Historic, archived document Do not assume content reflects current scientific l LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry, Office of the Chief, Washington, D. C, Decembers, 1909. Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a manuscript entitled "Grape Investigations in the Vinifera Regions of the United States, with Reference to Resistant Stocks, Direct Producers, and Viniferas," and to recommend that it be pubhshed as Bulletin Xo. 172 of the series of this Bureau. This bulletin has been prepared by Mr. George C. Husmann, Pomologist in Charge of Viticultural Investigations, and was submitted by Mr. "William A. Taylor, Pomologist in Charge of Field Investigations, with a view to its publication. This bulletin summarizes the condition of the California viti- cultural industry in 1902 at the time when the investigations upon which it reports were begun, and it is of the nature of a preliminary report upon the phases of the viticultural investigations of this Bureau which are mentioned in the title. While most of the field work upon which this bulletin is based has been done in the State of Cali- fornia, the results are considered applicable to other portions of the United States where the varieties of Vids vinifera are grown in the open air. The results of the work reported upon are believed to be of dis- tinct importance to the Vinifera grape industry through the direct bearing that they have upon the reestablishing of ^^.neyards that have been damaged or destroyed by phylloxera as well as upon the planting of new vineyards throughout the Vinifera regions. Respectfullv, B. T. Galloway, CJl ief of Bureau. Hon. James Wilson, Secretary of Agriculture. 172 " 3 COXTEXTS, Page. Extent of the \-iticultural industn- of California 9 The California ^^ne disease 9 Phylloxera in California and in Europe 10 Early attempts at the reconstruction of ^dneya^ds 11 Factors in resistance 13 Inherent character of the \'ine 13 Adaptation to soil, climate, and other conditions 14 Foreign determinations as to resistance inapplicable in America 16 Scope and purpose of the work of the Bureau of Plant Industry- 17 Species and varieties of grapes under test 17 Hybrids 25 Direct producers 26 Cooperative experiment vineyards established and methods of work 27 Main vineyards 28 Oak\'ille experiment \'ineyard 28 Fresno experiment Aineyard 29 Cucamonga experiment vineyard 31 Chico varietal \'ineyard 33 Smaller \'ineyards 37 Colfax experiment ^ineyard 38 GeyserA-ille experiment \'ineyard 39 Livermore experiment idneyard 40 Lodi experiment A-ineyard 40 Mountain View experiment ^•ineyard 41 Sonoma experiment %'ineyard 42 Stockton experiment %diieyard 42 General plan of plantings in the experiment vineyards 50 Manner of keeping records 50 Growth ratings of resistant ^'ines and direct producers 50 Grafted \'ines in California experiment vineyards 58 Congeniality and adaptability of Amines 59 Growth ratings of Vinifera varieties grafted on resistant stocks 61 List of Vinifera varieties on their own roots at the Cucamonga experiment \-ine- yard 07 Acreage in the California experiment vineyards 70 Distribution of vines and cuttings 70 Resistant stocks grouped according to soil adaptability as indicated by their use in foreign countries 71 Some important results already accomplished 72 Conclusions and suggestions 73 Description of plates 76 Index 77 172 5 I L L U S T R A T I U X S . I PLATES. Page. Map of California, showing the location of the eleven experiment vineyards of the Bureau of Plant Industry Frontispiece. Plate I. Fig. 1. ^Vineyard partly destroyed by pliylloxera. Fig. 2. — Vine- yard partly destroyed by California vine disease. Fig. 3. — Vine- yard partly destroyed by diverse agencies 76 II. Various types of root systems of grapevines 76 III. Fig. 1. — A vineyard in a desert. Fig. 2. — A vineyard in a valley. Fig. 3. — A vineyard on a hillside 76 IV. Fig. 1. — A Vinifera grafted on resistant stock. Fig. 2. — A direct producer 76 V. Fig. 1 . — A graft with roots gro^ving from the scion. Fig. 2. — The same vine shown in figure 1 , with roots removed , as they should be . Fig. 3. — Phylloxera being placed on roots of vine to test resistance. Fig. 4. — A strong-growing type grafted on a weaker growing stock. Fig. 5. — Graft and stock of the same relative growth. Fig. 6.— Scien- tific investigator examining vines and taking notes in an experi- ment Wneyard 76 VI. Fig. 1. — A vine grafted and covered up and tools used in grafting. Fig. 2. — A vine just grafted and not yet covered. Fig. 3. — Grafted vines packed ready for shipment from France 76 VII. Fig. 1. — A grape nursery. Fig. 2. — A resistant experiment vine- yard just grafted. Fig. 3. — A resistant vineyard with grafts one year old 76 VIII. Leaves of six hybrids originated in France and exten.-^ively used as stocks on which to graft Vinifera varieties 76 TEXT FIGURES. Fig. 1. One of the experiment vineyards of the Bureau of Plant Industry 17 Leaves of various resistant species, hybrids, and Vinifera varieties, as follows: Fig. 2. Vitis labrusca; upper side of Concord leaf 18 3. Vitis labrusca; lower side of Concord leaf 18 4. Vitis candicans; upper side of leaf 19 5. Vitis candicans; lower side of leaf 20 6. Vitis aestivalis; upper side of Lenoir leaf 21 7. Hybrid (Lin.?ecomiiX Labrusca X Vinifera); upper side of Ilusmann leaf 22 8. Hybrid (LinsecomiiX Labrusca X Vinifera); lower side of Husmann leaf. 23 9. Hybrid (RipariaXMonticola, No. 18808); upper side of leaf 24 10. Hybrid (RipariaXMonticola, No. 18808); lower side of leaf 24 11. Vitis berlandieri; upper side of Resseguier, No. 1, leaf 25 12. Vitis berlandieri; lower side of Resseguier, No. 1, leaf 25 13. Hybrid (RupestrisXCordifolia, No. 107-11); lower side of leaf 28 14. Hybrid (CordifoliaXRiparia, No. 125-1); upper side of leaf 27 172 7 8 ILLUSTRATIONS. Leaves of various resistant species, hybrids, etc. — Continued. Fig. 15. Hybrid (CordifoliaXRiparia, No. 125-1); lower side of leaf 27 16. Hybrid (RupestrisXCinerea); upper side of leaf 28 17. Hybrid (RupestrisXCinerea); lower side of leaf 28 18. Vitis champini ; upper side of Dog Ridge leaf 29 19. Vitis champini; lower side of Dog Ridge leaf 29 20. Vitis doaniana; upper side of Salt Creek leaf 30 21. Vitis doaniana; lower side of Salt Creek leaf 31 22. Vitis longii; upper side of Solonis Robusta leaf 32 23. Vitis longii; lower side of Solonis Robusta leaf 32 24. Vitis rupestris; upper side of Rupestris St. George leaf 33 25. Vitis rupestris; upper side of Rupestris Martin leaf 38 26. Vitis vulpina; upper side of Riparia Gloire de Montpellier leaf 38 27. Vitis vinifera; upper side of Zinfandel leaf 39 28. Vitis vinifera; lower side of Zinfandel leaf 40 29. Vitis vinifera; upper side of Sultanina leaf 41 30. Vitis vinifera; lower side of Sultanina leaf 41 172 B. P. I.— .532. GRAPE INVESTIGATIONS IN THE VINIFERA REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES WITH REFERENCE TO RESISTANT STOCKS, DIRECT PRODUCERS, AND VINIFERAS. EXTENT OF THE VITICULTURAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. Durino: the vintacre season of 1902 a careful survey of the Pacific slope grape districts was made by the writer for the Bureau of Plant Industry, to determine tlie conditions existing there. As nearly as could be ascertained from the most reliable data obtainable the Cali- fornia viticultural industry represented the following investments: The wine industry, including vineyards, cellars, distilleries, cooper- age, machinery, and capital required to carry on the business, repre- sented an estimated investment of $72,000,000, giving employment to nearly 60,000 persons. The average output during the previous ten years had been 21,158,359 gallons of wine and 2,094,978 gallons of brandy per annum. The investment in raisin vineyards, at a conservative estimate, amounted to $13,000,000. The average production during the pre- vious ten years had been 91,883,860 pounds of raisins annually. From 1894 to 1902, 7,227 carloads, or 144,540,000 pounds, of fresh grapes were shipped. The fresh-grape shipments, the smallest com- mercial output from the vine, constituted one-seventh of the entire eastward movement of deciduous green fruits. The vineyards in California consisted, in 1902, of about 22,000 acres in table grapes, 90,000 acres in raisin grapes, and 120,000 acres in wine grapes, or a total of 225,000 acres. The total investment of the viticultural industry in the State at that time, at a conserva- tive estimate, represented about $100,000,000. THE CALIFORNIA VINE DISEASE. The phylloxera and the California vine disease have been the two leading agencies (see PI. I) in the destruction of vineyards in California. The first record of the California vine disease was published in the Anaheim Gazette in 1885-86, although some claim to have noticed 172 9 10 GRAPE INVESTIGATIONS IN VINIFEKA REGIONS. effects of the disease as early as 1882. The spread of this disease was very rapid from Anaheim as a center, for which reason it is also sometimes called the Anaheim disease. In 1888 the California State Viticultural Commission appointed Mr. Ethelbert Dowlen a special agent to investigate it, and several years were devoted to it by him. Special investigations of the disease were made by Mr. Newton B. Pierce, of the United States Department of Agriculture, and reports on the same published, but in spite of very able and earnest work by him and other scientists of this and other countries, the cause and the control of the so-called California (or Anaheim) vine disease con- tinue to baffle science. Another survey was made by the writer during the vintage season of 1903. The conclusions reached were that careful, comprehensive, and systematic investigations of existing difficulties were needed immediately to save the industry from destruction. In southern Cali- fornia from 25,000 to 30,000 acres of vines had been laid waste (see PL I), and the entire vineyard acreage of Napa and Sonoma valleys had been once destroyed, while a portion of the second plantings had also been destroyed. In the Santa Clara Valley, where four years previously there had been produced about 6,000,000 gallons of wine, the crop of 1903 amounted to only about 500,000 gallons. The vine- yards of that valley were practically gone. In other bay counties similar conditions were becoming evident. The magnitude and rapidity of the damage were appalling. Conservative calculations showed that the loss due to the destruction of vines in California was at least $1,000 a day (see PI. I). Considering that the entire Pacific slope was interested and that California alone has an area adapted to grapes equal to almost the whole of France, which was then producing about 1,500,000,000 gallons of wine annually, the magnitude of the interests involved and the importance of aiding the industry, which is yet in its infancy, were apparent. As various means suggested by scientific and practical men had been tried and large sums had been expended to safeguard the vineyards, with little beneficial result, it was evident that a comprehensive experimental investigation of the entire subject was necessary. PHYLLOXERA IN CALIFORNIA AND IN EUROPE. The phylloxera, which is not native in California, was introduced into that State either from east of the Rocky Mountains, where it is indigenous on wild vines, or from Europe, or possibly from both sources. In 1880 it was found to exist in Sonoma, Napa, Solano, Yolo, Placer, and Eldorado counties. No careful investigation had been made at that time of much of the region farther south in the 172 EARLY ATTEMPTS AT RECONSTRUCTION OF VINEYARDS. 11 State. It probably existed in Sonoma County as early as 1873, and it is possible that it occurred in the Sonoma Valley and on the Orleans Hills at least twenty years before that time. The insect was probably introduced into Europe on American vines and taken there about 1858 to 1862, when the destruction of the French vines from oidium was feared. From that period until 1885 it became ^videly scattered throughout Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Hungary, Italy, Russia, Turkey, and Australia. Innumerable remedies have been suggested and tried to eradicate the phylloxera from vineyards, but it is conceded that the only way to successfully combat it is to reestablish the vineyards on resistant stock, except in the case of vineyards which can be flooded cheaply and sufficiently to kill the insects. The Bureau of Entomology is cooperating with the Bureau of Plant Industry on the entomological phases involved in the determination of the relative resistance of stock varieties. EARLY ATTEMPTS AT THE RECONSTRUCTION OF VINEYARDS. The varying soil (see Pis. II and III) and climatic conditions in California have proved a great stumbling block in the reestablishment of the vineyards on resistant stocks. As early as 1876 introductions and plantings of resistant vines were made by some of the more intelligent grape growers. In the winter of 1880-81 several large orders were placed for resistant vine cuttings from east of the Rockies (some of the more important being orders through Mr. Charles A. Wetmore, the chief executive viticultural officer of the California State Viticultural Commission), for various parties, and an order to Prof. George Husmann, then of Columbia, Mo., by Mr. James W. Simonton for 120,000 resistant cuttings of the most promising species, to be placed in his vineyard near Napa, Napa County, Cal., under the direct supervision of Professor Husmann. Some of the earliest introducers were from the start fortunate in getting resistant varieties well- adapted to their locations and soils. For instance, Messrs. Dresel and Gundlach, near Sonoma, in 1876 introduced the Lenoir and the Herbemont from Texas and selected Riparias and other resist ants from Missouri. Early in their experi- ments they dropped the other varieties in favor of the Riparia (see PL II, fig. 2), it showing remarkable adaptability to their soil and climatic conditions, while the congeniality of the Riparia to the Riesling and Chasselas varieties, which they principally grew, was good. The Stanley vineyard, at the lower end of Napa Valley, was another example of success with the Riparia. As a result, when such instances as these were noted, Riparias as a stock were planted indis- 172 12 GRAPE INVESTIGATIONS IN VINIFEEA EEGIONS. criminately in high and low locahties and on various soils, particu- larly in the Sonoma and Napa valleys, the vineyards of which were the first destroyed by the phylloxera. Unfortunately, in most instances the soil and other conditions were not suited to the Riparia and failures predominated. Then, again, it was claimed that the native grape Vitis californica was resistant. Without any substantiation of this, by 1883 at least 300,000 of these vines had been planted as grafting stocks. Later their resistance was found to be even less than that of the Labrusca. The first authenticated report of the susceptibility of Vitis cali- fornica was made in 1887, when a committee consisting of Messrs. Charles Krug, H. W. Crabb, and J. H. Wheeler, appointed by the California State Viticultural Commission to investigate and report on the so-called mercurial treatment to prevent phylloxera injury, which was being tried on Mr. Henry Hagan's place, 1 mile east of Napa, discovered phylloxera on a wild vine of V. californica. A few years later it was found that the Lenoir variety did remark- ably well on some soils, and all who could secure them planted the Lenoir. Had more vines been available more would have been planted. Of late years the Rupestris St. George is being as indiscriminately used, and similar mistakes have been and are being made with it. All of the resistants mentioned and others are good under condi- tions and soils (see PI. II) suited to them, but are less valuable or even worthless where they are not. A number of experiments have been made by growers in different parts of the State. Besides the persons heretofore alluded to are Messrs. T. S. Glaister, J. H. Drummond, P. Masson, E. W. Hilgard, J. Swett, C. H. Wente, F. Devaux, C. J. Wetmore, J. Concannon, Behringer Brothers, J. Weinberger, E. Zange, J. Groezinger, J. T. Doyle, William Pierce, and a number of others. Introductions and distributions of some of the better known re- sistant varieties, most notably those selected in Europe by Mr. A. P. Hayne, have been made by the California experiment station. Plots of these have been set out, some propagating and bench-grafting experiments have been prosecuted, and a number of bulletins^ issued on these subjects by the California station. a Resistant Vines, Their Selection, Adaptation, and Grafting. Appendix to Viti- cultural Report of the California Agricultural Experiment Station for 1896. 