A GLOBAL OVERVIEW OF FOREST PROTECTED AREAS ON THE WORLD HERITAGE LIST A Contribution to the Global Theme Study of World Heritage Natural Sites Prepared by Jim Thorsell and Todd Sigaty Natural Heritage Programme IUCN Gland, Switzerland September 1997 mB. ki. WORLD CONSERVATION MONITORING CENTRE : : The World Conservation Union Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge htto://www.archive.org/details/globaloverviewof9/thor A GLOBAL OVERVIEW OF FOREST PROTECTED AREAS ON THE WORLD HERITAGE LIST A Contribution to the Global Theme Study of World Heritage Natural Sites Prepared by Jim Thorsell and Todd Sigaty Natural Heritage Programme IUCN Gland, Switzerland September 1997 Working Paper 1: Earth’s Geological History - A Contextual Framework Assessment of World Heritage Fossil Site Nominations Working Paper 2: A Global Overview of Wetland and Marine Protected Areas on the World Heritage List Working Paper 3: A Global Overview of Forest Protected Areas on the World Heritage List Further volumes (in preparation) on biodiversity, mountains, deserts and grasslands, and geological features. TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Executive Summary (e/f) II. Introduction III. Tables & Figures Table 1. Table 2. Table 3. Table 4. Table 5. Table 6. Table 7. Table 8. Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. IV. Maps OS AL SSIES, la Forest protected areas on the World Heritage List Tropical moist forest protected areas on the World Heritage List Tropical dry forest protected areas on the World Heritage List Sub-tropical forest protected areas on the World Heritage List Temperate forest protected areas on the World Heritage List Boreal forest protected areas on the World Heritage List Forest protected areas inscribed on the List of World Heritage in Danger Forest protected areas which may merit consideration for World Heritage nomination Distribution by realm forest protected areas on the World Heritage List Total size of World Heritage sites with forest protected areas by biogeographic realm Distribution by size World Heritage sites with forest protected areas Number of tropical forest protected areas on the World Heritage List and total size of sites by biogeographic realm Forest protected areas in the Nearctic Realm on the World Heritage List Forest protected areas in the Palearctic Realm West on the World Heritage List Forest protected areas in the Palearctic Realm East on the World Heritage List Forest protected areas in the Afrotropical Realm on the World Heritage List Forest protected areas in the Indomalayan Realm on the World Heritage List Forest protected areas in the Australian, Oceanian and Antarctic Realms on the World Heritage List 7. Forest protected areas in the Neotropical Realm on the World Heritage List V. Detailed inventory of site 1. Site inventory (annex) description 2. Forest protected areas inscribed on the World Heritage List 3. World Heritage Operational Guidelines, #43-45 PAGE 43 55 . Das athe agativedt MW to suis leboT Somugit | 48 gait sgesol bhoW asiv ¢d ood Loui Yee - ssue est bir te oH b ; being meme legen ta maim owgiB Sh) |)! Meee ee i rettess 2digeryosgoid (6 sevta Yo — ~ = “7 Sah eget bhoW! st. 00 braitoant = A thf te esnitobiwd Menon EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This working paper provides a global overview of the current coverage of forest protected areas on the World Heritage List and suggests potential forest areas which may merit future nomination to this prestigious List. Despite the essential role that forests play in climate control. flora and fauna habitat, and in the lives of the human population, they continue to be one of the most threatened biomes. Recent estimates indicate that nearly 50% of the world’s original forest cover has been lost and over 4,000 tree species have been listed by IUCN as globally threatened. In 1996, IUCN’s Natural Heritage Program began a project to prepare a global strategy for natural World Heritage sites. As part of this project, this working paper on forests is the third in a series of global overviews of the various biomes of the world (e.g. wetlands, forests, mountains, deserts, grasslands, etc.). These theme studies involve close co-operation with the World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC) and have benefitted from the support of Australia’s Department of Environment. This working paper identifies the 61 forest protected areas currently on the World Heritage List, representing 39 countries and over 50 million ha of protected area. It further locates 25 potential forest protected areas from various global regions which may merit future World Heritage nomination. The 61 sites are categorised by forest type (tropical moist, tropical dry, sub-tropical, temperate and boreal) and biogeographical realm and numbered to provide the reader easy reference to the tables, figures and maps. The annex includes a summary description of all 61 forested protected sites on the World Heritage List cross referenced with their relations with other international programs and conventions (e.g. Biosphere Reserves and WWF Global 200 Ecoregions). Although Ramsar is not mentioned, 37 of the 61 sites in this overview were categorised in working paper 2 as World Heritage sites with wetland and marine values. A gap analysis of the sites listed in this overview indicates that a limited number of forest protected areas presently exist on the World Heritage List within Amazonia (Neotropical Realm), portions of the Indomalayan Realm, the boreal regions of the Palearctic realm, and no sites exist in the Oceanian Realm (Papua New Guinea and the North and South Pacific). It is hoped that this overview will assist IUCN in making comparative evaluations and provide the World Heritage Committee with a firmer scientific basis for making decisions on new World Heritage nominations. It will also provide State Parties with a global perspective which is useful when identifying potential World Heritage properties in their territories. CRANE aVITUDIKA eid T yenaeng rst 10 ogersvoo isturs ‘iniho, waivis7o lotto’ « eabiving T2484 ; srutbit throm qaer sollw team see faiinsion atvoggue bes wish bhwW or: a ano 7 lomeos siamnils si Yelq gota roid alot isitnaees gb stiqe] sis 2vOKpAee zi? OF noianimen atit to ano 94 6) shames vert ine qm sc to 2ovil oft ot bas tailed anu boa moh” ago fenigha bow ott? {ftir test wecihen peat, ines gemmond pantesutt rom bansteoil: Yikedoly 2k AOUT Med over esiveg: sou 000.6 wo hammol med aad myo | erg ssn eat WENO 7 elds tory 2h eatia } | 70) “goteue secede sth 2 120ian a sabeconksanaghe i a . bho W aelt ah Ir i ceeae cs canal : vv aids ai wntie 12 2d Yo "noise RESUME Ce document de travail présente un bilan au niveau planétaire des foréts protégées qui se trouvent sur la Liste du patrimoine mondial. Des foréts qui pourraient meriter d’étre inscrites sur cette Liste prestigieuse y sont proposées. Les foréts jouent un réle essentiel dans la régulation du climat, servent d’habitat pour la flore et la faune et influencent considérablement la vie des populations humaines. Elles demeurent cependant l'un des biomes les plus menacés. Prés de 50% de leur superficie mondiale originelle a été perdue et plus de 4000 espéces d’arbres ont été inscrites par l'UICN sur la Liste des espéces menacées. En 1996, le Programme pour le patrimoine naturel de I'UICN a entrepris un projet dont le but est d’élaborer une stratégie mondiale pour les sites naturels du patrimoine mondial. Produit dans le cadre de ce projet, ce tome sur les foréts est le troisieme d’une série de bilans mondiaux relatifs aux biomes de la planéte (par exemple, zones humides, foréts, montagnes, prairies). Ces études thématiques sont réalisées en étroite coopération avec le “World Conservation Monitoring Centre” (WCMC) et a l’aide du soutien généreux du Département de l'environnement d’Australie. Actuellement, 61 foréts se trouvent sur la Liste du patrimoine mondial (y compris 30 en région tropicale), représentant 39 pays et plus de 50 millions d’hectares d’aires protégées. Ces sites sont regroupés en catégories selon le type de foréts qu’ils comprennent (forét tropicale humide, tropicale aride, subtropicale, tempérée ou boréale) et leur appartenance biogéographique, afin de permettre au lecteur de se référer aisément aux tables et plans. Une bréve description des 61 foréts du patrimoine mondial se trouve en