PRICE OF QUEENS— Up to June 30. 1 to 9. 10 to 24. 25 to 49. 50 to 99. 100 or more. C312000— Untested $2.00 each. $1.80 each. $1.70 each. $1.60 each. $1.50 each. C313000— Select Untested... 2.50 each. 2.25 each. 2.10 each. 2.00 each. 1.85 each. C314000 — Tested 3.00 each. 2.70 each. 2.55 each. 2.40 each. 2.25 each. C315000— Select Tested 3.50 each. 3.15 each. 3.00 each. 2.80 each. 2.60 each. July 1 to November 1. C312000— Untested $1.50 e^ch. $1.40 each. $1.35 each. $1.25 each. $1.15 each C313000— Select Untested... 2.00 each. 1.90 each. 1.80 each. 1.70 each.. 1.60 each. C314000— Tested 2.50 each. 2.35 each. 2.25 each. 2.10 each. 2.00 each. C315000— Select Tested 3.00 each. 2.85 each. 2.70 each. 2.25 each. 2.40 eacli. Xote the large saving to be made by taking advantage of our low prices on quantity lots. OUE GUARANTEE ON QUEENS. We guarantee safe arrival of queens sent in mailing cages. We agree to refund the money or replace the queen if the one first sent arrives dead; provided the beekeeper receiving the, dead or unfit queen returns her at once and in her own shipping cage, properly marked v^ith name and address of sender. No delay in returning the queen can be permitted. This guarantee applies only on queens sent to customers in the LTnited States and Canada. PRICES OF BEES IN COMBLESS PACKAGES BY EXPRESS. ' Up to August 15. C310700 — 1-pound package $3.00; 25 or more packages, $2.85 each. C310800 — 2-pound package 5.00; 25 or more packages, 4.75 each. C310801 — 3-pound package 7.00; 25 or more packages, 6.60 each. Add price of queen wanted to package price given above. OUR GUARANTEE ON BEES SHIPPED BY EXPRESS. We agree to make good any loss to bees in transit, provided consignee secures such notaticni as will cover any apparent damage done while in transit, on express delivery receipt, signed in full by express agent, receipt to be mailed to us at once with letter giving full particulars, on re- ceipt "of which replacement will hf made immediately. The guarantee does not apply on bees shipped to foreign countries. Mail all queen and bee orders direct to Medina or to our nearest branch office. THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY WEST SIDE STATION MEDINA, OHIO, U. S. A. 358 GLEANINGS IN B E E C U I. T U II E June, 1922 tlllllllllllllllUlllllll Superior Italian Queens We have had more orders than we could fill each year, yet we are striving just as hard to produce better queens each year as we would if we had more queens than orders, and we believe that each year we are able to produce queens of a little higher quality. We are not in the business for the time being, or to get every dollar out of it we can, but because we like to rear queens and we want to give you value received for your money. After we have reared the best pos- sible queens for you, we want to put them to you, not just alive, so we can get your money, but in the best possible condition. Eversrthing we sell is guaranteed. AFTER JUNE 15th UNTESTED QUEENS IN LOTS OF 10 OR MORE, 75c EA. UNTESTED TO JUNE 15th: One, $1.25; ten or more, $1.00 each. TESTED TO JUNE 15th: One, $2.00; ten or more, $1.75 each. AFTER JUNE 15th UNTESTED One, $1.00; ten or more, $0.75 each. TESTED One, $1.75; ten or more, $1.50 each. We have 2.000 Tested Queens, reared late last fall that we will supply at our convenience at $1.00 each, or ten or more at 80c each. THE STOVER APIARIES, MAYHEW, MISS. r..im.niii.Mmmi tltllTllimilltTtrHIIITIIIITITtlltltlltltltl""""'"""""""""""""""""""""""'""""""""""tti.i.i,M„.,.t A Big Honey Crop Have you learned the secret of a bumper honey crop? Tf you will head your colonies with young prolific queens, your yield will surely be greater. Buy your queens from L. L. Forehand. They have been on tlie market for over twenty years. THEY ARE BRED FROM IMPORTED MOTH- ERS. They cannot be beaten for honey-gathering, gentleness, prolificness, disease-resisting and non-swarming. Guarantee I guarantee every queen will reach you alive, to be in good condition, that she will be purely mated and to give perfect satisfaction. I will leturn your money or replace queens that are not satisfactory in every way. Safe de- livei'y guaranteed in U. S. and Canada only. 1 6 12 100 Untested ...: $1.25 $6.50 $11.50 $0.90 each Selected Untested 1.50 7.50 13.50 1.00 each Tested 2.00 10.00 18.50 1.50 each Selected Tested 2.75 15.00 27.00 2.15 each Send for circular. It contains useful information. L. L. FOREHAND, Fort 'Deposit, oAlabama .Ii Ni:. 1020 (I I, !•: A X I X (i s 1 X B r. K (' r i. t r r k ?,r,9 Collier's Bees and Queens Breeding Queens Imported from Italy. THEEE-BANDED ITALIANS ONLY. Shipped by return mail. Let me liavo your order for the 1922 sea- son. My queens are bred by men who know how. Every order given my jjersonal •attention. All queens reared in strong two- story, ten-frame hives, under natural condi- tions. Improve your weak, run-down colonies by using young, vigorous, three-banded Italian Queens from my imported stock. You take no risk buying from Collier. If you are not satisfied I will replace or re- fund your money. Safe delivery guaranteed. Trices: I'ntested — 1, 80c; 6, $4.50; 12. $8.50; 100, $68.00. Select Untested, 1 to 25, $1.00 each. Tested, $2.00, or $20.00 doz. Select tested. $3.00, or $30.00 doz. Pound packages with select untested queen : 1-lb. package, $3.50 each; 2-lb. package, $5.00. Write for prices on larger lots. D. E. COLLIER RAMER - . . . ALABAMA Golden Italian Queens AVhon you buy you want the best. Tlie Golden Italian Queens are better by the test. Untested, $1.00 each; $10.00 per doz. Selected Untested. $1.25 each, $12.00 per doz. Satisfaction guaranteed. E. A. SIMMONS GREENVILLE, ALABAMA. ONLY 90CHUEEN QUEENS BY RETURN MAIL y]i-. 15eekeeper: — Wo have the stock, equip ment and e.xperience, and can give you prompt, satisfactory service. We are not going to say that we have the best bees in U. S. A., but we do say that we have as good as can be bought for the money. Give NORMAN BROS.' 3-banded Italian bees and queens a trial and see for yourself. You risk not a brown penny; if you are not sat- isfied, notify us and we will replace or re- fund your money. Isn't this a fair propo- sition to any one that purchases queens and bees '! Our bees are hardy, prolific, gentle and honey-gatherers. Prices: 1 6 12 100 Untested Queens $0.90 $5.00 $9.00 $70.00 Select Untested. 1.15 6.00 11.00 85.00 Tested Queens... 2.00 each Select Tested... 2.50 each One 2-lb. package bees, $3.00; 12 or more, $2.85 each. Add prices of queens wanted. W^e guarantee pure mating, safe arrival and free from all diseases. Norman Bros. Apiaries NAFTEL. ALABAMA. Four Things to Remember 1. Sluality Queens 2. Satisfactory Service 3. Reliability 4. Dependability On these four points I am pre- pared to take care of your wants. Untested Italian Queens June, each, $1.50; 12, $15.00. After July 1, each, $1.25; (5, $7.00; 12, $13.00; 25. .$25.00. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. J. B. HOLLOPETER ROCKTON, PENNA. 360 GLEANINGS IN BEK CULTURE June, 1922 DON'T BE CONFUSED H Id buying a larger hive than the ten-frame Langstroth hive. Quinby invented an eight-frame hive with frames about 11% inches deep. It was long ago found inade- quate in size and was made into a ten-frame hive, a size we have offered for some years. H Charles Dadant found the ten-frame Quinby depth hive needed another frame. He also found it a beekeeping necessity to change this hive further, and evolved the IV2- inch spacing from center to center of the frames. This is the real principle to be considered in the MODIFIED DADANT HIVE (REGISTRATION APPLIED FOR) Present equipment may be used as super equipment on M 0 d i fi e d Dadant brood- cbambers. Covers and bot- toms for this bive are tbe familiar metal roof cover with inner cover and regu- lar standard bottoms, ex- cept for larger dimensions. The standard of workmanship is "Beeware." Write for free booklet on this hive to G. B. LEWIS COMPANY, Watertown, Wisconsin. DADANT & SONS, Hamilton, Illinois. 3 -Banded Goldens Quality Queens Our queens are as fine as can be had, reared from the finest strains of Italians, and we feel sure you will be well pleased with our queens, for we spare no trouble whatever to rear as fine a queen as it is possible to rear from the finest lioney-gathering strain, so as to be sure to please. Quality Queens :: Lois; in Price I'ntested 1 to 12, $1.00 each Sel. Untested, 1 to 12, $1.25 each Tested one grade. Select, $2 each Wings (flipped free on request. E'ntii'e satisfaction and safe ar- rival guaranteed in U. S. and Canada. Ohio Valley Bee Company Catlettsburg, Ky, First in Alabama to Ask for and Receive Inspection for Disease. All Apiaries Found Free From Disease. Certificate Signed: A. D. Worthington, Inspector. After twenty-six years of Select Breeding we have a clean, bright three-banded strain of Italian bees that are unsurpassed for their disease- resisting and honey-gathering (juali- ties. Select Untested Queens, .tl.CO each, ]!2 or more, 90c each. Select Tested Queens, ^l.no each; 12 or more, $1.40 eacli. We guarantee our queens to give absolute satisfaction and to arrive in perfect condition. They have pleased tliousands of others. Give them a (diance to please you. They know how. Our little l^ooklet free for the asking. It tells all about our bees and how to li.'indle them for best results. M. C. BERRY & CO., Box 697. Montgomery, Ala. Jink. lirj'J (i I. !•: A N' 1 K G S IN B !•: 1-: C U L T I' K ;]61 June is the Month ot the Busy Bees and Busy Beekeepers We ai-e ready to supply your needs a n d fill y o ii r orders promptly. At this time of year you want SERVICE. Try us. We will not disappoint you. Yours for a season that will be ■'the best ever." F. A. SALISBURY 1631 West Genesee Street, Syracuse, N. Y. Big Reduction -ON.. Bee Supplies Shipping cases $30.00 per 100 Slotted section-holders... $3.00 per 100 Sections, 1%, No. 1. . .$10.00 per 1000 Job lots of frames, regular size $3.00 per 100 Standard Hoffman frames, OVs deep $4.50 per 100 Unspaced wedged top-bar frames, OVs deep $2.75 per 100 Send for Catalog and Price List. CHARLES MONDENG 146 Newton Avenue N. and 159 Cedar Lake Rd. MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. Better Way to Garden Don't do garden work the slow back-breaking way. You can grow a far better garden, easier and with much less time and work. BARKER WEEDER, MULCHER AND CULTIVATOR THREE MACHINES IN ONE Simply push the BARKEE along the rows (like a lawn mower). Eight blades revolving against a stationary underground knife destroy the weeds and in same operation break up the surface crust into a level, porous, moisture-retaining mulch. Aerates soil. Intensive cultivation. "Best Weed Killer Ever Used." Has leaf guards, also shovels for deeper cultivation. A boy can run it — do more and better work than 10 men with hoes. Write Us Today for FREE Booklet. Let us tell you about this machine and how to raise bigger, better gardens — make gar- dening a pleasure. A valuable book, illus- trated. Gives prices, etc. A card brings it. Write us today. Use coupon below. BARKER MFG. CO. f Box 23 DAVID CITY. NEB. Barker Mfg. Co., Box 23, David City, Neb. Gentlemen: Send me postpaid your free booklet and Factory-to-User offer. Name Town State Box or RFD . GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE June, 1922 SCOTT QUEENS ARE GOOD QUEENS MY QUEENS ARE GETTING RESULTS. Among my hundreds of colonies and for my customers. One writes: "Dear Mr. Scott: Please book me for Yo dozen queens. Those I got from you last season have made 150 lbs. comb honey so far this season. Yours truly." — (Name on request.) UNTESTED GOLDEN OK THREE-BANDED QUEENS. June 1 to July 15: One, $1.50; six, $8.00; dozen, $15.00. Pure mating,- safe arrival and satisfaction. No disease. Circular on request. ROSS B. SCOTT, LA GRANGE, INDIANA. Tha^ard's Italian Queens 'iBred for Quality Tlie new Postal Law restricts the importation of queens from Italy, owing to the mite which causes the Isle of Wight disease. Dr. E. F. Phillips has examined our imported b^es from Italy and reports there is no evidence of the mite, nor Isle of Wight disease. We are breeding from breeders obtained from the foremost strains in Italy. And mated to our own fa- mous strain. Universities, Agricultural Colleges, Dem- onstration Agents, backlotters, America's largest hon- ey-producers and ciueen-breeders have purchased thou- sands of our queens bred from our imported stock this spring. Since the new Postal Law went into effect the demand is growing greater daily. WHY? Because for the next few years there will be no new blood im- ported from Italy. In buying our queens you are assured of getting imported stock, and free of disease. Every queen is guaranteed to please you or your money re- funded. UNTESTED QUEENS, EACH— 1 to 11, ?1.00; 11 to 49, 95c; 49, to 99, 80c; 100 or more, 75c. The V. R. Thagard Co. Greenville, Alabama j„j;e, 1922 0 L K A N I N (i S IN B K E C U L T U R K We oAre Prepared to Take Care of Your ^sh Orders We ship thousands of bees all over the U. S. A. and Canada. Special atten- tion oiven to small orders. Queens bred from the best honey-gatherers v'ith \ll other imi)ortant points taken into consideration, bate arrival o-'iiaranteed. Send for special circular for sliipjimg alter May loth, (.an tX care of your rush orders for shipping before May 1., at the tollownig prices: i.pound package, $2.60 each; 25 or more, $2.50 each, 3-pound package, $5.25 each; 25 or more, $5.00 each. 2-frame Nuclei, $3.75 each; 3-frame Nuclei, $5.25 each. 2-f rame with 1 pound extra bees $5.25 each. 1-frame with 2 pounds extra bees $5.25 each. (Queens free when ordering packages.) PRICES OF QUEENS. Untested- 1 $1.05 each; 25 or more, 91c each; per 100, $85.00. Selected Untested, $1.30; 25 or more, $1 each. Tested, $1.75; 25 or more, $1.50 each. NUECES COUNTY APIARIES, CALALLEN, TEXAS E. B. AULT, Proprietor ^^^^^^^^^^ ■■■■■■H iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiHiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiii'"*'"""" 3000 Month- ly Capacity 65c EACH Untested Queens I in order to keep working at full capacity we are making a big cut in the price of Forehand'^ Three-^ands The Thrifty Kind n ■ ^^ ^r. in+n +Vip Tparino" of our queens. Select breeding for superior to many. ««ti^fiftion the world over. Safe arrival guarau- i::d^rtru. T:rStZ£::'^t:'iZ^ of the season we are selling bees [n eombless paeknges only. Send in your order at ou.e. UNTESTED QUEENS EACH. POUND BEES. other grades upon application. W. J. FOREHAND & SONS, Fort Deposit, Alabama - "^ I GI. EANINGS IN BEE CULTURE June, 1922 Another Step Forward! Cuts Out Cost and Labor of Hand Wiring Makes Non-Sag AH- Worker Comb The Finished Comb Note completeness of comb and absence of sagging. TESTED BY TIME AND USE. Dadant's Wired Foundation is not an experiment of a few months' time. l)nt il is a carefully evolved specialty of a life-time of foundation specialists. It has also been thoroughly tested for several years in large apiaries in all parts of the United States. Jt is adaptable to any size and style of brood or extracting frame. COSTS NO MORE. Since Dadant's Wired Foundation cuts out the cost and labor of wiring, its extra price of three cents per pound above the catalog prices of old-style foundation is thus more than returned to the beekeeper. ASK FOR SAMPLES. A small mailing sample sent free on request. Special Offer — A sam- ))le of seven sheets, for either split bottom-bar or old-style one-piece bottom-bar franaes, will be sent postpaid, to any address in the United States for ii^l.OO. Specify size desired. Only one sanii)le to a person. DADANT & SONS, Hamilton, Illinois Wired Foundation is sold by all distributors of Lewis "Beeware" and Dadant's Foundation. .Send them your orders. Catalog and Prices on Foundation, Bee Supplies, Beeswax, Wax Working into Comb Foundation and Comb Rendering, for the asking. E GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE JUNE, 1922 J EDITORIAL THE editor of The Bee World states in the April issue of that journal that the out- breaks of Isle Danger of Indirect of Wight dis- Importation of Bees, ease recentlj^ discovered in France and Switzerland "have already been traced to importations from England, and such cases have already been controlled." If this is correct it illustrates the danger of indirect importation, unless the importation of bees into this country can be regulated in some such manner as provided in the pro- posed law now pending in Congress giving the Secretary of Agriculture the power to exclude bees whenever necessary. Our readers should read carefully the editorial on another page, and if favoring this bill should write at once to their Senators and Eepresentatives asking them to support it. do^qf: A GLANCE at the figures reported by pro- ducers for our market page reveals a prom- ising outlook for What Shall the beekeeping this Harvest Be? season. In most cases the number of colonies is reported as normal or above, and the condition of the colonies as well as the honey plants makes a splendid showing. The recent general rains throughout the clover region are a great help to the clo- ver. The honey is being well cleaned up in the markets, so that the marketing problem looks much brighter than it did a year ago when large stocks were still in the hands of the producers. The prospects at present are indeed encouraging, but the next few weeks will tell the story as to what the harvest will be. a (o^Qj. .—Iff THE Bureau of Crop Estimates and the Bureau of Entomology, working co-opera- tively, are mak- Establishing Government Color Grades for Honey. ing a study of the colors of honey in order to work out col- or standards for extracted honey. This is done by means of a color-measuring device by Avhich all colors can be measured in- stead of only amber, thus giving accurate color measurements. After a great variety of samples from all parts of the country have been measured it will be possible to establish grades based on color, and define accurately the limits of each grade, so that in case of dispute it will be possible to determine exactly in which grade the sample in dispute falls. The establishment of accurately defined grades for honey for the United States by the Department of Agriculture should be of great benefit to beekeepers in marketing their honey. IN using the Multiplex foundation-fastener or any device for fastening foundations in sections in which a Fastening hand tool is used to Foundation melt the edge of the in Sections, foundation, many seem to think that the blocks supporting the sections should be placed on the bench at an angle. For the greatest ease and most rapid work the blocks should be placed in a horizontal po- sition and the operator should stand facing the ends of the section-holders. This per- mits a free and natural handling of the heated knife, thus avoiding the twisted and cramped position necessary when the blocks are placed at an angle. With the freedom of movement afforded by having the blocks in a horizontal position, the operator can easily fasten the 28 sheets of foundation in less than one minute without reheating the knife. Q> >o ^CM tP E. M. COLE, writing in the American Bee Journal, May issue, takes issue with the statement i n Effect of Emerging Bees Upon Swarming. Farmers' Bulle- tin 503, pub- lished in 1912, to the effect that all effective treatments for swarming, such as shaking, dequeening or separating the brood and the queen, involve "a tem- porary disturbance in the continuity of the emergence of brood." This statement was written by the Editor more than 10 years ago, while he was con- nected with the Bureau of Entomology at Washington, D. C, and today, after 10 years further study of the swarming prob- lem, he can see no reason for clianging his opinion in regard to the matter. Before that statement was written, the bee journals published in the English Ian- 366 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE June, 1922 guage were searched from volume I up to that time and an abstract made of every swarm-control plan published. The same thing was done with the books on bee- keeping published in English. These ab- stracts were then carefully studied, and, after eliminating those plans which are not effective in swarm control, the others were sorted into groups on the basis of similarity in principle. Finally, out of the great mass of apparently conflicting methods and opin- ions, all of the effective remedies for swarm- ing were found to come under three gen- eral heads, viz., taking away the brood, tak- ing away the queen and separating the brood and the queen within the hive. One plan involved killing the brood with the un- capping knife, but this is simply one way of taking away the brood. In other words, in the final analysis every one of the hun- dreds of swarm-control plans thus far given in beekeeping literature either creates a condition of the colony comparable to a cer- tain degree to the recently hived natural swarm or the parent colony. But the most interesting thing in all this is the fact that every remedy for swarming, that has proven successful thus far, involves ' ' a temporary disturbance in the continuity of the emergence of brood. ' ' Whether this break in the emergence of brood has anything to do with the bees' giving up swarming is another question. In writing the bulletin referred to above the author was careful to avoid saying that it does, although personally he believes that the break in the emergence of young bees is an important factor in causing the bees to give up swarming. Mr. Cole points out that when the queen is taken away, all queen-cells destroyed at the time of taking away the queen, and again 10 days later when a young laying queen, is given, the bees give up swarming although the break in the emergence of young bees does not occur until 11 days later; and that if this break in emergence has anything to do with tlie giving up of swarming the bees would thus react to a condition 11 days before it arrives, which, of course, is not at all probable. The error Mr. Cole makes here is in as- suming that the swarming impulse disap- pears within 10 days after taking away the queen. While the colony is queenless, of course it can not swarm or at least it usu- ally does not, although such colonies some- times swarm and return to the hive as if the bees thought they had a queen. After such colonies are made hopelessly queenless by destroying the queen-cells ten days after taking away the queen, the swarming im- pulse is sometimes still so strong that if a virgin queen or even a young laying queen is given immediately the colony may swarm, leaving the parent colony hopelessly queen- less. In comb-honey production when a lay- ing queen is given after a period of ten days of queenlessness, the colony often pro- ceeds to build queen-cells as soon as young larvae from the new queen are present, and under some conditions will swarm within a week after the new queen begins to lay. In their early experiments to prevent swarming by removing the queen when pro- ducing comb honey, Elwood and Hethering- ton found it necessary to keep the colony queenless at least 18 days, thus making in most cases 21 days before the new queen would begin to lay after being released from the introducing cage. Gradually this time has been shortened as better methods of causing the bees to give up swarming have been worked out, so that it is now possible to get rid of the swarming impulse to a suf- ficient degree by 10 days of actual queen- lessness. Of course in extracted-honey production the 10-day period is usually sufficient if the management is good, but this is by no means true for all localities in comb-honey production. The influence of a large num- ber of recently emerged young bees in the brood-chamber is well illustrated by the ease with which recently hived swarms can be induced to swarm again within 10 days or two weeks after being hived by shaking the young bees from the parent colony in with the swarm at the time of moving the parent colony to a new location a week after the swarm issued to prevent after-swarming. The Editor has done this in scores of cases in producing comb honey. The break of about two weeks in brood- rearing, which occurred last year in May in the northern states, resulted in a season of no swarming in those localities where the honey flow closed early in July, though there was swarming later in localities hav- ing a later honey flow. This break in brood-rearing was noted editorially in this journal at that time, page 409, with the pre- diction that there would be no swarming during the usual swarming season in por- tions of the clover region. In the Editor's apiaries in northern Indiana only one col- ony out of about 200 colonies started queen-cells during the swarming season, this one being apparently a case of supersedure. The colonies were exceedingly strong and were run for comb honey, the yield being an average of a little over three supers per colony. The break in brood-rearing is ap- parently the only explanation of the total lack of swarming in this case. I I Ql= nS3 j^oj: THE bill to regulate tlio importation of honeybees into this country, mentiohed in our last issue, was The Isle of Wight introduced into Disease Bill. the House of Eep- r e s e nt.atives on April 21 as House Bill 11390 by Representa- tive Haugen, Chairman of the Committee on Agriculture. It was also introduced in the Senate on April 25 as Senate Bill .3506 by Senator Norris, Chairman of the Agricnl- June, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 367 tur;il Coiumittee of tlio Senate. The bill as orginalh' introduced is as follows: AN ACT TO REGULATE THE IMPORTATION OF THE HONEYBEE (APIS MELLIPICA). Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Rej)- resentatives of the United States of America in Congress assenil)Ied, That it shall be unlawful for any person to import or offer for entry into the United States the honeybee (Apis mellifica) ex- cept for experimental or scientific purposes by the United States Department of Agriculture upon such conditions and under such regulations as the Secretary of Agriculture and the Secretary of the 'i'reasury shall prescribe. Provided: That the Sec- retary of Agriculture and the Secretary of the Treasury may make regulations admitting honey- bees from countries where no dangerous diseases of honeybees exist. That any person who shall violate any of the provisions of this act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and shall, upon conviction thereof, be punished by a fine not exceeding $500 or by imprisonment not exceeding one year, or both such fine and imprisonment, in the discretion of the court. The hearing on this bill before the House Committee was held on May 4. The com- mittee decided to amend the bill as follows: In place of the proviso, read: "And pro- vided further, that such adult honeybees may be imported into the United States from countries in which the Secretary of Agriculture shall determine that no diseases dangerous to adult honeybees e.x:ist, under rules and regulations prescribed by the Sec- retary of the Treasury and the Secretary of Agriculture. ' ' The committee voted uauni- mously to report the bill out favorably. Judging from the letters coming to this office the beekeepers of this country are practically unanimous in favor of the en- actment of such a law to protect the indus- try from a possible invasion of the Isle of Wight disease into this country. Not a single ijrotest has been received direct at this office, and many have Avrittenin favor of the bill. The American Bee Journal, how- ever, reports having received some letters opposing the bill. The opposition apparently arises through a misunderstanding of the provisions of the bill, for we understand that those who are opposing the bill are in favor of preventing importations from those countries where the Isle of Wight disease is known to exist but permitting importation from all other coun- tries. This was the first thought of the com- mittee which suggested the law, for it was the intention from the beginning that Cana- da should be exempted; but, on investigation of the legal phases involved, it was found necessary to draft the law to exclude bees from all countries, except those Avhich may be exempted by the Secretary of Agricul- ture and the Secretary of the Treasury. In addition to meeting the requirements of the lawmakers, this plan would permit immedi- ate action to exclude bees from any country from which shipments are permitted under the provision of the bill if the Isle of Wight disease should be found, instead of waiting until Congress could take action to amend the law to exclude bees. Since the bill clearly specifies that tlie Secretary of the Treasury and the Secre- tary of Agriculture may make rules and regulations under which bees may be im- ported from countries in which no disease of adult bees exists, it is clear that the ob- jections of those who have opposed this bill have all been met. Surely, no one iu this country who might wish to import a few queens from some country where tlie Isle of Wight disease may now exist, would be will- ing to endanger the whole beekeeping in- dustry in tliis country simply to secure a few queens of some obscure race. Beekeep- ing in tliis country has recently grown into an important industry and deserves any protection of this sort that can be had. Both Canada and Australia have taken ac- tion to prevent the importation of the Isle of Wight disease. In these countries immediate action was possible, because previously en- acted quarantine laws gave to the proper of- ficials the power to issue an order prohibit- ing the importation of animals likely to in- troduce dangerous diseases. Such an order was issued by the Governor-General of Aus- tralia on January 1, 1922, prohibiting the importation of "bees, used or second-hand hives or hive-goods or products (excepting honey and wax) from the United King- dom" and by the Dominion Minister of Agriculture, Dominion of Canada, effective May 1, 1922, prohibiting the importation into Canada of "bees, used or second-hand hives, or raw hive goods or products except- ing honey or wax from the Continent of Europe." Not having such a law, this country must wait until Congress can act to prevent importation of bees from countries where the Isle of Wight disease may exist. The exclusion of bees from the mails, com- ing into the United States, by the order of the Post Office Department, effective March 21, of course stops importation through that channel, but many bees and queens are shipped to this country through channels other than the mails. If this bill becomes a law, if the Isle of Wight disease should be found at any time in a country which has been exempted by the SecretaT,y of Ag- riculture and the Secretary of the Treasury because the disease has not previously been found there, the embargo can be immediate- ly restored without an act of Congress. Since some opijosition has developed to the bill, which is now in both the Senate and House of Eepresentatives, it is more important than ever that beekeepers who desire the protection afforded by this bill write to their Senators and Eepresentatives asking them to support it. A letter should also be written to Senator Norris, Chair- man of the Agricultural Committee of the Senate, Washington, D. C, and to Eepre- sentative Haugeu, Chairman of the Agricul- tural Committee of the House of Eepre- sentatives, Washington, D. C, in support of the bill. These letters should be written im- mediately on receipt of this journal and sent out in the next mail. 368 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE Junk, 192E CHOOSING A LOCATION A Timely and Important Subject in Migratory Beekeeping. How to Choose the Apiary Site By M. C. Richter. WHERE is the best place to lo- cate? This is the eternal question that is ever in the minds of most beekeepers and prospective beekeepers alike. The question does not resolve itself into the following simple equation: Honey Plant Acreage + X Number of Colonies equals X pounds per Col- ony Surplus. The foremost problem concerns itself with the honey plants themselves. The question of overstocking a location is not nearly so important. In our beekeeping practices we are fun- damentally dependent on bee behavior. When it comes to the choice of a location, we must have a knowledge of plant be- havior, climatic conditions and soils. It must be admitted that our success depends in a very large measure on the proper choice of locations. Our literature is very deficient in this respect. Only recently have we re- ceived information on honey plant regions and on the secretion of nectar, and we owe our thanks to Dr. Phillips of Washington who has mapped the clover, buckwheat and tulip tree regions of the East. California must have some wonderful beekeeping re- gions that as yet await exploration. When such are made known through careful re- search work, it will prove of inestimable value to the state. At jiresent there is but little information that may be imparted. Conditions Influencing Nectar Secretion. There are a few general considerations that are known, such as: A plant growing under suitable environmental conditions shows a tendency towards increased nectar secretion, and also that higher latitudes and altitudes show a like tendency. We know also that there is a tendency towards a greater flow of nectar when cool nights are followed by warm days; but there is an- other factor that is directly connected with tlie above, namely, the amount of moisture that the soil contains. How- ever, the mois- ture should not be excessive, nor should it be too deficient, for ex- cessive moisture tends towards vegetative growth, while a scarcity of moisture means that the flowers will soon fade and the plants then will bend their energies towards the reproductive stage. On account of our meager knowledge this article can offer but little assistance. It is more the intention here to point out some of the problems that are to be solved and to solicit aid among Gleanings ' readers in the collection of data pertaining to nectar secretion. In that way we can make excel- lent progress and such material will help the investigator. « A Sage Range. For this purpose we will suppose, for ex- ample, that we are looking for a sage loca- tion, and we will bear in mind that much the same problems confront the beekeeper in his choice of a location in other plant re- gions. We make this choice because it is a popular one. Sage honey has a wonderful reputation, commands a topnotch price, and when pure does not granulate. For the lat- ter reason it is a table honey par excellence. Dealers and grocers favor both tlie comb and the clear honey. Geographical Distribution. The first step in the study of a honey plant is in mapping its distribution. In the ease of black sage, we find that it inhabits the Coast Range Mountains with its north- ern boundary in the vicinity of Mt. Diablo. From there it extends southward through San Diego County into Mexico. It favors slopes with a south, southwest and west ex- posure. The plant ranges along the ocean to several thousand feet above the sea level, and favors a soil containing lime. Sage, in its struggle for existence, has settled in the above region. It has not increased its dis- tribution to the north or east because the environmental conditions in these places Fig. 1. -UnprotectftI Ijccs lliat, riM-uivo the I'ull licnclil c.f uinoimt ol' stores, but build \\]i inon ^WCCIMIlt;' W'luls IKit slowly in the sjjring. June, 192i> GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 369 were not suited to the plant's welfare. In like manner, northern slopes were found un- adaptable. Owing to various factors, the distribution of black sage has been confined to the limits outlined above. It has not ex- tended further owing, perliaps, to unfavor- able climatic conditions, or to the fact that it was encroaching upon favorable environ- mental conditions of other plant life, and was consequently choked out. In some parts of tlie black sage region, the sage has found its optimum habitat — that is, it has found the most favorable condition for its growth and reproduction. Where the plant is found witli a most luxuriant growth, and in great abundance, to the exclusion of almost all other plants, it ma.y be said that it has found its optimum habitat. Under these situations, generally speaking, the plant would secrete a greater amount of nectar. certainly varies with different honey plants. The relationship that fog bears to nectar secretion is another important matter. In southern California, many beekeepers have felt that fog is a detriment while the sage is in bloom, wliereas in central California we know that it lias a beneficial influence in that it helps retain the moisture in the soil. Making Records. Many of the above observations we can not make. Not only do we not have the fa- cilities but likewise we have not the time. We can, however, put an average colony of bees on a pair of scales and record each evening either the loss or gain in weight during the day. The maximum and mini- mum temperatures can likewise be recorded without loss of valuable time, and perhaps rainfall data as well. Such observations as 1^ WR 1 w iM'MM ^M jAil how to remove it in every case. 374 GLEANINGS IN BE IS CULTURE June, 1922 WHEN at- tempting to get accur- ate figures in re- gard to the ex- tracting of hon- ey, it is impossi- ble to deny that locality has an important bear- ing. Figures that represent an average of conditions in one locality many ndt be accur- ate for another locality where the honey may be different in density and where other con- ditions may be greatly changed. Extracted- honey producers can well afford to give some earnest attention to some of the problems of efficiency in extracting. The figures that I present here I hope will serve to bring this 'matter to the attention of the producers, and will, perhaps, be a surprise to many. From our Krause apiary of 65 colonies we brought in 157 supers of honey. The combs, most of them, had been recently drawn from full sheets of foundation; therefore, the frames were spaced close. We secured a total of 6,748 pounds of honey, about 43 pounds to the super, or 4.3 pounds to the comb. Next year we shall put in only eight combs in a ten-frame super, so the extractor will take a full super at a load. Our aver- age per colony was about 103 pounds, which was close to the average of our other honey- producing yards. Besides this we saved two full combs per colony for feeding this spring. It must be remembered that Medina County is not a particularly good location for honey. Next year, however, we hope to increase the per colony yield as we shall not need to have so many combs built. Percentage of Honey in Cappings. Of the 6748 pounds of honey from this one yard, 5572 pounds came from the ex- tractor, and 1176 pounds from the capping- melter. Therefore, 17.4 per cent of the total amount came from the cappings. Had we spaced wide, this percentage would have been much higher. We got 74 pounds of wax from the cappings; therefore, 1.08 per cent of the total weight of honey and cap- pings was wax; or, 5.92 per cent of the weight of honey and wax cut off the combs was wax. In a former article I referred to the fact that E. F. Atwater of Meridian, Idaho, had discovered that even after draining the cap- pings thoroughly 4 per cent of his original entire crop was left in such cappings. This is a startling percentage, but it must be re- membered that the western honey is very thick and that it drains very slowly from cappings. However, be that as it may, Mr. Atwater 's figures, based not on a small lot but on an entire crop, convince me that cappings drained until they appear to be nearly dry are, as a matter of fact, very far from being dry. Efficiency in Extracting. For the sake of getting accurate statistics SURPRISES IN EXTRACTING Speed, Time and Temperature De- termine the oAmount of Honey Left in the Combs By H. H. Root on tlie amount of lioney left in the combs after extra cting we sacrificed a num- ber of supers of good combs, melting them up after extracting, separating the honey thus secured from the melted combs and carefully comparing the weight of such honey with the weight of the honey orig- inally in the combs. In this way we have obtained some very interesting figures. Test No. 1. The first experiment we made was at a temperature of 75 degrees. The eight combs that we selected, including the frames, weighed 50% pounds. After uncapping, they weighed 37% pounds. After three minutes in the Buckeye extractor, including the time of speeding up and with the ex- tractor turning at 300 revolutions per min- ute, the eight frames of extracting combs weighed 7% pounds. The frames empty, after cutting out the combs, weighed 4 pounds. The cappings and honey cut from the eight combs weighed 13 pounds. The honey in these cappings weighed 12.33 pounds. Therefore the wax in the cappings Aveighed .77 pounds. The empty combs after extracting and after being cut out of the frames weighed 3.25 pounds. After melting up and separating the honey and wax we had 1.375 pounds of honey and 1.88 pounds of wax. From the above figures it will be seen that we extracted 30.5 pounds of honey. In the cappings there were 12.33 pounds. After melting up the combs we had 1.375 pounds of honey left. Therefore the total weight of the honey in the eight combs originally was 44.105; 1.375, the weight of the honey left in the combs after extracting, is there- fore 3.1 per cent of the total lioney original- ly in the eight combs. Test No. 2. This test was made with combs left in a hot room long enough for the lioney to reach a temperature of 100 degrees. The extractor speed was 350 revolutions per minute, and the time in the extractor, including the speeding up, was 2i/> minutes. Keeping careful account of all the weights as nientioiu'd in the first experiment, we found that 31/2 per cent of the total honey was left in the combs. Tlie increase in tem- perature to 100 degrees did not, therefore, have quite the effect that we supposed it would. This experiment also shows, if one may judge from one set of combs, that 2V^ minutes at 350 revolutions per minute is not quite equal to three full minutes at 300 revolutions per minute. To be on the safe side in our subsequent work throughout the season, we used a speed of 350 revolutions per minute and the time of three minutes. At a speed of only 250 revolutions per Junm:, 10-2? G \j V. A N I N G S I \ B ]■; li C U L T IT R E 375 iniiiuti' we (MinsiiU'r il impossible to oxtrucl tliick honey, at a temperature of 7.1 or SO ilejjrees, in less than four minutes in the extractor, and 5 and even G minutes at so low a speed is better. There is no (|uestion in my mind but that a speed of 350 revolu- tions per minute is safe so far as comb breakage is concerned, provided one uses or- dinary care in handling the extractor, and that this speed is a great timesavcr in the long run. Even at this high speed we do not break new combs, but we usually re- verse twice Avhile the reel is speediiTg up, so that most of the honey is out by the time it readies full speed. Ordinarily, we reverse only once more, making three reversings in all. For the last reversing we usually use the brake slightly first, althougli in case of old comlis 1 do not consider tliis necessary. How to Tell when Most of the Honey is Out of the Combs. Our experience has shown that it is not safe to assume that combs are dry just be- cause they look dry. If the angle of the bases of the cells when viewed in a good light appear sharp and distinct, it is rea- sonably safe to assume that there is not much more than 3 per cent of honey left in the combs. If there is enough honey left in tlie cells to obscure the base angles so that the bottom of the cell appears round in a good light, it is my belief that 10 to 15 and perhaps 20 per cent of the available lioiu'v is left in tlie combs. It is more dif- ficult to Judge the amount of honey left iji old combs, because it is liarder to see the liottoms of tlu! cells and because the cocoons obscure the angles. A good speed and at least three minutes in a full-speed reversing ex- tractor at 75° to 80° need not leave over 3 ])er cent of honey in the combs even if the lioney is thick. If the honey is thin I am confident that the amount is somewhat less, although our experience with the honey at 100 degrees shows that it is unsafe to take anything for granted. While it is an exceedingly difficult matter to prove, it is certainly a fallacy to assume that none of the honey left in the cells is wasted. It is true that the bees put new honey on top of honey not entirely extract- ed, but it is also true that in many instances wet combs put back on the hives excite the bees and cause "gorging." In my opinion, at least one-half of the honey left in tlie combs is wasted. At the end of the season especially, it is very desirable to have the combs as dry as possible to avoid the nuis- ance of having the bees clean them out. I feel that this is a subject we know too little about today, and one that every bee- keeper should make a special study of dur- ing the coming season. If I am wrong, someone should set me right; there are good beekeepers who take the opposite view, but let us have facts and not fancies. FIFTY YEARS' EXPERIENCE IV hat It Has Taught About the Control of S^warming in Comb- Honey Production By J. E. Crane IT is of the con- trol of the swarming im- pulse of which I wish to ^\Tite rather than the p r e V e n tion of swarming, a n d especially in the p r o d u ction of comb honey. It is a comparatively simple matter in producing extracted honey to con- trol swarming, but when we come to comb honey it is quite another story. The problem can be briefly stated in this way. Here is a yard of 50 or 100 colonies. How can they be kept at work to the best advantage during the honey flow? I write, supposing we are to visit the yard onh' once in eight or nine days as we do in the case of our own outyards. Perhaps 1 can not do better than to invite the reader to go with me as we work; you can look on and receive instruction while I work. When to Remove all the Brood. We open the first hive we come to. It is strong and has a vigorous queen reared last year. We notice it is holding up tvork in supers and on examination find it has queen- cells with larvae three or four days old. There is no mistaking the bees' intentions. We will at once remove their brood-combs, giving dry combs or combs that have some hon- ey in them. If we are short of combs we give two combs and fill out with frames of foun- dation. If we were to shake them on to all foundaiion, they might desert the hive in disgust. Now we replace the supers and close up, and go to the next hive. The colony we have treated we expect will give us as much or more sec- tion honey, and have the brood-chamber bet- ter filled than it would if it had made no l^reparation for swarming. What to Do With Removed Brood. In the next hive we open we find conditions quite different. It is making no prepara- tion for swarming; -in fact, we find three combs in the brood-chamber without brood, although it is starting in the supers. We will remove these three broodless combs containing a good deal of honey, and give this colony three good combs of maturing brood ill place of its combs of honey. Tliis will build it up so we may expect a good sur])lus from it. The next hive we open is a nucleus we started earlier in the season with a choice 376 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE June, 1922 queen, removed from a strong colony from which we desired to rear some queen-cells. We will just give it two nice combs of brood that we took from the first hive we opened. We will soon have it strong enough to go into supers. Another liive is opened. It is doing well; no queen-cells have been started. It is working well in supers. We can do nothing for it but close it up. Treatment When Queen is Removed. The next hive we find is one from which the queen was removed eight days ago for rearing queens. All nice queen-cells must be cut out and placed in a nursery and the rest destroyed to prevent swarming. I know many writers say cut out all but one, but I have found that one may lead out a swarm if left. Better leave them queenless for a week longer in the swarming season. Disposition of Combs of Honey Removed. The next hive we find like the first one we ojjened, preparing to swarm, with an abundance of brood, a vigorous queen, young and active. We will remove its brood-combs and give it the combs of honey we have taken from other hives. If there is not enough to fill the brood-chamber, we may insert two or three dry combs or frames of foundation. It does not harm to shake a colony on to combs half or three-fourths full of honey, for, finding little room to store the honey they gather from day to day in the brood-chamber, they will carry it to the supers above and fill them more rapidly. Treatment When Queen Is Old. We open another hive. Here we find queen-cells in all stages of development, some with eggs, some larvae, and one or two already sealed. Shall we shake it as we did the last one? I think not. Look! There is a very small amount of brood for so strong a colony. Evidently the queen is failing. Looking at our record we find she is two years old. No; it will be unwise to treat this colony as we did the last. If we should shake it as we did the last one, they might desert the combs we give it, lose tlieir queen and return to the hive queenless and broodless. Or the queen might fill a space as large as the palm of my hand with eggs and then disappear. We find colonies having old queens much more inclined to swarm than those having young queens or those not over a year old. It is also much more difficult to check their swarming impulse. If we sliould shake this colony, it may become an unprofitable one; so we will remove the old queen and also all combs from the brood-chamber which con- tain little or no brood and fill up witli good combs of maturing brood taken from a col- ony we have shaken. The emerging brood will keep this colony strong and at work in supers, although it is queenless. Of course we must cut out all queen-cells likely to ma- ture before we open the hive again, or a young queen may emerge and lead out a swarm and our plans be thwarted. Strengthening Colonies After Shaking. We open another hive. This is one, I see, that we shook or whose brood we removed eight days ago. They are doing well. The queen has filled four combs with brood. Work has gone right on in the supers. They have given up all thought of swarming. All new swarms decrease in numbers rapidly, espe- cially if honey comes in slowly, as no young brood is emerging for the first three weeks. To make up for the loss of these old bees that are dying off, we will remove three or four combs of honey from the brood-cham- ber of this colony that was shaken from its brood eight days ago and fill up with combs of emerging brood we have removed from some other hive. As we go over a yard in this way we look after supers, removing those that are filled and giving new ones where they are needed. A good man can go over a yard of 80 to 100 hives in a day if he has a good assistant. At the end of the day he will have few more colonies than at the beginning, but the most of them will be in better condition to gather the nectar flowing from the fields of clover. All colonies made queenless should be given a young queen in about 15 or 16 days. We run in virgin queens at the entrance, with little loss as a rule. Of course all filled supers should be removed and new ones given as needed. Some years when we have found it neces- •sary to shake a large number of colonies and we have more brood-combs than we can give to other colonies, we have taken a brood-chamber full of them and gone to some colony where the bees were loafing on the outside of the hive and scooped up enough to care for the brood. Effect of Destroying Queen-cells. Sometimes we can break up the swarming impulse by simply cutting out queen-cells once in eight or nine days and it answers every purpose; at least a colony will go no farther than to start cells and the queen lay eggs in them. However, for the majority of colonies, when once t^iey have started, strong measures are required to stop them and keep them at work in the supers. Many colonies will do but little in supers after they have larvae in queen-cells, unless honey is very abundant in the fields, and prompt work is required to secure the best results. It does not pay, as a rule, to shake a colony until it is strong in bees, so we often in the fore part of the season cut out queen-cells from weak colonies and wait until the next time we go over them before sliaking. Of course, such a system requires that the queens' wings be clipped before the swarm- ing season sets in. It also requires good judgment on the part of the beemaster. Sometimes we can check the swarming im- pulse by removing only two or three combs or frames of brood instead of removing all of the brood (which is better) and replace with dry combs or foundation. Middlebury, Vermont. JlNE, 192-. gijRanings in bee culture IEtI>X)F ABSOLUTE SWARM PREVENTION A Modification of the Demaree Plan Prevents All Swarming and Stimulates Gathering and Storing The Demaree plan fails, all too often, in its purpose of securing perfect swarm pre- vention and the largest crop, because the old queen, confined below the excluder, "sulks" and does not lay freely, the colony sometimes even starting queen-cells below and soon swarming, or, it may swarm when virgin queens emerge in the brood placed above the excluder, if the queen-cells are not destroyed. If the queen does not lay freely in her new brood-nest, the number of workers for a later honey flow will fall far below the horde which is necessary to gath- er a heavy crop. However, where young laying queens in nuclei, on standard frames, are at hand when the flow arrives, far bet- ter and more uniform results ma}' be had: and that plan, to cause more dollars to pros- per you and yours, is here described. Preparing for this plan 1 use a method of securing considerable numbers of fine queens under the natural swarming impulse, during an early flow such as that from fruit bloom. Other ]ilans of securing young queens may. of course, be used; and when numbers of young layers can be at work in nuclei be- fore the main flow, it is possible to combat swarming far more effectually, where, as here, the orthodox methods do fail too fre- quently. Assuming a number of nuclei, each con- taining one or two combs of brood and bees, with a young laying queen, remove from its stand a strong colony which may or may not be preparing to swarm. In its place put a hive, in the middle of which place n nucleus consisting of one or two frames with some brood and bees, a young laying queen, an empty comb of best quality on at least one side of the little colony, in which the young queen can continue laying, and fill the remaining space with best combs or full sheets of foundation in wired frames. I usually put an empty comb on each out- er side of the hive and then fill the remain- der of the space with frames of foundation; the space should be filled in whatever man- ner is found by experience to give best re- sults under the conditions in other locali- ties. Now place an excluder on the brood- chamber containing the little nucleus col- ony. Find and kill the old queen in the col- ony which you are treating; or, if she is of value, take her out and put her in a nucleus. If in a locality where nights at this time are warm, place one or more supers of empty or partly empty combs just above the ex- cluder, then destroy all queen-cells on the brood and place it in a hive-body or bodies, above the supers of empty comb. If in a locality where nights are cool, place the brood just above the excluder, and the su- pers of comb above the brood, and save yourself occasional heavy losses of unsealed brood due to the bees partially deserting the old brood-nest, so far from the new queen b'elow, and allowing the brood to chill or suffer from neglect during cool nights or a few days of very cool weather. In some localities or in some seasons such colonies will not swarm even though young queens emerge above the excluder. Where such is not the case all queen-cells must be destroyed about 10 days later when swarm- ing is over for the season, so far as that colony is concerned. I do not remember that I have ever had a swarm from colonies so treated, so long as they have had room in which to store. The colony by this manipu- lation is at once placed in the best of condi- tion to gather the crop; and, by the absence of loafing and the free laying of the young queen, there is sure to be a big force of workers to gather a later honey flow. Briefly, instead of putting a comb of brood, with the old queen, below the ex- cluder, as in the usual Demaree plan and in the various modifications of that plan usu- ally suggested, we put below the excluder a nucleus with a young laying queen, and after removing the old queen from the old brood-chamber, we place this old brood- chamber, either immediately above the ex- cluder, if in a locality having cool nights, or if in a warmer locality, we place above the excluder one or more extracting-supers filled with empty combs, with the brood- chamber with its bees and brood above these empty combs, always first destroying any queen-cells to be found in this old brood- chamber. Later, if increase is desired, this chamber of brood, with its emerging bees, may be set off on a new stand and given a queen. You will not regret giving this im- proved Demaree plan a thorough trial, for it "delivers the goods." E. F. Atwater. Meridian, Idaho. CATALEPTIC QUEENS How Despondent Queens Commit Suicide (?) Some New Light on an Old Subjert For many years past there have appeared from time to time articles concerning "Cat- aleptic" queens. They have been described as fainting, having fits, paralysis, epilepsy, catalepsy, heart failure, etc. About 20 years ago T had a queen that threw one of these fits. She lay as though dead for half an 378 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE June, 1922 FROM THE FIELD OF EXPERIENCE hour or more, at which time she came slowly >oiit of it. I placed a drop of honey on her tongue and she revived rapidly, and when placed back in her hive she seemed no worse off for having her "spell." Since that time I have noted many cases similar. Sometimes they recover and sometimes they quiver a short time and die without regain- ing consciousness. In shipping queens this happened frequently, so that in the course of the season the loss was considerable. This caused me to study the case to see if the cause could be found and a remedy ap- plied. If it were appendicitis, we could op- erate; if it were something like smallpox, we could vaccinate; or, if it were failing glands, we might graft in monkey glands. Now maybe she ran out of vitamines or by mistake' took vitamine "A" when she should have taken vitamine "B." But if it were hardening of the arteries causing high blood pressure, why, nothin' doin'; she would have to die. But before we could ad- minister, we must first diagnose (that word always sounds classy). I have always been a wee bit skeptical about a queen's having catalepsy, from the fact that queens in their hives sometimes get so scared that they squeal and make a terrible fuss as though they were "plum skeert to death," but under such conditions they never throw fits. A very significant fact was that they always had these fits just after being picked up by the wings. All report this fact. One day I was watching a queen tliat had gone into the wrong hive. The bees, as is their custom, were trying to catch her by Queen with her foot ugainst sting. the legs, and she was scratching gravel at a great rate. By and by they got her, and in a moment she seemed to take a fit. When I examined her, I found a small j)'*'"* of a worker's sting left in her body. By her actions, I was convinced that these queens that had fits were getting stung in some mysterious manner. T kept a careful watch and some time later I was rewarded by see- ing Just hoAv the thing was done. As I picked up a queen by the wings, she put out one of her front feet and placed it on the tip of her abdomen, exactly as shown in the cut. The sting was protruding slight- ly and her foot was over the end of it. In- stantly she quivered and lay as though dead. She had stung herself in the foot! The cut was taken from Mell Pritchard's' book, "Modern Queen Bearing," and was made to show the manner of picking up a queen in order to clip her, and was not made to illustrate this article. Evidently the art- ist who drew this picture had seen many queens picked up in this manner, for the picture is exceedingly true to life. The queen in the picture does not seem to real- ize that she is playing with fire and does not know "it is loaded." At other times the queen will curl up in such a manner as to place her sting against her bosom about betAveen the fourth and fifth ribs, or at least where they would be if she had them, and in this position the point of her sting protrudes slightly. The mere touch of the sting is sufficient to make the queen deathly sick, and sometimes she gets an overdose and dies. Since that discovery, I have been particular to keep her "biznez end pinted tother way, ' ' and have had no more cataleptic queens. Therefore, as far as queens' having catalepsy, why, "they haint no sich animul." In the April number of the American Bee .lournal, Allen Latham writes that catalep- sy occurs when the queen has nothing to cling to and that it occurs after she has taken hold of the tip of her abdomen. He also states that the queen acts as though slie had been stung by a, virgin. So she does, but she accidently stings herself. Vincennes, Ind. Jay Smith. SWARM CONTROL A Veteran Comb Honey Producer Tells How to Do This in the West Is writing upon this stibject any different from a retold story? Yes. When we look back over the past 40 years we see that much has been accomplished in the control of swarming; and while the wreckage of wrong ideas and exploded theories has not been a little, Ave knoAV Ave liaA^e not yet I'cached the ha\'en of complete success. While I believe that Ave have strains of bees today in Avhich the SAvarming impulse is much less than 40 years ago, I do not think the time Avill ever come Avhen tlie SAvarming impulse will be eliminated through selection and breeding. For 25 years I hav'e had both eight and ten frame apiaries, and T do not find the difference in sAvarming that some report. I am afraid I get the most comb honey from the eight-frame hives. In Avorking for Junk, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE A FROM THE FIELD OF EXPERIENCE 379 comb honey it is not the kind of hive one uses that controls sw.arming; it's the kind of honey flow and the way the bees are manipulated to satisf.y them. Tn this article I can lay down rules only for my own location, for swarming in some locations is mucli more easily controlled than in others. In all apiaries there is a small jier cent of colonies that seem to get in condition to swarm early in the season. Such colonies are allowed to increase, and these splendid natural cells are used for in- crease or in replacing superannuated queens. This leaves the average-sized colonies to be held until the honey flow without swarming. It is not necessary here to discuss the dif- ferent plans of swarm control where one is working for extracted honey, for giving ample room, with a little comb-building to do at all times more than the present needs of the colony up to the honey flow, will do COMB LOVERS AND [IRi; WORSHIPPERS Effective Work. Done in Conquering Foul Brood in Wisconsin Yes, we have foul brood — both kinds — and plenty of it. During the last season I inspected bees in nearly every county in the state, and I found European foul l)rood in almost every yard visited. This disease is no respecter of soils, as many people seem to think. It seems to be equally destructive in the southern part of the state on the rich limestone soil as in the central sandy counties. Picture No. 1 shows a yard in western Wisconsin almost 100 per cent destroyed by European foul brood. One of the worst areas in the state last year was part of Brown and Kewauee counties. Many of the infected apiaries were on the limestone Fi£ -A W was almost completely destroyed by Kuropean foul brood. the business. But with comb honey it is different. The beekeeper must have a men- tal picture of all conditions, must meet the conditions and demands of the brood-nest and not allow that unbalanced condition be- tween the hive bees and the field Avorkers which will soon produce the swarming fever. This can be done by giving the queen ample room, with some combs to draw out, between the supers and the entrance. This will pre- vent that condition of satisfaction and completeness which bees desire before they swarm. Now if one feels sure of the approacli of his main honey flow, lie must reduce his brood-nest to one story and give ample room for surplus-honey storage. Then if the flow comes, swarming will be reduced to the minimum, for there is no condition that pre- vents swarming more than a good honey flow if it comes just at the climax of the swarming fever. M. A. Gill. Hyrum, Utah. ridge extending thru Door, Kewanee, Brown and Calumet countie;. In Oconto County the disease was practically universal. There was a decided epidemic in Bayfield County in the extreme northern part of the state. In every case where the disease caused any trouble and loss, two things were evi- dent, hybrid bees and poor beekeeping. So far as I am able to determine, these are the only two factors to be considered in ^ dis- cussion of this disease. I believe that Euro- pean foul brood will eventually destroy all of the black and hybrid bees and put all of the poor beekeepers on the shelf. Because of the large number of wide- awake, aggressive beekeepers in Wisconsin, we are not much concerned about Euro- pean foul brood. The presence of the dis- ease is the direct cause of much Italianizing that would not have taken place otherwise. In a sense European foul brood is a bless- ing. It makes an ordinary beekeeper into a good beekeeper or puts him out of the 380 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE June, 1922 FROM THE FIELD OF EXPERIENCE business. It also discourages the keeping of a colony or so on every farm by careless, inefficient people, which might otherwise be- come a source of trouble from American foul brood. American foul brood is being controlled in this state in a very thoro and efficient manner. Our drastic law. which controls the movement of all bees, is working won- derfully to stop the spread of the disease. The inspection force is doing more in the way of destroying infected material than was ever done before. We are practically unanimous in our conviction that the ordin- ary treatment in the hands of the ordinary beekeeper is a failure. We have not a sin- gle case on record where a beekeeper, even the best of them, has been able to eradicate American foul brood from his yard by the "shaking method." I know of many, many cases, among them wise beekeepers, progres- his bees. There are no "bee tight" honey- houses. To keep infected material about the place and to keep it away from the bees appears to be an impossibility. I know of no beekeeper who has performed that feat. Picture No. 2 is a cosy little yard which was found to be about 75 per cent infected with American foul brood. The disease here can bo traced, throiijiii tlie movement of bees from the yard of Adam Grimm, who is said to have introduced American foul brood into this state from Italy more than 50 years ago. I Doubtful after .50 years. — Editor.] While the inspection department has not had sufficient time to demonstrate conclu- sively the success of the area clean-up meth- od, yet we have entirely freed a number of counties from the disease where there were but few infected yards. In heavy-infected sec- tions where the inspection has been carried on for three successive seasons, the diseased Fig. 2. — Seventy live per ■lit of tlie colonies in this cozy little apiavy were found to have American fotil brood. sive beekeepers, teachers and professors, who have been treating American foul brood in their yards for several years, and not a single one of them has been able to free his yard from the dread disease. The average beekeeper is a "lover." He loves nature, he loves learning, he loves his bees, but the things he loves the most are the old hives, the old combs and the old paraphernalia which he has made with his own hands. Oh, if we could break up this ' * love affair ' ' and turn these ' ' comb lov- ers" into "fire worshipers!" If we could only get them to realize that one "fire" is better than a dozen "shakings;" that in the long run burning is easier, cheaper and surer than shaking. I have found no one able to keep infected material away from apiaries have been reduced to a very small per cent. The inspection department has stopped the spread of disease into scores of diseased free sections and counties. I have come to the conclusion tliat the sooner we begin to treat American foul brood as we treat other incurable diseases, the better. No one thinks of treating the foot and mouth disease among cattle, except by the out and out destruction of all infected ani- mals. 'If we could use that method and de- stroy all diseased colonies and infected ma- terial on the spot, we would soon have this disease under absolute control, from which you may observe that I am a "fire worship- per.'" H. L. McMurry, Madison, Wis. June, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE GEACE LEN, [s SIFTINGS J. E. Crane LJ ^=s^^^^^^=^ AL- 0 n page 312, May Gleanings, refers to Miss Josephine Morse as a typical "sideline!-, " and she is right. Not only is she a typ- . , ^vt -n t i ical "sideliner," but a typical New England woman. No one, to see her at a beekeepers meeting, the lady that she is, would suspect the work she can do. The soil of New Eng- land is not as fertile as the prairies ot the West and the Inter-mountain regions, or the Pacific coast. Our climate is harsh, our winters severe; but it is doubtful whether anv other section of our country is better adapted to the production of strong, selt- reliant men and women than this same New England. It is not at all surprising that she succeeds where others might fail. * * * A P Sturtevant, in the article commenc- ing on page 298 on the ' ' Brood Disease Vari- ations," is most enlightening. I frankly confess I have never been able to tell to a certainty, in a small per cent of the ease^ that have come under my observation whether it was American or European foul brood. After carefully studying his article one ought to be pretty sure of his diagno- sis- * , * A colored man is said to have been build- ino- a fire with wet wood, and when called away for a little he returned to find his fire had gone out. He remarked with all the cheerfulness of his race, "Bless cle Lor , it de fire has gone out de wood is left. bo we beekeepers may keep cheerful if we find a few colonies in spring dead from queen- lessness or other causes. We may yet be thankful that the hives, combs and more or less honev are left, with which to help other colonies or to make new ones when honey is plentiful. That up-to-date article by H. H. Boot on extracting honey on a large scale, commenc- ino- on page 302, is certainly interesting. While most of us do not do business on so lar .•md convenient sideboard with chin;! cinsct.s, flaiikeil by a storage closet on citlu'r i'in\, IN A RENTED KITCHEN CONSTANCE ROOT BOYDEN (Stancy Puerden) 1 tJ .Tune, 1922 one of which opens into the dining room and tlie other into" the kitchen. The space between the two closets, on the kitchen side of the par- tition, is filled in with cupboards, open shelves and draw- ers, with an open workshelf at table height balancing a similar shelf on the dining room side. In the center of this is a small door, hinged at the top, through which food and dishes may be passed into the dining room, but because of the cupboards on the kitchen side and the china closets on the dining room side the passage is long, and I rather sympathize with one of my nieces who sometimes slangily requests, "Shoot me the glasses" when she is preparing to wash dishes. The distance from here to the office, to which the men of the temporarily double family have to drive every day, is twelve miles, and they have three favorite routes, Huntington Drive, Valley Boulevard and Coyote Pass. Coyote Pass is supposed to furnish the draft from the ocean which de- lightfully tempers the climate adjacent to it. For that reason when the housekeeper who sits at the end of the table near the sideboard felt a draft on the back of her neck she christened the pass cupboard "Coyote Pass," and now we always allude to it that way and try to remember to close "Coyote Pass" when everything essential to a meal has been put through. And the route to the dining room through the hall and living room has become ' ' Huntington Drive, ' ' while the serving pantrv route is "Valley Boulevard." The latter 'also leads to a breakfast room, but as it was rather small for our number and quite as far from the kitchen as the dining room we never used it for that purpose. WHEN we took this house we were glad to find it apparently well equipped with clocks. There was a good-look- ing mantel clock in the living room, a pretty little wall clock in the dining room, a state- ly and beautiful old clock, which would not run, in the library, and a large, old-fashion- ed pendulum clock hanging on the kitchen wall. We thought it quite fine to have a kitchen clock which struck witli a sonorous tone. But whether the Ohio invasion or the January freeze hoodooed those clocks we have never determined; but soon after Ave moved in they struck, not as good clocks should, but like tlie miners on April 1. The dining room clock just laid down its tools without notice; the living room clock had a bad case of heart trouble and skipped ticks in a distressing way for several days before it too stopped woik; tlie hour hand on the kitclien clock decided to take a rest at six, Junk, HV2'J t; h K A N I N (i S IN li K K C U I; '1' IJ K K 383 :iltli(iii^l: the iiiinulc liaiid kept at work, and regardless of liow often we eoaxod tlio lionr hand back on its job it would drop back to six. the minute we turned our backs. Our landlord came to our assistance, did a few mysterious tliinjjs to tliem anil then started all the clocks, having wedged souie blotting paper back of the hour hand of the one in the kitchen. Tlic clocks ticked regularly and reassuringly until he was out of sight and then each refused to work in its own peculiar way. We have long since given up argument with the dining room clock, but the living room clock is so will- ing tliat we still have hopes of it. Tt will generally run cheerfully for several hours after it has been persuasively tilted, and therefore on those days when someone has time to start it frequently we hear its com- panionable though intermittent tick. If urged a little at bedtime it has been known to run all night long, cheering the chance insomnia sufferer by telling her the approxi- mate hour. Its striking is a little inaccurate. For weeks the kitchen clock was abso- lutely reliable to this extent — we could al- ways tell the time if we could remember the hour, for the minute hand kept almost perfect time. But sometimes we forgot to wind our watches or left them upstairs, for- got the hour and had to guess at it, with the result that the painfully punctual one of the two housekeepers arrived at church one Sunday morning when the service was three- fourths over. BUT in spite of "Coyote Pass," obstin- ate clocks and a few other little draw- backs added to homesick pangs for the dear old homes in Ohio, we have had plenty of fun in the rented kitchen and the work has gone off much more smoothly and easily than we thought possible at first. The three girls and the two mothers have learned to do teamwork in preparing meals and wash- ing dishes, one of the fathers has proved himself quite a chef in getting breakfasts while the two housekeepers were dressing and putting up school lunches, and we housekeepers have learned not a few things from each other. When we separate in June and go into the homes which we have bought T suspect the girls will be more or less lonely, the housekeepers will miss each other's intelligent assistance and the break- fast chef may miss his own coffee, which he now boils to his heart's content. The following are some of the recipes which we found to be practical for the dou- ble family, ranging from eight to ten at various times: Mutton Stew with Dumplings. 2 lb.15. forequarter mut- 1 teaspoon Worcester- ton shire sauce 3 onions, sliced 2 cloves 3 carrots, diced Salt to taste 4 turnips, diced Flour 1 tablespoon vinegar Cut the meat in pieces suitable for serving:, add the vegetables and cover the whole with cold wa- ter, bring to a boil, skim, cover closely and simmer until the meat is tender. When done, season, lliicIit in the margarin and add the egg mixed witii enough milk to make a stiff, drop batter. Drop by the teaspoonfnl over the boiling stew and cook as di- rected above. The egg may be mixed with a little milk and more added to the batter if needed. Lightning Cocoa. V2 cup cocoa 1 teaspoon vanilla Va cup sugar Vn teaspoon salt 1 qt. milk 1 qt. water Put the milk and w-ater in a kettle over the fire, mix the sugar, cocoa and salt thoroughly and sprinkle over the top of the milk and water mix- ture. Bring it to a boil, flavor with the vanilla and serve with cream and more sugar, if desired. Stewed Rhubarb. 2 lbs. strawberry rlui- 1 cup granulated sugar barb, cut small 2 slices of orange V2 cup water Put all the ingredients in an enameled sauce- pan, cover closely, set on an asbestos mat over the fire with the burner rather low and cook slow- ly until each piece of rhubarb is tender but whole and the juice red and clear. If the oven is in use for something else the rhubarb may be baked. Scalloped Potatoes with Pork and Lamb Chops. Potatoes Pork chops Milk Lamb chops Flour Salt and pepper Peel and slice the potatoes and arrange in lay- ers in a shallow pan, dredging each layer lightly with flour. Season with pepper and salt and pour in milk until it can be seen between the potatoes. A little onion may be added, if liked. Arrange the pork and lamb chops over the potatoes and, bake about two hours in a moderate oven. All pork chops may be used or all lamb. If no pork is used and the lamb is very lean, a little butter should be used to season the potatoes. It is well to turn the chops when about half done. Oven Fried Mush. 1 qt. cornmeal 3 teaspoons salt 3 qts. boiling water Pour the boiling water slowly over the cornmeal in a large kettle, stirring carefully to prevent lumping. Put over the fire until it thickens and boils hard (in little volcanoes) wh-^n the kettle should be placed on a rack in a larger one, the inner kettle covered closely, and cooked for an hour or more. If you have no rack the covers to baking powder cans or coffee cans will serve to raise the inner kettle enough to prevent burning. When done dip the mush into two bread nans, which have been rinsed in 'cold water, and set aside until cold and firm. Slice tho mush and place the slices in well-gre-ised shallow pans (cooky sheets, if you have them), spread them liberally with fresh bacon or sausage fat and bake an hour in a hot oven. The prepared mush may be placed in the oven the night before. Then the housekeeper can slip down to the kitchen, light the oven burners and go back for a little nap be- fore dressing. Serve with honey. Apricot Marmalade. 2 lbs. dried apricots 1 can shredded pineapple Sugar, honey or both Carefully wash and soak the apricots overnight. In the morning put them through a food chopper and together with the water in which they were soaked mix them with the can of shredded pine- apple. Measure the fruit and for every quart of fruit add three cups of sugar, honey or a mixture of the two in any proportion desired. Put over the fire and cook a short time until thick, taking great care to prevent scorching. This does not .Telly but a very few minutes cooking will result in a thick spread for bread. All roea.5urements level. 384 GLEANINGS iN BEE CULTURE Junk, 1922 o c Beekeeping as a Side Line lUf NE t li i 11 «■ that I have been doing the last two springs more thoronghly than ever before is c 1 a s s i f y i n g combs. Before putting supers . ._, ... on the hives, I look them over comb by comb. Into one quickly scraped super go all the good combs, into another the second grade, and so on. Then I mark them — that's the new part. A little can of red paint sits on the worktable, and when a super is filled with first-grade combs, I paint a straight red line across the middle of the top-bars, thus marking not only the full super but also each comb in ease they should get separated. These are straight, wired combs, with prac- tically all-worker cells, and may be used at any time as part of the brood-chamber. It is particularly important to have only such good combs in the first super put on in the spring, as I usually let it be part of the brood-chamber. The shallow that was on all winter is almost certain to be filled with brood in the early spring. So that one is put above an excluder, and a new one given to the queen, in addition to her full-depth brood-chamber. So I must have only good combs. The No. 2 combs, collected into another super, are marked with two red stripes. These are combs that may be used in the brood-chamber if necessary, but not until all the No. 1 's are used. They are not bad, but are not so good as we like. Then those that have too much drone comb to be used for brood are marked with three red lines and ai'e to be used only above the excluder, unless the drone comb is cut out and success- fully replaced with worker comb. Any that get four red marks are to be cut out — later in the season, Avhen there is no chance of their being |)ressed into service through some unexpected rush of nectar. These particu- larly bad combs, I hasten to explain, came into our yard largely — though not entirely — through purchase. By leaving, so far as possible, only marked combs on the hives in the fall, one could gradually grade and mark all his combs. Such work, of course, is never really fin- ished, for the season 's use may make a dif- ference with some combs — as we found this spring from moth and mold. But reclassi- fying then will be a small matter. Within another year or tAvo we hope to have all tlie full-depth combs graded likewise; only a small number of them are done so far. The paint marks will gradually wear off, but they Avill have served us through tliis period of weeding out and classifying. Or they cm (NHsily be renewed, if it seems worth while. Have you moved your bees? So asks every one who knows th;jt wc have moved our- Holves. Except for taking the few colonics 1 Grace Allen LJ from West Nash- ville out to the country yard, we liave left the bees undisturb- ed. They are fairly conven- ient, scarcely a mile away, and ..,.,, , are well estab- lished in the yard we have so much enjoyed for two 3'ears. Perhaps some day we will move them, but for the present they are still there by the cherry orchard, with the hills beyond. We were somewhat late getting at our spring Avork this year. On April 15 we started looking through the hives — a Satur- day that closed with a sunset like the jasper and sapphire and flaming jewels visioned from the Isle of Patmos — like uplifted doors through which the very King of Glory might come in. And the next morning was Easter. The result of our first examination makes us affirm most emphatically that beekeepers might well modify the dictum at present so popular, that you cannot leave too much honey with the bees in the fall. Possibly not, but you better examine them early the next spring. Because they have plenty of stores, don't think you can take your own time about your spring examination. The fact of having so much mav be the very reason you must not delay. It doesn't hurt the bees to have a lot more than they will need, if they are not cramped for room; but it may be very inconvenient for the bee- keeper, if, for any reason, he is prevented from making an early examination. Par- ticularly when there is an early spring. A lot too much honey on the hives during win- ter calls for an early examination almost as emphatically as not quite enough honey does. (Only perhaps not quite so earlv.) The not-quite-enough may suffice if the spring comes early, but it call Cool and Dry We are having the worst con- Weather in ilitions of weather for bee- Southern keeping Ave have had for California. many, many years, consider- ing the amount of rainfall we had during the past winter. March and April were comparatively dry. Unless we have rain soon and some warm clear weath- er, there will not be more than one-fourth to lialf a crop, and we may be lucky if we liave our bees fill up for winter. Word comes to me that many tons of sugar were fed to bees in certain sec- tions of southern California. Bees that liave been left rich or full of honey the pre- vious season will come through in much bet- ter condition and not need to be fed. The fact is, many extract too closely and bees go through the winter in a weakened and starving condition, which causes a great loss to anyone that follows that practice. The exaggerated reports of the great crop of honey expected will be far short Avhen the crop is harvested. These exaggerated reports always have a depressing effect upon the price of honey. A late issue of a bee- keepers ' periodical of this state, by mis- take, made me say that an immense crop is expected in California. T wish to state through your journal that this was not writ- ten by me. We can not be sure of a cro]> until we get it into the cans. Ventur.'i, Cal. M. H. Mendleson. :20^BB= Yellow Italians 1 sent for a few yellow Swarm More Than t h r e e-banded Italians Darker-Colored. from Alabama a year ago and noticed the dif- ference in behavior between these yellow Italians and my darker Italians in swarming. I hived a swarm in June of the yellow kind in a Jumbo hive, and the same colony swarmed again in August. The same is true of another colony of yellow bees hived in June. They had many queen-cells started in the first part of August, and. if I had not given them so large a super and strength- ened other colonies from this hive when I noticed the queen-cells started, they too would have swarmed again in August. My darker Italians do not swarm tliis way in the fall. Emil A. Lund. Vining, Minn. Good Yield 1 started with one colony of in Oklahoma, black bees in 1918. Now I have eleven colonies of Ital- ians. I had seven colonies last spring. I made increase and after selling six nuclei I have eleven colonies left. One of them had European foul brood so I had to treat it during the honey flow and of course it made no surplus honey. The other ten colonies produced 1000 pounds of extracted honey and 130 pounds of chunk honey. I sold the chunk honey for 25c per pound. I have sold 900 pounds of extracted honey for 20c per pound. H. Sharp. Shawnee, Olda. Colony With Two On June 16, 1921, I re- Laying Queens queened a colony with a and a Queen-Cell. queen-cell and on June 29 the queen was lay- ing. In looking through this colony on Aug- ust 11 I saw a little black queen, so I sup- posed the other queen was dead. Not being satisfied Avitli this queen I decided to re- queen the colony. I opened the hive on August 25 to kill the queen and found a laying queen Avhich I killed. She did not look like the one I saw before, so I looked farther and found another laying queen. Next I found a sealed queen-cell which I destroyed. This colony had one brood- chamber and two comb-honey supers, two laying queens and a sealed queen-cell in 07ie hive at one time. I think this is unusual. Trevose, Pa. E. Sterner. Qt= no ^ QC Wavy Combs From J. E. Crane has some Vertical Wiring. combs over 40 years old- free from sag, built on the Van Deusen wired foundation. I tested the Van Deusen foundation, and some of the combs are practically perfect. In hot weather there Avas a serious Avaviness and bulge betAveen the A'ertieal Avires, and there is a serious tendency for the sheet to curl, eA-en when put in frames Avith three hori- zontal Avires. If I Avere to use any founda- tion such as the Van Deusen, containing vertical Avires about an inch apart, I would Avant all combs drawn before very hot Aveather, and the sheet of foundation with its vertical Avires to extend doAvn betAveen tlie halA'es of a divided bottom-bar, to stop the tendency to curl. E. P. Atwater. Meridian, Idaho. GLEANINGS IN B i: K C U L T U R E Junk, 1922 HEADS OF GRAJr^nPpwQT DIFFERENT FIELDS To Take Swarms When the bees cluster on Down from a high limb and one can High Trees. not get out to them, we throw a line — at least my son James does. He was in the navy on the "Kearsage" and can "throw lines" pretty well — over a limb above the one the bees are on. Then we hoist up a hive with one brood-comb and several empty combs in it. The bottom of this hive pro- jects about a foot (or more) in front. We liave another line attached to the hive so we can swing it in any position we wish. By jerking down on the line we jar the bees on to the jjlatform and top of the hive. It is well to have tlie top set back, say, an inch or two, so the bees can enter directly through the top. John M. Ware. Opelousas, La. Short and to A good queen is worth from the Point. five to twenty-five dollars, but a poor queen is worth very little. A large working force at the beginning of the honey flow is the same as money in the beekeeper's pocket; but a weak colony at this time is worthless as a surplus-honey producer. One worker bee of the right age, at the beginning of the honey flow, is worth more than three after the flow is over. Plenty of super room discourages swarm- ing. Insufficient super room is a stimulation to swarming. A large amount of drone comb in the brood-chamber signifies a poor beekeeper. The amount of food used in rearing two drones will rear three workers. A worker is a producer; while a drone is a consumer. Weak, queenless colonies denote a neg- lected apiary. A modern hive in the hands of a slipshod beekeeper is no better then the old box hive or log gum. A scientific beekeeper is not judged by the number of colonies he keeps, but how he keeps them. A super of lioney on the hive is worth two in the field. Eugene Holloway. Marietta, Okla. :2i3^C»= Good Results from Colony . Transferred from Tree. r transferred from a tree a large colony of bees, with brood and all suitable comb, into three ten-frame hives, dividing the bees and brood as equally as I could, introducing southern-reared queens in the two queen- less ones, adding two frames of foundation to each colony and placing a division-board beside the frames. This was done at the beginning of the fruit bloom. About two weeks later one of these little colonies swarmed. I put the swarm in a ten-frame liive, giving them a comb from one of the other colonies. I commenced to feed these colonies a little sugar syrup in an Alexander feeder as soon as they were transferred, adding full frames of foundation as needed. I also cut out queen-cells from the one that swarmed, introducing a southern queen. I was surprised how fast they increased in numbers and filled their hives. About the 20th of June 1 put on full-depth supers, raising up a frame of brood and filling out with frames of foundation. These four colo- nies drew out 65 full frames of combs, and I extracted 180 pounds of honey from them. Nashville, Mich. ' Will G. Hyde. Beekeepers It has appeared to me that Less Observant during the latter years the Than Formerly, scientific interest which formerly made beekeeping so enhancing has been somewhat on the wane, and been substituted by articles of practical results, which can be very inter- esting; but, as long as we have not a full understanding of the swarming problem, I regret that such is the case. So much has been done for us modern beemen in the time past that we ought to "take up the burden and the lesson" and solve the swarming problem within the next decade. And this can surely be done only by keeping up the scientific interest. Here I must say that, in my own experience, the large number of colonies in modern beeyards is not conducive to scientific observations. Axel Hoist. St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, U. S. A. Reaueening While keeping bees in New Without Mexico, I tried out a plan of Dequeening. requeening without dequeen- ing, that might interest some of the readers of Gleanings. I tried to get virgin queens to mate from the lower story with an excluder between the lower and the upper stories, the old queen being in the up- per story, but met with very poor success. T tried the plan with the virgin queen in tlie upper story and the old queen below with an entrance in the upper storv, but that would not work either. T found by the use of a wire screen between the two stories to stop the bees from mingling and by giving them a separate entrance in the upper story the virgin queen will mate all 0. K. I found the best plan is to make up a nucleus in the upper story and give it a ripe queen- cell, then after the young queen begins to lay, the old queen can be removed and the wire screen taken away. T make the -en- trance for the nucleus in the back end of the hive. A. N. Norton. Homedale, Idaho. Ji:.\K, lQ-1-1 0 L K A N I N 0 S! IN n K E C U Ti 1' U R, R 39 n c LJ BRADF O R D County leads the other counties of Penns}^lvani;i in the jjroduetion of honey. There were 6729 hives in the county last year and an average price yield was $6.50. This makes tlie entire yield in the county $42,738.50. So, beekeeping in Bradford County is quite an enterprise. Ten years ago beekeeping was a thriving industry throughout the state, but the spread of foul brood wiped Out thousands of hives. With the improved methods for fighting bee diseases, the in- dustry has once more become profitable, with the result that thousands of new hives are being placed in the state annually."- — • Phil. Browning, Broome County, New York. "We are having a very late spring. No fruit trees in bloom here yet (May 9)." — W. J. Sheppard, Nelson, B. C. "The cold late spring has cut our pros- pects for a honey crop here 25% in my opin- ion."-— L. L. Andrews, California. "Bees are in fine shape. Surplus coming in at the rate of 25 pounds a week." — Far- mer F. Shaw, Houston County, Texas. "Honey flow is fine here from holly and black gum and ratan, but not ready to take off vet." — M. N. Wheatley, Sevier County, Ark. "If the bees had not been fed here this spring we would have lost at least 75% of the colonies." — W. S. Pangburn, Jones County, Iowa. "More honey consumed at home tlian ever before. Small beemen last season dis- posed of their entire crop by selling to far- mers."— Dr. J. E. Miller, Idaho. "Selling honey was also a great pleasure to me. I sold $60.00 worth in one afternoon. I think that is good for a beginner who must meet all those big questions they fire at one." — Geo. H. Foote. Wood Countv, Ohio. "1 liave never lost a colony of bees in the cellar in my life. And I never allow a queen to get over two seasons old, and this vear they are all of this summer's rearing. Thirty-two of them."— Edw. Holt, Vernon County, .Wis. "I have very much enjoyed tlie articles which have appeared in Gleanings in the past months on the subject of securing more perfect combs. I, myself, have experi- mented a great deal during the ])ast few years on different systems of wiring. I liave about come to the conclusion that I like four horizontal wires and one vertical in the cen- ter as well as any. Still, no way which T have tried is always entirely satisfactory by any means." — L. J. Ray, Los Angeles, Calif. BEES, MEN AND THINGS (You may find it here) 1 U " T h c J) r o s- pects in the tu- pelo belt look favorable. A great many bees are short of stores, especially those that were not carried up out of t h e swamps to the farming belt. Some bee- keepers report as high as 25% winter loss." — J. L. Morgan, Franklin County, Fla. "This strong hive of bees was increased to ten strong colonies by July 15 and pro- duced 167 well-filled pound-sections of hon- ey. Can you beat it?" — Jolni S. Reese, Clark County, Ky. "Place corn cobs thickh'-'on the surface of standing water. They draw the water like a wick up to where the bees can fill up without wetting their feet. Patent not applied for." — I. W. Cameron, Turner Coun- ty, S. D. "I am glad to see some one sticking up for the poor drone. He is not nearly as bad as he is painted. If his mother is good, he is a useful citizen. My motto is, ' Millions of drones from good Italian mothers, but not one black.' "—V. V. Dexter, Kittitas Coun- ty, Wash. ' ' This season is certainly an improvement over last in being more normal. Fruit is blooming nearly a month later than last year. Cool nights and warm afternoons make plenty of nectar, and the bloom is be- ing prolonged. Bees wintered better on less stores than last also." — -R. E. King, Dick- inson County, Kansas. "My bees wintered outdoors packed with straw 100%. The prospects for honey are the best I ever have seen; also the fruit trees look like a bumper crop. There was lots of honey carried over here from last year. No market here for honey at pres- ent. The resort trade will use up all that is carried over I think." — A. W. Pease, Grand Traverse County, Mich. " As a matter of fact I believe bees do think, perhajjs not just as we think, but in a fashion suited to their own nervous sys- tem and needs. Their thinking is perhaps more comparable to that of a chauffeur than to other more intricate mental processes. The chauffeur sees an object, his mind en- ables him swiftly to change liis course. The more I worked with bees tlie more I was convinced of this ability to turn impression into action. I li;ive been environed by ps^^- chologists all my life who fight me about my definitions, but I would just like to see one of these psychologists keep bees for a time and take care of them and love them and understand them and then see what he would think about it." — Anna Botsford Comstock, Tompkins County, N. Y. 394 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE June, 1922 c GLEANED Geo. S L=f QU E S TI O N. — What part of the bottom of the cell does a larva that is three days old cover? One that is 36 hours old? W. Holmberg. California. Answer. — Three-day-old larvae cover about three-fourths of the base of the celL Larvae 36 hours old cover about one-fourth of the base of the cell. Comb-houey Supers and European Foul Brood. Question. — Is there any danger of spreading European foul brood by the comb-honey supers if •there is no honey in them? Minnesota. Ephraim Magnuson. Answer. — There should be practically no danger of transmitting European foul brood by means of empty comb-honey supers that have been stored in the shop all winter. Weight of Queen and Her Eggs. Question. — How much does a queen bee weigh ? How many eggs does she lay in 24 hours and how many of her eggs would it require to weigh one grain ? John F. Johnson. California. Answer. — The weight of the queen bee varies according to whether she is laying heavily or not. During the winter when she is not laying at all she would, of course, weigh the least. Ordinarily, she weighs about .25 of a gram or about three and one- half grains. A good queen is capable of lay- ing 3000 eggs in 24 hours, but she does this only during a short period in the spring. The eggs when first laid weigh about .00013 of a gram but weigh less when about ready to hatch. It would therefore require about 500 of these to weigh one grain, or 240,000 to weigh one ounce. Bees Kill Clipped Queen. Question.- — Is there any danger of the bees killing the queen having her wings clipped, after a number of attempts to swarm ? New York. Roger C. Hinsdill. Answer. — Yes, if the queen is not lost dur- ing an attempt to go with the swarm, the bees after several attempts will give up try- ing to swarm with the old queen and will wait until one of the young queens emerges, when a swarm will issue accompanied by a young queen, the old queen having disap- peared. Age When Young Bees Begin Field Work. Question. — How long is it after emergence be- fore the young bees begin gathering nectar? South Dakota. E. A. Prey. Answer. — Young bees usually begin to work in the fields when they are about two weeks old, though under some conditions they begin field work sevei;al days earlier. "Put Up" Plan for Swarm Control. Question. — What is meant by the "put up plan" for swarming? A. T. Cox. New York, Answer. — The "put up plan" is the name used by Dr. Miller to designate a treatment for colonies that swarm. The hive is moved away and a new hive put in its place, the BY ASKING Demuth 3 u new liive con- taining two or three frames of unsealed brood, but there must not be any q u e e n-cells on these combs. The old hive is then set on top of the new one so that the bees in returning from the field will all enter the new hive. This so depletes the old hive of its bees that the colony gives up swarm- ing and the queen-cells are destroyed. After about 10 days the old hive is put back in its former position and the new oiie taken away for increase. Instead of setting the old hive on top, it can be placed at one side with its entrance turned far enough away so the returning bees will not enter it, then a few days later, turned back so the en- trances are close together before reuniting. When the old hive is set on top, it is placed, bottom and all, above the cover of the new hive, there being no connection between the two hives, each colony having its own en- trance. Empty Chamber Below to Prevent Swarming. Question. — What is your opinion of the efficacy of placing a super containing only empty frames beneath the brood-chamber as soon as winter is over, to prevent swarming? F. H. Bunt. Mexico. Answer. — This will, of course, delay swarming, and in some cases if this delay is sufficient to carry the colony past the critical period for swarming or to the close of the honey flow, swdrming is prevented; but in this country, especially in the North, it can not be depended upon to prevent swarming. This is the principle of the Simmins method, the theory of which is that, as long as combs are being built below the brood, there will be no swarming. This plan was tried out in this country many years ago and abandoned as being not at all dependable when swarm- ing is bad. Changing Supers to Another Hive Without Re- moving Bees. Question. — When shifting supers from one col- ony to another, is it necessary that the bees all be driven out before putting the super on anotlier hive? Frederick Spiker. West Virginia. Answer. — Not if there is a good honey flow at the time this is done. During a heavy honey flow it would not be necessary to drive any of the bees out, so far as dan- ger of their fighting is concerned. At other times it is safer to drive most of the bees out, but it is not necessary that all be driven out. Cause of Loafing During Honey Flow. Question. — What was the cause of my bees quitting work last summer while the honey flow, was still on? J. E. Arnold. Oklahoma. Answer. — There are so many things which will cause the bees to work with less vigor during the honey flow that it is not possible to tell what was the trouble in vour case. Junk, 19: G Ij E A N I N 0 S T N B !•: V. CULTURE 39:- Wlieii bees ari' iiiu-oiiit\)rt:i])lo from any cause such us a lack of ventilation or being exposed to the direct rays of the sun, they are inclined to hang out on the outside of the hive even when nectar is abundant in the fields. Sometimes loafing is caused by the broodchumber being clogged Avitli hon- ey. When much honey is put into the brood- combs and especially if it is sealed, the bees will work with less vigor in the supers. Tliis is usually brought about by a slow honey flow or by weak or medium colonies. Some- times loafiiig is caused by the colony being queenless and sometimes by the lack of room for depositing the thin nectar as it conies in to be ripened. When the nectar is first car- ried into the hive it is distributed a little in many cells, instead of the cells being filled with nectar, the bees refusing to put in more when the few drops are in each cell. For this reason it sometimes happens that there is no room for the incoming nectar, even though the combs are light until the nectar has been evaporated and converted -into honey. Demaree Plan for Swarm Control. Question. — What is meant by the Demaree plan for swarm control? Chas. Fealy. Alabama. Answer. — The Demaree plan is the term now generally applieil to taking the combs of brood out of the brood-chamber and plac- ing them in another hive-body Avhich is then placed above a queen-excluder, tlie queen being confined below where empty combs or frames of foundation have been put in the place of the combs of brood. If this is done after queen-cells have been started prepara- tory to swarming, some prefer to have only empty combs or frames of foundation to- gether witli one or two empty combs be- low; but, if done before any queen-cells have been started, the usual practice is to put one comb containing a little un- sealed brood below. This brings about a condition somewhat similar to that brought about by swarming, the swarm being below the queen-excluder and the parent colony above. In 1910, A. C. Allen, Portage, Wis., described a modification of the Demaree plan by which the chamber of brood is placed on top of the extracting-supers instead of immediately above the queen-excluder. This was given at the Wisconsin convention on Feb. .S, 1910, and has been adopted by others and described several times since. When Further Swarming May Be Expected. Question. — Is there any danger of either the swarm or the parent colony swarming again the same .season when swarms are made artificially by shaking and the parent colony is given a young laying queen immediately ? Otto Saewert. Wisconsin. Answer. — Some seasons either natural or artifieialh' made swarms Avnll again build up ■to great strength and swarm again if the honey flow is long. When parent colonies are given a laying queen immediately after swarming there is a possibility that they may swarm again; but, if you destroy all llie (|ueen cells (i\e days after ihi! swarm is- sued, then again five days later before giv- ing the young laying queen, the parent col- ony is practically safe from furtlier swarm- ing the same season. Requeening in Swarm Control. Question. — In Farmers' Bulletin 1198, page 42. you say, ''Xow in ten days remove the hive-body containing the queen to a new location, destroy all Queen-cells in the upper story which will be placed below for a new brood-chamber and give a ripe queen-cell or a young laying queen." Why not destroy all but one queen-cell and allow the bees to raise their own queen ? A. H. Trine. Indiana. Answer. — Unless the stock is such that it is desirable to perpetuate it, it is better to destroy all the queen-cells and give one reared from select stock. Many beekeepers start queen-rearing operations in time to have plenty of young queens reared, from a breeding cjueen under the best possible con- ditions ready at swarming time for such cases. Plenty of young queens on hand dur- ing the swarming season are of great value in swarm control. One objection to destroy- ing all but one of the queen-cells is that sometimes a swarm issues wlien tliis young queen emerges, leaving the colony hopelessly queenless. Using Combs Which Contained European Foul Brood. Question. — Would it be safe to put package bees on combs on which the bees have died from European foul brood ? A. E. Moorlag. Michigan. Answer. — Much depends upon the condi- tion of these combs. If they are apparently clean and have been exposed to the light during the winter, there should be but little danger of transmitting the disease; but, if they have been in tight piles in darkness all winter, the disease can be carried over and transmitted to the colony in the spring. Combs from colonies having European foul brood should be exposed to the light as much as possible before giving back to the bees. Even then it is safer to give them only to very strong colonies. When Swarm Loses Its Queen. Question. — When a swarm issues and loses its queen (she having her wings clipped), then re- turns to its hive, what is the proper thing to do with the colony! D. E. Scott. Tennessee. Answer. — Destroy all but one of the cjueen-cells and permit the colony to requeen itself with this remaining young queen; or, a better way, destroy all queen-cells five days after the swarm first issued, then again five days later, after which introduce a young laying queen. One objection to tiie first plan is that sometimes the colony so treated will swarm when the young queen emerges, leaving the colony hopelessly queenless. When the second plan is used great care is necessary when destroying the queen-cells the second time, for these, being- built over older larvae, are sometimes dif- ficult to find, since such queen-cells do not project far beyond the comb. 396 GLEANINGS IN. BEE CULTURE T 'HE average winter loss the Unit- ed States is 9.4 per cent, com- pared with 8.5 per cent in the preceding w i n- ter, and an av- erage of 12.4 per cent for the seven winters preceding. Weak- ness of colonies or deficiency of young bees due to poor queens, short food supply late last summer, disease, etc., caused a loss of 3.6 per cent; poor winter stores, causing dysentery, killed 1 per cent; failure of the beekeeper to leave enough honey in the hives, or to feed if the nectar flow was scanty, caused starvation to 2.1 per cent of all colonies; lack of proper winter protec- tion permitted 1 per cent to perish; and other miscellaneous and unspecified causes led to the death of 1.7 per cent. All told, almost one colony in ten was lost. The above percentages are based on returns from thou- sands of beekeepers in all parts of the coun- try, ■ * * * The beekeeping law for the state of New York has been amended this year and signed by 'the Governor. Two points of amendment are worthy of consideration: "Persons keeping bees shall keep them in liives of such construction or form of con- struction that the frames may be easily and readily removed for examination of the brood for the purpose of determining wheth- er disease exists in the brood." There is also a provision which says: "No person or company shall transport, or receive for transportation, any bees from a point with- in the state to any other point unless said bees are accompanied by a certificate signed by an authorized inspector of the Depart- ment stating that such bees are in good healthy condition." Th^se amendments are to take effect June 1, 1923. This will give beekeepers an opportunity to change their box hives for frame hives. In our "Who's Wlio in Apiculture" last month we gave the name of A. W. Strick- land, Big Timber, as secretary of the Mon- tana State Beekeepers' Association. It noAv appears that there are two beekeepers' as- sociations in Montana and that the secre- tary of the Montana State Beekeepers ' As- sociation is Frank E. Clift, Huntley, Mon- tana. For British Columbia we inadvertent- ly published the name of W. J. Sheppard, Nelson, B. C, as secretary of the British Columbia Honey Producers ' Association in- stead of that of John Brooks, Vancouver, B. C secretary of the Beekeepers' Asso- ciation of British Columbia. In Maryland the name of Prof. E. N. Cory should have appeared as state inspector instead of that of C. H. Harrison. Mr. Harrison is assist- ing in teaching in beekeeping in the college. June, 1922 Also in this state the answer should have been "yes" in the column showing wheth- er beekeeping is taught in the college as well as in the next column in regard to inspection, although in this state no separate funds are available for inspection work, this being done in con- nection with the regular extensios work of the Agricultural College. » * « The following is the schedule of beekeep- ers' meetings as far as definitely arranged by the Schedule Committee of the American Honey Producers' League: South Dakota meeting to be held at Mitchell on June 9: Oregon at Portland on June 24 and also at Hermiston on July 1, and at Ontario, on July 3; Texas (Beekeepers' short course) at College Station, July 24 and 25; Wisconsin Beekeepers' Chautauqua at Green Bay, Aug- ust 7 to 11. The following meetings are to be held on the following dates but the places of meeting have not yet been decided upon: Central Oregon District, June 29; Missouri, July 7 and 8; Mississippi, July 17 and 18; Pennsylvania, August 4; New York, August 5; A^ermont, August 12; New Hampshire, August 16 and 17; Tennessee, August 21 and 22; Alabama, August 23; Georgia, Aug- ust 24 and 25; North Carolina, August 30 and 31. * * * "Beekeeping in the Clover Eegion, " has recently been issued by the United States Department of Agriculture as Farmers' Bul- letin No. 1215. The authors are Dr. E. F. Phillips and Geo. S. Demuth. The clovers included in the discussion of this bulletin are white clover, alsike clover and red clo- ver. In the introductory paragraph, it is said that beekeeping practices in the United States have been developed largely in the clover region, and because of this fact the literature of the subject deals chiefly with methods applicable to this territory. Never- theless the clover region is failing to pro- duce the honey it should, says this bulletin, chiefly because the methods that give the best results for the region are not clearly analyzed and there are so many to choose from that the beekeeper can with difficulty decide which are best. The purpose of the bulletin is then stated as endeavoring to simplify the problem of the beekeeper of the clover region by describing those prac- tices which have been proved most effective. A single system is outlined in the bulle- tin, and this is the one which the authors believe will give the best results in most clover locations. Address the United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C, for Farmers' Bulletin 1215, if you wish tliis valuable contribution to beekeeping. June, 1923 GLEANINGS IN BEE C U L T IT R K T HIS month sliould bring t he main honey flow in the greater portion of the Unite d and Can- Wherever clover or clover c a States a d a. white alsike TALKS TO Geo. S. BEGINNERS Demuth 1 u. K c QUEEN & BROOO BROOD CHAMBER ^-1 ^ Previous to the honey flow the queen occu- pies both stories. furnislies the greater portion of tlie nectar for the honey crop, beekeepers will watch anxiously this month for indications of the beginning of the honey flow. Wlien it comes l)oth bees and beekeeper will be busy and happy if the season is at all favorable. In the southern portion of the clover region (the southern boundary of which is roughly the Potomac and Ohio rivers, though in cer- tain spots farther south white and alsike clover are important honey plants), clover may be expected to begin yielding about the first of June or even a few days earlier; while farther north it may not begin to yield until about the 20th or even later, the exact time of be- ginning depen ding largely upon the weather. It is usually about 10 days after the first few scatter- ed clover blossoms are seen before the honey flow from clo- ver begins; but, too often, bad weather interferes to post- pone the beginning still further. In the West and the Northwest where al- falfa and sweet clover are the main sources of nectar, the honey flow may also be ex- pected to begin sometime this month. In this region, especially at higher elevations, the honey flow may not begin until late in the month. Even in some locations in the South, June is the honey month; so that for most of the country this is indeed the "high tide of the year," so far as beekeeping is concerned. How to Recognize the Honey Flow. The beginner will have no difficulty in recognizing the beginning of the honey flow, for, coming as it does in many places after a dearth of nectar, the greatly increased activity of the bees going in and out of the hive is quite noticeable. By watching the returning bees as they alight at the en- trance, one can tell if they are heavily laden by the distention of their abdomens and the manner in which that part of the body hangs downward as they slow down to alight. Inside the hive, the noAvly gathered nec- tar can be seen glistening in the cells even in the midst of the brood-nest wherever a cell happened to be vacant, and the comb- builders begin to put white wax on the 397 combs or be- tween and above the top-bars of the brood-frames. One of the most noticeable things inside the hive at the be- ginning of the honey flow is the sudden expansion of the colony, the bees now crowding into the most remote parts of the hive if the colony is strong. If the super is not already on the hive, it should be put on at once to give room for this expansion. Change in Management Wlien Honey Flow Begins. While previous to the honey flow the thing of greatest importance in the management was to encourage the rearing of a large amount of brood in order to have a great horde of workers for the harvest, the prob- lem at the beginning of the honey flow is to get the most out of these workers. Two things now stand out of supreme importance in the management, the prevention of loss from swarming and the supplying of room for surplus honey at the right time and in the right manner while the honey flow lasts. Sometimes the honey flow proper lasts only a week or two, and five or six weeks is considered a long honey flow. A large crop of honey can be secured within a short time if all goes well, for sometimes the daily gain runs as high as 15 pounds or more dur- ing the best part of the honey flow, so the importance of having every condition just right to induce the bees to bend all their energy to gathering and storing can readily be appreciated. Much depends upon keeping pace with the colony as it expands its work, to be sure that a portion of the crop is not lost from want of room in which to store it and keep- ing the bees comfortable so that their work can be carried on without interruption. Too often beginners supply themselves' with but one super and lose a large part of the crop because they have no more. Some seasons a single super is enough to hold all the sur- plus honey of the season; but, if the season is good, four or five supers for each colony may not be enough. Management of Supers for Extracted Honey. Strong colonies that were given a second story several weeks previous to the honey flow ')«« -iflvispfi ill Q^een is put below ex- now, as cuu isea m ^.^^^^j. ^J^^^ ^j^ood plac- t ]i e s c talks last ed above the super. QUEEN BROOD CHAMBER ■-CJ 398 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE June, 1922 BROOD & HONEY SUPER SUPER f^ QUEEN BROOD CHAMBER ^ When anotlier super is needed it is placed im- mediately above ex- cluder or above first super. mouth, should be giv- en a third story at the begiuuing of the honey flow, if uot be- fore, when extracted honey is to be pro- duced. Wlien this third story is given the queen should be put into the lower story and confined there by a queen-ex- cluder. The queen will usually be found in the upper story at this time. To do this the upper story should be set off and placed on another hive bottom, with no more disturbance than necessary and without smoking much at the top, which might cause the queen to run down into the lower story; after which each comb should be carefully taken out and looked over until the queen is found, when she can be picked up by the wings and transferred to the lower story. The queen- excluder should then be put in place, and, if the weather is warm, an extracting-super filled with empty combs set directly above the queen-excluder, the former second story being placed on top as the third story. If empty combs are not available for this, frames filled with foundation should be used, in which event the combs of the former sec- ond story should be divided between the two upper stories to induce the bees to draw out the foundation promptly, the combs of brood being placed in the middle with frames of foundation at each side. Ten days later these combs in the upper story should be examined to find and de- stroy all queen-cells, unless it is desirable to make increase, in whlcli ease three or four of these combs with adhering bees can be put into a new hive to form a nucleus, being sure that at least one of these combs has queen-cells on it. When this is dpne, frames of foundation should be put in the super to take the place of the combs of brood that were taken away. These combs of the former second story having brood in them are to be left above the queen-excluder until the brood emerges and the combs are filled with honey, when the honey may be extracted or (a better way) left on the hive for reserve stores for winter and spring. Additional supers should be added if more room is needed, giving each adrlitional super just a. little before it is needed rather than wait until the colony is compelled to slow down its work on account of a lack of room. Wliou the new super contains frames of fouinliitioti (nothing less tliaii full sheets A prompt beginning in the first comb-honey su- per is important. should be used) instead of empty combs, it is a good plan, when each new super is add- ed, to take off all but one of the supers, then take out half of the i^artly filled combs from the middle of the su])er left on the hive, and put in frames of foundation to take their place, the combs removed being put in the new super, with the other frames of foundation, which is then put on as the third story, or, if near the close of the sea- son, it can be placed on top. Management of Supers for Comb Honey. When comb honey is being produced it will not do to put the super of sections on top of the second story, if a second story was given previous to the honey flow to sup- ply more room for the queen. Neither will it do to put it between the two brood-chambers, for the bees in building comb in the sections would darken it with bits of wax from the brood- combs above; so it is necessary to reduce the colony to one story during the honey flow for comb honey. In doiiig this most of the brood should be put into the brood-chamber that is left, choosing as far as possible the oldest brood, which can be distinguished by its emerging bees or by picking off a few caj)pings to note the age of the pupae. This older brood will • soon emerge, giving the queen more room for eggs. If there are three or four colonies to work with, the extra combs containing some honey and brood, after the bees have been shaken off, can be put back into the liive- bodies, which are then tiered up on top of one hive, choosing for this the weakest col- ony. If the season is favorable this colony should fill these combs Avith honey after the brood has emerged, thus furnishing a large reserve of stores to be distributed to the other colonies after the comb-honey supers are taken off at the close of the season, thus again making tliem two stories high. Those who have but one colony will have to work out some other plan for disposing of the extra combs of brood and honey, if the colony is occu- pying two stories at the beginning of the honey flow. One way to do this is to form a small colony from the extra combs of brood. This should not be attempted un- less there are more combs of brood than will go into one b r o o d-chamber. " If the colony is quite •O ^ Second sujut i)laei'd low the first. JUXE, 1<)22 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 399 Tliird sujier is ]ilaced adjacent to broodcham- lier and first super just above it. strong there may be from two to five extra combs of brood. In such cases, these ex- tra combs of brood, together with the ad- liering bees, should •be put into another hive together witli the combs which con- tain no brood, being sure that the queen is' left in the main col- ony on the old stand. Wlien making in- crease in this way, combs of emerging brood should be tak- en instead of combs of unsealed brood, in order to enable the lit- tle colony to build up without losing any un- developed brood by chilling. The entrance should be closed with grass to confine the bees in this little colony the first day, so that too many of them will not go back to their old home. While this little colony can raise a queen, if some of the brood-combs contain recently hatched larvae or eggs from which to raise her, queens reared in small colonies usually are not as good as those reared in larger colonies; so it may be better to purchase a queen for this little colony. Just when to give the second comb-honey super depends upon the strength of the col- ony and the rapidity of the honey flow. If the bees enter the first super promptly and begin working in most of the sections at about the same time, the second super should be given within a week if the bees continue working well, even though the first super is less than half full. If things look favor- able for a continuation of the honey flow this second super should be placed below the first super adjacent to the brood-cham- ber. If the honey flow is slow or the colony is not strong, so that the bees begin work in onh'' a part of the sections in the middle of the super and work outward, it is better to put tlie new super on top until the bees begin to work in it there, when it can be placed below and another empty one placed on top, if needed. No comb-honey super should be raised up and an empty one placed under it until the bees have drawn out the foundation and started to build out the cells in every section. Placing the empty super under the partly filled one causes the bees to expand their super work more rapidly than when it is placed above. This is high- ly desirable when the honey flow is heavy and the colonies are strong; but, if the work in the supers is expanded too fast, the sections will not be so well filled and at the close of the season there will be too rfiany unfinished sections. In order to encourage the bees to finish the first super promptly, some beekeepers prefer keeping it in position as second super until it is finally finished. When more than two supers are given, those which are partly filled are each in turn transferred to a new position above the one nearest completion, as shown in the accompanying illustrations, thus keeping the first super near enough to the brood-cliamber to cause the bees to fin- ish it promptly if the colony is strong and the lioney flow is good. Keeping Colonies Comfortable Reduces Swarming. During hot weather the bees should be kept as comfortable as possible. It is well for the beginner to keep in mind that if the bees are always comfortable and have plenty of room there is much less tendency to swarm than when conditions are less fa- vorable. The hives should be shaded by means of shade boards whieli project beyond the edges of the hive if single-walled hives are used, and tlie entrance should be opened to full size, giving an entrance % inch deep by tlie full widtli of the hive. While there is plenty of nectar to be h a d t h e b e e s should not be per- mitted to cluster on the outside of the hive. This indicates that the colony iieeds more room or more ventilation. Of course, after the honey flow has pass- ed it is entirely nor- mal for the bees to cluster on the out- side of the hive during hot weather, but during the hon- ey flow they should all be at work. If any colonies ^ S First super left in same position until finished. swarm in the midst of the honey flow the swarm should he hived as described last month, so that the working force of the col- ony shall not be divided during tjio precious hours of the honey flow. When swarming occurs in the midst of the honey flow, the swarm sliould not be given a new location, for this divides the working force of the colony so that neither the swarm nor the parent colony is able to do much work in the supers. But when the swarm is hived in a new hive, placed on the old stand as described last month, and the supers are transferred from the old hive to the new one, the newly hived swarm will have all of the field bees, so that work in the supers sh.ould continue without inter- ruption. The parent colony being moved to one side loses its field bees because they enter the new hive on the old stand as they return from the fields. A week after the ])rime swarm issued, the parent colony is again moved to a new location, this time some distance away to prevent after-swarm- ing, which again strengthens the new colony. 400 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE June, 1922 M r Y good friends, I am once more back in my Ohio home — or at least, a part of me is here. But more of this later on. Now if you wish to get the most good out of this Home paper, and at the same time save me repeti- tion, please turn back to page 42, last January, and read it over. I told you there, that when I came home with an armful of groceries I found Mrs. Root lying on the floor of the kitchen. I think her head rested on one arm, or at least she looked perfectly natural. Her face was peaceful, just as if she were asleep, and no mark or trace of any suffering could be seen. I took hold of her hand, and it seemed as warm as usual, and then T laid my hand on her face, think- ing slie was only in a faint. I called my nearest neighbors; and as a doctor happened to be in the neighborhood we had him in a. very few minutes. Then I hastened back, and called her by name; and finally with quivering voice, I said, "0 Sue! Can you not answer me?" It was the first time in the sixty-five years of our acquaintance that she had failed to answer. I might also say it was the first time she had failed to give me her bright smile of love, and faithfulness to our marriage vow. There are Avomen, and I am afraid there are wives, who have their spells of pouting or refusing to talk. Mrs. Root never had such a spell for even an instant in all of our mar- ried life. Of course we had our difficul- ties. I mentioned one of them in our De- cember issue. At another time one of our boys was disobedient, and flatly declared that he would not obey his father, and it was in regard to quite a vital matter. Mrs. Root was present, and she begged to be al- lowed to take the young man in hand. Tn fact, it was about the first time in his life that he had begun to feel the manly impulse, and along with it he had got the boyish idea in his head that he was just as good a judge of Avhat was proper and right as his father, or maybe a little better. I was brought up in the old Connecticut style — "spare the rod and spoil the child," and I do not know but I was thinking about the "rod" for "desperate circumstances." Mrs. Root and I, for almost the first time, did not agree; but I remembered my re- ligion sufficiently, to think it was time for jne to stop, and I shut my mouth and re- fused to say anything further. But Ave two. for almost the first time, did not feel pleas- OUR HOMES A. I. ROOT x\nd the Lord God said, It is not good that the man should be alone. I will make him a help meet for him. — Gen. 2:18. Wliosover liveth and believeth in me shall never die. — John 11:26. Eye hath not seen, nor ear heard, neither have entered into the heart of man, the things which God hath prepared for them that love him. — I. Cor. 2:9. antly toward each other. Be- fore going t 0 bed, however, there was to be a prayer by the bedside, and I, at least, was not in a praying frame of mind to kneel down. After consider- ing a moment I smilingly put out my hand to her; and, oh how quickly she took it in both of her hands and then put her arm around my neck and cried! Instead of discussing the matter further in the morn- ing with the boy, I said nothing. I let the good mother manage the affair. My good friends, you who have faith, will be- lieve me when I say, a mother's love is a stronger power, a stronger force, than all the "rods," and I do not know but I might say than all priftons and penitentiaries on the face of the earth. O dear mothers whose eyes rest on this page, do you realize the power that the loving Father has placed in pour hands and hearts? Once more let me quote: The hand that rocks the cradle Is the hand that rules the world. or at least is uoav ruling the world. Let us now go back. When the doctor arrived he took a tiny flashlight from his pocket and turned up one of her evelids and then shook his head. Said I: "Doctor, do you mean to say that there is no chance?" He shook his head again, and said the test he had made had never been known to fail. Then I sloAvly began to realize what it meant to me — never more in this loorkl could I again see my greatest friend, in- structor and adviser. The only hope of ever seeing her again, and being once more united to the dear wife, was in the Avorld to come, after death. And then I began con- sidering and going over what good proof poor humanity has of a future meeting. Of course it all comes from the Bible, and, I might almost say, from the dear Savior's words; for he alone passed through death and came back to life. With all the prog- ress that is being made in the sciences, in scanning the heavens, in making new dis- coveries pertaining to health, electricity, wireless, etc., nothing has ever touched that great unknown life beyond this. I hope you all agree with me when I say the spirit rappings of years ago, and everything that has come along that line amount to just nothing. I feel like saying that no person having good sound sense will listen for a Junk, 1922 Ci L E A N I N G S IN B K K O U L T U R K 401 moment to what spiritualists have in the way of proof. I commenced hunting my Testament tor the words of the Savior. I studied his words as I never did before. Ow good pastor came to my rescue, and I questioned him. He referred me to quite a number of passages. The dear friends who have sent in words of comfort and svmpathy have given me in- spiring passages from God's holy word along the same line, but I am sorry to tell you that they did not at the time seem to be very satisfying; but while I was m the di- lemma I happened to notice an inquiry m the Christian Herald as to what proof we have that we shall know and recognize each other in the world to come. The editor o-ave quite a number of quotations— m fact, I think he gave pretty nearly a whole page —but finally concluded by saying the dear Savior did not see fit to give us anything verv positive. But the Christian Herald said we are to take it as granted from the mass of evidence that comes so close to it; and our church hymns are full of it, espe- cially the gospel hymns given us by Moody and Sanky.* I am now going to tell you a little of "mv researches. Our good pastor o-ave me all the passages that he could hunt up. Somebody suggested (or maybe it was the Holy Spirit) the declaration of Christ in the parable of the lost sheep, where he says ''Joy shall be in heaven over one sin- ner that repenteth, more than over ninety and nine iust persons which need no repent- ance ' ' After this follows the parable ot the prodigal son. Now comes the question, who is it in the above that rejoices? By an examination of both passages it seems pretty plain that it is not only angels but the inhabitants of the earth who have gone to their reward. They are permitted to know what is going on here in this world of ours to a sufficient extent, at least, to see the work of spreading the gospel and re- claiming lost souls. Of course things are * Bv the wav, it occurs to me I shoiild tell you that after searchinff my Testament, I began to eel a great longing for the Gospel Hymns. (I find in a Docket edition there are something over 400 of them ) In starting mission Sunday schools vears a^o. we made great use of these Hymns and in manv places and on many occasions I had to ead the singing, and so I was more or less famil- ar with thi greater part of them Well, right Lfter Mrs. Root's death these Gospel Hymns had a new attraction and a new meaning Snatches of ?hem would come to memory not only during the dav butTometimes in the night: and it was a won- derful comfort to me to he permitted to smg them iloud It finally came to be understood that it 1 should break out singing sOme of these precious old hymns in the middle of the night no one was to paV anv attention to it; and even now, after Mrs'^ Root has been away almost six montlis every few davs a new hymn comes to me that gives me wonderful comfort and .icy. The chorus ^f one of Wesley's hymns, came to "^e^"^* ^^^^^ morning, and set me to praising God both for the me[ody and the beauty of the sentiment it ex- presses. It is as follows: "I do believe, T now believe That Jesus died for me. And that he shed his precious blood From sin to set me free,' not going on in heaven as here on earth. You will remember they were going to puz- zle the dear Savior once by telling about a woman who had had seven husbands, and they asked him whose wife she should be in heaven. He replied, "Wlien they shall rise from the dead, they neither marry, nor are given in marriage; but are as the angels which are in heaven." Now, friends, while they neither marry nor are given in marriage in heaven, they no doubt respect marriages made here on earth; and repentance is all made in this life instead of the life to come. I think I am right about it, am I not? The only chance to repent is here on this earth. Moses and Elijah at the transfiguration give us very plain and positive evidence of the life beyond the grave; and we can take it for granted that these two veteran heroes were well acquainted and Avere keeping tab on affairs here on earth. Well, in Luke 23, verses 42 and 43, the penitent thief 's dying words were, "Lord, remember me when thou comest into thy kingdom"; and then came the quick and blessed response, "To- day shalt thou be with me in paradise." This matter came up years ago on these very pages; and somebody tried to spoil my rejoicing over it by saying the word "para- dise" ages ago did not mean what it means to us now. I replied that I did not care what it meant or means now. To be with Jesus would be paradise to me without any- thing else. And please notice that the dear Lord did not say that he and the penitent thief were to be alone in paradise. Every penitent thief since the beginning of the world, no matter what his sins, provided they were truly repented of, was included. And, by the way, I think this would include both Moses and Elijah. At the time of the dear wife's removal from this earth every- thing seemed to center on the words of the dear Savior. I have been spending hours in hunting up all of his precious words to a sinful world. My faith in him, since he, in almost one moment "lifted me from the sinking sand," shall never fail. A sainted follower of the Lord Jesus, in oTden times, ended a verse thus: "But this I do find. He'll not be in glory And leave me behind." That describes my own faith in the Lord Jens Christ better 1;han anything else I can think of. Notwithstanding the comfort I received from reading the Bible, and praying every day, again and again sorrow for the dear lost wife would come back to me; but searching the scriptures, and prayer were a great help, and the kind letters I received were an additional help. Let me give you two of them. The first comes from H. G. Rowe. Tn years gone by Mr. Rowe was one of the pupils in my Sunday-school class. In closing a letter he writes as follows: May T now express to you my sincere sym- pathy" in these sorrowful days that are yours? I 402 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE June, 1922 have very, very often thought of you since Mrs. Root's death, and I have learned with very great satisfaction how bravely you are bearing this bur- den of sorrow. May I tell you of a little incident that happened immediately after Mrs. Root's death here ? Several of the office men were standing to- gether Kjicaking how heavy the blow was that had fallen upon you, when one said this: "You fel- lows all say how lonely A. I. Root must be down there alone in Bradentown, but I want to tell you he is not alone the way you or I would be, for he, literally, walks in the friendship and com- panionship of God. and God is just as actually at present a friend to him as his dead wife could be." I could not help thinking what a compli- ment this was to your religion and your faith m that religion. Again expressing my sympathy to you and ex- tending to you my every well wish, I am. Yours sincerely, ' H. G. ROWE, Managing Editor, Gleanings in Bee Culture. Let me now tell you, my dear friends, that the man who said the above in quota- tion marks was none other than the boy Jacob of years ago (see page 582, Septem- ber, 1921) whom I told you about, and whom I found in the Abbeyville Sunday school of years ago. Perhaps he has put it a little too .strongly in saying that God is just as actual- ly present, and is just as good a friend to me, as was the dead wife. I felt that I did not really live up to that high standard, but I tried hard, and prayed that I might be strengthened by that high testimonial.^ Another letter comes from a good Chris- tion friend of mine, and a beekeeper of years gone by, Mr. Christian Weckesser. To my dear old friend A. I.: You have my sin- cere sympathy in your loss. I think I know how to svmpathize; while my own loss seems so great, and "though she was called away over a year ago, the loss is as keen as ever, to me; still the lines of Whittier come to mind often. I will enclose them. Christian Weckesser. Doylestown, Ohio, March 30, 1922. "And yet, dear heart, remembering thee, Am I not richer than of old? Safe in thy immortality. What change can reach the wealth I hold? What chance can mar the pearl and gold Thy love hath left in trust with me? "And while in life's late afternoon, Where cool and long the shadows grow, I walk to meet the night that soon Shall shape and shadow overflow, I cannot feel that thou art far, For near at need the angels are. And when the sunset gates unbar Shall I not see thee waiting stand And, white against the evening star. The welcome beckoning of thy hand?" — Whittier. If you will turn to page 253 of Gleanings for April you will see that our talented friend Grace Allen has grasped hold of the same faith that inspired Whittier in the quotation above. Let me tell you that my days and hours have not all been sorrowful. There have been times when I felt the presence of the Holy Spirit to such an extent that I got at least a nlimpse of what Peter calls "joy un- speakable and full of glory." Tn closing let me say that the salvation of this whole world depends, in my opinion, as much, and perhaps more, on the faithful observance of the marriage vow taken when you two started out in life together. Tf vou liold fast to anything, as sacred and important, let it be your marriage vow. Dear Mrs. Root — bless her memory — was faithful every hour and every minute of the 61 years we lived together. In 1859 I got hold of a book on shorthand entitled Pitman 's Manual of Phonography. At that time I was keeping a diary, and writing in it every day. But my homemade shorthand was such that it is almost im- possible for anybody to read it now; but my long-time friend, W. P. Eoot, has managed to "translate" the following: "Tonight ends the year 1859, and tomorrow it will be 1860. Another year has past and gone. The greatest event of this year has been a recon- ciliation with my own dear Sue. Mine, for ever." By the way, one of the best illustrations of the way a man feels (or should feel) after the loss of a good wife occurs to me right here. It may sound a little slangy, but it seems to hit the right spot. A writer said he and tho good wife had been working in harmony in all their undertakings to such an extent that they worked like a pair of shears. One blade, of course, is of no ac- count without its mate; and many times of late I have had the feeling that for the rest of my life I should be something like a pair of shears with one of the, hlades missing. Flying-machines Versus Horses, Trucks, Railways or Steamboats. "Coming Events Cast Their Shadows Before." Right close to the office where I dictate is a hive of unusually energetic Italian bees. They are just now scampering into the hive, not only with great loads of honey but tre- mendous loads of golden-yellow pollen. The honey comes from the fruit bloom, but I have not yet decided where they get such big loads of pollen. Well, now, this thing lias been going on, I might say, ever since the time of Adam; and yet so far as I know no one has as yet even suggested that the bees demonstrate to us that the cheapest way to move freight of any sort is by the "AIR" route. Here in Ohio, as I have told you before, we have a clay soil on which, sometimes, without good roads, a team can do but little more than pull an empty wagon, while we are spending millions in making good hard roads, only to find that these new- ly invented trucks tliat carry so many tons spoil our roads almost as fast as we can make them. Then we have to go to a still larger expense to lay tracks through hills and valleys for steam and electric cars. When Wilber Wright made his first trip out into the great free air and back again with his tlying-machine, I told him that he had that day demonstrated the possibility of travel without macadamized roads or rail- ways. Now, will somebody get right to work and tell what proportion the honey and pollen bear to the weight of the bee that carries tliem? and has not the bee been demonstrat- ing for ages past the superiority of the "nir route" over anything else for moving .Tune, 1922 things, whether it be liuinan beings or car- hinds of grain to feed the starving, some- where, on this big earth of onrsV One of my hobbies in childhood was wind- mills, to get hold of the wind and use it. A little later on it was electricity. Praise the Lord, it did get into my head that the two could be linked together, when I was near 80 vears old; and it seems likely that the third hobby of mine — the possibilities of the outcome of bee culture— might link in flying also, with the work of the honeybee. G Ij K A N T N G S IN B K E CULTURE 403 "Mend Your Own Tinware." I think that the flr&t time the name of A. I. Eoot appeared in print was about 65 years ago, when an advertisement appeared in the Scientific American, then just newly start- ed. This advertisement was headed, "Mend Your Own Tinware"; and below you read, "Amos I. Root & Co., Medina, O.," would send the needed materials, with all direc- tions, for 30 cents. If I remember correct- ly mv apparatus for soldering gave at least general satisfaction. I do not remember any complaints, and I received quite a little money. As I look back, however, I feel pained to think of that "& Co." If I re- member correctly, my good mother did re- monstrate, but I told her that was the way "all business men did." Well, in view of the above you may ima- gine my surprise to see a man on the Mana- tee County fairgrounds, in Florida, with an announcement on the board over his head, reading "Mend your own tinware." He had a little lamp very similar to the one I used years ago, and then he had sheets of differ- ent kinds of metal, and old rusty tin, zinc, galvanized iron, etc. He would punch holes tn the various metals, then hold a piece over the flame of his little lamp and apply a little of the solder; and even rusty iron, tin, etc., were mended in a twinkling. He did not even scrape the rusty metal, and he did not applv any flux or acid. Let me remark right here that until quite recently we were told that aluminum could not be soldered; but this new alloy worked beautifully on a sheet of aluminum. The price of the "sol- derine" was 25 cents, or three outfits for 50 cents. The printed matter accompanying read as follows: ALUMINUM MENDING SOLDER. Guaranteed to mend any kind of metal without the aid of soldering iron, acids, rosm, scraping or cleaning. Mends radiators, copper boilers, galvan- ized iron tubs, brass, iron, tin or zinc, water pipes, gas pipes, lead pipes, bath fixtures, enamel, granite and aluminum ware. SOLDERINE. Directions for Using. Place the article you wish to mend over some kind of flame for about one-half minute (don t overheat) ; take a stick of solder like a lead pen- cil and rub a little in a circle around the hole until you cannot see the fire underneath. Remove and allow solder to become hard. Price 2 5 cents. United Specialty Co., Atlanta, Ga. Just as soon as I saw how beautifully it did the work I wrote to the address above, but niv h'tter was returned as "TTiicalled for." Tlieu i soit it back with orders for "special delivery"; but my letter came back again saying no such place could be found. Now, I hope this notice may be the means of enabling me to learn where I can buy more of this "solderine." The metal is very much lighter than com- mon solder, and melts much easier. But to show how it would stand the racket, the man would double it up and pound it with a hammer, and it acted exactly like metal soldered with a soldering-iron. What sur- prised me more was that it would stick al- most as well to rusty enameled ware, even if it did not get hold of the metal at all. From what experience I have had in repair- ing utensils, not only at home but in work- ing with metals in different factories, it seems to me the invention may be worth millions of dollars to the world. The piece of metal is about as large around as your little finger, and there is a hole in the cen- ter that probably contains some sort of acid or flux; and the best of all is that it does the icork. When I find out where it can be purchased I will let you know. If any of the readers of Gleanings can give me any information in regard to the matter you may be sure I shall be very glad to get it. I put an advertisement in the Bradentown Herald to find out if the man left it for sale in that vicinity, but at present writing I have had. no response. "Give Us This Day Our Daily Bread"— Daily Bread for the Hungering World. I am praying that the Lord will let me live long enough to see practically enough food provided in some way so that there may be no starving — at least in a wholesale ^yay — on the face of this whole wide earth. I am not worried so very much about the men folks, -especially the men folks who starve because they will not get to work and "look out for a rainy day;" but I am an- xious about the mothers and babies — espe- cially the mothers who bore the babies. Thes^e mothers, while they are doing the work of bearing the babies and keeping mankind on the face of the earth, should be abundantly fed, and fed with the best and most nourishing food. Well, in view of the above just imagine Avith Avhat energy I said "Praise the Lord!" when I read the following in the Christian Herald: "Now comes confirmation of the welcome news that 'America has broken the hack of the biggest famine in the world's history!' The seemingly impossible has been done, and done so thorough- ly that a considerable proportion of the fund pro- vided for Russian relief remains unexpended, bix- tv-five cent of the famine areas are now sown with grain. Not only has the famine been checked, but American medical and hygienic skill has succeeded in allaving the widespread outbreak of typhus and other diseases in many localities. In a hospital in Moscow, equipped by American gifts, the dead- ly tvphus germ hps been discovered and isolated bv a woman Russian scientnist. Dr. N. Kritch This is regarded as one of the most important medical discoveries in a century." "All hail," to the Russian iroman doctor. 404 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE June, 1922 Classified Advertisements Notices will lie inserted in these classified columns for 50c per line. Advertisements intended for this department cannot be less than two lines, and you must say you want your advertisement in the classified column, or we will not be responsible for errors. For special conditions on bee and queen ad- vertising, please write us. Copy should be received by 15th of preceding month to insure insertion. KEGULAR ADVERTISERS DISCONTINUED IN GOOD STANDING. (Temporary advertisers and advertisers of small lots, when discontinued, are not here listed. It is only regular advertisers of regular lines who are here listed when their advertisements are discon- tinued when they are in good standing.) Curd Walker, L. C. & Oscar Mayeux, Baughn Stone, I. J. Stringham, Weber Bros. Honey Co., Farmer Apiaries, O. E. Tulip, A. J. Pinard, T. W. Burleson, Abston Apiaries, H. L. Murry, W. H. Laws, J. D. Kroha, Chas. W. Zweily, E. D. Town- send, J. W. K. Shaw & Co., L. Parker, Jones & Stevenson, Jes Dalton, Dr. Chas. F. Briscoe, P. M. Williams, Jul Buegeler. HONEY AND WAX FOR SALE. FOR SALE — Clover, amber and buckwheat hon- ey, 601b. cans and 5 and 10 lb. pails. C. J. Bald- ridge, Kendaia, N. Y. FOR SALE — Choice saw palmetto honey, 390- Ib. barrels, $35.00; 10-lb. can.s, $1.25 f. o. b. Ward Lamkin, Arcadia, Fla. FOR SALE — 25 tons fine extracted white clover honey at 12c. Comb honey prices on request. Dr. E. Kohn & Son, Grover Hill, Ohio. FOR SALE — 12,000 lbs. of choice white clover honey, well ripened, put up in new 5 and 10 lb. pails. Sample 25c. W. B. Wallin, Brooksville, Ky. FOR SALE — White honey in 60-lb. cans, also West Indian in 50-gal. barrels. Samples and price on request. A. I. Root Co., 23 Leonard St., New York City. HONEY FOR SALE — In 60-lb. tins, water- white orange, 15c; white sage, 14c; extra L. A. sage, 12c; buckwheat, 10c, etc. Hoffman & Hauck, Woodhaven, N. Y. FOR SALE— Clover honey, case, two 60-lb. cans, $14.00; case, six 10-lb. pails liquid honey, $9.00. Special prices on larger quantities. Sioux Honey Association, E. G. Brown, Pres.; C. S. Engle, Sec- Treas., Sioux City, Morningside Sta., Iowa. so we can identify it immediately upon arrival, and make prompt remittance. The A. I. Root Co., Me- dina, Ohio. HONEY AND WAX WANTED WANTED — Honey, section, bulk comb and ex- tracted. Elton Warner, Asheville, N. C. BEESWAX WANTED — For manufacture into SUPERIOR FOUNDATION. (Weed Process.) Superior Honey Co., Ogden, Utah. WANTED — Shipments of old combs and cap- pings for rendering. We pay the highest cash and trade prices, charging but 5c a x>f>ind for wax rendered. The Fred W. Muth Co., Pearl and Wal- nut Sts., Cincinnati, Ohio. 1 WANTED — Beeswax. We are paying Ic and 2c extra for choice yellow beeswax and in exchange for supplies we can offer a still better price. Be sure your shipment bears your name and address FOR SALE. HONEY LABELS — New design. Catalog free. Eastern Label Co., Clintonville, Conn. FOR SALE — One Root two-frame Novice ex- tractor. Price, $18.00. Box 172, Riverside, Ills. YOU will make no mistake in ordering your comb foundation of E. S. Robinson, Mayville, N. Y. FOR SALE — 15 Danz. hives, complete, full frames and 15 supers. 1st Flat, 4712 Beacon St., Chicago, 111. FOR SALE — "SUPERIOR" FOUNDATION, "quality unexcelled." Let us prove it. Order now. Superior Honey Co., Ogden, Utah. PORTER BEE-ESCAPES save honey, time and money." For sale by all dealers in bee supplies. R. & E. C. Porter, Lewiston, 111. FOR SALE — Good second-hand 5-gal. cans, two to the case, per 25 cases, $15.00; per 100 cases, $50.00. A. I. Root Co., 230 W. Huron St., Chi- cago, 111. FOR SALE — Good second-hand 60-lb. cans, two cans to case, boxed, at 60c per case, f. o. b. Cincinnati. Terms cash. C. H. W. Weber & Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. FOR SALE — 2 locations, about 500 colonies bees in good cypress and white pine 10-frame hives. Am moving to another part of the state. R. H. Fryer, Sumatra, Fla. FOR SALE — Good, used once, second-hand 60- lb. honey cans, two cans to a case, boxed, at 35c per case. f. o. b. Milwa^ikee. Terms cash. Laabs Bros. Company, 2001 Walnut St., Milwaukee, Wis. FOR SALE — 25 eight-frame Root hives, slightly used, clean, two-story high, metal covers and with under covers, Danz. tsottoms, newly painted, in one lot, $50.00. A rare bargain. Edwin G. Baldwin, 55 Division St., Ashtabula, O. FOR SALE — 50 cases (2 cans each) new 60-lb. tin cans. 125 supers for 4% x 1 1/2 plain sections, nailed and painted, nearly new. 20 supers as above in original packages of five. All these goods cheap. Geo. Dodds, Cambridge, N. Y. FOR SALE — 15 one-story 10-frame Root hives, metal covers, combs drawn from wired foundation, 10 zinc excluders, 11 Miller feeders, excellent con- dition. Best offer above $60.00 takes the lot. O. Postpichal, 868 No. 25th St., Philadelphia, Pa. FOR SALE — Village property on state road near Albany, N. Y., 6 acres, 2 fruited, 300 colo- nies of bees in ten-frame standard hives. Every- thing modern. Large honey house, concrete bee cellar (see Gleanings. September number). One of the finest yards and outfits in New York State. Two crops of clover and buckwheat. Auto truck, tractor, power extractor. Everything goes with few reserves. $3000 down, balance on B. & M. Woodward Apiaries, Clarksville, N. Y. FOR S.-VLE — 200 colonies bees in standard 10- frame hives, metal covers, no disease, 700 supers, full depth with combs, 5 acres of irrigated land, all in annual and biennial sweet clover, except gar- den. Bees in fine shape. Garden all planted. Good house with full basement. Tanks and outfit com- plete. Crop goes with business. Cash price. $7500 for immediate sale. Gross receipt for 1921 were over $4500 from bees alone. This is the Home of the Famous Custer Battlefield Apiaries. S. F. Lawrence, Hardin, .Mont. I June, 1922 CLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE WANTS AND EXCHANGE. WANTED — Root Novice extractor, second-hand. A. W. Canney, No. Westchester, Conn. ROYAL typewriter, $65.00. Will trade for hon- ey, queens or offer. E. A. Harris, Albany, Ala. WANTED — 2-frame reversible extractor, 12 x 16 pockets, in good condition. S;dw. Baur, Dan- bury. Conn. FOR SALE OR TRADE — Oliver typewriter and auto knitter for Barnes saw, etc. Nic. Klein, Hud- son, Iowa. WANTED — Old combs and cappings for render- ing on shares. Our steam equipment secures all the wax. Superior Honey Co., Ogden, Utah. BEESV.'AX wanted. Old combs (dry) and caii- pings for rendering. Also wax accepted in trade. Top market prices offered. A. I. Root Co. of Iowa, Council Bluffs, Iowa. OLD COMBS, cappings or slumgum wanted for rendering by steam press process. We pay cash for wax rendered, trade for supplies, or work it into foundation. W. T. Falconer Mfg. Co., Fal- coner, N. Y. FOR SALE OR TRADE FOR SUPPLIES — 23- Ib. box supers, sell for best offer. 8-frame sup- plies. A number of hives and frame supers com- plete. One foundation mill will sell for $35.00, 6- in. rolls. Must sell at earliest date. No disease. Hickory Shade Apiary, Ottervile, Mo. OLD COMBS WANTED — Our steam wax- presses will get every ounce of beeswax out of old combs, cappings or slumgum. Send for our terms and our 1922 catalog. We will buy your share of the wax for cash or will work it into foundation for you. Dadant & Sons, Hamilton, 111. 405 C. W. SEEDS AND PLANTS. ''We will not guarantee the purity of any seed advertised nor any nursery stock, as nurserymen ordinarily will not do this themselves ; but any seedman or nurseryman advertising in our columns will have given us excellent references in advance and our readers may consider this fact in their favor." — -From Our Guarantee and Advertising Conditions. IIUBAM — Michigan-grown, pure seed scarified. .50c per lb., postpaid. Frank E. Davis. Muskegon Heights. Gen. Del.. Mich. SWEET CLOVER SEED — Biennial white, hulled and scarified, .'SIO.OO per bushel of 60 lbs. Sacks included. O. H. Townsend, Otsego, R. D. No. 2. Mich. HUBAM CLOVER SEED — Guaranteed purity, grown by ourselves; certificate of purity and ger- mination furnished; 1 lb.. $1.00; 5 lbs., $4.50; 25 lbs.. $21.25. Delivered prices Write The Foster Honey Company, Boulder, Colo. BEES AND QUEENS. SEE Thagard's ad elsewhere back to pre-war day prices. FOR SALE — Italian queens, nuclei and pack- ages. B. P. Kindig, E. Lansing, Mich. HARDY Italian queens, $1.00 each. W. G. Lauver, Middletown, Pa. FOR SALE — ^Full colonies Italian bees in Buck- eye hives. Write, price moderate. A. C. E. Ham- ilton. 161 Archer Ave., Mt. Vernon, N. Y. WHEN it's GOLDEN, it's PHELPS. Phelps & Son, Binghamton, N. Y. $200 for one queen. See larger ad elsewhere. J. M. Cutts & Son, R. D. No. 1, Montgomery, Ala. FOR SALIi — Hardy Italian queens. Prices on request. The Brookside Apiaries, Bennington, Neb. TRY ACHORD'S BEES and QUEENS. Price list by return mail. W. D. Achord, Fitzpatrick, Ala. SPECIAL prices on queens and bees. See my ad page 416. Frank Bornhoffer, Mt. Washington, Ohio. 1500 NUCLEI for May and .June. Simmons queens ready now. Fairmount Apiary, Livingston. N. Y. FOR SALE — 15 colonies of bees. No disease. Tim O'Donnell, Jr., 1147 S. Springfield Ave., Chi- cago, 111. BOOKING orders now for early queens and package bees. Write for prices. Sarasota Bee Co., Sarasota, Fla. FOR SALE — ^10 Italian colonies, tested queens. 8-frame wired combs. No disease. J. Ford Sempers, Aikin, Maryland. WHEN it's quality, service and satisfaction you want to try Pinard. A. J. Pinard, 440 N. 6th St., San Jose, Calif. FOR SALE — Golden Italian aueens. Tested queens, $2.50; untested, $1.25. J. F. Michael, Win- chester, R. D. No. 1, Ind. FOR SALE — Carload bees, nuclei, pound pack- ages, full colonies. See our ad elsewhere. The Stover Apiaries, Mayhew, Miss. PHELPS GOLDEN QUEENS will please you. Mated, $2.00; 6. $10.00; or $18.00 a doz. C. W. Phelps & Son, Binghamton, N. Y. PRITCHARD QUEENS are the result of years of careful breeding and selection. See ad page 414. Arlie Pritchard, Medina, Ohio. QUEENS — One untested queen. $1 50: 6. $7.50; 12. $14.00; 50, $55.00; 100, $100. Tested queens. $2.50. Wells D. Rose, Sunnyside. Wash. BUSINESS-FIRST aueens offer you their illum- inated descriptive handbook with prices, select un- tested, $1.50. M. F. Perry. Bradentown. Fla. FOR SALE — Bright Italian queens, 1, |1.00; 12, $10.00; 100. $75 00. Safe arrival guaranteed. T. J. Talley, Greenville. R. D. No. 3, Ala. FOR SALE — Three-banded Italian queens Test- ed, after June 15. $2.00 each. J. D. Kroha. 87 North St., Danbury, Conn. TWO-POUND package bees with untested Ital- ian queen. $5.00: 3 lbs.. $7.00. Safe delivery guar- anteed. C. H. Cobb. Belleville, Ark. PACKAGE BEES — $1.50 per pound. Untested Italian or Carniolan queens. $1.25 each. Circular free. J. E. Wing, 155 Schiele Ave.. San Jose. Calif. FOR SALE — Golden Italian queens. UTitested. $1.15 each; 6 for $6.50; 12 or more, $1.00. Safe arrival guaranteed. Sam Hinshaw, Randleman, N. Car. "SHE-SUITS-ME" queens, line-bred Italians. $1.50 each; 10 to 24, $1.30 each. See back cover of January number, .\llen Latham, Norwichtown. Conn. TRY our northern-bred leather-colored Italian aueens for European foul brood at $1.2.=) each; 6, $7.00: 12. ?:13.50. Charles Stewart. Johnstown, N. Y. 406 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE June, 1922 FOR SALE — Early package bees, nuclei and queens. We handle 1800 colonies. Shipping sea- son March 1 to June 1. Loveitt Hnney Co., Phoe- nix. Ariz. STRONG four-frame nuclei of hybrid bees in June, $4.00. Four frames, Italians, or hybrids with untested queen, $5.00. B. F. Averill, How- ardsville. Va. MERRILL'S bright three-banded Italian queens will please vou. Mated and laying, $1.00; 6, $5.25 or $10.00 a dozen. G. H. Merrill, R. D. No. 5. Greenville, S. Car. FOR Si\LE — My Italian queens, now ready. Un- tested in June, each, $1.50; 6, $7.50. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. Circular. J. B. Hollo- peter, Rockton, Pa. ELTON WARNER'S QUALITY QUEENS— Progenv of his famous Porto Rican breeding stock. Write for illustrated price list. Elton Warner Apiaries, Asheville, N. C. QUEENS — For summer and fall. Write for prices and guarantee, state quantity desired and when shipment wanted. I can fill your orders. J. L. St. Romain. Hamburg. La. WE ARE booking orders now for spring deliv- erv for the famous "Colorado Queens." Send your order early so as to be sure to get your queens. C. I. Goodrich, Wheatridge, Colo. TRY mv Caucasian or Italian 3-frame nuclei at $6 00 each with tested queen. Tested queens, $1.50; untested. $1.25. of either kind. No disease. Peter Schaffhouser. Havelock. N. Car. FOR S2\LE — Three-band Italian queens, select untested. $1.00 each; $9.00 per doz. 2-lb. pack- age with queen, $5.00. Satisfaction guaranteed W. T. Perdue & Sons, Fort Deposit, Ala. BEES BY THE POUND — Also QUEENS Booking orders now. FREE circulars, giving de- tails See larger ad elsewhere. Nueces County Apiaries. Calallen, Texas. E. B. Ault, Prop. DEPENDABLE QUEFNS — Golden or thr°e banded, after June 1: 1. $1.50; 6. $8,00; 12, $15 Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. Send for circular. Ross B. Scott. La Grange, Ind. FOR SALE — Golden Italian queens ready M.sy 1. 1 queen $.1.25; 6, $6.50: 12, $12.00; 100 $85 00. Virgins. 50c each. Write for prices of nuclei. W. W. Talley, Greenville, R. D. No. 4. Ala. FOR Si^LE^ — My 1922 golden- queens, the bisr vellow kind, none better Satisfaction guaranteed. Price $1.00 each, or $10.00 per doz After June 15. 90c each, or $9.00 per doz. E. F. Day. Hon- oraville. Ala, HIGH-GRADE ITALI4N QUEENS a specialtv Order early. Prompt shipment. Laying. $1.50: tested. $2.50. Day-old, with introduction guaran- teed in the U. S., 75c. James McKee. Riverside. Calif. FOR S>iLE — Leather-colored Italian queens, tested, until June 1, $2.50, after «2 00. Untested. $1.25: 12. $13.00. ROOT'S GOOT^^S ROOT'S PRICES. A. W. Yates, 15 Chaimian St.. Hartford. Conn. GOLDEN QUEENS that produce large beautiful bees, solid vellow to tip, very gentle and prolific. Untested, $1.25 each; select tested. $3.00 each; breeders, tested, $5.00. Dr. White Bee Co., Sandia, Texas. FOR SALE — Three-banded Italian queens. 1, $1.00; 6. $5.00; 12. $9.00; 100. $70.00. after Mav 20. We ship only the b^st Saf" I'rr'val and i^ati'sfactiou guaranteed. W. C Smith & Co., Cal- houn. Ala. FOR SALE — Golden Italian queens, untested, $1.15 each; 6, $6.50; 12 or more, .$1.00 each; se- lect untested, $1.60; 6 or more, $1.50 each. Safe arrival. Hazel V. Bonkemeyer. R. D. No. 2, Ran- dleman, N. C. CAN furnish promptly, 2-frame nuclei with queen, $3.50; 3-frame nuclei with queen, $4.50; 4frame nuclei with queen, $5.50. Rosedale Api- aries, J. B. Marshall and H. P. LeBlanc, Props., R. F. D. No. 2, Alexandria, La. IF GOOD bright Italian queens are wanted by return mail, send your order to M. Bates, Green- ville. Ala. Price, $1.00 each; $10.00 per dozen; $75 per 100. Pure mating, safe arrival and sat- isfaction guaranteed. TWO-POUND PACKAGES with queens, $4.75 each; 10 or more, $4.50 each; 25 or more. $4.25 each; discounts on pound packages after May 25. No disease, safe arrival and satisfaction guaran- teed. J. J. Scott, Crowville, La. WILLOW-DPJLL Italian bees and queens at low- er prices for June. None better. Best to winter. Untested queen, $1.00; 6 for $5.00. Nuclei with queen, 2-fr., $3.75; 3-fr., $5.00. Jumbo, $4.50 and $5.75. H. S. Ostrander, Mellenville, N. Y. FOR SALE — ITnsurpassed Italian queens, ready June 1. Untested, 1, $1.25; 6, $7.00; 12. $12.50; 50. $50.00; 100. $95.00. Tested. 1. $2.00; 6 $11.00. My queens are actually laying before they are sent out. J. D. Harrah. Preewater, Oregon. COLORADO HEADQUARTERS for QUEENS— Northern-bred leather-colored three-band Italians. Safe arrival guaranteed. Booking orders now for June 1st delivery. Send for circular and price list. Loveland Honey & Mercantile Co., Loveland, Colo. ■ THREE pounds of bees, shipped on a Hoffman frame of brood and honey, with an untested Italian queen for $0.00. No disease, satisfaction and safe arrival guaranteed. 25% books your order for April and May shipments. E. J. Beridon, Jr., Man- sura, La. ORDERS booked now for spring delivery. 3- frame nucleus and queen, $6.50; select tested. $7.50; Dr. Miller's strain. No pound packages. Low express rates and quick transit north. 10% with order. S. G. Crocker, Jr.. Roland Park, Bal- timore. Md. FOR SALE — DEPENDABLE GOLDEN ITAL- IAN QUEENS. Add beauty to your bee quality. Virgins, 60c; 5 for $2.50; untested, $1.00; 6 for $5.00; select untested. $1.50! 6 for $6.50; tested. $2.50; 5 for $10.00; selected. $3.00; breeders. $5.00. Safe arrival and quality guaranteed. S. H. Hailey, Pinson. Tenn. FOR SALE — Golden Italian queens, untested. $1.15; 6, $6.50; 12 or more. $1.00 each; tested. $2.00 each; select tested. $3 00 each; after July 1, untested. $1.00; 6 for $5.40; 12 or more, 80c each: tested, $1.50 each; select tested. $2.50 each No disease of any kind. Bees very gentle and good honev-gatherers. D. T. Gaster, Randleman. R. D. No. 2, N. C. CALIFORNIA QUEENS — 100% perfect, large vigorous Italians, guaranteed layers. They are making a hit as proven by repeated orders and letters of ai>preciation. Am building a name aiul reputation. Ti-y at least one. You will surely want more then. Price reduced. Select untested. 1. Sl.OO; 6. $5.00: 25. 90e each. H. Peterman. R. F. D., Lathrop, Calif. liAST fall I had selected and tested six queens. Will use them as breeders this season in my queen yard. Their surplus honey capacity is from 216 lbs. to 288 lbs. each. I guarantee that every queen bought of me in 1922 is to be the daughter of one of these queens. Bees are three-banded. Mated, in June. .'«1.25 each: 6, S7.00; 12, $13,50: 25 or more. $1.00 each. Aftor Julv 1. $1 00 each straight. Julius Viclor, Martinsville. N. Y. JlXU, 11»2'J GLEANINGS IN B li l^: C U L T U R E 407 FOR SALE — Piiiard's quulity of Root's strain of liees and queens. Virgins, 50c. Untested queens, $1.25 each. Larger lots write. Circular free. After July 1. lO'/o discount. A. J, Pinard, 440 N. 6th St.." Sau Jose, Calif. BRIGHT ITALIAN QUEENS, $1.00 each, 10% less in dozen lots. Pure mating, safe arrival and rcasonaljle satisfaction guaranteed in U. S. and Canada. Write us for prices on package bees. We have them iu season. Graydon Bros., Rt. 4, Green- ville, Ala. HEAD your colonies with Williams' Italian queens of quality and get more pleasure and profit from your bees. They produce bees that are gentle, hardy and hustling. Descriptive circular free. Se- lect "untested. 7oc each. P. M. Williams, Ft. De- posit, Ala. MY GOLDEN ITALIAN QUEENS possess the qualities which make beekeeping profitable. Mated. $1.00 each, $10.00 per doz. Virgins, 50c each or $4.25 per doz. Safe arrival and satisfaction guar- anteed. Your orders solicited. Crenshaw County Apiary (Melvin Talley, Prop.), Rutledge, Ala. FOR SALE — Italian queens. Prices for untested in June. $1.50 each; 6. $8.25; 12, $16.00; tested, $2.50 each. From Julv 1 to Oct. 1. untested. $1.25 each; 6, $7.00; 12, $13.50; tested, $2.00 each. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. Ready to ship June 1 to June 10. R. B. Groiit. Jamaica. Vt. THE ITALIAN QUEENS OF WINDMERE are superior three-banded stock. Our aim is not quan- tity but quality. Our first consideration is to give perfect satisfaction. Untested, $1.50 each; 6 for $8.00; tested, $2.00 each; select tested. $3.00 each. Prof. W. A. Matheny, Ohio University, Athens. Ohio. FOR SALE — Golden Italian queens and bees, untested. 1 queen, $1.00; 1 dozen, $10.00; 100. $75.00. 2-lb. package with queen, $5.00; 1-lb. package with queen. $3.00; 12 or more, 5% off. 2-frame nucleus with queen. $5.00; 15 or more. 5% off. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. J. F. Rogers, Greenville, R. D. No. 3, Ala. ITALIAN QUEENS — Three-banded, select un- tested, guaranteed. Queen and drone mothers are chosen from colonies noted for honey production hardiness, prolificness, gentleness and perfect markings. Price. May and June: $1.50 each. 12 or more. $1.25 each. Send for circular. J. H. Haughey Co., Berrien Springs. Mich. PHKLPS' GOLDEN ITALIAN QUEENS com- bine the qualtiies tou want. Thev are GREAT HONEY-GATHERERS. BEAUTIFUL and GEN- TLE. Virgins. $1.00; mated. $2.0(i ; 6 for $10.00, or $18.00 per doz.; tested. $5.00. Breeders. $10.00 to $20. Safe arrival guaranteed only in the U. S and Canada. C. W. Phelps & Son, Binghamton. N. Y. I EXPECT to be ready to start shii)ping 3-lb- packages of bees with 1 frame. 1 untested queen at $6.00; 2-frame nuclei with \intested queen. $4.50. about April 15. Young, tested queen. 50c extra, or $1.50 each. I think I was the second to ship packages of bees from this state and know how to serve customers. F. M. Morgan, Hamburg. La. FOR MAY DELIVERY — One vigorous Italian queen, one frame emerging brood, one pound bees, price complete. $5.00. Additionnl pound bees. $1.00. Additional frame of brood. $1.00. Banat mixed queens and bees 5% discount. After INJay 25 10% discount on all. Safe arrival guaran- teed. Send 10% to book order. T. W. Living- ston, Norman Park, Ga. BEES — Engage your qiieens from any reliable dealer, and we will furnish you the bees. One-lh. pkg.. $1.35 each; 2-lb. pkg.. $2.50 each; 3-lb. pkg., $3.00 each. No orders accepted for I."ss than 5 lbs. 10% will book your order. Bees will move exact- date ordered. 1500 colonies to draw from. Our api- aries are favoral)ly located for early breeding, hence all orders filled with young, vigorous bees. Never liad a case of disease in our apiaries. We are experienced shipiiers. W^e give a full guaran- tee safe arrival and satisfaction. Brazos Valley Apiaries, H. E. Graham, Prop., Gause, Texas. BALANCE of season we will furnish a 2-lb. jjackage of our three-banded hustlers with a select untested queen for $4.75; 25 or more, $4.50 each. Select untested queens from our best breeders. $1.00 each; $10.00 per doz. Tested, $1.50 each; $15.00 per doz. Caney Valley Apiaries, J. D. Yan-- cey, Mgr., Bay City, Texas. FOR SALE — 200 colonies of the celebrated Moore strain of leather-colored Italians. They are in Langstroth hives, combs all built on wired foun- dation. All have tested queens less than one year old. No disease among or near them. Price in lots of one to 50. $12.00 each; 50 to 100. $11.50 each; 100 or more. $11.00 per colony. Elmer Hvitchin- sou & Son, Salt Lake City, Mich. FOR SALE- — 250 colonies of bees, all in 10- frame hives, practically all new equipment, a s7)lendid orange and sage location with an eight- room house, modern, plenty of land and in one of the best sections of Southern California. Will sell everything, property furnished ready to move into. Can give possession at once. Honey flow should last until middle of August. Address C. A. Wurth. R. D. No. 1. Box 167. Riverside, Calif. CONNECTICUT queens. Highest grade 3-banded Italians readv June 1. Select untested $1.25 each: 6. $6.50; 12! $12.00; 50, $47.50; 100, $90. Two lbs. bees with queen. $5.00; 3 lbs. with queen. $7.00. Two-frame nuclei with queen, $5.50; 3- frame with queen, $7.50. Select virgin queens (not culls), 50c each. $45.00 per 100. No disease and satisfaction guaranteed. A. E. Crandall, Ber- lin, Conn. MAY delivery, one. two and three pound pack- ages, $3.00, $4.00 and $5.00. Nuclei, $3.00, $4.25 and $5.50. with select untested Italian queens. Spe- cial orders solicited. Select untested three-band oueens, April and May, $1.25. 6 or more. $1.00 each. 20% books order. State health certificate. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. Address Apalaehicola, Fla.. office. Tupelo Honey Co., Co- lumbia. Ala. LARGE, HARDY. PROLIFIC QUEENS — Three- band Italians and Goldens. Pure mating and safe arrival guaranteed. We shin only queens that are top notchers in size, prolificness and color. After June 1 prices as follows: Untested. $1.25 each: 6 for $7 00: select untested. $150 each: 6 for $8.50; select tested. $3.00 each. Special prices on larger quantities. Queens clipped free on request. Health certificate with each shipment. Buckeye Oueens. Zoarville. Ohio. FOR SALE — 50 colonies of bees in 2-story. 10- frame. metal-top hives, wired foundation. No dis- ease. Strong colonies of goldens and three-banders with young queens. W^ith above equipment is included 75 comb-honey supers, 2000 sections. 25 lbs. foundation. 50 bee-escapes and other equip- ment. Blue vine location furnished free if desired. i'!400 takes all above for quick sale. S. H. Burton. Washington, Ind. I'M offering 100 two-frame nuclei for June de- livery, with young untested three-banded Italian oueens, for $375.00. Each package contains one and one-half pounds of bees. M-ith fine frames drawn from full sheets foundation. 1 to. 10 "u- clei, $3.90 each: JO or more. $3.85 each. Can ship from receipt of orders. Guarantee safe deliv- ery and health certificate. C. A. Mayeux. Ham- burg. La. I HAVE nuclei and more nuclei for June de- livery. 1000 2 and 3 frame nuclei with select«H untested three-banded queens. These nuclei will go with a large force of young b^es and extra fine frames drawn from full sheets of foundation. Note our prices on 10 or more:.l nucleus with queen, 2-frame, $4.00; 10 nuclei, with queens. 2frame, 408 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE June, 1922 $35.00; ] nucleus, with queen, 3-frame, $4.75; 10 nuclei, with queen, 3-frame, $41.25. V'e guarantee to ship on receipt of order with health certificate and safe delivery. GUARANTEE. The Home of Good Queens, Oscar Mayeux, Hamburg, La. QUEENS AND NUCLEI FOR SALE — Three- banded Italians, one queen, $1.10; per dozen, $10.00; 2-fr. nucleus with queen, $4.50; 3-fr. nu- cleus and queen, $6.00. Will book orders for two months for August and September delivery if wanted at a cut price of 50c on nucleus and 10c on queens. No disease. Orders filled at once. 50 swarms for sale delivered in September and Oc- tober, at $10.00 each. Thanks in advance. Hickory Shade Apiary, Otterville, Mo. FOR SALE — Three-banded queens and bees. Dr. Miller and my own stock. Three-frame nuclei and queen, $5.50; 1 lb. bees and queen, $2.75; 2 lbs. and queen, $5.00; 3 lbs. and queen, $6.25. All good empties returned at my charges. Queens, $1.25 each; 6 for $7.00; 12 for $13. 24 and over at $1.00 each. Reared in the Hubam black belt sweet clover section, Scotts Sta., Ala., by Curd Walker, queen-breeder. I. F. MILLER'S STRAIN ITALIAN QUEEN BEES — Northern-bred for business; from my best SELECT BREEDERS; gentle, roll honey in. hardy, winter well, not inclindeo to swarm, three-banded. 28 years breeding experience. Satisfaction guar- anteed. Snfe arrival in U. S. and Canada. 1 un- tested, $1.50; 6, $8.00; 12. $14.00; 1 select un- tested, $1.75; 6. $9.00; 12, $17.00. 1 lb. bees. $3.00; 2 lbs., $5.00; 3 lbs., $7.00. I. F. Miller, Brookville, Pa., 183 Valley. FOR SALE — Two-frame nuclei Italian bees, with tested Italian queen, delivery Mav 1 by ex- press f. o. b. here, $7.50 each. Terms, $2.00 down, balance ten days before shipping date. These queens were reared last August from very choice Italian stock, and big producers. Order early as we have set a limit on number of nuclei we will sell this season. First come, first served. Largest apiary in Westchester County, Spahn Bros., Pleas- antviile. Westchester Co., N. Y. FOR SALE — 250 to 350 colonies of fine Italian bees, on good straight L. combs, with a full equip- ment of supplies for extracted-honey production. Also 47 acres land in Harrison County, Iowa, near town; has about 20 acres fine natural basswood grove. Has good improvements, esnecially for bee- keening. Probably .as good an equipment as there is in the state. This is a good paying business, with outyards already established, everything complete. Can give Ions: time on part of the price, but would require $8000 or $9000 to swing it. Any one having that much capital to invest in a dandy country home and a paying business, will find it by addressing E. S. Miles & Son, Dunlap, Iowa. GOOD queens advertise themselves. It takes expensive advertising to sell poor oueens and if you don't believe it try it. We believed in for- mer years we had the best three-banded queens obtainable. We still believe it. Onr customers also tell us the same. Try a few. We ha,ve dropped the price in reach of all this year. We will have a few vi'-gins for 50c when we have a surplus of them. We can furnish either from imported or Anioricanized mothers. Untested $1.00; selected. $1 25- tested, S^'^.OO; selected, $2.50. F. M. Rus- sell. Roxbury, Ohio. QUEENS AND "PACKAGE BEES — Bright, three- banded Italian. We are now. booking orders for the season of 1922. Shipments of queens and package bees this year commenced on March 15. ,A11 ai'eens are mated in standard full-sized nu- clei We operate four thousand st.andard full-si^ed nuclei. Capacity and output of queen ynnds this season five thousand queens per monlh. We own operate and run for extracted honey in the states of California and Nevada twelve thousand colo- nies of bees. A)} of 'ni"- breeders are selected' (lueens whos° colonies led thep° twelve thousand '■olonies of bees last season. Be*^ter selection of breeders cannot be equaled or had anywhere. Wo have the capacity and output of queens and pack- age bees to make shipments promptly as and when promised. We guarantee safe arrival of queens and package bees. Prices — Mated, untest- ed queens: 1, $1.00; 6, $5.50; 12, $9.60; 13 to 99, 75c each; 100 or more, 70c each. Package Bees — Write for special price. Terms, 10 per cent deposit on booking order; balance at time of ship- ment. See our large advertisement in this maga- zine. Western Bee Farms Corporation (Princi- pal) ; Western Honey Corporation and Western Citrus Honey Corporation (Associated Corpora- tions), Claus Spreckels Building, No. 703 Market Street, San Francisco, California. SPICER'S three-band Italian queens will be ready to mail about May 20. If you are inter- ested in improving your stock and getting larger returns from your bees, head your colonies with these queens. Untested, $1.25; 6, $7.00; 12, $13.50. Tested, $2.50 each. Robt. B. Spicer, Wharton, N. J. MISCELLANEOUS. FOR SALE — Soy beans and whipporwill pease, $2.00 per bushel. W. L. Lyons. Decherd, Tenn. WANTED — Good reversible extractor, exchange fine 25-20 Winchester Repeater, or will buy. Fred Fisher. 3 Elmendorf St., Albany, N. Y. FOR SALE — Used honey cans in cases, good condition. S. T. Fish & Co., 163 W. S. Water St., Chicago, 111. TYPEWRITERS — All makes slightly used; $20 up. Easy payments. Free trial. Express prepaid. Guaranteed two years. Payne Company, Rosedale, Kansas. FOR SALE — Fine coon dog "pups," 3 months old. Price, $10.00 to $15100 each, f. o. b. ex- press. .\ddress. Old Coon Hunter O. H. Town- send, Otsego, R. D. No. 2, Mich. MEDICINAL roots and herbs are very profitable to grow. We especially recommend growing Golden Seal, which with good care will yield as high as $10,000 per acre for each crop. It takes several years to mature but will average $1000 a year. Special Crops, a monthly paper, tells how. Sample copy, 10c. $1.00 per year. Address Special Crops Pub. Co., Box "G," Skaneateles, N. Y. HELP WANTED WANTED — Man with some e.xperience to work in our apiaries. State age. experience and wages. Answer fullv in first letter. The Rocky Mountain Bee Co., Box 1319, Billings, Mont. Special Notices by A. I. Root Hubam in Florida. On page 253 of our issue for April I said. "We are going to sow it on our potato ground as fast as the potatoes are dug." By the way, years ago I made up my mind that I would stop telling what I was going to do. but would try to confine my remarks to what I had actiially done. As fast as our potatoes were dug I Tint the ground in nice trim and began sowintr Hubam. But we had a long and severe drouth, with almost no rain at all. and the ground became fearfully hot in the middle of almost every day. Scarcely a seed came up. Sometimes after a little shower a few seeds would start up; but the hot sun killed them. Dpring comparit'vely coo' wepther in No- vember, December and Januarv there is no trouble about getting it to grow; and, by the way. when I left mv Florida home on the 26th of .April some of my Hubam was over 9 feet tall. It stood the drouth — that is. after the long tap root had got away down — quite well for a time; but eventually the drouth cut short the amount of Tioth bloom and foliage. Junk. li)22 O Ti 10 A N I N n S T N 1: I-l C U Fi T U R F. BEES - QUEENS FROM GEORGIA JUNE PRICES THREE-BANDED ITALIANS QUEENS — Untested. 90c. Tested, $1.25. BEES — ^1 pound, $1.50; 2 pounds, $3.00; :i pounds. $4.50. NUCLEI — 1-frame, $2.25; 2-frame, $3.00; 3-frame. $4.50. 10% dis- count on lots 10 or more. Your satisfac- tion guaranteed. Disease resisting, and from yards certified free from disease. Send us your list of supply needs. MICHIGAN HONEY PRODUCERS EXCHANGE. INC. 5495 Grand River Avenue, Detroit, Mich. 3 -BAND ITALIANS Our queeii-reariut^ (Icpartniciit is under tlie supervision of H. D. Murry, well known to tlie trade as a breeder of GOOD QUEENS. Roared from stock that put up 250 pounds surplus liouov. Prompt and satisfactory ser- vice. Untested, .1;1.25; 6, $7.00; 12, $UM; 25 or more, $1.00. Tested, $2.00. MURRY & BROWN MATHIS, TEXAS. Qf Uf Ef Ef Nf S Nordan's Three-Banded Italian Queens and Bees (Three-Banded Only) BEEKEP'.PERS: If you have one colony or five Bee Paralysis. I have found the foundation of thousand I want you to give my superior strain Bee Paralysis, which is in the queens, and now of three-banded Italians a trial. I am fixing the after years of selecting and testing I guarantee price right so you can. I am not a new man come my strain resistant to it. Bee Paralysis is preva- out ; I have been in business almost all of my life lent over the South. I will gladly replace any for honey production and improving my strain. I bees I ship that Bee Paralysis breaks out in. have selected and bred my strain from the finest QUALITY AND SATISFACTION — Each and mothers in my yards which were selected for all g^erv queen I send out, if it be one or five thou- of the good qualities. For over a quarter of a cen- ^^^^^^ jg guaranteed to give absolute satisfaction; tury I spared neither labor nor money m develop- otherwise advise me and I will gladly send more ing my strain until now I can put queens and ^^ j^ke their places. You don't run any risk. A bees on the market which I know are surpassed record of over a quarter of a century of fair and by none and I guarantee that money cannot buy honest dealings. You get your monev's worth as any better in the U. S. A. When you introduce nearly as possible plus a verv small profit, and my queens, beekeepers, you can feel assured you ^y p\.igg jg fl^ed to a very small profit, have a bee that cannot be surpassed by any m • ^^ queens select; if thev do not prove up pleas- U. S. A., which is backed by over a quarter ot ;„„ to the eye, they are not shipped. I do not century improving and selecting from the finest p,.ice a select untested and ship an untested. I mothers and mated to drones that are selected. gj^^g the greatest care possible to produce the finest NOTICE — My strain are guaranteed immune to queens possible. PRICES ON QUEENS AND PACKAGES. 1 6 12 100 Select Untested $0.85 $4.80 $9.00 $64.00 Tested 1.00 5.70 10.80 85.00 Packages Full Weight. 1-pound package with queen 1 to 12, $2.35 each ; 12 or more, $2.30 2-pound package with queen 1 to 12. 53.85 each; 12 er more. $3.80 I can make shipment when you want them of either queens or packages. I appreciate your business large or small. Reference: Alabama Bank and Trust Co.. Montgomerv, Alabama. M, S. NORDAN - MATHEWS, ALABAMA B^VNKING BY IN^A^IL AX ATSpitzer PRES. ERRoot VICE PRES. EB.Spitzer CASHIER WRITE us FOR INFORMATION ahoiit our safe, convenient method of Banking by mail. A great many out-of-town people are find lUg constant satisfaction in banking with us by mail. It won't obligate you in any way to get full details. 4 % The SityiNGS DEPOSIT BANK CO THE HOME OF THE HONEY-BEE MEDINA, OHIO , G L K A N T N o S IN B F, E C U L T U R K JuxE, 19: A-T-T-E-N-T-I-O-N! OHIO AND WEST VIRGINIA BEEKEEPERS. We are most favorably located for serving Cen- tral, Southern and Eastern Ohio, and also West Virginia. No matter where you are. full stocks, best shipping facilities and prompt attention will insure satisfaction. Free catalog. MOORE & PEIRCE Zanesville, Ohio — "Beedom's Capital." Michigan Bred Three-Band Italian Queens, Untested. July Delivery. to 9, .$1.40 ea.; 10 to 100, .$1..30 oa. August Delivery. to 9, .tl.25 ea.; 10 to 100, ifil.lo ea. Select Tested after June 20, $2.00 ea. Virgins after .June 1st, 1 to 9, GOc ea.; 10 up, 55c ea. If you must have untested during June i; send elsewhere, as old customers have''' ordered my June outfit of untested. D. A. DAVIS, Birmingham, Michigan. PATENTS —TRADEMARKS I offer prompt, personal and expert professional service. 10 vears' experience. Write for terms LESTER SAROENT, Patent Attorney, 524 Tenth St., N. W., Washington, D. C. -"■"~— *"*— " x-x-,.".-,-T.- 's Best / y///, /"" / //y°7jt a* Factory 'Beo" CU]le with order, remainder at shipment. Price ri'ducfions for (luniitity orders. KING'S APIARIES, McARTHUR, OHIO. 0 T; K A N T N (J S IN B K E CULTURE 413 Established 1885. Write us for catalog. BEEKEEPERS' (^ SUPPLIES The Kind You Want and the Kind That Bees Need. We have ii good assortment in stock of bee sup- plies that are mostly needed in every apiary. The A. I. Root Co.'s brand. Let us hear from you. Information given to all inquiries. Bees- wax wanted for supplies or cash. John JNebel & Son Supply Co. High Hill, Montgomery Co., Mo. LEWIS 4-WAY BEE ESCAPES Four exits from supers. Fits all standard boards. Springs of coppered steel. Made of substantial metal. Price each 18c prepaid. Made by G. B. LEWIS COMPANY, Watertown, Wis., U. S.A. For Sale by all Dealers. HONEY We are in excellent position to serve beekeepers who do not pro- duce enough Honey to supply their trade. We have a big stock of fine table honey of various grades always on hand. In 60-lb. Tins Crystallized — Water White Orange, 15c; White Sage, 14c; Extra L. A. Sage, 12c; Buckwheat, 10c. GLASS AND TIN HONEY CONTAINERS. 2V'2-Pound cans, 2 dozen reshipping cases $1.45 case; crates of 100, $4.50 5-lb. pails (with handles), 1 dozen reshipping cases. . . .$1.35 case; crates of 100, $7.00 10-lb. paiis (with handles), V2 dozen reshipping cases. .$1.10 case; crates of 50, $5.25 60-lb. tins, 2 per case New, $1.20 case; used, 25c White riint Glass. With Gold Lacquered Wax Lined Caps. 8-oz. honey capacity. .$1.50 per carton of 3 doz. 16-oz. honey capacity . $1.40 per carton of 2 doz. Qt. 3-lb. honey capacity . !?1 per carton of 1 doz. HOFFMAN & HAUCK, tnc. WOODHAVEN, NEW YORK. Bee Supplies F. COOMBS & SONS, BR4TTLEB0R0, VERMONT ORDERS FILLED PROMPTLY. CATALOG ON REQUEST. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE June, 1922 QUEENS Pure Three-Band Italians Only. Select Breeding. Best methods and equipment as ap- proved by up-to-date authorities. You can get none better at any price. Our free folder will tell you what others say about them. A trial order will con- vince you that they have the qualities desired. PRICES AND TERMS. Untested, 1 to 12, $1.10 each; 13 to 25, $1.00 each; 26 to 100, 90c each. Select untested, add 25c per queen. Tested, $1.75. Select Tested, $2.00. Breeders, $7.50 and $10.00 each on a one-frame nucleus. For delivery after June 1st, deduct 10% from above. Send 20% to book, and balance before shipment is want- ed. Pure mating, safe arrival and com- plete satisfaction guaranteed. No more package bees or nuclei this season. JENSEN'S APIARIES R. F. D. No. 3, CRAWFORD, MISS. FOR SALE PACKAGE BEES All bees are slii])])ed on a standard Root frame, ('merging bees with honey. June 1st to 15th. 2-pouii(l packag(> $2.75 3-pouiid package 8.5(1 4-pouiid package 4.25 and untested queen with each package bees. Safe delivery guaranteed. Free from any contagious bee disease. Certificate will accompany each shipment. A. J. LEMOINE MOREAUVILLE, LA. That Pritchard Queens AND Pritcliard Service made a hit last season is proven by the many letters of appreciation and repeated orders received. This year we are BETTER PREPARED WITH a LARGER OUTFIT AND REDUCED PRICE. THREE-BANDED ITALIANS. Untested $1.25 each; 6 for $7.00 Select Untested.$1.50 each ; 6 for $8.50 Select Tested each $3.00 Queens clipped free on request. We are booking orders now. Send yours at once and we will do our best to ship on date you desire. Acknowledgment and directions for introducing sent on receipt of order. Safe arrival and sat- isfaction guaranteed. Untested ready about June 1. ARLIE PRITCHARD R. F. D. No. 3. MEDINA. OHIO Strong Nuclei FOR Little Money Prepaid to your Town or Station Any Month of the Year. From stock originally bred by Henry Alley and E. L. Pratt more prominent- ly known to the beekeepers of 15 years ago as SWARTHMORE. This stock was bred and selected for upwards of 20 years by the above well-known breeders. Since 1909 I have continued this work of selection. Have COO colonies to draw from. 1-fr. nuclei with untested queen. $6.00 2-fr. nuclei with untested queen. 6.75 3-fr. nuclei with untested queen. 7.25 DELIVERED FREE in 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th raid 5th parcel post zone from N. Y. City. Additional charge of 10^ o beyond that zone. GUARANTEED SAFE DELIVERY. NO FOUL BROOD IN PORTO RICO. TROPICAL APIARIES, Aibonito, Porto Rico PENN G. SNYDER. Jlxe, 192-J GLEANINGS IN B K E CULTURE Wc oAre the HU^ for HUBAM Guaranteed, certified, Annual Sweet Clover. All new crop, grown on our own farms and all from the first fifty seeds from that original plant at Ames. We are sliipping to all parts of the world now. HUBAM is being planted s,oniewhere every day for bee pasture, hay, pasture, or for green manure to plow in. The seed is hulled and scarified, with a purity of 99.8% and grows 97%. Price now is $2.00 per pound. With each and every order for Hubani we Avill include FEEE a can of Nitra- gin pure culture bacteria which will insure proper growth of the Hubam plant. Our seed is pure. You buy from an old established firm with a reputation to maintain when you buy from THE HENRY FIELD SEED COMPANY SHENANDOAH, IOWA. Positively the cheape8t and Btrongest li^ht on earth. Used In every country on the globe. Makes and boms fta own gas. Casts no 4hadows. Clean and odorless. Absolutely safe. Over 200 styles. 100 to 2000 Candle Power. Fully Guaranteed Write for catalog. AGENTS WANTED EVERYWHERE. THE BEST UGHT CO. ^ 306 E. 5th St., Canton. O. Bee Supplies Send us your orders for honey con- tainers NOW. Special Prices on TIN AND GLASS HONEY CONTAINERS 2y.-lb. Cans, per 100 $4.25 5 -lb. Pails, per 100 7.00 10 -lb. Pails, per 100 10.50 GO -lb. Sq. Cans, per case of 2 1.25 2y2-lb. Cans, per case of 24.. 1.25 5 -lb. Pails, per case of 12.. 1.10 10 -lb. Pails, per case of 6... .90 GLASS JARS. 8-oz. honey capacity, case of 24. .$1.15 16-oz. honey capacity, case of 24. l.,S5 32-oz. honey capacity, case of 12. 1.20 Write for prices on large quantities, stating number and sizes wanted. Send us a list of your requirements of BEE SUPPLIES," and we will quote you prices that are right. A. H. RUSCH & SON CO., RSEDSVILLE, WIS. Get It From -^' the Factcjrvy ~ Direct. KITSELMAN FENCE "I saved 20 centsa rod" writes Martin Wagner, St. Anthony. Ind. Think of itl YOU, too, CAN SAVE. Write toilav for our big 100-page Catalog showing Lowest Prices on Farm. Poultry. Lawn ce. Posts. Gates. It's Free. Fpn - - KITSRLMAN BROS. Dept. 21 MUNCIE, IND. DON'T DELAY-GET OUR PRICES WE SAVE YOU MONEY u ff falcon SUPPLIES - QUEENS - FOUNDATION W. T. FALCONER MFG. COMPANY FALCONER (Near Jamestown) NEW YORK "Where the best beehives come from." 416 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE June, 1922 Northern-bred Italian Queens Are Hardy Queens We are in position to furnish you good, hardy, thrifty queens, the re- sult of ten years ' selective breeding, the best breeders from over seven hundred colonies. Each breeder lias a honey record. Each year new stock has been secured, and so we have built up a strain of bees which, I belie'^'e, cannot be beaten in the Northwest. Orders will be handled promptly. On large orders secure mailing date. Fif- teen per cent down, balance two weeks before shipment. Shipments begin June 1. 1 Untested Queen .... $ 1.50 6 Untested Queens. . . 7.50 12 Untested Queens . . . 14.00 50 Untssted Queens . . . 55.00 100 Unt3-ted Queens . . . 100.00 Tested Queens , each. . . . 2.50 WELLS D. ROSE SUNNYSIDE, WASHINGTON. High Quality Queens By Return Mail Untested Queens — 1, $1.00; 6, $5.50; 12, $10.00; 25, $20.00. Select Untested — 1, $1.20; 6, $6.50; 12, $12.00; 25, $23.50. Select Tested— $2.00 each. NUCLEI AND PACKAGE BEES. 2-frame nucleus, $3.25; 3-frame nu- cleus,'$4.50. 1-lb. package, $2.00; 2-lb. package, $3.25; 3-lb. package, $4.50. Add price of queen wanted with nu- cleus or package.. Safe delivery and fullest satisfaction guaranteed. Health certificate furnished with each ship- ment. FRANK BORNHGFFER MT. WASHINGTON, OHIO. If you have tried the rest Now try the BEST. Our cu.stomer.s are amazed at the good queens we send them for the money. One customer from Iowa writes, "Queen I got from you last year stands at the head of the list and I have queens from nine differ- ent breeders in five different states." An- other from Nebraska: "I certainly like the fjentleness of your bees. Please book me for a dozen.'' One from Illinois: ''The queens I got of you last year are certainly doing fine, etc." We rear our queens to get results and a trial order will convince you as it did hundreds of our other cus- tomers. We are able to furnish only a tliousand of these A-No. 1 queens a month. Better not delay in placing your order. Every queen guaranteed to be purely mated, to reach you in perfect condition and to give Avhat you think is satisfaction. Never have had any contagious or infec- tious diseases in our apiaries. Untested . . .$1.25; 12, $13.50; 25, $1.00 ea. Sel. Untest... 1.50; 12, 16.20; 25, 1.25 ea. Sel. Tested.. 2.50; 12, 27.00; 25, 2.00 ea. Circular and complete price list free. HERMAN McCONNELL, EOBINSON - - ILLINOIS Selected Queens of the Highest Quality 1 000 Full Colonies 1 000 Nuclei Queens by Return Mail Three-banded Queens Our Specialty Our queens produce bees that are wonderful honey gatherers, gentle and most resistant to all diseases. We o'uarantee every queen we ship to give entire satisfaction. Wings we clip free of charge on request. Safe ar- rival and prompt delivery are also fully guaranteed. There may be other queens just as good, but we be- lieve you will find few better. To know tliem, try them. Hayneville Apiary Co. Hayneville, Alabama. Junk, 1912'i G L E A N I N U S IN 15 10 W (! U L T U H E 417 A SUPERIOR QUALITY AT LESS COST Supplies (MADE BY THE DIAMOND MATCH CO.) A SUPERIOR QUALITY AT LESS COST Reasons why our prices are reasonable: Our supplies are brought to us in cargo lots by steamer from California through llif Panama Canal. The resulting saving in freight cost is jiassed on to our customers. One-Story Complete Dovetailed Hire With metal telescope cover, inner cover, reversible bottom, Hoffman frames, nails, rabtots. Standard Size. Crate of five, K. D., 8-frame -1^12.65 Crate of five, K. D., 10-frame 13.25 Jumbo Size. Crate of five, K. D., 10-frarae 14.25 Hire-Bodies With Hoffman frames, uaib, rabbets. Standard size, crate of 5, K. D., 8-fr. .$5.20 Standard size, crate of 5, K. D., 10-fr. 5.85 Jumbo size, crate of 5, K. D., 10-fr. . 6.85 Hoffman Frames Standard size 100, .$5.20 ; 500, $25.00 Shallow 100, 4.30 ; 500, 21.00 Jumbo 100, 5.80 ; 500, 28.00 Diamond Brand Foundation Medium 5 lbs., 68c lb. ; 50 lbs., 65c lb. Thin Super. . .5 lbs., 75c lb. ; 50 lbs., 72c lb. Aluminum Honeycombs Standard Langstroth .$5.00 box of 10 Shallow Extracting 4.00 box of 10 Jumbo 6.00 box of 10 HOFFMAN & HAUCK, INC WOODHAVEN, NEW YORK 418 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE June, 1922 Northweilern Headquarters for Italian Queens The queen is the life of tlie colony. You cannot afford to keep poor queens or a poor strain of bees. I have been in the bee business for more than twenty years and have made every effort to improve the honey-gathering qualities of my bees by purchase of breeders and by selective breeding. I believe that my bees are unsurpassed by any. When you buy Untested Queens from me you are getting select untested queens. I will begin mailing queens about June 1. Prices June 1 to October 1:1 6 12 50 100 Untested Italian Queen $1.25 $7.00 $12.50 $50.00 $95.00 Tested Italian Queen 2.00 11.00 I have no pound packages or nuclei for sale. J. D. HA%%AH, Route 1, FREEJVATER, OREGON ^lueens '^ees Forehand's 3-Bands One Queen for $1.00 They Satisfy. Why? Because they are guaranteed to be as good as money can buy. Not a cheap queen but a queen of the best at a cheap price. Every queen guaranteed to reach des- tination in first-class condition, to be purely mated and give perfect satisfaction or money back. Orders filled by return mail. Untested: 1 to 25, $1.00 each; 25 to 50, 90c; 50 to 100, 80c each. Select Untested, 1 to 25, $1.25 each. Tested, $2.00 each, or 12 for $20.00. One lb. pure Italian bees with queen, $3.00. Two lbs. pure Italian bees with queen, $5.50 Ten of more 2-lb. packages, $5.00 each. a T. K A N' T N (; S T \ U K K f ' I' L T U U V. 419 I QUEENS, = Bright Three-Banded | ^ Italian. I QUEENS I Bright Three-Banded = Italian. ^ iiiiiiitiiiMriiiniiii, Package Bees Prices and Terms MATED UNTESTED QUEENS 1 $1.00 6 5.50 12 9.60 13 to 99, each. . .75 100 or more, ea. .70 PACKAGE BEES. Write for special Price. TERMS. 109r deposit on iDooking order. Balance at time of shipment. We are now booking orders for queens anil package bees for the season of 1922. Sliipnients of queens and package bees tliis 3^ear commenced on March 1.5, 1922. All queens are mated in standard full- sized three-frame nuclei. We are operating four thousand standard full-sized three-frame nuclei. Capacity and output of queen yards this season is five thousand queens per month. We own, operate and run for extracted honey in the states of California and Ne- vada twelve thousand colonies of bees. All of our breeders are selected queens whose colonies led those twelve thousand colonies of bees last season. Better selection of breeders cannot be equaled or had any- where. We have the capacity and output of queens and package bees to make shipments promptly as and when promised. All queens shipped by us in six-hole mail- ing cages. No small-sized mailing cages used. We guarantee safe arrival of queens and package bees. Any queens or package bees arriving dead at destination will be replaced witliout charge. Eeferences by permission: The A. I. Root Company of California, No. 52 Main Street, San Francisco, California, and No. 1824 E. Fifteenth Street, Los Angeles, Calif orniji ; The Diamond Match Company, Apiary De- partment, Chieo, California; The Westerji Honey Bee, No. 121 Temple Street, Los An- geles, California; Bees and Honey, Hutch- inson Building, Oakland, California; The Beekeepers' Eeview, Lansing, Michigan. Banking references upon request. We respectfully solicit your j)atronage. I WESTERN BEE FARMS CORPORATION 1 ^ (PRINCIPAL) ^ g Westen Honey Corporation :: Western Citrus Honey Corporation M ^ (ASSOCIATED CORPORATIONS) ^ ^E General Offices: Claus Spreckels Building, No. 703- Market Street, San Francisco, California. ^= iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii 420 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE June, 1922 The Quality of Root's Goods is such that their continuous use enables one to build up complete equipment for any number of colonies, every unit being interchangeable with every other unit, and each additional order increasing the value and usefulness of all. We suggest that you anticipate your needs as far as possible during the very busy months of June and July, We are making every effort to give good service. M. H. HUNT &c SON 510 North Cedar Street, Lansing, Michigan Achord^s Italians oAre Good Bees Whether you have only a few colonies or five Inuulrecl, we believe you will like them and ihey will prove a worthy addition to your yard. They are a bright, hustling, three-handed strain, bred primarily for honey production, but also gentleness and color. We have spared neither labor nor expense to make them the very best. Untested, each ^l.'J.") Select Untested 1.35 Tested, each 2 (») ^rice of ^lueens to June 15th. ten or more $1.15; 2; ten or more 1.25; 2; ten or more 1.75; l^rice of Queens After yune 15th. or more $1.00 or more 1.15 Untested, each ..... ..