1897. Bioletti, F. T., and del Piaz, A. M. Bench Grafting Resistant Vines. Bulletin 127, California Agricultural Experiment Station. 1900. Bioletti, F. T. Phylloxera of the Vine. Bulletin 131, California Agricultural Experiment Station. 1901. Bioletti, F. T., and Twight, E. H. Report on Conditions of Vineyards in Portions 172 FACTORS IX EESISTANCE. 13 FACTORS IN RESISTANCE. The resistance of vines depends upon (1) the inherent resistant character of the vine and (2) its adaptation to soil, cHmatic, and other conditions. INHERENT CHARACTER OF THE VINE. Millardet ° states that "the intrinsic or inherent causes are aihed to the very nature of the plant, which is the cause of its being more or less attacked by the phylloxera; of the punctures of that insect producing swellings, nodosities, and tuberosities more or less numerous upon roots of different degrees of strength; the cause also of these swellings rotting more or less easil}', more or less deeply, and by that rot determining more or less rapidly the enfeeblement of the roots upon which they are situated, and consequently at last the death of the vine." Vines upon the roots of which the phylloxera does not remain and produces no injuries at all are said to be immune. The phylloxera usually first punctures the ends of the youngest roots near the extremi- ties and fixes itself there. In a short time the swelling or nodosity appears at the puncture. This is the mildest form of the insect injury to the root of the vine that is noticeable. The nodosity is whitish or pinkish and when seen under the micro- scope resembles somewhat the head and neck of a long-billed bird, and the insect causing it is as a rule found on the throat or the angle formed where the head joins the neck. The nodosities rot more or less rapidly in the different grape varieties, and in the Vinifera they usually rot in a very short time. In the American varieties the nodosities remain sound for a longer time, the various species differing in this respect. The size of the nodosities on the different species of of Santa Clara Valley. Bulletin 134, California Agricultural Experiment Station, 1901. Twight, E. H. New Methods of Grafting and Budding Vines. Bulletin 146, California Agricultural Experiment Station. 1902. Twight, E. H. Resistant Vines and Their Hybrids. Bulletin 148, California Agricultural Experiment Station. 1903. Butler, 0. Observations on Some Vine Diseases in Sonoma County. Bulletin 168, California Agricultural Experiment Station. 1905. Bioletti, F. T. Resistant Vineyards. Bulletin 180, California Agricultural Experi- ment Station. 1906. Bioletti, F. T. Grape Culture in California. Bulletin 197, California Agricultural Experiment Station. 1908. Suggestions and Preparation of Vine Cuttings. Circular 26, California Agricultural Experiment Station. 1908. « Quoted from "New Researches upon the Resistance of and the Exemption from Phylloxera," by A. Millardet, in Report of the California State Viticultiu-al Commis- sion for 1891-92. 172 14 GRAPE INVESTIGATIONS IN VINIFEKA REGIONS. grapes also varies very much, those on the Vinifera being about three times as large as those on the most resistant American species. Between these extremes may be found all intermediate sizes. The number of nodosities varies greatly on the different vine varieties, and after the formation of a considerable number of nodos- ities upon the rootlets the insects, having multiplied gradually, eventually attack the relatively larger roots, and if cancerous patches of decomposition are found on the more developed roots something more serious is threatened — namely, a tuberosity. TOienever tuberosities are found there are also nodosities, but the reverse is not true. On some grape varieties the nodosities may be found on prac- tically all of the rootlets, while on others there may be practically none. Varieties of some of the American species are not injured by the phylloxera any further than the forming of a few nodosities on their roots. Such vines have a very high resistance. In fact, on a deter- mination of the relative number and size of nodosities found on the roots of the different species the resistant ratings of these species are based. In order to indicate with some degree of definiteness the resistance to phylloxera (not the value of the stock), viticultural scientists have provisionally adopted an arbitrary scale of ratings. In this scale the maximum of resistance or immunity is taken as 20, while absence of or no resistance is reckoned as zero. In accordance with this method, Viala and Ravaz have drawn up the following scale of resistance of different varieties: Rotundifolia, 19; Vulpina or Riparia, Rupestris, and Cordifolia, 18; Berlandieri and Monticola, 17; Rupestris St. George, 16; Cinerea, Aestivalis, and Candicans, 15; Longii and Nova Mexicana, 14; Taylor, 13; Lenoir and Herbemont, 12; Elvira, 10; Labrusca, 5; and Vinifera, 0. According to this, Vitis rotundifolia occupies the highest position, with 19 points, which, for all practical purposes, represents absolute resistance, whereas the Vinifera varieties show 0, or no resistance. The necessary degree of resistance for the production of good crops varies with the character of the soil, those stocks rating above 16 being considered sufficient for all soils, 14 to 16 for fairly good soils, and 10 to 14 for rich, moist, sandy soils. ADAPTATION TO SOIL, CLIMATE, AND OTHER CONDITIONS. The resistance of a vine to the phylloxera, or rather its ability to withstand the attacks of the insect without serious injury, is in- fluenced greatly by the adaptability of the vine to the chmatic and soil conditions (see PI. Ill) in which it is grown. These either increase or diminish the vigor of the plant and retard or favor the reparation of the insect injuries. The soil and the climate may also affect the 172 FACTORS IN RESISTANCE. 15 resistance by favoring or hindering the approach, dissemination, or activity of the insect. For instance, sand of a certain fineness is an obstacle to the insect in going from the surface of the ground to the root of the vines and from one vine to another. CHmatic variations also affect the multiplication of the insect. Then, again, a vine variety which in one locality has splendid resist- ant qualities perishes in another locality having the same soil but a different climate, or in another locality having the same climate but a different soil. This is due not only to the adaptability of some species to moist and others to drier soil, etc., but also to the habit of the root systems of the species (see PI. II), which vary from horizontal to vertical, and to other characteristics of the roots, which vary from thick to thin and from soft to hard, with intermediate grades between these extremes. It will readily be seen how a horizontal root system would suffer in a dry soil and hot climate and what a punishment it would be for a deep-rooting system to be planted in a shallow, hard soil, or a moisture-loving variety where there is but little moisture, or vice versa. The congeniality existing between vine varieties when grafted on other \ane varieties also has its influence on resistance to the phylloxera. Causes like these, and there are many others, affect the resistant qualities of vines, and it is with the stud}^ of the adaptation of varieties to varying conditions and the congeniality existing between the varieties that the researches reported on here are largely concerned. A variety under congenial conditions of soil and climate will frequently prove more resistant than one which has greater natural resistance but which is not adapted to the particular con- ditions. Thus, the Lenoir in many localities in California on deep and loose soils (see PL II, fig. 4) has proved an excellent resistant and is the vine on wdiich some investigators base the possibility of resistance to the California vine disease. This variety is not highly esteemed as a resistant in France, although it is grown there quite largely for its fruit out of which to make wine for blending purposes. Such instances as these, together with the fact that in France much of the work of selection and breeding of resistant stocks has been largely influenced by their relative ability to endure an excess of lime, which is rarely encountered in California vineyard districts, make it plain that the resistance standards established by the French can not be accepted as infallible in America or, in fact, serve as more than general guides for American viticultural investigators and vineyardists. The waste of money spent in the reestablishment of vineyards in California from the first appearance of the phjdloxera to the present time can not even be approximately estimated. That the destruc- 172 16 GRAPE INVESTIGATIONS IN VINIFEEA REGIONS. tion of California vineyards has been continuous for many years is evident from the fact that the total annual yields of grapes show a relatively small increase from year to year, notwithstanding the large acreage that has been set out each year. Some of the direct causes of these results are the planting of non- resistants; the planting of resistants not adapted to the conditions and the grafting upon them of Viniferas uncongenial to them or not suited to the local conditions ; the obtaining of resistant stocks not true to name; and lack of proper care and management of resistant vine- yards (see PI. Ill), such as the allowing of roots to grow from Vinifera tops grafted on resistant stocks. (See PI. V, fig. 1.) The use of resistant stocks should have become general before now. Their use is increasing, but so little information regarding what varieties to plant has been available that many planters have taken and still are taking chances on profitable returns by planting Viniferas on virgin soils or even by replanting with them vineyards destroyed previously by the phylloxera. Through one or more of these reasons there are many comparatively young vineyards in the State that show decline. Among some of the publications to which reference has been had and from which data relative to past experiments in this country have been taken should be mentioned the following: Investigations and Improvement of American Grapes, 1876 to 1900, Bulletin 56, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, 1900; and other writings of Prof. T. V. Munson. American Grape Growing and Wine Making, 1902; Grape Culture and Wine Making in California, 1888; The Grape Culturist, 1869 to 1871, inclusive; and other writings of Prof. George Husmann. Annual Entomological Reports of Missouri, by Prof. C. V. Riley, 1868 to 1877. Reports of the California Viticultural Commission, 1880 to 1894. Bushberg Catalogue of American Vines, edition 1895. California Vine Disease, by Newton B. Pierce, 1902. Publications on resistant-grape investigations by various authors in the different European vine countries. Acknowledgment for data obtained from these and other sources is gratefully made. FOREIGN DETERMINATIONS AS TO RESISTANCE INAPPLICABLE IN AMERICA. In the portions of this country where the Vinifera varieties are commercially grown, soil, climatic, and other conditions differ so much from those of France that it is often unsafe to accept the resis- tant ratings given to the different varieties by French viticulturists. This is very forcibly shown by the experience with the Riparia vari- eties so largely used by the French in the past. These are adapted to but few grape localities of California. The French vineyards are 172 SPECIES AND VAEIETIES OF GRAPES UIs^DER TEST. 17 I SO largely located on limy soils that the ability of resistant stocks to endure calcareous conditions has entered nmcli more largely into the varietal ratings than is necessary for stocks for California vineyards. The value of resistants as graft bearers depends to a considerable extent on whether the stock and the scion are both suited to the soil, climatic, and other conditions of the section where they are to be grown and whether the congeniality between them is good. In taking up the work in California the following lines of research were undertaken. SCOPE AND PURPOSE OF THE WORK OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. (]) A comprehensive test of the resistant varieties of vines to determine their adaptability to the different vineyard soils and cli- matic conditions. (See Pis. II and III.) Fig. 1.— One of the experiment vineyards of the Bureau of Plant Industry, A box containing a thermo- graph is shown in the loreground. (2) A study of the congeniality of the Yinifera varieties to the different resistant stock varieties. (See PL VII.) (3) A study of the behavior of fruiting varieties to determine which are best adapted to different localities. (See Frontispiece, Pis. II, III, and VII, and fig. 1.) (4) A consideration of all classes of grapes with reference to their resistance to destructive insects and diseases and, if found necessary, the origination of an entirely new class of grapes better adapted to Pacific-coast conditions. (See Pis. I, II, IX, and V.) SPECIES AND VARIETIES OF GRAPES UNDER TEST. Of the twenty-three species of grapes native in North America the following fourteen have been found sufficiently resistant to merit the 26966°— Bui. 172—10 2 18 GRAPE INVESTIGATIONS IN VINIFERA REGIONS. attention of the viticultiirist, and are under test in the experiment vineA^ards of the United States Department of Agriculture: Vitis labrusca h. (Northern Fox grape) . — Vine a vigorous, medium-sized climber; canes rugose, with numerous thick hairs; tendrils continuous, op- posite each leaf, all other grape species having intermittent or discontinuous tendrils. Leaves (figs. 2 and 3) large, orbicular, entire, bright green above, covered with white or yellowish vel- vety tomentum underneath; petiolar sinus deep. Clusters of medium size; berries medium to above medium, cov- ered with bloom, usually Adolet-black; pulp fleshy and of distinct foxy aroma. Seeds large and thick; beak short. Roots large and fleshy. Found native in the Allegheny Mountains from New England to South Carolina, principally on eastern exposures, preferring wet thickets and granitic soils. Under con- genial conditions this variety thrives in the presence of the phylloxera, although Fig. 2.