annexe et met en évidence leur relation avec d'autres programmes et conventions (par exernple, Reserves mondiales de la Biosphére, Ecorégions mondiales 200 de WWF). L’analyse démontre que peu de foréts appartenant au patrimoine mondial se situent en Amazonie, dans le Pacifique Sud, certaines régions du Sud-Est asiatique, et les régions de foréts boréales. Cet inventaire devrait assiter lUICN a effectuer des evaluations comparatives et devrait fournir au-Comité du-patrimoine mondial une-base scientifique plus solide pour ses prises de décisions relatives aux nominations a venir pour le patrimoine mondial. Les Etats Parties auront aussi a leur disposition une perspective mondiale qui les assistera a identifier des sites potentiels pour le patrimoine mondial au sein de leur territoire. gMuess alive? gab mishingia ueavid, Ue nee ny sineaina haved eb jnermob D> os wp amnet 280 4sibnomn. iigq ub sii! s! wa frevucll on seageicng aiei! #tlao 12 suihoeni eue'D ee ineeTIOG = panied pepe aa’) ES mite: ban ape co ; r} mens er ees hey jayne Ta A GLOBAL OVERVIEW OF FOREST PROTECTED AREAS INSCRIBED ON THE WORLD HERITAGE LIST “Of vast circumference and gloom profound This solitary Tree! - a living thing Produced too slowly ever to decay; of form and aspect too magnificent to be destroyed.” From “Yew Trees,” William Wordsworth, 1770-1850. l. Introduction In 1996, |IUCN’s Natural Heritage Program initiated a project to prepare a global strategy for natural World Heritage sites. It was foreseen to prepare global overviews on World Heritage site coverage in the various biomes of the world (e.g. forests, wetlands, mountains, grasslands, etc.) and an overview of biodiversity values of World Heritage sites. The project would involve close co-operation with the World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC) where the world’s major biodiversity and protected area database is located. Support for the conduct of these theme studies was generously provided by Australia’s Department of Environment. The first in this series of working papers was the global theme study on “Earth’s Geological History - A Contextual Framework for Assessments of World Heritage Fossil Site nominations.” This report was prepared over the course of a year by Professor Rod Wells of Flinders University and was made available to the World Heritage Committee in December, 1996. It provides a temporal view of where fossil records best display the record of life on earth (natural heritage criteria i). The second in the series was an overview of World Heritage natural sites with wetland and marine values prepared by IUCN’s Natural Heritage program in September, 1997. It reviews 77 World Heritage sites with significant wetland and marine values and describes over 40 wetland and marine areas which may merit consideration for future nomination on the World Heritage List. Many of these potential sites are located in areas with minimal World Heritage protection at the current time. This working paper is the third in the series and focuses on forest protected areas on the World Heritage List. It-was first initiated -at-the “International Conference on World Heritage Forests,” held in Queensland in September, 1996, with a background paper by Jim Thorsell and Jim Paine. It will also serve as useful background to the “World Heritage Convention as an International Instrument for Biodiversity Conservation in Tropical Rainforests”, to be held in Brestagi, Northern Sumatra, Indonesia in May, 1998. The purpose of this working paper is twofold: first, to inventory forest protected areas on the World Heritage List which provides an overview of the current “coverage;” and second, to locate potential forest protected areas from various global regions for future inscription on the World Heritage List (gap areas). This overview identifies 61 forest protected areas on the World Heritage List and describes 25 forest protected areas which may merit consideration for future nomination. Thirty-seven of the 61 forest protected areas on the World Heritage List were included as World Heritage Sites with wetland and marine values (working paper #2), 15 categorised as major wetland sites and 22 as secondary. This overview will assist IUCN in making comparative evaluations and provide the World Heritage Committee with a firmer scientific basis for making decisions. It will also be of interest to State Parties as it will provide them with a global perspective which is useful when identifying potential World Heritage properties in their territories. Il. What are forests? There are probably as many definitions of “forests” as there are sources. Although we all know a tree when we see it, defining a forest by type and amount of forest cover are difficult and oft-debated tasks. Moreover, a forest is a complex system of numerous species and ecological processes. Despite the biodiversity within forest ecosystems, most statistics have focused primarily on the amount of forest cover. The Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations (FAO), in previous reports have defined forests as “ecological systems with a minimum of 10% crown cover of trees and/or bamboos, generally associated with wild flora and fauna and natural soil conditions and not subject to agricultural practices.” In the case of developed countries, a forest is often defined by a minimum of 20% forest cover. The density and quality of species are also important characteristics to consider in defining forests, a topic which will be addressed in a future working paper on biodiversity values of World Heritage sites. For the purposes of this working paper, forest protected areas on the World Heritage List were included if the nominations of the respective State Parties or WCMC forest data revealed a substantial amount (defined in section III) of forest cover within the site. According to recent estimates, over 35 million sq. km of forest cover remain in the world. Tropical forests comprise nearly 50% (17 million sq. km) of the remaining global forest, but have the highest rate of deforestation (4-8%) of the forest biomes. Central and South America contain 60% of the world’s rainforest with the remaining portion being divided evenly between West Africa, Southeast Asia and the South Pacific. Tropical forests are located within an equatorial belt between 4 degrees north and south of the equator in areas with a constant temperature of 18-30 degrees Celsius and an evenly distributed rainfall of over 2,000m per year. This overview identifies tropical moist and tropical dry forest protected areas, which provide habitat for nearly 80% of the world’s species. Temperate forest comprises 8 million sq. km of forest cover and occurs within a belt between 32 and 60 degrees latitude. Temperate forests vary in composition and conditions, but usually contain open forests with beech, maple, oak and other deciduous trees. Temperate rainforest contains evergreen moist and deciduous trees and exists in a few coastal regions of the temperate zone. Only pockets of virgin growth temperate forests remain (2 to 3%) in Central Europe, Asia and North America, making them one of the most threatened forest biomes. The remaining 10 million sq. km of global forest cover are the coniferous forests in the boreal zone which occur in the northern latitudes across Canada, Alaska, Scandinavia and Siberia above the temperate broad leaf zone. The boreal forest is not a uniform expanse of trees, but merges with tundra vegetation. Each of these forest biomes are important resources for local populations and as habitat for numerous flora and fauna species. Ill. Criteria This working paper attempts to identify the forest protected areas on the current World Heritage List. As of 1996, 123 natural and mixed (natural/cultural) sites comprise the World Heritage List representing 62 countries. Many of these sites contain some forest, but only sites containing forest protected areas with significant forest cover were selected for this overview. The indication of whether or not the amount of forest cover within each site was significant was based primarily on two criteria. The first, and most important source, was information regarding the type and amount of forest provided by the State Party in the nomination for World Heritage designation. The second source of information used to make this decision was derived from the WCMC database for each