$1 00 ; Select Untested 1.10; Tested, each 1.75, five or more $0.90 ; five or more 1.00 ; five or more 1.65; ten or more $0.80 ;ten or more 90 Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. W. D. ACHORD, FITZPATRICK, ALABAMA, Nov ire Two- frame Kxtractor. Your Extracting Problems For 53 years we li;ne V^eeii sohing tlie extrat-tor problems cf beekeepers, and today we are abreast of every latest idea in extracting. It was in 1869 that A. I. Root built the first prac- tical honey-extractor in America. Year after year as the meth- ods applied to beekeeping have progressed, we have con- stantly improved our honey-extractors in order that they might always meet the recjuirements of the most exacting conditions. The result has been that during the last 10 years alone more than 15,000 of our extractors liave been sold tj V)eekeepers. ROOT EXTRACTORS FOR EVERYBODY. We have designed in all a' total of 31 extractor models, and today we manufacture nine regular styles, besides supplying parts and ex- tractor service to beekeepers all over America and in foreign countries. Among our nine regular extractors, it is A. T. Root's own original "NOVICE" that best meets the requirements of the small beelveei)er and also the comb-honey producer, small in capac- ity, inexpensive, yet standard in its field and very efficient. The Root two-frame Reversible Extractor is the best seller because it is right in design, ex- cellent in quality of workmanship and material, easily capable of extracting more than 1000 Dounds in 10 hours, and very reasonably priced. A great many of these have given good service for more than 2.5 years. Root's Multiple Reversing Extractors. f(uir and eight frames, are made for beekeejiers having 100 colonies or more. They are equipjied Mitli the famous friction drive. The pockets reverse simultaneously, without entirely stoi)ping the machine. The best medium-priced machine on the markfit. The Buckeye Power Extractor rei)resents the latest and the best in power honey-extractors Developed out of our 50 years of extractor experience. Comb pockets can be reversed without stopping the machine and without damage and eight frame sizes. Buckeye Power Extractors have .50 per cent more capacity than Root's Multi- ple Extractors. Built to stand the hardest usage for high speed properly balanced, and pockets very strongly supported at top and bottom. Will stand a si)epd test of 350 revolutions. ])er mm ute without injury to fragile combs. OTHER EXTRACTING to the C(nnbs. A big saving in time. Made in four EQUIPMENT. Root steam-heated uncapping- knifc is (ho best. Temperature is always uniform, and will not over- heat. No other uncapping-knife equals it in constant and satis- factory service. It's always right. We have also a complete line of Honey Storage Tanks, Capping- Meltei*s, Wax-Extractors, Wax- Presses. Honey-Strainers. Oil and Gasoline Stoves, etc. The best and latest in all these lines. We devote 10 pages in our 1922 catalog to this wonderful line. Send for one. It is free. AVRTTE FOR THE LOWEST QUOTA'J'ION ON A COMPLETE EXTRACTING EQUIPMENT. lIuckevL' Power Extractor. THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY WEST SIDE STATION MEDINA, OHIO ©leaningsi "— - «*'?!>. I n '^^r*) 5§ee Culture JUL V- 1922 Basswood — - An Old and Tried Friend of Bees and Beekeepers, in the Bloom and in the Lumber Pile. VOLUME L JULY, .922 NUMBER ^1 Order Your d^l 91 Queens Now N^' QUEENS or SUPBEME QUALITY. Just think of it. Only *1 for one of my hrisht three-banded northern-bred Italian que^'ens. after 19 years of select breeding. I have produced a .strain of bees that get the honev and stand the northern winters. Last rear every order was filled by return mail. Expect to" do the same this year. This is the kind of letters I receive daily: "Dear Mr. Major: How early in spring could you fill an order for one dozen Ital- ian queens? My e.xperience and observa- tion with your strain of Italians have shown them' to be extremely gentle, supe- rior as workers, and unexcelled in the beautifully white and even capping of the honev. Yottrs very truly, "Orel L. Hershiser." Mr. Hershiser is one of our state inspectors and has been a beekeeper almost all his life ; also inventor of the Hershiser wax-press. Does he know good bees when he sees them? Does a duck swim? I guarantee pure mating, safe arrival, free from disease and health certificate furnished with each ship- ment. Select Untested, from 1 to 100, $1.00 each. Select Tested, $1.50 each. Extra-Select Breeders, $5.00 each. All candy in (jueen-mailing cages mixed to government regulations : all orders greatly appreciated and acknowledged the same day received. H. N. MAJOR, SOUTH WALES, N. Y. Toledo, Ohio BEES SUPPLIES ARE ADVANCING with lumber. Why not lay in. your stock now at old prices? Send for our special BIG DISCOUNT SHEET. This will save you nuuiey. Honey Shipping Cases and Pails ready for quick shipment. Extractors, Uncapping Cans and Storage Tanks, all sizes at low- est cash prices. We carry both Lewis and Root Goods. Spe- cify which you M-ish. Free Catalog of either make sent u]>on request. HONEY WANTED in exchange for sup])lies. NEW CROP ONLY. Griggs Bros. Co. TOLEDO, OHIO. "Griggs Saves You Freight." '9" SUMMER PRICES ^^^^^ --ON — Quality Bees and Queens 'I'liei-e is bound to be a rush re-queening during -luly. August and September. For this occasion 'we offer the following prices: 1 Untested Queen .^^l.OO 2.5 or over 90 1 Select L^ntested Queen 1.2.5 25 or over 1.10 1 Tistod Queen 1.75 liver 1 ^.'i Tested Queen 2.(iO , ,,. ,,-■..,■ 1 .."iO Xo jiackage ln'i'S or nuclei ship])ed the re- mainder of this season. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY OF TEXAS BOX 765. SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS. -5^- ^ACKERS a«^g ^•ANUFACTUBER' NEW LABELS The A. I. Root Co.. West Side Sta.. Medina. Ohio. NEW PRICES New Labels-'-Ne'w Prices! (These prices guaranteed to August 1, 1922, only.) CAN YOU BEAT THEM? We feel sure you can uot. In offering the labels as illustrated on the first two pages and last two pages in July Gleanings, we feel certain they will be a big aid to you in selling your honey. New, distinctive and mighty attractive. And the prices are right, too. These are furnished ungummed only. Send for our new label catalog, which will be off the press the latter part of July. More new ones there. You will be proud of your product with one of these labels on the package bearing your name and address. Order now for there will be a rush. THE A. I. EOOT COMPANY, MEDINA, OHIO. The printing in black may be changed to suit you. SWEET CLOVER 100%w. Not Wei -lit '^ r>7 '*"^"- " '"--•■ -^^'-'^I'TT'l^Siiii^ PIRB> SMITH BROTHERS JANESVILLE, MINN. If ('(niteius (if this iiackage granulate, set it on two sticks in water no hotter than hand will bear, leaving it there until honey liquefies. No. 108.— 250 for $2.05; 500 for $2.80; 1000 for $-±.00; each additional 1000, $2.40. Furnished in larger sizes for 2V>, o and 10 pound pails. Send for prices. FROM MANY FLOWERS Net Weight 1 11>. Produced and Packed by JONES & MORGAN, TIRO, ME. If riiiii,-iits cif this paclcage granulate, set it on two sticks in water no hotter No. 109.— 2.J0 for $2.00; .lOO for $2.55; 1000 for $3.60; each additional 1000, $2.05. NEW LABELS The A. I. Root Co., West Side Sta., Medina, Ohio. NEW PRICES M I k PURE HONEY Net Wt. 1 R). Good for the Kiddies From the Apiary of James R. Johnston Bloomington, O hio If contents of tliis jiackuKe granulate, set it on two sticks in water no liotter than hand will hear, leaving- it there nntil honey liqneties. No. 111.— L'.'in t'(ir .+ L'.(i.'>; .".on for ^L'.si); lOdO for ^4.(l0; o.-o-li ;i(linti-lb. can.. 24 $1.10 100 .$4.00 500 $18.00 5-lb. pail.. 12 .90 50 3.25 100 6.50 10-lb. pail.. 6 .75 50 4.50 100 9.00 (NOTE — ^The 2V^-lb. can has no bail while the 5-lb. and 10-lb. pails have a wire bail.) 6 1/2 -OUNCE TUMBLER. For an inexpensive package holding a scant half pound of honey, the tin-top tumbler is very We supply with tliese tumblers, besides the tin top, a wax paper disk for sealing when filled with honey. GV^-ounce Tumbler With tin top, 4-dozen case $1.40 MASON AND E-Z SEAL JARS. The Mason and E-Z Seal Jars we have to offer are made of clear white glass which will show off the honey far better than the cheap green glass jars usually found on the mar- ket. The Mason jar is furnished with zinc cover with porcelain lining and rubber ring. The E-Z Seal jar is equipped with glass cover and snap spring seal. Eubber ring included. We can furnish these jars in pint, quart and one-half gallon sizes. Write to Medina or the nearest A. I. Root Co. branch for lowest prices. SAMPLE MAILING BLOCKS FOR HONEY. Our sample mailing block consists of a small wide-mouthed bottle with cork, enclosed in a screw-top case, which conforms to the postal regulations, for mailing samples. Prices: One-ounce block, each 10c Two-ounce block, each 12c Four-ounce block, each 15c CARTONS FOR COMB HONEY. The best salesman for the beekeeper who makes a busi- ness of producing comb honey, is an attractive and sanitary carton. Comb honey put up in cartons is free from dust and flies. Being printed in two colors with this special engraved design on the front, it makes a very handsome package. The panels all contain appropriate printed matter in regard to the food value of honey, and how comb honey is produced. Direc- tions are given for keeping in a warm, dry place. The Danz. or slip carton listed below is open on the sides instead of top and bottom. It is advisable to use a rubber band with this open carton. In ordering cartons be sure to mention size of sections they are wanted for. Price of folding cartons printed. Sizes "of Sections— 4^/4 x 1%, 4% x IVo, 4 x 5 x 1% Price per 100, $1.35; per 1000, $13.20 Price of Danz. or slip cartons printed: Size of Sections— 4Vi x 1%, 4i/4 x IV2, 4 x 5 x 1% Price per TOO, $1.25; per 1000, $12.00 For printing name and address on cartons, add Per 100, $1.50; per 1000, $3.00 For ]ilain cartons with no printing, deduct ' Per 100, $0.20; per 1000, $2.00 SEE NEXT PAGE. .lrl.\, 192C! a t. K A N T N C! S IN li K K (' TT L T V U K 429 Id Ml M Hjjv We!! SCALES FOR WEIGHING SECTIONS. The most simple way of liudiug the weight of section comb honey is to use some form of spring scale. We have two kinds which are quick to operate and handy to use. Weight Price Postal, 1-pound capacity 10 oz. $2.50 Invincible, 2-pound capacity, with scoop 2 lbs. 3.50 STAMPING OUTFIT FOR SECTIONS. This consists of tlirec molding stamps — "Net weight not less than 12^^ oz.;" "Net weight not less than 11 oz."; "Net weight not less than 10 oz.," and a self-inking pad. Net weight stamping outfit for sections $1.60 postpaid ' ^--—-""^.^ SHIPPING CASES. Comb honey, to be shipped safely and bring top price, requires a very strong as well as a good-looking shipping case. This is exactly the kind we make. Our cases are regularly single-tier for 24 sections, but can furnish the double-tier case from Medina or Council Bluffs. When iu flat, we include nails, and as ordered we ship with or without 2-inch glass strips with the necessary grooved wood strips and end-blocks to put in the glass side. Prices: ' i In fith glass, in lots of In flat, no glass Wt. 10 100 10 100 100 $6.00 $58.00 $5.75 $55.50 360 5.80 56.00 5.55 53.50 340 5.80 56.00 5.55 53.50 340 5.80 56.00 5.55 53.50 340 5.80 56.00 5.55 53.50 340 3% X 5 CARRIERS FOR SHIPPING COMB HONEY. In shipping a quantity of comb honey the regular cases should be packed in carriers, cushioned underneath with at least four inches of straw to absorb the jar when handled. Eight 24-lb. bee- way or 4 X 5 plain section cases may be placed in each carrier. These carriers have handles extending from each end to give freight-handlers no excuse for rough handling. Material for car- riers will be furnished in flat only. Carriers should be lined with heavy paper when filled. Specify for what size case wanted. Comb-honey carrier, KD Weight, 15 lbs. $1.75 "HONEY FOR SALE" SIGNS. We have two kinds of "Honey for Sale" signs to offer. The one shown in the illus- tration is 1914 X 28 inches printed iu two col- ors on heavy cardboard on both sides. The other one is made of strong metal with a green painted background. The border and wording ' ' Honey for Sale, ' ' are painted yellow and are very attractive. Size 8% x 14 inches. Cardboard sign. Postpaid $0.80 Metal sign. Postpaid 1.00 HONEY LABELS. Our catalog of handsome new honey-label designs will be out within a few days. These will be the handsomest labels we have ever offered the beekeepers. Write for this catalog, and we will mail it as soon as it is off the press. THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY, MEDINA, OHIO 0 I. K A N r N fi S IN R R R cv h T V T; !•; •Tur.v, 1922 ffiw Bingham BEE SMOKER The Smoker You Ought to Own T HE most important invention in beekeep- ing, as little can be accomplished without the Bee Smoker. The neiv Bingham Bee-Smoker is the most elhcient and durable machine on the market, ihe standard for over 40 years in this and many foreign countries, and is the all-impor- tant tool of the most extensive honey produc- ers of the world. Comes with metal legs, metal binding and turned edges. The four larger sizes have hinged covers. The fire grate is of very sub- stantial material, with an abundance of draft holes, the 4-inch size having 381 holes, equal to an opening of 2-inch square. A valve in the bellows of the larger sizes makes the Smoker respond to the most delicate touch. The new Bingham comes in six sizes, including the Big Smoke,' which is furnislied both with and without shield. The larger sizes are best, as they hold more fuel, give more smoke, re- quire filling less often, and are especially rec- ommended to those who work with their bees several hours at a time. Write for our complete catalog of bee sup- plies and accessories. Special circular of all sizes of Bingham Smokers free for the asking A. G. WOODMAN CO. 238 Scribner Ave., N. W. GRAND RAPIDS, MICH., U.S.A. BIG SMOKE— With Shield Tire Pot, 4 x 10. CONQUEROR. Fire Pot, 3x7. LITTLE WONDER. Fire Pot, 3 X 51^. .Iri.v, 1!;l (I 1, 1-, A N I N (i S IN ]'. K C U LT r U K 431 A SUPERIOR QUALITY AT LESS COST Supplies (MADE BY THE DIAMOND MATCH CO.) A SUPERIOR QUALITY AT LESS COST ReasoTis why our prices are reasonable: Our supplies are brought to us in cargo lots by steamer from California through the Panama Canal. The resulting .savins: in freight cost is passed on to our customers. One-Story Complete Dovetailed Hire With metal telescope cover, inner cover, reversible bottom, Hoffman frames, nails, rabbets. Standard Size. Crate of five, K. D., 8-frame $12.65 Crate of five, K. D., 10-frame 13.25 Jumbo Size. Crate of five, K. D., 10-frame 14.25 Hive-Bodies With Hoffman frames, nails, rabbets. Standard size, crate of 5, K. D., 8-fr. .$5.20 Standard size, crate of 5, K. D., 10-fr. 5.85 Jumbo size, crate of 5, K. D., 10-fr. . 6.85 Hoffman Frames Standard size 100, $5.20; 500, $25.00 Shallow 100, 4.30 ; 500, 21.00 Jumbo 100, 5.80 : 500, 28.00 Diamond Brand Foundation Medium 5 lbs., 68c lb. ; 50 lbs., 65c lb. Thin Super ... 5 lbs., 75c lb. ; 50 lbs., 72c lb. Comb Honey Supers For 4 X 5 X 1 % sections including section-holders, fence- separators, springs, tins and nails. Crate of five, K. D., 8-frame $5.60 Crate of five, K. D., 10-frame 6.00 HOFFMAN 8c HAUCK, INC. WOODHAVEN, NEW YORK 432 GLEANINGS IN P. E K C U L T U R K JnLV. 1922 Shoulders of Strength :tn: Dadant's Makes non-sag all-vforker comb, WIRED. Cuts out cost and labor of hand wiring. Quickly accepted by bees without reservations. NON-SAG, the finishsd comb a dslight to the eye. Wired Foundation NOTE THE CRIMPS in the wires. These are permanent, even under weight, and they re- inforce tlie ciin:li with aiigli^s of .sup])ort radiating in all directions. THIS IS AN ENTIRELY NEW IDEA in foundation making. The wire, woven into the wax by machinery, makes a rigid yet flexible sheet, producing a straight, desirable, non-sag com)). DON'T BE DECEIVED by evidence from previous experiments with vertical wiring. There is no precedent for this new msans of support, affording radiating shoulders of strength through- out the comb. TESTED BY TIME AND USE. D.idant's Wired Foundation is not an experiment of a few months' time, but is a carefully evolved specialty of a lifetime of foundation specialists. It has also been thoroughly tested for several years in large apiaries in all parts of the United States. DADANT'S WIRED FOUNDATION may be used in new-style split bottom-bar frames or in the old-styie one-piece bottom-bar frames with equal satisfaction. It is also adaptable to any size ;ind style of brood or extracting frame. COSTS NO MORE. Since Dadant's Wired Foundation cuts out the cost and labor of wiring, its extra price of three cents per pound above the catalog prices of old-style foundation is thus more than returned to the beekeeper. ASK FOR SAMPLES. A small mailing sample sent free on request. Special Offer: A sample of seven sheets, for either si)lit bottom-bar or old-style one-piece bottom-bar frames will be sent, >t])aid, to any address in the United States for %1. Specify size desired. Only one sample to a. person. Wired Foundation is sold by all distributors of Lewis "Beeware' Send them your orders. and Dadant's Foundation. Dadant & Sons, Hamilton, Illinois Catalog and Prices on Foundation, Bee Supplies, Beeswax, Wax Working into Comb Foundation and Comb Rendering for the asking. E GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 3 EDITORIAL IMPORTANT.— Be sure to write to your Senators. See bottom of second column tliis page. tt lO. .=«= zta AT tlie close of the honey tlow, the colonies are usually very strong, and, if there is no later honey flow. Making Increase at Close of Honey Flow. this great horde of workers is now of but little value to the colon y. Such a large population is needed only dur- ing the honey flow. In some localities this great force of bees will be practically idle the remainder of tlieir lives; but, of course, if there is any nectar available at any time before these bees die off, they will quickly pay for all it cost to rear and maintain them. Many beekeepers have learned the trick of utilizing this great force of workers at the close of the honey flow, where the sea- son closes in July, by making increase. An easy way to do this is to divide the bees and the brood of a colony into two parts, making the divisions about equal, and then hauling one of the divisions to an out- apiary. This prevents the field bees from returning to the old stand, thus avoiding one of the difficulties encountered in mak- ing increase in the same apiary. A young queen is, of course, introduced to the now queenless colony. If no out-apiaries are being operated, the hive should be left two stories high when the honey is taken off. The queen, together with one frame of the youngest brood, should then be placed below and the rest of the brood in the upper story and a queen-excluder placed between the two stories. Ten days later the upper story can be taken away to make increase, at which time a young laying queen or a queen-cell should be given. The field bees will, of course, return to the old location, but the rapidly emerging brood will soon repopulate the newlv formed colonv. THE House of Representatives has passed the bill mentioned in our last issue, pro- hibiting further The Isle ofWight importation of Disease Bill. adult bees into the United States except under regulations made by the Sec- tary of Agriculture and the Secretary of the Treasury. While no direct opposition has come to this journal, some has made itself manifest to the American Bee Journal, to the effect that it is not necessary to bar all countries from sending bees or queens into this coun- try at tliis time. The fact that Isle of Wight has now got into Europe makes it necessary to prohibit all countries from making such shipments until an investigation can be made. It is understood that Canada will be exempted at once. The bill that has passed tlie House, and which is now before the Senate, makes it possible to send honeybees for experimental or scientific purposes "upon such conditions and under such regu- lations as the Secretary of Agriculture and the Secretary of the Treasury shall pre- scribe." It further provides that these two officials may "make regulations to admit honeybees from countries where no danger- ous disease of honeybees exists." In interpreting the foregoing conditions tlie Secretary of Agriculture has made this statement: "I can assure you that when it is found desirable to import adult bees from any region, this will doubtless be permitted on evidence of the necessity and safety to the general beekeeping interests of the United States." The opposition has further stated that the law is an attempt to help the breeders of Italians. It seems hardly necessary to an- swer this as the purpose is to protect an in- dustry before it is too late. The law has provided means by which other races may be imported from countries where the Isle of Wight disease does not exist. What more could we ask? Apparently tlie opposition has lost sight of the fact that honevbees or queens under the provi- sions of the proposed law mav be sent for scientific purposes through the United States Department of Agriculture, or that the two officials mentioned may at any time, on proper evidence, lift the embargo against any country from which the importation of bees or queens is prohibited. With - this understanding we hope that every one of our subscribers (if they have not already done so) will address a letter to Senator Xorris, chairman of the Agri- cultural Conniiittee of the United States Senate, Washington, T). C, indicating your ajiproval of Senate bill No. S.'jOG, and urging GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE July, 1922 au early hearing, and at the same time ad- dress another letter to each of your United States Senators, asking for their support of the same measure. Do not delay this a minute, hut send a postal from your postoffice before you leave. If you do not know who your Senators are, ask your postmaster. We can imagine no greater calamity to the beekeeping interests than to have the Isle of Wight disease imported into this country. It is infinitely worse than foul brood, because there is no known cure. The best and only cure is to keep it out of this country. It would be unwise to make ex emptions now unless it is in the case of Canada; and the fact that the disease ' is known to be not far from localities in Eu- rope from which queens have been imported makes the menace all the greater. The early passage of the bill in the Senate is, therefore, imperative. Later on, exemptions can be made upon the submission of proper evidence. THE following letter from Dr. E. F. Phil- lips is self-explanatory. It is highly im- portant that Samples of Adult Bees Wflnted by the Bureau of Entomology. beekee p e r s c o - 0 perate in this, for, if this mite should be brought into this country, we should know it the first minute possible. I shall appreciate it greatly if you will ask through Gleanings in Bee Culture that beekeepers finding any adult bees that show abnormal condi- tions will send samples to this office for examination. Last summer a considerable number of samples of adult bees were examined, and no mites causing the Isle of Wight disease were found. While it is hoped that the mite is not found in this country, there will remain the need for further search, and this office will be glad to have such material. Queen- breeders and others who have imported queen bees from foreign countries should carefully examine the colonies to which the queens were introduced, and, if anything unusual is found, samples should be submitted. It will be well to send about 250 bees where that is feasible, together with a descr-ption of the conditions observed. In some bees re- cently examined which came with imported queens unusually heavy infections of Nosema apis were found, but so far the mite, Acarapis ivoodi. has not been encountered in such cases. Your co- operation in obtaining additional material for ex- amination will be greatly appreciated. Very truly yours, E, F. Phillips. Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C, June 7. IT may seem strange to begin to think about preparing for the 1923 honey crop now in the midst of Planning Now the harvest of the for Next Year. 1922 crop, but the foundation of next year's crop must be laid in July and Aug- ust. Thousands upon thousands of colonies are rendered useless for the following sum- mer every year by neglecting some little essential at this time. One great difficulty is that, at this season, the beekeeper is so deeply engrossed in the harvesting of this season's crop that the crop for next vear seems of little relative importance; but, later, there will be plenty of time to regret having neglected some of the things essen- tial to the maintenance of the colonies in a prosperous condition. Two things in man- agement for next year's honey crop stand out prominently at this time — the replac- ing of all inferior queens, and making sure that the colonies are not stripped too close- ly of their stores. When taking off honey to be extracted, an upper story containing considerable honey should be left on the hive. If feeding for winter is to be done later, as is the practice in Canada and the coldest portions of the United States, the unfinished honey may be put into this upper story that is left on the hive through the late summer and fall. This extra story, partly filled with honey, not only provides food for the bees after the honey flow ceases, but if there is a fall honey flow it provides room for storing the late-gathered honey. If not too far north the extra story can be left on all winter, in which case it should be nearly filled with good honey. MOEE and more beekeepers are learning that it pays to have young queens in their colonies during the lat- Reoueening ter part of the sum- in July, mer. It was noticed many years ago that the largest yields usually come from colo- nies that were parent colonies the last sea- son, and not often from the swarms of last season. The reason for this is largely that the parent colony had a young queen during the latter part of the season, while the swarm usually retained the old queen. Young queens, that begin to lay in July or August, lay more eggs during late summer and autumn than older queens, thus sup- plying the colony with more young bees for winter. These young queens are also in their prime the next spring when they are expected to do their best work for the heavy spring brood-rearing period. While it may not always be advisable to replace the queens every year, the tendency for bee- keepers to do so is increasing in some lo- calities when producing extracted honey. Comb-honey production does not place such a heavy burden upon the queens as does extracted-honey production, and as we go northward from the tropics the burden is also somewhat decreased on account of the shorter season. In such cases it may be well to keep the queens two years; but, wherever the queens are worked hard, many are coming to believe that it pays to re- queen every year. In a large part of the country there is no better time for doing this than during the latter part of the honey flow in Julv. This permits the doing of the work while the bees are still easily handled, and the young queen begins to lay in time to supply the colony with an abundance of young bees before the cessation of brood-rearing. July, 19-ja GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE A Wonderful Queen's Comb Honey Record. WK liave just come from viaitiug C. B. Hamilton of Fenton, Mieli., who, a year ago, purchas- ed from the South 32 two- pound pack- ages of bees, each containing a queen. One of these queens, with her 10,000 bees, per- formed a feat in comb-honey production whicli at first thought seems unbelievable. We will frankly say tliat we did not see how it could be done; but after an extended interview with Mr. Hamilton we are sure our readers will consider it quite within the realm of possibility. The bees were received April 18 — so early, in fact, that one would think that they would chill to death in the climate of Mich- igan before they would actually get under way. But Mr. Hamilton took pains to see that they were warmly packed, given hot syrup from time to time, and, in fact, every attention possible except to give the bees frames of brood or more bees. One pack- age of the bees and the queen clearly out- stripped all the rest, and when Mr. Hamil- ton saw what they were doing he watched them very closely. To make a long story short, the queen kept a two-story hive full of brood during the breeding season, some- times having as many as 20 frames at a time, and Y>art of the time she went up into the first super of sections with drawn comb. Mr. Hamilton did not know what she was going to do, and therefore he did not keep a record, he says. The flow from white clo- ver last year was practically a failure on account of a severe drouth. This very drouth made red clover just right for the honeybee- — that is, it stunted the blossoms so the bees could get the nectar. At all events they immediately went to work on the red clover, which, in connection with sweet clover and alfalfa, yielded an enor- mous amount of honey. When this red clo- ver began to open up, Mr. Hamilton put on six supers of sections, each section con- taining a comb two-thirds drawn out from the previous season. In a few days, said Mr. Hamilton, these were filled up with honey. Then he piled on more, supers. These were again filled in an incredibly short time, and still more supers, until he had 24 su- pers, each super containing 24 sections of drawn comb, or a pile of supers, including the hive, 12 feet high; "and at the end of the season," remarked Mr. Hamilton, "I took away, filled, 23 24-pound shipping cases of honey. ' ' So far this story will seem almost unbe- lievable; and as we tell it we know many will say it is impossible; but taking the story just as Mr. Hamilton gave it, it is evident that the queen was the most pro- lific he ever knew of. She kept on laying, and he kept on giving warm sugar syrup up to the honey flow until there were bush- els of bees — how mnny he does not know. It is Mr. Hamilton's policy in the produc- tion of comb lioney to put on the first super of unfinished sections from which the honey is extracted and the cells cut down to about half their original depth with a special knife Avhich he has designed. After they liave been extracted and leveled down tliey are given to a big colony to clean up, "be- cause," said Mr. Hamilton, "there must not be a particle of honey left in the sec- tions, as that will cause granulation." The next step is to put one of these supers containing drawn combs on the liive when it is ready for it. After that it is his rule to give supers containing only full sheets of foundation; but in the case of this re- markable queen, in order to see what she ro)ihi (In he gave her and her bees only supers of fully drawn combs. With bushels and bushels of bees and a long honey flow, he actually produced ;")77 sections from tlic one queen and his original two pounds. Eemember that his main flow did not be- gin until comparatively late, so the queen had a chance to build up from the syrup that was constantly given her. Mr. Hamilton has sold the queen that made this record, and therefore he has no ax to grind as he has no queens for sale. A Unique Trick of the Trade for Comb- Honey Producers. Mention has been made many times in the journals of applying hot paraffin to hive parts to prevent the bees from smearing these parts with liquid propolis; but somehow the idea seems never to have been developed ex- cept in parts of the West, especially in Colo- rado and Idaho. Mr. Hamilton has worked it down to a fine science. He takes a pan of hot paraffin with an ordinary varnish brush and gives a fine, nice coat to the tops of his sections after they are in the supers and before they are given to the bees. The brush wlien not in use must be kept continu- ally in hot paraffiii; and just before applying it to the sections it is wiped off on the pan to remove the drip, when it is given one sweep lengthwise over the tops of four sections. The brush must not be worked back and forth, for that will eause bubbles and make an un- even surface. Supers should be tilted ud to an angle of 4.5 degrees, and the brush given only one sweep down. "Bees will not then deposit any smeary glue over the tops of the sections having a thin coating of paraffin on top, ' ' said Mr. Hamilton. This trick of coating the tops of the sec- tions with paraffin, while old, is good just the same. So, likewise old is the trick of giving drawn combs in sections; but when it helps to increase the crop of comb honey and at the same time invite the bees up into the sections with a rush, it is certainly worth try- ing. Don't forget that "bushels" of bees are another important factor. That, of course, means a flood queen. We have come to the stage in apicultural history where we must have not only larger brood -nests but also queens that can fill them. — -E. E. K. 436 GLEANINGS IN EE CULTURE July, 1922 MIGRATORY BEEKEEPING Success Depends serration, 'Proper Hard THE element of chance always ac- companies the migrator, yet disregarding this fact, *.he prac- tice of migratory beekeeping a s carried on in California is decidedly profitable. Our semi- tropical climate, varied topography, long seasons and good roads make this possible. In addition, the states of Nevada and Cali- fornia practice reciprocity. It is quite true that migratory beekeeping helps to dissem- inate disease, but its practice should be condemned on that account no more than, for instance, the transportation of sheep from one pasture to another. General Considerations. Migratory beekeeping brings into play nearly every phase of beekeeping. Of course, bee behavior, the very foundation of bee- keeping, must be thoroughly understood, and it requires a great deal of ingenuity to maintain intact that big working force throughout the long season. Of next im- portance is plant behavior and the relation- ship which it bears to climate, especially seasonal variations. As pointed out in last month 's article, this phase of our problem is the most puzzling, and it is here that we experience the big element of chance, which, by the way, affords such keen delight to almost all of us. Such possibilities! We must be believers in the adage, "Anticipa- tion is two-thirds the pleasure of life. ' ' In the winter time when we plan our migratory adventures we become quite worked up as we proceed from one contemplated move to another. Frequently our plans do not work out. It is because we know so very little about honey flows. How are we going to know whether they are going to be light, or when they will begin, or when they will end? We never shall be able to know with By M. C. Richter any degree of certainty, as we are unable to Upon Keen Ob- foretell weather //>,>./• J.- J conditions which application and influence them. Climatic records and the records pertaining to the length and char- acter of flows over a period of years are of inestimable value to the migratory bee- keeper. Keen observation, an ability to apply such observations to practical use and the ever increasing value of records are a part of this work that no one can afford to neg- lect. Another important item is that of main- taining an accurate account of operating costs throughout the season. The cost of production for each migration also should l3e definitely known and made use of in connection with the number of pounds of honey produced. This branch of the work is ever so important, for it may happen that a certain migration resulting in a 70- pound surplus actually proved less profit- able than an another move where only a 50-pound surplus was gathered. In such a case the cost of moving in the former was greater than that in the latter. Another qualification pertinent to migra- tory beekeeping, which has not been con- sidered to any extent in the past, is that of endurance. It happens frequently that the beekeeper must drive his truck through- out the entire night and well into the next morning before his destination has been reached. The test of one's strength comes during the morning hours and especially when the colonies are being placed on their stands preparatory to releasing the bees. Anxiety regarding suffocation likewise taxes our powers of endurance. Yet these night experiences linger longer in our mem- orv and add immenselv to the fascination , r|'^r^ vl^^^BCl^^^^P « mffk M mlS^WBSSP^I^^^^^^''^ iHHiiSjiil^^^HliBi The modern method of moving entire apiaries long difstvinccs over California paved highways. July, 1923 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 437 of migrutory beekeeping. There is no gain- saying the fact that tliere is a great deal of hard work connected with moving of bees. Honey Sources. In migratory work we do not always move to obtain a surplus. Early in the sea- son it is often the intention to have the bees situated where they can avail them- selves of early bloom, such as willow, deci- duous fruits, principally almond and prune, and certain varieties of eucalypti and mus- tard. In the fall it is necessary for the bees to breed up sufficiently so as to rear the necessary amount of young bees to in- sure favorable spring breeding, and also to secure enough stores for the same purpose. Thus, the migratory beekeeper avails himself of the late-bloom- ing honey plants. The chief late and early plants are willows and eucalypti. In parts of the San Joaquin Valley, in favorable ^vears, willow furnishes honey- dew as late as November and December, and every year in all parts of the state, pollen and nectar in January and Febru- ary, according to the season. Several eucalypti, according to the species and season, bloom during the winter months and have proven their worth for stimulative purposes. As spring advances, orange and sage are the big drawing cards. Sometimes they come into bloom simultaneously; but orange secretes earlier than sage and, since the flow is shorter and rapid, there is time enough to move to the sage as the orange flow be- gins to fail. At the termination of sage, there are several good nectar sources. The central California sage beekeepers prefer to move to alfalfa; others may tarry longer and wait for a flow from either wild buck- wheat, wild alfalfa, or possibly sumac; or they too may journey, but toward the coast, to the lima bean fields of Ventura and Los Angeles counties. When moving from sage to alfalfa the preference is to go into Nevada, since al- falfa is a far better secreter in that state than it is in California. Owing to the foul- brood laws of our neighboring states, this form of migration confines itself to the shipment of three-pound packages of bees. However, the alfalfa of the San Joaquin Valley is nearer at hand and very good yields are obtained from the second, third, fourth and fifth crops. April, May and June are the sage months, according to the locality and season. Alfalfa in California usually starts to secrete in June and con- tinues till August or September. In the fall of the year the great valleys afford better bee pastures than the Coast Range Mountains or southern California. The upper Sacramento Valley leads Avith star thistle, a most excellent honey plant, producing a most excellent honey. Other prominent Sacramento Valley fall plants are mint along the rivers, and tarweed, yel- low sticker and blue curls along the plains. In the San Joaquin Valley the honeydew from the willow, in favorable seasons, starts early and lasts well into winter. Along the plains alkali weed, spikeweed, jackass clo- ver and blue curls are good secreters of nectar, especially where they have been favored with late spring rains. Nevada beekeepers think quite as much of our orange groves as we do of their alfalfa fields, and these two sources of nec- tar are worked to mutual advantage. When to Move. One of our most difficult problems is to The Ford truck does good work when distances are not too great. determine the best time to move. Again we find ourselves confronted with the elusive subject concerning the character and dura- tion of honey flows, and we find it neces- sary to resort to our records and observa tions. Our records should sliow us our daily gains, and when we find that such gains have lessened to four or three pounds, or perhaps notice a very slight inclination to rob (a sure sign of flow stoppage) we know at once that it is time to move. We disregard the fact that we may possibly get a daily gain of two or three pounds for another week, and also that our next flow may not start for several days, a. week, or possibly longer. We believe that a migra- tory beekeeper always makes a mistake if he waits till a flow is practically over before moving. If he does, he has shaken some- what the morale of his bees, his queens have practically ceased laying, and the brood-nests during the latter days have be- come well filled with honey. Conditions such as these may be avoided by moving early, and it is a well-established fact that moving incites breeding. A journey always seems to stimulate the bees to greater field activity. Thus when bees have been moved to a new locality, although the main flow has not yet commenced, they are, in the main, better prepared for future honey gathering. If it is found necessary to move bees in warm weather during a good honey flow, it is better to do so in the early hours of morning than in the evening when the bees ■iaiJ Gleanings in bee culture July, 1922 have arrived home. The reason is that there is less nectar in the hives at such a time. Preparation of Colonies for Moving. Upon preparing a liive for moving, much depends on the distance it must travel, the strength of the colony, the season of the year and the manner in which it is con- veyed. Every colony that undergoes trans- portation should have at least three pounds of honey for short distances, and 10 to 15 pounds for the longer distances. This honey should be so distributed that each frame does not contain more than two pounds, if possible. If it contains more, the likeli- hood of virgin comb, especially, breaking loose from the frame, on account of the constant jarring, is exceedingly great. Frames, well filled with old comb built on wired foundation, well clamped or other- wise fastened, with no more than three pounds of honey, can stand an unusually large amount of rough handling. There are several ways in which the frames may be lield securely in the hive. When the Hoff- man self-spacing frame is used there is no shifting of frames possible, but other styles of frames need something to hold them in place. In cases of this kind, a strip of wood with a series of teeth fastened upon it, somewhat similar to a hay rake, is pushed down between the frames one at each end of the hive. The teeth fit between the frames fastening them all securely. Tlie kind of hive used is important, but of still more importance is the condition of the hive when being shipped. This, of course, applies to the covers and bottom- boards as well. These should not only be strong and fit tightly to the hive or screen, but also so constructed that they can be piled one upon the other without any dan- ger of working loose, or being broken. Mi- gratory beekeepers should have their bot- tom-boards nailed fast to the hive. Bees moved in the winter, or when the colonies are not very populous and it is quite cool, do not need a screen over either the top or bottom of the hive for ventila- tion; but the cover is nailed on, the hive- bodies are cleated and a V-shaped strip of wire screen is pushed into the entrance. On moving strong colonies during warm weather, deep top screens must be used, and if the colonies are very populous, and the distance fairly great, it would be wiser to move without some of the flight bees. This may be accomplished by moving rather late in the afternoon while some of the bees are still in the fields. In such a pro- cedure, a few weak colonies may be left in the yard in order to pick up the homeless bees. The danger from "melt downs" in warm- weather is so great that it has been found expedient to sacrifice a few thousand of the older bees when moving under such conditions. It should also be remembered that Italians are less excitable than black bees, and consequently undergo a journey much better. Ample super room with deep screens af- ford clustering space for the bees away from the brood and honey and help greatly towards preventing suffocation. Of equal importance in this respect is proper venti- lation. When bees are on the move there is usually a good circulation of air about the hives, but when they become stationary and are exposed unavoidably to the sun, there is very great danger ef losing them. At such times dousing with cold water does not seem to help. If the bees begin to "sweat" they should be released at once. We give water only when we want to save the unsealed brood in the hive, and this is always done in the morning, when, under normal conditions, the water-gather- ing bees leave the hive for that purpose. Big Sur, Calif. PIONEER BEEKEEPING P. H. El-wood Had a Large Fart m Development of Self-spacing Fiames, Sol'ving the S-warming Probierri, Etc. By E. R. Root ON May 10, 1922, or a few weeks after his 75tJ) birthday, one of the pioneer lead- ers in beekeep- ing in the State of New York, if not in the Avhole United States, passed awav. I refer to P. H. Klwood of Starkville, N. Y. While Mr. Elwood did not belong to the earlier class of pioneers, such as Langstroth, Quinby, Gallup, Wagner and Dzierzon, he Avas near- ly contemporary with them. When he was a 3'oung man, at the early age of 23, he was able to build on where they left off. In 1870 he went into partnership with Capt. J. E. Hetherington, one of the most exten- sive honey-pro- ducers, then known in the w o r 1 d. F i V e years later he went into busi- ness for himself, and continued one of the larg- est producers of honey in the United States, operating over 1000 colonies for many years. Mr. Hether- ington, his former partner, was brilliant, scintillating, a man full of ideas, and very much ahead of his time. Mr. Elwood, like- wise, very much ahead of his time, was the opposite in some respects, in that he was conservative, cautious, and when he did adopt a new idea it was only after it had been shown in a small way to have value. July, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 459 The pity is that not more beekeepers are built along these lines. Two Schools in Beekeeping. In the CO's and 70 's tliere were two schools of beekeepers. One advocated a loose hanging frame without spacing-de- vices, such as Mr. Laugstr6th invented and leconinicnded. The other school advocated and adopted an entirely different style of hive and frame — a frame of the self-spacing type with ends closed throughout. Hether- ington, Elwood and many more in New York belonged to the latter school. There were some of the other school who were in- clined to poke fun at them because they liad adopted the bee-smashing (V) hive of Quinbv, tlie frames of which were supposed to be daubed up with bee glue, and which, it was alleged, required hours for their man- ipulation' when the others required only min- utes. Neither Hetherington nor Elwood paid very much attention to the jokes fired in at them by the users of the Langstroth equip- ment. They kept still and sawed wood; or, more exactly, they kept right on producing honey and making money. I may be pardoned for saying that it was not until 1890 that the ill-founded notions concerning the Quinby system were dis- spelled. During that year I conceived the idea of riding through the state of New York on a new safety bicycle, something that was more novel by far than the air- plane of today. My objective point was the locality of the Hetheringtons and the Elwoods. I became convinced that there were some very fine features connected with the Quinby system which was later modified by Mr. Hetherington; and with that end in view I was not so very long in trundling my two-wheeler from Buffalo to Starkville, N. Y., the home of P. H. Elwood. I went di- rectly to the hotel, but was told by the pro- prietor that he had positive instructions to tell me to go on to Mr. Elwood 's home. I obeyed orders and arrived just about sup- per time, somewhat leg-tired, dirty, and wet with perspiration, but hungry enough to eat of everything on the table, and I did. I met there a family of boys and girls; a mother who received me as one of her own sons, and a father, a dignified cultured gen- tleman who made me more than welcome. He had been apprised of the object of my visit, and with the greatest care showed me how he could manipulate the so-called "bee- smashing Quinby hive and frame." During the week that I was with him he carefully explained to me the advantages of a closed- end frame — how the brood would be built up to the end-bars because there would be no side-eddying currents of air; how he could hunt queens; how he could dissect the hive, take it all to pieces and put it to- gether again, and yet not kill a bee, and that with no other tool than a common jack- knife; how those bad (?) Quinby frames, instead of being all stuck up with bee glue so that they would have to be separated with a cold-chisel, could be separated and liandled with ease. He showed how, wlien he opened up a Hetlierington-Quinby hive, the daylight would pour through the hive. Wlicu he separated the frames he opened up the hive at its ends, letting the light in. When he got through with his manipulation he put the frames together, even though the bars were covered with bees, in such a way as not to kill a single bee, and certain- ly in much less time than it takes to tell it. He then showed how, with a couple of pan- els on the outside, he could, in connection The late P. H. Elwood. with just the frames, make a complete brood-nest without a hive-body. Such a hive, he demonstrated, could be made large or small without the use of division-boards. He also showed how he could put his comb- honey supers or ' ' clamps, ' ' as he called tliem, on top, and then over the whole a telescoping cap such as is ordinarily used to cover the brood-nest during cool weath- er, but which, during the summer, is used to shade the hive and the brood-nest. The illustration will show the original Hetherington-Quinby hive such as I saw' manipulated, and which I later saw my friend, C. F. M. Stone, use in California. In this connection it is interesting to re- mark that Mr. Stone said his Quinby hive was always strong, and always ready for a crop of honey. Mr. Elwood gave me my first intimation as to the value of powerful colonies; hut T 440 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE July, 1922 did not at that time have sense enough to soise all that he said, because I was over- whelmed with the idea of the Quinby hive with Hetherington 's improvements. I re- member the feeling of enthusiasm that came over me as I went with Mr. Elwood from apiary to apiary, and I was fast coming to the conclusion that we beekeepers of the West could well afford to adopt that sys- tem— especially so as it provided a hive that was expansible in size and that would not kill bees. That to me at the time, and to many others, was a revelation. I will not take time here to tell how Mr. Elwood drove me over those York State hills to his outyards. He would not let me use my bike, as he said he wanted to talk with me. And right here Mr. Elwood helped to make some modern beekeeping history — something that I have been wanting to tell the world for the last ten years, and now I am going to tell it. The Birth, of the Hoffman Frame. I was planning to go back and tell father that I thought we ought to put the Quinby- Hetlierington hive on the market, because I believed it would ultimately supplant the regular standard Langstroth equipment. I was young then, and at that age, as is the case with some others, my enthusiasm was inclined to run away with my judgment. It was right here that Mr. Elwood did the beekeeping fraternity a signal service. I can not remember his exact language, but I shall quote him as follows: "I am glad, Mr. Eoot, that I have proven to you that the Hetherington-Quinby system is not a clumsy, impracticable, bee-smashing outfit. But, much as I like it, I am not go- ing to recommend it to the beekeepers who already have, perhaps, hundreds and 'thou- sands of hives built on Langstroth lines. It would cost those beekeepers too much to change over. I will take you to a man who has a frame that I believe is adapted to the regular Langstroth hive, and which, I be- lieve, you could well afford to adopt." Eight here, with his eyes looking over toward those everlasting hills, he stopped a moment and resumed: "Young man, the beekeeping industry is still in its infancy. There are wonderful possibilities ahead of it. A great majority of the beekeepers of the United States have adopted the Langstroth system. I say to you it is a good one, and no man who has adopted that can afford to make a radical change; but," said he, "I think it could be improved." "Do you mean," I inquired, "that we can have a hanging closed-'end frame and put it in a Langstroth hive?" "No," he came back with an instant re- sponse; "that would not work." He continued, "I will take you over to a man named J. Y. Tunnieliff wlio has tried to use closed-end frames in Langstroth liive- bodies; but it is a bee-smasher; and in such a hive you will lose the benefit of the closed- end frame. ' ' Then he offered the prediction that the Ileddon hive that made use of that prin- ciple would not be a permanent success. We now know how well the prophecy came true. We drove over to Mr. Tunnieliff 's, and there I became convinced from that moment that Mr. Elwood was right. After we came away and were driving along the road Mr. Elwood continued: "Now, Mr. Root, I am going to drive you over to see Julius Hoffman of Canajo- harie. I think he has a frame with partly closed ends that is eminently adaptable to the Langstroth hive. Considering the fact that there are hundreds of Langstroth hives where there is one Quinby, I want to rec- ommend to you the Hoffman frame. ' ' To make a long story short, both of us went to see Mr. Hoffman, and there I be- came convinced that he had the thing I was looking for — a self-spacing frame, part- ly closed end, that could be used in the hives then commonly in use. Quinby closed-end frame. This shows how the brood-nest can be split up or dissected for exam- ination. I tried the original Hoffman frame at our Medina apiary, but found that I would have to make some changes — changes that result- ed in the modern Hoffman frame that is sold now more extensively than any other brood-frame in the United States. Indeed, it has been made the standard by every bee-supply manufacturer in the country, and it has been the standard for tlie last 20 years. Like almost every good thing it met with a good deal of ridicule. I never went to a bee convention but that fun was poked at me for adopting and recommending tliat "liorrible bee-smasher," and "something that did not work and never would work." Frankly, some of my friends will not thank either Mr. Elwood nor myself for July, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 441 putting this thing on the market; but the very fact that it is now a universal stand- ard in the United States, and to a great extent in Europe, and that it is almost the only frame sold by bee-supply manufac- turers, goes to show that my friend Elwood looked ahead. My visit with Mr. Elwood, and the im- pressions I formed, I wrote up in this jour- nal. This caused an amalgamation of the two systems — the Quinby and the Lang- stroth. Some Other Pioneer Work. My story is getting to be long; but T must not fail to tell you that Mr. Elwood was the pioneer in some other things. He was one of the first, if not the very first, to advocate some of the basic principles of swarm control that are now used by some of the most prominent beekeepers, which enabled him to operate more than 1000 colo- nies in out-apiaries for comb honey. Swarm- ing was completely controlled by removing the queen, and then, later, destroying all queen-cells and introducing a young laying queen. I have not the time to go into the details of this; but doubtless Mr. Demuth will have occasion to refer to some of these original ideas of Mr. Elwood 's at another time. Mr. Elwood was one of the pioneers, again, in his method of wintering bees in the cellar. Some of the original principles that he initiated 30 years ago are now rec- ommended and adopted in all the best bee- cellars all over the northern states and Canada. He used to winter 1200 colonies — all in one cellar. The passing of such a man in the beekeep- ing history of the United States deserves more than a mere notice; and while the space of Gleanings is crowded we feel that, when a man of this type leaves the scene of this world's activities, we should pay proper tribute to his memory. Eight here the question might be raised, and I will answer it as I think Mr. Elwood would answer it if he were alive: "Is the Quinby system better than or equal to the Langstroth system?" I will say this much — that the latter is better adapted to mod- ern beekeeping conditions as they exist to- day than the original Quinby with Hether- ington's improvements, because it is more portable, better adapted to outyard work. Elwood saw that out-apiary beekeeping was coming to the front, and hence his recom- mendation to adopt a hive and frame — the Hoffman-Langstroth that would be suitable for moving. AMERICAN FOUL BROOD cAn Interesting Experiment in Dis- infecting Frames by Boiling in Lye Solution By Frederick W. Fabian and Ivan W. Parks THE time was when nearly every farmer kept a few colo- nies of bees for his own pleasure and profit. The beehive was nearly as com- mon a sight on the farm as the chicken coop or hogpen. In recent times, however, the beehive is rarely seen. There are several reasons for this, chief among which are bee diseases. The ravages of American foul brood and European foul brood have greatly depleted the colonies and have made beekeeping among the farmers very unprofitable and discouraging. The bee industry, like all other industries, has reached a point where specialization is necessary, and most far- mers have neither the time nor inclination to specialize to the degree that is necessary to turn a loss into a profit. The handling of bees has always required a great amount of skill, but add to this the knowledge that is necessary to handle bee diseases success- fully and you have a combination that re- quires more effort than the average farmer, with his manifold duties, can afford. Not only has the appearance of boo dis- eases made necessary greater knowledge on the part of the person keeping the bees, but it has increased also the need of more in- telligent apiary inspectors. The Entomolo- gy Department at this institu- t i 0 n realizing this has includ- ed a course in bee bacteriology in the curricu- lum. N 0 w, of course, it is man- ifestly absurd to expect all beekeepers to be bacteriologists, yet they should have some knowledge of the principles and especially of the mechanism of transmission of these diseases and their control. Various Chemicals Have Been Tried. Various treatments have been recom- mended for treating American foul brood, with varying results. Phenol (carbolic acid) was one of the earliest chemicals used, but experiments have shown it to be ineffective. Beta naphthol. salicylic acid and soft soap have likewise been tried and discarded. In some cases it was suggested to feed the bees honey which contained the above chemicals. However, the treatment that has been most successful has not been a chemical treat- ment but the "shaking treatment" with which every up-to-date beekeeper is familiar. After the bees have been shaken from the diseased combs and the combs melted up for wax, the next question that arises is what shall be done with the diseased frames. It is rather e.xpensive to burn them, but this had better be done than use GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE July, 1922 them again or place them where bees have access to them. It was with this point in mind that an experiment was made to de- termine the effectiveness of boiling the frames in a solution of lye. An Experiment With a Solution of Lye. The Entomology Dex^artment here recom- mended a solution of lye for treating frames of colonies infected with American foul brood. No previous, work had been done to determine whether the solution was ef- fective in killing all the spores of Bacillus larvae or not. Accordingly an e;q)eriment was undertaken to determine the effective- ness of the method. The method recom- mended was boiling the infected frames in a solution of lye (made by adding one can — 12 V^ oz. — to eight gallons of water) for five minutes. The lye used in this experi- ment was the Red Seal brand, but any good, high-test lye may be used. The above method was tried out in the following way: Bacillus larvae, the organ- ism which causes American foul brood, was isolated by the method recommended by White (1) by using egg-yolk-suspension agar. The culture was tested for purity by inoculating it into all the laboratory media, by morphological studies and final- ly by feeding it, with proper precautions, to a colony of bees which were free from the disease. The pure cultures were grown for a week at 37 °C and examined for spores, and an aqueous solution of the spores was made. Then 100 c. c. of the lye solution was brought to the boiling point (101.5°C) and 10 c. c. of the aqueous sus- pension of the spores was added. At in- tervals of one, two, three, five and seven minutes 0.5 e. c. portions of the material were removed and inoculated immediately into tubes of broth which had been pre- viously acidified so that the addition of 0.5 c. c. of the alkali solution would give a re- action of pH=6.8. To these tubes of broth were added 1.2 c. c. of egg-yolk-suspension. They were then incubated at 37 °C for five days. Growth in tubes as determined by micro- scopic examination. Time of boiling, 1; growth, none. Time of boiling, 2 ; growth, none. Time of boiling, 3 ; growth, none. Time of boiling, 5; growth, none. Time of boiling, 7; growth, none. Discussion. Tlie data in this table would indicate that boiliug lye used in the concentration recom- mended by the Entomology Department was effective in killing the spores of the organism in even less time than five min- utes. This is to be expected since Wliite (1) has found the thermal death point of spores from American samples to be 96 °C for 10 minutes and that of the most resist- ant spores, those from Cuban samples, to be 100°C for 11 minutes. Here we have a higher boiling point, viz.. 101.5 and in ad- dition the caustic action of the lye. There is one factor, however, that should be taken into consideration and that is the wax that might possibly be left on the frames. We tried experiments with boiling the frames in the solution of lye but failed to get growth. Several factors might in- fluence the results here, however. The number of organisms that would be left on the frames and get into the lye solution would be so small that, in taking such a small quantity as 0.5 c. c, it would be easy to miss them. However, if the frames are cleaned from wax and dirt before boiling, what little remains will be dissolved by the hot lye solution and the spores killed. We were never able to obtain any spores from the frames after treatment. Hydrogen-ion Concentration. During the experiment we became inter- ested in the hydrogen-ion concentration of the media and also in the hydrogen-ion con- centration of the larvae. Normal bee lar- vae were obtained just before capping, crushed and the hydrogen-ion concentration determined by the colorometric method of Clark and Lubs (2). The hydrogen-ion con- centration was found to be pH=6.6, using brom thymol blue as indicator. We found the optimum hydrogen-ion con- centration to be pH=6.8, for both the bee larvae agar and the egg-yolk-suspension agar. The organism grew well between the ranges of pTI=6.6 and pH^7.0, but best at pH=6.8. Conclusions. 1. The temperature (101. 5°C) of a boil- ing lye solution (12i/^ oz. to eight gallons of water) is sufficient to kill the spores of Bacillus larvae in five minutes. 2. The hydrogen-ion concentration of un- capped normal bee larvae is pH=6.6. 3. The optimum hydrogen-ion concentra- tion for the growth of B. larvae in bee lar- vae agar or egg-yolk-suspension agar is pH=6.6 to pH=7.d. The authors Avish to thank Professor R. H. Kelty of the Entomology Department for his interest in the work and for feeding the organisms to the nucleus. East Lansing, Mich. [A boiling lye solution has been used by beekeepers for many years in cleaning prop- olis and wax from frames, separators or other hive parts, the idea having been first suggested by Miss Emma Wilson, sister-in- law of the late Dr. C. C. Miller. In using lye to clean the frames in the treatment of American foul brood, the first consideration in the minds of beekeepers has been that of removing the propolis and wax; but, as the autliors point out in this article, the lye helps to destroy the spores of American foul brood both by raising the boiling point of the solution and by its caustic action. The technical discussion of the optimum hydro- gen-ion concentration is given here for those who may be interested in this phase of the subject, though this will not be of interest to many. In popular language this means that the authors were careful to have the July, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 443 media used to test for the. growth of the spores of BaciUiis larvae suitable for the growth of that organism, so far as acidity is poucerned. Tliis was determined by meas- uring the reaction of normal bee larvae, which are the natural food for this bacillus. As pointed out by the authors, killing the spores of Bacillus larvae suspended in water is a different matter from killing them when embodied in masses of wax or other foreign matter, but it is of value to know that tiie spores were destroyed in less than five min- utes boiling in the lye solution wlien sus- pended in water. — Editor.] iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiy^ The Bees Greatly Benefited Hank Wetherljee. HANK WETHERBEE has discountined beekeeping and gone to work. In a statement to a representative of the Star, he said that, while the business as a whole had many points of interest, he had about decided that some sedentary occupa- tion— like taming bulls, or blasting with nitro-glycerine — is much safer and quieter for a ma^i of his retiring disposition. It was from Mrs. Wetherbee, however, that the reporter was able to gather the full details of the surprising change that has occurred in Hank and his son, Web, and of Hank's sudden determination to dispose of his apiary and carry on the widow Per- kins' hen farm. It appears that some time ago Hank bought a hive of bees from a farmer and set it up in the back yard — with the inten- tion of adding hives as the colony increased until he had a fair-sized apiary; then all he had to do was to put up a sign in front of the house, advertising the honey, and he could sit in a rocking chair on the front porch and dispose of the whole crop with- out further effort. He had it all figured out that in 25 years or thereabouts, he would have enough sur- plus cash to buy the National Bank in the village, and foreclose the mortgage on Bill Prentiss who called him a durned lazy mug- wump, back in '82. Hank had an affliction of the legs and back which he called "rheumatiz." This allowed him to hobble slowly around with the aid of a crutch but absolutely prohibit- ed the use of a bucksaw, hoe or any imple- ment which he had to grasp with both hands and move up and down or sideways with any degree of force or continuity of action. Web w-as learning to emulate his father as nearly as he could, but suffered the handi- cap of not being the possessor of anything closely allied to "rheumatiz." He was tall and loose-jointed, with a foot like a summer squash and a deep and sincere aver- sion for work, which manifested itself at an early age and grew into a sort of mania as he advanced in years. It seems that Mrs. Wetherbee had often labored with her husbajid and son both oral- ly and physically when in need of firewood or help with the washing, and she showed Severn 1 bndly deranged flatirons and a hard- wood rolling pin engraved with honorable scars as evidence of her efforts along that line. Hank and Web up to that time had suc- cessfully resisted all her blandishments tending toward manual labor: Hank, by calling attention to his pitifully crippled condition, and also by the skilful use of his crutch in warding off stray missiles; Web, by absenting himself with great speed and diligence whenever it was noticed the con- versation was veering toward the danger- ous subject known as "work." A short time ago it became necessary, owing to the natural increase of the col- ony, to transfer a part of the bees to a new hive; and, as Hank considered himself in- capacitated by his infirmity, he handed the job over to Web, but occupied a chair placed at a safe distance so he could com- fortably supervise the transfer. The boy had never had any experience with bees up to that time but felt himself equal to any honeybee that ever flapped a wing; so he draped several yards of mos- quito netting over his hat, drew a pair of socks over his hands, and thus equipped, went out with a hatchet and bee-smoker to move a family of about 4000 busy honey- bees who hadn't the slightest intention of looking for a new apartment until the first of May. Arriving at the scene of action he squirted a fevv^ puffs of smoke into the en- trance to let them know the rent w^as due; then, inserting the blade of the hatchet un- der the cover, he ripped the roof" off and laid bare the domestic secrets of the whole bee family. No self-respecting colony of bees could be expected to stand having greasy smoke blown in their eyes, together with a sudden loss of their upper story, without getting somewhat "het up" over it, so they swarmed out with a noise like a circular saw and, surrounding Web on four sides, poked their stings hopefully into every hole and crevice in his clothing and glared an- grily through the squares in the mosquito netting, daring him, in bee language, to come out and fight like a man. Web got a little excited when he saw how mad they were, and in trying to side- swipe a few of them tore a gaping hole in the mosquito netting, allowing a handful of enterprising bees to enter and muss up his countenance some. He wasn 't exactly prepared to receive 444 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE July, 1922 this indignant delegation in the front bal- cony, so he dropped the hatchet and started to run; he didn't care much where he went> but he had a steadily increasing desire to get away from there suddenly and with as little fuss as possible. At the far end of the lot was a stone fence about six feet high, and Web was so anxious to let the poor bees have the entire back yard to themselves that he cleared it by a margin of four feet — and never knew it was there. With great presence of mind he retained the smoker in a vise-like grip, and every few rods he slowed down and sent up a smoke barrage under cover of which he struck off at a different angle and increased his speed several revolutions. Hank had been a witness of it all, and it tickled him so much he couldn't sit in the chair; so, re- gardless of his "rheumatics," he rolled off on the ground in paroxyms of laughter. While sitting up and rubbing his eyes after a particularly violent outburst he ob- served Web headed in his direction, sur- rounded by a cloud of bees and making bet- ter than 20 miles an hour. Hank motioned violently for him to sheer off a couple of points to starboard and run for the open sea, but Web had his steering gear set for the home port, and a convoy of 3500 bees furnished the incentive for a record-break- ing trip. As he flew past, a detachment of the yel- low-barred fellows turned their attention to Hank, and that gentleman rose up as though the earth had suddenly been transformed into a red-hot griddle, and, forgetting his crutch and painful infirmity, started for home with the lithe agility of a hungry weasel. Mrs. Wetherbee saw them coming, and with great forethought locked the door and hid in the pantry. Despite Web 's running start. Hank beat him to the house by the fraction of an inch, and Mrs. Wetherbee entrenched among the dishpans had the satisfaction of hearing them alternately beating on the door, and making an occa- sional rapid circuit of the house, varied now and then by the scuffling of feet and the sound of cuffs and blows whenever they were forced to make a stand to dislodge the ones that had landed on an exposed strip of hide. After the bees had tired of the slaugh- ter and returned to the dismantled hive, Mrs. . Wetherbee opened the door and the beekeepers slunk in covered with angry red lumps and perspiration — both entirely new experiences for Hank and Web. "Well, you poor cripple, how's the rheu- matiz?" inquired the lady, placing her hands on her hips and eyeing Hank sternly; "seems to me you can hobble around quite peart today without your crutch, can't you ? ' ' Hank saw the game was up, so he rolled a swollen red eye in her direction and opined feebly that he felt jest like choppin' up some wood — and Mrs. Wetherbee, watch- ing from the pantry window, saw him bring the crutch and an armful of dry limbs to the chopping block and vigorously reduce them to a large and useful pile of kindling wood. W. L. Clement. Newburgh, N. Y. Hank cleared the stone fence with four feet to spare. July, 1922 GLKANTNHS FN BEE CUTiTURE 445 ^j'Wim^mm^ iSavrTHE^ELD^FEXPERIH^ r^r!(T!*^W .'mi EXTRACTING HOUSE ON WHEELS Some of its Advantages Over the Central Extracting Plant I am operating a truck equipped with an eight-frame Buckeye extractor, gasoline en- gine, honey pump, uncapping outfit, and yet having plenty of room for the operator to work. The honey is pumped into a settling tank outside which is bee-tight. The top on this truck is positively bee-tight and storm- proof. I built this top myself, planning it for conveniences and durability, also com- fort for the operator. As will be seen by Extracting house on wheels. Completely equipped with Buckeye extractor, gasoline engine, honey pump and uncapping outfit. the illustration, the top has a half curtain, and under this curtain there is a wire screen stretched tiglit. By raising these curtains the operator is always comfortable, especial- ly with the breeze from the extractor. I drive this truck up to my yards and in ten minutes we are extracting honey. I have one helper only, but each one of us does a certain part of starting the work and all is done with anxiety to make our usual average per daj^, which is 50 five-gallon cans between 8:30 to 5:00 p. m., when we clean up and load our honey on this same truck and start for home. I employ one man and produce as many pounds as some men do who employ three and four helpers and haul their honey to a central extracting plant. In this way my truck pays for itself and makes no complaints about the bee- stings. Another thing to be considered is the breakage on combs while hauling to a cen- tral place; and the most important of all is the mixing of combs where foul brood is existing, and I must say with regret that it is found in nearly every location and state I have ever been in. I always put the same combs back on the same colony after extracting. I try not to have over three to five exposed at one time and arrange my supers so as to come out of the truck in rotation as they went in, which can easily be done if the operator inside is careful. This is important, for the most of Idaho is pretty well blessed with foul brood, especial- ly in this section. I can load 120 extracting-supers at one time and not tise a rope or anything else to tie them down, simply closing my doors in the rear end and starting. D. G. Stahlman. Buhl, Idaho. LABOR - SAVING HIVE - LIFTER A Handy Device for Lifting Off Supers When the Brood-chamber is to be Examined Have you ever decided, at the close of a good honey season, to requeen your apiary but, as you looked across the rows of hives with their three or four supers each and thought of your poor old back, changed your mind and put off the job till some other time? If you have, do not do it again; but just get your blacksmith to make a machine like the one in the picture, then persuade your mother-in-law or your neigh- bor 's boy to get hold of one end while you hold on to the other, slip it over the top and down to within a few inches of the brood-chamber, then smile as you see those supers suddenly ntove off and finally back again so gently that the workers in them hardly know they had been moved. This liive-lifter is slipped down over the hive or the pile of supers, then as the handles are lifted the bars at the side grasp the hive firmly. The contrivance is made of three-eighths or five-sixteenths inch iron, the hand pieces being 14i/^ inches long with one end turned down 1% inches. The side pieces are 17 inches, with the lower part of the ends turned so as to catch the hand pieces when they go below level. This keeps the lifter straight when one picks it up and holds it out for the other to take hold. The cross- (,' I. I'; A N T N 0 S IN B K K 0 U T. '1^ U R K .lin.v, 1922 FROM THE FIELD OF EXPERIENCE ..,„„ I i.^^L pieces are 18Vi inches, besides what is turned back towards the handle to be riv- eted. These cross-pieces can be made any length to suit the size of hive; but, as the .side ]>ieces do not touch wlicn lifting, an inch should be allowed for play. The cross- iV- - ; mwrnm mm ,1V i ^ s *9'::.,, ■■^ ^^ 1 — -- 1 ■ lEtiUiM^I 1 in my available books, I believe the idea is original with us; if so, pray test the matter and pass it on to American breeders if you find it worth while. So far, this season, we have not lost a queen, and every cage has been loaded with bees by our method. Tlie basis of our plan is this: Bees con- fined without comb or queen in a dark place accept any queen readily (with exceptions). We iiave three strong colonies as "cage loaders." Each is in two stories with a queen-excluder and queen below. Great care is taken to allow no drones above. In order to avoid bees too young to travel, no brood is permitted to emerge above the ex- cluder. It is put below when sealed. We have a box with a removable lid. Tliis box lias a hole near the bottom with wire cloth inside, and the hole is the right size to shut witli a cork. The lid is pierced with 40 holes (or it could be 100) in four rows of 10 eacli. l^etvveen these rows are strips of wood to hold the queen cages upriglit with their wire-cloth surfaces turned to the light. A wedge device clamps the cages into posi- tion firmly. Each hole corresponds to tlir liole in a queen cage. About 10 a. m. we go to a " cage loader ' ' colony and shake two or three frames of bees into the box. Now jolt all bees into bottom of box and put on tlie lid with the cages. Open the hole in side of box, anil Hiiioke — two puffs of cool, white smoke are plenty, with a puff or two later if the bees l;ig. As tlie cages ai'e liglit and well venti- lilted and the box dark and full of smoke, tliere ensues a mad scramble of bees to get Pile of supers supiiortL'tl Ijy" tliu hivuliftcr. The greater the weight of the supers, the firmer the lower one is grasped by the lifter. pieces when handles are level should be five-eighths of an inch farther apart than the hive is long. When the handles are lifted the cross- jneces press against tlie ends of tlie box, and the greater the weight the tighter the grip. A broom liandle may be ripped in two and bolted or riveted to handles to make thcni round. A contrivance like the above, made on a larger scale, can be used for moving packing cases in spring and fall. Wanstead, Ont. Thomas Martin. 30 ^ OC FILLING QUEEN CAGES Novel Plan for Loading Forty to One Hundred Cages in Ten Minutes We have made a discovery (or invention, or both) here in my yards, that should tend materially to cheapen the price of queens through reducing the work in shipping. Ilitlicito it has taken us a long and tedious time to load cages; now, in 10 minutes we can load 40 queen cages with bees. As I c;ui find no mention of ;inv such a device Queen lancs in i)(>.silion to be filled with bees by the Cuniiell device. up above into the queen cages. We allow the cages to get overcrowded before removing and permit a few bees to escnjie from each cage if necessary. The cages are now closed, made up into packages of from two to ten, depending on the driy's orders, and r('ni()\tM| to ;i d:iik c(dl;ir to iillow the bees Juii-Y, 1922 a L F, A N T N OS IN l< K K C U L T U R K FROM THE FIELD OF EXPERIENCE 447 to "cool off." At 5 p. ni. we put a que§n into each cage and return tlieni to the cel- lar until morning. The cages go out in the lirst mail. I believe this method will allow me to double my output without seriously increasing my work. Each queen has 12 hours rest without jolts, and so far I have received two letters saying how chipper my (|ueens were on arrival. 1 am well satisfied. Of course, I may be inventing an old plan over again, but F don 't think so. I note in Gleanings, the American Bee Journal and the Bee World that further im- portation of bees and queens into the United States and Canada is now forbidden. And not a day too soon. With Acn rains iroo(U identified in Switzerland, and probably in France, it is only a question of time until the mite is generally distributed over Europe. I myself have refused several queen orders from America since learning of the discovery of the mite on the continent. * * * * tried to place an order, and I re- fused it with two reasons given: (1) that better Italian stock can be had in Anterica than in Italy; (2) that the importation of queens should be stopped before bees in America begin to crawl. I certainly am glad that the danger has been reduced now, as all breeders here might not be as inter- ested in American beekeeping as I am. Skipwith Cannell. Aux Sieyes, par Digne, Basses-Alpes, France. [The above is a part of a letter to Dr. E. F. Phillips, which he kindly forwarded on account of its value to queen-breeders at this time. — Editor.] AN IMPROVED ROBBER CLOTH How to [ Make and Use this Important Device. Use of Wet Cloths in Swarming I often wonder whether beekeepers as a rule fully appreciate the value of a robber cloth when working in the apiary. Also tlie use of a wet rag or cloth at times. In the A B C and X Y Z of Bee Culture a robber cloth is described as follows: Take about a square yard of .sheeting or cotton clotli. If the hives are small less will do. Lay one of the edges on a piece of lath, about the lenerth of the hive. Lay a similar piece of lath on top of it. Drive wire nails through and clinch. Treat the opposite side the same way. Now, isn't that rather large and un- wieldy? I prefer the cloth to be two or three inches broader than the width of the hive and about two inches longer than the length of the hive. This makes it more con- venient to handle than if larger and is suf- ficiently large for the purpose. I bind the two edges between two pieces of light % X % stuff which should be no longer than the hive. This allows the free, uiil)ound ends to lap down over the upper edges of the hive ends. It is well to liave three or more of these and a half dozen would not be amiss, for if you happen to have two hives uncovered at once, which often happens, it is much handier to use a cloth than to have to put on the regular cover and then have to remove it again. If robbers are present I use two cloths over the hive I am working with. The first one is rolled back as the consecutive frames are taken out, and the other one is used to follow up and cover the combs that have been examined so that it is only neces- Showinjj the improved robber cloth jis applied on a super. sary to have a small portion of the tops of the frames exposed, and this need be only while removing or replacing a comb. 1 have a light box in which eight frames will hang the same as in the hive. It has a bail made of a piece of broom Iiandle and two pieces of about M; x 1-inch .stuff. Tiie ends of these are nailed to the end of the piece of broom handle and other ends of them have a nail driven through them and into the box near tlie top center of the box ends. This allows of tlie baii Vjein^' turned down out of the way, when it is not used as a handle. For a cover for this box I use one of the robber cloths, which is much lighter and handier than any tight cover that could be devised. I nearly always use the cloth or cloths over a hive when manipulating,- even if rob- bers are not abroad, for the bees in the hive are easier to keep under control than with- out it. Even with a very gentle colony there are usually just a few vicious bees that are ready to pop out suddenly and sting. If the cloths are wet or dampened it is better, for then they lie closer to the hive edges and if there is wind blowing they will not flop around so badly. To make them still more efficient it is not a bad idea to sprinkle the cloths with a 10 per cent solu- tion of carbolic acid. I also find a wet cloth large enough to roll or fold up and close a hive entrance quite a convenience. In swarming time it is well to have a few of these lying around handy and even a few smaller rags. If swarms come out faster' than they can be cared for, just grab a wet rag and cram it into the en- trance. This will not kill or injure many bees, and it will give time to take care of the swarms already cut. If the weather is 448 gijEANInCtS in bee culture July, 1922 FROM THE FIELD OF EXPERIENCE not too hot they can be left closed up until til ere is more time to attend to them. If robbers have discovered an opening be- tween the hive and the cover, wet a large cloth and throw it over the hive so that it will hang over and close the crack. A por- tion of the carbolic acid solution, which should be kept in a Mason jar, applied to that portion of the cloth where the rob- bers liave been entering will tend to dis- courage them. S. E. Miller. Ehineland, Mo. SAG PROOF THIN TOP BARS A Metal Truss of Folded Tin Embodied Within the Top Bar I was much pleased with the article of Morley Pettit on page 87 of the February Gleanings, in which he advocates a thin top-bar. Only I shall go him one better, as I am planning to make all my frames with a %-iach top-bar. Of course, some one will get up and say: "They will sag." I will answer: "No, they will not when I get done with them." I am preparing machinery to make them with a slot cut through the cen- ter of the top-bar of the frame lengthwise, excepting about one inch at each end, using a saw that will cut nearly 1-12 of an inch kerf. Then I shall use a strip of tin Thin top-bar strengthened by a truss made of folded tin. cut about one inch wide, and folded lengtli- wise through the center, but leaving tlie edges about % inch open, tlie tin strip to be about Vi inch shorter than the inside of the frame. Then when I put in the founda- tion I insert the folded tin in the slot just lightly and insert the edge of the founda- tion in the fold of the tin, and with a block of wood force the tin and foundation clear through the top-bar. Then I drive about four %-inch brads or small wire nails down into the edge of the top-bar through tin and all. Sucli top-bars do not sag, and the edges of the tin can be crimped so that it will be impossible for the foundation to pull out. I can also recommend the above method of fastening those wood center combs H. H. Root tells us about on page 79, that is, for those who prefer thin top-bars. Biddle, Mont. E. W. Powell. a ■ =ia ^,Qp= to SOURWOOD UNCERTAIN YIELDER Like Basswood it is Extremely Sensitive to Weather Conditions in Nectar Secretion In the bee journals there is mention made quite often of sourwood honey and its high price and rare quality. It may seem to one who lives in a section where honey brings only 12c a pound that we mountain bee- keepers are certain to get rich in no time. For example, without advertising, I sold my entire crop to the consumer this year at $3.50 per 10-pound pail. This was all the sourwood honey that 100 good strong colo- nies of Italian bees made. But it was only 1100 pounds. Other good beekeepers in the same section had only enough honey gath- ered to supply the bees. Once in a few years the sourwood yields an enormous amount of honey, but the flow is never more than five weeks in duration. Honey may be coming in as fast as the bees can go after it, and there may be a profuse bloom on the sourwood trees, but day after tomorrow the bees may be robbing, because the weather-man has pulled the wrong lever for the beekeeper. In another day or two the flow may come back to some extent, but it will not fully recover. It is highly probable that the bees will gather no more than a living, after the honey flow has failed once, except in case of excessive rain. The blooms are not often damaged by rain, and sunshine starts the nectar again. The queer thing about it is that often the beekeeper does not know what caused the failure. So when I read about the long honey flows, and harvesting honey by the carload, I wish I were there. I believe that it takes more careful beekeeping here in the mountains to make a success of honey production than in most localities. If we miss sourwood, we have no salable crop. My crop is generally about half bulk comb honey, and half extracted. The price is the same. The demand for extracted grows faster than that for bulk. The "skyscraper" hive is unknown here, but I suppose that where it is known the skyscraper price is unknown. If I can't have an average of three supers per hive, all well filled with honey, I can get as much for my one super as my brother beekeeper in the clover belt gets for his three, and feel that it is worth what I get for it. As long as it is so, I think that we should both re- frain from kicking. Hendcrsonville, N. C. J. J. Slattery. July, 1922 Cr Ij E A N I N a S IN ] 5 K K C U I. T U R E 449 I N making bces- w ax this spring: T found I had 45 pounds of propolis from the scrapings of lust year 's sec- tions, from which we made llVt pounds of bees- wax. It pays to make it up, but it is well to leave it till the last, as it sticks up the press and ruins the strainer. Or perhaps better still, mix it with old combs to be rendered. * * # Swarming is the earliest here I have ever known, and the outlook for a good yield of honey is the best ever. * « « On page 384 Grace Allen tells how she sorts over her combs before the busy sea- son comes on — a practice that will well re- pay any beekeeper who cares to make the most of his bees. » * * Doesn't "The Clover's in Bloom" cover page of Gleanings for June look good? I believe there are few more beautiful flowers when massed to cover acres than alsike clover. I noticed last evening that the locust Avas also in bloom. Locust and alsike come with us about a week before white clover. * * * On page 390 Morley Pettit offers a plan to control swarming, that "never fails." Well, I am of the opinion that it comes as near to it as any plan, but suppose we over- look one of those little queen-cells as we sometimes do. With beekeeping as with a good many other things, "Eternal vigilance is the price of success." * * * Fifty-two years ago last winter I made fifty large double-walled hives and two years later T made seventy-five more. Nearly all of these are in very good condition, aiid in use today. For many years T kept the covers painted, but lately I have found a covering of good roofing paper cheaper, costing about 25 cents a hive or a section of honey and will last from 10 to 15 years. * * * ' ' Phicalyptus groves make good wind- breaks," we are told below a California picture on page 369. By the way the trees are bent in the picture T should think those California beekeepers would need all the protection from the wind they can pos- sibly secure. It is a good rule never to lo- cate a yard where there is likely to be wind enough to blow covers off. » « * On page 378 Jay Smith throws some light on the cause of those "cataleptic queens," and it is quite possible he is right. We occa- sionally r u n across a queen with a leg para- lyzed, and so far as we can see wholly useless. I have been accus- tomed to think these paralyzed legs come from having been stung, but it verges on the marvelous to think that a queen can stand a sting that would kill a worker. The greater vitality of the queen that enables lier to live two or three years may account for it, enabling her to outlive a sting that would prove fatal to a worker. * * * A letter recently received from Lewis J. Elwood announces the death of his father, P. H. Elwood, on May 10. Mr. Elwood has been one of the large and successful bee- keepers of the state of New York for the past 50 years. He was much more than a successful beekeeper. Beneath an unobtru- sive exterior he possessed a strong, lovable, Christian character that will long be cher- ished by those who knew him. -» * » "Tliou shalt love thy neighbor as tliy self," is a rule as beautiful as beneficent. Like the laws of light it is a universal law. It always has been, it always will be the moral law of the Universe. Its negation always has brought and always will bring discomfort, sorrow and suffering. It mat- ters not whether one nation tries to rob an- other or one beekeeper starts a yard of bees close to another Avho has already all the field will bear. * * * The discussion of the "Cause of Swarm- ing," by Geo. S.. Demuth, is of unusual in- terest at this season. Among the many things that induce swarming is "conges- tion of the brood-nest," and this, he says, may occur with an abundance of room in the super, for room alone is not sufficient, but the bees must be induced to occupy it, a fact we are inclined to overlook. I re- member, years ago, my sad experience with a yard of bees several miles from home. T tliought if T gave enough room they would not swarm, and as- I was going to produce extracted honey T gave them the room; but they swarmed very freely, in spite of a nice set of combs above the brood-chamber, many of them without storing any honey to speak of in tlie super. Later, T called on a number of beekeepers that had been verv successful in preventing swarming and al- most my first question was, "How do you keep your bees from swarming? T believe every one said that when putting on supers they always raised up some brood from the brood-chamber to the super, to induce the bees to occupv the extra room given them. I tried it and found it a great help. 450 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE Ml C lur WESTERN NOTES CONSTANCE ROOT BOYDEN (Stancy Puerden) orders are to go on writing about the Gold- en West. There, if the editorial staff should see that they might say, '''What does she mean? we never gave her any such orders." Quite true, gentlemen, and you may save your- selves the trouble of indicating your pref- erences excepting by forwarding subscribers ' comments, for the readers are the ones I always try to please. And judging from what the nice westerners tell my nearest man relatives I have been successful as far as they are concerned, even if I am a very new Californian. And eastern readers also seem to approve, some because they like to read another's impressions of what they have seen, and enjoyed, and others because they are interested in what they hope to enjoy in the future. If these articles have been confined to Los Angeles County exclusively it has not been from choice, for I love the whole great West and hope to see much of it before my time comes to "go west." But I have been afflicted with a frightfully busy hus- band the past few months, so busy that he has not eA^en had time to take little motor trips among the beekeepers of this region, trips on which he has promised to take his wife. If "Hope deferred maketh the heart sick" it is a wonder I haven't a chronic case of heart trouble. DURING these May days in southern Cal- ifornia I have been wondering if the tourists who come here only for the win- ter months do not miss the most exquisite weeks of the year. Owing to the great amount of rain during the past winter no doubt the flowers are much finer than usual, but for weeks back nature has seemed al- most wickedly extravagant. Certainly she is extravagant in roses. The grounds of fine estates, the homes of those in moderate cir- cumstances and the tiny yards of the small- est bungalows are abloom with such roses as we see only at a florist's in the East. Per- golas are heavy with them, miles of wire fences along orange groves are draped with them, garages are hidden by them; there are hedges of roses, borders of roses, and the air along the boulevards is sweet with the combined fragrance of roses and orange blossoms. It seems almost a pity that na- ture should put forth so much effort to pro- duce beauty that is so fleeting, for the most perfect rosebud lasts such a short time. There is a pergola roof over the south half of the porch of this Pasndena house, where we are living temporarily, and often the fallen rose petals are so thick that one can- not see much of the porch floor, nnd if every petnl i'! swept off. within 20 minutes there is nnother rose petal onrpct. In the East 1 TU July, 1922 we used to save rose petals for rose jars and rose beads. In our new home next year I think we shall start a rose pet- al compost heap and feed it back to the rose bushes. And nature is almost equally extravagant with other flowers, wistaria, pansies, fra- grant stocks, snapdragons, blue larkspurs, stately foxgloves, irises of all varieties, bril- liant Transvaal daisies and so many inter- esting flowers that are new to me. And on the mountains and in the canyons are gor- geous and wonderful wild flowers, but lack- ing a nice botanist like Mr. Parks, who helped me in Texas last year, I cannot name many of them yet. IN a state where flowers are so plentiful it is not surprising that honey is abundant, is it? But, honestly, it is amazing to see the extent to which honey is sold along the boulevards. It is a wonder to me that city groceries and provision stores can prosper when I see the number of booths and stores out in the country in every direction in which one can buy fruits, vegetables and honey, always honey. Some of these stores keep a general stock of groceries; some of them advertise home-baked foods and mar- malades; some display rabbits and poultry; many of them sell ice cream cones, Eskimo pies, cold and hot drinks; but all of them, large and small, display honey. We stopped at one open-front store on the Foothill bou- levard to buy oranges, and noticing the dis- play of honey, the men of our party fell into conversation with the proprietor and found that he was a beekeeper with some 500 colonies of bees back in a canyon. But in many cases the honey sold at these boulevard country stores is bottled by some firm in the city, and the proprietor of the store may not recognize a honeybee when he sees one. This just goes to prove that honey is becoming fashionable, which is a great thing for the beekeeping industry. At one of these wayside stores east of here, on the Valley boulevard I think, honey orange marmalade is featured. Some day I must buy a jar and find out whether it is as good as the Stancy Puerden variety. The finest macaroons I ever tasted arc the Honey Cocoanut macaroons which we have frequently bought in various stores in Pasadena, and were delighted to find them in the corner grocery near our future home in Alhambra. They are not too moist or sticky, as one might suppose they would be, but are exceptionally fine flavored, tender and vet with a "chewy" consistency. By carefully hiding them we have kept them in good condition for a week or two. They nro nontly put up in wiived paper bngs hold- in. ■■":•:,-;■ :'":"':«'.. y^- 'mf^'" il^?SC # ■ ^ ■■ V Ip if m^^Tr :' . H''" nuS^ I ' 1 Taking: his ease among his bees. Second, do not increase the number of your hives beyond the limit that you can care for successfully and satisfactorily. If you have some half dozen other pressing and delightful interests, as some of us do liave. hold your yard to a size that you can handle, and be satisfied with your own work. Apologizing for one's work is not stimulating. Third, it pays to clip your queens. That is, unless you have hives or systems of man- agement that convince you that your bees will not swarm. It is true tliat, if the bee- keeper is not present when the clipped- queen-swarm issues, lie cannot turn tlie pretty trick of changing hives while the bees are out. But he will know that no swarm will go away. If, liaving tried it two or tliree times, in his absence, they final- ly destroy their queen, he will have lost only her, instead of both her and the bees. And tlie few days' delay before a new queen is ready to go out may enable him to discover their condition and do some thing about it. By what different ways do we approacli our beekeeping careers! One has a hive given him, one — O favored one! — is born into a beekeeping family, many inherit api- •Irl.v, ]!)22 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 45;? cultui'al loaiiiiis's fvoni graiidfatliers or un- ck's wlio kept bees in the good old ways of the good old days, some glean the desire from the printed ])age, and some enter into the apiary through the interest of a friend, or a husband, or a wife. Some, in the old, inevitably adapted Avords, are born to bees, some achieve bees and some liave bees tlirust upon them. The sideline beekeeper shown herewith reached his hives by the wife route. For it was his shorter and plumper lialf who first became interested. And she? She got her germ in a poultry journal! Being a bit thorough-going by nature, she was reading all the bulletins and journals slie could di- gest, to learn how to keep chickens right. In one particular journal, on a i)articularly momentous day, she read a chatty article by a backlot chicken-lover, who concluded by suggesting that poultry-raisers might well widen their back-yard activities to in- clude various other things — among them, a hive of bees. One needn't do any work, he assured his already busy readers, the bees would do it all. They would — 'tis a familiar heresy — work for nothing and board themselves — and in due season the chicken fancier could go out with a pan and a knife and get his honey. Just so. That sounds good to me, said Friend Wife, let's get some bees. Where do people get bees, they began asking their friends. No- body knew. At last, at the State Fair, the laily found a beekeeper exhibiting his "Friend Wife's" banner hive came out second. wares. Will you sell me some bees, she asked. I will do anything I can for you, he answered; I will take a quarter from you and send you a trial subscription to Glean- ings (whatever that is, murmured the lady); but I cannot sell you any bees. That was in September. All winter long, though she had never seen the inside of a beehive, the lady read Gleanings. She had no idea what manner of thing a brood-chamber might be, or a ripe cell, or a shook swarm, or a queen- excluder. Like Sanskrit sounded such phrases as laying workers, foul brood, royal jelly, failing queen. But she read on — it was what she had spent her quarter for. And at last, just as winter was leaving the earth, the man remembered having once known, long ago, a man who had talked about bees and died. So he looked up the dead beekeeper's family and found a four- teen-year-old son who would sell him a hive of bees for $5.00. Thus he became a side- line beekeeper. To such good purpose had Friend Wife read Gleanings all winter that on first open- ing this hive, the first one that either of them had ever seen the inside of, they found their queen; and the lady clipped her. Soon two of them were reading. That summer they had a swarm — 100% increase. Year after year they increased a little. And when they had reached the noble proportion of 50 hives, they made a division. These shall be yours and these mine, thev said to The bees in the kesr stored about 75 pounds of honey. But the tall one was the banner hive, one another. The man, however, worked in an ofdce all day. So he took the smaller half. These he works on Saturday after- noons, weather permitting, or Sunday mornings. One of liis interesting experiences was when, against the advice of Friend Wife, he bought a colony of bees from a negro man. They were in a "kaig," and he brought them to the yard one night, in a sack. Then closed the entrance by tacking a piece of roofing tight across it. He fitted an old bottom-board over the top and set thereon a shallow super. Then another — and another. The bees stored 75 pounds of beautiful wliite honey in his supers. But he did not succeed in getting his shy, elus- ive queen to occupy them, as he, had plan- ned. So one briglit day in midsummer, with his permission and several assistants, Friend Wife transferred them for him in strictly orthodox style. His bee work means much to him, says Mr. Allen. (Yes, his name happens to he Allen, too — and a very fine, rare man he is — and his bees are on Abbott Eoad in David- son County, Tennessee.) They bring liim some financial return, of course; but out of all proportion to this or to the work put in, they bring him recreation after long hours in an office, and provide him with an absorbing out-of-door interest. He is tlior- oughly progressive in his methods, though his limited time necessarily forces him into many short cuts. For, ii^ addition to tak- ing complete cliarge of his own hives, lie courteously assists his wife with hers when supers get lieavy. He works hard wlien lie works, but lie also spends many a pleasant lionr of relaxation among his bees. (1 I. E A N I N G S IN BEE C IT I. T U R E July, 102C FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH In Southern California ^'le month or May was probably one of the busiest months ever ex- perienced by southern California beekeep- ers. Especially was this true of the latter half of the month. Extracting began about May 20, with most beekeepers who liad bees that had access to the sage and orange. Many beekeepers report bees Hying to the black sage and ignoring the orange, when in reach of both. Otlier localities where tlie orange was the only source of honey report a very light surplus or none at all. The sages are yielding very well and will likely continue throughout the month of June, weather conditions remaining favor- able. All in all, the prospects are good for an average crop of honey in southern Cali- fornia. Prices of honey are not fixed yet, many beekeepers preferring to wait until the en- tire crop is made before selling. Buyers have not seemed at all anxious to rusli things, although several inquiries have been received, with purchasers wisliing to know what the producer would sell for. The or- ange honey crop is sure to be a short one this season and should command the top market price. Eeports from an old resident of Ventura County, in the Western Honey Bee, are very discouraging for that locality. One large producer in Eiverside County wrote two weeks ago that it looked to him like a two-case crop (240 pounds) per colony. But this man is an exceptional beekeeper and will produce nearly twice the general average almost any year. Disease is well under control, and in only a few instances has it ])roven a serious ob- struction to honey [)ro(luction. Utah bee- keepers, who annually shiji north after the orange flow is over, are getting ready to migrate from the eightli to the fifteenth of June. They are to ship mostly increase made this year, with all young queens and principally newly drawn combs and new hives and equipment. Nuclei that were drawn out a month ago are now quite good colonies, and the colonies from which they were drawn are apparently as good as any in the yard. Some beekeepers claim that they can make 100 per cent increase and still get the honey crop, and with good strong colonies it seems to be possible. This has proven to be one of those seasons where it was profitable to have a large supply of drawn combs on hand. Many colonies have filled three, four and as mnny as five supers witli nectar before any were capped and ready to extract. The writer heard a very entertaining ;iiid educational talk at a Knight Templar meet- ing on tlie subject, "What is- it all about, anyhow?" When we see a picture, as we did today in a bee journal, illustrating a beginner's outfit, in whicli is a beehive con taining frames with one-inch starters of foundation, it makes us wonder what all of this talk of full sheets of foundation is about, anyhow. With our years of experi- ence trying to weed out all of the drone comb we can, and then to teach beginners to use starters — to say the least, "Is it consistent?" L. L. Andrews. Corona, Calif. * * * In OreCTOn "^^^^ general indications & * are now that tliere will be a normal, if not better than normal, honey crop in the Northwest. In spite of the fact that tliere was a very heavy win- ter loss and a very late spring, the bees have built up fast in the last month and are. in exceptionally good condition for clo- ver in the valley. The honey flow from maple, fruit blooms and dandelions came almost simultaneously during late April and early May, and, as a result, many of the stronger colonies stored considerable sur- plus beyond their needs and have built up in nice shape for later honey flows. Tiie attention of all beekeepers in the Northwest has been called to the summer field meetings which are to be held as fol- lows: June 15, North Idaho and Spokane district; June 17, Yakima district; June 20, Northwestern Washington; June 22, South- western Washington; June 24, Portland; June 27, Albany; June 29, Eedmond; July 1, Hermiston; July 3, Ontario (?). Arrangement has been made whereby it is expected that several out-of-the-state speakers will take in the series of summer field meetings. There seems to be very little honey on the market and the price is holding up well. With the general business condition getting back to normal, it is probable that next year's honey crop, thougli likely large, will move in a normal way. Corvallis, Ore. H. A. Scullen. ■* » » In Wisconsin ^« /^i^"^^'" ^\y o|.^^7' ^'^^ ports, a rather high per cent of colonies was lost during the past winter. However, it should be noted that this situation was more or less local. The beekeepers in the northern half of the state (lid not suffer as serious losses as those fur- ther south. All reports indicate that on June first the bees were in better than nor- mal condition, most colonies liaving reared an abundance of brood. Tlio clover was ratlier badly injured in the southern part of the state, and this may cause production to be below normal. Present indications are that the nectar- secreting plants in the northern part of the state are in ])rinie condition, and, as we have had an abundance of rain, our north- ern beekeepers sliould get a bumi)cr (mo]). It is interesting to note, that white (dover is ,1lM,v, 19-2'2 (I I. 10 A N I N (i S IN 15 ]•; K C U L T U li K FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH blooming {jrofuscly at this time, wliii'li is two weeks ahead of normal. Flower buds on biisswood are quite large, and it is like- ly that the bloom in the vicinity of Madi- son will come on ])efore the first of July. There is little local movement of honey at this time, and a few beekeei)ers still have from 500 to several thousand pounds to dispose of. hi spite of the beekeeping slump of last year, most of our beekeepers are attending the local meetings, and the attendance this year is considerably better than was the case in 1921. 11. F. Wilson. Madison. Wis. # * * Tj- Texas ^'^^ weather of April and May has been as extremely wet as that of February and March was dry. With the rains came cold northers and continued cloudy weather. Some bee- keepers lost colonies in the flood, and hard- ly an apiary escaped heavy loss from chilled brood. The only men not reporting large amounts of chilled broods are those who did not examine their bees during this time. While the loss of bees was great, it was offset by a much improved condition of the honey plants. Horsemint and gail- lardia, which promised nothing, so far re- covered as to give fair flows. Mexican per- simmon, guaucan and valley sage were bet- ter than usual. Huajilla was killed back by frosts in March and* made about one- fourth of a crop. For the first time in many years the mesquite gave a fair yield from the April bloom. Eeports from over the state show the crop to date to be very spotted, some localities showing above nor- mal and others having nothing at all. Con- ditions at present are such that no predic- tion can be made on future honey flows. As stated in this column three months ago, the writer is in the process of estab- lishing an experimental bee laboratory near San Antonio. This will be the head- quarters for all bee work done under the State Experiment Station. As this work was formerly done at College Station, the change of location calls for the moving of all the bees and laboratory equipment and the construction of suitable buildings. The bees were moved in April by truck. The dis- tance to be hauled is about 175 miles- hut because of floods over 500 miles had to be covered to make the trip. The bees were caged four and one-half days and had the rough ride of their lives; but, strange as it may seem, only a few combs were broken down and few bees and no queens were lost. The first time the writer feels funny he expects to write a dissertation on being stuck in the mud with a truck-load of bees and 200 miles of mud ahead. One of tlie prominent beekeepers of soutli- west Texas has always said: "When the Mexican persimmon blooms wc liave a cats- claw honey flow." The above statement was true this spring. Large amounts of the early spring honey, which is commonly to come. from huajilla, this year came from valley sage, guaucan and Mexican persim- mon. Where the bees were in good condi- tion some large averages were taken very early. One party took 40 lbs. average from 250 colonies on April 23. Another, 27 lbs. from 100 on April 18. Were it not for cloudy weather and rain, a crop could be obtained every year from these early bloom- ing plants. It costs little to keep the bees in good condition; and if an extra 20 lbs. of bulk comb is added to the crop but once in five years, it will pay for the work. From the advertisements it appears that there is an epidemic of price-cutting when it comes to queens. The men who sell queens at 65 cents a head certainly do not make much. The prices on the queens raised in the state yard are going the other way. In the coming year they Avill prob- ably be double the price asked now. The queens are the excess produced in experi- ments in selection of heavy honey-producing strains. The result obtained are such and the demand large enough to warrant the change of price next season. San Antonio, Texas. H. B. Parks. « * « In Arizona. --The months of April and May have proven as favorable as was hoped for in southern Arizona, with the result that colonies have come through the critical spring period in generally good condition. Catsclaw and mesquite began to blossom about Tucson by the middle of May and now (June 6) both are in full bloom. The bees are working both plants for nectar, but are much more abundant on the catsclaw, indicating a probability that the honey will be of good quality, somewdiat above the average for the so-called mesquite honej'. Mesquite lioney, in the writer 's opinion, is practically always a mixture from these two most abun- dant and important native sources of nee- tar, the relative amount of each in the mixture varying with the season. In addi- tion to the fact that bees are working more on catsclaw, it is a very noticeable fact that this plant is blossoming much more pro- fusely this season than is the mesquite. Conditions within the hives indicate a good flow in quantity and bear out the above-mentioned probability as to quality. Local supplies of old honey are about cleaned up, and new honey is appearing on the local market. Some of this is light amber, evidencing a mixture of early wild flower or mesquite nectar, wliile some is nearly white, tlie latter doubtless derived almost wholly from catsclaw. Market con- ditions appear to be favorable. Tucson, Ariz. Chas T. Yorhies. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE July, 1922 a FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH Jj^ ^^[^ In northern Utah and south- ern Idaho the winter was much more severe than usual; deep snow and continued cold lasted for months, and the winter loss of bees was greater than last year. Spring was late but opened very favorably for the bees, fruit, dandelion and willow blooming profusely and yielding well. Swarming began in May, but the weather turned dry and cool about the twenty-fifth of the month, so we are now having a lean spell during the interim be- tween the spring bloom and alfalfa, which will be on in ten days more. There is not so much sweet clover as last season; but the alfalfa weevil seems to have worn itself out, so the condition and acreage of alfalfa are at least 120% above the last five-year average. The law in Utah, compelling people to keep their bees in modern hives, is being enforced, and many box-hive men are sell- ing their old box liives at $2 each, rather than buy supplies at the present price. This will help to remove the menace from Ameri- can foul brood. Last year's honey crop seems well cleaned up in this section of the country. There is some local inquiry even this early. Our lo- cal markets have greatly improved since the war. I have a local market that will take at least 20 tons. M. A. Gill. Hyrum, Utah. * * » Jj^ Indiana. Since writing the last time and giving such emphatic warning to every one that they must feed or lose their bees, conditions have taken a turn for the better, and the fellow who de- pended on luck and didn 't feed his bees came out all right after all, for we have had the most favorable spring I have ever seen in Indiana for building up weak colo- nies and favorable also for colonies short of stores. The failure of the pollen early in the season caused brood-rearing to begin late; but, when the peach orchards in this part came into bloom, brood-rearing came on with a rush and colonies are in splendid condition. Everything seemed to yield nec- tar this spring — peaches, pears, apples, tu- pelo and the tulip tree; but, when the time came for the bloom of alsike and white clover, these refused to give up their nec- tar in more than a light stimulative flow. The aphids are extremely bad in the orchards, and the oak trees are covered with them. We therefore had a steadily stimu- lative flow from honeydew. Many who keep colonies in the regular single-story eight-frame hive report from 75 to 90 per cent swarming. My Jumbo hives or two- story ten -frame have east no swarms ex- cept one or two superseding ones. Sweet clo- ver is just coming into bloom, and it prom- ises the best crop in years. Those who have managed their bees properly and kept down swarming, have colonies exceptionally strong. However few have done this. I am running a small outyard about three miles away where there are several hundred acres of sweet clover, grown for seed. Some of the colonies were so strong that it was necessary to put on three supers before any lioney was coming in, but now that the flow is on it keeps one busy putting on supers. If the weather is as favorable as it promises, I shall have more to say later about this experimental outyard. So far the weather has been ideal in every respect for the growth of smartweed, and the prospect is bright for a big crop, although a few weeks of hot, dry weather in July and August can change this prospect very suddenly. There are a few trial patches of Hubam clover which the beekeepers in this vicinity are watcliing with interest. As it has had so much said both for and against it, we all want to see for ourselves. The question of overstocking is one of the most baffling of all questions. As far as I can tell at present, my bees in the home yard seem to be working as well on the sweet clover in a field three miles away as the ones are that I have moved right down in the center. The ones in the field certainly have a big advantage over those that have to carry it three miles if thej^ only know it; but many of them seem to think there is better pick- ing a couple of miles away, for they circle high in the air and start off as though going on a long journey. Some will turn down a 300-acre patcli of sweet clover dripping with nectar, right close to their hives, and fly three miles to get a little pollen from a seed onion! If I could have my way, things would not be thus; but if I could, what would Ave do for onions? Vincennes, Ind. Jay Smith. In Michigan. As this is written the prospect for a large honey crop in northern Michigan was never better; however it is a matter of rain, winds and sunshine, as our early prospects are nearly always good. The season is somewhat earlier and the bloom abundant, Avith scale colonies showing 10 to 12 pound'? per day, and good weather should give us a good white-honey crop. The last year's crop has all been sold, and the market should be strong for the first white-comb honey, as only odds and ends of combs, principally dark, are in the stocks of the merchants. The demand for extracted honey follows tlie comb a few weeks later and extends tlirough the Avin- ter. I can see no reason why beekeepers should not get the price the last of 1921 Avliite stock sold for. White sugar is Ioav in price and JULV, 1922 G I. K A N I N G S IN H V. V. C U I, T U R K 457 FROM NORTH. EAST, WEST AND SOUTH glucose also very low — who wants to feed their families on these to take tlie place of honey V We buy an orange for the flavor, not for the little sweet it contains, and so we buy lioney for its superior flavor and hcaltlifulness. It's up to the beekeepers. Let 's be wise enough to prove value in honey and ask a fair price for it. At this time many do not super the bees sufliciently. Our honey flow la^s well into July, and the bees must have plenty of room to do their best; but, as the flow wanes, eomb-hpney producers should manip- ulate supers to get them finished. Heavy supering at the near close of the flow will be as disastrous as insufficient su- jH^ring at its height. Northern Michigan counties are quarantined against moving bees in or out of the counties — for the con- trol and eradication of brood diseases. Co-operation of the beekeepers will liasten results. Let 's do our part or it will even- tually be our funeral. A fine and quick way to clean thoroughly and disinfect a hive-body is to paint the inside and edges with a solution of half kerosene and half gasoline and quickly touch a match to it, and then apply paint to the outside. East Jordan, Mich. Ira D. Bartlett. In Pennsylvania. The honey crop prospects for the state are good. Abundant rain and warm weather recently have put plant life in prime condition. White, alsike and red clo- vers are in bloom in most of the state at the time this article is being written (June 5). As usual, many colonies are not ready for the honey flow because of bad winter- ing among the farmer beekeepers especially, and swarming is in progress, which will cut down the yield. The usual amount of buck- wheat will be sown. Ground is being pre- pared now for sowing late in June. Wild plants, like huckleberry, raspberry, black- berry and sumac, generally escaped the May frosts and are in the best of condi- tion. The coal strike and general depression in industry are bound to have a depressing in- fluence on the markets unless there is a rapid recovery in late summer. Pennsyl- vania depends more upon industry than ag- riculture, and this condition at present is not good. Beekeepers sliould plan to ob- tain the best honey crop possible, and then plan as well to market every ounce of it in their home town to the best advantage that they can. To dump it on the wholesale markets tliis year will be worse folly than ever. The extension work is resulting in more county associations, and here is an oppor- [ tunity for beekeepers to get together on their marketing problems. Geo. H. Rea. State College, Pa. Jl^ New York "^^^^ condition of tlie bees is exceedingly good. This section has just experienced the best honey flow from fruit blossoms and dandelions that has ever been known and early swarming has been very prevalent. Natural swarming during May probably more than made good all winter losses in this state. Clover is beginning to yield a little, but there is very little of it in most localities in this region. We expect that the small apiaries will have the advantage over lar- ger £)nes on account of the limited amount of clover. Vetch is becoming an important honey plant in our locality, tnany acres being raised for cover-crops and seed. That grown for a cover-crop is generally worked under before yielding much nectar, but that grown for seed furnislies a good supply of light amber honey. The Western New York Honey Producers' Association will hold its midsummer meet- ing at the apiary of J. B. Howe, Delevan, Cattaraugus County, on Tuesday, August 1. A good time is assured. H. M. Myers. Ransomville, N. Y. » * « In Louisiana. - t'»ii^'^)-i"y- the fine weath- er ot the early spring, the conditions here are not as good as were first expected. This is caused by the con- tinued rains in some parts of our state. During the willow bloom, the bees stored more honey this year than for the past three years. In a very strong colony here at the University the actual amount of lioney stored from willow for a period of 14 days was 140 pounds, merging into the white clover flow which for seven days more continued to bring in ten pounds per day, making a total in 21 days of 210 pounds. Since this time the Aveather con- ditions have been unfavorable. The willow is very abundant along the streams in the central-southern portion of the state, and it is a very easy matter to produce 100 pounds per colony if your bees are in reach of same. The willow blooms early; therefore to get this large amount of honey, your bees must be in the best of condition and strong in numbers. There is not a more delicious honey tlian that made from the willow. The color is white with a slight greenish tinge. In fact, it looks like rain water, and the flavor is so mild that it may easily be used for sweetening tea or coffee without imparting any strong taste, as is usually the ease with most honeys. For comb-honey production it makes a very bL-autiful section, with cap- jiings feathery white. Tlie white clover is constantly at work now manufacturing the delicious nectar for the bees. This honev flow ceases about July 458 GLEANINGS IN B E K CULTURE July, 1922 FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH 1 after liaving had a run of about 100 days. The crop of honey produced so far is very fine and very beautifuL There are hundreds of consumers in the towns close to you, who will be willing and anxious to pay you a reasonable price for your output. But don 't make the mistake of so many, that is, putting the price too high. Make it reasonable, and yet profitable to you. Put your honey up in attractive jars; avoid green jars, always select white ones, and you will find you can sell every pound your bees will make for you. Make a honey market at home first. Wait until the "lit- tle" beekeeper disposes of his honey, as he usually sells his crop for nothing almost. This merely bait's the customer for more, and you come along and reap the harvest. Baton Rouge, La. E. C. Davis. * « X In North Carolina.— ?«e^*'^P";« ' '' this state are most i)r()bably lealizing barely a normal crop of honey i)i spite of the fact that early spring conditions indicated that a really "bumper" crop was in store and practically assured. This is due to con- tinued rains the past month, that have dis- sipated the nectar in the flora and kept the bees from working the pasturage that gave promise of being exceptionally rich this sea- son. Frosts did vcrv little damage, although some floia was killed in the Washington and Teria Ceia sections of the coastal portion of the state and in the mountains. The vield of gallberry honey was mostly cut oft' by the rains. However, there was probably a two weeks' good work with little inter- ruption, particularly in the southeastern section of the state (the lower Cape Fear region). The holly, tupelo and black gums of the swamp sections of east Carolina net- ted a good crop, thanks to fair weather con- ditions that ])revailed during the periods of tlieir bloom. However, there were cold snaps and rains tliat set tliese yields back considerably. Tlianks to the abundant nectar that has been available for the bees "between show- ers" in this southeastern section of the state, bees generally, including those that came through the winter in ])Oor condition this spring due to the very "lean" condi- tions last season, liave built up wonderfully, and all will evidently be in condition to net the ricliest possible returns from fall flow- ers Die prospects of which are ex('e])tionally good. Beekeepers are now marketing their sec- tion honey principally, doing this largely through local grocery stores. The price to grocers seems to be most generally 20 to 25 cents per section, with the retail price around 30 cents. Extracted honey has scarcely begun to move yet. In fact, the bees in practically every section of the state will have two to four weeks more of fair honey-flow ])ossibilities, although the main flows are about over in most of the eastern section where wild flora is the main stay. Wilmington, N. C. W. J. Martin. * * * In Florida.-- One of the best paWto * flows that tins part or Flor- ida has ever known has just closed. The beekeepers, however, have not been able to take full advantage of it, due to the weak condition of their colonies. The earlier part of the honey flow did not fill the supers as rapidly as it should. The cabbage palmetto is in full bloom now, and in the next ten days or two weeks it will be through. It is supplying but little nectar and no pollen, due to the myriads of thrips that are attacking the flowers. This same minute insect attacks the scrub palm- etto blofesoms and destroys them. When this happens the beekeepers down here call the trouble "blight,' 'and they say the cabbage palmetto is more often "blighted" than the scrub |nllmetto. The facts are that usually the thrips are not present in suf- ficient strength to destroy the scrub palm- etto bloom, but they develop upon them and then migrate to the cabbage palmetto in such numbers as to destroy it completely. The rains started about the middle of May in earnest — the first rains we have had in seven months that were sufficient to wet the ground. In the lower Keys every- thing was at a standstill, and many trees were delayed several weeks in blooming. There was no honey being stored, and the bees were almost down to starvation rations. Now everything is blooming heavily. The lime and other citrus trees are a mass of white, and the dogwood, mastic, black man- grove and several others, I have not yet been able to identify, are a mass of bloom. All of these except the black mangrove should have finished their period of bloom by the first of May. I have just returned from a trip to the bees on the lower Keys, and I found on many hives a full super of foundation drawn and filled to overflowing with green nectar, not a single cell being capped. This will give some idea of how the honey is now coming in, and we hope nothing will occur to check it for the next four or five weeks. On the upper Keys the bees have been suffering from a shortage of pollen for the past month, and it has been necessary to feed them rye flour as a substitute. The shortage of pollen is one of the most seri- ous problems of the beekeeper in the trop- ics, and it is one that is seldom realized. This shortage accounts for many troubles with which the tropical beekeeper has to contend. The reason that it is so seldom .Iirt,Y, 1022 a Ti F, A N I N G ft IN B E K 0 U Tj T U R E a FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH itH'Oguized as the cause is, tliut tlicro is an abiimlauce of IjIooiu, Init it is bloom that [)ro(hu',es so little pollen that the bees can get practicuU}' none of it. Then, again, tlie frequent showers wash out the pollen from many plants before the bees are able to secure it. The most abundant ])ollen-])ro- (lueers are the flowers in wliicli tlie jiollen is most exposed to the rains. In a preceding article the e..cessive loss of queens was mentioned. One cause of this is the lack of pollen. It may not be the only cause, but it is one of the principal ones. Later, I hope to take up, in a more extensive article, the subject of pollen in relation to tropical beekeeping. The checking of brood-rearing just when it is most desirable is another result, and sometimes right in the height of a honey flow. This is especially true during the black mangrove flow, as this tree provides no pollen available for the bees and there are seldom any other plants in bloom at the same period which do provide it. If the bees are short of pollen stores at this time brood-rearing ceases and workers begin to loaf in the hive and to die at a rate that leaves them piled on the bottom-boards. The effect is similar to a bad attack of disap- pearing disease or paralysis; but this will clear up in less tlian 48 hours, if a substi- tute pollen is fed them, and work imme- diately becomes normal again. Brood will be found dead in all the hives short of pollen stores. It resembles very closely European foul brood, but it quickly clears very soon after pollen is available. The writer has cured in less than a week frequent cases, that in the clover region would be pronounced a bad case of Euro- pean foul brood, by giving a comb well supplied with pollen. (This is not suggested as a new cure for foul brood, however.) The beekeeper who migrates from the northern states to tropical locations should inform himself on the pollen-producinji flora as well as on the nectar-producing. There are many places in the tropics where pollen-producers are too few, and every- wliere there are periods when none are available. C. E. Bartholomew. Key Biscay ne, Fla. In Ontario ^^ ^^^^ date (June 9) our section of the country has been visited with very heavy rains and the ground is thoroughly soaked. Alsike is looking fine and is in bloom about 10 days earlier than usual. Although we have had seemingly ideal weather for nectar secre- tion, yet little has been gathered, and at some of our yards we have had to feed be- tween fruit bloom and clover. But the sea- son is young yet, and, with clover looking' so well and so much moisture in tlie ground, T still look for a croji of clover lioney even if tilings have been slow so far. This ap- plies to apiaries in York, Ontario and Went- wortli counties; but, ' for some reason or other, things are altogether different in Simcoe County, where we have two large apiaries. There the bees are very far ad- vanced, and it is necessary to extract quite a quantity of honey from willows and dan- delion to get it away from the clover that has started to yield up there already. With so much rain here at the home sec- tion, a heavy buckwheat acreage is assured, as the ground is now in fine shape for work- ing up into a nice seed bed for this plant. Foul brood is bad enough in any form- — no one familiar with the diseases bearing that name will dispute such a statement for a moment. But wlien one h^s the two brands to combat with all the time, as we have in our York County yards, "bad enough" is hardly expressive enough. Eu- ropean foul brood is a nuisance, while the American brand is much worse so far as a cause of actual loss of good supplies is con- cerned. We would have little dread of the European here any more if we had not the American in the locality as well; but the having both diseases present in a locality complicates matters very much and adds at least 50 jier cent more to the general work of an apiary. This spring we have found in our eight apiaries at the home center about 25 cases of the European, most of them mild while some were bad enough. All were de- queened and left queenless for eight or ten days and then a queen given again. In two cases, after young queens had been intro- duced, I found a few scales of the Ameri- can, showing that while these colonies had been afflicted with the European quite bad- ly they also had a few cells of the Ameri- can which had been overlooked. Indeed it is very easy to overlook a few cells of American foul brood in a colony when tliere are some hundreds of larvae dead 'from the European form. Of course all our work was for naught so far as these two colonies are concerned. Apiarists living in localities where no brood diseases are present do not really ap- preciate what they have to be thankful for; and, as I think of how we had things here some 10 years ago before foul brood showed up here, I am made to think of the old say- ing, "You never miss the water till the well goes dry. ' ' I have heard nothing concerning tlie pro- posed co-operative movement for some time, and at this late date it looks doubtful as to whether the organization can be jierfect- ed in time to function, so far as this year's crop is concerned. Secretary Milieu reports a very heavy business in containers, etc., as a- starter. J.L.Byer. Markham, Ont. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE July, 1922 HEADS OF GMlNlproMVJTMF^ FIELDS Making Increase The following plan for When Removing making increase without Surplus Honey. reducing the honey crop has ■ been tried out in Ontario and found to give good results: During the spring, the usual precautious for swarna control and colony development are taken. After the main honey flow has been on long enough for the first super to be completed and the second one in a con- dition to warrant putting on a third, the beekeeper who has either raised queens beforehand or ordered them from a breeder, sets a hive with foundation or preferably drawn comb to one side of the colony he wishes to increase. He then removes the supers of honey and takes three or four frames of brood with adhering bees from the parent colony and places them in the new hive, being careful not to get the queen on these combs. These combs of brood are leplaced by foundation or drawn comb in tlie parent colony. A Porter bee-escape is then placed over the new hive, and the super or supers that are ready to be ex- tracted are placed over. it. The immediate result is tliat the bees in the brood-chamber soon find they are queenless; and, as soon as this condition is realized by the bees above the brood-chamber, they come down through the bee- escape more readily. Any field bees that leave the hive go back to the original colony to carry on without in- terruption the nectar-gathering. The fol- lowing morning a new queen is introduced by the cage method to the queenless colony ;ind the honey lifted off, ready for extract- ing. Tliis plan for making increase has the following advantages: The parent colony is not robbed of its field bees; the bees leave the supers over the escape board more readily; tlie bees in the new colony, all be- ing young, accept a queen more readily; this honey is being taken off at a time when the bees are not cross, as the honey flow is still on; in the fall the two colonies will both be in good condition for wintering; it releases a number of supers for an increased flow of honey. H. D. Clark. Medina, Ohio. Qi= Advantages of a That honey seasons are Hive on Scales. variable in our northern states was evident this past season; never before in our nearly 50 years' experience with bees have we had a iioneyflow from flowers (not from the aphis') (luring September. We were busy with the honey we had harvested, crating and ship- ping it. We hurried to get it into mar- ket, as it was wanted, and for this reason our bees were not watched. Some colonies built comb on the outside of their hive; some under their hive or in any old place. We might have secured quite a bit of amber honey at this time, had we been on our guard. Possibly a hive on scales, if some attention had been paid to it, would have given us a pointer. 1 have decided that in the future this matter is to be made a fea- ture of our beekeeping. We may never again . have such a season, and we may; or some other peculiar thing may develop, and the hive on scales may put us on our guard. Let us plan for it, friends. F. Greiner. Naples, N. Y. Five Hundred Pounds T just read the ac- From One Colony, count in the Grand Spring Count. Forks Herald of Mr. Bennett 's bees and T think I have almost as good a record for last year. T had only one colony in the spring of 1921. The first swarm came off June 12, the second June 16, and a third June 20. The third one we put back catch- ing the queen, and then cut out the rest of tlie queen-cells of which there were 13, counting the ones from which the queens had emerged. I kept the record from each hive of the honey taken off, and the second swarm pro- duce 160 pounds of surplus honey. Alto- gether we took off over 500 pounds, or an average of 175 pounds to the hive, the most of this being the best grade of white clover honey. I am going to high school and take care of the bees on Saturdays. One hive is ready to swarm now. We are trying to keep the other two from swarming by using the dou- ble-chamber method. Sidney E. Kirk. Niagara, N. D. Quit Burning My wife maintains with Your Trousers. some asperity that I have scorched and burned holes in more pairs of pants, overalls and cover- alls (vulgarly known as elephant breeches) than any other living beekeeper. I have a habit of holding my smoker betwixt my legs while I use my hands in working with the hive. If any of you fathers in Israel can prove an alibi in this case, speak right up in meeting. You get the "pup." But, brother, if you must plead guilty, do it like a man and go and sin no more. Take a five-pound friction-top honey can, without the cover. With a pair of tin snips cut a strip three inches wide from top to bottom of the can. Slip the can up over your smoker and secure it above the brace which holds the fire pot to the bel- lows by means of a wire — and tliere you are. This shield will restore peace in your family, as your pants will never again have to be patclied, in that quarter at least. And if vou are real anxious to avoid even the July, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 461 HEADS OF GRAIN IgftQlOQi DIFFERENT FIELDS suggestion of evil, why, just put a sheet of asbestos paper between the can and the smoker furnace and then you will thank me for this suggestion. W. E. Woodruff. Clemenceau, Ariz. Good Prospects White clover began to in Iowa. bloom on May 22, owing to an abundance of mois- ture in the ground. The prospects now are good for a heavy flow from white clover. An abundance of both Hubam and bien- nial sweet clover is planted in this vicin- ity. There are fully 100 acres within two and a half miles of me, planted mostly for pasture, I never before saw so much brood in hives in May, owing to a very heavy flow from fruit and dandelion. Eeturning from the hospital I found everything honey and brood bound, and am only now getting things straightened out. Honey prices are going to be a problem the coming season, and it is not too early to begin to adjust prices. I do not believe there is any reason why honey should sell for less than lOe a pound. I am still getting 20c retail. A. F. Bonney. Buckgrove, Iowa. Importance of It 's not so much the Doing the Work amount of work done in That Counts. the apiary but doing it in- telligently and at the proper time tliat counts. Such things as supplying more surplus room, introducing young queens, giving the queens plenty of combs to occupy, supplying plenty of stores when needed and many more little details, done intelligently and at the right time — all these count. Young beekeepers are fast coming to the front by observing the above rules and doing things svstematicallv. East Avon, N. Y. ' A. C. Gilbert. A Good Hive The best scraper I have ever Scraper. tried for cleaning covers, bottoms, etc., is a common three-cornered scraping tool used by butch- ers in cleaning meat blocks. No two edges have the same angle with the handle, so it will push, thrust or pull and get into all cor- ners. I. W. Cameron. Davis, S. D. Simplified Queen-Rearing Here is an easy at Close of Honey Flow. way to get a few- good queens at the close of the honey flow: Place a frame witli a half sheet of foundation in the mid- dle of tlie nucleus (or colony) liaving your best queen, leaving it there for one week. Take out the frame, now filled with eggs and young larvae, go t6 a strong colony which has supers tiered up for extracting, with a queen-excluder in place. Put the frame with the eggs and young larvae in the middle of the super and place the super on the bottom-board, removing the brood- chamber (old hive) to a new location. The bees Avill rear some fine queen-cells which should, of course, be cut out in time to save them. Axel Hoist. St. Thomas, Virgin Islands. Wasp Nest Tliis wasp skyscraper was Taller Than a Man. found in the wilds of Florida. The nest is six and a half feet in height and ten and a half feet in circumference. It is made of a ma- terial closely resembling paper, which at a short distance is hard to tell from clav. It apparently housed at tlie start about a hun- dred colonies, as we killed about that many queens. E. C. Sheafer. Sanford, Fla. [The number of queens would not prove the number of colonies, since among the so- cial wasps, the males and workers die in tlie fall and only the queens survive the winter. Accordingly in the fall there would be many queens in a colony. — Editor.] 462 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE July, 1922 c GLEANED Geo. S, LJr^ pulleys or is a countershaft H. V. Wilson. QUESTION. — If I install a n electric motor hav- ing a speed of about 1700 R.P.M. to run my Buckeye extractor, is it practical to obtain the necessary seven-to-one reduc- tion in one set of necessary ? "Wisconsin. Answer by H. H. Eoot. — You can accom- plish this in one reduction, putting a two- inch pulley on your motor and a fourteen- inch pulley on your extractor shaft. Some do this, but it does not 'get the full efficiency of the motor, owing to the sharp bend of the belt around so small a pulley. You may be able to purchase a special low-speed mo- tor for this purpose. Eeally the most satis- factory way is to accomplish your reduction by using a jack shaft, possibly on the ceil- ing. By this plan you do not have to have your belt so tight, you really get more efficiency out of your motor, and you do not have to have a large pulley on the extractor shaft, which frequently is considerably in the way. Work of Bee Moth Larvae. Question. — The bee moths have gotten into my bees and are killing them. What can I do to get rid of them? S. B. Hendrickson. Ohio. Answer. — The larvae of the wax moths do not attack strong colonies of Italian bees. They usually enter the hive after the colony has become weakened from some other cause such as queenlessness, lack of stores or one of the brood diseases. It will be well for you to examine the combs carefully to see if the colony is queenless. or to see if there is any indication of brood disease. If you find any dead or discolored larvae in the brood-combs, it will be well to cut out a piece of comb containing these dead lar- vae and send it for examination to Dr. E. F. Phillips, Bureau of Entomology, Wash- ington, D. C. Building Up Two-Frame Nuclei for Winter. Question.- — -Will a two-frame nucleus made in the middle of July build up strong enough for winter without any help ? Merritt Oplinger. Indiana. Answer. — Yes, if it has sufficient food at all times. Unless there is a fall honey flow a two-frame nucleus made after the middle of this month would have to be fed enough |o that there is at all times a supply of food in the hive in order to keep up brood-rearing during late summer. If there is a fall honey flow sufficient in amount, of course feeding would not be necessary. Different Classes of Queens. Question. — What is the meaning of tested, un- tested, select tested and select untested as ap- plied to queens ? Thomas R. Peel. Maryland. Answer. — A tested queen is one which has been kept long enough for some of her BY ASKING Demuth 3 iU young bees to emerge in order that the breeder, judging from her offspring, can be sure that she is purely mated. An un- tested queen is one that is tak- out of the hive and sent to a customer with- in less than three weeks after she began to lay, and is therefore not tested as to purity of mating. Select tested and select untested queens are simply the finest in appearance of their respective classes. Requeening Without Dequeening. Question. — If a queen-cell is given in a spiral- cell protector to a queenright colony, what will be the result? C. F. Strahan. Nebraska. Answer, — The young queen will usually be killed soon after she emerges. Occasionally the bees will accept the young queen, per- mitting her to supersede the old one, but this cannot be depended upon as a method of requeening. Queen Lays Eggs on Side of Cells. Question. — What is wrong with the queen when she lays her eggs on the side of the cell instead of on the base? Harry R. Weiss. Ohio. Answer. — Sometimes young queens deposit their eggs irregularly for the first few days and afterward lay normally. Queens that continue to lay their eggs on the side of the cells are imperfect in some respect and should be replaced. When and How Often to Requeen. Question. — When is the best time to requeen any colonies and how often should I requeen them? North Carolina. J. L. Murray. Answer. — In many locations, the best time to requeen is near the close of the early honey flow. If this is done before the honey flow ceases it is much easier to work with the bees than when nectar becomes scarce; and a young queen that begins to lay in July or August will lay more eggs in September than an old queqn, thus mak- ing a better colony for winter on account of the abundance of young bees. In locali- ties wliere the fall honey flow begins early in August, this would be a good time to re- queen; but the young queen should begin to lay not less than six or eight weeks be- fore brood-rearing ceases in the fall, for this much time is needed to furnish suffi- cient young bees for winter. Sealing Honey at Close of Season. Question. — Will the bees seal the honey that is not quite finished at the close of the honey flow? S. M. Wilkman. Missouri. Answer. — They will not seal all of it even if the supers are left on several weeks after the close of the honey flow. For extracted honey it does not matter if it is not all sealed, but it should be left on long enough so that it will be thoroughly ripened. For comb honey it is important to have as many July, 19'J2 G L K A N I N G S IN BEE C U L T U R E 463 sections sealed as possible. This can be ac- complished by taking off the partly finished supers, sorting out the unfinished ones and putting them back to be finished. When the unfinished sections are put back, those nearest completion should be put in the middle of the super. This should be done as the honey flow is closing if possible. Bees Build Combs on Outside of Hive. Question. — Why did one of my colonies build lomb outside the hive below the bottom last year? Virginia. Walter Steen. Answer. — The bees build comb on the out- side of the hive because they did not have room enough inside to store all the honey they gathered. Wlien they are compelled to build comb on the outside of the hive in this way, they store much less than if more supers had been given, for such croAvding causes a stagnation of work. For this rea- son it is extremely important during the hone}' flow to see that every colony has at all times either some empty combs or some foundation to work on in the supers. Bees Fail to Store Surplus. Question. — W^hy did my bees fail to store sur- plus honey last season Avhen there are no other bees around and we have flowers for them to work on? Mrs. Oline P. Root. Ohio. Answer. — There are so many possible rea- sons for the bees failing to store surplus honey that without having seen the colony one can only guess at the trouble. Gener- ally speaking, there are two reasons for failure to store surplus honey: first, a fail- ure of the season because of a lack of nec- tar-bearing flowers or because of unfavor- able weather conditions during their period of bloom; and, second, a failure in the man- agement, so that the colonies are either not strong enough at the time of the honey flow or some condition in the management has been unfavorable, such as not giving the supers early enough or providing for the comfort of the bees. Not all flowers are nectar-bearing, and only a comparatively few species can be de- pended upon to furnish enough nectar for surplus honey. Cleaning Extractor after Extracting from Diseased Colonies. Question. — To render it safe for use, how can I clean an extractor that has been used in ex- tracting combs of honey from colonies having American foul brood ? John Knapp. Michigan. Answer.— The important thing to do is to wash the extractor thoroughly so there is not a particle of honey left on it any- where. "When this is done it should be safe to use in extracting honey from healthy colonies. Bees Suddenly Become Cross. Question. — Can you explain why bees become so viciously cross all of a sudden when at other times they are gentle? D. B. Clapp. North Carolina. Answer. — The temper of the bees depends largely upon the character of the honey flow. "Where there is an abundance of nec- tar available during most of the day the bees are usually good-natured, but if nectar is available only a part of each day the bees are liable to become cross when the flowers quit yielding. "When the honey flow closes suddenly the bees are usually cross. As the season advances the bees are appar- ently more inclined to sting than early in the season. Beginners especially should bear these things in mind and use more precautions against stinging when the flow- ers are not yielding and as the season ad- vances. Bees Quit Working in Supers. Question. — Last season when the bees had their sections almost ready to cap they suddenly began to hang out as though they were going to swarm, but they did not swarm, neither did they finish the sections. What was the trouble? Indiana. Pearl Hendrickson. Answer. — "When the sections are full the bees must then wait until the honey is ripened before sealing it. If you did not give them more super room this would ex- plain why the bees quit work and began to cluster on the outside of the hive. To wait for the bees to seal the honey before giving another super would sometimes result in the loss of several supers of honey that might have been secured if more supers had been given at the proper time. Of course, it may be that the honey flow ceased at the time you noticed that the bees quit work, which would cause them to cluster on the outside of the hive. After the honey flow it is perfectly normal for the bees to cluster out in this manner. Cause of Honey Souring. Question. — What causes, extracted honey to sour and how can it be sweetened again? Illinois. B. W. Green. Answer. — Honey that is not well ripened before it is extracted is liable to ferment. Honey should be left on the hives until the combs are two-thirds or more sealed or longer in order that it may become well ripened before extracting. Honey that is slightly fermented can be improved by heat- ing it to about 160 degrees. Two or More Queens in One Hive. Question. — Can I keep two or more queens in the same hive by separating them with perforated zinc? John Sweep. Maryland. Answer. — You can keep more than one queen in a hive in this way during the hon- ey flow and sometimes longer, but usually all but one of them will disappear after the honey flow. Effect of Queen-excluder on Super Work. Question. — Will the bees work better in extract- ing supers when no queen-excluder is used between the brood-chamber and the supers? West "Virginia. D. M. Clingman. Answer. — It is doubtful if you will be able to detect any difference in the amount of honey stored when queen-pxcluders are used between tho brood-charnber aud the supers, especially when the new 7 -wire ex- cluder is used. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE July, 1922 c TALKS TO Geo. S. LJ JULY brings to the beginner several new problems in the management of his colonies, since in a large part of the country the main honey flow ceases some time this month, thus bringing enforced idleness to the thousands of workers of the hive. Some seasons, the honey flow closes ab- ruptly, with but little if any warning, es- pecially if the weather becomes hot and dry; while other seasons it tapers off gradu- ally toward the close, giving the beekeeper an opportunity to adjust affairs to the changed conditions. In some localities, especially in the far north, the fall honey, flow begins at about the time the early honey flow closes, thus giving a continuous honey flow through the summer; but, in most localities having a fall honey flow, there is an interval of sev- eral weeks between. In the greater part of the United States there is no dependable fall honey flow, the close of the early honey flow marking the end of the season so far as surplus honey is concerned. In a few localities such as the buckwheat region of New York and Pennsylvania, the main honey harvest does not begin until in Aug- ust and September. Wherever the honey flow may be expect- ed to close this month, the beekeeper should keep close' watch for indications of the close of the season in order to have the work in the supers finished to the best ad- vantage. How to Tell When Honey Flow is Closing. One can tell something about the probable duration of the honey flow by noting the progress of the flowers that are furnishing the nectar. For example, in the clover re- gion where most of the surplus honey is gathered from white clover and alsike clo- ver, the honey flow may be expected to cease when most of the clover blossoms have matured. Sometimes, however, timely rains revive the white clover just as the season appears to be closing, thus prolonging the honey flow a week or two; but, if the weath- er is hot and dry the honey flow usually closes distressingly early, for then the blos- soms mature quickly. Where sweet clover grows extensively, the honey flow is usual- ly prolonged through .Tuly, but it tapers off toward the end of the month. In the hive, one of the first indications of the closing of the season is the tendency of the bees to begin crowding more honey into the brood-chamber and putting less into the supers. The honey is crowded in at the upper portion of the brood area as tlio young bees emerge, thus limiting the queen to less space. The bees also build comb less lavishly toward the close of the season and BEGINNERS Demuth 1 lU they are inclined to discolor the newly built combs with pro- polis, giving them a yellow appearance. An- other indication of the closing of the season is the way the workers treat the drones. As the close of the honey flow approaches, the drone are often crowded down on the floor of the hive or out at the entrance, and occa- sionally a worker can be seen struggling with a drone some time before the general slaughter of the drones, which usually oc- curs after the honey flow has ceased. A very distressing indication that the season is clos- ing is the tendency to rob and an increasing tendency to sting. If the bees have been working so well that they paid no attention to honey exposed when opening the hives, but now suddenly begin to pounce upon ex- posed honey to carry it away, the honey flow is no doubt closing. As soon as the first indi- cations of robbing are seen great caution is necessary in handling the iDees. In fact, they should not be handled more than is absolutely necessary when they are cross or inclined to rob. Beginners should be careful as the season advances, for, even before the close of the honey flow, the bees often become cross and ugly to handle. Some take great pride in handling bees without a veil and sometimes even without a smoker; but, while this can be done earlier in the season with rea- sonable safety with gentle bees, it would be folly for anyone but an expert to try it when the honey flow is closing. Bees that were gentle during the earlier part of the honey flow can not be depended upon to continue to be gentle this month. It is not a disgrace for a beekeeper to put on a good veil and be sure his smoker is going well before attempting any work with the bees. Management of Supers as Close of Season Approaches. During the latter part of the honey flow, additional supers should not be added so freely as earlier. It is better now to crowd the bees a little for super room than to give too much, but there should always be some room in the supers for new work un- til the honey flow has entirely ceased. When producing extracted honey, the bees should have in the super at the close of the season at least two or three empty combs that were not needed, in order to be sure that they have had enough at all times. For comb honey, either in sections or in shallow extracting-frames (bulk comb honey), there should be some foundation for the bees to work on as long as they are willing to build comb. For either extracted honey or comb honey the super work should be concentrated as July, 1922 GLKANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 465 much as possible toward the close of the season to prevent too much unfinished work, l)ut this is especially true for comb honey. The first step in concentrating the super work is to put the new super on top of the partly filled ones, when giving additional room. When this is done if more room is needed, the bees will use it; but, if not needed, the}- will neglect it, and the work in the other supers will not be retarded as would be the case if the empty super is placed below. If extracted honey is being produced, a few combs of sealed honey from the middle of the super can be taken out and extracted, then put back to be refilled by the bees, instead of giving a whole super of empty combs or frames of foundation. This can also be done if there are no more supers at hand. Comb-honey supers should be taken off promptly as soon as most of the sections are finished. It is not often advisable to leave a comb-honey super on the hive until every section has been sealed; for, before those in the corners are completed, those in tlie middle of the super may have their dainty white cappings discolored. It would be better, so far as the appearance of comb honey is concerned, if each section could be taken off the hive the day it is finished, but this is not practicable. There is usually not much trouble from discolored cappings (luring the midst of a rapid honey flow; but, toward its close or during a slow honey flow, the bees are inclined to varnish the cappings with propolis, thus spoiling their appearance. Unfinished Sections Given Back to the Bees. When the nearly finished supers of comb honey are taken off, the unfinished sections should be sorted out to give back to the bees to be finished. For instance, a colony may have three or four comb-honey supers well advanced and one in which work has been recently begun. There may be enough unfinished sections in the three or four ad- vanced supers to fill one super, the rest of the honey being finished. In such cases the advanced supers should all be taken off, the honey sorted and the unfinished sections all assembled in one super. If the honey flow is now actually near its close, this super of nearly finished sections should be put back directly on top of the brood-cham- ber, and the other super in which work is just well started should be placed on top. This arrangement will cause the bees to finish the honey promptly. They may even remove some of the unsealed honey from the upper super and carry it down into the lower one. In this case it is not expected that tlie upper one will be finished. It is to be taken off and saved for next year. Usually there will not be enough nearly finished sections on each hive to fill one super; but, if there are several colonies, the unfinished sections from all of them can be assembled and given back to the colony or colonies doing the best work at finishing the honey. Those wlio have but one colony can assemble the sections which are nearest complete in the middle of a super, placing tliose in whicli less work has been done on the outside. In this case it is not necessary to have a second super on top, since there is room for the bees to carry on comb-build- ing in these sections at the sides of the super. It is not possible to secure the completion of all the sections on which work has been started; but, by concentrating the unfin- ished work in this manner, all those nearest complete can usually be completed. As soon as the bees quit finishing the hon- ey and if possible before they begin to dis- color the cappings and the wood of the sec- tions Avith propolis, all of the comb-honey supers should be taken off whether finished or not. Those sections that are still unfin- ished can be put away to feed the bees later, or some of them can be used at home. In the local market some of the heaviest of the unfinished sections can be sold as culls. Shaking bees from a comb. Comb-honey supers in which but little work has been done, if taken off promptly before tlie bees begin to gnaw down the foundation or stain the wood of the sec- tions, will be of great value in starting work in the supers next year; but, if they are left on the hives a few days too long, they may be practically ruined so far as producing fancy honey in them later is con- cerned. It is better, therefore, to take off all comb-honey supers a little before the honey flow actually ceases than to leave them on too long. (i L K A N I N f4 S IN BEE C U L T U R 1'^ July, 1922 How to Take Off the Honey. While supers of honev can be removed from the hive without a bee-escape without much trouble during the lioney flow, at the close of the honey flow the bee-escape is al- most a necessity. If the bee-escape is not used, the combs must be. taken out of the extracting-supers one at a time and the bees brushed and shaken off. To do this, an empty super should be at hand in which to put the combs as they are taken from the bees. When the hive is first opened the bees should be started down out of the super with smoke and should not be permitted to return. As eacli comb is taken out it should be given a quick jerk to shake off most of the bees, then those remaining should be brushed off with a bee-brush or a large turkey-wing feather. The first two or three combs can Putting in the hee-escape board. be shaken in front of the entrance, but the remainder can be shaken back into the now vacant portion of the super on the hive. If robbers are troublesome, the honey should be kept well covered with a piece of can- vas. In doing this kind of work, two can operate to better advantage tlian one. In taking off comb-honey supers without a bee-escape, most of the bees should be smoked out of the super. As the cover is lifted, the bees should be started down at once with smoke and kept on the go until they are out of the super. If they are per- mitted to stop on the way they will fill themselves witli honey, and, after they once got their heads into a cell, they pay but lit- tle attention to smoke. When the cover is first lifted, the bees on top of the sections can be brushed off over the edge of the super, the operator brushing and smoking at the same time. While the bees are being driven down, the super should be pried loose but not lifted until most of the bees have gone below. Then one end of the super should be lifted and at the same time pulled slightly backward so one end will rest on the brood-chamber or the super be- low, while the super being removed is brought almost to a vertical position. This should be done so quickly that the bees on the bottom of the super do not have time to go back into the super before they can be brushed off. When this operation is com- plete most of the bees should be out of the super, and it is ready to be carried into the shop Avhere the rest of the bees will soon leave it and fly to the windows when they can be permitted to escape by opening the window for a few seconds. Great care should be taken to keep the honey where the bees can not get at it; for, if they should be able to do so, they would rob it out and carry it back to the hives. When the bee-escape is used in removing the honey, simply lift the super and insert the bee-escape board with the bee-escape in place below it, being sure that the flat side of the escape-board is down, and that the bee-escape is in position so that the bees can pass down througli it. See that there are no cracks through which bees might gain access to this super, for when the bees desert it robbers would get in if they could find an opening anywhere large enough to squeeze through. Witliin 12 to 24 hours the bees sliould all, or nearly all, be out of the super when it can be taken away without disturbing the bees. This is by far the best way to take off honey, especially at the close of the season. When taking away the honey, the bee- keeper must not forget that the bees must have enougli honey left for their own use during* the fall, winter and spring. Thou- sands and thousands of colonies are lost or rendered practically useless every year, be- cause their owners fail to leave them enougli to live on during the time but little or no nectar is to be had from the flowers. One of the best ways to provide for the bees is to have a second story for each hive. At the close of the honey flow this second story should be nearly two-thirds full of honey. This can easily be arranged when producing extracted honey; but, when comb honey is being produced, it is necessary to plan ahead to have this honey stored in the combs. It is a good plan to take off comb- honey supers a little before the honey flow closes, and give a second story so the' bees will store some honey in it. After the two- story equipment is once supplied, tliis sec- ond story can usually be filled with honey during the early part of the honey flow to make sure tliat it will be on liand when needed. JuiiV, 1U2'J G L E A S' I N a S 1 1^ BEE C U L T t: ll E 461 c BEES, MEN AND THINGS (You may find it here) UT TO lielp pre- vent swarm- ing, keep open brood outside and liatehing in center of brood- nest. Arrange the brood thus before putting on supers." — A. C. Gilbert, Livingston County, N. Y. "The part of Queensland I am in is not a good part for bees as it is too dry and the rainfall very erratic. It is very dry here at the present time (May 8). Tt was only a few years ago that the tirst English (black) or Italian bees made their first ap- pearance out this far. There are a good many of the small native bees; but these cannot be domesticated as they will not build their combs on frames the same as the other bees do, and a good nest out of a tree will have only about a quart in it and the bees have no stings." — F. L. Treweeke, Xoondoo Siding, Queensland. "Our state specialist in beekeeping, E. B. Wilson, has accepted a position in his home state, New York, and our director of exten- sion says he is going to leave the Mississip- pi place vacant until he can get a real good man to fill it." — D. D. Stover, Lowndes County, Miss. "Work in apiculture at Vocational School No. 1, U. S. Veterans' Bureau, Chillicothe, Ohio, is progressing rapidly. I have to date enrolled in this course 24 students, and each and every one of them is very much inter- ested in the work." — H. L. Cress, Jr., In- structor in Apiculture, Chillicothe, Ohio. "I suppose you know and practice this kink for the easy finding of queens without moving any frames. Uncover a strip across the frames on top of the hive, then send ten or twelve puffs of dense smoke under the frames. The bees will soon come boiling on top of the frames when it is an easy thing to catch the queen among them." — H. Dupret, Montreal, Canada. "There has never been a season so favor- able at this time of year as now for a bumper crop of honey. Bees wintered well and the spring has been unusually fine for brood-rearing, and the liives are running over with bees. Both white and sweet clo- ver are about ten days or two weeks ahead of usual time." — W. H. Williams, Taze- well County, 111., May 24. "Bees ought to wear tags such as are affixed to dogs for the purpose of identifica- tion. This was well established yesterday by Attorney Atchison, attorney for W. W. Culver & Son, defendant in a damage suit brought by Hill Brothers, who alleged that Culver's bees attacked the horses when they attempted to plow their land in the 1 TU I'auliii ad T I ;i{ K 475 PACKAGE BEES— $1.50 per pound. Untested Italian or Carniolan queens, $1.25 each. Circular free. J. E. Wing, 155 Schiele Ave., San Jose, Calif. DEPENDABLE QUEENS — Golden or three- banded, after June 1: 1, $1.50; 6, $8.00; 12, $15. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. Send for circular. Ross B. Scott, La Grange, Ind. COLORADO HEADQUARTERS for QUEENS— Xorthern-bred leather-colored three-band Italians. Safe arrival guaranteed. Booking orders now for June 1st delivery. Send for circular and price list. Loveland Honey & Mercantile Co., Loveland, Colo. THREE pounds of bees, shipped on a Hoffman frame of brood and honey, with an untested Italian queen for $6.00. No disease, satisfaction and safe arrival guaranteed. 25% books your order for April and May shipments. E. J. Beridon, Jr., Man- sura. La. SPECIAL FOR JULY ONLY — One select un- tested three-banded queen, 50c, one only to each customer. Three-frame nuclei with select untested queen, $5.00; select untested three-banded queens, six or more, 75c each. Tupelo Honey Co., Columbia Ala. TESTED QUEENS — One-year-old tested three- banded Italian queens, descended from the famous Moore strain. Were reared in full colonies and are very fine queens. Price, $1.50 each; 6 for $8.50; 12 for $16.00. Safe arrival and satisfac- tion guaranteed. Elmer Hutchinson & Son, Lake City. Mich. GOLDEN ITALIAN QUEENS — Bred from finest strain in U. S. Mated to select drones. THEY POSSESS THE QUALITIES WHICH MAKE BEEKEEPING PROFITABLE. Untested, 75c; dozen, $7.50; virgins, 25c; tested, $1.50. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. Crenshaw County Apiary, Rutledge, Ala. ITALIAN QUEENS — Three-banded, select un- tested, guaranteed. Queen and drone mothers are chosen from colonies noted for honey production, hardiness, prolifieness, gentleness and perfect markings. Price, after July 1, $1.25 each; 12 $1.00 each. Special prices on larger orders. Send for circulars. J. H. Haughey Co., Berrien Springs. Mich. CALIFORNIA QUEENS — 100% perfect, large vigorous Italians, guaranteed layers. They are making a hit as proven by repeated orders and letters of appreciation. Am building a name and reputation. Try at least one. You will surely want more then. Price reduced. Select untested, 1, $1.00; 6. $5.50; 25, 90c each. H. Peterman. R. F. D., Lathrop, Calif. I EXPECT to be ready to start shipping 3-lb. packages of bees with 1 frame, 1 untested queen at $6.00; 2-frame nuclei with untested queen, $4.50, about April 15. Young tested queen, 50c extra, or $1.50 each. I think I was the second to ship packages of bees from this state and know how to serve customers. F. M. Morgan. Hamburg. La. PHELPS' GOLDEN ITALIAN QUEENS com- bine the qualities you want. Thev are GREAT HONEY-GATHERERS. BEAUTIFUL and GEN- TLE. Virgins, $1.00; mated, $2.00; 6 for $10 00. or $18.00 per doz.; tested. $5.00. Breeders. $10.00 to $20. Safe arrival guaranteed only in the U. S. and Canada. C. W. Phelps & Son, Binghamton, N. Y. FOR MAY DELIVERY — One vigorous Italian queen, one frame emerging brood, one pound bees, jirice complete, $5.00. Additional pound bees, $1.00. Additional frame of brood. $1.00. Banat mixed queens and bees 5% discount. After May 25 10% discount on all. Safe arrival guaran- teed. Send 10% to book order. T. W. Living- ston. Norman Park. Ga. SPECIAL PRICE IN AUGUST. Latham will mail untested queens at $1.00 each during August, if order is received three weeks in advance of mailing date. Allen Latham, Norwichtown, Conn. HOLLOPETER'S ITALIAN QUEENS are bred up to a standard and not down to a price, yet price is low where quality and service count. Se- lect untested each, $1.25; 6, $7.00; 12, $13.00; 25, $25.00. Write for mailing date and price on larger lots for requeening. Pure mating, no dis- ease, safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. J. B. Hollopeter, Rockton, Pa. LAST fall I had selected and tested six queens. Will use them as breeders this season in my queen yard. Their surplus honey capacity is from 216 lbs. to 288 lbs. each. I guarantee that every queen bought of me in 1922 is to be the daughter of one of these queens. Bees are three-handed. Mated, in June, $1.25 each; 6, $7.00; 12, $13.50; 25 or more, $1.00 each. After July 1, $1.00 each straight. Julius Victor, Martinsville, N. Y. FOR SALE — Three-banded queens and bees. Dr. Miller and my own stock. Three-frame nuclei and queen. $5.50; 1 lb. bees and queen, $2.75; 2 lbs. and queen, $5.00; 3 lbs. and queen, $6.25. All good empties returned at my charges. Queens. $1.25 each; 6 for $7.00; 12 for $13. 24 and over at $1.00 each. Reared in the Hubam black belt sweet clover section. Scotts Sta., Ala., by Curd Walker, queen-breeder. GOOD queens advertise themselves. It takes expensive advertising to sell poor queens, and if you don't believe it try it. We believed in for- mer years we had the best three-banded queens obtainable. We still believe it. Our customers also tell us the same. Try a few. We have dropped the price in reach of all this year. We will have a few virgins for 50c when we have a surplus of them. We can furnish either from imported or Americanized mothers. Untested, $1.00; selected, $1.25; tested, $2.00; selected, $2.50. F. M. Rus- sell, Roxbury, Ohio. FOR SALE — 250 to 350 colonies of fine Italian bees on good straight L combs with a full equip- ment of suppjies for extracted-honey production. Also 47 acres land in Harrison County. Iowa, near town; has about 20 acres fine natural basswood grove. Has good improvements, especially for bee- keeping. Probably as good an equipment as there is in the state. This is a good paying business, with outyards already established, everything complete. Can give long time on part of the price, but would require $8000 or $9000 to swing it. Any one having that much capital to invest in a dandy country home and a paying business, will find it by addressing E. S. Miles & Son. Dunlap, Iowa. MISCELLANEOUS. MEDICINAL roots and herbs are very profitable to grow. We especially recommend growing Golden Seal which with good care will yield as high as $10,000 per acre for each crop. It takes several years to mature but will average $1000 a year. Special Crops, a monthly paper, tells how. Sample copy, 10c. $1.00 per year. Address Special Crops Pub. Co., Box "G," Skaneateles, N. Y. HELP WANTED. WANTED — Man with some experience to work in our apiaries. State age, experience and wages. Answer fully in first letter. The Rocky Mountain Bee Co., Box 1319. Billings, Mont. WANTED — Experienced bcemen and helpers, able-bodied, willing workers. Operate over 1500 colonies in Texas and Arizona. Give age, habits, weight, height, former employment, experience! Reference and wages wanted. W. J. Stahmaii. El Paso County. Flint, Texas. 476 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE JuLYi 1922 Bee Supplies Send us your orders for honey containers NOW. Special Prices on TIN AND GLASS HONEY CONTAINERS 2 Vz -lb. Cans, per 100 $4.25 5 -lb .Pails, per 100 7.00 10 -lb. Pails, per 100 10.50 60 -lb. Sq. Cans, per case of 2.... 1.25 2% -lb. Cans, per case of 24 1.25 5 -lb. Pails, per case of 12 1.10 10 -lb. Pails, per case of 6 90 GLASS JARS. 8-oz. honey capacity, case of 24.... $1.15 16-oz. honey capacity, case of 24.... 1.35 32-oz. honey capacity, case of 12.... 1.20 Write for prices on large quantities, stat- ing number and sizes wanted. Send us a list of your requirements of BEE SUPPLIES, and we will quote you prices that are right. A. H. EUSCH & SON CO., REEDSVILLE, WIS. NEW ENGLAND Beekeepers will find a complete line of the best supplies here. Send in your order early and be ready for the harvest. Remember this is the ship- ping center of New England. Write for new catalog. H. H. JEPSON 182 Friend Street. BOSTON 14, MASS. BEES— ITALIAN BEES— BEES Full colonies with Italian queen at $15; 2 for $25. 3-frame nucleus with Italian queen at $6.50. 3-lb. package with Italian queen at $6.50. No disease. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. VAN'S HONEY FARMS Van Wyngarden Bros., Props. Hebron, Indiana. QUEENS — QUEENS LARGE, leather-colored 3-banded Italian queens; 10-years selection, bred for honey-gathering; gen- tle, hardy and long-lived. Price: Select untested, 1, $1.25; 6, $6.50; 12, $12. After July 1: 1. $1; 6, $5; tested, $1.50 each. Write for price on large orders. Free booklet, "How to Transfer, Get Honey and Increase." J. M. GINGERICH, KALONA, IOWA. INDIANOLA APIARY offers Italian Bees and Queens for following prices: Untested Queens, $1.00 each; Tested Queens, $1.50 each. Bees, per lb., $2.00. Nucleus, $2.00 per frame. No disease. Bees inspected. J. W. SHERMAN, Valdosta, Georgia. Special Notice by A. I, Root My article in the la.st issue, ''Mend Your Own Tinware," has brought to light some wonderful developments which, I regret to tell you, must be put over until August for lack of space in this issue. PATENTS Practice in Patent Office and Court. Pat. Counsel of The A. I. Root Co. CHAS. J. WILLIAMSON, McLachlan Bldg., Washington, D. C. Let us tell you about the California Gold iMedal Queens The Queens i^ith the ''Pedigree. Our hardy, immune, prolific strain of 3- banded leather-colored Italians. Developed from the world's best strains by careful selec- tion and tested under California conditions for five years, with excellent results. My si)e- ciality will be breeding stock and every queen produced will receive my personal care and inspection. Now receiving orders for the sea- son of 1922, which will be filled in the order of their receipt. Write for catalog and prices. THE COLEMAN APIARIES GEO. A. COLEMAN, Prop. 2649 Russell St., Berkeley, California. MASON BEE SUPPLY COMPANY, Mechanic Falls, Maine. From 1897 to 1922 the Northeastern Brancli of The A. I. Root Company. PROMPT AND EFFICIENT SERVICE BECAUSE — Only Root's Goods are sold. It is a business with us — not a side line. Eight mails daily — Two lines of railway. If you have not received 1922 catalog send name at once. Goldens the Best 14 years in business should give you best queens possible. Untested, $1, or 6 for $5; in lots of 25 or more, 75c each. Virgins, 40c each, or 3 for $1. Satisfaction and prompt- ness my motto. R. O. COX, Box 25, RUTLEDGE, ALABAMA. A-T-T-E-N-T-W-N! OHIO AND WEST VIRGINIA BEEKEEPERS We are most favorably located for serving Cen- tral, Southern and Eastern Ohio, and also West Virginia. No matter where you are, full stocks, best shipping facilities and prompt attention will insure satisfaction. Free catalog. MOORE & PEIRCE Zanesville, Ohio — "Beedom's Capital." ROOT QUALITY BEES AND BEEKEEPERS' SUPPLIES. Bees in the hive, in packages, and nuclei, three-banded leather-colored Italian queens. Let a beekeeper of long standing serve you in your requirements for 1922. Catalog on request. O. G. RAWSON, 3208 Forest Place, East St. Louis, Illinois. TBost Hand lantorn A powerful portable lamp, giving' a 300 candle powir pure white light. Just what the farmer, dairyman, stockman, etc. needs. Safe — Reliable — Economical— Absolutely Kain, Storm and Bug proof. Burns either ffasoline or kerosene. Light in weight. Agents wanted. Big Profits. Writo lor Catalog, y^g ggsy LIGHT CO. 306 E. 5th St., Canton, O. July, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 477 I Establisbed 1885. 1 Write us for catalog. iBEEKEEPERS'^a I SUPPLIES I The Kind You Want and the Kind I That Bees Need. | 1 We have a ;;ood assortment in stock of bee sup- f 1 plies that are mostly needed in every apiary. ^ 1 The A. L Root Co.'s brand. Let us hear from = = you. Information given to all inquiries. Bees- § 1 wax wanted for supplies or cash. = I John Nebel & Son Supply Co. | I High Hill, Montgomery Co., Mo. | iliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiil piiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiim I LEWIS 4-WAY BEE ESCAPES ! Pour exits from stipers. Fits all standard boards. Springs of coppered steel. Made of substantial metal. Price each 18c prepaid. Made by G. B. LEWIS COMPANY, Watertown, Wis., U. S. A. For Sale by all Dealers. '{i!!nH!iiiiiiiiiiiniiiii!iiiiiiiiinj!iN{ii[iiniiiii'iiiiiiiii'!iiiinii:iiii'iiii:iii{:iiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiininiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii{n^ Honey Containers We have some interesting prices to offer on honey containers; send us a list of your requirements and let us quote you our prices. 2%-lb. cans in reshipping eases of 24 and crates of 100 and 500. 5-lb. pails in reshipping cases of 12 and crates of 100 and 200. 10-lb. pails in reshipping case of fi and crates of lOQ. 1-gallon square or oblong cans with 1%-inch screw cap in boxes of 6. 1-gallon square or oblong cans with 1%-inch screw cap in crates of 100. 60-lb. square cans with 1%-inch screw cap in cases of 2 cans. 16-oz. round glass jars in reshipping cases of 2 dozen. 6%-oz. tin top tumblers in reshipping cases of 4 dozen. Shipping cases for comb honey for anv style sections in the 24-lb. or 12-lb. size. Send for our catalog showing full line of Bee Supplies. AUGUST LOTZ CO. Queens, More and Better Queens Thrifty Three-band Stock. If it's "Hustlers' ' you want, get ours. One customer from Indiana writes: "Some time ago I Ijought queens from you and I want to tell you that they were wonderful; 10 swarms average 220 lbs. extracted." Another from Ontario says: "Your shipment of 20 2-franie nuclei reached me in fine condi- tion, and I am much pleased with them." (Later he writes.) "I may add to what I said before, that the bees are very handsomely marked and very gentle, and I never saw bees build up so fast as your two-frame nuclei, in spite of vBry unfavorable weather ever since they arrived.'* We can fill your orders by return mail at the lowest possible price that quality queens can be reared and delivered to you for, and with a guarantee tliat we will back up. Guarantee: Freedom from disease, pure mating, safe arrival and complete sat- isfaction. Send full amount with order to keepi down unnecessary correspondence and bookkeeping, and be assured of getting your queens as and when wanted. PRICES: Untested, 1 to 12, $1.00 each; 13 to 25, 90 cents each; 26 to to 100, 80 cents each. Select untested, add 25c per queen. Tested queens and breeders quoted on application. JENSEN'S APIARIES R. F. D. NO. 3 CRAWFORD, MISS. ; 478 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE July, 1922 Another $200.00 Queen A descendant of the Root's famous two-hun- dred-dollar queen was shipped by us to Mr. C. B. Hamilton of Michigan on April 15, 1921, with a two-pound package of bees and produced 577 finished sections of comb honey that sold for $168.00. (See Gleanings for March, page 167.) Mr. Hamilton says this queen kept 20 Standard Hoffman frames filled with brood during the season. THIS BREAKS ALL RECORDS SO FAR. We have secured this queen for a breeder and we are now booking orders for her queens at the following prices, safe arrival, satisfac- tion and freedom from disease guaranteed. 1 untested '. $ 100 12 untested 10.00 1 select untested . . . 1.60 12 select untested. . . 13.50 We will have no tested queens from this one ready for shipment before July 1, but can supply tested queens of the same strain at any time. 1 tested $ 1.75 12 tested 16.00 1 select tested 2.25 12 select tested 20.00 J. M. CUTTS & SON, R. F. D. 1, MONTGOMERY, ALA. Nordan's Three-Banded Italian Queens and Bees (Three-Banded Only) BEEKEEPERS: If you have one colony or five thousand T want you to give my superior strain of three-banded Italians a trial. I am fixing the price right so you can. I am not a new man come out; I have been in business almost all of my life for honey production and improving my strain. I have selected and bred my strain from the finest mothers in mv yards which were selected for all of the good qualities. For over a quarter of a cen- tury I spared neither labor nor money in develop- ing my strain until now I can put queens and bees on the market which I know are surpassed by none and I guarantee that money cannot buy any better in the U. S, A. When you introduce my queens, beekeepers, you can feel assured you have a bee that cannot be surpassed by any in U S. A., which is backed by over a quarter of century improving and selecting from the finest mothers and mated to drones that are selected. Bee Paralj'sis. I have found the foundation of Bee Paralysis, which is in the queens, and now after years of selecting and testing I guarantee my strain resistant to it. Bee Paralysis is preva- lent over the South. I will gladly replace any bees I ship that Bee Paralysis breaks out in. QUALITY AND SATISFACTION.— Each and every queen I send out, if it be one or five thou- sand, is guaranteed to give absolute satisfaction; otherwise advise me and I will gladly send more to take their places. You don't run any risk. A record of over a quarter of a century of fair and honest dealings. You get your money's worth as nearly as possible plus a very small profit, and my price is fixed to a very small profit. All queens select; if they do not prove up pleas- ing to the eye, they are not shipped. I do not price a select untested and ship an untested. T give the greatest care possible to produce the finest (ineeus possible. 12 $8.00 10.80 NOTICE — My strain are guaranteed immune to PRICES ON QUEENS AND PACKAGES. 1 6 Select Untested $0.7,') ^f-^^^ Packages iPuU Weight. 1-pound package with queen 1 to lli, .$2.3o each 2-pound iiackage with queen 1 to 12, $3.85 each I can make shipment when you want them of either queens or packages. T appreciate your business large or small. Reference: Alabama Bank and Trust Co., Montgomery, Alabama 100 $60.00 85.00 12 or more, $2.30 12 or more, $3.80 M, S. NORDAN MATHEWS, ALABAMA July, 1920 GLKANINGS IN Queens - Golden - Queens Have you secured all you need 1 I have them as fine as you can secure anywhere at a reason- able price. Untested, $1.00; six, $5.50; 12, $10. If they don't give you satisfaction and you write me, I will make it satisfactory to you. E. A. SIMMONS, GREENVILLE, ALA. iMerrilVs Quality-Bred Italian Queens Famous Three-banded and Golden Queens. They are pleasing others; why not you? I sell good queens for less. Try them and see for yourself. 1 Untested Queen.. $1.00 6 Untested Queens 4.75 12 Untested Queens 9.00 These are selected queens, mated, and laying. Guaranteed to please you. g. H. SMerrill Route 5. GREENVILLE, S. C BEE CULTURE 47!) 75c EACH One or more SELECT Untested Three- Banded Italian Queens. No poor-appearing queen will be sent. A satisfactory sale guaranteed. No disease. D. W. HOWELL, SHELLMAN, GEORGIA. QUEENS OUR OLD RELIABLE THREE-BANDED ITALIANS ARE HONEY GETTERS. They are gentle, prolific, and very resistant to foul brood. Orders booked for one-fourth cash. Safe arrival guaranteed. Circular free. PRICES 1 Untested $1.00 Select Untested 1.25 Tested 2.25 Select Tested $3.00 each See our Dec. and Jan. Advertisement. 6 $5.50 6.50 12.50 12 $10.00 12.50 24.00 JOHN G. MILLER 723 C Street, Corpus Christi, Texas. ATTENTION, PRODUCERS! NEW HONEY OROP We are ready to receive your new crop advices, sending us samples and state price wanted, how packed, and quantity can ship. Terms, cash on arrival. HOFFMAN & HAUCK, INC., WOODHAVEN NEW YORK Lockhart's Silver-gray Carniolans "LINE BRED" for the past 34 years. They are VERY hardy, gentle, prolific, great workers, and build- ers of VERY WHITE comb, and use mostly wax in place of propolis. Prices of queens for 1922: Un- tested queens, $1.00; select untested, $1.50; tested, $2.00; select tested, $3.00. Breeders, $5.00, $10.00. Safe arrival guaranteed in U. S. ai:d Canada. No foul brood here. F. A. LOCKHART & COMPANY, LAKE GEORGE, NEW YORK When You Think of Queens, Think of Thagard's Italian Queens Bred for S^ality Each day the demand grows greater for our imported Three-Bands. Why? Because for the next few years there will he no new blood imported from Italy. In buying our queens you are assured of getting imported stock and free of disease. Every queen is bred and selected from our best breeders. They are hardy, gentle, disease-resisting and honey producers. Try some of our aneens, test them out against any you may ob- tain anywhere, and NOTE THE RESULTS. Untested Queens, each— 1 to 11, $1.00; 11 to 49, 85c; 49 to 99, 75c; 100 or more, 70c. The V. R. Thagard Company, Greenville, Alabama GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE July, 192': NEWMAN'S QUEENS Originated from the world-famous Moore strain of Italians. Abso- lutely first quality and fully guaranteed, no disease. Satisfac- tion and safe arrival. Untested: 1, $1.25; 6, $6.00; 12, $11.00. Sel. Unt.: 1, $1.75; 6, $8.00; 12, $15.00. Circular free. A. H. NEWMAN, Queen Breeder. Morgan, Kentucky. Queens -of Quality From Tennessee 3-BAND ITALIANS ONLY. Untested, $1.00 each; six for $5.00. $9.00 per dozen. Now shipping by return mail. Circular free. J. I. BANKS, Dowelltown, Tenn. QUEENS OF MOORE'S STRAIN or ITALIANS PRODUCE WORKERS That fill the supers quick With honey nice and thick. They have won a world-wide reputation for honey-gathering;, hardiness, gentleness, etc. T am now filling orders by return mail. Untested queens $1.25; 6, ^6.50; 12, $12. Select Untested, $1.50; 6, $8.00; 12. $15. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. J. P. MOORE, Queen Breeder Route 1, MORGAN, Kentucky. Michigan Bred Three-Band Italian Queens, Untested. July Delivery. 1 to 9, $1.40 ea.; 10 to 100, $1.30 ea. August Delivery. 1 to 9, $1.25 ea.; 10 to 100, $1.15 ea. Select Tested after June 20, $2.00 ea. Virgins after June 1st, 1 to 9, 60c ea.; 10 up, 55c ea. If you must have untested during June send elsewhere, as old customers have ordered my June outfit of untested. D. A. DAVIS, Birmingham, Michigan. I. F. IMILLER'S'STRAIN ITALIAN!QUEEN'BEES From my best SELECT BREEDERS; gentle, roll lioney in, hardy, winter well, not inclined to swarm, three- banded, 28 years' breeding experi- ence. Satisfaction guaranteed. Safe arrival in U. S. and Canada. 1 Untested, $1.25; 6, $7.00; 12, $12.00. 1 Sel. Unt., $1.50; 6, $8.00; 12, $14.00. I. F. MILLER, Brookville, Pa., 183 Valley. REDUCED PRICES Beginning July 1st, we will sell queens the balance of the season at the following prices : Untested: One to 9, 90c each; 10 to 19, 80c each: 20 or more, 75c each. Tested: $1.25 each. Three-banded Italians. There are no better queens than these. They have again led the country in the amount of surjihis honey stored. MURRY & BROWN, Mathis, Texas. Send orders to II. D. Murry, Mathis, Texas. scon QUEENS ARE GOOD QUEENS MY QUEENS ARE GETTING RESULTS. .\mong my hundreds of colonies and for my customers. One writes: "Dear Mr. Scott: Please book me for Y^ doz. queens. Those I got from you last season have made 150 lbs. comb honey each so far this season. Yours truly.'' — (Name on recjuest.) GOLDEN OR THREE-BANDED QUEENS. After July 1: Otic, $1.25; six, $7.00; dozen, $13.00. They are bound to jileaHc. Pure mating and safe arriv;il. Prompt shii)mcnts. Circular on recjuest. ROSS B. SCOIT, LA GRANGE, INDIANA. ,7iir,Y, ]92i a li E A N I N a s IN n k k o u l t it r k FREE QUEENS 3-'^atided Qoldens For July to make new customers we offer our fine strain of honey-gather- ers at the lowest prices possible, and for ten of the highest lioney records made from colonies headed with our queens, we will give one fine tested ."^-banded or Golden queen free to each. For quick service send us your order. Now is the time to requeen. Quality Queens — July Prices. rutested, 1 to 12 $0.85 each Rel. Untested, 1 to 12 1.15 each Sel. Tested 2.00 each Wings clipped free on request. Entire satisfaction and safe arrival guaran- teed in U. S. and Canada. Oiiio Vailey Bee Company CATLETTSBURG. KY. Big Reduction ■ ON- Bee Supplies Shipping cases $30.00 per 100 Slotted section-holders... $3.00 per 100 Sections, Ws, No. 1... $10.00 per 1000 Job lots of frames, regular size $3.00 per 100 Standard Hoffman frames, 91/8 deep $4.50 per 100 Unspaced wedged top-bar frames, OYs deep $2.75 per 100 Send for Catalog and Price List. CHARLES MGNDENG 146 Newton Avenue N. and. 159 Cedar Lake Rd. MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. ONLY 90CAQUEEN gQUEENS BYj RETURN^ MAIL Mr. Beekeeper: — We have the stock, equip ment and experience, and can give you prompt, satisfactory service. We are not going to say that we have the best l)ees in U. S. A., but we do say that we have as good as can be bought for the money. Give NORMAN BROS.' 3-banded Italian bees and queens a trial and see for yourself. You risk not a brown penny; if you are not sat- isfied, notify us and we will replace or re- fund your money. Isn't this a fair propo- sition to any one that purchases queens and bees ? Our bees are hardy, prolific, gentle and honey-gatherers. Prices: 1 6 12 ihO Untested Queens $0.90 $5.00 $9.00 $70.00 Select Untested. 1.15 6.00 11.00 85.00 Tested Queens... 2.00 each R.-lect Tested.'.. 2.50 each One 2-lb. package bees, $3.00; 12 or more, $2.85 each. Add prices of queens wanted. We guarantee pure mating, safe arrival and free from all diseases. Norman Bros. Apiaries That Pritciiard Queens AND Pritciiard Service made a hit last season is proven by the many letters of appreciation and repeated orders received. Tliis vear'we •nre BETTEE PREPAEED WITH a LAEGEE OUTFIT AND EEDUCED PEICE. THREE-BANDED ITALIANS. Untested $1.25 each; 6 for $7.00 Select Untested.$1.50-each; 6 for $8.50 Select Tested each $3.00 Queens clipped free on request. We are booking orders now. Send yours at once and we will do our best to ship on date you desire. Acknowledgment and directions for introducing sent on receipt of order. Safe arrival and sat- isfaction guaranteed. Untested ready about June 1. ARLIE PRITCHARO R. F. D. No. 3. MEDINA. OHIO U L ]■: A N I N G S IN 1^, E K CULTURE JuhV, 1922 IMPORTED MOWING "Marugg's Special" "=^-^/ "^ BLADES And Sickles witli DANGEL cutting edge "THE MARUGG SPECIAL" are praised by thousands of users in the United States. Used by leading apiarists. Write for particulars to THE MARUGG COMPANY, Dept. B, TRACY CITY, TENN. HONEY We are in excellent position to seive beekeepers vvlio do not pro- duce enough Honey to supply their trade. We have a big stock of fine table honey of various grades always on hand. In 60-lb. Tins Crystallized — Water White' Orange, 15c; WMte Sage, 14c; Extra L. A. Sage, 12c; Buckwheat, 10c. GLASS AND TIN HONEY CONTAINERS. 2y2-pound. cans, 2 dozen reshipping cases $1.45 case; crates of 100, $4.50 5-lb. pails (with handles), 1 dozen reshipping cases. . . .$1.35 case; crates of 100, $7.00 10-lb. pails (with handles), Vz dozen reshipping cases. .$1.10 case; crates of 50, $5.25 60-lb. tins, 2 per case New, $1.20 case; used, 25c White Flint Glass, With Gold Lacquered Wax Lined Caps. 8-oz. honey capacity .. $1.50 per carton of 3 doz. 16-oz. honey capacity . $1.40 per carton of 2 doz. Qt 3-lh honey rapacity. $1 per carton of 1 doz. HOFFMAN & HAUCK, Inc. WOODHAVEN, NEW YORK. Bee Supplies F. COOMBS & SONS, BRXTTL. BORO. VERMONT ORDERS FILLED PROMPTLY. CATALOG ON REQUEST. DON'T DELAY-GET OUR PRICES WE SAVE YOU MONEY "falcon" - QUEENS - FOUNDATION SUPPLIES W. T. FALCONER MFG. COMPANY FALCONER (Near Jamestown) NEW YORK "Where the best beehives come from." July, 192':3 a L !•; A K T X (; S FN f. K K C K I. T T R K 4fi.' QUIGLEY QUALITY Italian Queens and Bees are produced by double grafting, producing queens of supe- rior quality and long-lived bees, filling your big hives with bees. Hustlers, hardy, win- tering on summer stands. No disease; 36 years in this location. Purity and satisfac- tion guaranteed. Untested — Each, $1.25; 6 for $7.00; 12 for $12.00. Select Untested, add 50c each extra. Tested, $2.00 each. Send for circular. E. F. QUIGLEY 8c SON UNIONVILLE, MISSOURI. 79Z Bu^sThisy-RoomHpme Price includes lumber , millwork, Siint, hardware, roofing, etc. ouse contains large living room, dining room, kitchen, three bed- rooms with closets and bath . Ma- terials cut tn fit. Our system makes it easy for anyone to erect this attractive home. Send for special circular No. 2 103 THE ALADDIN COMPANY BAY CITY MICHIGAN iys^Si^World's Best Roofing at Factory Prices Reo" Cluster Metai ^hwTKles, V-Crimp, Corru- gated. Standing Seam, Painted or Galvanized Roof- ing . Sidinprs. Wallboarti, Faints, etc., direct to you at ock-Bottom Factory Prices. Save money— get better quality and lasting Batisfaction. Edwards "Reo" Metal Shingles have great durability— many customers report 15 and 20 years' service.Guaranteed tire and lightning proof. Free Roofing Book Get our wonderfully low prices and free samples. Wesell direct to you and save you all in-between dealer's •—- profits AskforBookft LOW PRICED GARAGES Lowest prices on Ready-Made Fire-Proof Steel Garages. Set up any place. Send postal for Garage Book, showing styles. THE EDWARDS MFG. CO. 733-783 Pike St. Cincinnati, 0. F/f£E Samples & RoofiniBook PATENTS —TRADEMARKS I offer prompt, personal and expert professional service. 10 years' experience. Write for terms. LESTER SARGENT, Patent Attorney, 524 Tenth St., N. W.. Washington, D. C. Positively the cheapest and stroogeat light on earth. Used In every country on the globe. Makes and bama Ita own g&s. Casta no ihadows. Clean and odorless. Absolutely safe. Over 200 atylea. 100 to 2000 Candle Power. Fully Guaranteed. Write for catalog. AGENTS WANTED EVERYWHERE. THE BEST UGHT CO. ^ 306 E. 5th St.. Canton. O. Better Way to Garden Don't do garden work the slow back-breaking way. You can grow a far better garden, easier and with much less time and work. BARKER WEEDER, MULCHER AND CULTIVATOR THREE MACHINES IN ONE Simply push the BARKEE along the rows (like a lawn mower). Eight blades revolving against a stationary underground knife destroy the weeds and in same operation break up the surface crust into a level, porous, moisture-retaining mulch. Aerates soil. Intensive cultivation. "Best Weed Killer Ever Used." Has leaf guards, also shovels for deeper cultivation. A boy can run it — do more and better work than 10 men with hoes. Write Us Today for FREE Booklet. Let ns tell you about thi.s machine and how to raise bigger, better gardens — make gar- dening a pleasure. A valuable book, illus- trated. Gives prices, etc. A card brings it. Write us today. Use coupon below. BARKER MFG. CO. Box 23 DAVID CITY, NEB. Barker Mfg. Co., Box 23, David City, Neb. Gentlemen: Send me postpaid your free booklet and Factory-to-User offer. Name Town State Box or RFD . GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE JULY, 1922 Owing to my discovery of a law in queen-rearing heretofore unknown to me, whereby practically all queen-cells are accepted by bees in nuclei, rendering queen production more economical, I want to share this saving with my cus- tomers in the form of a price reduction to take effect July first. This new fea- ture works in perfect har- mony Avith bee nature and readily accepted cells are the result. The emerging virgin is gladly received by the bees and given the best of care, so that she devel- ops and mates from one to two days earlier than was the case before I employed this new law. This feature and all others used by me will be fully explained in my new book on Queen- Rearing that will be pub- lished some time before next January. Owing to these new meth- ods, I shall be able to fill all orders promptly and guarantee every queen to be first class in every respect and will gladly replace any that proves other- wise. Our original stock was obtained from Mr. Doolittle, and since that time I have carefully selected for prolificness, vigor and color, at the same time keeping the bees as gentle as is possible without their losing any of their pep. "Alice, the queen I got from you, has produced my finest colony out of four- teen competitors. I have failed to find the equal of her bees for work, size, beauty and gentleness. Her prolificness is wonderful. Twenty frames are kept filled with brood and two supers filled with honey since May 1, one month." — Thornton Bogert, Cincin- nati, Ohio. A card will bring our queen catalog and folder describing our introducing cage that removes the un- certainty in queen intro- duction. PRICES AFTER JULY FIRST. 