- Via, labrusca; upper side of Concord leaf. i^S resistance is not rated higher than 5 (One-sixth natural size.) out of a possible 20. Cuttings root easily and grafts knit well with vini/era. It is resistant to mildew but is sensitive to black-rot. The majority of the varieties of our native grapes cultivated for fruit in this country are either pure seedlings of this species or hybrids between it and others. It is not adapted to many Cali- fornia localities or soils. Vitis candicans Engelm. (Mustang grape) . — Vine a moderately vigorous, medium- sized climber; canes deep brown, covered with white hair (which is generally rusty tipped) and having very thick dia- phragms; tendrils discontinuous or inter- mittent. Young leaves covered with thick white tomentum; adult leaves (figs. 4 and 5) medium to above medium in size, cordate, rounded, flexible, entire, 3, 5, or 7 lobed, edge often inflected, thick dark green above, covered with white, thick, felty tomentum underneath; petiolar sinus shallow. Clusters small; berries medium sized, black, globular, discoid, pulpy, and of a harsh taste. Seeds large; beak short; chalaza and raphe imperfectly developed, grooved . Roots \'igorous, tender, dark gray. The cuttings are exceedingly hard to root. This variety grafts well and knits easily. Starts medium early in the season . Found on the black waxy lands of Oklahoma, Indian 172 Fig. 3. litis labrusca; lower side of Concord leaf, ( One-sixth natural size.) SPECIES AND VARIETIES OF GEAPES UNDER TEST. 19 Territon-, and Texas, and is also met with in Xew Mexico. Very resistant to drought, heat, and cn,ptogamic diseases/but not to cold, 10 degrees below zero being sufficient to kill it. Grows on clay, sour, little-fertile soil, but is much more vigorous on more fertile soils. Resistance to phylloxera rated at 15. Ravaz considers the candicans allied to rupestris and perhaps arizonica. Viti.'i aestivalis Michx. — Vine a \igorous, medium-sized climber; canes deep-wine color, with bloom at the nodes; buds red or brown; tendrils discontinuous. Young leaves red; leaves (fig. 6) medium sized, suborbicular, entire or lobed, dark green above, with cottony, rusty down underneath; petiolar sinus deep. Clusters medium to large, rather open; berries medium sized, round, usually black, covered with bloom, juicy, ^vith clean taste. Seeds rather small; beak short; chalaza round and prominent; raphe limited. Roots rather large, hard, and plunging. Hard to root from cuttings. Starts rather late. Grafts well. This variety occur? from southern Xew York to Florida, and westward to the Mississippi and Missouri rivers It de- lights in high, warm, sand)^ gravelly, moist soil. It is rarely found in very dr\' soils and never in swampy lowlands, and is not adapted to calcareous soils. Resistance to phylloxera about 15. Seibel, Couderc, and Malleque used thi.'^ species extensively as one of the parents in producing their hybrids. Vitis linsecomii Buckley (Post-Oak, Pine- Wood, or Turkey grape). — Vine a vig- orous, good-sized climber; canes dark brown; limbs thick and rugose; tendrils discontinuous. Leaves very large, deep green above, glaucous underneath, orbic- ular, entire or lobed with deep sinuses; petiolar sinus very deep, with tangent lips. Clusters medium; berries medium, discoid, covered with bloom and having a peculiar flaA-or. Seeds large, pear shaped; beak detached; chalaza orbicular, wide; raphe filiform. Roots medium sized, hard, and long. Hard to root from cuttings. Starts rather late. Found in sandy, high, well-drained timber lands of Texas, on the ridges in siliceous or granitic gravel mixed with clay, rather compact soils; also in the very deep and rich soils of river banks, but not in limy soils or black lands of low bottoms. Very resistant to heat, drought, and cold. Considered a good graft bearer. Quite a number of linsecomii hybrids have been grown which as direct producers of wine grapes are attracting considerable attention. There being no straight representati ve of the Vitis linsecomii in the collection of the Bureau of Plant Industry, the leaf of a hybrid is shown. Vitis monticola Buckley (Sweet Mountain grape). — Vine rather small; canes short, ramified, tomentose, angular, violaceous green (striated and red- brown at maturity), Fig. 4.- Vitis candicans; upper side of leaf. (Four-ninths natural size.) 20 GEAPE INVESTIGATIONS IN VINIFEEA REGIONS. the young growth angled and floccose (sometimes glabrous); diaphragms plane and rather thin; stipules red, one-eighth inch. Young leaves shiny; adult leaves orbicu- lar, entire, smooth, medium, very shining green, brittle; dentations angular, glabrous; veins red at their base above, scarce, short, pubescent underneath. Bunches small, shouldered; berries round, small, black or roseate; taste pleasant, at the same time sweet and acid. Seeds with chalaza round and raphe protruding. Roots bushy, plunging. Munson and Couderc used this variety in their hybridizations. It is found exclusively on the low limestone hills of Texas; never in very low places. It is one of the most resistant to lime soils, and also ranks high in resistance to phyl- loxera. Does moderately well in sandy soils. There being no straight representative of the Vitis monticola in the collection of the Bureau of Plant Industry, the leaf of a hybrid is shown (figs. 9 and 10). Vitis berlandieri Planch (Little Mountain grape). — Vines mostly slender; canes long, slender, downy, with short internodes and rather thick diaphragms . Young leaves light green or copper colored, thickly tomentose; adult leaves (figs. 11 and 12) medium sized, cuneiform, me- dium, green on both sides; dentations small, rounded; up- per side araneous, sometimes pubescent, rugose; under side araneous pubescent. Bunches generally small, compact, some- times pyramidal; berries round, discoid, small, pulpy, intense black, of agreeable acid flavor. Seeds rounded, large. Roots generally strong and plunging, gray, carneous. This variety is found on the tops as well as along the sides and bottoms of the limestone hills of Texas and the northern part of Mexico. It is one of the most resistant to limy conditions, as well as one of the most resistant to drought, heat, and cold. Its resistance to phylloxera is rated at 19. Starts late; a medium to good grower. Cuttings of most varieties are exceed- ingly hard to root. Grafts easily and the grafts do well and are quite productive. Viiis '^:Ordif alia MichiL. (Frost or Sour Winter grape). — Vine a vigorous, strong grower of climbing habit; canes of shining cinnamon color, with base of hair persistent; nodes flat; internodes long; buds almost glabrous; tendrils discontinuous. Young leaves of a fawn-colored, varnished appearance; adult leaves thick, medium sized, cordate, elongate, entire, shining green above, more glossy, lighter green, with ribs covered with short supple hair, underneath; dentations white, petiole grooved. Clusters long, loose; berries small, spherical, shining, black, with harsh taste. Seeds medium sized; beak stout and short; chalaza round; raphe forming small ending abruptly. Roots strong, carneous, yellowish, and hard. Starts late. Rather hard to root from cuttings. This species is found with the Riparia in deep, rich, loose soils on river 172 Fig. 5.- Vitis candicans; lower side of leaf. (Four-ninths natu- ral size.) SPECIES AND VARIETIES OF GRAPES UNDER TEST. 21 banks from the Great Lakes to Florida. It is especially abundant in Illinois, Ten- nessee, Missouri, Arkansas, and northern Texas. A good grafting stock, grafts on it being usually strong and fruitful. Adapted to same soils as the Riparia. Resistance to phylloxera rated at 19. It being exceedingly hard to root from cuttings, crosses of it and easier rooting species are used in the resistant work. No straight cordifolia being used in the researches of the Bureau of Plant Industry, the leaves of hybrids are shown (figs. 13, 14, and 15). Vitis cinerea Engelm. (Sweet Winter or Ashy grape).— Vine a vigorous and strong grower; canes long, costate, very pubescent, ashy gray; tendrils discontinuous; stipules two-eighths of an inch; buds thick, white tomentose. Young leaves thick, white tomentose; adult leaves cordate, truncate, elongated, entire, dull grayish above, dull ashy green, light tomentum underneath, tomentose, pubescent on veins; teeth wide and obtuse; petiolar sinus very deep, slightly open. Clusters rather large, loose; berries small,. spherical, shiny, black, acid taste. Seeds medium sized, elongate; beak short, narrow; chalaza round and small; raphe pro- truding. Roots large, fleshy, gray, plunging. Hard to root from cut- tings. This species is widely dis- tributed, being found from Illinois to Texas in the same territory as the cordifolia and, like it, in deep, rich, loose soils on river banks ; also on low, swampy clay land, and never in very loose, dr}^ soils. Its resistance to phylloxera would probably be rated as 15. Of special value on swampy land . There being no straight cinerea in the collection of the Bureau of Plant Industry, the leaves of a hybrid are shown (figs. 16 and 17). Vitis champini Planch (Adobe Land grape). — Vine a A-igorous, spreading grower; canes very downy, violaceous, green, mahogany when ripe, finely striated, thick, spread- ing and ramified ; stipules one-eighth inch, brown; tomentum whitish, tinted red. Young leaves whitish, cobwebby on both sides; adult leaves (figs. 18 and 19) thick, below medium in size, dark, shining green, slightly araneous above, light green, more araneous under- neath; dentations rounded, very broad, very shallow. Flowers and ripens early. Bemes hang on well after ripening. Roots large, ramified, plunging. Thi^ variety is easily propagated from layers, and cuttings root moderately easy. Found mostly on the limestone hills of Texas. Adapts itself well to a variety of soils and stands heat, drought, and limy conditions well. It grafts easily and the congeniality to nearly all Vinif era varieties appears good . Vitis doaniana Munson (Texas Panhandle Large grape). — Vine rather slender; foliage rather dense, spreading; canes slender, finely striated, woolly; stipules three- sixteenths inch, brown; buds white roseate or reddish; parenchyma copper colored; tomentum reddish; young leaf whitish, very downy on both sides. Adult leaves (figs. 20 and 21) 3-lobed, truncate, medium sized, often rugose and puckered 172 Fig. G. Vitis aestivalis: upper side of Lenoir leaf, ninths natural size.) (Two- 22 GRAPE INVESTIGATIONS IN VINIFEKA REGIONS. in center; edge generally inflected; petiolar sinuses very wide, shallow, rounded; dentations acute, broad, angular; upper side woolly, whitish; underside pubescent, downy all over. Roots numerous, thick, rather running, deeply penetrating. This variety grows easily from cuttings. It was found by Prof. T. V. Munson growing over a large portion of the Panhandle of northern Texas. Its characters being always con- stant, he considered it a species and named it doaniana. It is a fairly good grower, does moderately well on sandy or limy soils, starts early, roots comparatively easy, and stands heat and drought well. Resistance to phylloxera would probably be rated about 12. Vitis longii Prince (Solonis, Bush, or Gulch grape). — Vine a bushy, upright grower; canes long, whitish, downy, light green, spreading; buds white, abundant, tomentose. Young leaves abundantly tomentose, pubescent; adult leaves (figs. 22 and 23) large, entire, 3-lobed, araneous, pubescent, smooth, and whitish above, araneous and pubescent underneath; petiolar sinus wide, very shallow, upper lateral hardly distinct; denta- tions angular, very ser- rate . Roots large , hard , ramified, growing hori- zontally. This variety is found along banks in ravines of streams in the Texas Panhandle and in parts of New Mexico, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Colorado, in cretaceous and generally rich, red, sandy, often moist, al- ways fresh, soils with the subsoil composed of white calcareous con- cretions. Starts early. Cuttings root fairly easy. Its resistance would probably be rated about 14. Vitis rupestris Scheele (Sand, Sugar, or Rock grape). — Vine a vigor- ous grower, short, thick, and bushy; canes from dull brown-red to shining chestnut- brown color, smooth, striated, and ramified; tendrils discontinuous, falling early; buds generally yellowish green, light tomentum. Young leaves bright russet-brown, trans- parent, sometimes glabrous, sometimes araneous; adult leaves (figs. 24 and 25) dark green and lustrous above, pale green and glossy underneath, glabrous, thick, brittle, entire or 3-lobed, broader than long, often folded inward along the midrib; veins level with parenchyma; indentations well formed, wide, and obtuse; petiolar sinus open and diminutive. Clusters small, loose; berries small, little or no bloom, tender skin, spherical, juicy; pulp strongly red colored, fine vinous taste. Seeds small, globular; beak thick and short; chalaza long, rather prominent; raphe elementary, merging into the chalaza. Roots long, slender or strong, fleshy, plunging. The cuttings are very easy to root. In the Rupestris the varieties are exceedingly numerous, and as it blossoms at the same time as some of the other species many hybrids with 172 Fig. 7.— Hybrid (Linsecomii X Labrusca X Vinifera); upper side of Hus manu leaf. (One-sixth natural size.) SPECIES ANi) VARIETIES OF GRAPES UNDER TEST. 23 these occur. The Rupestris is found in hilly, mountainous country from the Rio Grande in Texas nmning northeasterly into Indian Territory, through northwestern Arkansas southern Missouri, Kentucky, and Tennessee, and in the Cumberland range of mountains as far north as southern Pennsylvania, nearly always along gravelly banks and ra\ines in which there is running water only a portion of the time but moisture all the year. It is usually found in open places free from timber; grows in poor soils, is resistant to drought, cold, and heat, and starts early in the season. Is very subject to "puridie" and should under no circumstances be planted where there is stagnant water. One of the most resistant to phylloxera, rating as high as 19 out of a possible 20. It is best adapted for bench grafting; if grafted in vineyard, should be grafted young. Rupestris varieties are more or less sensitive to the action of lime in the soil, ^^^len Vinifera varieties are grafted or growing on it there is generally very little difference in the size of stock and scion, but varieties grafted on it drop the blossoms more readily and need to be pruned longer than when grafted on most other species. This species has been extensively used in hybridizing by Couderc, Ganzin, Millardct, ^Mal- legue, Seibel, Terras, and Jurie . This species is rep- resented in the experi- mental ^•ineyards of the Bureau of Plant Industry by the following varieties: St. George, Mission, Mar- tin, des Caussettes, Me- tallica, Constantia (syn- onym Mettallica S. A.), Othello, De Semis No. 81-2, Pillans, Ganzin, and Le Reux. Vitis vulpina L. (gen- erally known as Riparia or Riverside grape). — Vine vigorous, of medium size; canes long, slender, varying in color from purple-red to ash-gray; stipules three-eighths inch, pubescent; tendrils continuous. Young leaves unfolding slowly ; adult leaves (fig. 26) entire, medium to large in size, longer than broad; dentations serrate, angular, glabrous, slightly rugose above; veins red at their base; pubescence on veins underneath with aggregates of stiff hair at main angles. Clusters rather compact; berries small, spherical, dense bloom, when ripe usually black, taste agreeable, tart or neutral. Seeds very small, pear shaped. Roots long, thin, slender, hard, wiry, and very ramified, which accounts for the susceptibility of this variety to drought. Starts very early. Cuttings easy to root. Variations in this species are exceedingly numerous and, because of their long-continued inflorescence, hybrids between it and the other species are also numerous. The Riparia has the widest geographical distri- bution of any of the native species, being found from Salt Lake east and from Texas north in all the States as far as 90 miles north of Quebec. It is one 172 Fig. 8.— Hybrid (LinsecomiixLabruscaXVinifera); lower side of Husmann leaf. (One-sixth natural size.) 24 GRAPE INVESTIGATION'S IN VINIFEEA REGIONS. of the most resistant to cold and one of the most resistant to phylloxera also. It is vigorous on moist soils only and attains its best growth on sandy virgin river banks. Very few localities in California are suited to this species. It is for this reason that in the experiment \dneyard there are only three pure varieties of this species, namely, Gloire de Montpellier, Grand Glabre, and France. Varieties grafted on this species nearly always bear well and ripen early, and the con- geniality with most of them is good. It has in the past been very extensively used in Europe in the reestablishing of vineyards on resistant stocks, but of late years it is being replaced by more vigorous varieties and hybrids of other species, as well as by hybrids between other species and the Riparia. Vitis hicolor Le Conte (Blue grape). — Vine a fair grower. Resembles Vitis aestivalis and Vitis linsecomii. Differs from aestivalis in the smaller indentations of its leaves, which are glaucous and glabrous underneath. Clusters small, compact; seeds small. Fig. 9.— Hybrid (RipariaxMonticola, No. 18808); upper side of leaf. (Two-ninths natural size.) Fig. 10.