World Heritage site and forest database files. In the database files, forest cover is calculated on the basis of whether a 8km x 8km grid cell is more than 50% forested. In order to make mangrove forests, mixed mountain forest areas, and island system forest areas visible on a global scale, any grid cell containing these categories was classified as being entirely forested. A site was included in this overview if either or both of these sources revealed 20% or more forest cover within the site or if the amount of forest cover was a primary reason why the site was nominated and inscribed on the World Heritage List. This data can be unreliable since World Heritage sites represent small areas when overlayed with global forest data plots, but improved forest data for each World Heritage site is being completed by WCNC and will be included in future revisions of this working paper. Based on this selection process, this working paper lists and describes 61 of the 123 World Heritage sites as containing significant forest protected areas. Therefore, for each of the 61 sites, either the information provided by the State Party in the site nomination stated that the forest component was a significant characteristic of the site or the forest data identified forest cover greater than 20% of the total size of the World Heritage site. When necessary, information on forest cover and forest type was also obtained from published articles on particular sites, as well as from observations and reports made from World Heritage site visits. In order to present a harmonised overview, a broad; pragmatic and global forest classification system has been used for this working paper. Each national data set or map was translated into five forest classes: tropical moist; tropical dry; sub-tropic; temperate; and boreal. Moist forests in the tropics, which are synonymous with rain or humid forests, include lowland and montane rainforest, and seasonal monsoon forests. Dry forests generally seasonally deciduous, but may also include pine forests, particularly in Central America and the Caribbean. Ifa site contained a portion of two forest types or a type not listed, it was listed in the category with the largest percentage (Tables 2-6), however, a complete description of all forest types in each site has been included in the Annex 1. Most World Heritage sites represent a large land area with multiple natural values. For this reason, many sites contain some forest area, but were not included in this inventory since the data revealed less than 20% forest cover within the site and/or the forest area was not a significant characteristic when considering the World Heritage site in its entirety. Examples of World Heritage sites not included in this overview for such reasons include: Tatsheshini-Alsek/Kluane National Park/Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Reserve/Glacier Bay National Park (white boreal forest); Mammoth Caves National Park (84 tree species and one of last remaining examples of eastern North America ancient forest); Wulingyuan Scenic and Historic Interest Area (maple, pine, oak and Chinese plum yew); The Lapponian Area (over 100,000ha of pristine pine and fir forest); Volcanoes of Kamchatka (boreal forest); Komodo National Park (tropical monsoon and quasi cloud forests); Grand Canyon (over 100,000ha of temperate forest); and Huascaran National Park (highest altitude tropical rain forest in the world). In fact, almost all natural World Heritage sites contain some forest component, however, only those considered highly significant have been included in this document. IV. Format of the Overview The Overview is divided into two sections: 1. Forest protected areas on the World Heritage List (61 sites) These 61 sites were categorised as forested protected areas on the World Heritage List based on the criteria stated above in section III. Although many sites were inscribed on the World Heritage List for meeting several criteria, the forest value for these sites was listed in the site nomination by the respective State Party as a major reason for inscription on the World Heritage List. 2. Analysis of forest protected areas on the World Heritage List - summary tables, figures and maps To assist in analysis, the following tables and figures are attached: Table 1 Forest protected areas on the World Heritage List Table 2. Tropical moist forest protected areas on the World Heritage List Table 3. Tropical dry forest protected areas on the World Heritage List Table 4 Sub-tropical forest protected areas on the World Heritage List Table 5 Temperate forest protected areas on the World Heritage List Table 6 Boreal forest protected areas on the World Heritage List Table 7 Forest protected areas inscribed on the List of World Heritage in Danger Table 8 Forest regions that contain protected areas which may merit consideration for World Heritage nomination Figure 1 Distribution by realm of forest protected areas on World Heritage List Figure 2 Total size of World Heritage sites with forest protected areas by realm Figure 3 Distribution by size of World Heritage sites with forest protected areas Figure 4 Number of tropical forest protected areas on the World Heritage List and total size of sites by biogeographic realm Attached are also seven maps which show the location of forest protected areas on the World Heritage List. On a global scale all but the very largest World Heritage sites are too small to be represented clearly. For this reason, seven maps of the forest protected areas on the World Heritage List have been prepared, each representing biogeographic realms: Nearctic; Palearctic (two maps); Afrotropical; Indomalayan; Neotropical; and (Oceanian Australian; and Antarctic mapped together). These maps show the location of forested protected areas on the World Heritage List within each realm. Each map categorises the forest cover into tropical moist, tropical dry, sub-tropic, temperate, and boreal. World Heritage sites are listed according to their corresponding number in Annex 1 and Tables 2-6. Each site is listed by name in the map legend. V. Data Sources Decisions regarding which World Heritage sites to include in the overview were primarily based on information extracted from the WCMC database. The database contains a record for each World Heritage site and includes discussion on the physical features, vegetation, flora and fauna, and conservation value of each site. WCMC drafts and updates the Data Sheets on the database based on materials received from the State Party and other sources. Reference was also made to Global Biodiversity: Status of the Earth’s Living Resources (1992), a WCMC publication. Data for the amount of forest within each World Heritage site was compiled from the WCMC database and GIS files which attempt to present a comprehensive picture of the extent of the remaining global forest cover and its relation with World Heritage protection. The data are accurate to approximately 1:1,000,000 scale and are based on maps and digital files from national and international sources from the early 1980s to early 1990. Much of this data is difficult to to overlay with World Heritage sites, but has recently been updated in World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Iremonger, S., C. Ravilious and T. Quinton (eds.) (1997) A Global Overview of Forest Conservation. CD-ROM. WCMC and CIFOR, Cambridge, U.K. The original sources differed greatly in their accuracy, classification, and the definition of the term “forest”. There were errors in the amount of forest within certain World Heritage sites and comments regarding total forest coverare are invited to assist in a future update of this working paper. New data from WCMC will better define the amount of forest cover within each World Heritage site and will be printed in future revisions of this working paper. In compiling this overview several IUCN publications were used, including Review of the Protected Areas System in the Indomalayan, Oceanian and Afrotropical Realms (1986); Conservation Atlas of -Trepical.Forests - vols |, Il, and Ill (1991); The World Heritage Convention, Twenty Years Later (1993); IUCN Red Book (1994); Paradise on Earth (1995), The World’s Centres of Plant Diversity - vol. 1, Il, Ill (1995); as well as articles, conference proceedings and secondary sources. Other valuable resources were the UNESCO publication of