1 to 4 inclusive $2.00 each 10 or more $1.90 each 5 to 9 inclusive $1.95 each Breeders $10.00 each Introducing Cages 75 cents each JAY SMITH ROUTE THREE VINCENNES, INDIANA July, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEK CULTURE 485 FOREHAND'S THREE BANDS The Thrifty Kind For over a quarter of a century our bees and queens have been giving satisfac- tion to America's greatest honey producers. Careful selecting has brought our strain of bees up to a standard SURPASSED BY NONE BUT SUPERIOR TO MANY. We are constantly selecting to improve the thriftiness, hardiness, gentleness and beauty of our bees. Our queens are bred from mothers imported from Italy in the spring of 1921, or the daughters of queens imported in 1920. Cross breeding with our domestic strain lightens the color of the imported bee and brings them up to our standard, which is surpassed by none but superior to many. We breed into them thriftiness and hardi- ness. We guarantee our bees to be purely mated and to give satisfaction the world over. Safe arrival is guaranteed in the United States and Canada. PRICES UNTESTED QUEENS EACH— 1, $1.00; 6 to 11, 90c; 12 to 49, 85c; 50 to 99, 75c; 100 to 299, 70c; 300 up. 65c. POUND BEES— 1 one-lb. pkg., $2.00; 25 and over, $1.90; 1 two-lb. pkg., $3.50; 25 and over, $3.25; 1 three-lb. pkg., $5.00; 25 and over, $4.75. Catalog sent free. W. J. Forehand & Sons, Fort Deposit, Ala. MOTT'S NORTHERN-BRED ITALIAN QUEENS Are all selected queens this season. After July 1st, $1.00 each. Sal. Guaranteed pure mated, or replace free, $1..50. Sel. Tested, $2.50. Virgins, 60c each. Plans, "How to Introduce Queens" and "Increase," 25c. E. E. MOTT, GLENWOOD, MICH. BARNES' HAND & FOOT POWER MACHINERY This out represents our combined circular saw, which is made for bee- keepers' use in the con- struction of their hives, sections, etc. Machines on Trial Send for illustrated cata- log and prices. W. F. & JOHN BARNES CO. 546 Ruby Street ROCKFORD. ILUNOIS. BANKING BY I^A.IL AT A SERVICE BANK. The SAVINGS DEPOSIT BANK COMPANY has al- ways been essentially a SERVICE BANK depending for its growth upon wliat it does for its patrons— and its years of success have proved the soundness Deposits cordially welcomed by mail. 30 of its policy The SAVINGS DEPOSIT BANK CO, THE HOME OF THE HONEY-BEE MEDINA, OHIO 486 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE July, 1922 Time is the essential factor in your success in the days just ahead. Our dealers are getting replenishment orders over this network of roads, in quantity lots. There is a Root dealer near you. Look him up. Today these dealers and the Council Bluffs or- ganization are ready to serve you, completely and quickly. AT YOUR SERVICE FOSTER HONEY & MERC. CO. Boulder, Colo. THE BORTON APIARIES, Scotland, S. D. P. J. POOLEY, Mitchell Trans. & Storage Co. Mitchell, S. D. C. F. BUCK, Augusta, Kans. GRISWOLD SEED CO., Lincoln, Nebr. THE WERTZ SEED CO., Sioux City, la. THE RAPID CITY IMPLEMENT CO. Rapid City, S. D. THE RODMAN COMPANY, 301 Delaware Street, Kansas City, Mo. CARHART LUMBER CO., Wayne, Nebr. LODGE GRASS APIARIES, Lodge Grass, Mont. THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY OF IOWA COUNCIL BLUFFS, IOWA July, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 487 Superior Italian Queens We have had more orders than we could fill each year, yet we are striv- ing just as hard to produce better queens each year as we would if we had more queens than orders, and we believe that each year we are able to produce queens of a little higher quality. We are not in the business for the time being, or to get every dollar out of it we can, but because we like to rear queens and we want to give you value received for your money. After we have reared the best possible queens for you, we want to put them to you, not just alive, so we can get your money, but in the best possible condition. OUR GUARANTEE: This simply means that, if any queen we sell is not satisfactory in every respect, we will replace her. Our breed- ing stock and methods of production are such that we can give this guarantee. Untested. .- One, $1.00; ten or more, $0.75 each. Tested One, 1.75 ; ten or more, 1.50 each. We have 2,000 Tested Queens, reared late last fall, that we will supply at our convenience at $1.00 each, or ten or more at $0.80 each. Send for big bargain list of BEE SUPPLIES. New sixty-pound cans, two to the case, in lots of fifty cases, at 91c. The Stover Apiaries, Mayhew, Miss. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE July, 1922 Remember HOLLOPETEE'S QUEENS are bred up to a STANDARD and not down to a PRICE. Yet the price is low when quality and service are thought of. Twenty-four years of beekeeping ex- perience, eleven years a commercial queen-breeder. SELECT ITALIAN QUEENS. Untested, each, $1.25; 6, $7.00; 12, $13.00; 25, $25.00. Write for mailing date and price on larger quantity for increase and requeening. WE GUARANTEE safe arrival in U. S. and Canada, pure mating, no disease, and satisfaction. J. B. HOLLOPETER EOCKTON - - - PENNA. Collier^s Bees and! Queens Breeding Queens Imported from Italy. THREE-BANDED ITALIANS ONLY. Shipped by return mail. Let me have your order for the 1922 sea- son. My queens are bred by men who know how. Every order given my personal attention. All queens reared in strong two- story, ten-frame hives, under natural condi- tions. Improve your weak, run-down colonies by using young, vigorous three-banded Italian Queens from my imported stock. You take no risk buying from Collier. If you are not satisfied I will replace or re- fund your money. Safe delivery guaranteed. Prices: Untested, 1, 75c; 6, $4.25; 12, $8.00; 100 for $60.00. Select Untested: 1, $1.00; 6, $5.50; 12, $9.50; 100, $75.00. Tested Queens, $1.50 each. Select Tested, $2.00. Pound package with select untested queen: 1-lb. package, $3.00; 2-lb. package, "il.OO each. Safe delivery guaranteed in U. S. and Canada. D. E. COLLIER HAMER ALABAMA High ^ality Three-Banded Italian Queens 'By 'Return Mail Untested Queens— 1, $1.00; 6, $5.50; 12, $10.00; 25, $20.00. Select Untested — 1, $1.15; 6, $6.20; 12, $11.40; 25, $22.25. Select Tested — $1.75 each. PACKAGE BEES l-lb. package, $1.75; 2-lb. package, $2.85; 3-lb. package, $3.80. Add price of queen wanted with package. Safe delivery and fullest satisfaction guar- anteed. Health certificate with each shipment. FRANK BORNHOFFER MT. WASHINGTON OHIO. THREE-BANDED QUEENS If You Have Tried the Rest, Now Try the BEST, Our bees are so busy making honey and rearing queens that we haven't time to tell you about all the good qualities of our queens. But for gen- tleness, hardiness and honey-gathering qualities you will find them unex- celled. A trial order is most convinc- ing. Eemember that every queen we sell is fully guaranteed. PRICES. Untestoa. .$1.00; 12, ^11 AQ; 25, $22.50 Sel. Unt... 1.25; 12, 18.50; 25, 25.00 Sel. Tested 2.25; 12, 24.00; 25, 45.00 Circular free. HERMAN McCONNELL ROBINSON, ILLtNOES .Tfi.v, 191.". 0LKANIN(!R IN n K K C T L T r R M ■480 QUEENS ITALIANS - CARNIOLANS GOLDENS We sliii) thousamls of queons and thou- sands of pounds of l)ees all over the United States and Canada every year. 2-conib regular Nuclei, no extra bees $3.75 :ifomh regular Nuclei, no extra bees 5.25 'J-comb regular Nuclei with 1 iiound extra bees 5.25 1-comb regular Nuclei with 2 pounds extra bees 5.25 1 lb. pkg. bees, $2.25 ea.; 25 or more 2.15 2-lb. pg. bees, $3.75 ea.; 25 or more 3.60 3 lb. ])kg. bees, 5.25 ea. ; 25 or more 5.00 QUEEN FREE with all of the above pack- ages except 1-pound size; will furnish them at half price with these. PRICES OF QUEENS ONLY. 1 Uiite.sled Queen. $1.05 each; 25 or more. 91c each; per 100 $85.00 1 Select Untested, $1.19 each; 25 or more, $1.05 each; per 100 95.00 1 Tested Queen, $1.57; 25 or more, each 1.40 1 Select Tested Queen, $1.85 each; 25 or more, each 1.57 Breeders, each . . . .$5.00, $10,00 and 15.00 Send for FREE circular. NUECES COUNTY APIARIES. Calallen. Texas E. B. AULT, Prop. Jiily 1, 1922. ^ Syracuse, N. Y. Dear Mr. Beekeeper : We have had a most extraordinary montli, and we have done our best to fill your orders. We have now a new stock of goods on hand and at the present time can give you our best ' service. July is always a busy time for bee- keepers. They want their goods promptly. We are here to serve you. Send in your order today. Yours for a season that will be the "best ever." F. A. SALISBURY, 1631 W. Genesee Street, Syracuse, New York. Queens "^Queens Knight's Three-Banded (Jivo tlicni a tri.nl ;in(l be .iddcd to my hook of satisfied customers. Prices for Balance of Season. 1 Select Untested .$1.00 5 Select Untested 4.75 10 Select Untested 8.50 Tested Queens, each 2.00 For large quantities write* for prices. Have the bees, men and equipment to handle rush orders by return mail. Pure mating and satisfaction guaran- teed. It is left with customer to say what is satisfaction. No disease. JASPER KNIGHT ALABAMA Bumper QUALITY COUNTS BREEDING WILL TELL! Crops Not the Price ' Queens from Extra Selected Breeders. Proven by use. HIGHLY PEOLIFIC. Hardy and Disease-EESISTING. Untested, $1.50, 12 or more, $1.25; 100 or more, 90c. Tested, $2.50; 12 or more, $2.00. Prompt replacements, Fair Dealing. We rigidly adhere to the above. -The- Southland Apiaries Guaranteed Box 585. Hattiesburg. Miss. Satisfaction (i L ]■: A N I N (4 s I N B p: e c u l t u r 1*; JULV, 1922 Northwestern Headquarters for Italian Queens The queen is the life of the colony. You cannot afford to keep poor queens or a poor strain of bees. I have been in the bee business for more than twenty years and have made every effort to improve the honey-gathering qualities of my bees by purchase of breeders and by selective breeding. I believe that my bees are unsurpassed by any. When you buy Untested Queens from me you are getting select untested queens. I will begin mailing queens about June 1. Prices June 1 to October 1: 1 6 12 50 100 Untested Italian Queen $1.25 $7.00 $12.50 $50.00 $95.00 Tested Italian Queen 2.00 11.00 I have no pound packages or nuclei for sale. J. D. HA%%AH, Route!, FREEWATER, OREGON ^ ueens ■ li,i\c ilnn,. for years. Y'oii can't get that service except from the long-established man ufarturers. Root Two-frame Reversible Extractor. more of which have probably been sold than of all other makes combined. Every Extracting Need Met. Our 50 years of experience in designing and manufacturing extractors has taught iis the ex tracting needs of the different classes of beekee])- ers, and today we manufacture nine regular mod els. The line runs from the ''Novice'' twofrani. hand extractor (the excellent little extractor <{<■ signed by A. I. Koot 53 years ago) up to tli- latest big extractor, our 8-fraJue Buckeye Power Extractor. It is a comiilete line. In it is your extractor, and we shall be glad to advise you what extractor you need if you will tell us how much extracting you have to do, where you have to do it. whetheT you have power or not. how long time you have in which to do it, and so forth. Complete Extra&ing Outfit. P.esides our complete line of extractors, we have the best and latest in unca])ping knives, honey storage tanks, capping-melters. wax-ex- tractors. wax-i)resses. honey strainers, oil and gaso- line stoves — everything for extracting. Ten pages of our lf>22 catalog are devoted to extracting e(iuipment. It i^ free to you for the asking. Write for quotations on your complete ex- tracting equipment. Foiir-franie Biicke>e Hand or Power Extractor. The A. L Root Co,, West Side Sta,, Medina, Ohio (gleanings^ '*^. in '^^ |5ee Culture AUG 5- 1922 Our Old Friend, Buckwheat. VOLUME L AUGUST, 1922 NUMBER 8 ^1 Order Your ^1 9^ Queens Now N>" QUEENS OF SUPREME QUALITY. Just think of it. Only $1 for one of my Viright three-banded northern-bred Italian liueens, after 19 years of select breeding. I liave produced a strain of bees that get the honey and stand the northern winters. Last year every order was filled by return mail. Expect to do the same this year. This is the kind of letters I receive daily: "Dear Mr. Miijor: How early in spring could you fill an order for one dozen Ital- ian queens ? My exjierience and observa- tion with your strain of Italians have shown them to be extremely gentle, supe- rior as workers, and unexcelled in the beautifully white and even capping of the honey. Yours very truly. "Orel L. Hershiser.'' Mr. Hershiser is one of our state inspectors and has been a beekeeper almost all his life; also inventor of the Hershiser wax-press. Does he know good bee.s when he sees them? Does a duck swim? I guarantee pure mating, safe arrival, free from disease and health certificate furnished with each ship- ment. Select Untested, from 1 to 100, $1.00 each. Extra-Select Breeders, $5.00 each. All candy in queen-mailing cages mixed to government regulations; all orders greatly appreciated and acknowledged the same day received. H. N. MAJOR, SOUTH WALES, N. Y. Griggs Saves You Freight." Toledo, Ohio BEES SUPPLIES ARE ADVANCING witli luniVior. Why not lay in your stock now at old prices? Send for oiir special BIG DISCOUNT SHEET. This will save you money. Honey Shipping Cases and Pails ready for quick shipment. Extractors, Uncapping Cans and Storage Tanks, all sizes at low- est cash prices. We. carry both Lewis and Root Goods. Spe- cify which you wish. Free Catalog of either make sent upon request. HONEY WANTED in exchange for supplies. NEW CROP ONLY. Bros. Co. TOLEDO, OHIO. Griggs Saves You Freight." '»" SUMMER PRICES ^^'^^^ _-ON-- Quality Bees and Queens There is bound to l)e a rush re-queening during July, August and September. For this occasion we offer the following prices: 1 Untested Queen .fl.OO 25 or over 90 1 Select Untested Qiieen 1.25 25 or over 1.10 1 Tested Queen 1 .75 25 or over 1.25 1 Select Tested Queen 2.00 25 or over 1.50 No ]iackage bees or nuclei shipi)ed the re- mainder of this season. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY OF TEXAS BOX 765. SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS. QyALITY First INquiKIES SOI.I' citJI> ►YER^CO iNfj ^^TIMORE, "^ August, 192'2 (^ L K A N I N (4 S IN B K ¥. CULTURE AUGUST, 1922 Honey Markets 496-497 Editorials 505-507 Harvesting the Honey Crop M. C. Richter 508-510 The Bee-Tight Honey-House S. B. Fracker 511-513 Packing Comb Honey J. E. Crane 513-514 Alfalfa Honey Production M. A. Gill 515-516 Queen Introduction, Jay Smith 517 Capping-Melter and Boiler Morley Pettit 517-518 Ice Cream Cones for Honey G. H. Buffum 518 Novel Way of Taking Honey E. F. Atwater 519 Spiders to Control Wax Moth E. M. Cole 519-520 Only the Net Weight Will Do F. Greiner 520 Treatment or Destruction S. B. Fracker 520 Siftings J. E. Crane 521 Our ' ' Little Gray Home in the West "... Constance Root Boyden 522-523 Beekeeping as a Side Line Grace Allen 524-525 From North, East, West and South 526-531 Heads of Grain from Different Fields 582 Just News 533 Gleaned by Asking Geo. S. Demutli 534-535 Talks to Beginners Geo. S. Demuth 536-537 Our Homes A.I. Root 538-542 SUBSCRIPTION RATES. — One year, $1.00. (Low paid-iu advance subscription rates withdrawn.) Single copy, 10 cents. Canadian subscription, 15 cents additional per year, and foreign subscription, 30 cents additional. DISCONTINUANCE. — Subscriptions, not paid in advance, or specifically ordered by the subscriber to be continued, will be stopped on expiration. No subscriber will be run into debt by us for this journal. CHANGE OF ADDRESS. — Give your old address as well as the new and wi ite the name to which the journal has heretofore been addressed REMITTANCE. — Should be sent by postoffice money order, bank draft, express money order, or check. CONTRIBUTIONS to Gleanings columns solicited; stamps should be enclosed to insure return to author of manuscript if not printed. ADVERTISING RATES. — Advertising rates and conditions will be sent on request. Results from advertising in this journal are remarkably satis- factory. ADVERTISERS' LIABILITY. — The publishers use utmost diligence to estab- li.sh in advance the reliability of every advertiser using space in this journal. Entered as second class mail matter at the Postoflfice at Medina, Ohio. Published monthly. Space occupied by reading matter in this issue, 62.5 per cent; advertising, 37.5 per cent. THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY, Publishers, Medina, Ohio Editorial Staff Geo. S. Demuth and E. R. Root A. I. Root H. H. Root H. G. Rowe Editors Editor Home Dept. Assistant Editor M'n'g Editor (i I. E A N I N G S IN B K K 0 U L T U R E AiidusT, 1921: HONEY^ ANTED HONEY WE ARE in the market for both comb and extracted. Send sample of extracted, state how put up, with lowest price, delivered Cincinnati. Comb honey, state grade and how packed, with lowest price delivered Cincinnati. We are always in the market for white honey, if price is right. C. H. W. WEBER & CO. 2163-65-67 Central Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. MR. BEEKEEPER™ We have a large plant especially equipped to manufacture the sup- plies that you use. We guarantee all materials and workmanship. We ship anywhere. We allow early order discounts and make prompt shipments. We pay the highest cash and trade prices for beeswax. Write for free illustrated catalog today. LEAHY MFG. CO., 95 Sixth Street, Higginsville, Missouri Texas Beekeepers should write to A. M. Hunt, Goldthwaite, Texas. SUPERIOR FOUNDATION "BEST BY TEST" Do not fail to secure our 1922 reduced prices on SUPERIOR FOUNDATION. State quantity desired. "We also manufacture Hoffman frames, dovetailed beehives, etc. Quality unexcelled; prices on request. SUPERIOR HONEY COMPANY, OGDEN, UTAH (Manufacturers of Weed Process Foundation.) August, 1922 G li 1': A N T N G S IN 15 I-: K C U L 'V V K K 495 V FOR YOU MUTH Bee Supplies ^y iQn Catalogue ^ '^ "r" /'' You need our new 1922 bee supply catalog more than ever before. Have you received one? Many new articles are listed for the saving of labor and greater honey production. Our attract- ive prices, superior quality and prompt service will always be appreciated by beekeepers. ^^V 1 "^H Send a list of your requirements to us. ''^m The FRED W. MUTH CO. ^* '-». CINCrNNATI, OHro Rl kV THE FRED W. MUTH COMPANY, Pearl and Walnut Streets, Cincinnati, Ohio. Established 1885. Write us for catalog. BEEKEEPERS'!^ I SUPPLIES The Kind You Want and the Kind | That Bees Need. | I We have a good assortment in stock of bee sup- § I plies that are mostly needed in every apiary, i I Tlie A. I. Root Co.'s brand. Let us hear from g i you. Information given to all inquiries. Bees- s ; wa.x wanted for .supplies or cash. § IJohn Nebel & Son Supply Co.| High Hill, Montgomery Co., Mo. | LEWIS 4-WAY BEE ESCAPES I H Four exits from supers. Pits all standard boards, p s Springs of coppered steel. Made of substantial = H metal. Price each 18c prepaid. Made by ^ I G. B. LEWIS COMPANY, Watertown, Wis., U. S. A. | I For Sale by all Dealers. i ^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii:iiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ Honey Containers We have some interesting prices to offer on honey containers; send us a list of your requirements and let us quote you our prices. 2^2 -lb. cans in reshipping cases of 24 and crates of 100 and 500. 5-lb. pails in reshipping cases of 12 and crates of 100 and 200. 10-lb. pails in reshipping case of 6 and crates of 100. 1-gallon square or oblong cans with 1%-inch screw cap in boxes of 6. 1-gallon square or oblong cans with 1%-inch screw cap in crates of 100. 60-lb. square cans with 1%-inch screw cap in cases of 2 cans. 16-oz. round glass jars in reshipping cases of 2 dozen. 6V2-OZ. tin top tumblers in reshipping cases of 4 dozen. Shipping cases for comb honey for any style sections in the 24-lb. or 12-lb. size. Send for our catalog showing full line of Bee Supplies. AUGUST LOTZ CO. BOYD, WISCONSIN. 496 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE August, 1922 HONEY MARKETS U. S. GOVERNMENT MARKET REPORTS. Information from Producing Areas (First Half of July). CALIFORNIA POINTS. — The nectar flow from orange has now finished, and the flow from sage is nearly over. Orange yield is reported light to fair, sage flow generally good. Pair eucalyptus flow is being secured in Alameda County. Bees in southern California .said to be now gathering most- ly alfalfa nectar. Beekeepers are busy extract- ing. Old-crop honey ijractically exhausted. De- mand light and market dull. Pew sales reported, carloads f . o. b. usual terms, as follows : White orange 9-9 %c, few reported quoting 8%c, white sage 8%-8%c, light amber sage 6% -7c, light am- ber alfalfa 5% -6c. Beeswax, cash to beekeepers, 22-24C per lb. INTERMOUNTAIN REGION. — Prospects differ widely in different areas. In Montana an unusu- ally large crop is said to be in prospect. South- ern Utah will have a good croji, but in the north- ern part of the state cold winds have proved harm- ful to the flow. Heavy flow secured in eastern Washington from first crop alfalfa. Sweet clover in Colorado is suffering from drought where irri- gation is not abundant and from grasshoppers ; and in Idaho alfalfa weevils are said to be nu- merous. Little surplus yet secured in Salt River Valley. Some beekeepers will commence extracting new crop early in July; others will wait until August. Shipments have been light recently, as supply of old honey is pretty well disposed of. Comb honey, especially in Montana, said to be still rather abundant. Small lot sales reported of white sweet clover and alfalfa, largely in small tins, at 9%-lOi/^c. Some 60-lb. cans sold by bee- keepers to near-by dealers at 8 ^/^ per lb. Sales of fancy and No. 1 white comb reported at $4.50, and of No. 2 white alfalfa at $3.00. Por average yellow beeswax, some beekeepers are receiving 21c cash or 24c in trade; other prices range slightly higher. TEXAS POINTS. — -The crop thus far has been generally poor, due to too much rain. If recent spell of dry weather continues, prospects will im- prove. Many colonies have gathered little more than enough to live on, and some colonies reported starving, with no honey on which to rear brood. Above conditions refer to north Texas. South Texas reports conditions more nearly normal. The price for 60-lb. cans extracted is reported as 8 1/^ c per lb. for white and 7%c for light amber. In 10-lb. pails, 12-1.3C per lb. is secured for case lots. Bulk comb honey, 6/lOs. is listed at $9.00 per case for light-colored, mild honey. Beekeep- ers receiving 25c per lb. for beeswax. EAST CENTRAL AND NORTH CENTRAL STATES. — Cold nights, cloudy and rainy weather in June hindered bees from gathering nectar in Wisconsin, Michigan and parts of Ohio, but even so a fairly good crop has been secured. In some sections a heavy yield was obtained, one beekeep- er reporting 120-lb. surplus about ready to take off. Basswood is expected to bloom heavily. In- quiry coming in already for new honey. Practic- ally nothing is being held over from last season, in strong contrast with the situation a year ago. 60-lb. cans white extracted selling at 12c per lb in case lots. Small lots No. 1 white clover sold at $4.00-4.50, some $4.80 per 24-section case. PLAINS AREA. — Abundant rains early in July, after the drought during May and June, helped raise prospects in Iowa towards normal. Kansas also reports an unusually good crop. Honey is said to be of fine quality. American foul brood is making inroads in some apiaries. Some bee- keepers will start extracting late in July. Sales extracted white clover in 60-lb. cans reported to bottlers at 10c per lb. NORTHEASTERN STATES. — Honey flow inter- mittent as a result of too much cloudy and rainy weather in many sections. It is thought by some that the rain has been instrumental in causing the very heavy swarming in some apiaries ; this swarming is about over. The rain has cut the intended buckwheat acreage and the crop will be late. Basswood came on early, and is blooming prolifically, but is not yielding as well as during some years. Honey running unusually light in color this season. European foul brood reported as prevalent in some sections. Numerous inquiries are being received by some beekeepers for later shipment. Pew sales white extracted in 60-lb. cans, 12c per lb. WEST INDIES. — Report from Porto Rico indi- cates that honey is just beginning to come in in the hill districts ; and the yield has been poor thus far all over the island. Beekeepers receiving 4c per lb., by the barrel. Shipments from Cuba have fallen off somewhat. One large lot reported going to Antwerp at 57c per gal., including cost and freight. SOUTHEASTERN STATES. — The summer flow is now on in Georgia from cotton and Mexican clo- ver and some surplus is being stored. Honey plants in good condition. Surplus flow nearly over. Some beekeepers report that the remainder of the yield will be used entirely for increase and for winter stores. A fair demand reported for both the better grades of honey and for queens. Light flow reported from button bush in Louisi- ana. In Mississippi heavy rains arid extremely hot weather have damaged honey plants. White honey, in barrels and tins, reported selling at 10c per lb., light amber at 8-9c. and amber at 6-8c. Best yellow beeswax reported selling in Alabama at 21-23c per lb., and in Mississippi and Georgia at 25c. Telegraphic Reports from Important Markets. BOSTON. — Since last report 1 car Porto Rico by boat arrived. Demand for extracted honey limited and practically none for comb. Comb honey cleaned up except a little candied stock. Prices show little change. Extracted: Sales to confectioners and bottlers: Cuban and Porto Rican, amber 80-85c per gal., white sage 15-16c per lb. for California stock. CHICAGO. — Since last report 700 lbs.. 111., 200 lbs. la. and 4,400 lbs. Colo, arrived. Supplies re- main comparatively light. Demand very slow, movement very light. Market dull and about steady on comb, weaker on extracted, apparently largely a reflection of the weak tone of f. o. b. market. Comb: Sales to retailers: 24-section cases Iowa and Wisconsin, mixed clovers No. 2, $3.00. Colorado and Arizona, alfalfa and mixed clovers No. 1, $4.00-4.25, few $4.50. Extracted: Sales to bottlers and bakers, Nevada, white sweet clover and sage, mixed 10-10 M^c. Arizona, light amber alfalfa and mountain flowers 8%c. Beeswax: Supplies light. Demand moderate, market steady. Sales to laundry supply houses and wholesale druggists, Colorado, Arizona and Montana, light 31-32C, dark 28-30c. Brazilian, light 28-30c. Cen- tral and South American, dark 22-26c. NEW YORK. — Domestic receipts very light, for- eign receipts limited. Demand limited, movement light, market dull, few sales. Extracted: Spot sales to .iobbers, wholesalers, confectioners, bakers and bottlers, domestic, per lb., California, light amber alfalfa 8-8 ^/^c, light amber sage 9-9 V^c, white sage 11-lli/^c, few 12c, white orange 12-1.2i^c. Intermountain Region, white sweet clover 10-1 Ic. New York, no sales. South American and West Indian refined per gal., 65-70c, mostly 65c. Bees- wax: Poreign receipts limited. Demand moderate, movement limited, market steady. Spot sales to wholesalers, manufacturers and drug trade. South American and Chilean, light 29-30c, Brazilian, 28- 29c, few 30c. African, dark 23-25c, few 26c. Cuban, light 28-29c, darker 22-25c. PHILADELPHIA. — Extracted : Supplies very light. Demand is not active but market is strong- er. Few sales to jobbers, San Domingo, light am- ber various flavors 70c. Porto Rico, light amber various flavors 73c per gal. Beeswax: Supplies are light but sufficient for demand, which is slow. Market steady. Sales to manufacturers, per lb., Chilean, yellow, 32c, African, yellow 30c. ST. LOUIS. — Since last report few lots south- ern extracted light amber arrived by express amounting to about 5.000 lbs. Since last report demand shows no improvement, continuing light. Practically no movement, market very dull. Comb: Sales to wholesalers and jobbers in 24-section eases, Idaho and California, white clover and al- falfa No. 1 medium $5.00-6.00. Extracted: Sales August, 1922 G L K A N I N G S IN BEE CULTURE 497 to wholesalers and jobbers, per lb. in 5-gal. cans, California light amber alfalfa 7% -9c. Beeswax: No receipts reported since last report. No change in market. Ungraded average country run quoted nominally to jobbers at 26c per lb. H. C. TAYLOR, Chief of Bureau of Markets. Special Foreign Quotations. Liverpool. — Honey market dull, very little in- quiry. The price is from 9 to 9V^c per pound in American currency. The price of beeswax is 28 to 29 cents per lb. London, Eng., July 5. Taylor & Co. The A. I. Root Company's Quotation. The following are prices we have paid since our last quotation, P. O. B. shijjping point, for honey in car lots: White orange, 9 ^^ c ; water white sage, 9c; water white catsclaw, 8 >^ c ; white mesquite, 6c; water white alfalfa, probably mixed with sweet clover, IVzC We are in the market for one or two cars of white clover honey for which we can pay F. O. B. shipping point lO^/ic. The A. I. Root Company. The Opiuious of Honey Producers Themselves as Reported to Gleanings in Bee Culture. Early in July we sent to actual honey producers and some associations the following questions: 1. What is the average yield per colony to date this season in your locality? (a) Extracted honey? (b) Comb honey? 2. How does this compare with the average yield for your location? Give answer in per cent. 3. What portion of the entire crop of surplus hon- ey does this represent in your estimation? Give answer in per cent. 4. What price are producers being offered for the new crop of honey at their station for honey in large lots? (a) Extracted honey, per pound? (b) Comb honey, per case? 5. What are prices to retailers in small lots? (a) E.xtracted in 5-pound pails or other retail pack- ages ? (b) Comb honey, fancy or No. 1, per case ? 6. What per cent of the honey produced in your locality is sold locally ? 7. How is honey now moving on the market in your locality? Give answer in one word, as slow, fair or rapid. The answers as returned by our honey and bee reporters are as follows: Yield per col. % Av. % Ent. In large lots. To Ret ailers. Pet. Sold Move- State Reported by Ex. Comb. Yield. Crop. Ext. Comb. Ext. Comb. Locally ment. Ala. J. C. Dickman .... 40 . . .30. . 80. . .80. . .$.06 .$5.25. . .$0.75. $6.50 . 95. . .Slow B. C. W. J. Sheppard .... 50. .100. . .75.. . .28 ... 1.75. . . 75. . .Slow Ark. J. V. Ormond 50. '.'.50'.' .150. . . 50 . . ... 1.00. . . 75.. .Slow Ark J. Johnson . .20. . .100. . .30. . . . 75. . . . 2. . .Rapid . Slow Cal. L. L. Andrews .'.'.'." 80.' . .20. . .140. . .90. . .' .07 .'.'.' 1.00.' Cal. M. C. Riehter 15. . 10. ... 1.50. . . . 50. . .Fair Colo. B. W. Hopper 50 !'.25! .150. '.'.50'.'. ... .60. 4.50 . . 5. . .Fair Conn. A. Latham . . 75. . .Slow Fla. C. C. Cook .'.'".". 90' .175". *.'.50'. '. '. .08 '. '. '. .60 . . . . 90. . .Pair Fla. H. Hewitt . . . . 45. .125. . .80. . . .08 ... .75. . Slow Fla. W. Lamkin 75. .125. . .08 . 2.40. . . .65. 3.12 '.'. 25.'.' Ga. J. J. Wilder 60. '.'.40.'. .120. !ioo! '. . .10 . 4.00. . . .75. 5.00 .. 70. . iPair 111. A. C. Baxter. .-.,.. 80. . 90. . .70. . ... 1.10. . .100. . .Slow 111. C. F. Bender .'.'50.'. . .60. . .100. .115. . .95. . . .60. . . 4.80. . . ... 1.10. 5.50. 6.00 . . 50. . . . 10 . . Good 111. A. L. Kildow .'.'.'. 30 '. Ind. T. C. Johnson 75 . . .60. .125. . .75. . . . . 1.10. 6.00 . .100. . '. Slow Ind. K. S. Miller 50. . .25. . .100. . . 50 . . ... .80. 4.80 . .100. . . Slow Ind. •T. Smith . . . . 25. . 75. .100. . .50. . . .50. . ... 1.25. ... .80. 5.00 . .100. . . . 20. . . Fair Iowa. E. G. Brown . . . .100. .Fair Iowa. F. Coverdale 40 . '. .25'.'. . 90. . .80. . ... .75. 5.00 . . 15. . . Pair Iowa. W. S. Pangburn... . . . .100. . .60. . .100. . .45. . ... .80. 5.50 . . 10. . . Slow Kan. J. A. Nininger .... 40 . . .25. . .100. . .50. . . . . .75 . 5.00 . .100. . .Fair Me. 0. B. Griffin .... 8. . . 8. . . . 35. . Md. S. G. Crocker. Jr . . 30. . .20. . '. 60 '. '. '.90^! . .100.. . Slow Mass. 0. M. Smith .150. ; ;75'. '. '.'.'. .75! . .100. . . . 75. . . Slow Mich. I. D. Bartlett '.'.'.'. 75'. . Slow Mich, E. D. Townsend . . . 65. . 65. . .90. . Mich. F. Markham . . . . 80 '.'.50.' . 80. .110. .100. . . .75. . . .11 '. , '.'.'. .85". ". '. 90'.*. . .100. . . Slow Mo. J. H. Fisbeck 60. . Slow Mo. •T. W. Romberger.. . . . . 80 '. .70'. ' .100. . .65. . '. .16 '. 4.75'.!'. .bo'. . 5.25 . .100. . . Slow Nev. E. G. Norton 50. . . 2. . Nev. L. D. A. Prince. . . . 25. '. '.25'. '. '. 75! '.'.50.'. . . 10. . '. Slow N Y Adams & Myers . . . . . . . 30. . .40. . 50. .100. .100. . .50. . . .90. . . .60. . '. '.'.'. 1.00! . . . 1.00. . 6.00 7.00. . . 75 . . . . 95. . . . '10. . . Fair N. N. G. B. Howe .Good N. Y. F. W. Lesser .'.'.'. 60'. . Slow N. Y. N. L. Stevens 10. . 25. . .20. . . . 10. . . Slow N. C. C. S. Bumgarner. . . '. .50.' . .110. . .75.. . .100. . N. C. C. L. Sams ..'.'. 45 ! . .35. . .100. . .75. . '. .12 '. 4.90! '. '. 1.00. 5.00 . . 80. . .Fair Ohio. E. G. Baldwin . . . . 30 . .30. . 30. . .40. . . . 6.00. . . . . 50. . .Fair Ohio. F. Leininger . . . .100. . .75. . .100. .100. . . 4.80. . . .75. .. 25.. .Fair Ohio. J. F. Moore . . . . 80 . 90. . .90. . ... .80. . 4.25 . . 10. . .Slow Okla. J. Heueisen . . . . 50 . .' .20.'. .100. . .60.. . . . 1.00. . .100. . .Fair Okla. C F. Stiles 30 . 80. .100. . .80. . . .100. . . .100. . .Pair Ore. E. J.' Ladd .'.'..'.'..'. '. . . 75. '.'.50'. . Slow Ore. H. A. Scullen 50. . 90. !!9o; .' '.'.'. 1.15.' 6.00 . . 98.. .Pair Pa. H. Beavpr . . . . 20 . 80. . . 50 . . . . . .65 . . Slow Pa. D. C. Gilham 40 ' '. 32 ; .110. . .70. . ... 1.50. . 7.00 '.'. 75'.'. . Slow Pa. G H Rea . . . . 20. . .15. . . 30. . 80. . .50. . . . 75. . . .100. . R. I. A. C. Miller . Slow S. D. L. A. Syverud '.'.'.'. 50 . '.'.SO.. .115. .' .'55! ' . . 80. . . Slow Tenn. .7. M. Buchanan . . . . . . . 50 . .25. . 75. . .90. . ... 1.00! . . 90. . .Slow Tex. T. A. Bowden 10 . 5. . . 50 . . . .100. . .Fair Utah. M. A. Gill 50 '. '.30'. .150. . .40. . '. .08 '. 4.00 . . . .50 . 4.50 . . 75. . .Fair Vt. J E. Crane . . 7. . .12. .100. . 25. ..15.. .100. . . .20 '. 6.00.'.'. 1.00. 6.00 .' .' 50 .' .' . Slow Va. T. C. Asher .'.'.'. 15 Wash. W. L. Cox . .10 . .100.. '. Fair Wash. G. W. B. Saxton. . . '.'.'.'. 25' '.'.25'. '. '.'.'. .85'. . Slow Wash. G. W. York .' .' 100 ; '. W. Ya. T. K. Massie '. '.25! ' '. 60 '. '.'.50.'. . .100. . .Fair Wis. N. E. France '.'.'.'. Vr. . .Fr. .100. . .60. . '.'.'. .75'. . . 75. . Wis. E. Hassinger, Jr. . . . . . . 60 . .40. . 95. .100. . ... .85. 6.60 . . 85. . .Fair Wis. H. F. Wilson ■. 75 . . 50 . .100. . .100. . . Slow 498 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTXTRE August, 1922 A Chance to Save Some Money on SHIPPING CASES 100 Regular Shipping- Cases, 4^4 x 11/2, packed 50 per crate. 400 Regular Shipping Cases, 4^4 x 1%, packed 50 per crate. 250 Regular Shipping Cases, 4x5x1%, packed 50 per crate . 230 Regular Shipping Cases, 4x5x1%, packed 10 per crate. 90 Regular Shipping Cases, 4l^ x 1%, packed 10 per crate. 210 Regular Shipping Cases, 4l^ x 11/2, packed 10 per crate. All cases listed are single-tiered with glass K. D. $25.20 26.10 25.20 5.25 5.50 5.25 The A. I. Root Company Indianapolis, Indiana 873 Massachusetts Ave. Lewis Extractors I^ewis-Markle Power Honey Extractor. Tank cut away. A — I'an over machinery. B — Bottom of tank. Made in 4 find 8 frame sizes. Accom- modates 2 sizes of baskets, power op- eration, machinery underneath, no vibration, tank and basket instantly removable for cleaning. A commer- cial success. Circular free. Address: G. B. LEWIS COMPANY Watertown, Wisconsin, U. S. A. 'Diere's a Distributor Near You. August, 192i; ti li K A N 1 N (! S IN B R E CULTURE 499 NEWl^lNGHAM Btt SMOKER The Smoker You Ought to Own T HE most important invention in beekeep- ing, as little can be accomplished without the Bee Smoker. The netc Bingham Bee-Smoker is the most efficient and durable machine on the market. The standard for over 40 years in this and many foreign countries, and is the all-impor- tant tool of the most extensive honey produc- ers of the world. Comes with metal legs, metal binding and turned edges. The four larger sizes have hinged covers. The fire grate is of very sub- stantial material, with an abundance of draft holes, the 4-inch size having 381 holes, equal to an opening of 2-ineh square. A valve in the bellows of the larger sizes makes the Smoker respond to the most delicate touch. The new Bingham comes in six sizes, including the Big Smoke, which is furnished both with and without shield. The lai'ger sizes are best, as they hold more fuel, give more smoke, re- quire filling less often, and are especially rec- ommended to those wlio work with their bees several hours at a time. Write for our complete catalog of bee sup- plies and accessories. Special circular of all sizes of Bingham Smokers free for the asking. A. G. WOODMAN CO. 238 Scribner Ave., N. W. GRAND RAPIDS, MICH., U.S.A. BIG SMOKE— With Shield Fire Pot, 4 x 10. CONQUEROR. Fire Pot, 3 x 7. LITTLE WONDER. Fire Pot, 3 x 51/0. 500 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE August, 1922 A SUPERIOR QUALITY AT LESS COST Supplies (MADE BY THE DIAMOND MATCH CO.) 1 A SUPERIOR QUALITY AT LESS COST The Diamond Match Co., who manufacture our supplies, are the largest manufacturers in the world who make bee supplies. They own their own timber lands, mills and factories. We pass on the full advantage of the resulting low production cost to the Beekeeper. One-Story Complete Dovetailed Hire With metal telescope cover, inner cover, reversible bottom, Hoffman frames, nails, rabbets. Standard Size. Crate of five, K. D., 8-frame $12.65 Crate of five, K. D., 10-frame 13.25 Jumbo Size. Crate of five, K. D., 10-frame 14.25 1 ■ 1 1 i t Hive-Bodies With Hoffman frames, nails, rabbets. Standard size, crate of 5, K. D., 8-fr.$5.20 Standard size, crate of 5, K. D., 10-fr. 5.85 Jumbo size, crate of 5, K. D., 10-fr. 6.85 Hoffman Frames Standard size 100, $5.20 ; 500, $25.00 Shallow 100, 4.30 ; 500, 21.00 Jumbo 100, 5.80 ; 500, 28.00 Diamond Brand Foundation Medium 5 lbs., 68c lb. ; 50 lbs., 65c lb. Thin Super . .5 lbs., 75c lb. ; 50 lbs., 72e lb. Comb Honey Supers For 4 X 5 X 1 % sections including section-holders, fence- separators, springs, tins and nails. Crate of five, K. D., 8-frame $5.60 Crate of five, K. D., 10-frame 6.00 HOFFMAN & HAUCK, INC. WOODHAVEN, NEW YORK I August, 1922 GI,KANlN(iS TN n K 10 CULTURE 501 Necessity is the mother of Tlnift. Realizing the honey producers' need of a thrifty bee has caused us to breed into FOREHAND '8 THEEE BANDS the qualities that make them the thrifty kind; the qualities that liave brought them up to a standard surpassed by none but superior to many. For tliirty years our queens liave been wintering tliousands of colonies of bees for the most successful honey producers as far north as the freezing provinces of Northwest Canada. Equally as well tliey have been serving the beekeepers of the scorching Tropics. Our success is the result of the success of our customers. Eequeen now with Forehand's Three Bands — the Thrifty Kind and you will not be disappointed in your wintering. Next spring their strong, healthy colonies will make 1923 a suc- cess for you. We guarantee pure mating and satisfaction the world over. Safe arrival is guaranteed in the U. S. and Canada. PRICES:—!, $1; 6 to 11, 90c; 12 to 49, 85c; 50 to 99, 75c; 100 to 299, 70c; 300 up, 65c. Write for booklet. It's free. fV. J. Forehand & Sons, Fort Deposit, Alabama To the Wise— Mr. H. L. Jenkins, Hamburg, Iowa, sent us his order for 100 cases of two 5-gallon cans, and saved $21.00. Have you got our prices, to see what you can save? Sent upon request. Write today. THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY COUNCIL BLUFFS, IOWA —One Word Will Do EANIN(iS TN BKE f U L T U R E Arursr, 1922 REDUCED PRICES We have had more orders than we could fill each year, yet we are striv- ing just as hard to produce better queens each year as we would if we had more queens than orders, and we believe that each year we are able to produce queens of a little higher quality. We are not in the business for the time being, or to get every dollar out of it we can, but because we like to rear queens and we want to give you value received for your money. After we have reared the best possible queens for you, we want to put them to you, not just alive, so we can get your money, but in the best possible condition. OUR GUARANTEE: This simply means that, if any queen we sell is not satisfactory in every respect, we will replace her. Our breed- ing stock and methods of production are such that we can give this guarantee. Untested One, $0.75; ten or more, $0.60 each. Tested One, 1.75 ; ten or more, 1.50 each. We have 2,000 Tested Queens, reared late last fall, that we will supply at our convenience at $1.00 each, or ten or more at $0.80 each. Send for big bargain list of BEE SUPPLIES. New sixty-pound cans, two to the case, in lots of fifty cases, at 91c. The Stover Apiaries, Mayhew, Miss. AifilsT, 10-. O li 10 A N T N (! S TN UK K O U li T U li E 503 Big Reduction ■ ON- Bee Supplies Shipping cases $30.00 per 100 Slotted section-hoklcrs...$3.00 per 100 Sectious, 1%, No. 1. . .$10.00 per 1000 Job lots of frames, regular size $3.00 per 100 Standard Hoffman frames, 9Vh deep $4.50 per 100 Unspaced wedged top-bar frames, pVs deep $2.75 per 100 Send for Catalog and Price List. CHARLES M0NDEN6 146 Newton Avenue N. and 159 Cedar Lake Rd. MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. Positively the cheapest and strongest light on earth. Used In every country on the globe. Malcea and bornB Its own gas. Casts no thadows. Clean and odorless. Absolutely safe Over 200 styles. 100 to 2000 Candle Power. Fully Guaranteed Write for catalog. AGENTS WANTED EVERYWHERE THE BEST UGHT CO. 306 E. Sth St., Canton, Oe '<-<^-^^^5^> Roof ing ace between the honey and the cupping, giving ths cap]iiHg that delicate white appearance so desirable iu comb honey; while otlier colonies leave but little if any space between, whicli gives the cappings a dingy or water-soaked ap- pearance. At the close of the season some colonies continue to finish the honey well, while others seem to anticipate the close of the honey flow by varnishing the otherwise white cappings with propolis. The honey flow, except at the close, was of such a character this season that there was no excuse for anything but fancy comb hon- ey, yet the grade of some honey Avas low- ered on account of inferior stock. The selection of stock is much more exact- ing for comb-honey production than for the production of extracted honey, for Ave must not only have hustlers in gathering and storing, but combined Avith tliis Ave must have good comb-builders, good finishers and as little swarming and propolizing tendency as possible. A few Aveeks of time spent in selection and requeening in July and August not only insures stronger and more nearly uniform colonies next spring, but for the comb honey producer a careful selection of the breeding queen should result in an increased value of the crop of honey because of its better fin- ish. In addition to tliis, the enjoAnnent that comes from building up and maintaining a strain of bees best suited for the produc tion of fancy comb honey is Avorth all the effort Avhen one can spare the time. COLONIES that SAvarmed and lost their clipped queens just previous to the honey floAv and Avere When Removing the Queen Is Better Than Shaking to Prevent Swarming. prevented from a further at- tempt to swarm b y destroying all but one of the queen-cells, outstripped everything else in the yards this season. In these colonies the young queens began to lay soon after the main honey floAv began, so that they were in prime condition during the best part of the honey floAv early in 'June. The few colonies that Avere shaken to anticipate SAvarming forged ahead immediately after shaking but soon dropped behind because of their decreasing numbers. Tavo years ago the rcA-erse Avas true in these same apiaries. That season it Avas the shaken SAvarms that outstripped all others. eA-en those Avhich made no attempt to SAvarm, while the colonies which had their queens remoA-ed gaA^c the poorest yield; btit in that case the best part of the honey floAV came Avhile the dequeened colonies Aver^ still queenless and immediately after the others Avere shaken, Avhile this season the best part of the honey flow came after the young queens began to lay. With so inur-h A^ariation in the seasons, especialU- in the eastern portion of the United States, no Avonder beekeepers do not agree as to AA'hicli method is better. 508 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE HARVESTING THE HONEY CROP WHEN bee- keeping reached the outyard stage it did not occur to us to bring back heavy supers and do our ex- tracting at a home plant. Most of us rigged up a small extractiug-house at the new yard and did our work there. When we had "several outyards a portable outfit, constructed on either a trailer or the bed of a truck, was found to be more suitable than building extraeting-houses and duplicating equipment. We soon discovered, however, Up-to-Date Equipment and Methods Planned to Handle Large ^anti- ties of Honey By M. C. Richter August, 1922 ried on in the presence of the bees. Such a pro- cedure is bound to incite robbing and lower colony morale. A home plant is justifi- able if for no other than the pjg 1 — Exterior view of extracting plant. The front room contains four 7-tou tanks and faces south permitting the sun further to ripen the honey. Back of the tank room is a storage space, and above this (upper story) is the extracting room. Truck enters garage at right to permit un- loading supers into the extracting room. that the home plant Avas by far the most practical. In fact it marks an important step forward in commercial beekeeping. Outyard extraeting-houses were dis- pensed with, owing to the extra cost of equipment, the loss through theft of equip- ment and honey, the fact that it is cheaper to rent than to buy outyards and hence a disinclination to build on someone else's land. Furthermore, good locations do not generally remain so for any length of time. Eentals are usually from year to year, the farmers change their crops on cultivated areas, and on natural ranges forest fires are often a menace. The portable outfit overcame many of the above objections, but with it came new difficulties. Many yards were difficult to reach, owing to their isolated positions. Getting the trailers in and out, and setting up, and the time expended on these opera- tions cut short very materially the actual time for extracting. Moreover, late in the season, when the days grew shorter and cooler the extracting work became more burdensome. Perhaps the greatest objec- tion to both a portable and an outyard ex- tracting-outfit is that the extracting is car- above reason. The Home Plant. The home plant sliould be built where it is most convenient. It should be centrally located about j'ards and near a town where supplies and the like may be readily pro- cured. The central plant need not be located at a yard. Often it is more convenient to have it somewliere else. Most of us have our plants adjoining our homes, and if our dwellings are not on good beekeeping terri- tory we can have, anyway, certain colonies such as our breeder and a few cell builders. Our queen-breeding colonies need constant attention, and, when cells become ripe, nu- clei can be brought in to take care of them. Most of us look at our bees too often. We learn to manipulate colonies less and less as we enrich ourselves through experience. The home extracting-plant fits in very well with this idea. Taking Extracted Honey. In the interior valleys where the weather is dry and the alfalfa flow is slow, two to three supers to the colony will liandle the intake under ordinary conditions. Owing to the slow flow and the dry weather, combs may be removed while only partly capped; but when the flows are rapid and especially along coast regions where the climate is moist, an entirely different procedure must Pig. -z. — View of extracting room looking through doorway into the garage. A truckload of honey is about to be unloaded into the extracting room. take place. A colony must have from five to seven supers in such locations. Whether few or many supers, dry or moist climate, sloAV or rapid flows, the taking of tlie honey is the same. We take off by means of bee-escapes whenever the honey is ready, and do not Avait till the end of tlie flow. .When yards average a super of extractable August, 192'2 GLEANINGS IN BKE CULTURE 509 honey to the colony, the full supers are placed above escapes, removed and extract- ed. Honey produced in interior valleys can be removed when the combs arc heavy and the bees have started to cap them along- the top. Frequent takes of a super of honey every 10 to 15 days throughout the season, supplying at like intervals a super of drawn comb, will result in a' maximum amount of honey. It would be poor beekeeping, with a tremendous waste of honey and an unnec- essary outlay of equipment, to tier up six or seven high, and then attempt to extract two or three different kinds of sealed honey with a large quantity of ripened honey and allowed to stand for two or more months in a large ripening tank, even in a moist cli- mate, will be found to be perfectly fit for the market. Escapes. It is our practice along about 4 o'clock in the afternoon to go into a yard and slip escapes under 50 to 60 supers of honey. One man can do this work in from one to two hours according to conditions. It is impor- tant to leave one, and preferably two supers, either empty or partly filled, between the escape and the brood-nest, so that the bees Pig 3 — Uncapping-box with steani-beiited kuife at the left, aDd ordinary uncapping-knife in hot water at the right. After being uncapped the combs are placed in the middle of the capping-box shown where the operator of the extractor, who stands beyond the box at the right, can easily reach them. Note the outlets for honev from both the extractor and the capping-box empty the honey into an open trough, which carries it" by gravity to the settling tank. The top of the settling tank is shown through the opening into the upper portion of the tank room. late in the fall when the season is over and robbing is severe. It is a rule with us that, whenever a super of honey is ready to ex- tract, off it comes and an empty one is slipped in directly over the excluder. In a rapid honey flow we must tier up as high as five to seven supers above the brood-cham- ber, On rare occasions we have had as many as seven supers containing practically nothing but unsealed honey. At such times we take off the heaviest super and slip un- der the others an empty. Our first thought is to give the bees plenty of room at all times during the flow. The honey from a few supers which is not sealed, when mixed will have somewhere to go during the eve- ning. Some difficulty may be experienced in ridding supers from bees when the first honey is taken off, if the colonies were De- mareed. Unless it is a week after all brood emerged in the upper stories, some of the younger bees may cluster with the few drones that are present. If honey is re- moved early in the morning, it is a simple matter to shake these few bees from the combs. Early the following morning, after the escapes were inserted, a truck calls at the yard with about as many empty supers as there are full ones to take off. If the flow is in progress the empties are slipped )10 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE August, lOii'J underueath tlie other supers, otherwise, they are placed above so that tliey may be cleaned. Two meu usually do this work, and it takes less time to take off honey in tliis manner than it does to put on the es- capes. One hour more or less at a time, and on different days, for every ton of honey ■ removed, certainly minimizes robbing, and is by far the best way to remove the crop. Is it not certainly better on the morale of the bees than when we extract all day long in the yard? Iioading. The bed of our truck, which is covered with galvanized iron and with l^/^-inch angle iron running around the sides and back, is built to accommodate 25 supers. When the truck leaves the plant in the morning, say with 50 supers of comb (piled two high on truck bed), it proceeds to a 1^ |_jl |k t,,M "M^! hh '' M iKd 'I^hH H| ^^^B f ""^ ^^'^mI - wH^^BW View from south end of the tank room, showing the location of the settling tank below the outlet of the extractor yet high enough so that the honey flows through the 0|)en pipe from the settling tank into the 7-ton storage tanks below. yard which is usually arranged with double rows of colonies on either side of the road- way leading through the apiary. The truck will stop at one end and unload the first two rows (20 supers), over which a canVas is thrown. It then proceeds to the other end of the yard, turns around and com- mences loading on the full supers, the men on their return trip taking the empties from the truck and placing them where needed. When the 50 full ones are loaded the can- vas is thrown over them, and the 20 empty supers are put on the colonies from which the last honey was removed. The escapes are gathered up next, the load is roped and the truck speeds off to the plant. The garage is part of the home plant (see Fig. 1). When the truck is inside its doors, they are closed in order to conserve warmth and render the building bee-tight. A door along the side of the garage opens into the extractiiig-ronm through wlik'h tlic supers are transferred for extracting (Fig 2). During extracting, the empty supers may 1)6 placed directly on the truck and thus avoid their being handled a second time. Extracting-Room. We trust that Figure 3 will give some idea of the arrangement of the extracting out- fit. In the foreground directly in front of the uncapping box are placed the full supers of honey. When we are harvesting white lioney we prefer a two-man uncapping box. This box is large enough to take care of the cappiugs of two to three tons of honey. The cappiugs are allowed to drain till the next extracting, when they are shoveled into a large draining tank until the end of the season when we have time to press out the balance of the honey. For darker honeys we make use of the capping-melter. We like the 8-f rame Buckeye extractor for the reasons pointed out by E. E. Boot in the July (1921) Gleanings. Its chief asset in our minds is that it is a great time- saver. When we are not rushed, we utilize nearly four hours to extract one ton of honey. In this manner combs are uncapped carefully and there is time enough to ex- tract clean, as well as mend any combs or supers that might need it. On the other hand, if we should be rushed during a heavy honey flow, which, of course, means that there are some colonies that need room, we can then extract a ton of honey in two hours with a three-man crew. Any colony, during an excellent honey flow, that is crowded for the want of storage cells, is losing perliaps pounds of honey every so many hours before the beekeeper can give it relief. We believe that it is better to uncap liurriedly and not extract clean, when we know that our bees are suffering for want of room and that we should give them instant relief. — Super-spacing is for eight frames and we do not uncap deeply until the season is over, at which time we are very finical about the way in which we trim up our combs so that they may appear all the more attractive to our young queens during the following spring. A three-man crew during the extracting season can handle a very nice crop of hon- ey. With ample super room, 50 tons of honey can be harvested by three fast and energetic hands. The hours of extracting, when no rush is on, are usually from nine to five o'clock. From seven to nine in the morning two men bring in the honey, while tlie third man tunes up the three-horsepower engine, touches up the knives, attends to the uncapping box and the like. At four in the afternoon one man puts under the es- capes while the others finish extracting. The flow of honey from the extractor and the uncapping box into the settling tank, and thence into the seven-ton storage tanks, works automatically and needs no attention whatever. Big Sur, Calif. ArcJi'ST, ]92'2 G Ti K A N T N O S IN R 1<: K ('. U I, 'P 11 H E THE BEE -TIGHT HONEY -HOUSE Its Relation to American Foul Brood Control. Why Many Fail to Erad- icate this ^Disease By S. B. Fracker State Kntomologist of Wisconsin ABETTER wliich canio to the office the other day told a story something like this: "Called on Mr. S. yestei'day and found he had h a d American foul brood in his yard of 55 colonies last spring. When he had treated the bees he carefully stored the houey in his 'bee-tight' honey-house until he could finish the press- ing spring farm work. Oue day his sister looked out of the window, wondered what the bees were doing and discovered the whole beeyard had found the supply of in- fected honey in the old supers. They were busy going in through the keyhole and out through the bee-escapes on the windows, carrying the honey out and distributing it through the apiary. That evening they found the combs in the bee-house almost empty of the diseased honey and soon every one of his treated colonies was diseased." lu spite of knowing good control meas- ures, experienced beekeepers are having many troubles similar to the story told in this letter. The persistence of disease in large apiaries is so marked and its perma- nent elimination so difficult that our chief inspector remarked to the writer in Octo- ber, "In all my work in Wisconsin I cannot recall a single apiary which has eradicated an American foul brood infection and be- come entirely clean, by treating the infected colonies. ' ' At the time, I could not remind him of a successful case, but the statement was so striking that I have since gone through the inspection records to find out whether the shaking treatment is resulting in the eradication of disease. Treatment Less Effective Than Destruction. In four counties we have the foul brood record, since 1918, of 163 infected apiaries in which we know the control method em- ployed by the beekeeper. Of these, 64 ap- plied the shaking treatment while 99 de- stroyed their infected colonies, repeating as often as necessarJ^ Among those who treat- ed the diseased colonies about one-half (27) had yards free from foul brood at the 1921 inspection, showing that the others spread disease during treatment or stored infected material where the bees had access to it. Among the beekeepers who destroyed the infected colonies, only one-fourth still had disease in their yards this year. It is clear that some beekeepers are successfully eradi- cating disease by treating, but that others are not getting satisfactory results. In dif- ferent areas there is a marked difference in the results obtained. In only one county could we say that the beekeepers have failed in their attempts to control foul brood. That is a county which insists on treating infected colonies, and judging from .511 the records the beemen of that county will still be "shaking b e e s " long after their neighVjors have forgotten such disagreeable top- ics as bee dis- eases. Why Many Fail to Eradicate Disease. The purpose of this paper is to discuss some of the reasons that there are so many beekeepers, 59 in the counties just referred to, who treat or destroy their diseased bees but have been unable to eradicate the dis- ease. If we were to publish this list of 59, the many familiar names would form a "who's who" of beekeeping in this part of tlie state. Of all those who have failed to eliminate infection in three seasons, only two own less than 10 colonies of bees and most of the yards are from 30 to 100 colo- nies in size. They are not careless "bee owners," but are uniformly the progressive, liard- working "commercial honey-producers of whom beekeepers' associations are composed. We all remember the details of the various treatments for American foul brood, and any beekeeper can take printed directions (if he does not know them already) and treat a colony of bees successfully. But that isn "t eliminating disease from an apiary — not by many a weary season. At least the unlucky 59 will tell you it isn 't. There are only three things Ave forget when we fail to control foul brood and none of them is given in the printed directions: First, the appetite of the bee. Second, the size of the bee. Third, the size of the germ which causes American foul brood and which lives in- definitely in honey from a diseased colony. All three are "first reader" facts in api- culture; but several thousand commercial beekeepers may well be uneasy about their 1922 profits, because they negle&ted these three little facts in 1919 and 1920 and 1921. Treating the infected colony is only the first step toward eliminating disease. To illustrate: Not long ago an inspector went to look into a case in which repeated treating had not succeeded in freeing the apiary from disease. After talking things over with the owner, they went into the honey-house where it was admitted a large supply of honey and comb from infected colonies was sometimes stored. As usual the beekeeper was sure his honey-house was tight, although he was unable to explain the presence of so many bees. A careful search revealed the fact that the bees were making regular trips be- tween the apiary and the honey-house, en- tering through a crack in the cement floor and leaving wiienever the door was opened. 512 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE August, 1922 Are Honey-houses Ever Bee-tight? Not long ago an old German beekeeper was observed sitting motionless on an empty hive, eyeing his bee-house closely while puff- ing at his pipe. When there appeared to be no sign of life in his figure, a friend came up and inquired what he was thinking about. It developed that the building was full of bees and he was trying to see how they were getting in. The storage room had ar- rangements for heating, and it was later discovered that the stovepipe offered so large an entrance that a good-sized honey crop could all have been removed by the bees in a short time if they had found as convenient an exit. In some cases there is a missing window pane in the bee-house or a half-inch crack in the siding. Even if the building itself is tight, enough bees can come in with the proprietor, as he carries supplies back and forth, to cause all sorts of trouble. The placing of a few bee-escapes in the corners of the windows is a common arrangement and a good one in the absence of disease. In the office we have a proverb which is the basis of one of the ten' commandments of foul brood control. It is, "There is no bee-tight honey-house." Even if we should equip one with a vestibule, arranged so the inner door could not be opened unless the outer one was closed, we should probably neglect an entrance somewhere else, large enough to admit a cat, to say nothing of a few bees. The storage of infected material in the honey-house is one of the largest factors in maintaining diseased yards. It provides a source of continuous infection as serious as keeping the carcass of a cholera-killed hog in the barn, or tying a mad dog with a string. As long as diseased honey exists anywhere, it is a menace to every apiary within reach. Permitting old comb, on which colonies have died, to remain outdoors for months is another common form of criminal careless- ness. Sometimes the owners are members of beekeepers' societies, readers of bee jour- nals, so experienced in bee-disease control that they had treated infected colonies an- nually for from five to thirty years! This past summer inspectors have cleaned up four such cases, including hundreds of hives and thousands of frames and extracting-combs. Every week the rain would soak up a few scales of American foul brood in the old comb, and a few stray bees, attracted by the odor, would carry a few bacilli to a for- merly healthy colony. Every year some neighbor would try to "keep a hive of bees or two" and would soon give it up "be- cause they didn't do well." Tt would be interesting to take a vote of the readers of this paper and ask, "How many have infected material stored in a 'bee-tight' honey-house V" "How many have fragments of old comb in the old weathered hives behind the barn?" "How many, last August, had hives containing infected comb piled in the woodshed, stand- ing bee-tight until Johnny came in one day and pushed over the pile?" If we want to reduce taxes, as we all do, let us first cut off the toll we are paying to the foul brood germ. Bacillus larvae. Twen- ty-seven commercial beekeepers have stop- jjed the payment of that tax in Wisconsin counties by carefully treating the bees and destroying infected material. Forty-seven have accomplished the same result by de- stroying both infected bees and material. But 59 real honey producers are still paying that same tax in those same counties be- cause of the points that are forgotten when treatment is applied, namely (1) that bees like infected honey if they can reach it; (2) that they can crawl through a space a quar- ter of an inch across; or (3) that the cause of di-sease is a germ which may be lurking in the most microscopic drops of honey. The Area Clean-up Plan in Wisconsin. Just a word in conclusion in the way of a progress report. The spotted, one-county area campaigns are beginning to take a co- lierent form, and the entire eastern part of the state from Milwaukee and Madison to upper Michigan, except Ozaukee and Wash- ington counties, is now being covered. Six counties in this area seem to have no Ameri- can foul brood at the present time and five more have only an occasional colony show- ing disease. In the remainder, where losses from American foul brood approached the nature of a conflagration three years ago, the problem in all but one or two counties has reduced itself to one of discovering and putting out the remaining sparks. Eradicating the last cases is proving a difficult task. When only one colony in two hundred is infected, locating and cleaning it up without causing new infections re- quire careful work. The beekeepers every- where are giving excellent support — particu- larly the one-colony "bee owners" ' — and the unpleasant reception inspectors used to meet from irate housewives has become a rare oc- currence. In Fond du Lac and Dodge counties work was begun this year and plenty of infections (472 colonies) found. In Dodge County two- thirds of all the inspected yards showed American foul brood. Neither county was completely covered even once, but the sur- vey will be finished next season.- The older clean-up areas are still showing a few cases of disease but they are de- stroyed as fast as discovered. In Jefferson County such was the fate this year of three per cent of the colonies inspected. Some other counties showed the following percent- ages: Langlade 2%%, Sheboygan 5%, Marathon 3/5%, Milwaukee 4%, Winne- bago 3%. In all the counties named only the in- fected parts were surveyed and the percent- ages would be much lower if we included all the bees in the county. Over 10% of the colonies in the vicinity of Madison and August, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 513 Stoughton are still diseased, but less than 2% of the total number in the county. Of course, the last traces of disease will be hard to find and will require persistence to eradicate. But with the energetic work of the honey producers American foul brood is sure to become more and more uncommon, and I do not believe it is too much to say that it may eventually disappear. Madison, Wis. A SERIOUS objection to the produc- tion of comb or section honey is the amount of labor required properly to pre- pare it for mar- ket. We may extract our honey and let the bits of wax rise to the top of the tanks, draw it off into five-gallon cans, place them in cases, nail the lids on the cases, and the crop is ready for market. Tt is quite another thing with comb honey. It shoiilci be looked over, soon after it is taken off, to see there are no cells of pollen or brood as will sometimes happen, for worms very often develop about such cells and make a dirty mess. We aim to look it over and clean off propolis soon after it is taken off, before worms have had a chance to get in their work. Some of my beekeeping friends spread all their section honev on shelves or under a PACKING COMB HONEY Every Step in the Care of Comb Honey from the Hi-ve to the Mar- ket By J. E. Crane A li;imly tuljle for scraping sections. Note the con- venient height for ease in working and the aprons attached to the ends, which keep the propolis from the operator's clothes. roof or in an especially warm room, for the honey to ripen, but we have found a dry chamber to answer very well. If any worms start, i>lac-e in a close vessel and with it a teaspoonfiil or more of carbon disulphide and they will give us no more trouble. Scraping Propo- lis from Sections. Freeing s e c - tions of propolis is quite a task when a large amount of comb honey is pro- duced, and espe- cially so in some sections. We find it much worse in some yards than in others only a few miles away. To clean sections of propolis in a close room full of flies, with the thermometer at Knives suitable for scraping sections are difficult to find. These have blades about 2^2 inches long, straight edges with ends tapered to a sharp point. 85°, and the propolis sticking to the scrawl- ing knife, hands, clothes, chair and the floor, is no very pleasant job. We cannot always get rid of the heat, but an electric fan will relieve us of much dis- comfort, and all windows should be'screened to keep out the flies. Paper laid over the floor will save it from most of the propolis that would otherwise stick to it. A com- fortable chair to sit in will prevent exces- sive weariness. A Convenient Scraping Table. A table just right, and made on purpose for this business, is a great help. It should be high enough to come just above the knees as one sits in the chair. The table I use is two feet wide and three feet and three inches long. Four-inch boards nailed to the sides help to keep the propolis on the table. Two cle.'its, % by % inch, nailed on top of the table for the supers to rest on and keep them above the propolis on the table, are very useful. An apron is attached at each end of the table so two persons can Avork, one end of tlie apron being attached to the end of tlic table and the other end hav- 514 GLEANINGS IN B !•; K (' ir I. T V K !•: ArciisT, 1922 ing a looj) to go over the neck and lioM the apron over tlie laj) and breast. Special Knife for Scraping. A good knife is a most important tool but somcwliat difficult to find. It should be of the best steel, the edge straight, the blade about two and one-half inches long, with the end tapered to a sharp angle. Since I find it diflieult to buy just what I want, I some- times iiave taken an old steel case knife and broken the blade to the right length, then beveled down the end on an emery wheel. An old file is very useful in keeping the knife sharp, for it must be kept sharp to do the best work. It is important to have a shallow dish of machine oil with which to oil the scraping knife frequently as we work. A person who has not used it will these cartons in shipjiing cases, just two dozen in a case. Our lioney will appear at a great disadvantage in a first-class grocery store, unless it is covered to keep out dust and flics. Shipping Cii.se filled with sections of honey without cartons. AVlien cartons are used it is not neces- sary to use glass in the slapping cases. Sealed cartons make a sanitary package for sections of comb honey. Fancy comb honey is worthy of a good package. be surprised to see how it helps to keep his knife and hands free of propolis in hot weather, and relieve one of tiie most dis agreeable features of cleaning iioney. Tf sections are very badly glued up on top of the super, we scrape tliem off witli a heavy knife or hive-scraper, before taking out tlie sections. We use plain sections, i. e., all sides tlie same width. 1 find it requires an hour to clean 100 sections, or, to be exact, an aver- age of f)n an liour, but most help will not do nearly so many. Weighing and Grading the Sections. Some persons weigh tlieir sei'tions as they clean them ami place them at once in ship- ping cases. We prefer to clean our supers of propolis as we remove the sections, and return the sections to the clean supers and tlien weigh and sort them later. As we weigii tliem we place each weight by itself. so that all the sections in a case will be of the same weight. We think it right to ask more for a case of sections where each one weighs 14 ounces net than for a case where the sections weigh only 12 ounces. Each Section Is Placed in a Carton. ()ni- \v(irl\ is not yet done. We must place each section in a nicely printed carton and Cases Must Be Packed in Carriers. One thing more. We have found that freight and express matter is handled so roughly in the last few years that it is wise to crate comb honey when shipped in less than carload lots. In fact, many railroads make crating comb honey a condition for receiving it. Consequently crates must be made for all our fine cases of honey, which adds much to the work of producing comb honev for market. Irate or carrier for eight eases of comb honey. The carrier is deep enough for an inch cushion of straw in the bottom. The lining of paper keeps the cases clean. The handles suggest to freight-handlers that the crate sliould be carried, not dumped, and a warning in large letters stenciled on toj' tells of the fragile contents. W'luMi WH" add to this tlie extra work and expense of buying sections and foundation and getting them ready to place on the liives, it is evident that comb honey sliould sell for one ami one-half or even twp times as lunch as extracted honey in order to ])ay fur all the extra work and expense in }»ro- ducing it. Auciosr, 1<)22 IN writing up- on this subject 1 sliall confine myself to that zone which em- braces the In- ter- III o u n t a i u states, ami shall not advise any- particular m e G L K A N I N (i S T N B !•; 1<; 0 U 1. T U It E ALFALFA HONEY PRODUCTION Some 'Basic Piinctples in Beekeep- ing in the Alfalfa Region of the West By M. A. Gill 515 iiig will cease if ample room is given, for there is no condition that checks swarming like a heavy honey flow. All colonies whicii were at their zenith ehanical mode for harvesting the crop, as wlieu tiie main honey flow starts will de- abnost every producer has his own way of taking his crop, after he has produced it. In almost all this region, we are confronted with conditions, not theories, as to how to produce the most honey. Long Biiilding-Up Period and Long Honey Flow. As a rule, we have a longer period in which to prepare for the honey flow than the middle West or the eastern states, and tenorate somewhat during a long honey flow; while those colonies that were on the ascending scale will cast a few August swarms, or at least try to do so. But this is a condition that pleases the beekeeper, for he knows that he is securing a good crop of honey. Another condition different from those in the lower altitudes of the East is that we cannot pile up our surplus on the bees and also a longer honey flow, after it once leave it until the close of the harvest, for starts. Most of our honey comes after tlie honey flow has ceased in the above-men- tioned sections. As a rule, our bees build up very rapidly in early spring, during which period a cer- tain per cent of colonies will swarm and brood-rearing is carried on to the limit; then frequently we have a lean spell, that checks sw^arming and brood-rearing, and is a very anxious time for the beeman, for he knows that bees produced in May and the fore part of June will not be with him when his August honey flow comes. He also real- izes that, if his working force is not kept up, much of the yield from the first alfalfa bloom must be used in getting his brood re- serves in condition for the August honey flow. Usuall}'' the best colonies have stored a surplus during fruit, dandelion and willow bloom, that can be used by the less-favored ones to keep them breeding, and which also uses up this amber honey and keeps it from boconiiiig mixed witli the first extracting of white honey. Swarming Ceases When Main Honey Flow Begins. When the main honey flow starts, swarm it is next to an impossibility to extract honey that is left on the hives all through July and August. Management During Heavy Honey Flow. I feel confident that, during wliat is known as an unusual secretion of nectar, much honey is lost, especially in out-apiaries by the beekeeper not knowing just what his bees are doing. This can be avoided by hav- ing a colony on the scales at the home yard; then if the scales indicate from ten to twenty pounds per day, something must be done quickly by the bee master, either by extracting or giving more room. In a business of several hundred colonics the bee master cannot afford to lose a men- tal grasp of his situation by joining the extracting crew, for this can be done by less experienced men and nothing should be left undone that will produce a pound of honey, for now is the accepted time. We can produce honey only when it is com- ing from the field. At such times some men spend considerable time trying to get their weak colonies to producing. This is commendable if there will be a later honey flow, but sufficient unto the day is the evil thereof, and it is only the colonies Class of vociitiiiiial uicii Uikin course in Ijeekeeping. M. A. Gi!l, instructor, at right. Photograph taken at the Utah Agricultural College apiary. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE August, 1922 that are prepared that can take advantage of the conditions above mentioned. We have kept our bees a whole year waiting for these conditions, and while the reserves (the brood) are quite necessary, this particular battle is won only by the bees that are ready to go over the top. Last year a colony on the scales at my home yard gathered fifty pounds in three days after their honey was extracted, and it was nothing more than a representative one among two hundred. I lost much honey at an apiary four miles out, that was equally well situated, because I was unable to empty them or give more combs during this short and sweet flow. Having been a comb-honey producer ex- clusively until recent years I have not been properly equipped for the production of ex- comb and extracted honey I have noticed that comb-honey bees, as a rule, winter much better than those used to produce ex- tracted honey. So I make it a rule to antici- pate the close of the honey flow a few days, and strip off all supers. This gives the bees a chance to arrange their winter nest and fill up the same as do comb-honey colonies, and avoids all robbing, as is often the case when the last extracting comes after frost or when the honey flow has stopped. Wintering in Two Stories. I wintered one pack in two-story hives the past winter, and they seemed to have wintered better than in single-story hives. They were clustered in the top story this spring; but, as little heat is lost downward they have not the brood now that the hives M. A. Gill's home apiary of 240 colonies. tracted honey, but I am building an ex- tracting outfit equipped with a power ex- tractor and shall arrange to have the honey run by gravity from the extractor to a three-ton horizontal tank. In going from the extractor to the tank it will run over a hot plate heated by electricity with de- layers so timed and graduated that the heat will not discolor the honey in the least, but will cause it to remain liquid longer. Is there any better way to do this? Strip Off Supers Before Honey Flow Ceases, In the production of extracted honey 1 notice that some men keep the extractor going just as long as there is any honey coming in. These, if they do any feeding at ••ill, try to fit the colony for winter by hang- ing in a comb or two of honey. Tliis, I think, is a mistake. As a producer of both wintered in single stories have which were given a second story when needed. I think this proves the great benefit of the tiering-up system that bees follow the heat in brood-rearing. It is not so much the size of the hive as it is the seasonal conditions and the manipulations that prevent swarming and that secure the greatest amount of honey. I want to remind the large-hive advocates that some 36 years ago a man by the name of Silencer (as I remember) produced 1020 pounds of extracted honey, the product of one queen from a ten-story eight-frame liive, and I do not recall when the yield has been excelled. The alfalfa weevil lias disappeared in this locality, and we have had the heaviest June floAv witliin the past six years. ilyiHini, Utah. August, 1922 G Ti E A N T N (! S IN B K E O U I. T U R E 'S'W^^ymmm IE^rTHE"FIELDX3F EXPSRIE »^TrTTC'T;^.'g'P^y''^™^i'^ TTi^-j<*ypj^^ '/'CH^',. QUEEN INTRODUCTION Two Little Kinks that Should Save the Lives of Many Queens in Introducing Someone, 1 think it was Doolittle, gave us a sure way of queen introduction. His metliod was to take several frames of cap- ped brood, brusli off all bees, put the frames into a hive, close the entrance and carry it into the house or somewhere that the tem- perature might be right. Then the queen is to be turned loose on the frames of brood, tlie cover placed on tlie hive and left for four or live days. It was then to be put outside if the robbers were not too bad, and an entrance large euougli for one bee to pass was given. If this is carefully done it is a very sure method, the principal feature that condemns it being the time and work it entails. Someone, I do not know whom, thought to improve upon this method and recommend- ed tliat the combs of capped brood be set over a strong colony, with a wire screen be- tween the hive-bodies, that the queen and brood might have the benefit of the warmth of the colony below. Now instead of improv- ing upon the first method, he completely ruined it; for, if the combs of emerging bees are put over a colony, it is one of the poorest of all methods of queen introduc- tion. I confess I am puzzled to know what makes the queen die when put in this upper story, but a large percentage of queens die for some secret reason of their own or are killed by the bees on the other side of the screen. It does not seem possible that bees can sting through the wire screen; but my assistants, who nail up the queen cages, fre- quently get their fingers stung through the wire screen. This last season I had seven different parties write me, stating that they lost queens when they were placed above the screen as has been recommended. I have advised that they carry the hive into the house instead of putting it over another colony, and no loss has been reported. Dr. Miller gave us the newspaper method of uniting bees, and it works to perfection, with never a bee killed. A number of years ago I thought to improve upon this, and I had a number of screens made to fit the hives, and set the queenless hive on top. I was greatly surprised upon looking at them next day to see from one-fourth to one-half of the bees dead in the upper story. What killed them was a puzzle. No doubt the same thing that caused the death of the bees causes the death of queens when intro- duced above the screen. Kink No. 2. When you t;ikc out the frames of brood to remove the old queen before introducing the new OJie, be sure to put the frames back into the hive in the same order in which you found them or you will lose some queens. This applies to any method of in- troducing a queen to a full colony. Now if you do not do this let us see what happens. You put the frames back any old way and you put a frame of honey in the center of brood-nest and leave frames with brood in all stages on both sides of this frame of honey. Before the queen is released the bees start queen-cells on the frames on both sides of the comb of honey. When the queen is released, she never dreams that any one has been monkeying with the brood-nest and supposes it is in one part, the same as any well-behaved bees would have it. She takes a swing around the circle and orders all queen-cells to be destroyed. But she never surmises that there is another brood-nest the other side of that comb of honey, and goes on laying. Sooner or later a young queen emerges from a queen-cell on the other side of that comb of honey, and the first thing our nice laying queen knows she sees a virgin come over the top, which means her finish. It does not always happen thus, but I have lost many queens in this way before I found out the reason. Some- times the queen would be laying for a week before the virgin could kill her. Many queens that are purchased are lost from this cause. Sometimes a beekeeper will be puz- zled to know why the queen was superseded (?) soon after she began to lay. She was not superseded, she was killed. In removing frames from the hive, it is a good plan to take out the frame nearest you and set it down beside the hive. Then as you exam- ine the others, put them back in the same place you found them. When through, put the frame that you first removed back in the place nearest you. Jay .Smith. Vincennes, Ind. CAPPING - MELTER AND BOILER How to Provide Plenty of Steam for ExtraAing Purposes Tlie following letter and my reply may be of interest to some of the readers of Gleanings: Dear Friend: — I read in Gleanings for July, 1921, your description of the capping-melter you use, and thought it came the nearest to what I wanted of anything I had seen yet. I understand you have a bo.x 18 inches wide. 4 feet long and 11 inches deep, with one end open. Do the melted wax and honey run out all across this open end, or have you a spout at a certain place? Do you tilt the whole box or just the bottom ? What is the proper angle so as to have it run off quickly enough? What shape is your 10-gallon boiler, and what material is it made of? Is it necessary to have 518 O LEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE August, 1021 FROM THE FIELD OF EXPERIENCE ■ JFTraL a safety valve on it? You speak of heating it ou a Perfection water heater. Is this the same as the ordinary Perfection bil stove used for cook- ing, etc. ? Now that you have used the outfit for some time, have you any suggestions of improvement as to size or anything? I want room for two to uncap at once. Where do you phice your combs that are uncapped while waiting for one batch to go thi-ougli the extractor ? I have used one end of my uncapping box for this. I will be very thankful to you if you will give me the information, and hope it will not be taking too much of vour time. Wm. G. Anglin. Brewer's Mills, Ont., June 1, 1922. "Dear Mr. Anglin: — I shall answer your questions seriatim. The wax and honey do not run out all across the end of the melt- er, but the metal is folded up, leaving an outlet of three or four inches wide. This must be open so a scraper can be used to clear out what has not fully melted. One secret of success in rendering cappings without injury to the honey is to get it away from the heat before it is fully lique- fied. That is why it is undesirable to at- tempt to get commercial cakes of wax from the melter, as it is not necessary to heat it to that extent to separate the honey. All the capping-melter is for is to separate the honey. Then the wax is remelted in the winter to clarify it. "The box is built with the legs all equal length; then, in use, an inch block is placed under each leg. Sometimes two-inch blocks are used. You soon find the necessary height. "The ten-gallon boiler is the same shape as the 30-gallon boiler used for heating water for the bathroom from a water front in range or furnace. It is galvanized iron and is tested for some 200 pounds pressure, I am told. It might be wise to have a safety valve, and a glass water gauge is an absolute necessity. "The New Perfection water heater is made by the same people that make the oil stove, but is made specially for heating- bathroom water during the summer when the furnace or range is not in use. After using it one year I thought I had discovered a serious fault in the lieating element which cornea directly over the fire becoming choked with scale from the hard water, and there seems no way of cleaning it as the parts are solid castings with no provision for clean ing out the lieating flanges. Last fall we undertook to melt wax with the steam from this by turning the steam directly into the melter containing old combs and water. It boiled away all right for the first day; but wlien tlie fire was turned out at night tlie boiler, as it cooled, sucked wax and slum- gum back into the "works" and choked everything up. This was what we might liave expected had we given it any thought, but it seems as thougli we have to try some things "once." After a lot of fuss we got the system circulating again and, of course, did not try the wax again; but tliis spring it choked ngain, and the plunil)er reported it was choked with scale. Since then we liave discovered it was only some more slumgum, which had lodged somewhere for a time and then got out where it would stop circulation. This has been cleared, and we are hoping our troubles are at an end. It is very handy for hot water, but for melting the cappings from 5000 pounds per day we found it a little slow and are installing a six-horsepower steam boiler. I mean a real boiler, and hope to have comfort in extracting, melting wax, making feed and so on. Incidentally we are installing a steam engine to run the extractors. But that is another story on which we hope to liave a report later. "The melter is plenty large enough for two to work and place the combs on one end, as you suggest. That is the way we do." Georgetown, Ont. Morley Pettit. ICE CREAM CONES FOR HONEY Novel Way of Selhng Honey at Fairs. An EfFed- ive Method of Advertising Suggestions for advertising honey are al- ways in order, and, as it is nearly time for the county fairs, a little stunt we pulled off here last fall should be of interest In connection with our apiary exhibit at the fair we sold what we called "honey cones. ' ' We took the small-sized ice cream cones, and with a piece of broken section jjlaced therein from an ounce and a half to two ounces of candied honey, and sold them at five cents. It is surprising how the kids will lick them up and come back for more. Also many of the grown-ups have a sweet tooth and will try them out. A piece of section makes a very satisfactory spoon, as it is flat and will easily scrape the honey off on the edge of the cone. The more solid the honey is, the better, and you quickly become expert in gauging the amount for each cone. If you liave a good "barker" you can simply sell the cones at your exhibit, at the same time telling the people the advantages of candied lioney, or you can have them jieddled through the crowd. Tills is one way of advertising and mak- ing the people pay for it, along the same line that the late Elbert Hubbard used to advertise Eoycroft Avares on his lecture trips. You are selling your honey at 40 cents a pound, and at the same time calling the attention of tlie people to honey and increasing the home demand many times. There is no reason why some one with en- terprise and push sliould not sell lionej' cones in every holiday crowd. They should also be advertised at soda fountains and lunch counters. G. H. Buffuni. Sheridan, Wyo. AlOUST, 1022 G li K A N T N f! S IN B K E 0 II li T U R, F, JLia. FROM THE FIELD OF EXPERIENCE NOVEL WAY OF TAKING HONEY Getting Away with Load of Honey in Early Morn- ing Before Robbers are Abroad No robbing whatever, with its furious stinging, its annoyance to neighbors, its loss or injury to colonies, need be experi- enced, if our plan is followed, for taking combs of honey from the bees for extract- ing during a very light honey flow, or after the flow is over. We load the truck or trailer, one or the other, with supers of empty comb, if there is to be a later honey flow, and leave home early so as to arrive at the apiary and have our smokers going in fine order "at the first peep of dawn." One jerks out combs of honey and stands them on end around the hive and leaning against it, or against each other, touching at upper end only, so as not to crush bees. Helpers follow as closely as possible, shaking and brushing the bees from tlie combs, placing them in supers and on tlie truck or trailer. One spends part of liis time in putting supers- of empty combs on the hives, in place of those removed, if there may be a later honey flow. By this plan, just as the bees begin to fly freely, we have the canvas tied over the load, and are on our way. The bees are not nearly so cross as when the honey is re- moved during their working hours. Peace reigns in the apiary, neighbors are not so often annoyed by cross bees, and the bees are left free from the robbing mania which results from taking honey by tlie usual methods during a dearth or a poor flow. It was claimed by the Pettits, years ago, that combs of honey, covered with bees, coukl be quickly set out of the hive, then picked up and brushed, with far less sting- ing than when brushed at once on taking from the super — and there is some truth in the claim: but, if the "jerker" gets far ahead of the "brushers, " the bees on the combs may become very cross. Mr. Goodrich of Fresno, Calif., before be- ginning to extract an apiary, contracts all entrances, so that only one or two bees can leave or enter at a time. He says that til en, even though it is robbing time, rob- }>iiig does not make much headway; for if a super of wet combs is put on a colony and hundreds of robbers are on those combs be- fore the hive can be covered, it then takes tlie robbers so long to find their way out through the contracted entrance away down at tlie bottom, that Avhen they do escape they are no longer a menace and cannot well enter again. Very extensive beekeepers have told me that they controlled robbing at extracting time, by setting out a few stacks of supers with empty combs from the extractor, a lit- tle distance from the apiary, to attract tlie rolibers, and repeating this as needed: but with our apiaries, this is ineffectual, as I fully believe that any number of such supers of wet combs, short of ten to the colony, only suffices to stir up the bees the more; in fact the entire apiary seems to give up all other activity, to indulge in robbing. "The peep of dawn plan" may solve some of 3'our troubles as it has solved some of ours. E. F. Atwater. Meridian, Idaho. SPIDERS TO CONTROL WAX MOTH Combs Stored in Open Hive-Bodies Safe When Guarded by Spiders Seven or eight years ago J. L. Byer of Canada told, in an article, of leaving his empty extracting-combs piled up outdoors, trusting the spiders to protect them from the wax worms. The idea seemed to attract but little attention, except that a few bee- keepers poked a little fun at Mr. Byer. I thought the plan seemed reasonable, so I tried it and have now for six or seven years trusted entirely to the spiders to pro- tect all empty combs up until time to put on the surplus boxes, and all not in use are left right outdoors the season through in care of the spiders. The seasons of 1917 and 1918 were fail- ures and I had about 75 hive-bodies full of combs outside, summer and winter, and I have not lost even one brood-comb or ex- tracting-comb while piled out in this way. I let them have a good freezing and put them out early enough to be sure the spiders beat the moths to them. They are piled six or seven high with a tight bottom-board and cover, then "stag- gered ' ' in two places, leaving about an inch opening at the front and back as a convenient entrance for the spiders. Later this makes a handy opening for the moth, and I am sure that in every iusfance she will be "meat" for the spiders. I have a few times piled up extracting- combs in this way after harvest and have not yet lost a single comb, leaving 90 bodies out 'last fall, and a long hot fall at that. They were left entirely uncovered, were soon well stocked with spiders and not a comb was damaged. Combs set out this way after extracting, I watch closel}' to make sure the spiders bent the moths to them, as I have not tried the plan long enough to feel perfectly safe. If combs were piled out this way and left spider-tight, 1 am sure they would be ruined, as the moth would lay eggs in the cracks of the hives and the worms would crawl in. I don't know whether the moth lays eggs in these cracks when the hive-bodies are staggered to leave openings; but if they do. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE August, 1922 FROM THE FIELD OF EXPERIENCE then the spiders will catch worms as well as moths, for not a worm ever gets in. I have always believed that when the moth found such an easy entrance she used it in preference to a crack, and met a hearty re- ception from a spider. Audubon, Iowa. E. M. Cole. [This plan for protection against damage by larvae of the wax moth has been sug- gested from time to time, having been ad- vocated by Langstroth many years ago. Those who try out the plan should keep close watch to be sure that the moths do not get a start, for if there are not enough spiders present there would be great danger of the moth larvae making quick work of the de- struction of the combs. It is well to re- member, in this connection, that moths are less destructive if the combs are spaced wide apart in the hive-bodies and exposed to the light, for the moth larvae prefer darkness. —Editor.] ONLY THE NET WEIGHT WILL DO Officials Object to Marking Minimum Weight Low- er than AAual Weight Our good friend Crane writes in January Gleanings of marking the actual net weight in ounces upon each section, whereas he holds that the U. S. law is satisfied with the minimum weight idea. Mr. Crane 's argu- ments are based upon common sense and justice; but it is easier first to say, ''not less than 12 oz., " or "minimum weight 12 oz.," than to mark 12, 13, 14, or 15 oz. on each, as the case might be. We thought so at any rate and followed the practice for a season, when we were taken to task by the departments of Aveights and measures of Massachusetts and New York for violation of the established laws. We were told that no such thing as ^'minimum tceight" or "not less than" would do. In fact, nothing would do but the actual net weight, allow- ing a leeway both ways. In other words, a section weighing 12 1^ oz. might be marked 12 oz. or 13 oz. (Our practice is to mark it 12 oz.) A section weighing 12% oz. might be marked 13 oz., etc. We were not prose- cuted or fined on account of our violating the law, but we have been careful that we did not get caught again. It is not a great liardship thus to mark the sections; we found we did not have to weigh each one; for after a little practice we were able to tell by the feeling in which class a section belonged; and to guard against possible mistakes we would occa- sionally place one upon the little postal scales standing on tlie worktnble by our side. This requires but a moment's time. This grading according to the weight is be- ing done while we are cleaning our sections from propolis; then we are ready to arrange them in our shipping cases or carton them first, if that is to be done. The shipping cases are marked only with the kind of honey they contain, clover, buckwheat, or what not, and the number of ounces each box therein weighs — thus, clover, 12 oz.; or buckwheat, 14 oz.; amber, 15 oz., etc. We have abstained from using the word fancy or No. 1 or No. 2. When a case is marked 15 or 16 oz. it might be sup- posed that that was fancy; whereas, if 10 oz. appeared thereon, that was equal to a No. 2 or worse. This course has been satis- factory to us and the purchasers. If sections are to be cartoned, each sec- tion should either first be marked with the number of ounces and with the initials or name of the producer before it goes into the carton, or else the carton should be sealed and the weight stamped on the carton. Naples, N. Y. F. Greiner. no^Rp TREATMENT OR DESTRUCTION American Foul Brood Can be Eliminated from the Apiary by Careful Treatment I should appreciate your making a slight correction to the article entitled "Comb Lovers and Fire Worshippers, ' ' published in the June issue, pages 379-380. Mr. McMurry in writing the article was depending on memory in his statement that "we have not a single case on record where a beekeeper, even the best of them, has been able to eliminate American foul brood from his yard by the shaking method." While the point Mr. McMurry wishes to make is cor- rect, that the results from destruction were more satisfactory than those of treatment, the statement itself gives a wrong impres- sion. In fact, we have 27 cases on record in the office in which in four counties during the past three years, beekeepers have suc- ceeded in eliminating American foul brood completely from their yards by treating the bees instead of destroying them. It is unques- tionably possible to clean up disease in this way. Tlie fact that it is not done oftener is due to the economical tendencies of cer- tain beekeepers, revealed in the fact that they apply treatment instead of destroying their colonies. The difference is in the state of mind rather than in the impossibility of success by using the ordinary methods of treatment. We have found that, whenever a beekeeper undertakes to eliminate Ameri- can foul brood but tries to save the maxi- mum possible amount of equipment and bees, he is sure to save something which is in- fected. For this reason the percentage of successful cures is less than when the bee- keeper approaches the problem from the standpoint of eliminating every possible or conceivable source of infection. Madison, Wis. S. B. Fracker. —11 i»J«» !<. August, 1922 THE first item in the index of the iuly number of Gleanings is "Honey Mar- kets," in which we are all inter- ested. Tlio mar- kets, of course, at this season are dull; but what especially interested me was that the honey producers in a large majority of cases report a honey flow and a crop of 100 per cent or over, compared with average years. There is something exhilarating in the thought that beekeepers, as a rule, are going to be well repaid for their labor. » * * Grace Allen says on page 452 that it pays to clip queens. She is right, as a rule; but, under some circumstances, bees can be cared for with little difficulty without this little ceremony, though we prefer clipping. * * # That certainly is a wonderful story on page 435, by E. R. Eoot, of a single colony of bees giving 550 sections of comb honey. It shows what is possible; and wliile most of us Avill fall far short of securing such re- sults, it shows the path by which we may achieve the greatest success. * * * Tlie method of making new colonies at the close of the clover season, as described in an editorial on page 433, is all right if you have combs and young queens and a late flow of honey; but, if you lack these essentials, beware. I tried it once, using queen-cells and virgins for queens. It did not prove altogether a success. » « * That robber cloth, described by S. E. Mil- ler on page 447, is one of those little ar- ticles of great value while handling bees, especially in early spring or late summer or whenever bees are inclined to rob. These cloths are so simply and cheaply made that anyone capable of keeping bees can make them. * * * That is a right good article on "Migra- tory Beekeeping," by M. C. Eichter, com- mencing on page 436. While Ave here in the East have little occasion for this method of beekeeping, there are some things to learn from those who practice it. Among other things he says, "A journey always seems to stimulate the bees to greater field activ- ity. I was told when T first began keeping bees that moving bees from one place or toAvn to another would increase their pro- ductiveness. T wonder how much there is in it. * ♦ * E. W. Powell illustrates on page 448 a method of preventing a thin top-bar from sngging. r began using %-inch top bars, but found them to sag badly, and of late have GLEANINGS IN B K K CULTURE SIFTINGS J. E. Crane 1 TU 521 made %-inch bars. As I handle tliese f r a m e s over, the ques- tion conies to me again and again, why take up so much of the best space in the hive, space that is easily kept warm for the rearing of brood or storage of honey, space enough to rear several thousand worker bees? It seems to me that one of the advantages of the wood-base foundation is a thin top-bar that would not sag. * * » On page 464 Mr. Demuth describes how to tell when the honey flow is closing, one of the most important things for an ex- tensive beekeeper to know, and yet often one of the most difficult things to foretell. If we misjudge and set the time too soon, we may lose considerable honey for lack of room in which to store it. If we set the time too far ahead, we may find ourselves with hundreds or even thousands of unfin- ished sections too light to sell. These must be extracted, the best sorted out and saved for next year, Avhile many will be so glued up and soiled that we prefer to throAv them out and buy new ones for next year. We have been told many times that all signs fail in a dry time, and it appears to be true. It may look ever so much like rain, but the clouds break and pass with little or no rain. It is just as true that all signs fail in a wet time. The clouds may break, the Avind change, the sky clear; but before Ave are aAvare, the clouds gather again and it pours. We haA^e had here in Vermont more than three times the normal precipi- tation— in fact, nearly 10 inches of rain in the month of June, more than is recorded for any one" month in the last 100 years. What is true of the Aveather is true of the bees or the "control of SAvarming. " Rules that usually work in a A^ery satisfactory Avay are of little value in other years and under other circumstjinces. The present year is such that Ave cannot depend on rules that Avork Avell in ordinary seasons. We haA-e been accustomed to feel that SAvarming is OA-er when Ave haA-e shaken the bees on to dry combs; but this year manv colonies Avill quickly fill such hives Avith brood and honey, start queen-cells and are ready to sAvarm again. Again, we may remove an old queen, cut out queen-cells and introduce a A'irgin queen, and, as soon as she is laying, Ave expect swarming is OA'er. But this vear a young queen Avill, in many cases, fill all available room Avith brood, and queen-cells are started and again there is swarming. So we find it necessary to clip their AAnngs to keep them at home. Well! It is a swarming year, and oftoi necessary to repeat repres- siA'e measures to keep our bees on their job. 522 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE E CONSTANCE (Slant- Uf WHEN I have per mittcd myself to think of the ap- proach of old age I have al- ways dreaded it as a time of life w h i c h, though peaceful, would probably be devoid of thrills. If that is true, then I am still young in spite of a dozen gray hairs and the record in the fam- ily Bible. For few thrills have surpassed the one which came to me when the head of the family displayed the keys to our new home and said the former owners had at last departed and left us in possession. And unlike most thrills this one persisted and even grew when we unlocked the front door and went on an unconducted tour of ex- ploration through living room, dining room, kitchen, screen porch, hall, three bedrooms, six ample clothes closets, cleaner closet, linen closet, large un-Californian attic and nice little basement, not forgetting the two shady porches and entrance terrace. And we positively gloated over the fruit trees, an apricot, a nectarine, a peach, half a dozen orange trees, 12 grapevines and 80 blossoming rose bushes. Having left plenty of fruit, flowers and shade in our old home we did not want to wait years for the same comforts in our new one. Laugh at us, if you like, you people to whom a change of residence is a common, if uncomfortable, incident, but remember we have had just one home in our married life of 24 years, and we had it all that time, and giving it up was a most painful opera- tion with no anaesthetic. We thought we had always appreciated the word "home," but being homeless for five months made us feel it to be the most beautiful and com- prehensive word in the English language. In these days, when we see instead of read much of our news in the pictorial section of newspapers and magazines and at motion pictures, an article seems uninteresting nnd old-fashioned when it is not illustrated. For that reason I am showing a couple of snap shots of our "Little Gray Home in the West." (The song of that name lias long been a favorite with the liead of the family, and it is a curious coincidence that when our choice narrowed down to four or five houses they all happened to be gray, al though we had not considered them for that reason.) This is a very pale gray, just off Avhite, with white trim and green shingles and shutters. One picture shows the front, facing east, and a part of the side includ- ing the little pergola which extends south from the front porcli. The other sliows a view from the southwest including tlie rose garden, behind the white fence, and the Int- tice enclosed pergola, which covers the porcli at the west of the house. Tliat is where my Corona and I are writing this, and since the picture was taken tlie grapevines have Our " Little Gray Home in the West.' 1 ROOT BOYDEN V Puerden) TU August, 1922 grown so luxuri- antly that the portth is shady practically all day. When we were househun ting, real estate agents and others told us porches were little used in this climate, that they were apt to be too warm during the day and altogeth- er too cool for comfort in the evening, both of which statements have proved to be er- roneous in the case of the fresh air loving Boydens. It is true that the interior of the house is rather more comfortable in tlie early afternoon, on very warm days; but during the mornings, late afternoons and many . evenings the porches have been de- lightful. We have already eaten Sunday evening lunch on the porch under the grape- vines, and although it was dark enough to need the lights we did not find it too cool. Another comfort with which we would be most unwilling to part is the 30-inch over- hang to the roof. Keeping the direct rays of the sun from tlie glass of the windows during tlie middle of the day insures a much cooler house, for the summer sun is undeniably hot in California. In the win- ter Avlien the rays of the sun are needed for warmth and cheer they will strike the south windows owing to the lower position j^ of the sun in the sky. All of the west windows are shaded by the grapevines in the summer, but when the leaves fall in the winter those windows too will be "sun- kissed. ' ' OUR living room, a little over 14 feet by 23 has four French doors opening on to the porch at the end, four casement \vindows, a wide solid front door flanked by sidelights which are screened and will open, on the east side and casement windows above the bookcases on either side of the fireplace to the north. While this insures an abundance of light and air it does not leave much wall space for pictures, but we find the changing views through the win- dows more to our taste than any pictures we could buy. I wish T could show you one of my favorites through a north window. A August, 1922 GLEANINGS IN B )<: li C U L T U R I'J rose bush, climbing up outside, festoons it self over the top of the window and when (lie casement is opened the blossoms peej) in; beyond there is a vista througli a long, green aisle of the orange grove with just a glimpse of a pretty liome at the other end, and in tlie distance on clear days a view of the blue mountains. After showing you that view I would like to have you turu and look at a brown bas- ket of roses on my little brown sewing table by another window. There are creamy buds with hearts of gold, tawny buds deepening to a reddish copper at the heart, blossoms of a flaming salmon rose color, blood-red roses and large single roses with petals of apricot pink shading to.buif at the center and set off by glossy foliage tipped with autumn red. And the roses are as beautiful and varied in shape as in color, with petals of exquisite texture. It is remarkable that the rose bushes, after their extravagance of bloom all the spring, should have enough vitality left to furnish these beauties in July. THIS first California summer is teaching us many things about irrigation. We are learning that velvety green lawns, roses and other flowers, fruit trees and even palms must be irrigated regularly and thor- oughly. We inherited a Japanese gardener from the former owner of the place, who explained that it would be much easier to liang on to him than to coax him back if we let him go, and being ignorant of conditions liere we decided it might be clieaper in tlie end to keep him for a montli or two. He is supposed to take care of our place along with a number of others and to work when and how he pleases. We were quite puzzle 1 to discover that at times he looked like a boy of twenty who came to his work on a bicycle, and again he seemed to be a middle- aged man who arrived in a Ford bringing several fancy sorts of lawni mowers and other tools. We figured it out that the younger man sublet part of the work to the older one, and about that time a third appeared and we think a fourth has worked here. We finally decided that an oriental syndicate is taking care of our little place. The lawn is watered by an automatic sprinkler system. Our first Sunday morn- ing T was awakened before five by a sou)id as if a hose had started into sudden activity, and by the time I had regained all my senses my clothing on a chair near a window was sprinkled plenty damp enough to iron, my wliite shoes were slowly filling and water was dripping from the windoAv sills and running down the wall paper to the hard- wood floors. When the man of the house was persuaded to investigate, one of the syndicate affably waved a greeting and re- sumed his occupation of sitting on the brick terrace and meditating while the automatic sprinklers efficiently irrigated. Since theji, some two or three times a week, when I hear the sound of artificial rain about dav- light I leap out of bed and close our four windows to the soutli and then go on and close wimlows in the other bedrooms, for I doubt if the rest of the family would waken if tliey were half drowned. Fortunately the porcli to the west shelters the four French doors on that side of our bedroom, so we do not have to finisli the niglit without air, but the porch furniture received its share of ir- rigation. Whether the Nippon gentlemen love to rise at dawn or are taking advan- tage of the time when the water pressure? is strongest we do not know, nor are we likely to ascertain from them, for apparent- ly they do not understand Englisli. We have been told they wilfully misunderstand in order to have their own way. We Boy- dens do not know anything about the Japa- nese question. We only know that the re- sults of the sj'^udicate 's work on our place are good, but whether we can afford to con- tinue such help we shall know better after writing checks for the water bills. But it is a keeu joy to a garden lover to see things grow in this irrigated, sunblessed country. The former owner of our place evidentl}^ did not care to grow vegetables, for the nearest approach to a vegetable was a tiny mint bed around a hydrant. One ot my first acts was to set out a few tomato plants, and how they have grown, althougli T have had to irrigate them myself, for the syndicate does not include them when it digs nice little trenches around the roses and other flowers and turns water into them. A little parsley bed will be started next, and then, if I can persuade the syndicate or an American gentleman related to myself to spade up a little piece of idle ground, there Avill be Swiss chard and string beans. In this delightful, mellow soil of the San Gab- rial valley I believe I could use a spading fork myself, but it miglit establish a bad precedent. Next year we liope to start rhu- barb and asparagus, and a strawberry bed will displace some of the syndicate's chrys- anthemums and cosmos. 524 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE C Beekeeping as a Side Line LJ DO people to- day, side- line b e e- keepers, for in- stance, keep dia- ries and "jour- nals ' ' ? Last win- ter, while read- ing the "Life and Letters ' ' of George Eliot, I was constantly amazed at the journal she kept. The entries which ap- peared in the book ranged from long de- tailed accounts of their travels on the con- tinent, the things they saw and the people they met, to the briefest of single memo- randa, such as "Wrote the last word of 'Adam Bede' and sent to Mr. Langford. Jubilate." — or "Declined the American proposition, which was to write a story of twelve parts in the New York Century for £1200." This particular sideline beekeeper does not keep any journal. If she had done so in the early summer of this year, she might one evening, in verbose mood, have written something to this effect. This was the day Mrs. S. was to, take lunch with me. She understands from past experience that lunch with me means a very simple affair, as I cannot, if the mornings are to be spent as planned, spend much time preparing dainty fixin's. Why shouJd women do so much of that, anyhow? Do we prove the friendliness of our spirits, or their worthwhileness, by the variety or rareness of our menus? Yesterday, when in town, I bought — yes, bought — some chicken salad ; this morning I made a mayonnaise dressing and a simple quick little sour cream cake; prepared the lettuce and the strawberries, telephoned my nice friendly neighbor for some whipping cream; and dusted up my house. I was to meet Mrs. S. at the Park Station and drive her over. It had been my intention to have the little blue and gray table in the breakfast room all set be- fore I left, but somehow other things made me too late — driving into town with A. A., running over to the beeyard, catching a lost baby rabbit and giving him to the little boy cherry pickers — such things, you know. However, everything was crisply ready in the icebox, and it would take only a few minutes to set it out. Just as I was about to hurry into company clothes to go whirling over to the station, the telephone rang. Over the wire came the pleasant even tones of a beloved friend liv- ing about a mile away. Now these dear friends had one hive of bees sitting in their orchard, a hive left quite to its own devices. And this morning this sweet voice was tell- ing me that the bees were swarming; they had no hive and didn't knoAV Avhat to do — could I come over and help? "I can't," I re*- gretted, "Mrs. S. is coming to lunch and I ought to be on the way to the station this minute." After hanging up, I reconsidered and called back. "If vou '11 have someone Grace Allen S LJ August, 1922 head off Mrs. S., so she won't walk all the way over here in the hot sun,. I'll run to the yard and get a hive and go on over in my house dress and hive your swarm before lunch." So over to the yard I dashed in the faithful Ford, assembled a hive and dashed back, past the little brown bungalow, over to Granny White Pike. There sat Mrs. M., lying in wait for Mrs. S. To- gether we sped over to the station where the patient lunch guest still waited. We ex- plained as we went, and soon were driving in through the beautiful grassy wooded acres that make the approach to Mrs. M.'s lovely home — and on around the house to the orchard. And there hung two swarms! — one me- dium-sized one hanging like a convenient brown pear from an apple tree, and one large long one strung out most inconvenient- ly along a thick large limb of a peach tree. I tackled that one first, it was so much lar- ger and more important; but it was trouble- some, as such swarms are. Two negro men leaned on their hoes in the garden, two colored women watched through screened windows. Mrs. M. and Mrs. S. stood to one side, loyally offering to help, while Jock, the Airedale pup, waited in the car. Someone brought a ladder, someone found a basket. After much climbing up and down, much shaking and brushing and waiting and per- spiring, I got most of the bees in the bas- ket and dumped them down in front of the hive. "There," I said, "that's one." Then I went to the apple tree. This one will be easy, I told myself. One quick jerk landed them in the basket; from which, however, they instantly rose, and then flew over to the other tree and began draping themselves along that same may-I-say-pesky- branch that had so recently been the scene of my struggle Avith the first swarm! Wait- ing again till they were Avell clustered — if you can call that sort of thing a cluster — I repeated previous maneuvres, and after much brushing got them. And then — spilled them] From the top of the ladder to the ground! Basket and all, crash! Sheer awkwardness, that, hot and hurried aAvk- wardness. At that moment Mrs. M.'s fine and friendly voice came floating across to ray dripping dismay, Avhere I sat on the ground and laughed. "Lunch is all ready," she said; "you are both my guests." And in we actually went, my silk-clad guest and I in mv blue gingliam, and ate lunch Avith Mrs. M. in her large cool dining room. After lunch, the appletree-peachtrec- spilled-out swarm being again strung out along the stout peach branch, I again scaled the ladder. At the first touch, they took to wing and were off OA'er the barn lot to no one knows Avhere. Can a^ou blame them? The August, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 525 children, home from school by that time, went running off after them, but they soon lost sight of tliem and of course ^vill never see them again. "Well, we have one of them," comforted Mrs. M., and she took us out to see her flower garden. Tliere, a little later, I heard bees. And hurrying to the orchard fence, discovered tlie hived swarm calmly leaving their new home and actually going over into the old one, the parent hive! It sounds in- credible, but it happened. We all saw it. And I took my beehive and my company and went home. Yes, assuredly I would have written this into my journal last May, if I'd had one. For while the countless times that one hives swarms successfully and without incident, all according to Hoyle, are interesting to experience, yet it is these other times when everything goes witchy, that are so funny to remember. There really are two sequels to this tale. One could not have been written into the diary until a few days later. For then Mrs. M. telephoned that the bees h a d swarmed again and Mrs. M. was coming after the hive, while the elev- en-year-old boy was trying to get the bees. She described the cluster, we decided on saw- ing off the branch, and he hived them suc- cessfully. You 're a bet- ter man than I was, William M. The other sequel was what Mrs. S. and I did the rest of the day. When we finally reached home, instead of going in, Ave walked back along the elderberry bushes; climbed the old rail fence where wild roses were just passing out of bloom; crossed patches of pink stonecrop, resting a moment on flat rocks in the thick of it to count the bees on the blossoms; picked our way on stepping-stones over the little wet weather branch; climbed the rock wall; and made our way up the gentle ridge to the dead finger-pointing oak that marks our rear boundary. It was after climbing the Avail that Ave heard bees. "They are Avorking on something here," I said; "let's see Avhat." We started looking. We looked; and we look- ed; and Ave looked. Over here, we decided; no, over here, Ave reversed the decision; or no, it sounds loudest doAvn there. Strong and steady Avas the humming; but for all our searching, we found no bees. Se Ave gave it up and gathered daisies instead. Then we sat doAvn on the Avarm sparse grass, with Bees. floAvers, vegetables and wliifh broadens the interest of to the variety of his table Jock at our feet, and talked about life. One day, some two or three Aveeks later, I heard Mr. Allen call to me, from down by the rail fence. "Come on out here," he urged; "and bring my hat." When I joined him, what Avas he doing but trying to locate humming bees! With Jock at his heels and a quart of cherries — or what was left of them • — in his hand! He had first lieard the sound, he said, when up near the house, and had Avandered doAvn to locate it. But he had not been able to find anything. So we tried it together. But Avith no better results than on that other day when I lunched my lunch guest at my neighbor's. It is still the mys- tery of our little ridge. How happily sideline beekeeping combines Avitli other outdoor home activities. Peo- ple Avho live "half in the country, half in the toAvn," and who therefore have plen- ty of yard space, are the ones who oftenest find a few hives of bees an attractive, inter- esting and perhaps profitable addition to the home grounds. How well they combine Avith both veg- e t a b 1 e and flower gardens. How charm- ingly flowers and shrubs, smooth green grass and young trees harmonize Avith well-kept w li i te painted beehiA^es. While the homey look of a flock of fine chick- ens is made even homier and more allur- ing by half a dozen or more beehives by the fence. For quite Avith- out question, the hives add to the artistry of the owner 's surroundings, as Avell as {o tlie broadening of his interests; to his health as Avell as to the variety of 'his table; and perhaps even to his bank account. Yet tojhs real bee loA^er that last item is usu- ally a matter of minor importance. Even as he does not ask his tramps through Avoods to bring him pocket money, nor his tennis or golf to make him a bondholder, so, of his bees, their true lover asks first, and chiefly, for the charm and beauty of their setting and the delight and wonder of their ways. chickens make a combination the owner, adds to his health, and to his bank account. THE SILENCES. The silences came creeping near My penny-trumpet day. And I stood \-ery still to hear Whatever they might say. The things they said were holy things, And Avhen they slipped aAvay, .\ tented wonder, like great wings, Was all about my day. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE August, 192': FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH In Southern California ^he honey of southern California is nearly enough gathered so that one can judge jiretty well as to the size of the crop. The orange was a short crop, as only a feAv sections produced enough orange lioney to pay to leave the bees near the groves. The black sage was yielding at the same time, so a number of beekeepers moved their bees, either just before or during the blooming period, from the orange to the sage ranges. The sages have yielded very well. The buckwheat is doing nicely and will give a good surplus. All in all, it is a far better crop than 1921, but will scarcely come up to the record crop of 1920. We might cite an unusual case, showing the great value of knowing the business and having your bees up and ready for the honey flow. Two apiaries were located on an or- ange range, so near to each other that it was almost possible to throw a stone from the one to the other. One apiary produced 40 pounds per colony, while the other pro- duced 160 pounds per colony. It seems to be more necessary to have the bees in good condition for an early and rapid flow such as the orange produces, but may well be heeded in any honey district. Many beekeepers have been adding mod- ern appliances to their equipment the last few years. One of these is a pressure tank, to assist the feed of gasoline in the stoves so much used in the heating of knives and in the capping-melters used throughout southern California and the West. Some use the common plumber's pressure tank that he uses in connection with his fire pot. Others have one made that holds one or two gal- lons of gasoline. Many have no means of registering the amount of pressure put in them. An ordinary way is to have a valve stem from an automobile tire soldered in and the pressure put in by an ordinary tire pump. While using one of these appliances in their extracting-house near Perris recent- Iv, Messrs. Eough and Hardy had the mis fortune to have their tank explode. The explosion was evidently caused by the floAv of gasoline being retarded by some obstruc- tion, so that the stove was not burning sat- isfactorily. Mr. Rough was pumping more air in at the time of the explosion and must have had too high a pressure. Gasoline was thrown over both of the men, and the outfit took fire. The extracting-wagon and a latest model eight-frame extractor, together with the balance of their equipment and a number of colonies of bees, wore entirely de- stroyed. Mr. Rough was so severely burned that he died a few days later, and Mr. Hardv is just out after two weeks spent in the hospital. If beekeepers want to use this appliance, it seems but reasonable that they should have a way of ascertaining how much pressure there is in the tank. Wo have found that a very satisfactory way is to add one, two or more feet to the lieight of tlie gasoline tank on the stove. ''Beekeeping next to nature" might de- scribe the equipment of a Palo Verde api- arist, whom we met a few days ago. His story reads like this: "I need a man with some capital to help me develop a good business, where we can run from 800 to 1000 colo2iies. Many of my hives are sitting on the ground, with no bottom-board and a gunny sack laid over for a cover. I have no money to buy equipment and cannot de- velop my business as it should be." When a man can run bees without a bottom-board or cover, he is certainly to be congratulated, so far as economy is concerned at least. But this is a great country and, if you tell a man a thing cannot be done, some Yankee will come along and do it. Prices do not seem to be established with any degree of regularity. Most beekeepers are hoping to get an average price of not less than 10 cents per pound. In fact, the cost of production is so great now that it will be necessary to get a good price if any profit is made. Weather conditions have been all that the southern California beekeeper could ask for. Mild days, with nights not too cool, have prevailed up to the present time, with the exception of about 10 very warm days. However, these days were not hot enough to injure the honey plants to any extent. Corona, Calif. L. L. Andrews. In New York ^ I' ^ ^ ^\« '^- * torrential rams with cool nights and warm days have been the weather con- ditions during June, with a verv intermit- tent honey flow from clover. Where colo- nies were strong and supplied with drawn combs a very satisfactory crop has been stored; but, where bees have been operated for comb lioney, much swarming and very little surplus honey has been the result, due to the cold nights preventing the comb builders from breaking into small clusters to build comb in section boxes and the rainv weather keeping the working force at homo a great deal of time breeding discontent in the brood-chamber. Todav (Julv 8) bass- AV'Ood is in full bloom and is yielding freelv, although there is but little loft in those parts. Peas, oats, tomatoes, corn, etc., were dam aged nearly 50% by the heavy .rains, ami many fields are being worked up and sown to buckwheat. Fall honey plants are in fine condition; as is also new clover seeding, whicli promises well for another season. Brood-rearing has been heaA'v throufrhonf the spring and summer. Manv nuoens uro now passing their height of prolificness. and renueoning during August will be e^'on iiKUf advisnblo this year than usual. Ransomville, N. Y. H. M. Myers. AUGl'ST, I'J'J'J (1 J. K A N I N G S IN B K E CULT U H E FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH In Ontario Outario lias a great pro- fusion of clover bloom this year — at least this is tiie case in all tive counties where we have bees, and from Avhat I can learn, 1 believe the conditions are much the same in that respect over much of the province. Heavy rains have thorough- ly soaked tiie ground, and clover is lasting a longer period than usual. In our section, we have had only about one day out of three that bees could work owing to wet cool weather, but when the days are fine nectar comes in nicely. While I have had few re- ports from other places, a fair crop of hon- e}' is now assured at our three apiary cen- ters, and the quality appears to be very fine. There is no buckwlieat grown in Went- worth and Haldiniaud counties, and very little in north Sinicoe where our bees are located, but here in the home section we have a \ery large acreage this year. In years past when clover failed, fields of buck- wlieat coming on looked fine to our eyes, but this season, with wet weather holding the clover season back and at the same time hustling the buckwheat on, things are different. It looks as though it will be al- most impossible to get all of the clover hone}^ oif the hives before buckwheat comes on, as the two honey flows will overlap. How- ever it is better, I suppose, to have some mixed buckwheat and clover honey than to have none of any kind, so we will not wor- ry, but do the best we can and let some of the clover go as buckwheat. Old honey seems to be all cleaned up, and, although Ave have made a few sales, the honej- is about all on hives yet at this date (July 8). We have had quite a few in- quiries in a wholesale way. Sugar is firm- ing all the time, and is hard to get in quan- tities here at present, grocers tell me. That at least should help the honey market a lit- tle. Agricultural prospects arc good all over the Dominion, and that, more than anything else, is a favorable factor in the matter of helping sales of honey, particularly so in the case of the western provinces wliere crop failures have been unpleasantly fre- quent during the past few years. It is pleasing to all beekeepers, I believe, that steps have been taken by both the U. S. and Canadian authorities to jirevent imi^ortations of live bees from Europe, ow- ing to the danger of bringing over the Isle of Wight disease. Only a short time ago I had a letter from a beekeeper in England, who claimed that what we called paralysis here was nothing but Isle of Wight disease. If that is the case (I do not think it is), we might feel safe in the thought that this disease, dreaded as it is in England, would never be a serious menace here, since the few isolated cases of paralysis (so-called) never have, so far, proven infectious nor contagious as far as I could see. Last year we had three distinct T-ascs, and tlicy were all over 80 miles from each other, ('(donies actually died riglit out in two cases, and vet other colonies alongside were not affecteil. One colony in the home section got sick in buckwlieat bloom and the bees were piled up in front of hive by thousands, very feAV getting over two feet from the hive en- trance before dying. They exliibited the usual symptoms, shiny in appearance and bloated, their bodies being filled with a light-colored fluid. Although these colonies were much deci- mated in numbers, they wintered well and early in spring appeared all riglit. A fine Italian queen headed the colony, and I was surprised to find the same old clipped queen present this spring. I thought they might have superseded her last fall. About May 1 they again got sick and, although I have re- queened the colony, the adult bees are still dying in such numbers that the stench from their dead bodies is noticeable as one goes past the hive. I would give quite a little to know just what causes this maladv. Markham, Out. J. L. Byer. In Michigan. August could well be the busiest month of tlie year. The Avliite lioney flow ceases in late July or early August and,- as the dark lioncy flow follows very closely, the entire wliite crop must be immediately removed from the hives or its value will be reduced by dark honey being mixed with it T have noticed when supers were piled high at this season, with cool damp nights, that fermentation starts in many supers, if not removed to the honey-house; and even there, they must not remain long, but should be extracted and sealed in tin cans or other tight containers within a short time. The honey-selling season starts at this time. This is especially true of the comb honey, whicli must be cleaned, graded and cased and a part placed on the market. The colonies are very strong now and must be given room, or a large proportion Avould swarm out. This is an ideal time to make one's in- crease artificially, and every strong colony should make one. Here is the plan that I have used successfully for several seasons: Immediately after the white honey is taken off, a hive-body with ten combs is placed on each hive, and, just as the dark honey flow starts, the increase is made by setting ofi' the super of combs on a bottom-board and closing the entrance to about three inches. Then after removing the old colony to a new location, place this newly made colony on the old stand and introduce a young laying queen at once. The dividing of the colony and the intro- duction of the queen are best done just be- fore dark; for, if the division is done early in the day or even in early afternoon, bv 528 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE August, 1922 FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH nightfall there would be few bees left in many hives unless the cage containing the new queen to be introduced is placed among or above the combs. The queen may be introduced in any of the good ways, but I have had the best results when using the tobacco-smoke method, which is quickly done with no bad results. I have never killed a queen or worker by this method, and I believe it is perfectly harmless. I get from 90% to 100% safely introduced. I proceed as follows: I have a good fire in the smoker and then place in a good quan- tity of strong tobacco. With a good volume of smoke I give five or six puffs in the en- trance, and in about one minute or so I re- lease the queen at the entrance and follow her up with a puff of smoke. If introducing a number of queens, I smoke six or eight col- onies and follow up immediately with the re- leasing of the queens. It is well to remember that colonies will rob now, and that the entrances should be reduced except in very strong colonies. If one gets the honey off and extracted or, if comb honey, cleaned and cased, the in- crease made and properly cared for, the sales of honey nicely started, and the old worn- out queens and even many that did excel- lent work this year replaced with young vigorous ones, he will be busy enough. The other fellow will compete with you for sales; but rather than cut below the es- tablished price, unless that price is held be- yond its proportional value with other goods, prepare your product just a little more nice- ly and neatly and give just a little better service, and you will be both surprised and pleased with the final results. East Jordan, Mich. Ira D. Bartlett. with one of the many caravans headed to- ward College Station. The migration of plants is a very interest- ing and little-understood subject. Just what conditions start it and bring it to an end are yet to be learned, but it is safe to say that very favorable weather conditions and the breaking up of the old plant growth due to farming activities are the main factors. Most beekeepers recall the migrations of the dog fennel, Canadian lettuce, Eussian thistle and buffalo burs. Of particular in- terest to the Texas beekeepers is the mi- gration of the Texas marigold (Guillardia pulchella). Less than 20 years ago this plant was noted as a honey plant in north Texas. ' Today it is the main plant that builds up the bees to a strength to care for the cotton flow. About five years ago this plant came into notice in southwest Texas, and this year it had increased in numbers, to where, despite the cold and rains, it gave some surplus. It seems to be one of the provisions of nature, that the weather conditions favor- able to one plant are not to another. Thus the plants do not come into competition, and bees do not starve. This spring when huajilla was blighted by the rain, guayacan (Guincum angnstifoUum) gave a good sur- plus, and now, when everything else has failed, brazil {Gondalia ohorata) is furnish- ing a living for the bees. It seems that everyone has something to. say about catalepsy in queens. I hardly like to think of Her Koyal Majesty having fits or stumping her toes, and believe this peculiar action is related to the "death faint" or playing possum which is very common throughout the whole insect world. San Antonio, Tex. H. B. Parks. Tj^ Texas '^^^^ month of June has brought much disappoint- ment to the beekeepers. Cold periods, rains and floods have put an end to any hope for a honey crop in southwest Texas. The drought of last fall cut off hope of a horse- mint flow. The rains ruined the huajilla and mesquite, and now the only hope for a honey crop in Texas is cotton. In some small isolated sections a fair crop from horsemint and marigold is reported. At the present time the bees are just making a living, and unless a very favorable fall bloom occurs wholesale feeding must be re- sorted to. The summer meeting of the State Bee- keepers' Association will be hehl during the Farmers' Short Course at College Sta- tion on July 25 and 26. The program will be very interesting, as many of the speak- ers are old as beekeepers in Texas but new as speakers before the association. Last year the auto caravan trip was started, and this vear most of those attending will come In Pennsylvania. Slow honey floAv, lots of swarms and little surplus honey make up most of the reports from Pennsylvania beekeepers so far. This condition is found in all of the demonstration meetings in various parts of the state. The average surplus of white honey to date is not over 10 pounds per colony. Two frosts in June in the moun- tainous districts and alternate cold and warm spells all over the state have inter- fered seriously with nectar secretion. In spite of these conditions we find an occa- sional beekeeper with a small but satisfac- tory surplus. Management, or lack of man- agement, more than the season is the great- est factor after all. The great factors in honey production are in turn the factors that prevent the bad conditions so prevalent at present. In our extension work we are teaching frequent re- queening, more food for winter and spring, more brood-rearing room, especially for August, 1922 G L ]■: A N I N Cr S IN B E K C U L T U R R 529 FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH sprinjj, und more hive insulation tluui is usually given. The beekeeper who gives each colony a young Italian queen about August 1, provides 50 or GO pounds of honey, insulates his hives well and has 10 to 14 combs for brood-rearing through April and May, is always ready for a bumper crop in the good season and will harvest a fair crop in the poorest season. Those who practice this system are harvesting a fair honey crop even this year. Matters of greatest interest throughout the stdte seem to be American foul brood and transferring bees from box hives into modern hives. Control of the former de- pends much upon the general practice of the latter in many sections. Many of our demonstrations are on these subjects. The method mostly used is to drive the bees up into a modern hive equipped with full sheets of foundation and a queen-excluder placed between the two for a period of 21 days. American foul brood is often found in bee-trees, and thousand of colonies live in the woods of this state. Some have raised the question regarding the advisability of transferring the farmers' bees in order to control American foul brood when so inach of it exists in the woods. Tliis is a serious question and can only be met in one way. The farmer beekeeper must practice such methods as to prevent the wholesale loss of swarms going to the woods every year. If no swarms escaped, in a very few years al- most all of the bees in the woods would be dead. The remaining bee-trees could be cut down by beekeepers in the vicinity. This fact must be emphasized, the average beekeeper must positively change his meth- ods or rapidly lose out. Most of the bees in the state are kept by farmers or other side liners. Geo. H. Rea. State College, Pa. * * * In Northwestern Indiana. — Appar- ent i y there will be about an average crop of honey in northwestern Indiana. Plenty of rain up to May 24 gave the clover a good start, but since that time there has been no rainfall except a few local showers. Two weeks ago it appeared that the clover crop would be cut short owing to drought; but basswood has helped out, and this, with the heavy flow from fruit bloom in May, will give us about the average for this time of year. In. the vicinity of the Kankakee and Calumet rivers, half or more of the surplus is usually secured in August and September, heartsease and goldenrod being the predomi- nant sources. Prices probably will be low, owing to large crops reported elsewhere and to the enormous yield of berries and other fruits. Unless producers can co-operate in securing effective organization for marketing, in- volving a better scheme of advertising, it would seem that many will be obliged to re- duce output or to discontinue production. Valparaiso, Ind. E. S. Miller. In W^isCOnsin Fi'om willow bloom in the spring right through to the clover flow the weather was favor- able and the bees were stimulated from natural sources. Breeding was continuous without any interruption. In our 20-frame hives the colonies became very strong. The clover flow came fine on June 5, and with it came a flood of rain that caused much property damage. From then on during June up to July 5 the honey flow was all cut to pieces by all extremes of weather, there being a day or two at a time for bees to work and several days of weather that would keep the bees at home. By the end of June swarming was in or- der, even with our large hives. Up to the present time (July 5) 12% of all colonies swarmed. Less than 4% were natural prime swarms; that is, they swarmed when the first cells were sealed. A few colonies showed plainly that they were supersedure swarms with virgin queens. Six per cent were swarms where the swarm came out with the old queen, and several cells were in the hive with young queens just ready to emerge. Many times the queens would emerge while we were removing the cells from the combs. We think most of these may also be classed as superseduie swarms. But there were some that were a puzzle, judging from all the evidence. We think that the keeping of the bees at home and idle half of the time caused a crowded con- dition in the brood-chamber, even with plenty of super-room. The bees decided to swarm (?), but kept right on working when the weather was better later, and seeming- ly forgot about the cells until it was too late to destroy them; then, wheji the cells were ripe, they just had to do something and swarmed at the last minute before the young queens emerged. With seven years' use of the large hive, we have found that many colonies will start queen-cells, and later destroy them of their own accord if the weather is good with a good honey flow on. This year the unfavor- able weather all came in with the honey flow. Eighty per cent of our queens were two years old this season. It was practic- ally impossible to do much requeening last year in August, on account of the drouth at that time. Robber bees are respected by us, and at the same time we might say there is nothing we dislike so much in our busi- ness as a robber bee. We find it unnatural and unwise to try to do any requeening in August in our location, with nothing for the bees to work on. We do this much, though a little at a time — we GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE August, 192S FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH iii.'ike nuclei during tlie lioney How and give them cells that were grafted from larvae of our best colonies. When these young queens are laying we introduce them with cages to such colonies as most need the replacing of old and poor queens. We do no more of this than we can and get away with it with- out starting robbing. Our policy now is, "Never kill a queen, when there is no honey flow, unless you can replace her with a laying queen at once. ' ' The robbing spirit may be kept down with the policy that an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. We think American foul brood is spread more in this way than in any other way. With us the month of August is mostly occupied with extracting honey and a little requeening. Greenville, Wis. Edw. Hassinger, Jr. In Georcia This season has been rather o * peculiar in that local con- ditions in this immediate region varied so greatly in localities not far apart and simi- lar in general conditions. The honey croji seems to have been pretty good over a large part of the Coastal Plain region, but in some places it was too dry and in others too wet at a critical time in the honey flow. In some localities of this nature, a too rapid change from dry to very wet, and again to dry weather, was not conducive to a very good yield of honey. In this local- ity, the earliest honey plants did not yield the bees quite enough for breeding purposes; but, as they generally had abundant stores from last year, they were ready for the main honej^ flow from tupelo gum and gall- berry, which came into bloom at nearly the same time and yielded fairly well for about a month. Those were followed by the bloom of summer titi and saw palmetto and large fields of cantaloupes, which were yielding a moderate surplus until a very wet spell of weather suddenly set in when, for some weeks, the bees drew heavily on their stores until the weather became settled again. They are now doing fairly well on cotton and a weed, lately introduced, called "Mex- ican clover," or "Florida Purslane," which resembles neither a clover nor purslane but is botanically known as Richardia scahra. This plant is spreading rapidly in this region and yields a light colored honey of good quality, ratlier superior to cotton or velvet- brown honey. The nectar from the latter is due to be coming in soon, and more of it than that from any other late summer plant. Tf weather conditions were always favor- al)le there would be practically a continu- ous flow of honey in this region from about March 15 until November. Tf the people could see the folly of so much burning of veget.nble matter in woods and fields, tlnis imjioverishing the soil as well as destroying much valiiablo bee pasturage, both the agri- cultural and apicultural interests uf this section would be enhanced. The honey produced in this immediate section is generally sold in a retail and job- bing way and, being of good quality, sells rapidly enough so that the crop is disposed of some time before the new crop comes in. Consequently the market is never badly glutted and prices remain quite firm in nor- mal times. T. W. Livingston. Norman Park, Ga. In Porto Rico. "^he coffee plant or shrub plays a very im- portant part in the honey yields of Porto Eico. Not that coffee in itself yields heav- ily; but, being a rather delicate shrub, it cannot withstand the direct rays of the sun, which are broken by the large trees grown for shade. These trees are all le guminous, and are heavy yielders of nec- tar, given the blossoms and proper weather conditions. The northern beekeeper located here fre- quently runs into the old canard of bees in- juring fruit or, to localize it, coffee. I have talked with natives who make the claim that the bees are destroying the coffee in- dustry of the Island. One would think the educated classes would know better, but they do not appear to. Coffee-growers them- selves, as a class, claim that the bee in gathering the nectar from the blossoms in- jures the flower so that no fruit is produced. An article two columns long published lately in one of the leading papers of the Island, the "El Mundo, " has a vicious at- tack on the honeybee along these^ lines. The writer claims that not only the blossoms are ruined by the bees but that all pollen is stolen by them. This prevents the blossoms from being fertilized, and further that in stealing tlie nectar from the blossoms the setting seed is robbed of this nectar (food) which it needs for the first few days of its existence. I am sure the scientific world would take note of the unusual ideas of the writer of this article, who is too modest to put his name to the end of it. No doubt we should all like to have some idea of the foundation he has for his rather original view-point on the needs of the coffee berry. From all I can glean in reading on fer- tilization, the flowers which need the in- sects for pollenization are those which yield nectar, wliose pollen is sticky or viscid and whose blossoms are more or less brilliant. All this applies to the coffee blossom, which is a pretty star-like flower, white in color and an inch or more across. The Island has been receiving a fair rain- fall, which should stimulate the production of blossoms in the near future. Also it has been uinisually warm for this time of year. August, 1922 G L l'', A N I N G S IN BE E C U L T U R E 531 FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH Tlio south coast is bone-dry. Cattle arc starving, and all the grass has been burnt up by the extremely dry weather there. There is a little honey being gathered in the hill districts. Coffee has been blooming, and this is stimulating to the colonies. Never in my experience of the Island have I seen the hives so bare of honey up to June first as they have been this year. Aibonito, Porto Eico. Penn G. Snyder. In Iowa ^•'^1^ ^'^ ^^'^^ date (July 3) the flow has been up to normal in tliis locality. In fact one might say above normal if we get rain soon. The fields are in- many instances white with clover yet, but the stems are getting short, though yielding lots of honey to this date. How- ever, unless we get a shower within the next few days it will soon be dropping off. It has held its own exceptionally well on account of the ground having an abundance of moisture prior to the flow. Many of the colonies have filled three full-depth bodies and are still bringing it in. Swarming has not been so hard to control this season as at other times with the same flow. Our queens have had the run of two hive-bodies all spring until June 15, when we commenced putting them below the ex- cluder, and with the exception of a few 1921 queens that were crowded for room to lay, and some colonies that were superseding, we . should have but few swarms. These old queens should have gone out of the yard last season, but on account of the poor flow we let them go and so did the bees; consequent- ly we had some failing queens. These old queens are the cause of many swarms. The moral is, requeen all colonies having queens that are liable to fail next spring. Dr. Miller always left that part to tlie bees, and considered that they attended to it at the proper time, but our bees do not always do it when it should be done. From our own experience, a queen of this year 's rearing, going through two good honey flows having the use of two bodies, will be a fail- ing queen the next season unless she is an exceptional queen. These old queens are a loss to any beekeeper, and wliile I have .al- ways held that any up-to-date beekeeper sliould be able to rear a few queens, if they can 't do it, it is money well invested to buy queens and requeen all colonies that liave queens that are liable to fail next spring. The colony requeen ed will make enougli more honey to pay for several queens. T said every beekeeper sliould be able to rear a few queens. This does not mean that you should not buy some good queens from some reliable queen-breeder. Nearly every year we introduce some new blood in order to keep some pure stock. P>ut if one is to breed up a strain of honey-getters, they must breed from queens that "bring home the bacon." An observing apiarist knows full well the colonies that have produced the most honey. They liave noticed the colonies that are bad-tempered; the ones that cap their honey wliite; the bad waxers; the hus- tlers; and the ones that had rather swarm than make honey. These points are under the apiarist's observation and he can pick one or several breeders from his own yard (we are supposing you have Italian stock) that in all probability will outstrip anything he can buy. This is not knocking the queen- breeders by any means, for we must have them; but a queen purchased from any breeder is an unknown quantity until tried out. I would not want to rear queens from a purchased queen until tried out the pre- vious year, if I was breeding a strain of honey-getters. I believe it will pay any apiarist to buy 10 or 15 good queens every year from some reliable breeder. After try- ing them out one season, mark the best queens, start your cells from part of the best ones the next season, and give the others a frame of drone comb. Flood the yard with good yellow drones, and thus offset some of the thousands of black fel- lows your good (?) neighbor is furnishing you from his box hive free of charge. W. S. Pangburn. Center Junction, Iowa. In Oregon. Practically no rain has fallen in many sections of the Pacific Northwest west of the Cascades since April, which has resulted in the clover drying up early. Following the clover flow there has been a medium flow from Frencli pink (Ceiitauira a/anus). As a result, the honey flow is slightly less than normal and darker. The flow from fireweed,will prob- ably be light as a result of the drouth. In the irrigated sections of western Ore- gon the alfalfa and sweet clover flow will be slightly better than normal. From many sections reports continue to come in telling of heavy winter and spring losses. To many the past winter has clearly demonstrated the importance of giving more attention to wintering. Those who gave their bees some protection wintered well with little loss. As a result, many of the large commercial producers are seriously considering packing of some kind. The im- portance of having a large force of young bees reared during August and September should be empliasized, as well as the need of abundance of stores. The writer believes 50 pounds should be the minimum for west- ern Oregon where more stores are used than in colder sections, due to frequent flights. Corvallis, Ore. H. A. Scullen. G T. K A N I N G S IN B K E CULT U R F. August, 1922 HEADS OF GRAIN 1I?PQM1Q|~^^ FIELDS How to Secure I liave seen the stato- Chaif for Packing, in Gleanings that it is impossible to separate the straw and chaff with a modern thresher and blower, but this year I secured a nice lot of chaff for packing the bees. We re- moved a board in the bottom of the separa- tor just in front of the blower of the wind stacker. This allowed most of the chaff to fall through, while the straw passed over into the blower. A boy can rake it out from under the machine as it accumulates. We used a Frick separator, although I suppose this can be done with other makes of ma- chines. H. C. James. Wooster, Ohio. Importance of Display In view of the Signs for Comb Honey, movement on foot at the present time to educate the public to the proper names and uses of honey, it is amazing to note the atrocious methods still used by many re- tailers in j)lacing honey before the public. For instance, the following sign was con- spicuously displayed on some beautiful comb honey in the window of one of our grocery stores: SPECIAL! PURE HONEY, 25c A CAED. This honey would have sold better on its appearance alone, as a comb of honey con- jures visions of a delightful toothsome deli- cacy, but I am sure no one would get en- thusiastic over the prospect of eating a ' ' card of honey. ' ' Too reminiscent of paste board. Another enterprising retailer tried to boost his honev sales bv the following: VERY FINE HONEY, 28c PER CAKE. Immediately next to this in the window was a display of soap at " 5c a cake, ' ' so we can well imagine how many prospective cus- tomers lost their appetite for honey through seeing this display. In my opinion beekeepers, especially the large producers of comb honey, Avould be more than repaid for the slight cost of printing if they would enclose an attractive- ly gotten-up display sign with each shipping case, to be used in presenting their goods to the public. Practically all manufacturers of standard products do this, and the re- tailer will almost invariably use this pre- pared advertising rather than go to the trouble of making a sign himself. The above instances are just two casual observances in this city. No doubt a care- ful investigation would show that thou- sands of sales are being lost through the labeling of honey as "cards," "cakes," and other misnomers. R. K. Rickard. Minneapolis, Minn. Bees Good Advertise- I believe that bee ment for Honey and keeping makes as in- Other Farm Products, teresting and profit- able a hobby as one can find in country life and, above all, the best kind of advertisement for farm pro- duce. People motoring along judge our prod- ucts by their outward appearance. The paint on the hives is money well spent, and the orderly arrangement of the hives makes a pretty sight. These are the first attractions that bring customers to our door. A friend who saw I was selling my own honey at liome gave me a commission to sell some of his, and I helped him move a large crop. In all, I sold more than two tons of honey from my door. If I were stationed along a good highway with suitable surroundings, I would certainly sell honey whether I kept bees or not. ' George H. Foot. Grand Rapids, Ohio. Introducing Queens Tliose who have had in Difficult Cases. jjoor success in intro- ducing queens by the regular method, especially with hybrid bees, should try this method: Before introducing the queen nail a piece of tin over the candy end of the cage, which will prevent the bees from releasing her. Remove the queen from the colony to be requeened, insert the cage containing the other queen in between or on top of the frames. After five or six days remove the tin from the candy end of the cage, allow- ing the bees to release the queen in the regular way, at the same time destroying all queen-cells. The hive should not be ex- amined until after five days have elapsed. Medina, Ohio. J. E. Thompson. 20^Stf= Breeding Bees Suited I believe that local- to the Locality. ity plays a very im- portant part in the results obtained with bees and their be- havior. I also believe that greater success may be attained b}^ selection and breeding different strains of bees for different local- ities—even the making of a new race by combining the desirable traits of the differ- ent races in one. It cannot be accomplished in one year or in two, but it is, in my opin- ion, well worth working for. I do not be- lieve that the desired end can be reached by buying queens from different sections of the country, even though the best. The infusion of ne\v blood may be a good thing, but it may prove the opposite of what is expect- ed. Nature's laws aim to build a race to meet the conditions under which they must exist and fulfill their destiny. Caribou, Maine. O. B. Griffin. August, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEK CULTURE lOLLOWING is a portion c ur F of the tabu- lated figures on the honey crop, based upon re- turns from thou- sands of bee- keepers in all parts of the country to the Bureau of Markets and Crop Estimates, II. S. Department of Agri- culture. These figures, which have already been released by the Department, will be published in the July (1922) issue of Weath- er, Crops and Markets, issued by the Depart- ment of Agriculture. The figures indicating the condition of the colonies and the honey plants for the various states are omitted here for lack of room. For the United States the condition of the colonies to July was 93.2% this year as against 89.8% last year, and a six-year average of 89.3%. The condition of the honey plants to July 1 this year was 83.8% as against 78.6% last year and a six- year average of 83. .5%. Proper. Yield of surplus lion- of crop ey per col. to July 1. usually Av. 1916- produced States. 1922. Lhs. Maine 17 New Hampshire . . 20 Vermont 17 Massaelmsetts ... 18 Rhode Island ... 15 Connecticut 15 New York 20 New Jersey 32 Pennsylvania .... 33 Delaware 15 Maryland 35 Virginia 25 West Virginia .... 20 North Carolina. . . 22 South Carolina. . . 21 Georgia 20 Florida 45 Ohio 50 Indiana 60 Illinois 45 Michigan 42 Wisconsin 34 Minnesota 24 Iowa 40 Missouri 35 North Dakota. ... 30 South Dakota .... 20 Nebraska 20 Kansas 24 Kentucky 28 Tennessee 17 Alabama 20 Mississippi 18 Louisiana 45 Texas 25 Oklahoma 30 Arkansas 30 Montana 5 Wyoming 10 Colorado 7 New Mexico 22 Arizona 30 Utah 3 Nevada 25 Idaho 5 Washington 17 Washington 17 Oregon 21 California 44 JUST NEWS Editors 3 iu 1921 1921. ;o .July 1 . Lbs. Lbs. Per cent 20 10 20 30 22 48 21 11 24 31 18 40 3 19 40 35 IS 30 26 17 29 26 28 60 22 22 45 0 21 70 17 30 76 14 25 63 20 19 61 8 20 63 11 23 75 27 25 70 35 30 fifi 50 27 55 47 24 47 15 15 38 38 23 44 25 17 3 5 15 14 29 24 21 35 28 18 50 0 13 10 17 12 20 18 13 19 18 14 40 40 29 60 30 24 75 25 23 65 26 26 70 24 27 75 33 26 65 20 16 44 17 21 75 10 8 10 8 2 0 4 4 7 18 15 37 25 35 60 4 6 10 0 12 10 4 4 5 10 12 25 10 12 25 8 14 40 17 35 60 United States. ...30.0 23.7 22.5 48.7 533 The Georgia Beekeepers' As- sociation will hold its reg- ular annual meeting at Hop- kins, Ga., Aug- ust 24, 25 and 26. This is one of the meetings arranged by the schedule committee of the American Honey Producers' League. Infor- mation concerning the progran. for this meeting may be had by writing to J. J. Wilder, Waycross, Ga., president, or to L. C. Walker, Alma, Ga. » « # Colin P. Campbell, attorney-at-law. Grand Eapids, Mich., who is preparing a booklet for the American Honey Producers' League on laws pertaining to beekeeping, reports that he expects to have the manuscript fin- islied in July. This booklet is to contain the various court decisions that have beer lianded down from time to time where bees were involved in a law suit. It is also to contain a tabulation of the inspection laws in the various states. Mr. Campbell is not making any charge for his services in pre- paring the manuscript for this booklet. The American Honey Producers' League has ap- propriated $100 to pay for the mechanical work in its preparation. The booklet will be sold at a low price by the American Hon- ey Producers' League when published. * * * Tlie Empire State Federation of Beekeep- ers' Co-operative Association, Inc., formerly the New York State Association of Beekeep- ers' Societies, Avill hold an annual picnic- and summer meeting at the home apiary of N. L. Stevens, Venice Center, Cavuga County, N. Y., Friday, August 4, 1922. 'Bee- keepers of New York State have declared this a holiday and the Federation has used every effort to make this the best and big- gest summer meeting ever held within the state. * » » The Wisconsin Beekeepers' Field Meet and Conference will be held at Green Bay, Wis., Aug. 7-11. This is the fourth annual meeting of this kind held under the auspices of the College of Agriculture and the State Beekeepers' Association. Among the speak- ers from outside the state are C. P. Dadant, Dr. E. F. Phillips, E. E. Eoot and Geo. S. Demuth. * * * The Eastern Massachusetts Society of Beekeepers will hold their annual field day at Boston, Mass., on Saturdaj'', August 19. Dr. E. F. Phillips is to be the principal speaker at this meeting. » * » The Pennsylvania State Beekeepers' Asso- sociation, together with the Northern Penn- sylvania Beekeepers' Association, will hold a joint field meeting at the apiary of Harry Beaver, Troy, Pa., on August 3. 534 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE August, 1922 c a GLEANED Geo. S. QUESTION. — I have a market f o r more chunk honey than I can produce. Would it be all right to buy some extracted honey to feed back to the bees in or- der to be able to produce more chunk honey? Illinois. Frank Van Hooveheke. Answer. — -Feeding back extracted honey to produce chunk honey or comb honey is difficult to accomplish at a profit. When everything is just right the bees will some- times store from two-thirds to three-fourths as many pounds as you feed them, but when things are not exactly right they will some- times store only one pound for every two pounds fed. There is a great difference in colonies in this respect and weather con- ditions have much to do with this. Former- ly many comb-honey producers practiced feeding back extracted honey to cause the bees to finish the sections that were unfin- ished at the close of the honey flow, but this practice has been given up by most pro- ducers on account of the losses which came about and the inferior product resulting from feeding. When honey is fed back in this way, the comb honey thus produced usually granulates early in the season. Per- haps you can purchase chunk honey from some other beekeeper to supply your trade. If so, you will find this much more satis- factory than to try to produce it by feeding back. Honey from Corn. Question. — Do bees commonly put corn honey • into sections which are left on a few days too long? Is not corn honey a very dark or sooty- colored honey? Arthur S. Hill. Pennsylvania. Answer. — Corn is not a nectar-bearing plant. It is wind-pollinated, i. e., the pol- len that fertilizes the corn is carried by the wind instead of by insects. Wind-pollinated plants usually are not nectar-bearing. The dark honey which the bees stored at the close of the season must have been gath- ered from some other source. It may not have been floral honey at all but honeydew, in which case, of course, it would be gath- ered from whatever plant the aphis which produces it lives on. Bees Do Not Cap the Honey. Question.- — -Why does one of my colonies fail to cap its honey, while the others cap theirs ? Pennsylvania. Edwards McCluro. Answer. — There are several conditions un- der which the bees hold open the colls after they have been filled with honey. (1) When combs are very tliick so that the cells are quite deep, the ripening process is slower than in combs having shallower cells, and, since the bees do not seal the honey until it lias been ripened, tlie combs having deeper cells are sealed later than those having shal- low cells. (2) During a good honey flow, if tlic bees become crowded for room, they are BY ASKING Demuth 1 ^U inclined to hold the cells open even after the honey is ripen- e d, apparently for the purpose of crowding in a little more hon- ey by further ripening. In such cases, giving an additional super usually re- sults in the honey being sealed promptly as soon as work is begun in the new super. (3) If there is an opening in the super, the bees usually fail to seal the honey near the open- ing. For this reason it is not practical to have ventilators in comb-honey supers as some do in extracting-supers. (4) At the close of the season the bees usually leave some of the latest-stored honey unsealed. There is no way known to induce them to seal the last few pounds they store. Looking Through the Hives for Moth Larvae. Question. — Is it necessary for me to look through the hives for moth larvae? I found two of these inside of one of the covers. New Jersey. Ruth French. Answer. — No. Let the bees do the work of looking for moth larvae and carrying them out if any get into the hive. Strong colonies of Italian bees are able to defend themselves against the larvae of the wax motli. If you should find any moth larvae in the combs within the hive, this would indicate that there is something wrong with the colony (especially if Italians), such as queenlessness or one of the brood diseases, which has caused it to become weak. Velvet Bean as a Honey Plant. Question.- — Is the velvet bean a good honey plant? I can. find nectar in the flowers but have never seen any bees working on them. Alabama. J. M. Sturtevant. Answer. — The velvet bean is reported as a good honey plant where it is grown in suf- ficient quantities. The fact that nectar was visible in the flowers indicates that it was yielding freely at the time. The bees must have been finding plenty of nectar elsewhere since none were seen working on the flow- ers. Sometimes during a heavy honey flow the bees seen working on the flowers are not .so numerous as one would expect, but when the honey flow slackens the bees appear on the flowers in greater numbers. This is probably because the bees spend but little time in gathering a load of nectar when it is abundant, visiting fewer flowers, while many flowers must be visited to obtain a load when nectar is scarce, making it neces- sary for the bees to spend more time search- ing. Treatment for Foul Brood. Question. — Please give instructions for getting rid of foul brood. Is it necessary to destroy all the combs and honey, too? U. R. Gentzell. Pdnnsylvania. Answer. — If you refer to American foul brood it is necessary to destroy the combs, but the honey can be saved if desired and I I .\r«i:sT, 1022 G L !•: A N I N (I S IN B K E C \J h T U R E 535 fed b:ick to the bees ;iftor it lias been ster- ilized by boiling it in a closed vessel for 30 minutes, first diluting it by adding about equal parts of water to the honey. If til ere are only a few colonies to bo treated, it does not pay to try to save the honey. The wax in the combs can be saved Ity rendering them if the beekeeper is iM|uipped to do this, but those who are not willing to take great care in doing this should burn the combs or they may spread the disease among other colonies. The best time for treating colonies hav- ing American foul brood is at the beginning of the honey flow, for then they build the new I'ombs readih^ and should be able to store enough honey for winter. Where there is a fall honey flow colonies can successfully be treated now; but, if there is no fall hone}' flow, colonies having this disease at this time may as well be destroyed, especial- ly if but one or two diseased colonies are found in an apiary. If the bees are in an old, wortliless hive, the hive, bees and all can be carried away in the evening after the bees are all at home, placed on top of a brush pile and burned. To treat a colony having American foul brood, set its hive off of its stand and put another hive in its place, the new hive being equipped with narrow strips of foundation. Xow take on the combs of the diseased col: ony and shake the bees from each, shaking them upon a newspaper placed in front of the new hive so arranged that the bees will enter the new hive as they are shaken from the combs. When the bees have been shaken from all of the combs, those which cling to the old hive should be dumped in front of the new hive. The combs should be burned or melted immediately unless several colo- nies are to be treated, in which case the combs can be placed in an extra hive-body and put on top of one of the diseased colo- nies which is to be treated three weeks later after the brood has emerged. Only the most careful beekeepers should attempt to save the brood in this way. As soon as the bees have all been trans- ferred to the new hive every part of the old hive should be taken away and thor- oughly cleaned on the inside, to be sure that not a particle of honey can remain on the walls of the hive. Before being used again it is well to scorch the inside of the old hive by means of a painter's torch or by pouring kerosene on the walls, and then burning it off, being sure to put on the cover to smother the fire before the wood is burned. A queen-trap or an entrance-guard sliould be placed over the entrance of the new hive Tor a few days to prevent the escape of the queen, if the colony should swarm out after treatment as they often do. The treatment for European foul biood is quite a different matter. This disease is controlled Inrgely by keeping the colonics strong, especially in the spring, and keep- ing only a good resistant strain of Italian bees. If the disease develops under these conditions, dequeening for 10 or 20 days, and then requeening with a young Italian queen is usually sufficient. Liquid Capacity and Honey Capacity of Jars. Question. — What is the difference between the liquid capacity and the honey capacity of jars? Tlie liquid capacity of a jar holding one pound of honey, net weight, would be 12 ounces ac- cording to my understanding; therefore a jar having a 10-ounce or 11-ounce liquid capacity is too scant. Am I right? Josei)hine Morse. Massachusetts. Answer. — The liquid capacity is figured on the basis of pure water, and, since the specific gravity of honey is nearly 1..5 or one and a half times as heavy as water, the honey capacity of any container can be fig- ured by multiplying the given liquid capac- ity by 1^. A jar of 12-oz. liquid capacity would therefore hold between 17 oz. and 18 oz. of honey. A 10-oz. jar liquid capacity would hold 15 oz. or a little less of honey. A 11-oz. jar liquid capacity would be just about right for 1 pound of honey. A 9i/4- oz. jar liquid capacity is just right to hold 14 oz. of honey. Italianizing Late in the Season. Question. — Is the first of September too late to Italianize my bees ? Walter Steen. Virginia. Answer.— The first of September is not too late to Italianize, but it is a little too late to obtain the full benefit of having a young queen during the fall brood-rearing period when the bees that survive the win- ter should be reared. By requeening in July or early in August with young Italian queens you not only Italianize your colo- nies but also secure better colonies for win- ter, if in doing this an old queen is replaced, for the young queen will lay more eggs in August and September than an old one. The bees that are in the hives now are not the ones that form the winter colony since they will all die of old age before winter really begins; hence the importance of having a young queen during August and September. Appearance of Unripe Honey. ' Question. — What is the appearance of unripe honey? W. Burden. New York. Answer. — While still in the combs, the unripe honey is in cells that are not capped, snd if still quite thin it can be shaken out of the combs or it may spill out of the cells if the combs are held in a horizontal position. Newly gathered nectar is not al- A'ays so thin as this, however, especially in a dry climate or during a dry season. If extracted before it is ripened, honey is thinner than when it is well ripened and weighs less than 12 pounds to the gallon. Well-ripened honey weighs nearly 12 pounds to the gallon or nearly 1^2 pounds to the pint. Unripe honey, if kept for some time, usually begins to ferment. Wlien it docs this the flavor is impaired and often the cans l)ecoino swollen, sometimes even burst- ing. 536 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE August, 1922 c a TALKS TO Geo. S. Ur TH E O U GH- OUT the greater por- tion of the Unit- ed States August is a quiet month for the bees, though the bee- keeper may be busy caring for his honey crop and seeing that his colonies are in proper condition for fall. Usually there is but little if any nectar available during the first half of the month, except in certain especially favored regions such as portions of the alfalfa and sweet clover regions of the West. While the recent rains in the clover region have revived the white clover so that there may be a large amount of bloom in some places, not much nectar can be expected from this source in August. Beginners are often puzzled to note that the honey flow from clover ceases in July, even though there is apparently an abund- ance of bloom left. Occasionally the late- blooming clover furnishes considerable nec- tar, but it can not be depended upon even to furnish enough for the bees to live on this month. In portions of the clover re- gion, conditions are favorable this season for some nectar from the second crop of red clover. Sometimes this plant yields in sufficient quantities to make it necessary to put the supers back on the hives to furnish room for the red clover honey. Those who are located where much red clover seed is produced, should watch their colonies to see if they store from this source. When no nectar is to be had most of the bees if undisturbed stay at home even dur- ing the middle of the day, only a few going to the fields. Some of these carry water and some carry pollen. This lack of flight is quite noticeable, especially when the hon- ey flow closes abruptly, thus emphasizing the contrast between the busy days of the honey flow and the leisure after its close. During hot weather great clusters of bees hang quietly on the outside of the hive in strong colonies. Beginners, who have read in the books and journals that bees should not be permitted to cluster out in this way, are sometimes greatly disturbed to find all their strong colonies clustering out after the honey flow has closed, but it is quite normal for them to do so. The great army of workers that have suddenly found them- selves without a job must go somewhere, and, if there is not room for all of them inside the hive during the heat of the day without- danger of suffocation or, melting the combs, clustering out is the proper thing for them to do. The caution in the books and journals against permitting the bees to cluster on the outside of the hive refers to clustering out during the honey flow, not after it has closed. During hot weather bees use considerable water, and the water carriers are sometimes annoying around watering troughs or pumps. BEGINNERS Demuth 1 ^^^^^^^^^ TU K This can be avoided by placing a jar of water near the hives to supply the needs of the bees. A layer of cork chips, such as those used in shipping grapes, makes a good float to prevent the bees from drowning. After the bees have formed the habit of obtaining water at a pump or water- ing trough it is difficult to entice them away hy placing water near them; but, if this is done early or the supply shut off at the other place, they will soon learn to go to the sup- ply provided by the beekeeper. Care of Comb Honey. Those who took off comb honey promptly as soon as finished, as advised last month, will no doubt have it all taken off before this journal is mailed, except in the few regions where the honey flow continues through July. The supers of finished comb honey should be stored in a dry room, pre- ferably an upstairs room. Comb honey will absorb moisture through the cappings if ex- posed to dampness, and if much moisture is absorbed the expansion of the honey in the cells sometimes bursts the capping and hon- ey oozes out, thus spoiling its appearance. Such honey usually ferments slightly, which also spoils its flavor. Even if the cappings are not broken out the expansion of the honey sometimes causes it to fill the cells completely against the capping, causing the capping to take on a water-soaked appear- ance. All this trouble can be avoided by proper storage in a dry room. The supers of finished honey should be piled in a tight pile, the first super being placed on a flat board or an inner cover and the top of the pile covered tight. The pile should not rest directly on the floor unless in an upstairs room. A hive-body or box can be used to support the pile above the floor. Wax Moth Larvae May Damage Comb Honey. Sometimes the larvae of the wax moth get into comb honey after it is taken from the hives. The first indications of their work are patches of fine particles resembling fine sawdust, which may be seen on the surface of the combs or in vacant cells at the edge of the section. A little later the tiny larvae can be seen eating holes in the cappings. Tf wax moth larvae appear they should be killed by placing a small amount of car- bon bisulphide (obtainable at drug stores) in a shallow pan which is set on top of the upper super in the pile but inside of an empty super, the cover being placed over tliis empty super. An ounce of carbon bi- sulphide is sufficient to kill all the wax moth larvae in five or six ordinary comb- lioney sujiers within half an hour. This fu- migation, if needed, should be done about two weeks after the Iioney was taken from August, 192i GLEANINGS IN BEE 0 U L T U R 10 537 the liives. It should then be safe without further funiigution if stored in tight boxes or comb-honey shipping cases. Early Honey Removed Before Fall Flow. Houey that is to be extracted should not be left ou the liives longer but should be taken off and extracted early this month, if this has not already been done. The only exception to this of course is in tlie few locations now having a honey flow; but, even in such locations, the earlier-gathered honey should now be taken off and extracted. Later in the month the bees may gather darker honey than that gathered earlier, and the two kinds of honey should not be mixed. In taking off honey during a dearth of nectar, great care is necessary to prevent robbing. If the honey is taken off by means of a bee-escape, it is important to be sure that there are no cracks under the cover where bees might crowd in, for robber bees would soon find these openings, and when the super of honey can no longer be pro- tected by the bees inside, the robbers make quick work of carrying away the honey if they are able to crowd through a crack into tlie super. When honey is taken off without the bee-escape as described last month, the combs of honey, as they are tak- en out of the hive and put into the extra super, should be covered immediately with a piece of canvas so robbers do not g£t a taste of the honey. Honey that is taken off in this way and extracted immediately is easier to extract than after it becomes cold. For this reason some use the venti- lated escape-board, for with this the honey does not cool off as much as when the or- dinary escape-board is used. What Colonies Need in August. As to the care of the colonies this montli, the important thing to keep in mind is build- ing now for next year. The condition of the colonies at the beginning of winter is determined largely by the conditions during this month and next. No matter how strong the colonies are now, if no more brood were reared this season they would be worthless for winter, since the bees now in the hive will all have died of old age be- fore winter or be too old to survive the winter. The bees which live through the winter and early spring must therefore come from the eggs that are laid from this time until brood-rearing ceases in late September or early October in the North, and a little later in the South. Where there is no fall flow, the actual strength of the colony now is less important than the amount of brood that is reared in August and September. The bees naturally reduce the amount of brood during late summer and fall, especially if the queen is old or inferior. When there is a fall honey flow the bees usually rear plenty of young for winter; but, if there is a dearth of nectar, they may not do so ex- cept in those colonies which have young queens reared this season and which have a sufScient amount of honey so that brood- roaring need not be reduced on account of insufficient stores. The only safe thing for the beginner to do, who does not know whether his locality furnishes a dependable fall honey flow, is to leave enough honey now to run the bees liirough a possible dearth of nectar from this time on. Usually colonies operated for extracted honey put nearly all their honey into the supers, so there would be but little left if all the honey were taken from the supers. At the close of the honey flow, at least five full frames of honey should be left in the upper story when taking away the honey. This much should be left, even though there will be none to extract unless a fall honey flow is certain. Colonies operated for comb hon- ey will have more honey in the brood-cham- ber at the close of the honey flow, but even these sometimes do not have enough to last them through a long dearth of nectar during late summer and fall. To be safe, they should have the equivalent of four or five full frames of honey. In addition to an abundance of stores each colony should have a good queen. This is a good time to replace old and otherwise inferior queens, for a young queen that be- gins to lay this month, together with plenty of stores, will practically insure that the colony will be in good condition for winter. To find and kill the old queen and intro- duce a young one at this season is some- times quite a task for a beginner; but it can be done, and the ambitious beginner need not hesitate to undertake it if he has only a few colonies. The printed directions, sent out by the queen-breeder, for introducing the new queen should be strictly followed. It is not necessary, of course, to replace any but old queens. If any of the colonies have swarmed during the season, it should be remembered that the parent colony has a young queen if all has gone well, while the swarm has an old queen. The young queen in the parent colony should not be replaced, unless she is of inferior stock or is otherwise undesirable. Management for a Fall Honey Flow. In localities where much buckwheat is grown and near swamps where fall flowers are abundant, the main honey flow of the season may begin this month. In such lo- calities of course it is not necessary to leave so much honey in the hives at the close of the early honey flow. For extracted honey most of the early-gathered honey can be ex- tracted and the empty combs put back on the hive and left there for the fall honey flow. It is usually not best to put on comb honey supers for the fall honey flow, for fall honey is usually dark and not suitable for comb honey. It is better to put on an up- per story of combs or full sheets of founda- tion as for extracted honey, and, if these are filled, this dark honey may be needed next spring for brood-rearing. If not too far north where winters are severe, this up- per story can be left on all winter. Colonies thus abundantly supplied should build up rapidly next spring. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE OUR HOMES A. I. ROOT What hath God wrought? — Num. 23:23. Seek ye first the kingdom of God, and his right- eousness, and all these things shall be added unto you. — Matt. 6:33. I have also given thee that which thou hast not asked, both riches and honor; so there shall not be any among the kings like unto thee all thy days. — I. Kings 3:13. 538 ON page 742 of Gleanings for Novem- ber, 1919, you will find a letter from S. S. Kres- ge and some of my remarks in regard to it. Kresge is the man who gave $10,000 in a sin- gle subscription to the Anti-sa- loon League while the fight was under way to make Michi- gan dry. The brewers got track of it; and knowing that he is the proprietor of a chain of five and ten cent stores scattered all over our land, they suggested that it would be wisdom for him, to be a little careful or the liquor party might decide unitedly to get him into finan- cial trouble. Instead of being scared he promptly turned over to the Anti-saloon League another $10,000; and some good au- thority has stated that this man Kresge probably did more to help Michigan take the lead in the list of dry states of the Union than any other man. Our readers will remember that I went through Henry Ford's great factory, or string of factories, some years ago, and I wrote it up for these pages. Well, I have been thinking for some time, especially since Ford is just now astonishing the world, that I should like to go through his plant once more. And now you can understand that it was one of my "pleasant surprises'" when I received an invitation to visit Kresge, and at the same time look over the Ford plant once more. If you now excuse me I wish to sidetrack a third time. Some of you have taken Gleanings long enough to remember my hobby of five and ten cent stores away back in 1880—42 years ago; and I gave on these pages pictures of the five and ten cent counter which we in- stalled on the fairgrounds here in Medina, and told you what a success it was. I find by looking back that I continued the five and ten cent trade, and sending the articles by mail, for something like 15 years. At aiaout that time I was advised by the doc- tors that I had only a short time to live, even though I should go to a warm climate, give up business, and do everything possi- ble to live a little longer. Then a little later I told about running away from my own funeral, by riding a Ucycle. Now, about the time I dropped the "counter store," as we called it, my good friend Kresge took it up. I recently went through his great store in Cleveland. Although his establish- ment is of itself a small-sized c'ltn (so it seemed to me), it was really a beehive, of human beings instead of bees. I think there were something like 250 clerks, most of them Aucil'sT, 1!)22 girls — jiice, briglit, q u i c k, smiling girls. Everybody seem- ed to be happy. The store was so crowded that we often had to wait before we could get around. In one of the base- ments there was a neatly arrang- ed restaurant or lunch room; and I had a very nice supper — all that was good for me — for just 15 cents. I am told there are now some- thing over 200 such Kresge establishments scattered throughout the principal cities of the United States. Now, please do not think I am bragging when I suggest to you that not only Kresge but even Luther Bur- bank himself have intimated to me that they were pupils in bee culture, and took my little journal, years ago, almost when it was started. Kresge especially tells me of the great interest with which he studied the ABC book in years gone by, and that the money he received from his bees helped him to finish his course in college. Now for the Ford establishment. The Ford Plant Makes Finished Automobiles Faster Than a Queen Bee Lays Eggs. I shall have to go over it very briefly on account of my limited space. As before, we had to wait for the crowd up to a certain hour, when a guide was appointed to take charge of visitors. The first thing that im- pressed me was just acres of busy men, all so close to each other that many times it seem-- ed they lacked elbow room. A pathway was roped off for - visitors; but when there was actually no room to get through. Ford was thoughtful and kind enough to make an overhead bridge or runway where visitors could stand and see what was going on be- low. I was impressed during my former visit with the moving platforms or broad belts that carried thfe heavy parts of the automobile from one place to another. In many places this belt moved so slowly that the workmen on both sides of it performed their part of the work while it was moving. Then besides these moving platforms or ta- bles, as it were, there were belts or wire ropes in motion overhead; and from these moving ropes hooks came down, and work- men were constantly placing pieces of fin- ished work on these hooks; and so, instead of heavy lifting, or sending a boy or man to carry the different parts, they had but just to reach overhead and unhook where wanted. These strings of moving hooks went everywhere. It seemed as if they trav- eled miles. I was interested in studying liumanity as well as machinery — yes, more so. I wanted August, 19l2i GLEANINGS IN J'. K K 0 U I. T U R K 530 to see if the thousaiuls of busy men and boys were happy at their work. While many of tliem looked weary (for it was near the hour of quitting) I saw no evidence of dis- content. I think they work on eight-hour shifts, and the great factory is kept run- ning without stopping from 12 o'clock Mon- daj^ morning till 12 on Saturday night. So far as I could learn, Ford has given strict orders to ' ' remember the Sabbath day to keep it holy" — that is, so far as possible. I watched the sea of human faces to see if I could spy out drones or lazy or dishonest men. My good friend. Rev. A. S. Gregg, of the Civic Reform Bureau of Cleveland, who was along with us, suggested that a man could not very well loaf, with a busy man before and behind him depending on his movements. So they all work together like the bees in a hive; and I could not discover in all that trip that occupied 45 minutes any one who seemed to act as foreman over the different gangs. I did not see an idle man anywhere. By the way, our friend Kresge, notwithstanding his chain of over 200 stores, has just recently taken up bee- keeping once more; and as we passed along he* suggested in his droll way that Henry Ford was turning out a finished automobile in about the same space of time that it takes a queen bee to lay an ef/g. Our guide, I think, informed us that they are making now about 4800 automobiles, ready to run, every 24 hours. We have records of queens lajdng as mauj as 3000 eggs in a day; and it is very likel,y that tliere may be an oc- casional queen that will lay -'fSOO eggs. Perhaps at just this point some of you may wonder what the second text has to do with what I have been telling you. It has suggested itself to me in this way: Both Kresge and Ford started out, so far as I can determine, to benefit humanity, and not to make money and get rich; but the great lov- ing Father has blessed them as he did Solo- mon of old in giving them wealth as well as wisdom. I have been watching both Ford and Edison since they stepped foot among humanity in this busy world of ours; and I have been impressed by the fact that in both cases their mission and desire were not to male money, but to benefit humanity. They both loved their fellow-men, and God recognized them and gave them the means. In fact, we do not know wliat they may do yet before they die. And our good friend Kresge in another way has helped liumanity. When I started that little counter store, as we called it 42 years ago, it was princi- pally with the view of helping young mar- ried couples with limited means, to get the things needful in starting a home, at a low price, and with as little running about as possible; and Kresge is doing this on a tre- mendous scale all over our land. He is not only a temperance man but a Christian man, and God has honored him. As we left the Ford plant I remember saying to my good friend Gregg that, if Ford had not already done so, he ought to thank God devoutly for liaving permitted him to be the humble instrument of doing so great a work. Gregg's reply was some- thing like this: "Mr. Root, I feel sure our friend Ford thanks God for what he sees being done, very mucli along the same line you do; but where you say 'Thank the Lord' out loud. Ford does it in another way. We are not all alike, even in our way of giving thanks to God." With the above preface, my good friends, I want to quote to you Kresge 's own words when he addressed our lielpers here at the time of liis visit to our establishment the fore part of May. Address of S. S. Kresge at Medina on May 9, 1922. I have been almost talked to death, so I don't know just what else I have to say, but I might give you a little incident of what happened while Billy Sunday was in Detroit and we gave up our house for eight weeks to house his -organization. That was in 1916, the same year that Michigan was made dry. During that time, Fred Posdick of Fitchburg, Mass., called with a delegation to solicit Billy Sunday to come out to their town, and Mr. Fosdick, by the way, is one of the- com- mitteemen of the National Anti-saloon League (I am now headed for their meeting at Washington Thursday). He stopped at a corner where a po- liceman was stationed and said, "Officer, which hotel is Billy Sunday stopping at?" "He isn't stopping at no hotel — he's at Kresge's mansion," replied the officer. "Who's Kresge?" returned Mr. Fosdick. "Don't you know who Kresge is? He's got about a thousand stores around the country." Of course Mr. Posdick knew all about tne, but he wanted to find out how well I was known in my own town. About 35 years ago (I was then located on a farm in Pennsylvania, where I am now headed to see my mother). I used to buy bee supplies from this place. I had many happy days with bees. I always had a great fondness for them, because my parents gave me the privilege of keeping the money from the bees, as I worked with them at odd times and on rainy days, and really robbed my parents of no time. About that time they sent me to Fairview Academy, about three and a half milps away, where I walked one whole win- ter, morning and night, no matter how deep the snow or what the weather. I went with the un- derstanding that, if they sent me there until I was 21 years old, I should give to them all I earned outside of from the bees. They needed it, and I knew they needed it. Just around that time -I had some pigeons — I really don't know just where I got them, but when I sold then. I bought turkey eggs with the money. I had poor luck with turkeys, but sold them the next fall and with that money bought some bees. When I was 20 years of age the bees made enough honey so that when I sold the crop in the fall, I bought a solid gold hunting case watch. In case you do not understand what a hunting case is, it was something like this one, only it had a cover over the face and was about twice as large and weighed twice as much or more. I don't remem- ber just how much I paid for it (about .$55.00), but I paid for it and had some money left. The winter following I taught school and walked two miles every morning and evening from my par- ents' home and gave them the proceeds every month after paying for my necessary wants. The next fall I was examined to teach but didn't get the school I wanted, so went to Scranton and worked in a grocery store. After paying my ex- penses, whatever I had left I gave to my parents. I boarded with my sister and gave her $15 per month for board and washing. I was getting $40 a month, and my parents always got some money out of that. In the spring I quit my job and went back on the farm again, and during that 540 GLEANINGS IN EE CULTURE August, 1922 season the bees made about a ton and one-half of honey, which I sold for about $150. That fall I was a little past 21 and I went to the Eastman Business College. I didn't know how much it was going to cost me, so I had talked with my father and he said he would help me through if I didn't have enough. It cost $126 for a four months' bookkeeping course, so I had some money left. I started out and did several things for about two years and then got a job as book- keeper in a hardware store — was there two years and two months, which gave me an opportunity to learn some things about that business. After that job I traveled out of Wilkesbarre, which was only 19 miles from Scrauton. I traveled for five years and two months and during that time I sold to all kinds of stores — large department stores, small retail stores, wholesale hardware, wholesale druggists, meat packers, etc. During this time I sold to Woolworth and Knox who were then in the 5 and 10 cent business. Wool- worth was at that time (1894) opening his twenty- third store in Albany, New York. He gave me an order of one gross of a certain article for each of the nineteen stores, which led me to believe that there was quite a volume in the chain store ijusiness. After traveling five years and two months I had saved up some money, working on salai-y and commission basis, and I left the road and went into the five and ten cent store busi- ness myself. That was 25 years ago last March. I have built a business which year after year has been increasing to greater volume. For the last dozen years there has been no recession. Some years are better than others ; but, on the whole, the volume and net have been in excess of the next preceding year. There were 199 stores op- erating the first of this year, doing a business last year of almost $56,000,000. I do not know but this plant of yours at Me- dina had considerable to do with my start in life. I really think it helped me to pay dividends on the five and ten cent store business. I am going to say to all of you that I am just as fond of bees today as ever and am still keeping them as a pastime and have just been trying to get official information, asking all sorts of schoolboy ques- tions, which might appear to you people here as foolish. But when I go into a thing, I am not satisfied until I know just about as much as the other fellow. I am glad to have had this oppor- tunity of meeting all of you, and, if anything I have said is worth anything to you, you are wel- come to it. 