— Hybrid (RipariaxMonticola, No lower side of leaf. (Two-ninths natural size.) Very hard to root from cuttings. Starts late in the season. Found in northern Mis- souri, Illinois, Wisconsin, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, Maryland, and Ontario, but is especially indigenous to Michigan, Indiana, and New York. It grows well on black sandy and red siliceous soils. Very resistant to heat, drought, and cold. Resistance to phylloxera about the same as aestivalis. Of little practical value in reconstruction work. Vitis simpsonii Muns., Vitis coriaceo Shuttl., Vitis munsoniana Simps. Natives of Florida. Their description is omitted, as they are of little or no importance in the Pacific-coast resistant work. Vitis arizonica Engelm., Vitis girdiana Mxins., and Vitis calif arnica Benth., not being resistant, further mention at this time is considered unnecessary. Vitis vinifera L. (Wine grape, European grape). — Probably a native of Asia. It is illustrated (figs. 27, 28, 29, and 30) because nearly all of the varieties of grapes grown for their fruit in California are of this species. It loves a warm, dry climate, but varie- 172 SPECIES AND VARIETIES OF GRAPES UNDER TEST. 25 ties thrive in nearly all well-drained soils where conditions are otherwise favorable. It is, however, not resistant to the phylloxera. Its specific characteristics can hardly be indicated, such wide variation being included in its many varieties, some of which are nearly as distinct as some of the American species, ha\'ing been ob- tained through culture of the spe- cies for centuries under widely varying conditions. HYBRIDS. In the investigations of the French to get a resistant suited to their soil, cHmate, and other conditions which at the same time would prove a congenial, lasting, and pro- ductive stock on which to graft Vinif era varieties, many difficulties were encoimtered. ^^^ For instance, a stock might be suited for the soil, but be so mercial use impracticable; again, 11.— Vitis berlandicri; upper side of Resseguier, No. 1, leaf. (One-third natural size.) hard to root as to make its com- the stock might be suited to the soil, root easily, and be resist- ant, but not be congenial to or make lasting junction with the Vinif era varieties wdiich it was desired to graft on it ; or the congeniality of the variety might otherwise be good, but the fruitfulness of the graft be impaired. Then, Fig. 12. Vitis berlandieri; lower side of Resseguier leaf. (One-third natural size.) American species w^ere selected desired. In this work some again, m many cases no spe- cies of resistant was exactly suited to the soil and cli- matic conditions. In order to overcome such difficulties and others of like nature, hybrids (see PL VIII) have been and are being pro- ^^- 1' duced, in the breeding of which such of the native as possess the various qualities remarkable successes have been 26 GEAPE INVESTIGATIONS W VIKIFERA REGIONS. achieved; such, for instance, as the Riparia X Rupestris, No. 3306; Riparia X Rupestris, No. 3309; Solonis X Othello, No. 1616 (hybrids grown byCouderc); Riparia X Rupestris, No. 101; Rupestris X Cordi- folia. No. 107-11; Riparia X (Cordifoha X Rupestris), No. 106-8; Rupestris xBerlandieri, No. 301 A; Berlandieri X Riparia, No. 420A; and Monticola X Rupestris (hybrids grown by Millardet and De Gras- set). Hybrids, like those just mentioned, in which both parents are American species are termed by the French ^'Americo-Americans." Wlien we reflect on the earlier attempts at reconstruction of Cali- fornia vineyards on resistant stock and the many failures resulting, we can see that enormous losses and delay would have been avoided had the growers had definite knowledge before planting, and many acres of fine resist- ant vineyards would now be found instead of heavy mort- gages. DIRECT PRODUCERS. The French have also en- deavored to produce hybrids between the Vinifera and American varieties which would be resistant to phyl- loxera and at the same time give sufficiently large crops of fruit of desirable character and quality, They reasoned that if such direct producers could be secured the time and cost of grafting would not only be saved, but congeniality would not have to be reckoned with. Hybrids (see PI. IV, fig. 2) of this character are called '^ Franco- Americans." Some remarkable strides have been made along this line, but as yet the writer knows of no complete successes that have been obtained. Either the hybrid reverted too far toward the Vini- fera and the resistant qualities were impaired, or too much toward the resistant and the quality of the fruit was undesirable, or both resistance to phylloxera and the quantity and quality of the fruit of the hybrid were not as desired. No doubt American grape history suggested this plan of crossing to the French, for on this continent such men as Rogers and Ricketts crossed principally Labruscas with Viniferas to obtain vines that would be hardy to American conditions and in which the strong foxy flavor and aroma of the Labrusca would be avoided. Of late years ^.. ,__S1jj" ' — -^ isr-- :■ ^* --^ i "^r # -^^ JHC^' . - ••-.•.y.^g^^M^^Jll^.jBiwBl ^^^ ^g^SBnSj^^^" -^' ^jJgjE^^ ^^@ xjB Hr s t3 OJ ^ o 1 0) a i O o a 1 C O > d d O Per ct. Perct. Perct. Perct. Perct. Per c«. Per ci. Perct. Brown sandv loam, 0 to 12 inches 0.58 1.2 9.8 6.7 18.4 12.0 33.2 19.7 Brown sandy loam, 12 to 24 inches. . . 0.71 0.9 9.1 6.9 17.8 12.3 32.5 21.4 Sandy loam, 24 to 3() inches 0.51 0.6 8.3 7.8 19.9 12.9 27.1 23.5 Sandy loam, 30 to 48 inches 0.35 0.9 8.8 6.0 13.7 13.1 36.3 21.4 Free sandy loam, 48 to 00 inches 0.11 1.2 14.2 8.6 22.4 15.7 26.5 11.1 Table VI. — Temperature and rainfall at Fresno, Cal., 1903-1908. MEAN TliMPERATURE (° F.). Year. .Tan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1903 43.8 45.8 54.9 57.5 67.8 77.2 77.4 80.2 73.6 67.7 55.3 45.6 62.2 1904 44.8 52.4 54.6 60.2 71.4 78.0 79.8 82.8 75.3 63.4 55.6 46.0 63.7 1905 49.2 53.6 58.0 62.4 64.0 74.4 82.4 80.0 73.0 63.6 52.6 43.1 63.0 1900 48.8 55. 3 54.2 58.0 63.5 7L6 86.0 82.1 74.0 66.2 51.4 47.4 63.2 1907 40.6 54.0 52.8 62.2 66.0 72.0 79.8 77.9 69.6 64.8 55.4 48.6 62,5 1908 48.0 49.4 56.2 64.1 63.6 72.7 86.5 81.5 74.5 62.2 55.6 4L3 63.0 PRECIPITATION (INCHES). 1903 1904 1905 1900 1907 1908 1.86 0.65 2.28 0.50 T.o T.a 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.68 0.22 0.57 2.49 2.75 1.21 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.78 3.21 0.08 1.12 0.93 0.90 2.04 0.45 1.58 0.00 0.00 0.00 T.o 0.00 0.96 0.41 2.05 2.20 4.10 0.92 2.88 T.o T.a 0.00 T.a 0.00 0.73 3.16 3.35 0.94 1.74 0.09 T.a 0.24 0.00 T.a T.a 1.08 0.00 0.97 1.70 1.75 0.71 0.80 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.15 0.02 0.66 0.57 6.19 13.33 7.27 16.04 9.01 7.00 MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE (° F.). 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 66 69 74 85 101 107 103 108 106 95 79 64 70 72 75 93 102 105 109 109 108 88 77 68 67 77 81 86 96 104 115 107 102 90 77 68 69 76 93 94 103 111 107 99 94 76 66 65 67 77 83 93 101 103 103 98 90 78 74 65 75 83 96 94 104 114 113 103 94 84 64 MINIMUM TEMPERATURE (° F.). 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 26 25 35 35 43 49 52 52 47 46 32 27 28 31 35 37 41 54 54 58 52 41 36 29 30 29 32 38 43 50 54 56 42 38 32 26 28 37 34 34 42 48 59 55 50 36 29 27 30 35 30 40 42 42 55 52 49 47 35 32 31 32 33 34 40 44 57 52 48 36 31 29 a T.= trace. 172 EXPERIMEXT VINEYARDS AXD METHODS OF WORK. 37 Table VII. — Mechanical analyses of samples of soil (dark-hrovn heavy gravelly loam) from the experiment vineyard plot at Oakville, Cal. Description. Coarse gravel. Fine gravel, 2tol mm. Coarse sand, 1 to 0.5 mm. Me- dium sand, 0.5 to 0.25 mm. Fine sand, 0.25 to 0.1mm Very fine sand, 0.1 to 0.05 mm. Silt, 0.05 to 0.005 mm. 0.005 to 0 mm. Brown gravelly loam, 0 to 12 inches.. Brown gravelly loam, 12 to 24 inches. Brown clavev gravellv loam, 24 to 36 Per ct. 30.00 20.00 26.25 25.00 38.20 24.30 Perct. 14.2 10.6 9.4 5.9 7.1 6.8 Perct. 14.4 13.2 13.9 12.9 13.5 10.0 Perct. 3.5 3.2 3.6 3.7 3.7 2.3 Perct. 6.0 6.2 7.2 7.8 8.1 5.3 Perct. 4.9 6.1 7.6 5.8 7.3 5.2 Per ct. 33.8 35. 5 33.4 39.0 3.3.7 42.1 Per ct. 22.9 24.5 24.0 Gravelly loam, 36 to 48 inches Yellow Clayey gravelly loam, 48 to tiO 24.6 25.8 Gravelly loam, 60 to 72 inches 27.6 Table VIII. — Temperature and rainfall at Napa (state hospital) (nearest point Oakville), Cal., 1903-1908. to MEAN TEMPERATX'RE (° F.). Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept.j Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1903 45.0 45.4 49.3 45.9 4.5.0 46.5 46.8 44.9 51.6 54.4 54.2 47.2 51.1 4«.8 55.5 51.9 50.6 52.0 54.6 54.8 56.4 57.4 58.6 57.0 62.0 65. 8 57.9 59.4 59.0 59.4 66.6 66.8 64.4 64.8 62.8 65.3 65.8 65.4 69.8 70.9 66.8 71.0 66.4 65.6 69.1 P^.O 67.5 67.8 66.4 1 64.6 52.8 48.2 47.4 4.3.0 49.0 47.6 43.2 57.5 1904 68.8 1 62.8 67. 5 1 62. 4 68.8 1 65.6 65.2 f).3.4 69. 4 60. 2 55.2 52.4 M.9 56.0 52.7 57.5 1905 1906 1907 1908 58.3 59.2 58.1 57.5 PRECIPITATION (INCHES). 1903.. 1904.. 1905.. 1906.. 1907.. 1908.. 3.22 0.92 4.40 6.36 6. .50 4.15 2.11 4.99 8.23 7.93 2.77 3.44 4.28 6.77 4.44 8.37 3.96 0.80 1.13 1.70 0.94 0.43 0.42 0.14 T.a 0.04 2.t« 3.23 0.26 0.75 0.00 T.o 0.00 0.40 0.85 0.03 0.00 T.a 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.44 4.25 4.79 2.(« 2.01 T.a 0.00 1.00 0.14 0.00 1.74 0.01 0.62 0.09 0.00 0..37 2.25 2.46 2.40 1.17 6.07 4. .37 2. 43 18.60 30.73 16.32 29. 42 25.93 14.88 MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE (° F.). 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 62 72 72 79 98 108 104 100 106 97 71 6,5! 66 56 63 88 97 100 93 93 110 92 79 64 65 75 83 77 93 94 110 92 100 94 82 68 ' 74 72 74 85 84 96 103 102 97 95 81 61 1 m 67 71 86 89 95 90 92 88 99 80 70 1 59 70 79 87 95 100 102 99 102 88 77 60 ' MINIMUM TEMPERATURE (" F.). 1903. 1904. 1905. 1906. 1907. 1908. 1 1 29 26 35 35 38 42 44 45 45 40 33 30 I 29 31 30 34 42 47 47 47 48 40 38 30 1 -^1 29 34 38 41 45 52 50 46 38 30 27 28 36 35 38 40 48 53 51 49 42 31 32 29 37 34 39 43 47 50 54 41 44 34 35 34 33 32 36 39 45 54 50 46 39 3. 28 aT.=trace. SMALLER VINEYARDS. In addition to the main vineyards, outlying vineyards of 10 acres each have been estabUslied and plantings of resistant and direct producers made and maintained for the purpose of testing varieties 172 38 GEAPE INVESTIGATIONS IN ^INIFERA REGIONS. in different altitudes, at varying distances from the ocean, bays, and other bodies of water, under different climatic conditions, and in the leading type of vineyard soils. (See PI. III.) Fig. 25. — Vitis rupcstris; upper side of Rupestris Martin leaf. (Two-thirds natural size.) COLFAX EXPERIMENT VINEYARD. The Colfax experiment vineyard is situated on the property of Mr. Louis Cortopassi, on the Sierra Ne- vada Mountains, 2,422 feet above sea level, 1^ miles southwest of Col- fax, Cal. The soil, usually fairly deep and well drained and hilh^ originated in the decomposition of the Mariposa formation, consisting of dark shales, or slates, sandstones, or quartzite sandstones, and con- glomerates. The large amount of iron present from decomposing vol- canic-rock material where exposed to perfect weathering gives the soil a deep-red color. The first few inches are often dark red from the accumulation of organic matter, and the subsoils often yellow from restricted weathering. Rock out- crops of conglomerates, chert, and slates occur on the higher por- tions. The native vegetation is man- zanita, chaparral, live oak, and yel- low pine. The soil was found to conform generally to one distinct ty^^e, but on account of slight local differences three varieties were rec- ognized. In variation No. 1 the brown- red clay is 15 to 18 inches deep and contains enough gravel fragments and organic matter to make it easily tilled. From 18 to about 66 inches of red clay loam or clay occurs; below this to 6 feet or more the clay loam is filled with partially decomposed rock, giving the subsoil a yellow color. This variation occupies the lower portion of tlie plot. 172 Fig. 20.— Vitis vulpina; upper side of Riparia Gloire de Montpellierleaf. (Two-ninths natural size.) EXPERIMENT VINEYARDS AND METHODS OP WORK. 39 In variation Xo. 2 the brownish-red clay loam is 12 inches deep, underlain b}^ red clay to 3 feet; below this the clay becomes yellow and is filled with partially decomposed rock. This variation occupies a more elevated portion of the plot than in type No. 1. In variation No. 3 dark shaly conglomerate rocks outcrop in spots, and numerous rock fragments occur. The brownish-red clay loam, containing considerable angular gravel, is 8 inches deep, underlain to 3 feet by red clay or clay loam, below which is found yellow clay filled with partiaUy disintegrated and Aveathered rock fragments. Variation No. 3 occupies the highest portions of the plot. The extent of this soil type is unknown. The nearest approach to it is the Sierra clay loam mapped in the Sacra- mento area. The district in which the Colfax experiment vineyard is located is unique in the diversity of fruit grown and packed by families on sidehill loca- tions. GEYSERVILLE EXPERIMENT VINEYARD. Vilis vini/era; upper side of Zinfaudel leaf. (Four- ninths natural size.) Located on the prop- ^^^" '^^ erty of John D. Bosch, the Geyserville experiment vineyard is situated just east of Geyserville, Sonoma County, Cal., against a range of high hills. It is a valley soil laid down by streams. To a depth of 2 J or 3 feet the soil consists of a uniform, dark gravelly loam. Beneath this occurs a subsoil of light- brown or yellowish-brown color, similar in texture to the topsoil. This soil is very mellow and carries considerable humus, which enables it to retain moisture well. Soils of this type produce some of the choicest dry wines (both red and white) of the State. Though not encountered by any of the soil surveys, the type extends over considerable areas along the streams and the floor of the Sonoma Valley, having been washed down from the shale, schist, and con- glomerate hills about. The texture of the soil and subsoil through the 6-foot profile is shown in Table X. 172 40 GEAPE IXVESTIGATTOXS IX VTXIFERA REGIONS. LIVERMORE EXPERIMENT VINEYARD. The Livermore experiment vineyard is situated 3 miles south of Livermore, Alameda County, CaL, on the property of Mr. C. H. Wente. Its position on the valley floor is not far from the low hills. The soil is a very uniform, level, alluvial soil, showing no particular variation over the plot. It is derived from decomposed shales and schists from the surrounding mountains and is full of rounded gravel washed do^\Ti from the hills. The surface soil is a dark-brown, gravelly loam, which gives way to a gravelly, sandy loam in the second, third, or fourth foot, and this in turn is replaced by gravelly sand in the fifth foot. The humus decreases with the depth, while the gravel increases, varying from 30 to 59 per cent. The proportion of clay is greater than that of silt . This gives the soil a very heavy appearance, the gravel sticking together very tightly when dry or packed. Xo alkali exists, but ground water is en- countered at 5 or 6 feet in places. Soils of this character are known to produce superior white wines of the Sauterne tj'pe and are common over the Livermore Valley, but have not been encountered in the survevs made over the State. Fig. 28.