current Biosphere Reserves; “Forests in a Changing World,” by Jeff Sayer (1992); Nature’s Last Refugees (1992) by Robert Burton; FAO’s Tropical Forest Action Plan; Nature in Danger: Threatened Habitats and Species (1993) by Noel Simon and WCMC; and The Last Frontier Forests (1997) by the World Resources Institute; and various other articles and national forest website information. VI. Observations and Future Suggestions “Humans” have occupied and relied upon forest areas for thousands of years. This relationship continues today as humans become even more dependant on forests as an important resource economic, cultural, ecological and recreational resource and essential habitat for numerous threatened and endangered species of flora and fauna. Some of the most notable services and products provided by forests include: climate control, shelter, food, clothing, fuel, medicines, building materials, water quality, storm protection, and habitat for fauna. Despite their importance, forests remain among the world’s most threatened biomes. Nearly 50% of the earth’s original forest have been lost, mainly in the past three decades. Morevover, only 20% of original forest cover remain in large tracts of undisturbed forest, of which 70% is located within Russia, Canada and Brazil. A mere 3% of these large undisturbed tracts are temperate forests. Equally as threatened are tropical moist forests, which have lost 50% forest cover over the last few decades to plantations, grazing or scrubland. Each year, some 10 to 50 million ha (300,000ha per day) of virgin forest are lost. With over 50% of all terrestrial species inhabiting the world’s forests, this loss of habitat is resulting in massive species extinction as well as soil erosion, loss of biodiversity and climate change. Accessible tropical forest areas have virtually all been logged, except for pockets in Amazonia, Central Africa, and remote parts of insular Asia. Much of the remaining forest area in the tropics has increasingly been cleared or transformed into second growth or timber plantations. Over the last century tropical deforestation has been responsible for 125 billion tonnes of carbon into the atmosphere which is over half the amount contributed by fossil fuels combustion. Deforestation is a complex problem stemming from a number of economic, social and ecological factors. Threats to forests are numerous and vary depending on location, but include: commercial logging; clearing for agriculture and grazing, dams, mining, institutional weaknesses, inequitable land distribution, poverty, and in some cases war and civil strife. As a result to many of these threats, seven of the 61 forest protected areas included in this overview have been placed on the List of World Heritage Sites in Danger (Table 7). This suggests that inscription on the World Heritage List does not necessarily guarantee effective stewardship. Protection for forest areas can be achieved on many scales; from local practices, to national legislation, to international recognition through inscription as a Biosphere Reserve and/or on the World Heritage List. Eighteen of the 61 World Heritage sites included in this-overview are also-designated-Biesphere Reserves, including nine of the 30 tropical forest protected areas. Over the past few years there have been achievements in protecting forests, but the situation facing the earth’s forest areas remains a global conservation concern (Table 1). Less than 10% of the world’s remaining forest cover is legally protected. Likewise, a mere 4% of the remaining tropical moist forests are legally protected, with very few countries having over 10% of their tropical moist forests protected. Only Burundi, Singapore, Australia and Sri Lanka have over 50% of their remaining forests under protection. Despite advances in the capacity to make a more accurate assessment of the amount and type of forest remaining in the world, statistics on the amount of global forests and types of forest remain mere estimates. WCMC and others are in the process of compiling data to gain more precise global data. There are more accurate sources of information regarding the amount/percentage of forest remaining in individual countries or for specific forest types. Whatever the statistics, it is generally agreed that the rate of deforestation is high and that conservation of forest protected areas is a global conservation priority. As “humans” continue to learn more about their demands on the environment, there is an increasing need to inventory forest areas that have received international protection through the World Heritage Convention. Furthermore, it is important to identify forest areas in the world with minimal protection (gap areas) and list protected forest areas which may merit future nomination on the World Heritage List. From this overview of 61 forest protected areas inscribed on the World Heritage List, it is clear that there remain several other important forest areas which may be suitable for consideration for World Heritage nomination. A preliminary list of 25 prospective forest protected areas with potential for World Heritage inscription is listed and described in Table 8. The main criteria used in complying the list of potential forest areas which may merit future nomination for the World Heritage List were the World Heritage Operational Guidelines 43-45, IUCN (Annex 2), IUCN forest program staff and publications reviewing forest protected areas, primarily in regions with minimal World Heritage protection at the present time. This is certainly not an exhaustive list, but is an example of sites located in some of the gap areas currently not represented on the World Heritage List. Omissions of potential sites from Table 9 may not have been due to the lack of forest values, but rather because there were already other forest protected areas inscribed on the World Heritage List located in that particular region. Upon review of the forest protected areas inscribed on the World Heritage List (Table 1 and the maps), a gap analysis indicates that a limited number of forest protected areas exist on the World Heritage List at the present time within Amazonia (Neotropical Realm), portions of the Indomalayan Realm, the Caribbean (although a forest site in Dominica was nominated and recommended for inscription this year), the boreal regions of the Palearctic Realm, and no sites exist in the Oceanian Realm (Papua New Guinea or the North and South Pacific). Table 1 lists the 61 forest protected areas which are inscribed on the World Heritage List. Each biogeographical realm is represented except the Oceanian. Otherwise, the division is quite balanced between most of the realms with 10 or more sites located in each the Nearctic (10), Palearctic (14), Afrotropical (13) and Neotropical Realm (11). (Figure 1-and 2).. However, these four-realms contain 48 of the 61 sites (nearly 80%), whereas only 13 sites (20%) are located in the four remaining realms (Figure 1). A biogeographical balance in the location of forest protected areas is not only politically equitable, but is beneficial to maintain a healthy global biodiversity and conservation of flora and fauna species. By inventorying current coverage of forest protected areas on the World Heritage List and identifying gap areas for future nomination, it is hoped to help create a balanced world system of the most outstanding forest protected areas. Four additional sites (Sundarbans in Bangladesh, Mount Kenya in Kenya, the Nature Reserve El Triunfo in Mexico, and Morne Trois Pitons National Park in Dominica) were nominated by the respective State Parties and recommended for inscription by the World Heritage Bureau at the June, 1997 meeting in Paris. If approved by the December, 1997, World Heritage Committee these sites would be included in Table 1 as forest protected areas inscribed on the World Heritage List. The 61 protected forest areas on the World Heritage List were divided into five forest categories in order to show the range of forest type protected by World Heritage and to indicate which areas may merit future nomination (Tables 2-6). Tropical forest protected areas comprise 30 of the 61 (50%) forest areas inscribed on the World Heritage List (Table 2 and 3). These 30 sites contain significant tropical forest cover which was a primary reason for the nomination and inscription of the site on the World Heritage