'MEND YOUK OWN TINWARE." "All's Not Gold That Glitters." The article with the above heading in our issue for June illustrates something I have several times mentioned on these pages. Whatever success I have so far achieved during my busy life in bee culture, exposing frauds, or anything else, has been largely due to the kind friends scattered all over our land (and sometimes other lands) who have been so ready to turn in and help me in my efforts to help my fellow-men. A re- markable letter right along this line is at hand. Perhaps I should explain that I found Ave have seven subscribers in Atlan- ta, Ga. As soon as the article was in type I mailed to each one a copy of it. The let- ter below is the only one we have room for. If the good friend who writes this is a sam- ple of the family doctors, let me say once more, "May God be praised for our fam- ily physicians. ' ' Mr. A. I. Root, Medina, Ohio. My dear friend: — Your favor asking informa- tion regarding the "United Specialty Company" of Atlanta received yesterday. They are not listed in either the telephone or city directory, and a friend of mine in the postofflce says that they have no record of any such concern ever having been here, and the license department of the city has never in the last five years issued a license to such a firm. I have seen a man selling such a solder on the streets of Atlanta only a few months ago, but he evidently was doing business without a license or his license was obtained under some other name. Today I had a man cover the busi- ness section of Atlanta thoroughly, and he reports that there is no such material being sold at the present. Therefore I have only one chance of getting the information that you desire, and that is to get the chief of police to take the matter up with his three watches and maybe in that way we can obtain some information. This will re- quire action by the police commission, but I ex- pect to have such permission within a few days. I am sorry that I have not been able to obtain any information, but if I do in the future I will immediately write to you. Thanking you for allowing me to attempt to do a favor for the man who writes "Our Homes," and ■vvho preaches the best sermons that I read or hear, I am, with my very best wishes, Yours very truly, Linton Smith, M.D. 67 Mayson Ave., Atlanta, Ga., May 20, 1922. Right along in line with the above comes one from a chemist. I chanced to see your request for information on Solderine. A similar article, used in identic- ally the same way, has been sold by street ped- dlers in Montreal for some years. I purchased some a few years ago and tried it out. Since it appeared to do the work I analyzed some of it, but will have to rely on my memory for the re- sults. It consisted chiefly of sulphur (in fact, the solder would take fire) through which was inti- mately distributed finely divided metal. This metal was chiefly aluminum with small amounts of mag- nesium and iron. Approximately the per cent composition was sulphur, 60%; aluminum, 30%; magnesium, etc., 10%. When heated the sulphur is melted and on cooling forms for the hole a plastic plug which may be hammered and roughly treated when freshly applied. This makes a great sale's point. However, as you know, plastic sulphur will soon change to the common brittle form which can not be knocked around. P. P. G. Shaw, M. A., M.Sc. 1022 Dorchester St., Montreal, June 9, 1922. In my article referred to in the June issue I said: "It seems to me the invention may be worth millions of dollars." I am glad I put in the words "It seems to me." One other friend whose letter I have not retain- ed said something like this: "Mr. Root, the soldering process icorks all right and looJcs all right; but. sad to tell, it does not stand." Now, the reason it does not "stand" has been explained by the chemist. I saw the man on the fairground solder up breaks in all kinds of metal. The liquid metal, so it looked to outsiders, flowed beautifully, ran into cracks of rusty tinware, and seemed to work exactly like melted tinner's solder. I learn that the thing has been done by ped- dlers and hawkers on fairgrounds, and even in cities, all over this land of ours. Why is it not on sale by our hardware men, tin- smiths and others? I will tell you. By some process, unknown to me just now, aluminum is easily procured in the form of a very fine powder, exactly like dust. To my surprise we have been using it for years to make the "aluminum paint" for lettering our honey- extractors. Well, somebody without con- science, or at least not much conscience, dis- August, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 541 covered that this aluminum powder would mix with melted sulphur so as to look exact- ly like melted tinner's solder; and because melted sulphur will run into everything and on every thing, and stick pretty tenaciously (perhaps better on rusty metals than if they were briglit) this man without a conscience discovered peddlers could make big pay by exhibiting it and recommending it as real solder. Now, melted sulphur, or brimstone, as it is often called, is a pretty good cement of itself. If you put it into a cavity or hole where it can not get out, the fact that it expands in cooling, exactly as water ex- pands in freezing, is a fine thing. Bolts and even fence-posts are fixed durably into a hole drilled in a block of sandstone, by pouring melted sulphur around the posts or bolts. When it crystallizes after a time, and turns to brimstone, it is alniost as firmly fixed as if imbedded in cast iron. Let me now digress a little. When a boy in my teens I went around from house to house mending tinware free of charge. Of course every housewife had more or less leaky tinware. When I said I did the work free of charge I explained that it Avas because I had a little bottle of soldering-fluid for 25 cents used in mending the tinware. Then I sli#Aved the houscAvife or the boys and girls how to do it. And I made pretty good wages except for the fact that I was obliged to travel on foot. We did not have bicycles then, and of course I had to pay for my board and lodging. Well, the success of this scheme depends on the fact that the agent mends the tinware in order to show the people how. After having done so, of course they do not refuse to pay him 25 cents, or even 50, for a stick of sul- phur combined with this powdered alumi- num. No tinner or hardware man would handle it, because, after this stuff proves to be brimstone instead of solder, his cus- tomer would come back, and this is why it is hawked through the cities or sold on fair- grounds. Now, the people I have shown up may come back at me and say the sulphur or brimstone repair not only looks nice, but. Avhen blended with aluminum powder, will stand a long while, and in many eases it does considerable service. Of course there must be a big profit to have the agent travel around and show people how to use it. The largest manufacturer prints directions as be- low: INSTANT MEND-ALL. Price 50c — Saves You Many Dollars. Mends grani'te, aluminum, galvanized iron, tin, copper, brass, or any kind of metal. Directions for Usinpr:- — Heat article to be mend- ed on any kind of fire, hold pencil on until it flows freely, then dip in water. Articles you can't set on fire to heat, such as radiators, tanks, busted pipes, etc., light with a match and warm article with lighted paper; if it blazes after mending, blow out. Satisfaction guaranteed. INSTANT MEND-ALL SOLDER 00 1208 Hampton Ave. Paducah, Ky. Agents Wanted, They sell sticks by the hundred for 6 cents apiece. If you take a thousand sticks the price is only 41,^ cents each. But the retail price is 50 cents. The 50 cents pays the agent for his time in mending their uten- sils and teaching them how to do it. In some cases it seems the price is $1.00 for a large-sized bar. See letter below: I read your description of the new metal in Gleanings, and I think that I have the same thing. A man passed through here about one month ago demonstrating and taking orders. He would not give an agency for less than an order of 100 bars, and I ordered the 100 bars after I saw him mend- ing holes in different kinds of cooking ware, in- cluding granite and aluminum. These bars which he had with him measured one inch across and were half round and five inches in length, and re- tailed at $1. He refused to tell where it is made. He said he had the state right and would deliver every month to all his agents, and they must all sell at his fixed retail price. S. Whann Polk, Pa., June 20, 1922. Perhaps I should add that in working with these sulpliur and aluminum cements you will have to be careful about overheating; and if you use flame for the heat, the flame must be on the side of the utensil opposite where the solder is applied, for the reason that, if you get just a little too much heat, the sulphur will take fire. When it does take fire you must blow it out or dip it in water. So long as the sulphur remains in a plastic condition, say like wax or rubber, it is all right; but in a week or ten days it turns to brimstone and lets go whenever it gets bumped a little. Here is something still further in regard to the sulphur-aluminum mixture: Some time ago I read with interest your article, "Mend your own tinware." As I know how hard it is to mend aluminum I was anxious to learn more about solderine. The other day I found the enclosed clipping in an auto-supply catalog. I find that Reparall works about as you described solderine. One stick of this metal cost me 68 cents at the Western Auto Supply Co., Wichita. There is no name nor address of the manufac- turers of it. Lloyd V. Decker. Hill Grove Farm, Wichita, Kan., June 26, 1922. I have endeavored in the clipping below to give some of my own suggestions in brackets, as you will notice. Noav, whether tliis sulphur-aluminum mixture will stand fiOO degrees of heat or not T am unable to determine; and, what is still more impor- tant, Avill it last? Perhaps somebody will be able to inform me later on. REPARALL METAL. The Metalurgical Marvel Here is one of the greatest inventions in years for repairing cracks or breaks in any kind of metal — iron, bronze, brass, aluminum, copper, zinc. etc. Cracks in auto parts such as cylinder heads, crank cases, radiators, etc., which former- ly had to be repaired by brazing or welding can now be repaired by anyone in a few minutes with Reparall Metal. To use simply heat the crack with a small torch to 2.'i0° (only a little above the boiling point of water) then rub a stick of Re- parall Metal into the crack where it fluxates per- fectly and practically becomes a vnrt oi the mrtnl. regardless of the kind of material being repaired [not true]. The repair with this metal will then withstand 600° heat (much hotter than an aiito- mobile ever gets) and 1200 lbs. pressure which is more than ample. No acids or salts necessary; so 542 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE August, 1922 simple that anyone can use it. Articles can he mended from the bottom or sides as well as from the top because the heat will draw the Reijarall Metal right into the crack [true, because it is sulphur, and not a metal]. Now used by thou- sands of garages and endorsed and used by the U. S. Government Aviation Repair Dept. on Air- plane Motors. Fine for repairing most any sort of household utensils. An investment of 85c may save vou as many dollars. Absolutely guaranteed. [Guaranteed, but by whom?] Shipping weight, about 1 lb. Regular price $1.50. Our cash price per package, 85c. The aluminum dust I have mentioued costs $1.00 a pound, and the sulphur 10 to 15 cents; so the mixture costs less than 75 cents a pound. Now, the little stick I bought on the fairground cost me 25 cents, and weighed only ^/i of an ounce, for both aluminum and sulphur are very light. How is that for profit — $1.00 an ounce for some- thing that cost less than $1.00 a pound? Blueberries in Florida. (Continued from page 471, July issue.) The writer of the above not only re- turned my dollar but he sent me three quite good-sized plants or trees as samples. These samples pleased me so well I sent the dol- lar back, and he replied as follows: Your letters and money received O. K. Many thanks for same. I live just one-fourth mile from Mr. M. A. Sapp. He is a good man and has been in the berry business for 20 or more years. He put out two acres of trees last week; all came from the woods. Blueberry trees respond to common fertilizer finely. Mr. Sapp raises quite a lot of truck between the rows in his young orchards. His last year's blueberry plant- ing is in cabbage now ready for market and they surely are fine. I don't care to ship any more this season, but will be able to take care of all orders by Dec. 1. 1922. Any thing you may publish about what I have written is all right with me, for I believe you want to treat the people right. We have lots of low-bush blueberries also. They grow on upland. W. C. Carver. Rt. 1, Crestview, Fla., Mar. 10, 1922. The two letters above would seem to indi- cate that no nurseryman in Florida sends out trees that are nursery-grown. The labels attached to the three plants mentioned were furnished by the Department of Agricul- ture, and they announced that these trees were free from inspection rules because they came direct from the forest. About the last of May Ernest and myself had the pleasure of visiting the writer of the above letters at the home of Mr. Sapp, mention of whom was made last fall, and going over his 20 acres of blueberry trees. I think I might call them trees, because the plantation was more like an orchard than a berry field. The blueberry bushes branch out much like my northern currants, but T think that some of them must be eight or ten feet high. Almost every little branch all over the twenty-acre orchard was bending with green berries; in fact, I never saw such a quantity of fruit on any tree or bush as I saw on those blueberries. It seemed to me as if some of them would have to drop off before maturity, for there was hardly room for the foliage. With much interest T visited the two acres just put out this past spring. The plants taken from the woods were cut s(}uaro off at about three feet high so that they looked more like clubs than trees, and the roots were pruned in much the same way. I think they were set some eight or ten feet apart. They were planted about March 1, and in the 60 days almost every club or stub had started to grow. Some of them, I think, had made a growth of a foot, and not more than one in a hundred had en- tirely failed. Now, Mr. Sapp 's wonderful success, it seems to me, is due to at least three things: He has a wonderful soil; in fact, he grows vegetables between the rows when the trees are small. Then he has a wonderful plant for producing luscious berries; and, last of all, he is a wonderful man. I asked him if lie had any boys so his success would not die when he did. I think he said he had three or four. Now I am interested in find- ing out whether the blueberry does as well in other places and grows as big as it does for Mr. Sapp. There is something peculiar about that locality, I feel sure, for I saw the most wonderful fig trees with a mass of foliage, covered with a luxuriant growth, and bearing annually great crops of fruit. I think some $30 to $40 worth of figs had been sold from a single tree in one season. In the vicinity of Crestview there are only two kinds of blueberries mentioned. The one that is such a success in bearing large fine berries is called the "Eabbitseye, " as mentioned above. The other is a little black berry growing also in the woods; but the berries are small and have but little value compared with the large blueberries. While the New Jersey blueberries must have an acid soil this rule does not seem to apply, so far as I can learn, to the blueberries of Walton County, Fla. My good friend Car- ver has sent me a sample of the berries by express; but they were so very ripe that they were considerably mashed on the way; and while they compare well with our northern swamp-grown huckleberries, they were far from being equal to the improved Jersey berries. The latter have been im- proved by selection so that the seeds are so small that they are hardly noticed; where- as the Florida berries have quite a number of seeds large enough to be more or less ob- iectionable. The Department of Agriculture has already made mention of Mr. Sapp's work in some of it.s bulletins. iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!i!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii;iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii: PATENTS Practice in Patent Office and Court. Pat. Counsel of The A. I. Root Co. CHAS. J. WILLIAMSON, McLachlan Bldg., Washington, D. C. ROOT QUALITY BEES AND BEEKEEPERS' SUPPLIES. Bees in the hive, in packages, and nuclei, three-banded leather-colored Italian queens. Let a beekeeper of long standing serve you in your requirements for 1922. Catalog on request. O, G. RAWSON, 320§ Forest Place, East St. Louis, Illinois. AUUCST, X922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 543 Classified Advertisements Notices will be inserted in these classified (•(ilumns for 50c per line. Advertisements intended for this department cannot be less than two lines, and you must say you want your advertisement in the classified column, or we will not be responsible for errors. For special conditions on bee and queen ad- vertising, please write us. Copy should be received by 15th of preceding month to insure insertion. REGULAR ADVERTISERS DISCONTINUED IN GOOD STANDING. (Temporary advertisers and advertisers of small lots when discontinued, are not here listed. It is only regular advertisers of regular lines who are here listed when their advertisements are dis- continued when they are in good standing.) Ward Lamkin. .Toe C. Weaver, Hickory Shade \piary H. N. Bolev, Prof. W. A. Matheny, E. J. Beridon, Jr., T. W. Livingston, Van's Honey Farm Jensen's Apiaries, M. S. Nordan, J, I. Banks, D. A. Davis, I. F. Miller, Marugg Co., The Alad- din Co., Southland Apiaries. HONEY AND WAX FOR SALE. FOR SALE — Clover, amber and buckwheat hon- ey. 60-lb. cans and 5 and 10 lb. pails. C. J. Bald- ridge, Kendaia, N, Y. FOR SALE — 25 tons fine extracted white clover honey at 12c. Comb honey prices on request. Dr. E. Kohn & Son, Grover Hill, Ohio. FOR SALE — White, amber and buckwheat hon- ey in 60-lb. cans and 5 and 10 lb. pails. Write for prices. E. L. Lane, Trumansburg, N. Y. FOR SALE — Choice clover extracted honey. packed in new 60-lb. cans. Write for prices, stat- ing quantity desired. J. D. Beals, Oto, Iowa. FOR SALE — Choice new white clover honey in new 60-lb cans. 120 lbs. net, $16.00. Sample, 20c. Edw. A. Winkler, Joliet, R. F, P. No. 1, 111. -FOR SALE — Extracted white clover honey. 1922 crop, new tins, two 60-lb. cans to case, at $15.00 per case. J. G. Burtis, Marietta, N. Y. FOR SALE — 12,000 lbs. of choice white clover honev, well ripened, put up in new 5 and 10 lb. pails'. Sample 25c. W. B. Wallin. Brooksville, Ky. FOR S\LE — A1 diamond clear extracted sweet clover honey. lOVac per lb., f. o. b. Moville. Iowa. In new 60-lb. cans. Virgil Weaver. Box 311. Moville. Iowa. FOR SALE — White honey in 60-lb. cans, also West Indian in 50-gal. barrels. Samples and price on request. A. I. Root Co., 23 Leonard St., New York City. ^ FOR SALE — White clover honey in 60-lb. cans and 5-lb. pails, this year's crop, none bett^er Write for prices. Sample. 10c. F. W. Summerfield, Wa- terville, Ohio. FOR SALE — Several tons of dark and ■ amber extracted honey for baking, etc., in barrels and 60-lb. cans: comb honey in season. H. G. Quirin. Bellevue, Ohio. FOR SALE — 50.000 lbs. extra fancy white clo- ver honev. Price, one 60-lb. can. 16c a lb.; two 60-lb. cans, 15c a lb. Sample bottle by mail. 10c. J. M. Gingerich, Kalona, Iowa. RASPBERRY HONEY— In 60-lb. cans, 2 in a case for $14.40; one in a case, $7.50. Sample by mail. 20c. which may be applied on order for honev. Elmer Hutchinson & Son. Lake City, Mich. HONEY FOR SALE — In 60-lb. tins, water- white orange, 15c; white sage, 14c; extra L. A. sage, 12c; buckwheat, 10c, etc. Hoffman & Hauck, Woodhaven, N. Y. OUR 1922 crop extracted honey is a very fancy grade, water white clover, which was left on the hives until thoroughly cured by the bees before extracting, making it very heavy bodied. This thick, rich honey is all packed in new 60-lb. cans, two to the case. Of course, we have to ask a little more for honey of this quality than or- dinary honey. When in need of a good article, send a dime for a sample, and address your in- quiry to D. R. Townsend, Northstar, Mich. FOR SALE — We can supply honey to bee- keepers or other roadside sellers who may need to buy beyond their own supply, packed as follows: 2% -lb. friction top tin cans, 2 doz. in case; 5-lb. friction top tin cans, 1 dozen in case; 10-lb. fric- tion top tin cans. V2 doz. in case; 60-lb. square cans, 1 to case; 60-lb. square cans, 2 to case. We have the following kinds of honey : Standard white, alfalfa, sweet clover, California sage, Cali- fornia orange, light amber, amber. Write for prices. The A. I. Root Co., Medina, Ohio. FOR SALE — Our 1922 crop of white clover ex- tracted honey, put up in new 60-lb. cans and cases. Stored by the bees in nice new white combs, abpve excluders. The entire crop left upon the hives until some time after the close of the clo- ver flow. By buying our honey you get our 47 years' experience in the production of honey. You may be able to buy cheaper honey, but what about quality ? We are offering our new crop clover extracted honey as long as it lasts, at the follow- ing prices : One to five cases at 14c per pound, 5 cases or more. 13c per pound, on track here at Northstar. Address with remittance, E. D. Town- send & Sons, Northstar, Michigan. HONEY AND WAX WANTED. WANTED — Honey, section, bulk comb and ex- tracted. Elton Warner, Asheville, N. C. WANTED- — Honey in ton lots, comb and ex- tracted, of all kinds.. Joe Mlinarits, 8927 Keller St., Detroit, Mich. WANTED — Bulk comb and section honey. Cor- respondence solicited. J. E. Harris, Morristown. Tenn. BEESWAX WANTED — For manufacture into SUPERIOR FOUNDATION. (Weed Process.) Superior Honey Co., Ogden. Utah. WANTED — Shipments of old combs and cap- pings for rendering. We pay the highest cash and trade prices, charging but 5c a pound for ^\a.\ rendered. The Fred W. Muth Co., Pearl and Wal- nut Sts., Cincinnati, Ohio. WANTED — Beeswax. We are paying Ic and 2c extra for choice yellow beeswax and in exchange for supplies we can offer a still better price. Be sure your shipment bears your name and address so we can identify it immediately upon arrival, and make prompt remittance. The A. I. Root Co., Me- dina, Ohio. FOR SALE. HONEY LABELS — New design. Catalog free. Eastern Label Co., Clintonville, Conn. FOR SALE — Good second-hand 60-lb. cans, two cans to case, boxed, at 60c per case. f. o. h. Cincinnati. Terms cash. C. H. W. Weber & Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. FOR SALE — About 35 eases, 70 cans, used 60- lb cans in wood resliipping cases, 50c per case, f. o. b. N«w York City. E. A. Scott, 1057 Gran^ Concourse, New York City. 544 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE August, 1922 HONEY cans and pails; new sixties, 50 cases at 91c per case two cans. The Stover Apiaries, Mayhew, Miss. FOR SALE — Five Townsend uncapping tanks. Price, complete, $27.50 each. The A. I. Root Co., Medina, Ohio. FOR SALE — "SUPERIOR" FOUNDATION, "quality unexcelled." Let us prove it. Order now. Superior Honey Co., Ogden, Utah. PORTER BEE-ESCAPES save honey, time and money. For sale by all dealers in hee supplies. R. &'e. C. Porter, Lewiston, 111. FOR SALE — Honey cans. 100 cans in cases, 2 5-gal. square cans to case, $1.00 per case. Used once. Good as new. L. N. Gravely, Ring- gold, Va. SEND for our bargain list of new bee supplies, hives, frames, bottoms, coders, sections, shipping cases, almost everything you want. Some at 50% disco\int. The Stover Apiaries; Mayhew, Miss. WANTS AND EXCHANGE. WANTED — Second-hand honey extractor. Miss Polly M. Scott, Upper Troy, N. Y. ROYAL typewriter, $65.00. Will trade for hon- ey, queens or offer. E. A. Harris, Albany, Ala. WANTED — Small second-hand honey extractor. C. B. Thwing, 45 W. Tulpehocken St., Philadel- phia, Pa. WANTED — One hand, one power honey ex- tractor, and other bee equipment. Ed Mrovka, Oollinsville, III. WANTED — Italian bees in Standard hives, 10- frame. on good 80 acre.s of land. M. B. Lund, Henning, Minn. WANTED- — Old combs and cappings for render- ing on shares. Our steam equipment seciires all the wax. Superior Honey Co., Ogden, Utah. BEESWAX wanted. Old combs (dry) and cap- ping.s for rendering. .Also wax accepted in trade. Top market nrices offered. A. T. Root Co. of Iowa. Council Bluffs. Iowa. OLD COMBS, cappings or slumgum wanted for rendering by steam press process. We pay cash for wax rendered, trade for supplies, or work it into foundation. W. T. Palconej- Mfg. Co., Fal- coner. N. Y. BEESWAX WANTED — We need large quanti- ties of beeswax and are naying good -orices now. Ship to us at Hamilton, 111., or Keokuk. Iowa, or drop us a card and we will quote f. o. b. here or f. o. b. your own station, as you may desire. Dadant & Sons, Hamilton, 111. OLD COMBS WANTED — Our steam wax- presses will get every ounce of beeswax out of old combs, cappings or slumgvim. Send for our terms and our 1922 catalog. We will buy your share of the wax for cash or will work it i>'to foundation for you. Dadant & Son, Hamilton, 111. iiiiiiniiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiniiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiijiiiiiiL BEES AND QUEENS. HARDY Italian queens. Lauver. Middletown, Pa. .00 each. W. G. WHEN it's GOLDEN, it's PHELPS. C. W. Phelps & Son, Binghamton, N. Y. FOR SALE — -Italian queens, nuclei and pack- ages. B. F. Kindig, E. Lansing, Mich. SEE Tha G li K A N T N G S IN BEE CULTURE August, 192j SPKGIAli REDUCED PRIGES on Italian queens for Aiigust and September. Untested, 1, $1.00; 6, $5.75; 12, $11.00; 50, $45.00; 100, $85.00. Test- ed, 1, $2.00; 6, $11.00. The place where you get the best. J. D. Harrah, R. F. I)., No. 1, Free- water, Oregon. FOR SALE — 40 colonies of Italian Lees in 8- franie Jumbo hives, all in good condition, no dis- ease. Also 3-4 supers to each with good drawn frames, at very low price. Have to move same this fall. R. A. Rojahn, 1050 ' Desplaines Ave., Forest Park, 111. TESTED QUEENS — One-year-old tested three- banded Italian queens, descended from the famous Moore strain. Were reared in full colonies and are very fine queens. Price, $1.50 each; 6 for $8.50; 12 for $16.00. Safe arrival and satisfac- tion guaranteed. Elmer Hutchinson & Son, Lake City, Mich. GOLDEN ITALIAN QUEENS — Bred from finest strain in U. S. Mated to select drones. THEY POSSESS THE QUALITIES WHICH MAKE BEEKEEPING PROFITABLE. Untested. 75c; dozen, $7.50; virgins, 25c; tested, $1.50. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. Crenshaw County Apiary, Rutledge, Ala. ITALIAN QUEENS— Three-banded, select un- tested, guaranteed. Queen and drone mothers are chosen from colonies noted for honey production, hardiness, prolificnesK. gentleness and perfect markings. Price, $1.25 each, 12, $1.00 each. Spe- cial xirices on larger orders. Send for circulars. J. H. Haughey Co., Berrien Springs, Mich. PHELPS' GOLDEN ITALIAN QUEENS com- bine the qualities you want. They are GREAT HONEY-GATHERERS, BEAUTIFUL and GEN TLE. Virgins, $1.00; mated, $2.00; 6 for $10.00. or $18.00 per doz ; tested, $5.00. Breeders, $10.00 to $20. Safe arrival guaranteed only in the U. S. and Canada. C. W. Phelps & Son, Binghamton, N. Y. HOLLOPETER'S ITALIAN QUEENS are bred up to a standard and not down to a price, yet price is low where quality and service count. Se- lect untested each, $1.25; 6, $7.00; 12, $13.00; 25, $25.00. Write for mailing date and price on larger lots for requeening. Pure mating, no dis- ease, safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. J. B. Hollopeter, Rockton, Pa. FOR SALE — 170 colonies of high-class Italian bees in modern 10-frame L. hives, painted, full sheets, wired. About 50 colonies in jumbo hives, all first-class equipment for comb, extracted honey find queen-rearing. Four-colony winter cases. Clo- ver-basswood location. Fine home market. Infor- mation on request. Come and see. E. L. Hall, 1706 Forres Ave., St. Joseph, Mich. I EXPECT to be ready to start shipping 3-lb. packages of bees with 1 frame, 1 untested queen at $6.00; 2-frame nuclei with untested queen, $4.50, about April 15. Young tested queen, 50c extra, or $1.50 each. I think I was the second to ship packages of bees from this state and know how to serve customers. F. M. Morgan, Hamburg. La. CALIFORNIA QUEENS — 100% perfect, large vigorous Italians, guaranteed layers. They are making a hit as proven by repeated orders and letters of appreciation. Am building a name and reputation. Try at least one. You will surely want more then. Price reduced. Select untested 1, $1.00; 6, $5.50; 25, 90c each. H. Peterman R. F. D., Lathrop, Calif. LARGE, HARDY, PROLIFIC QUEENS — Three- band Italians and Goldens. Pure mating and safe arrival guaranteed. We ship only queens that are top notchers in size, prolificness and color. Prices as follows: Untested, $1.25 each; 6 for $7.00; select untested, $1.50 each; 6 for $8.50; select tested, $3.00 each. Special prices on larger quan- tities. Queens clipped free on request. Health cer- tificate with each shipment. Buckeve Queens. Zoar- ville, Ohio. LAST fall I had selected and tested six queens. Will use them as breeders this season in my queen yard. Their surplus honey cajiacity is from 216 lbs. to 288 lbs. each. I guarantee that every queen bought of me in 1922 is to be the daughter of one of these queens. Bees are three-banded. Mated, in June, $1.25 each; 6, $7.00; 12, $13.50; 25 or more, $1.00 each. After July 1, $1.00 each straight. Julius Victor, Martinsville, N. Y. FOR SALE — 250 to 350 colonies of fine Italian bees on good straight L combs with a full equip- ment of supplies for extracted-honey production. Also 47 acres land in Harrison County, Iowa, near town; has about 20 acres fine natural basswood grove. Has good improvements, especially for bee- keeping. Probably as good an equipment as there is in the state. This is a good paying business, with outyards already established, everything complete. Can give long time on part of the price, but would require $8000 or $9000 to swing it. Any one having that mucli capital to invest in a dandy country home and a paying business, will find it by addressing E. S. Miles & Son, Dunlap, Iowa. 3-BANDED (Dr. Miller and my own stock) queens for fall requeening at a bargain in 100 lots. Ask these men. any one of them, or all of them: Such as Amos Burhaus, Waterloo, la.; Porter C. Ward, Allensville, Ky.; Ed Bradley, Trenton. Ky. ; B. I. Blankenship, Crab Orchard, Ky. ; R. N. Wood. Winton, Calif.; F. A. James, Clover Seed Co.. Newbern, Ala.; Dadant & Sons, C. H. W. Weber & Co.. with many others; yes, and Mr. Stephen J. Harmeling & Son, Vashon, Wash. 1 queen, $1; 6 for $5.50; 12 for $10. Health cer- tificate, pure mating and safe arrival guaranteed. Curd Walker, Scotts Sta., Ala. $200.00 FOR ONE QUEEN. This is what we value her at, although she is not for sale at any l)rice. This is the queen that produced 577 sec- tions of comlj honey for C. B. Hamilton of Michi- gan last year, beginning tlie season with a two- pound package of bees (see Gleanings for March page 167; also July, 435). We are now filling orders for young queens raised from this wonder- ful queen at the following prices : 1 untested, $1.25; 12, $12.00; 1 select untested, $1.50; 12, $15.00; 1 tested. $2.00; 12, $20.00; 1 select test- ed. $2.50; 12. $25.00. Queens from other breed- ers. 1 untested. $1.00; 12, $10.00; 1 select un- tested, $1.25; 12, $13.50; 1 tested, $1.75; 12. $16.00; 1 select tested, $2.25; 12. $20.00. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. Write for ))rices on quantities. No disease. S. M. Cutis & Son. R. D. No. 1. Montgomery, Ala. i!iiiiiiiiiiiiii;iiiiiiiii[iiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii MISCELLANEOUS. MEDICINAL roots and herbs are very profitable to grow. We especially recommend growing Golden Seal which with good care will yield as high as $10,000 per acre for each crop. It takes several years to mature but will average $1000 a year. Special Crops, a monthly paper, tells how. Sample copy, 10c. $1.00 per year. Address Special Crops Pub. Co., Box "G," Skaneateles, N. Y. HELP WANTED. WANTED — Situation by experienced florist and beekeeper as assistant, any reasonable salary. Cali- fornia or South preferred. Wm. Robinson, Winona Lake, Box 70, Indiana. I iNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiNiiiui MASON BEE SUPPLY COMPANY, Mechanic Falls, Maine. From 1897 to 1922 the Northeastern Branch of The A. I. Root Company. PROMPT AND EFFICIENT SERVICE BECAUSE — Only Root's Goods are sold. It is a business with us — not a side line. Eight mails daily — Two lines of railway. If you have not received 1922 catalog send name at once. August, 1922 O L K A N I N (i S TN B K K OULTURK 547 Kiglit now is the time to begin your plans for seeuriug tlie maximum crop of honey next season. Requeening with young, proliiic queens of a known, honey-gathering strain is one of the most important factors in being a successful honey producer. Young, prolific queens introduced now will mean two things: First, strong colonies to go into winter quarters. Second, strong colonies to gather next season's crop of honey. For more than 50 years we have been breeding up to the Root Quality Queens and Bees. We do not believe that better bees or queens are reared anywhere in the world today. What we try to do, is to rear THE BEST. We breed queens with special view to the honey-gathering quality of their bees. We liave had this one chief purpose in breeding constantly in mind all tliese years. We liavo it uppermost in our minds today. THE DIFFERENT GRADES OF QUEENS. Italian (]ueens are distinguished from blacks by three yellow bauds on the upper part of the alxltuiuMi. Leather-colored Italians sliow three stripes of dark- yellow leather color. An untested queen is one which is sold after she is found to be laying, not having been previously tested. A tested leather-colored queen is one which has been examined by the breeder and her bees found to be uniformly marked with at least three dark-yellow bands. Select queens of any of the grades are those which show better color, size, shape, etc Frequently select untested queens develop into fine breeding queens. PRICE OF QUEENS— Up to October 1. 1 t(i D. lU lo 24. 25 to 49 50 to 99. 100 or more. C312000 — Untested |1.50 each. $1.40 each. $1.35 each. $1.25 each. $1.15 each. C313000— Select Untested. .. 2.00 each. 1.90 each. 1.80 each. 1.70 each. 1.60 each. C314000— Tested 2.50 each. 2.35 each. 2.25 each. 2.10 each. 2.00 eacli. C315000— Select Tested 3.00 each. 2.85 each. 2.70 each. 2.25 each. 2.40 each. Note the large saving to be made by taking advantage of our low prices on quantity lots. OUR GUARANTEE ON QUEENS. — We guarantee safe arrival of queens sent in mailing cages. We agree to refund the money or replace the queen if the one first sent arrive.s dead; provided the beekeeper receiving the dead or unfit queen returns her at once and in her own shipping cage, properly marked with name and address of sender. No delay in returning the queen can be ijermitled. This guarantee applies only on queens sent to customers in the United States and Canada. PRICES OF BEES IN COMBLESS PACKAGES BY EXPRESS. Up to August 15. C310700 — 1-pound package $3.00; 25 or more packages, $2.85 each. C310800 — 2-pound package 5.00; 25 or more packages, 4.75 each. C310801 — 3-pound package 7.00; 25 or more packages, 6.60 each. Add price of queen wanted to package price given above. OUR GUARANTEE ON BEES SHIPPED BY EXPRESS. — We agree to make good any loss to bei's in transit, provided consignee secures such notation as will cover any apparent damage done while in transit, on express delivery receipt, signed in full by express agent, receipt to be mailed to us at once with letter giving full particulars, on receipt of which replacement will l)e made immediately. The guarantee does not apply on bees shipped to foreign countries. Mail all queen and bee orders direct to Medina or to our nearest branch office. THE A. I. ROOT OOMPANY WEST SIDE STATION MEDINA, OHIO, U. S. A. 548 GLEANINGS IN BKE CULTURE August, 1922 f Requeen Now! Wliile you can get good queens cheap. L. L. Forehand's Queens are backed by twenty years of careful selecting and breeding. They are bred from the imported stock direct from Italy, the best in the world for honey-gathering, disease-resist- ing, prolificness. gentleness and non-swarming. Give my queens a trial, and, if you are not entirely satisfied in every way, your money will be refunded. Guarantee I guarantee every queen will reach you alive, to be in good condition, that she will be purely mated and give perfect satisfaction in every way. Safe delivery guaran- teed in U. S. and Canada only. 1 6 12 Untested $0.75 $ 4.40 $ 8.60 In hundred lots, $67.00 per 100. Selected Untested 1.10 6.25 12.00 Tested 2.00 10.00 18.50 Selected Tested 2.75 15.00 27.00 If queens are wanted in larger quantities, write for special prices. L. L. Forehand, Fort Deposit, Ala. PATENTS —TRADEMARKS I offer prompt, personal and expert professional service. 10 years' experienre. Write for terms. LESTEE SARGENT, Patent Attorney, 524 Tenth St., N. W., Washington, D. C. Queens -Golden -Queens Ilnvo you sccurtd all you need? I have them cis fine as you can secure anywhere at a reason- able price. Untested, $1.00; six, $5.50; 12, $10. If they don't give you satisfaction and you write me, I will make it satisfactory to you. E. A. SIMMONS, GREENVILLE, ALA. QUEENS — QUEENS LARGE, leather-colored 3-banded Italian queens; 10-years selection, bred for honey-gathering; gen- tle, hardy and long-lived. Price: Select untested. 1, $1.25; 6, $6.50; 12, $12. After July 1: 1. $1 ; 6, $5; tested, $1.50 each. Write for price on large orders. Free booklet, "How to Transfer. Get Honey and Increase." J. M. GINGERICH, KALONA, IOWA. GslHandlantorn A powerful portable lamp, giving a 300 candle power pure white light. Just what the farmer, dairyman, stockman, etc. ni ctis. Safe — Reliable —Economical — Absolutely Kain, Storm and Bug proof. Burns either gasoline or kerosene. Light in weight. Agents wanted. Big Profits. Writa tor Catalog, jj^g BEST LIGHT CO. 306 E. 5tb St., Canton, O. AliGUST, 192i GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 549 REDUCED PRICES Beginning July 1st, we will sell queens the balance of the season at the following prices : Untested: One to 9, 90c each; 10 to 19, 80c each; 20 or more, 75c each. Tested: $1.25 each. Three-banded Italians. There are no better queens than these. They have again led the country in the amount of surplus honey stored. MXJBRY & BROWN, Mathis, Texas. Send orders to H. D. Murry, Mathis, Texas. MOTT'S NORTHERN-BRED ITALIAN QUEENS NEWMAN'S QUEENS Originated from the world-famous Moore strain of Italians. Abso- lutely first quality and fully guaranteed, no disease. Satisfac- tion and safe arrival. Untested: 1, $1.25; 6, $6.00; 12, $11.00. Sel. Unt.: 1, $1.75; 6, $8.00; 12, $15.00. Circular free. A. H. NEWMAN, Queen Breeder. Morgan, Kentucky. Are all selected queens this season. After July 1st, $1.00 each. Sel. Guaranteed pure mated, or replace free, $1.50. Sel. Tested, $2.50. Virgins, 60c each. Plans, "How to Introduce Queens" -and "Increase," 25c. E. MOTT, GLENWOOD, MICH. Would exchange some of our queens for supplies for next year's supply. We need 10,000 queen cages, three-hole complete without candy, 1000 metal spaced Hoffman frames, 50 double-walled hives, 50 single-walled hives, 100 metal covered tops, 200 inner covers without bee-escape hole, 150 lbs. medium brood foundation. Everything must be new and in the flat and in ten-frame standard eouipment. Write and tell us what you have to offer. W. G. Lauver, Middletown, Pa. A-T-T-E-N-T-I-O-N! OHIO AND WEST VIRGINIA BEEKEEPERS We are most favorably located for serving Cen- tral, Southern and Eastern Ohio, and also West Virginia. No matter where you are, full stocks, best shipping facilities and prompt attention will insure satisfaction. Free catalog. MOORE & PEIRCE Zanesvllle, Ohio — "Beedom's CapitaL" BAENES' HAND & FOOT POWER MACHINERY This cut represents our combined circular saw, which is made for bee- keepers' use in the con- struction of their hives, sections, etc. Machines on Trial Send for illustrate'1 cat- alog and prices. W. F. & JOHN BARNES CO. 545 Ruby Street ROCKFORD. ILLINOIS. §MerrilVs Quality-Bred Italian Queens Famous Three-banded and Golden Queens. They are pleasing others; why not you? I sell good queens for less. Try them and see for yourself. 1 Untested Queen $0.75 6 Untested Queens 4.00 12 Untested Queens 8.00 These are selected queens, mated, and laying. Guaranteed to please you. G. H. iMerrill Route 5. GREENVILLE, S. C. Goldens the Best 14 years in business should give you best queens possible. Untested, $1, or 6 -for $5; in lots of 25 or more, 75c each. Virgins, 40c each, or .S for $1. Satisfaction and prompt- ness my motto. R. O. COX, Box 25, RUTLEDGE, ALABAMA. NEW ENGLAND Beekeepers will find a complete line of the best supplies here. Send in your order earlj and be ready for the harvest. Remember this is the ship- ping center of New England. Write for new catalog. H. H. JEPSON 182 Friend Street. BOSTON 14, MASS. Let us tell you about the California Gold SMedal Queens The Queens iivith the 'Pedigree. Our hardy, immune, prolific strain of 3- banded leather-colored Italians. Developed from the world's best strains by careful selec- tion and tested under California conditions for five years, with excellent results. My spe- ciality will be breeding stock and every queen produced will receive my personal care and inspection. Now receiving orders for the sea- son of 1922. which will be filled in the order of their receipt. Write for catalog and prices. THE COLEMAN APIARIES GEO. A. COLEMAN, Prop. 2649 Russell St., Berkeley, California. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE August, 1922 INDIANOLA APIARY offers Italian Bees and Queens for following prices: Untested Queens, $1.00 each; Tested Queens, $1.50 each. Bees, per lb., $2.00. Nucleus, $2.00 per frame. No disease. Bees inspected. J. W. SHERMAN, Valdosta, Georgia. 3-Band Queens Tliat have cut down the cost of advertis- ing, because they prove to our customers that they represent the BEST. That's why we can sell them at such low prices. Every (|ueen guaranteed. Untested, $1.00; $11.40 doz.; 25, 90c each. Select Unt., $1.25; 13.50 doz.; 25, $1 each. Select Tested, $2.25; $24.00 doz. HERMAN McCONNELL Robinson, Illinois. QUEENS or MOORE'S STRAIN OF ITALIANS PRODUCE WORKERS That fill the supers quick With honey nice and thick. They have won a world-wide reputation for honey-gathering, hardiness, gentleness, etc, I am now filling orders by return mail. Untested queens $1.25; 6, $6,50; 12, $12. Select Untested, $1.50; 6, $8.00; 12, $15. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. J. P. MOORE, Queen Breeder Route 1, MORGAN, Kentucky. 75c EACH One or more SELECT Untested Three- Banded Italian Queens. No poor-appearing queen will be sent. A satisfactory sale guaranteed. No disease. D. W. HOWELL, SHELLMAN, GEORGIA. QUEENS OUR OLD RELIABLE THREE-BANDED ITALIANS ARE HONEY GETTERS. They are gentle, prolific, and very resistant to foul brood. Orders booked for one-fourth cash. Safe arrival guaranteed. Circular free. PRICES 1 6 12 Untested $1.00 $5.50 $10.00 Select Untested 1.25 6.50 12.50 Tested 2.25 12.50 24.00 Select Tested $3.00 each See our Dec. and Jan. Advertisement. JOHN G. MILLER 723 C Street, Corpus Christi, Texas. ^QUIGLlSrQUAiirr Italian Queens and Bees are produced by double grafting, producing queens of supe- rior quality anfl long-lived bees, filling your big hives with bees. Hustlers, hardy, win- tering on summer stands. No disease; 36 years in this location. Purity and satisfac- tion guaranteed. Untested — Each, $1.25; 6 for $7.00; 12 for $12.00. Select Untested, add 50c each extra. Tested, $2.00 each. Send for circular. E. F. QUIGLEY &c SON UNIONVILLE, MISSOURI. ATTENTION, PRODUCERS! NEW HONEY CROP We are ready to receive your new crop advices, sending us samples and state price wanted, how packed, and quantity can ship. Terms, cash on arrival. HOFFMAN & HAUCK, INC., WOODHAVEN NEW YORK BjOlNKING by ^/lA.IL, AT AT.Spitzer PRES. E.RRoot VICE PRES. EB.Spitzer CASHIER No Matter Where You Live you can send your money to us and have it under your own control, earning 4% interest, in absolute safety. Ask us to send you our "Banking by Mail" booklet. The S^tf/INGS DEPOSIT BANK CO THE HOME OF THE HONEY-BEE MEDINA, OHIO AUOUST, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 551 Lockhart's Silver-g^ray Carniolans "LINK RliKD" for the past 34 years. Tliey are VERY hardy, gentle, prolific, great workers, and build- ers of VERY WHITE comb, and use mostly wax in place of propolis. Prices of queens for 1922: Un- tested queens, $1.00; select untested, $1.50; tested. $2.00; select tested, $3.00. Breeders, $5.00, $10.00. Safe arrival Kuaranteed in U. S. and Canada. No foul brood here. F. A. LOCKHART & COMPANY, LAKE GEORGE, NEW YORK ■ ■ ^^^ I^H f ^LM We are in excellent position to serve beekeepers who ■ifl M U l^fl P* jF do not produce enougli Honey to supply their trade. ■ m ^mt^ H ^B H^ ■ We have a big stock of fine table honey of various Iways on hand. In 60-lb. Tins Crystallized — Water White Orange, 15c; White Sage, 14c; Extra L. A. Sage, 12c; Buckwheat, 10c. GLASS AND TIN HONEY CONTAINERS. 2V'2-P0und cans Crates of 100, $4.50 5-lb. pails (with handles), 1 dozen reshipping cases. . . .$1.00 case; crates of 100, $7.00 10-lb. pails (with handles) Crates of 50, $5.25 60-lb. tins, 2 per case New, $1.20 case; used, 25c White Flint Glass, with Gold Lacquered Wax Lined Caps. U /^ P P |IJI A Kl J9. UAII^If In^^ Soz. honey capacity. .$1.50 per carton of 3 doz. rlwrPIVIMn €SL n/\\J\^1\f IllC. 16oz. honey capacity .. $1.20 per carton of 2 doz. \A/f\f^r\tA AMKtit MCM/ 'Vf^DU Qt. 31b. honey capacity. 90c per carton of 1 doz. W»J»JU»I-IM V tni, ntVY iVJKt\. ORDERS FILLED PROMPTLY. CATALOG ON REQUEST, ENGLAND BEEKEEPERS. Bee Supplies F. COOMBS & SONS, BRATTLEBORO, VERMONT DON'T DELAY-GET OUR PRICES WE SAVE YOU MONEY "falcon" - QUEENS - FOUNDATION SUPPLIES W. T. FALCONER MFG. COMPANY FALCONER (Near Jamestown) NEW YORK "Where Die best beehives come from." 552 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE August, 1922 Knight's Three-Banded Give til em a trial and be added to my book of satisfied customers. Prices for Balance of Season. 1 Select Untested $1.00 5 Select Untested 4.75 10 Select Untested 8.50 Tested Queens, each .... 2.00 For large quantities write for prices. Have the bees, men and equipment to handle rush orders by return mail. Pure mating and satisfaction guaran- teed. It is left with customer to say what is satisfaction. No disease. JASPER KNIGHT HAYNEVILLE ALABAMA Bee Supplies SPECIAL PRICES ON THE FOL- LOWING NO. 2 SECTIONS. 100,000 414x41,4x11/2 Plain at $7.00 per 1000 50,000 414x414x1% Two-beeway at $8.00 per 1000 The above are all packed 500 to a crate. REDUCED PRICES ON TIN AND GLASS HONEY CONTAINERS. Send us a list of your requirements of containers, and we will make you » prices that will save you money. We can make shipment the same day order is received. We carrv a complete line of EVEEY- THING FOR THE BEEKEEPEE, and can make })rompt sliipment. Write for our catalog. A. H. RUSCH & SON CO. REEDSVILLE, WISCONSIN. Leininger's Strain of ITALIANS have been carefully bred for the last 35 years. As to gentleness and honey- gathering qualities they are unsur- passed. We will offer for sale 200 tested queens, during August at $1.50 each; 6 or more, $1.25 each; these are queens from our best stock and will give entire satisfaction. FRED LEINiNGER & SON DELPHOS, OHIO. QUEENS ITALIANS - CARNIOLANS - GOLDENS We ship tliousands of queens and thou- sands of pounds of bees all over the United States and Canada every year. 2-comb regular Nuclei, no extra bees $3.75 .3-comb regular Nuclei, no extra bees 5.25 2-comb regular Nuclei vcith 1 pound extra bees 5.25 Icomb regular Nuclei with 2 pounds extra bees 5.25 lib. pkg. bees, $2.25 ea.; 25 or more 2.15 2-lb. pg. bees, $3.75 ea.; 25 or more 3.60 3-lb. pkg. bees, 5.25 ea.; 25 or more 5.00 QUEEN FREE with all of the above pack- ages except 1 -pound size; will furnish them at half price with these. PRICES OF QUEENS ONLY. 1 Untested Queen, $1.05 each; 25 or more, 91c each; per 100 $85.00 1 Select Untested, $1.19 each; 25 or more, $1.05 each; per 100 95.00 1 Tested Queen, $1.57; 25 or more, each 1.40 1 Select Tested Queen, $1.85 each; 25 or more, each 1.57 Breeders, each . . . .$5.00, $10,00 and 15.00 Send for FREE circular. NUECES COUNTY APIARIES. Calallen, Texas E. B. AULT, Prop. AlGUST, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE C U L T U R E 553 Requeen With Forehand's 3-Bands They Satisfy; Why? Because they are guaranteed to be as good as money can buy. Not a cheap queen but a queen of the best at a cheap price. Every queen guaranteed to reach des- tination in first-class condition, to be purely mated and give perfect satisfaction or money back. Orders filled by return mail. Untested, 1 to 25, 90c each; 25 to 50, 80c each; 50 to 100, 75c each. Select Untested, $1 each. Tested, $1.75 each. better Slueens for Less Money N. FOREHAND. RAMER. ALA. SCOTT QUEENS ARE GOOD QUEENS MY QUEENS ARE GETTING RESULTS. ■ hundreds of colonies and for my customers. One writes: "Dear Mr. Scott: )k me for % doz. queens. Those I got from you last season have made 150 honey each so far this season. Yours truly." — (Name on request.) GOLDEN OR THREE-BANDED QUEENS. ' 1: One, $1.25; six, $7.00; dozen, $13.00. They are bound to please. Pure mating and safe arrival. Prompt shipments. Circular on request. ROSS B. SCOTT, LA GRANGE, INDIANA. IMPORTED MOWING 'Marugg's Special" -^ "^ BLADES And Sickles with DANGEL cutting edge "THE MAEUGG SPECIAL" are praised by thousands of users in the United States. Used by leading apiarists. Write for particulars to THE MAEUGG COMPANY, Dept. B, TEACY CITY, TENN. ; 1~ FOR SALE. — Safety Comb honey cartons for sections, size 41/4x4^4x1%; 4 V4 x4 % xl ^^ ; 4x5x1%; 4x5x11/2; 3%x5xli/2; 4i4x4i4xl%; 4i4x4%xl%; 4i^x4i/4xl%; 4i4x4%xl%; for 50 cents per hun- dred, so long as present stoclc last. Sections equipped with these safety cartons will fit in the regular 24-pound shipping cases and insure safe shipment of honey. They are appropriately printed on all four sides. Send for sample. THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY, Medina, Ohio. 554 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE August, 1922 Collier^s Bees and Queens Breeding Queens Imported from Italy. THREE-BANDED ITALIANS ONLY. Shipped by return mail. Let lue have your order for the 1922 sea- son. My queens are bred by men who know liow. Every order given my personal attention. All queens reared in strong two- story, ten-frame hives, under natural ccndi- tions. Improve your weak, run-down colonies by using young, vigorous three-bandod Italian Queens from my imported stook. You take no risk buying from Collier. If you are not satisfied I will replace or re- fund your money. Safe delivery guaranteed. Prices: Untested — 1, 70c; 6, $4.00; 12, $7 75; 24, $15.00; 100, $57.00. Select Un- tested— 1, 90c; 6, $5.00; 12, $9.00; 100, $70.00. Tested Queens — $1.50 each. Select Tested- — $2.00 each. ©. E. Collier Ramer - - - Alabama That Pritcliard Queens AND Pritchard Service made a hit last season is proven by the many letters of appreciation and repeated orders received. This year we are BETTEE PEEPAKED WITH a LAEGEE OUTFIT AND EEDUCED PEICE. THREE-BANDED ITALIANS. Untested $1.25 each; 6 for $7.00 Select Untested..$1.50 each; 6 for $8.50 Select Tested each $3.00 Queens clipped free on request. We are booking orders now. Send yours at once and we will do our best to ship on date you desire. Acknowledgment and directions for introducing sent on receipt of order. Safe arrival and sat- isfaction guaranteed. Eemit by money order or check. ARLIE PRITCHARD R. F. D. No. 3. MEDINA, OHIO THAGARD BRED FOR QUALITY ''The queens I ordered from you in April are wonders. I liave never had more prolific queens, and I have purchased queens from over twelve breeders. She is ]>rolific, brood as compact and even as a brick wall. And her progeny are large, uni- formly marked, medium-colored three bands. ''Of tlie twelve breeders I have received queens from, only three have stood the test besides yours. Why? Simply because most breeders breed for color. Your queens speak for themselves. "^ — W. A. Holmberg, Denair, Calif. Untested Queens, each, 1 to 6, $1.00; 6 to 49, 75c; 49 to 99, 70c; 100 or more, 65c. THE V. R. THAGARD GO. GREENVILLE - ALABAMA NORTHWESTERN HEADQUARTERS FOR ITALIAN qUEENS Reduced Prices for the Remainder of the Season In order to keep running to the maxi mum, we are offering our Unsurpassed Italian Queens during August and September at the following reduced prices : Untested Italian Queen. 1, $1.00; 6, $5.75; 12, $11.00; 50, $45.00; 100, $86.00. Tested Italian Queen, 1, $2.00; 6, $11.00. J. D. HARRAH ROUTE 1. FREEWATER. OREGON ArclusT, 19 2 '2 O L !•; A N I N Ci S IN H !•: V, 0 U f, T LI It K ed States, but we do say that we have as good as can be bought. And we are going to send out just what we are advertising; you risk not one penny. If you are not satisfied with them we will replace them or refund your money. Isn't this a fair proposition to any one that wishes to purchase queens ? If you have not tried our strain of bees, now is a good time, for we are going to have a number of good queens for the months of August and September, and we can make shipment by return mail. Our bees are hardy, prolific, gentle, disease-resisting and honey-gatherers. We guarantee pure mat- ing, free from diseases and satisfaction, and safe arrival in U. S. A. and Canada. 1 6 12 50 Untested queens. . $0.70 $4.00 $7.75 $30.00 Select Untested... 1.00 5.00 9.00 35.00 Tested queens... 1.35 7.50 13.50 Select Tested 1.50 8.50 19.00 NORMAN BROS.' APIARIES NAFTEL .... ALABAMA BUCKWHEAT ITALIAN QUEENS Our very best queeus are reared tliis month and next, during the flow from buckwheat and goldenrod. Conditions are ideal for queen-rearing now. Now is the time to requeen. SELECT THREE-BANDED (Note — We had to return a few orders in June and July, but expect to meet the demand during balance of tlie season. Kindly ask for price and mail- ing date on lots above 25.) Untested, each, $1.25; 6, $7.00; 12, *:i;!.00; 25, $25.00. WE GUARANTEE safe arrival in U. S. and Canada, pure mating, no disease, and satisfuetiun. J. B. HOLLDPETER ROCKTON, PENNSYLVANIA. FREE QUEENS 3-'^anded Qoldens For August to make new customers we offer our fine strain of honey-gather- ers at the lowest prices possible, and for ten of the higliest honey record.s made from colonies headed with' our queeus, we will give one fine tested 3-banded or Golden queen free to each. For quick service send us your order. Now is the time to requeen. Quality Queens — August Prices. Untested, 1 to 12 $0.85 each Sel. Untested, 1 to 12 1.15 each Sel. Tested 2.00 each Wings clipped free on request. Entire satisfaction and safe arrival guaran- teed in U. S. and Canada. Dhio Valley Bee Company CATLETTSBURG. KY. 556 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE August, 1922 NEW PRICES On Friction Top Cans and ^ails We quote as follows : 25 50 100 200 500 1000 21/2-lb. cans $1.15 $2.15 $4.10 $7.75 $18.75 $36.00 5 -lb. pails 1.90 3.50 6.50 12.00 28.25 55.50 10 -lb. pails 2.75 5.00 9.50 18.00 43.00 83.00 All packed in fibre containers. They keep neat and clean till you use them. Prices F. 0. B. cars Lansing and not from some distant shipping point. Send in Your Order FIVE-GALLON CANS — 1%-inch screw top, packed two in a case. Prices as follows : Each, $1.40; 10 Cases, $13.00; 25 Cases, $30.00; 50 Cases, $57.50; 100 Cases, $110.00. Shipping eases for comb honey. Folding cartons for comb honey. F. 0. B. cars Lansing, not from some distant shipping point. Send in Your Order "A" GRADE TIN PASTE. Just what you want for attacliiu}]; labels to tin and glass containers. It sticks. Prices as follows: 1 Pt., 25c; 1 Qt., 45c; 1 Gal., $1.50. Postage extra. EEMEMBEE T STICKS M. H. HUNT 510 North Cedar Street SON LANSING, MICHIGAN Achord^s Italians oAre Good Bees Whether you have only a few colonies or five huiulieil, we !)elie\e you will like them .111(1 they will prove a worthy addition to your yard. They are a bright, hustling, three lianded strain, bred primarily foi' honey jiroduetion, but also gentleness and color. We have spared neither labor nor ex]HMis(' to make them the very best. Price of ^eens, June 15 th to October 1. I'ntested ' to 19, Toc each ; '20 or more, 70e each Select Untested .$1.1(1 e;ic!i; -"i or more, $1.00; 10 or more, !)0c: -5 or more, 80e 'r(>vs*^ecl $1 .7.") eacli ; ■") or more, $1.(55 Safe airival and satisfaction guaranteed. JV. D. ACHORD, FITZPATRICK, ALABAMA. Honey Selling Service For Honey Producers Sellins by the roadside. How to market- Our new free booklet, just off tlie press, tells all about markets, roadside selling helps, selling at county fairs, selling to grocers, to retail buyers, or to connnission men. It tells liow to grade, pack and sliip, what containers to use to secure highest prices, and everything else you should know in order to market your ero]) and protect yourself. How to ad'vertise — This same free Imoklet tells how to best advertise your product locally so as to arouse interest; how to educate the public to the true food value and delicacy of honey, in order that you may be able to move your crop quickly. How to ^ack- We tell you in this free booklet how to select good, substantial containers, cans, pails, shipping cases and cartons. Also how to pack comb honey for safe shipment. We tell what containers should not be used, and why. We explain liow to put up honey in jars in the most attractive manner. Send for this booklet, "How to Sell Honey." It's Tree. What You Should Buy for Immediate Use LABELS — Attractive labels are important. We have them. A whole catalog of new and attractive designs. We do special printing for beekeepers. We sell paste that will stick to both tin and glass. Send for this handsome new label catalog today. CONTAINERS — Our containers are good and substantial. Our comb-honey cartons are very attractive. Our piices are low and will surely interest you. Send for prices at once. THE A. I. ROOT CO., MEDINA, O. Fifty-two Years in the Beekeeping Business WEST SIDE STATION #leaningg «*^. in -^^ pee Culture SEP 7- 1922 Atji icultural ^- i::4- ■ J^' JK^*^^' A Late Summer Offering for the Bees. VOLUME L SEPTEMBER, 1922 NUMBER 9 ^1 Order Your tf^l N>l Queens Now ^» QUEENS OF SUPREME QUALITY. Just think of it. Only $1 for one of my bright three-banded northern-bred Italian queens, after 19 years of select breeding. I have produced a strain of bees that get the honey and stand the northern winters. Last year every order was filled by return mail. Expect to do the same this year. This is the kind of letters I receive daily: "Dear Mr. Major: How early in spring could you fill an order for one dozen Ital- ian queens? My exijerience and observa- tion with your strain of Italians have shown them to be extremely gentle, supe- rior as workers, and unexcelled in the beautifully white and even capping of the honey. Yours very truly, "Orel L. Hershiser ' ' Mr. Hershiser is one of our state inspectors and has been a beekeeper almost all his life; also inventor of the Hershiser wax-press Does he know good bees when he sees them? Does a duck swim? I guarantee pure mating, safe arrival, free from disease and health certificate furnished with each ship- ment. Select Untested, from 1 to 100, $1.00 each. Extra-Select Breeders, $5.00 each. All candy in queen-mailing cages mixed to government regulations; all orders greatly appreciated and acknowledged the same day received. H. N. MAJOR, SOUTH WALES, N. Y. ^9" SUMMER PRICES ^^^^ — ON~ Quality Bees and Queens There is bound to be a rush re-queening during July, August and September. For this occasion we offer the following prices : 1 Untested Queen $1.00 25 or over 90 1 Select Untested Queen 1.25 25 or over 1.10 1 Tested Queen 1.75 25 or over 1.25 1 Select Tested Queen 2.00 25 or over 1.50 No package bees or nuclei shipped the rv mainder of this season. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY OF TEXAS SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS. "Griggs Saves You Freight" TOLEDO With its great system of railroads and elec- tric lines, is the most advantageous point at which to make your purchases on the following: (Let us prove this to you.) Special CASH DISCOUNTS ON BEE SUPPLIES. For cash or exchange for honey. Write us what you will need and whether you have Comb or Extracted Honey to exchange, giv- ing particulars as to how packed, kind, etc. We take Extracted Iloney in 60-lb. cans only. No pails wanted. HONEY! HONEY! HONEY! NEW CROP! If you wish to buy or sell, write us and we will quote you best cash prices. ■ FOR SALE — SPOT SHIPMENT. Fancy W. Clover in 5-gal. case, 2 to case . . $0.16 Fancy W. Orange (crystallized) in 5 gal. cans, 2 to case Fancy W. Sage, new crop, in 5-gal. cans, 2 to case Light Amber Honey, in 5-gal. cans, 2 to case 12 Buckwheat in 5-gal. cans, 2 to case.. .12 Shipping Cases and Friction Top Pails all sizes. Special prices quoted according to quantity wanted. .14 16 GRIGGS BROS. CO. TOLEDO, OHIO "Griggs Saves You Freight" QyALITY First ^^' fe\CKERS ^^^^ ^-ANUFACTUKER^ ^oixn cits^ jH '"^R mqUlttlES SOLICIT*;^ I^BOYER'-CO. iHfl Ski'thmukk, IOu: SEPTEMBER, 1922 Honey Murkets 560 56] Editorials 565-567 The Merchandising of Honey H. H. Boot 568-572 The Marketing Problem E. G. LeStourgeon 573-575 Shipping Comb Honey E. E. Eoot 575-576 The Miller Memorial Dr. E. F. Phillips 577-578 Controlling Foul Brood M. C. Richter 578-580 Future Market Problem E. S. Miller 581 An Argument for Honey H. L. McMurry 581-582 A Plucky Woman Beekeeper E, E. Eoot 582 Fermentation in Honey E. F. Atwater 582-583 Pay Way Through College D. F. Eankin 583 Selling in the Home Market Harrison H. Brown 584 Siftings J. E. Crane 585 Midsummer Days in My California ('oiistance Eoot Boyden 586-587 Beekeeping as a Side Line Grace Allen 588-589 Prom North, East, West and South 590-594 Heads of Grain from Different Fields 595 Talks to Beginners Geo. S. Demutli 596-597 Gleaned by Asking Geo. S. Demuth 598-599 Just News 600 Our Homes 601-604 SUBSCRIPTION BATES. — One vear, $1.00. (Low paid-in-advauee subscription rates withdrawn.) Single copy, 10 cents. Canadian subscription. 1.5 cents additional per year, and foreign subscription, 30 cents additional. DISCONTINUANCE. — Subscriptions, not paid in advance, or specifically ordered by the subscriber to be continued, will be stopped on expiration. No subscriber will be run into debt by us for this journal. CHANGE OF ADDRESS. — Give your old address as well as the new and write the name to which the journal has heretofore been addressed. REMITTANCE. — Should be sent ' by postoffice money order, bank draft, express money order, or check. CONTRIBUTIONS to Gleanings columns solicited; stamps should be enclosed to insure return to author of manuscript if not printed. ADVERTISING RATES. — Advertising rates and conditions will be sent on request. Results from advertising in this journal are remarkably satis- factory. ADVERTISERS' LIABILITY. — The publishers use utmost diligence to estab- lish in advance the reliability of every advertiser using space in this journal. Entered as second class mail matter at the Postoffice at Medina, Ohio. Published monthly. Space occupied by reading matter in this issue, 64.8 percent; advertising. 35.2 per cent. THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY, Publishers, Medina, Ohio Editorial Staff Geo. S. Demuth and E. R. Root A. I. Root H. H. Root H. G. Rowe Editors Editor Home Dept. Assistant Editor M'n'g Editor CrliEANTNGS IN BEE CULTURE Sei'TKMber, 1922 honeyWANTED honey WE ARE in the market for both comb and extracted. Send sample of extracted, state how put up, with lowest price, delivered Cincinnati. Comb honey, state grade and how packed, with lowest price delivered Cincinnati. We are always in the market for white honey, if price is right. C. H. W. WEBER & CO. 2163-65-67 Central Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. R. BEEKEEPER— We have a large ])lant especially equipped to nianufacture the sup- plies that you use. We guarantee all materials and workmanship. We ship anywhere. We allow early order discounts and make jjrompt shipments. We pay the highest cash and trade prices for beeswax. Write for free illustrated catalog todaJ^ LEAHY MFG. CO., 95 Sixth Street, Higginsville, Missouri Texas Beekeejiers should write to A. M. Hunt, Goldthwaite, Texas. HONEY CANS AND CASES Several carloads, all sizes, just received at our Ogden, TJtali and Idalio Falls, Idaho, warehouses. Quick service; lowest prices. Also comb honey cases, all kinds. SUPERIOR HONEY CO., OGDEN. UTAH (Manufacturers Weed Process "SUPERIOR FOUNDATION" and Dovetailed Beehives.) SI':i"i'i;mi!Kk. I 9 'J "J a li K A N r N 0 S T N R K K 0 U I. T V R K 559 '^ FOR YOU MUTH Bee Supplies ^ it- iq22 Cotoiofluc 'J* Ynu need our lunv 1022 hoc supply ciitiilog moro than ever Ix-foic. Have you received oneV Many new articles are listed for the saving of labor and greater honey production. Our attract- ive prices, superior quality and prompt service will always be appreciated by beekeepers. Send a list of your requirements to us. THE FRED W. MUTH COMPANY. Pearl and Walnut Streets, Cincinnati, Ohio. PATENTS Practice in Patent Office and Court. Pat. Counsel of The A. I. Root Co. CHAS. J. WILLIAMSON, McLachlan Bldg., Washington, D. C. losinKandlantorn A powerful portable lamp, driving a 300 candle power pure wliite light. Just what the farmer, dairyman, stockman, etc. needs. Safe — Reliable — Economical— Absolutely Rain, Storm and Bug proof. Bums either gasoline or kerosene. Light weight. Agents wanted. Big Prolltm. Write Catalog. jj^£ gj-gj UGHT CO, 306 E. 5th St., Canton, O. LEWIS 4-WAY BEE ESCAPES I Four pxits from super*!. Fits all Rtand.ard boards. \ I Springs of coppered steel. Made of stibstantial I metal. Price each 18c prepaid. Made by iG. B. LEWIS COlViPANY, Watertown, Wis., W. S. A.i I Tor Sale by All Dealers. ^ii>'Mniiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin Honey Containers We have some interesting prices to offer on honey containers; send us a list of your requirements and let us quote you our prices. 2^^ -lb. cans in reshipping cases of 24 and crates of 100 and 500. 5-lb. pails in reshipping cases of 12 and crates of 100 and 200. 10-lb. pails in reshipping cases ©f 6 and crates of 100. 1-gallon square or oblong cans with 1%-incli screw cap in boxes of 6. 1-gallon square or oblong cans with 1%-inch screw cap in crates of 100. 60-lb. square cans with 1%-ineh screw cap in cases of 2 cans. 16-oz. round glass jars in reshipping cases of 2 dozen. 61/2-oz. tin top tumblers in reshipping cases of 4 dozen. Shipping cases for comb honey for any stvle sections in the 24-lb. or 12-'lb. size. Send for our catalog showing full line of Boo Supplies. AUGUST LOTZ CO. BOYD, WISCONSIN. 5(i0 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE HONEY MARKETS Skpte.nibkr, 1922 U. S. GOVERNMENT REPORTS. Information from Producing Areas (First half of August). CALIFORNIA POINTS. — Southern California: Demand and movement light, market steady. Some beekeeper.s holding for higher prices. General price in carload lots for outside shipments, u.sual terms basis, per lb., extracted white orange 91/2- 10c, white sage 8i^-9c, light amber alfalfa 5% -6c. light amber sage mostly 7c. Northern California. — Demand and movement light. New crop reported to be of fair size but not yet on market in sufficient quantity to staliilize prices. Prices f. o. b. San Francisco in carlots range, per lb., water white sage 9%c, white sage 9e, light amber sage 7% -8c, light amber alfalfa (5-6% c. Hawaiian honey quoted per lb., f. q. b.. San Francisco, water white 6V^e, light amber .5 Vic, dark amber 5ViC, honeydew honey 3%c. INTERMOUNTAIN REGION. — Crop in this ter- ritory decidedly spotted. Good honey flow re- ported in northeastern Colorado and eastern Wash- ington, but most producing areas are said to be securing less than average yields. Parts of Utah and Idaho report poorest crop outlook in years, due to grasshopper infestation, large army crick- ets, wild bees and drouth; others report good yield. The weather has been too cool in northern sections to permit best nectar secretion. Demand reported rather quiet, with little mar- keted to August 1. Some carlots white e.\:tracted offered at 8%c per lb., with few sales. Small lots generally selling higher. Some beekeepers said to be accepting 7 V^ c per lb. from nearby dealers for white to water white, but most are holding for higher ijriee. White comb reported purchased at $3.75-3.8,5 per case for white and $3.50 for light amber. In Salt River Valley. Arizona, the flow of honey is rei)orted very erratic. Only fair croj) expect ed, but flavor and color are said to be unusually good. Surplus to date chiefly secured from al- falfa; little gathered from cotton. Car catsc!aw reported sold, 8 Vic per lb. for water white and 6i^c for light amber. PACIFIC NORTHWEST. — Bees reported build ing u]) well for winter. In some of the apple sec- tion^^ nectar flow said to be very heavy, with sur- plus of 200 lbs. per colony secured; in other sec- tions surplus of 50-75 lbs. is considered average. As usual, spray poisoning has proved destructive to bees in some sections. Sales in 60-lb. cans re ported ranging llV^-lSc per lb. TEXAS POINTS. — As the long drouth continues, the crop outlook becomes increasingly less promis ing; Crop estimated less than one-thii'd normal Many beemen are reported to be leaving all honey on the hives to provide for winter needs. If rain should come, some surplus may be secur3d for extracting. Cotton said to be about only plant from which honey is being secured. Poison used for boll weevil does not seem to affect bees Prevailing prices for 60-lb. cans white extract ed, 2 cans in case. 7%c; 6/lOs, 8%c per lb.; am- ber extracted 2/60s, 6MiC. White chunk honey. 6/lOs, I3I/&C; 12/5s, I4V2C per lb. Beesv,-ax 22 23c per lb. EAST CENTRAL AND NORTH CENTRAL STATES.- — Reports are general that, due to drouth, cool weather and cool winds, the crop has ))een less than anticipated. Many beekeepers, however, have had a continuous light yield all sum- mer, sufficient to keep queens laying. Goldcnrod flow should commence yielding late in August Honey seems to be moving slowly as yet. Two carloads white clover extracted in 60-lb. cans re- ported sold at lie per lb. Other large lot sales range 10-12c, with small lots in 60-lb. cans moving up to 15e per lb. Sales of dark amber reported at 7'/^ -8c per lb. Some small-lot sales No. 1 whit? clover comb reported at $3.50-4.00 per 24-sectioii case, others quoted up to $6.00 per case. PLAINS AREA. — Main flow is generally over, although recent rains are prolonging it in some sec- tions. Hubam sweet clover said to l)e still yield- ing well. Quality reported unusually good, with crop about average. Carlot inquiry reported light, but some honey being sold locally. One carlot sale of clover re- ported at lie per lb., with other sales in 60-lb. cans ranging 10-1 5c. Pew sales comb reported $4.80-5.00 ])er 24-section case. NORTHEASTERN STATES. — White honey crop in New York about 50% (reports range from 25 to 65%) normal. Pennsylvania crop reported about one-third. Buckwheat is in bloom in Pennsylvania and bees should gather nectar from it continuous- ly until frost. In New York the buckwheat crop was sown the latest in years, and fears are ex- pressed that the honey yield will be light. Comb honey crop said to be smaller than average in spite of big return to its production this year. Some Pennsylvania apiaries changing hands at about $4.00 per colony. Carlot sales of white clover extracted reported at 10c per lb., with small lots in 60-lb. cans at 12c, and amber honey at 7c per lb. Carlots of white clover comb are reported moving at $5.(iO per 24-section case, with small lot sales $4.8(i 6.00. Some beekeepers selling to nearby dealers at lOe per lb. for white clover extracted, 6c for dark, and $4.50 per case for white clover comb. Telegraphic Reports from Important Markets. BOSTON. — 1 car California, 8 cases Verm.')n; and 50 cases New York arrived. Demaud light, which is usual at this season. Comb : Practically cleaned up, few sales reported of new crop New Y'ork in 24-section cases at $5.50-5.75. Extracted; Sales to confectioners and bottlers, Cuba and Porto Rico, amber 80-85c per gal, California, white sage 14-16c, light amber sage 12-14c per lb Broker quotations, for August and September ship- ments, delivered Boston basis, California light am- ber alfalfa 7c, white sage 10-1 Ic. CHICAGO. — No fresh carlot arrivals. Supplies moderate. Movement active last week with cool weather prevailing, but last few days rather slow with return of hot weather. Market holding gen- erally steady. Extracted: Sales to bottlers, candy manufacturers and l)akers, California and Nevada per lb., light amber mixed mountain flowers ami some straight alfalfa 8-9c, with occasional sal.- low as 7%c. Nevada and Montana, white sweei clover and alfalfa 9 14 -lie, mostly around lOi- Comb: Sales to retailers, Iowa and Colorado, swejl clover and mixed sweet clover and alfalfa No. 1 heavy $4.00-4.25. Beeswax: Moderat? receipts Market holding firm with fair trading. Sales to wholesale druggists and laundry supply houses per lb., Colorado, California and Utah, light 29-31c. dark "25-281/^ c ; Central and South American, ligl;t 23-27C. some very best 29e, dark 20-23c. KANSAS CITY''. — No carlot arrivals since last report. Supplies light. Demand and movement light, mai'ket dull. Extracted: No sales reported Comb: Sales to jobbers, Colorado, 24-section cases, alfalfa light weight No. 1, old stock $4.00. Mis- souri, 24-section cases, white clover heavy No. 1. new crop $5.50. NEW YORK. — Domestic receii)t.s very light, for- eign receipts limited. Demand and movement light, market rather dull. Extracted. Spot sfll-s to .iobbers, wholesalers, confectioners, bakers and bottlers, domestic, per lb., California, light amber alfalfa 7V2-8i,^c, light amber sage 8-9c, white sage 10% -lie, white orange ll%-12%c. Inter- mountain section, white sweet clover 10% -lie. South America and West Indies, refined 60-70c mostly 65c iser gal. Beeswax: Foreign receipts limited. Demand limited, movement light, market steady. Spot sales to wholesalers, manufacturers and drug trade, per lb.. South American. Chilian, and Brazilian, lisjht. 28-30c. Cuban, light 28-29c, dark 22-25c. African, dark mostly 23-25c. ST. LOUIS. — Demand and movement very slow and draggy, market very dull. Comb: Sales to wholesalers and jobbers, 24-seetion cases Minne- sot:i. white clover No. 1 medium $4 50-5.00. Ex- tracted: Sales to wholesalers and jobbers, Cali- fornia, 5-gal cans light amber alfalfa 7%-7%c per lb. Beeswax: Ungraded average country run quoted iU)mi?iaUv 2.5c nor lli. to jobbers. H. C T.AYLOR, Chief of Bureau of Markets. Snecial Foreign Quotation. LIVERPOOL. — Extracted honey is wn-fi, .-bont nine cents per pound in American currency; bees- Ski'Tkmb;:r, 192'J G L K A N I N n S 1 >i li K IC C U L T U B lO 561 Taylor & Co. \vax about 29 cents per iioiind. Liverpool, England, Aug. 2. The A. I. Boot Company's Quotation. Sinoo our last quotation we have paid the follow- ing prices in carlots f. o. h. shipping points: Wa- ter white extracted white clover, from local pro- ducers with low freight rate. lOV^c per lb.; Idaho xNliite clover with trace of sweet clover or al- The Opinions of Honey Producers Themselves Karly in August we sent to actual honey pro- ducers and some associations the following ques- tions: . , , , .„ , 1 What is the average yield per colony corrected to date this season in your locality? Give an- swer in pounds, (a) Extracted honey? (b) Comb honey. 2 How does this compare with the average yield for your location ? Give answer in per cent. 3 What prices are producers being offered for the new crop at their stations in large lots? (a) Average yield. State. Reported by : Extr. Alabama W- I>- Achord 10. Alabama -T. M. Cutts Arkansas J. Johnson Arkansas J- V. Ormond British Columbia .W. J. Sheppard . . . California G. Larinan California M. C. Richter. . . California M. A. Sayler California M. H. Mendleson. Colorado .T. A. Green Colorado B. W. Hopper. . . . Connecticut A. Latham. Comb. 0. 24, .T. .C. A. ronnecticiU Florida . Florida . Florida. Georgia . Idaho. . Illinois . Illinois Indiana ^ Indiana •]■ Indiana £; Iowa '^ Iowa Kansas Kansas Maryland. . . . Massachusetts Michigan '■ Michigan L Michigan 1 Missouri '•■ Missouri J- Nevada T New Jersey ... New York New York North Carolina . North Carolina . Ohio Ohio Ohio Oklahoma Oklahoma .... Oregon Pennsylvania . Pennsylvania . Pennsylvania . Pennsylvania . Rhode Island . South Carolina Texas Texas Utah . . .A. W. Yates .C. C. Cook .H. Hewitt W. Lamkin . J. J. Wilder E. Miller P. Bender L. Kildow C. Johnson . . . . Smith S. Miller G. Brown W. S. Panghurst. . J. A. Nininger. . . .C. 11. Mize S. G. Crocker, Jr. 0. M. Smith 1. D. Bartlett. . . . L. S. Griggs V. Markham W. Romberger. 100. . 70. . 20. . 2 .5 . . .5.5. . 50. . 40. . .30. . 20. . 90. . iTO . 7.5. 70. 60. 75. . 25. . 50. . 100. . . 110. . 75. . 60. . 40. . 10. . 75. . 100. . 80. . 90. . H. Fisbeek. 80 V. Damon . . . . E. G. Carr P. W. Lesser. . . . ..'^danis & Myers. W. J. Martin . . . S. Bumgarner. Leininger . . . . T). Hiatt P. Moore Heueisen F. Stiles A. Scullen C P. . . R. . .J. . J. . C. .H .PI 50 78. 70. 75. 60. 30. 75. Reaver 40 Utah N Vermont . Virginia . . . . "^^irpinia . . . . Washington . Washington . West Virgini Wisconsin . . Wisconsin . . Wisconsin I). C. Gilham C. N. Greene G. H. Rea .A. C. Miller .A. S. Conradi .... T. A. Bowden .... J. N. Maves ..M. A. Gill E. Miller E. Crane C. Asher N. Gravely .... W. B. Saxton. . . L. Cox 40. . 30. . 20. . 25. . 20 .' .' 35 . . 80. . 75. 15. 48. 100. 125. 10. Wvominir A. 1). I'.r. , . T. K. Massie. . . . , . N. E. France 100. , . E. Hassinger, Jr. . . 65. , . H. P. Wilson 75 . 0. 15. 22- 30. 10. 45. 20. 50. 20. 46. 50. 60. 30. 50. 50. 30. 50. 60. 50. 80. 30. 10. 15. 10. 50. 50. 30. 10. 30 '. 32. 20. 10. 50. (iO . falfrt, SVzc; water white alfalfa, 7c; water white sage, 9c; water white orange. 9%c; white mes- quite, 6c; and light amber niesquite, 5 Vac; white sweet clover or alfalfa comb honey, fancy, $3.75 per case; No. 1, $3.50; and No. 2, $3.25. These comb-honey quotations are on a basis of $4.50 per case for fancy laid down in Medina; $4.25 for No. 1, and $4.00 for No. 2. We have just at present sufficient stocks for our n(H'ds. as Reported to Gleanings in Bee Culture. Extracted honey, per pound? (b) Comb honey, per case? 4 What are prices when sold to grocers in case lots? (a) Extracted honey in 5-lb. pails or other retail packages? (b) Comb honey, fancy or No. 1 per case? 5. How is honey now moving on the market in your locality? Give answer in one word, as slow, fair or rapid. The answers as returned by our honey and bee reporters are as follows: Pet. of. In large lots. In case lots. Move- Kor. Y'd. Extr. Comb. Extr. Comb. ment. . . . 25 ■ ■ • .$0.60. . ... .Fair .... . . • • • • Slow 'lOO.... ..$4.80 75.. 5.00 Slow 150 20.. 6.00.... 1.00.. Slow ...200 27.. .... 1.35.. ....Slow l'>0 08 . . .... • . ■ • ■ • Slow ■ ' ' 15' " . 10. . .... 1.50. . ... .Fair '''100 .. .09.. 4.00 75.. 4. 80.... Fair 85. . 5.75. . . .Fair ■■■50''' .. 3.50 70.. 4. 25.... Slow ■■■50 50.. 4. 50.... Slow 125 ' • • • • • ■ • ■ • -Slow 30 12.. 5.25 90.. 7.00.... Slow .■.■'175 10 75 Fair ...125 07 65 Sow .125 08 65 Slow 110 10.. 4.00 .. .75.. 5.00 Fair 50 07.. 50.. 5. 50.... Fair ■■'lOO .. 4.80.... .. 5. 50.... Pair 105 .... 1.00. . 6.00. . . .Slow "125' ' . . 90. . 5.50. . . .Slow '100 . . . - • ■ ■ 100. . Fair 60 . . • • • • 100. . 6.00. . . .Fair 100 .. 10.. 75.. 4. 50.... Good ■ ■ ' 80 ■ *^0 . . 5.75. . . .Fair ■■■]00 75.. 5. 50.... Slow 'lOo' 75. . 5 00. . . .Slow '..60.... .. •••• 1.00.. 6. 00.... Slow 25 .... • • • • ■• Slow ■'100 '.'. ■■■■ -75.. 4. 75.... Slow ''120 10.. ..-. 1.00.. 6.00 Slow 80'... .12.. 5.00 80.. 5.50 Fair 90 15.. 5.00 75.. 5.50 Slow ...120 IJo^ ... 50 06. . 3.50. ... . • • ■ - -Slow 25 ... . . . ■ . • • • • • • • • 33 .... 4.80. ,. .Slow 50.'.'."; .XO'.'. 5.00 1.00.. 6.00 Pair 90 08. . 4.50 1.00 Fair ... .Pair 75 ' .' .' .' .11 .' .' 4.80 .'.'.'.' . . Good 60 . . • ■ • • 1-00. . 5.50 Fair ;; '.100 '.'.'. . .11 80.. 4.20.... Slow 100 . 75.. ....Slow go' 1.00. . ■ • . .Slow 100" .. 85.. Fair 100'.'... .09.. 4.25 65.. 4. 50.... Slow 110 .... 1.05. . 7.20 Slow 7,5 ; .■ .■ .' .09! . 62. . Slow . ... 30 • ■ „, r,o .... 1.25. . ■ . • .Slow ■ ■ ■ ■ 75' ' .... 1.25. . ... .Rapid ■ ■ ■ 35' ' ■ ■ 75. . ... .Fair sV" '. 10. . ■''■'' ^'""' so'.... .08.. 3.60 5(t.. 4.25 Pair ■ ■ ■ ' .,3 .... . . • ■ • .Slow ' ' ' ' -I'-i'n . . 7.50. . . .Slow .," 1.10 6.00 Slow ■■■' - T>' .4 80 75.. 6.00 Slow ::::ioo:::: :io .■■■■I'"''' 100 90.. 5.50 Fair ■ ■ ■ 55 ■ ■ . . . Fair :::;2oo;:;. .12.. 4.56 Fair 100 85 Fair ..100 13.. 4.75 95.. 6.50.... 35 ... . . . 85 . . .... Slow 562 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE Septembkr, 1922 QUESTION Mr. H. L. Jenkins, Ham- burg, Iowa, sent us his or- der for 100 cases of two 5- gallon cans, and saved $21.00. Are We Saving You Money? THE A. 1. ROOT OOMPANY OF IOWA COUNCIL BLUFFS, ICWA Lewis Extractors Lewis-Markle Power Honey Extractor. Tank cut away. \ — Pan over machinery. B — Bottom of tank. Mjide i)i 4 and 8 frame sizes. Accoiii- Diodates 2 sizes of baskets, power op- cialion, maeliinory underneath, no vibration, tank and basket instantly removable for clcaninji;. A commer- cial success. Circular free. Address: 6. B. LEWIS COMPANY Watertown, Wisconsin, U. S. A. There's a Distri})iitor Near You. PAST AND BONE Season of 1922 It will jiay you to think of 1923 and get in your oider for supplies early. From now on to the spring months we can give you prompt service. Do not wait till you need the goods, but anticipate your needs so as to be prepared when next season arrives. A. I. Root Co. of Syracuse, N. Y. 1631 West Genesee St. Septkmuek, lUlil! GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUliK 5G3 Nw Bingham BtE Smoker The Smoker You Ought to Own T HE most important invention in beekeep- ing, as little can be accomplished without the Bee Smoker. The neic Bingham Bee-Smoker is the most efficient and durable machine on the market. The standard for over 40 years in this and many foreign countries, and is the all-impor- tant tool of the most extensive honey produc- ers of the world. ( "omes with metal legs, metal binding and tui^ned edges. The four larger sizes have hinged covers. The fire grate is of very sub- stantial material, with an abundance of draft holes, the 4-inch size having 381 holes, equal to an opening of 2-inch square. A valve in the bellows of the larger sizes makes the Smoker respond to the most delicate touch. The new Bingham comes in six sizes, including the Big Smoke, which is furnished both with and without shield. The larger sizes are best, as they hold more fuel, give more smoke, re- quire filling less often, and are especially rec- ommended to those who work with their bees several hours at a time. Write for our complete catalog of bee sup- plies and accessories. Special circular of all sizes of Bingham Smokers free for the asking. A. G. WOODMAN CO. 238 Scribner Ave., N. W. GRAND RAPIDS, MICH., U.S.A. BIG SMOKE— With Shield. Fire Pot; 4 x 10. CONQUEROR. Fire Pot, 3x7. LITTLE WONDER. Fire I'ot, '■'> x oV-j- 564 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURIO September, 1922 Dadant's Wired Foundation is Sag-Proof Reinforced with ^-nx---. Radiating Everla^s/insrSir^iv^th Siiouiders Strength 1 ; f^Mm^ NON^Y^ SAG FOUNIIAIIDN /ns'taiii^shmmy The Finished Gomb a Delight to the Eye HERE IS THE EVIDENCE. KENTUCKY I liave tried Wired Foundation this year under exactly the same conditions and sur- roundings, as far as I could tell, with foun- dation that was wired horizontally. Every frame of the old-style foundation sagged bad- ly and the Wired Foun- dation made perfect combs. I call it the greatest improvement modern beekeeping has had for many years. — P. C. W. IOWA I believe this foun- dation will prove a labor-saver. It can be inserted in a short time. Wiring frames is sure a tedious job at best. There is no sag in the foundation. I threw them quite hard in extracting and for new combs they stood up fine. — B. A. B. WASHINGTON There has been ab- solutely no sagging or stretching of cells. There is no question in my mind that this method of wiring foun TEXAS We are glad to say that we have thus far gotten 93 per cent ab- solutely perfect combs. We have seen no evi- dation is a great step ^^^^^ ^f vertical sag- in advance of the old horizontal method, and these vertically wired combs are the best combs I have in my yard. — A. E. B. -E. G. L. DADANT'S WIRED FOUNDATION may be used in new-style split bottom-bar frames or in the old-.stylo one-piece bottom-bar frames with equal satisfaction. It is also adaptable to any size and style of brood or extracting frame. COSTS NO MORE. Since Dadant's Wired Foundation cuts the cost and labor of wiring, its e.\tra inicc of tliroe cents per pound above the catalog i)rices of old-style foundation is thus more than returned to the beekeeper. BEESWAX. — We need large (luantities of liees\V!ix and an- piiyin;;- ki'ocI prices now. Sliip to us at ilainiltim, Illinois, or Keokuk, Iowa, or drop us a card and we will quote f. o. b. here or f. o. b. your own station as you ma.v desire. Wired Foundation is sold by all distributors of Lewis "Beeware" and Dadant's Foundation. Send them your orders. DADANT & SONS, HAMILTON, ILLINOIS E GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE SEPTEMBER, 1922 1 EDITORIAL TllK heuriiig oji the Isle, of Wight Disease Hill before the Agricultural Couiuiittee of the Senate was helil on Aug. 2, when the l)ill was reported out uiiaiiiniously by the eouiinittee for enaet- Up to the time of going to press no word lias been received as to the passage of this bill bv the Senate. The Isle of Wight Disease Bill. nient. ,05= IN an article in the August 10th issue of Modern Farming, Chas. F. Leach advocates the use of Hubam Hiibam for Winter Pasture in the South. as a winter pasture crop for the South. He jjlants it even in the most acid soil, but first puts on enough lime to insure a good growth of Hubam. He says: For winter pasture in the lower South, or for an early hay crop, no plant so far discovered can eqiial Hubam. 01 ■ =>a^ai .to THE United States Department of Agricul- ture has just issued Department Circular 222, "The Insulating A New Value of Commercial Circular for Double - Walled Bee Beekeepers, hives," by E. F. Phil- lips, which gives the re- sults of tests of the escape of heat from dif- ferent makes of double-walled hives. Bee- keepers will be especially interested in the results when double-walled hives, having an air space between the walls, were compared with those in which the space was filled with sawdust, the difference of course being in favor of the packed hives. The tests also show a great loss of heat through the bot- tom when the bottom is not packed. Most beekeepers now recognize this weak- ness in double-walled hives without bottom packing, and in building winter packing- cases are jiroviding for bottom packing. This of course makes less difference when tlie liive-stand is so arranged that the air can not circulate under the hive or where the snow is well banked up at the sides. The circular also gives a table showing the comparative insulating value of various materials used for packing. This circular can no doubt be obtained free as long as the supply lasts, by writing to the Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C, asking for Department Circular 222. IN the clover region new honey a[)peared on the market several weeks earlier than usual. Unfortunate- Honey Crop ly some of this new and Marketing crop was offered in Condition. the midst of tlie heaviest fruit and berry season this country has had for sev- eral years. Instead of w^aiting until these were out of the way, as advised in these columns last month, many beekeepers hav- ing honey for sale have forced it upon au unwilling market by reducing the price, in some cases to a figure lower than tlie deal- ers would have been willing to pay for honey in carload lots. The amount of hon- ey that has been crowded on the market in this way is small, but it has already had the effect of depressing the market and causing dealers to expect still lower prices. Of course the railroad and coal strikes have also had a depressing effect upon the mar- ket. Since honey is not a perishable product in the same sense as fresh fruits and vege- tables, it is entirely unnecessary to dump it at a sacrifice on the market as soon as it has been harvested. A stabilized market for honey is better for both producer and deal- er. The further we can get away from a speculative honey market, the better for ail concerned. The sensible thing in marketing is to col- lect all the data j)ossible as to the amount of honey produced as well as the probable buy- ing power of the public, and then establish and maintain a price that will move the crop before the new crop comes on next year. Gleanings is doing all it can to put before its readers all available facts as to the crop and market conditions. According to the statistics thus far known, we have this year a crop of honey only slightly great- er than last year, with but little of last year's crop remaining unsold. The total amount of honey in the country at this time is no dou]>t less than it was a year ago when a large amount of honey had been carried over from the previous year. In the light of these facts and judging by what was ac- complished last year in disposing of honey, it Avould seem that careful but aggressive marketing should result in cleaning up this year's crop without selling at a sacrifice. See the articles on this subject by H. H. Root and E. G. LeStourgeon in this issue. 566 (? L K A N r N G S IN BE K C U L T U U K Ski'I'kmi'.ior, ] 02l! MANY producers si'ciii to lliiiik that tlioir responsibility ceases wlieii they liave sold their eroj) to a dealer Helping the and received the cash Grocer In payment for the Sell Honey, lioney. It is true that the responsibility for re-selling is shifted to the dealer when he buys the honej', but the producer can not afford to lose interest in the ultimate sale to the consumer just because he has been able to induce a dealer to buy his honey and turn over the cash for it. It should be remembered that the honey is not really sold until the consumer buys it. Those who supply their local grocers with lioney in case lots should help the dealer dispose of it so that he will be ready to buy more Avhen his stock runs low. This can be done by display advertisements in the local papers, by window displays and by seeing that the honey is so conspicuously located in the store that it will be seen. The retail grocer is not necessarily a sales- man. He hands over the counter what the people ask for. It is not his business to cre- ate a demand for honey any more than for any one of the many other items in his store. The grocer is able to distribute the bee- keej^er's honey to consumers cheaper than anybody else can do it but he should not be expected to assume the responsibility of cre- ating a greater demand for honey. THE Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, Wooster, Ohio, has published a bulletin (No. , 357) on the dis- Bees Help in Con- s e m i n a tion of trol of Fireblight. fireblight, writ- ten by H. A. Gos- sard and E. C. Walton, which is of interest to beekeepers. The authors have made an exhaustive study to determine to what ex- tent honey bees may be carriers of fireblight, and while they found that they are capable of carrying the blight just as many other agencies do, their studies have revealed that honeybees also play an important part in the control of this disease by promptly pollinat- ing the blossoms, thus carrying them cpiickly past the period of susceptibility to blight. The following extract from the bulletin certainly speaks well for the honeybee: There would apparently be some disastrous l)light years if no lioney bees were in existence, and from our researches (p. 108) we believe it is fair to infer that in the early part of the bloom- ing season bees do not scatter mucli blight, but by promptly pollinating the blossoms as fast as the stigmas rii)ei\, hurry such fruit past the period of susceptibility to bliglit, so that in about three days after jjollination, such blossoms or fruits will scarcely blight at all. This explains why it is that orchard ists who also keep nunierous stands of bees have full crops of fruit, even when blos- som blight is very l)ad. While it seems to be true that b(!es are among the most effective dissemina- tors of blossom-blight toward the end of the blos- soming period, this nuty in large measure he con- doned or in some cases regarded as advantageous, since their work in killing the blossoms will re- duce the work of thinning, an operation that m.iy bo necessary if too many fruits hav(> set. IN a letter of appreciation (jf tke response of beekeepers in raising a fund for tlie Miller Me- Mrs. Miller Expresses Appreciation of Miller Memorial Library Fund. morial Li- brary Mrs. Miller adds the follow- ing paragraph, which the Editor lias aKked permission to publish: We are very_much gratified over the report of " ~~ " The beekeepers have done the Memorial Fund, so well. Although the one who made this the most beau- tiful spot on earth for us has gone, we are still living here, trying to do the things we think he would want done. With kindest regards from Miss Wilson and myself, Very sincerely yours, Mrs. C. C, Miller. :ss= ^3fi) THE committee in charge of the Miller Me morial Fund has decided to locate the Me morial Li The Miller Memorial Library to be Located in Wisconsin University. brarv a t t h e' Uni- versity of W i s con sin. Among the otlier institutions considered by tlie committee were Cornell University and the Iowa Agricultural College, but the committee tlnally voted unanimously to lo- cate the memorial at the University of Wis- consin. In many respects this is an ideal loca- tion for this library. H. F. Wilson, Pro- fessor of Beekeeping at the university, who b}^ tlie way is also a practical honey pro- ducer, has been interested for some time in a beekeeping library for the university. Such a library being one of his hobbies, his enthusiasm as well as tlie tliought he has al- ready put into the library idea will now be of great value to the Miller Memorial Li- brary. Being on the ground and in close touch with its affairs, lie will naturally put into this his very best effort, and as long as he is connected with the University, bee- keepers may rest assured that the Miller Memorial Library will be Avell cared for. The University of Wisconsin is a rapidly growing institution in a state whose citizens are progressive and who take great pride in their educational institutions. Being located at Madison, Wis., this library of beekeep- ing will be in the midst of the great white clover region of the United States and Can- ada, as Avell as near the center of population in the United States. Madison is only about 70 miles from Marengo, 111., where Doctor Miller worked out so many of tlie beekeep- ers' problems. It at least seems titting that tliis memorial is to be located so near the homo of tlie man whose memory it is to per- petuate. The funds tliat have been collected, as well as any additional contributions tliat may be made, are to be turned over to the University to be invested, only the income from the investment to be used for the building u]) and maintenance of the library. Tlie Uni \'(M'si1 \', W(> nmlerstand, will fui'nisli SKi-i k;>^ihkk, lOi::; A N 1 \ t; s IN r. M !■; c i: l 'I' li i: i-: s|);ico fur the libiiiry Mini li:i\t' ('(mi|ilftc iii.in .-(fjeinent of its affairs. One great advantage of Hi is kiiiducer to retail honey by the section or by the jar, as the case may be, at anytliing" like the price that he would sell to a wholesaler or even to a retailer. If it cost $1.00 a case to retail comb honey, that dollar should certainly be added to the selling price. Too many ])roducers forget this, and not only lose the difference but they thereby jeopard- ize their own business in the future and that of their neighbors. Certainly they are not asking the question, ''Am I my brotli er's keeper?" It is not possible in tlie space allowed liere to discuss fully the cost of canning or bottling honey. Generally speaking, the 30% This diagram .show.s where the consumer's dollar goes. The various costs iciven here are based upon honey packed in ]4-ounce jars and distributed ihroush the regular trade channel.-^. The costs will vaiv for the different sizes of packages. In bottling for local trade only the broker's share job- increased. e of machinery are smaller the package tlie greater the cost of that package in proportion to the cost of the honey. The above diagram shows how tlie consumer's dollar is divided when he buys honey in 14 oz. jars. If he buvs in very small bottles, the cost of the bottles, labels, labor, selling costs, etc., are still greater in proportion to the amount of honey he receives, but in larger packages these items are proportionately less. I have made the statement that this is the time for constructive, consistent and continuous effort in selling honey. I will GLEANINGS IN B E li CUE T U R E SkI'Tkmber, 1'J2"2 now go further aud say that tlie lack of consistent and systematic effort has, in my opinion, very nearly brought on a crisis in the industry. T do not fear that we are getting back to where we were years ago when carloads of honey in increasing num- bers were being held over; what I do fear is that the lack of real concern on the part of the producer toward increasing the con- sumer demand is standing in the way of fair prices to the producer for the product. I do not advocate a final retail price so high that the consumer will not buy. I do ad- vocate continuous sales activity along the line of popularizing honey as a food. What Is the Best Remedy for These Condi- tions? Producers can do much to help matters in the immediate future. The old producer needs to get some of the unbounded enthu- siasm for honey that the beginner in bee- keeping has. We all know that the begin- ner talks honey in the daytime and in the nighttime, at home and abroad. He does it until he sometimes makes himself a nuis- ance, and yet his enthusiasm is such that he sells more than he himself can produce and has to buy from his neighbors. The in- dustry in general will be helped when tlie greatest possible amount of honey produced in a given state or in a given locality can be consumed near by. When it costs two or three cents a pound to move honey in bulk from one part of the country to an- other and a greater amount still to move it again in bottled form, there is danger of piling up a transportation charge that is actually greater than the original cost of the honey. What is the use of doing a large business and making no profit? Why keep bees if the bees do not keep you? I firmly believe that only when the use of honey on the table becomes more popular will the producer make an adequate profit on his investment. The following suggestions have all been tried and proven. No one producer will at- tempt to put all of these into use. Many will be able to follow one or two of them.. Roadside Selling. Roadside selling has done much to pre- vent honey from dropping in price to a dangerously low level. Gleanings has per- sistently called attention to the benefits, but not all producers realize wliat can be done. At one of the eastern field meetings refer- ence was made to a producer who had es- tablished several roadside stands and had sold in all over 100,000 pounds of honey. All that is required is good honey in an attract- ive package, properly advertised by means of a neat yet conspicuous sign. The five and ten pound pails are very popular pack- ages for roadside selling. Honey should be exhibited in glass, however, for some cus- tomers will not buy in tin, and all like to see the color of what they are getting. It is a good plan to have an attractive card announcing that the same honey is sold in tin at a lower price. The producer need not live on a main highway in order to sell honey by the road- side. He can erect a small stand on the main highway, establish someone in charge and keep the stand supplied with honey by trips morning, noon and night. It is an advantage to live on the main highway, of course, right close to the selling stand, for considerable sales may be made on days when the automobile traffic is too light to pay to have someone at the stand all day. A sign, announcing that the blowing of the liorn will bring an attendant, will take care of the trade on days wlien travel is light. If the honey stand by the side of the road is near a beeyard, the bees help adver- tise, of course, and the venture is more like- ly to be a successful one than if no bees can be seen. If the apiary is too far away to be seen from the road, a colony or two back a few feet from the stand will serve almost as well. Where siiles ;n-f lieavy a Looth at tlio roadside adds greatly U> tlie i-iHiilurt words "Pure Honey" on tho beehives. ale^iiuaii. Ncjtc tli Si'M'TK.M i;ki(, lirj2 0 h K A N 1 N 0 S IN B K E 0 U L T U K K A comuiou mistake at a roadside selling stand is having but one sign and that right in front of the stand. The rapidly approach- ing automobile is usually far beyond before the driver can stop. There should be an at- tractive sign several hundred feet away from the stand on each side, announcing that pure honey is on sale so many hundred feet ahead. Talking Bees and Honey in Schools. Any man or woman, // iiilcrcxtcd in lioney, can talk honey at higli schools. Simply take White lettering on a dark Ikk k- roiiDj can be read at a greater distance than dark lettering on a white background. a screened hive of bees right into the schoolroom and by lighting a smoker, get the curiosity of the boys and girls aroused to the very highest pitch. A few facts should be noted down beforehand to introduce the subject, and the questions that the boys and girls ask will pave the way for fur- ther remarks. Tell them that there are three kinds of bees, that the worker bees wear their wings ragged in a very few weeks so that they are no longer capable of producing at the highest effieieney. Explain that the queen can lay one and one-half times her own weight in eggs in 24 hours. Tell them that the drone has a grandfather but no father. Show that the sweet sub- sf.aii'i" ill flowers 11; not honey but a syrup resembling cane sugar, that the bees invert this into real honey, which is not a tax on the digestive system of the human being. Be sure to say that honey is the most health- ful form of sweet and that it is the safest commercial sweet. Tf possible, have two or three kinds of honc}^, each properly labeled, til at can be passed around for sampling on pieces of paper or cardboard. Explain that only one main honey-producing plant ordin- arily is in blossom at one time. Lay espe- cial emphasis on the particular honey that is produced largely in the locality. After a pretty vigorous smoking of tlie bees through the screened entrance until they begin to roar, carefully pry up one side of the cover and blow in more smoke across the top. Be sure the smoker is work- ing well and use it rather more frequently than if the hive were being opened out of doors. Keep the bees down with smoke, while gradually loosening the frames. Lift out one of the central frames and look for the queen. When she is found pass up and down the aisles showing the queen and the bees, the brood, the honey, etc., to the stu- dents. A few bees fly about the room but, with a little care, no one need be stung. What good does this do? An extensive producer in the West told me last winter that he shipped a car of honey to a certain city, intending to sell all of it at the stores. On his arrival he found the stores heavily stocked with local honey that was not mov- ing well. He tried to sell his honey repeat- edly but with little, if any success, until finally, seeing some children on the street, lie allowed them all to sample his honey, and he began to tell them about tlie bees. Their eager questions gave him the idea of talking at the schools. He went to a mem- ber of the school board and told him that he would not do any direct advertising, but would just talk bees and honey if they would allow him half an hour in each of the schools. Obtaining his consent, he went to work. Within a few days honey began selling, and the stocks in the stores were exhausted. There was no difficulty in dis- posing of the entire car of honey. It pays to create new users of honey. Chil- dren crave sweets. Teaching them to like honey is doing them a favor. Demonstrate Honey in Stores. Pick out one of the most prominent gro- ceries and make arrangements for a good An attractive roadside display coinmands attention. window display of honey, with possibly a one-frame observatory hive containing the queen and a card underneath, reading, "Can you find the queen?" On a day when sales arc likely to be the heaviest, or several days for that matter, "demonstrate" honey. Tell the story of honey, how pure it is, how liealthful it is. Have some pictures, show- ing the process of extracting honey. Mix honey with butter, about equal proportions and give away free samples on crackers. The combination costs less than butter alon% and tastes better. Also give samples of straight extracted honey on crackers. If 572 G L 1<: A N I N G S IN BEE CULTURE Sei'TEMber, 1922 you think you can afford it, have a freezer of ice cream and give away very small por- tions of ice cream on paper sauce-dishes, with a little extracted honey j^oured over the cream. Sometimes a near-by druggist can be induced to advertise a "Honey Sun- dae." If you have not tried this yourself, you have no idea how delicious it is. When giving out samples, secure the help of some young woman, dressed in white, to prepare the samples and to wait on the people. The Value of Local Associations. The man who is the greatest menace to selling Iioney is the man (and every com- munity has one or more of them) too care- less to read bee journals and too indifferent to become a member of the beekeepers' or honey producers' association. I do not wisli to give the impression that I am against national associations or state associations. They have their field, and rightly organ- ized and managed, they accomplish great results. I do feel, however, that the im- portance of the local association has never been properly recognized. By local, I mean a county, or a community represented by two or three counties, or a part of a state. Tliese local associations can accomplish al- most unlimited good in many ways, not the least of which is the grading of honey, whether comb or extracted. It has always seemed to me that the dues of such an asso- ciation should be large enough to make pos- sible some work along this line. The secre- tary can know personally almost every member, and, if this secretary is wisely chosen, his official stamp of approval will go a long way with buyers, especially if the locality can be given some honest, sincere publicity. If a state is small, a state asso- ciation can function along this line just as well as a local association. I recall several instances wliere two counties have formed an association, which has done a very cred- itable piece of work. There are also tri county associations, membership in which is a real asset to any beekeeper. One producer can not do very much with a neighbor who persists in selling honey at too low a price. An association, on the other hand, can most effectually meet this problem. Eight now I know of one in- stance where a local association is getting after a producer (not a member of that as- sociation, not a reader of bee journals, therefore not very well informed on market conditions), who is peddling excellent white clover honey in five and ten pound pails at 10c a pound, a most glaring example of the folly of retailing honey at a price below Avliat most buyers would pay for the honey in carlots. In another state a producer is peddling fine comb honey at 20c a section. Join your local association and help educate all local producers so that there need be no such menace to the industry at large. Eemember that selling expense is a legiti- mate part of the cost, and that it costs to sell just as it costs to produce. The smaller the quantity sold, the higher the selling price should be. Boost the per capita consump- tion of honey by creating a new consumer demand. Sell honey by the roadside. Talk honey at schools. Demonstrate honey in stores. Join your local association and do all in your power to make it a live associa- tion. Preach the value of honey as a food in season aiid out of season and practice wliat you preacli. \'criiinnt field iniM'tiii::. West I'liwlct. Anp. 12. A ineiiiber at ;i wholosnln prit if ii live associution will imt rotail lioni'v Skptkmbkk, 1922 G L K A N I N (i S IN [5 K K (J II L T LT It \<) 573 THE MARKETING PROBLEM Importance of Uniform Packages, Proper Publicity and IVell-seleded Channels of distribution By E. G. Le Stourgeon Manager Texas Honey Producers' Association CEET A I N consid e r a- tions that always outer in- to all marketiug plans are diffi- cult to apply to the marketiug of lioney. Yet they must be well un- derstood before we can liopc to solve our problems. One of these is the proper package in which lioney is to be packed, especially if it is contemplated to have the co-operation of the retailer in its distribution. This in- volves standardization of package and limit- ing the number of sizes and kinds. For re- tail distribution a standardization of retail price is also essential. With many men of many minds producing honey and not agree ing among themselves as to the cost of pro- duction, and many not even knowing what it costs to produce a pound of honey, this is an extremely difficult problem. The unit quantity of comb honey has been pretty well determined by the universal use of the one-pound section, but the unit price at which it should be sold to the consumer has never been sufficiently standardized. In extracted honey both considerations are still unsettled, and, therefore, the j)roblem is much farther from solution. Another consideration to be taken into ac- count is the proper appearance of the prod- uct when offered for sale. Too much honey is offered in unattractive, often repulsive and at least poorly labeled condition. This tends to lower the chances of any honey be- ing looked upon with favor by the consum- ing public. Each beekeeper is a law unto himself in the size and style of package and often pays no regard to the vital mat- ter of appearance. Next comes the need for proper publicity back of the package, and this includes a policy of co-operation with the dealer. We see many commodities sold under attractive brands and standards because of such pub- licity. The sale of honey has miserably failed in this consideration, and such fail- ure has been the most serious drawback to our success as merchants of our product. Al- most every district in every state produces some honey, and usually no more individ- uality of price, size and appearance has en- tered into its sale than in the sale of such products as eggs or garden produce. Here and there some nationally or locally adver- tised and properly packed and standardized brand is offered, but the earnest efforts of the packer are soon set at naught by the senseless and foolish competition of tlie local producer, who floods the market with a nondescript offering at ruinous prices which are arrived at without regard to cost of production or expense incident to pack- ing and marketing. What Is the Best Method of Distribution? Tlie fiii;tl mriin consideration is the ])ro])or method of dis- tribution to the retailer. A cor- rect solution of this will depend upon a greater measure of co- operation than has been hereto- fore shown by beekeepers, since concerted action and the collecting and dissemination of informa- tion concerning trade conditions and ten- dencies are necessary. In my opinion the laborer is worthy of his hire, and the jobber or retailer, who takes the risk of sale of the products he carries in stock, is entitled to his reason- able profit. It is manifestly unfair to the retailer of honey for the producer to con- tinue, as so many beekeepers do, to sell to the consumer in his neighborhood at the same price at which he sells to the grocer. In the same way it is unfair for the pro- ducer to sell to the retailer at the same price at which he sells by wliolesale to the jobber. The retailer is the customer of the jobber, whose reasonable profit should be protected. The consumer is the customer of the retailer, and the profit of the retailer should be protected. In other words, a bee- keeper should recognize and quote . three different prices, if he sells to these three groups or links in the chain of distribution. If he does not sell to the wholesaler or re- tailer, but confines his sale to the consumers only, he should remember that he is himself doing the work of these important factors, and should add to his price enough to re- pay liini for his effort in packing, labeling and selling. This should be enough to cover a reasonable profit and the cost of doing the business of those who are handling honey in fliis territory. The ''Spread" Between Producer Price and Consumer Price. I will not attempt to say what the "spread" shall be between the cost of pro- ducing a ten-pound pail of honey and the sale price to a consumer. Many factors that are determined by local conditions and trade customs enter in. The problem c;ui be approached only in a general way, and the suggestions made here are general. Let us say that it costs 10 cents per pound to produce our extracted honey. This is a bulk price at whicli we could sell our honey, without containers, in carload lots to a bottler, ;ind just come out even on our year's operation of the apiary. The labor, label and container will cost us, say 21/. cents. Our price to the jobber or Avhole- saler in resale quantities should therefore be 12V^ cents per pound or $1.25 for each ten-pound can. The jobber's profit usually ranges from 10 to 121^ per cent of the sell- ing, or list price, to the retailer. This would make the normal price to the retailer of such honey about $1.40 per can or $8.40 per case of six cans. The profit of the retailer 574 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE September, 1922 is usually 20 to 25 per cent of the price to the consumer, and the retail price on this honey would probably be $1.75 per pail. Let us see how this looks: Cost of producing 10 pounds of honey.. $1.00 Cost of packing, label and contaijier. . .25 Cost of jobber or wholesaler 15 Cost of retailer 35 Cost to consumer $1.75 Do not get the idea that the jobber makes 15 cents on every can of honey he sells. His profit is really infinitesimally small on each individual can. Out of the 15 cents he must pay drayage, rent, office expense, salesmen 's salaries and a dozen other costs. His abil- ity to do business at all rests wholly upon volume. Neither does the retailer make 35 cents on every can. His costs are propor- tionally lieavier because his sales volume is smaller and in addition he has greater risks of all kinds. Let us consider, for a moment, honey packed in glass and in smaller containers than the ten-pound pail discussed above. As the container becomes smaller and more expensive, the "spread" becomes automat- ically greater because new factors of cost enter in. Labor is proportionally greater, the container is enormously more expen- sive, and the costs of sales mount. It costs the retailer practically as much to make a sale of a one-pound jar as it does to sell a 10-pound can because his sales are all unit sales anyway. In fact, we sometimes find that the 10-cent honey we have been con- sidering has to be sold as high as 40 cents per pound in certain expensively labeled and attractively packed pound jars, especially if freight and transportation charges enter in, and this without anyone making an undue or excess profit on any of the transactions. All these matters should be given thought and study by the producer who sells his own product. When the Producer Becomes a Merchant. The business of producing is one thing; the business of marketing is another. When the producer becomes a merchant and sells his own product he should have, and should insist upon having, the wages of a mer- chant. This is common sense. Besides that, it is vital, if he is to establish a perma- nent and standardized market, that he rec- ognize these facts and respect these profits. If he persists in selling direct to retailers at the same price the jobber pays, the effect will inevitably be that the jobber will no longer handle honey and the general dis- tribution system will break down. If he per- sists in selling to the consumer at the price paid by the retailer, the latter will justly refuse to handle honey, and the means of distribution will in time become limited to the range of the peddling wagon of the foolish producer who has killed the goose that laid his golden eggs. The merchant is tlie ])est friend of the producer of any com- modity. It is the merchant and the estab- lished trade channels that make economical distribution possible. Honey has never been over-produced; it has merely been under- distributed. The honey producer has been in great measure at fault for this, because, by direct sales in small quantities at ruin- ously competitive prices, he has discouraged the merchant from handling it. Summary. Let us resume for a moment some of our main considerations: 1. Standardization of retail package as to kind and style. This has been done auto- matically with comb honey, but is still a problem in the marketing of extracted and bulk comb honey. 2. Standardization of retail price. Tliis has been impossible up to now because of the wide areas in which honey is produced and the lack of co-operation among bee- keepers. Also, there has been a lack of the true knowledge of market and crop condi- tions. 3. Proper appearance of the package from the standpoint of attraction to the buyers. With many men of divers habits and minds packing the product individually, this has been a difficult problem. 4. Proper publicity back of the package, including general co-operation with the dealer. If this is ever done it must be done by some such concerted movement as the American Honey Producers ' League. 5. The proper channels of distribution should be recognized and protected. To get lioney before all buyers, it must be handled as a staple commoditv and this brings us to— n. The proper prices at which honey must be sold to jobber, retailer and consumer. The beekeeper wlio becomes a merchant must take into account his costs as a merchant and demand his wages for the service he renders. In doing so he will encourage the handling of honey by the regular trade clian- nels and greatly widen his field of distrilm- tion. The remedy is threefold: Co-operation, education, publicity. Here and there are springing up groups of beekeepers who are organizing co-opera- tive marketing associations that are rapid- ly solving, in their limited trade areas, some of these problems. Grade standards and package standards are being evolved, and more respect is being shown to the conventional channels of distribution. By their example and their persistent efforts to educate their neighbors much good is coming. The individual beekeeper, hero and there, who is not in touch with these moA'-ements, must slowly become educated jilong these lines, and when really cognizant of the true conditions he will also become a co-operator. Yov coTuplete success ever to come, this education of the isolated individual is nee pssarv. One beekeeper who produces 500 to 5,000 pounds of honey can absolutely de- moralize the market of a whole group of beekeepers who produce 100,000 pounds. Sei'TKiMbkr, 1112 GLEANINGS IN B R E C U I^ T U R E Let Olio man poisisteiitly cut tlie pvit'c and disregard trade eliannels, and tlie whole dis- tribution system tumbles in his locality. Publicity must come by a conscious and concerted action of the whole. By public- ity, J mean the dissemination of knowledge of tlie true value of honey as food and tlie creation of a desire on the part of the con- sumer to purchase it. Such publicity can come about only througli joint action, and my threefold remedy thus resolves itself to the one idea of co-operation. If beekeep- ers learn the fundamental principles of mar- keting and distribution, aid in giving pub- licity to our product, and co-operate with our various sales agencies, our problem is solved. San Antonio, Texas. SHIPPING COMB HONEY as ONE m a y have his s h i p p i n g cases factory - made, or ever so perfect, and yet have his line comb honey ship- ped in the m broken down. As a rule it is not advisable to send such a prod- uct by express, although it can be done. Tlie experience of the writer has shown that comb honey sent by freight not only goes through at a less cost, but in much bet- ter condition. Much will depend on whether comb honey is sent in carlots or in less than carlot shipments. How to Ship Small Lots of Comb Honey. As a rule a single case of comb honey or half a dozen or a dozen of them can not be sent without being put into a special carrier or crate. No matter how modern the cases may be, witli plenty of corrugated paper for top, bottom, sides and ends, if they are sent uncrated, either by freight or express, there is almost sure to be a breakage and leakage of the comb honey. Where a cus- tomer wants a single case, or a couple of them, they should be put in a box large enough so that they can be well packed all around in straw. Comb honey is seldom shipped in less than four to eight cases at a time, making an aggregate weight of not less than 100 pounds. The carrier or crates that are ordinarily used will take eight cases, or the equivalent weight of 200 pounds. The carrier here shown is lined on the inside with paper to conform to the rulings of the railroad companies. On the bottom is then placed six or eight inches of loose straw evenly distributed, when the cases are piled in, one on top of the other, until the carrier is level full, four single-tier cases deep, of 24 pounds each, and two cases long. Tlie paper is then neatly folded over, after which the cover boards are nailed in place as shown in the cut. The carrier is so big and heavy that it can not be picked up by the freight-handlers and dumped or thrown. The handles stick- ing out suggest the method for moving it, and that means two men, to pick it up and carry it wheelbarrow fashion. Two can eas- ily pick it up and move it from truck to car, and from car to truck, and from truck to HoT£; to ^ack Small Lots as Well Car Load Lots to Prevent Breakage By E. R. Root destination with p er f 0 c t ease. Such a carrier will go either by freight or ex- press — prefera- bly by freight with out break- age or leakage. If 500 or several thousand pounds of comb honey are to be shipped, carriers like those here shown should be used. While they entail some ad- ditional expense they insure safe delivery of the honey, save loss from breakage and leakage, and leave a pleased customer at the other end of the route. In many instances the beekeeper can and should carry his own comb honey with his This carrier practically insures safe delivery of comb honey. It has a cushion of straw at the bot- tom and is lined with heavy paper to keep the cases clean. own truck to liis iiear-by towns and cities. On bad roads, in a common wagon with no springs, plenty of straw should be put in before loading the honey; but usually an automobile truck is provided with springs, which, in connection vni\\ pneumatic tires and careful driving, will insure safe deliv- ery without any carriers or crates or straw in the bottom. It sometimes happens that all the local 576 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE September, 1922 markets in the towus near by, as well as the cities, are more than supplied with comb honey, so that the honey must be sent to a distant market, too far away to deliver by truck. In that case, less than carload shipments should be sent in carriers. How to Ship Comb Honey in Carlots. When sending honey in carlots the car- riers are not needed. The railroad com- panies should furnish a strong serviceable car that will stand rough usage — one that has not been used for carrying phosphate, wool or live stock. A wagonload of straw should be provided in advance. The floor should be swept out when the car is ready. The cases of comb honey should be neatly piled in the car one on top of the other, and of even height, like cord wood, until the Whole car is filled within a foot or 18 inches of each end. It is not advisable to pile the honey up higher than about eight cases single tier, or four cases double tier. It is important that the cases be piled snug- ly against each other, in such a way that the combs will be parallel with the track be- neath. Any intervening space left on the sides next to the car should be filled in with crating, boards, or straw tightly wedged in. There is not a great deal of side movement in a car; but it is important to provide for a slight amount of it. The intervening space of 18 inches at each end of the car should be filled in with closely packed straw. This can not be packed in too snugly. The purpose of the straw is to provide against serious end shocks due to stopping or start- ing of the train. It sometimes happens that a car of comb honey is shot ahead on a switch; and unless a man is on top of the car at the brake the car may be jammed into another one. It is, therefore, impor- tant to see that the end spaces at the end of the cases in the car are cushioned with tightly packed straw. To keep the straw from working up at each end, thus allow- ing end shock between the eases, boards sliould be put over the top of tlie straw and lield down by cleats on each side of the ear. Should there not be quite enough comb honey to fill the car it would be well to leave the space next to the doors, and fill in with very rigid bracing made up of 2 by 4's fastened in such a way that they can not possibly work loose. Many and many a car of comb lioney sent long distances has had a heavy breakage, caused by carelessness on the part of tlu' sliipper or by his inexcusable ignorance in not seeing to it that the comb honey was packed solid and properly cushioned at the ends and sides of the car. The shipper should make up his mind that his comb honey is more fragile than eggs in egg-car- riers: that it is relatively heavy; that the railroad companies en route will give his honey the heaviest end-banging it has ever had. He must play safe. While he may it' cover damages from the railroad company, the process for doing this is exceedingly long and diflicult, with the possible and probable result that the railroad company will get out of paying for the damage, or it may pay a merely nominal sum. Perhaps in all beedom there is nothing more aggravating than a car of broken- down comb honey. If it is sent against a draft attached to the bill of lading, the con- signee is likely to refuse payment. It lies on the tracks while telegrams are flying back and forth; and, even though a com- Y)romise be effected, no one is satisfied. In the mean time robber bees get busy, and sting the railroad men who are trying to ' ' clean up. ' ' This is not all. Foul brood may be scattered far and wide. So, be careful, Mr. Beekeeper. This is what iiiiiy liappi'u it' the nids nf tlie car are not cushioned with straw. The car received a hard hump and the honey pushed out the end of the car. The subjoined illustration shows what happens in a p;ood many cases when proper provision is not made for the end shocks that must inevitably occur when the train stops or starts. When comb honey, heavy as it is, is jostled about in the car, say the space of a foot or more between the cases, and the cases slide this way and that, the inevitable result is a breakdown. Possibly tlie whole end of the car may be slioved out as shown in the cut. SkI'TKMBKR, 1922 GLEANINCS TN BEK CULTURE 577 THE MILLER MEMORIAL Ho'u> it Can be Made the Finest and 'Best Beekeeping Library in the World By E. F. Phillips FOR several months n o- tices have appeared in the bee journals ask ing beekeepers to contribute to the endowment of a library of bee- keeping lit era- ture in honor of a man who is beloved by beekeepers throughout the world, the late Dr. C. C. Miller. Hundreds of contribu- tions have been received and acknowledged, and considerable interest has been shown in this movement. The contributors have been induced to send in money primarily from the fact that it is a pleasure to all of us to acknowledge in this way our debt of gratitude to Doctor Miller. I should like to point out the great good which the proposed library may do for the advancement of beekeeping in this and other countries, and in this way to show the value of the movement. There are pub- lished in the various countries of the civil- ized world a large number of journals de- voted solely to beekeeping. The Bureau of Entomology receives a few of the more im- portant ones from foreign countries, and various college and university libraries sub- scribe to some. A small number of indi- vidual beekeepers are subscribers to a few of them. Yet the fact remains that there are probably bee journals of which not a single copy comes tt) the United States, or if they do come they are not kept and are not available for general use. We can not ignore the fact that from time to time all these journals contain articles of great in- terest and value, and it is a pity that there is not some repository in this country in which all these journals may be permanently filed ready for use. This the Miller Library can do with a little effort. If the library were confined solely to the obtaining of bee journals of the world, it would be one of the finest additions to beekeeping facilities that one could imagine, and would constitute a worthy monument to the man whom we wish to honor. Since the invention of printing, innumer- able books have been published on bees and beekeeping, how many no one knows, but it runs into the hundreds and thousands. A few libraries contain a considerable number of the older books, especially those -which at the time of publication were printed in large numbers. Some college libraries have start- ed collections of this kind, and there are a number of individuals who, through their interest in bees, have collected such books. There is today no place in the country where the beekeeping books are collected to a de- gree which is adequate, and here again the Mill<>r Library should be able to surpass nny ]>rpvious effort in this line. I can hear some practical, hard-headed in- dividual speak up and ask what good it Avill do to have all this old stuff gathered to getlier. We have, it is true, good practical books on bee- keeping which are quite satis- factory as guides for apiary work, and we have books wliicli go into the more scientific aspects of the subject. Yet one can scarcely read any of these older books without getting something good from them which is not contained in the recent books. Furthermore, to understand our pres ent status in beekeeping we ought to know the historj' of the art, and we do not get that by reading only the modern books and jour- nals. For those who are engaged in work for the advancement of beekeeping, famil- iarity with the old literature is necessary to prevent blunders. Neither will it do for us to wrap ourselves in a mantle of satisfac- tion and decide that American books are good enough for us, totally ignoring the ex- cellent work which has been done in other countries. Any one with the proper enthu- siasm for bees will want to know all that he can about the bees and about the X)rog- ress of the industry in other countries. I want to see the Miller Library the finest and best library on beekeeping in the world, and I can see no reason why in a few years it may not outstrip every other li- brary. I am eager for this because of the interest and value of such a library, and, because of a desire to see the memory of our great beekeeper perpetuated through the generosity of his friends. As a member of the committee which has had the raising of funds in hand, I deeply appreciate the words that have come in the letters which I have received with contributions to this fund. They all breathe a spirit of love for Doctor Miller, and it is a joy to get such letters. They are far more valuable than the contributions contained in them as an indication of the admiration which bee- keepers have for Doctor Miller. Yet, if T may do so without see-^iing ungcaeious, I think I should add that we have not done half enough for this memorial. When we consider the value of such a library to the advancement of beekeeping, and especially when we weigh the value of the life and Avork of Doctor Miller to each of us, we ought to dig down deeper and make this library an outstanding monument. It is not too late for contributions to this fund; in fact, it will never be too late. Since the fund will be invested and only the in- terest used for the purchase of books and journals, the fund will be a perpetual one to which additions can be made at any time. A contribution of twenty dollars will yield an annual income of at least one dollar, which in turn will make it possible to add one more bee Journal to the list of those filed in this library. I believe that there are a number of individual beekeepers who would like to make such an addition to the 578 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE September, 1922 library. A number of the associations have contributed liberally, but there are others which will not want to be lacking in an ex- pression of appreciation of the worth of Doctor Miller and which will want to add their part to this great library. The committee having this matter in charge has decided to locate the Miller Me- morial Beekeeping Library at the Univer- sity of Wisconsin, where it will receive sym- pathetic care and support. I should like to see this fund turned over to this institution with a larger amount than is at present at hand, and then I should like to see beekeep- ers look on this library as something to re- ceive their constant interest and support, to which they will make contributions of mon- ey, books or journals, at any time when it is possible. Several beekeepers of my acquaintance have some fine old books on bees, and I have some myself that I prize highly. When I get through with these books I can think of no better place to put them than a library of this kind. All of us who have taken the trouble to collect these books would rather have them kept where they will do good than to have them scattered and lost, and I suggest that we all put provisions in our wills to have our bee books sent to the Mil- ler Library. I think it is not too much to expect that, as the years go by, the Miller Beekeeping Library will become one of the landmarks in American beekeeping, and I want to do all I can to make it great and valuable. There is no way that I can think of which will better express our apprecia- tion of the life and works of the man in whose honor this is being established. Washington, D. C. CONTROLLING FOUL BROOD Practical Methods of Keeping Down Infection in the Yards By M. C. Richter HONEY pro- duction to- day must concern itself with American foul brood. This brood disturb- ance is going to folloAV the hive bee wherever beekeeping is practiced in the state. There is no absolute preventive for the disease, and every good beekeeper must know its symptoms and know how to keep it under control. When American foul brood has reached an advanced stage there is no ex- cuse for not being able to recognize it. Our chief diagnostic trouble is during the time when American foul brood first enters a colony that already has been affected by European foul brood. The symptoms of American foul brood and sacbrood are quite constant, but the reverse is only too true in European foul brood. Ever so much time and trouble are saved in treating brood dis- eases after an exhaustive study of their symptoms has been made. Mr. Sturtevant has given us the latest regarding symptoms of the various brood diseases in the current May issue of this publication. It will be well for many of us to re-read this article. General Considerations. In control work we must ever bear in mind that, no matter how severe our pre- ventive or combative measures may be, we are liable nevertheless to have the disease reappear at any time. We are able to keep it under control very nicely, and in our work we have in mind rather the "dollars aiul cents" standpoint than the possibility of comi^lete eradication of the disease. For instance, we do not destroy partly drawn- out foundation taken from an infected col- ony although such a procedure may result in a two or tlirce per cent infection of colo- nies to which the foundation was given. We feel that it is cheaper to shake two or three col- onies in every hundred than it is to destroy a given number of frames of foun- dation. In other words, we must be guided by common sense and make our control work practical. Sources of Infection. We know that the source of infection is carried in the honey, and that the common carrier of this infected material without the hive is the robber bee. Any hive material that may be contaminated by honey from an infected colony and the brood-combs that contain the dried scales of American foul brood are likewise carriers of the disease. The beekeepers' paraphernalia also may be a source of infection. There is yet another and important source of infection. It is the flight bee as distin- guished from the robber. This matter will be discussed later. How Spread. The disease spreads within the colony by means of the nurse bees using infected hon- ey Avhen feeding the larvae. During honey fiowa the nurse bees use incoming nectar for this purpose, and under such conditions the disease makes little if any headway. It is during a dearth of honey, in poor years and more especially when stores are lowest in the colony, tliat the disease not onlv thrives but spreads rapidly. Wlien an api- ary has once been subjected to a source of infection any colony in the yard may har- bor the infected material for several years before any diseased larvae appear. A single worker in but one trip may carry tlie s])ores, and several years later a single cell of honey may be uncapped by the bees during a lean year and fed innocent- Skptiomher, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE C U L T U B. E 579 ly to healthy larvae. Entire apiaries, if permitted to pursue nature's course, will be destroyed after this fashion. And how- is a beekeeper to know liow and when his bees received the infection? Perhaps some picnickers lunched on bottled honey from some infected ai)iary, or more likely some wild (V) bees in a tree succumbed to the ravages of American foul brood. How Controlled. Under normal conditions we inspect the brood of our colonies from three to five times. Usually avc make the examination twice in the spring, and again twice during the fall after the crop is off. When a case of American foul brood is discovered, no matter at what season of the year, the infected colony is never shaken when found, but merely marked. As soon as a cell of American foul brood is discov- ered, the colony is left as it was before manipulation. There may be other infect- ed colonies before the entire yard is exam- ined, and, if so, these in turn are likewise marked. All infected colonies will be treat- ed at the same time. Having treated several thousand colonies affected with American foul brood, either as inspector of apiaries or as a purchaser of diseased apiaries, the writer wishes to state that a thousand or more colonies may be handled j-ear after year with an infection not exceeding three to five per cent. A per- centage of outbreaks as low as this does not hamper honey production. It must also be remembered that about 75% of the colo- nics that contract the disease do so in the spring of the year; that is to say, it is in the spring of the year when we detect the trouble. Colonies at this time after treat- ment differ in no wise from swarms in re- spect to the amount of surplus honey that they gather. In fact, cases of American foul brood that are treated in March pro- duce considerably more honey than do April and May swarms when the honey flow comes in June. So that not more than five per cent of our colonies contract American foul brood, it is necessary to adhere strictly to the three following statements: 1. Shake all cases within a day or two after detection. 2. Shake at the original location of the colony in the yard. .3. Shake only Avhen there are no bees fly- ing. The above applies whether bees are sliaken in spring, summer or fall. There are maiiy other considerations in the control of this disease, but it is our belief that those men- tioned above are the most important. (1) No matter what the conditions of a colony may be, if it shows a cell of Ameri- can foul brood it should be shaken without delay. Of course, if it takes two davs to go through a yard, and but one case of Ameri- can foul brood was found on the first day, we will wait until we have comi)]eted our work on the following day, before proceeding to shake the lone colony. Naturally this would be the logical thing to do, for one or more diseased colonies may be found on the sec- ond day. The point to bear in mind is this: A source of infection has been found in the apiary, and we know that the sooner we rid ourselves of this infection the better. The colony is shaken forthwith, and no other treatment whatever is practiced, for in our minds it is of the utmost importance to get tlie infected material out of the yards and away from the bees. If left in the yard it is ever a source of danger. Cattle may overturn the infected colony, the wind may upset it or even a woodpecker might peck a bee-space in a hive-body. (2) The infected colony must be shaken exactly where it stands in the yard, and should not be removed to a hospital or else- where. Such a procedure is costly, a loss of time an»d not necessary to protect the spread of American foul brood. The reason for this will be pointed out directly. fS) Most beekeepers shake their diseased colonies when bees are flying. It is the writer's opinion that they are making a very sad mistake. No matter how expedi- tiously the shaking treatment may be car- ried on, flow or no flow, there is bound to result a certain amount of confusion. While the operator is in the act of shaking a dis- eased colony, some of the bees of the colony will alight on adjoining hives. They will alight not only on hives adjacent to their own in the same row, but also on the hives in the row directly in front of them. Fur- thermore, the bees will not alight necessarily at other hive entrances, but may rest on the top or on some other part of other hives. After the colony has been subjected to treatment many of these confused bees do not find their way into their clean home and consequently are liable to carry infect- ed material into neighboring colonies. Amer- ican foul brood has broken out in this man- ner too many times to cast any doubt on the above assertion. The proper time to shake is when there are no bees flying. It should be done either in the early morning or evening or on cold cloudy days. If we shake at such times we have not only done away with confusion but with robbing as well. There is one other point to observe; the clean hive must, as far as is possible, resemble the old home. It must be placed in exactly the same posi- tion as the old home, and, if the old hive was two stories high, then the new abode must likewise be two stories higli. In other words, we have brought about conditions so that when the bees are able to fly they-Avill behave but very little differently from a newly hived swarm. It might be mentioned that, from an American foul brood stand- point, it is wise to space all colonies eight feet apart in the apiary. How to Shake. We ])refcr to treat tlie bees before day- break, for after treatment the little clusters about the hive are better able to adjust 580 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE September, 1922 themselves as the day approaches than would be the case during night. The cut shows a diseased colony having been pulled to one side, with the entrance pointing to- wards the old stand upon which sits the new hive. The diseased colony is drawn either to the right or left so that the approaching or waning light, as the case may be, falls on the combs while the operator looks for the queen. The new home has an excluder be- tween the bottom-board and the brood-eham- 1 ^ W ■ bS iy^ ^^ -^ll ^5 c 1^ - ^i S p ^^..- I r m ». II numm' fe^ %i m The diseast'd colony is moved aside and a clean hive placed on its stand. Each comb is then ex- amined as taken out before shaking until the queen is found, for she is to be placed in the hive between the excluders to prevent absconding. ber and another excluder between the brood- chamber and super. The brood-chamber con- tains always full sheets of foundation and if the colony be strong, the second hive-body likewise should contain foundation. Other- wise the two or three hive-bodies, as the case may be, are empty. (The size of the new home, it will remembered, should con- form to that of the old. The reason for having the upper excluder is to prevent the bees from clustering and building comb in the top hive-body.) When the hives are in position the cover of the diseased one is placed flat upon the ground directly beliind the operator. As the combs are lifted out they are examined for the queen, shaken in front of the ne^v hive, provided that honey does not shnke out (otherwise the bees arc brushed off), and then piled on the removed cover, taking care that no honey runs upon the grouml during the operation. As soon as the (lucci! is found she is placed in the brood-cha)ii))c'r, and then the brushing or shaking can pro- ceed more rapidly. After the first hive-body is emptied it is likewise placed behind the operator, and, as the frames are taken from another hive-body, they are placed directly in the super just emptied. After the last hive-body is emptied of comb the bees are shaken from it and from the bottom-board. The bottom then is placed behind the opera- tor away from the bees and the empty super upon it, into which are placed the first complement of combs that were removed from the diseased hive and which were laid temporarily upon the top. The excluder, bee-brush (always made from grass, etc., and never used a second time) and other hive-bodies go on next. Finally the top is placed on, taking care that the side upon which the frames rested is placed on the inside. The old hive is then made bee- tight and cleated so that it will withstand a trip on the machine to the pesthouse. In the event that the queen was not found during the above treatment, she is looked for later on the underside of the excluder. When located the excluder is simply invert- ed. Often on treating colonies in the eve- ning it becomes so dark that we merely shake and do not look for queens until the following morning. Should a diseased col- ony possess a virgin, the queen-excluder over the bottom is omitted. Occasionally we de- tect a case of American foul brood in a queenless colony and if such a colony be weak or badly affected, we take it to the pesthouse and destroy it. Otherwise, we may give it a chance to mate a queen before applying treatment. When shaking late in the fall and during the absence of a flow, we employ precisely the same treatment and let the bees starve for about two days before we remove the foundation and give them capped honey. A few days after shaking during inclement weather in spring, we treat shaken colonies similarly to swarms by giving them Demuth feeders several days later. Throughout the entire process of treatment great care must be exercised not to spill any honey in the yard. About 10 days after shaking, the colo- nies are examined and the excluders re- moved. How to Clean Infected Materials. All infected hive parts from the yards go into a bee-tight pesthouse. A two-frame ex- tractor handles what honey the combs might contain, and the frames then go into a steam vat where most of the wax is re- moved. After this treatment they are dipped in boiling lye water. For the past six years we have disinfected our frames, tops, bot- toms, excluders and hive-bodies after this fashion. All hive parts are submerged in the boiling lye for at least one minute, and, as the solution weakens after two hours of use, fl third of a can of lye is added (we start with two-thirds of a can in a Herschiser press), and the time of treatment is extend- cil for about half a minute. Big Sur, Calif. C. T: 1'; A N I N (! R IN 15 10 lO C U L T U R 10 581 FUTURE MARKET PROBLEM Comsumption ot. Honey Could be Increased Ten- fold by Organized Effort AN ARGUMENT FOR HONEY There are iu my county approximately 125 beekeepers of whom 6 may be classed as houey producers, that is, those who have for sale any surplus worth mentioning. Prob- ably this ratio will hold good throughout states east of the Mississippi River. If, by any means, the other 95 per cent can be transformed into actual producers, what will be the effect upon marketing condi- tions? Perhaps, owing to the inefficiency of the average individual or to lack of inter- est, it can't be done. But, in view of the fact tliat the present wholesale price of lioney is below the cost of production and the trend of prices is downward, why con- tinue propaganda for more beekeepers? The "criminal waste of nectar" which we read about has been due almost entirely to the fact that production in many localities has not been profitable. Thousands have tried it and failed. But with the enormous in- crease in acreage of alsike and sweet clover throughout the middle states, many locali- ties, hitherto unproductive, will become pro- ductive of large quantities of lioney. It is apparent that the supply in eastern states will soon exceed the demand, and our west- ern brethren will not find it profitable to pay freight to eastern markets. I believe that the only rational solution of the problem is for beemen to back an or- ganization that will effectually increase the demand in every state for our product. Let us work, not for more beekeepers but for better beekeeping and more intelligent mar- keting. The American Honey Producers' League should receive the support of bee- men everywhere in creating a local demand for honey through proper national adver- tising. There is no good reason why Cali fornia honey should be shipped to New York, and Ohio and Indiana honey sent to Arizona and other far western states. Then there sliould be producers' organizations in every state, working in conjunction with the national league, to see that honey is advertised locally in every city and town and that every grocer is constantly sup- ]ilied. Let's put extracted honey in 5-pound and 10-pound pails, and emphasize the fact that it is a food rather than a medicine. Tlie consumption of honey in homeopathic doses sliould not be encouraged. Judging from the results of several years of local advertising and the pushing of sales in larger packages, I am confident that ten times as much honey would be consumed if producers could hold together, properly or ganize ami do business in a business wav. Valparaiso, Ind. E. S. Miller. Deadly Germs Which Cause Intestinal Diseases in Man Cannot Live in Honey W. G. Sackctt, Ph.D., Bacteriologist of the Colorado Agricultural College, Fort Collins, Colo., has made some important ex- periments, the results of which were pub- lished by the station in bulletin No. 252. Professor Sackett scientifically intro- duced the organisms known as the "typhoid- colon group" into pure honey, with the fol- lowing results: "B. Tijpho.w.s was no longer present in the pure honey after 24 hours." This is the germ which causes typhoid fever. "B. ParatupJiosus (A and B) were dead in pure honey after 24 hours." These germs cause diseases very similar to typhoid fever. "B. Fecalis Alkaligeues was killed in pure honey inside of five hours." "B. J'roteiis Yulfjaris died out in pure honey after four days. ' ' "B. SuiiH'stifer — the culture was dead in the pure honey on the fourth day." The presence of this germ is often "character- ized by chronic broncho-pneumonia fol- lowed by Septicemia. ' ' "B. Lactis Acroffenes . died out in pure honey on the fourth day. "B. CoU Communis died out in pure hon- ey on the fifth day." The presence of this germ is said to become "pathogenic in the case of ulceration in typhoid fever. It may enter the blood causing peritonitis." "/?. Dysenteriac — ten hours' exposure in pure honey was sufficient to destroy this or- ganism." As the name well indicates, this is the germ which causes dysentery. "B. Enteritidia was dead in pure honey in 48 hours. ' ' The remarkable thing about tlTis investi- gation is that, while honey is consumed in a raw condition, it is not only not a ' ' car- rier ' ' of these deadly germs except for a few days at most, but that it absolutely destroys them within a short time if they are introduced into the honey in any way. When we eat honey we may be assured that we are not exposing ourselves to infection. When we consider that many of the death- dealing bacteria mentioned above are read- ily carried into the human system by water, meat, vegetables and milk, we are inclined to look upon honey as being in a class by itself, so far as "safety" is concerned. Professor Sackett well says in his sum- mary, "The longevity of the typhoid-colon group in honey is very limited. The prob- ability of \\onej acting as a carrier of ty- phoid fever, dysentery and various diar- rhoeal affections is very slight." Many of onr most scientific physicians and best-resrulated sanitariums have long 582 GLEANTNaS IN BEE CULTURE September, 1022 FROM THE FIELD OF EXPERIENCE persisted in prescribing honey and in rec- ommending its use freely by those who are well in order to keep well and by those who are sick in order to get well. Perhaps these wise men have long known the germ- destroying power of honey. AVho knows but that the wise Solomon knew a few things when he advised his people to "Eat thou honey because it is good." — Prov. xxiv:13. A "wise one" of much experience said, "If you have any sort of kidnej^ trouble, cut out all forms of sweets except honey, and see- what Avill happen." Madison, Wis. H. L. McMurry. A PLUCKY WOMAN BEEKEEPER A Representative from South Africa Visits the Home of the Honeybees About a year ago we received a letter from Miss Ada E. Pullinger, Grabauw, Elgin, Cape Province, South Africa, one of the leading beekeepers of the Union of South Miss Ada E. Pullinsjer of Soulli Africa at the Home of the Honeybees. Africa, asking if it would be possible to re- ceive her as a student in bee culture at our Medina apiary. She said that slie would be willing to take hold of the work if we would give lier the opportunity. There was somo- tliiiig about her letter that indicated not only real love and entliusiasm for tlie bees, but that she was a person of superior intel- ligence. As a general thing we do not take students in our apiaries; but I told our l)eople that here was a person to whom we could make an exception to our general rule. A cordial invitation was extended; and in due time, after some six weeks of travel by boat and train, she arrived at Me- dina from licr far-off home. When she first came I started to give her instructions in the rudiments of bee culture, thinking she was, perhaps, a beginner. But it did not take me long to discover that she knew as much about bees as I did. All she wanted of us was to see and learn how we handle bees in America, particularly at the Home of the Honeybees. She proved to be an apt student, winning the admiration and respect of all who came in contact with her. She could take a severe stinging better than any other wom-an I ever saw. She was absolutely fearless. She took hold of h;ird work, and even brought down a swarm from the top of a ladder. Slie did more thnn her share of the work. She not only carries on beekeeping opera- tions on a large way in South Africa, but she is quite an extensive poultry-raiser. She lias carried off first prizes, not only on bees and honey, but on fancy poultry, at South African shows. She spent several weeks with us, and then took a trip to Washington to make a visit to Dr. Phillips, of the Bureau of Entomology. She went back to her home with the best wishes of all those whom she met. Glean- ings hopes" it may have the privilege of hearing from lier from time to time. Medina, Ohio. E. R. Root. FERMENTATION IN HONEY How this Trouble Can be Avoided by Proper Ripen- ing and Heating Fermenting honey on the hives or else- Avhere is rare liereabouts, regardless of Avhen it is extracted. In one instance within my recollection, a producer extracted every six days, tanked it in the house, and there was some fermentation, which was remedied when the tank was placed out-of-doors in tlie sunshine. In my own locations, there is seldom u very heavy flow; so we prefer to tier up, and if we get a little beliind with our work, sometimes it is practically all capped. However, it is a fact that with this tiering up, in an arid climate, there may not be so much capped honey as when not tiered so high, though the honey will be ripened better. By tiering up in this way tlie bees are read_y for a heavy flow, such as sometimes comes for a few days; while on such occasions, the man with a scanty sup- ply of supers on the hives may lose heavih"- from lack of storage room. In the Salt River Valley of Arizona, un- der some conditions, the ripening honey in the hives will ferment and even run out of the entrance, after which work by that col- ony ceases, unless the sour honey is ex- tracted. This honey is heated after ex- SEPTi'mp.KR, 1022 GLT?ANTNGS TN BKE CUIiTURE 583 FROM THE FIELD OF EXPERIENCE traeting, and is then of fair quality. Rome say that, if a small field of alfalfa in bloom is irrigated and tlicn stock turned in to graze, a sour smell can be noticed as one drives hy, and at such times particularly, the sour nectar is gathered. This season 1 shall run the honey over an evaporator containing hot water, steam- heated, with perhaps a few steam pipes just above, to dry the air. To stop fermen- tation? No. But to enable me to begin extracting sooner and probably thereby controlling swarming better during our first fiow, and at the same time, continue to pro- duce a superior article. When our second lioney flow arrives T will no doubt liave a considerably greater number of empty su- pers ready to liandle a heavy flow, if such a flow should materialize, than would be the case if I waited to hive-ripen every pound of honey gathered during the first lioney flow. Where souring is couniion, such a pan would be a profitable investment. I pump the honey up several feet into a clarifying tank, where it separates on the gravity principle, most of the wax, etc., floating on top and remaining there until skimmed at the close of the day's work, and a pipe car- ries the honey to the tanks Avhere it fur- ther settles and clarifies until ready for canning. The bottom of the extractor is also double and heated a little with steam, so the honey is very readily pumped; in fact, with this warm honey, I feel sure that one of the small pumps will handle the lioney from several extractors. During part of 1920, we ran two eight- frnuie extractors, side by side, the honey from l)otli discharging into a small pump tank between the two. One extractor had no heat apjilied, the honey from the cold extractor blending and mixing with the warm honey from the machine with the double bottom. One %-inch pump often handled three tons per day, and could han- dle far more, and does it with no great amount of power. A single heavy duty two horsepower electric motor furnished ample power to run the extractors and the pump; there is some advantage in the ar- rangement, as one extractor acts like a fly wheel and aids in starting the other, both never being started at the same time. Meridian, Idaho. E. F. Atwater. PAY WAY THROUGH COLLEGE How Two Boys Earned Enough to go to College from One Small Apiary Six years ago my older son graduated from high school and had a great desire to go to college. We had 23 colonies in the back yard. They gathered a ton of honey, which wo sold and sent the boy to Hanover (Jollege, paying his expenses and $40 over. The following spring we had 24 colonies, which gathered about a ton of comb honey, and this, with the $40 from the previous year, paid the boy's way the second year. The boy taught in the high school in the college building the next year, and the money from the bees purchased a Ford car. For four years in succession the bees from 23, 24, 35 and 41 hives gathered a D. F. Rankin and his sons. Tliase two boys are paying their way through college from the jji-otits from the bees. ton of honey, which paid more than his ex- penses for four years at collage. ' He and his younger brother, who is now a junior in Hanover College, have now a love for the blessed bees and know how to manage them profitably. The older boy came home from college at Aveek ends last spring and managed the bees so that not one of the 40 colonies swarmed. On June 10 the second boy came home and reared queens in artificial cells and requeened most of the colonies. Our increase was 25 colonies, and the crop about a ton of honey. D. F. Eankin. Hn never, Mass. [The new president of the Pennsylvania State College is another good example of the boy who earned his way through college by producing honey. He was a native of Essex County, X. Y., living on the west side of Lake Champlain, almost opposite the home of J. E. Crane, with whom he often consulted as a boy. — Editor.] 584 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE September, 1922 nir"T[ 1. FROM THE FIELD OF EXPERIENCE SELLING IN THE HOME MARKET Folly of Asking 80 to 120 per cent Above Whole- sale Price When Selling Locally If I buy a couple of tons of hay in the home market of my neighbor within hauling distance, 1 expect him to sell it within 10% of his price for a whole stack. So do you. If he sells me a whole hog, I get it for about the same money the butcher would pay. We deal direct, for cash, at bulk prices. No lost motion, no transportation charges and no risk. What is wrong about thatV And if the butcher takes half a dozen hogs the same day we load out a carload for Kansas Gity, he pays no more. But if we honey producers sell 5 and 10 pound pails of honey to local retailers, many of us ask them 80% to 120% above the wholesale price. (See Gleanings, May, 1922, p. 281.) I take it the wholesale price of extracted honey is for honey in 5-gallon cans, two to the case, f. o. b. local railroad station. It certainly does not cost more than two cents a pound extra in 5-pound pails un- cased. I believe, if we ask local dealers more than about three cents per pound over the wholesale price, we are stupid business men. If the wholesale price for extracted honey is 10 cents per pound, this nets 8 cents for the lioney alone. Small containers, two and a half pounds and up, cost from three cents a pound down. Eight and three are 11. I have no respect for the mental quality of those who quote wholesale the price as 10 cents and charge local dealers more than 60 to 65 cents for 5-pound pails. 1 sell at 60. The dealers can sell at 75 and make 25 per cent. I can sell at the same price at home. And if any think the local store price to customers should equal that of honey sold first by the carload, hauled a couple of thou- sand miles, rehandled and repacked and finally shipped back by local freight, I think that such belong in Bedlam. Laplata, N. M. Harrison H. Brown. [The quotations on large lots by produc- ers, on our market page, to which Mr. Brown refers, are understood to mean the price when the entire crop is sold in one lot or in carload lots, and not the wholesale price. The beekeeper in splitting up his crop to sell to local dealers should charge more than when his entire crop is sold in one lot, to cover the extra, cost of selling in this way. When all the selling costs are counted, a case of two 60-lb. cans would have to be sold for two or three cents per pound more than the carload lot price in order to break even. —Editor.! If every honey i)i'oiliucr \v< crop of the country wiuild \< uld omjiloy two lioys like these to sell honey in the local market, the honey • siilii in sliiiit order. The boys are selling and delivering for Mrs. J. L. Irwin, Montpelier, Indiana. Ski'tkmhkr, 19i GLEANINGS IN B K K CULT TT R R IV i? c u EFERENCF-; made in editorinl in August Glenn ings to marking the net wciglit on sections of e. o m b hone y. Laws m a k i n g this necessary-' are quite recent, and it ' is not surprising that beekeepers do not fully understand either tlie law or the necessity of complying with it. At first it seemed quite an unneces- sary hardship or at least an unnecessary bur- den laid on beekeepers; but, after weigh- ing our sections for a few seasons, I confess I like it, as it enables us to have all the sec- tions in each case of even weight. So bur- densome to many beekeepers did the law at first seem, requiring the weight of sections to be stamped or printed on the section or carton that covered it, that they had print- ed on cartons, "Not less than ten ounces," and then proceeded to pack without weigh ing. throwing out only the lightest. But it is not so hard a task as might at first seem. An active man can weigh out from 5,000 to 6,000 sections in a day and place each weight by itself. It can be packed uniform weights in each case, and dealer and con- sumer know just what they are buying. * * * If 12, 13, 14 and 15 ounce sections are all labeled "Not less than 12 ounces" they would doubtless all be sold for the same l^rice, and whoever buys the light weights would have to pay some 25 per cent more for liis honey than the buyer who drew a 15- ounce section. Is this right? It must be a great satisfaction to any honest retail dealer to know that every comb he sells is full weight and every one wlio buys will be treated equally well. * s * One of tlie charms of a joui'iial devoted to the interests of beekeepers is to learn how other beekeepers manage their bees, what their pasturage is and how the bees behave under different conditions. M. A. Gill tells on page 515 that "swarming ceases when the main honey flow begins'' — exactly the opposite of our experience here in the East. This vear voung queens will in many cases quickly fill all space available with brood and prepare again to swarm. The abundant flow has seemed to make them swarm-erazy. * * * On page 527 Ira IX Bartlett informs ns that, when supers have been piled higli at this season, with cool damp nights, fermen- tation is liable to start "if not removed to the honey-house; and even there they must not remain long, but should be extracted and sealed in tin cans or other tight con- tainers within a short time." I can not help wondering if such honey will weigh 12 pounds to the gallon, or if extracting and placing in tight containers will altogether prevent fermentation. Mr, Bartlett is quite SIFTINGS J. E. Crane Tl TU .■585 too good a bee- keeper to recom mend putting up any but first- class lioney, yet we have bought quite too many tin cans of hon- ey til at liad fer- . . mented enough to injure the flavor, to make us shy of any- thing that contained any unripe lioney. E. F. Atwater gives a novel way, on page 519, of taking honey, by going as soon as it is light in the morning and removing filled combs and returning empty supers and so preventing robbing, a very good way no doubt. But a man living less than a thou- sand miles from here can go him one better or worse, for he went even before it was light to one of our outyards and removed 20 or 25 supers and did not stop to shake off the bees. One hundred dollars has been of- fered for information that will lead to liis a])prehension and conviction. In M. A. Gill's article on pages 515 and 516, he makes one or two statements worth our attention. For one thing he advises stripping off supers before the close of the season. The leaving of supers on until the honey flow is over and then leaving the brood-chamber full of brood and little honey will almost surely injure the colony for the next year, and account for many failures. What he says of wintering on two stories corresponds very closely with our experi- ence. * » * E. M. Cole, on page 519, says he is able to save combs not in use from wax moths, by the assistance of spiders. I have tried it but have not been so successful, perhaps for lack of a sufficient number of spiders. It is worth testing out. I find a tight box. in Avhicli to pack combs loosely, and a small quantity of carbon disulphide a sure rem- edy. * * » _ It is said to be only a step from the sub- lime to the ridiculous. However this may be, I am quite sure that wlien Iionev is dis- played at "28c a cake" and soap close bv it at "5c a cake," it places the honev at a very decided disadvantage, as R. K. Rickard observes on page 5.'^2. I am al\v;iys fascinated by Mrs. Con- stance Root Eovden's racv letters from southern California. The climate, produc- tions, and wavs of living, so different from the East, makes it seem like a fairyland, wliicli we never weary of hearing about. * * -t^ Tee cream cones, says G. H. Buffum, page 518. are an excellent way to advertise honev at fairs. It would seem to be especially good for introducing graniilated honev. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE September, 192:; c Ur PLEASE let me use that poss e s s i V e pronoun again. You may take it to mean that "My Califor- nia' ' is southern California, the coast belt, our own particular location or that I see the whole state through glasses which glorify it. For some reason that pronoun gives me a feeling of freedom in writing of the state. In the days past when we used to discuss plans for moving out here the head planner of the family used to end by saying, "I am not sure you could stand the summers, Stancy." I shared that doubt so fully tliat all last winter, when we were shivering in an inadequately heated rented house, T looked forward to the long "semi-tropical" summer with such dread that I was thank- ful to be too cold. Maybe it is too soon to speak with cer- tainty, but up to this time f Aug. 1) we have had few uncomfortably warm days in the shade and the nights have been dclieiously cold. Cool is hardly a strong enough Avord to describe nights when wool blankets are a necessity, and one often puts on winter wraps for evening riding. Perhaps the brac- ing air of the nights is what causes the mocking birds to practice their vocal exer- cises so assiduously. I don 't mind bird music at night, even Avhen it is just outside our windows and rather loud; but when the mocking birds urge us to "hurry up, hurry up, hurry up" for hours at a time in the middle of the niglit it is irritating although their voices are melodious. It isn't a guilty conscience or an over-active imagination which makes me think they are telling us to hurry, for my unimaginative husbaftd hears those words too. Although the djiys are rendered delight- ful by the ocean breezes which come from the south or southwest about ten o'clock and persist until sunset, the cool niglits are so free from wind that casement windows and doors will stand out into the room at any angle without awakenimr sleepers 1)\' unexpected slamming, and this is true in spite of the fai-t that we always liaA'e open doors and windows tlirougliout tlie lioiise for cross ventilation. We have been told that Julv is the montl: of the year when rains are least apt to oc- .*ur here. Possibly just to keey) up its repu- tation for the "very unusual," this year tlie weather treated us to a real thunder shower in tlic middle of .Ttily. There wei'e liglitiiinc .Hill loud thunder, especially to\vard tin' mountains, but onlv a few large drops of rain, enough to make me run for my type- writer and various other possessioTis on the trellised porch, but not enough for the weather bureau to measure. And Ix'forc ilnvlifjlit on the morning of .Inly '.>^ a jj^'cntlc rain foil for half an hour. Midsummer Days in My California CONSTANCE ROOT BOYDEN (Slant V Puerden) 1 ^^^^^^^^^ TU A :^ O T H E E dreading the summers in the Golden State was because I feared the lack of rain meant the loss of so m u c h of the beauty of winter and spring. Here is where "My California" is a delightful surprise. It is true, hillsides which were green have turned a soft brown; it is true, Old Baldy's crown of snow has dwindled to the point of invisibility from the valley, and the mountains generally retreat into the dis- tance behind a softening haze, while tiow- ers are less abundant except where watered. But there is so much beauty of a different sort left. In the place of barren brown vines, pruned back to little more than stumps, vineyards are all luxuriant, green leaves with jjunches of green grapes show- ing among them; orange groves are bright with new leaves, and many of the other broad-leaved evergreens are renewing their foliage. The acacias, which were greenish- gold fountains of bloom in the early spring, are beautiful in a different way in the sum- mer. There are varieties which bloom late in July, but my favorite, which is very fine when in bloom in early spring, is especially beautiful now. Its finely cut foliage is blue green with a soft gray cast in a certain light, and the effect of the whole tree is feathery and graceful. A few days ago we wandered on to a road high on the Verdugo Hills on the southwest side of La Canada Valley. The road fol- lows the curves of the hillside among beau- tiful estates, and on either side of it are planted these blue-green acacia trees. Far down in the valley one could see Flintridge with its curving drives, its country club and green golf course, and beyond, across La Canada where it merges into the broad San Gabriel Valley cut by the deep gorge of Arroyo Seco, could be seen Altadena nestling at the foot of Mt. Lowe. And the great range of mountains in tlie background was tinted soft rose, lilac and blue, and the air was so clear that the observatory on Echo Mountain stood out distinctly and the trol- ley line from that point on up Mt. Lowe could be traced. It is one of those views whicli makes one long to have all his friends yiresent to share it. Acacia-^ .-ire not alonc^ in possessing Ibat blue-green foliage. California is particularly rich in plants, shrubs and trees of tliat tin1. At this time (if venr the lenves of tlie young ('uc;ilv|)t us slioots are a silvery blue deep green of many others. Just as unusual to eastern eyes as tlie aca (-in is a tree Avith foliage like delicate ferns \\i1li deep blue or luirple blossoms which come in July. A large tree in bloom looks Ski'tkmber, 1921: GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 587 ;is if fireat bunches of violets were scattered thickly among its fern-like leaves, and wliere these trees are planted on botli sides of an avenue the effect is wonderful, especially when seen against a distant background of sunset-tinted mountains. IF May is the month when nature seems al- most wickedly extravagant with flowers in California, then midsummer is a time when, aided by man with his irrigation, she is equally extravagant with fruit. You know how tantaliziugly short the strawberry sea- son is in the East. We have been enjoying frequent strawberry shortcakes for over two months back, and might have had them before that if we had felt justified in pay- ing the price. And Ave are told we may continue to enjoy them as well as green peas until Christmas, although T think the price will again be prohibitively high in a few weeks. Even if it is, we think we are pretty fortunate to enjoy nature's finest berry for nearly four months in succession. And soon after the strawberries and along with them came gooseberries, raspberries, currants, loganberries, blackberries, fresh figs, apricots, peaches, plums, fresh prunes, muskmelons, watermelons, pears and apples, for til ere are high valleys cold enough in Avinter and Avarm enough in summer to groAA- the finest apples. I think the season of most of these fruits is a little longer than in the East, and the season of the A^arious fresh A'egetables is also long. Strange to say, to- matoes seem to be no earlier than in Ohio, although they have long been on the mar- ket from Imperial Valley under an extreme- Ia' high price mark. And such grapes as the Concord are no further advanced than they are in Ohio at this season. A feAv days, ago Ave droA-e through pic- turesque Laurel Canyon and came to a point AA'here the San Fernando Valley Avas spread out before us. I am positiA'-e the land of Canaan neA-er looked richer or more beauti- ful than that A'allcA-. We Ha'c in a region in the San Gabriel Valley AA-here the citrus fruits ]iredominate. and, Avliilc it is beauti- ful at all times of the year, iust noAV the fruit display is not so Avonderfiil as iti tl:e San Fernando VallcA' or at least (liat part of it around Lankershim. We droA'e between miles of orchards, apricots, dusky red peacdies of unbelieA^able size, transluconf^ plums of red and gold, gold and green and deep blue, all Avith untouched blonm on them, groA-es of enormous, wide-spreading English walnut trees, melons of all A-avicties and further on great fields of corn. And across the fertile valleA'^s Avere the A^eU-etA^ bine Vordugo TTills, Avith the Dcaks of tlie higli(>r riinge showing bcA^ond. You see T never can omit the mountains from anv description of "Mv California." This article should be accomiianied bA' a photograph showing some of those fruit trees Avith dozens of props supporting their laden branches. At eA'ory few rods along the 'boulevard the passing motorist Avas tempted by fruit displayed in baskets, crates and "lug boxes." There was such congestion at the regular fruit stands that it was otfcred for sale at many points between, generally beneath the shade of a wide-spreading wal- nut tree or perhaps a pepper tree. We have been rather pained and surprised at the high prices of fruit in this fruit state, but one often can pick up fruit and vegetables at bargain rates at these stands out in the coun- try. It gives one a practical reason for urging her husband to take her for drives, you see. ONE evening I noticed an advertisement of "Honey brannies" in the paper. It contained a testimonial from a man avIio had eaten a honey Ijrannie in Avarm milk every evening at bedtiuie, thereby reducing his "too, too solid flesh" and greatly im- proving his digestion and health as Avell. (I don't belicA'e they Avould reduce a thin per- son. If they improA'e the digestion they should merely tend to keep one in normal flesh.) The next morning I inquired for honey brannies at our near-by grocery and Avas informed that the grocer had not heard of them but had ' ' SAveet brannies ' ' on hand. Of course I asked him to get me some honey brannies, and in the meantime bought a box of SAveet brannies and found by the leaflet in the box they Avere made by the firm Avho advertised the honey brannies. The next afternoon I enticed the busiest man I knoAv to help me hunt the firm of Genevieve Jack- son, Inc., AAdiich manufactures the brannies Avith several other health foods. AVe found Genevieve Jackson, Inc.^ to be an enthusias tic young man. I believe he secured a po- sition Avith GeneA^ieve Jackson and Avorked up and finally bought the business. These brannies are made of bran, not the chaff-like A'ariety Avhich is sold in cartons, but bran Avhich includes enough of the grain to haA'e cojisiderable nutriment left in it. Combined Avith tlie bran is a little asar agar. a Japanese seaAveed, and the whole is slight- ly SAA'eetened to make it more- palatable, pressed into oblong Avafers and then dehy- drated instead of cooked, thereby retaininrr its soluble minerals and A'itaniines uti- clmnged. Tlie business is just in its infancv and un- til very recently lias done practicallv no ad- A'ertising, but people Avho came to soutliern C;ilifo)-nia for their health bousrht the bran- nies. liked them. Avent back to their eastern homes at.u! induced their grocers to hnndlo them, with the result that T snA\- a man oi the ITnited States Avell dotted Avith blaf-k pins, indicating in Avhat cities brannies may be nurchased. Wliat is of part iculai- interest to beekeep- ers is the fact that the honev brannies were miide in resnonse to a popular demand. The president of the companv said he had re- "eiA'ed hunrlveds of letters, asking for a brnnnie Avithout suprar. and T belicA'^e part of tlieni reonpsted that he use honey in the (Continued on yiagc 611.) 588 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE C Beekeeping as a Side Line LJ HOW full life is! One great glad morn- ing last spring I was watching the bees on the stoneerop, the pink moss y three-fingered, or perhaps I should say three toed, crowsfoot, that grows so gay- ly on poor shallow rocky soil like some of ours (not all, though). I was sitting on a low flat rock in the middle of it, idly counting the bees, and feeling something at once strangely stirring and gently soothing, all alone there in the sun-lit quiet, when a sud- den whirr of wings made me instantly all attention and very still. Eight there, al- most where I could reach her with my hand, came a little mother bird — unidenti- fied, unfortunately, though she's none the Jess happy — nor am I, much — for my not knowing her name. There she was, with a wiggly breakfast for the younglings in their cosy nest among the buekbrush, close beside me. After she had flown off on another for- aging trip, I parted the branches and saw the queer little babies, so unlovely in fact and so lovely in promise — and thought how some human souls are that way; just give them a little more time, a little more love, a little more sunshine, a little more strength- ening of something wing-like — and watch the divineness come; and soar off towards God. I thanked the bees for stopping me there, feeling as though a shining little ex- tra drop of joy had been poured out that spring morning for my drinking. Another bird incident was not due to t!)o bees, though, but to the former owners of our bungalow, who, worried lest the water pipes in the basement freeze, had wrapped them most fantastically with rags of every color. Where one of these sagged down into a bit of a pocket, quite private and imdis turbed, a darling, darting, funny little wren feathered her nest and reared her nurslings. You see, living thus in the country — liow proudly I still say it! — we leave things pretty much open, it is so convenient to have garage doors standing wide when driv- ing home. The garage is connected with the basement, so through the open doors the wren had found her cosy rag-hujig oppov tunity under the water pipes. When we discovered her, "Now," we nsserted iii high glee, "we have to leave the doors open — -for her; and for the little chnppies Later lenrning to fly." And wluit ex<'it(>- ment the day they did fly out! They tonk the basement by storm. Bees on Hop Clover. Do bees work lespcdezaV Tliis question lias been answered in bee journals by Vjoth yes and no. Personally I don't know — I've never seen them. But do bees work hop clover? This I do know, for this locality, for this season; by the uniiswerable f;ict of having seen them work it. This was a poor season 1 Grace Allen kJ Septembbr, 1922 here for white clover, last year's drought having killed most of it; we had really only scattering patch- es of young clo- ver from seed. But a good suc- cession of rains kept minor sources bloom- ing more generously and steadily than usual, and the bees found them all and called them good. One day about the first of June, coming home from some- where— I'm always coming home from some- where!— I stopped to gather daisies. They were so nearly all gone, who could re- sist those last ones? The particular field I wandered through was humming gently in the sun. It was bees on hop clover. They weren 't fighting over it, you understand, yet you could see them all around on the tight trim little yellow blossom balls, gathering- nectar. I didn't know it was hop clover — I must admit that — until the Head of Agri- culture at Peabody College so identified the specimen I took in next morning. And he was backed up by the Biology man. (I can't remember having ever seen hop clover listed among nectar-producing plants. It is not in mj^ old ABC nor in Pellett 's "Productive Beekeeping," nor in a very recent list of Tennessee honey sources com- piled by Mr. Buclianan. I had expected to get back my "Beekeeping" books by Dr. Phillips and Mr. Pellett, both of which were loaned out to my class — and look it up be- fore copying this, which was written several weeks ago. But meantime life led me so heart-breaking a way that all such matters were forgot. The books are still out — and this must go off today. Wliat about hop clover, anyway?) Driving Home from the Beeyard. How long it does sometimes take to driv a Ford a mere mile! Especialh' if there liappen to be "two of us.'' (Remember how Festus cried out to God? — "There are two of us!") And particularly when bees arc thick on sweet clover and blackberries are getting ripe! And still more particularly, when those very two sowed that very sweet clover! For they must stop again and again to exclaim about the height of it and tlic bloom of it and the bees on it. More, O many, many more, than had been on tlic hop clover. Swarming on it, the layman would say. As for blackberries, how good things are that you pick yourselves, wild tilings ripening along a country road, that you gather and eat when you ought to be hurrying on home and getting dressed for company. (Yes, they got there when only 50% of us was ready! But think of tlio delight we had had and the memories woven into the very fibre of us by that one short drive from the beeyard home. And tlic coiii- pany didn't mind. Tlicy said so.) Ski'TK.mukr, 1022 (^ T. K A N I N G S IN B E K C U L T U R E 589 Veils vs. No Veils. Some few beekeepers wear no veils at all. Like Dr. Sanborn of Vanderbilt Uni- versity. Most of them wear veils steadily, when actually at work. Most of tliese, how- ever, will occasionally open a hive or two, nnveiied, especially colonics of known gen- tle disposition. Small colonies and nuclei are apt to be less resentful than full crowd- ed hives, with a lot of spirited field workers hurrying in and out. So, like the young lady in the picture, one often opens such a hive without a veil. But one is wise to wear a veil, and have a goodly volume of smoke at hand, when investigating full-sized colonies. I Rpginiiers especially should be cautioned about handling bees without adequate protec- tion. There are times when it is reasonably safe to handle even strong colonies without a veil, and with some gentle strains of bees even without smoke. The danger is that a beginner, not knowing that bees that are gentle at one time may become quite cross at another, may get into trouble without a veil. — Editor.] ' ' The Friendliness of Beemen. ' ' The very first thing I ever wrote for Gleanings had tliat for its title. And what This young lady gets along very well without a veil but most beekeepers wear veils when actually at work in the apiary. is finer in all this world of uncounted fine things than friendliness V And how friendly all beekeepers are! One day last July a card came saying that Mr. and Mrs. D. C. Scott of Caney Spring, Tenn., with several members of their fam- ily and Geo. G. Anislie. government ento ■ mologist, would be driving through the country the ne-xt day, and were planning to visit us at our apiary; and inviting us, the "two of us," to join them in a roadside lunch. On the appointed day, a hearty voice over the telephone, calling from near our yarri, said, "Well, we're here." T jumped into the car and sped over to join them — Mr. Allen, office man that he is, be- ing unable that day to come out to join us. There were wayside introductions and then on the warm grass under the hackberry trees in the little grove between the beeyard and the road, we broke bread together — good homemade bread, too, and fried chicken and good country ham and peach pie and a lot of other things — more, oh much more, than even six grown-ups reinforced by three hap- l)y children could dispose of. So Mr. Scott's daughter fixed up a picnic plate for Mr. Al- len— and "Um-m, that's good country ham, " he said. Mr. Scott, in spite of his grandchildren, is a young beekeeper of three years — full of enthusiasm and the delight of the apiary. I ani afraid he was scandalized beyond recov- ery to learn that I knew only one kind of Miller queen cage, the kind I have — No. 2, I think he said. I had really thought a Mil- ler cage was a Miller cage! So it was a profitable as well as a pleasant day for me. Mr. Scott has some good ideas of some ex- periments he is going to try in wintering. (Hasn't it been a long time since I have re- ferred to wintering? You can't tell — I may start it again- — or I may avoid it forever!) Mr. Anislie is a beekeeper, too, or has been, anyway. So we had a pleasant and all too short chat, ranging from Miller cages to foul brood in Tennessee. After the party broke up, the three cars ran over to the bungalow and stopped for a few minutes; part of us walked down to see the Ilubam, and then, with gay good- byes and a wave of the hand, they wei'e gone, headed toward the curve in the road where the Lone Oak stands, on their way to Granny White Pike and Radnor Lake. Once more — and how happily! — I had known the friendliness of beemen. Published by Request. [By request we aie reimblishing Mrs. W- len's beautiful verses written soon after Dr. C. C. Miller's death and first published in her department in November, 1920. It seems fitting to republish this now, since this issue contains the announcement of the location of the Miller Memorial Library, and Sept. 4 is the second anniversary of the death of this great beekeeper.— Editor.] How you Mould love this hour! Tho uuirning mist, All touched with gold and blue and amethyst, Goes rising slowly, lost somehow in light, And lo, the sun-tipped hills break into sight! Does Death come so? Do tender earth-born things And human love, however close it clings, Dissolve at last and rise and pass away And show great hills of light, and God. and Day? The golden peace of autumn lies around. Vou loved it. too, and most, perhaps, this sound Of liees that hum. whose frail undaunted wings Fill wond;?ring souls with strange imaginings. Is peace around you now. so great, so deep. That we who do not know it call it sleep? Are wings there, too. God-made of dream and tire, That leave uugarnered no divine desir,^ .' Today this earthly beauty grips me so I wonder what new radiance you know. Such haunting music fills our quiet places — What symphonies ring down unbounded spaces ? Not ours to ask — ours but to dream the dream. Ours but to keep the high-held torch agleam. Ours but to walk in reverence and pride Because you lived, and loved, and sinilrd. and died. 590 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE September, 192C FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH In Southern California.—^ ^,^^ ^} ^^' erable hon- ey has been sold, and buyers say that there lias been enough honey offered for sale to make it unnecessary to go out to look for any. The price has been going from 6i/^ to 7c for the light amber to 8, 9 and 10c for the white sage and orange. The market seems steady, with prospects of getting stronger as the more anxious ones get their honey disposed of. The affairs of tlie Beekeepers' Exchange have been turned over to M. H. Wells, as- signee. Mr. Wells represents the First Na- tional Bank, that institution having financed the Excliange. All of the members liave re- ceived their statements and with few ex- ceptions are willing to pay back the money they were advanced in excess of the amount the honey sold for. Some beekeepers are moving to the beans; but, after a season like the present, when every beekeeper has made a crop, the de- sire to move for the chance of more honey is not nearly so general as in those years when the crop is short or in many cases a failure. Crops seem to have varied from a can or 60 pounds per colony to two cases or 240 pounds (for a very few of the best bee- keepers). Here, again, the cost of produc- tion will be a factor almost impossible to determine accurately. Some of us must produce a crop almost entirely with hired help. This ranges down to one man and his wife, who liave produced over 50 tons of honey witliout a day's assistance, at the same time doing considerable work on their fruit ranch. This woman did all of the work in the extracting-house and, so far as we know, holds the world's record for uncapping aiid extracting a crop of honey by herself. She used an eight-frame Cowan extractor and engine. The honey was all brought to a central extracting- liouso. We may tell more fully of some of the manipulations and work of the man later. His methods and short cuts coiiie from close observation and the ability to apply the things he has learned. His aver age per colony will run over 2()0 pouinls, spring count. With an abundance of bloom, such as is seldom seen throughout southern California, the yield of honey from the wild buckwheat was as near a failure as one could well ima- gine. How to account for this is not easy to conjecture. Tt seems to be just one of the freaks of nature that will happen. Other flora seemed to furnish nectar in abundance; especially was this true of the black sage. During our long experience in southern Cali- fornia, we recall only one season when this ])lant produced as abundantly and as long as this year. One beekeeper said that the frost cut all of the first bloom that year the same as it did this year. His idea was that the frost might have something to do with the great flow of nectar. Corona, Calif. L. L. Andrews. * * * In Northern California.— ^^""^ ^i] parts of our section the spring flow was very late in starting. This was to be expected owing to the cold winter and spring. The flow was of short duration, however, and very few districts reported any appreciable surplus. The cold spring Avas not propitious for plant growth, and the natural honey flora was in- capable of furnishing its usual surplus of nectar. Sage was particularly disappoint- ing, while fryit bloom, mustard, wild rad- ish and likewise others yielded nectar very sparingly. The summer flow from our main- stay, alfalfa, is now on, and is being util- ized by a majority of beekeepers. The fall flow is i^roblematical. Normally, good spring rains insure a fair fall flow from the plains; but, during the past spring, which it will be remembered was very backward, we had extraordinarily late rains in the valleys. "Un- doubtedly the fall plants will be late in blooming, and, if good bee weather does not extend well into October, the blooming pe- riods of the late flora may also be curtailed. Usually but not always, when a season starts out abnormally like this one, it finishes very much after the same fashion. During good years when we are kept busy most of the time extracting honey, we are very apt to neglect the bees to a certain extent; that is, some of us do not pay enough attention to requeening, nor do we attend to several other little things that are quite necessary. Apparently these matters are overlooked or lost sight of to a certain ex- tent. When lean years come we have ample time to requeen all colonies, which, by the way, is our first duty. We ought also to level up all colonies, do a little painting ami mending, weed out some of the older combs, and, another important thing, make as much increase as we possibly can. Tt is a very good plan to cut down increase, double up the weak and produce honey in good years and. to go the limit on "increase" during the bad seasons. Orange and sage producers could be benefited immenselv by following this plan, since they have a source of hoiiev which not only is always salable but in ad- ditioTi is under their control, owing to the restricted areas in which the plants are grown. T repret to announce that C. D. Stuart of Chifo has resigned as secretary of the Cali- fornia, State Beekeepers' Association. Tt will be remembered that Mr. Stuart, who is also a certified public accountant, has of- fered to assist his fellow beekeepers in keep- ing better beekeepintember. In the far north wliere willow- BEGINNERS Demuth 1 TU heib is abun- ant, the honey flow from this excellent honey ]jlant often con- t i n u e s into September. I n portions of the north e astern states, especially the New England states, goldenrod often continues furnishing considerable surplus. In swampy places the swamp Spanish needle and other fall flowers come into bloom early in September, furnishing a rich amber honey sometimes in large quan- tities. In the Mississippi Valley, hearts- ease (sometimes called western smartweed) often continues to yield sufficient nectar to cause the bees to work in the supers well into the month of September. Later in the month and extending into October, the as- ters, if abundant, continue to tempt the bees to the fields even after the weather becomes too cold for their safety. Much depends upon the locality whether the bees gather much or little during Sep- tember. In some localities considerable sur- plus is stored, while in others the bees gather less than they consume. Sometimes during a light fall honey flow when the bees must spend so much time in searching for nectar, the colonies become greatly depleted in num- bers, so fall honey flows are not always bene- ficial. However, brood-rearing is usually stimulated by the incoming nectar sufficient- ly to make up for this depletion. Where the fall honey flow is heavj^ it may be necessary to extract the finished honey from the supers early this month to give the bees room. Instead of tiering up the supers as during the early houej' flow, it is usually better to have but one extracting- super on each hive during the fall houej' flow, for the cooler nights and the tendency of the bees to concentrate their work are not conducive to good work in several supers. For the same reasons, it is usually not advisable to produce comb honey dur- ing the fall honey flow. Colonies Become Smaller as Autumn Approaches. The beginner will probably be surprised to note the decreasing number of bees at this time. When compared with their great strength in June and July, the colonies now a[)pear to be small. Regardless of their strength in midsummer there is now a ten (Iciu'v for the colonies to become uniform in strength, so that all colonies having good ((ueens, ])lenty of food in August and Sep- tember and sufficient room for the queen will be about the samt> size, which is their normal winter strength. If nectar is available now, colonies having good queens may have brood in six or eight combs or the equivalent of four to six combs completely filled with brood. If nec- tar is not available but the colonies are Skptkmber, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 597 Avell provisioned, having not less than the oquiv;ilont of three full combs of honey, there will be less brood, probably the equiv- alent of two combs completely filled. Tf the (jueen is old or the colony has only a few pounds of honey, the amount of brood will l)e considerably less. For the safety of tlic colony there should be*at least the equiva- lent of two full combs of brood in each hive at this time. This brood is of course usu- ally distributed in three to five combs. Colonies that are prosperous and continue I to rear brood to the extent of at least the equivalent of two well-filled combs this montli should be in good condition for win- ter; but colonies that are weak, short of stores, have a poor queen or become queen- less during the fall brood-rearing period r (August and September) will be in poor ' condition for winter. The fate of the colo- nies during the next six months, therefore, depends largely upon conditions this month. How to Unite Weak Colonies. Au\' colon}' that is too weak to take care of the equivalent of at least two or three solid combs of brood the first of September, especiallj' in the North, should be united with another weak colony to make up a colony strong enough for winter. To unite [ tv.-o weak colonies, remove the cover of one hive and spread a sheet of newspaper over the top, the paper having a few pin holes ])unc]ied through it; then lift the other hive from the bottom and set the now bottom- less hive directly on top of the newspaper, thus making a two-story hive, in which the two colonies are separated only by the sheet of newspaper. If the colonies to be united are some distance apart in the api- ary, the uniting should be done in the even- ing after the bees quit flying, or early in the morning before they begin to work in the fields, so that all of the bees of the col ony that is moved are in the hive at the time of moving. If there is a difference in the strength of the two colonies the weaker j- colon;,^ is the one that should be moved and placed on top of the stronger one. The bees in the two colonies thus united will gnaw away the paper, and unite without fighting. If there is a choice between the queens, the inferior one should be hunted out and killed before uniting; but, if the queens are equally good, the job of disposing of one of the queens can be left to the bees. Later all of the brood can be put into one story, and the other cither taken away or left for tlie bees to fill if more room is needed. Colonies Should Have Plenty of Honey. Tf any colonies are found to be short of stores early this month, causing brood-rear- ing to be reduced below the danger point, tliey should immediately be supplied with "ombs of honey taken from colonies that •an spare them or they should be fed about 15 pounds of granulated sugar dissolved in 12 to 15 pints of water. Such thin syrup ran he fed early in September, but it is not suitable for feeding late in the month or in October. Syrup for later feeding should be much thicker. What To Do With Queenless Colonies. It is already rather late to do much witli queenless colonies in the North; but, if such colonies are not too weak and can be given a queen at once, they may still rear enough brood to enable them to pull through the wiiiter. When this can not be done the (|ueenless colony can be united with another colony by the newspaper method described above, placing the queenless colony on top of the other colony. It is also rather late in the North to re- place old, failing queens with young ones. Tliis should liave been done before the mid- dle of August for best results, but if attend- ed to at once the young queen will still have several weeks to lay before brood-rearing ceases. The old queen should not be removed until the new one arrives, for the break in brood-rearing incident to requeening should be made as short as possible. Colonies can be requeened, even after brood-rearing has ceased, in order to have young queens in the spring; but, of course, when young queens are introduced so late, they do not benefit the colony for winter. Marketing the Surplus Honey. Probably most beginners who have pro- duced surplus honey have already sold all they do not care to keep for their own use. If not, it is well to remember that the next three months are the best selling months for honey. Those who have only a few colo- nies can sell more than they can produce to their neighbors or to the local groceries. People apparently like to purchase honey from a local beekeeper, and by putting the honey up in attractive packages, stamp- ing the name on every section of fancy comb honey and putting a neat label on the packages of extracted honey, a local bee- keeper can sell large quantities of honey. As a rule, it is not best to sell large pack- ages of honey to consumers. The packages should be small enough to leave a taste for more. For this reason an ordinary quart fruit jar, which holds three pounds of ex- tracted honey, is plenty large enough for a glass package, and the five-pound pail is a good size for tin. For small families the ten-pound pail is too large; for, strange as it may seem, some will buy a five-pound pail of honey at frequent intervals, while if thev take a ten-pound pail they seem to tire of honey before it is all gone, and quit buyintr. Manv good customers for honey have been lost because an ambitious salesman talked them into buying a sixty-pound can instead of a smaller package. Beginners who have a talent for selling: honev will find it profitable to purchase hon- ev in the bulk from other beekeepers or from dealers, to supplv their customers after their own crop has been sold. Those who sell honey locallv should studv carefullv our market pages in establishing their nrices. and shoulfl also read the special articles on marketing in this issue. 598 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE September, 1922 c GLEANED Geo. S. QUESTION. — I am dig- ging a base- in e n t under my summer cot- tage, which is lo- cated high and dry. The basement will be eight feet deep, 16 feet long and 16 feet wide. As there will be no occupant of the house dur- ing the winter the question arises whether this basement will be too cold for wintering bees where the temperature during January and Feb- ruary often reaches 40° below zero. Would it be well to put boards around the hives and pack them with six inches of leaves ? R. Turnbull. Minnesota. Answer. — Such a basement would no doubt become too cold for good wintering in your climate, especially if mucli of the up- per portion of the walls is exposed above ground. You may be able to winter the bees successfully in this cellar by packing as you describe, but it will be better to pack the cellar itself by banking up the outside with straw two feet or more above the top of the basement walls. It may also be nec- essary to put some kind of packing over the floors above to keep the temperature of the basement above 45°. A better plan would be to dig the base- ment deeper into the ground, then put in a false ceiling about three feet below the sur- face of the ground, filling the space between this false ceiling and the floor above with packing material such as dry forest leaves, planer shavings or sawdust. Bees Rear Queen in 11 Via Days. Question. — Why do all the books give 16 days as the time for the development of a queen when my bees reared a queen in 11 V^ days. Virginia. Carrington Callaway. Answer. — The development period as giv- en in the books is computed from the time the egg was laid, Avhile in the case you men- tion the queen was no doubt reared from a larva at least one day old. Since it is three days from the time the egg is laid until it hatches, this would make four to four and a half days to be added to the 11% days in tlie case you mention, making the total pe- riod for development IS^A to 16 days. Insufficient Stores Left After Extracting. Question. — If a colony fills three extracting- supers and I take them all off, will it be neces- sary to feed this colony sugar syrup for win- ter? L. J. Heinzer. California. Answer.