— Vitis linifera; lower side of Zinfandel leaf. (Two-ninths natural size.) LODI EXPERIMENT VIXEYARD. The Lodi experiment vineyard is about one-fourth of a mile north- east of Lodi, on the property of Mrs. Mary Lawrence. The Bureau of Soils has made no survey of this soil type in California, but a large body is known to exist between Lodi and Acampo. There are two variations on the plot. Phase Xo. 1 is a brown, free, sandy loam, underlain below 4| feet by a more adhesive light-brown or yellowish sandy loam. Occasionally iron concretions occur, giving the subsoil a mottled color. The soil has good capillarity, and the water table occurs at between 5 and 6 feet. Phase Xo. 2, an adhesive sand, was formed by an old stream channel. This is light-brown sand to a depth of 3 feet, the subsoil being waterwashed sand much looser 172 EXPERIMEXT VINEYARDS AND METHODS OF WORK. 41 ill texture and lighter in color aiul dry to a depth of more than 6 feet, the soil texture being too loose to exert much capillary force. The area of this phase is very limited. No hardpan or alkali was found in either phase. These soils are, how- ever, deficient in lime: other- wise they are exceedingly productive. comparatively level. unirrigated, and easily tilled. This locality has a wide reputation for its fine Flame Tokay shipping grapes. MOUXTAIX VIEW EXPERIMENT VINE- YARD. Fig. 29. VUis iiiiijira; upptr side of Sultanina leaf. (Four-ninths natural size.) The Mountain View experi- ment vineyard is 2 miles west of Mountain View on the west side of the Santa Clara Valley, on the property of Mr. Bernard Distel. The soil in the vineyard is a gravelly phase of Placentia sandy loam, and to 12 inches in depth is quite dark from humus, being a dark red-brown, gravelly, sandy loam. Below this the subsoil becomes redder, sandier, and more gravelly until at 4 feet gravelly sand is encountered. It is well drained, but inclined to become too dry in summer and fall. The surface soil at times be- comes quite compact and when plowed breaks up in hard clods. When tilled at the proper time it works into a very mellow con- dition. These soils originate from washiness of o^ranitic sandv shales and schist rocks. The Santa Clara Valley before the destruction of its vineyards by phylloxera and other agencies was at one time the banner dry-wme producing section of the State. The following areas of Placentia sandy loam were surveyed by the Bureau of Soils in California: San Jose, 61,500; lower Salinas, 74,000; Los .Vngeles, Fig. 30.— Viri-s iinij(ra; lower side of Sultanina leaf. (Four-ninths natural size.) 42 GRAPE INVESTIGATIONS IN VINIFEEA REGIONS. 66,000; San Bernardino, 87,000; San Gabriel, 48,800; and Santa Ana area, 16,800 acres. Soils of the Placentia series occur throughout the coast range of mountains from San Francisco to the Mexican line, occupying undulating portions of valleys close to the hills. SONOMA EXPERIMENT VINEYARD. The Sonoma experiment vineyard is about 2 miles south of Sonoma, on low, undulating land lying out of the foothills on the property of the Gundlach-Bundschu Wine Company. The soil is of rather poor quality and to a depth of 8 or 10 inches is a gray loam more easity tilled than its texture indicates. The subsoil to 6 feet or more in depth consists of a clay, changing at 4 feet, with an increase of sand, from light-brown to a 3'ellowish-brown color. The soil is found near where weathered shales from the surrounding hills have been par- tially broken down and transported into the valleys, where they decompose in soil. This soil usualty occupies small, undulating ridges, or elevations, and is surrounded by the dark-brown, alluvial clay loam of the valley floor. Surface drainage is good, and no inju- rious quantity of alkali exists. This soil produces superior white wines of the Riesling, Chasselas, and Traminer types. The Bureau of Soils has made no survey of this type of soil in California, but it is known to exist over extensive areas in the Sonoma Valley and in the adjacent bay region. STOCKTON EXPERIMENT VINEYARD. The Stockton experiment vineyard is on the property of the San Joaquin Valley Realty Compan}^, a little over a mile southeast of Stockton, on the largest body of Stockton clay loam adobe found in the soil survey of the area. This soil type, locally known as black adobe, was laid down in a swamp or tidal marsh in quiet water, the decomposing vegetation giving it the black color. It is a clay loam in texture, adhesive and sticky when wet and when dry very hard, cracking into large, cubical blocks full of small, cubical fractures. Sufficient rain slacks the clods readily. Cultivated when in the right condition, the soil is friable and pulverizes well, but when either too wet or too dry great difficulty is experienced in tilling it. The subsoil is a light-yellow, silt loam, much lighter than the surface soil, from which it is usually separated at a depth of 2^ feet by a thin stratum, about one-half inch thick, of rather soft marly or calcareous hardpan, which is not always continuous and is often broken or dis- integfated. Roots and water readily penetrate the subsoil, often passing through the hardpan. The water table varies with the sea- sons, averaging from 3^ to 6 feet for the wet seasons and from 6 to 10 feet for the dry ones. This variation is influenced by a thin, marly 172 EXPERIMENT VINEYARDS AND METHODS OF WORK. 43 hardpan, which ai)pears to hold the water down under pressure. The heavy texture of this soil prevents the alkali from concentrating on the surface from rapid passage of water upward through capillary attraction. This and occasional floods, from which vineyards seem not to suffer, keep the alkali evenly distributed throughout the 6 feet of soil. It is somewhat difficult to establish vine^^ards on these soils, but they are ver}^ productive and lasting. Grapes for diverse pur- poses are grown on them. One of the largest sweet-wine establish- ments of the State is located near Stockton, and heavy shipments of table grapes grown on these soils are made. Soils of this t}^:>e have been mapped in California as follows: Stockton, 53,312; Hanford, 5,470; and Fresno area, 5,664 acres. This soil has also been identified but not surve^^ed between the Marysville buttes and about North Durham, in the Sacramento Valley, where it covers many thousand acres. Mechanical analyses of the soils in the Colfax, Ge3^serville, Liver- more, Lodi, Mountain View, Sonoma, and Stockton experiment vineyards, made by the Bureau of wSoils, and temperature and rainfall records in them or at localities ver}' near them are given in Tables IX to XXII, following: Table IX. — Mechanical analyses of samples of soil (red clay loam) from the experiment vineyard plot at Colfax, Cal. Description. Coarse gravel. Me- Very Fine Coarse dium Fine fine Silt, gravel, sand, sand. sand. sand. 0.05 to 2tol 1 to 0.5 0.5 to 0.25 to 0.1 to 0.005 mm. mm. 0.25 mm. 0.1mm. 0.05 mm. mm. Per ct. Perct. Perct. Per ct. Perct. Per ct. 3.9 7.9 3.2 7.2 7.3 37.8 3.4 6.3 2.7 5.6 5.1 30.4 2.1 5.2 2.3 6.2 5.8 33.1 1 2.6 6.5 2.5 6.5 7.0 35.0 3.3 8.3 3.6 9.0 5.1 33.7 4.1 8.6 3.2 7.5 5.4 33.5 Clav, 0.005 to 0 mm. Per ct. 32.1 45.5 44.5 38.9 36.1 36.8 Per ct. Red clay loam, 0 to 12 inches 24. 20 Red clay, 12 to 24 inches 19. 20 Red vofcanic clav, 24 to 36 inches 16. 25 Red volcanic clay, 36 to 48 inches I 11. 00 Red volcanic clav, 48 to 60 inches i 21. 60 Red volcanic clay, 60 to 72 inches ' 32. 00 Table X. — Mechanical analyses of samples of soil (dark-brown gravelly loam) from the experiment vineyard plot at Geyserville, Cal. Me- Very Fine Coarse dium Fine fine Silt, Clay, 0.005 to 0 mm. Description. Coarse gravel. gravel, 2tol sand, 1 to 0.5 sand, 0.5 to sand, 0.25 to sand, 0.1 to 0.05 to 0.005 mm. mm. 0.25 0.1mm. 0.05 mm. mm. mm. Perct. Perct. Perct. Perct. Per ct. Perct. Perct. Per ct. Red gravelly loam, 0 to 12 inches 29.10 7.3 15.9 4.7 10.3 10.4 32.1 18.6 Brown gravellv loam, 12 to 24 inches. . 36.60 9.0 13.1 4.7 9.6 8.1 35.8 19.9 Brown gravelly loam, 24 to 36 inches. . 33.80 9.0 13.7 4.1 10.0 8.8 34.6 19.2 Red gravellv loam, 36 to 48 inches. . . . 37.50 7.6 12.2 4.8 11.1 9.2 35.8 19.1 Brown gravelly loam, 48 to 60 inches. . 37.20 6.6 12.2 4.6 11.5 11.8 33.8 19.2 Brown gravelly loam, 60 to 72 inches. . 37.00 8.6 12.5 5.1 12.0 10.5 33.0 18.9 172 44 GRAPE INVESTIGATIONS IN VINIFEEA REGIONS. Table ^l .— Mechanical analyses of samples of soil (gravelly sandy loam or loam) from the experiment vineyard plot at Livermore, Cal. Description. Me- Very Fine Coarse dium Fine fine Silt, Coarse gravel, sand, sand. sand, sand. 0.05 to gravel. 2tol 1 to 0.5 0.5 to 0.25 to 0.1 to 0.005 mm. mm. 0.25 mm. 0.1mm. 0.05 mm. mm. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. 33.33 5.1 11.4 5.6 13.2 12.6 30.5 36.66 7.2 12.9 5.9 13.6 12.2 26.2 59.80 14.3 21.2 8.0 14.1 8.2 14.9 56.32 14.0 22.6 9.1 16.6 7.4 12.5 52.74 17.6 33.0 10.0 12.4 4.6 8.2 Clay, 0.005 to 0 mm. Gravelly loam, 0 to 12 inches Gravelly sandy loam, 12 to 24 inches. Gravelly coarse sandy loam, 24 to 36 inches Gravelly coarse sandy loam, 36 to 48 inches Gravelly sand, 48 to 60 inches Per ct. 22.0 22.1 18.9 18.0 14.3 Table XII. — Mechanical analyses of samples of soil (loose sandy loam) from the experi- ment vineyard plot at Lodi, Cal. Description. Me- Very Fine Coarse dium Fine fine Silt, Coarse gravel, sand. sand. sand, sand. 0.05 to gravel. 2tol 1 to 0.5 0.5 to 0.25 to 0.1 to 0.005 mm. mm. 0.25 mm. 0.1mm. 0.05 mm. mm. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. 0.33 1.6 19.8 13.5 25.9 15.2 16.4 0.17 1.8 19.9 14.4 26.6 13.2 15.9 0.19 2.2 22.1 14.5 25.7 13.3 14.5 0.26 1.4 15.1 12.5 25.8 15.6 19.1 0.16 1.0 17.2 14.3 25.7 15.2 17.9 0.30 1.1 19.4 13.7 24.8 15.5 18.6 Clay, 0.005 to 0 mm. Sandy loam, 0 to 12 inches. Sandy loam, 12 to 24 inches Sandy loam, 24 to 36 inches Sandy loam, 36 to 48 inches Sandy loam, 48 to 60 inches Sandy loam, 60 to 72 inches Per ct. 7.7 8.2 8.0 10.5 8.6 7.0 Table XIII. — Mechanical analyses of samples of soil (gravelly sandy loam) from the experiment vineyard plot at Mountain View, Cal. Description, Coarse gravel. Fine gravel, 2tol mm. Coarse sand, 1 to 0.5 mm. Me- dium sand, 0.5 to 0.25 mm. Fine sand, 0.25 to 0.1mm. Very fine sand, 0.1 to 0.05 mm. Silt, 0.05 to 0.005 mm. Clay, 0.005 to 0 mm, Brown gravelly loam, 0 to 12 inches. . . Brown gravelly loam, 12 to 24 inches. . Brown gravelly loam, 24 to 36 inches. . Brown gravelly sandy loam, 36 to 48 inches Per ct. 30.79 32.74 39.21 38.80 40.90 Per ct. 11.6 8.5 12.0 19.6 18.2 Per ct. 18.8 17.2 19.9 36.1 3L6 Per ct. 6.8 8.1 8.8 11.7 12.0 Per ct. 13.4 16.2 16.5 12.0 15.8 Per ct. 8.7 8.5 8.4 3.0 3.9 Per ct. 24.5 23.3 19.6 8.7 9.1 Per ct. 16.5 19.0 14.9 9.3 Gravelly loam, 48 to 60 inches. . .' 8.8 Table XIV. — Mechanical analyses of samples of soil (gray-brown clay) from the experi- ment vineyard plot at Sonoma, Cal. Description. Coarse gravel. Fine gravel, 2 tol mm. Coarse sand, 1 to 0.5 mm. Me- dium sand, 0.5 to 0.25 mm. Fine sand, 0.25 to 0.1mm. Very fine sand, 0.1 to 0.05 mm. Silt, 0.05 to 0.005 mm. Clay, 0.005 to 0 mm. Gray loose soil, 0 to 12 inches . Per ct. 2.00 1.85 1.35 2.80 0.00 0.00 Per ct. 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.1 0.1 0.3 Per ct. L7 1.2 L7 0.4 0.3 0.5 Per ct. 1.3 0.8 1.1 0.4 0.3 0.3 Per ct. 11.0 7.0 6.2 2.8 4.5 4.9 Per ct. 13.6 10.2 10.5 9.3 8.7 11.2 Per ct. 52.2 43.2 40.5 45.2 49.0 45.6 Perct. 19.1 Light-brown clay, 12 to 24 inches Brown sticky clay, 24 to 36 inches Light-brown sand, 36 to 48 inches Sand and clay, 48 to 60 inches Yellow sand and clay, 60 to 72 inches. . 37.4 39.1 41.3 37.2 36.3 EXPERIMENT VINEYARDS AND METHODS OF WORK. 45 Table XV. — Mechanical analyses of samples of soil (Stockton clay loam adobe) from the experiment vineyard plot at Stockton, Cal. Description. Coarse gravel. Black adobe, 0 to 12 inches. Black adobe, 12 to 24 inches Brown clay, 24 to 36 inches. Brown sand, 36 to 48 inches. Brown sand, 48 to 60 inches. Yellow sand, 60 to 72 inches Per ct. 1.19 1.45 2.04 1.40 3. 03 4. 55 Me- Fine Coarse dium Fine gravel, sand, sand, sand, 2tol 1 to 0.5 0.5 to 0.25 to mm. mm. 0.25 mm. 0.1 mm. Very- fine sand, 0.1 to 0.05 mm. Per ct. Perct. Per ct. Perct. 0.5 4.6 4.4 12.5 1.4 4.3 3.8 13.2 1.3 5.5 4.5 17.6 0.7 6.9 5.2 17.1 2.9 19.2 9.3 11.4 1.9 8.0 6.5 11.1 Perct. 14.9 13.1 15.6 16.0 8.8 11.1 Silt, 0.05 to 0.005 mm. Per ct. 35.0 34.4 31.9 34.8 29.4 39.2 Clay, 0.005 to Omm. Per ct. 27.7 30.6 24.1 19.5 19.3 22.4 Table XVI. — Temperature and rainfall at Colfax, Cal., 190S-190S. MEAN TEMPERATURE (° F.). Year. Jan. Feb, Mar. 1 1 1 Apr. May. June. July, j Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1903 41.5 45.4 48.4 51.4 37.3 44.0 37.4 43.3 49.0 51.4 49.9 44.5 41.4 45.9 50.9 46.5 48.2 44.3 52.0 51.5 55.2 5;^?. 2 5.3.8 54.3 66.3 67.0 57.3 55.6 64.5 54.2 75.8 75.8 69.2 61.6 63.0 75.2 67.6 76.8 77.6 76.8 75.1 80.4 72.8 78.7 75.7 74.0 76. 5 76.2 67.2 70.0 69.5 65.8 63.7 67.8 62. 6 64.9 58.0 60. 4 61.3 58.3 51.6 57.5 48.6 47.1 60.4 52.5 46.9 46.0 42.0 45.4 51.0 39.6 56.9 1904 60.2 1905 58.4 1906 57.4 1907 58.7 1908 57.6 PRECIPITATION (INCHES). 1903 1904 1905 190(i 1907 1908 10.80 4.00 12.95 3.50 0.10 T.o 0.00 3.50 20.10 20.46 4.85 0.58 T.a T.a 5.36 6.11 6.11 3. 01 3.21 0.20 0.00 21. 62 8.98 19.28 2.72 7.54 3.48 0.00 9.45 9.75 19.46 2.43 0.52 2.90 0.00 5.00 4.56 3.68 1.86 5.19 1.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 1 0.00 1.44 18.38 2.25 I 5.50 7.17 2.53 5.90 0.53 T.o 2.36 2.78 0.20 T.a 3.88 17.51 ! 0.00 0.58 0.13 10.04 0.35 3.20 2.74 4.09 53.42 70. 59 29. 67 85.21 55.28 31.92 MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE (° F.). 1903 1904 58 68 72 70 67 56 62 68 73 88 78 61 62 59 89 74 70 75 75 78 78 85 82 95 93 86 84 92 94 98 100 92 97 90 110 95 98 107 102 98 103 98 99 103 102 "ios" 93 99 ""94' 94 96 86 87 86 91 78 90 74 73 76 82 80 78 68 68 69 74 78 50 1905 . .. 1906 1907 .. . 1908 MINIMUM TEMPERATURE (° F.). 1903. 1904. 1905. 1906. 1907. 32 22 27 30 35 45 48 60 51 45 32 36 23 30 30 31 32 55 52 61 47 44 39 29 30 29 29 35 32 40 52 49 36 31 22 26 30 24 27 30 38 52 38 34 24 18 19 : 14 22 25 25 38 34 48 38 42 38 30 ' 30 29 25 32 38 55 50 40 30 34 20 172 oT.= trace. 46 GRAPE INVESTIGATIONS IN VINIFEEA REGIONS. Table XVII. — Temperature and rainfall at Cloverdale {nearest point to Geyserville), Cal., 1903-1908. MEAN TEMPERATURE (° F.). Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1903 47.2 48. G 49.0 49.2 44.5 47.9 46.8 48.2 52.7 53.5 55.4 49.3 50.0 49.6 56.2 51.8 49.6 55.0 55.8 56.9 58.2 58.2 59.7 60.2 63.8 67.4 59.9 59.8 62.3. 58.8 73.0 71.6 66.8 65.8 66.2 65.8 70.0 70.6 73.2 75.0 70.4 73.0 72.6 70.2 71.0 70.2 69.4 68.6 68.6 69.8 68.8 68.9 64.9 69.2 66.4 62.6 63.3 65.6 62.0 59.4 54.6 55.8 54.6 54.4 55.4 54.1 49.6 48.4 47.0 48.9 48.8 45.0 59.9 1904 1905 1906 60.0 60.1 60.2 1907 . . 59.0 1908 58.9 PRECIPITATION (INCHES). 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 6.49 2.89 7.05 0.34 0.00 0.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.22 10.11 3.86 2.13 16.34 16.57 3.22 0.33 T.o 0.04 0.04 4.21 4.79 3.48 7.88 10.29 6.02 8.71 1.63 3.51 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07 T.a 2.32 2.89 15.86 7.21 10.78 1.55 4.12 1.48 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.00 2.10 11.45 10.69 5.33 19.08 0.90 0.33 0.62 T.a T.a 0.15 1.02 0.34 9.50 6.71 7.87 1.27 0.59 1.51 0.08 T.« 0.00 0.04 1.75 3.31 3.81 32.18 59.03 35.44 54.61 47.96 26.94 MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE (° F.). 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 64 71 72 84 101 110 104 105 104 95 76 71 71 65 73 92 103 104 106 102 110 92 82 68 68 80 87 85 94 96 115 105 102 94 83 75 74 75 82 87 86 97 107 106 99 94 80 65 65 73 76 99 95 100 97 100 90 98 83 73 69 75 87 95 93 101 103 105 99 94 86 62 MINIMUM TEMPERATURE (° F.). 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 27 25 30 33 34 44 42 44 42 39 33 30 29 31 30 33 38 45 43 44 45 40 39 31 29 24 33 36 41 43 45 45 40 37 27 28 30 36 32 36 38 44 49 40 40 33 27 27 28 34 31 37 40 43 50 45 41 41 34 31 31 30 33 34 36 42 47 40 41 34 30 24 aT.=trace. Table XVIII. — Temperature and rainfall at Livermore, Cal., 1903-1908. MEAN TEMPERATURE (° F.). - Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1903 47.4 46.6 52.9 55.4 62.8 68.2 68.0 69.2 68.9 65.8 55.6 48.6 59.1 1904 47.2 50.1 53.0 56.4 64.0 69.0 69.4 69.0 71.4 62.8 54.5 47.1 59.5 1905 49.0 51.6 56.3 57.2 57.9 65.1 70.0 69.4 68.8 62.4 54.6 46.8 59.1 1906 49.6 54.4 53.2 56.8 59.8 65.8 75.2 71.8 68.4 64.7 53.5 48.1 60.1 1907 46.6 55.0 50.6 59.6 60.4 64.8 68.8 69.6 66.2 63. 3 56.1 49.6 59.2 1908 50.2 50.4 55.0 58.9 58.6 64.5 74.2 71.2 69.2 59.9 54.4 44.4 59.2 PRECIPITATION (INCHES). 1903 3.19 0.94 5.65 0.81 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 T.o 2.16 0.59 13.46 1904 0.89 4.18 3.71 1.56 0.24 T.a T.a 0.32 1.62 1.00 0.78 1.42 15.72 1905 2.43 2.30 3.12 0.93 1.89 0.00 0.00 0.00 T.a 0.00 1.61 1.18 13.46 1906 5.56 2.67 5.18 0.95 1.61 0.56 T.a 0.00 0.20 0.03 1.34 6.45 24.55 1907 3.22 1.86 8.85 0.47 0.16 0.56 0.00 0.00 T.o 0.81 0.04 3.90 19.87 1908 2.27 1.35 0.75 0.28 0.53 T.o T.a 0.00 0.03 0.27 0.60 1.55 7.63 172 o T.=trace. EXPERIMENT VINEYARDS AND METHODS OF WORK. 47 Table XVIII. — Temperature and rainfall at Livennore, Cal., 1903-1908 — Continued. MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE (T.). Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. ^Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. -Vnnual. 1903 ' 67 73 75 83 1 1 102 1 108 100 ! 103 106 95 81 69 1904 ; 70 65 73 92 98 1 103 103 98 108 94 S3 67 1900 69 79 83 84 95 % . 113 , 106 105 95 82 71 1906 71 74 78 90 84 102 109 106 101 96 85 73 1907 66 75 71 84 92 99 96 i 101 90 93 82 73 190S 64 75 83 93 92 103 106 : 107 102 90 87 66 MINIMUM TEMPERATURE (° F.). 1903 23 1904 27 1905 29 1906 28 1907 27 1908 30 26 31 29 31 24 32 35 32 32 30 36 31 46 42 41 31 46 48 36 31 44 44 34 32 49 41 35 25' 48 42 39 33 1 46 43 34 29 27 :. 26 L 26 i. 26 |. 27 :. 25 . Table XIX. — Temperature and rainfall at Lodi, Cal., 1903-1908. MEAN TEMPERATURE (=F.>. Year Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1903 44.6 43. 0 52. 4 54.6 64.5 71.4 ; 69.4 70.1 68.2 1 62.5 54.2 45.1 58.3 1904 J 42.9 49.4 53.6 56.8 66.0 i 71.0 71.2 1 71.1 70.4 1 60.2 52.2 45.8 59.2 1905 48.2 50.6 55.4 59.0 60. 8 1 67. 6 72.4 70.8 67.0 58.8 51.0 42.4 58.7 1906 46.8 53.7 52.8 57.4 1 60.3 67.0 76.8 72.6 66.6 61.8 51.2 47.2 59.5 1907 45.7 SI. 6 50.7 59.2 i 63.0 66.8 70.9 69.4 63.8 61.8 52.3 47.8 58.8 1908 48.0 48.0 52.4 59. 4 60. 9 67. 6 76.3 71.0 68.6 57.8 51.2 43.5 58.8 PRECIPITATION (DJCHES). 19a3 3.21 1.79 10.31 1904 0.72 5.77 4.85 1905 3. 49 2. 86 , 4. 06 1906 5. 96 3. 30 8. 70 1907 3.94 i 2.82 | 6.76 1908 5.07 1.51 I 0.83 I ' I 0.23 1.44 O.SO 1.95 0.15 0.14 0.00 0.29 2. .39 2.71 0.00 0.81 0.00 0.00 0.00 O.OJJ 1 0.00 0.00 0.46 0.00 1.61 T.o 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 T.a 0.00 0.00 0.00 o.as 3.58 1.01 2.29 2.11 1.50 1.66 o.a3 0.00 0.61 0.70 1 0.14 T.o 1.09 9.47 ' 0.00 0.40 0.09 3.96 0.16 0.41 1.33 1.21 1 1 20.16 20.66 14.94 3.3.78 19.73 11.47 MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE (° F.). i9a3 1904 190.5 1906 1907 1908 : G.5 65 72 81 ia2 104 100 100 100 88 74 58 . 60 64 76 84 98 99 100 96 ia5 84 67 60 . 66 72 75 82 94 96 110 101 98 88 78 61 . 64 70 76 87 86 96 104 101 92 86 76 58 L 64 69 69 79 92 95 96 96 88 86 73 63 - 63 66 80 87 93 103 105 104 97 84 73 60 . MINIMUM TEMPERATURE (° F.). 19ft3 1 27 1904 ' 27 1905 i 29 1906 i 28 1907 28 1908 31 32 33 41 32 34 44 33 38 40 1 31 36 40l 31 40 42 30 34 38 45 45 41 38 31 29 . 47 49 47 36 34 27 . 46 46 43 31 30 23 . 50 49 45 31 25 23 . 51 50 44 40 30 28 . 52 46 43 34 28 30 . 1 172 oT.= trace. 48 GRAPE INVESTIGATIONS IN VINIFERA REGIONS. Table XX. — Temperature and rainfall at Santa Clara {nearest point to Mountain View), Cal, 1903-1908. MEAN TEMPERATURE (°F.). Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1903 47.8 47.1 50.2 50.4 47.5 49.8 46.2 50.8 54.0 55.6 55.3 49.4 52.7 53.4 56.6 54.2 50.7 53.0 53.6 56.6 56.8 56.6 58.0 57.0 59.5 61.5 56.9 59.0 59.4 56.6 63.8 65.7 61.8 63.3 62.8 60.8 64.0 65.0 67.8 69.0 66.1 68.4 64.8 64.9 65.5 67.4 66.0 65.7 64.7 67.6 64.4 65.1 61.8 65.0 63.2 61.4 59.6 61.0 60.8 58.0 55.6 55.2 53.5 53.0 54.6 53.8 49.6 47.7 46.8 48.6 50.8 45.1 57.1 1904 58.1 1905 57.8 1906 58.6 1907 57.8 1908 56.9 PRECIPITATION (INCHES). 1903. 1904. 1905. 1906. 1907. 3.09 1.03 2.42 3.90 5.01 2.82 1.50 3.47 3.16 2.71 2.02 2.74 5.74 3.92 3.06 6.17 9.22 1.35 0.82 1.75 1.10 0.93 0.44 0.24 0.00 0.36 2.01 1.02 0.13 0.61 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.52 0.47 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.42 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.01 T.a 0.38 0.12 0.13 0.12 1.41 0.00 T.a 1.16 0.16 1.85 1.04 2.02 1.02 0.13 1.02 0.39 2.50 1.44 6.50 3.60 1.68 13.51 18.91 15.21 23.15 22.30 10.76 MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE (° F.). 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 69 71 74 79 92 106 99 93 99 92 71 71 69 09 75 91 92 101 94 90 109 89 84 64 68 76 82 80 94 87 111 92 98 91 80 71 74 75 78 94 82 99 99 99 95 93 81 65 65 71 74 82 88 95 90 89 86 92 77 75 67 71 80 89 89 98 96 95 95 93 80 67 MINIMUM TEMPERATURE (° F.). 1903. 1904. 1905. 1906. 1907. 26 23 32 30 36 37 40 42 38 37 31 27 26 30 32 34 37 42 42 43 45 36 34 27 29 26 33 36 37 41 40 40 37 33 32 25 29 34 30 36 36 40 43 45 40 30 27 25 28 32 31 38 37 41 42 45 38 38 30 31 30 29 29 29 36 36 45 39 38 31 28 24 a T.=trace. Table XXI. — Temperature and rainfall at Sonoma, Cal., 1903-1907. MEAN TEMPERATURE ("F.). Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1903 1904 1905 46.6 47.5 49.4 47.8 45.8 50.6 49.6 52.4 54.4 55.3 51.8 52.0 57.0 52.8 50.9 57.2 57.6 '55.' 9' 58.6 63.4 65.0 63.6 58.3 57.3 67.2 68.0 63.2 65.1 61.7 65.8 66.0 66.0 67.8 61.0 66.0 64.0 65.0 65.6 65.3 68.0 64.6 65.2 63.6 61.2 59.8 63.0 55.6 55.3 "55." 6' 48.9 48.0 46.4 48.0 58.5 58.5 1906 1907 58.3 PRECIPITATION (INCHES). 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 5.46 2.01 5.49 0.50 0.00 T.a 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.34 6.38 2.97 1.88 9.08 10.50 1.62 0.00 0.00 0.05 T.a 4.10 4.05 1.91 3.57 5.21 3.45 5.91 1.06 3.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 T.a T.o 1.74 1.80 8.18 5.10 7.46 0.63 2.78 0.51 0.00 0.00 0.16 0.00 1.50 8.44 6.91 7.21 11.46 0.35 0.14 0.81 0.00 23.15 36.76 22.44 34.76 I 172 oT.= trace. EXPERIMENT VIXEYAEDS AND METHODS OF WORK. 49 Table XXI. — Temperature and rainf all at Sonoma, Cal., 1903-1907 — Continued. MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE (°F.). Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 19a3 1904 1905 190(> (V.3 1 68 69 ' 70 74 62 76 72 71 72 71 82 75 79 SO 88 85 83 87 92 88 90 80 82 103 98 94 91 86 106 95 96 92 90 1 93 89 91 98 97 105 97 92 91 83 90 90 73 78 "82" 72 66 72 67 1907 '.....: f>3 1 ■ 1 1 MINIMUM TEMPERATURE (° F.). 19(M 1905 1906 1907 29 27 1 35 1 30 31 32 32 32 36 30 35 31 28 37 30 43 45 48 46 44 40 34 29 1 46 52 47 47 47 41 36 30 1 45 4;i 45 44 40 32 23 40 46 45 48 42 35 26 27 37 40 36 1 Table XXII. — Temperature and rainfall at Stockton, Cal., 1903-1908. MEAN TEMPERATURE (° F.). 1903. 1904. 1905. 1906. 1907. 1908. 42.8 42.8 46.8 46.2 45.0 46.7 43.5 48.6 48.0 51.1 53.8 48.2 51.4 51.6 54.2 50.6 51.2 53.2 54.8 55.6 55.8 54.1 60.3 60.4 64.3 66.1 57. 5 58.6 a3.2 60.3 70.7 69. 6 71.3 71.3 66.8 73.6 67.2 77.9 66.6 71.8 67.0 76.0 70.8 1 68.4 63. 6 52.7 44.4 71.3 70.9 m.i 50.8 44.8 71.6 68.4 60.8 49.7 42. 5 73. 6 68. 4 63.0 51.6 46.0 70.8 65.0 62.4 53.7 47.3 70.8 68.8 58.8 52.3 41.0 58.08 61.29 61.30 59.02 59.26 58.58 PRECIPITATION (INCHES). 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 19a8 2.50 1.12 7.29 0.33 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 .3.06 0.73 0.54 4.09 3. 67 1.81 0.28 0.00 0.00 0.12 2. .32 1.51 1.28 1.23 3.11 2.38 3.13 0.72 2. 38 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.86 0.51 4.69 2.85 5.88 1.74 1.70 0.41 0.00 T.a 0.10 T.a 1.01 8. 05 3.94 2.52 6.03 0.10 T.a 0.74 T.a 0.00 T.a O.W T.o 3.79 4.00 1.36 0..50 0.12 0.78 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.19 0.39 1.20 1.30 15.16 16.85 13.13 26.43 17.66 9.84 MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE C ¥.). 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 19a8 63 65 67 78 95 59 60 66 84 93 61 60 76 80 90 60 62 68 87 84 64 67 70 78 88 60 70 70 87 89 103 100 93 ! 96 i 94 1 100 96 98 97 87 70 59 98 94 104 85 68 60 110 100 96 86 76 58 104 101 91 86 77 63 93 94 84. 84 71 66 101 ia3 95 85 / / 61 MINIMUM TEMPERATURE (° F.). i9a3. 1904. 1905. 1906. 1907. 1908. 25 24 33 39 43 43 50 ■ 52 48 42 33 29 27 30 34 36 43 51 51 52 52 41 35 29 29 24 36 41 43 48 50 50 48 40 34 25 28 36 35 40 42 48 53 48 49 36 25 26 31 38 35 45 45 44 54 53 49 43 31 30 ! 33 33 32 39 40 45 54 42 46 37 29 26 1 a T.=trace. 26966°— Bul. 172—10- 50 GRAPE INVESTIGATIONS IN VINIFEKA REGIONS. GENERAL PLAN OF PLANTINGS IN THE EXPERIMENT VINEYARDS. In the plotting of all of the experiment vineyards, the general plan of providing space for ten vines between the cross avenues or road- ways has been adopted (see PL VII, figs. 2 and 3), the distance apart varying with the soil. Not only are all of the plantings of resistants for comparative test and study made in regular checks of ten vines of each variety, but all of the larger plantings of resistant varieties for grafting purposes are also in ten- vine blocks between the avenues. Regular checks of ten vines of each stock have been grafted with the prominent Vinifera varieties whose congeniality is being tested on various stocks, and where only preliminary readings of Vinifera varieties are desired, the grafts put in have been a divisor of ten in a check of ten vines. MANNER OF KEEPING RECORDS. Accurate records are kept of all varieties from the time they are planted or grafted; their behavior and growth are closely watched, and as soon as they have progressed sufficiently, detailed descriptions are made of the vines and fruit and their apparent value for specific uses, and their adaptability to different conditions is recorded. Each vine receives its block, row, and vine number, and a complete history of each individual vine or graft is kept, giving its source and behavior and all that has been done with it from the time it came into the possession of until it was dispensed with by the Department. Through this system any vine or graft not true to name is kept track of and no wood or fruit of it used with that of others. The Department's experiment vineyards are easy of access to the majority of grape growers in California (see Frontispiece), and it is believed that a study of the varieties and observation of the experi- mental work in progress would yield them much valuable information (see fig. 1). Grape growers in the State are invited to avail them- selves of the opportunity from time to time and visit one or more of these vineyards. The writer has been assisted in the viticultural investigations by Mr. G. H. Hecke from October, 1904, to March 15, 1906; by Mr. Andrew Rasmussen from June 1, 1906, to January 31, 1907; by Mr. Alfred Tournier from March, 1907, to February 20, 1909; and by Mr. Fred L. Husmann from August 1, 1907, to date. GROWTH RATINGS OF RESISTANT VINES AND DIRECT • PRODUCERS. In the following table the upper numbers after each name in the columns headed '^ Experiment vineyard" show the years when the 172 GKOWTH RATINGS OF RESISTANT VINES, ETC 51 vines were planted; the lower numbers show tlie growth ratings, which in each case were made in the auti^mn of 190S. The Gfrowth of each varietv at each vinevard where it is under test is expressed in the form of a percentage rating on a scale in which the growth of the variety under conditions for which it is well adapted is taken as the standard of excellence, 100 per cent. These ratings therefore represent the behavior of each variety under the conditions existing at the several vineyards, expressed in terms that permit comparison with its behavior elsewhere, and are not based on com- parison with other varieties in the same vineyard. Each variety is therefore rated on a scale based on its own standard of excellence rather than on any arbitrary scale formulated for application to all varieties. It is believed that this method renders possible a truer expression of the reaction of each variet}' to different soil and climatic conditions than any arbitrary scale or measurement of growth would do. To illustrate, the Rupestris St. George planted at Colfax in 1906 was rated 100, whereas planted at Chico the same year it was rated 95, and planted at Mountain View in 1904 it was rated only 65. This shows that at Colfax the growth and behavior were entirely satis- factory, and therefore rated at 100; at Chico verv good, but not quite as good as at Colfax, and therefore rated at 95; and at Mountain View it had made a much poorer growth, which, as compared with the growth made at Colfax, was as 65 to 100, or 65 per cent. Table XXIII. — Resistants and direct producers in the experiment vineyards of the Bureau of Plant Industry in California, shoicing the year of planting in each vineyard and the relative growth rating. E xperiment vineyard. Variety. 1 O d 1 i 2 i o 1 1 S o 5 1 1 c k X Adobe Giant 190.3 75 1904 85 1905 90 1905 90 1903 95 1905 90 1904 85 1907 1903 10 1904 95 1907 1904 1904 80 1906 95 190G 85 1906 90 1906 85 1906 60 1906 75 1907 89 70 (Aestivalis X Monticola) X CRipa- ria X Rupestris. No. 554-5) 1904 85 1905 90 1904 1908 90 ^-i (Aestivalis X Rupestris) X Ripa- ria, No. 227 1905 90 Agawain 1905 95 1904 30 190G 85 1904 99 Albania i 1 Alicante Bouschet X Cordifolia, N0.142B 1907 190G 95 1906 92 1907 80 Alicante Bouschet x Riparia, No. 141 A 1907 1907 1907 1907 98 1908 Alicanfe Ganzin 1907 90 ::::.;::: ;:::; 172 52 GRAPE INVESTIGATIONS IN VINIFEEA REGIONS. Table XXIII. — -Resistants and direct producers in the experiment vineyards of the B areau of P lant Industry in California, etc. — Continued. Experiment vi neyard. Variety. > O i 1 .4 c o 1 o o s > 2 > § 1 o '5 o 6 .a CO Alicante X Rupestris Terrace, No. 20 1903 95 1903 95 1903 90 '1904" 50 1903 65 1905 95 1906 100 'mi' 89 1907 80 1907 87 1907 '1905' 50 1904 70 1904 90 1904 90 1904 80 1904 60 Aramon X Riparia, No. 143 A 1904 75 1904 85 1904 85 1904 75 1903 95 1903 90 1903 95 1905 85 1904 80 1904 85 1904 50 1904 80 1904 90 1904 95 1904 90 1904 92 1904 90 1903 95 1903 95 1903 95 1905 85 1904 75 1904 95 1904 95 1904 95 1904 90 1905 85 1904 75 1903 90 1904 90 1904 90 1907 Aramon X Rupestris Ganzin,No.l- 1904 98 1904 75 1904 75 1904 90 1904 90 1904 70 1907 1904 70 1904 80 1904 85 1904 93 1904 92 1904 GO 1904 98 1904 65 1905 96 mh 95 1906 100 1907 98 1907 90 1906 90 1908 Aramon X Rupestris Ganzin,No.2. Aramon X Rupestris Ganzin,No.9. Atoka.. 1904 95 1904 80 1905 70 1903 99 1903 90 1905 80 1904 75 1904 80 1906 80 1904 80 1904 70 1904 80 1904 70 1903 94 1904 85 1905 95 1904 40 1903 90 1905 85 1904 80 1904 95 1904 90 1904 95 1904 99 "1904" 95 1903 1907 1908 "1907 90 Australis. . "1907" 1904 85 1907 1907 "1907' 1904 95 1904 88 1904 90 1906 80 1906 85 1906 85 1906 85 1906 70 1907 Barnes '1907 87 Barry : 1905 60 1905 75 1904 80 1904 75 1905 90 1904 70 1904 85 1905 78 1904 70 1904 90 1906 80 1904 92 1905 80 1904 75 1904 85 "1905" 65 1904 65 '1904" 'mi' 94 1904 75 1904 98 Berlandieri, No. 1 1904 70 190() 85 1900 85 "l906" 85 1906 90 1906 90 1907 80 1907 80 1907 90 1906 75 1906 78 1906 65 1907 80 1906 85 1907 88 1907 80 Berlandieri, No. 2. . Berlandieri Lafont, No. 9 1905 70 1904 70 1904 75 1904 70 1904 85 1904 94 1904 70 1904 99 1905 85 Berlandieri X Riparia, No. 33 E. M. "1907 80 Berlandieri x Riparia,No.34 E. M. 1907 1907 'igos' 95 1904 85 1904 95 1904 70 1907 85 Berlandieri X Riparia, No. 157-11. 1907 80 Berlandieri X Riparia, No. 420 A. Berlandieri X Riparia, No. 420 B. 1907 Big Extra 1904 60 1904 75 1904 93 1907 Blondin... 65 Bourisquou X Rupestris, No. 601. 1905 85 1907 "1907" 1907 1905 90 1905 90 1904 98 1904 1906 60 1907 1907 1906 85 1906 95 1906 95 (Bourisquou X Rupestris, No. 601) X Calcicola, No. 13205 1907 90 1904 87 1904 87 1907 85 Bourisquou X Rupestris, No. 603. 1905 65 1904 99 1904 95 1904 60 1904 85 1905 70 1905 85 1904 80 1907 1905 90 1905 95 1904 95 1906 95 1907 80 1900 90 1907 95 1906 95 1906 80 Bourisquou X Rupestris, No. 109-4 1906 95 1906 85 1906 97 1907 93 1906 85 1907 Bourisquou X Rupestris, No. 3907. 96 Bourisquou X Rupestris, No. 4306. 1907 1907 1908 Bourisquou X Rupestris, No. 4308. 1907 1908 Brighton 1905 60 1905 55 i 1 i Brilliant 1905 60 1904 70 1904 85 1904 85 1904 92 1904 90 ...... 1905 70 1904 85 1904 92 1904 85 Cabernet X Berlandieri, No. 333... 1907 84 1 1904 1907 98 70 Cabernet X Rupestris Ganzin. N0.33A 1905 75 172 GROWTH EATINGS OF RESISTANT VTNES^ ETC. 53 Table XXIII. — Bcsistants and direct producers in the experiment vineyards of the Bureau of Plant Industry in California, etc. — Continued. E xperiment vineyard. Variety. 6 > O 6 03 to c o 0 0 c c 0 ci C 0 c 3 1 0 1 0 0 ■ 1 0 s ( aniidii 1903 90 1903 90 1904 90 1904 85 1903 85 1907 1903 75 1904 95 1904 99 1906 75 1906 90 '1907' 90 1906 90 1906 80 1906 87 1907 92 1907 80 igoo 40 1904 80 1904 90 1907 80 Carignane X Rupestris, No. 404. . . 1905 80 1907 '1907' 1904 85 1907 95 Carignane X Rupestris, No. 501. .. . 1904 92 1908 Carman 1904 80 Castel, No. 1028. . ... 1907 80 1906 85 Catawba .^ 1905 90 1905 90 1903 95 1904 50 1904 90 1905 80 1903 90 1903 95 1904 90 1904 85 1905 90 1904 87 1905 85 1905 90 "1965" 85 1905 60 1905 70 1905 95 1905 94 1905 95 1906 75 1907 85 C^hanipenel 1906 85 1906 75 1907 97 Chasselas X Berlandieri.No. 41 B 1904 85 1904 90 1905 80 1903 95 1903 40 1904 95 1904 90 1905 95 1904 95 1905 80 1903 75 1904 90 1904 95 1904 95 1904 70 1905 75 1907 1904 90 1907 85 Chasselas X Rupestris, No. 901 ... . 