List. 13 tropical forest sites, comprising nearly 13 million ha, are located in the Afrotropical Realm (Figure 4). Although four of the Afrotropical forest sites are located within the Democratic Republic of Congo, nine countries are represented by the 13 sites (Table 2). A diverse distribution is evident in the Neotropical Realm where nine countries are represented by 10 sites (Table 2) and comprise nearly 8 million ha (Figure 4). The Indomalayan Realm has five sites totalling less than a million ha, which is a small proportion of the actual amount of forest within this realm. Table 2 and 3 indicate the distribution of tropical moist and tropical dry forest protected areas on the World Heritage List. These sites are also listed in Table 1, but further reveal that 25 sites contain tropical moist forest and 5 sites are tropical dry forest areas. Sub-tropical forest protected areas comprise 7 of the 61 sites and cover less than one million ha of forest protected area from four different biogeographic realms (Table 4). Temperate forest protected areas are better represented with 17 sites on the World Heritage List, 10 of which are located in China and the USA. On the other hand, only six boreal forest protected areas are on the World Heritage List (Table 6), but they cover nearly 17 million ha of forest, the largest of the five forest biomes addressed in this overview. Mention should be made regarding mangrove forest areas on the World Heritage List. The global overview of wetland and marine World Heritage sites identified 15 sites containing mangroves of which seven are included in this overview of forest protected areas on the World Heritage List: Rio Platano Biosphere Reserve (Honduras); Sundarbans (India); Sian Ka’an (Mexico); Darien/Los Katios National Parks (Panama/Colombia; and Kakadu National Park and Fraser Island (Australia). The mangrove forest of these seven sites is mentioned in the site descriptions (Annex 1) and is indicated by red shading on each map. The size distribution-of - forest protected areas inscribed on the World Heritage List (Figures 2, 3 and 4) are disparate with an expansive range 19.5ha forest in Vallée de Mai Nature Reserve to the nine million ha Lake Baikal. The entire size of the World Heritage site was used in tabulating Figures 2, 3 and 4 instead of merely the amount of forest cover. For example, data shows that one million of ha surround Lake Bakail within the World Heritage site, but the entire nine miliion hectares of the site was tabulated in Figures 2 and 3, which is the majority of the 12 million hectares within the Palearctic Realm (Figure 2). In contrast, the six sites within the Indomalayan Realm comprise less than one million hectares. Overall size of the site is shown since it is important to protect a large area of forest in order to include a buffer zone and as much habitat for species diversity as possible within the larger protected area. Over 50% of the sites are a minimum of 100,000ha with 23 being over 500,000 and 12 over one million ha. Only 2 of the 61 sites are less than 10,000ha (Figure 3). Figure 4 focuses on the 30 tropical forest protected areas on the World Heritage List and shows both the total number of sites within the four tropical realms and the total size (in millions hectares) of the 30 sites. IUCN welcomes comments on this working paper and suggestions on other potential World Heritage sites. Such comments and information will be useful in preparation of future revisions of this working paper. In an era of the transformation of forests for economic development and agricultural production, the need to protect the world’s forests is more important than ever. Vil. Acknowledgements We would like to acknowledge the assistance of Natarajan Ishwaran of UNESCO World Heritage Centre; Jim Paine, Simon Blyth and Corrina Ravilious of WCMC; and Maryse Mahy of Ramsar for translation of the executive summary into French. We also acknowledge the assistance of Jeff McNeely, Simon Rietbergen and Andrea Finger-Stich, of IUCN; the WWF forest program staff; and the Australian Department of Environment for their generous support towards the production of this document. Cab sttecy i 0GO.NOF Ye Newt} ce? AON rea apse belo peg neuen (titi aetie eote 08S mee) Tea Hie Te ei): 2 ee etiouts ” . inelertgent Bi ropa” bermee Me! AER of tie Be <8 rw rye tants ge Alege s Ps u any yes i pale eC Soa ete cathe Vl ys d,) :-4hagall lenge Tew: RM oc 1A apo athe tile a caretertoen = ies Y cee ey ‘ ree ws _ P " ' Le ee m* 7 it yg is, ta ; i, f Pepe LA NAM pig etn veg i ts ll. aha A wee Ra's’ " er nes y 1 Maa a lab er + 75 t TEAR ye eT ashi sh ie rs anata in Le nips TABLES AND FIGURES TABLE 1 Forest Protected Areas on the World Heritage List NEARCTIC REALM CANADA CANADA CANADA CANADA CANADA & USA USA USA USA USA USA PALEARCTIC REALM BELARUS/POLAND BULGARIA CHINA CHINA CHINA CHINA CHINA CROATIA JAPAN JAPAN RUSSIAN FEDERATION RUSSIAN FEDERATION SPAIN YUGOSLAVIA AFROTROPICAL REALM CAMEROON COTE DE'IVOIRE Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks Gros Morne National Park Nahanni National Park Wood Buffalo National Park Waterton Glacier International Peace Park Great Smoky Mountains National Park Olympic National Park Redwood National Park *Yellowstone National Park Yosemite National Park USA Beloveshskaya Pushcha/Bialowieza Forest Pirin National Park Huanglong Scenic and Historic Interest Area Jiuzhaigou Valley Scenic and Historic Interest Area Mount Emei Huangshan Taishan *Plitvice Lakes National Park Shirakami-Sanchi Yakushima (Yaku-lsland) Lake Baikal Virgin Komi Forests Garajonay National Park Durmitor National Park Dja Faunal Reserve Tai National Park *Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve Kahuzi-Biega National Park Okapi Faunai Reserve Salonga National Park *Virunga National Park COTE D'IVOIRE\GUINEA DEM. REPUBLIC OF CONGO DEM. REPUBLIC OF CONGO DEM. REPUBLIC OF CONGO DEM. REPUBLIC OF CONGO MADAGASCAR Tsingy de Bemaraha Strict Nature Reserve SENEGAL Niokolo-Koba National Park SEYCHELLES Valée de Mai Nature Reserve TANZANIA Selous Game Reserve UGANDA Bwindi Impenetrable Forest National Park UGANDA Rwenzori Mountains National Park INDOMALAYAN REALM INDIA *Manas National Park INDONESIA Ujung Kulon National Park INDIA Sundarbans National Park NEPAL Royal Chitwan National Park SRI LANKA Sinharaja Forest Reserve THAILAND Thungyai - Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuaries * These sites are also included on the List of World Heritage in Danger (Table 7). (CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE) Forest Protected Areas Inscribed on the World Heritage List ANTARCTIC REALM NEW ZEALAND NEW ZEALAND AUSTRALIAN REALM TABLE 1 (cont.) Te Wahipounamu - South West New Zealand Tongariro National Park AUSTRALIA Central Eastern Australian Rainforests AUSTRALIA Fraser Island AUSTRALIA Kakadu National Park AUSTRALIA Tasmanian Wilderness AUSTRALIA Wet Tropics of Queensland NEOTROPICAL REALM ARGENTINA/BRAZIL Iguazu and Iguagu National Parks COSTA RICA\PANAMA Talamanca Range & La Amistad Reserves ECUADOR *Sangay National Park GUATEMALA Tikal National Park HONDURAS *Rio Platano Biosphere Reserve MEXICO Sian Ka’an Biosphere Reserve PANAMA /COLOMBIA Darien and Los Katios National Parks PERU Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu PERU Manu National Park PERU Rio Abiseo National Park VENEZUELA Canaima National Park * These seven sites are also included on the List of World Heritage in Danger (Table 7). The Sundarbans (Bangladesh), Morne Trois Pitons National Park (Dominica), Mount Kenya (Kenya), and The Nature Reserve El Triunfo (Mexico) were nominated in 1997 for inscription on the World Heritage List. If approved by the December, 1997, Committee these sites would be included in Table 1 as forest protected areas inscribed on the World Heritage List. 14 TABLE 2 Tropical Moist Forest Protected Areas on the World Heritage List Site numbers are listed for ease of reference to detailed information in Annex and maps AUSTRALIA . Wet Tropics of Queensland CAMEROON . Dja Faunal Reserve COSTA RICA/PANAMA . Talamanca Range and La Amistad Reserves COTE D'IVOIRE . Tai National Park COTE D'IVOIRE/GUINEA . Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve DEM. REPUBLIC OF CONGO . Kahuzi-Biega National Park DEM. REPUBLIC OF CONGO . Okapi Faunal Reserve DEM. REPUBLIC OF CONGO . Salonga National Park DEM. REPUBLIC OF CONGO 31. Virunga National Park ECUADOR . Sangay National Park GUATEMALA . Tikal National Park HONDURAS . Rio Platano Biosphere Reserve INDIA . Sundarbans National Park INDONESIA . Ujung Kulon National Park MEXICO . Sian Ka'an Biosphere Reserve PANAMA/COLOMBIA . Darien and Los Katios National Parks PERU . Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu PERU . Manu National Park PERU . Rio Abiseo National Park SEYCHELLES . Vallée de Mai Nature Reserve SRI LANKA . Sinharaja Forest Reserve UGANDA . Bwindi Impenetrable Forest National Park UGANDA . Rwenzori Mountains National Park VENEZUELA . Canaima National Park 15 TABLE 3 Tropical Dry Forest Protected Areas on the World Heritage List Site numbers are listed for ease of reference to detailed information in Annex and maps AUSTRALIA 47. Kakadu National Park INDIA 37. Manas Wildlife Sanctuary MADAGASCAR 31. Tsingy de Bemaraha Strict Nature Reserve REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA 34. Selous Game Reserve SENEGAL 32. Niokolo-Koba National Park THAILAND 42. Thungyai - Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuaries TABLE 4 Sub-Tropical Forest Protected Areas on the World Heritage List Site numbers are listed for ease of reference to detailed information in Annex and maps ARGENTINA/BRAZIL . Iguacu and Iguazu National Parks AUSTRALIA . Central Eastern Australian Rainforests AUSTRALIA . Fraser Island CHINA . Mt. Emei JAPAN . Shirakami - Sanchi JAPAN . Yakushima (Yaku - Island) SPAIN . Garajonay National Park 16 TABLE 5 Temperate Forest Protected Areas on the World Heritage List Site numbers are listed for ease of reference to detailed information in Annex and maps AUSTRALIA . Tasmanian Wilderness BELARUS/POLAND . Beloveshskaya Pushcha/Bialowieza Forest BULGARIA . Pirin National Park CHINA . Huanglong Scenic and Historic Interest Area CHINA . Jiuzhaigou Valley Scenic and Historic Interest Area CHINA . Huangshan CHINA . Taishan CROATIA . Plitvice Lakes National Park NEPAL . Royal Chitwan National Park NEW ZEALAND 44 Te Wahipounamu NEW ZEALAND 45. Tongariro National Park USA 6. Great Smoky Mountains National Park USA 7. Olympic National Park USA 8. Redwood National Park USA 9. Yellowstone National Park USA 10. Yosemite National Park YUGOSLAVIA 24. Durmitor National Park TABLE 6 Boreal Forest Protected Areas Inscribed on the World Heritage List Site numbers are listed for ease of reference to detailed information in Annex and maps CANADA . Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks CANADA . Gros Morne National Park CANADA . Nahanni National Park CANADA . Wood Buffalo National Park CANADA/USA ~5.-Waterton-takes Giacier international Peace Park RUSSIAN FEDERATION . Lake Baikal RUSSIAN FEDERATION . Virgin Komi Forests 17 TABLE 7 Forest Protected Areas Inscribed on the List of World Heritage Sites in Danger SITE COUNTRY | DANGER | FOREST VALUES THREATS LIST 1. Plitvice Lakes | Croatia 1991 70% of site is forested, military occupation, last remaining stands of | civil unrest pure beech in Europe, spruce, fir, pine, juniper, black alder, maple, sumac, bears, wolves, threatened bird species 2. Sangay Ecuador 1992 high diverse natural human encroachment, habitat, tropical mist poaching, 3. Mount Nimba Cote forests, most diverse wildlife reserve in India, demand for food and fuel, and hardwood gallery social conflict, forest, palm, cedar, poor infrastructure, forest, subtropical rain illegal livestock grazing, d'Ivoire & a expansive tiger reserve. donors suspended aid, bamboo, mahogany inadequate management influx of refugees, proposed iron-ore mining, site boundary confusion, proposal to reduce site size Guinea civil unrest, commercial poaching, political instability, habitat destruction, limited resources, management restricted civil unrest, refugee impact, commercial poaching, human encroachment and forest (40m canopy), potential road construction cedro, aliso, palms, cloud forests, bamboo, 5. Virunga Democratic diverse forest habitats, Rep.Congo including tropical rain, alpine, eastern steppe, bamboo, equatorial, swamp, and dry thick forests on lava plains, wooded savannah restrictions on management 6. Yellowstone USA 1995 80% of site is forested mining operations, with lodgepole pine water pollution, low montane rain forests high altitude, gallery and Pinus contorta being the | sewage leakage, most abundant, total of | waste contamination, Nb. Both Kahuzi-Biega National Park and Okapi Faunal Reserve are being proposed as additions to the Danger List in 1997. dense forest rich in flora with over 2,000 plant species (16 endemic), epiphytes, tree ferns tropical rain, tropical dense semi-evergreen, and dry deciduous seven coniferous tree disease impact on bison, species in park tourism 90% tropical humid tain | agricultural expansion, forest, largest surviving | human encroachment, virgin rain forest area in | commercial poaching, Honduras, mangroves, introduced species, pine savannahs, swamp | over fishing, 18 TABLE 8 FORESTED PROTECTED AREAS WHICH MAY MERIT CONSIDERATION FOR WORLD HERITAGE NOMINATION * This is not an exhaustive list, but an illustration of forest protected areas which may merit consideration for nomination on the World Heritage List. AREA COUNTRY MAIN NATURAL VALUES NEARCTIC See eee 1. South Moresby NP CANADA MEXICO 147,000ha temperate rainforest area on the south end of Queen Charlotte Islands in British Columbia; Despite extensive logging in surrounding areas, S. Moresby was protected in 1988 through efforts of local Haida people and Islands Protection Society. Consists of hemlock, other temperate tree species and endemic flora and fauna (blacktail deer). 22,000ha dry pine forest in west, central Mexico; high biodiversity - Mexico contains 10% of world’s terrestrial vertebrates (1352) and plant (25,000) species. Over 5 million ha wilderness area known for its extensive biodiversity (3500 flora species) and forest habitat; coniferous and mixed evergreen forests; unique landscape of canyons, perodotite, volcanic debris, ophioliote crust, rock ridges, and three wild and scenic rivers; named after a unique pre-ice age shrub, the Kalimiopsis contains over 100 coniferous and hardwood tree species (madrone, pine , fir, cedar, spruce and 5 sensitive species) and over 200 herbaceous plants and ferns - many endemic and sensitive; one of largest roadless areas in the U.S. SAE TIC OGS (ary) ROW CEE aRTIy es Py OE Cr Nney ie wre ere 4. Carpathian Forest UKRAINE 20,000ha protected forest area in Zakarpatska region; Reserve and NP covers only 4% of the country, but contains 33% of the Ukraine's forest resources, over 50% of plant species (2110 total) and highest forest concentration area (53% of region is forest); severe threats have endangered the area, but structural changes are planned to promote the Carpathians as a recreation zone to reduce the industrial impact; recent projects funded by GEF, the MacArthur Foundation and the World Bank for conservation biodiversity. AFROTROPICAL (ce CT gt Rs IT | 5. Korup National Park CAMEROON 426,000ha Biosphere Reserve; contains much of Cameroon's tropical moist and lowland evergreen GABON rainforest with ever 3500 flora species; sustainable MADAGASCAR 2. Volcan Nevado de Colima National Park 3. Kalimiopsis Wilderness and Siskiyou Region forestry and community development project. Expansive tropical lowland & hill rainforest; habitat for baboon, mandrill, colobus monkeys; home to Baka people; numerous flora, fauna and protected areas including lpassa Makokou (15,000ha Bio Reserve). Four protected areas in north Madagascar, tropical dry and moist evergreen forest; one of country’s richest areas of biodiversity and ecological diversity; transition zone between dry deciduous and eastern moist forest permits a species rich transition zone with high endemism, karstic pinnacles, caves, etc.; rivers are only year round water source for local people. 