^ — ^If. there is no later honey flow to supply stores for winter, it will be neces- sjiry eitiier to feed such colonies for winter or to give them frames of honey. Often it is not safe to extract all the honey from the supers even when a later honey flow is as- sured, for there may not be enough honey left in the brood-chamber to enable the colo- nies to keep up brood-rearing until the later lioney flow begins. Such close cxtriicting no doubt puts more colonies of bees out of com mission for the next season, every year, in this country than all the brood diseases cum- BY ASKING Demuth 3 bined. If all the beekeepers in the United States could in some way be induced to leave 40 to 50 pounds of honey in each hive at the close of the season for the bees, the total honey crop of the country the next season would no doubt be more than doubled. The successful beekeepers are those who supply their bees with an abun- dance of stores at the close of the season or who are located so favorably that nature supplies sufficient food for the bees after the honey has been extracted. Wintering Two Queens in One Hive. Question. — Is there any way of wintering two queens in one colony or in one hive? Kansas. A. E. Zellner. Answer. — Two or more queens can be win- tered in the same hive but not very well in the same colony. The hive can be divided by a tight-fitting division-board and pro- vided with a separate entrance for each di- vision so that two or more nuclei can be wintered in one hive. Queen-breeders some- times winter surplus queens in this way to fill early orders in the spring. It will be well to have these small colonies strong enough to cover at least three combs. A division-board can be inserted in the middle of the hive in tlie fall, dividing the brood and bees about equally on each side, and the queenless part supplied with a queen or a ripe queen-cell, thus making two colonies. Such colonies shoi;ld winter well if supplied with sufficient stores, but will need more room early next spring. Wlien the bees rear a young queen to take the place of the old one, frequently they permit both the old and the young queens to work together for some time after the young queen begins to lay, but usually the old queen disappears after the honey flow, so it is not often that the two queens are wintered. It is possible under certain con- ditions even to have two or more young lay- ing queens in one colony during the honey flow, but usually all but one disappear after the close of the honey flow. Placing Combs Crosswise in the Hive. Question. — If the bees build their combs cross- wise in relation to the entrance in nature, wliy are hives built with the combs running length- wise? John Valley. Ohio. Answer. — In nature, bees build their combs in various directions in relation to the entrance, no special rule being followed. It has been suggested that the hive will be warmer in winter if the entrance is at the side of the combs instead of in the usual position at the ends. In the older literature this was designated as the Avarm way of placing the combs, while placing them witli tliii ends toAvard the entrance was called the cold way. In actual practice this probably does not make much difference in the way September, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 599 the bees winter. Tlie hives are built with tlie entrance at the end of the combs in or- der that the floor of tlie hive can be tilted slightly forward to prevent water from run- ning in. If the entrance were placed at tlie side, tilting the floor in this way would throw the combs out of plumb, making them difficult to handle. Bees Fail to Work on Goldenrod. Question. — Why is it that bees do not work on goldenrod in this locality ? I read of l)eelceei)ers iu other states obtaining honey from this source. Tennessee. W. A. Daniel. Answer. — Like other honey plants, gold- enrod does not secrete nectar everywhere it grows. Soil and climatic conditions have much to do with nectar secretion, each plant liaving its own peculiar requirements for best results in the amount of nectar. Gold- enrod is reported as a good yielder in the New England states and as far south along the Atlantic Coast as Virginia, but in some localities it yields but little if any nectar. Again, some seasons are unfavorable for nec- tar secretion even when the flowers are thrifty and abundant, while other seasons are so favorable that, even though the flowers are not so abundant, they furnish large quantities of nectar. "Where a recog- nized honey plant fails to yield year after year, it is probably because either the soil or the temperature is not entirely suitable. Tall Treatment for American Foul Brood. Question.— What should I do with colonies that have American foul brood late in the season when there will not be much honey for the bees to gather from now on? W. B. Statt. Illinois. Answer. — If the colonies are badly in- fected so that not much of the brood ma- tures, the best thing to do is to kill the bees with sulphur or gasoline and melt up the combs. If the colonies are ,but slightly infected, they can be treated, after brood- rearing has ceased in October, by shaking the bees into a clean hive containing combs of sealed honey. When this is done, the bees having no vacant cells in which to put any infected honey they may have in their honeysacs, they must consume it. This fall treatment usually results in a cure; but, if there are any vacant cells in the combs of honey, it is safer to shake the bees into an empty liive, leaving them about 24 hours before giving the combs of honey. To pre- vent swarming out in the meantime the hives can be carried into the cellar, or, if left outside, the queen should be caged to prevent absconding. Moving Bees Short Distances. Question. — When will be the best time to move bees from one slope of a hill to the other, a dis- tance of about 100 yards? P. L. Conoway. Indiana. Answer. — It will be well to wait until February before moving the bees this short distance, for, if they are moved when they have frequent flights, many of them will re- turn to the old location and Ijocomc lost. Bv waiting until they have l)eeu confined to tlii'ir liives for some time, fewer bees will return to their old location. If it is neces- sary' to move the bees before winter you can do it by first moving them to another location several miles away, leaving them a week or two and tlien moving them back to the desired location. The bees having be come accustomed to their surroundings in tlic distant location apparently forget their old surroundings, so that when they are brought back they can be located wherever desired. Of course, this plan works best when tlie bees can Ay freely every day. If they were confined to their hives while at the distant location, the jdan would not be successful. Using Combs of Honey from Diseased Colonies. Question. — In treating my colonies for Ameri- can foul brood, I have several dozen frames con- taining honey but which have never had brood reared in them. Will these be safe to use again? If not, how can I treat them to render them safe? Montana. A. J. Fowlerton. Answer. — To give these combs of honey back to the bees after treatment would re- sult in a recurrence of the disease in prac- tically every case, especially if the colonies Avhich stored this honey were badly diseased. It should be remembered that American foul brood can be transmitted largely through honey from diseased colonies. There is no method known for treating combs of honey from diseased colonies to render them safe. The only way you can safely give this honey back to the bees is to boil it in a closed vessel for about 30 minutes, placing the combs in water, allow- ing about five pints of water for each comb of honey. This honey after boiling can be fed to the bees next spring, but should not be fed for winter stores. Wintering in Two Stories. Question.- — My bees are now in two-story ten- frame hives, the supers being practically full of honey, but there is hardly any honey in the brood-chambers. Will they winter this way (of course, being fully packed later on) or should I place the brood-chamber above the super of hon- ey or crowd the bees into a single brood-chaml)er w'ith four or five frames of honey? Ohio. Paul S. Nichols. Answer. — The bees should winter well in the two stories with the honey above just as they arrange it themselves. Some bee- keepers place the hive-bod}' containing the honey below the brood-chamber for win- ter, which of course has the advantage that the bees then cluster in the warmest part of the hive, but there would be dan ger that the bees would use all the honey in the upper story during a spell of cold weath- er and starve because they could not go below for honey. As the honey is consumed in winter the cluster moves upward, the mar- gin of the cluster enveloping some of the honey; so that, if the main supply of honey is placed below, the cluster would norm;illy move away from it as stores are consumoil. If the brood-chanibcr contains eiiougli for Avinter, placing the chamber of honey be- low may work well in Ohio. Fartlier north, where the winters are more severe, it will be better to crowd the bees and honey into a single brood-chamber for winter, 600 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE T' re I had planted Velvet beans. " Our good friend Henry Ford is planning to get nitrogen from the great waterfalls at Mus- cle Shoals. Alabama. The Norwegian nitrate of lime acts very much like the nitrate of soda al- ready on the market; but my impression at pres- ent is that it is a little more effective, and per- haps a little cheaper. Poultry and the "Chicken Business." My good friends, T hardly need tell you that I have been more or less in touch with chickens for. I might say, 80 years; and ,iust now in the pres- ent year of 1922 we have a new poultry book by Prof. Richardson, of the College of Agriculture New Hampshire. The book has 152 pages, and discusses in an up-to-date manner almost everything concerning the poultry business. Now, to do the above, and confine itself to 152 pages of good- sized type, of course each department must be pretty well boiled down, and this is what I like about the work. As an illustration, the matter of electric lighting in order to get the eggs when they bring a big price is gone over briefly, and I quite agree with the editor in saying that where chickens are kept by the hundreds and thousands the owner had better have one of the up-to-date little electric light plants. This would not only furnish the light but pump the water, grind feed and do a lot of things. I do not know but an electric windmill might come in play nicely. In regard to that bugbear, wiiite diarrhea with day-old chicks, the author suggests that preven- tion is better than cure, and everything else seems to be managed in an up-to-date way. The matter of culling to get out the "drones" is also very nicely- handled. Price $1.50. Address Harper & Brothers, New York. "Kind Words." My dear Mr. Root: ^ I can call you a dear old friend; but, only be- ^ cause I never saw you personally, having known p you only through correspondence for over 40 years, I content myself simply with the greeting, "My dear Mr. Root." My Gleanings lapsed last fall, after a subscrip- tion for 40 years, and I failed to renew until last April. Now in the present number (for June I mean) I have my first knowledge of Mrs. Root's decease. Although it seems to come at a late date. T trust you will feel that my sympathies are none the less sincere, and, indeed, most heartfelt. Many references have you made to her in your articles in Gleanings, and these, added to our knowledge of the kind of sons and daughters you mutually raised in the God-fearing way, make it certain to all of us familiar with her characteristics through your writings in the Home department of Glean- ings that she was a splendidly good, consecrated woman who must have helped to inspire much that you have often tenderly endeavored to put into words, to do people good. My wife was touched by your references to her in this July Gleanings; and, turning to me. said : "Poor Mr. Root! I feel very sorry for him. for he must, after all the experiences of that long life together, feel lonely, though T think not sad, for he thinks and speaks as a Christian should about temporal partings and eternal re- unions. His article is beautiful, and I hope you can say as much for me if I am taken first." And I told her I could. Dear Mr. Root, you have some things to be grateful for. First, that the good and caring God iias spared you both to a good old age together in a happy and useful life. Second, she was spared long and painful illness, and you a long anxiety and ministry because of protracted suffering on her part. Third, she having been a devoted Christian, you are now absolutely certain of her salvation, and happiness among the heavenly hosts, and she certainly awaits your coming into the great num.ber in glory. Fourth, you now have one more of your very own. the veriest one to you on earth, to represent you and yours in that heavenly land. There is verity in all these. Be comforted in the surety that so many bear you company in the solace of them. And try to think how many friends you both have had, and how so many of them yet living are sympathizing with you and bearing you and yours on their hearts. That you may have many wonderful comforts that the rest of us naturally can not share, and be kept in mysterious but sure daily peace, with a firm hold ujion all eternal verities, and still live in faithful loyalty to your beloved, and to her and your God and Savior, is my prayer. Yours most sincerelv. T. Chalmers Potter 146 E. Ashland St., Doylestown, Pa., July 13, 1922. ;Ki-rKMiJKK, 1922 GLEANINGS IN B lO E C U L T U R E 605 Classified Advertisements Notices will be inserted in these classified columns for 50c per line. Advertisements intended for this department cannot be less thiin two lines, and you must say you want your advertisement in the classified column, or we will not be responsible for errors. For special conditions on bee and queen ad- vertising, please write us. Copy should be received by 15th of preceding month to insure insertion. REGULAR ADVERTISERS DISCONTINUED IN GOOD STANDING. (Temporary advertisers and advertisers of small lots, when discontinued, are not here listed. It is only regular advertisers of regular lines ■who are here listed when their advertisements are discontinued when they are in good standing.) Marugg Comi)nnv, J. I). Harrah, Curd Walker, V. R. Thagard. Charles Stewart, W. C. Smith & Co.. P. M. Russell. Arlie Pritchard. A. J. Pinard. H. Peterman. Norman Bros.. Murry & Brown, E. E. Mott. F. M. Morgan, Moore & Peiree. .Tames McKee, Fred Leininger & Son, Sam Hinshaw, J. D. Kroha, R. B. Grout, W. J. Forehand & Sons, L. L. Fore- hand, E. F. Day. J. M. Cutts & Son, A. E. Cran- (lall. Geo. A. Coleman, Buckeye Bee Co., C. J. Baldridge. HONEY AND WAX FOR SALE. FOR SALE — White comb honey, mostly clover, in carriers. I. J. Stringham, Glen Cove, N. Y. FOR SALE — White clover honey in 60-lb. cans — none finer. J. F, Moore, Tififin, Ohio. FOR SALE — White sweet clover in cases, two 60-lb. cans, 10c per lb., f. o. b. Joe C. Weaver. Cochrane, Ala. FOR SALE — 25 tons fine extracted white clover honev at 12c. Comb honey prices on request. Dr. E. Kohn & Son. Grover Hill, Ohio. FOR SALE — Clover honey, new crop, new cans. 1 60-11). can, $8.10; 2 60-lb. cans. $15.60. Granu- lated, loC pound less. John J. Lewis. Lyons, N. Y. FOR SALE — White, amber and buckwheat hon- ev in new 60-lb. cans and 5 and 10 lb. pails. H. B. Gable. Romulus. R. D. No. 2. N. Y. FOR SALE — White, amber and buckwheat hon- ey, in 60-lb. cans and 5 and 10 Ih. pails. Write for prices. E. L. Lane, Trumansburg. N. Y. WRITE for prices on a ease or carload of new clover honey. -. S. Eng'.c. 1227 23rd St.. Sioux City, Iowa. FOR SALE — New white clover honey of the finest quality in 60-lb. cans and 5-lb. pails. Sam- ple. 20c. A. S. Tedman, Weston. Mich. FOR SALE — Choice clover extracted honey, packed in new 60-lb. cans. Write for prices, stat- ing quantity desired. J. D. Beals, Oto, Iowa. FOR SALE — 12,000 lbs. of choice white clover honey, well ripened, put up in new 5 and 10 lb. pails. Sample 25c. W. B. Wallin, Brooksville, Ky. FOR SALE — Finest quality white clover ex- tracted honey in new 60-lb. cans, 2 cans in case. $14.40 for case f. o. b. Sample. 10c. Alice Bur- rows. Oran, X. Y, FOR SALE — Very best clover-basswood honey. Produced in new combs. Packed in new contain- ers. 60-lb. cans and 5-lb. pails. Sample, 20c. Write for prices. A. 0. Ames, Weston, Ohio. FOR SALE — Extracted white clover honey 1922 crop, new tins, two 60-lb. cans to case at $15.00 per case. J. G. Burtis, Marietta, N. Y. FOR SALE — Choice white clover honey in new 60-lb. cans, 120 lbs. net, $15.00. Sample 20 cents. Edw. A. Winkler, R. D. No. 1. Jgliet, 111. FOR SALE — Choice new clover extracted hon- ey put up in new 60-lb. cans. Write for prices, stating quantity desired. W. M. Peacock. Maple- ton, Iowa. FOR SALE — White honey in 60-lb. cans, also West Indian in 50-gal. barrels. Samples and price on request. A. I. Root Co.. 23 Leonard St New York City. FOR SALE — White clover honey in 60-lb. cans and 5-lb. pails, this year's crop, none better. Write for prices. Sample, 10c. F. W. Summerfleld, Wa- terville, Ohio. FOR SALE — 50,000 lbs. extra fancv white clo- ver honey. Price, one 60-lb. can, 16c a lb.; two 60-lb. cans, 15c a lb. Sample bottle by mail, 10c. J. M. Gingerich, Kalona, Iowa. HONEY FOR SALE— In 60-lb. tins, water- white orange, 15c; white sage, 14c; extra L. A. sage, 12c; buckwheat, 10c, etc. Hoffman & Hauck. Woodhaven, N. Y. FOR SALE — Clover honey in new 60-lb. cans. 2 cans to the case, at 12c per lb. Buckwheat honev in barrels, 150 lbs. each, at 10c per lb. Sample 10c. R. V. Cox, Sloansville, N. Y. MY new crop of comb and extracted honey, un- excelled for quality. Prompt service and satisfac- tion guaranteed. Sample, 15c, to apply on first order. O. W. Bedell, Earlville, N. Y. RASPBERRY HONEY— In 60-lb. cans, 2 in a case for $14.40; one in a case. $7.50. Sample by mail, 20c, which may be applied on order for honey. Elmer Hutchinson & Son. Lake Citv. Mich. FOR SALE — Clover and amber honey in new 60-lb. cans, 2 in a case, new crop; also 9 cases amber honey 1921 crop, sample and prices on re- quest. H. A. Meyer, West Point, R. D. No. 3, Nebr. FOR SALE — ^No. 1 white comb honey, $6 per case of 24 sections, six or eight cases to carrier, light and dark amber extracted in 60-lb. cans. 10c per lb.; amber baker's honey in 50-gal. barrels. 8c per lb. H. G. Quirin, Bellevue. Ohio. FOR SALE — Al diamond clear sweet clover ex- tracted honey, in 60-lb. cans. 10 %c per lb.; in 5 and 10 lb. fj-iction-top pails. 15c per lb. This honey is guaranteed to be equal to any honey in U. S. in body, color and fliivor. Virgil Weaver CLA-FO-NY Quality (liquid or cry.stal) honey, the result of 18 years' experience in honey produc- tion, is thoroly ripened by the bees, free from wax or pollen. Prices: clover, case of 2 60-lb. cans. $16; case of 15 5-lb. pails. $12.75. Buckwheat. 2 60's. $10.80; 15 5's, $0.75. Sample. 20c. In 5-case lots. 5% off. Buckwheat suitable for bak- ing. 2 60's to case. $6. Clarence Foote, Deljn- son. N. Y. FOR SAI;E — We can supjily honey to bee- keepers or other roadside sellers who may need fo buy l)eyond their r>wn supply, packed as follows: 2V&-lb. friction top tin cans. 2 dozen in case; 5-lb. friction top tin cans, 1 dozen in case; 10-lb. fric- tion top tin cans. V2 doz. in case; 60-lb. squnr? cans, 1 to case; 60-lb. square cans. 2 to case. We have the following kinds of honey: Standard white, alfalfa, sweet clover. California sage. C'lli- fornia orange, light amber, amber. Write for prices, The A. T. Root Co.. Medina. Ohio, GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE SKrTKMBKK, 1922 OUR 1922 crop extracted honey is a very fancy grade, water white clover, which was left on the hives until thoroughly cured by the bees before extracting, making it very heavy bodied. This thick, rich honey is all packed m new 60-lb. cans, two to the case. Of course, we have to ask a little more for honey of this quality than or- dinary honey. When in need of a good article, send a dime for a sample, and address your in- quiry to D. R. Townsend, Northstar, Mich. FOR SALE — Our 1922 crop of white clover ex- tracted honey, put up in new 60-lb. cans and cases. Stored by the bees in nice new white combs, above excluders. The entire crop left upon the hives until some time after the close of the clo_ ver flow. By buying our honey you get our 47 years' experience in the production of honey. You mav be able to buy cheaper honey, but what about quality? We are offering our new crop clover extracted honey as long as it lasts at the follow- ing prices: One to five cases at 14c per pound, o cases or more. 13c per pound, on track here at Northstar. Address, with remittance, E. D. Town- send & Sons, Northstar, Michigan. HONEY AND WAX WANTED. WANTED — Honey, section, bulk comb and ex- tracted. Elton Warner, Asheville, N. C. WANTED — Good table honey. Send sample and tell me your price. W. W. Grim, Pekin, Ind. WANTED — Bulk comb and section honey. Cor- respondence solicited. J. E. Harris, Morristown, Tenn. WANTED — Honey in ton lots, comb and ex- tracted of all kinds. Joe Mlinarits, 8927 Keller St., Detroit, Mich. BEESWAX WANTED — For manufacture into SUPERIOR FOUNDATION. (Weed Process.) Superior Honey Co., Ogden, Utah. WANTED — Comb and extracted honey, carload and less All kinds of honey and beeswax for sale. Walter C. Morris, 105 Hudson St., New York. WANTED — Shipments of old combs and cap- pings for rendering. We pay the highest cash and trade prices, charging but 5c a pound for wax rendered. The Fred W. Muth Co., Pearl and Wal- nut Sts., Cincinnati, Ohio. WANTED — Beeswax. We are paying Ic and 2c extra for choice yellow beeswax and in exchange for supplies we can offer a still better price. Be sure vour shipment bears your name and address so we' can identify it immediately upop arrival, and make prompt remittance. The A. I. Root Co., Me- dina, Ohio. niiiiuiiinimjmniiiiiwiii'i FOR SALE. HONEY LABELS — New design. Catalog free. Eastern Label Co., Clintonville, Conn. FOR SALE — Power circular rip and crosscut saw; 4 saws, $35.00. Clarence Foote, Delanson, N. Y. FOR SALE — A new two-frame reversible No. 17 extractor. Write for price. H. Tebbe, Dow City, Iowa. WORTH $$$ to you. Make your own frames. Save one-half. Non-sag thin top-bar. New feature. Sample, 10c. D! S. Hall, Marshfield, Vt, FOR SALE — Good second-hand 60-lb. cans, two cans to case, boxed, at 60c per case, f. o. b. 'Hncinnati. Terms cui^h. C. H. W. Weber & Co.. Cincinnati, Ohio. HONEY cans and pails; new sixties, 50 cases at 91c per case two cans. The Stover Apiaries, Mayhew, Miss. FOR SALE — Five Townsend uncapping tanks. Price, complete, $27.50 each. The A. I. Root Co., Medina, Ohio. FOR SALE — "SUPERIOR" FOUNDATION, "quality unexcelled." Let us prove it. Order now. Superior Honey Co., Ogden, Utah. PORTER BEE-ESCAPES save honey, time and money. For sale by all dealers in bee supplies. R. & E. C. Porter, Lewiston, 111. SEND for our bargain list of new bee supplies, hives, frames, bottoms, covers, sections, shipping cases, almost everything you want. Some at 50% discount. The Stover Apiaries, Mayhew, Miss. FOR SALE — 210 hives of bees, about 600 su- ])ers, ton truck, extractor, everything for running for extracted and comb honey, $900 worth extra new material, price $3500. Death of husband cause for selling. For full particulars, write Mrs, Viola C. McAlpine, Busy Bee Farm, Boliger. Ala. FOR SALE — 3-horse steam boiler. $40.00. 4- horse steam engine. $45.00; galvanized round tank, 7 barrels. $7.00; 800-11). round tin honey tank, large faucet, $7.00; cider mill and press. $7.00; new pump jack, $6.00; Williams pump, $6.00; double-acting force pump, solid brass cylin- ders, $12.00. J. W. Utter, Amity, Orange Co.. N. Y. WANTS AND EXCHANGE. WANTED — A good two-frame honey extractor, P. B. Brown, Grantsburg, Wis. WANTED — Maple sugar. Quote price and state how put up, Andrew M. Seibert, Intervilla, Pa. WANTED- — Old combs and cappings for render- ing on shares. Our steam equipment secures all the wax. Superior Honey Co., Ogden. Utah. OLIVER typewriter, $65.00. Will exchange for ho!iev extractor or eight-frame beehives for equal value. W. H. Ruol, 3024 Lycastle Ave., Detroit. Mich. BEESWAX wanted. Old combs (dry) and cap- pings for rendering. Also wax accepted in trade. Top market prices offered. A. I. Root Co. of Iowa. Council Bluffs, Iowa. WANTED — rWhite clover extracted honey in ex- change for 100 new 10-frame full-depth supers with T.. frsm»«, nailed, but not painted, Lewis goods. Best offer by September 10 takes. John C. Bull, Valparaiso, Ind. OLD COMBS, cappings or slumgum wanted for rendering by steam press process. We pay cash for wax rendered, trade for supplies, or work it into foundation, W. T. Falconer Mfg. Co., Fal- coner, N. Y. BEESWAX WANTED — -We need large quanti- ties of beeswax and are paying good prices now. Ship to us at Hamilton, 111,, or Keokuk, Iowa, or drop us a card and we will quote f. o. b. here or f. o. b. your own station, as you may desire, Dadant & Sons, Hamilton, 111. OLD COMBS WANTED — Our steam wax- presses will get every ounce of beeswax out of old combs, cappines or slumgum. Send for our (rernis and our 1922 catalog. We will buy your share of the wax for cash or will work it into foundation for you. Dadant & Sons, Hamilton, Til. Ski'tkmhkk, 19212 GLEANINGS IN ]? E R C U L T U R E G07 EXCHANGE- — A fine 12-giuigc Stevens repeater shotgun for Al coon hound with trial. Precl Fisher, 3 Elmendorf St., Albany, N. Y. WANTED — The New York Agricultural Experi- ment Station desires to purchase the following numbers of Gleanings in Bee Culture to complete its files: Vol. 23 (1895), Nos. 1 to 4, incl.; Vol. 33 (190.''>). iude.x; Vol. 35 (19,07), No. H; Vol. 36 (1008), No. 7 and index; Vol. 44 (1916), No. 12; Vol. 46 (1918), No. 5; Vol. 49 (1921), No. 3. Address all communications to the Librarian, New York Agricultural Experiment Station, Ge- neva, N. Y. BEES AND QUEENS. HARDY Italian queens, $1.00 each. W. G. Lauver, Middletown, Pa. BEES for sale, honey and contents. J. W. El- liott, R. D. No. 6, Shelby, Ohio. WHEN it's GOLDEN, it's PHELPS. C. W. Phelps & Son, Binghamton, N. Y. FOR SALE — Italian queens, nuclei and pack- ages. B. F. Kindig, E. Lansing, Mich. REQUEEN with SIMMONS' QUEENS. Prices reduced. Fairmount Apiary, Livingston, N. Y. SPECIAL prices on queens. See my ad page 619. Frank Bornhoffer, Mt. Washington, Ohio. FOR SALE — 200 colonies. 4 locations, 4 main crops, $1250. R. H. Yearnshaw, Maxwell. Calif. TRY ACHORD'S BEES and QUEENS. Price list by return mail. W. D. Achord, Pitzpatrick, Ala. AM now ready to send queens by return mail. Dr. Miller's strain. $1.00 each. S.' G. Crocker. Jr., Roland Park, Baltimore, Md. 3-BANDED ITALIAN QUEENS. Untested, 90c each; tested, $1.40 each; satisfaction and no dis ease guaranteed. J. J. Scott, Crowville, La. PHELPS GOLDEN QUEENS will please you Mated, $2.00; 6, $10.00; or $18.00 a doz. C. W. Phelps & Son, Binghamton, N. Y. TWO-POUND package bees with untested Ital- ian queen. $5.00; 3 lbs., $7.00. Safe delivery guar- anteed. C. H. Cobb, Belleville, Ark. FOR SALE — Bright Italian queens, 1, $1.00; 12. $10.00; 100, $75.00. Safe arrival guaranteed. T. J. Talley, Greenville, R. D. No. 3, Ala. FOR SALE — July 1, Buck Goldens. 1 queen. $1.00; 6 queens. $5.00; 12 queens, $10.00; vir- gins, 40c. W. W. Talley. R. D. No. 4, Greenville. Ala. FOR SALE — 50 colonies of~bees in good con- dition. Movable frames, part on full sheets. Ten- frame, used hives. Write Rov Killiii. Pine Village. Ind. FOR SALE — Early package bees, nuclei and queens. We handle 180O colonies. Shipping sea- son March 1 to June T. Ijoveitt Honey Co., Phoo ni.x, Ariz. GOLDEN Italian queens for sale. One queen, 90c; 6 queens, $5.00; 12, $9.00; 100. $65.00. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. J. P. Rogers, Rt. 3, Greenville, Ala. FOR SALE — 150 colonies Italian bees. No dis- paso. Good breeding. Entire equipment for ex- tracted-honey production. 10-frame hives. Wired combs in Hoffman frames. Evervthing first class S. I). Clark. Bayfield, Wis. "SHE-SUITS-ME" queens, line-bred Italians, $1.50 each; 10 to 24, $1.30 each. See back cover of January number. Allen Latham, Norwichtown, Conn. ELTON WARNER'S QUALITY QUEENS— Progeny of his famous Porto Rican breeding stock. Write for price list. Elton Warner Api.-iries, Asheville, N. C. QUEENS — For summer and fall. Write for prices and guarantee, state quantity desired and when shipment wanted. I can fill your orders. J. L. St. Romain, Hamburg, La. WE ARE booking orders now for spring deliv- ery for the famous "Colorado" Queens." Send your order early so as to be sure to get your queens. C. I. Goodrich, Wheatridge, Colo. FOR SALE — Three-band Italian queens, select untested, $1.00 each; $9.00 per doz. 2-lb. pack- age with queen, $5.00. Satisfaction guaranteed. W. T. Perdue & Sons, Fort Deposit, Ala. BEES BY THE POUND — Also QUEENS. Booking orders now. FREE circulars, giving de- tails. See larger ad elsewhere. Nueces County Apiaries, Calallen, Texas. E. B. Ault, Prop. BIG SAVINGS on select three-banded Italian queens, gentle, prolific and hustlers. Second to none. One. 85c; 6 for $4.25; 12. $8.00. Ship all orders within 24 hours. J. L. Morgan, Gen. Mgr. Tupelo Honey Co., Columl)ia, Ala. TRY MY CAUCASIAN OR ITALIAN three- frame nuclei at $5.00 each, with untested queen. Tested, $1.50; untested, $1.00. of either kind. No disease. Peter Schaiifhauser, Havelock, N. Car. GOLDEN QUEENS that produce large beautiful bees, solid yellow to tip, very gentle and prolific. Untested, $1.25 each; select tested, $3.00 each; breeders, tested, $5.00. Dr. White Bee Co., Sandia, Texas. FOR SALE — Leather-colored Italian queens, tested, until June 1, $2.50. after $2.00. Untested $1.25; 12. $13.00. ROOT'S GOODS, ROOT'S PRICES. A. W. Yates, 15 Chapman St.. Hartford, Conn. WARRANTED PURE-MATED Italian queens in special sure introducing cages; first order, $1.25 each. 30 years' experience in queen-rearing. No honey in queen candy. Daniel Danielson, Brush Colo. COLORADO HEADQUARTERS for QUEENS— Northern-bred leather-colored three-band Italians. Safe arri-val guaranteed. Send for circular and price list. lioveland Honey & Mercantile Co.. Love- land, Colo. IF GOOD bright Italian queens are wanted bv return mail, send your order to M. Bates, Green- ville, Ala. Price, $1.00 each; $10.00 per dozen; $75 per 100. Pure mating, safe arrival and sat- isfaction guaranteed. FOR SALE — Golden Italian queens, untested. $1.00; 6 for $5.40; 12 or more, 80c each: tested, $1.40 (iaeh. Good honey-gatherers, hardy and gen- tle. No disease. Safe arrival. Hazel V. Bonke- meyer. Randleman, R. D. No. 2, N. C. BRIGHT ITALIAN QUEENS, $1.00 each, 10% less in dozen lots. Pure mating, safe arrival and reasonable satisfaction guaranteed in U. S. and Canada. Write us for prices on package bees. We have them in season. Graydon Bros., Rt. 4, Green- ville, Ala. SPICKR'S three-band Italian qxieens by return mail. If you are interested in improving your stock and getting larger returns from your bees, head your colonies with these queens. Untested. $1.00: 6. $5.50: 12. $1(1.00; tested. $2.00 c-c'i. Robt. B. Spicer, Wharton. N. J. 608 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE September, 1922 PACKAGE BEES — $1.50 per pound. Untested Italian or Carniolan queens, $1.25 each. Circular free. J. E. Wing, 155 Schiele Ave., San Jose, Calif. FOR SALE — ^Golden Italian queens, 1 imtested, $1.00; 6 for $5.00; tested, $2.00; hybrids, 3 for $1.00. J. F. Michael, Winchester, R. D. No. 1, Ind. QUEENS — Golden or three-banded Italians of highest quality. Every one guaranteed or your money back. 75c each; 6, $4.00; 12, $8.00. G. H. Merrill, R. D. No. 5, Greenville, S. C. FOR SALE — Three-banded Italian queens, un- tested. $1.50 each; 6, $8.00. Ready now. Satis- faction guaranteed. ' Chas. W. Zweily, Willow Springs, 111. POOLE'S three-banded Italian queens are guar- anteed to arrive safely and give satisfaction. Un- tested, 80c each; 25 or more, 75e; tested, $2.00. Rufus Poole. Greenville, Ala. JENSEN'S queens may not be as cheap in price as some; but at the price we offer them they have few competitors, quality considered. Un- tested, 75c. Select untested. 90c. Jensen's Api- aries, R. D. No. 3, Crawford, Miss. HEAD your colonies with Williams' Italian queens of quality and get more pleasure and profit from your bees. They produce bees that are gentle, hardy" and hustling. Descriptive circular free. Se- lect untested, 75c each. P. M. Williams, Ft. De- posit. Ala. SPECIAL REDUCED PRICES on Italian queens for August and September. Untested. 1. $1.00; 6 $5.75; 12, $11.00; 50. $45.00; 100. $85.00. Test- ed 1 $2 00; 6, $11.00. The place where you gst the best. J. D Harrah, R. F. D.. No. 1, Free- water, Oregon. FOR SALE — 60 colonies of bees, 100 supers, extractor tank, queen-excluders and complete out- fit for extracted honey. Good location, building and lots, and retail honey trade. Reason for sell- ing, poor health. Write for particulars. P. B. Raraer. Harmony, Minn. TESTED QUEENS — One-year-old tested three- banded Italian queens, descended from the famous Moore strain. Were reared in full colonies and are very fine queens. Price. $1.50 each; 6 for $8.50; 12 for $16.00. Safe arrival and satisfac- tion guaranteed. Elmer Hutchinson & Son, Lake City, Mich. FOR SALE — DEPENDABLE GOLDEN ITAL- IAN QUEENS add beauty to your bee quality. Virgins. 60c: 5 for $2.50; untested, $100; 6 for $5.00; select untested. $1.50; 6 for $6.50; tested, $2.50; 5 for $10 00; selected, $3.00; breeders, $5.00. Safe arrival and quality guaranteed. S. H. Hailey. Pinson. Tenn. BALANCE of season we will furnish a 2-lb. package of our three-banded hustlers with a select untested queen for $4.75; 25 or more. $4.50 each. Select untested queens from our best breeders. $1.00 each: $10.00 per doz. Tested, $1.50 each; $15.00 per doz. Caney Valley Apiaries. J. D. Yan- cey, Mgr., Bay City, Texas. GOLDEN ITALIAN QUEENS — ^Bredfrom finest strain in U. S. Mated to select drones. THEY POSSESS THE QU.\LITIES WHICH MAKE BEEKEEPING PROFITABLE. Untested, 75e; dozen, $7.50; virgins, 25c; tested, $1.50. Safe arrival and .satisfaction guaranteed. Crensliaw County Apiary. Rutledge, Ala. ITALIAN QUEENS — Three-banded, select un- tested, guaranteed. Queen and drone mothers are chosen from colonies noted for honey production, hardiness, prolificness, gentleness and perfect markings. Price, $1.25 each, 12, $1.00 each. Spe- '•ial prices on larger orders. Send for circulars, J. H. Haughey Co., Berrien Springs, Mich. FOR SALE — Golden Italian queens — good queens at low price. Untested, $1.00; 6 for $5.40; 12 or more, 80c each; tested, $1.50 each; select tested, $2,50 each. No disease of any kind. Bees very gentle and good honey-gatherers, not apt to swai-m unless crowded for room. 18 years a queen-breeder. D. T. Gaster, Randleman. R. D. No. 2, N. C. PHELPS' GOLDEN ITALIAN QUEENS com- bine the qualities you want. They are GREAT HONEY-GATHERERS, BEAUTIFUL and GEN- TLE. Virgins. $1.00; mated. $2.00; 6 for $10.00, or $18.00 per doz.; tested, $5.00. Breeders, $10.00 to $20. Safe arrival guaranteed only in the U. S. and Canada. C. W. Phelps & Son, Binghamton. N. Y. FOR SALE — 1000 colonies bees, 10-frame Langstroth hives, fully equipped for comb and ex- tracted honey, auto truck, big Avarehouse, located at Laurel, Montana, one of the best honey-produc- ing sections in Montana; $7.50 per colony, with or without locations. Weber Brothers Honey Co., Blackfoot, Idaho. HOLLOPETER'S ITALIAN QUEENS are bred up to a standard and not down to a price, yet nrice is low where quality and service count. Se- lect untested each. $1.25; 6. $7.00; 12, $13.00; 25, $25.00. Write for mailing date and price on larger lots for requeening. Pure mating, no dis- ease, safe arrival and satisfaciion guaranteed. J. B. Hollopeter. Rockton, Pa. LAST fall I had selected and tested six queens. Will use them as breeders this season in my queen yard. Their surplus honey capacity is from 216 lbs. to 288 lbs. each. I guarantee that every queen bought of me in 1922 is to be the d-iughter of one of these queens. Bees are three-banded. Mated, in June. $1.25 each; 6, $7.00; 12. $13.50; 25 or more, $1.00 each. After July 1. $1.00 each straight. Julius Victor, Martinsville, N. Y. On account of old age. I will sell 350 colonies of bees, with or without locations. These bees are equipped with 300 extracting supers with combs built on wired foundation and 500 comb-honey supers. They produced last year 23 tons of ex- tracted and comb honey and will do as well or bet- ter this year. Price. $2200. Terms, one-half cash, balance in one year with bees as security. M. A. Gill, Hyrum, Box 26, Utah. FOR SALE — 250 to 350 colonies of fine Italian bees on good straight L combs with a full eqiiip- inent of supplies for e.xtracted-honey production. Also 47 acres land in Harrison County, Iowa, near town ; has about 20 acres fine natural basswood grove. Has good improvements, especially for bee- keeping. Probably as good an equipment as there is in the state. This is a good paying business, with outyards already established, everything complete. Can give long time on part of the price, but Mould require $8000 or $9000 to swing it. Any one having that much capital to invest in a dandy country home and a paying business, will find it by addressing E. S. Miles & Son, Dunlap, Iowa . BEES FOR SALE in lots of one colony up to 100 or more, as desired or a series of outyards. including small house in town, 32foot honey- house. 8-frame power extractor, engine, sawtable. 150 new hives in K. D Ford auto, and various other items required in this line of business. Past 19 years I've produced upwards of 75 tons of honey in this locality. If whole outfit is wanted it can be bought as a going concern, by paying 259$? down, and balance remain one, three or five years at 7% with acceptable back- ing of notes. Cause for selling, doctor's in- sistance. age. ill health, and laziness on my part. Correspondence solicited. A. W. Smith. Birming- ham. Mich. Ski'TKMIskk, 10U2 t; r, ]■■. A X r X ("! s r N MISCELLANEOUS. FOR SALE — Golden seal seed. S. Pitts, Strons hurst, Ills. THE BEE WORLD. — The leudiiif? bee journal in Britain, and the only international l)ee review- in e.vistence. It is read, re-read and treasured. Will it not appeal to you? Specimen copy free from the publishers. The Apis Club, Benson, Oxoii. England. Send us a post card today. It is well worth your little trouble. MEDICINAL roots and herbs are very profitable to grow. We especially recommend growing Golden Seal which with good care will yield as high as $10,000 per acre for each crop. It takes several years to matui-e but will average $1000 a year. Special Crops, a monthly paper, tells how. Sani|>le copy, 10c. $1.00 per year. Address Special Crops Pub. Co., Bpx "G ■■ Skaneateles. N. Y. :!:iiiiiiiiiiiiiii:iiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiH!iii:iiii[iiiiiiiiiKiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiii>iiii;ii TOO LATE TO CLASSIFY. WANTED — Partner in farming and beekeeping. C. E. Watts. Meredith. N. H. FOll SALE — Finest quality clover honey in 60- II). cans. 2 to a case, at $15 a case, also in 5-lb. pails. $1 each, all f. o. b. here. Sample lOe. -Write me. Edw. A. Reddout, New Woodstock, N. Y. FOR SALE — On account of the death of the owner. 400 colonies of bees with surplus equip- ment for about 300 more, located in Central Texas where there is a good honey flow almost the en- tire year. Plenty of room for expansion. Ad- dress Mrs. T. N. Bemus. 116 E. Dewey Place, San Antonio. Texas. PATENTS —TRADEMARKS T offer prompt, personal and expert professional service. 10 vears' experience. Write for terms. LESTER SARGENT, Patent Attorney, 52i Tenth St., N. W., Washington, D. C. QUEENS — QUEENS LARGE, leather-colored 3-banded Italian queens; 10-years selection, bred for honey-gathering; gen- tle, hardy and long-lived. Price: Select untested, 1. $1.25; 6, $6.50; 12, $12. After July 1: 1. $1; 6. $5; tested. $1.50 each. Write for price on large orders. Free booklet, "How to Transfer. Get Honey and Increase." J. M. GINGERICH. KALONA, IOWA. i; K K C II T, T i; K K 6110 INDIANOLA APIARY (.ffris it:iliaii Beo.s iiiiil Qiu'eiis for following' [)rif(^s: Untested Queens, $1.00 oacli; Tested Queens, $1.50 each. Bees, per lb., $2.00. Nueleus, .$U.OO per frame. Xo disease. IJees insi)e('ted. J. W. SHERMAN, Valdosta, Georgia. Ohio State Field Meet — To be held at — Delphos, Ohio, Wed., SepU3 A. I. ROOT. E. R. ROOT, GEO. S. DEMUTH, DADANT & SONS, Scheduled to be present. Special Program. All beekeepei's and any one interested in beekeeping and honey invited to attend. Large.st display of honey and bee supplies ever exhibited in the central states. MILLER'S STRAIN Italian Queen Bees From my best SELECT BEEEDEE8; gentle, roll honey in, hard.y, winter well, not inclined to swarm, three- banded, 28 years' breeding experi- ence. Satisfaction guaranteed. S;ife arrival in U. S. and Canada. 1 Untested, $1.25; fi, $7.00; 12, $12.00. 1 Sel. Unt., $1.50; 0, $8.00; 12, $14.00. I. F. MILLER, Brookville, Pa., 183 Valley. Write for B«ok Today FARM WAGONS High or low wheels — steel or wood — wide or narrow tires. Steel or wood wheels to fit any running gear. Wagon parts of all kinds. Write today for free catalog illustrated in colors. ELECTRIC WHEEL CO., 23 Elm Street. Quincy, ilL ■ ■ ^^^ |kl f^ ^^ We are in excellent position to serve beekeepers who H>V M W 1^1 f* jF do not produce enough Honey to supply their trade, w ■ ^^^ B ^ li^ ■ We have a big stock of fine table honey of various grades always on liand. In 60-lb. Tins Cr3rstallized — Water White Orange, 15c; White Sage. 14c; Extra L. A. Sage, 12c; Buckwheat, 10c. GLASS AND TIN HONEY CONTAINERS. 2V2-P0und cans Crates of 100, $4.50 5-lb. pails (with handles), 1 dozen reshipping cases. . . .$1.00 case; crates of 100, $7.00 10-lb. pails (with handles) Crates of 50, $5.25 60-Ib. tins, 2 per case New, $1.20 case; used, 25c White Flint Glass, with Gold Lacquered Wax Lined Caps. LJ/%P|nU|AKI A UAII^Lf In/^ 8-oz. honey capacity. .$1..tO per r.Trton of . 3 doz. MVi/P P IVI AN OC riMUwl\j lllC. 16oz, honey capacity .. .$1 .20 per carton of 2 doz. iA/r\^^rM-i ai/ciu iueia/ v/^d i^ Qt. 3-lh. honey cai.,icity . 9()c per carton of 1 doz. WOODMAVEN, IM EW YUK K. O T, K A N T N 0 S T N P. K K C V I. T I' R E Ski'Tkmi'.ku, 1 0'^^2 oAt Reduced Prices in Quantity Lots. Your sur-cess or failure in securing- the maximum f'ro]i of iioney next season depends largely upon tlie quality of queens you introduce into your r-olonies this fall. Why not play safe and oider ROOT QUALTTY QUEENS whi.-h will mean more honey profits for you. The Different grades of Queens. Italian queens are distinguished from hlacks by three yellow bands on the upper part of the abdomen. Leather-colored Italians show three stripes of dark- Y yellow leather color. An untested queen is one which is sold after slie is found to be laying, not liaA- ing been previously tested. A tested leather-colored queen is one which has been examined by the breeder and her bees found to be uniformly marked with at least three dark-yellow bands. Select queens of any of the grades are those which show better coloi', size, shape, etc. Frequently select untested queens develop into fine breeding queens. Prices to Odober 1, C312000— Untested . . ..$1.50 ea. C313000— Sal. Untested 2.00 ea. C314000— Tested 2.50 ea. C315000— Select Tested. 3.00 ea. 10 to 2i. $1.25 ea. 1.70 ea. 2.10 ea. 2.50 ea. $1.10 ea. 1.55 ea. 2.00 ea. 2.40 ea. 50 to 99. 100 or over. $1.00 ea. $0.90 ea. 1.45 ea. 1.35 ea. 1.85 ea. 1.75 ea. 2.25 ea. 2.00 ea, Our guarantee on Queens. We guarantee safe arrival of queens sent in mailing cages. We agree to re- fund the money or replace the queen if the one first sent arrives dead; provided the beekeeping receiving the dead or unfit queen returns her at once and in her own ship- ping cage, properly marked with name and address of sender. No delay in return- ing the queen can be permitted. This guarantee ajiplies only on queens sent to cus- tomers in the United States and Canada. Mail all queen orderr^ direct to Medina or to our nearest l)ra)ich office. THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY WEST SIDE STATION MEDINA, OHIO SlOJ-TKiMlSIOK, liV2'. G li V. A N I N (i S IN ]». 10 K 0 U Tj 'I' U R 1'', Midsummer Days in California. Cont'd from p. 587 liiiuiiiics. Whether they asked for lumoy or not 1 consider liis use of it in response to those letters a tribute to nature's only con- centrated sweet. Also it shows he is a well- informed young man, and you may be sure we took pains he should be even more so; at least, in regard to the food value of honey, by sending him some literature on tiie sub- ject. He gave us a sample of the honey brannies, and although they were made some five weeks before they were deliciously crisp. He guarantees them to reniaiii crisp as long as the package is unbroken. Tliis may appear to be giving brannies some free advertising. Perhaps half the civ- ilized world is in need of more "roughage'' in the diet to provide better elimination and will be as long as we continue to use so many over-refined foods. For that reason brannies are likely to increase in popular- ity, and, if we honey people take pains to ask for honey brannies and tell our friends about them, it will open one more avenue to the sale of honev. Queens - Golden - Queens Have you secured all you need? I have them as fine as you can secure anywhere at a reason- able price. Untested, $1.00; six, $5.50; 12, $10. If they don't give you satisfaction and you write me, I will make it satisfactory to you. E. A. SIMMONS, GREENVILLE. ALA. 75c EACH One or more SELECT Untested Three- Banded Italian Queens. No poor-appearing queen will be sent. A satisfactory sale guaranteed. No disease. D. W. HOWELL, SHELLMAN, GEORGIA. ROOT QUALITY BEES AND BEEKEEPERS' SUPPLIES. Bees in the hive, in packages, and nuclei, three-banded leather-colored Italian queens. Let a beekeeper of long standing serve you in your requirements for 1922. Catalog on request. O. G. RA'WSON, 3208 Forest Place, East St. Louis, Illinois. NEWMAN'S QUEENS Originated from the world-famous Moore strain of Italians. Abso- lutely first quality and fully guaranteed, no disease. Satisfac- tion and safe arrival. Untested: 1, $1.25; 6, $G.OO; 12, $11.00. Rel. Unt.: 1, $1.75; 6, $8.00; 12, $15.00. Circular free. A. H. NEWMAN, Queen-Breeder. Morgan, Kentucky. MACK'S QUEENS 75c EACH We are uniting our nuclei this month and are making the price so that they will move in a hurry. Send in a trial order and be con- vinced that Mack's queens are unexcelled. If unable to fill your order, it will be promptly returned. All queens guaranteed. Untested, 75c ea. Select Untested, 90c ea. HERMAN McCONNELL ROBINSON ILLINOIS Goldens the Best 14 years in btisiness should give you best queens possible. Untested, $1. or 6 for $5; in lots of 25 or more, 75c each. Virgins, 40c each, or 3 for $1. Satisfaction and prompt- ness my motto. R. O. COX, Box 25, RUTLEDGE, ALABAMA. Would exchange some of our queens for supplies for next year's supply. We need 10,000, queen cages, three-hole comjjlete without candy, 1000 metal spaced Hoffman frames, 50 double-walled hives, 50 single-walled hives, 100 metal covered tops, 200 inner covers without bee-escape hole, 150 lbs. medium brood foundation. Everything must be new and in the flat and in ten-frame standard enuipment. Write and tell us what you have to offer. W. G. Lauver, M iddletown, Pa. FOR SALE. — Safety Comb honey cartons for sections, size 4i4x4%xl%; 4i4x4i4xl%; 4x5x1%; 4x5x11/2 1 3%x5xl%; 4^x4^4x1%; 4%x4%xli/&; 4V4x4'/4xl%; 4i,4x4%xl%; for 50 cents per hun- dred, so long as present stock last. Sections equiT)ped with these safety cartons will fit in the regular 24-pound shipping cases and insure safe shipment of honey. They are appropriately printed on all four sides. Send for sample. THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY, Medina, Ohio. Lockhart's Silver-gray Carniolans "LIXI^ BRKD" for the past 34 years. They are VERY hardy, gentle, prolific, great workers, and build- ers of VEKY WHITE comb, and use mostly wax in place of propolis. Prices of queens for 1922: Un- tested queens. $1.00; select untested. $1.50; tested. $2.00; select tested, $3.00. Breeders. $5.00. $10.00. Safe arrival guaranted in V. .S. and Canrida No foul In-ond here. F. A. LOCKHART &. COMPANY, LAKE GEORGE, NEW YORK C. T. K A X I NM; S IN H K K 0 U L T tl R E SkI'Tkmiikk, 192'J Bee Supplies SPECIAL PRICES ON THE FOL- LOWING NO. 2 SECTIONS. 100,000 4%x4i4xlV2 Plain at $7.00 per 1000 r,0,000 41/4x414x1% Two-beeway at $8.00 per 1000 Tlie above are all packed 500 to a crate. REDUCED PRICES ON TIN AND GLASS HONEY CONTAINERS. Send us a list of your requirements of containers, and we will make you prices tliat Avill save you money. We can make shij)ment the same day order is received. We carry a complete line of EVKRY TIirXGFOB THE BEEKEEPER, and can make prompt shipment. Write for our catalog. A. H. RUSCH & SON CO. REEDSVILLE, WISCONSIN. 6 $5 50 6.50 12.50 12 $10.00 12.50 24.00 QUEENS OUR OLD RELIABLE THREE-BANDED ITALIANS ARE HONEY GETTERS. They are gentle, prolific, and very resistant to foul brood. Orders booked for one-fourth cash. Safe arrival guaranteed. Circular free. PRICES 1 Untested $1.00 Select Untested 1.25 Tested 2.25 Select Tested $3.00 each See our Dec. and Jan. Advertisement. JOHN G. MILLER 723 C Street, Corpus Cbristi, Texas. QUEENS Reliable Three- Banded Italians Western Beekeepers, now is the time to re- queen those colonies. Head them with one of our vigorous young queens and be assured of having strong colonies in the spring when every bee counts. We can supply you promptly at the fol- lowing prices : Untested — 1, $1.00; 5, $4.50; 10 to 50, 80c each; larger lots, 75c each. Tested — 1. .$2.00; 10, $17.00, The Orange Apiaries, Porterville, Gal. O. F. Darnell, Prop. M. S. Fortune, Queen-Breeder. Big Reduction • -ON.. Bee Supplies Shipping cases $30.00 per 100 Slotted section-holders... $3.00 per 100 Sections, lYs, No. 1... $10.00 per 1000 Job lots of frames, regular size $3.00 per 100 Standard Hoffman frames, 9% deep $4.50 per 100 IJnspaced wedged top-bar frames, 91/8 deep $2.75 per 100 Send for Catalog and Price List. CHARLES MONDENG 146 Newton Avenue N. and 159 Cedar Lake Rd. MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. Septkmhkr, 1 922 (i T. K A N T N G 8 IN B E E C U L T U R E 613 NEW ENGLAND Beokpepers will find a comi>lete line of the best supplies here. Send in your order early and be ready for the harvest. Remember this is the ship- ping: oenter of New England. Write for new catalog. H. H. JEPSON 182 Friend Street. BOSTON 14, MASS. MASON BEE SUPPLY COMPANY, Mechanic Falls, Maine. From 1897 to 1922 the Northeaxtern Branch of The A. I. Root Company. PROMPT AND EFFICIENT SERVICE BECAUSE — Only Roofs Goods are sold. It is a business with us — not a side line. Eight mails daily — Two lines of railway. If you have not received 1922 catalog send name at once. HONEY CONTAINERS Prompt Shipment, F. O. B. Brattleboro, 'Vt. l-pound Round .Jars, per case of 24 $1.20 l-pound Round Jars in Crates of 12i/^ Dozen, per Crate 7.00 2-poniid Round Jars, per Case of 12 90 21/^-pound Friction Top Cans, per Box of 24 1.10 2y2-pound Friction Top Cans, per Carton of 100 4.00 5-pound Friction Top Pails, per Carton of 50 3.25 10-pound Friction Top Pails, per Carton of 50 4.50 5-gallon (60-pound) Square Cans, per Case of 2, in 10 Case Lots 10.5(1 F. COOMBS & SONS, BRATTLEBORO, VERMONT ITALIAN BEES AND QUEENS, HONEY, BEESWAX AND APIARIAN SUPPLIES. DON'T DELAY-GET OUR PRICES WE SAVE YOU MONEY "falcon" SUPPLIES - QUEENS - FOUNDATION W. T. FALCONER MFG. COMPANY FALCONER (Near Jamestown), NEW YORK. "Where the best beehives come from.'' BjOlNKING by IN/IA.IL AT A.TSpitzer PRES. ERRoot VICE PRES. MtOKffTMyd CASHIER For Yourself or For Others? Vou are either using your money for tlic benefit of yourself or of others. Spend it needlessly, and "the other fellow" profits. Save, and YOUR future is protected. Build up a 4% Savings Account in the Savings Deposit Bank Company. Deposits may be sent safely and conveniently BY MAIL. The SAVINGS DEPOSIT BANK CO. THE HOME OF THE HONEY-BEE MEDINA, OHIO GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE September, 1922 Knight's Three-Banded Give them a trial and be added to iny book of satisfied customers. Prices for Balance of Season. 1 Select Untested $1.00 5 Select Untested 4.75 10 Select Untested 8.50 Tested Queens, each.... 2.00 For large quantities write for prices. Have the bees, men and equipment to handle rush orders by return mail. Pure mating and satisfaction guaran- teed. It is left with customer to say what is satisfaction. No disease. JASPER KNIGHT HAYNEVILLE ALABAMA BUCKWHEAT ITALIAN QUEENS Our very best queens are reared this month during the flow from goldenrod. Conditions are ideal for queen-rearing now. SELECT THREE-BANDED (Note — We begin this inonth to unite nuclei for winter, and we will sell queens taken from these, as we unite them, for $1.00 each. Our regular quality, but shipment to be made at our convenience, hence the lower price.) Untested, each, $1.25; 6, $7.00; 12, $13.00; 25, $25.00. WE GUARANTEE safe arrival in U. S. and Canada, pure mating, no disease, and satisfaction. J. B. HOLLOPETER ROCKTON, PENNSYLVANIA. QUIGLEY QUALITY Italian Queens and Bees are yiroduced hy double grafting, producing queens of supe- rior quality and long-lived bees, filling your big hives with bees. Hustlers, hardy, wiii- tering on summer stands. No disease; 36 years in this location. Purity and satisfac tion guaranteed, Unte,sted — Each, $1.25; 6 for $7.00; 12 for $12,00. Select Untested, add 50c each extra. Tested, $2.00 each. Send for circular. E. F. QUIGLEY & SON UNIONVILLE, MISSOUBI, MOORE'S STRAIN OF ITALIANS PRODUCE WORKERS That fill the supers quick With honey nice and thick. They have won a world-.wide reputation for honey-gathering, hardiness, gentleness, etc. I am now filling orders by return mail. Untested queens $1.25; 6, $6.50; 12, $12. Select Untested, $1.50; 6, $8.00; 12, $15. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. J. P. MOORE, Queen Breeder Route 1, MORGAN, KENTUCKY. Am Pie A ft scon QUEENS ARE GOOD QUEENS MY QUEENS ARE GETTING RESULTS. ong iuy hundreds of colonies and for my customers. One writes: "Dear Mr. Scott: ase ])oolc me for i^ doz. queens. Tliose I got from you last season have made 150 coinli honey eacli so far tliis season. Yours truly." — (Name on request. GOLDEN OR THREE-BANDED QUEENS. •Inly 1: ()iie, $1.25; six, $7.00; dozen, $]:?.00. They are bound to please. Pure mating and safe arrival. Prompt shipments. Circular on request. ROSS B. SCOTT, LA GRANGE, INDIANA. Ski'tembek, 1922 G T. E A N I N G S IN BEE C ]J L T U R 1-: BEEKEEPERS' SUPPLIES. The kind you want and bees need. Good stock of the A. T. Eoot Co. 's make of goods on hand. Catalog free. Beeswax wanted. J. NEBEL & SON SUPPLY CO., High HiU, Mo. KITSELMAN FENCE GET ir FItOMTHE ^cn^PfREcr yOi, °'baved 24c a Rod," writes William Henry, Kipley, O. You, too, can save"by buying direct at Lowest Factory Prices. WE PAY THE FREIGHT. Write today for Free 100-page Catalog of Farm, Poultry and Lawa Fence, (rates. Posts and tSarbed Wire. KITSELMAN BROS. Dept. 21 MUNCIE, IND. BARNES' HAND & FOOT POWER MACHINERY This cut represents our combined circular saw. which is made for bee- keepers' use in the con- struction of their hives, sections, etc. Machines on Trial Send for illustrated cat- alog and prices. W. F. & JOHN BARNES CO. 545 Ruby Street ROCKFORD. ILLINOIS. The BEST LIGHT Positively the cheapest and etrongeat Ugbt on earth Used to every country on the globe. Maies and bnrna fta own gas Casta no ihAdowa. Clean and S^;?;^?."".,! 0°'"'*''"^* Over 200 Btylea 100 to 2000 Candle Power. Fully Guaranteed Write for catalog. AGENTS WANTED EVERYWHERE THE BEST UGHT CO. 306 E. 5th St.. Canton. O. l^<^<^World's Best H-^P<-<->V.. at FactoT? '%^<^C/, ^4U^cux^. ,^A^Z Cluster Metal .?hinsrleg, V-Crimp. Corn], gated. Standing Seam, Painted or Galvanized Roof- ing . Sidinga. Wallboard. Pa;nt3, etc.. direct to yoo at ock-Bottom Factory Prices. Save money-get better quality and lasting satisfaction Edwards "Reo" Metal Shingles have great durability-many customers report 15 and Oi yea^Bervice, Guaranteed fire and lightning proof. Free Roofing Book Get our wonderfully low prices and free samples. We sell direct to you and save you all in-between dealer's^ pro6t3 Ask for Book No. 183 LOW PRICED GARAGES Lowest prices on Ready-Made Fire-Proof Steel Garapes. Sot up any place. Send postal for Garage Book, showing styles THC r-'>WARDS MFG. CO. 933-983 Pike St. Cincinnati, 0. FREE Samples & RooflniBook Bettei- Way to Garden Don't do garden work the slow back-breaking way. You can grow a far better garden, easier and with much less time and work. BARKER WEEDER, MULCHER AND CULIIVATOR THREE MACHINES IN ONE Simply push the BARKER along the rows (like a lawn mower). Eight blades revolving against a stationary underground knife destroy the weeds and in same operation break up the surface crust into a level, porous, moisture-retaining mulch. Aerates soil. Intensive cultivation. "Best Weed Killer Ever Used. ' ' Has leaf guards, also shovels for deeper cultivation. A boy can run it — do more and better work than 10 men with hoes. Write Us Today for FREE Booklet. Let us tell you about this machine and how to raise bigger, better gardens — make gar- dening a pleasure. A valuable book, illu.^;- trated. Gives prices, etc. A card brings it. Write us today. Use coupon below. BARKER MFG. CO. Box 23 DAVID CITY, NEB Barker Mfg. Co., Bo.x 2.'J, DmyIiI City. Neb. Gentlemen: Send me postpaid your free booklet and Factory-to-User offer. Name 'I'outi Stale. KPD ^f ioulti.iral ^ee Culture THE FAREWELL SONG OF THE BEE. Furewell. said the bee to the flower. As she hung in its golden heart; Kull nnany a happy hour We have spent, but now must part For the days are growing colder, And the nights come earlier now; And the year is growing older, Soon snow will whiten his brow. ft hrenks my heart to leave you. To know your beauty will fade; That winter's cold grave will receive you, So lovely, so richly arrayed. But there is one thought that is cheering, That will bring you some comfort, my dear; In the seed-children you are rearing. You'll blossom again next year. Then listen once more to my humming. Alas, my love, 'tis the last; r shiver — a frost is coming, And summer — sweet summer is past. LAURA M GREGG. VOLUME L OCTOBER, 1922 NUMBER 10 Better Way ^Gardeii Don't do garden work the slow back-breaking way. You can grow a far better garden, easier and with much less time and work. BARKER WEEOER, MULGHER AND CULTIVATOR THREE MACHINES IN ONE Simply push the BARKEE along the rows (like a lawn mower). Eight blades revolving against a stationary underground knife destroy the weeds and in same operation break up the surface crust into a level, porous, moisture-retaining mulch. Aerates soil. Intensive cultivation. "Best Weed Killer Ever Used." Has leaf guards, also shovels for deeper cultivation. A boy can run it — do more and better work than 10 men with hoes. Write Us Today for FREE Booklet. I.ci us tell you about this machine and how to raise bigger, better gardens — make gar- dening a pleasure. A valuable book, illus trated. Gives prices, etc. A card brings it. Write US today. Use coupon below. BARKER MFG. CO. Box 23 DAVID CITY, NEB tJarker Mfg. Co., Box 23, David City, Neb. Gentlemen: Send me postpaid your free booklet -.ind Factory-to-TTser offer, Na.iir Town St.Tte RFD or Box PAST AND GO Season of 1922 it will pay you to think of 1923 and get in your order for supplies early. From now on to the spring months we can- give you prompt service. Do not wait till you need the goods, but anticipate your needs so as to be prepared when next season arrives. A. I. Root Go. of Syracuse, N. Y. 1631 West Genesee St. QyALITY J[°^« INQUIRIES SOIICIT^^ m October, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE OCTOBER, 1922 Uouey Markets 624-625 Editorials 629-631 Bottling and Selling Honey E. R. Boot 632-634 The Marketing Problem Geo. W. York 635-636 The Wintering Problem Geo. S. Demuth 636 639 Not Exactly Beekeeping; But — 640-641 Homemade Paste for Labels J. H. Peterson 642 Alfalfa Yields in the East John Lund 642 Bees Eob Colony Being Fed Ocie Speer 642-643 A Young Beekeeper Edith Pettee 643-644 Form for Paper Packing S. Rouse 644 Robbing Bees Tear Down Combs Edward F. Bigelow 644-645 Fall Treatment L. S. Harner 645 The Out-Cluster at Morning George Gilbert 645-646 College and Bees E. A. Kirkpatrick 646 Honey Producers' League H. F. Wilson 647 Winter Packing in Korea Yasuo Hiratsuka 647-648 Sif tings J. E. Crane 649 Our California Letter Constance Root Boyden 650-651 Beekeeping as a Sideline Grace Allen 652-653 From North, East, West and South 654-658 Heads of Grain from Different Fields ' 659-662 Bees, Men and Things 663 Talks to Beginners Geo. S. Demuth 664-665 Gleaned by Asking .Geo. S. Demuth 666-667 Just News ■ 668 Our Homes A. I. Root 669-673 SUBSCRIPTION RATES. — One year, $1.00. (Low paid-in-advance subscription rates withdrawn.) Single copy, 10 cents. Canadian subscription, 15 cents additional per year, and foreign subscription, 30 cents additional. DISCONTINUANCE. — Subscriptions, not paid in advance, or specifically ordered by the subscriber to be continued, will be stopped on expiration. No subscriber will be run into debt by us for this journal. CHANGE OF ADDRESS. — Give your old address as well as the new and write the name to which the journal has heretofore been addressed. REMITTANCE. — Should be sent by postoffice money order, bank draft, express money order, or check. CONTRIBUTIONS to Gleanings columns solicited; stamps should be enclosed to insure return to author of manuscript if not printed. ADVERTISING RATES. — Advertising rates and conditions will be sent on request. Result.s from advertising in this journal are remarkably satis- factory. ADVERTISERS' LIABILITY. — The publishers use utmost diligence to estab- lish in advance the reliability of every advertiser using space in this journal. Entered as second class mail matter at the Postoffice at Medina, Ohio. Published monthly. Space occupied by reading matter in this issue, 76.5 per cent; advertising, 23.5 per cent. THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY, Publishers, Medina, Ohio Editorial Staft Geo. S. Demuth and E. R. Root A. I. Root H. H. Root H. G. Rowe Editors Editor Home Dept. Assistant Editor M'n'g Editor 622 (i T. r. A N T \ C !^ IN B E E CULT U R K OfTOP.KR, 192'J c Money Sa'ved Time Sa-ved Bee Supplies Root's Goods at fadory prices with WEBER'S service. Send us a list ol your wants and we will quote you prices that will save you money. C H. W. Weber & Co. 2163-65-67 Central Ave. Cincinnati, Ohio MR. BEEKEEPER - We have a large plant especially equipped to manufacture the sup- plies that you use. We guarantee all materials and workmanship. We ship anywhere. We allow early order discounts and make prompt shipments. We pay the highest cash and trade prices for beeswax. Write for free illustrated catalog today. LEAHY MFG. CO., 95 Sixth Street, Higginsville, Missouri Texas Beekeepeis should write to A. M. Hunt, Goldthwaite, Texas. HONEY CANS AND CASES Several carloads, all sizes, just received at our Ogden, Utah and Idaho Falls, Idaho, warehouses. Quick service; lowest prices. Also comb honey eases, all kinds. SUPERIOR HONEY CO., OGDEN, UTAH (Manufacturers Weed Process "SUPERIOR FOUNDATION" and Dovetailed Beehives.) OCTOBIOK, 192C 0 L E A N T N f! S IN H V. F. C V Ti T U R K 623 »# FOR YOU You need our new 1922 bee supply- catalog more than ever before. Have you received one? Many new articles are listed for the saving of labor and greater honey production. Our attract- ive prices, superior quality and prompt service will always be appreciated by beekeepers. Send a list of your requirements to us. THE FEED W. MUTH COMPANY, Pearl and Walnut Streets, Cincinnati, Ohio. Honey Containers We have some interesting prices to offer on honey containers; send us a list of your requirements and let us quote you our prices. 2^^-lb. cans in reshipping cases of 24 and crates of 100 and 500. 5-lb. pails in reshipping cases of 12 and crates of 100 and 200. 10-lb. pails in reshipping cases of G and crates of 100. 1-gallon square or oblong cans with 1%-inch screw cap in boxes of 6. 1-gallon square or oblong cans with 1%-inch screw cap in crates of 100. 60-lb. square cans with 1%-inch screw cap in cases of 2 cans. 16-oz. round glass jars in reshipping pases of 2 dozen. 6V2-OZ. tin top tumblers in reshipping cases of 4 dozen. Shipping cases for comb honey for anv stvle sections in the 24-lb. or 12-lb. size. Send for our catalog showing full line of Bee Supplies. AUGUST LOTZ CO. BOYD, WISCONSIN. WE'LL SUPPLY YOU BEE SUPPLIES THAT ARE MADE TO SATISFY Let us quote you prices before you place your order, and you will not be sorry. Illustrated Catalog sent on request. Tlie best market prices for your beeswax. WRITE TO A. H. RUSGH & SON GO, REEDSVILLE, WISCONSIN ( i L K A -N J N Ci S IN B E K C U L T II R K OCTOBKR, 192J HONEY MARKETS U. S. GOVERNMENT MARKET REPORTS. Information from Producing Areas (First Half of September). CALIFORNIA POINTS. — Honey flow in south- ern California curtailed after orange flow by drouth. Croi) alfalfa honey light due to damage to crop in northern section by adverse weather conditions and to reduction of acreage in southern California. Demand and movement moderate, mar- ket steady. Carloads f. o. b. usual terms, per lb., extracted": White orange mostly 9i/^c, white sage 8-81/2 0, light amber sage 61/2 -7c, light amber al- falfa 614-6IAC. Comb: Buyers reported offering !i!2.70 per case for carlots f. o. b. Inyo County points, but no large sales reported. INTERMOUNTAIN REGION. — Season practic- ally over, although some beekeepers are removing supers to permit bees to fill up brood-chambers witli any remaining honey which may be secured. Due to long summer drouth many sections secured little honey after July. Grasshoppers have been generally harmful. Utah beekeepers especially complain of enormous quantities of a ground bee which has gathered most available nectar. Bees in Arizona now said to be making honey fast from cotton. Crop for the section as a whole far be- low normal. Many reports of a 50 to 60% crop, or less, received. Demand reported very slow and lighter than last year. Color of honey generally very good. A few carlot sales of white clover and alfalfa extracted reported at 7 % c, 8 V4 c and 8 % c per lb., with less-than-carlot sales up to 10c per lb. Beekeepers have sold to local dealers as low as 6% -7c per lb. Small lot sales No. 1 comb re- ported around $3.75-4.50 per case, few reported lower. Bee.swax sales reported at 20c per lb. cash, 23-25c in trade. PACIFIC NORTHWEST. — Extracting is well along. Plow from fire weed has been exceptionally good. Less loss than usual from spray poisoning and ^veevils in some sections. Bees going into win- ter in excellent shape. Large lot sales of white honey in 6()-lb. cans have recently been made at i)-10c per lb., and in single-can lots at lie. Few sales fancy and No. 1 white comb reported at $4.00-4.50 per 24-section case. TEXAS POINTS. — Little change in record- breaking drouthy conditions except where local showers have given partial relief. Fair to normal surplus promised for the cotton area, but in mes- quite and chaparral country hardly one- third crop secured, and many beekeepers have scarcely enough honey to winter on. Demand poor, even considering the small crop. White extracted in 60-lb. cans quoted at TV2-8V2C per lb., with virhite chunk, in 6/lOs, listed at 12 V2 -13 1/20 per lb. EAST CENTRAL AND NORTH CENTRAL STATES. — Crop very spotted. Recent showers have improved condition of nectar-bearing plants in some sections, and a good fall flow from goldenrod and asters, with light smartweed flow, is expected in low areas and along river bottoms. The hot, dry weather in many sections has injured clover prospects for 1923. Demand has been light, due partly to abundance of fruit and to strikes. White extracted, including clover, raspberry and bass- wood, selling in carlots at lOc per lb., and in less-than-carlot quantities at 10 V^ -12c per 11)., with single 60-lb. cans up to 15c. WTiite comb, in 24-section cases, ranges $4.00-4.80 per case. PLAINS AREA. — In spite of drouth, reports in- dicate a larger than average yield in all states. Late rains make a late fall flow but prospects are for light fall yield. Recent less-than-carlot sales of white extracted in 00-lb. cans reported at 10-12c per lb., with few sales reported low as 9c per lb., and one carlot sale of water white clover at 9i/^c per 11). NORTHEASTERN STATES. — Recent drouth has curtailed crop in eastern New York and Penn- sylvania, but buckwheat flow reported fairly large in western portion of area. More rain needed if fall flow from aster and goldenrod is to be im- portant. Comb crop especially light. Few sales white clover in 60-lb. cans at 10-12% c per lb., with buckwheat around 6% -8c per lb. White comb ranges $4.25-5.25 per 2.t section case. WEST INDIES: PORTO RICO. — Heavy rains are damaging to blossoms in the hill districts. Crop yield little better than last year, but still poor. Amber in 50-gal. bbls. listed at S^^c per lb. CUBA. — Heavy shipments reported to Holland at 60c per gal., including cost and freight. Local beekeepers receiving 4i/ic per lb. for e.xtracted and 21c per lb. for beeswax. SOUTHEASTERN STATES. — Fall flow now on and promises well from velvet beans, "Mexican clover," heartsease and bitterweed. In the over- flow area of Louisiana, unusually large acreages were planted to cowpeas, which are now furnish- ing nectar. Record-breaking frequency of summer rains in some sections. White extracted in 60-lb. cans and 34-gal. bbls. generally selling at 10c pev lb., some low as 9c. light amber 8c, amber 6c. White heavy comb ranges $4.50-5.00 per 24-sec- tion case, with No. 1 light $4.00. Pew sales chunk honey reported at 121/20 per lb. Beeswax ranges 22-25c per lb. for yellow and 18-20e for dark. Telegraphic Reports from Important Markets. BOSTON. — Comb: Very little demand. Sales to retailers. New York, very few sales, new crop 24- section cases white clover $6.00-6.50, mostly $6.00. carton stock $6.50-7.00. Extracted: Market quiet but steady. Porto Rico honey is slightly higher. Sales to confectioners and bottlers, Porto Rico amber 88-94c per gal. California, white orange and white sage 14-16c, light amber .sage 12-14c per lb. CHICAGO. — Demand and movement moderate, market steady. Slight iinjirovement noted in de- mand, particularly in extracted. Sales to retailers, comb: 24-section eases Colorado, Iowa and Wiscon- sin, clover and mixed clover and alfalfa No. 1. heavy $4.00-4.25. No. 1 light weight $3.00-3.50; No. 2 heavy $3.00-3.50. Extracted: Sales to bottlers, bakers and confectionery manufacturers, per lb., Colorado and Utah, alfalfa and mixed alfalfa and clovers, white 9 1/2-101/2 c, light amber 8-8 1/2 c. Cali- fornia, white mixed mountain flowers, 9% -10c. Wisconsin and Michigan whit? clover 10-10 %c. few sales lie. Beeswa.x: Receipts moderate. Mar- ket steady. Sales to wholesale druggists and laun- dry supply houses, California and Colorado, light 30-32C, dark 27-30c. South America, principallv Brazil. light 27-30c, dark 20-23c. KANSAS CITY. — Supplies moderate. Demand and movement moderate, market dull on comb, steady on extracted. Sales to jobbers: Extracted, Colorado, white alfalfa, 12c per lb. Comb: 24-sec- tions Colorado alfalfa, light weight No. 1 new stock $4.25-4.75. Missouri, 24-section cases heavy white clover No. 1 new crop $5.00-5.50. MINNEAPOLIS. — Demand light, movement im- proving, market unsettled, wide range in prices. Sales to retailers. Extracted: Per lb., California, white orange and Colorado white alfalfa and sweet clover, movement light 11-121^0 per lb. New- crop Hawaii, white, movement moderate, 10c per lb. Minnesota, white clover and Wisconsin bass- wood 12c. Comb: Colorado, 24-section cases No. 1 white $4.50. Minnesota, demand and movement improving; 24-section cases No. 1 white $5.25-5.50, few $6.00. NEW YORK. — Domestic receipts limited, for- eign receipts moderate. Supply limited. Demand and movement limited, market rather dull. Ex- tracted: Spot sales to jobbers, wholesalers, con- fectioners, bakers and bottlers, domestic, per lb. California, light amber alfalfa 7-8c, white sage 91/2-101/^, white orange, mostly II-II14, few 12e. Intermountain section, white sweet clover 9i/4-10c, South American and West Indies refined 65-75c per gal. Beeswax: Foreign receipts moderate. Supplies liberal. Demand limited, movement light, market dull. Spot sales to wholesalers, manufac- turers and drug trade. Chili, light 28-30c; Brazil, light 26-27C.; Cuba, light 24-27c, few high as 28c; dark 19-20c; West Indies, dark 18-20c; Af rica, dark 20-21c. PHILADELPHIA. — Supplies sufficient to supply trade, but demand generally good with market stronger. Extracted: Sales to bakers and mann facturers, Mexico, light amber various flavors, Sic per gal. Porto Rico, amber, various flavors, 8:'.c per gal. Beeswax: Practically no arrivals since last report. Demand and movement moderate, market steady. Sales to manufacturers, per lb,. Chili, light 30-32c; Brazil, light 28-30c; Africa, dark 24-25c. (>l )itKK, I'.ii;'.' (i h K .\ N r N O S IN BEE C U L T U R IV2: ST. IjOUIS. — No larlot receipts reported since last report. Demand and movement very slow, market dull. Comb: Sales to wholesaler.^ and job- bers. 24soction cases Colorado No. 1 white clover $6.00. E.xtracted : Sales to wholesalers and job- bers, California, light amber, 8c per lb.; South- ern, light amber, various flavors, 6-7c per lb. Beeswax: No receiiits reported since last rei)ort. No change in market. Demand and movement very light. Ungraded average country run wax nominally 2.5c per lb. to jobbers. H. C. TAYLOR, Chief of Bureau of Markets, (('(intinued on jiagc OrtO.) The Opinions of Honey Producers Themselves as Reported to Gleanings in Bee Culture. Karl.v in Sejitcmber we sent to actual honey jiroducers the following questions: 1. What is the average yield per colony, corrected to date, this season in your locality? Give an- swer in pounds, (a) Extracted honey? (b) Comb honey ? 2. What is the condition of the colonies com- pared with normal as to (a) Number and age of bees? (b) Stores for winter? Give answer in per cent. 3. What is the condition of the honey plants for next season as compared with normal? Give answer in per cent. Yield. Colony Cond. Reported by : Ext. Comb. Bees. Stores. J. C. Dickman.,.. 2.5.. 0 100.. 100.. L. L. Andrew 60 . . M. C. Richter 23. . M. A. Savior SO . . M. H. Mendleson . . 50 . . J. A. Green 60 . . B. W. Hopper 50 . . A. Latham 75 . . A. W. Yates in. . W. Lamkin 75 . . C. C. Cook 100. . H. Hewitt 60 . . J. J. Wilder 60 . . C. F. Bender What ])rices are jiroducers being offered for honey at their stations in large lots (carload or entire crop) ? (a) Extracted honey, per pound? (b) Comb honey, fancy and No. 1 per case ! WIkiI are prices to grocers in small lots? (a) Extracted honey In 5-lb. pails or other retail packages? (b) Comb honey, fancy or No. 1 per case ? How is honey moving on the market in your locality? Give fair or rapid. The answers a; bee reporters are answer in one word, as slow, returned s follows : by our honey and 30. 50. 00. 10. 40, 46. . . .100. , . . 80. . . .100. . .100. , . .100. . .100. . .125. . . . 75. . .100. . 100. . 80. . 100. . 100. . 75. . 100. . 95. . 25. . 100. . , .125. .125. .100. .100. .100.. . 90. A. L. Kildow 110. . 90. ... 100, E. S. Miller 75. J. Smith "0 . T. C. .Johnson.... 75. E. G. Brown 100. F. Coverdale 100. W. S. Pangburn. . .120. C. D. Miza 60. E. C. Davis 80. O. B. Griffin S. G. Crocker. Jr. . 30. 0. M. Smith 25. 1. D. Bartlett 75. L. S. Griggs 80. B. F. Kindig 50. F. Markham 80 . E. D. Townsend. . . 50. J. H. Fisbeck 95. J. W. Romberger. . 90. E. G. Norton 60. A. C. Miller 50 . . G. B. Howe 40. , F. W. Lesser 40. R. B. Willson 75 . . W. .T. Martin 7.5. . C. S. Bumgarner. . . . C. L. Sams 65 . , E. G. Baldwin. ... 90. , R. D. Hiatt 70. . F. Leininger 80 . . J. F. Moore 70. . J. Heueisen 40 . . C. F. Stiles 30. . E. J. Ladd 100. . H. A. Scullen 60. . H. Beaver 80 . , 50. 20. 60. 50. 50. 12. 25. 0. 40 ! 80. . 0. . 10. . 20. . 60. . 00. . 50 '. '. 50. . 30. . 50. . 50. . 40., . .100 . .100. . .100. .100. . .100. . . 90. . .100. . . 100. . . . 80. . . .100. . . . 95. . . . 80. . . . 100. . . .100. . . .100. . . .105. . . .100. . . .100. . . .100. . . .100. . . . 1 (10 . . . . 100. . . .100. . .100. . . 90. . .100. . .100. . .100. . . 95. . .100. , . . 90. . . 90. . . . 80. . .100. . .loo'. D. C. Gilham 40.. 32.... 100 G. H. Rea 30. . A. S. Conradi 60. 100. 85. 50. 90. 30. 50. 80. 100. 100. 100 ! 100. 100. 65. 75. 70. 100. 85. 90. 80 '. 20. 50. 15. J. M. Buchanan. . . 30. T. A. Bowden 15. . J. N. Mayes 76 . . 30 . . J. E. Crane 75 . . 60 . . G. W. B. Saxton. . . 95. . W'. L. Cox 130. . G. W. York 75. . 40 . . T. K. Massie 10. . 30. . T. C. Asher 15. . 12 . . N. E. France 75.. 50.. E. Hassinger, .Jr. ... 65. . H. F. Wilson 75. . 50 . . .100. .100. .100. .100. . 60. .100. ,100. . 90. . 90. ,100. , 90. ,100. , 10(1 . . t ■•) . .100. . 75. .100. .100. . 95. . 80. . 80. . 60. .100 ! Plant Cond. , .100. . , .100. . !ioo. . .100. . . 75.. .125. . .125. . .100. . .100. . .100. . .100. . . 70.. . 25.. .100. .100. .100. . 90. !ioo.' . 95. , . 90. .100. , 90. , ,100. , ,' 80. , 50. . 85.. . . . 60. . . . .100. '. . . . 50 . . . . .125. . . . .110. . . . .100. . , . . 90. . . .-.100. . . . .100. . , . .100. . . . . 90.. . . . 90. . , . .100. . , . . 50. . , . .100. . . . .100. . , . . 50. . . .100.'.' . . .100. . . . 90. . . .'. eo'.'. . .no. . . .100. . . .100. . . . 90 . . . .100. . . .100. . . . 70. . . .100. . . . 100. . Price to Prod. Ext. Comb. ;.08, .06. Price to Grocer. .12. .07. .08. .08. .10. .08. .11. .11. .15. .06. .11. .10. .10. 6.00. 4.25. 4.75. 5.25. 5.00. 3.00. Ext. ,$0.75. . .85. 1.50. Comb. .60. . .50 . . 1.30.'. .65 . . .75. . .60. . .75. . i.io! '. .80. . 1.25. ." .90 . . .75. . .75 . . .80. . .75. . .75. . 1.25. , 1.00. . 1.00. . .75. . .80. . .75. . .80. . .95. . .50. . 1.50. . 1.00. . .75. . .85. . 1.50. . .70. . 1.00. . 1.25. . 1.00. . 1.00. . .80. . .75. . .80. . .90 .' .65. 1.05. .$5.00. . 5.50.. . 4.25.. . 4.50.. '. 7.50 !! 4.75. . 5.50. . 4.50. . 4.80. . 5.00 '. '. 4.75. . Move- ment. . .Fair . . Fair . .Fair . .Fair . . Slow . . Slow . .Fair . . Slow . . Slow . .Rapid . .Fair . .Fair . . Slow . . Slow . . Slow . . Slow . . Fair 5.50. 5.50. 5.25. 7.00. 5.50. 6.00. . 5.25. . 5.50. . 4.80. 5.35. 6.00. . 6.50 ! '. 5.50. , 5.50. . 3.25. 7.20. .12. .12. 1.00. .75. ,50. 1.25. .60. .90. .65 . 1.00. , 1.10. , .65. . .85. . .90. . 6.50. . 5.50. . 6.00. ! 6.00. . 5.75.. . Slow . Slow .Pair '. Slow . Slow . Slow .Slow . . Fair . . Slow . . Slow . . Slow . .Slow . . Slow . .Fair . . Slow ,.Slow . .Fair . .Fair . .Fair . .Fair ..Slow '.'.Slow . .Fair . .Slow . . Slow . .Fair . .Fair . . Slow . .Rapid . . Slow . . Fair . .Slow . .Slow . . Slow . .Fair . . Slow . .Fair ..Slow . .Fair . .Fair . . Fair 626 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE October, 192: For Real Success You Should ^uy Woodman's Innor Overcoat Hives "BEE CAUSE: 1. Protected Bees work day and night. It has been shown by careful obser- vation that maintaining a tempera- ture of 98 degrees permits comb-build- ing to go on both day and night. The bees will thus devote more daylight time to gathering honey. 2. Larger Honey Crops are assured. The bees are enabled to rear brood earlier in the spring, with no danger of chilled brood on account of cold snaps. One bee in March is worth one hundred in July. 3. You will practically eliminate winter losses. With your colonies in normnl condition (that is, with plenty of good stores, a young queen and young bees) you will be able to Avinter prac- tically 100%. The Inner Overcoat Hive will last a lifetime, as the outer hive walls are the same thickness as in the single- wall hive. In other words, WOOD- MAN Inner Overcoat Hives are a lifetime investment — not an expense. Out of-door Wintered Bees have many advantages over cellar-wintered bees. Tliey do not spring-dwindle and are stronger at the opening of honey flow. Insures Close-up protection. A per- son may have any amount of blank- ets fastened up to the wall of his room and still freeze to death if left in the center of the room Avithout close-up protection or insulation. Tlie close-up protection in the Inner Over- coat Hive is what does the trick. 5 one-story regular depth hives. $25.00: Jumbo depth. $27.50 Special circular on WOODMAN'S Protection Inner Over- coat Hive, showing 10 large illustrations, sent on requeEt. A. G. WOODMAN COMPANY, Sole ^Makers 238 Scribner Ave., N. W., Grand Rapids, Mich. OC'TOIiKR, rjJ2 G L l-; A N I N tl S IN BEE CULTURE 027 A SUPERIOR QUALITY AT LESS COST. Supplies A SUPERIOR QUALITY AT LESS COST. (MADE BY THE DIAMOND MATCH COMPANY) The Diamond Match Co., who manufacture our supplies, are the largest manufacturers in the world who make bee supplies. They own their own timber lands, mills and factories. We pass on the full advantage of the resulting low production cost to the Beekeeper. One-Story Complete Dovetailed Hive With metal telescope cover, inner cover, reversible bottom, Hoffman frames, nails, rabbets. Standard Size. Crate of five, K. D., 8-frame $12.65 Crate of five, K. D., 10-frame 13.25 Jumbo Size. Crate of five, K. D., 10-frame 14.25 Hi've-Bodies With Hoffman frames, nails, rabbets. Standard size, crate of 5, K. D., 8-fr $5.20 Standard size, crate of 5, K. D., 10-fr 5.85 Jumbo size, crate of 5, K. D., 10-fr. . 6.85 Hoffman Frames Standard size 100, $5.20 ; 500, $25.00 Shallow 100, 4.30; 500, 21.00 Jumbo 100, 5.80 ; 500, 28.00 Diamond '^rand Foundation SPECIAL PRICES! SPECIAL PRICES! Medium 5 lbs., 65c lb. ; 50 lbs., 60c 11). Thin Super 5 lbs., 70c lb. ; 50 lbs., 65c lb. Comb Honey Supers For 4x.5xl% sections including section-holders, fence- separators, springs, tins and nails. Crate of five, K. D., 8-frame $5.60 Crate of five, K. D., 10-frame 6.00 HOFFMAN dc HAUCK, INC. WOODHAVEN, NEW YORK 628 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE October, 192-J r We Want Beeswax The tremendous demand for Dadant's Founda- tion requires that we have a large stock of bees- wax on hand and in transit at all times. We are therefore situated so that we can pay the highest prices, both in cash and in exchange for bee supplies. AVrite us stating quantity and quality of bees- wax you have to offer and we will give you our very best prices either f. o. b. Hamilton or your shipping point together with shipping tags and instructions. When ordering your stock of bee supplies for your season's use, be sure to stipulate DADANT'S FOUNDATION Every inch, every pound, every ton, equal to any sample we ever sent out. You cannot afford not to use DADANT'S FOUNDATION. I We render combs into beeswax. ^ I We work beeswax into DADANT 'S FOUNDA- j I TION. I 1 We buy beeswax for highest cash and trade j 1 prices. | 1 We sell a full line of best bee supplies. | PRICES AND CATALOG FOR THE ASKING. EDITORIAL WE liiul lio[K'(l issue .1 fnrtht'i To Prevent Crystallization of . Sugar Syrup. \iv .-ihU' to publish in t his port on the oxpei'iineuts conducted by the Bureau of Clieniis- ti y on m a king sugar syrup that will not crystallize, by controlling the degree of inversion, in order that it could bo tried out this season. A recent letter from H. S. Paine, chemist in charge of the Carbohydrate Laboratory, Bu- reau of Chemistry, explains tliat tlieir ex- periments have been delayed on account of pressure of other work; and our own ex- periments here at Medina are not yet far enough along to draw conclusions as to the (legree of inversion best suited for winter feeding. Some beekeepers report that they have no trouble from sugar syrup crystallizing in tlie combs when fed for winter. They sim- ply heat tlie water to the boiling point and then pour in twice its volume of sugar, stir- ring, as the sugar is poured in, to prevent it from piling up on the bottom of the vessel. When the sugar crj-stals are all dissolved tlie process of making the syrup is complete without further application of heat and without the addition of acid. Others using the same formula report that the syrup be- gins to crystallize often before the bees can take it from the feeders. Those who are troubled with crystalliza- tion can remedy the trouble by adding a level teaspoonful of tartaric acid for about every 15 pounds of sugar and boiling the syrup for 10 or 15 minutes after adding the acid. This should modify the syrup suf- ficiently to prevent early crystallization. O . H3 ^ CH -03 HOUSE BILL 11396, to regulate the impor- tation of honeybees into the United States, was passed bv The Isle of Wight Disease Bill. the Senate on August 23, 1922, and no doubt will have been signed by the President by the time this is in print if not before. This bill had previously been passed by the House of Representatives, as was noted in our July issue. The House bill Avas passed by the Senate without amendment; but tiie original bill as published on page 367, June issue, was amended by the House committee to read as follows: Be it enacted by the Senate and IToiise of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress asscml)led, That, in ord^T to prevent the introduction and spread of diseases dangerous to the adult honey bee, the importation into the United States of the honeybee (Apis m -llifit^a) in its adult stage is hereby prohibited, and all adult honeybees offered for import into the United States shall be destroyed if not immediately exported: Provided. Thit sucli adult honeybees may be im- ported into the United States for evnerimp^tal or scientific i)urposes by the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture: And provided further. That sucli ailull, Ihjiii'.\ Ixcs liiiiy he imported into the United States from countries in which the Secre- tary of Agriculture shall determine that no dis- eases dangerous to adult lioneybees exist, under rules and regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Agriculture. Sec. 2. That anj- person who shall violate any of the i)rovisions of this act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and sliall, upon convic- tion thereof, be punished by a fine not exceeding $500 or by imprisonment not exceeding one year, or both such fine and imprisonment, in the discre- tion of the court. Tlie Secretary of Agriculture will no dou1)t later make arrangements, according to the provisions in this bill, for the inij)ortation of queens from certain countries in wliich he has determined that the Isle of Wight disease does not exist. While the movement of honey on the market has been distressingly slow thus far this sea- son, there are now Honey Market indications of an im- Conditions. provement. With ini proved industrial conditions and the fruit and vegetable sea- son drawing to a close, honey should now begin to move freely again. Beekeepers who supply their local markets should see that their markets are kept supplied and should not reduce their selling effort as their sup- ply of honey diminishes, but should purchase honey from others to keep their customers well supplied at all times. Beekeepers who have a talent for selling make the best pos- sible salesmen for honey. 30 ^ etc CONFLICTING reports as to the wholesome ness of fall-gathered honey as a winter food for bees in the Fall Honey for North is explained Winter Stores, in part, by the character of the honey flow when the honey was stored. It is well known that, during a rapid honey flow, honey from the same plant is lighter in color than during a slow honey flow. This is true even in the case of white honey, such as that from white clover, sweet clover and alfalfa. While most fall flowers yield amber or dark honey, it is surprising how much lighter fall honey is when the honey flow is rapid. As a rule, lighter-colored honey is better for winter than darker-colored honey from the same source, presumably because it eon- tains less indigestilile matter. Another factor that intensifies this dif- ference is that during a slow honey flow there is a greater possibility of the honey being from mixed sources, which often re- results in inferior winter stores. Of course where the bees can have a cleansing flight every week or two during eao (} Tj K A N T N G S IN BE V) C U L T IT R ]-; OCTOBICR, 1922 the winter, the quality of tlie winter stores makes but little if any difference in the way the bees winter; but, in the extreme northern portion of the United States and in Canada, successful wintering hinges largely upon having perfect winter stores. For this reason many northern beekeepers feed each colony at least 15 pounds of sugar syrup in October, regardless of how much honey is already in the hive. AS our readers already know, the statistics on bees and honey production, gathered by the United Department of Agricul- ture Wants Statistics on Bees and Honey. States Cen- sus, are in- c o m J) 1 ete, since the farm schedule asked each farmer for the number of bees on his farm, and the special town schedule did not include questions on bees and honey. Many of the out-apiaries kept on small rented tracts in out-of-the way places were missed because the owners live in towns or cities. Probably most of the bees in towns were missed by the enum- erators, because the town schedule did not mention bees or honey. The Census pro- vision that "any tract of land containing less than three acres and which produced at least 250 dollars ' worth of farm products in the year 1919, or required for its agricul- tural operations the continuous services of at least one person shall be reported as a farm" may have resulted in the listing of some town apiaries as well as some out- apiaries whose owners live in town. It is apparent that the proportion of colonies of bees listed by the enumerators must vary for different parts of the country according to whether the population is largely rural or urban, and also according to the degree of specialization in beekeeping in the lo- cality. It would, therefore, be difficult to make an estimate of the actual number of colonies and production of honey from the Census figures alone. The Crop Reporting Division of the De- partment of Agriculture is now collecting figures to determine the proportion of bees and honey production recorded by the census enumerators for various parts of the country, in order to obtain figures on the actual pro- duction of honey and the number of colo- nies in this country. Our readers can assist the Department of Agriculture in obtaining tliese figures, as explained in the following letter: (ileiiiiiiiKs in Bee Culture, Medina, Oliio. Gentlemen: — Enclosed you will find a copy of a si)ecial inquiry lieing sent out by this Bureau, which will be self-explanatory. In iindertaking this inquiry, it is hoped to get the consensus of oijinion of the best-informed producers and all ele- ments of the trade who may be able to furnish in- formation. The inquiry is sjoingr to the regular lists of this Bureau but we should be pleased if you might find it possible to i)ublish it, with an in- vitation to those of your readers who are not regularly reporting to the B^ireau, to give their opinion of a portion or all of a county or larger area and to furnish any special information bear- ing on the problem. Answers numbered to corre- spond with the questions asked is all that will be necessary. The questions need not be repeated. Reports may be addressed simply to the Crop Re- porting Division, Department of Agriculture, Wash- ington, D. C. We shall appreciate any information you your- self may be able to give us. We are making this request of all of the bee .iournals. Very truly yours, LEON M. ESTABROOK, Associate Chief of Bureau, in Charge Division of Crop and Live Stock Estimates. Washington, D. C, July 31, 1922. Following is the list of questions: 1. What per cent of all colonies of bees in your county in 1919 were kept in such manner that they would likely have been recorded Ijy the Cen- sus enumerator? Ans per cent. 2. What per cent of all colonies in your county in 1919" were held in town or kept by commer- cial beekeepers or others in such manner or place that they would likely not have been re- corded by the Census enumerators ! Ans iier cent. 3. What per cent of all honey produced in your county in 1919 would likely have been recorded by the Census enumerators? Ans per cent. 4. What per cent of all honey produced in your county in 1919 would likely not have been re- corded by the Census enumerator! Ans per cent. .5. If you live in town, how many colonies of liees do you keep there or in out-apiaries? Ans. . . . .... number. 6. If you live in the country, how many colo- nies do you keeiJ ? Ans number. 7. Were your colonies recorded by the Census enumerator ? Ans 8. About how many pounds of honey do you produce in an average year? Ans pounds. 9. What per cent of your honey is usually sold? Ans per cent. Here is an opportunity to help in securing dependable figures as to the magnitude of the beekeeping industry in this country. The more replies to these questions that are sent in, the more nearly accurate will the figures compiled from them be. We urge our readers to send in replies at once, addressing the let- ter to the Crop Reporting Division, Depart- ment of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. A NEW term is creeping into the bee lit- erature of this count^3^ Beekepers are now talking An Automatic Feeder about the for Winter and Spring. ' ' food cham- ber. "Will the beehive of the future be made up of a brood-chamber, a food chamber, and the su- pers ? More and more beekeepers are learning the great value of leaving more stores in the hive than has formerly been practiced in this countrJ^ Some do this by feeding or by putting combs of honey from the extract- ing-super dowu into the brood-chamber, some by using a larger brood-chamber, and some by using a separate cliamber for the food. This food chamber becomes a part of the l)rood-cliamber during the spring brood- rearing period, but later it is filled with honey while located above a queen-excluder to insure sufficient stores for winter. OCTOHKK, 192-J (I T, K A N T N (i S 1 N H !■; (' I' I, ■!• i: li K lu some loealitios the proljliiiii of .stoii'.s f(H- winter uiul spring is t.ukeu care of l)y a fall honey How, so that the brood-cliani- her is filled as brood-rearing wanes in the fall; but in many localities, when the ex- tracting-supers are taken off at the close of the seasoji, there is but little honey left for the bees, no matter how large the brood- chamber. When empty combs are given in tlie supers the bees are inclined to carry nearly all of the honey above, often leaving empt}^ combs below. Even w^hen by careful management the bees can be induced to store fall honey in the brood-chamber in sufficient amount for winter and spring, ^much of this fall-gathered honej'' is not safe for winter stores unless the bees are able to take a cleansing flight every three or four weeks during the winter. For this reason niany northern beekeepers endeavor to induce the ])ees to store most of the late-gathered honey in the supers, and then feed heavy sugar s^Tup in October after there is no further chance for the bees to put in in- ferior stores gathered from the late flowers. Where hundreds of colonies must be sup- plied with stores for winter and spring the labor involved is no small item, if the bees are to be wintered in single stories. Just now (the middle of September) there are thousands and thousands of colonies of bees occupying two stories, the upper one, or super, in many cases being fairly well filled with honey, Ijut the lower one containing almost no honey. In many cases this super contains the remnant of the early-gathered honey which was left on the hive after the close of the early honey flow, because the beekeeper knew that to take it off would re- sult in the colony starving or approaching the verge of starvation during late summer and fall. In other cases this super was filled with honey gathered from fall flowers. The problem which now confronts the bee- keepers is whether to take off all these up- per stories, extract the honey, and then feed his bees for winter; take out the queen- excluder and winter the bees in the two stories; or put most of the honey into the lower story, in order to be sure that the colony is supplied with sufficient stores for winter and spring. No wonder beekeepers arc asking tliemselves the question whether it would not be better to leave this honey on the hive during the winter, provided it is fit stores for wintering if in the North. In California and other parts of the West win- tering in two stories is coming to be almost the universal practice in large apiaries. But why have a separate chamber for food? Why not have a brood-chamber large enough to hold the brood and an ample sup- ply of stores at the same time, thus avoid- ing extra parts to the hive? This can be done to a certain extent in comb-honey pro- duction, and can also be done in localities having a dependable fall honey flow in ex- tracted-honey production. The trouble with this plan for extracted-honey production for most localities is that even tlic largest hrood- chamlx'rs are not well stocked with honey at the (dose of the early honey flow. If there is no fall honey flow, colonies in such hives must either be fed or combs of honey must be put down from the supers if they are to be wintered in a single story. To make sure of having combs well filled with honey for winter when producing extracted honey, it is necessary in many localities to have them filled as supers, preferably above a queen-excluder. The shallow extracting-super when used as a food chamber can be filled with early- gathered honey and lef.t on the hive among the supers through the season; then, when the supers are all taken off, this food cham- ber, filled with the best early-gathered honey, is put into place immediately on top of the brood chamber. In this way the colonies can be supplied with wholesome winter stores with almost no extra labor. In the spring when the first super is given, it is often an advantage to raise up the rim of honey in this food chamber in order to put the supers between the brood and the honey. Some beekeepers paint this food chamber a different color to remind them that it must not be taken away when extracting. Some use a shallow extracting-super for the food chamber, while others use a regular stand- ard hive-body for this purpose. An objec- tion to wintering out of doors in a story- and-a-half or a two-story hive is the extra space for the bees to keep warm. But ac- tual tests have proven that well-protected colonies Avinter well this way and do not need attention until late in the spring, being well provided with both stores and room. There Ls no doubt a limit as to how far north this plan of wintering can be used successfully, but it is now being used by some extensive honey producers as far north as Michigan and Ontario. Perhaps the abil- ity of the cluster to expand and contract lat- erallj^ in the space between the two sets of combs is an advantage sufficient at least partially to overcome the disadvantage of having more room to keep warm. For many localities, probably for most localities, the separate food chamber is a great labor-saver. If we must sell our honey for 10 cents per pound or less, it is impera- tive that all short cuts possible be taken in its production. Such a food chamber be- comes an automatic feeder that feeds the bees whenever they need feeding, even thougli the beekeeper is a thousand miles away. It Vjecomes especially valuable as an automatic feeder in the spring, for colonies that are thus supplied with an abundance of stores are usually so much stronger in the spring than colonies not so well supplied that the automatic feeder is refilled free of charge most seasons, because such colonies often gain in stores during unsettled weather in tlie spring while weaker colonies are los- ing in stores. f>32 G L E A N I N Cx S IN B B K CULTURE ()(T()15ER, 1922 BOTTLING AND SELLING HONEY Some Trich of the Trade Not Generally Kno-wn to the 'beekeep- ing 'T^ublic By E. R. Root BEFORE the Great War, ix u (1 to a much greater ex- tent during its continua nee, American honey was going to Eu- rope by the ship- load. The high price secured during the war times enor- mously stimulated the production of honey; and even after the armistice was signed, and sugar had begun to take a tumble, and along with it honey; that enormous produc- tion of honey kept on just the same, not- withstanding that vast quantities which had been going to Europe stopped suddenlj^. It was evident that something had to be done to stimulate the consumption of honey in the United States, or else the prices of it would sink to a level never before reached. Our Gleanings staff called a council, and tlie result was tliat, notwithstanding we \vere bottling and selling honey, we came to the conclusion that the beekeeper him- self, in view of the situation of no honey going to Europe and the large markets glutted, would have to sell more of his hon- ey in his own locality. As is well known, we then began to publish a series of articles advocating local selling as well as roadside selling. The result of that campaign has been to convince many l)eekeepers that they could not only produce but dispose of their product almost at their own doors. It is not my purpose at this time to take up the question of roadside selling, but to explain some tricks in packing honey, that have never before been given to the public. But before I do this — that is, tell how to fill the packages, whether tin or glass — I ought to say that selling honey in tin pails of 5 and 10 pound size has been enormous ly stimulated within the last two years. Immense quantities of extracted honey have been sold in tin and in jars right in the lo- cality where it has been produced without its having ever once entered a freight or express car. Obviously it is better to en- courage selling in 5 and 10 pound pails rather than in half-pound or one or two pound bottles. It is almost as easy to sell twice the quantities in tin as it is in glass. Riglit here you may say, "Why sell in glass at all?'' In the great majority of cases honey in bottles is the forerunner of honey ill the tin pail. It is necessary, therefore, for the local seller to know how to put up liis honey in glass in order to develop a taste and demand for extracted honey in tin later on. In the large industrial cen- ters, and especially among the working peo- ]ile, it is almost impossible to sell a larger than a half-pound tumbler or a one-pound bottle of honey. Many buy only a little of tliis and a little of that; and you may say what you please about the advantage of selling in tin and the advantage of selling a large package in stead of a small one, people of the poorer class can not and will not buy honey at all unless it is in a package cost- ing not over 15 or 25 cents. Wliile the customer will buy granulated hon- ey in a tin pail he will not buy what looks like lard in a glass bottle. Obviously the combination will not sell. Now, then, we are ready to consider put- ting honey in the bottles so it will remain liquid for two years and without any frotli ())• bubbles on top. Heating Honey for Bottling. In heating honey there is always danger of injuring its delicate flavor. Honey for bottling purposes should be light-colored and always good for table use. Dark or poorly flavored honey should be put up in tins or sold to the baker. It can not be emphasized too strongly that the beautiful light honeys for bottling can be very easily injured (1) by heating too long; (2) by raising the tem- perature too high; (3) by heating it too many times. Usually it is necessary to liquefy in 60-pound square tin cans all honey suitable for bottling. The usual plan is to stand the tin can right side up in a boiler of liot water. But the trouble with this plan is that it holds tlie portion that has been reduced to a liquid in a heated condition, Avhile tlie otlier portion and the core are still unmelted. A far better plan is to place the square cans in a small hot room having a temperature of 125 to 150 degrees, and to liave these cans, while in the hot room, placed upside down with the caps off so that the honey may drain away as fast as it melts, thus being carried away from the heat. It is then ready to be placed in a water-jacketed vessel and heated further until the proper temperature for bottling is reached. At no time should the honey itself be subjected to a temperature higher than 160 degrees. It should then be run into bottles and sealed while hot. Some beekeepers have told me that after they poured the honey into bottles the bub- bles or froth would form on top, and that they had allowed the jars to stand unsealed until this froth had disappeared, after which they put on the caps. This is all wrong. If the honey is allowed to cool and is then sealed it may granulate in six months, while if sealed at once it will remain liquid for two years, provided in the mean time it is not subjected to extremes of temperature or kept in a refrigerator or in n cold storage room. How to Fill a Bottle Without Scum on Top of the Honey. There is a little trick about filling a bot- tle with honev so there will be no froth or OcTdHKK, I "I'J- (i L K A N I N (i S T N H R K f! U L T U R K scum on top, ;ifter whicli the bottle may bo scaled immediately. There is a filling device known as a goose- neck for filling bottles with honey that will leave no frotli. It is a sort of honey-gate with a long snout, the otlior end of which connects witli one end of a piece of rubber hose that leads from a tank of hot honey. The neck or snout should be long enough to reach down to the bottom of the deepest bottle used. The bottles, after washing or cleaning, are placed in a tray holding one or two dozen bottles at a time. This tray is then put within reach of this rubber hose, on the end of which is the gooseneck. To fill, the snout of the implement is placed near the bottom of the first bottle, when the hand lever opening the device allows the honey to escape from the end of the snout. As the honey passes out, the snout. remains stationary and tlie stream of honey is supplied to each bottle. This saves han- dling of the bottles, which, of course, saves time. But the great feature of the goose- neck is not so much in tiie saving of time as it is in the elimination of white froth in the top of the bottle. When a stream of honey si.x or eight inches long runs out from an ordinary lioney-gate into a bottle, it gathers momen- tum as it falls and carries with it bubbles of air which, on rising to the top, form a scum or froth. When the gooseneck is used, the stream of honey is not more than half an inch long; and as it passes out from the end of the snout it does not carry any air bubbles, but neatly and nicely it fills the bottle in inuch less time than it takes to tell about it; and, best of all, it leaves no froth. For the present, at least, a good niachin- The gooseneck — a device for filling jars witliout forming air bubbles in the honey. The snout is ]. laced down into the jar near the bottom, then raised as the jar is filled. or gooseneck, is slowly lifted by the hand, always keeping it within half an inch of the surface of the honey as it rises. As soon as the honey reaches the desired point in the neck on the bottle the lever closes the valve, when the operation is repeated with the other bottles in the tray, each time care being taken to introduce the snout to the bottom of the bottle and raising it as the bottle fills. In this way the whole dozen or more bottles can be filled one at a time without moving or touching a bottle. The operator simply moves the gooseneck from bottle to bottle. la the old-fashioned way of filling a bottle from a honey-gate, the honey falls from above the neck of the bot- tle, the bottle moves and the gate remains stationarv. With the gooseneck the bottle Diagram showing constructiou of the gooseneck filler. K. one-inch gas pipe T; J and L, two long one-inch nipi^les ; B, ping screwed into upper part of T, forming a stuffing-box; M, lever; A, valve stem; C, fulcrum for lever; E, valve spring; C;, radial arms; F. valve; H, washer, held in place by pins through nipple J; I, valve seat of soft metal. ist can make one of these goosenecks from the illustration shown herewith by making use of a one-inch gaspipe T and two long one-incli nipples, one forming the snout and one at right angles to it forming the con- nection with the hose line attached to the tank containing the honey to be bottled. The opening in the bottom of the snout should be in the form of a poppet valve that is used in such a large way on automobiles nowadays. The bottom seat should be sol- dered in, and both parts of the valve should be ground to a fit. To make the valve seat properly so it will cut off the honey in- stantly, there should be little radial arms fastened on the valve stem that project out like the spokes of a wheel far enough to come in contact with the inside of the gas- pipe. The projecting arms will guide the valve head into place. In the top opening of the gaspipe T there should be screwed a stuffing-box through which passes the valve stem. On the end of this stem should 634 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE October, 19^ be attached a lever shown in the illustra- tion, so that the valve can be opened and closed with one hand while filling the bot- tles. It is a very slow job to bottle cold honey; and, besides the fact that it Avill granulate very soon, it will flow so slowly that it makes the expense of bottling too large. To make the honey flow freely it should be heated to 150 — certainly not more than 160 degrees; and if bottled in the manner ex- plained, and sealed immediately, it will re- main liquid for two years if kept in a living- room temperature — ordinarily about 70 de- grees Fahrenheit. If the honey can be sold witliin six months, a temperature of 140 degrees will be much better than one of 150. The higher the temperature to which lioney is heated, the more of the original aroma is dissi pated. Packing Honey in Tin Pails. So far I have explained how to put up lioney in glass. While a gooseneck is very liandy for tin pails it is by no means essen- plished by allowing it to stand for a while in water not hotter than that in which the liand can be held. hi Canada, granulated honey is put up in pails. Consumers in that country have been educated to eat honey in that form. In the southern states a large part of the honey is put up in tin pails as ''bulk hon- ey." The combs are cut out of the frame in chunks of various sizes, put into pails, and then extracted lioney is poured over the whole until the pail is full. In the southern states this kind of honey is all right, because in a warni climate hone}' does not granulate as it does liere in the North. Granulated comb honey in tlie northern states will not sell, especially in the cities. Importance of Attractive Labels. In regard to labels, they must be neat and attractive. No local printing office — certain- ly no country printing office — knows how to get up an attractive label. The sale of bottled honey in glass may be almost killed because of a poorly printed label. As a rule, labels on tin pails should go Two aud one-lialf-iiounil friction-top can, five-pound pail and 10-ponnd pail cially is becoming a popular package for honey. The five-pound pail cspe- tial. In fact, it is the general rule to fill the pails from the honey-gate. Neither is it necessary to heat the honey before put- ting it into pails. If the honey is to be shipped any distance the pails should be filled with cold honey, witli the expectation tliat tlie honey will granulate soon. In this connection it is only fair to say tliat honey just as it comes from the extractor lias a quality about it — that is to say, a virgin aroma — that is very pleasing, that the same honey will not have after it has been heated. Heat dissipates some of the flavor unless one is very careful in applying it. As many people are learning to like granulated honey, and as it is better to shi]i honey in that form, it is unnecessary to heat the honey when pouring it into pails. But on every pail there should be printed direc tions stating that the honey will probably be in a solid or semi-solid condition; and tliat if it is desired to bring it back into the liquid cduilition this can be accom- clear around and contain the directions for liquefying. But when it is desired to put a small label on tin it is best to use a special label paste, which may be procured of a bee- supply concern. Those who are putting up honey in tin ]iails by the carload are using a lithographed pail, the colors being red and white. These ])a.ils are used very largely in Canada, and to some extent in the United States. The lithographed pails certainly have a neat and ])rofessional look, and are very pretty. Some pails have been made without a rim on the inside of the top so the pail can be used for domestic purposes when the lioney is out. I am told that a good many of the factory ^vorkers in Canada use these honey pails in carrying their dinner when going to their work. As the word "Honey" is litho- graphed on the workman's pail, that some honey is advertised to all his fellow-workers and to every onq, on the street. Such ad- vertising costs nothing and is effective. OCTOKKR, 19J-J (i L I'", A N 1 N (i S IN Ji 10 K C U I. T U R K THE MARKETING PROBLEM A National Honey Marketing Or- ganization Needed to 'Bring About Better 'Distribution of Honey By Geo. W. York IT seems to me, as I review the past 111 a u y years of honey production in the United States, with whicli I am somewliat well atM|uainted, the greatest need of beokeeijers today is a national organization that will keep in touch witli all the leading wholesale honey markets, and direct the shipping of honey in carlots where they are most needed to supply the market. After giving the subject considerable thought 1 cannot conclude otherwise than that the leading commercial honey produc- ers of tliis country should get together and form this kind of organization. For a number of 3'ears I have thought that tlie iiroduction end of beekeeping has been rather overworked. Most Avide-awake hon- ey producers do not seem to lack the ability to liarvest a good crop whenever the nectar is in the flowers. What really worries them most is to find a profitable market for their honey after it is boxed up ready for ship- ment. I am just wondering if it would not be a wise move on the part of the United States Government, through its eflicient Division of Apiculture, to "lay off" for a while on the effort to teach beekeepers how to produce more honey, and for a year or two endeavor to discover some ways in which the com- mercial beekeeper can dispose of his crops of honey to a profitable advantage to him- self. [Tills is already being done by the Bu- reau of Agricultural Economics, of the United States Department of Agriculture, through a careful study of the honey market and the Market News service on Honey. The apicultural division of the Bureau of Entomology could not take up tlie problem of marketing, since this is tlie function of another bureau. — Editor. 1 Two Cars of Honey Sold Below Cost of Production. The thing tliat has caused me to discuss the honey marketing question again is a private letter received from central Califor- nia, and dated August 10, 1922, in which the writer reports that "two carloads of new alfalfa honey sold lecently in San Fran- cisco for .514 cents a pound — about half the cost of production." Ts there any good reason why good table Iioney should sell at any such low jjrice as tliait, when at tlie same time sugar is ascending in price? Sure- ly, there is something wrong somewhere. There is no use blinking the fact, the hon- ey marketing problem is becoming a very serious one, and it w^ould seem that, if some- thing really effective is not done about it pretty soon, there will be no large crops of honey to worry about in the not very far distant future. Just why should any pro- 635 ducors of honey accejit only 5% cents a pound for good alfalfa extracted lioney at the present time? Was it be- cause the produc- er "needed the .money If so, had there been a suitable marketing organi- zation, then no doubt it could have arranged to loan the producer about 25 per cent of the value of the honey offered for sale, un- til such time as it might have been dis- posed of at perhaps nearly twice the figure per pound at which it was sold. It may be, too, that if a really live mar- keting organization had been "on the job" at the time the two cars of honey were ready for delivery, the organization, being in touch with all the principal markets, pos- sibly might have directed that the two cars be sent where they would have brought more than double the juice for which they were sold. Is This a Function of the League? It is just possible that the American Iioney Producers' League could include such a work in its plans. One of its present aims seems to be to develop a wider family and individual consumption of honey, which is all right and a very worthy object; but this should be followed up by an effort to see that there is a more even distribution of honey in the markets. It certainly is not good business to ship most of the honey crop to one or two cities like Chicago or New York, and let the rest of the large centers of population go without any honey. Such unwise practice tends to demoralize prices where too much honey is sent, and then those forced low prices are likely to be taken as the standard for the rest of the country. It does seem that tliere ought to be enough clear-minded beekeepers in the United States to take hold of this problem of mar- keting and solve it in a manner that would result in a fair profit to the producers of honey, and yet be entirely just to tlie con- sumers. It may take a few sessions to in- duce all the large producers to unite, but T believe when the stubborn and unwise ones once see the advantage of the kind of co- operation suggested, they will be only too glad to come in with the rest. I do not suppose that anything T might say will cause the formation of such a honey marketing organization as T have indicated, but it may possibly set some others to think- ing who may evolve a plan of handling large individual crops of honey so tliat tliere shall result a substantial profit to the i)roducer rather than even a verj' small loss. There must be the right kind of method of doing this very necessary work — the question is, Can enough commercial honev producers be induced to get together, and stay together GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE October, 1922 loug enough, to make a success of any plan that will eventually realize for the large producers an adequate price for their lioney, so that they will feel encouraged to go for- ward and develop honey production along lines that will mean a real success, financial- ly and in every other way, not only for the immediate future, but for many years to come, for all who desire to make a commer- cial success of beekeeping? Is There an Overproduction of Honey? After trying to view beekeeping and hon- ey production from almost every conceivable angle for many years, I cannot avoid the feeling that there never yet has been a real surplus of good table honey produced in this country. And I don 't believe a surplus will ever be produced, if a more even distribu- tion is secured, and the present under-con- sumption overcome by a more universal de- mand for honey on the part of every fam- ily and individual among our population. Take California as an example. It has been estimated that its annual honey crop is about ten million pounds. The 1920 cen- sus showed a population of about S^/^ mil- lions. Now, if all the honey produced in California were consumed within its borders, each person would get only 3 pounds, or about one oujice a week during the whole year! Wouldn't it be possible for California to use all its own honey every year? And if that state could do so, why could not all the other states do likewise? But states like New York, Pennsylvania and Illinois would still have to import honey, for there is not enough produced in those states to give all their populations even a small taste once a month! Statistics show that there is an average per capita consumption of nearly 100 pounds of sugar in the United States annually. Now, why couldn't five pounds of that 100 pounds of sugar be replaced with honey? And the result would be a healthier and happier peo- ple in general, besides creating such a de- mand for honey that every pound of all eat- able varieties would be consumed at a fair price per pound, so that both producers and dealers would do a nice, clean, honest busi- ness. Am I visionary, or could this dream of mine ever come true? Spokane, Washington. THE WINTERING PROBLEIW Ho'w the Uncertainties of Winter- tering Can be Eliminated. An In- expensive Packing Case By Geo. S. Demuth MOST of the d i scussions on winter- ing in the books and journals deal almost entirely with winter pro- tection— the pro- tection afforded by a double- Avalled or packed hive, by windbreaks, or by placing the bees in a cellar or other repository Avhere the temperature can be controlleil. There seems to be an impres- sion among many beekeepers that Avinter protection should solve the wintering prob- lem, that the addition of packing about the hive or placing the bees within a cellar should enable any colony to live through the winter. With this conception of win- tering if there is a winter loss, the winter protection is blamed for the loss and is therefore promptly condemned. To depend upon protection alone to bring the colonies through the winter in good condition is bound to result in disappointment in many cases. Too often the number of hives having bees in them are counted in the fall, and then again in the spring, the dif- ference being considered the winter loss. Much of the so-called winter loss in this country is not winter loss at all, but is a loss brought about bv some defect during the late summer and fall. The loss of colo- nies from some serious defect in the fnll should not be charged to winter loss at all, for one can not lose that which he does not have. It would be asking entire- ly too much of winter protec- tion to expect it to bring through the winter colo- nies that are not in a normal con- dition when win- ter begins. Some look upon wintering as being ex- tremely complicated, having in it many un- certain factors. In fact, the idea of luck is still a factor in wintering in the minds of many. But there are now scores of beekeep- ers in the United States and Canada who winter their bees successfully year after year with practically no loss and who feel as certain of their results in wintering as the stock man does of wintering his stock. In fact, there is a less degree of uncertainty in the Avintering of bees than in the case of other live stock on the farm, when the bees are giA^en a fair chance. As I pointed out in these columns last October, as Avell as at beekeepers' meetings througliout the country during the past 10 years, there are but three factors essential to successful Avintering. These are: (1) Strong colonies of A^gorous bees in the fall, most of AV'hich are young; (2) an ample sup- ply of food easily available for tlie cluster throughout the Avinter, and, in the North Avhere the bees cannot fly every fcAv days this winter food should be of the best qual- ity; (3) protection that is adequate for the OCTUHKK, ly. (i L K A N I N G S IN H K E O U li T V R K 637 most severe winter than may come in the particuhir location. These factors are all witiiin the control of the beekeeper, so the element of chance can be entirely eliminated. The degree to which the tirst of these fac- tors is present has already been determined. This is why beekeepers nowadays talk about beginning their preparations for winter in late July or August, in seeing that the bees have a good queen, preferably young, as Avell as sufficient food to rear enough bees to make the winter colony. If brood-rear- ing is kept up during the six or eight weeks just preceding the time it is naturally sus- pended for winter, the first of these three factors essential to successful wintering is taken care of. The condition of the colony, both as to the number of bees and the age of bees throughout most of the country, is very good this fall on account of an unusual amount of brood-rearing during August and September. (See the reports from producers on our market page in this issue.) To winter well the colonies need not be overly strong, but they must not be weak in either numbers or in the vitality of the bees. At the- pres- ent time there should be at least three pounds of young bees in each colony in addition to the older ones. These young bees are the ones that may be expected to be on the job next spring, still young if they have win- tered well. This is about the number of bees which experience has shown to be nec- essary in the spring at the beginning of the building-up period in order to be ready in time for the honey flow. If any of the bees have swarmed during the season, the parent colony having the young queen may have more than this amount of young bees. The same thing is true with colonies that were requeened late in July or early in August. Where there was a honey flow during August and September most colonies should have more than three pounds of young bees at the present time. But where brood-rearing has not been kept up sufficiently to insure at least three pounds of young bees at this time, about the only thing that can be done is to unite until they are strong enough, even though the num- ber of colonies after uniting is only one- half or less than the number before uniting. Quantity and Quality of Winter Stores. Beekeepers are learning that it does not pay to economize on the amount of stores for winter. While the bees may not con- sume more than 10 or 15 pounds of stores during the actual broodless period, for some reason they winter much better when their hive is fairly crowded with stores. As a rule, colonies which have 30 to 50 pounds of stores winter better than those having but 20 pounds. Not only do they winter better, but the great abundance of stores in the hive in the spring after brood-rearing be- gins is absolutely necessary if the colonies are to build up promptly in the spring. In the Xorth where the bees are confined to their hive for a long period during the winter, the stores used during confinement must be of the best quality. Unfortunately, it often liai)pens tliat the bees are com- pelled to use for their winter food the very poorest honey which they gather during the season. The best honey for winter stores is usually that vvhicli is gathered during the midst of the main honey flow of the season. This honey is usually stored in the supers and taken away by the beekeeper. If any of this early-gathered honey is stored in the brood-combs it is usually in the upper cor- ners of the frames. The bees, in shaping their affairs for winter, store the later- gathered honey below the early-gathered honey. This is used first during the win- ter, and unless this later-gathered honey is of good quality the colony is no better off than if all of its stores were poor honey, for the early-gathered honey in the upper corners of the frame will probably not be reached until spring. Winter packing case for eight colonies. Note feeder pails in position and buttons for reducing entrances. Honey from white clover, alsike clover, buckwheat if not mixed with honey from other fall flowers, and alfalfa if not granu- lated, is good for winter stores. Any of these are better if gathered during a rapid honey flow. The great trouble with natural stores in the far north is the danger of in- ferior honey being mixed with the better honey or inferior honey being gathered so late that it is used first in winter. In the far north where bees are wintered in the cellar or where outdoor-Aviniered colo- nies are confined to their hives for more than a month at a time without a cleansing flight, one way to insure perfect wintering year after year, so far as the stores' factor is concerned, is to feed a thick sugar syrup made of granulated sugar two parts and water one part. Some prefer granulated sugar two and one-half parts to one part of water. This thick syrup should be fed after brood-rearing has ceased and after the flowers are gone, so that the bees will not store more honey after the feeding lias been completed. Another way is to save some of the early- gathered honey to be placed where the bees will use it during winter. Some provide eacli colony with a shallow extracting-super of early-gathered honey of known good quality, tliis being put on top of the brood-chamber when the extracting-supers are removed. Others have this honey stored in standard sized frames, and either winter in two 638 GLEANINGS IN BEE C U L T U R E October, 1922 stories or put some of this choice liouey into the brood-chamber where the bees will be induced to use it first. Winter Protection. As a rule, the first thing that comes to mind as winter protection in outdoor win- tering is a winter packing case or a double- walled hive. Later we think of protection from the wind. Both of these are needed, and it would be difficult to say which is of greater importance for the average northern location. In certain windy locations there is no doubt that protection against the wind is of greater importance than winter packing. But this is no reason for not having both. Where the apiary is not already protected from the wind by buildings, by a hill, by a liedge or a thick growth of young timber, or by some other natural protection, some kind of windbreak should be erected. In some cases a temporary windbreak can be made by storing corn fodder along a fence in such a manner that the force of the wind is broken. Where the apiary is partially pro- tected by buildings it often happens that the location of the building is such that the sweep of wind between the buildings through a portion of the apiary is greater than out in the open. In such cases the gap between the buildings should be closed by some kind of windbreak. A high board fence about eight feet high makes a good windbreak, but the boards should be spaced about an inch apart to per- mit some of the air to pass through, thus preventing the wind sweeping over the top of the fence, then down on the other side. Winter Packing. Wlietlier the jiacking is in the form of permanently packed hives or in the form of winter cases set over single-walled hives with packing between, makes but little if any difference so far as wintering is con- cerned, provided the packing is adequate. Neither does there seem to be any great difference in the way the bees winter when packed singly or in groups of two, four or more colonies in a packing case. The larger cases cost less per colony, but for conven- ience in handling the bees during the sum- mer most beekeepers prefer to have not more than four colonies in one group, two facing east and two facing west. Some ob- ject to this grouping, preferring to have the liives all facing away from the prevailing winds; but this is not at all necessary, if a windbreak is provided and the entrances re- duced as they should be. If the lay of the land in the apiary makes it desirable to have the hives all face the same direction, either the two-colony win- ter cases or single-colony cases are usually used. Packing several colonies in a row has so many disadvantages that this plan is not much used. It usually results in drifting, and the inconvenience of either having hives (dose together during the summer or moving them apart in the sprring is objectionable. Permanently packed hives have many ad- vantages where apiaries are not moved about much. In many cases such liives afford the ■ best solution of the problem of winter pack- ing. Thickness of Packing. The amount of packing used by beekeep- ers varies all the way from less than two inches on the sides up to eight inches; on the top, from three or four inches uf) to a foot or more; and below the hive, from none at all to about four inches. There is now a strong tendency toward building standard winter packing eases to hold four inches of packing below, six inches on the sides and eight to ten inches on top, though in some cases more than this is used. Colonies prop- erly packed in such winter cases have been wintered well year after year in the ex- treme northern part of the United States and ill Canada. Beekeepers cannot well be ex- pected to agree upon the question of the thickness of packing, for in aslocation that is well protected from prevailing winds two or three inches of packing may afford as much protection as six or eight inches in another location badly exposed to strong winds. Since it costs but little more to build a packing case a couple of inches longer and wider and since the packing ma- terial is usually not expensive, it is better to err on the safe side and provide for am- ple packing. Material for Packing. It is well to remember that the heat-re- l>oiilile-\\'.-ille(l hivi's with ImiU in jiiickiiit;- ;ire ousily prepared I'or wiiitoi'. 0(-'T(ini;i:, 192-J OliEANINGS IN BMK CULTURE 63<) t.-iiiiiiif; inuin'itics of llic packing material are in the minute uir spaces vvitliin this m;i terial. If material too coarse, such as straw, excelsior, or coarse planer sliavings, is used, the air spaces being large will permit some circulation and tlierefore a more rapid loss of heat. Tlie packing material should be fine enough to prevent this. For the same reason tlie space between the walls of a double-walled hive should not be left un- packed. If the confined air in this space could not circulate there would be no need of packing, but the difference in the tem- perature of the inner and the outer walls causes air currents within this so-called "dead-air" space that result in a rapid loss of heat unless this space is filled with packing. In this sense the function of the packing material is to prevent the move ment of the air between the outer and the inner walls, the confined air itself being tlie means of preventing the rapid escape of the heat. Wheat chaff if obtainable, fine planer shavings from a planing mill, forest leaves that are broken and crushed so that the spaces between are small, or dry sawdust are the materials most commonly used. In any case, the packing material must be kept dry since wet packing would be w^orse than none. Loss of Heat by Air Currents. No matter how much packing is put around a liive, if a large entrance is left wide open the packing will do but little good. The same thing is true if cracks or openings other thaji the entrance are left where cur- rents of air can pass through. Those who use the double-walled hive having a tray with burlap bottom for holding the packing on top should snug down the packing mate- rial around the outer edge of the tray to be sure there can be no air currents be- tween the lower edge of the tray and the water table below. If the hive could be hermetically sealed with the exception of a small entrance, there would be but little if any loss of heat from air currents. In the far north where a slight amount of upward ventilation may be necessary to prevent the condensation of moisture within the hive, it is well to place a sheet of newspaper .above the quilt to prevent air currents from imssiiig out througli the paching at the to[) of t lie hlvt!. The Entrance. The bridge or tunnel forming the entrance through tlie packing should be generous in size, and the entrance proper reduced to the required size on the outside. In most cases % of an inch high by the full width of the hive is plenty large enough for the tunnel, though some beekeepers prefer to have the tunnel IMi or even '2 inches high and not so wide. An opening through the outer case 0 or 8 inches wide and the same height as the tunnel, but provided with a button fas- tened at one side of the opening and of such a length that it closes the opening ex- cept about three-eighths of an inch wide at the end, is a good construction for the en- trance. When this button is turned in the position to close the entrance it forms a winter entrance % of an inch wide and from one to two inches high, according to the depth of the opening in the outer case. Such an opening could not well become clogged with dead bees, even though none should be carried out of the hive during the winter. Instead of this construction some prefer to bore four or five ^/^-incli auger holes through the outer case, and close all of these except one or two during the coldest weatlier. There should be no alighting- board attached to the outer case because this only serves to collect the snow or sleet during the winter. Paper Winter Cases. Those who do not care to invest in expen- sive winter cases can winter their bees just as well in winter cases made of tarred paper at very little expense. When slater 's felt is used and the bees are packed in groups of two colonies each the expense for the tarred paper is less than six cents per colony. This material is so cheap that it is best to burn up the paper in the spring when unpacking and buy new each year. This method of packing bees was described in the October (1921) issue. Those who do not have this number of the journal can no doubt pack their bees in this way by studying the illus- trations on pages 644 and 645 in this issue. When a form such as there described is used bees can be packed rapidly by this method. Ajiiary in Kansas packed in eases made of tarred paper tacked to a light frame\\'nrk. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE OCTOBBB, 192'J More About the Bee-Sting Rheumatism Cure. Cue day, uot a great wliile ago, Mr. Mid- dlerib read in his favorite paper a para- graph stating that the sting of a bee was a sure cure for rheumatism, and citiug sev- eral remarkable instances in which people had been perfectly cured by this abrupt remedy. Mr. Middlerib thought of the rheu- matic twinges that grappled his knees once in a while and made his life a burden. He read the article several times and pon- dered over it. He understood that the stinging must be done scientifically and thoroughly. The bee, as he understood the article, was to be gripped by the ears and set down upon the rheumatic joint and held there until it stung itself stingless. He had some misgivings about the matter. He knew it would hurt. He hardly thought it could hurt au}^ worse than rheumatism, and it had been so many years since he was stung by a bee that he had almost forgotten what it felt like. He had, however, a general feel- ing that it would hurt some. But desperate diseases require desperate remedies, and Mr. Middlerib was willing to undergo any amount of suffering if it would cure his rheumatism. He contracted with Master Middlerib for a limited supply of bees humming and buzz- ing about in the summer air. Mr. Middlerib did not know how to get them. He felt, however, that he could safely depend upon the instincts and methods of boyhood. He knew that if there was any way under heaven whereby the shyest bee that ever lifted a 200-pound man off the clover could be induced to enter a wide-mouthed glass bottle, his son knew that way. For the small sum of one dime Master Middlerib agreed to procure several, to wit: six bees, sex and age not specified; but, as Mr. Middlerib was left in uncertainty as to the race, it was made obligatory upon the contractor to have three of them honey and three humble, or, in the general accepted vernacular, bumblebees. Mr. M. did not tell his son what he wanted these bees for, and the boy went off on his mission with his head so full of astonishment that it fairly whirled. Evening brings all home, and the last rays of the declining sun fell upon Mas- ter Middlerib, with a short, Avide-mouthed bottle comfortably populated with hot ill- natured bees, and Mr. Middlerib and a dime. The dime and the bottle changed hands. Mr. Middlerib put the bottle in his coat pocket and went into the house, eyeing everybody he met very suspiciously, as though he had made up his mind to sting to death the first person who said "bee" to him. He confided his guilty secret to none of his fam- ily. He hid his bees in his bedroom, and as he looked at them just before jnitting them away he half wished the experiment was safely over. He Avishcd the imprisoned bees did not look so hot and cross. With exqui- site care he submerged the bottle in a basin of water and let a few drops in on the lieated inmates to cool them off. At the tea-table he had a great fright. Miss Middlerib, in the artless simplicity of her romantic nature, said: "I smell bees. How the odor brings up — " But her father glared at her, and said, with superfluous harshness and execrable grammar: "Hush up! You don't smell nothing." Whereupon Mrs. Middlerib asked him if he had eaten anything that disagreed with him, and Miss Middlerib said: "Why, pa!" and Master Middlerib smiled as he won- dered. Bedtime at last, and the night was warm and sultry. Under various false pretenses, Mr. Middlerib strolled about the house until everybody else Avas in bed, and then he sought his room. He turned the lamp down until its feeble ray shone dimly as a death- light. Mr. Middlerib disrobed slowly — verj^ sloAvly. When at last he was ready to go lumbering into his peaceful couch, he heaved a profound sigh, so full of apprehension and grief that Mrs. Middlerib, who Avas aAvak- ened by it, said if it gaA^e him so much pain to come to bed perhaps he had better sit up all uiglit. Mr. Middlerib choked another sigh, but said nothing and crept into bed. After lying still a fcAV moments he reached out and got his bottle of bees. It was not an easy thing to do to pick one bee out of the bottleful Avith his fingers and not get into trouble. The first bee Mr. Mid- dlerib got Avas a little broAvn honeybee, that Avouldn't weigh half an ounce if you picked him up by the ears, but if you lifted him by the hijid leg Avould Aveigh as much as the last end of a bay mule. Mr. Middlerib could not repress a groan. "What's the matter with you?" sleepily asked his Avife. It was very hard for Mr. Middlerib to say he only felt hot. but he did it. He didn't have to lie about it, either. He did feel very hot indeed — about 86° all over, and 197° on the end of his thumb. He roA^ersed the bee and pressed the Avarlike terminus of it firmly against the rheumatic knee. It didn't hurt so badly as he thought it would. It didn't hurt at all. Tlien Mr. Middlerib remembered that Avhen a honeybee stabs a human foe it gen- erally leaA'es its harpoon in the Avound, and the invalid knew that the only thing this bee had to sting with Avas doing its Avork at the end of his thumb. He reached his arm out from under the sheets and dropped this disabled atom of rheumatism liniment on the carpet. Then, after a second blank Avonder, he began to feel around for the bottle, and Avished he knew wliat he did Avith it. O' TOBKK, 1922 G L K A N I N G S IN BEE C IT li T U R lO 641 111 the meantime strange things had been going on. When he caught hold of the first bee, Mr. Middlerib, for reasons, drew it out in such haste tliat for a time he forgot all about the bottle and its remedial contents, and left it lying uncorked in the bed, be tween himself and his innocent wife. In the darkness there had been a quiet but gen- eral emigration from the bottle. The bees, their wings clogged with the water Mr. Middlerib had poured upon them to cool and tninquilize them, were crawling aimlessly about over the sheet. While Mr. Middlerib was feeling around • for it, his ears were suddenly thrilled and his heart frozen by a wild, piercing scream from his wife. "Murder!" she screamed. "Murder! Oh! Help me! Help! Help!" Mr. Middlerib sat bolt upright in bed. His hair stood on end. The night was warm, but he turned to ice in a minute. tlie sole of Mrs. Middlerib 's foot, slie slirieked that the house was bewitched, and immediately went into spasms. The household was aroused by this time. Miss. Middlerib and Master Middlerib and the servants were pouring into the room, adding to the general confusion by howling at random and asking irrelevant questions, while they gazed at the figure of a man a little on in years, arrayed in a long night- shirt, pawing fiercely at the unattainable spot in the middle of his back, while he danced an unnatural, weird, wicked-looking jig by the dim religious light of the niglit- lamp. And while he danced and howled, and while they gazed and shouted, a navy- blue wasp that Master Middlerib had put in the bottle for good measure and vnriety, and to keep the menagerie stirred up, had dried his legs and wings with a corner of the sheet, and, after a preliminary circle or "Where in tliunder, " he said, with pallid lips, as he felt aH over the bed in frenzied haste, "where in thunder are them infer- nal bees?" And a large "bumble," with a sting as pitiless as the finger of scorn, just then climbed up the inside of Mr. Middlerib 's nightshirt, until it got squarely between his shoulders, and then it felt for his marrow, and said calmly: "Here is one of them." And Mrs. Middlerib felt ashamed of her feeble screams when Mr. Middlerib threw up both arms, and, with a howl that made the windows rattle, roared: "Take him off! Oh, land of Scott, somebody take him off! " And when a little honeybee began tickling two around the bed to get up his motion and settle down to a working gait,' he fired himself across the room, and to his dying day Mr. Middlerib will always believe that one of the servants mistook him for a bur- glar and shot him. No one, not even Mr. Middlerib himself, could doubt that he was, at least for the time, most thoroughly cured of rheumatism. His own boy could not have carried himself more lightly or with greater agility. But the cure was not permanent, and Mr. Mid- dlerib does not like to talk about it. [An article by Eobcrt Jones Burdette (1844 — ) in the New York Weekly, not now existing.] 642 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE October, 1922 %X^.,,^,,^-m-:rfVyr-i^"7t-ri'r~t'«^^'«^<*.^S^^tg^ fjK)]vrTHrpiEED ofexPerte: .^^^ ^^y HOMEMADE PASTE FOR LABELS How to Make Paste that will Stick to Either Tin or Glass Here is a recipe for making a paste that will stick labels to tin or glass so they will not come off. It is the surest to stick and the simplest to make of any paste that I know ofj and I do not think the recipe has ever been published. I give the directions for a small quantity, and those wanting a larger amount can increase the proportions. Place one ounce of cornstarch in a small pan or other vessel, and then measure out one and one-half pints of water. Add a little of the water to the cornstarch and rub it or stir it until smooth, after which add the rest of the water and mix thoroughly. Shake into this powdered lye, stirring briskly all the while until it turns thick and becomes transparent. Instead of the pow dered lye a strong lye solution can be made up and a little of this added instead. Be careful and do not add any more lye than necessary. If a wide-mouthed bottle is used to mix in, the mixing can all be done by placing the cap on the bottle and shaking vigorously. This paste keeps quite well, es- pecially if put in a cool place; and after making it a few times it can be done with- out measuring the ingredients and can also be made very quicklj^. It should be quite thick for best results, and if too thick it can be thinned by adding water. If you have ever had trouble in making labels stick to tin try this next time, as it will surely do the work and is inexpensive. Brigham City, Utah. J. H. Peterson. ALFALFA YIELDS IN THE EAST Forty Pounds of Surplus Secured from this Plant in Pennsylvania in 1921 It is quite generally believed that alfalfa does not yield nectar in any quantity east of the Mississippi; and I must say in my first seven years of beekeeping experience I never saw a bee on alfalfa bloom, nor alfalfa produce seed. I w;is certain I Avould never g(?t nny siir])lus honey from it in this sec- tion. But alfiilfa gave mc a surprise last yenr (1921), for it yielded not only nectar but a surplus of honey, which in some colo- nies reached 40 pounds, and that which was alloAved to stand produced a big ciop of seed. The first cutting of alfalfa was very late last year, due to late frosts and rainy weath- er at harvest time. Some of it was cut ns bite fis .Tulv 2.1 and very little by July S. Tlu! secdiiil cultiiig grew very fast. It \v;is this second cutting that yielded the nectar. It began to bloom when about 12 inches high, and instead of a few small flowers it was covered with large fully developed bloom. This honey flow came at a time when there was nothing else for the bees to gather. It kept the colonies strong for the fall honey flow from aster and goldenrod, and in excellent condition for winter. As a result they wintered 100 per cent, and I had such strong colonies this spring that I took quite a surplus during fruit bloom. Why' did alfalfa yield so heavily last year when it had yielded little or nothing before? Was it the season? Because it was cut late? or has it become acclimated? At that time I thought it was because the first crop was cut so late. Some fields that were cut early didn 't yield at all, but this year the first cutting yielded nectar during May. And the second cutting promises to do as well as last year or better. Landenburg, Pa. John Lund. BEES ROB COLONY BEING FED Hov Beginner Learned a Valuable Lesson in Feeding Late in the Season Last year was my first experience with bees. I bought three colonies from an old lady neighbor. These were in old box hives, and my experience began immediately. 1 had supplied myself with eight-frame Jumbo liives complete and made the transfers in approved form, save only the stings were not omitted. One of the old boxes being especially frail and open, I got an unusual number of stings, but I never rested till all were properly in their new homes and in place under my splendid peach trees. This transfer was made late in August, and I soon found it would be necessary to feed. Here is where my first disaster occurred. I read everything they sold me on "Feed- ing" and proceeded. I bought 100 pounds of sugar and with carefully prepared friction- top tins gave it to them, not forgetting the temperature. My tenants were properly housed on full sheets of the best Airco fouiidatiiiti. I forgot, after supplying the teni]iting sweet, to contract the otherwise large entrnnces. After a while I looked in tf» see how snugly they had placed their si ores. Can you imagine my surprise? Not ;i, comb drawn, not a cell filled! Don't say "Eo])bers!" I guess I know it! If I hadn't had two otlier old colonies in the orchard, my disaster would have been complete. Not only was my sugar gone, T)ut the colonies tlius rolilicil (lied of sfarxation. I was re OCTOBKR, 1922 O L E A N T iN G S IN 15 K K C V h T U li E FROM THE FIELD OF EXPERIENCE minded of the scripture, "To him thnt liatli shall be given, and from him that hath "not, shall be taken, even that wliicli he liath." But my two old eolonies saved the day. Thej' were the robbers. With tlie extra stores they came out this sprinjj with stronji' forces. From one of these I took 75 pounds of comb honey (and u bad year, too), and then divided it four ways. Witli three young queen« I now have four likely nu- clei, which I have carried to the near-by cotton fields to build up. Here they will ha\e at least 90 days of bloom before frost. Tiie other colony I divided early and raised my own queens, so that I now have a total of eight colonies and am both richer and wiser. By the way, I also got the biggest fruit crop I have ever had. Fort Worth, Tex. Ocie Speer. A YOUNG BEEKEEPER 'A'hat Beekeeping Can Do for Boys. Value of Bees as Pollinators George Pettee of Hartford is the young- est member of the Connecticut Beekeepers' Association. He started keeping bees at the age of thirteen with one colony, and cele- brated the Fourth of July with his first swarm. As will be seen by the photograph of him on that historic occasion, his meth- ods at that time were primitive. That is to say, letting bees swarm may now be called [irimitive, though in his case a modern queen trap was successfully used. Although file season was late, this swarm gave him some very superior comb honey before the clover honey flow was over. There were about 20 young fruit trees in the garden where George kept his bees, and after the introduction of his colony the fruit crop was more than doubled. George and his younger brother Charles negotiated with the family for the privilege of selling the surplus fruit. It netted over $75 in one season. This sum bought a Novice extrac- tor and the equipment for four colonies. Their business has overgrown its city lo- cation, and at their earnest request the fam- ily has recently purchased an old abandoned farm on the Connecticut River. The place is well known as Rivercrest, and is over- grown with sumac. They hope to restore its old neglected orchards, and develop it in fruit, bees and poultry, putting in tlieir va- cations in hard woik through tlieir college years. Since acquiring the Novice extractor George has had no swarms. His colonies are so large that they have to be wintered with supers, and supers are added as fast as the queen enters them. When the clover flow begins the queen is confined to the first floor, and the honey frames are extracted and returned to the supers as fast as they are finished. By finished we mean wholly capped. During our second season we ac- quired a beautiful supersedure queen. She built up our strongest colony, and no queen- cells are ever found in her household. She is a good ruler. Her workers are the first out after a rain, and the last to submit to a drizzle or cold wind. Needless to say, they store more honey than our other colonies. This fall, however, all four colonies go into the winter with queens bred from this moth- er. To get them we gave other colonies frames from her hive, first removing their queens, later selecting the biggest queen- cells on these frames. We live in a part of Hartford which is suburban in character, and find it a good location for beekeeping. Our colonies aver- age over 50 pounds in poor seasons. The bees store an early surplus from ornamental trees and shrubs, and later the lawns abound in white clover. The youngest member of the Connecticut Beekeep- ers' Association. At the end of the early honey flow this 3'ear we put out a sign reading "Fresh Hon- ey, 45c a lb." We had to take it in in tluee days, sold out, although the residence street on which we live is not a much -used thoroughfare. Interests of this character are very stimu- lating for boys, and have a character-build- ing influence which many of the established courses in our educational system can never attain. A boy can hardly find a better les- son in civics than a beehive will give him. He learns valuable lessons in natural laws. He must practice self-control or fail. He cannot evade responsibility in caring for live creatures. He must be faithful to this obligation or witness the suffering that will GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE October, 1922 FROM THE FIELD OF EXPERIENCE be the consequence of his neglect. The dem- onstrations ever before him of the results of principles of up-breeding put into prac- tice give him ideas which ought to result in a better human race if more boys could be exposed to them. Less theory and more practice in the science courses in our dry educational system ought to bring our civi- lization nearer to the perfection of the col- ony life of the hive. Edith Pettee. Hartford, Conn. 3o^ca= FORM FOR PAPER PACKING How to Make One That Prevents the Sides From Bulging I tried packing a few colonies by the paper method shown in October Gleanings last j^ear. It is very cheaply and quickly done, but I use a 4-inch frame instead of a side can be pressed into the ground to make the form level. The cleats should be nailed on the outside, and the form should be made large enough to go around outside of the case easily. One inch larger than the case frame each way is about right. S. Eouse. Hebron, Ky. ROBBING BEES TEAR DOWN COMBS Peculiar Behavior of Bees in Robbing. Effect ot Feeding Queenless Colony During Dearth In the last part of July I put two Mason fruit-jar feeders on a hive of bees that was queenless and had no honey. I had planned to introduce a queen and tried to fill them up. Imagine my surprise when soon after the feeders were on I found that the plat- form entrance to the hive was completely surrounded with pulverized comb. I at once Rim ill place at lower edge of hives. Form taken apart at back. Slater's felt tarred paper fastened at lower edge by tacking on lath. two-inch frame as there described. My bot- tom-boards are 24 inches long. I pack two colonies to the case, and I had trouble with my paper bulging too much in the middle at the expense of the corners, so I tried mak- ing a box out of some empty store boxes I had on hand. They were of %-inch lum- ber. I made the box in two parts, one end and one side in each part. The sides and ends are 24 inches wide, having a 1x2 inch cleat nailed at each corner, the cleat ex- tending 6 inches below the sides. The open corners are held together with hooks and eyes. When the paper is tacked to the frame ready to fill, I set the two halves of this form around the hives and fasten with the hooks. Tliis holds the paper from bulging, and the corners fill out better and the paper will stand more tamping. When filled unhook corners and you have a nice square uniform packed case. By letting the cleats e.vtend beloAv the sides, if the liives are on uneven gromul, the cleat on the high opened the hive and found that tlie bees liad torn down the cell Avails of the combs, leaving merely the middle foundation. It is evident that the whole apiary went to robbing this particular colony and one other, with the same results except that there was not so much comb around the entrance but innumerable dead bees. Has any one else had experience with such annihilation start- ed by feeding a queenless colony? The rob- bing of the sweets is easily understood, but what could possibly be the reason for pull- ing the comb all to pieces? I am sure there was not a drop of honey in the hive when I started feeding. Edward F, Bigelow. Round Beacli, Conn. [It is quite the common thing for robbing bees to gnaw down the combs when robbing out a single colony. It has long been known tliat wlien extracting-supers are placed out in the open to be cleaned up by the bees after the honey has been extracted, if only a few sets of conilis ;ire given the bees Avill ()rriii!i;u, 1! l''. A X [ N ( ; S FN B K K C U 1. T U R V. FROM THE FIELD OF EXPERIENCE tear tlu'iii down almost coiiipletoly. To pre- voiit the bees from tetiriiig down the i-ombs ill this maimer, it is necessary to give them a large number of combs to clean up. The same thing is true when unfinished sections are placed outside to permit the bees to clean them up. If only a single super of unfinished sections were exposed the bees would no doubt gnaw out the combs almost completel}-. They do this because they crowd upon each other so much, sometimes piling up several deep on the combs. When they behave in this manner a bee that can come ill contact with comb will tear it away in order to secure some honey. Sometimes even when there is no honey left in the combs the bees, evidently thinking that there is still some there, will crowd on the comb and tear it down as here described. In the general excitement and scramble the bits of wax are pulverized and pushed out at the entrance. — Editor.] .■igiiiiist tlie cluster, ^s'hich will soon occupy the combs given; or, in case of strong colo- nies, set a hive containing the necessary number of full combs on top of the hive containing the bees. The bees will soon go up; then the lower empty hive may be taken away, and the upper one put in its proper place. It seems that this would almost insure that the bees would consume all of the in- fected honey taken when shaken, and be rid of the spores before coming in contact with the non-infected combs. At least I have treated several as above described, and they were free from disease the next year. In giving combs of honey to bees thus treated it has generally been my practice not to give a full hive of combs. If the colony is just fair in strength, I give three or four combs; if strong, I give five or six combs. About the middle of April or per- haps sooner I look them over and add more Form set in place and hooked at corner ready for packing. FALL TREATMENT Shaking on Combs Filled with Honey in Fall after Brood Rearing has Ceased It seems to me it is a shade safer to shake the infected bees on to empty frames in- stead of on to full combs of honey, and es- pecially so if there are a few unfilled or uncapped cells. In shaking on to empty frames it is nec- essary to have some prepared bee candy, a pound or more for each colony treated, ana this to be placed where the bees can readily gain access to it, preferably on top of the frames. This can be given immediately after the bees are shaken; but seemingly the best plan is to wait about 24 hours, and then the candy may be placed right over the cluster. Leave the bees thus for three or four days, when some of the empty frames sliould be removed and combs of honey placed right Packing completed. Note how cover is folded and the whole tied like a package with twine. combs of honey as needed until the hives are filled, always taking care that the stores are ample. L. S. Haruer. Colorado Springs, Colo. THE OUT-CLUSTER AT MORNING The Beginning of a New Day in the Hive. How the Colony Awakens One of the most interesting things to watch about the hive is the behavior of the out-cluster from dawn until work begins. After the cool hours of the night the clus- ter outside the hive is slightly torpid. The wings of the bees are close to their bodies; their antennae not very erect; their legs drawn in close to their thoraces. The vig- orous fanning of the bees inside can be heard, but not a wing stirs on the entrance- board or above it where the cluster is. The hees clustering out take up, seemingly, all 646 G r. 1<: A N I N G S IN R E R C U ], T U R K October, 1922 ^W FROM THE FIELD OF EXPERIENCE the space of the eutrrince and keep out the air, but air must get in between them, else all inside would perish. Now the light gains a little; the mists in the valley begin to lift. The first breath of dawn-wind comes. The bees in the out- cluster act as if stirred imperceptibly. A wing is lifted here and there, an antenna waves, legs move. But the bodies remain quiet. The flush of dawn on the eastern hill grows and grows. Suddenly the sun itself peeps over, sending a ray across the inter- vening space. It goes high overhead, but its influence has been felt in the air, for the atmosphere seems a little warmer. The mists, like magic, have gathered, and now clear spaces appear here and there. The ray of the sun grows less and less as a cloud drifts in between it and earth, and then the out-cluster quiets. But as the cloud passes the sun has come up far enough to send its full beams straight into the valley and they strike the hive. And now — presto! From the interior a busy worker, bent upon some early errand — getting water, pollen or something else a new baby bee needs — comes out from between the listless ranks of the out-cluster, shoving the somnolent bees aside unceremoniously. She pitches out into the golden space of the dawn with a determined "zum-m-m-m-m! " as who should say: "Come, laggards; there's work to do. Follow my example." Another follows and another. Each, in passing, stirs up the cluster; and now sud- denly a bee, that must have been caught far from home by the early, cloudy night- fall of the day previous and rested all night under a clover bloom or broad blade of grass, comes home with her load. She pitches on to the alighting board, striking the now awakening cluster-bees with a bang, buzzes through them and is gone. Many other bees come from the interior of the hive; others begin to arrive from the near-by places to which they have gone for their earliest loads of emergency rations. All tliis passing and pusliing have stirred up the out-cluster. Its members brighten up at oacli jostle, and suddenly one of tliem, taking the fever, perhaps warmed up now by the gaining sun, launches forth. Her nearest neighbor, feeling no longer the touch of the absent one, stirs about inquir- ingly, runs about a little, and then she, too. pitches off the board and is gone. Another and another follow suit and then by twos, threes, fives, tens and finally by the hun- dred, the bees of the out-cluster go to the field, accompanied by the eager myriads that liave been meanwhile issuing from the interior of the populous community. The hive is awake! George Gilbert. Port Dickinson, N. Y. COLLEGE AND BEES How a Student Earns Enough During Summer to Attend College in Winter Edmund Daggett, a student at the Uni- versity of Minnesota, is beekeeping his way through college. An apiary of 130 colonies of bees on his father 's farm pays the room rent, laboratory fees and board bills. Eight years ago this spring Daggett bought one colony of bees. During the sum- mer he bought two more, and two more were added by swarming. In the fall lie started to school at the State Agricultural College. As time went on, Daggett's bills in- creased. But so did the bees. Soon they were paying most of the expenses. During summer vacations Daggett had plenty of time to look after the bees. "Beekeeping is a fine way to get through college, ' ' says Daggett, who is now taking a course in the graduate division of the uni- versity. "During the fall, winter and spring when college is in session, there is little work to be done in the beeyard, near- ly all of the work with the bees being con- centrated in the three months of the sum- mer vacation. No other occupation offers such an ideal distribution of work for col- lege students. To be sure, when many colo- nies are kept it is necessary to make oc- casional visits to them over week-ends, es pecially during the spring months." When college is out in June the bees have already begun to work in the clover fields, and it is necessary to see that they have plenty of storage room for the honey that is coming in. Swarming is prevented' as mucli as possible, whicli is not difficult when extracted honey is produced. In July and August the honey is prepared for market. It is put up in sixty-pound cans and in five and ten pound pails. In August and Sep- tember the bees are put in condition for winter. Each colony, to winter safely, must be strong, must have plenty of honey of good quality and must be headed by a good queen. Tlie bees are put in the cellar in Novem- ber, a trip home being made for that ])ur pose. After that they are left almost en- tirely alone until it is time to put them out- doors again the first of April. During April and May they are visited for a day or two every two or three weeks, in order to buil 1 them up strong for the new lioney fiow in June. "Go slow and let the bees pay tlieir own way," is Daggett's advice to those who may want to follow his example. "It is best to start with not more than perhaps three colonies, and to buy these in the spring. They will increase by swarming to six or eight the first year, if no swarm- control method is used." Narberth, Pa. E. A. Kirkpatrick. Oc";;iiiKi!, 192': G T. K A N T N ( ! S T N B K K C 1 1 Ti '1' U li K ^■\ FROM THE FIELD OF EXPERIENCE HONEY PRODUCERS' LEAGUE .meri- A Message from the New President of the A can Honey Producers' League Never was there a time in the history of American beekeeping when organization among beekeepers is more necessary than at the present time. The beekeeping indus- try is sufficiently large in the United States to warrant a national organization of great strength. However, eacli individual bee- keeper seems to feel that his business is not sufficient to warrant his taking an active part in such an organization. There also seems to be a feeling among beekeepers tliat the allied iiidustries aiid the bee jour- nails are not working for the best interest of tlie beekeeper. In a few cases this may be true, but in general the supply dealers, the honey bottlers, can-manufacturers and other trades are much more interested in the success of the beekeeper than is the bee- keeper himself. In fact the allied trades have done more to make the beekeeping in- dustry a success than have the beekeepers. Low prices for honey, in most cases, can be traced to price-cutting by individuals who have no conception of the effect of their acts upon the whole market condition. Local organizations for marketing honey have been formed at one time or another in the main honey regions of America. How- ever, these for the most part have failed to succeed because the beekeepers themselves do not support the organizations w'itli which they are connected. In a number of cases where these organizations have w^orked sat- isfactorily, individuals and even groups of beekeepers have worked against them with a very demoralizing effect. The executive committee of the American Honey Producers' League requests each and every individual and agency, including sup- ply dealers and bee journals, to support the League both morally and financially. In the near future we hope to be able to devise some means of contact with every individual member of the League through circulars or bulletins. While this movement is getting under way, it is necessary that we have the support of every bee journal and otlier bee IHiblieations to further our cause. I am there- fore re(|uesting at this time that each of tliese jmblications give us space for discus- sion of the League and getting information before the beekeepers of everv state. H. F. WILSON, President, American llouoy Proiliu-cis ' League. I While tbe bee journals can and should de- vote some space to the League, the amount of space available in this way is necessarily quite limited and entireh'^ inadequate. In order to hold its membership, the Tjeague must have better contact with its individual lueiubers. if the League caJi arrange to put out an annual report, as was done by the National Beekeepers' Association, publish- ing the papers submitted at the annual meet- ings, the small beekeeper would feel thiit he is getting value received for liis mem- bersliip fee in this annual report alone. Tlie papers sent to Salt Lake City at the last meeting of the League should be publislied. The bee journals can not publish these pa- pers because of lack of room. They would fill a good-sized annual report. — Editor.] ot —to ^ ac= ta WINTER PACKING IN KOREA A Winter Packing Case Made of Brick and Packed with Rice Chaff One of my friends in Chosen (Korea), whose name is S. Mori, practices a conven- ient and economical method of packing for wintering of bees. Chosen is a very cold part of the earth, with a bad climate. The ground freezes about three or more feet deep in winter, and there are about four warm days after about three cold days in turn, as a rule. Hence, the bees are likely to win- ter verv badlv. Winter packing ease made of brick in far-away Korea. Mr. Mori's plan is this: Tlie outer case is built from common bricks, no cement ma- terial being used. The case, if it may be so called, is easily built up, and taken down in the spring. In the spring he makes a plain platform for hive-stands from the bricks taken down, so that no grass will grow, and lie does not feel the need of a storage place for winter cases. Those bricks are to be used year after year. The illustration shows the manner of building up the winter case. Mr. Mori uses rice chaff' for packing. He makes the roof of rice-straw mat, which is used for the sack of rice in Japan. But he states that he Avill make the roofing from sheeted tin next year, because he found that the rice-straw mat will not stand so well against rain and melt- ed snoAV in the spring months. He inserts pieces of used newspaper in the entrances to prevent the bees from coming out on warm days to be stricken down by the chill wind. G I. K A N I N G S IN U E E C U L T U R F, OcTdBKR, 1922 FROM THE FIELD OF EXPERIENCE A keei^ing the entrances out of sunlight. Tie also puts a wire guard in every entrance so that mice (which are so abundant in Chosen) cannot enter and damage the contents of the hives. Yasuo Hiratsuka. Tara, Gifu-ken, Japan. SELLING HONEY LOCALLY Relation Between Prices to Producers, Retailers and Consumers in Various-sized Packages Let us remember that the retail price to the consumer is the final criterion of sales and test of marketing efficiency. I think comb honey at 50 cents a section is out of reason and sure to cause a severe reaction. But 1 do not produce comb honey now and will conline this discussion to extracted. To simplify things, let us divide the sell- ing price per pound into two parts. First, the return for the liouey alone, which we will call the base; second, the cost of containers and casing per pound. We notice that con- tainers cost most where the most honey is produced, owing to long freight haul. In this article wholesale pack means honey cased in 5-gallon cans, two to the case, and indicated by Csd 2-60. Retail pack is cased 6 ten-pound tins, 12 five pound tins, and 12 (or 24) two and a lialf-pound tins to the case, indicated bv Csd 6-10, Csd 12-5, Csd 12-21/2, etc. The cost of cans and cases for the whole- sale pack (Csd 2-60) is one and a half to two cents per pound. For the retail pack, if made directly after extracting, the cost for containers and cases is two and a half to three cents per pound for Csd 6-10, Csd 12-5, Csd 24-2 1/^, and about three and a quarter for Csd 12-2%. Let us say 3 cents per pound for the retail pack, and a little under 2 cents for wholesale. The difference is close to one cent. Table of Prices to Producer, Retailer and Consumer. Price to Retail Retailer Price Base. Csd 2-60 Csd 12-5 C^sd 12-5 Csd 12-5 4 6 7 8 11 6 8 9 10 l.-^ 5 10 11 12 16 10 12 13 14 IS 12 14 15 16 20 The figures in the above table mean cents per pound. The first column shows base prices or what the producer gets. Tlie sec- ond and third eolunius add the cost of con- tainers and cases for wholesale and retail ]>ack. The fourth column shows what I think a fair increase for retail pack to the local dealer, one cent per pound. Note that in addition the producer usually saves the cost of cases when selling locally. All tliese figures neglect small fractions, but I think those in the fourth column are not in error by so much as half a cent. What I am advocating is the sale of honey as a food commodity entirely outside the class of champagne, chorus girls and plati- num jewelry. My personal belief is that the 12-2% pack will eventually take the lead over the 12-5 at an increased cost of leas than half a cent a pound. Taking the country over, base 4 is too low to keep the business going. Base 6 is better than is now being realized by many large producers in the West. But base 8 can be reached if all try to use the local markets right. Base 10 is not too high proportionate- ly to i^rices of fabricated commodities, nor likety to be so in the future. The retail prices in column five for honey in 5-pound tins give the retailer 30 odd per cent, which he can shade for cash. Taking up base 8 in detail suppose the producer sells the 12-2% pack for $3.60 to the retailer, and $4.00 to individuals. He will not hurt the retailer, who can sell locally at 40 cents for the 2%-pound can, and not over 45 cents within the 100-mile range. The cost to re-handlers of the crop shipped out on base 6 and base 8 with freight added will be 11 to 13 cents and very little will be sold them at base 10. The cost of glass jars and cases will add 7 to 10 cents for 1-pound and 6V2-ounce glass packages. The price to grocers will run close to 30 cents, and the retail price 50 cents a pound and up. This last j)rice could not be much less if pro- ducers supplied hone}' gratis (base zero). Efficient marketing of honey demands, as I see it, that all who produce honey at base 7 to base 8 shall see that their 2% and 5 pound cans are retailed within a hundred- mile radius at 15 to 16 cents a pound. But this honey must be carefully strained when extracted, labeled with the producer 's name and handled right all the way through. Tlio honey should be as clear as if to be bottled. The extra cost is a small fraction of a cent per pound. I am selling, this season, at base 7%. Lo- cal dealers sell my 2% -pound pack at 35 cents each. I do not expect to ship over the range at all, though my. clistomers have done so. The notion of selling fair-sized tiu packages to local customers and retailers at prices that approach the cost of bottled hon- ey does not appeal to me as a business proposition. \ believe that if tlie base is placed at S the wliole crop can be sold and a great new market opened, and the beauty of it, practic- ally free of a railroad tariff that hurts the cheap syrups even worse yet. The thousand- mile-haul business is another story, as to which we should worry if we sell honey to our neighbors as we expect them to sell grnin and potatoes and meat to us. Laplata, X. M. Harrison H. Brown. OridHKK, 10'. (i I. E A N T N G S IN 1? l-; C U L T U R ]•: t; I c LJ 'HE reports of till' luiiu'v c V () ]) for 1922 say tlie crop is "spotty," i.e., fjood ill some places and poor in others. In our county the crop is V e r j'' good, while in the next county to the south, very poor. How can we account for this? Doubt- less much depends on the soil and weather. It is very noticeable that our best seasons on clay soils are wet seasons, while the best seasons on light soils are those years that are considered dry. It was not surprising to learn this season that the crop was light where apiaries were located on light loam or gravelly soils. SIFTINGS J. E. Crane 3 1U The article by H. II. Root, page 568, on "Mer- chandising Hon- ey, " and another by E. G. Le- Rtourgeon, page 573, on the "Marketing Problem, ' ' con- tain many jioints and advice of great value about marketing honey. Mr. LeStourgeon says, "Honey has never been over-produced but has been under-distributed," which is undoubtedly true. It should be held as an everyday article of food rather than a lux- ury. If we compare the price with that of other articles of food, we shall find honey as cheap at the present time as any of them or at least the average of them. That bulletin of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, No. 222. mentioned on first edi- torial page, I have found of great interest. I was especiallv surprised that the differ- ence betAveen the top and the bottom of the hives tested was but two degrees in most cases. I could not help wishing that the temperature of an insulated hive with a large and a small entrance could have been made, that we might know how much heat is lost in that way. If the Fahrenheit scale of temperature had been used instead of Centigrade, the tables would have been more readily understood by many of us plain beekeepers. * * * The market reports for the mouth of Au- gust do not indicate a large crop in the country as a whole, and, if the beekeepers are patient and willing to take the advice given in the September issue of Gleanings, there seems no good reason why we may not obtain very satisfactory prices. The greater abundance of hcmey, with lower prices, is bringing it into more general use. As its value as a food becomes better known, we need not worry about the future market. If we are not satisfied with the wholesale prices, it is every one's privilege to retail his cro]i for a higher price. » * * The advice given by E. R. Root, pages 575 and 576, on shipping comb honev, is both timelv and important, especially for the in- experienced beekeeper. We have been using a crate holding only six cases, as eight ease^ make a crate pretty heavy to handle in load- ing and unloading into a truck or wagon and into and out of cars. Unless those who handle freight are more careful than their renutation calls for, T fear crates Avpighiiig 200 pounds would be mostlv moved bv sta tion trucks. The onlv objection to the six-case crates is that it costs about 30 per cent more to use them. "We use also many two-case crates to ship to those retail grocers who can use but a small nmonnt at once. It seems a pity for beekeepers to rush their product on to the early market at any price they may be able to get. Fifty years ago we did not think of selling honey be- fore October. October and ISrovember were the honey months. Not until we began to get frosty weather was there much call for honey. Now there is more or less call for it the year round, the greatest demand com- ing during the cool months, as fruits are plentiful during the warm parts of the vear. One large producer told me last fall that he found his neighbor selling his crop of comb honey for five cents a pound, Avhen he himself was trying to sell his for three or four times as much. I see no other way but for the larger and more intelligent pro- ducers to educate these "side line" bee- keepers as best they can or buv them out. I was surprised to learn ("page 586) from Mrs. Boyden that the tomatoes were not ripening earlier in southern California than in Ohio. This means that the Spring and early summer in that favored climate are no Avarmer than in the East. T confess a feeling of envy when I read of the abundance and variety of fruits grown in southern California, as described by Mrs. Boyden; but I console myself by saying, "Life consisteth not in the abund- ance of the things one possesseth." We have enough here for our healtli. Rurolv. wliat more can one ask for?" That is a capital idea of the extension service of Iowa to furnish better queens for tlie beekeepers of the state. I never before realized, as T have during last year, the value of gentle as well as productive bees — a yard where I can walk around among the liives without the slightest fear of a sting. 650 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE October, 1922 c OUR CALIFORNIA LETTER CONSTANCE ROOT BOYDEN (Stancy Piierden) WH E N a man's work is in a city office and re- quires him to meet people and talk with them almost constant- ly during the day, while his wife's work is in the home where she meets almost no one during the same time, it is a problem to know how to spend their even ings in a way that will afford both of them rest and recreation. The natural inclina- tion of the man is to spend his evenings very quietly at home. But his wife, after a busy morning at housework, a little rest m the afternoon, then dinner and the inevita- ble dishes, often feels an inclination to get away for a little while at least. Perhaps this' is especially true of a woman who is 3000 miles away from her old friends and acquaintances in the East. I don't know how other people solve this problem. Perhaps other women are eon- tented to spend their evenings at home; but this is such an interesting world, especially here in southern California, and life is very short. We compromise. About once a week the children and I attend a show, leaving the busy man to keep house alone for a little while. He claims he enjoys it. Other evenings we trv to return calls which were made on both of us, and we frequently drive for short distances. When a man has to drive eighteen or more miles a day going to and from his office, naturally he is not keen on much driving for recreation. Some evenings we all s])eud quietly at home. But one of the most delightful compro- mises, in mv favor, was when the busy man took his faiiiilv to a symphony concert in the Hollywood Bowl. Tt was dark when we reached Hollywood, which is some twelve miles from the suburb where we live, and Ave were directed to take a road which led straight up toward the mountains back of the town. But, like all such roads, instead of coming up against the base of the moun- tains the latter seemed to open and reveal a canyon road, up which we climbed until a sudden sharp turn up a steeper grade brought us into the great natural amphithea- ter which is the "Bowl." A young man with tickets and parking tickets appeared at the side of the machine, other young men at intervals directed us where to go, and presently we left the car and climbed to seats arranged in an enormous semicircle up the sides of the Bowl. The large, open front stage seemed rather distant, and 1 was afraid the music would be somewhat faint. But it was beautiful; the softest, sweete^st notes of a solo violin were distinct, and the music as a Avhole sounded as tine as anything of the kind I have ever heard indoors. And the men of the party, who climberl to the highest seats during an intermisHioii, said 3 the effect was even finer up there, although they were far away up the great hillside. During the numbers the few lights were turn- ed off, except on tlie stage. Facing the north Ave could see the Big Dipper and North Star, and early in tlie eA'ening, the four great planets Avhich make this summer's sky so interesting; but Jupiter, Saturn and Venus soon sank be- hind the western ridge. High on a hill to the east blazed a great Avhite cross, mark- ing a neighboring canyon in which the Pil- grimage. Play is being given nightly. That play, you may knoAv, is on the life of Christ, our American Oberammergau. The great audience listening to the sym- phony orchestra was perfectly quiet and or- derly, so quiet that all the little night sounds, crickets, etc., could plainly be heard near us Avhen the orchestra Avas playing soft- ly. Eortnnately the noisy, night singing mocking birds have subsided for the season. Anyone Avho "vicAvs Avith alarm" the ten- dency of this generation toward fast liAnng and "jazz" should be comforted bA' a visit to a symphony concert in the HollyAVOod BoAvl, for it was plain to see that the large audience, among Avhom Avere man\^ young people, enthusiastically enjoyed the good nuTsic. And one of the fine features of these concerts is the fact that the price of the"' is so moderate that they are AA'ithin the reach of anyone Avho can afford a picture shoAv. Some time I hope there Avill be a com nromise Avhicli aahII take us to the Pilgrimage Play. One of the charms of "My Califor- nia" is its climate, Avhieh permits an audi- ence to enjoy concerts, plays and grand opera in God's out-of-doors. Tt is true, Slimmer cA-enings in the East are plenty Avarm enongh for out-of-door functions, but tlie possibility of rain makes it hazardous to risk money on such enterprises, a possibility Avhich does not hoA-e to bo taken into ac- count here. Next time avo attend an out-of-door con- cert, hoAvcA'er, Ave are going Avith plenty of warm Avraps. It had been a Avarm dnv, and most of our party carelessly started out Avith light coats and shivered throughout the even- ing in consequence. With Avarmer coats Ave should haA'e been perfecth^ comfortable. ONE Avarm August day the bus\' man had to go on a long motor ti'ii) to A'isit a nnmber of apiaries, and just a little Avhilc before it was time to start he an- nounced that I was going along. To tell tlie truth. T Avas not so eager for the trip as T might haA^e been if the sun had seemed a little more merciful; but. havin tli.at 1 ana unprejudiced, let me confess that I do 7iot think such grapes as the Dehnvnre, Niag- ara, Concord and Catawba are quite as largo and fine here as in the East, althougli they are A'cry good. And tomatoes arc a disap- pointment. Having read that tomatoes are a tropical vegetable, I supposed thev would do wonders in this so-called semitropical state. What was my surprise, therefore, to find thnt tomatoes hnve developed tempera- ment in this locality. They blight on the slightest provocation, they run to leaves if you irrigjite them, and sulk and bear snuill toiujitoes if you don't. Tt isn't strange tiiat the price of tomatoes continues ridiculously high for the time of year. To return to Altadena, when I had finished the peach I washed my juicy fingers in a trough where some young Thanksgiving din- ers were drinking, ioined tlie other mem- bers of the party who li;id finished tlicir in- vestigations and we drove on down to Pasa- dena for lunch. After lunch we drove over Devil's Gate dam through Flintridge to La Canada Val- ley through to Sunland and across the desert country beyond where one has a fine view of the gorgeously colored mountains. On our way to San Fernando we passed a hirge commercial rose farm with its thousands of blooming roses, two great reservoirs in which the Los Angeles city water is stored, saw the large aqueducts and the open aqueduct in which the water is aerated as it pours down over a hill, and passed the largest olive ranch in the world. Then we went on through Newhall tunnel into a hot, largely desert valley to Saugus and beyond to the Mint Canyon road. It always impresses me with the foresight of the Californians to ride over such perfect roads as cross these desert valleys. We stopped at the homes of several bee- keepers. Don't expect me to tell you about what our party found in reference to the aluminum eomlDS, for I should speedily get beyond my depth; but I believe they found these particular bees gracefully accepting the short cut and their keepers Avell satis- ed. Those hot valleys, cut off from the cool- ing ocean breezes by mountain ranges, are interesting and full of possibilities for those who can stand the climate; but the country around Los Angeles never looked more beau- tiful to us than when we finally came back to it with its green trees, its many blos- soming trees (the trees of July with their blue violet-like blossoms are gone, but there are many other trees with bright blossoms now), its flowers and fruits, beautiful homes and cool ocean breezes. It is true we have our hot days, and perhaps I shouldn't men- tion it, but we did have four or five warm nights in succession, regular corn-growing nights. But any old Californian will tell you that those nights were very, very un- usual: in fact, it almost never happened be- fore, and between you and me. there is one eight months' old Californian who hopes it will never happen again. But the warm nights of this summer have been so few that we mav c;ill tlieiii the exception thnt proves the rule. Little Cocoanut Cake.. % cup. margarin or but- About 1% cups sifted ter or a mixtuvp of pastry flour both 3 teaspoons baking pow- 1 cup granulatpd sucav der 2 eegs ■'•^ teaspoon salt ■Milk 1 teaspoon vanilla treasure tlie margarin by filling a measuring CUD % full of water and adding the margarin until full. Cream the margarin and sugar until smooth. Break the eggs in a measuring cup, break up with a fork and add milk until the cup is full. Then add to the first mixture a little of the egg and milk mixture and a little of the flour, beat until smooth and repeat until all of both are uspd. Add flavor and beat vigorously for one minute and bake in 20 small muffin pans which have been well greased and lightly dusted with flour. They should b;ike in 10 to 15 minutes. Cover with steamed frosting sprinkled liberally with cocoanut. 652 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE OCTOBKR, 1922 I c Beekeeping as a Side Line Grace Allen LJ ^^^^^^^^ T was in De- cember, 1919, that I asked a question in Gleanings that no one answered. I had become enamored of the old English 18th century scholar and naturalist, Gilbert White, of Selborne, who in one of his letters refutes the asser- tion of Vergil— "a strange notion," as he scornfully calls it— that echoes are harmful to bees; and, in partial support of his own position, affirms that "bees, in good sum- mers thrive well in my outlet, where the echoes are very strong." Which established him as a sideline beekeeper, and landed him squarely in this department, where, m his very own words, we caught that delightful picture of the lovable old Oxford scholar testing the hearing of his own bees ''with a large speaking-trumpet, held close to_ their hives, and with such an exertion of voice as would have hailed a sli% at the distance of a mile ! ' ' My own enthusiastic interest was by no means limited to his few references to bees, but responded— whose would not?— to the whole range of his countless rich notes, charming comments and wealth of quiet in- cidents, with the conclusions that "a per- son with a thinking turn of mind" might derive therefrom. Everything that came and went in the parish of Selborne wasobserved by his quick eye arid set down in his letters, so quaint in the antique manner of his grace- fully formal style. Through these letters one sees and hears the coming of the Engbsh bii-fls—swallows and swifts and martins and starlings, the cuckoo and the curlew and the "tame brown owl." the larks and night- ingales and a host of lovely others; there are trees, elms and great oaks, pollard-ash and "wych hazel," "Portugal laurels and American junipers"; there are rocks and lizards, gipsies and echoes and wonderful cobwebs, frosts and storms and "the rush- ing and roaring of the hail"; there are sim- ple pictures, such as the one of good Queen Anne, stopping "as she was journeying on the Portsmouth "Road . - • and repos- ino- herself on a bank smoothed for the pur- pose . . • still called Queen 's-bank," io view a great herd of 500 red deer, "brought by the keepers along the vale be- fore her." Tt is the kind of book one browses through, lingeringly, nibbling deli- cious bits all along the way. But the only letters T quoted from in Gleanings were two containing references to bees. One of these, copied entire, was about an idiot boy whoso life in winter was passed in almost complete lethargy by his father's fireside, but who in summer waked up, as it were, and became keenly interested in bees. A strange, distorted interest it was, of course— poor boy — mnnifpstiug itself in va- 1 %J K rious abnormal ways : seizing them bare-hand- ed (nudis mani- bus, says the old Latin scholar) and sucking their bodies for the sake of the hon- ey sac; putting them in bottles or even inside his own clothes; slipping into apiaries and there sit- ting down in front of hives to tap with his fingers and catch the bees as they came out; even turning the hives over, sometimes, to get the honey; his lips making a hum- ming noise like a bee as he ran about. Toward the end of the letter, before the concluding statement of the boy's death be- fore maturity, White says, in effect, that if the poor little bee lover had been smart, he might have been as great a beekeeper as any of the moderns who made people won- der at their feats with bees. (But O the old fashioned saying of it that was his!) And he ended thus: "and we may justly say of him now, . . . . "Thou, Had thy presiding star propitious shone. Should 'st Wildman be." . . . . In spite of the painfully unmusical com- bination, propitious shone (especially follow- ed by shonld'st), these lines interested me greatly; the thing that puzzled me chiefly that uninformed day when I copied the let- ter for Gleanings was — who was Wildman? Then, too, from what poem or poet was the extract quoted? So I asked if anyone could enlighten me as to those lines. No one did. Now I can answer part of my own question. Though I don't yet know where the extract comes from — White himself quotes it. Who first wrote those words, I wonder, and to whom? Tn a very modern manilla envelope, post- marked in a very modern city, there comes to me occasionally — and by the same token must come to other lovers of bees and books — a list of old bee books. "Old-Time Bee Books — Bare and Interesting," read^; the too alluring heading. The authors' names run alphabetically, from Adair to Worlidge. Third and fourth from the last are two Wild- mans, Daniel and Thomas. They were con- temporaries of White's. They published in London, and perhaps lived near there, while Selborne was only 50 miles away. The Sel- borne naturalist may have known them per- sonally; at least, he must have known their books and somewhat of their work and rank. So I feel sure that I understand the name Wildman in the lines that Gilbert White ouoted in 1775 to his friend the Honorable Daines Barrington, in his letter about the poor bee-loving idiot boy. The fir^t edition of Thomas Wildman 's book, "A Treatise on the Management of Bees," was published in Jjondou in 17fiS. OcrroitKK, liij'i GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 653 The particular copy offered in the modern list of Old Time Bee Books bears the book- plate of Jolin Phin — which starts our won- der again as to Mr. Phin! Was he a lover of books or a lover of beesV Was he — ah, what mightn't he have been! Anyway he had a library with a book in it about bees- — lie must have been something verv likable. The iLHh edition of Daniel Wildmau's work, "A Complete Guide for tlie Manage- ment of Bees Throughout tlie Year," was publislied in London in Z792 (the year Gil- bert White died); bound in one volume with "Hints for Promoting a Bee Society." I do wonder if they promoted it! And had conventions! And field meets! And short courses! The particular copy listed has the book-label of — mark j-^ou — Bernard Edward, Duke of Norfolk, a lover, perhaps, of both books and bees. Surely his library was oak-panelled, the halls leading to it were hung with portraits of ancestral dukes and duchesses in ruffs and powdered wigs; and somewhere among the hedgerows and climb- ing roses of his Park were pietures(|ue bee skeps — perhaps with primroses and English may blooming near, or the hawthorn dash- ing dews over them from its wliite blossom sprays. And he had Wildmau's book on bees in his ducal library. Ah, the poor idiot boy, who under a luck- ier star, more propitious in its shining, might have been a very Wildman! — with his Treatise on Bees, or his Guide to their Man- agement listed in later centuries among Old- Time Bee Books — Eare and Interesting! — casting a glamour over dead unknown men merely because their bookplates were on the inner covers! That List. It is a thing of fascination, a thing of great temptation. How can one be a lover of "The Amenities of Book Collecting," ft'ithout harboring the secret longing to do some Avee bit collecting oneself? Then here comes this especial list, sent direct into one's hands, to lie day after dav on one's red- topped writing table, finallv puslied sternly out of sight under a heap of unanswered let- ters, so that it maynot be found for a long, long time, perhaps never. But because one never forgets where he hides a thing from liimself, it is forever getting itself pushed out in plain sight, to tease and tempt, yet somehow never to land in the waste-paper basket, as it ought. Yes, surely that Bernard Edward, Duke of Xorfolk, must have been a lover of bees as well as of books, for that famous old book, "The Feminine Monarchic; Or, The His- torie of Bees," by Charles Butler, lfi23. bears this same book-label. Ah, that must be the great book. Do you remember how the Beekeeper's Wife ('Gleanings, 1917) wrote about it in one of those letters that we all enjoyed the more because we knew who wrote them? Some day maybe I'll go visiting Rob's library there in — you know where — and beg the loan of his copy for an hour or so, to read its qunirit old pnges for myself. "In u word, thou must be chaste, cleanly, sweet, sober, quiet and familiar so they will love thee, and know thee from all others.' ' Then there is "Systenia Agriculturae" — with a section devoted to bees, 1681 — with a bookplate of Sir Something or Other. Can't you just see the scholarly Worlidge writing it all down with his quill pen? And there's Moses Rusden's "A Further Discov- ery of Bees, ' ' 1679. ' ' Rob ' ' has Moses Rus- den, "Bee-Mafter to the King's moft e.xcel- lent Majefty." He is that away-before- his-time beekeeper, who denied .so many "falfe proverbial fayings about bees. There are a dozen or more printed in the 17- hundreds — that sounds further back than the 18th century, doesn't it? — besides those by the Wildmans. The very titles are al- luring— "The True Amazons" — "The Fe- male Monarchy"— "A Theatre of Politieall Flying Insects"— "The Compleat Bee-Mas- ter"—"The Antient Bee Master's Fare- well." No, I am not advertising them, I am only enjoying them by the title method. And I am folding the list away, putting it back under the pile of unanswered letters that it may not tempt me again for a long, long time. And I am putting away, too, "The Natural History of Selborne," in its place in the bookcase, between "The Re- public" of Plato and "The Fall of the Nibelungs." For even more enthralling than any list could be are the glowing pages of a real book — a live book — -albeit a gentle mild one, like Gilbert's White's. Which is why it takes so long for some of us to verify quotations, or turn an idle page, or dust books. Did you ever try dusting them? Don't, if you would make an early end to your dusting. It Will Not Do. When .some swift day piles task on task And, bowing, hands them all to yon. Who did not ask Nor in the least desire the gift — It will not do To let your littlest finger lift One page of the one old book. on_ fire With noble charm or high desire — It will not do. (Ah me. how sadly well T know It will not do!) For when sorcery has bound you. Helpless, where the first page found you. And you drift beneath old magic Down the beauty-haunted hours Of woven spells and ancient powers — Ah. the end it is so tragic! For every task in every pile .A.t last will squirm and raise its head And smile a demon sort of smile That fills your soul with .sudden dread And tightens something round your heart, Something sick and cold, And tears your conscience all apart And makes you feel all tired and old. And freezes all your hot replies By looking at you with its eyes. Horrid eyes that mock at you — r .\h no I — if will not do I GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE October, 1922 FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH In Southern California po"^^ ^' "^ « been mov- ing quite freely since my last letter was written. The orange honey has been bring- ing nine cents, white sage eight cents, and the darker grades as low as six cents. At the present writing (Sept. 4) buyers are not anxious to buy, as the shipping conditions are so unsatisfactory that it makes it very uncertain as to how long their money will be tied up in the transaction. Few, if any, are buying for speculation, and unless they liave orders or are reasonably sure of mov- ing the honey on to the market in a short time, they do not care to buy excepting at a very attractive price. A few beekeepers are holding with hopes of better prices later, but most of them are ready to sell when the crop is ready, being satisfied to let the other fellow do the speculating. When I read the editorial on page 507 of the August Gleanings on "Inferior Stock Reduces Value of Comb Honey," I could not help but wonder if the same would not apply to extracted honey. The word ' ' value, ' ' however, would be applied to the quantity rather than to the quality of the honey. The propolizing tendency applies more generally to both than is at hrst supposed. Especially is this true if the capj^ing melter is used. This colored material when heated has quite a tendency to discolor the honey with which it comes in contact. Hustlers, of course, we want in either case. Comb-builders, whether their product is white or watery, do not in- terest us who produce extracted honey, just as long as they keep busy capping. Finish- ing is also of minor consequence, as 75 per cent of the comb is all that is necessary to be capped. Travel-stains we do not like; but, if the honey is taken off when it should be, little or no trouble will come from that source. Most beekeepers have made some increase. We all like to have enough new colonies at the close of the season to make it reasonably sure tliat we shall come tlirough the winter with enough colonies to "keep our numbers good," as the beekeepers say. Many decoys have been set out this year, but the swarm- ing has not been so general as in some sea- sons. Consequently, many boxes are still vacant. Queens can be r.