1908 1 (Cinerea X Rupestris) X Riparia, No. 229 1900 85 1908 Clairelto Dore danzin . 1905 100 1907 1907 1907 1907 75 1908 Cloeta.. 1906 40 1907 Golumbaud X Riparia, No. 2502.. 1907 1907 1907 95 1904 90 "iooe' 90 1907 85 1906 94 1906 85 1907 90 1906 75 1906 85 1906 92 1907 80 1907 85 1907 93 1907 85 1905 40 1905 97 1904 80 1904 95 1904 Constantiaa (syn., Rupestris me- tallica S.A.) 1907 95 Cordifolia X Riparia, No. 125-1. 1907 1906 75 Cordifolia X Rupestris 1905 80 1904 60 '1903' 95 1904 90 1904 95 1904 90 1904 90 1904 95 1904 95 1904 90 1904 40 1904 85 1904 90 1907 1907 mi 75 1907 75 "1907" 95 Couderc, No. 101 '1967' 1904 96 1904 94 1904 85 1904 95 1904 85 1904 85 1904 80 1904 95 1904 95 1904 85 1904 70 1904 95 1904 90 1904 90 1904 95 1904 85 1904 85 1904 95 1904 95 1904 90 1904 60 1907 "i904' 70 1904 88 1904 90 1904 78 1904 83 1904 88 1904 98 1904 82 1904 60 1907 85 1904 80 1907 Couderc, No. 201 85 1908 Couderc, No. 503 . 1907 1907 90 1908 Touderc, No. 704 1908 Couderc, No. 3701... 1904 99 1904 85 1904 90 1904 65 1904 95 1904 70 1907 1907 1905' 'mi' 70 1907 65 1907 'ml' 98 1907 90' 1907 95 1907 90 1907 85 1907 80 1907 95 1907 95 1907 90 1907 60 1907 92 1907 90 1907 1907 75 Couderc, No. 28 X No. 112 Couderc, No. 82 X No. 32. 1907 '1907' 'mi' 1904 85 1904 80 1904 65 1907 1907 80 Couderc, No. 84 X No. 61. "1907 Couderc, No. 87 X No. 115 70 1908 Couderc, No. 124 X No. 30 Couderc, No. 132-11 1907 1904 87 ""1 Cunningham 1905 75 1903 95 'i903' 99 1905 80 1905 80 1 1 De Grasset 1906 90 1907 1907 80 1906 90 1907 90 a Rupestris Metallica S. A., was introduced from South Africa, hut there being another variety Rupestris Metallica the writer has called this Constantia, after the Great Constantia Wine Farm of Good Hope, where the variety originated. 172 called Cape 54 GEAPE INVESTIGATIONB IN VINIFERA REGIONS. Table XXIII. — Resistants and direct producers in the experiment vineyards of the Bureau of Plant Industry in California, etc. — Continued. Experiment v neyard. Variety. 03 O 6 1 i c 0 S 0 6 0 3 .2 c "o3 a 1 S 0 6 "> 0 0 "o 0 d .0 ',5 0 a S I 1904 83 1905 60 1905 90 1903 95 1905 90 1905 80 1904 70 1904 75 "1963' 85 1905 95 '1964' 90 1905 80 1905 60 1905 60 1905 100 "1905' 60 1905 60 1905 50 1904 80 1904 75 1904 30 1904 80 1906 75 Diamond Dog Ridge 1904 90 1905 70 1904 95 1905 90 1904 95 1905 90 1904 93 1905 80 1904 90 1905 95 1906 95 1906 95 1906 92 1906 92 1906 60 1906 75 1907 Duchess 87 Elvira 1907 1904 92 1904 92 1906 80 1907 Fenoil (syn Hybrid Fenoil) Fern Munson 1903 90 1903 95 1904 75 1905 40 1903 90 1905 75 1905 90 1903 90 1906 90 1905 85 1903 85 1905 1903 90 1903 90 1903 95 1904 95 1904 40 1903 95 1905 90 1903 80 1903 90 1903 95 1903 95 1905 95 1904 90 1907 1906 100 1906 95 1906 85 Gamav Couderc, No. 3103 1903 99 1904 85 1905 20 1904 95 1905 90 1905 65 1903 85 1905 95 1907 .....J Gold Coin.. 1905 1904 90 1904 90 Golden Champion Herbemont 1905 70 1904 85 1904 70 1906 95 1906 75 1900 75 Herbert Hexamer (syn., Dr. Hexamer) 1905 90 Hotporup 1904 85 1904 75 1904 90 1904 90 1904 90 1907 92 1906 90 1906 90 Husmann Isabella 1905 85 1904 80 1905 35 1905 65 1904 70 1905 90 1904 65 1905 99 1904 40 1905 89 1904 95 1905 95 1904 65 190G 95 Jaeger (syn., Hermann Jaeger) 1906 85 1906 89 1906 90 Joly 1903 85 1903 95 1906 20 1907 1907 1907 90 1907 90 1907 80 1907 96 1906 85 1906 80 1907 90 Judge 1907 1907 60 1907 1907 1907 Laussel . . 1904 40 1903 65 1905 95 1907 , Lenoir > 1905 100 1905 60 1904 60 1904 80 1906 70 1904 85 1904 85 1904 96 1906 99 1906 85 1906 90 1906 80 1907 Lindley 80 1907 1904 85 1904 40 1904 40 1904 90 1907 88 1907 80 Manito 1907 1907 Marguerite 1905 65 1905 50 1904 90 1904 95 1904 90 1904 65 1906 90 Martha Mericadel 1903 95 1905 70 1904 85 1905 60 1905 85 1904 9.') 1907 1906 80 1906 85 Millardet(syn., Hybrid MiUardet). 1905 95 Missouri Riesling 1904 87 172 GEOWTH EATINGS OF EESISTANT VINES^, ETC. 65 Table XXIII. — Resistants and direct producers in the experiment vineyards of the Bureau of Plant Industry in California, etc. — Continued. E.xperlment vineyard. Variety. 1 6 c d to § s 03 o 2 > s c o c3. C o 5 i 1 , o 8 Monticola X Riparia, No. 554 1904 90 1904 80 1904 90 1904 90 1903 90 1905 70 1905 40 1903 80 1903 99 1900 40 1905 80 1903 90 1905 90 1907 1904 95 1905 60 1904 90 1904 90 1904 75 1906 1903 85 1904 80 1904 95 1904 95 1904 95 1903 85 1905 65 1905 60 1903 90 1903 90 1906 90 "1904' 95 1905 90 "1905" 90 1905 55 1905' 90 1904 85 1905 82 i9a5 85 1904 95 1906 75 1904 85 1904 80 1904 1904 90 1906 50 1904 85 1904 80 1904 90 1904 95 1906 85 1904 80 'igoe' 90 1904 99 1904 90 1904 82 1905 85 1906 95 1907 80 Monticola X Riparia, No. 18804... Monticola X Riparia, No. 18808... Monticola X Riparia, No. 18815... Monticola X Rupestris 1906 80 1906 95 1906 95 1906 90 1906 85 1907 87 1906 90 1906 80 1906 80 1907 70 1907 87 1908 "1907 Moore Diamond 70 Moore Earlv 1905 40 1906 62 1904 98 1906 1905 50 1904 85 1904 88 1905 60 1906 95 1904 80 1900 80 1905 (iO 1904 85 1904 94 1906 90 1905 60 1906 95 1904 98 1906 85 1906 70 1906 99 1906 100 1907 80 Motley 1906 96 1906 92 1906 96 Mourvedre X Rupestris, No. 1202. Mourvedre X Rupestris, No. 1203. "1907 85 Mrs. Munson .- 1905 50 Muench 1907 87 1906 70 Niagara... 1905 70 1905 85 1905 95 1905 80 1905 92 190(i 95 Oliatatoo. Pardes (syn.. Hybrid Pardes) Pierce 1904 90 1905 90 1901 90 1904 95 1904 65 1905 100 1904 60 1905 40 1904 70 1905 80 1904 95 1905 90 1907 1907 90 1905 eo 1907 90 1905 85 1907 95 1906 97 1907 85 Pinot Bouschet X Riparia, No. 3001 1907 90 1907 97 1907 80 1907 85 Pinot X Rupestris, No. 1305 Plant de Carraes 1907 1904 100 1904 94 1904 70 1904 99 1907 1904 80 1904 90 1907 95 1907 95 1 Plant de Gounay. 1 ■ 1 Ponroj' 1903 85 1907 1907 1907 1907 85 1907 85 1906 75 1907 85 Ragan 1905 60 1907 i Ramsey 1903 95 1905 75 1903 90 1903 ■ 70 1904 90 1903 90 1905 50 1903 80 1903 65 1904 90 1907 1906 85 1905 90 '1904' 50 1907 95 1905 70 1907 80 1904 70 1904 80 1907 80 190() 90 Rebecca 1905 75 1904 80 1904 65 1904 85 1905 78 1904' 70 Riparia a Grandes Feuilles Riparia du Colorado Riparia France Riparia Gloire de Montpellier 1905 96 1907 1907' 'i905' 85 1905 95 1904 85 1905 50 1904 75 ...... "i90(V 90 1906 85 1906 75 1906 50 1906 80 ...... "'1907 80 1907 65 Riparia Grand Glabre. 1903 90 1904 90 1906 70 1905 90 1904 • 95 1904 90 1904 80 1904 78 1904 90 1904 85 1904 88 1907 80 Riparia Martineau.. 1906 90 1 Riparia Ramond 1905 95 1 • :::::;! : Riparia Selected 1 1 1 Riparia X Berlandieri. No. 161-49. 1907 1 1907 90 1906 90 1906 90 1906 80 Riparia X (Cordifolia X Rupes- tris), No. 100-8 1904 90 1904 85 1904 70 1904 90 1904 90 1904 90 1907 85 172 56 GRAPE INVESTIGATIONS IN VINIFEEA REGIONS. Table XXIII. — Resistants and direct producers in the experiment vineyards of the Bureau of Plant Industry in California, etc. — Continued. E xperiment vineyara . Variety. O 6 1 § i 2i o 3 > c S c 3 O 1 > 1 an O 3 1 O 1 3 2 1 Riparia Grand GlabrL- X Aramon 1904 1904 85 1904 95 1904 95 1904 95 1904 92 'igos" 50 1907 'l907' 1904 95 1904 87 1904 84 1904 85 1904 85 '1904' 90 1904 85 1904 87 1904 76 1904 1904 90 1904 95 1904 95 1904 84 1904 90 1904 95 1907 80 1906 1908 85 90 Riparia X Rupestris, No. 101 Riparia X Rupestris, No. 101-14.. Riparia X Rupestris, No. 3306.. . . Riparia X Rupestris, No. 3309.... Riparia X Rupestris, No. 108-103. 1904 85 1904 85 1904 80 1903 92 1905 90 1904 90 1904 90 1904 90 1904 90 1904 80 1904 85 1904 75 1904 75 1906 85 1904 90 1904 90 1904 87 1904 75 1904 99 1904 94 1906 90 1904 92 1906 80 1906 90 1906 85 1906 95 1906 90 1906 99 1906 90 1906 80 1906 90 1906 92 1906 85 1906 95 1907 80 1907 80 1907 92 1907 80 1907 ... 60 Riparia x (Rupestris X Aramon) Jaeger, No. 201 Riparia X Rupestris de Jaeger 1904 85 1904 90 1905 80 1904 95 1907 '1907' 1904 87 1904 70 1907 85 Riparia X Rupestris Ramond 1906 70 1906 75 1907 1904 70 1907 Rulander 1905 80 1905 95 Rupestris des Caussettes Rupestris des Semis, No 81-2 1903 95 1904 95 1906 80 1906 90 1903 85 1903 92 1903 78 1904 99 1905 70 1903 95 1904 90 1904 95 1903 85 1904 85 1907 1903 80 1904 95 1904 92 1907 1904 85 1907 1904 90 1904 87 1904 90 1906 99 1906 90 1906 90 1907 95 1906 85 1906 80 1906 82 1906 82 1906 90 1906 1907 75 1907 95 Rupestris Ganzin 1905 60 1903 85 1903 80 1903 48 1904 85 1905 85 1903 95 1904 70 1904 80 1905 85 1905 50 1905 100 1904 85 1904 94 1Q04 1904 75 1904 85 1904 75 1904 70 1904 80 1904 60 1904 88 1904 88 1904 76 1904 85 1904 90 1904 80 1907' 80 1906 90 1906 80 1907 Rupestris Metallica 85 Rupestris Mission "1907 Rupestris 0 thello ::::::r"85 1907 80 1907 80 60 Rupestris Pillans Rupestris St. George Rupestris X Berlandieri,No.219 A . Rupestris X Berlandieri,No.301 A . Rupestris X Berlandieri,No.301 B . 1905 95 1905 100 1905 75 1905 75 1904 95 1904 87 1904 85 1905 70 1904 65 1904 70 1907 '1905" 70 1907 1905 65 1904 85 1904 80 1904 75 1906 92 1904 85 1904 70 1904 90 1904 90 1905 84 1904 95 1904 85 1904 76 1905 95 1906 85 1906 100 1906 95 1906 80 1907 1907 80 1906 95 1907 80 1906 1907 90 ! 65 1906 1907 95 95 1906 1907 90 90 1906 ! 1907 90 , 90 1906 1 87 ! Rupestris X Berlandieri, No. 301- 37-152 1904 90 1906 50 1906 90 1906 90 Rupestris X Chasselas Rose, No. 4401 i 1 1904 90 1905 85 1904 75 1904 90 1905 70 1904 .. 75 1906 90 1904 80 1907 1907 1907 Rupestris X Cordifolia, No. 107-11. Rupestris X (Cordifolia X Rupes- tris), No. 202 1905 82 1905 70 1907 1905 85 1904 90 1906 85 1904 90 1905 85 1907 85 1907 90 1906 80 1907 80 1907 !"■ ■ ! 95 Rupestris X (Cordifolia X Rupes- tris), No. 202-5 < 1906 1906 95 1904 70 1907 85 1904 75 1906 85 1907 80 1904 96 Rupestris X Hybrid Azemar, No. 215 '. 1904 75 1905 90 1905 70 1907 85 1906 Rupestris X Tetit Bouschet, No. 503 172 GROWTH RATINGS OF RESISTANT VINES, ETC. 57 Table XXIII. — Resistants and direct producers in the experiment vineyards of the Bureau of Plant Industry in California, etc. — Continued. Experiment vineyard. Variety. i o 6 i 3 > 3 > 1 o i _c5 1 1 3 8 3 o c o OQ Rupestris X Petit Bouschet Jae- ger, No. 504 1904 95 1904 90 1903 95 1903 99 1904 95 1904 85 1904 80 1900 40 ' 1907 1904 90 1904" 98 1904 88 1904 90 1904 85 1906 80 1906 87 1908 Rupestris X Riparia, \o. 108-1(3.. 1904 85 1903 95 1903 90 1904 85 1904 85 1906 05 1904 1904 70 1904 85 1904 90 1904 80 1904 50 1904 75 1904 96 1904 85 1904 87 R. W. Munson Salt Creek Seibel,Xo. 1 Seibel, No. 2 Seibel No 14 1907 im 100 1905 100 1905 85 1904 00 1905 75 1904 05 1904 50 1904 85 1904 80 1904 80 1904 80 1900 90 1906 80 1907 90 1907 85 1906 1906 80 1900 87 1907 90 1906 92 1906 90 1900 85 1900 92 1907 90 1907 1908 ■1907 ■1907 75 1907 75 Seibel, No. 38 ... Seibel, No. 215 . . . 1907 I 1905 90 Shalah 1903 05 1907 98 1904 95 1904 92 1906 75 1904 90 1907 95 1904 92 1907 90 1904 70 Solonis Ordinaire 1904 86 1904 90 1906 1904 80 1904 85 1904' 95 1904 70 1904 87 1907 75 Solonis Robusta Solonis X (Cordifolia X Rupes- tris), No. 202-4 1903 95 1906 50 1903 95 1900 75 1907 1905 100 1906 80 1907 90 1907 90 1900 95 1900 85 1906 85 1907 75 1906 87 1900 1907 90 Solonis X Othello 1904 80 1900 GO 1904 87 1904 99 1904 99 1900 93 1900 92 1900 85 1906 84 1906 Solonis X Othello No 1013 1903 95 1904 80 1903 90 1904 75 1903 95 1904 90 1904 95 1904 95 1905 100 1907 90 Solonis X Riparia, No. 1015 1904 75 1904 80 1904 75 1904' 85 1904 96 1907 1 70 Solonis X Riparia, No. 1010 Taylor Narbonne Texas 1907 1907" 1905' 75 1904 75 1904 75 1904 80 1904 85 1907 80 1907 75 ' 1 ■ Tisserand " 1904 95 1903 85 1903 85 1903 85 1903 85 1904 80 1904 90 1905 1904 85 1903 85 1903 85 1903 90 1903 95 1904 70 1904 95 im 1 70 i 1904 i 19!)0 80 1906 87 1906 75 1906 85 1906 75 Valencia 1904 95 1907 Valhallah 1907 1907 Ver morel. 1907 1906 60 1907 98 1906 80 1907 80 1900 Viala. . . 1905' 95 1904 70 1904 70 1900 1907 1W7 85 Viala X Riparia.. 1905 70 1904 80 1904 70 1900 00 Vitis Alexandrina 1906 80 1 1908 Vitis eandicans 1904 70 1 " Wine King 1903 95 1905 1907 89 Winchell (svn.. Green Mountain). 1905 45 " " 1 Worden 1905 05 1905 90 1903 05 1904 90 1905 80 1905 90 1904 75 1904 80 1905 40 1905 00 1905 75 1905 65 1905 70 1905 90 1905 75 1905 75 1905 70 1905 80 1906 85 1906 m 1900 Wyoming Red » . . Xlnta 1907 85 York X Rupestris Ganzin, No. 212 1904 82 1905 70 1904 85 1907 70 172 58 GRAPE IXVESTIGATIOXS IX VIXIFEEA REGIONS, ■ Besides these there are at the Oakville experiment vineyard the following varieties which were planted in the spring of 1907 : Couderc, Xos. 43-06, 71-20, 71-06, 74-17, 85-113, 199-88, 4401, 241-125, 267-27, 272-60, and 1173; Castel, Xo. 19002; Clevener; Cythiana; and Seibel, Nos. 29, 60, 70, 78, 80, 128, 209, 334, 1004, 1020, 1070, 1077, 2010, 2033, 2044, 2056, and 2029. The nomenclature of varieties has been brought into conformity with the code of the American Pomological Society in so far as has appeared practical. GRAFTED VINES IN CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT VINEYARDS. In the spring of 1905 a number of Vinifera varieties were field- grafted on leading resistant varieties to determine the value of the resistants as graft bearers and to study the congeniality existing between the different resistant and the different Vinifera varieties. (See Pis. VI and VII.) At Oakville 106 Vinifera varieties were grafted on Lenoir and Rupestris St. George stocks, and 10 vines on Lenoir, Rupestris St. George, Dog Ridge, Herbemont, Rupestris Martin, and Salt Creek stocks of each of the following 19 leading red and white A^ne varie- ties: Burger, Semillon, Listan (syn.. Palomino, erroneously Golden CJiasselas) , Traminer, Green Hungarian, Sauvignon Vert, Sylvaner (syn., Franken i^^esZ^n^), Carignane, Veltliner, Pineau de Chardonnay (syn., CJiahlis), Mission, Mataro, Cabernet Sauvignon, Valdepenas, Aramon," Petit Syrah, Mondeuse, Alicante Bouschet, and Zinfandel. In the Fresno experiment vineyard the varieties Alexandria, Malaga, Pizzutella, Feher Szagos, Vermentino, Panariti, Pedro Ximines, Mantuo de Pilas, Mission, and Saint Laurent were grafted on regular checks, 10 vines of each variety on Lenoir, Rupestris St. George, Riparia Gloire de Montpellier, Herbemont, Salt Creek, and Dog Ridge stocks; and 43 other table-grape varieties were grafted, some on Lenoir, some on Rupestris St. George, and some on both. Some unusual climatic conditions that occurred in connection with this work should be noted. Just before the grafting was done in the Oakville experiment vinej^ard heavy frosts had occurred, and several occurred while the grafting was being done. The young growth on the stocks, which was from 1 to 3 inches long, had been completely killed. At the Fresno vmeyard before the grafting was done an average growth of from 4 to 6 inches had been made by the stocks when a heavy frost occurred and damaged them severely. It should be particularly noted that at Oakville the frosts occurred at the time of grafting, when the young growth was not over 3 inches long, whereas at Fresno the growth was 4 inches or more and the frost had occurred at least a week before the grafting. 172 COXGEXIALITY AND ADAPTABILITY OF VINES. 