6. West Gabon Complex 7. Montagne D’Ambre Protected Areas 19 INDOMALAY 8. Andaman Island Protected Areas COUNTRY MAIN NATURAL VALUES eS sc Six national parks and 94 wildlife sanctuaries on Andaman and Nicobar islands covering 70,800ha; tropical evergreen, semi-evergreen, moist deciduous, beach, bamboo and mangrove forests; high rate of biodiversity of flora species, esp. on Andaman. Over 15 million ha area with eight national parks and 39 wildlife sanctuaries; moist evergreen forest across mountain range; rich in species diversity (84 of India’s 112 endemic amphibians); monkeys, squirrels and bats live in tree canopy; deer and elephants browse in lower branches and understorey; clear felling was stopped in mountainous areas by Chipko movement. one of largest tropical rain forests protected areas in Indonesia (835,500ha); montane, swamp, subalpine and lowland dipterocarp rain forest; over 2000 flora species; Biosphere Reserve, ecosystem development project and Orang-utan Rehab Centre (orang-utans, gibbons, tigers, monkeys, elephants, leopards, Sumatran rhino); waterfalls, hot springs, volcanic rock. 200,000ha Biosphere reserve is best example of tropical rainforest on Kalimantan one of Southeast Asia's largest lowland montane rainforests; 262 dipterocarps and 83% of Borneo’s forest species. Irian Jaya is one of the largest expanses of pristine tropical rainforest (35 million ha) in Southeast Asia; lower montane forests occur below 3000m and upper montane and subalpine forest above 3400m; swamp, eucalyptus, beach, and mangrove (2nd largest behind Sundarbans) forest; sago palm is staple foodsource; two national parks and seven nature/game reserves. 52,900ha protected area with expansive tropical lowland montane rainforest; 2371m Mt. Mulu; limestone massif; high endemism and biodiversity of flora and fauna; inhabited by Penan peoples. 75,400ha park north Sabah; lowland montane tropical rainforest; high biodiversity with 75 of Borneo’s 135 ficus species (13 endemic), and 72 Fagaceae species; 25% of fauna species are endemic, 290 species of butterfly and moth; 4094m Mt. Kinabulu. 434,000ha area is one of largest tropical rainforest reserves in Southeast Asia; lowland montane evergreen rainforest, high biodiversity with over 2000 flora species; 2189m Mt. Tahan (highest point on Peninsula); dam project was thwarted in 1970's. Most extensive undisturbed tropical evergreen forest region in Laos;, the lowland tropical forest of Belovens Plateau (80,000ha) Xe Piane (15,000ha) and Bung Nong Ngom National Parks have been identified as priority areas for conservation and consist of dense evergreen and semi-evergreen monsoon forests and open deciduous forest in flatter areas; numerous flora and fauna including threatened black gibbon, clouded leopard, tiger, Asian elephant and kouprey; proposed transborder site with Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos. 5,800ha park on north portion of Puerto Princesa Island; montane rainforest; subterranean river; high rate of endemism in plants, fungi, birds and reptiles. INDIA INDIA INDONESIA (SUMATRA) 9. Western Ghats 10. Gunung Leuser NP INDONESIA (KALIMANTAN) IRIAN JAYA MALAYSIA (SARAWAK) 11. Kutai Game Reserve 12. Irian Jaya Tropical Forest Protected Areas 13. Gunung Mulu NP 14. Kinabulu NP MALAYSIA (SABAH) MALAYSIA (PENISULA) 17. St. Paul National Park | PHILLIPINES 15. Taman Negara NP 16. Southern Laos Tropical Forest Reserves 20 [AREA _—_—sSs{ COUNTRY MAIN NATURAL VALUE 18. Horton Plains and SRI LANKA Remote plateau is Sri Lanka’s largest relatively Peak Wilderness undisturbed montane forest and habitat for many endemic flora and fauna species; the Peak Wilderness is a unique facet of nature of low dense and slow growing forest trees, a stunted species of clustracene(Keena) with its crown interlocked in a web of leaves; foliage of Horton Plains include species such as Rhododendron and magnolia; underlayer of forest has smaller trees and plants. PAUSHRALIAOCEANIAN.| |e S| eo ee 19. Rennell Islands SOLOMBN Largest coral atoll in the world (86 x 15km) is mostly ISLANDS covered by dense forest with a 20m tall average canopy with numerous larger remergent trees; numerous endemic flora and fauna species (40% of birds); over 20 orchid species; limestone karsts; andlargest lake in South Pacific (Lake Tungano). Extending from central mountains to coast of Opula Island, this park is the best remaining tract of tropical rainforest in Samoa; only 2,857ha in size, but relative to size of island and two other rainforest reserves in W. Samoa (Falealupo and Tafua) comprise 7,000ha. EEO RR IEA renee eee ie ae ee ene | HEE een Onen ori 21. Bolivian Amazon BOLIVIA Amazonian basin and lowlands of Bolivia are Basin Protected Areas characterised by extensive areas of lowland moist forest and seasonally inundated savannahs; these open landscapes are traversed by numerous 22. Jau National Park BRASIL 23. Xingu National Park BRASIL rivers bordered by dense gallery forests; within the 24. Serraniade de COLOMBIA savannahs, numerous forest islands dot the horizon Macarena COLOMBIA 20. Le Popu-Pue NP WESTERN SAMOA providing habitat for the maned wolf, giant anteater, Amazon river dolphin and some of the highest concentration of plant species in the world. Protected areas include the Beni Biosphere Reserve (1.3 million ha), lsoiboro Secure (1.1 million ha) and others. 2.2 million ha park in Northwest Amazonia; extensive lowland moist tropical and dense evergreen forest; complex variety of forest features including vines, palms, diverse forest species, and numerous vegetation types in the understorey; “centres of endemism* and high rate of threatened species. 2.2 million protected area in Maro Grosso, lower Amazonia (2" largest park in Brasil behind Jau); extensive lowland moist tropical forest and river system; complex vegetation and high endemism. 63 0,000ha park in central Colombia; lowland moist, submontane and montane tropical forest; aesthetic beauty in Cafo Cristales.and stream areas of the buffer zone, vegetation, petroglyphs, Tablazo ridge, Guayabero canyon, and rapids of Angosturas. Over 1.5 million ha area in the Cordillera Central, the highest coastal range of mountains in Colombia; rich variety of flora and fauna in the dense rain forest covering the northern slopes; southern slopes are drier; inhabited by the Kogi and Arhuaco Indians; there are no continuous forest above 1,200 m, but trees grow along the rivers up to 1,700 m and provide habitat for numerous flora and bird (15 endemic) species, especially at higher altitudes. 25. Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta BR 21 FIGURE 1 DISTRIBUTION BY REALM OF FOREST PROTECTED AREAS ON THE WORLD HERITAGE LIST Neotropical | Antarctic Australian Oceanian REALMS Indomalayan Afrotropical Palearctic Nearctic 6 10 NUMBER OF WORLD HERITAGE FOREST SITES FIGURE 2 TOTAL SIZE OF WORLD HERITAGE SITES WITH FOREST PROTECTED AREAS BY EACH BIOGEOGRAPHIC REALM Neotropical Antarctic Australian Eetioroes ee Oceanian REALMS Indomalayan § Afrotropical Palearctic F5 Nearctic Fis TOTAL FOREST PROTECTED IN MILLION HECTARES 22 FIGURE 3 DISTRIBUTION BY SIZE OF WORLD HERITAGE SITES WITH FOREST PROTECTED AREAS over imillion ha 500-1 million ha 100-500,000ha 10-100,000ha re 0-10,000ha 10 15 NUMBER OF WORLD HERITAGE FOREST SITES FIGURE 4 NUMBER OF TROPICAL FOREST PROTECTED AREAS ON WORLD HERITAGE LIST AND TOTAL SIZE OF SITES BY REALM 14.3 Number of sites DO Total size of WH sites in million hectares Afrotropical Indomalayan Australian Neotropical REALMS WITH TROPICAL FOREST WORLD HERITAGE SITES 23 Pe a i ll ae OO a ey a ° 5 PRs a ON Ovi RewUR 7 wines 4a ; - ; vo oa © - a 4 a 7 » , f . { = - ?, ka - = = ae is Ss te ie : os : . y a si pm See 4 oe Eek are 2 7 =n - bs eevee ad aoe ; - a r 4 tee 7 1) 2a 2 i ale my 4) — c a i _ & mae me A Ran = Forest Protected Arém World Heritage List in geese g _ Wood Buffalo National Raa A 1 2. 3. 4 5 6 7 8 9 . Yellowstone National Peja 10. Yosemite National Parks FORESTS HB Boreal, Temperate and Subtropical Broadleaf and Mixed Forest 2 Boreal, Temperate and Subtropical Needleleaf Forest 8 Tropical Moist Forest 2 Tropical Dry Forest Mangrove Non Forest =) Water Bodies Forest Protected Areas on the World Heritage List in the Nearctic 7 NEARCTIC REALM | 1. Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks 2 Gros Morne National Park 3. Nahanni National Park |. Wood Buffalo National Park . Waterton Glacier Intemational Peace Park . Great Smoky Mountains National Park Olympic National Park Redwood National Park ). Yellowstone National Park 10. Yosemite National Park “2 FORESTS q WH Boreal, Temperate and > Subtropical Broadleaf 4 and Moed Forest } B 1B Boreal, Temperate and Se) : &- “ y = Subtropical Needleleat A — - pare | Forest \ f \ 3 HB Tropical Moist Forest 1B Tropical Dry Forest BB Mangrove Non Forest 1 Water Bodies SCernoune (7) PALAEARCTIC REALM 11. Beloveshskaya Pushcha/ Bialowieza Forest 12. Pirin National Park 18. Plitvice Lakes National Park 22. Virgin Komi Forests 24. Durmitor National Park FORESTS WH Boreal, Temperate and Subtropical Broadleaf and Mixed Forest © Boreal, Temperate and Subtropical Needleleaf Forest Non Forest 2 Water Bodies = $s SE Forest Protected Areas on the World Heritage List in the Palaearctic Realm - West Bialowieza Forest 12 Pirin National Park 22 Virgin Komi Forests FORESTS (5 Boreal, Temperate and Subtropical Broadleat and Mixed Forest Boreal, Temperate and Subtropical Needleleaf Forest | Non Forest "> Water Bodies "]_ PALAEARCTIC REALM 11. Beloveshskaya Pushcha/ 18, Plitvice Lakes National Park 24. Durmitor National Park iJ Ny LRAT Sige ae | Forest Protected Areas on t 7 PALAEARCTIC REALM 13. Huanglong Scenic and Historic Interest Area 14. Jiuzhaigou Valley Scenic and Historic Interest Area 15. Mount Emei 16. Huangshan 17. Taishan 19. Shirakami-Sanchi 20. Yakushima Island 21. Lake Baikal 22. Virgin Komi Forests FORESTS Temperate and Subtropical Broadleaf and Mixed Forest @ Temperate and Boreal Needleleaf Forest Non Forest 12 Water Bodies Forest Protected Areas on the World Heritage List in the Palaearctic Realm - Fast |e ee pe f 14 4 Au @ ze PALAEARCTIC REALM 13. Huanglong Scenic and Historic Interest Area 14. Jiuzhaigou Valley Scenic and Historic Interest Area 15. Mount Emel 16. Huangshan 17. Taishan 19. Shirakami-Sanchi 20. Yakushima Island 21. Lake Baikal 22. Virgin Komi Forests N FORESTS Temperate and Subtropical Broadleaf and Mixed Forest Temperate and Boreal Needleleaf Forest Non Forest (Water Bodies Forest Protected Areas on. Heritage List in the Afrotr¢~> AFROTROPICAL REALM 25. Dja Faunal Reserve 26. Tai National Park 27. Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve 28. Kahuzi-Biega National Park 29. Okapi Faunal Reserve 30. Salonga National Park 31. Virunga National Park 32. Tsingy de Bemaraha Strict Nature Reserve 33. Niokolo-Koba National Park 34. Valee de Mai Nature Reserve 35. Selous Game Reserve 36. Bwindi Impenetrable Forest National Park 37. Rwenzori Mountains National Park 63. Mount Kenya National Park FORESTS | BBB Tropical Moist Forest 2 Tropical Dry Forest Hl Mangrove ‘| Ml Boreal, Temperate and Subtropical Broadleaf and Mixed Forest E@ Boreal, Temperate and Subtropical Needleleaf Forest Non Forest EE Water Bodies | Forest Protected Areas on the World __ Heritage List in the Afrotropical Realm “| __AFROTROPICAL REALM 25. Dja Fauna! Reserve 26. Tai National Park 27. Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve 28. Kahuzi-Biega National Park 29. Okapi Faunal Reserve || 30. Salonga National Park |) 31. Virunga National Park | 32 Tsingy de Bemaraha Strict Nature Reserve 33. Niokolo-Koba National Park || 34. Valee de Mai Nature Reserve 35. Selous Game Reserve 3%. Bwindi Impenetrable Forest National Park 37. Rwenzori Mountains National Park || 83. Mount Kenya National Park i FORESTS TW Tropical Moist Forest | (5 Tropical Dry Forest | 1 Mangrove | Wl Boreal, Temperate and Subtropical Broadleaf and Mbed Forest | 1S Boreal, Temperate and Subtropical i Needieleaf Forest F Non Forest \ Water Bodies aa Forest Protected Areas on the World Heritage List in the Indomalyan Realm INDOMALAYAN REALM 38. Manas National Park 39. Ujung Kulon National Park 40. Sundarbans National Parks 41. Royal Chitwan National Park 42. Sinharaja Forest Reserve 43. Thungyai - Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuaries FORESTS HB Boreal, Temperate and Subtropical Broadleaf and Mixed Forest ™) Boreal, Temperate and Subtropical Needleleaf Forest © Tropical Moist Forest @2 Tropical Dry Forest Hl Mangrove Non Forest ™) Water Bodies Forest Protected Areas on the World Heritage List in \ the Indomalyan Realm INDOMALAYAN REALM 38, Manas National Park 39. Ujung Kulon National Park 40. Sundarbans National Parks 41. Royal Chitwan National Park 42. Sinharaja Forest Reserve 43. anneal ~ Hual Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuaries FORESTS WH Boreal, Temperate and Subtropical Broadleaf and Mixed Forest ™) Boreal, Temperate and Subtropical Needleleat Forest Tropical Moist Forest 1 Tropical Dry Forest B® Mangrove Non Forest Water Bodies Forest Protected Areas or Australian and Antarctic A [ANTARCTIC REALM 44. Te Wahipounamu 45. Tongariro National Park AUSTRALIAN REALM 46. Central Eastern Australian Rainforests 47. Fraser Island 48. Kakadu National Park 49. Tasmanian Wilderness 50. Wet Tropics of Queensland || Forest Protected Areas on the World Heritage List in the Australian and Antarctic Realms [1] ANTARCTIC REALM 44. Te Wahipounamu FORESTS P Tonuueo tetra Fark Boreal, Temperate and © ._Tropical Dry Forest puree Se ee 46. Central Eastern Australian ® Boreal, Temperate and Non Forest Rainforests Subtropical Needleleat ©) Water Bodies 47. Fraser Island Forest 48. Kakadu National Park Tropical Moist Forest 49. Tasmanian Wilderness 50. Wet Tropics of Queensland Lf == Pi SeIpog JAE fe 1Sa104 UON 1Sa104 jBa]9|D90N feodouyqng pue ayesadwiaj “eaog jy S104 PaXiW Pue jeo|peoig feoidoujqng pue ayesedwia) ‘jeaog mam sacuBueW | 130104 Aig jeordou, gy 1Sau04 ISIOW [EOL RE SiS3u04 LURAY |eIIdosO9N dU} Ul ISI] SHEEHY POM 9} UO SRaly pa}Ia}01d }Se104 SASSY SINJEN JUN 13 “¥9 bo, SB Sompog JoeM jaa 1sa104 UON 1Sai04 /20}9/D20N feadanqns pue syerodwes ‘jeauog Ry }Sa04 PAX Pur ~eOIPEUG readangns pue aeedwel evga eAuOURN a ysasoy Aig (endo. ysaio4 IS}OW (ENIGOUL ey sisquos onossy OMEN ONL 139 jyeg [EUONEN SUCYd S/O] GLOW 9 JUBd [EUONEN BWIUED “LO wubd [EUOREN Oasiqy Od “09 SYBd [PUOREN NUEW “6S nusoid NYIeW 10 AMOURS QUCISIH “BS ‘soued [RUOREN SOMEY SOT PUE UOHEC “ZS aniesoy aoydsolg UE. URIS “SS aniasay aaydsorg OUETEId Of “SS jug (EUONEN TEXLL “pS sed (euOneN AeBueS ES Sansasay PeIS|Wy E79 OOUEY OUEWETEL CS swyeg euogeN NYEND} pue nzenD| “LS Wau SLLOWVIN WIBAY [eddosON 9y} Ul ISI] BHEWUBH POM a} UO Sealy pa}9a}01q JSA04 = 1 r > a] | ANNEX SITE INVENTORY DESCRIPTIONS The following annex inventories the forest protected areas on the World Heritage List (61 sites). A key/legend is located at the top of each inventory describing other relevant international environmental treaties and designations. The year each site was inscribed as a World Heritage site (WH) along with the criteria (natural heritage criteria i- iv) for which the selection was based is included. Criteria for World Heritage sites is defined into four categories which are described in detail in the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention #43-45 (Attached as Annex 2). Special note is made if the site is designated on the World Heritage Site in Danger List (WD) including the year it was placed on the Danger List. Special note is also made for sites designated as a UNESCO Man and Biosphere Reserve (BR); and/or included in World Wildlife Fund for Nature’s (WWF) Global 200 Ecoregions: The Living Planet Campaign (WWE - Ecoregion #). WWF Global 200 Ecoregions (1995) is a broader and more recent overview of global biodiversity than the Udvardy system (1975). The WWF Ecoregions attempt to identify the areas which best indicate global biodiversity that deserve conservation attention. It is helpful to compare these ecoregions with forest protected areas on the World Heritage List and to locate regions with minimal World Heritage protection (gap areas) at the present, in order to establish a list of forest areas which may merit consideration for future World Heritage nomination (Table 8). Of the 61 World Heritage sites included in this overview, 45 are located within a WWF Global 200 Ecoregion. ‘In the inventory text, World Heritage forest sites are listed in rows and categorised by Biogeographic Realm (Udvardy, 1975), which divides the world into eight realms: Nearctic, Palearctic, Afrotropical, Indomalayan, Oceanian, Australian, Antarctic, and Neotropical. In the inventory text, the columns include the country name, the World Heritage site name, and the physical area of the World Heritage site in hectares (may differ from the size of the national park or other international designation) as stated in each site’s nomination. The final row explains the major characteristics of the forest protected area within the World Heritage site. IUCN welcomes comments regarding the forest protected areas in any of the sites included in this overview, which will be useful in preparation of future revisions of this working paper. 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