-iised and increase made quite late in soutlieni California. Opinions differ as to the value of fall or spring in- crease. If you have plenty of stores, it might be well to m;ike some increase yet this fall. I have had very good results as late as November, and queens have been known to mate every month in the yenr in southern California. It is well to get all combs and wax taken care of, as the wax moth is a busy fellow during the fall months and, if given a chance, will soon destroy many dollars worth of valuable material. These items are being Avritten at Idyll- wild, a mountain resort 5,000 feet up on the slopes of Mt. San Jacinto, where I have just erected a mountain cabin. The An- drews expect to spend many vacations here, and hope that their friends will always find that the "latch string hangs outside the door." Yesterday we enjoyed a hike to the lookout on top of Tahquitz Peak, at an ele- vation of 9,000 feet. There is an old Indian tradition that says that this mountain al- ways gives out rumbling noises before there is to be an earthquake. Quite a number of earthquakes have occurred in this section since the memory of man, and perhaps more will occur in the future. Little or no thought is given to them, and in many cases they are looked upon as an experience to be proud of rather than to be regretted. Some property damage has resulted in the past, but scarcely any loss of life has occurred. People who have never enjoyed the view to be seen from one of these mountain tops little realize just what it is. As I turned from point to point of the compass, T could see the great Pacific Ocean, Catalina Island, Los Angeles, Mount Wilson, Mount San Gorgonia and Salton Sea, with the numer- ous valleys and cities lying between. T have observed bees around the cabin and will try to locate them some day, as I can hear of none being kept around the set- tlement. L. L. Andrews. Corona, Cal. In Arizona '^'^^ summer season in southern Arizona has not been a favorable one for honey production. Following a spring season which seems to have been very variable in the different val- leys of the state, the summer seems to have been uniformly poor. Although the July and August rains have been about normal, mesquite has almost Avholly failed to bloom again. In fact, the number of trees that may be seen v/ith even a few blossoms is so small as to mean nothing to the bee- keeper, while in covering perhaps 100 miles of country roads I have seen just one mes- quite bearing sufficient bloom to be con- spicuous. Of other. flowers from which the bees may so much as draw a, living, there are practically none. Occasional areas of alkali weed nre in luxuriant bloom. This provides a surplus of dark, ])oorly flavored honey for the colo- nies which may chance to be located ne;n- by, useless for commercial purposes but valu able for winter stores. This plant grows densely in favorable areas but is wholly lacking in large arena, so not all apiaries will benefit by it. Those beekeepers who arc locfiti'd so as to OCTOBKR, I'J'J'J o L i: A N I N ( ; s IN li E ]•: c i; T U R I'', FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH draw upon such cultivated crops as alfalfa and cotton are reported as securing light to fair crops, cotton especially not yielding as well as usual. In addition to this, the cot- ton acreage has been greatly reduced as compared with two and three years ago. The iMitire honey crop for this year in this irgiun, judging from reports reaching me, will hardly reach 75 per cent of normal, and may be even much less than that. 1 liave been fortunate enough to have an opportunity to locate a few colonies near a considerable acreage (20 acres) of Hubam clover this summer. Tliis is the first sow- ing of this plant on a commercial scale in the Tucson region, if not the first in the whole of southern Arizona. A fair surplus is being secured, though not so much as was anticipated. Chas. T. Vorhies. Tucson. Ariz. ~ * * In Colorado. Colorado has a crop about the average in nuibt sections, except a few places Avhere liail destroyed the alfalfa and sweet clover Idossoms. The first main flow came on ear- ly and heavy. Some beekeepers were not prepared to gather this crop, and lost some honey that way. The farmers were rushed and so did not cut the hay as early as usual, and this helped the beekeepers. The second and third flows were not very good, the greatest part of the crop coming during tlie first flow. There seems to be considerable price-cut- ting among some of the large beekeepers as well as the small ones. Honey is retailing in some sections at a wholesale price, and in others at wholesale prices plus price of the container, and then beekeepers wonder why the wholesale price is not better. Some are offering Xo. 1 comb at prices that are much less than it cost to produce. However, all beekeepers do not do that. As an example, we have one man that sells his entire crop at a good retail price by investing a little money in advertising and putting up a good article in a neat package. This year we tried out some demonstra- tion apiaries as an experiment, which gave good results. Next year we hope to put in more of these. We have had some European foul brood this season in the Arkansas Valley. This was sliipped in from another state. However, T feel it can be easily controlled in the alfalfa region. Newton Boggs. V\. Collins, Oolo. * *■ * Jj^ Indiana. Witli an a 1 1 - s u m m e r drought, broken only by a few local sliowers, the crop of clover honey in northwestern Indiana probably will be less than .^0 per cent of noriii;il. In .July and the forepart of August strong colonies consumed large quantities of honey already stored, and, where extracting had been done, some were found to be in a starving condi- tion. In low places and along marshes there is a considerable amount of heartease and goldenrod. In fact, bees along the Kanka- kee and Calumet river bottoms are doing exceptionally well, and the fall crop appar- ently will be above normal. Honey is moving very much more slowly than is usual at this time of the year. It probably is due to warm weather, strike con- ditions and to the great abundance of fruit of all kinds. More honey is produced here- abouts than can be disposed of locally. Most of it is amber in color, and at present prices it does not pay to ship to wholesale markets. Some means must be found to increase sales, or producers must necessarily curtail pro duction. About 20 or more Federal Board students at Valparaiso University are taking a course in beekeeping. These students come from various parts of the United States. C. J. Borum is in charge of the beekeeping work. Valparaiso, Tnd. " E. S. Miller. In Iowa ^® ^^'^ having intensely hot and dry weather at this writ- ing (August 6) and Avhile the bees are doing fairly well under these conditions, it will not last long if we do not get rain. Our main fall flow is from heartsease, which, al- though yielding immensely under favorable conditions, cannot stand these hot days long without rain. Beekeepers should take warning that an unusual condition of the colonies exists this fall, and they should keep a close watch on the brood-nests or many colonies will go into winter quarters with little or no stores. We have had a very light flow all through August. In fact, there has been no time since the main clover flow was over -that the bees did not get a little nectar from the fields, iust enough to stimulate brood-rearing: and all through August the brood-nests were bare of honey, but brood in almost every frame. Never did I see the brood-nests so full of brood at the beginning of the fall honey flow. With these conditions it is hard- ly possible for much honey to be stored for winter stores; as with the fall flow now on the queens are more than likely to continue to lay, perhaps more rapidly because the flow is better, and it is probable that Avhen the flow is over an empty brood-nest Avill be the result. It is a condition one does not like; however, it means plenty of young bees for winter, which is one thing decided- ly in its favor. Comb-honey producers rlo not usually have to worry much about colonies being short of stores, btit in the colonies we run for comb the same conditions are present. Our GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE October, 1922 FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH comb-honey colonies are in eight-frame hives and have eight frames of brood; so better keep a close watch on all colonies. Hunt up the feeders, and see that there are no leaky ones unless you have plenty of full combs. A writer of my acquaintance once said that cigarets and an automobile are two good things for a boy to raise the devil with, and he might have added a leaky feeder. The bees are in good condition so far as strength is concerned, and all they will need is to make sure of plenty of stores of good quality with the proper protection. Center Junction, la. W. S. Pangburn. * * * In Alabama.— Jh*' ^^^^""^.r. ^"^* Pf^^'l has been the worst all around of any that we have h-ad for many years. The weather in January and Febru- ary was so warm that the bees consumed enormous quantities of stores, causing a shortage of package bees. The colonies were more or less run down at the begin- ning of the honey flow. During the early part of the honey flow there was rain every day, but on June 4 it quit raining and turned so hot and dry that the nectar dried up in the flowers. Some bees will need feeding for winter. The annual convention of the Alabama Beekeepers' Association was held in Mont- gomery on August 23; officers were elected and an interesting program rendered. A reward of $50.00 was offered by the asso- ciation for the arrest and conviction of any- one stealing bees from the members of the association. The fall flow seems to be the best of the year, as the bees are working fine every morning, making conditions better for re- qneening than in most years. Montgomery, Ala. J. M. Outts. * » * Jy\ Ontario ^*^ report from Ontario in last issue of Gleanings does not necessarily mean that there has been nothing doing in beekeeping in that province worth reporting. But it does mean that the writer of these notes has, in com- mon with scores of other beekeepers, been very, very busy. While many parts of the province have been blessed with good crops of honey, other factors that have come into prominence during the past few years have made the honey season a more strenuous one than usual, aside from the matter of the size of the crop. Chief among these factors here in our home section is the growing of sweet clover. Formerly, when alsike clover was our only source of white honey, the honey flow would be over by about .Tuly 10 or 20 at the latest, and we had ample time, bv hustling a bit, to get the white honev off before buckwheat came in. Xow. with sweet clover following the close of the al- sike honey flow, there is no let-up, and the white honey flow merges right in with the buckwheat honey flow. This season by using a large number of escape-boards we were able to keep some 20,000 pounds of clover honey from getting mixed with buck- wheat; but it meant a tremendous amount of work, and this work had to be done in a hurry. While we lost quite a lot of buck- wheat honey by colonies becoming jammed before we could get the clover honey off and sufficient empty supers given; yet in the end we gained a good deal by this manipulation, since it was a case of handling less honey for more money. A few thousand pounds of buckwheat honey were better lost than to have ten tons of clover classed as buck- wheat, and then get a little more buckwheat. This is the third year that sufficient sweet clover has been grown in our locality to mean anything, one way or another, to the commercial beekeepers. During two seasons of the three it has yielded honey freely, while in the other year it yielded very lit- tle. The year of failure was hot and rather dry, while the years of plenty were cool and wet during the time of the honey flow. Sweet clover will yield best in comparative- ly cool and damp weather, when under simi- lar weather conditions alsike will not yield at all. On the other hand, alsike will yield well in hot dry weather when sweet clover will yield little if any nectar. With the two clovers in the same section, one is almost sure of a fair yield from each or both, and that is the only redeeming feature, as I see it, in the growing of sweet clover in a sec- tion! like ours; for, as more than once stated in these columns, alsike clover will not be grown for seed for a number of years on ground that has produced sweet clover seed. But the boom of sweet clover is already waning in our locality, and, aside from grow- ing it for pasture, I do not think we shall long have this plant as a honey plant in our immediate vicinity. While, as already stated, Ontario has a nice crop of honey, yet the size of the crop does not justify the panicky condition that many beekeepers have been stricken with, and as a consequence have thrown their honey on the market at any price almost that the buver would pay for it. Unscrupu- lous dealers have taken full advantage of this attitude, and today the market in some centers is paralyzed, so far as making large sales is concerned. The great abundance of all kinrls of fruit has been a factor in slow- ing UP local sales of honey, and there is no A question but that conditions will be better m after this surplus of fruit is disposed of. TpTider fruit must be sold at once — honev will keep, and that is one thing in favor of our -nroduet as compared with many other lines. Many beekeepers who recently starterl in OcTOHKK, 1 '.)-- a L E A N r NMi S I N B K E C II L T U R K FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH the business have no regular maikels worked up for their product, but during the past few years this was not noticed so much when honey could be sold almost anywhere and almost at any fair figure asked. This year it is different, and honey has been "dump- ed'' freely. But it is not only the new men in the game that have done tliis. I am creditably informed of at least one extensive producer who has been delivering all over tlie country by truck, at a price less by two cents than many of us sold for in carlots. However, the present state of affairs may work out all right in the end, for although much work lias been done by our association in buying su^jplies nothing has been done in tlie matter of selling the crop co-opera- tively. This niaj'' be a means of drawing tlie producers together so that, when the crop is good, it may be intelligently dis- tributed instead of having large lots dumped at some centers while others go bare, as is the case today. Buckwheat has given a larger surplus than usual, at least in some localities. In two of our beekeeping centers there is no buckwlieat, but here at home there is a large acreage and the crop has been good. Bees are in good condition for winter as to population, but much feeding will have to be done since the brood-chambers are none too heavy. Alsike prospects are good for another year, as the spring "catch" is good and the new clover is blooming in stub- ble fields. J. L. Byer. Markham, Ont. * * » In Idaho "^^^^ season of 1922 will be remembered as one of ex- tremes, in the territory covered by the Ida- ho-Oregon Honey Producers ' Association, for, even in localities not many miles apart, conditions have varied to an unusual de- gree. During the spring-breeding period condi- tions were generally quite favorable; but when June came with its alfalfa bloom, sup- plemented by the various clovers, in some of our ranges in some localities bees made a bare living if that, though there seemed to be a fair flow of nectar, wliich proved to be mostly water. Naturally, in the ranges where little or no surplus was secured, there was practic- ally no swarming except with occasional su- persedure colonies; while in other districts, not 40 miles away, there was a good flow of nectar, with universal preparation for swarming. To such an extent did this swarming fever extend that not nearly so large a crop was harvested from the June flow as might have been taken, if the colo- nies had early abandoned swarming. De- mareeing in the usual way only aggravated the difficulty, if the beekeeper did not ar- rive for the next examination before the possibility of young (jueciis cnicrging in the brood placed above the excluder. [Was the brood placed immediately above the excluder or on top of the supers V In the East there is apparently no trouble from swarming when the young queens emerge, provided there are at least two standard- depth supers between the brood-chamber be- low and the brood raised above. — Editor.] In this connection, it seems that more of our own producers are planning a more or less complete abandonment of orthodox De mareeing and other methods of raising brood above excluders, and falling back on the establishment and maintaining of a single brood-chamber for each colony. After June it is rare for colonies in our ranges to swarm, no matter how good the honey flow, and if cells are destroyed in a single-story brood-chamber there is less labor expended than -with most of the other plans, and no more swarming. Where there may be a later flow, as from our second crop of alfalfa, such queens, held down to a single story, probably "hold up" in their laying better than would be the case if they had been permitted almost to exhaust their fertility by laying freely in two or more stories. With the coming of the honey flow from the second crop of alfalfa, again conditions varied exceedingly. In our own apiaries, none of them over 15 miles from home, there was not a day when bees would not rob if given the opportunity. At no time was the honey flow heavy, though the best colonies gave a very good account of themselves. Nuclei, even though helped with frames of emerging brood, were slow to build up. Demareed colonies did not fill the lower story with brood; but, after the bees had all emerged from the brood placed above the excluder in June, they dwindled down and were in very unsatisfactory condition. In other districts there were a few' days of very heavy honey flow, and quite generally cans and cases were ordered far in excess of the actual need. Quite generally little or no increase was made. With the prices for honey prevail- ing for the past two years and continuing high prices of most of our needs, there is no incentive for increasing our investment in bees, as it is apparent that only those who operate so few bees as to do nearly ail theii' own work are finding the business re- munerative. Market conditions remain unsatisfactory, with few sales, though fortunately there is but little old honey remaining unsold. Colonies, so far as reported, are quite gen- erally going into winter in good condition, though the later light flows have been dis- appointing. It may be, with our usual warm days and cool nights prevailing for weeks at a time, that stores will be very seriously depleted, especially since not five per cent (! 1. K A N r X (I S T K B K E CM' T. T V R V OcToiiKR, ]9t:-J FROiM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH of the colonies in tlie district will be packed for winter, owing to the liigh cost of pro- tection and the uncertainty of the benefits accruing. E. F. Atwater. Meridian, Idaho. « * * In Porto Rico. Having just returned from a couple of trips to my out-apiaries, some of the conditions I found may be interesting to the northern beekeeper. I have mentioned before some of the very unusual conditions one meets with in this small island less than 100 miles long by 30 broad, containing only some 3,600 scjuare miles of territory. Tlie north side of the island is green with thrifty vegetation. This condition continues past Aibonito where I started and for about 4 miles be- yond, whicli is the top of the divide. From there oiie starts down the southern side. From tliis point there is a drop of 1,500 feet in about 5 miles of road. There is a dou- ble figure "8" curve and several singles in tliis stretch of road. Many people become car-sick when traveling this hill country, on account of the turns and twists. For in- stance, there are 21 turns in one-half mile of road just beyond my home, one of tliese being a hairpin curve. This is not at all un- usual. From the divide for a distance of 25 miles the contour of the country Y>ve- sents a dry, burned-up appearance, the ground being bare of growing vegetation, with the exception of trees and large shrubs. Hardly a blade of green grass is to be seen. Many of tlie trees have shed their leaves like winter conditions in the North. I later reached the irrigated lands of the coast where all was green again. A week later I made this same trip to the town of Ponce, and, as there had been a fair rainfall three days before, the dry, arid look had passed, and all over the hills and valleys there was a discernible sheen of green of the new grass growing with won- derful rapidity. This revival of life, or tlie start of new life, is even a more won- derful demonstration of creation than any of our northern springs. It takes on more the character of a miracle, as it occurs in so short a time. As the road I was to take from Ponce was impassable for an auto, I took a horse. When I reached the apiary an hour later, I was i>leased to find honey coming in, and the stronger hives already storing in tlic supers. To reach my apiaries near the western coast I took the train from Ponce to Agua- dilla, and from that town by auto a dis- tance of 10 miles. Located along this road 1 have three apiaries, which are cared for by a native worker. However, it takes close inspection trips to get anytliing accom- plished. All peoples native to the tropics are blessed from their point of view (but condemned by the northern idea) by the habit of "manana, " which means tomor- row. All things can be accomplished "ma- nana." In these apiaries I found no honey coming in, but a prospect of a good honey flow three or four weeks distant. This lat- ter trip occupied four days, as there was so much delay in making connections. It is expected that there will be a slightly heavier yield of honey in Porto Rico this year than was gathered in 1921. Aibonito, Porto Eico. Penn G. Snyder. Field mooting New Jersey Stale l'..'.k.i p. r- ' Association. E. G. Carr, Secretary, speaking OC'TOUKU, lyuL' (J h K A N I N (i S 1'. !■: K (' n h T U U M HEADS OF GRAIN Three Wintering I live only U' miles from Commandments, the late Dr. Miller's home, Marengo, 111., and liave the same conditions for beekeeping that he had, although 1 find I have better results (so far at least) in wintering by outdoor wintering, with good packing and plenty of stores, than he did in the cellar. 1 tind that brood-rearing begins two or three weeks ear- lier than in cellar-wintering, and I have the colonies strong in two stories when the white clover honey flow opens about June first. As I see the situation, there are just three essential things to abide by, namely: Plenty of winter stores, not less than one and one Jialf stories; a good young queen, preferably introduced after the main flow of Juue-.JuIy; good packing put on early and left on until the latter part of April or the flrst of May. I Avintered 100 per cent of mj' bees the past winter while nearly all the other bees in this locality died from want of the above-mentioned essentials. Woodstock, 111. George A. Turner. =(0 ^S6= Apiary Rid In June Gleanings 1 see H. L. of American McMurry says that no one Foul Brood, has ever, to his knowledge, been able to free his apiary of American foul brood. Last j^ear I found this disease in four colonies very late in the season. I was running for extracted honey and had over 100 combs infected or that had been exposed to infection. I shook the bees on to full sheets of foundation, de- stroyed more than 100 combs by melting and scorched all hives and supers with a gas jet. I put the frames into the oven of the cookstove and heated them until they were ready to blaze. This warped them somewhat, but I lost only a few. As it was quite late in the season I fed thin syrup sev- eral weeks, and in October gave each colouj' about 25 pounds of thick syrup. All came through the winter in good condition. I sent 10 hives to Florida and filled them last February with bees driven from box hives and swarms. To this date the disease has not reappeared here or in Florida. I guess success was due to the severe burning given to the hives and frames. The melted combs furnished about 30 pounds of wax. South Jacksonville, Fla. O. Bromfield. Wedge to Avoid The careful handling of Crushing Bees. bees, so as to avoid kill- ing or irritating them, has long been my "hobby," and 1 have given this matter much study and thought. I have watched some who call themselves expert beemen, but who seem to care little how many bees they smash, so long as they "go througli" a lot of hives quickly. When 1 re- DIFFERENT FIELDS place a super or upper story on a very full hive, 1 use a light wooden wedge, 4 or ;"> inches long, 2 inches wide at the large end and % inch thick. I carry two or three of these in my tool basket. This wedge is placed on top of the frames, with the large end projecting over the rear of the hive; then by letting the upper story rest on this and using a little smoke I can slowly lower the super in place without crushing any bees, even with very strong colonies. As the wedge is slowly withdrawn, it is given a slight movement sidewise, back and forth, which gives the bees time to get out of tlie way. Frank L. Wheeler. Eipley, N. Y. APropolized About the middle of last English Sparrow. October, as I was ad- justing and cleaning up my beehives for the winter, my attention was directed to a mass of excited bees on the bottom-board. I supposed they were "balling" a queen from their actions. A few puffs from the smoker scattered them, and I saw a mass of what I thought was an accumulation of propolis. Whereupon I re- moved the frames and pried the mass loose from the bottom-board, and reached in to English sparrow coinpletely embalmed with propolis. remove it, thinking to place it in the can for refuse comb. But on looking at it, I found the remains of an English sparrow. As the entrance to this hive was, perha])s, two inches high, the bird would have had no trouble in entering, whether voluntarily or not. Perhaps it was driven into the hive by a hawk, or it may have been wounded and, in trying to hide, it crawled in. What- ever happened to the bird, T must say it was certainly embalmed for burial as few are. Linden, Ala. .1. E. Sutton. i^C«= Peppermint for If you want to unite bees Uniting Bees. at any time, try the pep- jtermint m e t h o d. This method was brought to my attention last year by Dr. A. F. Bonney. Take a pint bot- tle witli a sprinkler top, fill it nearly full of warm Avater, add a dessertspoonful of es- sence of peppermint and shake before using. Sprinkle the bees of both swarms with the peppermint water, and they will unite with- ( i L E A N T N G S IN BE O TT L T U R K OCTDUKU, li)l HEADS OF GRAIN mill fJj)iFFERENT FIELDS out fighting. It will not be necessary to use all the peppermint water to unite two swarms, but use from l^ to Mi pint according to the strength of the colonies. This method should work well when packages of bees from the South are to be united with colo- nies which have come out weak in the spring. Last year I used it with success in uniting new swarms of black bees, brought in from the surrounding country, with the bees in my yard. Carl C. Johnson. Pomfret, Vt. Gf= ao^Cif: A Wrench for I am sending you here- Tight Screw Caps, with a drawing of a wrench I made for the caps of 5-gallon honey cans. It works so well that I think perliaps others will want to make one also. The illustration is self- explanatory, only I might add that the leather strap should be looped so it just slips Homemade "vvrench to loosen screw caps. easiljr over the cap; also, should the leather get worn smooth so that it does not grip satisfactorily, rub it with a litle rosin or sandpaper it a little. J. H. Peterson. Brigham City, Utah. Feeding Cold It is funny how we work Syrup. along different lines without knowing there is anything out of the ordinary in our methods. It never occurred to me there was anj^thing unusual in feeding cold syrup with perforated pails. Of course, it is one of the great advantages of the pails. Our crates of six ten-pound pails of feed are standard equipment with us just as queen-excluders or supers of combs. In the fall last year we fed over 12,000 pounds of sugar to 597 colonies. Our modus operandi is to put escapes on a yard, and go next day with a truekload of feed. One man trucks home the supers, while the rest of us pack the colonies and put on the feed. Thus tlie truck takes a load each way, bring- ing packing material if necessary on the second trip, and we get suj^ers off and cases and feed on the yard all in one day. The feed has been mixed up on some previous day when there was a man to spare for the job — and a job wanted for the man. If we had to get the feed to the bees at the psy- chological moment when it is warm, T don't know what we would do. It would certainly complicate matters greatly. Of course, we pack the pails. The shavings are poured over them, and when they are to come off these shavings do for side packing. I cannot see how this could be injurious to the bees. On the contrary, cold syrup ex- cites them much less than warm. Georgetown, Out. Morley Pettit. Outdoor Wintering During the past six in Northern Ontario, years I have wintered both in the cellar and outdoors. For the past two winters the losses have been nil. Twenty Buckeye hives are wintered in sets of two to four under rough collapsible sheds. The hives are set three or four inches apart, with leaves be- tween and behind. The others are packed two in a case, with 10 inches of chaff over the top. I have seen bees wintered in the latter way in northern Ontario, some dis- tance north of the Cobalts in a latitude where 45° below is quite common. They were snowed in and therefore had excellent windbreaks. There is never any lack of snow up there. This was in 1918 and 1919, when we had but little snow here. Our bee- yard is on a sidehill facing southeast, having a board fence to the rear, a row of poultry houses to the right and left and a temporary windbreak on the south. Calm always pre- A'ails within this enclosure. Waterloo, Ont. L. J. Hedderick. zffl ^C«: Another Big Report My losses Avere rather from South Dakota. Iieavy last winter for some reason — perhaps the cold weather, as the bees had lots of winter stores. So I bought a few packages of J. J. Scott of Louisiana, two-pound packages with queens, costing me $4.00. From one of those packages I have taken off 200 pounds of comb honey, as nice as you ever saw, and I can take off another 40 pounds any day I wish to put an escape under the super. At this late hour, 11:30 p. m., as I stood at the door a few moments ago the bees, four or five rods distant, were roaring like a distant train. In fact, nearly every day lately they are flying in the aft- ernoon as strong as in July. Another col- ony, my nineteenth, has produced 400 pounds of comb hone3^ Tliis is one I wintered over. I liad 40 colonies in the spring, including what I shipped, and on these I have put 199 supers, each to contain 40 pounds, all of which, except perhaps 10, are full, and these 10 are nearly full. I liave taken off 97 supers, and am taking them off at the rate of 11 a day. If it were not for the fact that it is September in- stead of August, 1 should liave put on at least 40 empty supers. 1 shoulfl ha\'e done much better if it OcTdliKK, 19 12 'J G L P: A N I N G S IN BEE CULTURE iin!EADS~OF'"GMlNn^ FIELDS had not boon for getting hurt in April, making it difficult to do much for about two mouths. Every ounce of houey I have pro- duced this year is water-white. Jamestown, S. D. F. C. Bennett. [Our readers will recall that friend Ben- nett gave us a big report from a package of bees sent him about a year ago. Now, I used to tliink that both North Dakota and South Dakota are rather poor localities for bees. Although friend B. does not say his big yields were from his Hubam clover or perennial sweet clover, I am inclined to think it is the source of the greater part of the honey obtained at present in the Da- kotas.— A. I. Eoot.] In Defense of I liave lately seen many ar- the Honeybee, tides in various periodicals and newspapers in regard to people being stung by bees. I take excep- tions to many of these stories for the rea- son that the majority of people do not know the difference between a bee, a hor- net, a wasp or kindred insects. For example, a neighbor who had screened his porch, called me in one afternoon, saying, "We have several of your bees in here, come in and catch them for me." I went in and I found one bald-faced hor- net, two big yellow jackets, several small liornets, a horsefly — the big kind — and a number of bluebottle flies, also a few wasps, but not a honeybee in the whole collection. T would much rather be stung by a bee than a hornet, as it is not so severe for me. Any one who knows the difference will be cautions about interfering with hornet nests. I hope that beekeepers will give this sub- ject some consideration and uphold our use- ful friend, the honeybee. I make it a point in conversation on this subject to empha- size as well as show how many people err in this matter. The honeybee is not to be classed with those ill-tempered pirates, the yellow jacket and his various relations. Holyoke, Mass. C. H. Taber. 3n^ca= Half Bee-Space Above A bee-space is i/i and Below Frames. i n c h, w h i c h is counted as 2-Bu in .lapanese measurement. We, Japanese bee- keepers, converted our hives to have half the bee-space above and half below. Or, % inch is made on the top and and %inch at the bottom. It is true, there are many who use the top spacing, and some wlio use bottom spacing in Japan. But some of them have already done this converting. Because, in top spacing, tliere occurs the same disadvantages that Mr. Latham )>oint od out ill tlie Marcii issue of Gleanings, and also, in bottom spacing, there is no bee- space above, the frames of the lower story will be propolizod to the under edges of the super. This is inconvenient for us when the super is taken off, for the ends of the top-bars of the frames in the lower story will be attached to the super. The half bee- space above and the half below make the full bee-space between the upper and lower stories Avlien they are supered. Yasuo Hiratsuka. Tara, Gifu-ken, Japan. 30^C8= 616 Sections from Bees are doing wonders One Colony, here this year. I call it a Spring Count. double season. Yellow and white and Hubam clovers by the thousands of acres, and so cut back as to make a constant honey flow now 90 days with no let-up. Many colonies are nearing the 600-pound mark in surplus comb honey, and 30 days yet to go. This report is from spring count, all colonies hav- ing swarmed here in May. Amateurs count them two colonies while I count them as one. In many cases the parent colony and the swarm have finished 11 supers each of 28 Six hundred and sixteen sections of comb honey from one colony, spring count. The parent colony and the swarm each finished 11 supers. sections weigliing 616 pounds; while a feu- have done much better, having finished 15 supers and still storing well. The past sea- son will go down on record as the best I have known in my 43 years of beekeeping. Kecently I was out looking over some bee- yards. If I had taken my kodak along, I could have sent you a picture of an apiary of 47 colonies tiered up like the tall one in this plioto. l^r. E. A. Morgan. A'erniilion, S. D, 662 (i L E A N I N Cr S IN B E E C U L T U R E October, 192;: HEADS OF"GRAINlgW!;irDIFHEBEmLE]^^ • -;*«t "'"WW^ Keadiriff from left to right, beginning at the upper row. (1) James Armstrong, veteran bee-inspector, Ontario, telling what not to do. (2) James Armstrong demonstrating. (Ji) The large hive has no terrors lor this man. He says it is easy to lift with one hand. (1) H. G. Silihald. talking to beekeepers at a held meet m Ontario. The cold day did not dampen the ardor of these Canadian beekeepers (.5) A characterLstic field day in central New York. ( fi ) A good suggestion for advertising hunev. <7-H) What a good queen can do late in August when conditions are favorable. c ur OCTOHKR, 192'2 RE V E E S E the entrance stop for \vint(M- so the top s i il t> is down. W li 0 n this is (lone, dead bees cannot clog the e 11 t r n n e e. ' ' — Will L. Tower, Oakland County, Michigan. "We have almost an entire failure of the hone}'- crop here. Bees are actually starving unless fed, since they have consumed what surplus they had in July. Beekeepers are up against a serious problem." — -J. L. Bark- ley, Jasper County, Mississippi. "The honey crop in this locality is very short. Fruit bloom, locust and poplar were destroyed by a hard freeze the last of April. Clover has yielded but poorly because of the wet cool spell of weather we have had this summer. ' ' — F. D. Covell, Frederick County, Maryland. ' ' If Friend Woodruff (see July Gleanings, page 460) will set his smoker, when not using it, on the nearest beehive to the right ( or on anything else — the ground sometimes will do) he will not only save his overalls and all other muss, but will find the habit more agreeable." — L. Tissaw, Yavapai Coun- ty, Arizona. "I think most of tlio troubles that come to beginners came to me last year with the exception of foul brood, which I hope never to see; but I weathered the storms and came through with an increase of one swarui and a. production of 200 pounds of honey, wliicli I consider pretty good for a beginner. T am saving about one-half of this for 'mil- lions of stores at our house' for the coming season, and trust that I may make then a better report." — H. S. Thompson, Fulton County, N. Y. "Owing to extreme dry and warm weatii- cr tlie usual crop of white clover was a total failure in Portland, although in some localities where there was sufficient mois- ture ill tlie soil some beekepers report a sur- jilus from tills source, but not so with man,y. I'rospects early in the season here were good. Some surplus Avas stored from fruit and berry blossoms, and if white clover liad yielded normally good reports would have been the rule; but bees in the mountains are doing better than for years. Some apiaries aver- age 200 pounds of extracted lione^v from fireweed, which is yielding well. Contrary to teacliings, colonies headed with queens three years old are the top-notchers, and for three years these same colonies have kept up their reputation as being the best. T could show you colonies, stacked six stories high, that liave about 400 pounds ready to extract. We liave but little foul brood this season, but enough to let us know we still have it." - — I'. .1. r.,id coiiihs of l)ees directly from oiic hi\c to BEGINNERS Demuth another. To unite two colo- nies in this wa}', take out all of the combs not occujjied by bees from each hive. Then take out one of the out- side combs which contains only a few bees from each colony and brush these back into the hive of the stronger colony. This will leave a comb in each hive on the outside that has a large circle of bees on it. Now take out the combs from the weaker of the two colonies €n masse, if the frames can be handled in this wa.y, and set this group of frames down into the other hive in such a manner that the two clusters shall come in contact. If the weather is cool enough at the time of uniting, colonies united in this way do not fight. No attention need be paid to the queen. In fact, it would be difficult to find her after the bees have ceased brood-rearing and have formed a cluster. To Make the Hive Fit the Cluster. If any of the combs at the sides of the hive are empty and not occupied by the bees on cool mornings, it is well to take out these empty combs to reduce the size of the brood- chamber to fit the cluster. The space made vacant by taking out these combs should be filled either with chaff division boards or by tight-fitting division-boards ■with packing material, such as dry forest leaves or planer shavings, packed in the spaces between tlic division-boards and the sides of the hive. Some beekeepers reduce their colonies to seven frames or even less during the win- ter, placing a chaff division-board at each side to fill up the space. If, however, the combs at the sides are filled with honey it will not be advisable to remove them, but the bees should be packed so well for win- ter that the cluster will reach nearly across the hive from side to side. Usually it is not necessary either to unite colonies in the fall or to reduce the winter chamber in this waj' unless the bees have swarmed excessivelj^ or the beekeeper has made too much increase by dividing his colonies. Winter Stores. In addition to having enough vigorous young bees to form a good-sized winter clus- ter, each colony should have not less than 25 or 30 pounds of stores for winter. The amount of hone.y in each hive can be de- termined approximately by weighing the hive as it stands and then deducting the weight of tlie hive, combs and bees. A stan- dard ten-frame hive, with a metal cover and an inner cover but Avith empty combs, weiglis about 34 pounds. To this should be added about five pounils for the bees and a little pollen in tlie combs, making the total weight of the hive and bees without honey about 30 to 40 pounds. Hives made of lumber lie.'ivicr tliriii pine will weigh nioi'o tliiiii this, OcTiiMKK, 1! (I li K A N I N G S IN B 1-; 1': C U L T U K K iiiicl of eouise tho dmible-walled hives will vary in weight according to tlie kind of packing used. The Buckeye liive, Avlieii packed with planer shavings, weighs about HSV(> pounds without the chaff tray or cover. Hy weighing an empty hive without frames, and then adding one pound for each comb, one can determine with sufficient accuracy the weight of whatever hive is used. In weighing the hive, if platform scales are not available, the Aveight can be deter- mined with sufficient accuracy bj^ using or- dinary sjiring scales, bj'' hooking under one end of the hive at a time and lifting it c'HOugh to obtain the reading. Adding to- gether the weights obtained by weighing each end of the hive tlie approximate weiglit of the entire hive is obtained. ill order to be sure that there are at least ;-iU pounds of honej'- in the hive, the total weight of the ten-frame standard hive with a metal cover and an inner cover should be not less than (38 to 70 pounds. An eight- frame hive similarly equipped and provision- ed should weigh not less than 62 to 65 ])ounds. Any that weigh less should be fed until the weight of the hive shows that it has at least 30 pounds of stores. Or, if frames of honey are available, one or two combs that contain but little honey can be taken out and frames of honey inserted in tlieir place. ''^'^3 How to Make Syrup for Winter Feeding. For feeding at this season syrup should be made of about two parts of granulated sugar to one part of water, either by weight or by measure. Nothing but granulated sugar should be used for this purpose, especially in the North where the bees are confined to their hives for long periods during the win- ter without a cleansing flight. Apparently it makes but little if any difference whether cane sugar or beet sugar is used for winter feeding. It is well to count on using about as many pounds of sugar as the colony is lacking in its full supply of stores, not counting the water used in making the syrup. For instance, if a colony lacks 10 pounds of liaving enough hone.y, it will need about 10 pounds of sugar. Ten pounds of sugar and five pounds of water will make fifteen ])Ounds of syrup; but, since there will be some loss in the process of feeding, it will be safer to give such colonies the full 15 ]iounds of syrup than less. To make up this amount of syrup, j)nt five pints of w%ater into a vessel and heat it to the boiling point, then pour in ten pounds of sugar and stir until all of the crystals are completely dissolved. To reduce the ten- dency of this thick syrup to crystallize in the combs or in the feeders, dissolve a little over a half teaspoonful of tartaric acid in a little water ajid add this to the syrup or put the acid in the hot water before adding the sugar. Since the action of the acid to jirevent granulation takes place only while the svrup is hot, it is well to bring the tem- ]>erature of the syrup to the boiling point and hold it there for iU or 15 minutes; but great care sliould be taken not to scorcli the syrup, foi' scoridied syrup in many cases would t)c fatal to tlu' bees during winter. How to Feed the Syrup. To make a feeder, use an ordinary ten- j)()und friction-top honey pail. Punch about lOU small holes in the cov-er by means of a small nail and hammer. When the syrup has cooled enough so that it does not burn the hands, the pail may be filled with the warm syrup and the lid put in place. It should then be inverted and ])laced directly on the top of tlie frames in the hive or above an escape-board having the bee-escape removed so that the bees can have access to the feed- er. When the bee-escape board is not used a hole the size of the pail should be cut in a piece of burbqi so that the hive can be covered except where the feeder stands. An empty hive-body should be put on top of the hive, and the pail of warm syrup should be packed with old clothing or some kind of packing material until the bees have had time to take the syrup down. In the extreme northern part of the United States and in Canada where the bees are confined to their hives for long periods with- out a cleansing flight, they will winter much better if fed 10 to 15 pounds of sugar syrup as above described, even though they have plenty of honey. If this is fed some time during October the bees will put it where it will be used first during the winter, and, since good sugar syrup does not contain in- digestible matter, it will be better than hon- ey for winter stores that may have been gathered late. Winter Protection. For wintering outdoors the hives should be protected from the prevailing winds. If they are not already located in a protected place, some kind of windbreak should be provided. Except in the extreme South it pays well also to pack the bees for winter, thus giving them greater protection than that afforded by a single thickness of lumber ip single- walled hives. Those who use the double- walled hives having the packing already built in should see that the top packing is put in place and pressed down at the edges to prevent the escape of heat between the chaff tray and the upper portion of the hive. It is well, also, to fill the hive-stand with forest leaves and see that the hive fits the hive-stands snugly so that the wind will not sweep through under the hive. Single- walled hives can be packed in a store box, if one can be found that is the right size to allow from two to four inches below, three to six inches on the sides and eight or ten inches on the top for packing. Care should be taken to fit the bridge connecting the hive entrance with the opening in the outer box, so that the packing material may not creep into this tunnel and close it during the winter. A good roof must be provided so that no water can leak through to wet (Continued on page 680.) (Ififi GLEANINGS T N B K K CULTURE October, 1922 c GLEANED Geo. S. LJ QU E S TI O N. — -Do the bees ever need more food than the brood- chaiiibev full dur- ing the winter months ? J. L. Whittier. Georgia. Answer. — li the brood-chamber is full of honey the colony has sufficient stores for winter, but brood- chambers are not often full. When extracted honey is being produced, too often there is but little honey left for the bees if all the supers are removed at the close of the season. For this reason it is necessary either to leave some of the honey in the supers or to feed heavily for winter. In milder climates, many beekeepers leave an upper story nearly full of honey to insure sufficient winter stores. In the far north where the winters are se- vere or wherever it is desirable to winter in a single story, it is necessary either to feed the colonies run for extracted honey or to put combs of honey from the supers into the brood-chambers before all the honey has been extracted. Even large brood-chambers are usually short of honey in extracted- honey production unless there is a fall honey flow. In comb-honey production there is usually more honey in the brood-chamber at the close of the season. Size of Entrance for Winter Packing Cases. Question. — When bees are packed in the large packing case should the hive entrance be left % inch deep by the full width of the hive or should it be reduced % inch by 3 inches by using the entrance block? Edwin Helt. Illinois. Answer. — It is well to leave the large en- trance at the hive and also have a deep tun- nel from the hive to the .outer case. The entrance is then reduced to the desired size by closing down the entrance to the packing case. Some use a tunnel 1 inch deep and some even l^/a inches deep, the opening in the outer case being the same depth and about 8 or 10 inches long. This opening is then closed except % inch at one end, mak- ing a vertical opening % inch wide by 1M> inches high. Some use a block having a sin- gle i/^-inch auger hole for closing the opening in the outer case. In the spring this en- trance block is removed when the bees need a larger entrance. Kobbing Out Colony Infested With Moth. Question.- — I had moths in one of my hives and turned it up to clean out the bottom. The next day other bees piled in by the hundreds and robbed this colony. What can I do for it now ? Pennsylvania. E. F. Holman. Answer. — There was no doubt something wrong with this colony, such as queenless- ness, lack of food or one of the brood dis- eases, which so weakened it that the moths were able to get a start. This same weak- ness also made the colony easy prey for tlie robbers. The colony was iu all probability ])rn('ticri,lly worthless before the robbers be- gan on it, so the loss of tliis ccloiiv is not a BY ASKING Demuth 1 iU real loss since it would probably have died any- way early in the winter. If it was weakened by one of the brood dis- eases this rob- bing out takes on a more serious aspect, for tlie disease would then be carried to the other colonies. You can tell by looking at the brood-combs whether the colony had American foul brood, for the evidence of this disease is left in the combs long after the colony has died, the evidence being in the form of dark-brown scales lying on the lower cell wall. These scales can be seen by holding the comb in a good light and then tipping the upper edge toward the eyes so that the light strikes the lower side of the cell. In the case of doubt, a piece of comb containing such scales or dead and discolored larvae or pupae can be sent to the Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C, for examination. If this colony had American foul brood, it will be necessary to keep close watch over the other colonies for disease next spring. Newspaper Method for Uniting. Question. — Do you advise uniting for winter by the simple newspaper method, or would you ad- vise separating the colonies by a wire screen for a day of two and then using the newspaper plan? Also, about how long before the time of jiaeking for winter would you advise that I unite them? Virginia. J. P. Jones. Answer. — It is not necessary to use a wire screen between the two colonies before plac- ing the newspaper between. In fact, it would be a disadvantage instead of an ad- vantage. Unite before cool weather begins. Killing Bees Not Wanted for Winter. Question. — My bees have swarmed so much that they have not stored any surplus honey. I do not want so many colonies. How can I kill the bees I do not want for winter? Pennsylvania. Mrs. Stephen Schmidt. Answer.r — Instead of killing any of the bees it will be much better to unite them until you have reduced to the desired num- ber of colonies. If they are all strong enough for winter, it will be be better to unite them next spring; but, if they are not as strong as tliey should be now, you can unite tliciu now before you pack them for winter. Moth Larvae in Comb Honey. Question. — I find tiny white worms in the sec- tions of comb honey taken off three weeks ago. What is the cause of this, and how can I store comb honey to prevent it? B. J. Stover. Nebraska. Answer. — Tliese tiny wliite worms are tlie larvae of the wax moth. The eggs from which they hatched may have been on the honey when it Avas taken from the hives, in which case storing the honey in a moth- proof room would not have prevented your trouble. You can kill these larvae by fumi- gating the supers of comb honey with car- h. F. B. Lambert. West Virginia. Answer. — While you might be able to do this in your locality by placing a wire eloth betAveen, it AA'ill be better to winter the two colonies separately. The Aveak colony should haA^e the combs that are not occupied taken out and the space filled Avith chaff division- boards or by a tight-fitting diAision-board with packing back of it. To jjlace the Avenk colony over the strong one would rob the strong eolonv of too much heat. Imports and Exports of Honey for United States. Question. — I'leuse inf(H-m me, if jiossiblc, as to the amount of honey that was imported and ex- ported for the United States last year. Tennessee. Hamilton Steele. Answer.— According to the figures secured through the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, the total amount of honey export- ed from the United States during the calen- dar year 1921 Avas 1,880,511 pounds. The amount of honey imported from foreign countries during the same period was 1,95'ii, 312 pounds. The amount of honey shipped to the continent from Porto Kico and Hawaii Avas 2,507,224 pounds, thus making a total of nearly four and one-Iialf million pounds brought into continental United States. During the fiscal year ending June 3(1, 1922, the amount of Jioney exported was 2,400,922 pounds. The amount imported dur- ing the same period was 2,556,540 pounds. In addition to this 2,494,353 pounds were shipped to the continent from Porto Eico and HaAvaii, making a total of more than five million pounds brought into continental United States. Virulence of Spores in American Foul Brood. Question. — I have some extracted honey several years old that was taken from a colony having foul brood, some of it being granulated. Should I use this in any way to feed my bees for winter? Ohio. A. C. Arnold. Answer.— It Avill not be safe for you to feed the honey that Avas stored by the col- ony having American foul brood even though the honey is several years old. Amer- ican foul brood spores retain their virulence for many years. It Avill be much better for you to feed sugar syrup for winter instead of this honey. You can feed this honey to the bees next spring by diluting it Avith an equal quantity of water and boiling in a closed vessel for a half hour to render it sterile. Killing Bees of Diseased Colonies. Question. I find a few colonies badly infected with American foul brood this fall. I would like to kill the bees by the most humane method and clean up. What shall I use? Indiana. Chas. E. Caldwell. AnsAver. — You can kill the bees by setting the hive (without bottom) over burning sul phur in a shallow pit in the ground or hv closing the entrance of the hive, then pour- ing in a cupful of gasoline at the top evenly distributed over the tops of the frames and then closing down the cover tightly. If sulphur is used, a shovelful of live coals should be placed in the bottom of the pit and the sulphur thrown on the gloAving coals. Feeding Corn Syrup for Winter. Question. — Would it be safe to feed corn syniji (Karo) for the bees to winter on? Kansas. M. C. Rathbun. Answer. — Corn syrup Avould not be fit for winter food for the bees even if you could induce them to take it, Avhich is- doubtful. Even a small amount of this syrup mixed with sugar syrup Avould be fatal to the colo- nies in the North Avhere the bees cannol liaA-e frequent flights. ()()S GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE T C ur JUST NEWS Editors HE Uiiiver- V e r s i t y of Wise 0 n s i n announces a 8 li o r t course in beekeeping to be held at Madison, Nov. 13 to Dec. 20. Further in- formation in re- gard to this short course can be obtained by writing to Prof. H. F. Wilson, Madison, Wis. * * * The annual meeting of the Northern Illi- nois and Southern Wisconsin Beekeepers' Association will be held in the courthouse in Freeport, 111., Tuesday, October 17. Fur- ther particulars in regard to this meeting may be had by writing to the secretary, B. Kennedy, 416 East State Street, Rockford, 111. * * * Dr. S. B. Fracker, State Entomologist of Wisconsin, has accepted the secretaryship for the American Honey Producers' League for the remainder of the year. When the jiew officers of the League were elected there was no secretary chosen, and Dr. Fracker has consented to take this position until a new secretary can be elected. * * * Prof. F. Erie Millen, Provincial Apiarist of Ontario, writes that great preparations are being made for the Ontario Beekeepers' Con- vention on Dec. 6, 7 and 8. The debate by prominent Ontario beekeepers on the merits of the ten-frame Langstroth hive as com- pared with larger hives and an important business session in regard to the handling of supplies are the two outstanding features of this convention. * • * * The new officers of the American Honey Producers' League have tentatively set the date for the next annual meeting for Feb. 6, 7 and 8, the meeting to be held at St. Louis, Mo. If possible, arrangements will be made to have the Illinois and the Missouri State Beekeepers' Associations meet at the same place on Feb. 8 and 9. This arrange- ment if carried out will permit the beekeep- ers of these two states to attend the meet- ings of the American Honey Producers' League at the same time they attend their own state meetings. * * * The Schedule Committee of the American Honey Producers' League is now arranging the League schedule of winter meetings. This committee arranges the meetings in the various groups of states in such a manner that outside speakers can go from one meet- ing to another without losing so much time and with less travel than was necessary un- der the old plan. In this way many asso- ciations were able to secure outside speakers that could not have been obtained otherwise. Secretaries of beekeepers' associations who have not already been in correspondence 1 %J side speakers can attend. OC'TdliER, 192'J with the Sched- ule C o m m ittee should make ap- plication at once to Prof. H. F. Wilson, Madison, Wis., in order that the meeting may be held at a time when out- Ray Hutson, formerly of W^est Virginia, is taking up research work in beekeeping for the state of New Jersey. Mr. Hutson will do some work in breeding, investigations as to the value of bees in commercial orchards and an investigation of the damage to adult bees in the state of New Jersey, supposed to be from poisoning. His work is under the supervision of Dr. Headlee, State Entomolo- gist. The turning over of the investigation work to Mr. Hutson will relieve E. G. Carr of this work and permit him to give his time to inspection and educational work. * » * Friedman Greiner, the well-known bee- keeper of Naples, N. Y., was accidentally killed on August 22. Mr. Greiner left his home in an automobile at 4 o'clock in the morning, taking with him his shotgun. In driving over a bridge, the shotgun is be- lieved to have been discharged, the charge of shot entering his body. Marks on the road showed that the car zigzagged down the road for some distance, then plunged over an embankment. The shotgun was found in a clay bank where it was probably thrown by the explosion. Mr. Greiner is well known to the readers of this journal through his writings, having been a contrib- utor for many years. * * * The Dr. C. C. Miller Memorial Library Committee, co-operating with the University of Wisconsin and the State Beekeepers ' As- sociation, is planning a Miller Memorial pil- grimage of beekeepers in 1923 in connection with the annual Beekeepers' Chautauqua, which will be held on the university grounds at Madison, Wis., August 13 to" 18, 1923. During this period the Dr. Miller Library will be dedicated, and on Saturday, August 18, a pilgrimage will be made to the former home of Dr. Miller at Marengo, Illinois. The committee is arranging for memorial ser- vices to be held at the church at Marengo in which Dr. Miller for many years taught a Sunday school class. If arrangements can be made with the church authorities, a me- morial plate will be placed in the church at that time. During the Chautauqua a regular program of speeches will be given, and Dr. Phillips, C. P. Dadant, E. R. Root and G. S. Demuth liavo already agreed to attend. * * » Geo. H. Rca has resigned his position as extension specialist at State College, Pa., to take up work with the A. T. Root Co. as ser- vice representative. OCTOHKR, l!)12ti W?IEN I coin- Ill e n e e d reading tlie Bible at the tnrning-point of my life fwliich T have rof erred to so 111 a n y times) 1 would now and then burst out laugli- ing, and it really frightened the dear wife. Tt was contrnry to her bringing-up. She had always been taught, or sup- posed that the reading of the Bible was a sa- ered and solemn tiling; and T agree with her when I saj' it is. But j'^et there is a lot in the Bible that should prompt us to "rejoice and be glad." And there are man}- funny things that the Bible tells about — at least they were funny to me, be- cause of the many vtie.rpccted triumphs of righteousness over iniquity. A friend of mine, a man who had been addicted to drink- ing, gambling, and no one knows what else, was suddenly converted. His wife told Mrs. Root and me that he would often break out suddenly and say: "O Polly! Just listen to this. Did you ever know before there are such glorious promises in the Bible?" And this, my friends, i=!. as it should bo. The Bible is a literal gold mine when the the Holy Spirit goes with it to make it plain. I have told you that frequently some precious promise from the Bible comes to me as if it were the voice of somebody speaking. And sometimes it speaks plainer than literal words. I am now going to tell you how it has pint ^>ee)i speaking to me. If you will turn to Our Homes in the Sep tember issue, page 601, last paragraph, where T mentioned that precious promise, "My grace is sufficient for thee," you will get at the point. After that page was in print and I was looking over the printed words, the Holy Spirit spoke to me again (T hope you will excuse me for putting it that way), and this is what it said: "Count it all /o// when ye fall into di- vers temptations." Instead of having the blues and beginning to doubt God's word — that is, T am afraid I began to doubt .inst a little — T ought to have counted it "all joy." Tlio idea seemed almost ridiculous^ or pre- posterous, if you will excuse my using such terms. The idea of counting it oil ion, when Satan has been testing you perhaps dav and night for days, or maybe weeks! .Tust think of the idea of scraping up courage enough to rejoice and praise God that he has honored vou and trusted you fmind the word trusted) to let Satan get in all his tricks. And then for you to feel blue and (i li K A N T N r; S IN li E E C U L T U R K OUR HOMES A. I. ROOT n My brethren, count it all joy when ye fall into divers temptations; knowing this, that the trying of your faith workctli patience. But let patience have licr perfect work, that ye may be perfect and entire, wanting nothing. If any of you lack wis- dom, let him ask of God, that giveth to all men liberally, and upbraideth not, and it shall be given him. But let him ask in faith, nothing wavering; for he that wavercth is like a wave of the sea driven with the wind and tossed. — James 1:2-6, 669 discouraged be- cause you have yielded just a little by listen- ing to what Sa- tan had to offer. Instead of feel- ing as guilty as if you had al- ready committed a crime, you should just "count it all joy. ' ' Now, my dear brother or sister, while what T have been telling you is in mind read over the Psalms of David, and see if they do not shine out with a new meaning.* You will then be ready to go on and read the first verses of that Avonderful epistle of James. This ex- perience which the dear Savior has per- mitted you to go through with has been to try your faith and make it stronger. A baby in learning to walk would make no headway if it did not get any bumps and falls; and the newborn soul that is just learning to follow the Master gets stronger and braver by his bumps and falls. There- fore "let patience have her perfect work." And the last verse tells us to hold fast to our faith. No matter what happens, do not get discouraged, and do not even think of turning back, for Jesus says, "No man, hav- ing put his hand to the plow, and looking back, is fit for the kingdom of God." Now, dear friends, I want to switch off a little and talk about "casting your bread on the waters," and the promise that, after you have forgotten all about it, and can not remember the transaction at all, you should find it "after many days." Read the fol- loAving letter: By the way, I do not think I ever told you younger folk of the firm how A. I. Root treated me nearly 40 years ago. At that time T ■«'as a raw unsophisticated country lad with little knowledge of business methods, but even then a crank on bees. I had over a dozen colonies at the time all in hives and frames fashioned with a hand- saw. Somehow T obtained possession of A. T. * Here is one as an illustration : For innumerable evils have compassed me about: mine iniquities have taken hold upon me, so that T am not able to look up; they are more than the hairs of mine head; therefore my heart faileth me. — Psalm 40 :]2. T have seen that verse many times,, hut I had somehow got it into my head that David said his enemies were more than the hairs of his head, and that had always seemed to me rather preposter- ous. If he had really said encmiex it would have )>een preposterous; hut. bless your heart, it was not his enemies — it was his iniqt/itie.i. It was not the outside world that troubled him. It was Satan in his own heart. Remember the dear Savior said (Mark 7;18) that it is not "that which ent^reth into the man," that defiles him. but "that which Cometh out of the man." With this explanation, read from verse 1 8 to verse 24 of Psalm 40. G70 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE October, 1922 Root's catalog, and I iMired over it day and night, and how I longed for some of the lovely goods listed and illustrated therein. Anyho.v I managed by hard work and scrimping to save up something like $100, which I sent straight away to America, and was delighted in due course to receive invoices, etc., to say that my goods had been shipped per the "Albert Russell" from New York. Isn't that name indelibly engraved on my memory? Soon after, however, news reached Aus- tralia that the "Albert Russell" had foundered three days after leaving New York. As I knew nothing of shipping, etc., at the time, I had given no instructions for the goods to be insured. I can assure you it was a case of "Blasted Hopes." How I did want those up-to-date goods — isarticularly the extracting outfit — and how I did want that bit of capital ? In my innocence I wrote to A. I. Root asking him if there was any possibility of re- covering something from the shipping companies. Of course the reply was that there was no possi- bility whatever of securing any compensation. Init this is what A. I. Root himself did. He wrote straightway and offered under the circumstances to duplicate the whole order for half price. A. I. Root was under no obligation whatever to do this. He had probably never heard of me before, and for all he knew would never hear from me again — yet he did it. I must add that since then I have had the pleasure of sending some tens of thousands of dollars to the A. I. Root Co., and every deal has been more than satisfactory, so it is quite evident that there is a good deal of the old A. I. Root personality still pervading the business. If ever you wish to make use of this reference to A. I. Root, you are quite welcome to publish it. H. L. Jones. Goodna, Queensland, June 19, 1922. Now, you may be a little surprised when I tell you that I have no recollection of any such transaction; but when I got to the point of his letter telling how hard lie had worked to scrape up the money, and how it was now all gone, not a trace of it left, T began wondering if our institution away back in the years gone by did not make some kind of liberal offer to send him more goods. J'ryhops 1 did it myself. But one might think at first glance that standing half the loss was a pretty liberal suggestion. And now here is a moral in the above story, and it is right along in accordance with Bible teaching, "Do good and lend, hoping for nothing again." Would one suppose we Avould be likely to liave made money by that liberal way of fixing up the catastrophe? If he sent us thousands of dollars as a result of that ridiculous (?) offer, the profit amply made up what we lost; and then think of having somebody watch for the opportunity to speak a good word for us, for 30 or 40 years, was not that worth more than one can well estimate? Is there any other book or any other source in the whole wide world that gives such suggestions and encourage- ment as tlie Bible? Just one little item in closing: Years ago at a teachers' meeting we Avere talking about the text, "Blessed are ye Avhon men shall revile you, and persecute you, and shall say all manner of evil against you falsely, for my sake. Eejoice and be ex- ceeding glad." I suggested there is a place in the Bible where it says we should not only rejoice but "leap for joy" when we are unjustly accused and persecuted. The rest of the class there, perhaps n dozen teachers, turned on me and asked mo where I could find any such thing in the Bible. Yes, the minister, too, who was present, joined in the laugh at my expense. I kept insisting that I was right; and before the meeting closed I turned to the passage in question, finding it in the sixth chapter of Luke, verse 23. After I had silenced them all I still felt sore; and because they had run on me as they did, I thought there ought to be an unanimous apology. The preacher, however, suggested by way of defense that I had the "advantage." Then I asked for an explanation. "In what way, my friends, did I have any advantage in so stoutly in- sisting that I was right?" Then our good pastor paid me a high com- pliment by saying, "My good friends, Mr. Root had the advantage of us in that he has been studjdng the Scriptures, perhaps, more than any of the rest of us have. And he has also studied them with more enthusi- asm in order to get out these wonderful hidden promises and truths." !iiniiiiiiniiniiiiiiiii:iiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiii:iiin!iiii:iiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiii!iii!iiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii! "A Land Flowing With Milk and Honey." Artichokes, Helianti and Sunflowers. I liave a long story to tell you; and I hope it will interest you as much as it has my- self, and tliat it will help in the great work of making not only our land but the lands of the whole wide world, lands "flowing with milk and honey." One morning when I car- ried a load of my nice Bliss Triumph po- tatoes to market with my electric automo- bile the people gathered around on the side- walk. Somebody said, "Why, Mr. Eoot, how does it come that ijon alone succeed in growing those beautiful potatoes?" I replied, "My good friend, I have been growing potatoes (or at least seeing them grow) almost every year of my life for rif/hfij years.'' T have told about the doctors telling my mother (bless her memory!) that if she wanted to see me get back to life she would have to keep me out of doors as much as ])ossible, and get me interested in outdoor work and seeing things grow. My good mother always had some early potatoes, and she taught me how to grow them in the rich soft dirt, and pull them out of the hill. I think she got me interested in gardening before T was three years old. When I was five years old we left the farm and moved into a little town. Just as soon as we were fairly located I remember mother said she must have a flower bed. By the way, did you ever know of a mother Avho did not love flowers? About the only available good soil in that new home was a chipyard where they had chopped up firewood for years past. By her directions father scraped up a great mound of "chip dirt." Of course he raked out all of the bits of wood, sticks, etc — and tliis reminds me that my good friend Kli/.abeth White said that tlie very best fer- tilizer for this wonderful new blueberry js OCTOBKR, 1921 CrLKANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 671 dirt scraped up from an old chip pile. And this recalls that I have not told you about my two blueberry plants or little trees. Each one bore a fine crop of fruit; but as they were of different varieties one was a little ahead of the other. Our Medina birds were not at all slow in discovering the delicious : blueberries, and before I knew it one bush was almost completely stripped. When the birds got a taste of them they could not wait till the berries ripened. But I "got busy" ; just then, and put a wire-cloth screen over j the other bush, and thus I saved the berries. ! This wire-cloth screen is one we had made I to keep our seed corn so the rats and mice could not get at it. Let us now get back to I that mound of cliip dirt. Mother planted her flower seeds, but only , one plant came up. This she took great pains with, dug about and watered it, and it grew tremendously. It went aw'ay up above our heads and branched out, and in due time it was covered with innumerable blos- soms. Father had been joking her right along about her "posy bed." He said her one plant was nothing but a great weed; but when it w^as covered with blossoms and was humming uith bees, he owned up that it was something worth while after all. But I think he did not quite give up that it was only a weed. ' One day -when the whole family were ad- miring it he called our attention to the way I the ground was heaving up, as if there were big potatoes or something else under the soil. Then he stooped down and pulled out a large (irtichol-r. There was a big laugh all : around, but we five children made good use of the big crop of artichokes from just one hill. The rich, mellow chip dirt did the business. Eotten w-ood or decayed sawdust, we are told, produces an acid soil, and al most all kinds of acid fruits do better witli this acid soil; and it seems also to suit this particular but, in some respects, well-known vegetable, the artichoke.* In Gleanings for April 15, 1913, I gave a description of a new tuber plant brought out by John Lewis Childs called "helian- ti." here is his description of it: Big Money Growing Helianti. Helianti, the new "Wonder Plant," the great combination vegetable. As a money-maker it's a wonder. Unlike ginseng, you don't have to wait five years for a crop. A very showy flower and a new summer and winter vegetable of phenomenal merit. This new plant produces showy golden - yellow flowers like cosmos blossoms, in endless profusion, and immense quantities of fleshy tubers, somewhat after the style of sweet potatoes, that are splendid eating fall, winter and siiring. It stands both heat and cold, and will thrive any- * Not far from where I sit is a ginseng shed; and it has been running for a dozen years or more. The proprietor told me that the only fer- tilizer that can be used successfully with ginseng is rotten sawdust — .iust that and nothing else. Of course the plants must be shaded from the sun ito imitate their native woods. So it seems there 'are quite a few fruits and vegetables that need and sometimes "insist" on this acid soil produced by decaying vegetable matter without any stable manure or similar fertilizer. where in any soil or climate. What would you think of hay, potatoes, asparagus, cauliflower, oys- ter-plant, mushrooms, squash and beautiful ' flow- ers, all on one plant? Of course 1 sent for some, and in due time had some tubers, iuul also a great mass of flowers covered with bees, that reminded me of my mother's posy bed of years ago. Cooked as directed, these were delicious eating, without any question. In fact, tliey made a pretty good substitute for oysters, and tasted a little like the well-known sal- sify or vegetable oyster. But in our clay soil the yield was poor, and it was quite a little trouble to dig them; and Mrs. Root objected that tliey were a good deal of trouble to prepare for cooking. A little later a friend in California gave us some that were quite' a little larger, and he claimed that they would yield as many busli- els per acre as potatoes; but we never suc- ceeded in getting a yiela anything like it. Furthermore, after my write-up in Gleanings one of our office girls brought me about a dozen of the real old-fashioned artichokes; and after we had enjoyed the helianti tu- bers for quite a spell, Mrs. Root tried cook- ing the artichokes in the same way, and pronounced them almost if not quite equal. Let us now drop the artichoke we have been talking about, for another artichoke that bears a vegetable above the ground in- stead of under it. Let me introduce it by a clipping below from the Scientific Ameri- can: Thistle Gardening in San Fraiicisco. By G. A. Orb. In the backyards of San Franci.sco and tlie Half Moon Bay region we find a giant thistle be- ing cultivated for its food value — a giant thistle of Mediterranean origin with spines which are both relentless and cruel, but a large purple flower most gloriously scented which holds an irresistible lure for the bees ; a giant thistle which so loves its adopted home that it refuses to be groAvn elsewhere in spite of the many attempts to do so. This same thistle, with its wonderful, big buds and great Corinthian leaves with their prickly spines, is known to the consumer as the arti- choke; and such a delicacy do we regard the bud of this same flower that it sells for a higher price than the famous Hood River apples, Fresno rai- sins, Florida oranges, or Santa Clara apricots. Indeed, in our cities not only do we find it dis- played in the fancy grocery, but not unusual is it to find the push-cart peddler devoting a part of his limited space to the same delicacy, and both the rich man and the poor man buy it — often pay- ing as high as a quarter apiece. We might perhaps better speak of this unique industry as floriculture rather than market gar- dening; but by whatever name ^Te call it. Cali- fornia reaps the nice annual return of better than a million and a half from it. The artichoke season begins early in the days of October and reaches its crest about the first of April: nor accidental is it that it should reach its height .iust at the time when it will make the most definite appeal to the city consumer. St. Louis. New Orleans, New York, Chicago, as well as the cities along the Pacific slope, all draw their supply from San Francisco. From this region (and the land just a few miles south) there wer«> shipped last year some .'^00 car- load lots; S.'iO of these went to eastern cities, and 150 to cities along the Pacific slope, while, of course. San Francisco itself is a big consumer. Twenty-five cents apiece does not seem such a high price to pay for this delicacy when we stop to think that it must go on the market in tho 672 G L E A N I N (^ S IN B E E C U L T l" K I-; ()( T'lUKK, 19'J'J middle of the winter wheu the appeal to the popu- lar taste will be most powerful ; and when we realize what a back-breaking job it is to prune carefully and cultivate the plant so that it may break forth into blossom at just the identical time we desire, and that this same blossom shall hold all of the delicious succulence which makes it so loved. The grower cuts back his plants in June, and it is marvelous how soon after the plant has been pruned to the very ground the great new leaves and sturdy flower stalks make their ap- pearance. And if it be given plenty to eat — for it has a ravenous appetite and must have plenty of fertilizer, plenty of water, with long days of bright sunshine and a rich black loam soil — it will be most accommodating and bud and blossom just as the gardener would like. But woe betide the gardener who cuts down the ration ! You will notice in tlie above tluit this artichoke is also a honey plant; and our good friend Burbank tells us in his circular that he has perfected a variety of this ar- tichoke with blossoms as large as a bushel basket; and the bud of this plant before the blossoms come out has been found to be such a delicious food that 500 carloads were shipped to eastern cities in 1921. Perhaps somebody can tell me how many carloads are now being shipped. As you perhaps know, I have now two daughters in Los An- geles, Calif., and they are agreed that arti- choke buds are a delicious vegetable. But they do not get buds anything like the size Burbank mentions. Some years ago T was interested in this new artichoke, and suc- ceeded in getting one or two to bloom here in Ohio; bitt Ave had forgotten or did not know just hoAV to use the jilant, and never made any use of the buds. Some of the leaves of that plant were three to four feet long. We have a few plants growing in our garden now that came from Burbank; but I fear our season is going to be too short for them. We give here a cut of this artichoke to sliow vou what thev look like. The California articlioke, or "big thistle," which bears edible buds that are now being shipi)ed to the large cities all over the United States by the car- load. Burbank tells us of an improved variety that bears >)l(>ssoms as large as a Imsliol basket J think I read somewhere that the Cali- fornians claim there is only cue locality in California where these artichokes can be produced successfully, and that spot is rath- er holding tlic tfailc T d" not sec why tticy can not be grown in Florida, and 1 am plan- ning to make a trial of it. The sunflower and artichoke are closely related. In fact, the blossoms of the arti- choke and helianti look very much like a small sunflower. In our August number for 1919 I gave you some extracts from the dairy papers sliowing that the sunflower stalks, when cut at the right time, promise to surpass corn or anything else as a plant for filling silos and helping dairymen in giving the world milk (instead of beer) and butter and cheese. I was very enthusiastic about it. But our Ohio Experiment Station rather discouraged me. While they admitted its value for dairy purposes they had not succeeded in getting nearly as many tons per acre as they got of corn. But our dairy periodicals )ioir report that in many localities sunflower si- lage not only gives more tons to the acre, but produces more and better milk, cheese, etc.; and I believe it is pretty well settled that in many places where sunflowers suc- ceed they are found to be preferable to corn for filling silos. For .one thing they will stand more frost in cold weather than corn, as T have demonstrated, and which I reported in 1919 and 1920. And you may recall that there is a spot in Califor- nia where they grow sunfloAver seeds not only by the ton but by the carload; and the May number for 1920, page 300, gives a report from it as a honey plant, some colo- nies producing 100 pounds of sunfloAver hon- ey. In Eussia, Avhere the Eussian sunfloAA-er seed comes from, they saA^e the seed to such an extent that oil is expressed, and this oil is said to be a very good substitute for but- ter. My impression is, however, that the oil from no plant nor animal can equal the regular old-fashioned cow's butter. Can any of our readers tell us more about it? NoAv, friends, with the above long preface I an) just ready to tell my story. About the first of July T found a notice in t'.e National Stockman and Farmer of a ncAV and improA^ed artichoke, and I at once addressed the Avriter of said article for fur- ther particulars; and it Avas one of my "happy surprises" to receive A-ery proni)>t- ly the letter beloAv: My kind friend Root: May I tell you it is like a benediction to get such a letter from my friend and teacher of 40 .vears' standing. I planted every tuber I had of the French White Jerusalem artichoke, and they are in their rapid growth now. I looked to see if new tul.ers hail formed but there are none yet. They grow like the i)otato. and now they are just sending out the white underground stems on which the tubers will form a little later. This tuber has been de- veloped on the farm of ex-Congressman Sibley of Franklin, Pa., and the results there attained are almost beyond belief. I am writing Mr. Sibley to send you his rejiort on the work done. • The common wild tuberous artichoke T ahvays grew but never thought highly of it, as it lacks productiveness and the tubers are small and very uneven. This improA'od tuber is very large and extra-smooth, and a iiroduction of 850 bushels to llie acre on n large scale is indeed wonderful. ()<;tubi:k, 11122 r, L K A N r N f; S IN B K K C l' L T l, K K ttiid the tops used as a cattle feed amount to over four tons to the acre. L. \V. Lighty. East Berlin, Pa., July 7. 1922. And soon after, I received another exceed- ingly kind letter from friend Sibley together with a circular in regard to the new arti . choke, from which I make clippings as bo- low: Mammoth French White Jerusalem Artichoke. As the .student of liiuM iculture knows, the arti- choke and tlie sunflower are conseners. belonging to tlie helianthus family. Both are indigenous to America, and while it may be douhted if their northern and southern limits are clearly defined, we do know that the eastern and western limits extend from ocean to ocean. Several years ago the horticulturists of France, taking the American .Terusalem artichoke, greatly imi)roved the tuber of this plant in size, color, tlavor and prolific yield, withoiit apparently in any way impairing its hardiness. The improved product IS known, and may l)e found described in Bailey's Kncyclopedia of Horticulture, as well as in his Cyclopedia "f American Agriculture, as the Mammoth French White Jerusalem artichoke. Recalling to memory my boyhood days, I se- cured some seed of this French artichoke for our table use only. The tuber carries a much higher percentage of protein than the potato ; otherwise, as shown by Professor Baile.v, its chemical charac- ter is similar. No vegetables obtainable during the winter months have proved more welcome to our table; w'e have yet to find anyone who does not like this improved artichoke, for when prop- erly cooked the flesh is very white and possesses a somewhat sweet' and nutty flavor. Observing the luxuriant growth of stalk of the artichoke with its fine, delicate and abounding leafage, it occurred to me that the stalk as well as the tuber might be valuable. Therefore, cut- ting some of the green stalks, and at the same time cutting stalks of green corn, we placed them before our horses. Invariably the horses would leave the green corn fodder for the stalks of the artichoke. We then tried them on our sheep and swine with the same results. Our few elk and buffalo seem to like them better than any other food we can place before them. Our cows were less unanimous, the jury splitting six to six. The palatability of the artichoke as compared with that of its relative, the sunflower, was sur- prising. Where the sunflower with its rough stalk and extremely coarse fiber would be neglected, the artichoke would be eaten with avidity. This year, Mr. Hanua, the manager of River Ridge, had our head gardener and the assistant head gardener in several different portions of the field dig enough hills to fill a bushel basket and make an estimate of the yield of the tubers. Our head gardener reported slightly in excess of 1200 bushels per acre. The assistant head gardener made his separate report, showing in excess of 800 bushels per acrp. but stating that he thought his report a very conservative one. Being for the last 12 years an invalid under the constant care of a trained nurse, I requested Prof. H. H. Haver- stick, our county farm bureau agent, to make a verification test of his own. and his sworn state- ment of a yield of 8.50 bushels per acre will be found in an ajipendix attached thereto, also the the sworn statement of Mr. C. L. Goodwill, one of the most i>rominent and highly esteemed farm- ers of this section, showing a yield of 967 bushels per acre. Unlike the sunflower, it has a very fine leaf. Its foliage is profuse, and altho the plant attains a height as great as 12 feet, it is bushy and bunchy in its growth; and the stalks of our en- silage range from one-eighth of an inch to one- half inch in diameter. Throueh the winter we have fed the tubers to our horses, cows, sheep and swine, as well as to our poultry. When we place the artichokes in the boxes where the horses are eating their oats or corn, they will leave the grain to eat the tubers. The pigs and sheep will do the same, tho the cows will not always do .so, it would nt>t be fair to say that our milk yield has averaged greater thau ever before simply from the artichokes, liut we know tliat the average has been higher. It is with some satisfaction that we feel our- selves allowed to elect whether we shall have tubers or fodder — or both the same season. (In those fields from which our ensilage was harvest- ed, tho the tubers are not so large, we had a crop of 5:i,5 bushels per acre.) We have found that our artichokes do better or at least as well planted in the fall as in the spring. lOven when no other crop could be safely put into the ground, we can plant our artichokes and know that the hard freezing of tlie ground or drouth will not destroy the })lanting. It is also a source of satisfaction to be able to dig this crop of tubers either in the fall or in the spring, for freezing seems iu no manner what- ever to prove injurious to them. With us. during some winters the thermometer will register from zero to twenty-five degrees below for a week or ten days in succession. Fearing no damage, we may store this crop more easily where it was planted than elsewhere, with the consequent sav- ing in labor of rehandling. Personally, I have not yet reached that point where 1 would recommend anyone to plant so ex- tensively as we have done; but my faith in the value of it does permit me to suggest that each farmer plant enough in his garden for table use and raise enough seed so that another year at small cost he may use them if he desires. What we do know is that the artichoke will, when grown as hay or ensilage, kill out most other weeds on our farm, for its shade is so dense that the other weeds are smothered. It is the only crop we have ever grown that takes care of itself long enough to let the farmer straighten up and take all the kinks out of his back at one time. I deeply regret that heretofore we have not tested its pasture value. Yesterday we turned our cattle and sheep into our pasture fields where about an acre in each field had been planted this spring to artichokes. Though this pasture field was rich in clovers and many other grasses, both cattle and sheep absolutely neglected all but the artichokes, the iilants of which were 12 to 1.5 inches high. Since writing the above we have put in five additional acres in our pasture, so that now our planting is 95 acres. After reading the above you may be sure I made friend Sibley at "Eiver Kidge Farm" a visit; and said visit was one of the bright spots in my busy life. But this artichoke article has spun out so, miHjh to my regret, that an account of it will have to go over to our November issue. I might say to you, however, that the new artichoke is already growing on our grounds in Me- dina, and I am at present very happy in watching the growth "morning, noon and night. ' ' A New "Declaration of Independence" Needed. The clipping below comes from the Inde- pendent. Is it not high time that we as a nation begin to consider the matter? Labor-union coercion and oppression have spread too far already; and in too large a degree w'hat we have called tho American princi])lc of a free man's right to work where he will has been re- duced to a bit of empty rhetoric. It is time, not merely for a new declaration, but for a new and practical assertion, of American indei)endence of such an oppression. G L K A N I N C; S IN BEE 0 U li T U R E OCTODKR, 19'- Classified Advertisements Notices will he inserted in these classified columns for 50c per line. Advertisements intended for this department cannot be less than two lines, and you must say you want your advertisement in the classified column, or we will not be responsible for errors. For special conditions on bee and queen ad- vertising, please write us. Copy should be received by 15th of preceding month to insure insertion. REGULAR ADVERTISERS DISCONTINUED IN GOOD STANDING. (Temporary advertisers and advertisers of small lots, when discontinued, are not here listed. It is only regular advertisers of regular lines who are here listed when their advertisements are discon- tinued when they are in good standing.) H. N. Major, Griggs Bros. Co., I. J. Stringham, E. L. Lane, Alice Burrows, R. V. Cox, H. A. Meyer, J. E. Harris, Fairmount Apiary, * Elton Warner, W. T. Perdue & Sons, Daniel Danielson, Loveland Honey & Mercantile Co., Hazel V. Bonke- mever, ,1. F. Michael. Chas. W. Zweily, Jensen's Apiaries. P. M. Williams. J. D. Harrah, P. B. Ramer, Crenshaw County Apiary, D. T. Gaster, C. W. Phelps & Son, J. B. Hollopeter, Julius Victor, J. M. Gingerich, Electric Wheel Co., Herman Mc- (!onneIl, R. O. Cox, W. G. Lauver, F. A. Lockhart & Co., Jay Smith, John G. Miller, F. Coombs & Sons, Jasper Knight, E. F. Quigley & Son, Ross B. Scott, Havneville Apiary Co., Frank Bornhoffer, D. E. Collier, A. S. Tedman. HONEY AND WAX FOR SALE. FOR SALE — White clover honey in 60-lb. cans — none finer. J. F. Moore, Tiffin, Ohio. FOR SALE — Fine quality raspberry-milkweed honey in new 601b. cans. P. W. Sowinski, Beliaire, Mich. FOR SALE — White sweet clover in cases, two 60-lb. cans, 10c per lb., f. o. b. Joe C. W^eaver, Cochrane, Ala. FOR SALE — 25 tons fine extracted white clover honev at 12c. Comb honey prices on request. Dr. E. Kohn & Son, Grover Hill, Ohio. FOR SALE^ — -White, amber and buckwheat hon- ey in new 60-lb. cans and 5 and 10 lb. pails. H. B. Gable, Romulus, R. D. No. 2, N. Y. FOR SALE — Extracted white clover honey. 1922 crop, new tins, two 60-lb. cans to case, at $15.00 per case. J. G. Burtis, Marietta, N. Y. Wisconsin-Hassinger-Clover-Bass wood-Extracted • Honey. Qualifies superior flavor and density. E. Hassinger, Jr., Greenville, Wis. FOR SALE — 12,000 lbs. of choice white clover honey, well ripened, put up in new 5 and 10 lb. pails. Sample 25c. W. B. Wallin, Brooksville, Ky. FOR SALE — Choice new clover extracted hon- ey put up in new 60-lb. cans. Write for prices, stating quantity desired. W. M. Peacock, Maple- tou, Iowa. FOR SALE — ^White honey in 60-lb. cans, also West Indian in 50-gal, barrels. Samples and price on request. A. I. Root Co., 23 Leonard St., New York City. FOR SALE — White clover honey in 60-lb. cans and 5-lb. pails, this, year's crop, none better. W^rite for prices. Sample, 10c. F. W. Summerfield, Wa terville, Ohio. GOOD white honey. Tell us what you want Price and sample on request. A. I. Root Co., 2:?() \V. Huron St.. Chicaso. 111. FOR SALE — Clover extracted, one 60-lb. can, $7.50; two 60-lb. can.s, $14.40; buckwheat, one 60-lb. can, $5.40; two 60-lb. cans, $10.20. Also comb honey. J. J. Lewis, Lyons, N. Y. FOR SALE — Very best clover-basswood honey. Produced in new combs. Packed in new contain- ers. 60-lb. cans and 5-lb. pails. Sample. 20r. Write for prices. A. C. Ames, Weston, Ohio. RASPBERRY HONEY- — In 60-lb. cans, 2 in a case for $14.40; one in a case, $7.50. Sample by mail, 20c, which may be applied on order for honey. Elmer Hutchinson & Son, Lake City, Mich. FINEST quality clover honey in 60-lb. cans, two to a case at $15 a case; also buckwheat honey in 60-lb. cans. 10c a pound. Sample, lOe. All f. o. b. here. Edw. A. Reddout. Box 205, New Wood- stock, N. Y. FOR SALE — Finest quality white clover ex- tracted honey, well ripened and of fine flavor, jjul up in 60-lb., 12-11). and 2y2lb. esins. and 10 and 5 lb. pails. R. C. Ortlieb, 29 Van Buren St., Dolgeville, N. Y. OUR 1922 crop of white clover extracted honey is now ready for the market. New cans and cases. Say how much you can use, and we will be pleased to quote you our very lowest price. E. D. Town- send & Sons, Northstar, Mich. FOR SALE — No. 1 white comb honey, $6 per case of 24 sections, six or eight cases to carrier, light and dark amber extracted in 60-lb. cans, 10c per lb.; amber baker's honey in 50-gal. barrels, 8c per lb. H. G. Quirin, Bellevue, Ohio. CHOICE extra fancy white clover honey in new 60-lb, cans. 120 lbs. net. $15. Sample, 20c. Write for prices on larger quantities. Also 100 cases extra fancv Hubam clover honey same price. Edw. A. Winkler, R. D. No. 1, Joliet, 111. FOR SALE — Al diamond clear sweet clover ex- tracted honey, in 60-lb. cans, lOV^e per lb.; in 5 and 10 lb. friction-top pails, 15c per lb. This honey is guaranteed to be equal to any honey in U. S. in body, color and flavor. Virgil Weaver. Box 311, Moville, Iowa. FOR SALE — Choice clover extracted honey in new 60-lb. cans and cases. Write for prices on carload or ease lots; comb honey in Danz. and beeway sections. Packed in six or eight case car- riers. Quality unexcelled. J. X). Beals. Oto. Iowa. CLA-FO-NY Quality (liquid or crystal) honey. Well ripened by the bees, free from wax or pol- len. Clover, case 2 60-lb. cans. $16; case 15 5-lb. pails, $12.75. Buckwheat 2 60's, $10.80; 15 5's. $9.75. Sample, 20c. 5 case lots, 5% off. Clarence Foote, Delanson, N. Y. FOR SALE — We can supply honey to bee- keepers or other roadside sellers who may need to buy beyond their own supply, packed as follows: 2% -lb. friction top tin cans, 2 dozen in case; 5-lb. friction top tin cans, 1 dozen in case; 10-lb. fric- tion top tin cans. Va doz. in ease; 60-lb. square cans, 1 to case; 60-lb. square cans, 2 to case. We have the following kinds of honey: Standird white, alfalfa, sweet clover, California sage. Cali- fornia orange, light amber, amber. Write for prices. The A. I. Root Co., Medina. Ohio. OUR 1922 crop extracted honey is a very fancy grade, water white clover, which was left on the hives until thoroughly cured by the bees before extracting, making it very heavy bodied. This thick, rich honey is all packed in new 60-lh cans, two to the case. Of course, we have to ask a little more for honey of this quality than or- dinary honey. When in need of a good articb^ send a dime for a sample, and address your in (iiiiry to D. R. Townsend. Northstar. Mich. OcTOIiKR, I!)-: (i I, K A N 1 N (; S I X 1? K K (' V ]. T II II K ()' HONEY FOK SALK— In (50 lb tins, wuter- white orange, llic; white sano, l'2c; extra L. A. sage, 10% c; buckwheat, 10c, etc. Hoffman & Hauck, Woodhaven, N. Y. My new crop of comb and extracted honey, un- excelled for quiility. Prompt service and satisfac- tion guaranteed, Sanii)le, 15c, to apply on first order. O. W. Bedell, Earlville, N. Y. FOR SALE — A very good grade of buckwheat comb honey, will average 22 lbs. to the case of 24 sections. A little goldenrod in some of it. $4.2.5 per case, or four or more at $4.00 f. o. b. Andover, Ohio. Edgar Williams, Pierpont, Ohio. HONEY AND WAX WANTED, WANTED — Comb and extracted honey. Con-e- spondence solicited. John O. Hightower, fjxcelsior Springs, Mo. WANTED — Honey in ton lots, comb and ex. tracted of all kinds. Send sample. State price. Joe Mlinarits, 8927 Keller St.. Detroit, Mich. BEESWAX WANTED — For manufacture into SUPERIOR FOUNDATION. (Weed Process.) Superior Honey Co.. Ogden, Utah. WANTED — Comb and extracted honey, carload and less. All kinds of honey and beeswax for sale. Walter C. Morris, 105 Hudson St., New York. WANTED — Honey in ton lots or less. Comb, and white to amber extracted of good flavor for bot- tling. Send sample and price to S. G. Crocker, Jr., Roland Park, Baltimore, Md. WANTED — Shipments of old combs and cap- pings for rendering. We pay the highest cash and trade r)rice, charging but 5c a pound for wax rendered. The Fred W. Muth Co., Pearl and Wal- nut Sts., Cincinnati. Ohio. WANTED — Beeswax. We are paying Ic and 2c extra for choice yellow beeswax and in exchange for supplies we can offer a still better price. Be sure your shi])ment bears your name and address so we can identify it immediately ui)on arrival, and make prompt remittance. The A. I. Root Co., Me- dina, Ohio. POR SALE. HONEY LABELS — New design. Catalog free. Eastern Label Co., Clintonville, Conn. FOR SALE — Used cans, about 20 cases, 2 60s. 60c per case f. o. b. here. Wm. A Cook, Attleboro, Mass. FOR SALE — Used honev cans in cases, good condition. S. T. Fish & Co.. 163 W. S. Water St., Chicago. 111. FOR SALE — "SUPERIOR" FOUNDATION, "quality unexcelled.'' Let us prove it. Order now. Superior Honey Co., Ogden, Utah. PORTER BEE-ESCAPES save honey, time and money. For sale bv all dealers in bee supplies. R. & E. C. Porter. Lewiston, 111. WORTH $$$ to you. Make your own frames. Save one-half. Non-sag thin top-bar. New feature. Sample, 10c. D. S. Hall. Marshfield, Vt. FOR SALE — At a bargain. 200 Texas aluminum honeycombs, new. 50 aluminum honeycombs, slightly used. L. L. Forehand, Ft. Deposit, Ala. FOR RENT — Florida bee farm, share crop, no severe cold. long-producing season. Excellent chance. C. M. Davis. 4537 N. 13lh St.. Phila- deljihia. Pa. FOR SALE — Complete files of Cleanings (ex- ci'pt 3 numbers) from first ninnbiM- to li)18. Files kept bv (i. M. DooliUle. 1', (i, Clark, Marietta, N, Y. FOR SALE — 1000 10-framo comb honey supers, Ijewis "Beeware" new this summer, w«ll paint- ed, GOO of them filled with sections and founda- tion. 12,000 sections, 4Vi x 1% ; 125 lbs. Dadant's thin surplus foundation; 800 shipping cases, two- tier with glass. Will sacrifice for quick sale. Write now! Clyde V. Fisher, Joliet, Montana. WANTS AND EXCHANGE. WANTED — Comb-back chairs, also old rockers and chests with drawers. John Rick, 434 Oley St., Reading, Pa. WANTED — Foundation niill. Rolls must be in perfect condition. The Stover Apiaries, Mayhew, Miss. WANTED — Old combs and cappings for render- ing on shares. Our steam equipment secures all the wax. Superior Honey Co., Ogden, Utah. FOR SALE — Good second-hand 60-lb. cans, two cans to case, boxed, at 60c per case, f. o. b. Cincinnati. Terms cash. C. H. W. Weber & Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. BEESWAX wanted. Old combs (dry) and cap- pings for rendering. Also wax accepted in trade. Toj) market prices offered. A. I. Root Co. of Iowa, Council Bluffs, Iowa. OLD COMBS, cappings or slumgum wanted for rendering by steam press process. We pay casli for wax rendered, trade for supplies, or work it into foundation. W. T. Falconer Mfg. Co., Fal- coner, N. Y. WANTED — To hear from parties having large quantities of beeswax for sale. Also want old combs and cappings. Will render for 5c per pound and pay the highest market price in cash or trade. F. J. Rettig. Wabash. Ind. OLD COMBS WANTED — Our steam wax- presses will get every ounce of beeswax out of old combs, cappings or slumgum. Send for our terms and our 1922 catalog. We will buy your share of the wax for cash or will work it into foundation for you. Dadant & Sons, Hamilton, 111. FOR SALE OR TRADE — All or part of 510 colonies of Italian bees all in four-sttiry 10- frame Standard L. hives, full sheets, wired combs. No disease. Bees located in four yards, two com- l)lete power 8-frame Root e.xtractor outfits, all in Al shai)e. lots of extras. These apiaries averaged 120 pounds (a case) to the colony, spring count, of fine sage honey. Can give part time, or will trade for bees in Utah. Apiaries located on S. B. National forest which protects from overstocking, 10c a colony yearly rental. A good chance for some one who wants a paying business, and home market in Santa Barbara. Calif. Address C. El- mer Morgan, Box No. 641, care R. G. Forsyth, Santa Barbara, Calif. BEES AND QUEENS. FOR SALE — 11 healthy colonies. T. O'Donnell, 1147 S. Springfield Ave., Chicago, 111. HARDY Italian queens. $1.00 each. W. G. Lauver, Middlctown, Pa. FOR SALE — Italian queens, nuclei and pack- ages. B. F. Kindig, E. Lansing, Mich. POR SALE — 200 colonies. 4 locations. 4 main crops, .*1250, R. H. Yearnshaw. Maxwell. Calif. 1 GLEANINGS IN H E E CULT U K E 0( TdBKK, 192-' GOLDEN Italian queeus, untested, $1.00; six, $5.00. E. A. Simmons, Greenville, Ala. AM now booking orders for package bees with queens. Get my prices. J. J. Scott, Crowville, La. FOR SALE — -100 colonies of bees in 8-frame hives. Good condition. C. H. Cobb, Belleville, Ark. FOR SALE — Bees, 20 colonies, no disease, in standard bodies, Hoffman frames. J. E. Veuard, Wilmington, Ohio. BEES FOR SALE — 26 swarms, all in new Jumbo hives, $188.50 for the lot. W. B. Brorein, Wapakoneta, Ohio. FOR SALE — 150 colonies bees, 20 acres fertile Florida land in tupelo honey section. Reason. W. I. Keiter Cherrydale, Va. FOR SALE- — 75 stands Italian bees in good con- dition. Also fixtures to run a first-class apiary. W. P. Turner, Peoria Heights, 111. LATE QUEENS — For late queens send me the order. Pure three-band Italians. No disease. Low prices. D. W. Howell, Shellman, Ga. FOR SALE — Bright Italian queens, 1, $1.00; 12, $10.00; 100, $75.00. Safe arrival guaranteed. T. J. Talley, Greenville, R. D. No. 3, Ala. FOR SALE- — 100 to 200 colonies of bees (Ital- ian) in perfect condition for winter, standard 10- framc hives. E. L. Lane, Trumansburg, N. Y. PACKAGE BEES — $1.50 per pound. Untested Italian or Carniolan queens, $1.25 each. Circular free. J. E. Wing, 155 Schiele Ave., San Jose, Calif. FOR SALE — July 1, Buck Goldens, 1 queen, $1.00; 6 queens, $5.00; 12 queens, $10.00; vir- gins, 40c. W. W. Talley, R. D. No. 4, Greenville, Ala. FOR SALE — 60 colonies Italian bees, Al con- dition, with comfortable home, suburbs Denver, $2800. C. S. Everett, 1162 S. Logan, Denver, Colo. "SHE-SUITS-ME" queens, line-bred Italians. $1.50 each; 10 to 24, $1.30 each. See back cover of January number. Allen Latham, Norwichtown, Conn. FOR SALE — Early package bees, nuclei and queens. We handle 1800 colonies. Shipping sea- son March 1 to June 1. Loveitt Honey Co., Phoe- nix, Ariz. GOLDEN Italian queens for sale. One queen. 90c; 6 queens, $5.00; 12, $9.00; 100, $65.00. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. J. F. Rogers, Rt. 3, Greenville, Ala. QUEENS — For summer and ' fall. Write for prices and guarantee, state quantity desired and when shipment wanted. 1 can fill your orders. J. L. St. Remain, Hamburg. La. POOLE'S three-banded Italian queens are guar- anteed to arrive safely and give satisfaction. Un- tested. 80c each; 25 or more, 75c; tested, $2.00. Rufus Poole. Greenville, Ala. WE are booking orders now for spring deliv- ery for the famous "Colorado Queens." Send your order early so as to be sure to get your queens. C. I. Goodrich, Wheatridge, Colo. QUEENS- — Golden or three-banded Italians of highest quality. Every one euariintped or your money back. 75c each; 6, $4 00; 12. $8.00. G. 11. Merrill. R. D. No. 5. Greenville. S C. BFFS BY THE POUND — Also QUEENS. Booking orders now. FREE circulars, giving de- tails. See larger ad elsewh'^re. Nueces County Apiaries. Cnlallen. Texas. E. B. Ault, Prop. TRY MY CAUCASIAN OR ITALIAN three- frame nuclei at $5.00 each, with untested queen. Tested, $1.50; untested, $1.00, of either kind. No disease. Peter Schaffhauser, Havelock, N. Car. GOLDEN QUEENS that produce large beautiful bees, solid yellow to tip, very gentle and prolific. Untested, $1.25 each; select tested, $3.00 each; breeders, tested, $5.00. Dr. White Bee Co., Sandia, Texas. FOR SALE — Leather-colored Italian queens, tested, until June 1, $2.50. after $2.00. Untested, $1.25; 12, $13.00. ROOT'S GOODS, ROOT'S PRICES. A. W. Yates, 15 Chapman St., Hartford Conn, FOR SALE — -The Doolittle and Clark apiary, consisting of 80 colonies, including house, barn, shop and machinery, poultry house, bee-cellar, etc. For full particulars, address P. G. Clark, Boro- dino, N. Y. IF' GOOD bright Italian queens are wanted by return mail, send your order to M. Bates, Green- ville, Ala. Price, $1.00 each; $10.00 per dozen; $75 per 100. Pure mating, safe arrival and sat- isfaction guaranteed. BRIGHT ITALIAN QUEENS, $1.00 each, 10% less in dozen lots. Pure mating, safe arrival and reasonable satisfaction guaranteed in U. S. and Caiiada. Write us for prices on package bees. We have them in season. Graydon Bros.,.Rt. 4, Green- ville, Ala. LET me save you money on your 1923 pack- age bees, nuclei and queens. Book early and not be disappointed. Queens balance of season, 85c; 6 or more, 65c; after Oct. 20, $1.00 straight. Ev- erything guaranteed. J. L. Morgan, Tupelo Honey Co., Columbia, Ala. SPICER'S three-band Italian queens by return mail. If you are interested in improving your stock and getting larger returns from your bees, head vour colonies with these queens. Untested. $1.00; 6, $5.50; 12, $10.00; tested, $2.00 each. Robt. B. Spicer, Wharton, N. J. TESTED QUEENS— One-year-old tested three- banded Italian queens, descended from the famous Moore strain. Were reared in full colonies and are very fine queens. Price, $1.50 each; 6 for $8.50; 12 for $16.00. Safe arrival and satisfac- tion guaranteed. Elmer Hutchinson & Son, Lake City, Mich. FOR SALE — DEPENDABLE GOLDEN ITAL- IAN QUEENS add beauty to your bee quality Virgins, 60c; 5 for $2.50; untested, $1.00; 6 for $5.00; select untested, $1.50; 6 for $6.50; tested $2.50; 5 for $10.00; selected, $3.00; breeders $5.00. Safe arrival and quality guaranteed. S. H. Hailey, Pinson, Tenn. ITALIAN QUEENS — Three-banded, select un- tested, guaranteed. Queen and drone mothers are chosen from colonies noted for honey production, hardiness, prolificncss, gentleness and perfect markings. Price. $1.25 each. 12. $1.00 each. Spe- cial prices on larger orders. Send for circulars. J. H Hnughey Co.. Berrien Springs, Mich. FOR SALE — 1000 colonies bees. lO-frame Langstroth hives, fully equipped for comb and ex- tracted honey, auto truck, big warehouse, located at Ijaurel. Montana, one of the best honey-produc- iTig sections in Montana; $7.50 i)er colony, with or without locations. Weber Brothers Honey Co., Blackfoot, Idaho. HOLLOPETER'S ITALIAN QUEENS are bred up to a standard and not down to a price, yet price is low where quality and service count. Se- lect nrtpsted each. $1.25; 6. $7 00; 12. $13 00; 2'). $25 00. Write for mailing date and price on larger lots for re(!ueniing. Pure mating no dis- ease, safe arrival and sntisfaction guaranteed, J. B. Hollopeter, Rockton, Pa. October, 19U2 G L K A N i N G S IN B K K CULTURE 677 PLACE your early orders now for queens and package bees. Golden Italian and Caucasian queens, April 1 to May 15, 1923. Untested, 1, $1.50; 12. $15.00; 25, $1.00 each; 2-lb. package bees, $5.00; 3-lb. package, $6.50. 20% off above prices after May 15. Golden Italian breeders, $15.00 to $20.00. Safe arrival guaranteed. Terms, 25% with ord.>r. Sarasota Bee Co., Sarasota, Fla. PACKAGE BEES FOR 1923 — Three-band Ital- ians, bred for business. A 2-lb. package of the Yan- cey hustlers with a select untested queen for $5 00 ; 25 or more. $4.75 each. Attractive prices on large lots. One-fifth cash books your order. Order early and make sure of shipping dates. We do not accept more orders than we can fill prompt- ly. Caney Valley Apiaries, Bay City, Texas. Yan- cey Bros., owners. BEES FOR SALE in lots of one colony up to 100 or more, as desired, or a series of outyards, including small house in town, 32-foot honey- house, 8-fr.ime power extractor, engine, sawtable. 150 new hives in K. D., Ford auto, and various other items required in this line of business. Past 19 years I've produced upwards of 75 tons of honey in this locality. If whole outfit is want- ed it can be bought as a going concern, by paying 25% down, and balance remain one. three or five years at 7% with acceptable backing of notes. Cause for selling, doctor's insistance, age. ill health, and laziness on my part. Correspondence solicited. A. W. Smith, Birmingham, Mich. MISCELLANEOUS. TYPEWRITERS — All makes slightly used, $20 up. Easy payments. Free trial. Express prepaid. Guaranteed two years. Payne Company, Rosedale, Kansas. THE BEE WORLD — The .leading bee journal in Britain, and the only international bee review in existence. It is read, re-read and treasured. Will it not appeal to you? Specimen copy free from the publishers. The Apis Club. Benson, Oxon, England. Send us a post card today. It is well worth your little trouble. MEDICINAL roots and herbs are very profitable to grow. We especially recommend growing Golden Seal which with good care will yield as high as $10,000 per acre for each crop. It takes several years to mature but will average $1000 a year. Special Crops, a monthly paper, tells how. Sample copy, 10c. $1.00 per year. Address Special Crops Pub. Co., Box "G," Skaneateles, N. Y. TOO LATE TO CLASSIFY. FOR SALE — 12,000 lbs. fancy white clover honey, in 60-lb. cans and 5-Ib. pails. Sample, 10c. W. H. Mays, Goshen, Ind. FOR SALE — Michigan clover honey. Prices right. 60 lbs., 10 lbs., 5 lbs. Fancy comb. Write us. Michigan Honey Producers' Exchange, 5493 Grand River Ave., Detroit, Mich. FOR SALE — No. 1 white comb honey, 24 sec- tions per case. $5.50 in carrier, 8 cases per car- rier, f. o. b. Penfield, 111. Also white clover ex- tracted honey in 60-lb. cans. J. F. Coyle, Penfield, 111. FOR SALE — Extracted white clover honey of finest quality, rich and delicious and thoroughly ripened in extra strong new 60-lb. cans at 16c per lb. Repeated orders from well-satisfied cus- tomers are proof of the quality and purity of this honey. Cash must accompany each order. Liberal sample sent for 20c. C. A Kiirhisch T;a Crosri'iit R. n. No. 1. Minn. WANTED — Comb and extracted honey. Fancy yellow wax. C J. Morrison, 750 Co_ttage Grove Ave., South Bend, Ind. WANTED — Fancy comb, all grades of extract- ed. Send samples, quantity, prices. Prompt pay- ment. Michigan Honey Producers' Exchange, 5493 Grand River Ave., Detroit, Mich. TRADE NOIES. Inasmuch as we expect to discontinue listing the following articles in our general catalog we are offering them at a big reduction in order to close out present stock: 15 C472802 — Root capping-melters, price each $12.00 15 C472803 — Dadant uncapping-cans, price each $13.00 14 C472S0S — Boardman solar wax-extractors. price each $19.00 70 0261602 — Metal top telescope cap cover with inner cover, 8-frame, K. D., price each 1.50 80 C262606 — Metal top telescope cap cover with inner cover, 10-frame, K. D., price each $1.60 3 C261601 — Metal top telescope cap cover with inner cover. 8-frame, nailed and painted, price each $1.90 3 C262601 — Metal top telescope cap cover with inner cover, 10-frame, nailed and painted, price each $2.00 100 C271S02 — Demuth winter cases, com- plete, K. D., price each $0.50 4 C271701 — Dovetailed winter cases, 8- frame, with wood cover, complete, nail- ed and painted, price each $2.75 1 C272701 — Dovetailed winter case, 10- frame with wood cover, complete, nailed and painted, price each $3.00 1 C271702 — Dovetailed winter case, 8- frame, with wood co-ver, complete, K. D., price each $1.25 2 C492001 — One and one-half horse-power Busy Bee gasoline engines. Price, each. $35. 00 5 one-half-inch honey pumps. Price each. complete with fittings, $7.00; complete without fittings $5.00 37 C499121 — Dadant electric wire imbed- ders. Price, each $0.75 100 Bee Model.s — The Anatomy of the Bee. Price, each $.25 100 C490561 — Crate staples, 1% x %-inch, price per pound $0.12 Above prices are strictly net f. o. b. Medina, Ohio. Send all orders for the above direct to The A. I. Root Company, Medina, Ohio. STATEMENT OP OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT, CIRCULATION. ETC.. OF GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. PUBLISHED MONTHLY AT MEDINA. OHIO, REQUIRED BY THE ACT OF AUGUST 24, 1912. Editors, Geo. S. Demuth and E. R. Root, Me- dina, Ohio; Managing Editor, H. G. Rowe, Medina. Ohio; Publishers, The A. T. Root Company, Me- dina. Ohio. Stockholders holding 1 per cent or more stock, as follows: Calvert, J. T.; Calvert, Maude R. ; Cilvert. Howard R.; Root. A. T. ; Root. E. R.; Root. H. H. ; Root. Mabel K.; Root. Susan; Trusters of Employees Pension Sharing Fund: Trustees of Employees Pension Fund. Mortgagee holding 1 per cent or more of real estate mort- gaere covering New York property, E. T. Wilson Estate. H. G. ROWE. Mng. Editor. Sworn to and subscribed before me this 25th dnv of September. 1922. H. r. WERT. Nntarv Piiblir- 678 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE October, 1922 I If Ida I^e Tlo^rMl^ J\. Spleridid Collection vy OfE any Opring Bulk This is simijly to introduce our won- derful stock of bulbs — just received from Holland — and to acquaint you with our service and high business standards. These bulbs are strictly first-grade stock, big, hardy. But they must be vlanted this fall. Upon re- ceipt of 48c — stamps or money order — I'll send you by parcel post, pre- paid, your choice of one of the fol- lowing collections : 1. Half dozen delicataly fragrant hyacinths, or 2. One dozen lasting and brilliant red tulips, or 3. One dozen ever popular yellow daffodils, or 4. One dozen dainty paper-white narcissuses or indoor decora- tion, or 5. Two dozen white crocuses that peep through the ground even before the snow is gone, or 6. A mixed assortment of each. iTake your selection and order mnv. I've hundreds of other kinds, too. Also fruit, shade and evergreen trees, and bush fruits. Priced remarkably low. Free catalog. T. J. DINSMOEE, President, The Progress Nurseries, 3300- Peters Ave., Troy, Ohio. \ MOORE'S STRAIN OF ITALIANS PRODUCE WOKKEKS That fill the supers (luick With honey nice and thick. Tl'.ey have won a world-wide reputation for honey-gathering, hardiness, gentleness, etc. I am now filling orders by return mail. Untested queens $1.2.5; 6, $6.50; 12, $12. Select Untested. $1..50; 6, $8.00; 12, $1.5. Safe arrival' and satisfaction guaranteed. J. P. MOORE, Oueen Breeder Route 1, MORGAN, KENTUCKY. LATE QUEENS THREE-BANDED GOLDENS Owing to the great demand for our queens with prospects of fine weather, we will con- tinue to rear queens till late in October, and offer our fine strain of honey-gatherers till November 1st or later. If you have a queenless colony or old queen of no worth, October is your last chance this season to replace her. For quick service send us your order. Our ad will not appear again till early next season. Quality Queens. Oc'ober Prices. Untested, 1 to 12 $0.85 each Sel. Untested, 1 to 12 1.15 each Sel. Tested 2.00 each Wings clipped free on request. Entire sat- isfaction and safe arrival guaranteed in U. S. and Canada. OHIO VALLEY BEE COMPANY CATLETTSBURG, KY. ACHOBD'S THREE-BANDED ITALIAN QUEENS We can supply you up to Oct. 20th. Ship- ment by return mail. Untested $0.75 each Sel. Untested $1.00 each No disease. No honey used in shipping cages. Satisfaction guaranteed. W. D. ACHORD FITZPATRICK ALABAMA. HONEY In 60-11). Tins- We just leeeived .several carloads of beautiful Hoiu\y. Eoadside beekeepers and those supplying family trade will do well to t;ike ailvautage of .. those bargain prices: -White Orange, 13c lb.; White Sage, 12c lb. Extra L. A. Sage, lOi/gC lb. GLASS AND TIN HONEY CONTAINERS. cans, crates of 100 $4.50 ! 1/2 -11 5-lb. pails (with handles) crates of 100.. 7.00 10 III. pail,^ (with handles), crates of 50. 5.25 (iO-lb. tins, 2 per case, new $1.20 case; used 25c WHITE FLINT GLASS, WITH GOLD LAC- QUERED WAX LINED CAPS. 8-oz. honey caiiac,, $1.50 por carton of .! do/.. 16-oz. honey cajiac, $1.20 ])er carton of 2 doz. Qt. 3-lb. honey capac, 90c per carton of 1 doz. HOFFMAN & HAUCK, INC. Woodhaven, New^ York October, 192: U L, E A N I N (> S IN BEE CULTURE 679 Queens - Golden - Queens Iliive you securiHl .-ill you need? I have them US fine as you Ciui secure anywhere at a reason- able price. Untested, $1.00; six, $5.00; 12, $10. If they don't give you satisfaction and you write to me, I will make it satisfactory to you. E. A. SIMMONS, GREENVILLE, ALA, INDIANOLA APIARY offers Italian Bees and Queens for following prices: Untested Queens, $1.00 each; Tested Queens, $1.50 each. Bees, per lb., $2.00. Nucleus, $2.00 per frame. No disease. Bees inspected. J. W. SHERMAN, Valdosta, Georgia. PATENTS —TRADEMARKS I offer prompt, jiersonal and expert professional service, 10 ypars' experience. Write for terms LESTER SARGENT, Patent Attorney, 524 TenUi St., N. W., Washington, D. C. PATENTS Practice in Patent Office and Court. Pat. Counsel of The A. I. Root Co. CHAS. J. WILLIAMSON, McLachlan Bldg., Washington, D. C. BEEKEEPERS' SUPPLIES. The kind you want and bees need. Good stock of the A. I. Root Co. 's make of goods on hand. Catalog free. Beeswax wanted. J. NEBEL & SON SUPPLY CO., High Hill, Mo. MODERN APIARY FOR SALE. BEES SUPPLIES Am moving to California, and wish to dispose of my entire apiary at once. All supplies housed in new honey-shop of 2 stories. Power special 4-bas- ket extractor, pump, storage tank, etc., all new. Lewis Beeware hives and supers on hand now enough to run 200 swarms with drawn combs For- ty swarms in yards now. Call or write and in- vestigate. NO DISEASE A. E. BANKS, Pres. Clinton Co. Beekeepers' Assc, Delmar, Iowa KITSEIMAN FENCE "■a»aved 24c a Rod," writes William Henry, Ripley, O. You, too, can saveloy buying direct at Lowest Factory Prices. WE PAY THE FREIGHT. Write today for Free lOO-papo Catalog of Farm, Poultry and Lawn Fence, Gates. Posts and Barbed Wire. KITSELMAN BROS. Dept. 21 MUNCIE. IND. MASON BEE SUPPLY COMPANY, Mechanic Falls, Maine. From 1897 to 1922 the Northeastern Branch of The A. T. Root Companv. PROMPT AND EFFICIENT SERVICE BKCAUSE — Only Root's Goods are sold. It IS a business with us — not a side line. I'.ight mails dail.v — Two lines of railwav. If you have not received 1022 catalog send' name at once. NEWMAN'S QUEENS Originated from the world famous Moore strain of Italians. Abso- lutely first quality and fully guaranteed, no disease. Satisfac- tion and safe arrival. Untested: 1, $1.25; 6, $6.00; 12, $11 00 Sel. Unt.: 1, $1.75; 6, $8.00; 12, $15.00. Circular free. A. H. NEWMAN, Queen-Breeder. Morgan, Kentucky, TheBEST IIGHT Positively the cheapest and atroiweBt light on earth. Used 111 every country on the globe. Makes and boms fta own gas. Casta no iha^lowa. Clean and Mn'I^r.''",!! i?""**"^^^* Over 200 styles 100 to 2000 Candle Power^FnUy Guaranteed. Write for catalog. AGENTS WANTED EVERYWHERE THE BEST UGHT CO. 306 E. 5th St., Canton, O. BARNES' HAND & FOOT POWER MACHINERY This cut represents our combined circular saw, which is made for bee- keepers' use in the con- struction of their hives, sections, etc. Machines on Trial Send for illustrated cat- alog and prices. W. F. & JOHN BARNES CO. 545 Ruby Street ROCKFORD, ILLINOIS. ;^ix^World's Best " '' y-^ /j// //'''yy/y^J^^ Factory Reo" Cluster Meta^ Shincrles, V-Crimp, Corra- gated. Standing Seam, Painted or Galvanized Roof- mg , Sidmgs, Wallboard, Paints, etc., direct to yoa at ' ock-Bottom Factory Prices. Save money— get better quality and lasting satisfaction. Edwards "Reo" Metal Shingles have great durability— many cuatomers report I.') and 20 years' service. Guaranteed fire and lightning proof. Free Roofing Book Get our wonderfully low prices and free samples. Wesell direct to you and save you all in-between dealer's proat3 Ask for Book No. 183 LOW PRICED GARAGES Lowest prices on Ready-Made Fire-Proof Steel Garag-es. Set up anyplace. Send postal for Garage Book, showing styles. THE EDWARDS MFG. CO. iiiniiiy, Pike St. Cincinnati, 0. F/tEE Samples & Roofln4Book (isn C L K A N I N (i S IN MABKETS (Continued from page 625). Following is a part of the tabulated figures on the honey crop, condition of the colonies and con- dition of the honey plants for the United States, based on rei)orts collected by the II. S. Depart- ment of Agriculture and published in "Weather, Crops and Markets," issued by the Department The figures showing the condition of the colonies and the honey plants for the various states are omitted here for lack of room. For the United States the condition of the colonies on Sept. 1 com pared with normal was 95.1% as compared with 90.9% for 1921 and 91.2% for a five-year aver- age. The condition of the fall honey plants Sept. 1, as compared with normal, was 76.2%, as com- pared with 77% in 1921 and 78.4% for a five- year average. This table should be compared with that on page 533 August issue. Av. yield to Sept. 1 of Per cent of surplus honey per col- total surpl. ony (spring count) honey iisu- Av.1916- ally produc- State. 1922 1921 1920 ed by Sep. 1 Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Per cent. Maine 30 35 35 82 New Hampshire 32 34 36 90 Vermont 45 53 46 96 Massachusetts.. 31 36 36 77 Rhode Island.. 50 0 42 97 Connecticut ... 35 39 42 85 New York 51 60 57 89 New Jersey 33 38 39 89 Pennsylvania.. 41 40 46 82 Delaware 20 0 22 85 Maryland 30 27 50 93 Virginia 30 17 38 90 West Virginia.. 28 32 33 89 North Carolina. 24 12 30 90 South Carolina. 19 14 26 80 Georgia 27 29 29 86 Florida 55 36 55 94 Ohio 45 70 41 90 Indiana 53 57 35 80 Illinois 65 35 38 77 Michigan 56 65 49 91 Wisconsin 65 37 52 94 Minnesota .... 54 54 56 86 Iowa 70 40 57 90 Missouri 60 37 34 79 North Dakota .... . . 44 99 South Dakota.. 85 74 69 92 Nebraska 58 -55 46 92 Kansas 45 43 29 87 Kentuckv .... 40 43 32 80 Tennessee .... 15 23 26 84 Alabama 30 28 33 91 Mississippi ... 30 36 30 90 Louisiana 45 57 36 95 Texas 22 50 37 85 Oklahoma .... 40 28 32 86 Arkansas 35 30 24 84 Montana 60 70 85 91 Wyoming 65 80 89 88 Colorado 44.5 46 51 93 New Mexico... 65 45 48 82 Arizona 42 46 62 94 Utah 50 60 78 93 Nevada 47 85 60 Idaho 65 80 60 97 Washington ... 75 50 53 92 Oregon 80 55 50 99.5 California .... 74 32 58 94 BEE C T^ L T U R V. OfTOBKR, 1922 United States 50.0 40.5 42.7 87.1 Special Foreign Quotation. LIVERPOOL. — The market for honey has l/een dull during the j)ast month. The value of ex- tracted honey in American currency is about 9 cents a jiound. The market for beeswax is also slow, the price at today's rate of exchange being about 31c pound. Taylor & Co. Liverpool, England, Sept. 6. The A. I. Root Company's Quotation. Since our last quotation we have paid the fol- lowing prices in carlots f. o. b. shipping points: Water white extracted white clover, from local producers, with low freight rate, 10% per lb.; Idaho white clover with trace of sweet clover or alfalfa. 8'/^c; western sweet clover and alfalfa, 8c; white sweet clover or alfalfa comb honey, fan- cy, $3.75 per case; No. 1, $3.50; and No. 2, $3.25. These comb-honey quotations are on a basis of $4.50 per case for fancy laid down in Medina; $4.25 for No. 1, and $4.00 for No. 2. We have just at present sufficient stocks for our needs. Talks to Beginners. — Continued from page 665. the packing. Finely crushed forest leaves, dry sawdust, fine planer shavings, wheat chaff or clover chaff can be used for packing the space between the hive and the outer box. The entrance should be reduced during cold weather to about % by 1% or 2 inches, as described in another article in this issue. The bees can also be packed for winter in tarred paper illustrated on pages 644 and 645 in this issue. All uniting, feeding and winter packing should be done during October, especially in the North, for these cannot well be done next month. Beginners often ask if it would not be well to carry their bees into a shed during the winter. This should not be done. The bees will be better off out in the open where they can have the benefit of the winter sun- shine than if placed in an open shed. Neither is it advisable to place loose material, such as fodder, about the hive, which would per- mit the wind to blow through but cut off the sunshine. Protection of this kind would be somewhat like placing the blankets on the roof, expecting them to keep one warm in bed. The protection should be placed im- mediately around the hive where it will do the most good, and the hive should be lo- cated if possible where the sun can shine on it, in order that the benefits of the winter sun may be secured. In the extreme northern part of the United States and in some parts of Canada many bees are wintered in cellars. Those who live in the extreme north and have a badly ex- posed location for the apiary may do well to put their colonies into the cellar next month and leave them there i:ntil the latter part of March or the first of April; but, if a protected location can be had, beginners will usually have better results by wintering their bees outside in well-protected hives. BOOKS AND BULLETINS. C. P. Dadant has revised and largely rewritten Langstroth on the Honeybee, thus bringing this great classic down to date. The new edition con- tains 438 pages and many new illustrations. The book is published by the American Bee Journal. Hamilton, 111. FOR SALE. — Safetv Comb honev cartons for sections, size 4i4x4i/4xl%; 414x41/4x11/^; 4x5x1%; 4x5x1%; 3%x5xiy2; 4i4x4%xl%; 4V4.x4%x\V^ ; 41/4x414x1%; 4i4x4%xl%; for 50 cents per hun- dred, so long as present stock last. Sections equipped with these safety cartons will fit in the regular 24-pound shipping cases and i!\siire s.ife shiiniiciit of honev. Thev nre appropriately printed on all four sides. Send for sample. TPIE A. T. ROOT COMPANY, Medina. Ohio. (I( TOIiKK, 1922 i; 1. K A N I \ (I S I \ I', K K <■ v I, ■!■ p k |.; .RAISE 6UIMEA PIGS jifor us. We buy all you raise. Bie profits— larpedemand — easily raised. _, Pay bctterthan poultry orrabbits. Par- _ ticulara and booklet how to raise FREE. CAVtes DISTRIBUTING CO.. jUy Cranil Ave.. Kancu City, Mo. You can make a better sprouter than you can buy. This sprouter was made in one cvcnir.ij by a H year old boy witli a saw and hammer. The cost, with hcafor, was S2.49. Thousands in use. All say it is the best and handiest made. Make Layers Out of Loafers To make hens lay their best, in winter, growins green food, rich in vitamins, must be fed. Sprouted oats arc bi : t. The Putnam Home JNIade Sprouter yields the best and Eweetest sprouts and with the least work. I will send, free, plans for making this sprouter with description of Little Putnam Stove to heat it. Also instructions for u?e of sto\-e to keep fowls' drinking water unfrozen. Stove holds three pints of oil. Burns a month -d'ithout trimming or fMins. Patented burner. Nothing like it. Ask your dealer, or send me his name an^2.00 and get one by return mail, postpaid. Try it. If not satisfied, return in 10 days and I'll refund $2.00 and postage. I run all risk?. I.PUTNAM Route 1060-0 Elmira. N.Y. Oosf Hand Lantorn ^ A powerful portable lamp, givingr a 300 candle 0' power pure white light. Just what the farmer, dairyman, stockman, etc. neerls. Safe — Reliable — Economical— Absolutely Rain, Storm and Bug proof. Burns eiUicr K.asoline or kerosene. Light m weight. Agents wanted. Big Profits. Write .^Cat.log, Tjj£ g£g.j. LIGHT CO. 306 E. 5th St., Canton. O. LEWIS 4-WAY BEE ESCAPES Burns a Month WithoatAttehtibn I Four exits from supers. Fits all standard boards, s I Springs of coppered steel. Made of substantial 1 ^ metal. Price each 18c prepaid. Made by i i G. B. LEWIS COIVIPANY, Watertown, Wis., U. S. A. | I For Sale by All Dealers. § liii'iiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiininiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii.iiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiifF RHODES DOUBLE CUT PRUNING SHEA RHODES MFG. CO. S. DIVISION AVE., GRAND RAPIDS, MICH. •THE only pruner made that cuts from both sides of the limb and does not bruise the bark. Made in all styles and sizes. All shears delivered free to your door. Write for circular and prices. QUEENS Package Bees Nuclei QUEENS For years we have been shipping thousands of pounds of bees all over U.S.A. and Canada. Now is the time to place your order for spring. Send for our free 1923 circular. We can save you money by ordering early. The Very Best of Queens and Bees. ITALIANS — CARNIOLANS — GOLDENS. Nueces County Apiaries Calallen, Texas GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE October, 1922 923 1923 Nuclei & Bee Supplies ROOT QUALITY We carry a complete line of A. I. Root Co. supplies. Send for catalog. We are now booking orders for our nuclei for the spring of 1923. Note what the following promi- nent beekeepers say about our nuclei and business methods. "In reference to your nuclei let me say I will have no hesitation in recom- mending you as to ability to put up bees for shipment or as to your busi- ness integrity. — R. P. Holtermann, Bruntford, Canada. "Installed the 2.5 nuclei today. They ar- rived in perfect condition. I am more than i)leased with them, and will rec- ommend you to anyone. — J. B. Alder- son 3432 N. Oak Park Ave., Chicago, 111. "Twenty-five nuclei arrived in excel- lent condition. This is something like buying bees. — Arthur F. Hodgson, Jar- vis, Ont., Canada.'' 3-fr. Nuclei Italian Bees and Queen $5.00 ea. 3-fr. Nuclei Black Bees and Italian Queen 4.50 ea. One extra pound of bees with each nucleus, and safe arrival, free from disease guaran- teed. One-third down with order to guar- antee acceptance. A. R. IRISH Big Reduction Lewis Extractors ■ ON. Bee Supplies Sliipping cases $.S0.00 per 100 Slotted section-holders... $3.00 per 100 Sections, 1%, No. 1. . .$10.00 per 1000 Job lots of frames, regular size $3.00 per 100 Standard Hoffman frames, 9% deep $4.50 per 100 Unspaced wedged top-bar frames, 91/8 deep $2.75 per 100 Send for Catalog and Price List. '^R^queen With FOREHAND'S 3-BANDS They Satisfy; Why? Because they are guaranteed to be as good as money can buy. Not a cheap queen but a queen of the best at a cheap price. Every queen guaranteed to reach destination in first-class condition, to be purely mated and give perfect satisfaction or money back. Orders filled by return mail. Untested, 1 to 25, 90c each; 25 to 50, 80c each ; 50 to 100, 75c each. Select Untested, $1 each. Tested, $1.75 each. Better Queens for Less SMoney N. FOREHAND, RAMER, ALA. CHARLES MONDENG 146 Newton Avenue N. and 159 Cedar Lake Rd. MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. Lev/is Markle Power Honey E.xtractor. Tank cut away. \ — -Pan over machine'ry. B — Bottom of tank. Made in 4 and 8 frame sizes. Accom- modates 2 sizes of baskets, power op- erntiou, machinery underneath, no vibration, tank and basket instantly removable for cleaning. A commer- cial success. Circular free. Address: 6. B. LEWIS COMPANY Watertown, Wisconsin, U. S. A. There's a Distributor Near You. (^(■ToiiKli, 192'J a T. v. A N 1 N (I S T N B K K C V L T U R K BEE CANDY'"'-^' "'";" '"" "="'' '«.--' -«. ,^, ^1^^, wlu'ii you pack your bees this fall. This caiuiy will suvj many colonies that are short of stores. Put up in large paper plates .iiist rii;ht for your hive. Send for circiilar anil pvici'. also ciitaloir of supi>lies.. H. H. JEPSON 182 Friend Street. Eoston 14, Mass. QUEENS Reliable Three- Banded Italians Western Beekeepers now is the time to re- queen those colonies. Head them with one of our vigorous young queens and he assured of having strong colonies in the s]>ri!)g when every hen counts. We can supply you promptly at the fol lowing prices : Untested — 1, $1.00; 5. $4.50; 10 to 50. 80o each; larger lots. 75c each. Tested — 1. $2.00; 10, $17.00. The Orange Apiaries, Portervllle, Gal. O. F. Darnell, Prop. M. S. Fortune, Queen-Breeder. ROOT QUALITY SUPPLIES BEES AND QUEENS. Authorized Distributor for St. Louis district. Send for Catalog. O. G. EAWSON, 3208 Forest Place, East St. Louis, 111. I. F. MILLER'S STRAIN Italian Queen Bees .From my best SELECT BEEEDEER; gentle, roll lioney in, hai'dy, winter well, not inclined to swarm, tlire'; banded, 28 year.s ' l)reeding e.xperi- ence. Satisfaction guaranteed. Safe arrival in U. S. and Canada. 1 Untested, $1.2.5; (5, $7.00; 12, $12.00. 1 Sel. Unt., !i<1.50; C, $8.00; 12, $14.00. I. F. MILLER, Brookville, Pa., 183 Valley. DON'T DELAY-GET OUR PRICES WE SAVE YOU MONEY SUPPLIES falcon QUEENS - tf FOUNDATION W. T. FALCONER MFG. COMPANY FALCONER (Near Jamestown), NEW YORK. "WJiere the best beehives come from." BANKING BY Ml A^ILr AT AT.Spitzer PRES. E.R.Root VICE PRES. E.B.Spitzer CASHIER READY MONEY. To he sure of having capital when opportunity calls, save and invest with prudence. Perfect secur- ity and 4% interest will reward you, if you open Savings Account with this old, established bank. Deposits received BY MAIL. The SAVINGS DEPOSIT BANK CO, THE HOME OF THE HONEY-BEE MEDINA, OHIO - (J LEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE October, 1922 QUESTION Mr. H. L. Jenkins, Ham- burg, Iowa, sent us his or- der for 100 cases of two 5- gallon cans, and saved $21.00. Are We Saving You Money? THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY OF IOWA COUNCIL BLUFFS, ICWA Your Last Chance We can send you quick a choice untested Italian Queen at our reduced price, to fill your last need of the season for a queen. Order now and save your colony or replace those old queens be- fore it is too late. Queens^ Nuclei and Packages for 1923 1 Untested, 75c; 10 or more, 60c each. THE STOVER ^APIARIES MAYHEW, MISSISSIPPI On Friction Top Cans and Trails •J5 oO 100 iiOO 500 1000 2V'2-lb. cans $1.15 $2.15 $4.10 $7.75 $18.75 $36.00 5 -lb. pails 1.90 3.50 6.50 12.00 28.25 55.50 10 -lb. pails 2.75 5.00 9.50 18.00 43.00 83.00 All i)acked in fibre oontainers. They keep ueat and clean till you use them. Prices F. O. B. car'^ Tjaiisiiiir rmd not Crom ^dinc disl-uit ^liippinsr iioint. Send in Your Order 1-Pound '^ound Jars White glass ami lacquered screw caps packed in re-shipping cases of 24 each. Priced as follows: Each $1.30 10 Cases 12.00 50 Cases 57.50 F. O. B. cars, Lansing, Mich. 6-Ounce Tumblers White glass and lacquered slip-on caps. Packed in re-shipping cases of 48 each. Priced as follows: Per Case .$ 1.45 10 Cases 14.00 F. O. B. cars. Lnnsina-. Mich. 2-Ponnd Round Jars White glass and lacquered screw caps. Packed in re-shipping cases of one doz. each. Priced as follows: Per Case $ 1.20 10 Cases 11.50 25 Cases 27.50 F. O. B. cars. Lansing, Mich. qA Grade Tin PaSle Just what you want for attaching labels to tin and glass containers. It sticks. Prices as follows: One Pint 25c One Quart 45c One Gallon $1.-50 ' Postage extra. Ronieinber. TT RTTCKf^. Send in Your Order M. H. HUNT ^ SON .510 North Cedar Street LANSING. MICHIGAN Some Wintering Suggestions It is time to be preparing the bees for winter. Every beekeeper knows that a young queen, plenty of young vigorous bees, plenty of good stores, and a location where the cold winter winds cannot sweep unbroken over the hives, are indispensable necessities for good wintering. There is another requirement for good wintering that a good many beekeepers unfortunately neglect — pro- tection of the hive itself. Good beekeepers don't neglect this very important mutter — they either use permanently packed double-walled hives, or they pack their hives from the outside in some sort of winter case. THE BUCKEYE DOUBLE-WALLED HIVE. Here is a hive, beautifully made, long tried, and proven fit for all the cold and storm of win ter. Its first cost, to be sure, is greater than that of the single-walled hive, but it pays for itself within two or three seasons ordinarily, because: Bees winter in this hive with the very least loss; the hard labor of cellar-wintering or special packing is done away with; there is a saving of winter stores; strong colonies are assured for the beginning of the honey flow. Notwithstanding all these admitted advantages in favor of the perma- nently packed Buckeye Hive, we have known of bee- keepers buying single-walled hives and providing winter-packing cases for them (necessitating ail the labor of putting up and packing in the fall and tak- ing down in tlie spring), at a larger expense than a Buckeye Hive for every colony would have cost them originally. And right now it would pay many a beekeeper to make his bees safe and secure for next winter and all winters by transferring from old hives to the Buckeye. The beekeeper who does this has the safest, slickest, nicest-looking, easiest-to-hahdle api- ary in the world. The small beekeeper especially should do this. The backlotter certainly should do it. But — we do not advise any beekeeper with good single-walled hives to discard them. Pack them in some way for winter. Slater's felt tied about a single-vsralled hive, as advised and illustrated in Gleanings in Bee Culture for October, 19'21, is the best cheap packing, we think. Any right-sized box, with exit from the hive entrance properly arranged, may he made to serve as a winter case. The rather expensive quadruple winter case is excellent and will pay, if the beekeeper has the money to buy it. We shall be glad to quote prices on quadruple winter cases, in small or large quantities — but they are not cheap. We will quote the very lowest figure possible, however, material and quantity considered. The Buckeye Double-Walled Hive. BARGAIN PRICES FOR A WINTER CASE. We have some winter cases for single-walled hives, both 8-fraine and 10-frame. that virtually convert a standard single-walled hive into a Bvirkeye. The case, the same size as the outside wall of the Buckeye, fits over any standard 8 or 10 frame hive, leaving space for pack- ing with sbavings. chaff or leaves; and the regular Buck- eye teleseo))ir8r metal cover completes the outfit, which is very satisfactory. We have in stock 1.58 of the 8- frame, and 120 of the 10-frame of these dovetailed win- ter cases. AVhile they last, we will sell the 8-frame in packages of 5, knocked down, for $9. .50; the 10-frame in packages of 5, knocked down, for $10.00. First come, first served. They won't last long. 10,000 HAVE BEEN ASKED FOR. The beekeepers of this country have already asked us for 10.000 copies of our little booklet, "How to Sell Honey." Perhaps you want one. If so, it's free and a postal card to us will bring it to you. Dovetailed Winter Case with Metal Cover. THE A. I. WEST SIDE STATION ROOT COMPANY MEDINA, OHIO RYof til* :- 1922 Agricultural (©leaning,^ in pee Culture "And now. wlien conies tlu- calm mild day, as still such days will come, To call the squirrel and the bee ' from out their winter home; When the sound of dropping nuts is heard. though all the trees are still. And twinkle in the smoky light the waters of the rill. The south wind searches for the flowers whose fragrance late he bore. And sighs to find them in the wood and by the stream no more." — William Cullen Bryant. VOLUME L NOVEMBER, 1922 NUMBER 11 m^iierVif^ Don't do garden work the slow back-breaking way. You can grow a far better garden, easier and with much less time and work. BARKER WEEDER, MULCHER AND CULTIVAIOR THREE MACHINES IN ONE Simply push the BAEKER along the rows (like a lawn mower). Eight blades revolving against a stationary underground knife destroy the weeds and in same operation break up the surface crust into a level, porous, moisture-retaining mulch. Aerates suil. Intensive cultivation. "Best Weed Killer Kver Used." Has leaf guards, also shovels for deeper cultivation. A boy can run it — do more and better work than 10 men with hoes. Write Us Today for FREE Booklet. I.ct us tell vou about this machine and how to raise liigger. better gardens — make gar dening a pleasure. A vahiable book, illus trated. Gives prices, etc. A card brings it Write us today. Use coupon below. BARKER MFG. CO. ar,x 23 DAVID cirr. neb Barker Mfg. Co.. Box 2H. David City, Neb. Gentlemen: Send me postpaid yo\ir free booklet nnd PaotorytoUser offer Dear e stiipjied on expiration. No subscriber will be run into debt by us for this journal. CHANGE OF ADDBESS. — Give your old address as well as the new and write the name to which the journal has heretofore been addressed. BEMITTANCE. — Should be sent by postoffice money order, bank draft, express money order, or check. CONTBIBUTIONS to Gleanings columns solicited: .stamps should be enclosed to insure return to author of manuscript if not printed. ADVEBTISING BATES. — Advertising rates and conditions will be sent on rofniest. Results from advertising in this journal are remarkablv satis- factory. ADVEBTISEBS' LIABILITY. — The publishers use utmost diligence to estab- lish in advance the reliability of every advertiser using space in this journal. Entered as second class mail matter at the Postoffice at Medina, Ohio. Published monthly. Space occuiiied liy reading matter in this issue, 74.3 per cent; advertising, 25.7 per cent. THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY, Publishers, Medina, Ohio Editorial Staft Geo. S. Demuth and E. R. Root A. I. Root H. H. Root H. G. Rowe Editors Editor Home Dept. Assistant Editor M'n'g Editor 686 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE NOVEMBEE, 1922 Money Sa'ved Time Saued Bee Supplies Root's Goods at fadory prices with WEBER'S service. Send us a list of your wants and we will quote you prices that will save you money. C. H. W. Weber & Co. 2163-65-67 Central A've. Cincinnati, Ohio MR. BEEKEEPER-- We have a large plant especially equipped to manufacture the sup- plies that you use. We guarantee all materials and workmanship We ship anywhere. We allow early order discounts and make prompt shipments We pay the highest cash and trade prices for beeswax. Write for free illustrated catalog today. LEAHY MFG. CO., 95 Sixth Street, Higginsville, Missouri Texas Beekeepers should write to A. M. Hunt, Goldthwaite, Texas. HONEY CANS AND CASES Several carloads, all sizes, just received at our Ogden, Utah and Idaho Falls, Idaho, warehouses. Quick service; lowest prices. Also comb honey cases, all kinds. SUPERIOR HONEY CO., OGDEN, UTAH (Manufacturers Weed Process "SUPERIOR FOUNDATION" and Dovetailed Beehives.) NOVKMBER, 1922 G T; K A N I N O S IN B K 1<^ CULTURE 687 M- FOR YOU You need our new 1922 bee supply catalog more than ever before. Have you received one? Many new articles are listed for the saving of labor and greater honey production. Our attract- ive prices, superior quality and prompt service will alwaj'S be appreciated by beekeepers. Send a list of your requirements to us. THE FEED W. MUTH COMPANY, Pearl and Walnut Streets, Cincinnati, Ohio. Lewis Extractors LewisMarkle Power Honey Extractor. Tank cut away. A — Pan over machinery. B — Bottom of tank. Made in 4 and 8 frame sizes. Accom- modates 2 sizes of baskets, power op- eration, machinery underneath, no vibration, tank and basket instantly removable for cleaning. A commer- cial success. Circular free. Address: 6. B, LEWIS COMPANY Watertown, Wisconsin, U. S. A. There's a Pistribntor Near You. Big Reduction -■ON. Bee Supplies Shipping cases $30.00 per 100 Slotted section-holders... $3.00 per 100 Sections, 1%, No. 1. . .$10.00 per 1000 Job lots of frames, regular size $3.00 per 100 Standard Hoffman frames, 9Vs deep $4.50 per 100 Unspaced wedged top-bar frames, 9% deep $2.75 per 100 Send for Catalog and Price List. CHARLES MGNDEN6 146 Newton Avenue N. and 159 Cedar Lake Rd. MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. ^■-■^-^'-'■^■>"7 — ^ W_i>— *»J GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE November, 1922 HONEY MARKETS niliiiiiiiiiiiiiliiMHiiiiiimiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiMrmiiniiiiiiiiiiiimtiiiiiiiiiiiinniiiiiimiiiiiiii tiiirriiiiiiiiiiii(iiiiiiii> U. S. GOVERNMENT MARKET REPORTS. Information from Producing Areas (First Half of October.) CALIFORNIA POINTS. — Colonies generally in good condition for winter. Nectar yield from al- falfa reported unusually light. Demand and move- ment of honey barely moderate, with relatively few inquiries for carlots. Market firm, and many beekeepers and , shippers reported holding for higher prices, expecting a general advance due to the tariff. Carlots for outside shipment range per lb. as follows: White orange 10-10 1/20, one car reported sold locally at 9c; white sage, 8 % - 8%c, 1 car 9 1/4 c ; light amber sage 6 1/2 -7c, light amber alfalfa 6i/i-6V2C. Beeswax, cash to grow- ers, 20c per lb. White Hawaiian honey offered at 7c per lb. f. o. b. San Francisco. Pew sales No 1 star thistle honey reported from northern California at 8c per lb. INTERMOUNTAIN REGION. — Colonies gener- ally said to be in good condition for winter. With advent of cooler weather, demand for honey, both comb and extracted, has increased. Numer- ous carlot shipments of comb reported and several of extracted. Comb crop in ColoraJo said to I'e much heavier than that of lasc y^nv. It is re- ported that the carlot comb price declined 20-25% during late September and early October, and car- lot sales reported at |3. 00-3. 15 per 24-section case. Other carlot sales in Colorado and Montana reported at $3.75-3.85 per case. Extracted honey seems to be firm. Carlot sales of white sweet clover and alfalfa reported from Colorado and eastern Washington at 8-81/30 per lb, with 1. c. 1. sales at 8% -10c. Some beekeapers said to be sell- ing to near-by dealers at 7-7 1/20 for white extracted in 5-gal. cans, and low as $2.75 per case for car- lots of white comb. Average yellow beeswax sell- ing at 23-25C per lb. In Arizona honey sales from the small mesquite crop reported at 7y2-8y3C per lb. Crop from cotton now filling up hives for winter. Beekeepers generally inclined to hold al- falfa and cotton honey, but several carlot sales reported at 5% -6c per lb. TEXAS POINTS. — In localities where local rains fell in September, hives are in fair condi- tion so far as young bees and winter stores are concerned. In other localities stores and bees are light in numbers. Long drouth said to have been instrumental in producing the large number of failing queens reported. Demand for honey im- proving. Some sales reported of light amber in 2/60s at 7y2C per lb., and chunk comb, 6/lOs at 13 ¥20 per lb. EAST AND NORTH CENTRAL STATES.— Fall flow from goldenrod and aster has been good in some sections ; in others it has been curtailed by lack of rain. Beekeepers fear that extremely dry fall will be damaging to next year's clover crop. Many colonies short of stores and beekeepers are feeding sugar syrup for winter. Some colonies said to be still rearing brood. Improvement noted in demand and movement of honey, although still only moderate. Carlot sale of extracted white clover reported at lO^/^c per lb., with less-than- carlot sales at 11 -12c. Amber honey selling down to 8c per lb. Most beekeepers reported selling No. 1 white comb at 20c ])er section. PLAINS AREA. — Colonies strong but many are reported light in stores owing to shortage of fall honey and heavy brood-rearing. Ground dry and prospects therefore not good for 1923 crop. Increase noted in several sections in Hubam clo- ver acreage. Hubara said to be still yielding nec- tar heavily. One large beekeeper reports an aver- age yield for colonies near Hubam fields of 260 lbs., two and a half times that of otlier colonies. Numerous individual yields of 275 lbs. reported Carlot sales extracted white clover reported at 9c and 10 1/2 c per lb., with small-lot sales at 12-12 %c I)er lb. Comb honey seems to be selling slowly around 20c per section, with sales by small far- mers reported low as $3.00 per case. NORTHEASTERN STATES. — Honey plants hurt by September drouth, and fall flow has been very light decent rains will help clover for next season. Considerable feeding will be necessary to keep bees over winter. Demand improving, but few large lot sales reported. One carlot sale re- ported of l)uckwheat in 160-lb. kjgs i.t 8j. per lb. Retail sales of honey show a considerable growth in some sections, but roadside selling con- sidered not so good as last year. Small orders for white clover have practically exhausted sup- plies of some beekeepers already. WEST INDIES: Porto Rico. — Sales to United States very light as shippers are holding for 65- 70c per gal., which closely approaches the New York wholesale price of 70-75c per gal. Cuba.- — Prices show slight advance. One large shipment to Holland reported at 62c per gal., cost and freight included. 4 Vie per lb. is the quoted f. 0. b. extracted price, while beekeepers are be- ing paid 3 1/2 c per lb. Telegraphic Reports from Important Markets. BOSTON. — Freight receipts equivalent to I'Vz cars Porto Rico via New York and 70 cases comb by express from New York state arrived. Mod- erate demand for both comb and extracted, with prices unchanged. Comb: Sales to retailers: New York, 24-section cases white clover $6.00-6.50. Vermont, 20-section cases best heavy white clover $5.50-6.00, light $4.50-5.00; 24-section cases white clover best carton stock $6.50-7 00. Extracted: Re- ceivers sales to confectioners and bottlers in 10- package lots or more, per lb., Porto Rico, amber 8 14 -9c. California, white sage 14-16c, light amber sage 12-14C. CHICAGO.- — Since last report 1 car Idaho, 1 car Colorado, 6,000 lbs. Iowa, 12,000 lbs. Wisconsin. 4,000 lbs. Wyoming and 2,000 lbs. Illinois ar- rived. Demand and movement moderate, market generally steady with a slightly firmer under- tone in some quarters. Extracted: Sales to bot- tlers, confectioners and wholesale bakers, per lb.. Colorado and Idaho, sweet clover and mixed sweet clover and alfalfa white 10-10 72 c, few sales lie, light amber 8% -9c, few sales rather poor stock 7y>c; Illinois, white sweet clover 10% -lie; Wis- consin and Iowa, mixed clovers white ll-12c. Comb: Sales to retailers, 24-seetion cases Idaho. Colorado and Wyoming, white sweet clover and mixed sweet clover and alfalfa No. 1, heavy $4.00- 4.25; No. 2, $3.00-3.75. Wisconsin, white clove:- and extra fancy No. 1, mostly $4.75-5.00; most sales No. 1, $4.00-4.50. Beeswax: Receipts mod- erate. Demand and movement moderate, market firm. Sales to laundry supply houses and whole- sale drug houses, domestic, light 31-33c, dark around 28c. Cuba and Central America, light 29- 30c. dark 20-26c. KANSAS CITY. — No carlot arrivals since last report. Supplies moderate. Demand and move- ment moderate, market steady. Sales to jobbers : Extracted : Montana, white alfalfa, 12c per lb. Comb: 24-section cases Montana and Nevada, white alfalfa No. 1 heavy new stock, $4.25-4.75. Missouri. 24-section cases heavy white clover No. 1, new crop $5.00-5.50. NEW YORK. — Domestic and foreign receipts and supplies limited. Demand limited, market steady. Extracted: Spot sales to jobbers, whole- salers, confectioners, bakers and bottlers, domes- tic per lb., California, light amber alfalfa, none on market; white sage 10-llc, white orange HV2- 12 %c, few high as 13c. Intermountain section, white sweet clover 10-llc. few sales 12c, New York, white clover 9i^-10%c, few sales high as lli/^c. South America and West Indies, refined 70- 75c per gal. Beeswax: Foreign receipts and sup- plies moderate. Demand moderate, market steady. Spot sales to wholesalers, manufacturers and drug trade: South American and Chili, light 26-28c, few 29c, darker 24-26c; Brazil, light 25-28c, few 30c. darker low as 21c. West Indies, light, best 26-28c darker low as 20c. Africa, dark 18-21c. PHILADELPHIA.- — Extracted: Supplies gener- ally light but demand has been only fair. Market firm due principally to tariff duties on foreign stock. Sales to jobbers, Florida, various flavors light amber 83c, amber 79c per gal. Boeswax: Sup- plies of imported stock rather liberal, and with only a fair demand market has been barely steady with no change in prices. Sales to manufacturers. Tier lb. Africa, dark 21.22c. Brazil, light 26-27c, Chili. 27-28C. ST. LOUIS. — During past month 1 car Colo- rado arrived. Demand jmjiroving, market steady. No sales to jobbers reported. Sales direct to' re- tailers. Comb: in 24-secti&n cases, ColoradOj white NoVKiMBKR, 1922 GLEANIN(}S IN BEE CULTURE 689 clover $5.00-5.50. Extracted: Per lb., Missouri. light amber 8-lOc. Becswa.x: No receipts report- ed since last report. No change in market. Prac- tically no demand or movement, market dull. Un- graded average country run. 25c per lb. H. C. TAYLOR, Chief of Bureau of Markets. From Producers' Association. The marketing of comb honey in carlots has been as satisfactory as could be desired. The ex- tracted honey situation is not as satisfactory. Evi- dently the mild weather, which has prevailed long- er than usual, and the large amount of fresh fruit available this season account to some extent for the lack of interest displayed by carlot buyers of extracted honey. As the new tariff of three cents per pound is nov7 in effect, the beekeepers should be able to derive some benefit from it. We are looking for an active demand for strictly first-class white bottling honey, as the supply of this kind of stock is not excessive. The Colorado Honey Producers' Ass'n. Denver, Colo. F. Rauchfuss, Secretary. The A. I. Root Company's Quotation. Since our last quotation we have paid the fol- lowing prices in carlots f. o. b. shipping points : Water vi^hite extracted white clover, from local producers, with low freight rate, 10 '^c per pound; western white to water white sweet clover and al- falfa, 8c; western light amber, 6c; white sweet clover or alfalfa comb honey, fancy, $3.75 per case; No. 1, $.3.50, and No. 2, $3.25. These comb- honey prices are based on the following prices f. o. b. Medina: Fancy, $4.50; No. 1, $4.25, and No. 2, $4.00. Our immediate requirements have been cared for. The Opinions of Honey Producers Themselves as Reported to Gleanings in Bee Culture. Early in October we sent to actual honey pro- ducers the following questions : 1. How does the total honey crop for 1922 com- pare with that of 1921 for your locality? Give answer in per cent. 2. What per cent of the honey produced in your locality has already left the hands of the pro- ducers ? 3. How does the number of colonies that will go into winter quarters compare with that of last year? Give answer in per cent. 4. What is the condition of the colonies compared with normal as to (a) number and age of bees? (b) stores for winter? Give answer in per cent. 5. What is the condition of the honey plants for next season as compared with normal? Give answer in per cent. 6. At what prices is honey being sold in large lots (carload or entire crop) at the producer's station? (a) Extracted honey per pound? (b) Comb honey, fancy and No. 1 per case? 7. What are prices to grocers in lots of one to five cases? (a) Extracted honey in 5-lb. pails or other retail packages? (b) Comb honey, fan- cy or No. 1 per case? 8. How is honey now moving on the market in your locality? Give answer in one word, as slow, fair or rapid. The answers as returned by our honey and bee reporters are as follows : Crop. No. Colo. Cond. In large lots. To Grocers . Move- State. Reported by: Yield. Sold. Colo. Bees. Stores. Plants. Ext. Comb . E.xt. Comb . ment. Ala. J. M. Cutts .100. .100. . 85. . . 75 . . Ark. J. Johnson . . . 5o! '. 50 '. .100. . 75 . . '.$4.80'. ". .$5.00. . '. Slow B.C. W. J. Sheppard. .200. . . 25. . 1 50 . .100. . !$.2o! !$1.25! Cal. M. C. Richter. . 20. . . 60. . 80. '. 80 '. ! 80! ' . .08. . 1.15. . Fair Cal. G. Larlnan . . . 150. . 40. .100. . .08. .Fair Cal. M. A. Sayler . . 100. . . 50 . .100. !ioo'. '. . .08. '. 3.60 !! '. .60! .Fair Colo. J. A. Green. . .. . 75. . . 20. .110. '.no'. '. 95'. .110. . . 3.15.. . .65. '. 4.00'.'. .Slow Colo. B. W. Hopper. .100. . . 20. .100. . 75.. '. .09". . 4.00.. . .65. . 4.00. . . Slow Conn. A. Latham .... .110. . . 80. .105. .125. . . .12. . 5.75.. .Fair Fla. C. C. Cook. . . . .100. . . 25. . 100. .100. . . .08. '. .65! .Fair Fla. H. Hewitt .200. . . 50. .110. !ioo. !ioo! .100. . . .08. . .65. .Pair Fla. W. Lamkin . . . .200. . . 50 . .100. .100. .100. .100. . . .08. . .75. . Slow Ga. J. J. Wilder. . . .120. . . 80. .115. .100. .100. .100. . . .10. '. 4.25! '. . .80. . 4.50.. .Fair 111. C. P. Bender.. . 120 . . . 75. .115. . . 90. .110. . 70. . . 4.80.. .Good in. A. L. Kildow. . .150. . . 5. . .115. . 25. . ; .10.' '. 4.25. .' .75 ." . 5.00. . .Slow Tnd. T. C. Johnson. .125. . . 25. .100. .100. . . .80. . 5.00.. Ind. E. S. Miller... . 75. . . 25. . . 90. . '.loo'. .110'. . 90. . . .80. . 4.80.. . Slow Ind. J. Smith . 50. . . 50 . . .100. . 75. . . Slow Iowa. E. G. Brown.. .110. . . 50 . .110. '. !]2o! '. . 80 . 80. . '. .09! '. .75! '. 5.00!." .Fair Iowa. F. Coverdale. . .200. . . 80. . .125. .100. . '. 4.75'. . .75. . 5.00.. . Slow Iowa. W. S. Pangburn .600. . .100. .' .'loo! . 95.. . 5.00. . .75. . 5.00.. .Fair Kan. J. A. Nininger. .110. '. . 10. . .120. . .130. .130! .100. . . .75. . 5.00.. Kan. C. D. Mize. . . . .110. . . 20. . .100. . .110. .120. .100. . . .70. . 5.50.. .Fair Ky. P. C. Ward. . . .100. . . 90. . .100. . 60. . . 1.00. .Fair Me. 0. B. Griffin. . . . 10. . . 35 . . . 90 . .100. . '. 7.20'.-'. . Slow Md. S. G. Crocker, Jr.lOO. . . 50. . .125. . 75. . ; 5.25! '. 1.00! .Slow Mass. 0. M. Smith. . . . 25. 5 . . .100. '. '.125". '. 50 '. Mich. T. D. Bartlett. . .100. . . 25. . .100. . .100. . 65. ! !ioo! '. .10! .75 . '. 4.80 !! !siow Mich. L. S. Griggs. . . . 90. . . 50. . .100. . .100. . 60. . .125. . .10. '. 5.40. . .75. .Fair Mo. J. H. Fisbeck. . .400. . . 1. . .100. . .100. .130. .. 85. .Slow Mo. J. W. Romberger.lOO. . . 50 . . .110. . .100. .100. . . 75. '. 4.25! '. .75! '. 5.00! .Fair N. Y. Adams & Myers. 125. . . 33. . .125. . .100. . 75. . .125. . .60. . 6.00. .Fair N. Y. F. W. Lesser. . . 40. . . 10. . .110. . .100. . 90. . .120. '. .10'. . 4.80. .Slow N. C. C. S. Bumgaruer . .100. . .100. . .100. .100. . 90. .Fair Ohio. R. D. Hiatt. . . . 50. . . 60. . .120. '. 1.00! . 5.50. Ohio. J. P. Moore. . . . 80. . . 30. . .110. '. '. 90'. . .80. . 4-.80. . Slow Okla. J. Heueisen . . . .100. . . 10. . . 90. .' .' 75! 'aoo'. . . 70. . .75. Okla. C. F. Stiles. . . .150. . . 65. . . 95. . . 75. . .80. '. 5.00! !Fair Ore. E. J. Ladd. . . . .150. . . 10. . .100. . .100. . 3.50. .Slow Ore. H. A. Scullen . . .125. . . 50 . . .100. . .100. '. Al'. .' .80 .' .Fair Pa. H. Beaver .... . 80. . . 90. . . 70. . .10 . .65. . 4.50. .Fair Pa. D. C. Gilham. . ..80. '.'. 5 ! . .110. ! '. 100 '. 60 ! . . 80. . 1.05. . 7.20. .Slow Pa. G. H. Rea . 30. . . 50 . . .100. . . 75 . 75. . . 50 . . 6.00. . Slow R.I. A. C. Miller. .. . 75. . . 10. . .100. . .100 .110. . .100. '. 1.25! . Slow Tex. T. A. Bowden. . 25. . . 50 . . .100. . .75. . Fair .Slow Tex. H. B. Parks. . . . 25. . . 50 . . .100. '. '. 75 '. 66! '. .08 Utah M. A. Gill .100 .300 . . 30. . .120. . .133. '. !]oo ^iio! '. '. 80 '. . .120. . .07 '. 3.50. . 5.75. . ". .50. . . 1.25 . 4.00. . 6.50. .Slow Vt. J. E. Crane. . . .Slow Va. T. C. Asher. . . . . 75 .' '. 50 .' .. 95. . .105 .110. . .100. . 6.00. . . 1.10. . 6.00. .Fair Wash. G. W. York.. . 90 . . 75 . . . 80. . . 85 . 95. . . 80. '. .08 . 3.75. . . .65 . 4.40. . Slow Wash. W. L. Cox .125. . . 20. . .100. . .100 . 95. . . 90. . . .90 . 5.00. .Fair Wis. E. Hassinger, Jr. 120 . . 50 . . .100. . .100. .'. .11 . . .85 .Fair .Slow Wis. H. F. Wilson. . 90 . . 25. . .100. '. .100 '. 50'. . .100. .. .12 '. 4.75! . 6.75. 690 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE November, 1922 For Real Success You Should ^uy Woodman's Inner Overcoat Hives ^EE CAUSE: 1. Protected. Bees work day and night. It has been shown by careful obser- vation that maintaining a tempera- ture of 98 degrees permits comb-build- ing to go on both day and night. The bees will thus devote more daylight time to gathering honey. 2. Larger Honey Crops are assured. The bees are enabled to rear brood earlier in the spring, with no danger of chilled brood on account of cold snaps. One bee in March is worth one hundred in July. 3. You will practically eliminate winter losses. With your colonies in normal condition (that is, with plenty of good stores, a young queen and young bees) you will be able to winter prac- tically 100%. The Inner Overcoat Hive will last a lifetime, us the outer hive walls are the same thickness as in the single- wall hive. In other words, WOOD- MAN Inner Overcoat Hives are a lifetime investment — -not an expense. Out of -door Wintered Bees have many advantages over cellar-wintered bees. They do not spring-dwindle and are stronger at the opening of honey flow. Insures Close-up protection. A per- son may have any amount of blank- ets fastened up to the wall of his room and still freeze to death if left in the center of the room without close-up protection or insulation. The close-up protection in the Inner Over- coat Hive is what does the trick. 5 one-story regular depth hives. $25.00: Jumbo depth. $27.50 Special circular on WOODMAN'S Protection Inner Over- coat Hive, showing 10 large illustrations, sent on retiuest. A. G. WOODMAN COMPANY, Sole takers 238 Scribner Ave., N. W., Grand Rapids, Mich. NOVKMliKR, 192'2 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 691 A SUPERIOR QUALITY AT LESS COST. Supplies A SUPERIOR QUALITY AT LESS COST. (MADE BY THE DIAMOND MATCH COMPAITST) WE ARE MAKING SPECIAL REDUCTIONS IN PRICES WHICH ARE GOOD FOR NOVEMBER AND DECEMBER SHIPMENT ONLY. WE ARE SURE BEEKEEPERS WILL PROFIT BY TAKING ADVANTAGE OF THIS REDUCTION. One-Story Complete Dovetailed Hive With metal telescope cover, inner cover, reversible bottom, Hoffman frames, nails, rabbets. Standard Size. Crate of five, K. D., 8-frame $11-40 Crate of five, K. D., 10-frame 11.95 Jumbo Size. Crate of five, K. D., 10-frarae 12.85 Hi've-Bodies With Hoffman frames, nails, rabbets. Standard size, crate of 5, K. D., 8-fr $4.70 Standard size, crate of 5, K. D., 10-fr 5.30 Jumbo size, crate of 5, K. D., 10-fr 6.20 Hoffman Frames Standard size 100, $4.70 ; 500, $22.00 Shallow 100, 3.90; 500, 19.00 Jumho 100, 5.20; 500, 25.00 Diamond '^rand Foundation SPECIAL PRICES! SPECIAL PRICES! Medium 5 lbs., 65c lb. ; 50 lbs., 60c lb. Thin Super 5 lbs., 70c lb. ; 50 lbs., 65c lb. Comb Honey Supers For 4x5x1% sections including section-holders, fence- separators, springs, tins and nails. Crate of five, K. D., 8-frame $5.00 Crate of five, K. D., 10-frame 5.40 HOFFMAN 6c HAUCK, INC. WOODHAVEN, NEW YORK 692 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE November, 1922 The Seal of Approval is placed on Dad ant's Beinf orced with Badiating Shoulders of Strength Patented Makes Non-Sag All-Worker Com!) Wired Foundation A YEAR OF USE completely ujaholds the claims which were made for Dadant's Wired Foundation, and beekeepers everywhere are enthusiastic in the great improvement which shows in their combs. EVERY USER AN ADVERTISER.— Ask your neighbor who has tried Dadant 's Wired Foundation how lie likes it and we will need to say no more to you. His advertise- ment will be sufficient. DADANT'S WIRED FOUNDATION may be used in new-style split bottom-bar frames or in the old-style one-piece bottom-bar frames AAdth equal satisfaction. It is also adapt- able to any size and style of brood or extracting frame. COSTS NO MORE. — Since Dadant's Wired Foundation reduces the cost and labor of wiring, its extra price of three cents per pound above the catalog prices of old-style foundation is thus more than returned to the beekeeper. ASK FOR SAMPLES. — A small mailing sample sent free on request. Special Offer: A sample of seven sheets, for either split bottom-bar or old-style one-piece bottom- bar frames will be sent, postpaid, to any address in the United States for $1. Specify size desired. Only one sample to a person. 0 BEESWAX. — We need large quantities of beeswax and are paying good prices now. Ship to us at Hamilton, 111., or Keokuk, la., or drop us a card and we will quote f . 0. b. here or f. o. b. your own station, as you desire. 0 Wired Foundation is sold by all distributors of Lewi^ "Beeware" and Dadant's Foun- dation. Send them your orders. Dadant & Sons^ Hamilton^ Illinois E GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE NOVEMBER, 1922 1 I'ROF. II. F. WILSON, University of Wis- consin, Madison, Wis., reports that books are already be- Donation of Books for the Miller Memorial Library. ing received for the Miller Me- morial Library at the Univer- sity of Wisconsin. Among the first books to be received is a shipment from Arthur C. Miller, Providence, R. I. Mr. Miller has donated his entire personal library of bee books consisting of several hundred volumes, many of which are rare, being out of print and only a few copies known to be in exist- ence. In turning over these books to the Miller Memorial Library Mr. Miller is giv- ing up the work of a lifetime of collec- tion. This is indeed a splendid gift and an act which brings out the best in any per- son. No doubt many other beekeepeers who have made a collection of bee books will follow the example of Arthur C. Miller. 0th crs will no doubt make provisions in their wills for the turning over of their bee books to the Miller Memorial Library as suggested recently by Dr. E. F. Phillips. There is no better way for beekeepers to establish tliemselves in beekeeping history than to make similar donations to this Library. Prof. Wilson reports that the Library material is being cataloged and placed in separate files under lock and key as fast as it comes in. The Library will l3e available at all times to beekeeping students, but care will be tak- en to see that the books are not mistreated in any way or lost. Plans are being made to make this the greatest collection of bee- keeping literature in the world. NOW that the season for the winter meet- ings of beekeepers ' associations is at hand, attention should Local Beekeepers' be called to Organizations. the value of lo- cal 0 r g a n i z a- tions, such as county organizations and or- ganizations covering two or three counties. Many things can be accomplished in a local organization tliat cannot well be done in a state organization. In certain counties in California, for instance, beekeepers have or- ganized local associations largely for the purpose of better disease control. In these organizations the members make a survey of their own neighborhood for disease, and report conditions to tlie organization. In this way tlie local organization can co-oper- ate with the inspector in running down dis- ease. The control of bee diseases, the divi- sion of territory, marketing, and many other beekeeping problems can be better taken care of by an alert local association than when these things are done in a haphazard way. Qtt-: k3 j^ cm — to BEEKEEPERS of the United States were especially favored by Uncle Sam's law- makers this Recent Legislation year. Out of Affecting Beekeeping, it h e thou- sands of bills introduced in the recent Congress, only about 1100 were passed, this being only a small percentage. Of these, two bills were passed to promote the beekeeping industry of the United States. The law relating to the importation of bees into the United States (the Isle of Wight disease bill) was approved on August 31. This law prohibits the importation of bees and queens except from countries known to be free from the Isle of Wight disease. The Fordney-Mc- Cumber Tariff Bill, approved on September 21, provides for a duty of three cents per pound on honey imported into the United States, instead of the import duty of 10 cents per gallon which had been in effect since the enactment of the 1913 Tariff Bill. IN his report for the North, East, West and South Department in this issue. Prof. R. B. Willson, Ex- Weather Torecast Service for Beekeepers in New York State. tension Spe- cialist in Beekeepi n g in New York, announces tlie inauguration of a new service for beekeepers in that state. The weather predictions at the time for putting bees into the cellar will be watched with great care, and reports will be sent out by telegram to key men who will notify local beekeepers as to tlie best time for putting bees into the cellar. With the proper kind of co-operation on tlie part of the key men and beekeepers, this service should be of great value to those who winter their bees in the cellar in New York State. This ser- vice is similar to that which has been in operation in the fruit districts of New York 694 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE November, iS22 State for some time, by which fruit-growers are notified in advance of any unusual weather conditions such as frosts during the blooming period. No doubt this service will be extended, and beekeepers will be notified in the spring Avhen bees should be taken from the cellar. The Weather Bureau, being able to fore cast the arrival of a good flight day for the bees, is in a position to tell the beekeepers in advance when to put the bees out in order that they may have a good flight with- in a day or so after being set out. Honey production is more dependent upon weather conditions even than is agriculture. Beekeepers, as a rule, are close observers of weather conditions, for their living is large- ly dependent upon the weather. Those who have access to the daily weather maps, pub- lished by the Weather Bureau, should make a careful study of these maps. It is not difficult to learn to read these maps properly, and it is often of great value to beekeepers to know in advance what kind of weather may be expected within the next few days. The weather forecast given in the daily pa- pers is not complete enough for the needs of the beekeeper. By a careful study of the weather map it is possible to learn what the weather will probably be for several days ill advance. Qc: .StP SOME time this montli bees that are to be wintered indoors will be put into their win- ter quarters. I n Putting Bees Into the Cellar. some regions the proper time to put the bees in may come early in the month, while in other re- gions the best time for putting them away will no doubt be after the middle of the month. In no ease should tliey be left out until December. It is easy enough to lay down a rule as to the exact time for putting the bees into the cellar but not at all easy to apply this rule. Tlie rule that has been given again and again in the bee journals is to put the bees away immediately after their last good cleansing flight in November. If it were possible to forecast the weather for the entire month of November there would be no trouble in api^lying this rule. As it is, the best thing the beekeeper can do is to have everything in readiness to put the bees away early in the month, then wait until the bees have had a good cleansing flight. In this connection it should be remember- ed that the bees usually do not fly freely on mild days immediately after they have set- tled down and become quiet for winter. Ap- parently it is necessary for them to be con- fined within their hive by bad weather for a week or two iii order that they shall feel the need for a cleansing flight. Otherwise only a few bees will fly during mild days of early November. However, after they have been confined to tlioir hi\es for a week or two they become anxious for a flight, and if the right kind of day comes perhaps every bee of the colony goes forth in the sunshine at some time during the day. The ideal condition, therefore, for putting bees away in the best possible condition is to have a couple of weeks of bad weather dur ing the latter part of October and early in November followed by at least one day tliat is warm enough for a thorough cleansing flight. Fortunately, such a day nearly al- way comes some time in November, usually before the 20th. When it does come and the bees have had a good cleansing flight the temptation is to leave the a out a week or two longer, hoping they will have anot.ier cleansing flight before confining them in the cellar, but apparently there is no advan- tage in leaving the bees out another week, even if a good flight day should come later. In fact, if the bees have enjoyed a thorough cleansing flight and are put into the cellar at the right time they should be better off in the cellar where they will remain quiet tlian if left outside to waste their energy in an additional cleansing flight, provided of course they are supplied with the best of stores so that they will not need another cleansing flight until they are set out in March or early April. Another mistake that is often made in putting bees into the cellar is that of putting them away early in No- vember after they had had only a partial cleansing flight. As already pointed out above, apparently the bees must first endure some confinement by bad weather in order to put them in condition to desire a cleans- ing flight. Usuallj' the next day after the bees have had a thorough cleansing flight in November the weather turns cold, and this is the ideal time for putting the bees away. They should be carried into the cellar at once before the hives become covered with snow. A tem- perature of 35 to 40 degrees is ideal for car- rying the bees into the cellar, and a cloudy day is better than a clear day for this work. MANY beekeepers who sell their honey lo- cally have printed on their labels "From the apiary of" What the Law or ' ' Produced Requires on Labels, by." A number of i u q u i r i e ■ have come to tliis ofiice recently asking if these same labels can be used when the bee- keeper purchases honey from so ne one else to supply his market after his own crop has been sold. To state on the label that the honey is from the apiary of .Tohn Jones, if Jolin Jones buys the honey from some one else would be misleading and in the eyes of the law no doubt would be construed as misbranding. Likewise to state that the honey was produced by John Jones when it was produced by some one else would be misleading and tlierofore contr.-iry to law NOVKMBER, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE in most states and for interstate shipment. All that is re(iuire(l by the Federal Pure Food Law and tiie various state pure food laws in regard to labeling is tliat the label shall tell the truth. Beekeepers who prac- tice buying honey from others to sell after they have sold their own crop should not have on their labels the words "Produced by" or "From the apiary of." Where a beekeeper has built up a local market by supplying only a good grade of honey neat- ly put up, these words can be omitted from the label without loss of sales. IN his excellent article, "Wintering in the Northwest," in the October issue of the American Bee Jour- Moisture Given Off by. Bees During Winter, nal, our venerable correspondent, J. E. Crane, discussing the source of mois- ture within the hive during the winter, es- timates that there will be about three pints of water exhaled by a normal colony of bees between November 1 and April 1, assuming that the colony consumed 17 pounds of hon- ey in that time. In arriving at these fig- ures evidently Mr. Crane took into consid- eration only the water content of the hon- ey, which is usually about 20 per cent. In 17 pounds of honey this would be 3.4 pounds, or a little over three pints, assuming the water content of the honey to be 20 per cent. This is not the only source of water when honey is consumed by the bees, for the re- maining 80 per cent representing tlie sugar content of the honey is broken up or changed chemically into water vapor and carbon di- oxide. Assuming the sugar content of the 17 pounds of honey mentioned above to be 1.3.6 pounds (this being 80 per cent of the total weight of the honey), this 13.6 pounds when decomposed by the bees results in a little over 8.6 pounds of water. This added to the 3.4 pounds of water which was not chemicallv combined in the honey gives a total of 12 pounds of water resulting from the consumption of 17 pounds of honey. In other words, the bees in consuming 17 pounds of honey must give off almost a gallon and a half of water. Perhaps an easier way to remember this is to take 12 pounds of honey as a basis, this being approximately one gallon. When one gallon of honey is consumed by the bees they must give off approximately one gallon of Avater, which is given off in the form of water vapor. Of this one gallon of water about 2.4 pints represents the water content of the honey and the remaining 5.6 pints represents that which is produced by the decomposition of the sugar content of the honey. Assuming tliat a colony of bees consumes 17 pounds of honey between November 1 and April 1, lol days, this would mean about 1/12 pint of water as the daily average given off by a colony of bees dur-" ing this period. This water vapor appar- ently does no harm inside the hive unless it condenses on the combs or on the walls of the hive, causing the combs to mold and in some cases causing the honey to become thin and sour. If the tempera- ture of the inner walls of the hive can be kept above the dew-point (the temperature at which condensation takes place) the water will pass out of the hive tlirougti the en- trance still in the form of water vapor. If the walls of the hive become too cold so that the air coming in contact with it is chilled below the dew-point, the water vapor is condensed and may finally run out at the entrance of the hive. If the walls of the hive are thin and the cover is sealed down so that the moisture- laden air cannot escape at the top of the hive, most of the moisture will be con- densed inside the hive. In this case frost and ice would be found on the inside of the Iiive during very severe weather. On the other hand, if the walls are well packed the water vapor will pass out through the entrance by diffusion unless there is some spot in the hive which is cold enough to chill the air sufficiently to cause condensa- tion. In severe climates where the inner walls of even well-packed hives are some times chilled enough to cause condensation, many beekeepers provide for a slight amount of upward ventilation through the packing. In doing this a small opening is left in the cover (the bee-escape hole in the inner cover will do), this opening being covered over by a cloth, and over this is placed the packing. Such an arrangement will permit the escape of some of the moisture through the packing and yet retain most of the heat. Some remove the cover entirely and put in its place a piece of burlap, then over this the packing. In doing this there is danger of permitting the escape of too much of the heat of the cluster through the packing by air currents unless the packing is very dense and thick. Since the amount of moisture exhaled by a colony of bees depends upon the amount of honey they consume, protection of the hive reduces condensation in two ways: (1) by raising the temperature of the inner walls, and (2) by reducing the amount of honey consumed because of reducing the necessity of heat generation by the bees. For the same reason colonies which have good stores (hence consuming less) are trou- bled less by condensation. Thus the factors tliat bring about better wintering result in less condensation, while those that bring about poor wintering increase condensation of moisture in the hives. Beekeepers have long associated wet and moldy combs with poor wintering, usually thinking of it as the cause, but it should be looked upon as the result rather than the cause of poor win- tering. 696 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE TONS OF HONEY FROM HUBAM How Farmers IVere Induced to 'T'lant 438 Acres Near This Man's cApiaries By Edw. A. Winkler ALONG i 11 the year 1920 I received a free sample of Hubam clover seed from the Iowa station, and, after har- vesting several pounds of it that year, T decided I would plant quite an acre- age in 1921; so I bought some more seed from Henry Fields and after I was through planting I found I had 43 acres in rows 21 inches apart. I had limed the ground well, and, although I was late in planting it, I harvested a fine lot of seed. I paid $30 an acre rent for the land I grew my Hubam on and $10 per pound for the seed I bought, and hired nearly all the work done, as I am not a farmer but a beekeeper with about 500 colonies. When I planted my clover I thought I was going to grow it as a side line with m.y bees; but when cultivation time came, and NoVKMBKR, 1922 would yield hon- ey and lots of it, for I had read of others har- vesting Hubam honey. Made Contracts with Fanners to Grow Hubam. I drew up contracts and advertised ouce in the local paper that I would furnish the seed, one-half the limestone, test the soil (in which I used the potassium cyanide test) and furnish bees to pollinate the bloom. Un- der my instructions the farmer was to pre- l^are the soil, plant the seed broadcast, 10 pounds to the acre, and hull the seed crop, the seed to be divided equally between the two of us. I also planted some in all kinds of grain. Inside of three weeks my seed was all spoken for. In this way I had 438 acres planted by farmers, from 10 acres up to 70 acres each. Nearly all the fields planted in grain early Broad acres of Hubam furnished an abundance of nectar duriiii^ August and September. then hand-weeding became necessary with the managing of many boys, I soon found that my bees were the side line, and that I was working overtime to prevent a total loss in both lines. When I had my seed all in bags and all expenses added up I found that my total investment was over $3000, not figuring my own time. I was not discouraged, for I had over 2700 gallons of honey and I believe the finest lot of Hubam seed in the state. I sold about 1000 pounds of my seed, but not many farmers were Ijuying seed at $2 I)er pound; so, long before the seed-selling season opened, I decided I was througli sell- ing Hubam seed. I had decided on a plan where I could invest my seed better tlian the money it would bring. I had harvested not a pound of honey from my 43 acres, but was sure that if the ntiii(is])lieric conditions were right, Hubam in the spring had the Hubam just as high as the grain when the grain was cut. Those straw piles make mighty good feeding, for the stock eat it readily, while the grain yields were just as high as fields having no Hubam in. You know the chinch bug does not bother sweet clover. It's hard to find a chinch bug in a field of sweet clover, and I believe that Hubam in grain fields will, to a' very great extent, eliminate this pest. We are now cutting Hubam here that was seeded in winter wheat, oats, spring wheat and winter rye. All of those stands in grain wore planted 5 pounds ])or acre and will yield from five to six bnsliels of seed per acre, wliile the fields of Hubam planted .ilone will run from eight to ten busliels of seed per acre. One field planted in oats will average at least six bushels per acre. The spring started in so wef that farmers November, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 607 couldn't plant until almost the first of May, and then after it was planted there was not any more rain. Heavy Honey Flow Through August from Hubam. The bees started to work on alsike about June 5, and by July 4 I had 800 gallons of fine clover honey in cans. Wild biennial sweet clover followed on the heels of alsike, and before that was through my Hubam was white with bloom. I never saw bees carry honey so fast as they did all through August which is usually a month of dearth of nee- tar here and which was the case this year with two of my outyards that couldn 't reach the Hubam fields. We had a frost Sept. 26, and today (the 28th), althougli the fields are ripe with seed and cutting is progressing rapidly, there is an underbloom down in the Hubam that the bees are working on heavily. I am usually about to pack my bees for winter by this time; but the supers are still on tlie hives and bees working just like in July, and, if I shake the bees off the un- sealed combs, the honey splashes out like water, so I must leave the supers on until the bees stop working even if it is Christ- mas. Extracted Six Times from Hubam Apiaries. I extracted six times at all yards Avhere Hubam was growing, and there will still be a clean-up. Many of my hives have al- ready produced 400 pounds each. Some of those hives have over 50 pounds on now, and it seems that they will keep on work- ing until it gets good and cold, for the Hu- bam fields that were cut over two weeks ago are beginning to get whitish again and with a late fall like we had last year . . . O, shucks! why be so hoggish? Hasn't the good Lord been ever so generous tliis year, and anyhow, as soon as the bundles are hulled, the farmers are going to fall- plow it for corn or disc it up good and put in tlieir winter grain. We have organized the "Will County Hubam Seed Producers' Association." Al- together Ave have approximately 1000 acres. Tlie object of this association is to sell, at a uniform price, clean, certified, scarified Hubam seed. I will not stop until Hubam is growing on nearly every farm in Will County. I don't know how much seed I will sell; but I know I will not sell all of it, for I am goiug to contract most of my seed out again next year in small grain, and Will County will flow with honey from May to October. When I look at the hun- dreds of eases of fine extracted honey piled up seven cases high in long tiers and in every available nook and corner until it is almost impossible to take stock, I feel that it is the best investment I can make. Hail to Hubam clover, for it is more than a godsend, as our sage A. I. Eoot wrote. In time, wlien the seed is more plentiful, we shall see great fields of it plowed under; but the right time to fall-plow Hubam under is when the stocks are full of green seeds just as the white bloom is blasting, and that will be another godsend to the beekeeper. With fields of Hubam clover all about us we get no amber fall honeys. Although there is a slight blend the honey is very light, and Hubam honey is decidedly differ- ent from that from the biennial white sweet clover which has a greenish color. Hu- bam honey is white to light amber and tastes very much like that from white clover or alsike. Joliet, 111. UPON glan- cing back- ward a dec- ade or more we look with no lit- tle pride upon the wonderful a c h i e vemeuts which have been made in bee- keeping practices. What are our tlioughts, however, wlien we consider our product in relation to its marketability? Suppose we compare our natural sweet with some of the flavored sugar syrups that are placed upon the market profitably and in large quanti- ties at about 45 cents per pound. R. B. Calkins expressed the situation clearly when he said, "The most valuable and meritori- ous sweet obtainable is begging a market at prices barely above the cost of produc- tion." As producers we have better queens, bet- ter disease control measures, better and HONEY MARKET CONDITIONS Lack of Greater Development of Consumer Demand, a Serious Handicap to Beekeeping. By M. C. Richter quicker methods in manipulation; we enjoy migra- tory beekeeping and many other new and improv- ed practices. Are we, h 0 w ever, bringing about a consumers' d e - iiKuul for liouey? Are not many of us toda\^ either acknowledging the letter sent us by honey buyers or contemplating the turning over of our crop to the same buyers wliose agents call upon us in person? California of- fers unsurpassed honey both as to quality and quantity, with marketing centers at a great distance, and this fact lias caused us and continues to cause us very grave con- cern. Five years ago we thought we needed, and rightly, a co-operative selling associa- tion. We formed it. and it has failed. Co-operative Marketing Associations. What is the position of co-operative asso- 698 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE November, 1922 ciations today? Five years ago some of the California associations were outstanding ex- amples of co-operative efficiency. Compare them at present with the immense tobacco, cotton and grain marketing associations in the East. California associations look small indeed when it is known that the Burley To- bacco Growers' Association alone has 57,000 members. Very recently co-operative marketing as- sociations have progressed to an astonishing degree. Anti-trust laws have not affected the co-operative producers. Likewise it has been shown that the consumer gains and does not lose through farmers' co-operative associations. Notwithstanding, the majority of us today unfortunately retain our in dividualistic tendencies. At the present time statistics show that from the average dollar wliich the Ameri- can consumer pays for his farm products, the farmer receives actually less than 40 cents. On the other hand the Danish co- operative farmer upon delivering his prod- uct to England gets 65 cents out of the British consumers' dollars. Honey prices, like those of most other farm-produce prices, are changeable and un- certain. Speculators favor variable prices, whereas a group of co-operative producers prefer to keep prices as steady as possible, accomplishing this end by maintaining ac- curate information concerning available sup- ply. Through the control of a sufficient amount of such a supply, they are able to market intelligently. At this writing Cali- fornia honey is crowding the market, re- sulting in depressed prices. Later we may expect artificial inflation. Thus, individual- ly the beekeeper is depressing his market. Co-operation means releasing honey when markets ask for it, resulting in increased returns for the producers without adding to the consumers' expenditure. Moreover, co- operative associations stimulate demand for their products through standardization, ad- vertising and by the continuous adoption of better marketing facilities. Our exchange did not fail because the co- operative movement had slackened. On the contrary, the foregoing statements have shown that co-operation is still sound and is more popular than before. Successful co- operative enterprises not only must carry conviction and propaganda amongst their constituents but they must also show prac- tical success in their competitive struggles with private enterprises. This is very im- portant. The administration must be alert and energetic and show aggressive and in- telligent control. If it has not these at- tributes, it has not learned the administra- tive virtues of the best privately owned corporations. Fundamentally the co-opera- tive organizations must be as efficient as privately managed organizations, in order to succeed. Failures in co-operation are usually due to the well-known common faults of our large masses and democratic institu- tions. Conditions such as these never en- ter into the success or failure of privately owned . concerns. It is not my desire to advocate another selling organization. The time is not pro- pitious. It is the intention here to point out that the principle underlying co-opera- tive associations is sound, workable and practical. Eventually we are going to have co-operative selling, and please let every beekeeper bear this in mind. Development of Local Markets. For the next few years beekeepers will bend their efforts towards increasing the demand for their product in their home markets. Today this is the very best solu- tion we have to offer. The lowering of honey prices this fall has been distinctly our fault. When the market is not in a re- ceptive mood we must learn to hold honey till the demand is forthcoming. As indi- viduals we cannot afford to advertise, and necessarily must hold our honey till it is wanted. Unfortunately the majority of those that do not hold are not readers of bee jour- nals; but, be that as it may, we can all do our bit by selling just as many pounds as we possibly can in our immediate surround- ings. The Retail Package. Our success in selling is measured large- ly by the quality and attractiveness of that which we have to offer for sale. Only com- paratively mild and good-flavored honeys should be packed. In presenting to the public extracted hon- Annual Eoyal Show at Shrewsbury, Engrland. Editor 0. Herrod-IIempsall, of the Dritish Dee .Journal popularizing hone^ jn foreground at the right. NovEMBKu, 19l:2 Cx L 1-: A N T N G S I N B K K C U Ij T U R K 690 ey as distinguished from comb, we prefer the word ' ' clear ' ' to either ' ' extracted ' ' or "strained." We tell the consumer tliat the honey in the comb is comb honey, and tliat we have some clear honey in either glass or tin. We can go further and say tliat we extracted the honey from the comb, etc. If we give the consumers the term "ex- tracted honey" they may consider in all probability that our product is an extract of honey, which at once would lead to con- fusion. As regards "strained honey," we believe that it is better that this term should be forgotten. Of course all honeys should be heated be- fore being packed. By so doing the honey has a brighter appearance, and granulation lias been retarded. There is not space here to discuss the manner of heating and set- tling of honey and the manner of filling con- tainers for the trade. Experience in the beekeepers' community will determine whether it is wise to pack in glass or in tin. The label is a most im- portant item. Its form, design and har- monious blend of colors mean a great deal in presenting an attractive article to the consumer. The name of the brand is just as important. It must "take" with the con- sumer. Above all, cleanliness of pack must be a factor never to be lost sight of. In order to compete with syrups we must pre- sent our article just as attractively as do the syrup manufacturers their syrup pack- ages. Value of Good Salesmanship. The next step is to know how to "talk" honey. These that can do so are indeed for- tunate, for it is astonishing how successful good salesmen really are. Building up a trade of satisfied customers is pleasant work. Courteousness and prompt service are quite essential in this respect. There is always a certain amount of inexpensive advertising that will bring very satisfactory results. lloncy-for-Sale signs are very effective, as are also window displays in grocery stores. The alert beekeeper will always hit upon some novelty, and through his persistence and hard work will supply many of his townspeople with the most wliolesome sweet which they can purchase. Big Sur, Calif. pp Wj" 'fl ¥ '^illil' '- ' Honey exhibit at the Industrial Exposition at Mon- terey. Calif. Booth is decorated with honey plants. Various foods containing honey were also on ex- hibition. I N a not very distant past we have heard what are sup- posed to be very trite sayings, that successful results from the keeping of bees are dependent upon the beekeeper. For my own part, I have always resented such a statement. Much, very much is dependent upon the beekeeper, 'but if the beekeeper has not a proper locality and if weather conditions and some other things are not right, a profit cannot be made out of beekeeping. The Brood-Chamber. However, there is a matter, which, in my estimation, has grown more and more impor- tant for quite a number of years. Much emphasis has been added to this point bv an illustrated article for Gleanings, by E, K. Root, upon sagging foundation, THE HIVE QUESTION AGAIN Three Veterans Discuss the Time- JVorn Question of the Befl Size for Hives. By R. F. Holtermann, Jay Smith and J. L. Byer The persistent and public advo- cating of large brood - chambers for 10 to 15 years has wrought a change in public opinion. I sup- pose I can claim to be among those in the front ranks of the advocates of large brood-chambers, and 1 can well remember saying, when the ten- frame hive superseded the eight-frame, that it was only a question of time when the twelve-frame would replace the ten-frame. That change is now taking place. There are no regrets on my part for having adopt- ed a twelve frame Langstroth hive. The statement has also been made by me for 10 years or more to the effect that I would not hesitate to adopt that kind of hive for the production of comb honey. It js a pleasure to me +o see others express 700 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE November, 1922 such views in Gleanings. If the Dadants will say after having counted — not guessed — the instances for five years that brood has been found in the supers of their hives, that the instances have not exceeded five per cent when no queen-excluders are used, then I would adopt the Dadant hive. Where bee-escapes are used, if there is any brood in the super, the bees will not go down; and I do not care to find many such when extracting a crop of honey. In making this statement I recognize that it is a very de- sirable thing to have a frame of the same size in the brood-chamber and super, but it is also desirable to do without a queen-ex- cluder. Wasted Space in Brood-Chambers. Often, more often than the most of us realize, a queen does not use all of the comb space in the brood-chamber, because some of the cells are not the proper size. We may blame the queen for the presence of many unoccupied cells, when it is a matter of cells built upon stretched comb founda- tion. I undoubtedly have many such frames in use. In my estimation what counts in bee- keeping is, not the best yield from one col- ony in the apiary but the average yield of the entire apiary in contrast to the yield from the best colony. If the beekeeper gets 350 lbs. from the best colony, and an aver- age of 100 per colony is obtained in the apiary, it clearly shows that the beekeeper is far behind what can be done under best conditions, and this may be the result of stretched cells in the brood-chamber. Brantford, Ont. E. F. Holtermann. A Palace for the Queen. In looking over the hives that have been made in the past 50 years, I have been im- pressed with the fact that, in a vast ma- jority of them, little thought has been given to the main factor; that a hive should be made to conform to the wishes and whims of the queen, for the more eggs we can get a queen to lay, the more honey will that colony produce. Hives have been made shallow in order to force the honey into the super, regardless of the fact that this also forced the queen to go on a strike for lack of convenient cells in which to lay. Divisible brood-chambers of varying size have been made, for they were convenient to manipulate although exceed- ingly inconvenient to the queen, since the queen will not lay outside of the cluster and since much of the area enclosed by the cluster is taken up with top-bars, bottom- bars, spaces between top and bottom bars and spaces between the bottom of the combs and bottom-bars. Thus it can be seen that "the bumblebees of the fields have holes in the ground and that hornets of the air have nests in the trees, but the queen bee hath naught where to lay her eggs" (with apologies to Matthew). When Small Hives Reduce the Crop. Then the craze for small hives ran ram- pant. The argument seemed to be that, if one could make a hive just small enough he could force every ounce of honey right up into the supers where he could get it and sell it. And the beekeeper usually felt lucky if it did force an ounce of honey up there. Naturally, the queen wanted a home suit- able to her capacity; so she swarmed and found a nice big hollow tree with a cavity a foot and a half across and six or eight feet long where she proceeded to do the thing right. Some hives have been made so they can be easily hauled about on trucks to chase the honey flow. The claim for them is that they are light, easy to handle and are just the right size for one man — but hold Brood combs 17% inches square. These give the queen ample opportunity to "spread herself." How would these do in the queen's palace? on a minute, it is not the man that lays the eggs; it is the queen. Barriers in Way of Queen. It is astonishing sometimes to see how some little obstacle will cause the queen to curtail egg-laying. I once saw a nice young queen in a Danzenbaker hive crowd five combs Avith brood and refuse to lay in the remaining four just because between the five she was laying in and the others there Avas a space of about three-fourths of an inch. She crowded the five frames so that the bees removed every cell of honey. When the frames were placed close together she at once filled them Avith eggs. It has fre- quently been noticed that a frame of foun- dation in the brood-nest Avill confine the qneen to one side of it, and frequently the colony Avill swarm rather than pass by the foundation. Most beekeepers have obserA'ed hoAv reluctant a queen is to go down into a loAver story Avhen once she has taken pos- session of the upper story. When there are no bars and spaces she will lay clear to the bottom. We cannot force a queen to lay eggs, but we can easily force her to stop laying or cur- tail laying. With the regular Langstroth frame, the queen attempts to lay in a circle. She enlarges the circle until she comes to the top-bar, and then she loses valuable time. If she knew just where to go it Avould not take much time to cross over to the other side and begin again, but some- -Wv^m'^:ni2 ^WdWA^¥i % a'fe^'i § N ^^ 1^ E^') >& V^^blR?^ s^Si sniin\ sido and Inys'ii lui'in'b'c'i'' of 'irdiHi-'^ 'feerore 'gdiiij;- iivor to the o-thel- sUW. ' y\f\i'e\i' the ,.JnYe is Jillcd with .tjTOOcl it' is uot,'|'as' the Jgue|?(i, ^YOuJd :have ''il' -),f sj\e. 'iiacl'.the/jjiin- ^^iftj, q^'/tliiug's, iji a' ca?-cle,:'but iutlie lorin ;[(^^',.jyun,;Cllip^e. In 'i^ool, (Weather ,this: is. a tm!i}re7igHr.faoft' isj ,e?ci>«>se4f , t^i^Q,; ijt).,; .iji ^fcg,lpj)e, c^ejtdforfet ujp^e.ibees ; a^ e; jequif.^, ^ft^tteep hopr JJie 'OijecBSSBI/y t^rop^iratuirG-t g-.m dhn i ■"Sinall Hiv^s Require Much Manipulation. ' "xl:'ive 3'ou C'vcr uotii-«-'d after i\, pcrsou has 'usea a i^^rti^^^MH'Mfl^M^i^%Wii'' .^sn^idler one? Ti). ,,^.^.^j ,,,,,;^ ^,^^j ,,; my early e.xperi- ,^j, ,t,,j 1 .ar.ilj ■jpiihiim itj £100 siclfiT AiNT Bi» f9JVcf no^ osi 813 fr- om 83YTtlri iTidTfi;t3 ii &*wor,kiiig at ve J Q asj purposes? -•,W(fh a-t'e V e r I rfswan ted them :to •doj iseemed to be o^thei; :OQe' thing they Mwouldi not do. 1 ! I ife; vien wh en '-■I rgottthem strong v.'aird T ail f. ■„ s Bern- ed well as they w^reilSroTfcfegiSn r •f t^hie; coBftb-hone^f seelions; they ■ -Wotild swarm and" leave 'a lot l6t -Jrnedsly unfini^hv edt ho'A o+ ovf.d syn-nl'^ ."^d'scctitrns oil ittV'hfeKd'^^'fetM'illft^tJ^'gs^edlfig ■^'il passing, as wo are finding bnt that a hl'^-e Xtfftoc'fe'-lfnil ' ("if hoftey is tlie best stiiniilAflt. 'JSWeadilig the brorod lias already passed. T ahi •Wtisfied flmt spreading tire brood invariably -'^^'ghefeky^'the i^ggdaying 'of the ^efeiifor '&4^- "%¥SP''i^easbns.' The isrood-ifiist' is eiiiai'^fetl, ''and if' the weather' is' ceoltii ere wiH-'Aot''fte ' eiibligh bees to eovei' it,- atid e]rilied''^brl3dd ''te^tilts,' More than this', tlie (jneeii is bfeAVild- ' 'ei-c^d as the'nesl is'all disarranged, ancl, ■I't'h'^n she cbiiles .to' a pla^e "that slioiild, 'e'o'htrtln fe'mpty' cell's,' she 'ffiids "^brbdd, So' sliifi lo'^^s much time.. Again on account of t|r&'b,t'C^^d 'being spread to too grci^f'tln 'fextent^the'tees ■'iilready. have nioie brood than tb^y can taJe 'y^i'yea'''blie«e 't'hingS"i§&i'Wtti^dti'ito'es hmf^l 'liaW khbpVe&'^tlhiii ''jil'a]l"ii(>£ f-pkcing- 'ev«dy 'f i-'itne ■bHck''i'«i the"^lfttefe WtWt 'it I iPOTnl'^rly. ofe- 'titi^ied;''Wheth'€t 'tfi'^ Weatfi^ii'isilib* :(«• stdlA. ^I<^e'W'(ce'i't!ft{h'thit't''g^t ftioi'fc bP^Odby tills l^A^i^e.'J'in building up a weak mlH^, when it needs more combifii''the5r"ft*eJ'gYven next to the brood, and n.ey£r placed in the -After keepin^,^j^(j^^s,,a,JYJ?"ber of /eaW, I decided that, a TargfeT ' hive would be the ' thili'§, 50 T' adopted th^ .JumbO with 'mytal- spa<(>d fraiii^?:^.' Right frdm' the start; this was a joyboth'to the bees ;ind mlySelf." It s'eeAiea' ttfat'.'H^^esi-'d ''6f ';thfe ■b6'es".atid''iye .r-irJa li vTo7i8a*I-.,_/.o ';^^' J:^':^oriirii'\^idm gnX.OiJDO'iq TO P.-',-j:?' ' :[\^^ell,'!iL'/ivotfl)d':want( itr;■:to,•b^l(a.^;li^Il- .xfrlahie;•■hive(• libei; l3iTe c'Jinrfb& ibjJtii^biQUtilwo oin^heside'eper.' ;; TheiLiI;;wfltuid .bar*; JJSbe?- i^ti^Sefing-'Super/jiigt ^haliifte fKie&p,t;,SD T^ftt, •■• if 'desired, biic <'(iu)hfl;^ put'.-ouT t<\vj?; su,pjfrs-/^d bring up a brood-fianieiifponijTbelOlv^^andirit '\iFt>Uld tit perfefctlyi'MTbisTfwtould'givc'.'a^ eK- ''tVa'ctTng'fr?in*ie''t¥at womld i'be .teid^t^ay ibe- ^tAveeu' the pi-osoiit 'ghallow:;ft!ame]ian.dftt3}e Langstroth. With eightiibir nirae lOff tbesef.jn the'Stif)'6rJ, they 'Wo'uld be ^tnand ideaAff^r ^'^itte^Iht.'' -If 'bne thad 'We ttenvfraniie) ihiy«s '^•k' h'a'A'dV'th^i il6'6\iM^b« usefl' )f od isupers^iar any ten^^tatlie Mver'feefai^iwiBiiii^feoMdrltee Iwfled 702 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE November, 1922 except the brood-frames. In a hive with frames of this kind the queen would lay in a circle and would produce more bees than in a smaller hive, and of course this would be my idea of a perfect Palace for the Queen. Jay Smith. Vineennes, Ind. Size of Hive Less Important Than Proper Management. Having used rather extensively about all the different- sized hives on tlie market dur- ing the past 20 years, possibly accounts for the fact that I am often asked as to what- sized hive I would use exclusively if start- ing over again in the business of producing extracted honey. As I have often stated, I have used many sizes of hives not because Another large hive idea. A. A. Rodman, Kansas City, Mo., holding one of his large brood-frames, 17% X 15 inches. of choice, but rather because of circum- stances over which I had little control. Working with little capital, bees were bought regardless of the kind of hive they were in, and, not being of a mechanical turn, I did not go to trouble of having hives made over but used them as they were. Just a few days ago I was asked to give my ideas on the hive question in Gleanings, and this is my excuse for again taking up a very old subject, and one in which I frankly take little interest any more myself. We have at present in our different apiaries about 600 colonies in hives of eight-frame Tjangstroth capacity, about 150 in ten-frame Langstroth size, some 200 in eight-frame Jumbo size, and about 400 in ten-frame .7 umbo. Formerly Advocated Large Hives. My grandfather was a successful beekeep- er over 50 years ago, and as far back as I can remember — about 40 years — I recall how I often was with him in the apiary when but a boy, as he worked among the bees in the large hives that he used exclu- sively— a hive equal to about 17 Langstroth frames. So I was brought up among large hives, and naturally was of the opinion that anyone using a hive as small as the Langs- troth was to be pitied. When we started in commercial beekeeping, our first pur- chases were bees in these large hives; and, as I had been trained in the use of these hives, naturally when I first bought an api- ary in Langstroth hives, not knowing how to manage them, I was disgusted with the re- sults, and the pages of Gleanings and other journals of that date contain criticisms writ- ten by myself that appear very funny indeed to me today. Even as recently as seven years ago, if memory serves me right, I stated that my preference if starting over again would be the ten-frame Jumbo. Today, after a more extensive use of these different-sized hives, frankly, I hardly know what to say when asked the question as to my prefer- ence. I have an idea that, if put to the test, possibly the eight-frame Langstroth would be the choice, particularly so because my two boys now grown up would certainly urge me to make that decision. But if I had an apiary of any considerable size in any of these different-sized hives, provided the combs were good straight work- er and drawn from foundation, under no con- sideration would I change them into any other size. Why? Simply because by apply- ing the kind of management suited to each hive, there will not be 5% difference in re- sults between any of them. There may be jertain climates where certain-sized hives are better than others; but as I read some of the absurd claims made for one kind of hive over another, it seems ridiculous as I now see things. Better Wintering With Smaller Hives, The larger hives are, as a rule, heavier in the fall and the bees require less feed- ing than bees in smaller hives. This sounds nice, but it oftens works out otherwise. We always have to feed the colonies in Stand- ard eight-frame Langstroth hives heavily, and with us that size of hive is not safe for winter till the bees refuse to take any more syrup. For the past few years, since adopting that system of feeding for winter, the small hives have invariably wintered the best. This is not necessarily because the hives are small but because they have an abundance of good stores, and the combs are so solid with stores during early winter that but little brood-rearing can take place to wear out prematurely the old bees, and the colonics come through vigorous and strong. We do not Avorry as to whether there are enough empty combs for bees to cluster on. We have often had colonies on solid combs November, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE I of stores the first of November when a tem- perature near zero came three weeks later. Bees will not die under those conditions, even if experts say they will. Try it and be convinced. With our large hives we feed less, and quite too often the natural stores prove to be poor for wintering. It is need- less for me to comment on just what hap- pens under tliose conditions. This year the only dysenter}'^ we have noticed was in one yard where the hives are very large and the bees had a large amount of natural stores. Some colonies actually perished on combs of honey mostly granulated, and everything inside the hive was a smeary mess. Standard Prame Easier to Handle than Jumbo. Then again since disease has become so common in our section, the Standard comb is much more easily handled than the Jumbo, and aside from the disease question, in ordinary manipulation the Standard combs handle the nicest. Commercial bee- keeping seems to be fast drifting to the cen- tral-extracting plant idea, and here again a smaller frame is best for reasons that need no explaining. In conclusion, let me say that I have no thought of "knocking" any- body or any particular hive in saying what I have. Commercial beekeepers are free to use what they like, just as I am doing, and I can only liope that beginners who may have exaggerated ideas as to the merits or demerits of any particular hive may have tlieir minds cleared of such ideas, as one hive will give practically as good results as another, provided each size is given the management suitable in each case. I can only repeat what I said in the beginning; and that is, if I had an apiary in any of tliese different-sized hives, that I would not change them into any other simply because I thought I would get more honey, for, after our varied and rather extensive experience with all the hives on the market, I positive- ly know that there is little in such a con- tention. J. L. Byer. Markham, Ontario. OPERATING 10,000 COLONIES Honv One of the Most Extensi've System of oApiaries in the World is Managed By E. R. Root ONE hundred apiaries over a range of 200 miles; 100 apiaries of an average of 100 colonies each, or a total of 10,000 colonies of bees, with an annual production of over 2,000 barrels of honey of 550 pounds each — such, in brief, is the story of 'a man and his sons who possibly are producing more honey and shipping it to Europe than any other one mau or family in the United States or the West Indies. There are syndicates or corporations in Honolulu that perhaps own and operate 100,000 colonies of bees; but no other sin- gle individual or family, so far as I know, unless it is our friend, J. J. Wilder of Way- cross, Ga., owns and operates so many bees. Mr. Hernandez started shortly after the Spanish-American war. At that time, he did a general export business. He bought up a lot of honey and sold it in Europe, but lost in the deal. He knew little or nothing about bees, and, as he said, this experience in the honey business was enough to cure him. Some of the beemen asked him if he could not sell their honey for them. No, sir; he would not buy and sell again, but he might handle the honey on commission. The deal was made, and both he and his friends made money. This convinced him that he could do something in the way of selling honey. Could he produce it? To make a long story short. Mr. Hernandez calmly bought up 1,500 colonies of bees for a start. Instead of making the mistake that most people do who go into the busi ness heavily, he and his sons made a success of the business at the very be- ginning. His old- est son, who had studied at one of the universities in this country, became interested. He read his A B C of Bee Culture over and over before he did anything with the bees. In fact, he became saturated with the theory, and hence all lie needed was practice. He then went among the bees, and it was not long before he was tell- ing some of the old hands some new tricks of the trade that he had read about in his ABC book. The other boys, with the fa- ther, in the mean time took a hand in the business; and, as we would say in American parlance, they made a "howling success." Transporting Honey by Mule Trains. Tliis remarkable family of father and sons increased their holdings of bees from an initial start of 1,500 colonies until they had 10,000 in 100 different apiaries scat- tered over remote places, many of which were accessible only by mules. The business got to be so large that they organized mule trains to carry honey to and from the yards that could be reached only by trail. They had galvanized cans made in such a way that they could be loaded on a mule with a special saddle, each mule carrying from 240 to 300 pounds of honey. In each mule train there would be from 10 to 12 mules with one driver. Strange to relate, these mule trains make anywhere from 25 to 50 miles a day; and 10 mules — ^figure it out for your- %'-4j'^A«':(!r G%^ ?N«i E%o ^V^^^WrPe SSl%Viftfi^H?W^2 -■^^® '§tj9fl^35ftSAs gusolijLC Of r;itlicr;'arG^Ii'(jil ^j^jf^ka rjf ere i^secl.lfQ carry, ho ucy tu aixd i^f,9ifi o|he, yards. Of course, tbese Are ^lucli .tt^ye ffl^"cient -ivhere roa(J,j}jond,ftjoi;|,jpi4i,l^p,^t^^^ ^practicable.,, -f ^^.u, nyo/l vino ns^I 10 T^Je oldest spii.^JLiCmi^j^.lJ^fr^^e,^ WB^ 9^#st 1m' suid, gre^^t 5Ye^Lji,|j^uer,£of,/^|a§- ggig u]i ' ' un tlu' .subject thorougj^ty fi'^^o^e^&i 9^g''iJi woi'k, itf t]io business: j)i{(tLag^^[-f,-jlie t^sj not Jiow \v(,rk aiuou§,^tl>|?i:J^g^^j|»^t ;|««#ges the l.usiiics.s ;.iid , ^e^l^^ffi^^i^^, 'ymee.ting ,soi^e of |us .tryjdQ iace,;t(j^:^c^jj^ J Producing iiVCWe .Thaij a -MiUiPftjlffwr^^if^f aaijj.-.-jO vfqiiTf HonOy Ajmu^y.in-aflJ e'o;ri-,f[o 'ioiliset^ofti^Y3Hake it plain ?thartl tfii^i/Be&tiSr QH^Sfla^^ftzsaiKlj Jiis sons arefpinocFiBdiia^ BeH- -^i^!m^(tLdn^^QS!mh:it is i-niUd iritatoaftiiwl -noo n tf'inB rri o!* f ^ t -i i v^ i, :^ yI TavM .J .L- .;j>r j^^j^-aasi:' not : been well liLadcil fmamdaH rtijey rieyer could lia\e stood liio loss; \VlYe ^'l.;',aB|ved '^Jr. Ifcrnandez if he lia4' 'jijiy^ J6^- 'a^ctious t(i telling Ills actual lossii'e'smd j^Siire not." Tluv Inst to ilir extent of gMOO^OOO; and the mistaku they made was ,j:|l^a^ they did not quit Iniying six mouths be yijcjr^ tliey diil. Had they just gone 6n and ^rj^^^Cjed honey \vithout buying any, theii' eteffij'j^HH-''^ liave beeii comparatively light. ^,^Yi^A^; it, was tliey weathe);ed the storm, '"■aiid nojv stand' out as the- most extc^iisi^e beekeeper's iji- the world, for .i)iie Uers'plv 'or famine. °' ''■si-iiliiitbanta Louis E. Hernandez, who called at the ofl'ice of Gleanings, looks as if- 'K^' nl5^^M be not oyer 30 years of tige; but'hi^'i.iS'^'tf^O'^O "'— .40"V-eArs yo'ijTig.' He and the'ot'h'^f'■ine^n- y■M'l"oi^; his faiiiily' ^te evi'dentfyf-iidl'i'iiif'f-a '^Mp"-mfn^'^'hy air forking Hog^th^i*.'" two W'hi^^Bt-'p'tlibj'g are in the apiaries eoriktkiit- ■ ly,' fo'getlie¥'With'the fathei',' whOj-af t¥fe"a^e "t^s of seventy, is still very much of a bee- "^^eeper, and able to keep up his end of the dh ?.if[ iii t:i' ■<'.: i!K',[ 1 M'^^rimim 9rft nr .larlj eili iii bnnd j: 'V;:(wi-(Jtll^ Qnijijo {fie 'fatlier"ai^ni?Tib^s are lined up in tlie luisiness: Emilio Hernan- Q jilez, JW^; father, and c>wnef''of :th6 FiMiifSSg; IjouIs ErHenia iide/,, general/ manager ;;<^u^n , , P, Ilerivande/., dlliee manager ,-9>\l'bertjo Her- nandez, general manager 61fiithe;.a;^iarie&)i! d'here iisoue, other son, afdeiiitistjSSL'Otii^in- , nected with the apiaries-^Dr.ifiari^S'fiier- naildez, Pennsylvania Uuiver^ityi .'siiioloo J 3^hese men, with the exdaptidii'+Qf Itiieilast ^rr^tioned, run this big busittessio "'Sfliiieldiie father is sole owner of 'the'fibusiiiiiessilit-he ■t "bo^i Q^tSw stha't: t;k»^y. ■ '• ThS''riiyi4l''thA't- toiwes^itb ru9, M Jsetaa&iio ■^T^l y^/'WfiSY^ If fiyiO^oat-er.gaaTigt t(i)-,;fet,a»fc ijn '■ aiy^^^§iri^§," 'i*ad"i «p; -Study^ . and' i sattitate '^J^ou^-gyft ^rih ya tll'es'dnfoTiriatioJi ijiTOUa^n l^^P'^^ W^p •y§j^^:.«fj^ The hfeftnej?, ,^ft;-jpaf ^e4 { ip, ,.bai:j^J^_ .p^}. jjfph gf^jrpvay n^frf^ gifcrFW jvO(<^;iJpf^)fe;fi.^fl,i.^j)r,^Qypr,„t;,^e vPJl^dpct; is.jn iio,,sen,se£ t\\f jq^-cW'WTii'Cf"^^'^ -3?;'^ey',iqf.;,all .kinds " ' ' ' ' '' "'' ,[w;ijd^ djivt and .dead, j.j§, a, strictly iiiglfrgradcj' ^ ^ oR^I^Ji;tJv,pi,;i>ia^fftgjem^p1],',f^iiV't,f of course,,, it \),iiing^i.t^e "'"'l asked Mr. Ilornande/ '\V]ii:lt kiaadi offlAvJye 7^YhJ.te,.,op^ ^Ig^ijt. '^tepiiM. ^•' ='*'"' ^""' .ahi'.m hjv^ hioh oifT <'f}-^ ^y^VPa^'^o^ng.a,^ paying l^i}suLess;,. prodiic- ■-m *,f-o)^^e"'^?^^..>"A^*l%..•l.lM\.f('"i''lg^,,Wln;)e y,tff^^ j/*.ad^a4v, almojsf uMbroken 'Ijine hf . f!;\Vc 3e :^t-e "b^,'^ %e,V^ill?M. '^'f bfnol .yoiroif jjnxlloa ■ '^^'''^Do'Vou'Hlse <}i!i'*i^ii-es«lttdf:ir8?l[' n oTlnra '7 ''*W4 Hb ^n'M."foTlft'*'ifi<5n'({y ftfevrnbiilMlSnl^re T6J?^!^iiit.''HvS'lii^('yd il.^j[§r^S;,ii§ tsmerg'iug b-ees, vvheu tite liuncy flow comes oai. Wlieu it Hy.« *nn oJv, Jijr o^i:; l ^ ^ If ,^"li Mf^Mq ^^Mr"''^'^,1^'''\ yfiiS'tiul-ipvo iidi vd v/oiik J.fir. coRiie^pn/ fiy,hpngl>[w^jhove sipuie oer^orp that tiB}(Qj^i;i;iv,eei; Ijut uotia great deal of it, be- ca,^Jl^ ithe quceu, Jips riang,e,pf as much room 33 tfsjie «?etl,s, when. Nature steps in and chqpks"t,lie|,l^rei^(liug by flooding everything with;ifou0y.'' This condition of bees, not swarming after the main honey flow is on, is found in many parts of the South, and in some parts of the North where the flow is exceptionally heavy and continuous. It is very convenient because it enables the apiarist to forget about swarming and give his whole atten- tion to providing room. Buying 5,000 Queens at a Time. "How often do you requeen?" I asked. "As often as we can with 10,000 colonies. We raise a good many queens and buy some," he answered. "You must buy a good many at times," I remarked. "Yes," he said, "we have bought as niany as 5,000 at a time from different breeders in the southern United States, and some of these breeders have come back, wanting to know what we were doing with so many queens. They did not know that we had 10,000 colonies of bees, and that our needs would be somewhat extensive." "Then you believe in young queens?" "Yes, sir, and we would requeen every year if the expense were not too great." "Do you use power extractors?" I asked. "No," he replied; "because hand power is cheaper than gasoline power which our help can not operate to good advantage." In this connection he said something that interested me greatly; and that was that the Cubans with their cheap molasses are able to make a denatured alcohol for run- ning automobiles that is cheaper than gaso- line, cleaner, and mucn less inclined to car- bonize the cylinders. This only leads me to observe that we should be doing that same thing in this countrj^ — making a motor fuel that is as cheap as or cheaper than gasoline. If the farm produce that is now going to Avaste, merely rotting, were converted into denatured alcohol it would give us vast quantities of cheap motor fuel that would help to hold in check the monopoly on gaso- line, if there is one. A Trick of the Trade Worth Knowing. In the course of the conversation Mr. Her- nandes^ mentioned the fact that his people had no trouble in shipping honey in barrels without any leaking or smearing. He ex- plained that it is perfectly easy (a fact well known to exporters ntt«,l-ii«p -ba4-*6l-:fo-itr~w4U-iM>f'iealc'. Barrel staves, "rrf- (51IIfi^ej'a;r|"\fi:d'er In- tlia Diidille than at the ends.. Wneli-the staves ,'fr^ asseni bled the honpR crrruhinlly draw these ends of the staves Id-rilur :,-;iiii-l Oir 1i..;mI.s of the bar- relsj iuid 1 his .\ e;-y,, tLrauiii^^ loujetiier of the hoo]is r,ii:^. s the middle of the staves to Irisid very, lightly, while the ends tend to push away from the curved line and from each other. This has a tendency to leave a slight gap between the ends of the staves. If there is any leak in the barrel at all it will be at the ends of the barrel rather than in the center. To overcome this trouble ex- porters have been in the habit of using rush or reed stems or leaves, and inserting them between the staves, from 10 to 1.5 inches Louis E. Hernandez talking with A. I. Root at Medina. from the ends. These rusli leaves, or stems, as the hoops are drawn down, will be squeezed between the ends of the staves. When the barrel is coopered tightly, this caulking, so to speak, closes up any possible gap. If there should be a slight tendency to leak, the rush leaves or stems Avill ex- pand and close the opening. Probably not many in this country are shipping honey in barrels; if there are any, they will do well to observe this precaution. Some people call the rushes "reeds." The kind tliat is used for caulking barrels is ob- tained from Holland and England. They are sold in large quantities for that purpose. Of course, there are some rushes or reeds that are better than others. In some cases, bananas leaves are used in places of the rushes. They are not so good, however. Anything that has a pithy or spongy center and which can expand or be compressed like a rubber gasket in a steam joint will answer the purpose. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE November, 1922 rF^MTHETIEtD"WEXPERIE] ^'^^ .\.: ..•>» r -.4E-: S^ A SIMPLE PACKING METHOD Winter Packing-Case Having Packing Material an Integral Part of its Panels Last winter I tried a packing method for two two-story hives placed together, which called for removing three frames from both bodies of each hive and using the vacant space, which was opposite the second hive, for packing. To keep the packing material (forest leaves) from the remaining combs, a two-story tight division-board was used. I found it best after removing the six frames to place the inner cover over the bees while packing the vacant space. This packing was done before the hives were moved to- gether. On tojj of these hives were placed two hive-bodies with a piece of burlap between them. This burlap was to make a tight fit and prevent the escape of heat upward be- tween them. These bodies were also packed with forest leaves and covered with a bee- escape board upside down. The front of the two hives was protected by a box of the same depth as the three hive-bodies, plus the thickness of the inner cover and an escape-board, and as long as the "vvidth of the two hives — 32^/2 inches. The width of the box was six inches on the inside, which was the thickness of the end Shallow trays filled with j)acking stapled to ends of hives. Sides are packed with division-boards and empty supers hold packing on top. packing used. The bottom and ends of the box were of %-inch material. The outside was of M;-inch tongue and groove ceiling. The side that was to be placed next to the hive was of burlap. The purpose of the burlap was to take up all irregularities of the hive fronts and make, when this box was packed, a perfectly tight union with the hive. The box rested on the end strips of the bottom-board and was secured to the hives by four hive-crating staples. The entrance, which was not changed in any way, except that the entrance cleat was placed in position, was protected from ice and snow by the overhanging packing box. The backs of the hives were protected in the same way, except that the box was 1^/^ inches deeper so that the back end of the bottom- board could be covered. The cover of this case consisted of a piece of tar roofing with a lath tacked to each end. For bottom pack- ing, leaves were stuffed under the hives. Tarred paper cap in place completes the job. En- trances are below the front packing. These leaves did not absorb moisture from the ground, and were perfectly dry when re- moved in the spring. When I packed these colonies the seven frames in the top story of each colony were solid witli honey, and when the fruit-bloom honey flow started in the spring I feared more room would be needed, so I removed the packing from the hive-bodies which were on top and then took the block off the es- cape hole in the inner cover below. The bodies were then filled with three frames of honey and seven empty combs. One of the colonies, which had a young queen, promptly took possession of this third story and start- ed moving honey to it from below, as well as using it for the storage of incoming nec- tar. The other colony, which had an old queen, did not make use of these extra combs up to the time they were unpacked, about May 10. In unpacking, the four staples holding the front case were drawn, and the case with the packing was lifted off. This was car- ried to another part of the yard and laid flat, wood side down, on two logs. The back case was then removed and laid on top, burlap side down. These then were covered with tar roofing and will be left until fall when they will be ready to go back, already packed, on the hives. To carry this point still further I intend to build a tray of %- inch material with a burlap bottom, to take the place of the two packed hive-bodies. In the spring the tray will be laid aside without NOVKMBKR, 1922 O I. K A N T N G S IN BEE CULTURE 707 FROM THE FIELD OF EXPERIENCE disturbing the packing, and in this way I shnll eliminate the handling of all loose packing, with the exception of that which goes inside the hives and underneath. It was the work of only a few minutes to re- move the inside packing and the division- boards, and add the six frames to each col- ony. The colonies were then ready for the honey flow. Geo. Harrison, Jr. ' College Park, Md. NATIVE BEES IN AFRICA Excessive Swarming, Small Colonies and but Little Honey Among Wild Bees I have been spending some months at Choma, North Rhodesia, just a little nearer the equator than latitude 17 S. There is always blossom in the bush and, I should think, a good honey flow three or four times a year. If bees could be induced to work for us as the negroes do (though they work very little for themselves), a lot of honey ought to be gathered in this country. As it is, a Avild bees ' nest is not worth robbing. The native bee is considerably smaller than the European, and the cells of its comb are of course in the same proportion. I noticed them in two colors, brown like the German bee and with several yellow rings like the Italian. The brown I never ob- served at home, all the nests I saw being yellow. They inhabit small cavities in the trees or in ant hills, and when these are full they swarm out at all times of the year, only a handful of bees, to start similar unambitious colonies. The honey that the natives bring in is always lamentably thin. Probably the colo- nies are not big enough to ripen it properly, though the process ought to be easy enough in this dry climate. Is it likely that the Italian bees in a big hive would make a much better product from the same raw ma terial? I saw several nests chopped out, after the honey guide (bird) had led us to the place by flj'ing backAvard and forward chat- tering like a stonechat. I found the native bee-hunter acting on a bit of bee wisdom that I have never seen utilized elsewhere. Have .you ever noticed that when a bee comes out from the back of the hive at the time you begin to uncover the frames, it is only moderately angry and after a turn or two goes in again at the front? Well, do you know what happens if it finds the front entrance closed? The native does, and he begins operations by closing the front and chopping at the back. Soon, the bees begin to come out at the back hole, wing round to the front and there stick on the closed entrance in a cluster like a swarm. By the time the honey is reached, there are few bees in the nest, and those are young ones not very likely to sting. Just a little smoke is used, by pushing in a burning stick, and I believe it is almost unheard of for the operator to get a sting. The three or four nests 1 saw chopped out yielded literally not a drop of honey. The time was quite near midwinter. Swarms were still flying; but, on days that in Eng- land would be accounted superlatively fine, few bees would be flying from established nests. The nests we chopped out had ap- parently been established a bare three weeks. There were just enough bees to cover the brood. The queen had practically ceased laying and was awaiting the birth of the first batch of nurses, when all Avould soon get lively again. Meanwhile the colony was literally living from hand to mouth, col- lecting each day only nectar enough for the needs thereof. Only a few days after midwinter, so near that you could say only a few hours, a big and varied bloom of flowers appears. Some of these are very nectariferous, for example the sugar bush covering thousands of acres. About September the bigger trees blossom tremendously, and from October to Christ- mas the veld is covered with flowers. The drawback of the tropics seem to be that nectar is so abundant and easy to get that the bees do not trouble to gather it in ad- vance of the week's requirements. New bees of whatever strain would probably soon tumble to the same argument and cease to accumulate the store that only winter makes necessary in our work-provoking cli- mate. G. G. Desmond. Sheepscombe, Stroud, Gloucestershire. HOW TO SELL MORE HONEY Canvassing the Consumer for Orders to be Filled Through the Retailer I have been reading, with a great deal of interest, different articles on marketing honey. All these articles are good, that is, all tliat have been in Gleanings; but there is one thing I have not noticed yet in any article on marketing honey, and that is, can vassing the consumer through the retailer with an organized force of canvassers or salesmen. There is not any surplus of good table honey and never will be; all that is needed is to get this good honey to the consumer, not the retailer, but the people who eat it, through the retailer. This will advertise honey far more and better than advertise- ments run in any periodical, and at the same time dispose of the honey and make new customers. Of course, it must be packed right, and I find that the 5-pound pail of chunk honey, is coming along mighty fast. 708 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE November, 1922 FROM THE FIELD OF EXPERIENCE All beekeepers will do well to remember this, another season, and prepare for it. I have 15 colonies of bees myself, and had a surplus of nearly 1,000 pounds of hon- ey to market. I sold all this honey and have bought 2,400 pounds from other bee- keepers, and can sell a lot more if I can get the lioney packed right and the grade of honey I need. I simply go out, make a canvass of the consumers and sell my honey at retail prices. Where you have many tons for sale, you will not be able to sell it all in this manner; but you can go to your retail merchant and make arrangements with him, then canvass his trade and deliver through him, and he will always buy two to three and four times as much honey as you sell to his customers through him. I am figuring with a large honey pro- ducer on handling his whole crop another consumer through the retail merchant. That concern is one of the largest manufacturers of soap specialties in the world, and that kind of advertising paid them, and paid them well. I want to say that I live in a section sparsely settled compared with most sections of our country, yet I can sell many times as much honey as I have sold each season, and not glut my local market. Cameron, N. C. Luther A. Fink. .SB= MAKING AN INDUSTRY What the Extension Division of the Louisiana State University is Doing for Beekeeping Beekeeping is fast becoming one of the important industries of the state, this fact being forcefully brought out at the Ninth Annual Boys' and Girls' Short Course, which More than 400 boys received instmotion in bee culture during the boys' and girls' short course in August, at the Louisiana State University.. season, and the manner in which I mean to dispose of it is by organizing a crew of canvassers and working through the retail merchant. I can easily get enough over market price to pay the canvassers and all expenses, and still sell all the honey I want to sell. Why not advertise and sell our honey in this way? Any large producer can handle his crop in this manner, and then a few of them can get together and pool, and do still better. There is positively no need of dumping your honey on a glutted market, for the people want good table honey if you will get it before them, and it is no great problem to get it before tliem. I worked for a large specialty manufac- turing concern for many years, and we did most of our advertising by canvassing the was held at the Louisiana State University during the first week of August, when more than 400 club boys received daily instruc- tions in bee management from E. C. Davis, the extension bee specialist. Not only did Mr. Davis lecture on the main topic relative to bee culture, but he gave actual demonstrations, and had the club members assist him. "I have learned more about bees in one day than I ever knew before," said one boy, "although my father has kept bees all of his life." During the first day of the short course a monster parade was held. There was a decorated float representing each phase of club work, and one of the most interesting was the bee float. November, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 709 FROM THE FIELD OF EXPERIENCE A tlower trellis with several lioney pro- duciug llowers was placed on the front of the float, while on a dais scores of honey jars of various hues surrounded two mod- ern frame hives. On top of these was placed a "skep" or hive that is used in Europe. When half a score of pretty beekeepers were seated on the float, above which was the legend, ' ' Have You a Little Honey in Your HomeV" it was agreed by all that there could have been little added to increase its effectiveness. ' ' There is no reason why Louisiana should not rank with the leading honey-producing states, for nearly every kind of honey flower known grows here," said Mr. Davis. ''We have the willow in the central- southern portion of the state, from which the most delicious honey is made, not to mention the white clover which lasts until July. "With several hundred boys and girls learning how to handle bees properly, we may well expect some radical changes to take place in the old hit-or-miss system, as practiced heretofore," says the bee expert. For the first time in the history of Louisi- ana a law affecting the bee industry was passed by the 1922 Legislature. This act, known on the statute books as No. 88, in- troduced by C. P. Couvillion, himself a bee- keeper, was passed to prevent the introduc- tion into and dissemination within the state of contagious and infectious diseases of honeybees; providing for the eradication of bee diseases; authorizing the Department of Agriculture and immigration of the state of Louisiana to make rules and regulations for carrying out the provisions of this act; prescribing a penalty for violations, and pro- viding a revenue. All honeybees shipped or moved into the state shall be accompanied by a certificate of inspection signed by the state entomolo- gist, state apiary inspector or corresponding official of the state or country from which such bees are shipped or moved. These cer- tificates must certify to the freedom of the bees, combs and hives from contagious dis- eases. The Department of Agriculture is also given full power to deal with American and European foul brood. Isle of Wight disease, and all other infectious and contagious dis- eases. The shipment or movement of sec- ond-hand beehives, honeycombs, frames or Attractive bee club float in parade during the ninth annual boys' and girls' short course at Louisiana State University. 710 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE November, 1922 FROM THE FIELD OF EXPERIENCE other bee equipment into the state is for- bidden except under such rules and regula- tions as may be prescribed by the entomolo- gist in accordance with the law. Tor the purpose of carrying out and put- ting into effect the provisions of the act, the Department of Agriculture is empow- ered to levy and collect such charges as may be necessary, but which shall not be more than the following rates: On each individual partnership or corpor- ation having not more than 25 bee colonies, the sum of 25 cents on each colony. On over 25 colonies and not over 50 colonies, the sum of 20 cents on each colony. On over 50 and not over 100 colonies, the sum of 121/2 cents on each colony and on those having more than 100 colonies the sum of 10 cents on each colony. The money so collected will be receipted and deposited as a separate fund in the state treasury for the benefit of the honeybee industry of the state. Every leading beeman in the state was behind the bill, as well as the state and par- ish farm officials and the extension depart- ment of the Louisiana State University. Baton Eouge, La. Bentley B. Mackay. HELPFUL HONEY HINTS How to Utilize Its Delicate, Delicious Flavor in Cookery Honey is usually known simply as a spread for bread, but it has many varied uses in cookery. It is wholesome and nutri- tious, and supplies the same food in the diet as sugar, and may replace fat to a cer- tain degree. It is especially valuable for its delicate, delicious flavor. In cookery it answers the same purpose as molasses, but has a more delicate flavor. Les^ soda is used with it than with mo- lasses. Only one-fourth to one-half of a level teaspoon of soda is used for a cupful of honey. In substituting it for sugar, a cupful replaces a cupful of sugar in sweet- ness, but it contains more water; hence, one- fourth cupful less milk is used in the recipe. A honey cake made with butter will keep until the butter becomes rancid, and made without butter will keep for months and even improve in flavor. Tliis is also true of the dough. The standard recipe for a honey cake is: three-fourths cup honey, one-half cup sugar, two cups or more flour, one-fourth teaspoon powdered ginger, one-half teaspoon powder ed cardamom seed, one teaspoon cinnamon, one-eighth teaspoon cloves, a speck of pep- per, a pinch of salt, one-fourth to one-half teaspoon soda, one tablespoon water, and two ounces of blanched almonds cut in small pieces or chopped. A -cake made by stirring the flour directly into the cold hon- ey is found to be in no way inferior to those made with honey which has been heated. Thus it is not necessary to follow some of the old cookbooks in this respect. Like- wise, it is not necessary to boil the spices with the honey before jjutting into the cake, nor to let the dough stand a day before add- ing the soda and baking powder. It is a little easier to knead the dough after it has stood over a day, since less flour is needed on the board, but it is not necessary to let it stand over. Honey cakes on standing be- come more tender and soft. 1 find that honey gives a very fine flavor to breads and cakes. Here are some tested recipes: Honey Bread. 2 cujis honey. 4 cups rye flour. 1 teaspoon soda, 4 teaspoons aniseed, 2 teaspoons ginger, 4 tea- spoons powdered cardamom seed, 2 egg-yolks, % cup brown sugar. Sift the floj r with the spices and soda and add the other ingredients. Put the dough into shallow buttered pans to the depth of about an inch and bake in a hot oven. Butter Honey Cake. IV2 cups honey, % cup butter, 3 egg-yolks, 5 cups flour, 2 teaspoons ground cinnamon, V2 tea- spoon salt, 1% teaspoons soda, 2 tablespoons orange-flower water (water may be substituted), whites 3 eggs. Rub together the honey and butter; add the unbeaten yolks and beat thoroughly. Add the flour sifted with the cinnamon and the salt ; and the soda dissolved in the orange-flower water. Beat the mixture thoroughly and add the well-beaten whites of the eggs. Bake in shallow tins and cover with frosting made as follows; Orange Frosting for Butter Honey Cake. Grated rind 1 orange, 1 teaspoon lemon .iuice, 1 tablespoon orange juice, 1 egg-yolk, confection- er's sugar. Mix all ingredients but the sugar and allow the mix'ture to stand for an hour. Strain and add confectioner's sugar until the frosting is sufficiently thick to be spread on the cake. For the cinnamon in the butter honey cake the following mixture of spices may be substituted • y2 teaspoon ginger, 2 teaspoons cinnamon, 1 teaspoon ground cardamom seed, 1 teaspoon cloves, Vi teaspoon nutmeg, % teaspoon white pepper; chopped citron or nuts may also be added. '^ This mixture may also be flavored with ginger, aniseed or cardamom seed. Honey Sponge Cake. V2 cup sugar, % cup honey, 4 eggs, 1 cup sifted flour. Mix the sugar and honey and boil until the syrup will spin a thread when dropi)ed from the si)oon. Pour the syrup over the yolks of the eggs which have beon beaten until light. Beat this mixture until cold; then add the flour and cut and fold the 'beaten whites of the eggs into the mixture. Bake for 40 or 50 minutes in a pan lined with buttered paper, iu a slow oven. This cake can he made with a cupful of un- heated lioney in ]ilaoe of the honey and sugar syrup, but the qu.nlity is not quite so good. Yellow Honey Cake. 14 cup sugar, 1: egg-yolks, % cup honey, % teaspoon cinnamon, Vs teaspoon cloves, 1 V^ eujis flour. Sift together the flour and the spices. Mix the sugar and egg-yolks, add the honey, and then the flour gradually. Roll out thin, moisten the surface with egg-white and mark into small squares. Bake in a moderate oven. Honey Cookies. % cup honey, % cup sugar, 2% cups flour, V2 teaspoon soda, 1 V2 teaspoons cinnamon, 1 teaspoon NOVEMBKR, 192: GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 711 FROM THE FIELD OF EXPERIENCE cloves. 1 teaspoon allspice, 2 ounces finely chopped candied orange peel, ^A pound walnut meats finely chopped. Sift together the flour, spices and soda, and add the other ingrcdicMils. Knead thoroughly, roll out thin and cut with a biscuit cutter. These cookies are very hard. Honey Cookies. % cup honey, % cup sugar, Va cup milk, 3 tablespoons lard, 2 egg-yolks, 4 cups flour, V2 teaspoon salt. 1 teaspoon ground cinnamon, V2 cup finely chopped almonds, V2 teaspoon soda or 2 teaspoons baking powder. Bring the first four ingredients to the boiling point and allow the mixture to cool. Sift to- gether the flour, cinnamon and soda or baking powder. Combine all the ingredients. Boll the mixture out thin on a floured board. Cut out and bake in a moderate oven on tins which have been greased and floured. To prepare the tins properly, brush them over with melted butter and sifted flour, turn them over and shake ofif as much as possible of the flour. Honey Ice Cream. One quart thin cream. % cup delicately flavored honey. Mix ingredients and freeze. Honey Ice Cream. One pint milk, yolks 6 eggs, 1 cup honey, 1 pint cream. Honey Fudge. Two cups sugar, V^ cup honey, V2 cup water, 2 egg-whites, 1 teaspoon of vanilla extract. Boil together the sugar, honey and water until the syrup spins a thread when dropped from a spoon (about 250 degrees F.). Pour the syrup over the well-beaten whites of the eggs, beating continuously and until the mixture crystallizes, adding the flavoring after the mixture has cooled a little. Drop in small pieces on buttered or paraffin paper. The vanilla may be omitted. Mrs. Doris W. McCray. Cedar Rapids, Iowa. BEEKEEPING IN ONTARIO Work of the Ontario Agricultural College and the Ontario Beekeepers' Association "Distant pastures look green" is an old and true proverb. Sometimes, on arrival, however, we find those pastures prove to be a mirage and unreal, and the pastures left Six tons of honey from riO colonies increased to 50 this year. Apiary of F. K. Krouse and sons, located 20 miles from Guelph, Ontario. Heat the milk in a double boiler. Beat to- gether the honey and eggs, add the hot milk, return the mixture to the double boiler and cook it until it thickens. Add the cream and, when the mixture is cool, freeze it. Honey Icing. One cup granulated sugar, V4 cup water, V* cup honey, 1 egg-white. Boil together the sugar and the water for a few moments and then add the honey, taking pre- cautions to prevent the mixture from boiling over, as it is likely to do. Cook until drops of the syrup keep their form when poured into cold water, or to about 250 degrees F. Beat the white of the egg until stiff, and when the .syrup has cooled slightly pour over the egg. beating the mixture continuously until it will hold its shape. This frosting is suitable for use between layers of cake, but is rather too soft for the top. It remains in good condition and soft enough to be spread for many weeks and, therefore, can be made in large quantities for use as needed. After eight months, such icing made in this laboratory was found to be in good condition and soft enougli to cut. behind are in reality more profitable and greener than the new surroundings. Many beekeepers in various parts of the states liave, from time to time, heard of one state or another as possessing some wonderfully good locations, from the beekeepers' stand- point. While this article is not written witli the idea of alluring beekeepers to Ontario, a brief summing up of our beekeeping re- sources will be interesting to those in other parts. Geographically speaking, Old Ontario is in about the same latitude as lower Michigan, New York, and central and southern Wiscon- sin; while New Ontario stretches to the north of Minnesota, northern Wisconsin and the upper peninsula of Michigan. Before touching the practical side of the subject, the following is a brief history of 712 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE November, 1922 FROM THE FIELD OF EXPERIENCE the educational side: Beekeeping has been taught at the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, since 1909. Credit must be given to Morley Pettit for his work as provincial apiarist and head of the department of api- culture for nine years, as being largely in- strumental in placing apiculture in the po- sition it occupies at the present time. Today we have a fine stone and brick building, de- voted entirely to apiculture, which cost about $60,000. We have an apiculture op- tion leading to a bachelor's degree, at the end of the four years' course. The apicul- ture option is based on biological subjects, and students taking this option must have at least two years' experience with a com- mercial beekeeper. This insures that the graduates will be practical as well as re- ceiving the scientific training. The apiary consists of about 200 colonies, including a special queen-breeding apiary. There are two annual short courses, one of two weeks in January and a one week 's course in June. .rp^i^i The new ;i])iculUu'ul lnulJiii,i;' uf tliu Uiilario A^i'i- cultural College, Guelph, Ont. It is said to be the finest building devoted wholly to beekeeping in America. Ontario has a successful beekeejiers ' asso- ciation, with a membership this year of near- ly 1500. Our annual conventions are always well attended, and speakers from various states in the Union have declared that our attendance is larger than that of any simi- lar convention elsewhere in North America. This year the association has purchased hon- ey containers, supplies, over 3000 queens and 2500 nuclei and package bees for its mem- bers. At the annual convention, to be held at the Prince George Hotel, Toronto, on December 6, 7 and 8, we expect to launch a co-operative buying and selling organization, and in view of the volume of business done during the year, amounting to over $70,000, without special organization, there is every prospect of a successful start. At the Ca- nadian National Exhibition held in Toronto from August 26 to September 9, the associa- tion staged a honey exhibit and sold over $3000 worth of honey, in packages up to 10 pounds, mostly in glass packages of one pound and less. Cgming directly to the practical and com- mercial side of beekeeping, Ontario is very favorably situated. In the spring our main sources of honey are from willows, soft and hard maples, elms, dandelion and fruit bloom. Our main summer sources are from the white Dutch and alsike clovers, with basswood and the sweet clovers, the latter becoming more abundant each year. In the north, wild raspberry and fireweed or wil- jL low-herb also provide a good surplus. In • the fall, buckwheat, goldenrod,.boneset and asters are found in many localities and prove good yielders. Nature has been kind to On- tario beekeepers in that the honey flows are usually well defined. Our spring sources yield amber honey, our summer sources a fine qual- ity table honey, and our fall sources dark amber or dark. Careful beekeepers have lit- tle trouble in keeping each color of surplus separate so that we have a very high per- centage of light honey. Many of our commercial beekeepers are favorably known throughout North Amer- ica, and among them are members with nearly 1000 colonies. Some of our largest crops this year will run from 50 to over 100 tons. It is not easier for inexperienced beekeep- ers to succeed in Ontario than elsewhere, but we believe that there are few, if any, other places in the world that will yield so large an average of fine quality table honey as Ontario, Canada. The number of bee- keepers in Ontario has undoubtedly de- creased in the past decade, but the number of commercial beekeepers and colonies has materially increased. Our annual convention is open to any bee- keeper, and a card addressed to the secre- tary's office, O. A. C, Guelph, will bring a program. A special invitation is quite un- necessary. We could tell of many other ad- vantages which Ontario possesses but will leave these for the convention. Guelph, Ont. F. Eric Milieu. HONEY PRODUCERS' LEAGUE What It Has Been Doing and What It Expects to Do The program which the Executive Com- mittee of the American Honey Producers' League has laid out for the coming year is as follows: Publishing the booklet on laws pertaining to beekeeping and beekeepers, es- tablishing a means of contact with indi- vidual members, furnishing warning signs, and taking up beekeeping problems that de- mand national attention. NOVKMBKR, 192^ GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 713 FROM THE FIELD OF EXPERIENCE Plans are now being made to publish the Legal Aid Booklet and furnish it at cost to members of the American Honey Producers' League. Nothing important this year in the way of a national advertising campaign will be undertaken, as there are not sufficient funds available to make any progress in this con- nection. Our most important effort at this time will be to establish contact with the individual members of the League through a monthly bulletin to be either mimeographed or print- ed. We do not have the names of all the members of the League and would appreci- ate having any beekeeper, who is now a member, write to the secretary, Dr. S. B. Fraeker, State Capitol Annex, Madison, Wis- consin. If you have not paid your dues for 1922, do so at once and also send in your dues for 1923. The League has established one important piece of service which has been of consider- able value to a number of beekeepers. This service is the warning sign, which has helped to prevent losses in out-apiaries wherever posted. Some of our beekeepers report that they have always had difficulty with thieves until they put up these signs. Tn practically every case these signs had the effect of stop- ping the trouble. As these signs cost onlv 2.5c each, it will pay each beekeeper who is a member of the League to provide himself with one or more signs for his outyards. These can be secured by writing to the secre- tary. The Schedule Committee of the League has again arranged a series of meetings, includ- ing the group of the northenstern states, the central western states and the Pacific north- west. In this connection our program in- cludes an organized effort to secure better co-operation among beekeepers and beekeep- ing organizations. In order to accomplish this, it is necessarv to have the moral and financial support of all beekeeping organiza- tions in the United States. In fact, nothing can be done without the beekeeper. Let everv beekeeper put his shoulder to the wheel and help to make this co-operative effort successful. The Fordney McCumber Tariff Bill was signed by the President on September 21, and from that time on all honey coming into the United States from foreign countries will be taved an import duty of 3c per pound. This replaces the former duty of 10c T)er gallon, which has been in effect since' the 1913 tariff bill. Now that the new tariff on honey has been established, it should be known among bee- keeners that the American ITonev Produc- ers' League is greatly responsible for this tariff. There is a question in the minds of some beekeepers as to whether or not this tariff is desirable; but, regardless of whether we are right or wrong, the power which a united beekeeping organization may have in national affairs should be pointed out to our beekeepers. Every beekeeper must put his shoulder to the wheel to make this national organization successful. Nothing can be done without the beekeeper, and the League solicits your sup- port. H. F. Wilson. Madison, Wisconsin. HONEY- SELLING HINT How to Impress upon Physicians the Food Value of Honey S'ome time ago I ordered some of the Dr. Miller booklets on the food value of honey, and as I was giving them out the idea struck me that I should give each doctor I knew a copy of it. So I have been giving them out to the doctors I know, and some of them have asked for more to give out to their friends. I believe it is safe to say that I have sold 30 pounds of honey for each of these booklets given the doctors. When we give a doctor one of these papers, and he sees it is by Dr. Miller he reads it; while, if some honey producer got it up, he would pitch it into the waste basket. Almost every month we see something in the bee journals about having healthier and happier children, by feeding them less sugar and more honey. How far do these articles go toward advertising honey? The beekeeper reads it, lays the journal up and forgets about it. If we can get a copy of this booklet into the hands of all faniilv physicians and impress them with the food A^alue of honey, the doctors will prescribe feeding honey to the children and the moth- ers will see that they get it. It would be very easy to get these book- lets distributed to everv doctor in the U. S., if each beekeeper would send out a few to every doctor in his community. Beekeepers' associations could get a medical directorv and use that for a mailing list. I also be- lieve we should put some of these booklets in each school so the teacher mav teach the children the value of honev. If we can get half a dozen of these booklets to each (\no- tor and teacher, we will note a big differ- ence in the sale of honev. J. W. Powell. Mesilla Park, N. M. TMedical journals have shown an interest in honey in dietetics for some time, but the subject has not developed to any great ex- tent. Eeeently, however, several articles of this nature have appeared in the medical journals, and investigators are now turn- ing their attention to this subject. If the American people must first take honey as a medicine to find out how good it is as a food, let us hope that the doctors will prescribe it freely.- — Editor.] 714 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE November, 1922 A^ u L E TT E E was just re- ceived from H. E. Grey, Fort Edward, N. Y., inquiring what p r 0 p 0 r tion of honey in water would be re- quired to keep it from freezing wlien used in an automobile engine. I tried a mixture late last winter of 50 per cent honey; but our cold weather was nearly past, and the temperature went down to only 12° above zero, which it stood without freezing. Further experiments should be made, as a honey mixture is a stable mix- ture; while denatured alcohol, largely used for this purpose, evaporates rapidly, and one never knows just what the proportion is in his engine. * * * E. A. Kirkpatrick of Narberth, Pa., gives a very interesting account of a young man paying his expenses while in college by keeping bees. He may be interested in knowing that the present president of Penn- sylvania State College helped himself through college in this way. This method not only helps pay expenses but gives a young man a business experience that is of almost as much value as his college training, and certainly is of great value as he goes out from college into the active duties of life. * * » The article by E. E. Eoot on bottling and selling honey, commencing on page 632, must prove of great value to beginners as well as some of us who have been longer in the business. One of the provoking things about bottling honey has been the scum, or what appeared to be scum, on top of our honey when we knew well enough there was no scum in it. He tells us it is onlj' small air bubbles that make the trouble, and explains how to avoid causing these bubbles. Honey producers are to be congratulated that tin packages are coming more and more to be used for retailing honey. "The Wintering Problem," as treated by Geo. S. Demuth, pages 636 to 639, is most satisfactory and is quite in h.-irmony with my experience of the past 50 years. In only one or two things would I suggest anything farther. Where he suggests the use of shal- low trays of insulating material for the top of single-packed hives, we use large bran burlap sacks and find them much more con- venient to handle than the wooden trays we formerly used. Where he would unite all colonies deficient in bees, we have found such to winter very well if the brood-cham- ber is reduced to four or five combs and well packed. Of course, if one has colo- nies enough, it might be better to unite. SIFTINGS J. E. Crane 1 TU That inter- esting editorial, on page 631, makes automatic ^ feeding look pretty good, but our experience with food cham- bers has not, so far, proved sat- have talked with one experience has been It may work better in a milder isfactory in winter. I or two others whose the same, clim.ate. On page 629, October Gleanings, an edi- torial .mentions the trouble some have with the granulating of sugar syrup for feeding, some even saying that their syrup will granulate before it is taken from the feed- ers. Of course it will or may, if very heavy; but, after the bees have stored it, it is another story. The bees change it so as very largely, if not completely, to prevent granulation. If any one doubts this, let him take a sample of heavy syrup in a bot- tle and another of the same, after having been fed and stored by the bees in their combs, in another bottle, and note the dif- ference. The sample that the bees have stored will remain liquid for a long time, while that which the bees have not touched will show granulation very quickly. So in feeding we make a syrup as heavy as the bees will take before it granulates. After they take it we do not worry, as the loss from granulation is very trifling. There is a new wrinkle this year in feed- ing bees. Wliere little honey is gathered after the middle of July, there is usually much feeding to be done. We have for many years used a galvanized-iron tank hold- ing about 800 pounds, but the pressure of so much weight of syrup and often of steam when taken to an outyard (for we heat to melt our sugar quickly) makes it difficult to keep it from leaking about the bottom or top. This year, not willing to trust our old tank longer, we have bought cans of five- gallon capacity, made of heavy galvanized iron, with a large opening at the top for fill- ing and a nose for emptying. Tliey have, we find, many advantages over one large tank. We can fill in half the time, and carry the cans right to the hives in the yard and empty into the feeders. With a 75-gallon tank it was necessary to fill the tank on the truck. Now we have the use of the truck so one may go to an outyard and gather up feeders while another is melting up syrup. A good-sized gate in a melting tank enables us to draw off hot syrup into 5-gallon cans without any dripping. There are other ad- vantages I need not mention. These cans can be obtained of the Dover Stamping and Manufacturing Co., Cambridge, Mass. NOVKMBEK, 1922 GLKANINGS IN BEE CULTURE A^ C Lr S usual, we ,01iio-Califor- nians have been experien- cing the "very unusual " this September. Whether because of some law of averages or com- pensation or just to enable the weather to keep up its record for superlatives this year, the temperature on Sunday, Sept. 17, reached the highest point since 1913, just as last winter occurred the most disastrous freeze since 1913 and the most rain for years. The official thermometer in Los An- geles recorded a maximum of 102 degrees in the shade, that of Pasadena registered 108 degrees, and our west porch thermome- ter, unofficial but apparently reliable, show- ed 103 degrees. Our suburb lies between Pasadena and Los Angeles. If this September is a fair sample I am afraid I shall have to admit that I love "My California" in spite of its September climate, not because of it, although today, Sept. 27, the thermometer is behaving beau- tifully, has not showed a temperature of more than 76, and the delightful sea breeze is mingling with mountain air, as it should. During those hot days the sea breeze ap- parently took a long detour across a desert before reaching us, with the result that opening a window was somewhat like open- ing a furnace door. It is a fact that a ther- mometer exposed to the breeze recorded a higher temperature than one sheltered from the breeze. But while I never would advise anyone to visit California in September, or perhaps at any time during the fall, it is not a bad place in which to live. During even the warmest weather the temperature falls well down into the sixties before morning, with just enough exceptions to prove the rule. And on account of the cool nights the in- terior of the house preserves a surprising coolness until mid-afternoon, even on hot days, especially if most, of the windows and doors are closed early in the morning. We always leave part of our windows open, for we are not fond of stale air, even if cool, but we have learned to keep out the hot breezes. LAST month T believe I wrote that to- matoes and eastern varieties of grapes are not as fine here in California as in the Ea^t. T find T miist retract. Just n few days after my manuscript had started east a nice beekeeper, living some 25 miles from here, sent us some tomatoes, and then a week or two later he did it again. T meas- ured several and found them 14 inches in circumference; they were as uniform in size and shar»e as peas in a r)od, had a most beautiful tomato-red complexion, -were fiTm and i^ne flavored and kept well. And the largest Concord grapes T ever saw, both as to OUR CALIFORNIA LETTER CONSTANCE ROOT BOYDEN (Stancy Puerden) 3 r^^^^^^5^ TU 715 size of indivi- dual grapes and bunches, have been on the mar- ket for some weeks. I am be- ginning to be- lieve California- grown fruits, w i t h the ex- ception of grapefruit, are the finest in the world. Maybe in the future I shall have to retract making that exception of grape- fruit; but, although we have enjoyed some very fair grapefruit from Arizona, I don't believe the California article can equal that grown in Florida as yet. Someone has asked me to describe a nec- tarine. I should call it a white peach with au apple skin, or the skin might be likened to that of a plum. Those on our tree were delicious, juicy, refreshing, very sweet and with a flavor a little more delicate than the average peach. The skin was apple-green or pale yellow when ripe, and some of them had dark red on one side. We liked them sliced without peeling, and we also used them sliced over such breakfast foods as shredded wheat. Whether they can be suc- cessfully grown in the East I do not know, but I remember father had one in our yard when I was a girl. Possibly it did not sur- vive the winters, for I do not think it lived to be a very large tree. Did you ever hear of roselle buds? They are perhaps a little over an inch long, half an inch in diameter, are striped bright red and green and they grow on shrubs or bushes. A very pretty ruby-red jelly can be made from them, and the flavor is much like that made from currants. They must be very rich in pectin, for the juice jellies very quickly with little boiling. Speaking of pectin reminds me of the commercial pectin, sold under the name of Certo. I have used it in making jams and marmalades this summer and have tested it in apricot jam made Avith honey 'instead of sugar. That made with honey jellied more slowly than when sugar was used, perhaps because the honey added a little more liquid, but it finally became firm. The Certo is a great convenience when making jam of fruits deficient in pectin, such as peaches, and it also enables one to use canned fruits for making jam during the winter. The use of it with strawberries, blackberries and raspberries results in a much finer-flavored jam than usual, as it obviates the necessity for the long boiling which injures the flavor and hardens the seeds. But for making jelly with roselle buds, grapes, quinces or other fruits rich in pec- tin I prefer not to use the Certo. and T also think orange marmalade is better without the Certo, as oranges and lemons are rich in pectin. The Corto recipes call for so much su-orar that iams made by that method are apt to taste too sweet unless some lemon juice is added. 716 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE November, 1922 THE fifteenth birthday anniversary of the only daughter of our family fell on Aug- ust 30, and as that is also the anniver- sary of her parents' engagement it seemed fitting that it should be observed by a holi- day, although we had some difficulty in per- suading the busy man to see it that way. However he did consent to join us if we woi;ld let him go down to his office in the city for a few hours, and therefore ten 0 'clock in the morning found the two Boy- den families assembled in Pasadena to take the auto stage, which makes a daily trip up Mt. Wilson. None of the eight who made up the picnic party had been up this par- ticular mountain although at least one of them never looked at the peak, with its gleaming white sun tower belonging to the observatory, that she did not wish she could be there. Mountains are so full of mystery and il- lusion. For instance, from our home that ■white sun tower appears to be at a little distance to the west of a peak rising con- siderably higher. ' But we had long noticed that, as we drove to the east, say to Ar- cadia, the sun tower appeared to be just as far to the east of that peak, and for a time we thought there must be two such towers. Then someone explained that the sun tower is on the highest point, and that the other peak, being between us and the sun tower, appeared higher for that reason. In previous articles I have alluded to the mountains appearing like a long, high ridge to the north serrated with higher peaks and then, when the lights and shadows are just right or snow picks out the higher peaks, one can see, instead of a ridge, many ridges and peaks, the higher peeping over the low- er ones, probably separated by deep canyons and gorges. But when we drive close to the foot of the mountains in the effort to penetrate their mystery the near-by lower ridges hide the distant penks so we can see less than when we are at a distance. As the ascent of Mt. Wilson is made by auto stage on the toll road (unless one has strength enough to mnke the climb on foot) it seemed to me, if we watched closely, we would know all about the shape of the great tilted-up mass of earth which is known as Mt. Wilson. But now T am hoping a future airplnne ride will reveal what the drive did not, for Mt. Wilson is still a beautiful mys- terv to me, and so are Mt. Lowe and Tamal- pais. although I have been up both of them. After leaving the tollhouse the road dips down into a canyon, crosses it on a bridge and then starts up the narrow trail which can be traced for some distance from the valley below. On and up wo climbed stead - ilv, curving into unsuspected canyons and clinging to their steep sides, curving out again where we hod fascinating glimpses of the valley fnr below, making frequent "hairpin turns" where a little cnrelessness on the part of the driver would have shot us off the narrow road into space. These mountain drives always seem to me more dangerous than airplane rides, for automo- biles cannot volplane down if they miss the trail, but I believe accidents are extremely rare. There were places where we could see a section of our own road high above us and perhaps two more sections away below, which we had just traversed. The nine-mile drive from the tollhouse to the peak is filled with beauty. As we climbed higher the features of the valley below showed only faintly through a violet light, although the day had given promise of being clear. The views of distant moun- tains were magnificent, the trees and shrubs in the canyons and on the mountain slopes were surprisingly green for the season, and although there were not many shrubs in bloom there were a few which were very fine, many covered with little creamy plumes, like tiny pampas plumes. We ate our birthday picnic luncheon in a little summerhouse in a quiet grove, which looked quite like an ordinary resort with its little hotel and scattered, tiny cottages for the hotel guests. One might forget that he was on a mountain peak unless he glanced down through the trees and saw the broad San Gabriel Valley spread out over a mile below (6000 feet). Don't laugh at my en- thusiasm, you readers who may live near some of the high peaks of the Sierra Nevada or the Rockies. Remember our mountains here rise almost from the sea, and they are satisfyingly high to ex-Ohio eyes. The temperature on Mt. Wilson averages much lower than the valley, but we seem to carry superlatives with us, for that was the hottest day of the year on the peak up to that time, 88 degrees. But it was alto- gether delightful. Out on Echo Rock, with the mountain sloping steeply away in three directions to blue depths which made one dizzy, while Mt. San Antonio (10,000 feet) and its neighboring peaks stood out clearly and deceptively close to the east, a wonder- ful, cool air rose from the canyon depths, air with a woodsy fragrance. Of course we went through the museum and enjoyed the pictures taken through the great telescope, and later we were conduct- ed through the observatory in which is the mammoth reflecting telescope, the greatest in the world. We also learned that a pro- fessor from Northwestern University has been conducting a series of experiments re- flecting light from Mt. Wilson to Mt. San Antonio ("Baldy") to revise figures on the velocity of light waves, and by the end of another summer it is hoped some interesting results may be made public. But life doesn't permit us to stav long on mountain peaks, either figurativelv or lit- erally, and so the time for descending came all too quickly, especially for the nineteen year-old boy who numbers astronomy among his hobbies and who lingered in the observa- tory up to the last second. And the fifteen- year-old young lady thinks her mountain peak birthday picnic was the finest cele- bration she has had yet. i 1 I c NnvKMBER, 1922 THE State Fair was in progress. In the honey sec- tion at the north end of tlie Agri- culture Building, hundreds of bot ties of rich am- ber honey stood in rows against the white-covered windows behind. Extractors and hives and uncap- ping knives told the mysterious story to tlie great public who do not know. Through their glass sides the observation hives show- ed bees, three-band Italians or bright five- band Goldeus. Eibbons had been awarded — blue ones hung proudly, red ones contented- ly, yellow ones quietly; on extracted honey, comb honey, granulated honey, beeswax, honey vinegar, empty brood-combs, the bees themselves and the general grand display. The crowds surged by. Their questions, perennially funny, about queens and artificial comb and if the bees were making honey, were interspersed with such queries as, Where is the cow made of butter, where are the decorated cakes, where is the apple ex- hibit? Visiting beekeepers kept turning up at the honey exhibits, always to be wel- comed with a quick warm handclasp — -here is one of us. Then how the conversation drifted on and on into the things that mat- ter— to a beekeeper: how short the crop was this year — and why — too much rain, with one — not enough, with another — clover kill- ed out by last year's drought; what about foiil-broody section honey sweeping in here from the west, with the smeary wooden dis- card being thrown cheerfully into the alleys because it is summer and there is no fire to burn it and neither the chickens nor the pig nor the family cow will eat it? — well, some day something will be done about ship- ping out section honey from foul brood ter- ritory; what you getting for five-pound buckets? — or Avhat's the prospect for aster? — coming fine — too dry to yield — why, Man, don't you know it rained Wednesday? — ask the Fair management, they know, or the church women running the eating booths, they know — well, here's hoping, my hives are mighty light now — my yard's already be- ginning to smell sour. And so on and on, all the loved old familiar beesy talk from bee- man to beeman (speaking in generalities"). Then one afternoon, Friday it was, have vou seen the live bee demonstration, asked Hardin Foster, the young queen-breeder from Columbia. Mr. Foster had been around before, and the conversation had been ap- propriately flavored with bees and queens. Rut this was somethinsr ncAv. Live bee dem- onstration? No, we didn't know there was one. Where is it? In one of the sideshows, I've been told, he answered. So we went to look it ur», three of us. In one of the sideshows. Which one, we won- dered, and who was putting it on and what would it be like? Out into the strange GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE Beekeeping as a Side Line Grace Allen 1 717 medley that con- stitutes the side- show feature of a state fair we wandered, past tlie Dodgem and the Whip and the Ferris Wheel and the Merry- go-round and the House of Mirth and the Joy Trail and the Old Mill and the Diving Belles; just where in such a conglomeration would one find a live been demonstration? Finally we reach- ed a long tent affair; freaks, said the Man- of-the-Party, it won't be here, but I better ask. Eight here, quoth the ticket seller, who promptly had our sixty cents and we were inside. A dusky-skinned man was swallowing fire and sending it back out. That was the first thing we saw. The little crowd of side- show devotees was there in front of this fire-eater. But lo, at the far end of the line, in a wire cage, was a small hive of bees and a very normal-looking gentleman writing a letter! Nothing freaky there, thank good- ness, we remarked, starting joyfully in that direction. But the pleasant-looking fat man shooed us back. The show goes the other way. he explained gently; and we, feeling it proper to do as they wished, meekly watched the dusky-skinned man swallow more fire. Then came a misshapen little dwarf, but this we dodged, by simply chat- ting without watching. We have never liked freaks. So I don't know what this one did, nor the next one nor the next. But at last the announcer was calling out that. Now, ladies and gentlemen, Dr. Wood will show you his famous — and we knew, with a little thrill, that there we were, right in front of the cage, and the show was starting. It lasted only a few minutes: first, a little talk on bees, such things as the three kinds and how many eggs the queen lays; then he jarred the bees off a frame into a special- ly contrived hat, and, making appropriately genial remarks, he donned the hat. Now you see, he said — inevitably — I have bees in "my bonnet. He removed the hat. One or two bees remained on his bald head. Went over the top, didn't they? he observed, brush- ing them off. Now. he went on. I am going to play ball with these bees — want to play with me? — addressing a small boy who promptly shrank back from the cage, shak- ing his head. Deftly slipping a stiff card under the bees, where he had emptied the hat out, he threw them into one hand, tossed them, decreasing in numbers, from one hand to the other; and the demonstration was over. We had decided not to show that we knew anything about bees, but to ask some ques- tions and see how they were answered. But somehow we couldn't think of anything to ask. The Man-of-the-Partv finallv made n brave effort; the demonstrator answered. Then, seeing us still standing there, while 718 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE NOVEMBKE, 1922 the rest of the crowd had moved on in the direction of — the fat man was next, I be- lieve— he regarded us a moment with inter- est, then began, there's a woman in Nash- ville— and hesitated. Who? — what about her? the Man-of-the-Party helped out. Then the live-bee-man said three things, one after the other: first, my name; then, You? — in a swift interrogation; and then, I'm coming right around there. And I'm coming right around there! I answered, and we met by the door. It was like meeting an old friend. Indeed, it was that, really. Gleanings doth make friends of us all. I was just writing my wife, he said, wav- ing towards the writing materials set aside when his act was called — and telling her I had found your exhibit this morning but couldn't find you, and guessed I wouldn't see you. I said we hadn't known of the show more than half an hour. And he said he hadn't been there till Wednesday, having been in Coney Island. That was the beginning. We talked on and on. How strange it seemed, thus being chummy with one of the per- formers in a sideshow. But we were all bee lovers, and therefore friends. Of course, Mr. Woods had met E. R. Root — unhappy the beekeeper who has not! He told us about it — it was while he was with Ringling Brothers — Mr. Wood, I mean, not Mr. Eoot! I iTivited him to eat dinner with me under the tent, but he had to join some friends, he reminisced regretfully. He took us around behind, opened a flap at the back and show- ed us his other small hive sitting on top of one of the big carnival wagons, the bees fly- ing in and out. By using them alternately, he keeps them in good condition. Of course I asked his story, and he gave me pictures. But the story begins away back when he was seven or eight years old. His father, following the olden custom, had sulphured his bees to get the honey. The boy actually cried. When I get big, he de- clared, I aint goin' to kill the bees to get the honey. It was only two or three years later that a catalog came to his father showing hives with movable frames. P-omptly his father bought one for the boy; and he has been interested in bees ever since. His start in the exhibition business was made about 20 years ago, and happened this way. He had 28 or 30 colonies to trans- fer from old-style hives to new ones. Ex- cessive robbing was making it a mean job. 8o he built a wire cage and did the trans- ferring within. Then it became easy, be- came pleasant. He began playing with the bees, doing certain stunts and little tricks again and asrain. He was delighted with the ease of it all. I'm going to do this at the County Fair, he told his wife exultantly, it'll make folks open their eyes. He went to the see the secretary of the Fair. Yes indeed, said that gentleman, come on. He went on and met with great success. One day, there at the little county fair in Pennsylvania, a showman saw him perform, and later hunted him up. I have a string of 20 or 30 fairSj he told him; let me take you on. It's a matter of money, answered Mr. Wood, wisely. I've got it, said the showman. I'll bring my wife tomorrow, said Mr. Wood, wisely, again. They met, they agreed; he started out and is still go- ing. That was more than 20 years ago. Since that talk with the showman back at the Monroe County Fair, he has been all over these United States and into Canada and Mexico. He has shown in Madison Square, New York. Is there anything more to aspire to in the showing line? He hopes his son will continue with the work when he is through. He would rather give his talks and exhibitions before schools and Y. M. C. A.'s, but, as he told the showman years ago, it's a question of money. Perhaps, he says, when the little home is paid for and the children all grown and educated, he will stop going around with shows; there's mon- ey in it, but he wants to get home, settle down by his own vine and fig tree and bee- yard, and enjoy life, back in Pennsylvania. Or he might go to lower Louisiana and build a houseboat, and float his bees up and down the Mississippi. What dreamers we all are! Now, ladies and gentlemen. Dr. Wood, the famous King of Bees, will give you — They had gone the rounds again and it was his turn once more! Once more we listened and watched. Once more he joined us outside. I can't give anywhere near all my show, he complained, they give me so little time. But I'm glad I haven't sealed the letter to my wife. I'm going to tell her about seeing you. And we parted. Are we not all alike, we beekeepers? — lovers of bees, friends of all other beekeep- ers, and sharing everything with our wives — or, some of us, with our husbands. November Memories. Softly down the dim west end of one November day Came a lonely birdnote floating through the silent gray — Across the fields the calling children sounded far away. Bees, no longer questing forth, rested in the hive. Rested? Ah, the loyalties that keep their dreams alive! On I wandered, wondering — may all dreams survive? (Aye. so they be questing dreams, rapturous and fair! Aye, so they be beauty-fed, fanned by wings that care! Aye, so wings beat loyally through dark hours or fair!) No one saw the night come: something grew more deep — Day was diisk and dusk was dark and dark pxit e.nrth to sleep. But T, who walked the roads alone, have memories to keep. NOVEMBKR, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 719 FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH In Southern California ^he condi- tion of bees throughout south eru California is above nor- mal in amount of stores and freedom from disease. It is always much easier to treat disease in our prosperous seasons, and bees that go into winter with the hives full of honey are less likely to develop disease. We find that the weak, half-starved colo- nies, that barely get through the winter, are the ones to look out for, so far as dis- ease is concerned. With the higher class of beekeeping prac- ticed today, the apiarist exercises more skill and care in both the prevention and cure of disease than the old-style beekeeper did. He also has more of that "come-back" abil- ity, as we express it here in the West — that is, he can, in a short time, clean up any disease tliat might appear, provided the sea- son is at all favorable. He can also in- crease his colonies rapidly enough to replace any that might have been lost by disease or otherwise. One of the most unfortunate situations that still remains in too many cases here in the West is the fact that the beekeeper — just as soon as his honey crop is disposed of - — ^turns his attention to other lines, thus neglecting his bees. In some cases no at- tention is given them until the following spring. This not only leads to a great loss of combs in the colonies that die out from various causes but also gives every chance for disease to be spread among many colo- nies if any diseased combs are robbed. The summer weather continued longer than usual in southern California this year, and September proved to be one of the warmest on record. Where there were bloom and moisture, the bees filled their hives well, and most apiaries are in fine condi- tion for winter. Blue curl is very abundant this year, and while it has perhaps yielded more nectar in other years, still the bees have done and are doing well on it. The great profusion of plants makes up in a great measure for any shortage of nectar secretion that there might be. The market seems to be able to take honey at a certain price, and buyers are shipping right along. We shipped some 200 cases of orange honey last week that the buyer told us was going to Belgium. The market on sage honey seems weaker, and buyers do not seem nearly so anxious to buy it as they do the orange or even the darker grades. Six, seven, eight and nine cents seem to be about the prices offered. A few of the lar- ger producers are holding, but most of the beekeepers are selling or are willing to sell. To make the business gain us a living at these prices, one must be conservative and run his affairs just as economicallv as pos- sible. Supplies of all kinds, as well as labor, are much higlier than when we sold honey at the above-quoted prices before the war. Honey plants are going into the early winter in excellent condition. A good growth was made during the summer, and, with a normal amount of rainfall this winter, all should be in good condition for next sea- son. L. L. Andrews. Corona, Calif. In Northern California.— T'l'i, ^ ^^^ 1922 will go on on record as a very poor one. Ex- cepting in the very northern part of the state, hardly any section gave a respectable surplus. Alfalfa was especially disappoint- ing, and in some of the very best alfalfa locations of the San Joaquin Valley there was actually no surplus this season. The fall plants, jackass clover, alkali weed and blue curls in the valleys, are secreting, and during September in some localities there was extracting. Owing to the scarcity of alfalfa honey most colonies were not in a fit condition to reap the benefits of the late honey flow. Along the coast sections, the fall bloom was exceedingly barren of nec- tar. The wild buckwheat, just as L. L. Andrews pointed out in September "Glean- ings," bloomed with us also very profusely, but was altogether lacking in nectar. The same holds true for blue curls. Between six and seven cents has been the ruling price for light-amber honeys. The demand for honey was much more active a year ago at this time. It is expected, how- ever, among beekeepers and dealers alike, that the market will become firmer and more active within a month or two. Along the coast counties the vellow- jack- ets have become an intolerable nuisance. Many of the weaker colonies have been de- stroyed outright. In some instances colo- nies with entrances confined to a single bee-space have been overcome, so persistent has been the attack of these marauders. They are so numerous in some sections that it is possible to trap as many as 100 and 200 pounds of these insects about an apiary or honey-house. Ever since Prof. W. B. Hermes has been in charge of the entomological department of the Universitv of California he has had no easv task in fulfilling the demands made upon him by our rank and file. Our state institution has been hard pressed for funds, which fact has been Prof. Hermes' greatest handicap. As has been announced. Dr. George R. Vansell, formerly of the Univer- sities of Knnsns and Harvard, is noAv a mem- ber of our Universitv staff and is in charge of beekeeping at the University Farm .it Davis. This is most gratifving news. All of us have realized the need for beekeepinar instruction at the Farm. Dr. Vansell has GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE November, 1922 FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH been inspector of apiaries in Kansas and has also been connected with apicultural work in the U. S. Department of Agricul- ture. His first work is building up an api- ary of 50 or more colonies, and students, after having received a certain amount of fundamental work at the university at Berkeley, are then in a position to gain ade- quate practical instruction at Davis. Ralph de Ong has charge of the beekeeping work at Berkeley. M. C. Eichter. Big Sur, Calif. In British Columbia.— ^^ ^P^*^ °^ ^ dry summer and the smoke from numerous forest fires, that veiled the sun and obscured the land- scape for quite long periods in many dis- tricts and prevented the bees from flying freely, there has been an excellent honey crop in British Columbia this season. In the Eraser Valley, stretching from Vancouver to bej^ond Chilliwack,- a distance of 60 or 70 miles, there has been a much heavier yield than in the other parts of the province. Four years ago it was hard to find an api- ary in this valley that was free from Euro- pean foul brood. The introduction of Ital- ian bees to replace the blacks, Avhich were then so common, together with improved equipment and better methods of beekeep- ing, has worked wonders in a short time in eradicating the disease and increasing the crop. Fifteen Government demonstration api- aries, under the supervision of the apiary inspectors, were established at different points in this territory for educational pur- poses, and the wisdom of adopting this course has become very apparent in the good results that have been achieved. The aver- age production of the hives under super- vision in these demonstration apiaries this season will be about 300 pounds of surplus honey from each. Two hives in two of the apiaries have exceeded the 600-pound mark. One of these produced 660 pounds and the other 630 pounds, enough honey being left in both for winter stores. A permanently packed outer ease is used in all the demonstration apiaries that have been established in the province, which now total 40. It is proposed to add to this number as soon as the necessary arrange- ments can be made, so that in course of time the whole province will be covered. The queens, the stipulation being that they should be young queens, are allowed a breed- ing space of 20 Langstroth frames. It has been found that the outer case, although an additional expense to start with, very soon saves its cost in the extra amount of honey obtained. Colonies so protected winter bet- ter and build up much quicker in the spring. There is also less trouble from swarming, as a more even temperature is maintained with- in the hive. Comb honey can also be more easily produced. In the Fraser Valley there is usually an early spring flow, mainly from dandelions and the broad-leaved and the red-flowered maples, from which surplus honey is obtain- ed. This is followed by alsike and white clo- vers, and raspberries, which are grown com- mercially in many localities, and later by fireweed. The latter grows luxuriantly in most places and yields nectar very freely. In the dry belt of the interior, including the Okanagan Valley, where there is sufficient irrigation, good crops of honey can be de- pended on from alfalfa, hairy vetch, sweet clover, etc. In the eastern portion of the province, adjoining the Alberta boundary, where the natural precipitation is greater, averaging about 28 inches per annum, there is a wider range of nectar-bearing plants than in the dry belt, such as fireweed and the spreading dogbane (Apocynum andro- saemifolium). The latter yields a water- white honey, similar in appearance to fire- weed, but with a better flavor. Nelson, B. C. W. J. Sheppard. -' ':"» ' " ■»" ' ' ' [s^MBH • t^fif^-;f(vfi': •.... ..i" . .' ■ \ '\r - ,/ 'i ,::.'" ■ .^•'" \^ 'HHHHI ■ T i 1 1 Ini ^^ ^^^^r A Government Demonstration Apiary in British Columbia. These are standard ten-frame hives all in permanently packed outer cases. Note that, as supers are tiered up, rims are added to the outer case. XOVEMBER, 1922 OLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH In Northern Michigan.— ^h^^^ reports ern Michigan this seasou vary cousiderably, due both to local weather conditions and to the honey plants, the latter of which the great diversity of the soil materially affects. A very rapid honey flow started early in June from a source not generally known for a certainty. I must admit my ignorance in the matter, although I have tried to ascer- tain the source. The honey is light amber and somewhat strong. The source in the past has been attributed to the water-maple, often called swamp or spotted maple, but this has been pretty well cut away. Mr. Chapman of Mancelona claims it to be the beech tree bloom. I watched the beech trees this year but saw no bees, although they were heavy with bloom and we have a large crop of beechnuts this fall. The raspberry bloom was in and out al- most before it was realized; then the milk- weed plants, which we depend upon for one half the surplus, was affected by drouth so that only in very favorable localities did it yield more than one-third its quota. The buckwheat areas were spotted — some locali- ties getting none, others a plenty — but the yield was light. The sweet clover is going to play an important part in our honey crop in the future. For the past two seasons it has been sown in large quantities, and even during this season in some sections consid- erable honey was stored from this source. Generally speaking, Michigan honey is dark this season. Even in the white clover section of "The Thumb," David Eunning re- ports it unusually dark, but the flavor and body are good. A year ago nearly every beekeeper pailed up his honey and started to sell it locally. Competition was strong. This season several large producers have sold to jobbers. Some have shipped their honey to city markets and Avill pail and sell it there, while others are selling locally as usual. All old honey has been cleaned up nicely, and the new honey should start off well. Early sales were not good, due to a super- abundance of fruits of all kinds and warm weather. Remember the price set for honey now controls the price for the season. It's a long time till next July, and the eon- sumption of sweets has only just nicely started. Colonies bred up strong on the light fall honey flow, but w-ere practically destitute for winter stores and required heavy feed- ing. Those who have not given the bees feed will report heavy losses next spring. I fed 4,400 pounds of sugar to 350 colonies, run for extracted honey. The comb-honey colonies required no feed. Many forget or neglect to contract the entrances during fall and winter. This is all wrong — a wide entrance allows the air to circulate around the combs, while a small entrance prevents the movement of the air. Don't forget that windbreak this winter; it's more than half the winter protection. Plenty of bees, stores and protection spell successful wintering. Take away any one of the three requisites, and it spells failure. Old combs and wax cappings should be ren- dered out now. Remember how delayed that foundation was last spring, due to not get- ting off the wax early enough. East Jordan, Mich. Ira D. Bartlett. In Wisconsin.— ^«^«^ if ™«^"lg ^^1^!^ well. The worst part m couueetion with the honey movement is a lack of uniformity in prices. A few beekeep- ers act independently of all others and are retailing at wholesale prices, and some of these sell for the same price to the con- sumer as they do to the stores. Another class of honey producers are those who have gotten into the game recently and have no established trade; some of these are cutting prices, as they Avant to unload fast. This has a bad effect on the honey movement as a whole. The worst part about it is that, if the rest of us also lowered our prices, the other fellow would sell for still less again. The end might be fewer beekeepers, less bees and less honey in the future. Too much has been said in the past about beekeeping being the very best paying branch of any agricultural work. It is mis- leading, when tin smiths, carpenters, masons and other skilled laborers are being paid around one dollar an hour just for the skilled labor performed. Surely it requires skilled labor to keep bees, and keep enough of them so that tlie proceeds Avill pay the price of skilled labor plus all the other expenses. Yes, we should have more than that, we think, because we are obliged to take bees' stings though we may bear the pain and smile (?). We are also obliged to wear ex- tra clothing and a veil in the hottest weath- er. Surely this ought to be worth more than other skilled labor. "We are very sure that our health in general suffers from bee-sting poison. Surely it requires extra time and energy for our bodies to throw off this ex- tra amount of poison in connection with the regular amount of other body poisons. Those who are big, strong and hardy may laugh at this, but suppose one needs an extra hour of sleep or rest to throw off this poison. We think this time might well be charged up against the bees and honey. We must find ways and means to low^er the cost of pro- ducing honey, or we shall be working for little or no pay. Normal colonies are in normal condition here. In our own yards very little requeen- ing was done, and such colonies are not so strong in young bees as they ought to be. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE November, 1922 FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH We expect some loss from such colonies. We meet such possible losses with our re- serves, as w^e call them; that is, extra in- crease in the fall with young queens and enough bees to winter in the cellar. These we expect to use in the spring where queens are missing or failing. Greenville, Wis. Edw. Hassinger, Jr. * * * In. Montana Montana lias had the poor- est lioney crop in its his- tory. Final reports from the different dis- tricts in the state indicate that not over a third of a crop will be harvested this year. Numerous reasons are given for the failure, a very small growth of sweet clover, as compared with the usual, probably being one of the largest factors. The thrip, a small in- sect found in the blossoms of both alfalfa and sweet clover, as well as a very late spring, probably had some effect. Prac- tically the only honey flow which Montana producers had was one in the early part of July when some surplus was gathered. The honey produced is up to the Montana stand- ard of quality. The beekeeping industry of the state was well represented at both the Billings and Helena fairs by large exhibits of bee prod- ucts and supplies. Free honey recipe leaf- lets were distributed by B. F. Smith, Jr., of Fromberg and R. A. Bray of Big Timber. Doubtless a great deal of good was accom- plished. The beekeeping course instituted last year at the Montana State College of Agricul- ture, with Professor O. A. Sipple in charge, is well under way, and a great deal of in- terest is being taken in the work. It is planned to hold a large state beekeepers' meeting at the college some time during the winter months. Judging from the large first-year growth of sweet clover, Montana beekeepers can look forward to a banner season next year. Big Timber, Mont. R. A. Bray. * * * In IdaKo After a recent trip, covering about 200 miles, among the beekeepers of western Idaho and eastern Oregon, I encountered no one who had taken a large crop. In a few districts, the alfalfa weevil reduced the crop 50, 75 to perhaps 90 per cent; while in other districts, though the weevil prevented the first crop of al falfa from producing nectar, tlie second flow was fairly good. In some places where last year tlie crop was nearly a failure from weevil deprcilations, this year a fair crop was taken. Where spraying is resorted to, for weevil control, there seems to be such a destruction of minor parasites, such as the thrips, that not only is more hay harvested, but the bloom appears better and probably produces more nectar. In addition to this, the best control methods include the early cutting of the first crop of alfalfa, which brings the later crops on somewhat earlier. There has been quite a general tendency to try more or less migratory beekeeping, and some have made it pay; but in some cases, the weevil districts from which bees have been moved, have later yielded quite a honey flow. A few in orchard districts have suffered loss from spray poison. There has been but little increase made, and over much of the territory there was but little swarming. One producer is testing out Carniolan and Cau- casian blood, in an effort to secure more in crease, his range being understocked, but to little avail. Regardless of prices quoted to buyers, nearly all reply that we are one or two cents too high, but there seems to be a general feeling of confidence that, a little later, honey will sell at something like a fair price, though, with the higli cost of pro- duction prevailing since the war, we are not at all sure that that price will yield a profit to the producer. All the extensive producers visited, so far as I remember, now use central extracting- plants, equipped with power extractors and steam-heated uncapping knives. The crop this season consists almost en- tirely of extracted honey, there being but a very few producers shipping a carload or more of comb honey. The quality is general- ly excellent, probably being fully equal to the best that has been shipped from this region. E. F. Atwater. Meridian, Ida. In Pennsylvania.— Tii<^f^iii i^oney flow ' m Pennsylvania has been as disa[)pointiiig as the early flows were. A record-breaking drouth dried up vegetation. In some favored spots golden- rod and asters provided sufficient winter stores of poor quality. In central and soutli- ern counties most beekeepers have harvested no surplus and are now feeding sugar to provide winter food. A great lack of young bees for the win- ter cluster has resulted because of poor breeding conditions. In this respect young queens of midsummer rearing have shown up decidedly better, by laying more eggs and keeping it up later and under bad con- ditions, than have older queens. Italian queens surpass black or mixed queens in this respect. At this writing (October 6) many young Italian queens are still laying some eggs, while even young mixed queens ceased egg-production some time ago. The control of American foul brood is the problem most important in many locations. Rome of the county beekeepers' associations are making this the subject for special at- November, 1922 G L K A N I N 0 S IN BEE CULTURE 723 FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH tentioii. By adopting metliods that will in- terest the careless beekeeper and getting him to join the association they are ac- complishing a great thing. The Allegheny association deserves especial mention in this respect. They have the county divided into districts, with a member supervisor over each district. Frequent meetings and demonstrations are held by districts under the management of the supervisor. He also endeavors to interest the beekeeper in such matters as disease control, better equipment and better stock. By this means they have secured tlie membership of most of the bee- keepers of the county. When a man is in the association he is more likely to be a bet- ter beeman than if outside. The Allegheny County membership is now about 180. Sev- eral county associations are preparing for the same kind of work. There are now 22 county associations in Pennsylvania, all very much alive, and a big state association. Prof. N. E. Phillips, who will succeed me as extension apiculturist at State College, is a well-trained man and highly capable of doing greater things for this field. He de- serves the heartiest co-operation of every beekeeper in the state. The plan for a beekeeping course and re search in beekeeping, with adequate build- ings at State College, is meeting witli the hearty api)roval of the beekeepers. As soon as election is over every state legislator should be flooded with information about beekeeping and reasons wliy appropriations for this work in Pennsylvania should be made. Geo. H. Eea. Eeynoldsville, Pa. » * * In Southern Indiana. — ^'' ^'i^ ^-'^^^ .i^t ter, i mention- ed the great promise from sweet clover. I moved 24 colonies down into the heart of the sweet clover district. There was some- thing like 300 acres of as fine-looking sweet clover as one could ever wish to see. To all appearances the weather was ideal for the secretion of nectar. It was warm, the thermometer ranging between 80 and 90 de- grees. An occasional shower kept the ground moist. The bees went to work with a will, storing honey in four or five supers each. All went merrily until, after they had been storing for only about one week, the honey flow stopped as suddenly as it had begun. Instead of the two or three hundred-pound average that was expected, about 75 pounds were received. I should like to know if sweet clover acts this way in otlier localities and if any rea- son can be assigned for it. The land is sour in this locality, and white clover sel- dom yields. Sweet clover has been plant- ed in quantities in this locality for only about five years. The honey flow has usu- ally been heavy but very short, much like it was this season. In previous years the weather has been hot and dry and the cur- tailment of the flow lias been attributed to the drouth; but, this year, it was shorter than ever although the weather seemed ideal. Mr. Brevoort, a large landowner, has a unique and a very excellent manner of util- izing sweet clover to keep up the fertility of the soil. He drills in winter wheat in the regular way in tlie fall. Early in the spring he sows sweet clover over the wheat fields by merely broadcasting the seed on top of the ground. After the wheat is out in June the clover covers the ground. Tlie next year it comes on with a rush and can be plowed under and the ground put into corn. In this way no time is lost, and a sweet clo- ver crop is grown, a crop being harvested every year. Sometimes the clover is allowed to mature a seed crop and the land again put into wheat. Does this pay? Well, if you could see the enormous crops that are raised on the land thus treated, tlie question would be answered. In early July the weather turned liot and dry. The blue vine gave a small flow, but the main crop, smartweed, was cut short on account of the dry weather. The drouth con- tinues up to this writing, October 5. It has been so dry that no flow from asters and goldenrod seemed possible; yet, strange to say, we are having a nice stimulative flow from both. In fact this is the first year 1 am sure that bees are gathering anything from goldenrod. Although the acreage of this plant is small, enough nectar is coming in so that it shakes from the combs, and the large amount of golden pollen carried in by the bees furn'slics additional proof. There- fore, as regards the influence that the weath- er has on nectar secretion, we are not ex- actly like the Dutchman, "The longer ve liff tlie less ve flnd, by jimminy, out." Vincennes, Ind. Jay Smith. * * » In Kansas and Missouri.— ^^l^ "^ ^^is section, on tlie line of eastern Kansas and western Mis- souri, have done very well during the season just closing. There are probably 2500 colo- nies scattering in, tlirough and around the twin cities of Kansas City% Mo., and Kan- sas City, Kan., many of wliich iiave pro- duced more than five supers of extracted honey (250 pounds). Tliere has been an al- most continual honey flow ever since the fruit bloom started, which furnished considerable surplus up to the present time (Oct. 1). Dandelion is one of our mainstays for spring. White clover gave a fine yield tliis year, followed by a good honey flow of sweet clo- ver, which lasted until nearly Sept. 1. Fine rains last month have started vegetation to growing, and some of the lawns at this GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE November, 1922 FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH writing look like spriugtime with their cov eriug of late dandelion and white clover. Heartsease is yielding fine, as well as some alfalfa. Asters are being worked, and the bees are still getting something from the late sunflowers and a lot of other late fall flowers. While we had hoped for some sur- plus from the fall flowers, I doubt if we get it. However, the honey flow on now is very beneficial, as it has started the queens to laying, and there will be an abundance of late emerged bees to go into winter quar- ters. Some of the hives have as much as five or six frames nearly filled with brood, while the rest of the brood-chamber is being filled with the late nectar. Most of the crop of honey produced here is extracted, selling for 35 to 50c for a pint jar. Some produce in shallow frames, get- ting one dollar a frame, and many produce in the tall section on the old-fashioned Bald- win hive (American frame, nine to the brood-cliamber). This style of hive, how- ever, is passing out, and being replaced with standard equipment, as the owners of Bald- win hives find it difficult to dispose of their equipment when they want to sell. Road- side selling is a great help in disposing of the local production, but does not nearly supply the demand. New York honey is sold here as well as honey from Los Angeles, Cal. There is one producer here Avho has built up a very nice business supplying the grocers with comb honey in double-tier cases. He has removed the entire front of the case, replacing it with a one-piece sec- tion of glass, which he has neatly secured around the edges of the case with heavy gummed paper in strips that the grocers use to bind packages. This exposes all six sec- tions to the best advantage, and when placed on a piece of mirror makes it look like two cases of sections. The problem of wintering is met in many different ways here. Some winter on the summer stands, with empty supers on top. Others pack in winter cases. Some use the Buckeye hive with 100% success, others pack with 12 inches of straw in the back and sides, leaving the fronts exposed but fill the super with straw, and provide a windbreak with fine success. One producer in Fort Scott, Kan., winters his bees in the cellar with 100% success. He is from Illi- nois. Many are learning to supply ample stores in the fall for winter and spring. A live association has been started here, the Heart of America Beekeepers, and an elec- tion of officers will be held at the next meet- ing in October. Live topics are discussed, and speakers well up in beekeeping are eagerly listened to. Much good is being accom- plished in better beekeeping and methods of eradicating disease. A good program is being nrr;inged for the next meeting. Kansas City, Mo. James B. Drury. In Ontario ^^^^ latter part of Sep- tember here in Ontario was unusually warm and very dry for the time of year. This made the job of taking off the buckwheat honey crop a much easier one than in some years, since the extractor worked more nicely than in cool weather. On the other hand, it meant careful work at the apiaries to avoid robbing. In placing supers above escape-boards, it was remark- able how the bees could find some little open- ing that we would sometimes fail to see. However, buckwheat honey was cheap; and as there is no disease at any of the yards where we used escapes, no particular worry was occasioned by the fact that we had about half a dozen supers robbed out, among about 1000 that were escaped. This reminds me of a note in October Glean- ings from Morley Pettit, in which he states that when they wish to feed for winter, they place the supers above the escapes, and then the following day take food to the yard, and at the same operation or at the same time they remove the supers and haul them home on the return trip. I fear he would not have been 'able to do that in our York County apiaries during the last two weeks in September. Our bees will not clear out of the supers in 24 hours in the fall sea- son. We have about 600 bee-escapes, and in the lot all kinds are represented that I know off, including the Porter and other well- known escapes, and also several in which the cone principle is used. No matter what kind was used, the bees were from two to three days leaving the supers this fall, while in the clover honey flow they were generally out if left over night. As to loading up hon- ey and feeding in the yard at the same time, there would have been "something doing" in our yards this fall if we had tried it; for, as despatches used to say during the late war, there was a "certain liveliness" apparent when we loaded up with honey during that warm weather, no matter how- careful we were and no matter how fast we worked. During the hottest weather when we were removing the buckwheat honey, the boys by choice several times left home be- fore daylight and got their load from the apiary before the bees were stirring much, and then got another load late in the even- ing. It was quite possible to get a load any time, but nuudi more pleasant to be there early and late. Owing to so much work in getting off the late crop, feeding with us is later than usual, and at this date (Oct. 10) we have just nicely' started. However, with the feeders on hand, we can soon feed a good many tons if necessary, so we are not wor- rying. While I am at it, I might as well state that T find things much different in anotlier matter of practice than friend Pettit does. NOVEMBKR, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 725 FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH I refer to the matter of requeening, in which all cells are cut out but one, this cell being left to make a young queen for the colony. I congratulate him on his uniform success; but 1 frankly confess that, when I cut out cells trying to leave but one, sometimes I miss some crooked little apology for a cell, tucked away under a bottom-bar or other place where it has no right to be — and need- less to say what happens then. When I get some of our helpers to do this work, they generally miss more cells than I do, and that is worse than ever, so far as final results are concerned. Another serious objection to treating full colonies like that in the honey flow is the fact that Avith us too high a per- centage of the queens are lost in the mat- ing flights; and strong colonies, left queen- less so long at that time of the year, are a bad proposition to deal with. [As we understand it, Mr. Pettit does not leave one queen-cell to requeen the col- ony; but he destroys all queen-cells nine or ten days after taking away the old queen, to prevent swarming, and then introduces a voung laving queen. (See Gleanings, June, 1922, page 390, and June, 1921, page 341.) By doing this the colony is without a lay- ing queen only while they are building queen-cells. Mr. Pettit does not claim uni- form success with this plan; for he says on page 390, June, 1922 issue, "Sometimes irc fail, but the plan, if properly carried out, never does."- — Editor.] I wish we had some handy, dependable plan for requeening colonies in a wholesale way, minus the objections that all plans I have heard off to date are afflicted with. Until I hear of this perfect plan we shall, I fear, follow the old way of requeening all colonies that have poor queens as fast as we find them and can give attention to them, and putting up with a loss each spring from failing queens. This loss is alto- gether too high some years to suit me; but, in the absence of knowing some better way, I shall continue charging this item up to "profit and loss." Honey is still moving slowly and at vari- ous prices. In our own locality I have actu- ally noted a difference of four cents a pound at retail, in distances not exceeding five miles between beekeepers. This is not as it should be; but, under existing circum- stances, the matter is a diflicult question to deal with. Fruit is still abundant and I feel that, after the glut of fruit is past, honey sales will be much improved. We do little retailing and have refused to sell small quantities at the same price as we made in carlots. While I feel that some have sold altogether too low, yet we must not forget that all farm produce has shared in the general drop in prices. After all is said and done, agriculture in its various phases is still the basic industry, and, when general lines of farm produce are low, that affects the buying power of all classes, and naturally honey is affected in common with other lines. But if prices should go lower than they are now, "overhead," whatever that means, m.ust be reduced if we are to produce at a profit. J. L. Byer. Markham, Ontario. In New York. ^* '^^^ -^^"^ been cus- tomary for many bee- keepers in this state to place their bees in the cellar at too late a date. The good de- rived from a very late cleansing flight does not offset the loss, in energy and in stores due to too long exposure. Temperature rec- ords since 1906 indicate the date for a last cleansing flight varies according to the lo- cation; Northern Plateau, November 2; At- lantic Coast, November 17; other sections are in between these two dates. When, through telegraphic reports to this office, temperature records indicate that bees have enjoyed a cleansing flight, and when weather forecasts indicate unfavor- able weather following, we shall wire the association secretaries that the time is right to put bees in the cellar. The secretaries in turn will notify key men in the various sec- tions of their territory, who will forward word to the individual beekeepers. In this way we hope to conserve the strength of more colonies in New York. Two of the strongest associations in the Empire State are the Western New York Honey Producers' Association and the East- ern New York Beekeepers' Co-operative As- sociation, Inc. From recent correspondence with officers in these associations I learn that the greatest problem in these impor- tant beekeeping sections of New York is marketing. The particular phase of the problem in which the beekeepers are most concerned is one that does not lend itself readily to solution, and that is the matter of price-cutting. When markets are glutted with any prod- uct and one needs cash immediately he may be forced to cut his price to move his crop. The season of berries and other summer fruits is over, and honey is moving agree- ably fast. The demand at grocers and road- side markets has picked up, and buyers are active. The tariff on foreign honeys will soon make itself felt. Indications at pres- ent point to a clean market by the next honey season, and yet we have here and there a beekeeper who confounds the public by his seeming ability to undersell his fellow beekeepers. More of him later. Ithaca, N. Y. E. B. Willson. 726 GLEANINGS IN BEP] CULTURE November, 1922 HEADS OF GRAIN Value of Winter Having increased the Protection. number of my colonies, last year, I was short of winter cases, and did not have time to make any. This picture shows plainly how the heat of the cluster melted the snow on the hive covers, even on a double cover, the one nearest in the picture. Heat from the cluster melts snow on covers. Note depth of snow on the large packing-case. The dark-colored blanket was held up to show more distinctly just how much the snow had melted on one hive. Although it does not look like it here, it proved to be a mild winter in this section, so that even these unprotected colonies came through in good shape. This winter I have more bees than ever, but am fortunate in having a good bee cel- lar under tlie dwelling house, where I shall put some of them, rather than leave them unprotected or packed in snow. Lebanon, N. H. P. N. Townsend. a — m ^ ac=: ta A Word About There is perhaps no other the Bee-Smoker, tool or implement for the apiarist so necessary as a good smoker. A neighbor wanted to take a swarm of bees out of a frame building re- cently and had to give up the job because the smoker worked poorly. The best smoker is hardly good enough for the professional beekeeper; yes, and lie wants a smoker holding a large amount of fuel. After all there may be a limit to which this feature might be carried. We have used the Jumbo size, 4-inch firebox, 7 inches high. A still larger smoker has been put on the market, 10 inches high or reaching 3 inches above the bellows. We procured it but find it un wieldly. It is too high, and we do not use it except when driven to it. The Jumbo size 4 X 7 is large enough and not too large. As to the best fuel, sumac bobs may be good, but if they are as good as the Gogg- shall cartridges I shall be surprised. Old DIFFERENT FIELDS IQ phosphate or bran sacks, that have taken the drip, under the car, dried, rolled up and cut into cartridges 5 inches long, are the handiest things for that use that we have found. F. Greiner. Naples, N. Y. I This is one of several short articles, still in our files, by the late F. Greiner, whose untimely death was announced in our last issue. — Editor.] Net Weight Law in In your August num- New York State. ber of Gleanings in the columns entitled "From the Field of Experience," you publish a statement by the late F. Greiner of Naples, N. Y., in which he states that it is nec- essary to mark the actual net weight on each section of honey sold sold in New York state. I have a statement from the Direc- tor of the Bureau of Weights and Measures, Department of Farms and Markets at Al- bany, N. Y., stating that such marking is unnecessary. His statement reads: "This Bureau contends that it will be sufficient if the case holding the combs of honey is marked with the number of combs it con- tains. We do not require that each indi- vidual comb be marked as to the amount of its net contents." New York state comb-honey producers may safely be guided by the above inter- pretation of the law. It should be borne in mind, however, that honey which leaves New York for interstate commerce must have the net weight stamped on every sec- tion. One ounce must be deducted from the total weight for the wood of the section, in order to get the exact weight. It is not sufficient to mark the sections "Not less than 121/2 oz. " or "14 oz., " but each sec tion must have its own weight stamped on within an error limit of % oz. On the ship- ping case should be stamped the number of sections. This is the Federal law. Ithaca, N. Y. E. B. Willson. 1 Selling Honey from Last year I loaded a 20- House to House. gallon honey tank, to- gether with scales and an extra supply of honey, on an automo bile and proceeded to canvass the town and country. This was hard work; but in this way I sold all my own honey, helped a neighbor beekeeper to sell his and later I bought seven cases of extracted honey from a beekeeper in another county, which I sold out at auction at community sales. These sales are held semi-monthly in vari- ous towns of our county. The honey is put up in one-quart Mason jars and auctioned off at a certain figure. S. W. Mace. Middlebury, Ind. November, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 727 HEADS OF GRAIN TI?pOim DIFFERENT FIELDSlD I 1. 140-colony apiary of Burt Schimmoeler, Ft. Jennings, Ohio. Note. shallow extracting-supers (food chambers) painted different color to be sure they are not taken away. 2. Food chambers are tiered up among the supers during the summer. 3. Look like skyscrapers, but they are only extracting-supers being cleaned up after extracting. John Leininger, Ft. Jennings, Ohio, paints the ends of his quadruple winter cases in different colors to prevent drifting. 5. Quadruple winter cases make good storage for packing material during the summer. 6. A row of trees along the roadside causes the bees to fly high when crossing the road as well as forming a good windbreak for winter. 7. An old cover fastened to the front of the winter case prevents drifting. 8. A stake differing in color from the winter case, set between the entrances, prevents drifting. c BEES, MEN AND THINGS (You may find it here) r^^ - •-^^^^^^^=^ 72SV Arp:aron 0 f heavy brood- re ;i r iiig in northeast Texas has' exh. a usted some queens that are quite young, resulting in su- persedure. These queens are swarming in many instances and giving us a fall problem a little out of the ordinary.^' - — C. C. Stone, Lamar ('ounty, Texas. "1 pack my bees for winter in two stories. In fact, I give them two stories the year around and find that it pays."— Jackson Davis, Boyle County, Ky. .: "T liave 25 colonies of bees and" secuf ed" ail a\ciaK«' of 100 pounds of white extracted honey from each -colony this year. I sell nearly all my lioney at retail and get retail prices." — A.' W. Pease, Grami Traverse County, Mich. "I use two nails in the ends of l)Ottoin- bars of frames, nailing one after wiring. T use a stick cut a little short between the end-bars to hold the unnailed one in place while wiring." — -N". 11. Craig, Snohomish County,JWash. -"l''^^ave just finished extracting 1050 pounds of excellent honey from 7 colonies, spring count, which I increased to 14. I have about 200 pounds of honey which I have not removed and which I intend to keep for spring feeding." — B. H. Haynes, Dunn County, Wis. "Comb-honey production under tropical conditions is more than an art, when one considers that nothing short of giving the bees an extra hive-body with full sheets of foundation in the spring will prevent the bees from swarming. Furthermore, they may swarm again when the heavy autumn honey flow comes on. ' ' — Axel Hoist, St. Thomas, Virgin Islands. "I started with three colonies this year, never having seen the inside of a beehive until this spring. I increased to 12 good strong colonies and took 315 finished sec- tions of comb honey and 512 pounds of chunk honey in shallow extracting-frames. I think this is pretty good for a beginner, but I find I know but little about it although T have purchased and read nearly every avail- able book on the subject. "^ — Harold I. Per- rin, Custer County, Nebraska. ''Taken altogether, this has been a good year here. With the exception of a few days in the month of August bees have gath- ered some honey all the season. Wliite clo- ver did not yield abundantly, but it was a fair crop. Many of my best colonies stored two or three supers from it, and some of them more. We have had the best late yield here from Spanish needle, heartsease and goldenrod that I have seen for many years. ' ' — E. H. Vincent, Ottawa County, Okla. G'UW A'iN.njras''!iM MEE^oicr u/r /u; r nsr ) NayiiMEiBBi.i'ioasM ^ "T became in- tci'ijslu'l ni Cam- paiiilhi inaiico, and s r (' 11 r e d some seed . fvor^? Mr. Miller or ' Holguiu, Culia, and planted it , here on the is- ; land. On Dee. 5 i last year it bloomed and continued in bloom about eiylit weeks. The bees -covered, , it, i every da\' aiul T am satisfied that, if I had' had enough of it, it would have given me '" some Christmas honey. It produced aii 5 a,bunrlance of seed, and I have about a peck; of seed from 15 vines." — A. P. Applegatc,' Tjee Countjj ^Florida. .-.:: '■ ' I have had the ])est fall hoiiey ilow ^fchat. X ha\e evorharvested. We liad no clov^er, Jioii.- , ey :;to speak of,. but have secured froin tw:^- to, ;|o;"r supers of bnekwlieat and, goldenrod honey..' We had plenty «t rain all summer and lO'ts of wMte amd alsike chn-er, but it did not yield "%uch." — D. B. Hill, Mercer Cmmty, Pennsylvania. "It isn't time to go south from Ohio yet. Tlie good old Buckeye state is good enough for me when bees will swarm six months in the year. I have hived bees in April, but this is the first time I ever was guilty of such a thing in September. On September 28 I hived a swarm that had clustered on a cornstalk. I put in a lot of honey from another hive because the bees were such nice golden fellows that I could not let them go. ' ' — E. L. Seville, Ashtabi;la County, Ohio. "Last fall when the last of my bees were packed for winter, the entrance was closed tight on tAvo colonies and this was not dis- covered until Feb. 4. The weather for three weeks after they were packed was good, and the bees fiew freely when they could. One of the closed-tight colonies was in good con- dition when I discovered it, but the other was a wreck. If our weather had been nor- mal doubtless all would have died, but for 10 weeks we had unbroken cold, and bees were unable to fly." — E. J. Ladd, Multno- mah County, Wash. ' ' A thousand men with a thousand plans have promised better results in beekeeping in the journals during recent years; but how few tell us anything of how the plans work out. John E. Roebling told of winter- ing his bees in two-story hives, the brood- nest being above and an escape-board, with- out the escape, being placed between the hive-bodies. Something like this has been reported as worse than useless, but the idea looks promising for a number of reasons. How did it work? And you, Mr. Many-A- Man, how did your plan work out, be it for increase, swarm control, new equipment, wintering, or introducing queens? I want to know." — E. F. Atwater, Ada County, Idaho. ■_HOVEMBHK;ii0a2 . ) J[. caa Ho niuy iiLeaguei ^ilLiuioet tatiSti. iLoniisiiou ■Eebnui^vi o 6^ili7 ■ aad 8, .m-ZHhY^iS^n uuusUuD.V) bii^g^i- ■rtgTShde prog-fUjUiKpf -aid obr ^isieiS.>on toiLej'. ■ jpr 0 duct i &ig jj and ^jii ttrteti itgi -/lisj vb &k^ prepared, lautl. a^ laage iattehd^iQe 'fouoiM gi)Of {tbd)del'eg-ii'tes.t%0!Bi st£i)tei!aiUld 6<>jilm€lr«iai otg;iiKii?iiutiew)S( wjii^ii©«- ciipy .part' of Tuesdayiiaj&lHalhiO^jiFimrsda^, Wedojestiay -Jjeiu® ndsf eisdj; ejitirfelyi; ^©ijitJle popular programifliBid toiicoirirfiitfteieimaBeti^jgp. Til e.' state idsocIatiQQSTof.rMifcsowrildiKl'jiK- rioisi willMiaisoi ihoMil specaaiL se3Sjionsi(;|6tl, < )V(-M^mriW-JHflL;;(r(l tn tl.is itrt'Sfin^ (?Sfl''B% fi^d b^V^vntino taVvVf.arB: StAmn^^B^^, Oregini Sinte Beekeepers' Association, Cor- "t-xMis''Ore<9X)ffi^'^ ^^^^^ l)Ii;oiIa il — -.iQ'frznA o-fq (VBW eirlj- hi aoii ulii ii9'r bi&yrqu abivo-iq ■'?^4'^f i$^I'^ig^'4oMl9¥^ratMb^rf "J'Cryjn;e-ji,' /bee- '^eapers/abd : bdi'- ijtkrulturists, y. fco b8i«l:,Qldil tliiat iwiiilterJ^iThe: cour^eis in ibee- iiieejring, JisvCMiiitlilniQd:' in rtliis prospectu^ji iaie -Iv.eny vhifitfcaetije^.ot TJadaej^wicd:; contemplate vtbltin^'jA-jboualse' linubeeheeping .^V^ill! idoi -wiedl -doi ■vBcUie >t)Oifthe:d.o«wBi!St'iltQ,)OoJleg«,jo^'.A [Ajij'Sxce*- olen* ojlJoffrateDiis/olteing u3Miamged, "several es^eaketri^jKeatiJ oiit Mi'thel-statleMbeiiig selifid- LiiJbedit9ifif)6»k)'aft ihiS/Bie&tiltgi i Foj priogna^jn iai[d^t»i5Jfoy9inft)r)iaattt)nLwmt«! looR.9^. ^yerP, rfiiBsr§ta]^,[olfeB^mMiJl&,J,N>l-yeej;ioood Ji ii -naoigq sg'rr.I c -gni^di-jtLji? J)otn1i'ji-_)0-t!{ oir. .^JifeyWiisidoiiiiffflfStatftBtekfeeper^? AjsaxjcdA- tion .^^ilLbifeiQidoitaiiaaaaiuaififeea'v^atdfiaaat Mil- sffi^aajfeae, i5Vi»C(0faain,7 JQect ,1.!4 anA-.^fzsAQthe ■cAxP(flitoTiiiin.nj The Boaiid Of Maiiagers^imjeeJ;- *4^g&w44f Be h^ldiiX5^-th« nftfernooh 'oi"©ec. HS'\V'2''bm6e'iiV i^hfe'Wistfonsih Ptd'dh^fs El^pMm*6l\"=Wll-'^e fiM 'af-^Mil\raTil^or. Dtiij. 14 to 20, and the State Beekeepers' Assdcia- ^{%i9imivHmH^i & Hyft^"So^dMr-a't9"f®J&^-Ex- %6iw5iWiii'^8 50-jnj;i8is'j-i 9 (it griiJoii bun vsnoil noqa ctnodiiv/ Lyl-j9*ob-^d *ifia vaiioii Jjiio) ni The Empire State FefM%«f^fiq6r' B4feldl#- i*0fW*ieo-feEperwei^9 ite68, fi\^rt\vuHi\ ^'S>Y{i,i Tii^S'dy, -Wedne^ay aijaTlunsaiiy. I )ce:"W,"^ s%l' f: 'The' rii^^- ihg'will"be' addressed by prdiiiiuoiLt bcckdep- ers, qaxd a banquet is being airan^-cil for ^mMV* ei/Milft]t^i;y bW' Mllowed by an illus- 8t\^flft^?l8y^Ui''(i'.' ''Gi/^'TWMiiy'-^ojiiei yeel^eeb- ^^M%^Hl"Hf' ima by-'cotei'iir'iiiur judged fSr ''im prn.lii,-l,i<,/niBi-d^A^^ 'Wetter lionev. T'tlT- rirtxv be 'had' W''-WrM*Li^'W^Ml--mi'(DA&i)iik, '9M»fdt^,sSarfM^^n3 «9'^i^I 9'1* ?«^ iift ff^irjoTdt oviif s'jfft iwai\ ip.od lo 880I l^^ej^rel^fita^We of 1 ised^'^'Eurtliei^^ilaMMSrlii^Ma^^ meeting may be had b_y writin^'^jAf'.'T.'Ti'H'i?! ,1 |.r. II. N( IIutee'eftlM^'^llf A 111 mean Moni oJ!Wo&(aW'k, importance ai ip ^.^pw),9ty),s; wifli llic j'oiiiological Soc, iffli,..lftU),T'4?,QPpi(iii, ;it uliirli tiinq tljCy luuiey producers ram is arrauged >. 11. On tVpd- ]iors arc invifdd '"SocJ^^y wiirtie ,lomt,?,efipi(iii, a + creiit^„ JiK tlie .atjtcrnoon ,a session wrTl ne o9 tctM^' rlT>uoft9 nr \nG') ifi-gha 7/oft vonod 730 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE Q U E S TI ON. — Is there any way for the layman to recognize hon- eydew honey ? F. W. Barthel. New York. Answer. — Honydew honey usually has a cloudy appearance instead of the clear, spar- kling appearance of floral honey. It varies in color from almost clear to very dark or al- most black. It can usually be detected by taste, the flavor being somewhat like mo- lasses, and quite unlike floral honey. In case of doubt, a rough test for dextrin can be made as follows: Put about a half pint of alcohol into a flask; then add about half a teaspoonful of the honey known to be pure floral honey and shake the flask to mix thoroughly; then note the degree of milki- ness of the mixture. Now test in the same waj' a sample of what is thought to be honeydew. If the mixture looks like it did in the previous test, it is not honeydew; but if it becomes cloudy and particles of gum are precipitated, indicating a large percen- tage of dextrin, it is no doubt honeydew. Detecting Granulation in Comb Honey. Question. — Is there any method of detecting granulation in comb honey, when it is partly granulated, without damaging it? I can detect badly granulated sections by the appearance or by holding them before a light. J. A. Slatterwhite. Virginia. Answer.^ — ^By thrusting a needle into the honey and noting the resistance, granulation in comb honey can be detected without spoil- ing its appearance. Difference Between Hubam Clover and Biennial White Sweet Clover. Question. — What is the difference between Hu- bam clover and the common white sweet clover that we have here? Vona Focht. Missouri. Answer. — The most important difference is that Hubam clover is an annual, growing to maturity the first year, while the common white sweet clover (meUilofus alba) is a bien- nial, not blooming until the second year. It is difficult to distinguish between these two kinds of sweet clover when both are in bloom, though this can be done by examining the roots, since the large root of the biennial has a sort of shoulder marking the separate growth of the two seasons. Amount of Honey Stored by Single Bee. Question. — How much honey does a single work- er bee gather in its lifetime? Willie Rutter. North Dakota. Answer. — The amount of honey that a sin- gle bee can collect during its lifetime varies of course with the amount of nectar avail- able. It is only those workers which are on hand during the honey flow that are able to gatlier any considerable amount. Under the most favorable conditions a bee that begins field work at the beginning of a good honey flow might carry in enough nectar to GLEANED BY ASKING Geo. S. Demuth 1 November, 1922 make about 1/6 of an ounce. This would be enough to fill about 15 cells of the ordinary depth in combs spaced 1% inches. This is counting a sin- gle worker carrying enough nectar to make 3/10 of a grain of honey at a load and carrying six loads per day for about 40 days. The actual amount gathered by a single bee must be much less than this. When nectar is scarce they carry smaller loads, and the average number of trips per day is probably not more than four or five. If each worker should carry in enough nectar during her lifetime to make 1/6 of an ounce of honey, a colony having 40,000 field workers would store over 300 pounds within six weeks. From this it would seem that during the honey flow of an ordinary season the field workers dur- ing their lifetime do not carry in enough nectar to make more than about 1/12 of an ounce of surplus honey, or enough to fill seven or eight cells, and some seasons much less than that. Ventilation of Hives in Cellar. Question.— When wintering in the cellar should the covers of the hives be loosened and raised a little at one end or left sealed tight? New York. G. B. Talcott. Answer.- — It should not be necessary to provide upward ventilation in this way, pro- vided the temperature of the cellar is high enough to prevent condensation of moisture within the hives. The moisture from the breath of the bees in a tightly sealed hive will pass out through the entrance in the form of vapor as long as the temperature of the inner walls of the hive is above the dew-point (the temperature at which con- densation takes place); but if the inner walls of such a hive become chilled below the dew-point, the moisture is condensed on the inner walls of the hive and, later, water may run out of the entrance. When this occurs it takes place first on the hives in the lowest tier where it is colder, and, if the temperature of the cellar does not go too low, condensation may take place only in the hives in the lower portion of the cellar. It is better to prevent condensation by raising tlie temperature of tlie cellar than by open- ing the hives at the top, thus causing a rapid loss of heat from the hive through this opening. If the bees are wintering well they should remain quiet at a temperature high enough to prevent condensation; but if they are not wintering well because of poor stores or some other cause, they become more active and therefore give off more moisture, thus increasing the possibility of condensation. License for Peddling Honey. Question. — My local town demands that T pay for a license to sell honey to my neighbors. What November, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 731 is the law in regard to this? I do not buy and sell honey but want to sell only honey producod by my own bees which are in another statj. Kentucky. Mrs. Bessie Gildea. Answer. — It is only by a town or city or- dinance that you can be prevented from peddling honey. Most towns and cities hav- ing such ordinances permit local producers to sell their products without a license. It will be well to take this up with the town attorney, explaining that you desire to sell your own produce iu the town, and ask if a license is necessary under the circumstances. Ventilation for Bee Cellar. Question. — Please tell me how to make a venti- lator in my bee cellar. It is 9x9x6. Ohio. Vincent Vlk. Answer.— The usual plan is to make a wooden flue, eight or ten inches square, by nailing four boards together to form a rec tangular tube. This tube extends from near the cellar floor out through the roof of the building above the cellar. Such a ventilator should be arranged so it can be closed dur- ing the coldest weather to prevent cooling off the cellar too much. Granulation in Comb Honey. Question. — How long will section honey keep without granulating? A. N. Hilliard. Colorado. Answer. — This depends upon two things: (1) the source and character of the honey itself, and (2) the care it receives after being taken from the hives. Some comb honey granulates soon after it is stored, while honey, from other sources does not granulate within the first year. Alfalfa honey granulates more readily than clover honey, while sage honey and tupelo honey remain liquid almost indefinitely Usually that which is stored rapidly during the height of the honey flow has less tendency to granulate than that stored slowly near the close of the season. Granulation is hastened by cold weather and fluctuating tempera- tures, but can be retarded by keeping the honey in a warm room at a constant tem- perature. Wintering Bees in a Shed. Question. — Can bees be wintered successfully by carrying them into a shed and leaving them there during the cold weather? Geo. A. Harper. Wisconsin. Answer. — No. The only advantage of the shed over leaving the bees out in the open would be whatever protection from the wind the shed might afford, and the bees would be denied the benefit of the winter sun shin- ing on the hives on clear days. It will be much better either to put the bees into a good cellar in which the temperature does not go below 45°F., or pack the hives well in winter cases unless you are using double- wnlled hives, and provide a good windbreak if the bees are not already located in a sheltered spot. American Foul Brood in Comb Poundation. Question. — Can American foul brood be trans- mitted in comb foundation made from wax obtained by rendering diseased combs ? I have one colony which contracted American foul brood in combs built from foundation this year, while no dis- ease can be found in the old combs in the same hive. Arthur F. Sauer. Indiana. Answer. — Apparently American foul brood is never transmitted in this way. In many cases, combs from diseased colonies have been rendered and the wax used in making foundation which was given to the bees immediately without any evidence of disease ever being transmitted in this way. Foun- dation has been shipped for years into Porto Rico and other regions where no American foul brood exists, without the development of the disease there. In your case no doubt the disease was carried in from a diseased colony in the neighborhood. The fact that it appeared first on a comb recently drawn from foundation means simply that the in fection happened to be fed to larvae in that comb first instead of in one of the old combs. Effect of Heating Honey on Vitamines. Question. — How can granulated honey be liquefied without destroying the vitamines ? Rhode Island. S. H. Draper. Answer. — In heating granulated honey to liquefy it, no doubt some of the vitamines are destroyed; but, if the honey is not kept hot for too long and is not heated above 150°F., the destruction of vitamines is prob- ably very small. Saving Queen from Diseased Colo/iy. Question. — Is there any way, this late in the sea- son, that I can save a good Italian queen which is in a colony afflicted with American foul brood ? Ohio. C. L. Greene. Answer. — If the colony has not been weak- ened too much by the disease, you can save not only the queen but the bees as well, by shaking them from their combs and giving them combs filled with honey taken from a healthy colony. Solid combs of honey from an extracting-super are excellent for this purpose. If the colony is quite small, two or three combs of honey will be enough. The hive should then be reduced to fit the colony, the vacant space being filled with chaff- cushion division-boards or a tight-fitting division-board with packing material be- hind it. If combs of honey are not avail- able the bees can be given a cake of hard candy and confined to their hives for a few days, then given empty combs known to be free from disease and fed sugar syrup for their winter stores. You could also save this queen by killing the queen of another colony and introducing the more valuable queen, but it is difficult to find queens after brood-rearing has ceased. It is possible to change queens in this way in colonies in the cellar in midwinter, but this is not pleasant work. Storing Extracting-Combs for Winter. Question. — What is the '^est way to store empty extracting-combs during the winter to keep out the wax moth. Ray H. Courtney. Iowa. Answer.- — Simply pile up the supers of extracting-eombs in tight piles in the honey house so the mice can not get in. Exposing the combs to freezing temperatures for a few days will destrov the moth larvae- GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE November, 1922 w qu ai I:t ' '^^l-^fngcfom.'xfome; thy will be doi^J^x» ^^ .9 2 e;xj> -2 e ^,« ai >1 132 JUST now friends, Sept. 26, there is great excitement about the matter of letting up on our prohibition laws. The Liter- ^ ary Digest ^hm n been JMg%^^i>Wvri. b Jfft3«to«Sv,'4t offeyctuotHi'^; ,?>}8ixo I: did E just to ''''?fie"tfc^a i^^'i' mh^ S^m^m.fUm¥.^^hh^Ji^idT^rm(m''■■•■At^&->m 'il^^vj,mPV^HejM&-fg nuo v,-oH— ..noiiaauP p ef llpa,iP:8,-i-^£^t ■aai^oiJaob iuod1i;-r boaonpil shiBultlasa^, .the voters; but .wixesi Idfeeiiniat- o|er ,\yaa ftr^t |:ft],^^.tioQedj il-^ ,4e,eiy, o§g)?^, in^j tiiiQi ' 'f}Q,0t;._dit.They,f:>vver^,, satisfied .^ith the prohibition /laws ,we Jiave already, i^aiikl felt' iiiterbslied only in a more strict en- ^ t8;^peiit^iit5 of them'. Well, in this :^iiie .-$^iii\ cpRfi-cis..,.9;ut,.ji}?>t^ .>b;^f9rfi_elP9tio», I ^^^§li„^ gj,ye aiea^qn f or .prQjiibi^p^; tjx^X.J _ .iiSet iii v/b! 9i1J ?A Mdv.then' iI„oh7.fli Y''e wateh'e4>uJcl»6£ely [,, slort -th.p, vp^Mlty- jjoit ff^tus 4vmki^^ . 3 1 , paffty , h^ppfinjn?o „jl,,fe,ei welJitQfdtP (,He ,Hii4,per^^j)§,4Pi^s lohxn \ii;i8'ter.,,ofl. ..xSopp- ^atUoi noi^fitjffl^^ where dis- 9fn hoi o-mH^ iidm»m> ^.n jl .iBliiifflfaiis^nmetttjjof 10 days i8d'JR/iit»if|''maii} ran an automabilk f''Ii'¥feiWe}Ji%^=J'ifi4'ou yh,t;r9 iw-auypf.OVjr ^^^e^ py'<^i" ;i cattle guarc]. I eaiitj6ue9. him 'io ;t^mperj^i,ce Jfter^^tvirp. Of cou,ts^< I liayR.i^gt ^Tea,d 'f ',^ -pf ^t- No person, (Xfouifl .well, ,r,9fl^d /,lip;jun§pr^taildingi.y a^l, that is , Ip.eiotet jiji3.-,if|n Pp^e ^;t^bJ9qt,idus.to uow. ,.]^e^oi;ei;}C,jE5i^e '^j (jpjea,iiiet,jnp:digreiss-,a,.li1;tle,i , ^t .-^rjiTiuq yjj'rjTli^re is, jupViiow .a^grtjat, ^tir, , esp,e6ia^y .^jj,,pwr, 9(ijti)es ,aji^ large .t,owHS;, in regard i,1pO '■^fiJiqmpb^p afi^i, still j-^p^^dljeivis 'rtftd -,4^a,t'bs,,c,oniiii,uf3,, : Tlie :deii,t^s ^^e./np,s,t'|y tlioSe of cliilflr'en," Our' little bp,ys ^^^^„gd|i,-l^,r,-^i)l_, ^^rt^,acr|0^si,,'|;jie street,.,, ,e}S- .jDj^l^^y-ifiearpjaf ^9J^oftt|^}^iJdiijgs, and spnap- gf^ifm^^a/in , dg(|gl^g., o#,9;;-^f^;9lp , they. Will -ri^n ■,imhimif^'^h9ti ^?4iPtjip?;. • Of ; (jpurpe, we (iW\im\'^^^ Jfadwg ,"Gp alp,", ,giyi|ig,.t^e , arl;?el^,,w^]rpHl?(ftllat a school is, j>([^^];^j3-n^,I lpj,5i,|£r,'^lifa,t, tJ^e,;in,wral?idi^ig, , peppl6,, ^9,.K^qd th'ese signs and "go slo. " Sometimes,ffl,pjy- ever,.Ji^^J-^;fc^e[o?^^i§jil^5lf--tO|,;P^a^t ^aar WPoiiit- v.j^gftt, tp catch^a trainCior.aiiiCase of sielspess, *44ieytiak6 thb''cha!^^es'ia'nd' pay the finej"'! tlffli'l^"'iittpflsiiltikent is seldom chfo^cfjr| ''in ^^ucil4,,e/}p^s,,Jtha|Y^ l)f^ji s/?far.Wit^ fai^epsirftrtp,,flnd, ot^t..i^y|^Lt ,r;pa^4, i>(/o.r(ppifCW ipip,y,<^. in,.,1?liese infraetip^s ^V'^ "'^'Vy^j'-'^^^'ri'^^^^^ ^piq,^if?}5s,j,i|ipt ,''-K'e' cafeful, ^nd tried,, to ,JieIphii:^i; 'but lie .'■tijid hie to get out .of the wajl^-.'^.^tieV said 'Ije could get oyer it without any JipTp, ,When |;'^,nbtwitlista;idiiig, 'tried- ,t" koo.p him 'from ^^Hurting himself, he' struck mc a iawiiigifTg 'blow that nearly Munned, mo, and, tried to 'rMH' acro.^s thti .U^veWa' 9^^)'!^^.^ ^''^, Wie'hard pieces bt oak. He' 'slipped down betw^eii the pieee^s 6f ^f*^ wooden guards, just as I expected he ^yoiilfl, and bruise^ j)^s,,]ggs-§0r badl^YuJ^t 'tne blodd .,raii,d,own^i.i;io ..liis^ slioes." ^Vh.e^i X„§j:!^pj;^sed ', alajin. rftt^l^i^.^ y^M-. lj-e,,had,.iii,\irft,.j)^i»s§i^,,ihe r&pliodrsp^m^tliing likei .tlais;. bfoo srft ^'li-tJib "Oh! that's nothing. Wheniata^iaiiyftn's •; fllull^ '0 ^tei idoe& i^.n-ptinf eel'lh Imif t -lika-^th^t. ' ' /(And 'hfet nnghttohavfif asdflicdutJiTiinfwhBiD afunlan [lisi-^ulH jie i doTesi rrfpt odarp i^hahtnhttppMA^ [rMcvw hplease^-keipjiiti mintd , tha'fiiii d rl^itfca'dd) (fe tudSh -ithtet >t>oeaailO!b'^se«riit fteo bS'Mrell .©AflferatQrfd.odA. odrttt^tettl mattcl^unauiBgaanK-'aiitfoBifftttiif© does (;«6^roarj©ovthai)hapf en*. •toHfeiisTlitdblfe tlonnnn '-■into 'arrctiroiw4.(Ot& wdilneiiifdp/childrdif^oof^ddicfco ffsv.'telegrdph'ipa'lo, :si!n»asKI''EifR niDijediiinB, :tand ■ dripplc :_tliei occupants for life' or ikilli-.thiehi /©utrSght.'v and yetiwlwlaul Iwrite ith^rfe dfeems f.tpibe; ■rtt.loifist.'feupoohg tieurtaiTii people, '^afikBtid of indiffpi'cuce that almost aiEMmnlsTtdrpar- tifl.lly o,Kc«sing fT nnwii-^itvas useo'ieMoHi'^dr'unk, -wjhen heiwnts'diriviug his frf\achitoe;"SM°h^nce -;,^flaiJbp,^^^.^nd,,l4gh^i^r^,^^t f^i^xi,^%i^. November, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEK CULTURE Now, here is another thing the whole wide w^orld just now seems to be forgetting: lu olden times, Avhen tlie beer sold at corner groceries did not contain very much "kick," there were not only men but boys who would drink a dozen glasses, one after another, in order to get the "kick" they wanted. I know of a man who, on a bet, drank between 30 and 40 glasses of beer inside of half an hour. Our churches and college professors, and God-fearing men and women, are rejoicing at what prohibition has accomplished — more money in the bank, better health, children better clothed, better educated, better nourished, and a thousand things going on to indicate that the time is coming when God's kingdom shall come and his K'ill "will be done on earth as it is in heaven. ' ' Now, friends, with the above introduction r wish to suggest to you something still more appalling that comes through strong drink, and this is the thing that, it seems to me, our temperance periodicals and our temper- ance addresses are forgetting. It is an aw- ful thing for a drunken man to drive an automobile through the streets of our great cities while intoxicated or even partially in- toxicated. Our second text refers to the matter of getting married and bearing chil- dren. Now, suppose a man or some crea- ture in the semblance of what a man ought to be, should undertake to "replenish the earth ' ' with offspring while intoxicated. Suppose, under the influence of liquor, he should come home and abuse the poor pa- tient wife and mother. I remember vividly a case of this kind — in fact, it was a near neighbor that I was called on to protect, a poor woman, who already was the mother of a large family, from the outrages of the drunken husband. We put him in jail until he was sobered and had promised to do bet- ter; but the half-dozen little saloons in our town kept right on doing business supply- ing him and others of the crowd like him with intoxicating drinks. While I write, the daily papers are all discussing the matter of what we may call the "carnival of criminals;" and the greater part of these criminals are com- paratively boys; and further investigation reveals the fact that at least many of them were born of a drunken parent. Very like- ly the father and possibly the mother were under the influence of liquor at just the crit- ical time a few months before their child's birth. This is in accordance with what we are told in our last text, that the sins of the fathers follow through coming genera- tions; and it does not seem to have occurred to even the good people of our land that we have got to enforce our prohibition laws for a generation or two before we get en- tirely rid of this business of breeding crimi- nals. Pardon me for another little digression. In my boyhood I was much given to poultry as well as to bees; and we had so mucli trouble with sitting hens that a new breed calletl non-sitters was introduced. The Leg- horn hens would never or but seldom sit. Now, is it not quite likely that we can get a better breed of humanity — that we can liave some children that are not born under the awful curse of strong drink? Being run over with an automobile in the hands of a drunken man in our cities, and maiming a child for life, are awful; but is it not in- comparably more awful to bring children into the world, cursed (even before they are born) with a tendency to crime and guilt and murder? Now, friends, perhaps you will think that my challenge in the above is enough; but maybe what I am about to touch on now is even worse than the above. Let me give you briefly one illustration of what I have in mind. The story was told me by the man himself, so I think there can be no mistake about it. Because of a real, or an imagined affront from his wife he went and got drunk on heer. While in that condition he visited a place of ill repute where he would have never gone when sober. He there contracted a loatlisome disease. It is contagious, and, I might almost say, incurable. Of course he gave it to his poor wife; and if it was not the cause of her death it was contributory. A year or two afterward he married a sec- ond wife, and gave her the same malady as a matter of course. Years afterward the children of his second wife were cursed with troubles that physicians pronounced the out- come of that little incident of drinking beer. See our last text. Now, this contagious dis- ease I am talking about was found in some localities in the IJnited States in such a se- vere shape that it prevented quite a large percentage of the young men from being taken into the army. As I said in the be- ginning, I do not know that this matter has been recognized as having any bearing on the subject of prohibition; but statistics al- ready show that such diseases are getting to be largely a thing of the past; and do you not agree with me that prohilntinn has al- ready had a lot to do with bringing it about? May God help us in this coming election to turn in a mighty flood of righteous indig- nation and stem the current of crime that once more threatens us. Satan sometimes gets desperate, especially when he is crowd- ed into the last ditch; and may God grant that this humble plea of mine for righteous- ness and temperance and purity may help to give tlie wets such a stiiiging rebuke that they may be led to give up their case as hopeless, and that peace on earth and good will to man may rule for the coming ages. It is my pleasure, in closing the above talk, to be able to present to our readers a thought expressed by that grand, good woman, Miss Francis E. Willard, not long 734 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE NOVKMBER, 1922 before her death. I clip it from "The No- Tobacco JournaL ' ' The Right of Every Child to Be Well Born. Compared with any otlier hnv, I hold in highest dignity and most awful significance the law of the descent of inheritance; of pre-natal influence; of the determining of destiny before a human being has ever known an independent heart-beat or an intelligent volition. I believe that all reforms have their root here, and that a wiser, more thoughtful age, not very far distant, will stand aghast as it reads of the madness of the present dance of delusion and death in respect to the right of every child to be well born. Mammoth French White Jerusalem Arti- chokes by the Hundred Acres. I found by looking on the map that Frank- lin, Pa., where the "Eiver Ridge Farm" is located, is only a little over 100 miles from Medina, 0. So I wrote friend Sibley that we were planning to make him a visit, and asked for directions to reach his farm, for we would probably make the trip there and back in one day by starting very early. He wrote back at once, remonstrating against so short a visit, telling me to come and bring my friends along and stay over night, as he had quite a lot of things to show me. We found the "Farm" located on a small mountain of about 1300 acres. A beautiful automobile road or drive led from the base of the mountain to the summit, Avhere Ave found a spacious mansion and a wonderful view of the Allegheny Eiver and railways on either side of the shore. The roadway up the mountain is one of the finest pieces of work in the way of road construction (that will stand the storms and frosts of winter) that I ever looked over. All along the route are various cottages. Very good building stone was found in great profusion somewhere near the summit of the moun- tain, and this stone was cut to accurate dimensions by competent stonecutters, and then just moved doini hill to where it was wanted. "Entrance Lodge" is a beautiful structure. One of the prettiest things on the route was what they call the chime of bells, of Avhieh I shall have more to say further on. It was so near night when Ave arrived that I did not have much time to visit the ar- tichokes, but planned to be up bright and early the next morning to look them over. Til ere Avere not only fields of artichokes, but one of the most beautiful Avell-kept gardens, growing almost everything a family can Avant, that it Avas ever my pleasure to see. A few of the artichokes were about as large as a pullet's egg, and some of these I car- ried home to plant, even if it Avas only the middle of August. Not only has friend Sib- ley experimented Avith fruits and vegetables, but he has some of the most beautiful floAver- beds in and aliout his grounds. He has also been a "chicken man"; and not only is there fine poultry but a beautiful duck-pond with ducks and geese by the hundreds. Vari- ous kinds of Avild game are also to be seen; and special yards contain pheasants and partridges. The artichokes, even at the date I men- tion, were away up high above our heads, and they Avere already cutting the arti- chokes for ensilage and also to cure for hay for feeding the horses, cattle and other kinds of livestock, A^erifying Avhat I told you in our journal for October. Last, but not least, I want to tell you something more about that chime of bells. But first let me digress a little. When I Avas about 13 or 14 years old, in order to attend a high school, I spent a winter with an aunt at Wellsville, Ohio, on the Ohio Eiver. Ea^cii at that early age I Avas exploring na- ture; and one Saturday afternoon, Avhile out in the Avoods, I got hold of some poisonous plant, and my face SAvelled up so that my eyes Avere closed. The doctor said they Avould have to be bandaged and kept closed for tAvo or three days. So your old friend Avas virtually "tied up" for a time at least, with nothing to do. My good aunt, however, taught me hoAv to play a little French ac- cordion. She had just got a little music- book along with the accordion, and this book contained an old piece called "Bonnie Doon. " I find it noAv adA^ertised in our list of phonograph records. But in those days Avhile I Avas blindfolded, I gave the Avhole neighborhood Bonnie Bonn until they Avere probably tired of it. Let us noAv get back to that chime of bells. A picture card I hold in my hand tells me there are 11 bells, weighing "from 550 to 3870 pounds," and friend Sibley has pen- ciled on the back of the card as below: Plays all church and most popular tunes. Played niorning and evening each day for one hour. It is one of our best investments in morals. After Ave looked over the beautiful struc- ture, a little slip of girl, maybe a dozen years old, Avas called up to play the chime of bells. The keys to her instrument look- ed exactly like a lot of pump-handles all in a row. She had to skip back and forth to reach the appropriate keys. The expression to the chime Avas determined by the amount of force Avith which the player struck tlio bloAv on each bell, and also by the Avay she kept time. Well, Avhat do you suppose hap- pened? The first piece she played Avas Bon- nie Doon! As the entrancing beauty of that Avonderful melody reached my poor deaf ears — deaf to most ordinary music — I first uncovered my head as I stood out in the bright sunshine, and then I began to cry; but my tears Avere tears of ]o\ and not of sorroAV. Let me digress a little. Since Mrs. Boot's death T haA'e had a ncAv glimpse of heaven. There is one of the old Gospel Hymns that reads: T know not the hour when my Lord will come To take mo aw.ay to his o-wn dear home: But T know that his presence will lighten the gloom. And that Avill be Heaven for m?.* *This hymn was my good old father's favorite, and as he drf^w bis last breath on earth I hel(i his band while I sang the hymn. NOVEMBEE, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE Well, I often think of tluit liyinn, and 1 fear I have been tempted to put the name of dear Mrs. Root first instead of the Lord and Savior. Well, if heaven means another meeting with the dear wife, it would surcii/ be '^heaven for wk;"; and if I am to hear music such as that little girl produced on that chime of bells, that too will be beyond any joy I ever expected to feel here on this earth. After she ceased and had gone back home I could not get the memory of it out of my mind; and my kind entertainer, Mr. rianna, soon called her back again to play Bonnie Doon o»ce more for your old friend A. I. Root. Of course I asked q-uestions. I wondered at the marvelous skill of such a child, and inquired who taught her to play. It was the manager's wife, and we had the pleasure of meeting her too. She said Bon nie Doon was the one piece that she learned to play without written music. The next thing after the chime of bells was a visit to a little chapel. Friend Sibley has about 35 men working on his 1300 acres, and most of these men have families, and these families constitute quite a little vil- lage about the chapel. In this chapel they have a Sunday school every Sunday, and preaching or some sort of address to the people when a speaker can conveniently be secured. On our way up the mountain I noticed quite a few oil-pumping rigs in operation. I have forgotten how many of them are scattered all over the mountain. A "power- house" conveniently situated operates the pumps, and they are pumping up oil more or less every day. When I inquired how long these pumps had been working like that, they said, about thirty yearfi. You will notice in the above this is probably one of the first localities in Pennsylvania to hear of the great oil excitement in 1859; and this oil is probably what furnished friend Sibley the means to get on in fixing up this moun- tain, and making experiments in the way of agriculture and stock raising for the bene- fit not only of Pennsylvania but perhaps for the (jreat wide world. ■ The letter below explains itself: The Artichoke (or Big Thistle) of California. Dear Father: Your letter and article ahout the artichokes came Saturday. It is odd, but I was very much carried away by artichokes on our visit to Cali- fornia a year asro last March. They were in their prime then, and beins; plentiful and cheap around San Francisco I used to order one every day. Then cousin Amy served them every time we ate at her honse. I thought they were the most de- licious vegetable I ever tasted, but I find none of the rest of the family shares my enthusiasm for them. I like them boiled and then eaten hot dipped into mayonnaise dressing or melted but- ter. The leaves should be stripped back until you find some which are tender and then one leaf at a time should be pulled off, dipped into the dressing and eaten as far as it is tender. Toward the center of the artichoke the whole leaf may be eaten, and then at the base, after all the leaves are gone, is the delicious "choke." I had not known enough to eat that part until Amy's husband taught me that it is the best part. They are grown to tlie best advantage around San l'''rancisco where there are such frequent fogs, but they are often seen here in private gardens, iiltlio I do not think they are raised commercial- ly. Mr. Dye had a great many plants, and I saw the buds on them when they were all ready to pick. They retail here for about 2.5c apiece, altho once or twice tliey were to be found as cheap as 10c. Wo bought a few once at the latter price, but that is the only time we have tried them since coming here to live. I believe they are much cheaper around San Francisco. I think that article was jirobably true in all details. I will ask the Dyes if they cut their plants down at certain times of the year, but I am quite sure they do. Constance Root Bovden. 1301 West Alhambra Road, Alhambra, Calif., Sept. 26, 1922. Artichokes a Pest, Etc. My good friends, I have devoted quite a lot of space to raising artichokes, and it would be no more than fair to give some- thing on the other side, and so I submit the following from my long-time friend (a man who is surely awny up in the agricultural world), the editor of the Rural New-Yorker: I am very sure that artichokes will become a pest if put into the ordinary garden or field, and given a fair chance. I got my first information about it from John M. Jamison, who formrly lived at Roxabell in your state, who was quite a well- known farmer and writer. I visited his place some years ago, and he showed mo how the artichoke had chased almost everything off his farm. H. W. Collingwood, Editor. 333 West 30th St., New York. In reply to the above I would say that for almost 50 years they have been saying the same thing about sweet clover; but now it is acknowledged to be one of the best plants, for filling silos for the dairyman, of anything known. (In this issue there is a report of 400 pounds of sweet-clover honey per colony.) From what I saw of artichokes at friend Sibley's place, for silage and for hay, if it is bound to "chase everything off the farm, ' ' as Collingwood has it, I would say, let it chase.* Some years ago, through Gleanings I had quite a little to say about the "helianti" and artichokes; and in order to compare them I had quite a patch of each; and I spoke about them as honey plants because they were so densely covered with bee's. When we decided there were too few of the heli- anti we gave them up. Of course they all went to seed; and the seed and tubers, by cultivation with the cutaway and other tools, were scattered all over the garden. The next spring I was greatly worried, and sup- posed, of course, they would keep coming; \>\\t when the excitement about artichokes started up this season I searched my gar- den over to see if I could not find a few plants for a further test. Not a plant can be found of either artichokes or helianti *Tn a letter from L. W. Lighty, of the National Stockman and Farmer, he says: "I find all stock readily eat the ]>lants. and sheep are very fond of them. It grows very readily and. if the soil is fertile, the foliage will be heavy, but in poor soil it will be very light. The plants left are in full bloom now and have tubers seemingly plentiful, but only on digging them will T know iiow the vield is. "L. W. Lighty." Pittsburgh, Pa., Sept. 25, 1923, 736 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE November, 1922; anjnvhere in the garden or in the borders of the garden, or in the neighbors' ground. They have been for years recommended for pigs; and somebody, after he had turned in his pigs and let them root over the ground most thoroughly, found the artichokes came up almost as thick as ever, and they have cut them up with cultivators so there were not "too many in a hill." Let me now di- gress a little. A few years ago I was quite enthusiastic about sunflowers, but reluctantly dropped them. In the Farm and Fireside for last May was an article demonstrating beyond doubt that sunflowers are a great and profit- able crop for the silo — at least in localities favorable for them. I have not space to give even extracts from that article, but below is the heading: How We Found That the Lowly Sunflower is a Million-Dollar Crop. At this date, Oct. 10, I am sorry to report that my immature artichokes planted six weeks ago are not growing as they did on the start, probably because they were im- mature tubers; but some sunflower seeds planted side by side on the same day are now two feet high with leaves nearly a foot across. A BUSHEL of Artichokes from One HilL Eead the letter below I just received from Burbank: The French artichoke is a wonderful producer here on good soil with irrigation, producing usually about one bushel per hill; on poor sandy soil about one-fourth as much. In my new catalog you will find an artichoke of the tender type; that is, the head type (like those they raise along the coast here), which produces magnifiicent artichokes all through the summer and through the winter when there are not heavy frosts. This is a most marvel- otis improvement of the head artichokes in all re- spects. Luther Burbank. Santa Rosa, Calif., Oct. 5, 1922. '•The High Cost of Living." During the past summer I have been hav- ing quite a few calls to give pioneer talks at various beekeepers' conventions, and, in stopping at hotels and restaurants, I have studied the much-talked-of '.'H. C. L." I have told you already that I always feel guilty when I am obliged to pay, say, a dol- lor for a single meal; and I always feel guil- tv likewise in paying $2.00 or more for a place to sleep. Either Ernest or Huber is with me; and all five of the dear children insist that in my old age I must not take any chances in either sleeping or eating in unsanitary premises. They insist that I must have a good, clean bed, good ventila- tion, and some kind of heat when the weath- er becomes chilly; and as I am in the habit when at home of taking a daily bath, this- also, usually; and all together, it costs some- thing. But when it comes to meals they agree that I can make choice of the few things that "a little old man" really needs, instead of paving a dollar or more for a meal of victuals. You know I have told you of Ernest's fashion of going to a good res- taurant and having a few simple dishes that cost only a small sum. Now, instead of finding fault I am going, to tell you something that we can all thank the Lord for. On one of the finest streets in the city of Cleveland, Ernest took me into a restaurant only a few mornings ago, I think it is one of the best dining rooms I ever saw; but there were no tables — noth- ing but a long row of comfortable chairs, with each arm of the chair broad enough to make a fair-sized table. Very neat lit- tle placards announced the price of what they had for breakfast. Ernest indicated with his thumb one little card that read "Wheat cakes and sausage, 25 cents." There- were four good-sized griddle cakes, light and fluffy, a little pitcher of maple syrup, and two links of excellent sausage, with two good-sized squares of butter. Al- tho I was hungry there were more of the delicious cakes than I thought best to eat. One link of sausage was all I cared for, and I did not need all of the excellent butter. Only 25 cents for a good big wholesome and delicious meal for a good strong man! Everything was scrupulously neat and clean. There was not a fly in the whole large room, and it made me think of the cars carrying crushed stone that I told you about up in Alpena. There was not a waiter in sight, and, of course, there was no tipping. By the way, Huber told me something a few days ago that I never knew before. He said if you would go into any city dining room and sit down at a little table you would be expected to "tip" the waiter. By the way, I have been opposed to this tip- ping business all my life. But if you sit down at the counter on a high stool where no waiter is needed except to hand over what you call for, there is no tipping. Some of you may ask about the drink— how about my regular glass of milk? I usually want a little fruit of some kind, and with my cakes and syrup I ordered a large baked apple with a good lot of delicious cream, which cost ten cents more; and so my en- tire splendid breakfast cost only 35 cents, and I think I could get along verv com- fortably with just about an even dollar for the three meals of the day, when I can strike good-sized towns where there are up-to-date restaurants. At one place where we stopped for dinner when we were in a great hurrv I asked what they could serve soonest. The waiter re- plied they could give us a regular "35-cent dinner" right on the instant. This 35-cent dinner was a very good meal — in fact, there were more things than / cared for. Now, friends, when you are complaining about the high cost of living, do not forget to thank the Lord for what our restaur- ants, cafeterias, etc., are doing to give us good Avholesome food, nicely prepared, manv times in not only sanitary, but artistic, sur- roundings "for a small amount of money." XOVKMKER, 1922 tJ I. K A N I N G S IN BEE CULTURE Classified Advertisements Notices will be inserted in these classified columns for 50c per line. Advertisements intended for this department cannot be less than two lines, and you must say you want your advertisement in the classified column, or we will not be responsible for errors. For special conditions on bee and queen ad- vertising, please write us. Copy should be received by 15th of preceding month to insure insertion. REGULAR ADVERTISERS DISCONTINUED IN GOOD STANDING. (Temporary advertisers and advertisers of small lots, when discontinued, are not here listed. It is only regular advertisers of regular lines who are here listed when their advertisements are dis- continued when they are in good standing.) J. J. Lewis, Edw. A. Reddout, Virgil Weaver. O. W. Bedell. Edgar Williams. J. J. Scott, C. H. Cobb, W. W. Tallev, G. H. Merrill, Robt. B. Spicer, S. H. Hailey, J. H. Haughey Co.. J. B. Hollopeter. W. H. Mays. Michigan Honey Produces' Ex- change. G. A. Barbisch, J. P. Moore, Ohio Valley Bee Co.. W. D. Achord. E. A. Simmons. A. H. New- man, N. Forehand, I. F. Miller. • miiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiininiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiH^ HONEY AND WAX FOR SALE. FOR SALE — White clover honey in 60-lb. cans — none finer. J. F. Moore, Tifiin, Ohio. FOR SALE — Basswood mixed, also buckwheat in new 60-lb. cans. Bert Smith, Romulus, N. Y. FOR SALE — ^Fine quality, raspberry-milkweed honey in new 60-lb. cans. P. W. Sowinski, Bellaire, Mich. FOR SALE — 3000 lbs. of white comb honey from alsike clover. Edward Wilson, Whittemore, Mich. FOR SALE — White sweet clover in cases, two 60-lb. cans, 10c per lb., f. o. b. Joe C. Weaver, Cochrane, Ala. FOR S.\LE — Comb and extracted wiiite clover honej'. Prices on request. Dr. E. Kohn & Son, Grover Hill, Ohio. FOR SALE — Clover extracted honey in new 60- lb. cans. 120 lbs. net, $15.00. A. J. Norberg, Spring Valley, 111. FINE quality, well-ripened white clover honey. 12 %c per lb. New 60-lb. cans, two in case. J. G. Burtis, Marietta, N. Y. FOR SALE — Send for sample of new clover- basswood honey in new 60-lb. cans. J. N. Harris, 502 W. Center, St. Louis, Mich. FOR SALE — -White, amber and buckwheat hon- ey in new 60 lb. cafis and 5 and 10 lb. pails. H. B. Gable, Romulus. R. D. No. 2. N. Y. Wisconsin-Hassinger-Clover-Basswood-Extracted- Honey Qualifies superior flavor and density. E. Hassinger, Jr., Greenville, Wis. WRITE for prices on a case or carload of new clover honey. Sample 10c. C. S. Engle, 1327 23rd St.. Sioux City, Iowa. FOR SALE — 12.000 lbs. of choice white clover honey, well ripened, put up in new 5 and 10 lb. pails. Sample 25c. W. B. Wallin, Brooksville, Ky. FOR SALE — Comb honey gathered from fall flow- ers, very nice. 20e per lb. by case. Write for ouim- tity prices. C. C. Hoover & Sons, Andover. Ohio. FOR SALE — Clover or buckwheat honey in new 60-lb. cans, by the case or ton. Woodward Apiaries, Clarksville, N. Y. GOOD white honey. Tell us what you want. Price and sample on request. A. I. Root Co., 230 W. Huron St., Chicago, 111. FOR S.\LE — Clover, amber and buckwheat hon- ey in 5-lb. pails and 60-lb. cans. C. J. Baldridge, Homestead Farm, Kendaia, N. Y. FOR SALE — New white clover honey of the finest quality in 60-lb. cans and 5-lb. pails. Sam- ple, 20c. A. S. Tedman, Weston, Mich. CLA-FO-NY quality honey, clover, 2-60's $15; 15-5's, $11.50; buckwheat, 2-60's, $12; 15-5's, $9.75. Sample, 15c. Clarence Poote, Delanson, N. Y. FOR SALE — -Fall honey, amber and dark, in standard cases. Price reasonable. Also 40 Demitth winter packing cases. H. E. Crowther, Jefferson. Ohio. FOR SALE — Choice new clover extracted hon- ey put up in new 60 lb. cans. Write for prices, stating quantity desired. W. M. Peacock. Maple- ton, Iowa. FOR SALE — White honey in 60-lb. cans, also West Indian in 50-gal. barrels. Samples and price on request. A. I. Root Co., 23 Leonard St., New York City. FOR SALE — No. 1 white comb honey, 24 sec. per case, eight cases per carrier, $5.50 per case f. o. b. Penfleld. Also extracted honey. J. P. Coyle, Penfield, 111. FOR SALE — Extracted white clover honey, 12 5-lb. pails, $9.50; case two 60-lb. cans, $14.40: buckwheat, two 60's, $10.80. Seward Van Auken. Duanesburg, N. Y. CLOVER honey in new 60-lb. cans, two cans to the case, lie per lb. Buckwheat honey in barrels. 150 lbs. each. 10c per pound. Sample, 10c. R. V. Cox, Sloansville, N. Y. HONEY FOR SALE — In 60-lb. tins, water- white orange, 13c; white sage, 12c; extra L. A. sage, 10% c; buckwheat. 10c, etc. Hoffman &: Hauck, Woodhaven, N. Y. PALMETTO HONEY, light in color, heavy in body. Flavor can't be excelled. In 53-gal. bbls. 9c a lb.; 10-Ib. cans. $1.25 f. o. b. Punta Gorda. Sample 10c. F. H Nelson, Harbor View. Fla. FOR SALE — North Michigan clover- honey in new 60-lb. cans, two to a case, at lie per lb. 'in 5-case lots. Prices on smaller lots on application also sample. J. H. Corwin, Merritt, !\Iich. FOR SALE — White clover honey in 60-lb. cans and 5-lb. pails, this year's crop, none better. Write for prices. Sample, 10c. P. W. Summerfield, Wa- terville, Ohio. FOR SALE — ^Very best clover basswood honey. Produced in new combs. Packed in new contain- ers. 60-lb. cans and 5-lb. pails. Sample. 20c. Write for prices. A. C. Ames, Weston, Ohio. RASPBERRY HONEY — In 60-lb. cans, 2 in a case for $14.40; one in a case, $7.50. Sample by mail. 20c, which may be applied on order for honey. Elmer Hutchinson & Son. Lake City, Mich. _____^__ OUR 1922 crop extracted honey is a very fancy grade, water white clover, which was left on the hives until thoroughly cured by the bees befor° extracting, making it very heavy bodied. This thick, rich honey is all packed in new 60-lb. cans, two to the case. Of course, we have to ask a little more for honey of this quality than or- dinary honey. When in need of n good article send a dime for a sample, and address your in- quiry to D. R. Townsend, Northstar. Mich. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE November, 1922 738 HONEY — Clover and buckwheat in 601b cans and 10-lb. cans. Write ior reduced prices. F. W. Lesser, Fayetteville, N. Y. FINEST clover honey in 60-lb. cans, per case of 120 lbs net. 15c lb. f. o. b. Malmta, Ohio °n 5-lb pals, $1.20 each, prepaid in 3rd postal z^nc. No C. O. D. orders. C. J. Appeldoorn, Malinta, Ohio. ~ EXTRr^ity white honey, $7.20 per 60-lb^ can 14c per lb. in 10-lb. cans on 6 or more cans 10 \hs. prepaid, $2.00 in third zone, 20c ex?ra each additional zone. Absolute satisfaction. F. W. Lesser, Fayetteville, N. Y. _^__ FOR SALE — Finest quality white clover ex- tracted honev, well ripened and of fine flavor, put up in 60 lb., 12-lb. and 2% -lb. cans, and 10 and 5 lb pails. R. C. Ortlieb, 29 Van Buran St., Dolgeville, N. Y^ OUR 1922 crop of white clover extracted honey is now ready for the market. New cans and cases^ Say how much you can use, and we will be Pjeaseci to quote you our very lowest price. E. D. Town send & Sons, Northstar, Mich. ""for sale — Choice clover extracted honey in new 60-lb. cans and cases. Write o^ P"°es on carload or case lots; comb honey l^^^^"^^- ^^^^ beeway sections. Packed in six or eight case car- riers. Quality unexcelled. J. D. Beals, uto, Iowa. "nONEY^Best quality clover or ^^ifriiiii Positively the cheapest and atrongest light on earth Used Id every country on the globe. Makes and boma Ita own paa. Caata no tba . ■ ., these bargain prices: In 60-lb. Tins— White Orange, 13c lb.; \Vlute Sage, 12c lb. Extra L. A. Sage, IOV2C lb. GLASS AND TIN HONEY CONTAINERS. 2y2-ll). cans, crates of 100 .$4.50 .''vlli. i)ails (with handles) ci-ates of 100.. 7.00 1011). i)ails (with handles), crates of 50. 5.25 60-lb. tins, 2 per case, new $1.20 case; used 25c WHITE FLINT GLASS, WITH GOLD LAC- QUERED WAX LINED CAPS. 8-oz. honey capac,, $1.50 per carton of 3 doz. 16-oz. honey capac $1.20 per carton of 2 doz. Qt. 3-lb. honey capac, 90c per carton of 1 doz. HOFFMAN & HAUCK, INC. Wood haven, New York NOVKMBKR, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 74:! WE'LL SUPPLY YOU BEE SUPPLIES THAT ARE MADE TO SATISFY Let us quote you prices before you place your order, and you will not be sorry. Illustrated Catalog sent on request. Tlie best market prices for your beeswax. WRITE TO A. H. RUSCH & SON GO. Cypress Bee Supplies Hive-'^odies Covers Bottoms Supers Frames fVe can furnish you the best of the aboue at a fair price. Let us quote you. The Stover Apiaries MayheisD, Miss. Honey Containers We have some interesting prices to offer on honey containers; send us a list of your requirements and let us quote you our prices. 2%-lb. cans in reshipping cases of 24 and crates of 100 and 500. 5-lb. pails in reshipping eases of 12 and crates of 100 and 200. 10-lb. pails in reshipping cases of fi and crates of 100. 1-gallon square or oblong cans with 1%-inch screw cap in boxes of C. 1-gallon square or oblong cans with 1%-inch screw cap in crates of 100. 60-lb. square cans with 1%-inch screw cap in cases of 2 cans. 16-07.. round glass jars in resliipping cases of 2 dozen. QYo-oz. tin top tumblers in reshipping cases of 4 dozen. Shipping cases for comb honey for any style sections in the 24-lb. or 12-lb. size. Send for our catalog showing full line of Bee Supplies. AUGUST LOTZ CO. BOYD, WISCONSIN. Package Bees, Queens and Nuclei Dollar a Pound Package Bees a dollar a pound. Queens accompanying, one dollar additional. NUCLEI— 2-frame, $3; 3-frame, $4. Either Standard or Jumbo Langstrotli. QUEENS— Untested, $1; Tested, $1.50. Breeders, $5.00, $10.00, $15.00. These low prices are made on condi- tion that orders are booked in time so we can prepare for them in the winter. Send for circular. LOVEITT HONEY CO. 602 N. 9th Ave., Phoenix, Ariz. 744 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE November, 1922 O At Smoiifer *2 This liuiue made oat sprouter was made in one evening by a fourteen- year-old boy with no tools but saw and hammer. The total cost, including stove for heating;, was $3.49. Tliousands of these sprouters have been made at home by poultry keepers and hundreds of letters in my files testify that it is the cheapest to make, the easiest to operate, and the handiest and best sprouter ever built. To make hens lay abundantly in winter you must feed growing green food that is rich in vitamines. Sprouted oats fur- nish the best of such food at lowest cost. ake Layers Out of Loafers The Putnam Home-Made Oat Sprouter will supply better and sweeter sprouted oats with less fuss and dirt and work than any other sprouter made. I will send you, free, easily followed plans for building this oat sprouter together with a full description of the Little Putnam Stove with which it is heated. The price of the stove is $3. postpaid. Plans for building the Sprouter are packed Avith every stove, also instructions for using the stove to keep the water m poultry fountains from freezing. You can't afford to be without tliis oat sprouter, even if you keep but eight fowls. Get a Little Putnam Stove from your dealer now. It will pay for itself many times before spring-. Mostdcaierskecp it. If yours does not, S'.'nd me Jiis name and |2. and I will send you the stove, postpaid. Try it and if you donotflnd it all I claim and arc not perfect lysatislied, send it back in ten days and I will refund your S.'. toijctiier with the postage for its re- turn. I'll run all the risk. Bupiisa Month Without Attenkion 'sBest "Reo" Cluster Motai . books of stationerv showing other styles of piiut'ing and colors of paper. THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY. MEDINA, OHIO. F A. B. TACKABERRY & SON (Climb an^ iExtrartp^ iiuiipij CANTRIL IOWA Afitr S Db%i reiurn lo H. S. OSTRANDER ^r.?i£i3SmaS!i-:!Si,*^>Smii:-i>Xf-^^ REGULAR PRICES ON LETTER HE Ai: 3 Size Sy2xll. 250 for $2.75. 500 for $4.00. 1000 for $6.35. 10''/c discount for December. 1922. and January. 1923. orders. As stationery would appear on Pink Bond. DREAM LAKE APIARIES APOPKA. FLORIDA AFTKR Fivr P.ITS RHTlTiN H' iEaplp ($[n\B 3Farma REGULAR PRICES ON ENVELOPES Size 3i/i.\6ii. 250 for $3.05. 500 for $4.60. 1000 for $7.50. 10% discount for December. 1922. and January, 1923. orders. As stationery would appear on Canarv Bond. (See next page.) GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE YOU CAN SAVE MONEY December, 1922 If you give us your oiiler for stationery during the months of ])efeniber, 1922, or January, 1923, we will give you a discount of 10 per cent from regular prices and the regular prices liave been reduced, too. "Select the color of paper you like and the style of printing. Envelo]>cs to niatcli. Xe\'er a lu'ttcr time to order tlian XOW. (Lamb anb Extrartrft i^nnrjj JOHN M. ME:NDO^ WACO. TEXAS.. AFTER 6 DATS RETURN TO ^ Cnrufll tanii ICarm $c Apiortrfl B«s. Queens and Nuclei a Specialty WASHINGTON. PA. r f H. E. GRAHAM WHITE BOND ENVELOPES. Very Special. Sizes 31/2x61/2. We picked up a bargain which we pass on to you. Not the whitest white, but good quality. See prices below. As stationery would appear on Gray Bond. 3EEKEEPEI= CAUSE. TEXAS. HARLEY LESTER P.odmci ol ]f\txt Oablr ijunrg PALMETTO. FLA HEEE ARE THE PRICES Referred to Above. Sizes 31/2x61/^. 250 for $2.46. 500 for $3.40. 1000 for $5.10. No discount from the above. As stationery would appear on Blue Bond. THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY, MEDINA, OHIO. r Dec'embee, 192;: G L K A N I N a S IN BE F, 0 IT T^ T TT R K DECEMBER, 1922 Honey Markets 754-755 Editorials 75!i-7()] Ilubam as a Farm Crop Edw. A. Winkler 762-7()4 Can the Combs Be Saved V J. C. Hutzelman, M. D. 764-766 Newspaper Advertising C. H. Wolfe 766-76S Cost of Honey Production Arthur C. Miller 768-770 The Co-operative Movement William H. Wolford 770-771 Shade for the Beehives A. I. Eoot 772 Digging Beeswax from a Mine W. W. Barnhill 772-773 Dealers and Speculators J. Skovbo 773 Beekeeping in Australia H. W. Eaggatt 773 Nectar from Velvet Bean R. B. Willson, J. Clay Dickman, W. C. Barnard 774 A Handy Super-Lifter H. H. Eoot 774-775 Honey Bird of East Africa Jas A. Brown 776 Stingless Bees of Mexico Eobert Hardin 776-777 Can a W^omau Keep Bees? E. A. Kirkpatrick 777-778 Honey Producers' League S. B. Fracker 778-779 Wintering in Damp Cellars Walter Harmer 779 Entrances Clogged — Why? J. L. Byer 779 Peddling at Wholesale Prices Geo. M. Thomson 779 Siftings J. E. Crane 780 Seeing California from a Roadster Constance Eoot Boyden 781-782 Beekeeping as a Side Line Grace Allen 783-784 From North, East, West and South 785-791 Heads of Grain from Different Fields 792-795 Gleaned by Asking Geo. S. Demuth 796-797 Bees, Men and Things 798 Just News 799 Our Homes ^. . A. 1. Eoot 800-803 SUBSCRIPTION RATES. — One year, $1.00. (Low paid-in-advance subscription rates withdrawn.) Single copy, 10 cents. Canadian subscription. 15 cents additional per year, and foreign subscription, 30 cents additional. DISCONTINUANCE. — Subscriptions, not paid in advance, or specifically ordered by the subscriber to be continued, will be stopped on expiration. No subscriber will be run into debt by us for this journal. CHANGE OF ADDRESS. — Give your old address as well as the new and write the name to which the journal has heretofore been addressed. REMITTANCE. — Should be sent by postoffice money order, bank draft, express money order, or cheek. CONTRIBUTIONS to Gleanixgs columns solicited; .stamps should be enclosed to insure return to author of manuscript if not printed. ADVERTISING RATES. — Advertising rates and conditions will be sent on request. Results from advertising in this journal are remarkably satis- factory. ADVERTISERS' LIABILITY. — The publishers use utmost diligence to estab- lish in advance the reliability of every advertiser using space in this journal. Entered as second class mail matter at the Postoffice at Medina, Ohio. Published monthly. Space occui)ied by reading matter in this issue, 73.6 per cent; advertising, 26.4 percent. THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY, Publishers, . Medina, Ohio Editorial Staft Geo. S. Demuth and E. R. Root A. I. Root H. H. Root H. G. Rowc Editors Editor Home Dept. Assistant Editor M'n'g Editor GLEANINCrS IN BEE CULTURE December, 1922 C Money Scved Time Salved Bee Supplies Root's Goods at fadory prices with WEBER'S service. Send us a list of" your wants and we will quote you prices that will save you money. C H. W. Weher & Co 2163-65-67 Central A've. Cincinnati, Ohio MR. BEEKEEPER---- We have a large plant especially equipped to manufacture the sup- plies that you use. We guarantee all materials and workmanship We ship anywhere. We allow early order discounts and make prompt shipments We pay the highest cash and trade prices for beeswax. Write for free illustrated catalog today. LEAHY MFG. CO., 95 Sixth Street, Higginsville, Missouri Texas Beekeepers should write to A. M. Hunt, Goldthwaite, Texas. HONEY CANS AND CASES Several carloads, all sizes, just received at our Ogden, Utah and Idaho Falls, Idaho, warehouses. Quick service; lowest prices. Also comb honey cases, all kinds. SUPERIOR HONEY CO., OGDEN, UTAH (Manufacturers Weed Process "SUPERIOR FOUNDATION" and Dovetailed Beehives.) December, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 753 '^ FOR YOU MUTH Bee Supplies ^j.iq22 Catalogue "^tr FREDW.MUTHCO. ¥/ You need our new 1922 bee supply- catalog more than ever before. Have you received one? Many new articles are listed for the saving of labor and greater honey production. Our attract- ive prices, superior quality and prompt service will always be appreciated by beekeepers. Send a list of your requirements to us. THE FRED W. MUTH COMPANY, Pearl and Walnut Streets, Cincinnati, Ohio. MOVED To Larger and More Convenient Sluarters. Still Diilributing "ROOT QUALITY" BEE SUPPLIES Full Stocks ''Prompt Service A, I. ROOT GO. OF NEW ORLEANS 2042 Magazine Street New Orleans, La. Almacen de exportacion para Mexico y Centra America. Compramos miel y cera de ahejas. Correspondencia en castellano. Lewis Extractors Lewis .ilaikle Power Honey Extractor. Tank cut away. A — Pan over machinery. B — Bottom of tank. Made in 4 and 8 frame sizes. Accom- modates 2 sizes of baskets, power op- eration, machinery underneath, no vibration, tank and basket instantly removable for cleaning. A commer- cial success. Circular free. Address: G. B. LEWIS GOMPANY Watertown, Wisconsin, TT. S. A. There's a Distributor Near You. 754 GLEANINGS IN HONEY^ MARKETS U. S. GOVERNMENT MARKET REPORTS. Information from Producing Areas (First Half of November) . CALIFORNIA POINTS. — Southern California — Colonies in good condition. Market stronger and prices advancing since passage of tariff. Some small beekeepers selling rapidly, but larger fac- tors holding for higher prices. Carlots range per lb. for outside shipment, white orange lOVa-llc, white sage 9-9 ^^c, light amber sage 7-7 V2C, light amber alfalfa 6% -7c. Some sales to near-by deal- ers of white orange low as 9%c per lb. and of white sage at 8-8 %c. In central California al- falfa crop said to have been only a fraction of normal, due in part to army worms. Northern California. — Bees being moved into almond and prune orchards for winter. Fruit-growers offering high as $1.50 per colony for pollinating bloom. Star thistle honey generally sold at 8c, some 9c l)er lb. For dark honey beekeepers asking 6c. Brisk demand for 5 and 10 lb. pails. IN TERMOUNTAIN REGION. — Colonies gener- ally packed, and in good shape for winter. Ex- tracted honey moving slowly in carlots, and at wide range in prices. As carlot buyers have not been purchasing heavily, it is likely that carlot sales may be e-xtended over a longer period than ordinarily prevails Several carlot sales of white alfalfa and sweet clover reported in 60-lb. cans at 8VA-Sy2C per lb. Other carlot sales white ex- tracted, for distant shipment and in sales to near-by firms, reported at 6%-7V2C per lb. Ex- tracted honey has moved fairly well in local small- lot sales. Comb honey in carlots is said to have moved unusually well. In some sections comb honey is largely cleaned up. Carlot sales best No. i white reported at $3.75 per 24-section case; other carlot sales white comb, to near-by dealers, reported low as $2.60-3.00 per case. Average yel- low beeswax ranges 20-25c per lb. cash. ARIZONA-NEW MEXICO. — Drought in New Mexico said to have been instrumental in causing very light crop. In Arizona a slow fall flow gave enough surplus to extract some honey and still leave winter stores. Sales of several cars ex- tracted reported at 6^/4 -6 1/20 per lb. Most honey being held for better prices. PACIFIC NORTHWEST. — Colonies have ample stores and bees except where spray poison and American foul brood have weakened them. Spray jjoisoning estimated to have caused loss of one- third of the crop in Yakima Valley. Honey mov ing rapidly from hands of beekeepers. Some large producers have cron over half sold. Carlot sales light amber reported at 8*40 and 9c per lb. Plenty of inquiries reported at 8c per lb. EAST CENTRAL AND NORTH CENTRAL STATES. — Stores generally ample, but some colo- nies reported weak in bees. Late rains have helped clover, which in most areas is now in good condition for next year. Demand somewhat im- proved, but sales still light. Amber supply said to be light. Carlot basis for extracted white clover ranges 9-10 %c per lb., with case lots selling at 12-15C. Retail prices in 5-lb. cans range 15-25c per lb. Aster reported selling in 60-lb. cans at 10c per lb. Few small sales white comb reported at $4.80-5.50 per 24-seetion case. PLAINS AREA. — Most colonies strong in bees and with plenty of stores. Recent rains helping prospects for next year. Carlots white clover selling 10-10 1/2 c per lb., with less than carlots moving at 11-11 %c per lb. Few small inferior lots re7)orted sold low as 8c per lb. Small lots white comb sold at $4.80 per 24-section case. NORTHEASTERN STATES. ■ — Except where fall flow has been too light, colonies are in good condition for winter. Warm fall weather has caused bees to consume stores heavily. Demand better and some beekeepers already sold out. Low prices received for honey are said to have prompt - 'ed many beekeepers to dispose of their hives W^ide range in prices reported for white extracted in 60-lb. cans — from 8V2C to 12i/4c per lb.; mostlv around lOlOV&c for large lots. Sales of buck- wheat re])orted at 7-9c per lb. One carlot sale of white comb reported at $4.75 oer case; other car- lots No. 1 white quoted at $3.85-4.25 per ease, BEE CULTURE December, 1922 with smaller lots ranging $4.00-5.50 per 24-section case, and buckwheat comb from $2.50 to $3.84 per ease. Import and Export Figures. Secured through Bureau of Foreign and Domes- tic Commerce. Figures indicate jiounds. August. Sept. 1-21 Honey from foreign countries .. 154.860 106.296 Honev from Porto Rico 290,055 161,270 Hawaii 132,095 111,363 Total brought into U. S 577,000 378,929 Honey exported from the U. S.. 71,131 199,612 Honey exported during same pe- riod last year 190,340 371,807 Beeswax imported 339.836 150,109 From Porto Rico and Hawaii... 12,303 3,697 Beeswax exported 4,617 1,885 Telegraphic Reports from Important Markets. BOSTON. — Since last report 327 cases from Vermont by express and 150 cases from California b.v frei.ght arrived. Fairly good demand for ex- tracted, but light demand for comb. California light amber sage weaker, other lines steady. Ex- tracted: Receivers' sales to confectioners and bottlers in 5-package lots or more, per lb., Porto Rico, amber, 8^/2-90. California, white sage, 14- 16c, light amber sage IOV2-I2C. Comb: Sales to retailers. New York, 24-section cases white clover, $6.00-6.50; carton stock. $6.50-7.00. Vermont, carton stock, 24-section cases, white clover, best. $6.50-7.00; 20-section cases white clover, best, heavy, $5.50-6 00; light, $4.50-5.00. CHICAGO. — Since last report 1 car Arizona. 1 car Illinois, 3 cars Colorado, 1 car California. 1 car Texas, 6.500 lbs. Iowa, 8,500 lbs. Wisconsin and 900 lbs. Nebraska arrived. Extracted : Supplies increasing. Demand and movement fair, market barely steady. Sales to bottlers, bakers and confectionery manufacturers, Colorado, alfalfa and mixed sweet clover and alfalfa white 10-10 V^c, few lie; light amber, 8-9c. California, sage, white, lOi/ic; few lie. Comb: Supplies moderate. Demand and movement good. Sales to retailers in 24-section cases, Colorado, sweet clover and mixed sweet clover and alfalfa No. 1 heavy, $4.00-4.25; No. 2, $3.50-3.75. Wisconsin, Michigan and Illi- nois, alfalfa and white clover mixed No. 1 heavy, $3.75-4,00; few, $4.25; No. 2, $3.00-3,50, Bees- wax: Receipts moderate. Demand and movement fair, market steady. Sales to wholesale druggists and laundry supply houses. Colorado, California and Arizona, light 31-32c; dark. 26-29c. Central America, light, 28-30c; dark, 23-26c, some low as 17c. KANSAS CITY. — Since last report 1 car Ari- zona arrived biit diverted before being unloaded. Supplies moderate. Demand and movement mod- erate, market steady. Sales to jobbers: Extract- ed: Colorado, water white sweet clover. 12c. Ari- zona, light amber alfalfa, 7% -8a. Comb: 24-sec- tion cases Colorado, white alfalfa fancy. $4.25; alfalfa and clover white No. 1, $4,00; Missouri, white clover. No, 1. $4.50. PHTLADELPHI.'^. — Extracted: Arrivals light, and with a light demand the market has been dull. Only a few sales reported to bakers of Porto Rico light amber at 83c jier gal. Beeswax: Sup- plies rather light, and although the demand has been light the market has strengthened slightly. Sales to manufacturers, per lb.. Chili, light, 28- 29c; Brazil, light, 27-28c; Africa, dark. 24-25c. ST. LOUIS. — Arrivals since last report include 1 car Colorado, 2 cars California, Supplies mod- erate. Demand and movement moderate, market steady. Practically no jobbing sales; all direct to retailers. Comb: Colorado, white sweet clover, in 24-section cases, $5.00. Extracted: California and Missouri, light amber, 8% -10c. Beeswax: No arrivals reported during past month. Market still dull and practically unchanged. Unsraded average country run ranges 26-26% c per lb. to farmers. NEW YORK. — Domestic receipts limited. Prac- ticallv no foreign receipts. Demand limited, mar- ket steady. Slightly better feeling. Extracted: Spot sales to jobbers, wholesalers, confectioners, bakers and bottlers, domestic, per lb,, California, liffht amber alfalfa. 7-8c, few 81^0, white sage lO'/^-llV^, white orange ]2-13e, light amber sage Dkckmbek, 192 G Ij K A N I N (3 S IN BEE CULTURE 755 8V^-9V'jC, extra liglit amber sage 9-lOc. Inter- mountain region, wliite sweet clover, 9%-lOc. New York, buckwheat 8-9c. Porto Rico, rctined 75-85C per gal. Beeswax: Foreign receiiits lim- ited. Demand good, market .strong. Spot sales to wholesalers, manufacturers and drug trade, per lb.. Chili, light 27-29c, Brazil 26-28e, West Indies, dark 20-21c. Africa, dark 23-24c. few 25c. The Opinious of Honey Producers Themselves lOiirly in Noveml)er we sent to actual honey . producers the following questions: | 1. What is the present condition of the colonies in your locality compared with normal as to (a) Number and age of bees? (b) Stores for winter? Give answer in per cent. 2. How does the number of colonies now in your locality compare with a five-year average? Give answer in per cent. .3. What is the present condition of the honey plants for next season in your locality as com- pared with normal ? Give answer in per cent. 4. What per cent of the honey produced in your The A. I. Root Company's Quotation. Since our last quotation we have i)urchased only a few small lots of water-white extracted white clover honey from local producers, at 10 Vic per 11)., f. o. 1). shipping ])oint. At ])resent we have sufficient stocks of lioth comb and extracted honey on hand, or contracteo ^ SB ' —u> JUDGING from the number of inquiries re- ceived at this office, there will be consid- erable honey Honey in Automo- used in automo- bile Radiators. bile radiators this winter to prevent freezing. We have made some tests to deter- mine the freezing point of mixtures of hon- ey and water of different strengths, wliich agree in general with the results obtained by .Joseph E. Palmer as reported on page 794 of this issue. For ordinary winter tem- peratures not lower than 12° to 15° F. equal parts of thick well-ripened honey and water should be enough to prevent freezing, but for temperatures around zero or below not less than two parts of honey to one part water should be used. It would not be safe to use sugar syruj) or molasses in tliese proj)ortions, for a sugar (sucrose) solution of equal concentration does not depress the freezing ])oint as much as honey owing to it^s different molecular construction. IT sometimes ha])peiis tliat the cheapest tilings are much better and more service- able than those The Simplest which are more ex- and Cheapest pensive. It is cer- Winter Feeder, tainly true that the cheapest feeder for late fall feeding, and one that is as service- able as the very best feeder ever invented, is tlie ordinary ten-jjound honey-pail with a friction top. Such pails can usually be bought for a few cents each. To convert one of these pails into a feeder, all that is neces- sary is to punch 30 holes, a scant iV of an inch in diameter in the cover. It is im- portant that there be no more than 30 holes, and that they be no larger than a scant is of an inch. It is much better to punch the holes from the inside out. This will leave the ragged or burr edge of the holes project- ing, aft'ording a convenient foothold for the bees wliile they are filling up preparatory to storing in the combs below. If there are too many holes, or if the holes are too large, the feeder will be inclined to drip, thus causing robbing. This is shown in Fig. 4 on page 795. The pail at the riglit in the same figure has 30 holes a scant iV of an incli in diameter. Ol — lO ^ C1C= 03 THE honey market thus far has been a hard one especially for those having large lots. Carload buyers are Honey Market still buying on the Conditions. "hand to -mouth" plan, and will per- haps continue to do so for some time. The consumer demand did not begin in earnest until a niontli or more later than usual, which unfortunately caused considerable price-cutting in an effort to force the honey upon an unwilling market. We are still im- porting large quantities of honey and ex- porting but little. (See page 754). Accord- ing to the figures compiled by the Depart- ment of Agriculture the yield per colony this year was 53.8 pounds as against 44.2 last year. While these figures look discouraging, tlie figures submitted by our market re- porters indicate that 58.5 per cent of the 1922 crop liad been sold up to about De- cember 10 as against (5G per cent last year. Most small lots have already been cleaned up, and, if sufficient effort is put forth from now on, the 1922 crop sliould be well cleaned up before new honey appears next year. 760 GLEANINGS IN BEE CTJLI'URE December, i922 IT is well known that bees are able to modi- fy sugar syrup so that it does not so readily granulate af- Do Bees Invert Thick Sugar Syrup if Fed Late in the Fall? ter being stored in the combs. For- merly the books and journals devoted to beekeeping advised that feeding for winter, when nec- essary, be done early in order that the bees be given a chance to properly invert the sugar syrup to prevent its crystallization after it is stored in the comb. During more recent years beekeepers in the North have learned the great value of postponing feed- ing for winter until after the bees can no longer gather nectar from the flowers. When feeding is done late the sugar syrup is stored below the honey, thus insuring that the bees will use it first during the winter, thus giving them the sugar syrup while they are confined to their hives, and leaving tlie hon- ey stores until spring when the bees are able to fly at frequent intervals. In the far north this is an important consideration in either outdoor or cellar wintering since the quality of stores must be the very best to insure successful wintering year after year. When feeding is postponed until October the syrup should be made much heavier than for earlier feeding to avoid the neces- sity of the bees' ripening it. It has been generally supposed that the bees are not able to modify this thick syrup to any ex- tent, and for this reason tartaric acid is used to prevent crystallization. In our No- vember issue, page 714, J. E. Crane describes a simple experiment to prove that the bees do modify heavy syrup even when fed late in the season. In our experimental work here we have made some surprising discoveries along this line. Heavy syrups made of two parts of sugar and one part of water, as well as some made of 2^4 parts of sugar to one part of water, were fed to the bees and the next day some of this stored syrup was taken from the combs and the degree of inversion measured by means of the polariscope. Even in this short time the syrup was modified so that the reading was 52 instead of 68, Avhich was the reading before the syrup was fed. After the syrup had been in the combs for a week the reading was 38, thus showing that the invertase which the bees added to the syrup continues to modify the sugar syrup even at the ordinary hive temperature during the fall. In these experiments with sugar syrup to which no acid has been added, a large percentage of the syrup was crystal- lized within a few days after feeding. If it were possible to postpone crystallization for a few weeks after being fed, it is probable that the invertase added by the bees would modify the syrup sufficiently to prevent crystallization, but all of our experiments thus far have resulted in entirely too much crystalli/ation before tlie invertase has had an opi)()rtitiiity to do its work. One of the surjjrising things which we learned from our experiments is that when the syrup is fed while hot there is more crystallization in the combs a few days later than when it is fed cold. On measuring the degree of inversion in samples taken of syruj) which was fed hot and samples taken of syrup which was fed cold it was found that inversion was carried to a greater de- gree in that which was fed cold. The den- sity of the syrup also has much to do with the degree of inversion, and we are now busy with experiments to find out more about this and also about the different degrees of inversion resulting from different methods of feeding. We expect to be able to an- nounce some of these results in our January issue. 01—^ ta ^as= U3 ON page 780 of this issue J. E. Crane calls attention to the wastfulness of arranging the hive so How Moisture Es- that the mois- capes from the Hive, ture is carried out by venti- lation. Fortunately it is not necessary to pass a current of air through the beehive during the winter to carry out the moisture, for the moisture can leave the hive by dif- fusion. It is not even necessary for the air within the hive to move about in order to have the water vapor leave the hive by diffusion. If a jar containing air heavily laden with moisture is placed in a dry at- mosphere, the moisture will escape from the jar until the relative humidity of the air within the jar is equal to that outside even though there is no movement of air into or out of the jar. This is because the vapor pressure is greater in the moisture-laden air than in the dry air, which causes the vapor to escape until a balance of vapor pressure outside and inside the jar has been reached. This is on the same principle as that of per- fume being released in one corner of a room in which the air is not in motion. Within a short time the perfume will have per- meated the air within the room without the necessity of the air moving in order to carry it about. It will thus be seen that the diffusion of gases is quite different from the mixing of gases by ventilation. Of course, the process is much more rapid when the air is stirred, but when thinking of the es- cape of moisture from the beehive it is well to remember that the moisture can escape by diffusion, if the hive is properly arranged, regardless of any movement of the air. In fact, the water vapor is diffused into adja- cent space whether air is present or not. This diffusion can take place through porous material. For instance, if a glass tumbler filled with air heavily laden with moisture is covered with a piece of blotting paper and is placed in a room containing dry air of the same temperature, there would ])e no movement of air to or from the tum- bler because the air pressure above and be- Dkcember, 191i2 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 761 low tlie blotting paper is the same; but the \ apor pressure in the tumbler being much greater than the vapor pressure outside, wa- ter vapor will pass through the blotting paper until the vapor pressure within the tumbler balances that outside. lu a similar manner moisture can escape from a beehive through a porous covering or even through the walls of the hive without the necessity of changing the air in the hive. Much has been said about upward ventila- tion in the beehive during winter to carry out the moisture. Some have even advo- cated providing openings in the top of the hive to permit moisture to escape. When such openings are provided not only does the moisture escape but the warm air es- capes also, since a current is set up through the hive because of the difference in the temperature of the air within the hive and that outside. Except possibly in the ex- treme north well-packed colonies of bees that are wintering well do not need any other avenue for the escape of moisture than that of the entrance. Where it gets so cold that the inner walls of a well-packed hive become chilled below the dew-point, thus causing condensation on the walls of the hive, a porous covering may be advis- able. The great danger here is in having the porous covering so loose that currents of air take place through it. The covering should be sufficiently compact so that there can be no upward ventilation. ■ Some bee- keepers put a quilt over the frames and cover this with a sheet of newspaper to prevent air currents. Such an arrangement with an abundance of packing above should retain the warm air, and at the same time permit the diffusion of moisture sufficient to keep the hive dry. Q(= IX a damp cellar the difference between the vapor pressure inside the hive and ^^ within the cellar is /^^\ Moisture in the fe • > :■! Bee Cellar. m u c h less than that in a dry cel- lar. The escape of moisture from the hive will therefore be much slower in a damp cellar than in a dry one. In this issue, on page 779, Walter Harmer describes conditions sometimes found in damp cellars and tells how this may be overcome by upward ventilation in the hive. This trouble can also be over- come to a large extent by keeping a higher temperature in the cellar or by better ven- tilation of the cellar. It should be noted that raising the cellar temperature a few degrees not only greatly increases the ca- pacity of the air within the cellar to take up moisture, but also causes the bees to gen- erate less heat, which means that they con- sume less stores and therefore give off less moisture. In this way the escape of mois- ture from the hive is hastened, and at the same time the generation of moisture with- in the hive is decreased. Of course, if the temperatuie is raised too higii, the bees i.iuy bLvo.ne laoie active because of the higher temperature than they were before when they were compelled to generate sufficient heat to keep the cluster warm. The proper adjustment of the cellar temperature is one which must be worked out for each individual cellar not only according to the cellar itself but according to the number and activity of the bees which it contains. BEEKEEPEKS have learned to associate wet and mouldy combs witli poor winter- ing, and have Is Moisture Within the Hives Detri- mental to the Bees? thus been led to consider moisture with- in the hive as exceedingly detrimental to the bees during winter, it may be well to raise the question as to whether moisture is the cause of poor wintering or the effect of poor wintering. Good wintering demands tliat the bees be quiet during the winter period. If condi- tions are such that they can pass the win- ter in the greatest possible degree of quies- cence they of course consume the smallest amount of stores, and therefore give off the smallest amount of moisture. Another col- ony in the same apiary and arranged in the same way, because of poor stores or some other cause, may be much more active, which means that they must consume morQ stores and therefore give off more moisture. In the one case the moisture may escape from the hive as fast as it is given off, thus leaving the hive and combs dry; while in the other case the moisture may be gen- erated faster than it can escape from the hive, resulting in wet and mouldy combs. Anything that causes the bees to become more active and consume more stores, of course, increases the amount of moisture they give off. Bees in a cold cellar, being compelled to generate more heat to keep up the temperature of the cluster, .will there- fore give off more moisture than if the cellar temperature is more nearly correct. In the same way, colonies that are exposed outside are compelled to generate more heat and thus give off more moisture than those well protected from prevailing winds and well packed. Poor stores, coupled Avith a lack of opportunity for cleansing flights during the winter, always result in greater activity and therefore an increase in the amount of moisture given off. It may be that in his effort to keep the interior of the hive dry during the winter the beekeeper is simply removing a symptom of poor win- tering and is not removing the cause. There can be no doubt that moisture condensed witliin the hive and running down over the combs is detrimental, but if the cause of the excess of activity is removed, there should be no condensation within the hive and moisture in the form of vapor probably does no harm. t62 &LEANiNGSINBEE CULTURE December, 1922 E, ,>;■: nI"^ hubamasafarm crop ,„ ";'"", JLYed ber issue I eu- with a cover vantages and Saves d Year in Crop Rotation thoroughly p r e- value of Hubam pared soil and to the beekeep- clipped off with er. In this article By Edw. A. Winkler ^j^^ ^.j^^^^j. ^j^^^^ I tell some of the grain was the advantages and value of Hubam to the cut, made even a better growth than Hubam farmer. seeded alone, some fields standing up to the Hubam Saves a Year in Crop Rotation. shoulders in eight weeks after the clipping It has been thoroughly demonstrated here ^^ harvest and maturing seed, this year that the principal argument in fa- It took nerve to begin with seed at $10 vor of Hubam against biennial sweet clover per pound, and at last spread out to more is that Hubam can be plowed under sue- t\\&i\ 1000 acres of good farm land. But the cessfully in the fall of the same year in farmers around here in this county, who which it is seeded in grain or can be pas- once turned a deaf ear to the new annual tured, used for a seed crop, cut for silage or legume, are now moved to an inquiry which even made into very palatable legume hay js likely not to end short of placing Hubam ranking very closely to alfalfa, and then "i every part of this county, plowed under in tins same year. Its Great Fertilizing Value. Size of the Root System. The late Dr. C. G. Hopkins of Illinois It has been the contending opinion of State University at Urbana, Illinois, em- some agricultural journals thpt Hubam has phasized the fact that 6.4 tons of dry sweet not as large a root system as the biennial. clover matter furnish as much humus-form- This year I had one field of 15 acres of ing material and as much nitrogen as would Hubam alone broadcast on one side of a be furnished by 25 tons of the average farm fence, and on the opposite side were 10 manure. acres of Grundy County biennial. It was Nitrate nitrogen experiments, conducted very noticeable that the stocks and roots of in 1919 at the State University and printed Hubam were almost as large as those of the in Bulletin Xo. 233, give the important fact biennial field. The Grundy County is an that approximately one ton (water-free ba- early-blooraing and harvesting type usually sis) of spring growth of sweet clover tops cut for seed about July 1. Just next to this (which Avould be fall growth of Hubam), field, on the same kind of soil, were eight together with the roots and fall residues, acres of Hubam in oats. It seems that the furnished as much nitrate as 19.8 tons of rooting of Hubam is larger following grain, average farm manure. the stock being clipped off with the grain, Hubam planted broadcast yields over four nnd the Hubam having the whole field to tons of dry matter per acre, equal to nearly itself seems to grow sturdier and with a 80 tons of farm manure, if plowed under, longer and larger root. The Hubam roots The following table from the findings of in the oat field were much larger than the Iowa Station will show more clearly those of the biennial. the advantage of Hubam over all other le- TABLE I — COMPARATIVE YIELPS OF HUBAM AND OTHER LEGUMES FOLLOWING OATS — 1921. Yield Av. length plants Av. length plants Legume. (tons per acre) June 29 (inches) . Oct. 4 (inches) . Hubam Clover 2,07 25 42 Bi. Wht. Swt. Clover 1.85 18 22 Bi. Yel. Swt. Clover 1.56 18 22 Alfalfa 1.14 7 19 Medium Red Clover 95 6 12 Mammoth Clover 92 6 10 Alsike Clover Poor stand 4 8 *TABLE II — COMPARISON OF NITROGEN RETURNED TO SOIL BY HUBAM AND OTHER LEGUMES. Per cent nitrogen water- Pounds water-free material per acre. Per cent free basis. Lbs. nitrogen per A. of roots Leaves Water-free basis. Leaves and to total and Leaves and , Roots ^ Stems. weight. Roots. Stems. Roots. stems. Total. Hubam 1664.0 3784.0 30.54 2.48 2.43 41.25 91.95 133.20 Bi. Wht 1451.3 3381. S 30.03 2.86 2.90 41.51 98 07 139.58 Med. Red 827.8 1736.6 32.28 2.29 3.43 18 96 59.57 78.53 *i)etailed report of experimental methods used is not included because of lack of space. It has been mimeographed and is available for agronomists and others interested. TABLE HI — ANALYSES OF HUBAM AND BIENNIAL WHITE SWEET CLOVER. Per cent Per cent nitrogen- Per cent ether extract Per cent protein, free extract. crude fiber. (crude fat). Per cent ash. Hubam Clover 14.32 39.06 33 76 1.79 5.27 Biennial Wlit. Swt. Clover.. 12.94 32.11 38.31 1.16 5.59 Deckmi'.kr, 1922 GLEANINGS IN B lO K * 0 U I> T U R E 763 Spumes. These arc referred to in the Iowa circular No. 7G. Advantages for Fall Plowing. Owing to the impracticability of plowing biennial sweet clover under in tlie fall and the necessity of leaving the second year's spring growth to make a large growth before plowing under in order to destroy thorough- ly all the plants, and eliminate the volun- teer trouble, whicli brings plowing close up to corn-planting time, Hubam, which should be turned under in the fall when the bloom lias blown and the seed pods are all green, is sure to become the universally used and foremost of legumes adapted to almost all climates and soils. Roots Over Five Feet Long. Owing to its deeit-rooting system, in proof of which I am enclosing a picture, this le- gume, which gets its nitrogen from the air and deposits it in the soil instead of taking it from the soil, bids fair to become the universal soil-builder. When we can con- vince those objectors who still believe sweet clover to be an obnoxious weed, and over- come their prejudice against it, pointing out that their land is sour and depleted and that they are not getting as large crops as their neighbors who have been planting clovers and rotating crops, we shall begin to get our farms back to the fertility they posses sed 100 years ago. This root was dug up from a field of Hubam sown broadcast late last spring alone. Another root was dug up in a field of Hu- b a m following \vinter rye, the root measuring 52 inches. We did not get all of either of the roots. Tlie opinion that Hubam does not root as large and deep as the biennial m a y never be en- tirely expelled, but many are taking a differ- ent view on this s u b j e c t after looking at some of the roots that „ , ^ , XT I '^^^^''■e er cent of forma- lin is a liauid of Ioaa'- sm-^nce tension. This property makes it capable of promptly fill- ing all emptA^ space in the honeycomb. In treating a comb containinsr diseased cells of American foul brood, with alcohol containing 20 per cent of formalin, one maA^ obserA'e the folloAving points: 1. BeesAvax .absorbs the solution: conse- quently, it swells up, as is shown by the dis- tortion of the cell Avails of a comb that has been soaked at least 24 hours. 2. Propolis is completely penetrated, as it is made semi-liquid by the solution, because propolis is a resinous substance. 8. Cells filled with pollen are penetrated, because after drA'ing, these masses of pol- len, due to shrinkage, may be shaken, occa- sionalh'-, out of the cells. 4. Diseased larvae are completely disin- fected, because after dryine:, they, in a hardened condition, can readily be removed from the cell wall. Before dryiup-, the characteristic ropiness is absent. Sealed cells containing diseased larvae are found to be in the same condition. The larvae are no longer repulsiA^e to bees, as the ropy cluelike remains are hardened, and can eas- ily be remoA-ed hv the bees, as so much in- ert matter. 5. A surface Avct Avith honey is disinfected. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE December, 192^ because honey is miscible with the disin- fectant. 6. The liquid fills every cell immediately, provided the combs, while held in their nat- ural position, are inclined from side to side. Residt of Tests With Diseased Combs. Combs, which had been treated by this method, were sent to the Bureau of Ento- mology. The following report was received: "Cultures were made from the dried scales and also from granular material from sealed cells. After subculturing and incu- bation for four or five days, no evidence of spore germination could be demonstrated. "A. P. Sturtevant, "Assistant Apiculturist. " By soaking combs 48 hours in the purest grade of alcohol, containing 20 per cent of formalin, honeycomb is made just as valu- able as it was before infected. On account of the violent poisons, which adhere to bees- wax, that are used in making completely de- natured alcohol, this kind of alcohol can not be used. I have had more than 200 standard Lang- stroth combs, which two years ago were infected, pass through two seasons with no return of disease. Another 200 combs have passed through this last season with no re- turn of infection. These experiments have been carried out in my apiary of 150 colonies. This month of October, by most careful examination, I am unable to find a single colony infected by American foul brood. In other words, I have thus far had 100 per cent success by using alcoholic formalin as above described. Failure to have colonies free from foul brood, after putting combs disinfected by this method in those colonies, will be due to one or more of tlie following reasons: 1. Carrying infectious material from a diseased hive, either directly or indirectly, into the healthy colony. The beekeeper should make sure that his hands and tools are free from foul-brood germs, when work- ing with healthy colonies. 2. Permitting bees to obtain infected honey from a diseased hive while being ex- amined or shaken in the usual way for foul brood. 3. Storeroom for diseased combs is not bee-tight; consequently, bees are robbing diseased honey. 4. Bees are robbing infectious honey from sources unknown to the beekeeper. This may be a neighbor 's diseased hive, a weak diseased colony in a bee-tree, or a discarded honey container whose contents came from a diseased colony. In conclusion, I wish to extend due credit to the Bee Culture Office, Bureau of Ento- mology, Washington, D. C, and to The A. I. Root Company, for the assistance each lias given, particularly for the tests they have made, Glendale, Ohio. NEWSPAPER ADVERTISING Ho'w Local Ne-wspapers Can be Used to Best Ad'vantage in Selling Honey By C. H. Wolfe IF every bee- keeper could speak to the whole world face to face each morning and tell the inliabitants thereof the mer- its of honey as a food, and of the desirability of his own honey in par- ticular, there would be no need of other ad- vertising, because there is no selling agency which quite equals the personal contact of the producer with the possible consumer of his product. Sucli a course admittedly being impossi- ble, we must devise other methods of reacli- ing the buyer if we wish to reacli more than our immediate neighbors and friends. Road- side signs, exliibits at the county fair, and displays in store windows and food shows are most frequently used to get the atten- tion of honey consumers, and may be made productive of excellent results. The aver- age beekeeper, liowever, can use the col- umns of his local newspaper to good advan- tage in his honey-selling campaign in addi- tion to nil other media. There are two chief difficulties tliat pre- vent most beekeepers from using newspaper advertising a s profitably as they might. One is their unwill- ingness to spend enough money to m a k e a credit- able showing; the other, a lack of knowledge of tlie best method of using their newspaper advertising appropriation. Kind of Newspaper Advertising Best Suited for Beekeepers. In these days of whole and half-page ads, such space as a beekeeper would be justi- fied in buying is apt to be entirely over- shadowed by the big advertiser. For that reason I have never found the ordinary space or display advertisement very profit- able. I have tried "locals" or short read- ers, and while they do bring results, their expense, if used as liberally as they should be, mounts up pretty fast.' In city papers, where the rate for readers and display space is high, honey advertisers find the use of the want columns brings them the best re- sults for the outlay involved. The want column of your home weekly or daily can be tried oiit at slight cost also, and will bring sales enough to make it pay. Dkcember, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 767 lu retailing my owu honey crop, 1 spend $100 or more eiicli season in advertising in my local newspaper. I live in a town of 12,000 with a large country population tributary. I have secured the best results by the use of what is generally known in newspaper offices as a "space reader"; that is, not less than four inches of space, one column wide, set in the regular news- size type, with no display lines except the heading, which is set similar iu style to the ordinary news headline of the paper. Newspapers sometimes charge extra for ad- vertisements so set, but the slight addi- tional cost is justified by the returns. Posi- tion is important. Ask your publisher to give you good position. Don't ask that your ad be spread all over the front page or sur- rounded on all sides by reading matter, for he'll smile at you. Be content to liave the first ad iu the column, or in the column next to reading matter on a page containing home news. He '11 give you that, usually, espe- cially if your ad is as much as six inches long. In my own advertising I generally use a six-inch space. I like to have the heading occupy just a single line, with letters about half an inch tall — some plain letter resem- bling that in their regular news story heads. The idea is to give my ad the general a.])- pearance of a news story. In the headline I always use the Avord "honey" in some combination, as, "Say, Honey!" "Your Honey," "My Honey," "Fancy Honey," "Oh, Honey," on the tlieory that those likely to be interested in honey will "spot" such a headline at sight. Here is one that ii]>peared reeentiv in a local paper. YOUR HONEY I want to sell it to you. You won't find better at any price. Still selling for Six Dollars a can (60 lbs.) for Standard No. 1 light am- ber extracted. A good grade of melted, strained lioney from broken combs, for Five- fifty per can. Not quite as choice as my No. 1, but good pure honey just the same. A 10-pound pail of the best, water white alfalfa honey for $1.50. Come to the Honey Shop at 720 Eleventh street and see and taste. Money back on any purchase that is not 100 per cent satisfactory. C. H. WOLFE, Beekeeper. Sign of the Honey Shop. Phone Gr. 365. Free deliveries every day within the city. Having attracted the attention of the reader, I try to give him some real informa- tion in the reading matter that follows. I have honey to sell, so I tell him something about my lioney — the kind, the (luality, how 1 produce and prepare for market, size of container and price. I stress tlie quality of my product because I believe in my honey, and I know the conditions under which it is j)roduced. I know tliat my honey is bet- ter than niucli that is on the market, and I try to convince the honey user of the fact. But I don't run down the other fellow. I stick to the truth and write just as I would speak to my customer if he stood before me. I don't try to be eloquent or grandilo- quent— just plain everyday beekeeper talk, I find, will reach nearly everybody. I never run the same ad more than twice. Changing every time is better; tell the same story in different words. Usually I do not run an ad every issue in. the daily. Two or three times a week will cost slightly more per issue, but not so much as an inser- tion every day, and I find the results equally good. But I find that during the main honey season, a material spurt in sales follows each ad, and a corresponding drop when my ads are left out for a week or more. Such a The right kind of advertisiiia; in local newspapers hrings the customers to the houey-house, thus making the route between producer and consumer the shortest possible one. space reader as I use may be had in the average village newspaper with 1000 or more circulation for 20 to 30 cents per run- ning inch per issue. If my home paper were published weekly instead of daily I should have an ad in every issue from Aug- ust to December. Bee Stories in Honey Advertisements. liust August 1 tried the exi>erimeiit of ruiining a series of short articles in our daily paper about bees and honey and honey pro- duction. In each story I told some inter- esting feature of beekeeping. One time, how lioney is gathered, stored and ripened. /\tu)ther, how the extracting is done, and 768 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE December, 1922 why extracted honey is cheaper in price than comb honey. Other stories dealt with the bees themselves, how they swarm, how they guard their hive against robbers, how they keep warm in winter, etc. There is such a wealth of material to choose from that I found it hard to stop. At the end of each story I ran my honey shop prices, using about two inches of space for that purpose. I paid for these stories at regular space rates, and they were read generally by the public, and brought me scores of new customers who took the pains to speak of the articles. In fact they created more dis- cussion about bees and honey than any ad- vertising I ever did. Often while they were running I would be called over the phone by some reader to settle some dispute about bee behavior. Two months after the close of the series I hnd their effects still reflected in my honey sales and inquiries. One effect of continued advertising of my honey is the call for my honey rather than just "any" honey, in the stores. Some- times the merchants aren't fair, and that has its drawbacks — but that is another story. In conclusion I wish not to be regarded as an oracle in honey advertising. Some of my experiments in that line have fallen flat. But on the whole my newspaper advertising has paid and is paying me well, and, if intel- ligently done, similar advertising, I am con- vinced, can be made to pay other beekeep- ers. Greeley, Colorado. One of C. H. Wolfe's out-apiaries, near (xreeley, Colo. The honey is sold locally by carefully planned advertising in local papers. COST OF HONEY PRODUCTION YOU ask me to tell the cost of hon- ey produ c t i o n and of how I get at it. Why pick on me? Just because I have been indiscreet enough in the past to make some assertions about it and to quote a few figures, it does not follow that I know. But perhaps I can say something that will help toward a solution of an im- portant and troublesome problem. The question is often asked, "Does bee- keeping pay?" and there are as many dif- ferent answers as listeners. But how can anyone give a fair and clear answer if the cost of honey production is unknown? And if we do not know what it costs us to pro- duce a pound of honey, how can we tell what to charge for it? And yet, year after year, we sell our crop at what is offered, and, so long as we make both ends meet, we seem content. I remember the late Rambler's reply to the query as to whether he could make both cAn Accurate Accounting of Costs is One of the First Requisites in any 'business By Arthur C. Miller ends meet when producing honey. "Oh," was his nonchalant loply, "I gave that up long ago and now have one end meat and the other vegetables. ' ' Some Difficulties in Figuring Costs. Perhaps the chief difficulty usually ex- perienced in figuring costs is the mixing-in of selling costs with production costs, and separation of these two items is particularly difficult when one retails most of the crop. Another item which usually puzzles one when trying to figure costs is placing an es- timate on the value of one's labor; and this is complicated when one keeps bees as a "side line" and puts into the work a mini- mum part of his time. A high-salaried man with much leisure from his profession hesi- tates to charge the honey business with the same price per hour which his profession yields, saying it is otherwise unprofitable time or that the salary goes on anyway and December, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 769 the returns from the honey are "all vel- vet," but that is poor reasoning. Then, there is the man in some line of farming with much non-productive time on his hands, so he devotes it to bees, gets a fair crop, sells it for what he can get and calls it "all profit." Finally, there is the professional beekeeper who has much money invested in it, devotes all the warm season to producing, much of the rest of the year to selling, and the balance to putting his outfit into shape for the active or producing season. How shall he figure his costs? Shall he charge against the honey only the time devoted to producing it or also the time tak- en in selling, and if these two, when does the intermediate or preparatory time get paid for? Shall he figure the different sorts of work at different prices per day or all alike? Then, he must figure the interest on his investment, insurance, taxes, depreciation and upkeep. The plot thickens and many a man I have heard exclaim: "Oh, pshaw, I can't bother with all that. I pay my ex- penses and what is left over is profit." Is it? Not by any means. There comes a year when no small part of the equipment has to be replaced, a new auto purchased, lower prices received for the crop and he has to draw on his bank account. Now what is he to live on if not his bank reserve, if he is so fortunate .as to have one. Suppose the next year is bad and there is no crop, and having used up each year most of the cash left after paying the year's expenses, what is he to do? Go to the bank and borrow? The banker at once wants collateral, but if the would-be borrower has none and wants to borrow on his "business," the banker promptly wants to know if it pays. What does it pay? How much is invested in it? And asks a lot more questions which not one beekeeper in perhaps a thousand can ever guess at. While you are guessing, let me tell you how I have tried to work it out. How to Make the Inventory. First, an inventory must be taken. Make a list of every sort of implement you use in the business. This is far from easy and by the time you have finished, you will un- derstand why the store clerks hate and dread "taking stock." When the lists are complete, go over them painstakingly, rigorously cross off every item of uncertain or no value. Then set a price on what is left. Place these as con- servatively as you can and, if you are not sure what they should be, discuss them with any well-posted friend you can find. After a couple of years or so, you will be able to do this quickly and more to your satisfac- tion. The idea is to get an estimate of their real worth, i. e., what they are worth to you for use in the business, a sort of compromise between what they would cost you to replace and what they would sell for at forced sale. Each year thereafter, when the inventory is all figured, deduct or "cliarge off" 10 per cent for depreciation. In the case of the automobile, deduct l!0 per cent. Theoretically, at the end of 10 years, your outfit would stand at zero, but there are al- ways replacements so that the zero seldom arrives. Valuation of the Bees in the Inventory. Then there is the question of valuing the bees, perhaps the most difficult part of the inventory. How much is a big colony to be valued at? How much a weak one? How much a medium? What is "medium" and what is "strong?" How much more is a pure Italian colony worth than a hybrid one? Suppose the pure Italian one is a lit- tle below medium in strength and the hybrid one is away above normal size for the sea- son? I gave it up. Life was too short to bother over it. Now, I ignore the bees to this extent. All hives occupied by a colony of bees are valued at a price equal to the hive if new. Or in other words I put an arbitrary price on every hive with a usable colony in it. I ignore all nuclei, weaklings or queenless colonies, and all "noses," be they "big" or "medium," are counted the same. All empty hives, whether with drawn combs or foundation, go into an "empty" class, prices at not over one-half of that of new ones in the flat. Arbitrary again, but as nearly correct as I can at present guess. This is one of the places where it is both wise and necessary to adopt a simple and arbitrary way of estimating the stock. As this inventory is taken "out of season," either in fall or spring, there are no "swarms" nor "queens" nor "cells" nor nuclei to be considered. Don't try to make a big showing here, nor to fool yourself by crediting yourself with a lot of stock of indefinite or varying value. Valuation of the Beekeeper's Time. The next important thing to determine is the charge to make against the business for your services. What are you worth? Are you a carpenter earning $8 a day, a laborer getting $2.50 for the same time or a sal- aried man getting $5000 a year? Charge against the business all you think you are worth, be it $500 or $5000 — and then go ahead and earn it. Pay yourself each week or mouth as little as you can get along on until the money from the crop is all in, all bills paid and depreciation charged off, and then you will know if there is any mon- ey left to pay you the rest of your year's salary. Everyone making beekeeping a business and depending on it as his chief means of support should charge the business for his whole year's time regardless of how the winter or "idle" season is spent. He may be in Florida or Europe — that is his good fortune — but he is entitled to his pay for the whole year if his efforts have yielded 770 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE December, 1922 enough to enable him to take a vacation part of the year. The man running a small apiary as a "side line" and having to spend part of his time at some other business will have to decide for himself just what his time de- voted to the bees is worth. He may be paid by the year at some business and yet have enough free time to care for his bees, or he may have a profession giving a fair and steady income. Such persons will have to determine for themselves how much time they devote to the bees and what it is worth. It is worth something and the bee business should be charged with it. Cost of Operating a Colony of Bees a Year. A year or two before the war two of us independently of each other figured the cost of operating a colony of bees for one year. We figured the actual time we devoted to the care of the colony for a year, including the extracting of the honey, valuing our time at $5.00 per day. We figured interest on the investment and depreciation. We both arrived at $2.00 as the cost of operat- ing a colony for one year, including the labor of extracting 100 pounds of honey. This, of course, inclucled no "overhead'' and no rent nor taxes, simply labor, depre- ciation and interest. It was of only rela- tive value, giving a rough idea of costs. Now, it would be at least double as much. How to Charge Time Used in Selling Honey. If a commercial producer uses his time during the "idle" season to sell honey, he may very properly pay himself his salary as during the rest of the year, but it is charged against the producing account. All profit on sales goes into an account by itself, just as if the honey was bought from another producer or as if the returns were interest from an investment in stocks or bonds. If a producer chooses to use his idle time to sell honey, let him remember that that time has been paid for by the producing end of the business and is in the cost of the honey. Profit on the honey is to be considered just like income from any merchandise bought and sold, and must not be confused with the production part of the business. To recapitulate: Make an inventory of everything pertaining to the business and price it conservatively. Do not forget a working capital of cash. Put a value on your time at least equal to what you can earn in the business you have previously fol- lowed. Charge the business with your sal- ary, with interest on the investment, insur- ance, rent of ground and building occupied, and expense of hired labor; deduct at the end of the year 10 per cent from the inventory, and you will then know what your business lias cost for the year. If the bees gave an average yield of 100 pounds per colony and you had 500 colonies, you get 50,000 pounds; til en divide the total annual cost as above indicated by 50,000 and you will know what your honey cost per pound. If you can not sell it for as much, the loss must come out of your "salary," and it is up to you to in- crease production or decrease expenses or both or else the business will soon belong to someone else. If our business is to be worthy of re- spect, we must knoAV "costs," outgo as well as income. Just now, this part of it is more important than any discussions of equip- ment or manipulation. It is a dry subject, but a vital one, and we have got to know it and know every bit of it. Providence, R. I. THE CO-OPERATIVE MOVEMENT Some Reasons for Lack of Success of Co-operation cAmong Honey ^roduceis By William H. Wolford CO- O P E R A- TION, in its various as- pects, is a child of the marketing problem. It has been born; to murder it is crime; to be in- strumental in per- mitting its suicide is to admit defeat and an inability to cope with a factor looming in the path of an industry's internal expan- sian. Co-operation among beekeepers is in its infancy. It should not be strangled; it should not be allowed to die of disease; rather, it should be fostered, nursed, and properly eared for until it reaches a matur- ity that will insure its own protectioji. The history of co-operative enterprises in the United States has not been written in startling successes. A far greater part of them have resulted, sooner or later, in fail- ures. The reasons have been various. Con- sumers c o -ope- ration has suf- fered badly from the mobility of the American p o p u 1 a t i 0 u. Wholesale a n d retail co-opera- tion has been un- dermined by Ji low code of business ethics. Producers' co- operation, including that of honey produc- ers, lies straining itself in the mud of unjust susijicion and mistrust in general. A Start Has Been Made. Already there have been numerous at- tempts to establish organized co-operation among beekeepers in certain localities. Cali- fornia has had them. New York is about to try one. All have met with disheartening o])position, and many have suffered so se- verely from internal upheavals and external wounds launched by opposing interests that tliev have lost much of their usefulness or December, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 771 liave ji;oue under completely. A few still striiiTffle on, formally carrying out the rou- tine of receiving the honey of the member- producers, and of disposing of it in what- ever way nets an approximation to the mar- ket price. This year it may go to the X & Z Honey Company; next year ABC, Inc., may get it. These kinds of organizations are but carry-along affairs, with from ten to a hun- dred dollars dues a year, and a fifth of a cent more per pound for the honey handled. Some co-operatives make a big thing of the advantage derived from special dis- counts on supplies. Pool your orders, they say, and you save from five to twenty per cent. It sounds like a gold brick. It is — as far as getting the percentage off is concern- ed. But the pooled order very frequently is placed where the original list price of sup- plies is from five to twenty per cent higher than it should be in the first place. I have run short of containers and have bought them through direct ordering cheaper than I obtained a first lot through a pooled order. This is not a knock at the co-operative ideal, but is merely cited to show that many of our associations are not operating on a re- sult-producing basis. The Eight Direction. Any form of activity must have a defi- nite goal. Otherwise it will appear in action like a basket of June bees dumped on a board with no hive in sight. A co-operative association should have a definite purpose for its existence; otherwise it resolves itself into an annual picnic trip. Live, wide-awake beekeepers must study how to market their honey as well as, say, how best to increase their yard without draining their honey crop. One is equally as important as the other. What good is a crop of fine honey stored in the honey-house if it must be given away in the end to one of a horde of speculators clamoring at the door and singing, in unison, "Three cents per pound"? Producers already recognize that in numbers there is advantage, but they are not arming themselves with modern weap- ons. What the Middleman Now Is Doing. It is beyond a doubt that the middlemen are performing practically all the functions of marketing honey. That is, it is through the middlemen that the largest proportion of all the honey produced in or imported into the United States is passed on to the ultimate consumer. By middlemen, herein used, are meant wholesale buyers and pack- ers. Retailers are considered in another class. These middlemen buy directly from the producers; they store the various lots of honey; they repack it; they frequently put it up for market under a trade name; they drum the retail trade for an outlet of their branded product; they often influence the resale price to the ultimate consumer. M;inv producers attempt to perform those functions for themselves. They market their own honey. They do it, I believe, be- cause iliey find the additional profit attract- ive. With some live-wire men, this method has proved successful. But the majority of beekeepers have neither the time nor the inclination to undertake the marketing of their ware. If they find themselves with time to spare, they usually prefer to pro- duce more and leave the specialized job of distril)uting to those more experienced and more desirous of the task. The Open Door for Producers. There is but one course for producers to follow if they ever wish to see more of the retail price of honey flow into their own pockets. They must market their honey themselves. They need not, however, do it individually. Small groups of producers might well band together, as a start toward future consolidation, and place upon the market a branded product. But in doing so, foresight in one respect is absolutely nec- essary. Branding a commodity and placing it upon the market distinguishes the goods so branded, educates people to call for it, and in this way creates a demand for it. To have ten or a dozen different brands in one section of a state would tend to lessen the effectiveness of any one. The solution to this difficulty is this: There should be one great brand under which certified honey of a state or section is marketed; under this general trade-mark, if it is found necessary or desirable, sub- differentiation may be placed upon the label. Such sub-differentiation must not detract from the impressiveness or dominance of the general trade name. The Necessity for Differentiation. Little can be hoped for in advertising hon- ey as honey. A shirt factory does not ad- vertise just shirts. It advertises ABC shirts or X Y Z shirts, as the case may be. The factory knows that to stimulate the de- mand for a shirt as a shirt may not return that particular factory one sale in a hun- dred. But to puff and pat on the back ABC shirts will ultimately turn many shirt buyers to try the new factory's goods. The same rule applies to honey, with two or three minor exceptions. The individual producer mav have fair success, in his nar- row circle, by advertising his name on his label, but for the best results, county, state and sectional co-operation of the right na- ture only can brinfr about a honev market- ing scheme that will stand the test of time. Avoid the Snags of the Past. No country in the world has succeeded better with co-operative enterprises than England. Indeed, the practice has so popu- larized itself that today there is springing UP competition among co-operative chains. This leads to the observation that England has passed through the stages of co-opera- tive expnnsion, and has experienced the pit- fnlls and the accelerators of this form of marketing. A complete tabulation here is impossible, but among those that stand out (Continued on page 811.) 772 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE December, 1922 '^^m^ndmmm SHADE FOR THE BEEHIVES A. I. Root Tells More About the Grapevine Apiary of Olden Times Over 50 years ago, in studying up differ- ent methods of shading the hives during the hottest summer months, I devised what I called my "grapevine apiary." In the spring and fall we want all the sunshine to strike the hives just as much as possil)le; and during a great part of the year sun- shine is a big help; but when we have our very hottest weather, say in July and Aug- ust, there are times when shade is very important. The shade of trees has been used, especially that of fruit trees; and if we could have a tree just big enough, and not too big, it might be a good thing. But most trees get to be big trees in spite of us, and therefore I settled down on a Con- cord grapevine. I decided that the hives Part of the original "grapevine apiary" at the Home of the Honeybees. should be somewhere from six to ten feet apart. Then about a foot away from the hives, on the south side, I put down a stout oak stake. These stakes were about as high as one's head and horizontally across the stake, about half way up, was a wooden strip about a yard long and three or four inches wide. Near the top of the stake a similar slat was fastened, and the Concord vines were tied to this post with the branches distributed along the slats. In the early volumes of our ABC book we had pictures of the hexagonal apiary; and right close to our factory was seen our grapevine apiary with four or five hundred hives. What brings the matter up just now is the big crop of Concord grapes we have just harvested. Our different buildings have en- croached on the hexagonal apiary that had the original number of 427 hives, so that now there are only about 300, and as many vines trained on the trellis as described above. For 50 years we have had a crop of Concord grapes from these vines, more or less; but this present year, 1922, I think we have had the biggest crop of any. At 4 cents a pound the grapes brought something over one hundred and fifty dollars. From 300 vines this would make 50 cents per vine, or 12 to 13 pounds from each vine. Of course some of them gave twice that amount or more. Please consider that lur- ing all of these 50 years the vines have been clipped back to prevent interference with the apiarist when moving around. By the way, I decided years ago that every hive should be so situated that the operator could walk all around it; and I think that most beekeepers nowadays have come to about the same conclusion. After experi- menting with "house-apiaries," I said that I wanted each and every hive to stand out on the ground where it could get the sun- shine, and where the apiarist could walk all around it. You will notice that the vine does not cut off the rays of the sun at all until the weather begins to be pretty hot; and on the approach of the first frosty weather the leaves drop off so the needed sunshine gets through once more. My orig- inal plan of years ago was to have the vines "kill two birds with one stone" — that is, furnish the needed shade and also bear a crop of fruit. By the way, it is some trouble to replace the wooden stakes when they rot off — say once in five or ten years. I have been think- ing of a very light stake made of reinforced concrete. But then would come the problem of fastening the cross-pieces securely. Stakes of locust or cypress might be better and cheaper. A. I, Eoot. DIGGING BEESWAX FROM A MINE A Man Who Struck It Rich on the Pacific Coast Eecently while making an exhibit of hon- ey and beekeeping equipment at the North Ashland County Fair, Nova, Ohio, Alvin Crittenden of that place showed me a piece of beeswax, concerning which he gave this interesting history. The wax was furnished him by a close friend, W. H. Calwell, Port- land, Ore. The latter cut it from an orig- inal chunk in 1892. The following story is vouched for by the above responsible persons: In 1890-92 a man in the vicinity of Ne- halem kept coming to town regularly with all the beeswax he could haul on a burro. When questioned as to his source of supply, lie explained ho Avas a wild bee hunter. The amount he brought was so immense that sus- picion was aroused sufficient to instigate a search. As a result a deposit of many tona December, 192i GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 773 h FROM THE FIELD OF EXPERIENCE ■ — ~^ __ WHS found buried deep in tlie earth, and on top of the deposit gigantic fir trees 500 years old were growing. The age of the firs and the depth of tlie deposit, together with the fact that the ocean has receded three miles from this point, lead to the be- lief that it is at least a thousand years since the wax drifted ashore at this place. About the wax was evidence of shipwreck, and indented in it were hieroglyphs of strange design. This allows the supposition that an ancient ship had through misfor- tune drifted ashore here. The sample which Mr. Crittenden showed me was rather black but in good condition. Maybe some brother beekeeper in the vicin- ity of Nehalem, Oregon, who reads "Glean- ings" can give us some more facts on this rather odd bit of history. W. W. Barnhill. Polk, Ohio. DEALERS AND SPECULATORS Why Established Honey Dealers Prefer Stable Prices. Folly of Price- Cutting Until recently the writer has, to some ex- tent, shared the probably common belief that most honey dealers naturally are inter- ested in keeping the wholesale price of hon- ey as low as possible; but in talking with one of our largest western bottlers recently some new ideas were received, and these again were strengthened by the writings of two large honey buyers in October "Gleanings," E. E. Eoot and Geo. W. York. Mr. Eoot tells how his company decided to boost the local sale of honey to prevent prices from dropping too low, and Mr. York makes one of the strongest appeals for co- operative marketing that has come to my notice. Just why should dealers desire to prevent lioney prices from dropping below the cost of production? Is it not because such men are business men and not speculators? The latter class is always attempting to "bear" the market when buying, and "bulling" it when selling, in order to gain as large a margin of profit as the traffic will stand. The real dealer is interested in building up a steady, permanent trade, and his margin of profit is, as far as he is able to control it, based on a percentage basis of the turn- over; for that reason he is not interested in the speculative elements, but would greatly prefer stabilized prices that would assure liim liis necessary margin. Of course it is only human that any dealer wishes to buy for a little less than the market price, but the thinking dealer realizes that, if he can buy for less than the market price, his com- petitor can likely do as well, and perhaps better, and that therefore the market has fallen, and that instead of buying "below" market he is buying on a "lower" market. Here, perhaps, is the answer to the ques- tion that has puzzled some of our producers who this year attempted to move honey by cutting prices, only to find that the demand if anything decreased. Dealers do not buy heavily on a falling market. A retailer may move his stock by cutting prices; a small producer also may do the same, but if large holdings are forced on the market at cut prices the dealers will fear further declines and will adopt a policy of watchful waiting, buying only what stock they need; while if the market is steady they are willing to buy large quantities to enable them to get quan- tity discounts. J. Skovbo. Hermiston, Ore. BEEKEEPING IN AUSTRALIA How Lack of Pollen Sometimes Causes Loss or Many Colonies Ninety-five per cent of Australian honey is gathered from eucalyptus trees of which there are many dozens of kinds, and some are in flower at all times of the year. Most of the apiaries are located in forests and along rivers or lakes. Migratory beekeeping is resorted to, though of late years more of the mountain beekeepers are moving their bees out to the drier earlier pollen-producing country for the purpose of securing early brood-rearing, cope w^eed and Avattle being very early and heavy pollen producers. Some varieties of wattles are in bloom all through both winter and spring. Our seasons run in cycles of four or five years, one year being a very bad one, two poor to medium and two good to bumper. Seldom or never do we get a year when the bees will not gather ample honey for their own needs, but pollen famine is the trouble. The summer and autumn of 1920 produced ample stores of honey but little or Tio pol- len, with the result that but little autumn brood was reared; and in the following spring, before the spring pollen was gath- ered and brood reared, the old bees of the winter cluster died off, leaving hives with ample honey in the combs, many bee farm- ers losing up to four-fifths of their colonies. Experiments to produce artificial pollen have so far failed. Beekeepers are trying to save the combs of pollen stored during the good years and keep them until the droughts. In a good season apiaries on good forest sites will average over 300 pounds per col- ony, and individual records of 700 pounds and over are often recorded. A good forest site in a good season can hardly, if at all, be- overstocked, but occasionally a small waspy fly comes in millions and almost crowds the bees off the blossom. H. W. Eaggatt. Natimuk, Victoria, Australia, 774 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE December, 1922 FROM THE FIELD OF EXPERIENCE NECTAR FROM VELVET BEAN Bees Do Not Gather It in All Parts of the South I notice an inquiry in August Gleanings from J. M. Sturtevant in Alabama asking about the velvet bean as a honey plant. My observations of this plant in Mississippi lead me to believe that it is not used by bees. It does produce nectar in great quan- tities, but this nectar has the most repulsive taste of anything I have ever put in my mouth. Perhaps this has something to do with the unwillingness of bees to take it. I have seen many acres planted to velvet beans, and although I have seen them pro- fusely in bloom I have never seen a bee at work on them. Dogwood is often mentioned as a honey plant in the South, but I am of the opinion that it produces no more nectar there than it does in the North. I have observed it dozens of times but have yet to see a bee taking nectar from the flowers. Ithaca, N. Y. R. B. Willson. Velvet bean blossom clusters, which are made up of individuals each of which is provided Avith a covering over the opening of the flower, protecting it against rainy weather, give us a peculiar opportunity to study its relation to honeybees. Immediately following a rain the bees will begin work on this flower before nec- tar can be found in open blossoms. We have seen bees in usual numbers working on them from day to day and believe they gather nectar from them. The Mexican clover is also in bloom at the same time, and of course the honey stored at this time is a mixture of the two, and its acid taste and color are decidedly different from those of the honey stored immediately following the close of the velvet bean season. Our rainfall is very heavy, particularly at this season of the year, which fact has caused us to investigate the velvet bean with its rain-proof nature roof. J. Clay Dickman. Bay Minette, Ala. The velvet bean does well on the "Tif- ton" and "Norfolk" loam soils of south Georgia, and on these soils may be counted on for a surplus year after year. The in- terplanting of the velvet bean with corn enters largely into the farm practices of south Georgia, and the velvet bean is usu- ally present in most localities in sufficient quantities to be of considerable value to the beekeeper. In my locality I can usually rely on at least one shallow super of chunk honey from this source. On the low sandy, swampy series of soils and on the higher sandy soils of this region T do not think one can depend so much on the velvet bean. T understand that the velvet bean is also a good honey plant in the red hills of middle and north Georgia, but I am not speaking from experience as to those localities. I doubt very much if the velvet bean would be of any value to Florida beekeepers, ex- cept north of Gainesville and west of Lake City. The honey from velvet bean is inferior to honey secured during the spring honey flow. It has a peculiar acid flavor and is best sold in the comb. In my locality it blooms with Mexican clover and bitter-weed and is never secured absolutely pure. Such a blend makes a pretty article in the comb, but does not bring repeat orders when sold in the extract- ed form. Mexican clover is the most important summer and fall plant to south Georgia bee- keepers. It is a light-colored honey almost water-white in the comb and of fair flavor and quite superior to the velvet bean honey. It blooms from May 15 until killing frost in autumn, which usually occurs in this local- ity about the middle of November. It is im- possible to eradicate this weed from culti- vated fields. It furnishes a living for the bees all summer, and after cultivation stops in the fields it takes possession and fur- nishes a surplus during August, September and October. The velvet bean augments the surplus from this source during July and August. Mexican clover honey can usually be se- cured blended with cotton honey during the month of July, but can only be secured in its purity during the month of October. At this season of the year it has almost ma- tured its growth and blooms rather sparing- ly. The blossoms are open for a few hours in the forepart of the day, therefore no great amount of surplus can be obtained late in the season. The supers are usually removed and this late honey goes into the brood-nest. "Where it is the custom to winter bees with all supers on the hive, many of which are filled with the low-grade fall honey, much velvet bean and Mexican clover honey find their wav into the first spring extracting. I find it best to try to stock a locality to the limit so that very little if any of the velvet bean honey will be left over from the win- ter stores. I do not usually figure on mar- keting any honey stored in this locality after Julv 15, but leave it with the bees. Glennville, Ga. W. C. Barnard. A HANDY SUPER LIFTER A Device to Avoid Heavy Lifting, Made From an Old Wheelbarrow Did you ever feel, when you stood in front of a hive of three or four stories, heavy with honey, that you would be glad of some plan by which these upper stories might be lifted off without almost breaking your back so that you could get at the DECKirnER, 1022 G li E A N I N G S IN B K K CULTURE 775 FROM THE FIELD OF EXPERIENCE brood-nest for tlie purpose of requeening or clipping? Perliaps you are a professional man or backlotter, and not accustomed to heavy lifting. Perliaps you are an old man, a woman, a young miss, or a house- wife who is unable to lift heavy weights, with no brother, husband or son handy at the time. If j^ou belong to any of these classes you might appreciate a lifting-de- vice, and at the same time something that would carry a load from one part of the yard to the other, or carry it to the honey- house. The four illustrations herewith will ex- plain the scheme. Perhaps you have a wheelbarrow that has gone to pieces except the wheel. If you happen to be handy Avith tools you can make up a frame of hard wood like that shown in the illustration. The two side rails should be secured by the cross-braces far enough from each other so as to admit between the handles an ordinary ten-frame hive-body, or, more exactly, any standard hive that you may be using. To use, buck the wheelbarrow up against tlie skyscraper so the two handles will come astride the hive. Slip a wooden wedge be- tween each of the side arms and the hive- body and then hook the cross-brace across the handles as shown in Fig. 1. With a hive- tool loosen the two jjarts of the hive and then lift up, as shown in Fig. 2. Swing it around to one side as shown in Fig. 3, when you will be free to do anything you please with the lower part of the hive. The supers in the mean time will be held high and dry where they can not crush nor break the frame bottoms. When the work is finished, swing the two upper stories back to their place. Push down on the handles, when the barrow is free. You will observe in Fig. 4 that it is pos- sible to use the same outfit as a wheelbar- row to carry loads. While a strong man or a professional bee- keeper might not need anything of this sort, yet if he happens to have a weak back he may find the outfit verv handv. H. H. Boot. (1) The handles of the wheelbarrow hive-lifter are slipped over lliu Mipurs, and tlie wedgos are put in the hand holes. (2) As the handles are raised, they engage the wedges, and the sutlers are lifted off the hive. (■)) The lifter, together with the supers, can then easily be moved where desired, thus giving access to the l)ro<)dchanil)cr. (4) The wheelbarrow hive lifter used as an ordinary wheelbarrow for car rying supers to and from I lie lioneyhouse. 776 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE December, 1922 FROM THE FIELD OF EXPERIENCE HONEY BIRD OF EAST AFRICA How this Curious Bird Leads Men to Honey in Order to Obtain Its Food One of the most interesting and c.rious birds mentioned by Theodore Koose\ dt in his "African Game Trails," is the honey bird, the habits and peculiarities of which he describes in detail. ' ' While on safari to the 'Nzoi I was even more interested in honey birds which led us to honey, than I was in the game," says he. This special interest and attention, he tells us, was due to the fact that John Bur- roughs had particularly charged him to "look into this extraordinary habit of the honey bird; a habit so extraordinary that he (Mr. Burroughs) was inclined to disbelieve the reality of its existence. But it really does exist*." Mr. Eoosevelt first mentions seeing the bird on his visit to Juja Farm, near Athi Plains, East Africa. In this reference he speaks of it as "the honey guide, the bird that insists upon leading any man it sees to honey, so that he may rob the hive and give it a share." Later while hunting in the Sotik, a region abounding in big game, including lions and rhinoceroses, he gives "our first character- istic experience with a honey bird, a small- ish bird, with its beak like a grosbeak's and its toes like a woodpecker's, whose extraor- dinary habits as a honey guide are known to all the natives of Africa throughout its range. Kermit had killed an eland bull, and, while he was resting, his gun-bearers drew his attention to the calling of a honey bird in a tree near by. He got up, and as he approached the bird it flew to another tree in front and again began to twitter. This was repeated again and again as Kermit walked after it. Finally the bird darted around behind his followers, in the direc- tion from which they had come; and for a moment they thought it had played them false. But immediately afterward they saw that it had merely overshot its mark, and had now flown back a few rods to the honey tree, round which it was flitting, oc- casionally twittering. When they came to- ward the tree it perched silent and motion- less in another, and thus continued while they took some honey — a risky business as the bees were vicious. They did not ob- serve what the bird then did; but Cunning- hame told me that in one instance where a honey bird had led him to honey he care- fully watched it and saw it picking up either bits of honey and comb, or else, more probably, the bee grubs out of the comb, he could not be certain which. To my mind no more interesting incident occurred at this camp. ' ' "The natives believe that misfortune will follow any failure to leave the honey bird its share of the booty. They also insist that sometimes the honey bird will lead a man to a serpent or wild beast; and sure enough, Dr. Means was once thus led to a rhinoceros. While camped in the 'Nzoi the honey birds were almost a nuisance; they were very common and were continually ac- companying us as we hunted, flying from tree to tree, and never ceasing their harsh chatter. Several times we followed birds, which in each case led us to bee trees, and then perched quietly by until the gun- bearers got out the honey — which we found excellent eating by the way." On one occasion Kermit stayed to see what the honey bird did after they left the tree. "The boys had smoked out the bees, and, when they left, the tree was still smoking. Throughout the process the honey bird had stayed quietly in a neighboring tree, occa- sionally uttering a single bubbling cluck. As soon as the boys left, it flew straight for the smoking tree, uttering a long trill, utterly different from the chattering noise made while trying to attract the attention of the men and lead them to the tree; and not only did it eat the grubs, but it also ate the bees that were stupefied by the smoke." Warren, Ohio. James A. Brown. STINGLESS BEES OF MEXICO How the Natives Find Their Nests and Rob Them of Their Honey The following incident related to the writer by Thos R. Worsham, an old gentle- man who ranched for years in Mexico, may be of interest to your readers: "Did you ever see stingless bees? I have seen them down in Mexico. The Mexicans call them 'avispas. ' They don't look like bees, but more like large flies. "One summer back in the '70 's, I was hunting wild turkeys in Cerrabo, Mexico, near the Sierra Madre Mountains, with a Mexican. We had stopped beside a small stream, and were hidden in a thicket. There were lots of turkeys, they being so thick you could almost kill them with sticks. "Suddenly the Mexican cried 'jAy, una avispa' ('There's a bee!), pointing at what looked to me like a very large fly, as it rose from the water's edge. (I wouldn't have noticed it.) It flew straight and low, and so slowly that the Mexican, following it, could keep it in sight. I ran after him the best I could, and must have gone a quarter of a mile (it seemed like a half mile over the rough ground), when I came to a thicket where he had stopped. There hang- ing from a limb about six feet from the ground, I saw what looked like an enor- DEf'KMBER, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 777 ^ FROM THE FIELD OF EXPERIENt^E mous wasp nest, about four feet long and large around. "The Mexican cut into it, and it con- tained some of the prettiest, clearest honey I ever saw. It was fine, too. The priests call it 'virgin honey.' "And the 'avispas' did not sting at all!" I enjoy every number of Gleanings. Laredo, Texas. Eobert Hardin. CAN A WOMAN KEEP BEES? A System of Management Worked Out to Avoid Heavy Work Ask that question of Miss Nina Scott, Henry County, Missouri, and you will not only get an emphatic "Yes," but you will also get a look which, translated, would mean nothing milder than "Why not, I'd like to know?" For Miss Scott speaks from experience. "Whatever there is to do about an api- ary, a woman can work it out so she can do it herself, if she really cares for the bees. Of course a great deal of it is quite hard work, but no harder than washing, or iron- ing, or sweeping. I would rather spend four hours lifting one frame after another, looking for queens and clipping them, than to spend four hours sweeping. ' ' Beekeeping is agreeable work for a woman, I think. It is something she can manage alone and do all the work, if there is nobody to help. I do all the work about my bees, except that my sister runs the ex- tractor for me. There is a good deal of heavy lifting, and that is hard for a woman, but she can learn to adapt the work to her strength." The real reason Miss Scott says "Pooh! " when you mention the hard work connected with beekeeping, if I judge rightly, is be cause she is so interested in what she is do- ing that she doesn 't know that she is work- ing. To her, beekeeping is more like play than work. Here is how she looks at it: "Beekeeping is the most fascinating work in the world. Bees are unselfish and peace- able. They live and work for the colony. They are sensible; if they are running out of honey, they cut down on brood-rearing. If their queen is failing, they start queen- cells to raise another. A bee tamping pol- len down in a cell with its hind feet is fun- ny, and so is a swarm coming out. And there is always something to learn about bees." A year ago, before the Missouri Apieul- tural Society, Miss Scott told some of her first experiences with bees. "I learned what little I know from books, magazines and ex- perience— mostly experience," she said. "I didn't get along very fast. I .almost had to take in washing to support the bees the first two years. I expected the most impossible things; I thought the white clo- ver honey flow lasted all summer, and e.x- pected the bees to draw out full sheets of foundation when there was no honey flow. But I experimented and learned. I tried ar- tificial cell cups and grafted larvae for queen-cells, and so on. I was prouder of the first artificial cell cups, with grafted lar- vae, that I got the bees to accept and build out, than I have ever been of anything since." Then the beekeepers, old timers and would- be beekeepers asked questions, "How do you place your hives V How do you keep rec- ords? How do you control swarming? Etc., etc." Answers were forthcoming. And that those who did not hear her may have the benefit of her experience, I am setting down some of the main points responsible for Miss Scott's success: "I use ten-frame hives, and full sheets of foundation wired, in both brood and ex- tracting frames. In the supers, I use eight frames to a ten-frame super, spacing them wide apart so that the combs will be built out thicker. Then they are easier to un- cap. My extracting-supers are half -depth; two of them are as deep as a hive-body, and they are heavy enough. I use some full- depth supers to get foundation drawn out for next year's increase and to replace my crooked or unwired combs. Full-depth su- pers are too heavy. My hive-stands are made of pieces of 2 x 4-inch stuff, three and one-half feet long, set up on edge. Fif- teen-inch cleats are nailed on the ends to hold them on edge and the right distance apart. "Each hive-stand holds two liives, facing south. Hive-stands are about 34 inches apart. That makes two colonies just the right distance apart. Then there is a wide space, then two more hives on a stand. I think the bees can more readily find their location wlien the apiary is broken up into groups of several hives each. "To keep mice and moles from working up under the hives, I put a piece of tarred felt roofing down beneath each hive-stand. Let this extend several inches beyond the stand, to keep down the grass tliat can not be cut with a lawn-mower." Every hive in the apiary lias a number. Miss Scott keeps a colony record. The num- bers for hives are cut out of cardboard, each piece of cardboard about the size of a pos- tal. These cards are dipped in linseed oil, then dried, painted white, and tlic num- ber is stenciled on the card with black paint. A screw eye is put into the buck of each hive, and the number is hung to this by punching a small hole in the card. In the record book there is a page or so of space for each colony. Take Colony No. 27, for example. In the book is this rec- ord: 778 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE December, 1922 FROM THE FIELD OF EXPERIENCE "April 26 — Clipped queen. Colony O. K. "June 2 — ^ Swarmed. Queen-cells and brood to stand No. 51. "July 15 — Extracted 48 pounds. "October 2— Extracted 30 pounds; 78 pounds surplus for year. ' ' October 15 — Colony weighed 76 pounds. ' ' "If they had weighed less than 75 pounds, I would have fed them till they weighed 75, ' ' Miss Scott explained. When a colony swarms, the hive, with queen-cells and brood in it, is taken away, and the swarm is hived in a new hive at the old location. Thus, the old queen is still "doing business at the old stand." This plan of moving the old hive to a new stand gives the field bees to the swarm, and reduces the colony enough so that there are no after-swarms. If the colony is still too strong, the bees are shaken from a few frames into the new hive. The old queen is with the swarm, and, to keep records straight, her number is taken from the old hive and put on the new one at the old stand. Thus, the old queen keeps her colony number. This plan of reducing the strength of the old colony is a big step toward swarm con- trol— such a big step, in fact, that there is practically no trouble on this score. As an added precaution, however, every queen is clipped in the spring; the first year the left wing, next j^ear the right wing, and the next year both wings. Miss Scott does not believe that a queen exhausts herself in one year, and therefore doesn 't requeen every year. One colony, with a two-year-old queen, was the best in the apiary in 1920. The same was true in 1915 and 1916. As far as requeening goes, the bees themselves are allowed to do most of it. "They Avill do it when they get ready," says Mrs. Scott. "They usually keep a queen two years; sometimes three. "When we want to increase the number of colonies, we make the increase from our best queens; hence the need of records. It is just as important for a beekeeper to keep records as for a dairyman to keep records." ' ' But I am afraid of stings, ' ' says a timid one. "How can I protect myself?" Miss Scott's answer is to "wear overalls or union- alls. Also, wear a good bee-veil. A black veil is easier on the eyes than a white one." Getting the swarm into a hive is no end of a job for the beginner. Miss Scott's method is simply to let the swarm hive it- self. The queen is clipped, so when she comes out with the swarm she can not fly and will crawl around on the grass or weeds. The swarm in the meantime will settle, per- haps on a peach tree. This gives a chance to put the queen in a mailing cage, and the cage is put in a shady place until needed. The old hive is set aside and a new one, fully equipped, is put in its place. Tlie swarm, missing the queen, comes back to the hive (the new hive), and the queen when released goes in with them. Then the old hive is moved to a new location. What could be simpler — to the one who knows howV E. A. Kirkpatrick. Narberth, Pa. HONEY PRODUCERS' LEAGUE Notes and Announcements Concerning the Ameri- can American Honey Producers' League The officers of the League are planning to cater to those who are anxious for a "regu- lar old-fashioned beekeepers ' talk-f est and good time," as well as the business men who make up the principal membership, at the St. Louis meeting on February 6, 7 and 8. The Hotel Statler has been designated as headquarters, and all meetings, including the annual banquet, will be held there. Those who wish to take rooms in the same hotel are requested to make reservations at as early a date as possible, as St. Louis is filled with guests during February. Numer- ous hotels and boarding houses at moderate rates are also available in the general vicin- ity. .Honey sales may be stimulated by offer- ing a recipe book as a premium to each pur- chaser. The best thing of this kind ever issued is the one recently published by the American Honey Producers' League — 21 pages on the keeping of honey, and its use in bread, cakes and candy-making. Honey producers should put this into the hands of every purchaser. Order from S. B. Fracker, Secretary of the American Honey Producers' League, Capitol Annex, Madison, W^isconsin. The booklet can be secured at the following rates, postage extra, shipping weight about six pounds for each 100 copies: 20 copies, $1.25; 100 copies, $4.50; 1000 copies,$33.00. Ten per cent discount is allowed to affiliated members of the League. The name and ad- dress of the purchaser will be printed on the booklet without additional charge in the case of orders for 200 or more copies. The League Bulletin, official publication of the American Honey Producers' League, is now being mailed each month to the affili- ated members of that crganization. It is sent out from the secretary's office, Ameri- can Honey Producers' League, Capitol An- nex, Madison, Wisconsin. According to the November number, affili- ation with the League carries with it the following privileges: 1. Free subscription to the League Bulletin which may be expected monthly from now on. Marketing reports are to be included after this issue. 2. Ten per cent discount on copies of "Honey, How and When to Use It," a recipe booklet for Dkceiiber, 1922 Cr T. K A N I N r; R IN B K K C U I. T U R K 779 FROM THE FIELD OF EXPERIENCE distribution to customers. A single order for 200 of these booklets will save enough to pay the affiliation fee. 3. The right to use warning posters, offering a reward for the arrest and conviction of thieves and marauders in apiaries of members. 4. As- sistance in the adjustment of claims arising from suspected fraud and misrepresentation. 5. Legal aid in opposing the enactment of state laws and city ordinances injuring bee- keeping. 6. Share in an organization which has advertised honey nationally, has dis- tributed 18,000 honey recipe booklets to all parts of the United States, has supported the recent advance in the tariff on honey, reducing competition from cheap foreign honey, and has upheld beekeeping interest in city councils, state legislatures and the United States Congress. Individual membership at the dollar rate is open only to members of affiliated organi- zations. If you are interested, write the secretary of your state organization. The League will send you his name on request. S. B. Fracker, Secretary-Treasurer. Madison, Wig. 20^05= WINTERING IN DAMP CELLARS Providing Opening at Top of Hives to Allow Es- cape ot Moisture Nearly 30 years ago I was persuaded to winter about 100 colonies of bees in an old pole and earth root cellar at an outyard, in- stead of taking them 15 miles to my own cellar where I had been having fair success in wintering. I fixed up the old place, put- ting in a good-sized ventilator in the roof and piled the bees in, using pretty nearly every foot of space. In the spring I had 60 hives full of moldy combs, dead bees, honey and water. Some were advocating tight sealed covers at that time; but it was my last, and I have not had a moldy comb since, for I have drawn my flat covers forward, leaving not more than one-fourth of an inch space inten- tionally at the top and back of the hives wintered in the cellar. A damp cellar is not a bugaboo to me, as with some that have complained to me until I have explained my way of ventilating the bees. T once saw in my cellar water dripping out of a hive which was the bottom one in a pile of four and between other piles of four. It was rather hard to get at, as there was no room at the back of them. T said to myself, T have neglected ventilating that hive, so the pile must come down; and sure etioufrh it had a tight sealed cover. T venti- lated it and returned the pile as it was be- fore. In 36 hours the water had disap- peared from the entrance and it appeared as drv as the others. (See Editorials.") Pierpont, Mich, Walter Harnier. ENTRANCES CLOGGED— WHY? Unusual Weather Conditions Cause Dead Bees to be Left in Entrance Last winter we had two yards of 100 and 17.5 colonies respectively that were well packed in new single winter cases. The en- trances to the hive proper were five inches by a half inch, and a bridge ten inches wide and two inches deep leads to the outside case. The entrance in the out- side case was closed down to depth of bridge by one-half inch in width. Although there was no snow to block the entrances in any way, we found a number of colonies with these large bridge spaces crammed with dead bees, the small outside entrance being plugged solid in some cases. We promptly removed all the gates used to contract the outer entrance for winter, as we felt it would be taking too great a risk if a heavy snow storm should come while the bridges were filled up with dead bees. I attribute this unusual condition alto- gether to the fact that the bees, being able to move around nearly every day (most of the colonies were very strong in the fall), clean- ed out all their dead bees and carried them into the bridge passageway, but it was too cool to allow them to take them outside, so they gradually clogged these large spaces. If it had been severe weather the dead bees would have been left under the combs, on the bottom-board; and, on the other hand, if there had been days warm enough for a flight, the dead would have been carried out at once. J. L. Byer. Markham, Ontario. PEDDLING AT WHOLESALE PRICES How This Folly Lowers the General Market for Honey I sell directly to the retail stores and sell practically all of it within the county. This year I started with the 5-ponnd pail at $1.00 and the 10-pound pail at $1.90. I should have kept it at those prices probably, but some outsiders came in and peddled it out at less. I have now put the retail price at 90c and $1.65. Tlie storekeepers get 20c for selling the 5-pound pails and 40c for sell- ing the 10-pound pails. I put an advertise- ment in the local papers giving prices and tlie stores wliere it can be bought. Two years ago Smith & Son, Jefferson, Iowa, sold 1200 pounds of my honey, and the same vear a meat market in Churdan. Iowa, sold 1200 pounds. The sales were rather slow to begin with this year, but are improving fast now. When I have an advertisement in- serted in a paper I alwavs give the editor a 5-pound pail gratis. Geo. M. Thomson. Grand Junction, Iowa. 780 GLEANINC4S IN BEE CULTURE December, 1922 T] c LJ eci:mber, 1922 G L ]-: A N I N G S IN B E E CULTURE 789 FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH have u certain advertising value for local beekeepers. However, the real benefit derived from these county conventions is the development of that "get-together" spirit which leads to the conception of true co-operation — the thing which is so badly needed in the bee- keeping profession today. East Lansing, Mich. Russel H. Kelty. * * » In Georgia '^^^ annual meeting of the o * Georgia Beekeepers' Asso- ciation at Hopkins, on the edge of the great Okehnokee Swamp, on August 25 and 26 last, was a memorable one. It included a trip on a log train to ''Billy's Island," 20 miles from Hopkins in the interior of the swamp. The railroad is built on trestles most of the way and is the only roadway into the interior of the swamp. Along the way we saw an abundance of good honey plants of all kinds peculiar to that region. The pepperbush (C'lethra uiiifolia) was just going out of bloom and is about the last of a list of plants which should keep up a good honey flow from the first day of April to the first of September or later. I am afraid, though, that the swamp will not be occupied by scientific beekeepers for some time to come, as none will be likely to rel- ish the prospct of having wild animals only for neighbors and of having to sit up nights disputing property rights with the numer- ous bears that are said to live there. J. J. Wilder has a good many apiaries around the sides of the swamp. We visited one at Hopkins that was composed of black bees which had been transferred from trees and gums in that locality. One of our party, being an adept at such tricks and liaving a veil with him, opened a hive with- out smoke and took out a frame filled with delicious pepperbush honey. By the time we were through sampling it, tliere was not much left. The country around Hopkins is said to be very healthful, there being no malaria. When we returned from the swamp we at once took our cars back to Waycross wher.e we held our final meeting at Mr. Wil- der's plant. We are informed that,, through the vigor- ous efforts of our State Bee Inspector and the co-operation of those whose bees were infected with foul brood, this dread disease has been practically wiped out of our state. Little fear need be entertained of its spread- ing again, as the methods pursued for its eradication were heroic and effectual (fire treatment). We have had a continuous, though slow, yield of honey in this section from June until now, due largely to the spread of Mexi- can clover, which seems to stand a drouth well and springs up fresh and green after a good rain. It will be in full bloom until frost kills }t. There is much land here yet to be covered with it, but as it makes good hay it will continue to spread rapidly. Bees here, and probably all over tlie Coas- tal Plain, are in generally good condition for winter, and little, if any, feeding wlil be necessary except where artificial increase has been made late. The honey market in this region is i)ractically closed as soon as new sugar cane syrup appears on the mar- ket, but the people begin to call for honey again in the sjjring some time before new honey is ready for market, so that those that have honey for sale can regulate them- selves accordingly. This year, as usual, our supply of honey gave out while the market was still good, but there seemed to be an unusual amount of honey on the market with prices about 10 to 12y^ cents for light extracted in tins and 15 to 20 cents for comb honey. Chunk honey does not sell well in our market. Norman Park, Ga. T. W. Livingston. * « » In Florida "^^^ drouth from which beekeeping in South Flor- ida has suffered for the past two years has been broken. Heavy rainfalls during Sep- tember and October have brought this sec- tion back to normal. If conditions remain as favorable as they are now, next season should show one of the record crops of honey. The past two months have been a heavy drain on stores, as the bees have had little opportunity to work in the field. The fall crop will be light unless the bloom holds out later than usual. Beekeepers in this sec- tion must watch the stores of honey in the hives carefully and not allow their bees to go into the period of no nectar with an in- adequate supply of honey. Some beekeepers are complaining that the bees are rearing brood too heavily just now. All bees in this section are carrjdng on extra heavy brood-rearing for this season, and what honey is being brought in is going into bees instead of into the supers. They need not worry, however, as the honey that goes into young bees now will be returned wdth heavy interest by the bumper colonies ne.xt season. Beekeepers must watch now or many colonies that were too closely har- vested in the summer will run short of stores before the nectar flow opens in the spring. All colonies in this section of Flor- ida are now in better condition than they have been at any time during the past three years. The past season the black mangrove was again a failure among the Keys, but coral sumac or poisonw^ood, false dogwood, mastic, white mangrove and buttonwood furnished a fair crop of honey. These plants are al- ways a dependable source of honey on the Keys and seldom fail to produce their share of the surplus. All these plants produce an 790 a L E A X I X G S IX BEE CULTURE December, 1922 FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH almost white honey unless it is allowed to ferment on the liives before it is removed. A mistake that has crept into the litera- ture of the honey flora of the Florida Keys, and is often quoted, is the credit given to manchineel as a source of surplus. Manehi- neel {Eipi>omane Mancirwlla) is often men- tioned as a valuable honey plant of the Keys. A search for this tree, during the past three years, among the Keys from Mi- ami almost to Key West, has failed to dis- close a single specimen. It is credited with growing here but must be very rare, as it is unknown to the natives living on the Keys. Coral-sumac or poisonwood (Metopium tax- ifcrinu) is a common tree and a bountiful honey-producer. While the sap is poison- ous to some people, it is not nearly as much so as the poison ivy. No doubt due to the common name, this plant has been confused with the manchineel, which is said to be the most poisonous plant that grows, but which is too rare to be classed among the honey plants of the Florida Keys. Miami, Fla. C. E. Bartholomew. * * * In Louisiana "^'^^ bees have about "knocked off" doing work in this locality for the honey season of 1922. However, goldenrod, thorough- wort, white heartsease and asters are still at work producing nectar in the lower part of the state and will be until December, as there has been no frost as yet. The honey season in Louisiana spreads over 10 or 11 months, beginning early in January with the soft maple and ending with the above- mentioned flowers. As a whole this has been a good honey year. The producers who as- sisted their bees when they needed assist- ance have made large crops of honey, and they wear the smile of contentment which rightfully belongs to them. Quite a num- ber of beekeepers measure this season's work by counting the crop in hundreds of barrels. The late fall honey flow has been good, and the fine weather has enabled the bees to store all the food they may need to carry them through to spring. As a whole, the bees are in better condition to winter tlian they have been in for years, and this, of course, insures a fine crop in the spring from willow, tupelo gum and white clover, provided weather conditions are good. The pound-package business has been greater this past year than ever before, and some record-producing queens have been sliipped from Louisiana to our northern brother beekeepers. The coming season will be a fine one in this respect, and beekeep- ing in Louisiana will, no doubt, be very jirofitable to the man or woman who tries to make it so. E. C. Davis. Baton Rouge, La. In North Carolina. — Beekeepers gen- erally are get- ting their apiaries settled for the winter in a fairly satisfactory condition, but many are finding it necessary to feed more than had been anticipated. This is due particularly to quite a disappointingly light flow of nec- tar in the fall flora. This has been espeeial- 1.V true in the eastern section of the state. However, taken all in all, conditions just now in this state are fairly satisfactory both as to the present status of the bees and as to the outlook for a good honey season next year. In the recent State Fair in Raleigh (Octo- ber 16-23) there was, in the Bees and Honey division, an exhibit of 278 pounds of honey, all of No. 1 type, both extracted and comb honey in glass, representing the production of a single colony this season. This was in the general apiary products dis^jlay of the Lower Cape Fear Apiaries, W. J. Martin, AVilmington. It took the blue ribbon and spe- cial first cash premium award for the big- gest single colony yield this season in the state. However, in all the nine yards con- stituting this chain of apiaries, there were scarcely a dozen colonies that anywhere near approached this yield. This display of high single-colony output at the State Fair is having an especially im- portant bearing on the campaign that has been on for several years to induce bee- keepers to transfer their bees from the old gum and box hives to the improved hives and give close and intelligent attention to them. The fact was stressed in this exhibit that three years ago this "big yield" hive, along with 150 others, was transferred from tlie gum liive into the Standard "Root Mod- el" ten-frame hive and that this splendid yield is the direct result of the improved quarters and better attention the bees are receiving. Three years ago C. L. Sams, Government Bee Specialist, directed the work of transferring these bees from the gums. At the Fair he procured a splendid ])hotograph of the display of the honey from the single colony. This picture, together witli pictures of the gum hive from which the bees were transferred to the Standard hi\'c, and tliis improved liive, as it stood with its big stack of supers before the hon- ey was taken off, will go to Dr. Pliillips, of the Bureau of Entomology, Washington. D. C. They are to be used in making lantern slides to impress upon beekeepers who still have bees in gums and boxes the advantage that comes from transferring them into the standard hives and giving them intelligent attention. The students in the Bee Culture division of tlie State College, directed by J. E. Eck- ert, professor in charge, installed for the State Beekeepers' Association an excellent Deckmukr, 1922 a L !•: A N I N G S IN BEE CULTURE 791 FROM NORTH, EAST, WEST AND SOUTH exhibit of honey and general apiary prod- ucts that added much to the success of this feature of the State Fair, which is coming more and more each year to prove especially attractive to the many thousands of State Fair visitors. W. J. Martin. Wilmington, N. C. In Porto Rico. -'^^^ paragraph by J. E. Crane, October Glean- ings, page 649, in reference to gentle bees, interests me. This is nothing new for the elder beekeepers to discover. Dr. Miller joined this branch of beekeepers some years before lie left us for good. Alley and Pratt (better known by his nom de plume of "Swarthmore") advocated this class of bees 15 to 20 years ago. Not only did they advocate gentle bees but they bred them, and their joint strain is still in demand. The season in the hill districts of Porto ico has been a very disappointing one. The first part of the year we had far too little rain, and the latter part, too much. It has been raining almost daily over the central, northern and eastern sections of the island, with quite a bit of rain at the western side. During the last week of September we had over five inches in the Aibonito section. On October 14 we had over three inches in less than three hours. The honey is now being extracted in the hill districts. In many apiaries all kinds of robbing are taking place on account of the method of extracting. It is not unusual for the peons who do the work to take off two or three thousand pounds, put it in the extracting-house, and when the combs are extracted put them right on the hives. This naturally causes robbing. I have gone into apiaries while extracting was being done and seen from a pint to a quart or two of bees in front of every hive, the apiary in an uproar and much robbing going on. In the apiaries operated by me we pursue a differ- ent method. Daily six to eight hundred pounds are removed early in the morning before the bees are flying to any extent. We do not remove the entire super — only take out the combs to be extracted, shaking and brushing off the bees and putting the combs into covered carrying boxes. This honey is extracted during the day, and at dusk the combs are returned empty where they came from. By the next morning all combs are cleaned up and the bees have forgotten about cleaning them up. Hence we have no robbing. There is quite a bit of conjecture here as to what effect the placing a tariff of 36c a gallon on all honey imported into the United States will have on the price of the Porto Rican prndu'^t. Our honey has been sellinfc for UTonths for less than crude sugar. It is supposed by the beekeepers here that this new tariff will eliminate most of the South American, Central American, Mexican and West Indian honeys. If this is the case there will likely be quite a shortage of the grades of honey used by the bakers, confectioners and manufacturers of remedies containing honey. This will presumably run the price of the cheaper grades to the point where the invert sugar preparations, or some other substitute will meet it and hold it station- ary. Aibonito, Porto Rico. Penn G. Snyder. * * » In. Ontario. J^^^ work for the season is at this date (November 6) practically over here in Ontario. Wliile we often think that the South has many ad- vantages over the North so far as beekeep- ing is concerned, yet the advantages are not all one way by any means. Our super combs are now free from motli attacks till next June at the earliest, and practically nothing is needed in the way of caring for the bees till next May. Of course this is assuming that all necessary work has been done this fall; and even if this work has been neglected, nothing that we can do later on will help matters much, unless it be in the way of feeding early in the spring to avoid having colonies starve. But that is a condition to be avoided by all means, if pos- sible, as a few experiences in that line have fully proved to us in the past. Generally speaking now that conditions are fully known, Ontario has been blessed with a fine crop of honey for the season just passed. Quality, as a rule, has been well up to the usual standard of excellence that we look for in Ontario honey. The market for honey is still dull, but I look for an improve- ment after the holidays Avhen fruit is com- ing on the market in less quantities than at present. Personally, we have sold out all our crop, and our two grown-up boys are a^vTiy in the northern woods for a two weeks' outing. And I might as well confess that this is be- ing written just a few hours prior to the departure of the paterfamiliafi on a similar expedition. As I have not been off on a holiday of this nature for about 20 years, this will be my exexise for once more lapsing into a habit acquired in youth, but one in which T have not gratified those tastes for so a long a time. Soon after this is in print, the annual convention of the Ontario Beekeepers' As- sociation will be a thing of the past. While T have not yet seen a program, there is all likelihood of a bumper attendance as a good season generally means a good turn-out at the annual meeting. As a matter of fact, whether crop is good or poor, we always have a fine attendance, and this year is not likely to be an exception to the rule. Markham. Ont. J. L. Byer. 792 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE December, 1922 HEADS OF GRAIN I£?PQMl[yDIFFERENT FIELDS Nectar Secretion Here is a picture of the at High Altitudes. San Francisco peaks near where my bees are located and close to Flagstaff, Arizona. The highest point is a little over 12,000 feet above sea level or nearly 2^/^ miles high. The snow stays on the tops the year round, and in places it is 30 feet deep. The bees make much more honey around the mountains than they do on the plains, for at this alti- tude the atmosphere is so cool that when the wind blows the clouds against the mountains the cool air causes the water to form in drops, thus bringing rain. I have noticed that it rains much more around the mountains than on the plains. These show- ers and the lower temperature cause the nec- red and dark-pink book, but did not touch any of the others, although there are bright- blue, green and brown books. I also no- ticed that bees went to the bookcase fly- ing up and do^vn the glass. Here, of course, I could not see any picking out of any particular color; but it remained consider- ably longer at the bookcase than at any other piece of furniture in the room. If the bee, to all appearances, is able to distinguish the colors of books, then it is surely also able to distinguish the colors of flowers, which, I understand, has been disputed. I had plenty of time to follow the doings of the bee, I am sorry to say, having been down for five weeks from a broken leg. St. Thomas, Virgin Islands. Axel Hoist. Winter scene in Arizona. San Francisco peaks in the distance. The richest bee-trees were found at higher altitudes on the mountain slopes. tar to rise in the bloom in great quantity. The closer to those foothills, the more nec- tar there is in the bloom. I know this by finding bee-trees. Some I found at an ele- vation of over 10,000 feet were the richest of all. One had 22 gallons of comb honey which weighed 220 pounds. Flagstaff, Ariz. S. M. Campbell. Bees Distinguish We received two nuclei Colors. of bees from Missouri, and had them placed in side the house to have them sent out into the country during the cool of the night. One of the boxes started to leak a few bees which were soon flitting around in the house, nosing all about. I noticed that one bee went to a bookstand where I have some l)ooks standing and lying, and it struck me that the bee went distinctly to each single Large Yields in There is a Methodist preaeh- South Dakota, er up in South Dakota who takes his recreation in bee- keeping and has a lot of fun out of it. Not long ago he was driving home from seeing a sick man. and ran into a swarm of bees. The bees covered the car and were all over the preacher. He stopped his car as soon as he could, and watched the bees. He saw that it was a very large swarm and decided to follow them. They soon settled on a tree.- He went to the home of the owner of the land and told his wife about the bees. She threw up her hands and shouted at him: "Take them away, I don't want them at all!" The preacher told her to see that no one got the swarm, while he went to town for a hive. Thnt swarm was too big for the hive. He took a bceman out with him the second trip, and botli of them decided to put on another Dkcember, 192i GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 793 HEADS OF GRAIN tDJ^iOTDIFFERENT FIELDS hive-body. That proved too small, so a su- per was put on, to make room for all the bees to get inside of the hive. Of course everybody knows that when a man starts to raising chickens or strawber- ries, or goes fishing or hunting, or raises bees, he is immediately classed among the world's greatest liars. But the writer will vouch for the truthfulness of the amount of hive room required to put the bees of that big swarm inside. It may be that there were two or three swarms united to make the big swarm, but the preacher suc- cessfully got them inside. Then the fun of putting supers on began. That swarm made 320 filled sections of comb honey, 71 pounds of extracted honey, and is going into win- ter quarters with plenty of stores for the winter. Chad Dixie. How Bees Use The following interesting in- Their Wings. formation appears in an ar- ticle, "Marvelous Secrets Revealed by the Microscope," by Richard Kent in the October issue of The American Magazine, page 46, third column, next to last paragraph: "How many wings has a bee? Four. But how many wings has a bee when it flies? Under the microscope we see that the bee has a clever device for uniting its front and hind wings during flight. On the front edge of the hind wings, the microscope shows us a row of tiny hooks; and when a bee starts to fly it hooks these wings to a ridge on the hind edge of the fore wings, so that, for flying purposes, the bee really seems to have but two wings." Chicago, 111. Geo. J. Griessenauer. Skyscrapers in an We are having another Australian Desert, droughty season in Aus- tralia, yet honey and wax arc very low on the market on account of the importation of a cheap article or sub- stitutes from abroad. The beekeepers real- ize the seriousness of the situation and are trying to amalgamate into a co-operative so- ciety or at least are trying to work together Not so high as some North Dakota skyscrapers, but these are in a desert. A spider is induced to make its home in each of the tins on top of the posts supporting the hives as protection against ants. witli a powerful co-operative association here, the Coastal Farmers' Co-operative Company. Being only a side liner and re- siding in the desert part of New South Wales, where beekeeping cdn be carried on only as a hobby, I take great pride in my skyscraper which is shown in the illustra- tion. Think of skyscrapers in a desert, where herbage is rarely seen, where there are no rivers, no springs nor wells, but only rain water collected by artificial means! A. Volkofsky. Olins, Wilcannia Rd., Cobar, N. S. W. A small artificial lake for cdlkiiiii i.uii .'. ,UiT ill a deiu'rt region Mr. Vulkofsky's water supply. if .\u>t raiia, u li icli 794 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE December, 1922 HEADS OF GRAIN TI?PQM|[B~DIFFERENT FIELDS Folly of We are having the priee- Cutting Prices, cutter with us again. One large beekeeper is selling honey at $1.50 per 10-pound pail at retail, where it had been $2.00, and another in a small town not far distant is reported retail- ing comb honey at 20c per section. I had been getting 40c per section but could not sell any more as they told me I was too high. I cannot sell extracted honey now either, since they think I ought to sell it at $1.50 per 10-pound pail, but I cannot see it that way yet. I still am able to sell comb honey through one of our stores at 35c per section, but it moves rather slowly. I had only a little honey left but had planned to buy and resell after disposing of my crop, yet if I miist give 12c to 15c per pound, pay freight, buy containers and re- pack, I don't see where I can get out even, to say nothing of pay for my trouble. The reason I wanted to do this was to have a steady supply the year round, so as to have the public accustomed to getting it any time and thus create a better demand, since anything constantly on the market will eventually be used in larger quantities, and so when I have more honey to sell in the future I will have a market worked up for it. But what's the use? Nie. Klein. Hudson Iowa. Q(= An Experiment I have been experimenting with American with brood diseases, and Foul Brood. have some interesting re- sults. I first took a col- ony having American foul brood in its worst stage and set it on top of a healthy colony above a screen. The colony below took the disease (about 60 cells) in the first 50 days. Thinking that the germs fell down through the screen, I tried it with the dis- eased colony below with a screen over it, then an empty hive-body, then another screen, then the healthy colony above. I found 50 to 60 cells of American foul brood in 40 to 50 days. Charles S. Kinzie. Arlington, Calif. .Ctf: How to See Inside of I have a glass top on the Winter Cluster. almost every hive and will soon have one on every hive. The hive cover is 16^/1x20 inches and the glass is 14 x 16 inches. Over the glass I always have a nice cushion or two, sometimes three, for winter. The cush- ions are about the size of an ordinary feath- er pillow and about three inches thick. I fill these with feathers or cat-tails that grow in wet places. During cold weather the bees under the glass look as if the pane of glass were in the middle of the cluster and the top hnlf of the cluster removed. There is a ring of bees from one to two inches thick all around the cluster tight against the glass (the glass being an inch above the top-bars of the frames), and the inside is from % inch to 1 inch below the glass, the bees gen- tly moving over and under each other. The outside bees move but little, though none are asleep. Talk about interest in bees! It is great fun to watch the inside of a cluster. Hamfnondton, N. J. C. E. Fowler. Honey in I made a mixture of different Automobile kinds of honey and placed it Badiators. in the refrigerator of an ice cream company and below are the results: Clover honey, one-half honey, one-half water, froze solid at about 10 degrees above zero. Clover honey, two-thirds honey, one- third water, froze quite solid at 10 degrees below zero. Fruit bloom and raspberry, two- thirds honey, one-third water, froze at 10 below zero. Clover honey cappings, two- tliirds honey, one-third water, that had been through an Armstrong capping-melter, froze at about zero. An extra-good quality of buckwheat honey, two-thirds honey, one- third water, did not freeze at 12 below zero. In no case were the bottles broken. I am now using honey from the capping- melter in the above proportions in my Ford truck and it keeps the engine perfectly cool. Perhaps Gleanings could asist in getting reports from others and help make a mar- ket for a great quantity of honey for auto- mobile radiators. Joseph E. Palmer. Markville, Ont. =ta ^ PC Wintering in Heretofore it has been my Two Stories, custom to reduce each colony to one story in the fall; but last year I decided to winter them in two stories, leaving more than enough honey for their needs. The expected result was exceptionally strong colonies this spring; and, as we had a heavy locust flow, prac- tically three-fourths of the crop will con- sist of this honey. However, after the lo- cust bloom was over, the unwelcome honey- dew made its appearance. Cincinnati, Ohio. Albin Platz. To Prevent Bees Every beekeeper Crawling Up Sleeve, knows how annoying it is to have a bee crawl up his sleeve and sting his arm, es- pecially in the fall when the bees are cross. To prevent it take a piece of cotton twine 10 inches long, tie a loop in one end, pass the loop over the button at the wrist, fold the wristband around snugly, wind the string around it once and around the bot- tom twice. It will stay till you take it off, and no bee can crawl up vour wrist. Plainfield, N. J. B. C. Whitney. Deckmber, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 795 "HEADS OF GRAINlPP&iQa DIFFERENT FIELDS Pig. 1.— Pilling ten-pound pails with hut syrup for outyard feeding. See Editorials. Pig. 2. — Loading pails of syrup on a light Ford truck which is driven to the outyards and down between the rows of hives, and then unloaded from hive to hive. Pig. 3. — Ten -^pound feeder pails turned upside down over the hole in the super-cover board before the colonies are iinally packed for winter. Pig. 4. — In order to make the ten-pound pails work satisfactorily as feeders it is important to have only about thirty holes in the cover, each a scant 1/16 of an inch in diameter. If the holes are too lirga. or if there are too many of them, the syrup will run out so freely as to cause a smear on the super- covers, resulting in robbing as shown in the pail at the left. j , j r Pig, 5. — All the weak colonies at Medina are brought home from the outyard, and placed, for tha ])urpose of feeding and uniting, in pairs. After uniting they are put into the cellar. Pig. 6. — Small truck readv to take the bees into the A. I. Root Company s 500colony cellar. Pig. 7. — It is getting to he more and more the custom in California to winter in two-story hives. The upper storv is usually filled with good honey stores, when the bees are ready for winter. Pig 8 — A small loggum apiarv in North Carolina. Old beekeepeers using these gums say that hollow logs with thick walls like those here shown are much better for wintering than the ordinary box hive made of thin lumber, and no doubt they are right. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE C GLEANED Geo. S. 796 QUESTION. — W hat is the food value of honey compared with that of beef or eggs, or some of the other staple foods ? H. O. Leopold. Pennsylvania. Answer. — In comparing the food value of honey with beef and eggs it is important to remember that beef and eggs contain a high percentage of protein, which can be utilized in the body in repairing worn-out tissues, while honey does not contain protein but is an energy-producing food. Honey should therefore be classed with the fuel foods which supply the body with energy and not among those whose function it is to build and repair the body— that is the "tis- sue-formers" as they are sometimes called. The energy value of honey is about 1485 calories per pound. The energy value for eggs is about 635 calories per pound, and that of beef ranges from about 545 calories per pound up to about 1100 calories per pound, according to the cut. Head and Mouth Parts of Queen Bee. Question. — How do the head and mouth parts of the queen bee differ from those of the worker? Illinois. F. Robert. Answer. — The head of the queen bee is smaller than that of the worker. It is more nearly round in shape instead of somewhat triangular in shape as that of the worker, the head of the queen being wider in pro- portion to its length. The mandibles of the queen are notched instead of being smooth like those of the worker. The parts of the proboscis are much shorter in the queen than in the worker. In general the mouth parts of the queen bee suggest weakness when compared with those of the worker. The reason for this is not difficult to under- stand when it is remembered that the queen bee, while capable of feeding herself to a certain extent, is usually fed by the workers. Honey from Colony Having European Foul Brood. Question. — Our bees had European foul brood last summer, and we requeened with pure Italian queens. By fall all of the disease had disappeared. We have some extracted honey left over which was taken from these colonies. Can this be fed back to the bees next spring without danger of again produce the disease? New Hampshire. Albert & Wesley Campbell. Answer. — The organism which produces European foul brood (Bacillus pint on) if present in honey will be destroyed within a few months while in storage. Apparently these organisms are not able to live long when suspended in honey. Several years ago Dr. G. F. White, Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C, introduced these organ- isms into honey which was allowed to stand at room temperatures but shielded from the light. Samples of this infected honey were taken from time to time and fed to colonies of bees. All colonies that were fed honev containing this organism developed Euro- BY ASKING Demuth 3 Deobmbbe, 1922 pean foul brood during the first few months, but after seven months no dis- ease was pro- duced. The re- sults of this ex- periment are re- corded in the United States Department of Agriculture, Bulletin No. 810. In your case the hon- ey which you extracted from the colo- nies having European fould brood will be in storage more than seven months before you will have occasion to feed it, and should therefore be safe. In case of doubt you can render this honey safe for feeding by dilut- ing it with water, then heating it to kill the organisms. If the diluted honey is heated to the boiling point or nearly to the boiling point for 10 or 15 minutes the organisms should be killed.- It must be remembered that these statements are for European foul brood and not for American foul brood. In the case of American foul brood the organ- ism (Bacillus larvae) is spore-forming and therefore much more resistant. Size of Tunnel for Winter Packing-Case. Question.- — In packing my bees I use a small tunnel V^ inch high and 2 inches wide for the opening. I find one colony has an unusual number of dead bees in this tunnel, and I am inclined to believe it is not large enough. If the tunnel be- comes clogged up with dead bees, will the re- maining bees in the hive smother? Wyoming. C. N. Andrew. Answer. — It is safer to use a large tun- nel through the packing and then reduce the size of the entrance by closing the opening in the outer case. Many who use winter packing-cases build a tunnel at least an inch deep and six or eight inches wide. By using a deep tunnel and closing down the opening in the outer ease, a vertical opening about % of an inch wide and from 1 to 1^ inches high can be made. With such an entrance the dead bees would have to be piled quite deep before the opening could be closed en- tirely. It can be arranged so that the en- trance can be easily enlarged in the spring when the bees need a larger entrance and before time to remove the winter packing- ease. The danger of the entrance being clogged by dead bees depends upon the num- ber of old bees in the hive at the beginning of Avinter and the character of the winter. Colonies which go into winter with a large proportion of old bees often show a rapid death rate during the early part of the winter. If the winter is mild and the bees are able to fly at frequent intervals, they may be able to carry out the dead as fast as they accumulate, but if the weather pre- vents the bees from carrying away their dead they may drag them into this passage- way in large numbers. If the entrance should become entirely closed by dead bees, the colony finding it is imprisoned becomes greatly excited and is liable to be smoth- ered. As long as the bees do not discover 1 December, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE that they are in prison they will have a sufficient supply of oxygen, but when thoy are excited over being imprisoned they be- come very active and consume oxygen rap- idly. Management Suited for Different Localities. Question. — Cau you explain to me in what way the management of the bees should differ in California from that iu the East ? California. F. N. Chamberlain. Answer. — In working out the system of management suited to any given locality the important thing to keep in mind is the time of the main honey flow in reference to the natural period of extensive brood-rear- ing in the spring. When the bees build up to great strength during the heavy brood- rearing period of spring and the main honey How comes at about the time the bees have reached their greatest strength, the manage- ment of the colonies will be similar to that of the white clover region. When the main honey flow does not come until some time after the bees have reached their greatest strength in the spring, we have another type of location. This is the type found in much of the irrigated regions of the West where alfalfa is the chief honey plant. Where there are several honey flows during the season that are of equal importance, each yielding a surplus, we have still another type of lo- cation calling for different management. It will be thus seen that the securing of a crop of orange blossom honey in southern Cali- fornia calls for management quite similar to that of securing a crop from white clover or alsike clover in the northeastern part of the United States, since in both cases the main honey flow comes on at about the time the colonies first reach their greatest strength in the spring. In fact, the problem in each case is that of having the colonies in such condition that they are able to build up in time for the honey flow. The man- agement after the honey flow may be en- tirely different in southern California from that of the clover region, because manj'- bee- keepers in southern California after secur- ing a crop of honey from orange blossoms move their bees to the sage regions for the crop of sage honey. Those who are located where their crop comes almost entirely from sage will find their problem somewhat dif- ferent because the honey flow comes on later. Noise Made by Bees in Cellar. Question. — Should the bees become absolutely quiet in the cellar? If not, what degree of quiet- ness is considered normal? W. L. Crites. North Dakota. Answer. — Bees are never absolutely quiet in the cellar. When wintering well there will be a low contented hum when many colonies are together in the bee-cellar. With- in a few days after the bees are put into the cellar they should quiet down so that no bees will be seen crawling about the en- trances, and there should be none flying out into the cellar. The bees should be quietly clustered, and those on the outside of the cluster should remain almost motionless, nut being easily disturbed even when a lighted candle is brought near them. Later ill tlie winter, a larger number of bees will fly from their hives into the darkness of the cellar. These are old bees leaving the liive, and if tiie cluster is quiet this need not cause alarm. Quiet in the cellar during win- ter depends, to a large extent, upon the bees having a good cleansing flight just be- fore being placed into the cellar. It also depends very largely upon the character of the winter stores. If the winter stores are poor so that there will be a large accumu- lation of nndigestible material in the bees' intestines, they will become increasingly restless as the winter progresses. Purpose of Metal Babbets. Question. — What are the tin rabbets for that belong to the brood-chamber? It seems that I can get along without them. Harold Hanson. Minnesota. Answer. — The tin rabbets are used to pre- vent the bees from propolizing the project- ing ends of the top-bars to the hive, thus making it easier to handle the frames. By holding these projecting ends a bee-space above the shoulder in the end of the liive, the bees can pass under them and so do not propolize them much unless the rabbet be- comes filled with propolis. Some do not use the tin rabbets, but in this case the rabbet in the end of the hive must not be cut so deep. If the rabbets are cut deep enough to allow for the tin, the frames will drop down too deep in the brood-chamber, leaving too much space above them. Leaving Cellar Door Open During Winter. Question. — My bees are apparently doing well in the cellar with the cellar door open. Should I leave it open during the winter? ,^ Montana. James Spray. Answer. — There is no more reason for the light's disturbing the bees iu the cellar at this time than at the same temperature out- side, but it will be difficult to maintain the proper cellar temperature if the door is not closed during cold weather. Becs_ will re- main quiet early in the winter under condi- tions which, later in the winter, would cause great excitement, resulting in many bees leaving their hives. For this reason it is better to keep the cellar dark, especially during the latter part of the winter. Saving Unsealed Honey for Spring Feeding. Question. — I have some brood-combs filled with honey which is not capped over. Should I use these to feed the bees in the spring? Idaho. N. C. Larson. Answer.— If these combs can be kept un- til spring without granulating they will be excellent for feeding the bees at that time. Thev sliould be kept in a heated room dur- ing winter to prevent the honey from ab- sorbing moisture and to reduce granulation. On account of the tendency to granulate in the combs of much of the late-gathered honev of vour locality, it may be better to extract this honey and then feed it back to the bees in the spring. 798 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE o c ur ,NCE I read in a book that a Eo- m a 11 emperor asked one of his generals, who was 75 years old, how it came that he looked like a man of 30 years. 'Oh,' said the general, 'that is quite simple; for the outside oil and inside honey.' " — G. J. Eiesener, Baltimore County, Md. "Will welcome the day when famous Hu- bam clover is planted everywhere. We be- lieve it will do unusually well here," — Mrs. H. C. Eagerton, Berkeley County, S. C. "The greatest trouble with our honey market is that it is being flooded with hon- ey offered in retail at wholesale prices. It is mostly small beekeepers who do this. It hurts mighty badly."— P. C. Ward, Todd County, Ky. "From Sept. 10 to Oct. 5 we had a good honey flow from heartsease. The colonies are now strong in young bees and heavy with the supply of winter stores — quite different from Sept. 1."— Charles D. Mize, Sedgwick County, Kan. "I had to feed my bees this fall in my large hives. So I would if I had 11 Jumbo frames. Where liives are stacked up two or three stories high there is not a drop of honey in the lower story." — V. Berrien, Ul- ster County, N. Y. ' ' The honey crop here was a total failure. We extracted about 10 pounds per colony after leaving plenty of winter supplies, but we will have to feed this back if we have a late spring." — A. D. Brown, Sheridan County, Wyo. "I was looking through my hives and found something unusual, at least to me. I raised out the center frame to look for young brood and in each cell there were four eggs. That put me to looking for queens, and I found two. They seemed to be happy to- gether in the hive and were laying all right." — William Nickens, Lewisburg Coun- ty, Tenn. "The honey crop in this section of the state was an entire failure as regards sur- I)lus. The little honey that Ave harvested in the early summer from white clover will not more than pay for the sugar for winter stores. Since the 20th of July our bees were merely able to exist on the nectar from the fields. Some colonies did not have over five pounds of honey in the hive in October, in face of the fact that they have been enormously strong in bees right along. I have never experienced sucli conditions since I entered the business five years ago." — Harold A. Breisch, Schuylkill' County, Pa. "Last fall I found a bee-tree that had 271 pounds of honey. This was a white asli tree about two feet in diameter at the stump, and the bees were up about 30 feet. Tliev BEES, MEN AND THINGS (You may find it here) 3 iU December, 1922 had built comb up and down in this tree for 23 feet and had three places where they went in and out. The cavity in this tree was about ten inches in di- ameter. I have found many bee-trees that had comb built 9, 10 and 11 feet long." — H. E. Neumann, Marathon County, Wis. "Thirty-five miles of bee pastures with 700 acres of Hubam clover, which is re- ported to yield 200 pounds of extracted lion ey per acre; 200 times 700 equals 140,000 pounds of honey at 30c per pound; 140,000 times 30c equals $42,000. This will be for the coming year." — Quite an Optimist. (Mr. Optimist forgot to figure the value of his increase.- — Ed.) "We have one thing here I am sure will be an advantage to us and that is European foul brood. It is ridding this section of black bees. In a short time they will all be gone. Our Italians don't become infect- ed. About two months ago I inspected about 10 colonies of black bees, and all had European foul brood but one. For the last six years in this section about 200 colonies of black bees have been destroyed by foul brood, but so far not a single colony has been hurt of the Italians. ' ' — E. T. Maxwell, Decatur County, Tenn. "Bradford County leads the other coun- ties of Pennsylvania in the production of honey. There were 6729 hives in the county last year, and an average income per colony was $6.50. This makes the entire yield in the county $42,738.50. So, beekeeping in Bradford County is quite an enterprise. Ten years ago beekeei)ing was a thriving industry throughout the state, but the spread of foul brood wiped out thousands of colonies. With the improved methods for fighting bee dis- eases the industry has once more become profitable, with the result that thousands of new hives are being placed in the state an- nually."— Phil Browning, New York. "On one occasion this season at the Gov- ernment Apiary, at Wauehope, there was proof that, at least on some occasions, bees do transfer eggs to embryo queen-cells. A few queen-cell cups used for queen-raising were left above an excluder on a colony that was about to swarm. On examination after the fourth day, one of the cups was found to contain an egg — an egg, moreover, in a fertile condition, for it eventually pro- duced a queen bee. In this case it seems probable that the egg was transferred from the lower story where the queen was in oc- cupation— both the color and breeding of the queen point to this." — Farmers' Bulletin 129, Department of Agriculture, New South Wales. Dkckmukk, 102i GLEANINGS IN ]>. K K CULTURE I c ur \ an effort to introduce IIu- bani in Ger- many, P a u 1 Eanft, Lcipsig, Oststr. 39, Gcr- manj', is anxious to receive small donations of slJed, which he proposes to distribute to beekeepers in small jiackages free. Donations may be sent direct to the above address. » * * A Frencli edition of the "Dadant System of Beekeeping," by C. P. Dadant, has just been issued in Quebec. * * * The Division of Crop Estimates states tliat the average yield this season has been 53.8 pounds ^ler colony, as compared with an average of 44.2 pounds last year. Produc- tion this year is estimated to have been divided as follows: Comb, 28.7 per cent; ex- tracted, 59.7 per cent; chunk, 11.6 per cent. « * * Frank C. Pellett, Associate Editor of The American Bee Journal, reports that he is back at work again after an experience in a hospital where he underwent a surgical operation. Mr. Pellett is expecting greatly improved health as a result of the opera- tion. * * » The next international congress of bee- keepers will be held in Quebec, Canada, in September, 1923. This will afford an op- portunity for beekeepers of this country to meet with beekeepers from the rest of the world. The last international congress of beekeepers was held at Marseilles, France, Sept. 18 to 20. 1922. * * » After 10 years of rest, George W. York, former editor and publisher of the American Bee Journal, has again returned to the field of journalism, having launched a new bee journal upon the apicultural seas. "York's Bees and Honev" is to be published month- ly at Spokane, Wash., tlie October-November issue already being in tlie hands of its read- ers. * * * We have received a series of interesting entomological picture cards from the Bildar- chiv-Gesells(diaft, Freiburg, Breisgau, Ger- many, illustrating the reactions of honev- bees to various colors. Tliese photographs were made from original negatives by Prof. K. von Frisch of Rostock, and also by Prof. A. Kiihn and Max Pohl of Gottingen. Those who are interested in the study of the re- actions of bees to colors can no doubt se- cure these photographs from tlie above- mentioned society. * * * E. L. Parshall, Irrigation Engineer, Colo- rado State Experiment Station, discussing the deficiency in the water supply for irri- JUST NEWS Editors 1 "U 799 gation in tlie Ar k a n s a s a ii d Platte River Valley, says that at tlie present time tiie pros- pects for irriga- tion water for the coming year are not at all encouraging for this region His report is rather discouraging for beekeepers in tliat section for next season, but an abundance of snow in the mountains this winter would greatly improve the situation. * * * Geo. W. York, Spokane, Wasii., who for 20 years Avas editor of Tlie American Bee Journal, has donated his entire collection of bee books and other beekeeping literature, wliich he was 40 years in accumulating, to tlie University of California. The Univer- sity in accepting this valuable gift has decided to establish the George W. York Library of Apiculture of California. * » * Due to the conflict in the dates of meet- ings of the Western New York, Northern New York and Ontario beekeepers, the Em- pire State Federation of Beekeepers' Co- operative Association, Inc., has decided to change the date of its meeting to Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday, Dec. 12, 13 and 14, instead of Dec. 5, 6 and 7, as announced in our last issue. * * » The Depiartment of Agriculture of British Columbia has compiled data of the number of apiaries, colonies of bees, and crop of honey in that province for 1922. Figures are given for the several districts within each of the following divisions: Vancouver Island and Gulf Islands, Greater Vancouver, Lower Fraser Valley, Upper Eraser Valley and Chilliwick, Okanogan, Sliuswap and Thomp- son Valleys, and the Kootenays. The total number of apiaries reported is 2143; the number of colonies, 11591. The crop in pounds is reported as 711356, the average per colony being 61. * * * The New York State College of Agricul- ture, Ithaca, New York, has announced a short course in beekeeping to be held Feb- ruary 20 to 23 inclusive. Tiie major part of the instruction will be given by Dr. E. F. Pliilliris, Bureau of Entomology, Washing- ton, D. C, and Geo. S. Demutli, editor of tliis journal. These men will be assisted bv Geo. H. Rea of the A. T. Root Company, E. W. Atkins of the G. B. Lewis Comi)any, and R. B. Willson, Extension Specialist in Api- culture for New York. Several prominent members of the University faculty will lec- ture or give interesting addresses which will add greatly to the value and pleasure of the course. A large attendance is expected. Ad- dress all inquiries to R. B. Willson, Exten- sion Specialist in Apiculture, Roberts Hall, Ithaca, New York, GLEANINGS IN B K K CULTURE OUR HOMES A. I. ROOT The fool hath said in his heart, There is no God. — Psalm 14:1. Then said Jesus unto the twelve, Will ye also go away? Then Simon Peter answered unto him, Lord, to whom shall we go? Thou hast the words of eternal life. — John 6: 67, 68. Thy word is a lamp unto my feet, and a light unto my path.- — -Psalm 119:105.- What God hath joined together, let not man put asunder. — Matt. 19:6. Backward, turn backward, O time in thy flight ; Make me a child again, just for tonight ; Mother, come back from the echoless shore — Take me again to thy heart as of yore. 800 MY g o o (1 friends, there is ti particular reason why I wish to go over once more the turning-point in my life. For two or three years in my ear- ly manhood I was in touch with unbeliev- ers, but they gave me no coin- f 0 r t. I think somebody once said that skep- ticism and unbe- lief are the most unsatisf ac t o r y things ever in- vented; and I think somebody else added that they are the most ungenteel and uncivil things ever invented. Eobert G. Ingersoll was much in vogue about 50 years ago. If I remember correctly lie (perhaps indirect- ly) rather encouraged the practice of sui- cide; and a number of suicides resulted from his teachings. Years ago a prominent Medina man suggested, as we were talking the matter over, that our churches had bet- ter "pitch the Bibles all out of the win- dow." He did not say what they should do next. I had good reason to believe that the poor man objected to the Bible just as I did, because one or more of the ten com- mandments hit us both tremendous blows right fairly between the eyes.* I recall that, one day in the long ago, I had to take a freight train and was several hours in the caboose and had nothing to read. May the Lord be praised that there were a few even then who held fast to the Bible, and one of these, a railroader, had a Bible on his desk. I opened this Bible, and made a vain effort to find something that interested me, but it was dull and dry reading. I told the dear wife, after I got home, my experience with the old Bible. I did not tell it to my good old mother, for I knew how badly it would have made her feel. I was not happy, and * I hardly need tell you, friends, that even now, altho it has been .50 years since the above oc- curred, somebodv has been suggesting, every little while, we should pitch the Bible out of the win- dows or cut it short, leaving out certain things that happened to hit certain persons. A shorter Bible has been tried; but, so far as T know, it has failed. Attempts have also been made to cut out some of the special miracles — Jonah and the whale, concluding from their feeble human stand- point that things like this were too hard for even the great God of the universe. My suggestion has always been to such, that, if they are going to curtail the Bible at all, they cut it all nut but in some May if seems to continue to hanij together through all the ages. Dkce.mbkr, 1922 I was becoming more miserable every day. ■ I tried breaking loose from Sa- tan's clutches, but found my- self helpless. One night after I had closed business on the street, and put up the shutters over the win- dows, just as T was ready to go away and lock the door, I fell down on my knees in the darkness — some- thing I had not done before for years. My pray- er was some- thing as f 0 1- lows: "O God, if there be a God, have mercy on a poor, hum- ble specimen of thy handiwork." Much to my surprise, the brief prayer had an immediate answer — at least I took it for an answer; and the answer, as nearly as I could make out, was something like this: "All right, child. What do you want?" I hesitated a moment and replied, "I want the happy innocence of childhood back again. ' ' I do not know but the little verse at the head of this talk came to my mind, and the answer came so quickly that it startled me, and it was something as below: "What are you Avilling to give or fore- go?" I think I answered at once out loud to the effect that I would give up everything I had in this world. But Satan still had a hold. He was not ready to give up, and he suggested that I was making a fool of my- self, for I knew there was one ihing I would not give up. My good friends, I had become very much interested; in fact, I began to feel happy to get just a little glimpse of "the peace of God which passeth all iinder- stanflinfj-" but as I hesitated the darkness of unbelief began to gather around me again. I think this all happened about the time, or shortly after, when U. S. Grant laid down his terms of "unconditional surren- der," and I was made to understand that nothing Avould answer in my case, but un- conditional surrender. Suddenly I caught a glimpse of my old oft-repeated prayer, "Lord, help." Perhaps a verse of an old hvmn will explain it better than anything else T can now think of: "Here T give my all to thee — Friends and time and earthly store; Snnl and body thine to be — Whollv thine forever more, Dkckmp-KK, 19'J'2 G L K A N I N G S IN B K E C U L T U R K 801 I liad stnrtcd out on the new track, ami 1 was as keen and anxious to know more about it, and to see which way it was go- ing to lead, as I was about any problem in bee culture. And then it occurred to me what I wanted was to get hold of the old Bible tliat just a few days before was a meaningless book. There was no Bible in my store — in fact, there never had been. I knew the good wife had one, and I rushed home to get it. I began to read it; and the more I read it the more deeply I became in- terested. Dear "Sue" (bless her memory!) finally suggested that it was after bed- time." I think I replied truthfully, that I was not quite ready. I do not know just how long I read; but when I got to the bed- side the dear wife was not asleep, but she was irecpiiig; and the tears she shed were tears of joy, and not sorrow. Let me digress a little. T Avas just then full of experiments in bee culture. In order to test the raising of bees in winter time I had built a little green- house partly under ground. In it was a small colony (just a little nursery) with a queen bee. The queen had been laying for some days, but the eggs had not yet hatched out into larvae; and thinking they needed something more than the honey, I was feed- ing them some rye flour as a substitute for pollen. They were busily engaged in car- rving in this pollen, and I could already see the small larvae coming. Well, friends, I had just returned from churcli, and had lis- tened to one of the most wonderful sermons to me T had ever heard in my life; and as a result I could see myself, my past lif e,_ in something the wav God sees it. I hurried home, got down in that little greenhouse with the bees, where they were busy at work. I bowed my head and cried over my past sins as God revealed them to me. I cried until the sawdust at my feet was wet, and my whole frame shook with convulsive sobs.* And then I tried, between the sobs, to ask the dear wife to forgive me, and he lieve that T was a changed man from that hour on. She afterward told me she had been praving, and yet the years went by. with no change, and she had somehow got it into her mind that it was not possiUe that I should ever get to be a follower of tlie Lord Jesus Christ. Eight here, brothers and sisters, is the point of this Home talk. When we were courting we were happy. T thought I ap- preciated the companion God had given me. and I thought I loved her, yet that love was vnfhinfi at nU compared with the love when God's Holv Spirit opened mv eyes. And this number of the Home papers is to the fathers and mothers, and young people who are courting. There can be no real, happy courtship and life until you two rec- ognize vour Creator firf^K and recognize, too, that -the most sacred and solemn vow that *0n the wav home from church Mrs. Root sur- mised what was comine. and soon followed me down into '^he little greenhouse. man or woman can take is in agreeing to- gether to unite and build up a liome. After my emancipation, as we might call it, my own irifc whom God gave mc was to me the most beautiful and lovable woman on the face of the ichole earth* Several weeks after my conversion she said something like this: "My dear husband, if you are going to continue to love mr and love the chihh'cn as you have been doing for several weeks past, I shall be the happiest woman living." And I felt also as if I should be tlie hap- piest man (or one of the happiest) on this whole earth, as we two worked together and united in bringing our children up in the fear of the Lord. I hope, dear friends, this Home paper may be the means of stopping at least some of the divorces which are getting to be so common. If just one of the parties, either husband or wife, will put the Lord Jesus Christ first, and study God's holy word day by day, there certainly will not be very much chance of a divorce; and where both of the parties are God-fearing people, di- vorces ought to be almost if not quite an- Jx-nown in this land of ours. Do you think all the powers of earth or any of the *Let me- suggest right here that the Bible tells us we should love our neisrhbor as ourself. Well. what gave me such ancimsh was that I began to recognize, that the word "neighbor" included the dear wife; and I wish that all mankind could feel as I did then, that the ne.arest and dear eat neighbor any man in the whole wide world rnn have is the wife, the mother of his children. The Holy Spirit suggested to me something like this: "Old fellow, what would you do should the dear wife think exactly as ymi have been thinking?" You know well enough, friends, what has been said about the "double standard" for men and women. If a woman does go so far astray as to forget herself, the result is not only a divorce, expensive suits at law, etc., but guns and pistols, murder and suicides. Read the daily papers and see if you do not find in ami one of them an account of some awful tragedy right along this line. If the hus- band is the guilty one. the wife and mother must meekly bear it; but when we turn it around the other way it is a different thing. When the Holy Spirit held a looking-glass before my eyes and said, "Thou art the man," no wonder I should fear and tremble. ^, ' , j My good friend, Loretta Joy. of the Cleveland Plain Dealer, writes recently as below : "And this hate and scorn were lashed over the quivering shoulders of the wife who now siys: " 'I still love him. I was taught and T have alwavs believed that love should mean putting the happiness of *ie beloved before the happi- ness of self. T feel it my duty to give him up to this new happiness that he can find. But what of the children? Have I any right to sacrifice then!?' , , . ., • -ii • "Of course this 'resigned, loving-wife spirit is a beautiful thing I But somehow it maddens me I It is so grosslv unfair to the whole institution of marriage and the family. Its possibilities are too revolting. A wife does not act for herself and her one family alone. Her decision pounds in one nail or takes one nail away from the whole social or- ganism. Just as women have themselves made the 'double standard' by excusing men for weak- nesses thev condemn in each other, .iust so would these maudlin, too-loviner wives imperil the whole status of marriage and the family by yieldinir real richts real values, to this tawdry, sham, tinsel 'fortv-fivp feeling ' >-hi''h. after all. means no^more to the man than mf'asles to his youngsters." 802 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE December, 1922 schemes of Satan could have brought about a divorce in our home after what I have told you in the above? See what Paul says below: For I am persuaded that neither death, nor life, nor angels, nor principalities, nor powers, nor things present nor things to come, nor height nor depth, nor any other creature, shall be able to separate us from the love of God which is in Christ Jesus our Lord. — Romans 8:38, 39. Of course Paul in the above refers to the close connection between the penitent sin- ner and his Savior; but where the Lord Jesus Christ comes first in any home it seems to me the matter of divorce or separation should be as utterly impossible in just the way Paul has expressed it. ''YE MUST BE BOEN AGAIN." A vivid illustration of "putting off the old life and putting on the new" is illus- trated in the following from one of our good friends: When I was a boy, our next neighbor was a rough, illiterate man. of awkward, uncouth ap- pearance, but a kindly, honest man, a good neigh- bor, but not a Christian. He finally attended some meetings held by the Volunteers of America, and was converted. A few weeks after he got up to give his first testimony. He said in effect : "Neighbors and friends, I've been coming to these meetings and I've found my Savior. I know I'm saved, and I'll tell you how I know it. The other night I was milking my cow, and just as I had a nice full pail of milk she up and kicked it over. Three weeks ago I'd have sworn a blue streak, btit I just stood and looked at the milk and looked at the cow and I said "Praise the Lord." You can imagine the impression the awkward, unkempt, bewhiskered, long-haired man, clad in overalls, made as he gave this talk. To their shame be it said that most of the audience saw only the ludicrous side of it; but I have always felt that he had applied the only real test of genuine indwelling of the Spirit, in that he could take it with him in his daily tasks, no matter how humble, and live every moment by its help. The most glorious moment in a man's life here below is when the Spirit comes into his heart and takes the curses out and nuts praise there in- stead, and this little incident has always stood in my mind as one of the most perfect evidences of real conversion that I ever witnessed. I am glad to say that this man continued in the better life to his death many years after, in spite of many hardships and discouragements. W. H. Haughwout. Peebles Building, Oswego, N. Y. Please note that, in place of the former cilrses and profanity, he simply said. "Praise the Lord." No wonder people laughed; but T think they did not realize what it meant. The poor converted sinner Avas praising the Lord because he could feel from the bottom of his heart that the old wicked life was frone rlrar out of sUilit, forever. I have been through experiences similar to the above: but I fear that I have not verv often had the courage or grace to say. "Praise the Lord," right square in the face of disas- ter. In closing tliis Home paper, the last of the year, I want to give vou a recent ex- perience. I had been spending quite a little time in prayer before I retired. Tn the mid- dle of the nicfht T awoke feeling very happy. T dreamed — T am not quite sure nnv\ it was fill a dream — that T hear-i anojel voices in song; and after I wpa fully awake I man- aged to recall some of the words. Below is what I heard fand it set me to rejoicing) as nearly as I can make it: I will believe, I do believe. That thou didst die that I might live. And that thou bidst me come to thee. My Savior and my God. Of course this is somewhat similar to some of the hymns we have; but I have not been able to find anything just like it, nor anything that seems to fit as well to the wonderful melody that came into my heart and soul, in the middle of the night. Modern Surgery: What it Has Accomplished. My father was one of a family of nine children. My mother was one of a fam- \\j of eleven; but her father had a sec- ond wife. I was one of a family of seven, and Mrs. Root and I have given to the world five children. Each one of these five, with one exception, has two children. The one excejjtion is the daughter Constance, who has three — two boys and a girl. From the above you will notice that the fashion of having large families seems to be, I was go- ing to say, going "downhill." But per- haps I had better not say that. There are two extremes in almost everything; and I presume it would be hardly fair or kind to ask the average woman to bear and bring up the number of children that used to be the fashion in olden times. I wish to add, however, that the world agrees, or must agree, that a large number of the great men and women who have blest the world came from a family of at least moderate if not good size. Look about you and see if this is not true. There is a reason for this. Where there is a fair-sized family each one has to get up and dust a little more by him- self than where there are only two or even one. Especially is this true where there is only one child. That child has everything done for him, and often has the best of everything so that he is not obliged to "hustle" for himself like each one of a good-sized family. With this in view eacli one of our five has at least two children. I do not know how much Mrs. Root, the moth- er, had to do with it in the way of advice in the above. Some of you may begin to ask Avhat all this has to do with surgery as in the title at the head of this talk. " Well, not very much as yet; but listen. The general man- ager of our institution had only one little girl. You may remember I suggested nam- ing her Kathryn, after the good sister of the Wright brothers, with Avhom I was in touch, some years ago. Well, the good wife had much trouble in giving birth to the little one — so much so that the doctors de- clared it would not be safe for her to think of having another child. Perhaps I might say her suffering was so great that, ■ after the little one was born, she began sinking, nnd finallv stopped breathing; and I believe the attending physician gave her up as dead. t)ECKMP.KR, 192^ G L E A N T N 0 S IN BEE CULTURE The father, liowever, remembering the many cases in whicli he had seen, or known of wonderful answers to prayer in such crises, bejjan praying. In fact, he told me that lie never prayed for anything in this world as he (lid that the dear wife and motlier might coine to life in spite of what the doctors said. And she did finally commence breath- ing, and in due time became so robust and strong that they began to consider once more the matter of another child; and I think the godly father and mother made it a subject of prayer that, if it was the Lord's will, they might have a boy in the family as well as a girl. And here is where the matter of surgery comes in. They said if the same dangerous symptoms should re- cur as in years before, Avhen she approached childbirth there was a way* in whicli the little one could be brought into the world, aside from the old orthodox plan adopted since humanity began, and, I might say, since the time of Adam and Eve. Your fam- ily physician can explain to you all about it in detail. The unpleasant and dangerous symptoms did appear, and a skillful surgeon was employed. The little ' ' Eootlet ' ' was a year old yesterday, Oct. 20; and it is my pleasure to give you a picture of him. L w ^ij§ '4 ^1 -i"*- 1 1 [Xm £,;p'jgj_lll David Root, who came into the world by the help of modern surgery instead of nature's way. While we were in Florida last winter Huber wrote something in regard to the new baby that I did not preserve; but, so far as I can recall, it was something like this: "If we are ever given glimjises of wliat heaven is like while we are here on tiiis ■'f'aesarean section. earth, my experience would indicate that these glimpses come in the way of the an- gelic smiles which the little one gives us when it first begins to recognize its fatiier and mother." David Root was born Oct. 20, 1921. His grandmother lioot 's death was on Nov. 28, 1921. On the very day she died — in fact, not many minutes before her death — she went down to our colored man Wesley who was working in the garden and showed him two pictures of the baby. These pictures had just been received. The last letter tliat she ever wrote to the dear children was dated Nov. 21; and after she hud finished her letter she added a postscript as below: P. S. — Kiss little darling "Dave" for his grand- mother Root. Love to all. It gives me great i^leasure to add that the mother suffered little or no pain at all, and has been in excellent health ever since; and furthermore, the bright and robust baby has never been side a day in his life. He and his grandfather are on most excellent terms; and I suppose it is no more than a matter of course that I should regard him as the brightest and prettiest and most per- fect baby I ever saw. When he gives me one of his magnificent smiles and shows his rows of beautiful, new pearly teeth, I can almost say what Huber said in the letter he wrote us. iiiiii:iiniiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiii!iiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiaiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiniiiriiiiiiii The Starving Victims of the Atrocious Turks. Just as soon as your eyes strike this, and if you can, get a copy of the Literary Digest for Oct. 21. 1922. Half a million of poor honest and innocent people, mostly women and children, are starving and dying with their homes burned to the ground by the awful Turks. The Literary Digest has advanced $176,000 for a boatload of provisions to stay off starvation for a brief period. The Y. M. C. A., the Y. W. C. A., as well as the Red Cross, are doing their utmost to help, and the President of the United States is backing it all. Every little helps. Do what you can for these suffering people, and God will reward you. Later: I now notice the Red Cross has two mil- lions to feed the starving, and if more is needed it will be forthcoming. Surely a better world is in sight. A Kind Word from the Farm Journal. With the exception of two young ladies who Ijreceded me in The Farm Journal, I am now the oldest associate of my Uncle AVilmer Atkinson in the business. One of the first things I learned was the interest, co-operation and good will of A. I. Root towards The Farm Journal, and to return this has been a guiding principle of this office all the time. We never lose a chance to speak a good word for Gleanings and the good people who are back of it. I remember yeafs 20 ago W. Atlee Burpee, a seedsman of great ability in many lines, told mo there were only two papers of the many hundreds which he received at his office every week which he took home with him — they were Gleanings in Bee Culture and The Farm Journal; and the rea- son he took them home, he says, was they had "souls" to them. I am much obliged for your letter for making electricity out of wind, and some of our editors will undoubtedly be able to use this. I hope you are enjoying the good health of four score years, a fitting crown of an active use- ful life. With best wishes, Chas. F. Jenkins, of The Farm Journal. Philadelphia. Pa.. Aug. 1.5, 1922. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE December, 1922 Classified Advertisements Notices will be inserted in these classified columns for 50c per line. Advertisements intended for this department cannot be less than two lines, and you must say you want your advertisement in the classified column, or we will not be responsible for errors. For special condition.^ on bee and queen ad- vertising, please write us. Copy should be received by 15th of preceding month to insure insertion. REGULAR ADVERTISEMENTS DISCONTINUED IN GOOD STANDING. (Temporary advertisers and advertisers of small lots, when discontinued, are not herj listed. It is only regular advertisements of regular lines who are here listed when their advertisements are dis- continued when they are in good standing.) J. P. Moore, Bert Smith, Edward Wilson, T-r. E. Kohn & Son, Ed. Hassinger, C. S. Engle, C, C. Hoover & Sons, Woodward Apiaries, C. J. Bald- ridg3, H. E. Crowther, A. I. Root Co. of New York. J. F. Coyle, R. V. Cox. F. H. Nelson, C. J. Appeldoorn, Emile J. Beridon, Jr., J. L. Leath, R. S. Knight, The Progress Nurseries, H. L. Christopher, Loveitt Honey Co., Rhode Island Red Journal. HONEY AND WAX FOR SALE. LIGHT amber honey in 60-lb. cans. Van Wyn- garden Bros., Hebron, Ind. BUCKWHEAT honey of finest flavor, in 5 and 10 pound pails. Chas. Reynders, Ulster, Pa. FOR SALE — Basswood mixed, also buckwheat in new 60-lb. cans. Bert Smith, Romulus, N. Y. FOR SALE — -Fine quality raspberry-milkweed honey in new 60-lb. cans. P. W. Sowinski, Bellaire, Mich. FOR SALE- — -White sweet clover in cases, two 60-lb. cans, 10c per lb., f. o. b. Joe C. Weaver. Cochrane, Ala. FOR SALE — Clover, amber and basswood honey in new 60-lb. cans, 5 and 10 lb. pails. H. B. Gable, Romulus, N. Y. FOR SALE- — Clover extracted honey in new 60- lb. cans. 120 lbs. net, $15.00. A. J. Norberg, Spring Valley, III. FINE quality, well-ripened white clover honey, 12 1/4 c per lb. New 60-lb. cans, two in case. J. G Burtis, Marietta, N. Y. FOR SALE — Fancy clover comb, $5.25 per case; No. 1, $4.75; 24-section cases, 8 cases to carrier. Ross B. Scott, La Grange, Ind. FOR SALE- — Send for sample of new clover- feasswood honey in new 60-lb. cans. J. N. Harris, 502 W. Center, St. Louis, Mich. EXTRACTED white clover an«i buckwheat hon- ey, 1922 crop. New 60-lb. cans and 5 and 10 lb. pails. Chester N. Ballard, Valois. N. Y. FOR SALE — 12,000 lbs. of choice white clover honey, well ripened, put up in new 5 and 10 lb. pails. Sample 25c. W. B. Wallin, Brooksville, Ky. FOR S.\LE- — Choice new clover extracted hon- ey put up in new 60-lb. cans. Write for prices, stating quantity desired. W. M. Peacock, Maple- ton, Iowa. HONEY FOR SALE — In 6p-lb. tins, water- white orange, 13c; white sage, 12c; extra L. A. sage, 10 %c; buckwheat, 10c, etc. Hoffman & Hanck. Woodhaven, N. Y. FOR SALE — Choice white clover honey in new 60-lb. cans, two to a case, at 12c per lb. Sample for 20c to apply on purchase. Kenneth Gallant, Cato, N. Y. FOR SALE^ — -Fine quality of buckwheat honey, put up in 5-11). pails at 75c each. Write for prices in lots of 20 pails. Chas. B. Hatton, Andover, R. D. No. 3, Ohio. FOR SALE — White clover honey in 60-lb. can.s and 5-lb. pails, this year's crop, none better. Write for prices. Sample, 10c. F. W. Summerfield, Wa- terville, Ohio. FOR SALE — North Michigan clover honey in new 60-lb. cans, two to a case at lie per lb. in 5-case lots. Prices on smaller lots on application, also sample. J. H. Corwin, Merritt, Mich. FOR SALE — Very best clover basswood honey. Produced in new combs. Packed in new contain- ers. 60-lb. cans and 5-lb. pails. Sample. 20c. Write for prices. A. C. Ames, Weston, Ohio. RASPBERRY HONEY — In 60-lb. cans, 2 in a case for $14.40; one in a case, $7.50. Sample by mail, 20c, which may be applied on order for honey. Elmer Hutchinson & Son, Lake City, Mich. FOR SALE — Extracted white clover honey, 12 5-lb. pails, $9.00; case of two 60-lb. cans, $14.40; buckwheat, two 60's, $10.80. Seward Van Auken. Duanesburg, N. Y. FOR SALE— Clover extracted; one 60-lb. can. pi. 50; two 60-lb. cans, $14.40; buckwheat, one 60-lb. can, $5.40; two 60-lb. cans, $10.20. J. J. Lewis, Lyons, N. Y. FOR SALE — Spanish needle heartsease honey, fine body and flavor, 5-lb. pails, 12 to a case. Write for price, state auantity wanted. F. W. Luebeck, R. D. No. 2. Knox, Ind. HONEY FOR SALE— In 60-lb. cans, two cans in each case. Light amber gathered from June 1 to July 15, lie per pound, also buckwheat, 9c per pound. Robert Conn, Roaring Branch, Pa. EXTRA quality white honey, $7.20 per 60-lb. can; 14c per lb. in 10-lb. cans on 6 or more cans. 10 lbs. prepaid, $2.00 in third zone, 20c extra each additional zone. Absolute satisfaction. F. W. Lesser, Fayetteville, N. Y. FOR SALE — Finest quality white clover ex- tracted honey, well ripened and of fine flavor, put up in 60-lb., 12-lb. and 2% -lb. cans, and 10 and 5 lb. pails. R. C. Ortleib, 29 Van Buren St., Polgeville, N. Y. OUR 1922 crop of white clover extracted honey is now ready for the market. New cans and cases. Say how much you can use. and we will be pleased to quote you our very lowest prices. E. D. Town- send & Sons, Northstar, Mich. FOR SALE- — Choice clover extracted honey in new 60-lb. cans and cases. Write for prices on carload or case lots ; comb honey in Danz. and beevi'^ay sections. Packed in six or eight case car- riers. Quality unexcelled. J. D. Beals. Oto. Iowa. HONEY — Best quality clover or biickwheat. 12 5-lb. pails, $9.00 at our station: 2 60-lb. cans, $15.00. 5 lbs. delivered within third zone. $1.20; 10 lbs., $2.00. n-t weisrht. GU.A.RANTEED AL- WAYS RIGHT. Write for prices on larger quan- tities. Earl Rulison. R. D. No. 1, Amsterdam. N. Y. FOR SALE — No. 1 white comb honey. $6 per case; No. 2 white comb, $5 per case of 24 sec- tions: dark comb, dollar per case less; 24-case lots. 50c per case less. Amber and dark extracted. 10c per pound, two 60-lb. cans to case. Amber baking honey in barrels, 8c per pound. Discount on extracted in nuantities. H. G. Quirin. Bellevue, Ohio. ilKIKMHIOR, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE CLOVER honey, fine quality, (j-lb. can't-leak can, 1?1.3;>; four 5-lb. puns, cruleU, ^^4.UU, deliv- ered into third zone. 60-lb. can, $7.20, two 60-lb. cans, $14.00 f. o. b. Hugh G. Gregg, hibridge, N. V. CLA-FO-NY Quality Honey (liquid or crystal) clover two 60's (115 lbs. net), $15.00; 15 5's (75 lbs. net), $12.00; buckwheat. 2 60's, $11.50; 15 5's, $9.75. 5 pounds either delivery third zone, $1.20. Satisfaction guaranteed. Clarence Foote, Delanson, N. Y. FOR SALJ] — We have tine lots of white clover, sweet clover, basswood, buckwheat and amber honey. Tell us what you want. Prices and sam- ples on request. Good second-hand cans, 60c per case of two cans. A. I. Root Co., 224: W. Huron St., Chicago, 111. CHOICE extra fancy white clover honey in new 60-lb. cans, 120 lbs. net, $14.00. Sample, 20c. Write for prices on larger quantities. 100 cases extra fancy Hubiim clover honey, same price. Also fancy comb honey, $5.00 per case 24 sections, 8 cases to carrier. Edw. A. Wi-nkler, R. D. No. 1, Joliet, 111. OUR 1922 crop extracted honey is a very fancy grade, water white clover, which was left on the hives until thoroughly cured by the bees before extracting, making it very heavy bodied. This thick, rich honey is all packed in new 60-lb. cans, two to the case. Of course, we have to ask a little more for honey of this quality than or- dinary honey. When in need of a good article send a dime for a sample, and address your in- quiry to D. R. Townsend, Northstar, Mich. FOR SALE — We can supply honey to bee- keepers or other roadside sellers who may need to buy beyond their own supply, packed as follows : 21^ -lb. friction top tin cans, 1 dozen in case; 5-lb. friction-top tin cans, V2 doz. in case; 10-lb. fric- tion-top tin cans, V2 doz. in case; 60-lb. square cans, 1 to case; 60-lb. square cans, 2 to case. We have the following kinds of honey: Standard white, alfalfa, sweet clover, California sage. Cali- fornia orange, light amber, amber. Write for prices. The A. I. Root Co., Medina. Ohio. ii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiin!iniiiiiiii!in!niiiiii;iiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiii HONEY AND WAX WANTED. WANTED — Comb and extracted honey. Fancy yellow wax. C. J. Morrison, 750 Cottage Grove Ave., South Bend, Ind. WANTED — Honey in ton lots, comb and ex- tracted of all kinds. Send sample. State price. Joe Mlinarits, 8931 Keller St., Detroit, Mich. WANTED — Comb and extracted honey, carload and less. All kinds of honey and beeswax for sale. Walter C. Morris, 105 Hudson St., New York. BEESWAX wanted. Old combs (dry) and cap- pings for rendering. Also wax accepted in trade. Top market prices offered. A. I. Root Co. of Iowa. Council Bluffs, Iowa. OLD COMBS, cappings or slumgum wanted for rendering by steam press process. We pay cash for wax rendered, trade for supplies, or work it into foundation. W. T. Falconer Mfg. Co., Fal- coner, N. Y. OLD COMBS WANTED — Our steam wax- presses will get every ounce of beeswax out of old cambs, cappings or slumgum. Send for our terms and our 1923 catalog. We will buy your share of the wax for cash or will work it into foundation for you. Dadant & Sons, Hamilton, 111. FOR SALE. FOR SALE — Good second-hand 60-lb. cans, two cans to case, boxed, at 60c per case, f. o. b. Cincinnati. Terms cash. C. H. W. Weber & Co.. Cincinnati. Ohio. liONKY LABELS — New design. Catalog free. Eastern Label Co., Clintonville, Conn. FOR SALE — "SUPERIOR" FOUNDATION, "quality unexcelled." Let us prove it. Order now. Superior Honey Co., Ogden, Utah. PORTER BEE-ESCAPES save honey, time and money. For sale by all dealers in bee supplies. R. & E. C. Porter, Lewiston, 111. ADAPTABLE BEEHIVES are sound in prin- ciple and are practical. For free information ail dress Geo. P. Wood, Peekskill, N. Y. THREE-HORSE boiler, $35.00; four-horse en- gine. $40.00; worth $150.00. $75.00 takes them. J. W. Utter, Amity, Orange Co., N. Y. FOR SALE— Hubam clover seed grown in rows and kept perfectly clean, therefore absolutely pure. 50c per lb. f. o. b. Holgate, Ohio. Noah Bordner. Holgate, Ohio. ROBINSON'S comb foundation will please the bees, and the price will please the beekeeper. Wax worked at lowest rates. E. S. Robinson, Mayville. Chau. Co., N. Y. FOR SALE- — A limited number of new bottom- boards, covers and hive-bodies, eight or ten hives, nailed or in flat. A bargain, in cypress and fir. Ray C. Wilcox, Odessa, N. Y. FOR SALE — A Given foundation press, size 9 x 15 inches, in as good condition as if new. Also 50 or 60 swarms of bees and a lot of surplus hives and combs. Lyman Reed, 25 Vosberg St.. Ilion, N. Y. OPPORTUNITY, nearly new factory building, fully equipped for manufacturing beekeepers' sup- plier. Building is 40 x 70 feet, besides engine room, two story, electric lights, steam power and heat, on main line D. L. & W. and Rochester Divi- sion of Erie. Owners will sell at bargain and on right terms, as have no use for it, being en- gaged in other business. Communicate with Gled- hill & Putnam, Inc., Avoca, N. Y. FORCED TO SELL. — Conflicting claims on my time have forced me to sacrifice my packing busi- ness and apiaries for $1750. This is a snap for the apiarist wishing to live in the fairest part of California, and engage in the best paying end of the bee business. I was unable to supply the de- mand this year and have orders already for 1923. Inquiries and inspections welcomed. Write for details regarding this opportunity. References on request. G. T. Johnson, 165 Raymond Ave.. San Jose, Calif. iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ WANTS AND EXCHANGE. WANTED— Foundation mill. Rolls must be in perfect condition. The Stover Apiaries, Mayhew, Miss. WANTED — Bees on share the coming season, anywhere in New York State. J. K. Dixon, Odes- sa, N. Y. WILL exchange bees and queens for an auto- matic twelve-gauge shotgun. Oscar Mayeaux, Ham- burg, La. WANTED — Comb-back chairs, also old rockers and chests with drawers. John Rick, 434 Oley St., Reading, Pa. WANTED — Copies of Gleanings for Feb. 1 and March 1, 1914, August 1 and October 1. 1915. W. W. Barnhill, Polk, Ohio. WILL exchange 1922 spring-hatched Grist Grady Stags for Root or Lewis ten-frame bodies, some manufacture of Hoffman frames, medium brood foundation or hand extractor in good con- dition. State fully what yon have. Shepard Api- aries. Piper. .Ala. So6 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE December, 1922 WANTED — Old boxes, KD. C. Callaway, Nor- wood, Va. WANT Barnes saw outfit equipped for beekeep- ers' use. State condition and lowest cash price. Amos Miller, Dundee, O. BEESWAX WANTED — For manufacture into SUPERIOR FOUNDATION. (Weed Process.) Superior Honey Co., Ogden, Utah. WANTED — Old combs and cappings for render- ing on shares. Our steam equii^ment secures all the wa.x. Stiperior Honey Co., Ogden, Utah. WANTED — Shipments of old combs and cap- pings for rendering. We pay the highest cash and trade price, charging but 5c a pound for wax rendered. The Fred W. Muth Co., Pearl and Wal- nut Sts., Cincinnati, Ohio. WANTED — 200 colonies of bees. Almond grow- ers at Arbuckle, Calif., wi.ih tenders for placing about 200 colonies of bees in their orchards during the blossoming season of 1923 — about three weeks' time. V. S. Persons, 1216 Hearst Bldg., San Francisco, Calif. WANTED — Beeswax. We are paying Ic and 2c extra for choice yellow beeswax and in exchange for supplies we can offer a still better price. Be sure your shipment bears your name and address so we can identify it immediately upon arrival, and make prompt remittance. The A. I. Root Co., Medina, Ohio. BEES AND QUEENS. HARDY Italian queens, $1.00 each. W. G. Lauver, Middletown, Pa. FOR SALE — 18 stands of good Italian bees. Mrs. M. E. Andress, Larned, Kan. FOR SALE — Italian queens, nuclei and pack- ages. B. P. Kindig, E. Lansing, Mich. GOLDEN Italian queens, untested, $1.00; six, $5.00. E. A. Simmons, Greenville, Ala. PACKAGES, NUCLEI and QUEENS for 1923. Get my prices. J. J. Scott, Crowville, La. PACKAGE BEES — 1923 prices and circular free. Pedigree strains. Dr. White Bee Company, Sandia, Texas. WE are booking orders now for spring deliv- eries. Write us for prices. Graydon Bros., R. D. No. 4, Greenville, Ala. LATE QUEENS — For late queens send me the order. Pure three-band Italians. No disease. Low prices. D. W. Howell, Shellman, Ga. "SHE-SUITS-ME" queens, line-bred Italians, $1.50 each; 10 to 24, $1.30 each. See back cover of January number. Allen Latham. Norwichtown. Conn. PACKAGE BEES and QUEENS for 1923. Noth- ing but pure Italians. No disease. Write me for prices for next spring shipment. Jasper Knight, Hayneville, Ala. NOW BOOKING PACKAGE BEES. Write for my circular of bees and prices. See other ad- vertisements elsewhere, this issue. C. M. Klfer, St. Rose, Louisiana. NUCLEI — We are now booking orders for May 1 delivery. Leather-colored, good Italian bees and queens. 1-fr. nucleus with bees, brood, untested queen, $3.50; 2-fr. nucleus, .$5.00; 3-fr. nucleus, $6.00. One colony bees with select untested queen, $11.00. We guarantee safe arrival, no disease. We think our queens equal to the best in prolificness, the bees hustlers in gathering hon- ey. Wfl)er Brothers Honey Co., Rialto, Culif. FOR SALE — Bright Italian queen, 1, $1.00; 12, $10.00; 100, $75.00. Safe arrival guaranteed. T. J. Talley, Greenville, R. D. No. 3, Ala. GOLDEN QUEENS for 1923, the bright kind. Satisfaction guaranteed. Will begia shipping April 1. Price, $1.00 each or $10.00 per dozen. E. F. Day, Honoraville, Ala. POOLE'S three-banded Italian queens are guar- anteed to arrive safely and give satisfaction. Un- tested, 80c each; 25 or more, 75c; tested, $2.00. Rufus Poole, Greenville, Ala. WE are booking orders now for spring deliv- ery for the famous "Colorado Queens." Send your order early so as to be sure to get your queens. C. I. Goodrich, Wheatridge, Colo. I AM booking orders now for next spring de- livery, 3-frame nuclei and queens at the same price ■ as this year. Caucasian or Italian race. Peter Schaffhouser, Havelock. N. C. VERY LOW PRICES on nuclei and package bees for early spring delivery. Black bees with Italian queens, also fine stock Italians. No disease. A. J. Heard, R. D. No. 1, Bonaire, Ga. BEES BY THE POUND — Also QUEENS. Booking orders now. FREE circulars, giving de- tails. See larger ad elsewhere. Nueces County Apiaries, Calallen, Texas, E. B. Ault, Prop. FOR SALE — Leather-colored Italian queens, tested, until June 1, $2.50; after. $2.00. Untested, $1.25; 12. $13.00. ROOT'S GOODS, ROOT'S PRICES. A. W. Yates, 15 Chapman St., Hartford, Conn. IF GOOD bright Italian queens are wanted by return mail, send your order to M. Bates, Green- ville, Ala. Price, $1.00 each; $10.00 per dozen; $75 per 100. Pure mating, safe arrival and sat- isfaction guaranteed. PINARD'S quality of Root's and Prof. Cole- man's strain of bees and queens. Booking orders for spring delivery. Promptness and satisfaction my motto. Prices right, circular free. A. J. Pinard, Morgan Hill, Calif. PACKAGE BEES for 1923 — Italians, $2.00 per lb. Tested queens, $1.50 each. Frames of brood, $1.50 each. Mixed stock, 10% discount. Liberal discount for large orders or late shipments. No disease. T. W. Livingston, Norman Park, Ga. LET me save you money on your 1923 pack- age bees, nuclei and queens. Book early and not be disappointed. Queens balance of season, 85c; 6 or more, 65e, after Oct. 20, $1.00 straight. Ev- erything guaranteed. J. L. Morgan, Tupelo Honey Co., Columbia. Ala. FOR SALE — My entire bee business consisting of 325 colonies of bees in two-story hives and lots of honey with complete extracting equipment. A $4000 deal; $2500 cash necessary. Time on balance. For full details and description, address H. R. Fisher, 303 S. 8th St., Montrose. Colo. PACKAGE BEES- — 2000 big, strong, healthy colonies will be ready to .supply PACKAGE BEES in the spring. Italian or Carniolan QUEENS. Let me quote prices and book your order early. A small deposit reserves shipping date. Circular free. J. E. Wing, 155 Schiele Ave., San Jose, Calif. FOR SALE, 1923, PACKAGE BEES — All bees are shipped on standard Root frame, emerging bees with honey, A])ril 25 to May 30. 2-lb, ^lack- age three-banded Italians. $5.00; 3-lb. package, $5.75; 4-lb. package. $6.50. June 1 to 30th: 2- franie nuclei with untested queen, $4.75; 3-frame. $5.00; 4-frame, $5.75. An untested queen with each package or nucleus Safe delivery guaran- teed, free from any contagious bee disease. Cer- tificate will accompany each shipment. No ship- ment of bees by parcel post. Send 15 per cent to book order. A. .T. Tjomoine, Moreauville. Box No. r,r,. La. Deckmber, 1922 GLEANINGS IN ITALIAN BEES AND QUEENS — One-pound to five-pound packages, one-frame nuclei to full colo- nies, shipped when you want tlieni. You will he pleased with our stock, our service and our prices. Certificate of inspection certifying free- dom from disease with each shipment. Write for our prices before you order. White Clover Farm and Apiary, Hamburg, La. PLACE your early orders now for queens and package bees. Golden Italian and Caucasian queens, April 1 to May 15. 1921?. Untested, 1, $1.50; 12, $15.00; 25, $1.00 each; 2-lh. i)ackage bees, $5.00; 3-lb. package, $6.50; 20% off above prices after May 15. Golden Italian breeders, $15.00 to $20.00. Safe arrival guaranteed. Terms 25% with order. Sarasota Bee Co., Sarasota, Fla FOR SALE — Pure Italian bees and queens, 3 banded, 2-pound packages with selected qneens 1-5, $5.00: 5-25, $4.75; 25 or more, -4.50, de livered. Queens, 1-50, $1.00 each. 25 per cent cash books order, balance a few days before ship- ping season begins. Shipping season opens Ajiril 15. No disease, .safe arrival and satisfaction. We ship only the best. W. C. Smith & Co., Calhoun, Ala. PACKAGE BEES FOR 1923 — Three-band Ital- ians, bred for business. A 2-lb. package of the Yan- cey hustlers with a select untested queen for $5.00; 25 or more, $4.75 each. Attractive prices on large lots One-fifth cash books your order. Order early and make sure of shipping dates. We do not accept more orders than we can fill promptly. Caney Valley Apiaries, Bay City, Texas, Yancey Bros., owners. HIGHEST PRICED QUEENS ON RECORD.— Doesn't mean that we sell queens higher than any one else but that we breed from this kind. We have two breeding queens that have made wonder- ful records and we are now booking orders for package bees and queens from tliem to be de- livered next spring. Write for prices and the story of these queens. J. M. Cutts & Son, R. D. No. 1, Montgomery, Ala. GOLDEN ITALIAN QUEENS AND BEES ready April 5 to 15, 1923. Untested queens, 1, $1.00; 6. $5.00; 12, $10.00; 100. $75.00. 1-fr. nuclei with queen, $3.00; 2-fr. nuclei with queen, $5.00; 1-lb. package with queen, $3.00; 2-lb. package with queen, $5.00. It costs no more to get the best. No disease. Health certificate with each shipment. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaran- teed. 20% will book your order for spring deliv- ery. J. P. Rogers, R. D. No. 3, Greenville, Ala. PACKAGE BEES for spring delivery. Vigorous leather-colored Italian queens, three-banded stock; also bees in packages. Every queen I sell is young, also laying, and 90 per cent of them are purely mated. These queens are from select breeding queens, and can not be surpassed, being a credit to the beekeeping world. My bees are absolutely healthy, and are thoroughbreds. Un- solicited testimonials vouch for satisfaction given. Three-frame niiclei, with queens, a specialty; also ship combless packages. Shipments begin April 15, depending upon weather conditions. Safe arrival guaranteed, or replacement or money re- funded. Write for my circular showing reduced prices, quality of stock, testimonials. Order early. Now booking orders. C. M. Elfer, St. Rose, Louisi- ana. E. D. TOWNSEND. Northstar, Michigan, of the firm of E. D. Townsend & Sons, has his winter home at Marksville, La., among the large ship- pers of package bees. Some of these beekeepers are mighty good beekeepers, but poor salesmen. A year ago I sold several hundred packages of bees for the above producers, and they have asked me to sell for them again during next season and I have decided to do so. No small orders will be accepted, and none but three and four pound packages, with comb of sealed brood and honey, will be handled. If you can use from 25 to 500 packages, the kind that brings in the full crop of honey the first season, you will make a mistake if you do not get my very low .iobbing prices be- fore buying. Address m° at Northstar. Michigan, until December 15. later at Marksville. La. BEE CULTURE MISCELLANEOUS. 807 THE BEE WORLD — Tlie leading bee journal in Britain, and the only international bee review in existence. It is read, re-read and treasured. Will it not appeal to you? Specimen copy free from the publishers. The Apis Club, Benson. Oxon, England. Send us 'a post card today. It is well worth your little trouble. MEDICINAL roots and herbs are very profitable to grow. We especially recommend growing Golden Seal which with good care will yield as high as $10,000 per acre for each crop. It takes several years to mature but will average $1000 a year. Special Crops, a monthly paper, tells how. Sample copy, 10c. $1.00 per year. Address Special Crops Pub. Co., Box "G," Skaneateles, N. Y. ANNOUNCEMENT. — Mr. W. J. Redfearn has entered the business of Indianola Apiary. Mr. Redfearn has had several years' experience with Mr. J. J. Wilder, Waycross, Ga., and comes well recommended by him. My old and new custom- ers may expect the same business methods in promptness and square dealing. J. W. Sherman, Valdosta, Ga. HELP WANTED. WANTED- — -An experienced modern queen-breed- er, capable of all kinds of work connected with apiaries operated for the purpose of nuclei ship- ping and queen-rearing. State wages and give references. A. R. Irish, Savannah, Box 134, Ga. WANTED — On a large farm, a man of energy and experience to take full care of bees, and dur- ing season of the year when bees do not require attention to do other work. Home apiary is on a state road and bee man must be a person of good address and a good salesman, neatness and accuracy essential. Records of colonies kept. Salary $20.00 per week. Good house equiiiped with running water, furnace and electric light fixtures, rent free. Do not apply unless you would be interested in developing the business and would come intending to stay. Address Mount Hope Farm, Williamstown, Mass. SITUATION WANTED. WANTED — For next season, job as queen- breeder, either on shares or salary. Am an expert. Reference given. J. C. Duett, East Tallassee. Ala TRADE NOTES. Inasmuch as we expect to discontifiue listing the following articles in our general catalog we are offering them at a big reduction in order to close out present stock. For Shipment from Medina, Ohio. 14 C472802 — Root capping-melters. price each $12.00 15 C472803 — Dadant uncapping-cans, price each 13.00 14 C472808 — Boardman solar wax-extrac- tors, price each 19.00 50 C271801 — Demuth winter cases com- plete, nailed, slightly shopworn. Price each ,50 60 C261602 — Metal top telescope cap cov- ers with inner cover. 8-frame, K. D.. price each 1..50 65 0262606 — Metal top telescope cap cov- ers with inner cover. 10-frame, K. D.. price each 1.60 3 C261601 — Metal top telescope cap covers with inner cover. 8-frame, nailed and painted, price each i.gn 2 0262601 — Metal top telescope cap covers with inner cover, 10-frame, nailed and painted, price each 2 00 4 C271701 — Dovetailed winter cases. 8- frame with wood cover complete, nail- ed and painted, price each 2.75 808 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE Dkck.muer, 192'. 1 C271702 — Crate of 5 dovetailed winter cases, 8-frame, with wood cover, com- plete, K. D., price per crate 6.25 250 one-pound bee-shipping cages with feed- er pan, K. D., price each 30 240 two-pound bee-shipping cages "with feeder pan, K. D., price each 40 172 three-pound bee-shipping cages with feeder pan, K. D., price each 50 The above cages are well made and are very satisfactory for shipping bees without combs by express. 195 C249001 — Twin-mating nuclei, in the flat, put up in crates of five. Price per crate 4.75 2 C492001 — One and one-half horse-power Busy Bee gasoline engines. Price each 35.00 4 one-half inch honey pumps. Price each, complete with fittings, $7.00; complete without fittings 5.00 6 Dadant electric wire imbedders. Price, each 75 80 Bee Models — The Anatomy of the Bee, price, each 25 100 lbs. C490561 — ^Cratj staples, 1 ^ i x % - inch, price per pound 12 In addition to the above bargains we have in stock 5000 K'="'ond-gTad9 Hoffman fram°s standard size 9%xl7%, packed in cartons of 100 only, which we offer at the special price of $5.00 per hundred as long as present stock lasts. Sample sent on request. Above prices are strictly net f. o. b. Medina, Ohio. For Shipment from New York City, N. Y. 5 C271702 — Dovetailed winter cases. 8- frame with metal cover, in the flat, packed in crates of one. Price each.. 2.00 20 C271703 — Dovetailed winter cases, 8- frame with metal cover, in the flat, packed in crates of five. Price per crate 9.50 7 C272702 — Dovetailed winter cases, 10- frame with metal cover, in the flat, packed in crates of one. Price, each. . 2.10 8 C271701 — Dovetailed winter cases, 8- frame with metal cover, nailed and painted. Price, each . 2.75 7 C272701 — Dovetailed winter cases, 10- frame with metal cover, nailed and painted. Price each 2.90 6 C271702 — Dovetailed winter cases, 8- frame with wood cover, in the flat, packed in crates of one. Price each.. 1.40 25 C271703 — Dovetailed winter cases, 8- frame with wood cover in the flat, pack- ed in crates of five. Price per crate.. . 6.25 6 C271701 — Dovetailed winter cases, 8- frame with wood cover, nailed and painted. Price each 2.25 5 C272702 — Dovetailed winter cases, 10- frame with wood cover, in the flat, packed in crates of one. Price, each . 1.55 45 C272703 — Dovetailed winter cases, 10- frame with wood cover, in the flat, packed in crates of five. Price per crate 7.00 2 C272701 — Dovetailed winter cases, 10- frame with wood cover, nailed and painted. Price each 2.50 The above prices are subject to stocks on hand and are st^i^tly npt t<^. O T}. New York. Send all orders to The A. I. Root Company, Medina. Ohio Back in Our Florida Home. May God be praised for the triumph of prohibi tion in Ohio once more, in spite of all that the "prince of darkness" could bring to bear. And may God be praised also that Judge Florence Al len has been recognized and sent away up to the Supreme Court of Ohio to stand for purity righteousness and temperance. A. I. Root. ^ITrilTQ Practice in Patent Office and Court UA I Lll I U Pat. Counsel of The A. I. Root Co I CHAS. J. WILLIAMSON, McLachlan Bldg., Washington, D. C The Early Bird Catches the Worm PLAN THE NEW SEASON NOW Make up your list of supply needs and write us. It will pay you to order early and prevent later and possible unavoid- able delays. We solicit your 1923 business on the basis of fair prices, quality goods and excellent service. The A. I. Root Company of Iowa Council Bluffs, Iowa Dkckmber, 1922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 809 Seeing California From a Roadster. Continued from paRc 782. tance. The apples here are extremely large, entirely free from worms, fine-flavored, fair and uniform in size, and they are on the market practically the whole year. From the town of Santa Cruz we turned toward the mountains and climbed a beau- tiful pass which took us miles along their ridge through stately redwood forests, wliich Ave could thoroughly enjoy on account of the safe and perfect road. And then we came down into Los Gates in the Santa Clara Valley. This is a won- derful valley for the deciduous fruits such as prunes, apricots and peaches, and every year thousands of visitors come for "blos- som day." We drove through the miles and miles of orchards, many of which were receiving copious irrigation to help set fruit for next year, through San Jose and on through acres of truck gardens, through tlie Bay cities, so called, although to me they seem fused into one long city between the Berkeley hills and San Francisco Bay, and reached Berkeley refreshed and more in love with our adopted state than ever before. Next month I will tell something of our trip back through the inland route. ROOT QUALITY SUPPLIES BEES AND QUEENS. Authorized Distributor for St. Louis district. Send for Catalog. O. G. EAWSON, 3208 Forest Place, East St. Louis, 111. BEEKEEPERS' SUPPLIES. The kind you want and bees need. Good stock of the A. L \^tWAYSj Root Co. 's make of goods on \jopi hand. Catalog free. Beeswax wanted. ! J. NEBEL & SON SUPPLY CO., High Hill, Mo. BEE CANDYJ"^^ '"""t' ^""^ ^^'"'l* to use when you pack your bees this fall. This candy will save many colonies that are short of stores. Put up in large paper plates just right for your hive. Send for circular and price, also catalog of supplies. H. H. JEPSON 182 Friend Street. Boston 14, Mass. BARNES' HAND & FOOT POWER MACHINERY This cut represents our combined circular saw, which is made for bee- keepers' use in the con- struction of their hives, sections, etc. Machines on Trial Send for illustrated cat- alog and prices. W. F. & JOHN BARNES CO. 545 Ruby Street ROCKFORD. ILLINOIS. INDIANOLA Italian Bvqh and Queens, bright gold- en and 3 banded. Orders booked for season of 1923 as follows: One-lb. package Bees with untested Queens, $3.00; Two-lb. package Bees with untested Queens, $5.00; Three- lb. package Bees with untested Queens, $6.00. Ten per cent discount on orders of $25.00 or more. Thirty years' ex- perience, hundreds of satisfied cus- tomers. Your orders solicited, satis- faction guaranteed. J. W. SHERMAN, Valdosta, Ga. American Poultry Journal Oldest, Largest and Best 4 i'^iT^L 2S cts. lYr.75c 2 YEARS $1 5Yrs.$2 Averages over 100 paprcs per issue— tells how to feed, house and breed; how to secure high ckb production; how to hatch and rear poultry successfully. Established 1874. Only 25efor4 mos. Stamps accepted. American Poultry Journal, 86-S23 Plvmouth Ct., Chicago RAISE GUINEA PIGS Hfor us. We buy all you raise. _ Big profits— large demand — easilyraised. Pay betterthan poultry orrabbits. Par- 'ticulars and booklet how to raise FREE. CAVieS DISTRiaUTING CO., 3145 Grand Ave., Kansas City. Moa MASON BEE SUPPLY COMPANY, Mechanic Falls, Maine. From 1897 to 1922 the Northeastern Branch of The A. T. Root Company. PROMPT AND EFFICIENT SERVICE BECAUSE — Only Root's Goods are sold. , It is a business with us — not a side line. Eight mails daily — Two lines of railway. If you have not received 1922 catalog send name at once. Wishing my many customers and friends a Merry Christmas and a Happy Prosperous New Year and soliciting your future corre- spondence and patronage. INDIANOLA APIARY VALDOSTA, GEORGIA PATENTS I make a specialty of patonts, trade-marks and copyrights. Protect and profit by your ideas. Ad- vice and terms on request. Eleven years' active practice before U. S. Patent office. Write today. Lester L. Sargent, patent lawyer, 524 Tenth St.. Washington, D. C. 810 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE Dkcember, 1922 Our Guarantee and Advertising Conditions Believing that all the advertisers in this journal are trustworthy, we make the following guarantee of our advertising, together with a statement of the conditions we must exact both from our advertisers and from our subscribers who may patronize such advertisers : OUR GUARANTEE (subject to conditions here- in mentioned) : We will make good to paid sub- scribers the loss of money that may be sent to any deliberate swindler or irresponsible advertiser by reason of any misleading advertisement that may be printed in our columns. We will promptly discontinue the advertisement of any advertiser against whom a clearly valid com- plaint is made by a subscriber, and such advertiser will not be restored (if at all) to our columns until he has fully satisfied such complaint; furthermore, if we find that the facts sworn to in affidavit by the complainant and the circumstances warrant it, we will then not only e.xclude the advertiser from our columns, but at our own expense will proceed (by law, if necessary) to compel him to make restitu- tion or to secure his proper punishment. WHAT WE DO NOT GUARANTEE: We will not guarantee against bankrupts sanctioned by the courts. We will not guarantee the settlement of disputes between subscribers and honest advertis- ers, nor against loss and delay caused by honest advertisers who may be unable to fulfill condi- tions or contracts because of innocent misfor- tune or unfavorable conditions beyond their con- trol. We will not guarantee any deal for bees and queens in which the purchaser advances the cash to the queen or bee rearer without an ar- rangement, either through a bank or express company, whereby the purchaser can examine the bees or queens upon arrival and before the cash is released to the shipper — wishing our subscrib- ers to take the same business care we ourselves would take in making a deal for queens or bees and trusting our "cash in advance" to those only who we know by experience have an estab- lished record of honest business dealing. (In mak- ing this last condition, we in no way challenge the right and propriety of the honest, business- like, prompt queen or bee rearer to ask pay in ad- vance, either the whole or part, for he is worthy of such confidence, has proved himself, and can secure orders on cash-in-advance terms. But the purchaser should know his bee or queen dealer, if he is to advance the cash, and if he does so it must be at his own risk — not ours). We will not guarantee the purity of any seed advertised nor any nursery stock, as nurserymen ordinarily will not do this themselves; but any seedsman or nur- seryman advertising in our columns will have given us excellent references in advance, and our readers may consder this fact in their favor. We will not guarantee advertisers more than one month after the last appearance of their adver- tisements in our columns. We will not guarantee temporary advertisers for "help wanted," "posi- tion wanted," nor advertisers of single sales or of small or second-hand articles, in which trans- actions the terms of bargain and payment are special and the purchaser can, by taking care, guard his own interests. CONDITIONS INCUMBENT UPON OUR SUB- SCRIBERS: In order that our subscril)ers may se- cure the benefit of our advertising guarantee, in case of need to do so, they must mention in writ- ing to advertisers that they are replying to an advertisement seen in Gleanings in Bee Culture. They must give notice of complaint against an advertiser within one month of the time of the transaction complained of, and only after having made written coiuplaint to the advertiser in ques- tion ; such complaint to us must be in the form of a sworn affidavit as to the facts set forth in the comiilaint, if the complainant wishes us to take up his claim against the advertiser; the right of examination of the article to be purchased before payment for it, must be demanded and made in all cases wherein the purchaser does not know to his full satisfaction the dealer of whom he is to ijurchase. Our subscribers will be solely re- sponsible for the terms they agree to with ad- vertisers and must use all reasonable caution and diligence in making such terms and in satisfying themselves of the conditions and quality of any article or commodity offered for sale. CONDITIONS INCUMBENT UPON OUR AD- VERTISERS: We reserve the right, at any time, to cancel any advertising contract and discontinue advertisement, and refund, pro rata, for space not furnished under contract. Every advertiser, un- less well known to us and with an established record for honest and prompt dealing, will be re- quired to furnish satisfactory credentials as to both character and financial standing, the en- dorsements of a local banker, postmaster and of- ficial, or three other endorsements equally as good, being asked for by us. Queen and bee rearers, who seek to advertise in our columns, must furnish not only satisfactory character and financial references, but must sign our Code for the Sale of Queens and Bees, answer our ques- tionnaire as to their beekeeping and apiary con- ditions; and, if new in the business of selling queens and bees, must furnish us with the en- dorsement of at least five reputable beekeepers or a beekeepers' society, or give an indemnity bond, or furnish us with both the endorsement of bee- keepers and bond. All advertisers must not only deal honestly, but they must follow correct busi- ness practice, be prompt in business correspond- ence and in the delivery of goods, or else expect to be barred from our advertising columns for such business delinquencies. WHAT WE SEEK TO ACCOMPLISH: By this guarantee and its conditions we seek the accom- plishment of two puri)oses : to drive the unreliable advertiser out of our columns and even punish him by law if he so deserves and it is possible to do it; to be relieved of the burden thrown upon us in the past l)y the unwise deals of our readers and unjust complaints against lionest advertisers. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. The A. I. Root Co., Publishers. 1)i:.k.mi',i:r, 1922 GLEANINGS TN BKK CULTURE The Co-operntive Movement. - Contin'd from p. 771. as dangerous to the life of a co-oiKM-ative enterprise are: (1) No dofinito economic ])lan; (2) co-operation as a side issue; (3) co-operation attempted in isolated units; ('4) lack of proper management; (5) asso- ciation witli politics of any kind. A beokoepors' Utopia is still invisible in the sky tlirough the most powerful tele- scopes. Patience, willingness to attempt something new, persistence and hard work alone can bring us nearer to the goal we seek. The door to producers is now open. Let us enter before it is too late. Schoharie, N. Y. Mil L'i;iiiiiiiiiiiiii:iii:.niMiiiJiii:iiii:iiii.ii!i:iiii.i:!i.i::Lii;Li;iniiiiiiiii:iiiiiinii LEWIS 4-WAY BEE ESCAPES ■ FoTir exits from supers. Fits n}] staTiflard hoards. _ Springs of cojipered .steel. Made of substantial = | metal. Price each, 18c ]irepaid. Made by G. B. LEWIS COMPANY, Watertown, Wis., U. S.A. For Sale by All Dealers. ATTENTION NORTHERN BEEKEEPERS A MIGHTY INTERESTING PROPOSITION VERY LOW PRICES NUCLEI AND PACKAGE BEES FOR EARLY SPRING DELIVERY Black bees with Italian Queens. Fine stock of Italians. No disease. Abun- dance of experience as shipper and re- ceiver of bees insures the service you should receive. A postal brings prices and detailed information. A. J. HEABD, BONAIRE, GA. BEES TO CANADA Package bees at reduced prices; highly bred Italian queens, leather-colored, three-banded stock; thoroughbred quality, prolificness guaranteed. T ship to various parts of the United States and Canada every spring; unsolicited testimonials and repeat orders prove satisfaction. My bees are healthy. Safe arrival or replacement or money refunded guaranteed. Shipmjnts begin about April 1 .5. Order early and be in time. Three-frame nuclei a specialty, and have shipped them safely for years, not only to northern, eastern and western parts of the United States, but also to Canada. .A.lso shipped successfully to the Virgin Islands. Write for my circular of special offer on three-frame nuclei and conibloss packane.s. C. M. ELFER, ST. ROSE, LOUSIANA We just received several carloads of beautiful Honey. Eoadside beekeepers and those supplying a f amih'- trade" will do well to take advantage of these bargain prices: In 60-lb. Tins — White Orange, 13c lb.; White Sage, 12c lb. Extra L. A. Sage. IOV2C lb. HONE Y GLASS AND TIN HONEY CONTAINERS. %Ah. cans, crates of 100 $4.50 ■lb. pails (with handles) crates of 100.. 7.00 10-Ib. pails (with handles), crates of 50. 5.25 60-lb. tins, 2 per case, new $1.20 case; used 25c WHITE FLINT GLASS, WITH GOLD LAC- QUERED WAX LINED CAPS. 8-oz. honey cai>ac., .$1..")0 per carton of :i doz. 16-oz. honey capac. $1.20 per carton of 2 doz. Qt. 3-lb. honey capac. 90c per carton of 1 doz. HOFFMAN & HAUCK, INC. Woodhaven, New^ York GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE December, 1^22 KITSELMAN FENCH ^ACTO^YDIRECr "Saved at Least $1:0, ' writes W. W. Fuller, Carmi, 111. You, too, can save"by buying direct at Lowest Factory Prices. WE PAY THE FREIGHT. Write today for Free 100-page y Catalog of Farm, Poultry and Lawa Fence, Gates, Posts and Barbed Wire. KITSELMAN BROS. Dept. 21 MUNCIE, IND. ost Haitdlantoni A powerful portable lamp, giving a 300 candle power pure white light. Just what the farmer, dairyman, stockman, etc. needs. Safe — Reliable .—Economical— Absolutely Rain, Storm and Bug I proof. Bums either gasoline or kerosene. Light m weight. Agents wanted. Big Profits. Write tor Catalog. THE BEST UGHT CO. 306 E. 5th St., Canton. O. RHODES DOUBLE CUT PRUNING SHEAR RHODES MFG. C< »a« S. DIVISION AVE., GRAND RAPIDS, MICH. THE only pruner made that cuts from both sides of the limb and does not bruise the bark. Made in all styles and sizes. All shfears delivered free to your door. Write for circular and prices. You can have cash for your wax and old combs or cappings at the market price, or we allow a little more in exchange for supplies. Write for our terms and prices. H falcon ff SUPPLIES - QUEENS - FOUNDATION W. T. FALCONER MFG. COMPANY FALCONER, NEW YORK (Near Jamestown). "Where the hest beehives come from." Ask for Catalog. Booklet, "Simplified Beekeeping for Beginners," free. For years we have been shipping thousands of pounds of bees all over U.S.A. and Canada. Now is the time to place your order for spring. Send for our free 1923 circular. We can save you money by ordering early. The Very Best of Queens and Bees. ITALIANS — CARNIOLANS — GOLDENS. Nueces County Apiaries Calallen, Texas DKt'EMnKR, 19C n I. K A N I N G S IN in<: E C U T. T II R K 8i:i JUST AN HONEST MARKET FOR YOUR RAW FURS Price List ready NovemlDer 20. I solicit your shipments with the un- derstanding that I will either satisfy you with returns or pay all transpor- tation and return your own goods. GEO. E. KRAMER VALENCIA, PA. Honey Containers We liavc some interesting prices to offer on honey containers; send us a list of your requirements and let us quote you our prices. 21/^-lb. cans in reshipping cases of 24 and crates of 100 and 500. 5-lb. pails in reshipping cases of 12 and crates of 100 and 200. 10-lb. pails in reshipping cases of 6 and crates of 100. 1-gallon square or oblong cans with 1%-inch screw cap in boxes of fi. 1-gallon square or oblong cans with 1%-inch screw cap in crates of lOO. 60-lb. square cans with 1%-inch screw cap in cases of 2 cans. 16-oz. round glass jars in reshipping cases of 2 dozen. 61/^-oz. tin top tumblers in resliipping cases of 4 dozen. Shipping cases for comb lioney for any style sections in tlie 24- lb. or 12-lb. size. Send for our catalog showing full line of Bee Supplies. AUGUST LOTZ CO. BOYD, WISCONSIN 1923--NUCLE! and A. I. ROOT BEE SUPPLIES- 1923 One extra Pound of Bees With Each Nucleus and Shipped on Capped Brood. Saventeeu years of experience has taught us that a three-frame miclons. if reeeived before May 15, will gather a surplus crop of honey. With the e.xtra pound of bees you are doubly assured of that fact. I would be pleased to have Beekeepers, who have become dis.satisfied with pound packages and nuclei, to try our nuclei. .Tframe Nuclei of Italian Bees, with queen, $5.00 each. 3-frame Nuclei of hybrids, with Italian queen, $4.50 each. We guarantee safe arrival and free from disease and satisfaction, "To whom it may concern: I have this day. Sept, 22, 1922, completed the in- spection of the yards of A, R. Irish and found them free from contagious bee dis- eases.— S. V, Brown, State Inspector of Apiaries." u= A. R. IRISH, Nuclei Specialist, SAVANNAH, GA., BOX 134 bjOlNking by mla.il, ax A.T.Spitzer PRES. ERRoot VICE PRES. E.B.SpitzGr I CASHIER The Power of Money Money makes possible the bast achievements of lite — it insures comfort and happiness, freedom from worry, and independence when earning' power has ceased. You ought to deposit part of your earnings reguhuly in this l)ank. Deposits received by mail. The SAVINGS DEPOSIT BANK CO. THE HOME OF THE HONEY-BEE MEDINA, OHIO - 814 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE December, 1922 You Can Get More Eggs Over 90% of the Egg Is WATER Give your fowls all the pure un- chilled water they can drink, and watch them shell out the eggs. One of my Little Putnam Stoves will keep enough water unfrozen to supply 30 or 40 fowls, even in the coldest weather. This Stove holds 3 pints of oil— requires no attention except a monthly filling, due to my patented burner. It's fireproof and non-explosive— can be operated anywhere You can run it all winter at a cost of from 20 to 30 cents. You'll get enough more eggs the first month to pay for it. Little Putnam Stove keeps v?ater unfrozen— not hot. Little PUTNAM Stove .00 Postpaid 2:^ Little tutnam Stove can also be used as a heating unit for an easy_to- make and easy-to-operate Oat Sprouter. Full Srttions for^akin'g the Sprouter are packed with every Little Putnam Stove, or I will mail Tset free and promptly if you will request it, and send your dealer's name. /^TT * o A MTFF— T o-nnrantee the Little Putnam Stove to give Tou^7oTJtrenTrr^r:iL and $2^00, check or mo.ey- order, and I will send you a stove post-paid. I. PUTNAM Route 1260 s ELMIRA, N. Y, M^U^c^YilorM's Best Roofing Reo" CIU";tGr Motn^ Shindle'i. V-Crimp, ('orru- srated, StandinB Seam, Painted or Galvanized Roof- ing . Sidings, Wallboard, I'a.ntg, etc., direct to you at ^ ock-Bottom Factory Prices. Save money— get better quality and lasting satisfaction. Edwards "Reo" Metal Shingles have great durability— many customers report IB and 20 years' service.Guaranteed fire and lightning proof. "■"" ■* Free Roofing Book Get our wonderfully low prices and free samples. We sell direct to you and save you all in-between dealer's profits Ask for Book No. 183 ^ — Good— $ Magazines People's Popular Monthly 0 LOW PRICED GARAGES Lowest prices on Rcady-Made Fire-Proof Steel Garages. Set up any place. Send postal for Garage Book, showing styles. THE EDWARDS MFG. CO. 123312H3 Pike St. Cincinnati, 0. FREE Samples & Roofing Book /One VYea lUustraled Needlework (g^e'V^e'^?) /Week9y\ V6 Mos.y / Monthly \ VOne Year/ / Monthly \ VOne Yoar-' '-Special Price $|00 One Year> Pathfinder Mother's Magazine (o'nVYe/r; / FOR Fruit Garden & Home (^TVe'Ir) V ALL FIVE fjBt ORDER BY CLUB NUMBER 653 Send Dollar BillToday-WeTakeAll Risk Moll AH Orders To ^ Magazine Publishers' Circulation Boreaa Union Bank B'jilding. Cbicaeo ThBBEST LIGHT Positively the cheapest and Btrongest U^rht on earth. Used In every country on the fflobe. Makes and boms Ita own sras. Casta no iha^owa. Clean and odorless. Absolutely safe. Over 200 styles. 100 to tOOO Candle Power. Fully Guaranteed. Write for cataloK. AGENTS WANTED EVERTWHERE„ THE BEST UGHT CO. 306 E. 5th St., Canton, O, DKcK.MiiKR, UVJL> G L K A N I N (! S IX ]? K K O H li T U K K DECEMBER CLEARANCE SALE We list tlio followiiiii' items of odd lots whit-li we offer at a low price before inxeiitory. Terms, net cash, F. O. 1'.. cars LaiisiiiL;. All orders subject to jirior sale. () Dadant electric imbedders, each $ .73 15 Danz. empty hive-bodies, K. D., each, 75c; five for 3.50 30 10-fraiiie N. Supers i^v 4V4 x 4% x l^ij-inch sections, com- plete except sections and foundation, at rate of 5 for 4.25 1500 ThnmbscreAvs for old-style T supers, per 100 1.50 The lot for 15.00 750 Weis Fibre Honey containers, 6-oz. size, per 100 2.00 The lot for 12.00 300 Weis Fibre Honey Containers, 5-lb. size, per 100 4.00 The lot for 11.00 35 Shipping Cases 12-lb, for 41/4x11/2 plain sections. The lot for 4.25 30 Comb-honey Carriers for 24-lb. 4x5 shipping cases, 5 for. . . 6.50 The lot for 36.00 30 Hotbed Sash, complete in Hat except glass, 5 for 7.75 -o- Headquarteis always for Root's Qoods in Michigan. -0- We Want Beeswax. -0- Get our prices on Fridion-top Pails and Honey Glass jars. -o- M. H. HUNT & SON 510 North Cedar St. LANSING, MICH. llllllllllllM Illllllllllllllll Ill Illlllllllllllll I Illllllllllllllllllll Illllllll I I Illlllllllllllllilllllllllllllllllllllllllllll IllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllilllllllWI G L K A N I N G S IN BEE C I' L T U R E December, 1922 4000 Nuclei or Packages for 1923 SUPERIOR ITALIAN QUEENS FULL COLONIES, NUOLEI POUND PACKAGES WRITE FOR CIRCULAR CYPRESS BEE SUPPLIES Hive-bodies, Covers, Bottoms, Supers, Frames. We can furnish you the best of the above at a fair price. Let us quote you. THE STOVER APiARIES MAYHEW, MISSISSIPPI WE'LL SUPPLY YOU BEE SUPPLIES THAT ARE MADE TO SATISFY Let us quote you prices before you place your onlor, and you will uot be sorry. Jllustrated Catalog sent on request. The best market prices for vour beeswax. WRITE TO A.H.RUSCH&SONCO. REEDSVILLE, WISCONSIN Big Reduction ■ -ON — Bee Supplies Shipping cases $30.00 per 100 Slotted section-holders... $3.00 per 100 Sections, 1%, No. 1... $10.00 per 1000 Job lots of frames, regular size $3.00 per 100 Standard Hoffman frames, QVs deep $4.50 per 100 Uuspaced wedged top-bar frames, 9V8 deep $2.75 per 100 Send for Catalog and Price List. CHARLES MONDENG 146 Newton Avenue N. and 159 Cedar Lake Rd. MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. THERE IS NO GIFT FOR A BOY AGIRI OR A FAMILY EQUAL TO A YEAR THE YOTTH'S COMP "Every There is purpose, leadership page. Your boys and girls the family will find just th want. It comes every v/eek Short Stories, Adventure Stories, Ssria Editorials, Articles by Famous Pe^pje Pages and Family Pages include ii^smicti^n^ in Football, Baseball, Tennis and other sports, and many practical suggestion^'for home etiicicncy and economy and NION lursday^' and helpful suggestion in every and all the other members of e kind of entertainment they Group Stories, Current Events, Timely AM9^rfbtis, etc. The Boys' Pages, Girls' \\ // NO OTHER INVESTMENT RIRVyOUR FAMILY EQUALS THIS I Every New Subscriber who cuts out this slip and sends it with S2.50 for The Youth's Companion for 1923 will receive : 1. THE 52 ISSUES OF 1923 ^^^ 2. ALL REMAINING 1922 Weekly Issues 3. The Companion Home Calendar for 1923 THE YOUTH'S COMPANION. BOSTON, iMASS. ALL lii? How a Beekeeper Got Back $2.21 Illustrating Root Service F. L. Burleson is a beekeeper at Spear, N. C. Last May he ordered from the Norfolk branch of The A. I. Eoot Company a shipment of hives, supers and sections. This shipment was promptly made to Mr. Burleson at Spruce Pine, N. C, one of his shipping points, and his postoffice address, Spear, N. C, was also very carefully marked on the shipping crates. The railroad company delivered the supplies at Spruce Pine, but neglected to inform Mr. Burleson at his home at Spear, that the goods had arrived and were await- ing him at the Spruce Pirwe station, 12 miles from his home. For four weeks the shipment remained there, and during this time Mr. Burleson repeatedly inquired of the railroad employees if his goods had been re- ceived at Spruce Pine station and was told they had not arrived. He then complained to The A. I. Eoot Company, and a "tracer" was at once put on trail of the shipment which was found to have been de- livered at Spruce Pine a month previously. To make a long story short: Mr. Burleson then got his much -needed bee supplies, but had to pay the railroad $2.21 overtime storage charges before the station master at Spruce Pine would release the goods to him. In writing to The A. I. Eoot Company, Mr. Burleson chanced to mention that he thought the storage charges were unjust. He did not ask The A. I. Eoot Company to take the case up with the railroad — but, our Com- pany, unasked, did take the case up with the railroad officials. Our traffic manager, who is an expert in all shipping matters, wrote the railroad company a half dozen let- ters, presenting all his carefully gathered evidence of the railroad's neglect. On October fourth, the Super- intendent of Transportation of the railroad fully acknowledged its er- ror, and paid back to Mr. Burleson the $2.21 unjust storage charges. This is only an everyday example of Eoot "service" to its patrons. Whether it is $2.21 or $1,000.00 that is involved, Eoot "service" is at your service and it equals "Eoot Quality. ' ' Both are yours when vou deal with us or our dealers. The qA. I. ^ot Company Medina, Ohio, U. S. A. West Side Station Kifly-lwo Years in tlie Beekeeping BuaineH;*