59 Many interestiag results wero obtained from tliese experiments. For instance, of the 19 leading wine-grape varieties grafted in regular checks on different stocks at the Oakville experiment vineyard an average stand of 96 per cent on Dog Ridge, 89^ per cent on Salt Creek, 74^^ P^r cent on Herbemont, 72^ per cent on Lenoir, and 49Yg- percent on Rupestris St. George was obtained, and of the 10 leading varieties grafted at the Fresno experiment vineyard an average stand of 90 per cent on Dog Ridge, 80 per cent on Lenoir, 80 per cent on Salt Creek, 72 per cent on Riparia Gloire de Montpellier, 71 per cent on Herbemont, and 63 per cent on Rupestris St. George resulted. Li the springs of 1906, 1907, 1908, and 1909 the grafting experiments were extensively enlarged upon, so that there are now at Oakville 226 Vinifera varieties field-grafted on Lenoir; 122 on Rupestris St. George; 113 on Dog Ridge; 30 on Riparia X Rupestris, Xo. 101; 30 on Solonis X Riparia, Xo. 1616; 29 on Riparia X Rupestris, Xo. 3309; 29 on Aramon Rupestris Ganzin, Xo. 1; 23 on Herbemont; 20 on Salt Creek; 20 on Mourvedre X Rupestris, Xo. 1202; 20 on Rupes- tris ^lartin; and 18 on Taylor Xarbonne. In addition, there are 63 Vinifera varieties bench-grafted on 49 various resistant stocks for nursery work. At Fresno there are 71 Vinifera varieties field-grafted on Rupestris St. George; 28 on Dog Ridge; 32 on Riparia X Rupestris, Xo. 101; 34 on Solonis X Riparia, Xo. 1616; 30 on Mourvedre x Rupestris, Xo. 1202; 32 on Lenoir; 25 on Monticola X Rupestris: 10 on Riparia X liupestris, X^o. 101-14; 9 on Riparia X Rupestris, Xo. 3306; 29 on Riparia Gloire de Montpellier; 29 on Adobe Giant; 27 on Rupestris Martin; 24 on Aramon Rupestris Ganzin, Xo. 1; 23 on Taylor Xar- bonne; 23 on Solonis Robusta; 19 on Australis; 18 on Solonis Othello; 17 on Berlandieri X Rupestris, Xo. 219 A; 17 on Const antia; 17 on Riparia X Rupestris, Xo. 3309; 14 on Viala; 16 on Salt Creek; 15 on Monticola X Riparia, Xo. 18804; 12 on Aramon X Rupestris Ganzin, Xo. 2; 13 on Monticola X Riparia, Xo. 18808; 13 on Hotporup; 12 on Rupestris des Caussettes; 10 on Rupestris Mission; 10 on Berlandieri X Riparia, Xo. 420 A; 10 on Herbemont; and 10 on Riparia X (Cordi- folia X Rupestris), Xo. 106-8, besides smaller lots on 27 other stocks. At Lodi a bench-grafted collection of 54 Vinifera varieties grafted on 29 various resistant varieties has been planted. CONGENIALITY AND ADAPTABILITY OF VINES. Two ^'ine varieties are congenial to each other when both top and root flourish if one be grafted on the other. The congeniality would be called perfect when a variety grafted on another behaves as if the stock were grafted with a scion of itself, 172 60 GRAPE INVESTIGATIONS IN VINIFEKA EEGIONS. the union being perfect and the behavior of the vine the same as that of an entire ungrafted plant. The term " congeniaUty " as used in this discussion is Hmited to the relation of Vinifera varieties to the resistant stocks upon which they are grafted. To properly discriminate between adaptability and congeniality and then to determine the congeniality, it is neces- sary to have the resistant varieties as well as the Vinifera varieties on their own roots growing as checks alongside of the grafted vines. If we have grafted vines of which both the stock and the scion varieties are known to be suited to the soil and climatic conditions and they do not thrive, we know congeniality is lacking. The adaptability of varieties to soil, climatic, and other condi- tions can often be closely judged after comparatively short obser- vation, but the congeniality must be determined by actual test. Without knowledge of its adaptability to the existing conditions, the extent to which differences in the behavior of a Vinifera variety grafted on different stocks are due to congeniality and to adapta- bility is impossible of determination. Extensive saccharine and acid determinations of the fruit from grafted vines in the experimental vineyards have been made during two vintage seasons with a view to ascertaining whether the quality and quantity of the fruit are influenced by the stock upon which the vine is grafted. These tests have yielded very interesting and sug- gestive data which, when contrasted with the growth ratings of the same vines based on observations and measurements of growth dur- ing the same growing seasons, indicate that there is a close corre- spondence between these important chemical constituents of the fruit and the congeniality of graft and stock as determined by ob- servation of growth. Similar ratings of the growth of a variety grafted on various stocks are found to be accompanied by fairly definite percentages of sugar and acid. Under like conditions of growth the sweetness and acidity of the fruit, as well as its time of ripening, are evidently materially influenced by the congeniality of the graft and stock. The determination of saccharine and acid contents of the fruit thus throw light on the congeniality of the graft and stock w^hich produce it and afford a useful check on the congeniality ratings which are based on observations and measure- ments of vine growth, productiveness, and other important factors. Saccharine and acid are two of the leading considerations in the money value of the fruit. In determining the relative congeniality of Vinifera varieties on diverse resistant stocks these and the relative amount of fruit produced, the difference in the time of ripening, the relative healthfulness and comparative durability of varieties on 172 ETC. 61 the different stocks, and the relative amount of wood produced are some of the considerations that appear most important. The relative ratings given the Vinifera varieties on the difTerent resistant stocks at the Oakville and Fresno vineyards in Table XXIV show the general health and vigor of the vines under the conditions at those places. They are valuable in that where high ratings are shown the congeniality and adaptability are both good and both stock and scion are suited to existing conditions. GROWTH RATINGS OF VINIFERA VARIETIES GRAFTED ON RESIST- ANT STOCKS. In Table XXIV, following, the upper numbers after each name in the resistant stock columns show the years when the vines were grafted; the lower numbers show the growth ratings, which in each case were made in the autumn of 1908. The growth of each variety on the different stocks in the vineyard in which it is under test is expressed in the form of a percentage rat- ing on a scale in which the growth of the variety when not grafted but growing as an entire plant on its own root under conditions to which it is well adapted is taken as the standard of excellence, 100 per cent. These ratings, therefore, represent the behavior of each variety grafted on the several stocks under the conditions existing at the vineyard in which it is found, expressed in terms that permit comparison with its behavior wdien growing as an entire plant on its own roots under favorable conditions and not based on comparison with other Vinifera varieties grafted on the same stocks in the same vineyard. To illustrate: Zinfandel, grafted in the Oakville vine- yard in 1905 on different resistant stocks, on Dog Ridge was rated as to growth at 95; on Lenoir, 90; on Rupestris St. George, 85; and on Solonis X Rip aria. No. 1616, at 60. This shows that the Zin- fandel, which is well adapted to the conditions there, when grafted on these different stocks at the same time under the same conditions in the same vineyard with the same treatment varied in growth and behavior in comparison with the variety on its own roots in accord- ance w^ith the above ratings. In Table XXIV the nomenclature of varieties has been brouo-ht into conformity with the code of the American Pomological Society in so far as has appeared practicable. 172 62 GRAPE INVESTIGATIONS IN VINIFEEA REGIONS. Table XXIV. — Vinifera varieties grafted on resistant stocks in the Oakville and Fresno experiment vineyards of the Bureau of Plant Industry, showing the year of grafting and the growth rating. (^ Variety. Vineyard. s 6 go < .1 O 1 < O o 1 'o g ft . 3CVI «° P 0 1 d 1 (5 X6 .52 L DO a 5 ft 0 .1 ftS 2. 02 1 I Admirable (syn., Admir- able de Courtiller). Oakville.. 1906 80 Oakville.. 1906 95 1905 85 1905 60 1905 90 1905 75 1905 1906 65 1905 95 1905 80 1905 80 1905 85 1905 90 1905 75 1906 Fresno Fresno 80 Alexandria (syn., Mus- cat of Alexandria). Alicante (syn., Black St. Peter). Alicante Bouschet 1906 70 1906 70 1905 70 1906 80 1906 90 1905 80 1905 95 1906 70 1906 65 Oakville.. Oakville. . Oakville . . 75'.. 1905,1906 85! 40 1905 1906 1906 80 1906 1905 85 1905 1905 80 1905 igos'igoe 85l 45 1905 1906 1906 65 1906 85 :::; 1905 80 1905 85 1906 70 1906 75 1906 85 1906 Baba 90.... 1 951 90 1906.... 901 90 1905 80 95 90 90 75 1906 Oakville.. 90 Bakator 1906 85 1906 65 1906 95 .... .... 1906 95 190!) 90 1906 75 1905 90 1905 90 1905 90 1905 80 1905 95 1905 90 1905 95 1905 85 1905 90 1905 80 Oakville. Barbarossa. 1906 1905 90 1905 75 1905 80 1905 95 1905 90 1905 95 1905 80 1905 90 1906 85 1906 Fresno.... Oakville oof... 1906.... 85.... 90 Barbarossa 1906 1906 1906 85 1906 65 1906 75 95 75 Bar])era (syn., Barbera Fina). 1906 Oakville.. 75 1905 .... 851.... 1906.... 90'.... 1906 i 1906 Oakville.. 75 Beclan 1906 Oakville.. 85 Bellino 1906 Fresno.... Oakville 80 1906 85 1905 90 85 Bellino 1906 85 1906 75 1906 80 .... 1906 80 190(i 65 1906 75 Bicane (syn., Chasselas Napoleon). 1906 65 Napoleon). Black Kapadjulari Oakville. . 1906 90 1906 95 1906 95 1906 75 1906 90 1906 80 1905 95 1905 95 1905 95 1905 90 1905 90 1905 80 1905 85 1905 90 1905 70 1907 Oakville.. Black Prince 1905 90 1905 90 1905 95 1905 95 1905 90 1905 1906 Oakville. 85 Blauer Portugieser (syn., Portugais Bleu). Boal de Madere Oakville 1906 Oakville.. 90 Bolynino (syn., Nebbiolo de Dronero). 1906 Oakville.. 90 Oakville. Buckland (syn.. Buck- land Sweetwater). Oakville.. Oakville.. Fresno Burger 1906 80 1906 90 1905 75 1905 95 1905 65 1905 90 1906 95 1906 85 1905 75 1905 90 1905 90 1905 85 1905 95 1906 80 1906 85 :::: 1906 90 1906 85 1905 65 1905 SO 1905 90 1906 CO 1906 70 1906 Cabernet Sauvignon Calabrian (syn., Calabre). 95 1906 70 Oakville.. Oakville . . Oakville Calmette (syn., Grand Noir de la Calmette). 1907 1907 1907 1907 1906 85 1905 95 1906 1905 90 19051906 1905 19051906 .... 1906 95 1905 85 1906 80 1906 95 1905 95 1905 90 85 90 1905 95 1905 85 1905 70 1905 90 90 85 85 1906 Rhone. Oakville. 85: 75 Chasselas Bulhery 1906 90 1906 Fresno 60 Chasselas de Fontaine- bleau. Oakville Chasselas Dor6 1906 90 1905 95I.... a The upper figures after each name in each column shove the year when the grafts were set; the lower figures show the growth rating in 1908, 172 GROWTH RATINGS OF VIXIFERA VARIETIES, ETC. 63 Table XXIV. — Vinifcra varieties grafted on resistant stocJcs in the Oakville and Fresno experiment vineyards of the Bureau of Plant Industry, e/c— Continued. Variety. Vineyard. h = -=' 2 - < 1 o < 1 S "3 1^ Mourvodrt'X Riipes- trls, No. 1202. Rnposlris St. George. 7- i X 6 J;Z '- 5 1... 5 1 5 $ « 1 i 1 G S Z Chasselas Duhamel Chasselas Florence Oakville. . Oakville.. Oakville 1906 65 19061 I9a5 iqn.=; 'i 1 90' ...i 95.... 90 19061.... 1905.... 1905 90 i 95.... S.=i ::::::::^:::: .... !!!!i966 65 Phaciplat; Vfnntanhftn 1905.... 1905 85.... 90 1905.... 1905 95 95 Oakville.. Oakville 1 Chasselas Musque Vrai. . . i9oe'.... 90 Chasselas Negrepont 190«) .... 90' 1905 .... 1905 90.... 95 1905 1906 75 Chasselas Negrepont _ J 1905 50 Oakville. . 70 1 Chasselas Rouge 1 1905 ... . 1905 90.... 90 1905 1906 19a5 80 95 90 ion:; 1 Oakville.. Fresno ! Chasselas Rose de Fal- loux. Phas'splas Ttnsp rip T"al- 1906 95 1906 85 :::: ....1906.... .... 95 ... . 1906 70 19061906 70: 70 Oakville.. Oakville ""i..::::::"76 Chasselas Rose Royal 1906 75 1906 iioai lt¥v; 1 1906 90] 8.5 R.S : 1 ?0 Chaouch 1905 190.5 ' Chauche Noir Oakville. . 1906! !<¥« Oakville.. 90! 1 90 Q.i 19061.... 19a5 95 i 90 .... 1905 .... 90 . . . . 19a5 .... 90 .... 1905 .... 90 .... 1905 1905 1906 90 Oakville.. Chenin Blanc (svn.. Pi- 1906 90 ....11905 1 99 neau Blanc de la Loire). Cinsaut Oakville.. 190.5 75 1905 19a5 Oakville.. Citronelle Clairette Maze! Oakville. . Commandeur (sjti., Lc Commandeur). Danugue Oakville 1906 65 Oakville.. Oakville.. Oakville.. Fresno Oakville.. Oakville.. Oakville.. Fresno 190(> 1905 80 1905 90 1908 1905 80 1908 1905 85 1907 90 1905 85 1905 85 1905 90 1905 90 1905 90 1905 90 1905 90 1905 95 1905 90 19a5 75 . . . . 19a5 .... 85 ....1905 .... 85 1906 90 1906 95 75 190ti.... 90.... 190K Dodrelabi (svn , Gros 1 1 Emathia 1906 1 Feher Szagos Ferrara Fintendo 190?> ifeiL ^- I .i<. -•-"- Fig. 1.— a Vineyard in a Desert. Fig. 2.— a Vineyard in a Valley. Fig. 3.— a Vineyard on a Hillside. Bui. 1 72, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. Plate IV. m 2 > -■ X = > .:: :n BjI. 172, Bj-eau of P'a'-t Indast-y U. S. Dept. o* Ag' c^.'we. Plate V. F ;. ' .-- 3 = -^T WITH Roots G=; ■•. '<3 ^=:-.' t-e S: :s. Fig. 2 —The Save V \e 5-: a \ IN Figure 1, with Roots Removed, as They Should Be. Fig. 3.— Phylloxera Being Placed on Roots of Vine to Test Resistance. Fig. 4.— A Strong-Growing Type Grafted on a Weaker Growing Stock. Fig. 5.— Graft and Stock of the Same Relative Growth. Fig. 6.— Scientific Investigator Examining Vines and Taking Notes in an Experiment Vineyard. Bui. 172, Bureau of Plant Indust^, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture- Plate VI. Fig. 1.— a Vine Grafted and Covered Up and Tools Used in Grafting. Fig. 2.— A Vine Just Grafted and not yet Covered. Fig. 3. -Grafted Vines Packed Ready FOR Shipment from France. Plate VII. Fig. 1.— a Grape Nursery. F,G. 2.— A Resistant Experiment Vineyard J^st Grafted. Fig. 3.— a Resistant Vineyard with Grafts One Year Old. Bui. 172, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Ag-'cuture. Plate VIII. Leaves of Six Hybrids Originated in France and Extensively Used as Stocks on v/HicH TO Graft Vinifera Varieties. A, Leaf of Mourvedre x Rupestris. No. 12u2 fabout five sixteenth* natural size): B. leaf of Riparia x Rupestris. No. 101 (about five-fourteenths natural size: V. leaf of Riparia x Rupestris. No. 3:309 (about five-thirteenths natural sizei: £>. leaf of Riparia x Rupestris, No. 3:S06 (five-sixteenths natural size); £. leaf of Riparia x Berlandleri. No. 420 A (rive- fourteenths natural size): i^. leaf of Riparia x Cordifolia x Rupestris, No. 106-S (about five-fourteenths natural size). INDEX Page. Adaptability, grapevines 59-61 Adobe Land grape. See Grape, Adobe Land. Aestivalis grape. See Grape, Aestivalis. Agriculture, Department, investigation of California vine disease 10 '■Americo-Americans," grape hybrids, French name 26 Anaheim disease. See California vine disease. Ashy grape. See Grape, Ashy. Behringer Brothers, reference 12 Berlandieri grape. See Grape, Berlandieri. Bioletti, F. T., references 12,13 Blue grape. aS^c Grape, Blue. Bosch, John D., reference 39 Brandy, production, Fresno, Cal 31 San Bernardino Valley, Cal 32 Bush grape. See Grape, Bush. Butler, O., reference 13 California Agricultural Experiment Station, grapes, propagating and bench- grafting experiments 12 experiment vineyards, acreage and varieties of grapes 70 grapes, grafted varieties, experiments 58-59 resistance and growth ratings 51-58 varieties, grafting and growth ratings. 61-67 proposed work and experiments 72-73 results accomplished 72-73 grape area, comparison with grape area of France 10 varieties, description 24-25 invitation to grape growers to visit experiment vineyards 50 Lenoir grape, phylloxera-resistant value 15 phylloxera, introduction, early history, etc 10-11 soils, areas, mapping 43 State Viticultural Commission, appointment of committee to investi- gate phylloxera injury 12 investigations of California vine dis- ease 10 vine disease, cause and control, early studies 10 control, investigations by Department of Agriculture. . 10 Ethelbert Dowlen 10 Newton B. Pierce 10 damage to vineyards in California, losses, etc 10 early history, spread, etc 9-10 injury to viticulture, control ' 27 172 77 78 GEAPE INVESTIGATIONS IN VINIFEEA REGIONS. Page. California vineyards, destruction, two leading agencies 9-11 experiment, main, establishment and location 28-37 plan of plantings 50 smaller, establishment, purpose, description, etc 37-49 precipitation, 1903-1908 34, 35, 36, 37, 45-49 reconstruction, early attempts 11-12 on phylloxera-resistant stock, failure of early attempts 26 reestablishment on phylloxera-resistant stock, experi- ments 11-12 soils, analyses 34, 35, 36, 37, 43-45 temperature, 1903-1908 34, 35, 36, 37, 45-49 viticultural industry, extent 9 work of Bureau of Plant Industry on grapes, scope and purpose 17 See also Grape, Grapes, Grapevines, and Vineyards. Candicans grape. See Grape, Candicans. Chasselas grape. See Grape, Chasselas. wine. See Wine, Chasselas. Chico varietal vineyard, California, grape varieties, maintenance and tests 33-34 location, soil, climatic conditions, etc 33-34 soils analyses, precipitation, and tempera- ture, 1903-1908 34 Cinerea grape. See Grape, Cinerea. Climate, influence on phylloxera resistance of grapevines 15 Cloverdale, Cal., temperature and precipitation, 1903-1908 46 Colfax, Cal., temperature and precipitation, 1903-1908 45 experiment vineyard, California, location, soil, and fruit production... 38-39 soils, analyses 43 Concannon, J., reference 12 Conclusions of bulletin, with suggestions 73-74 Congeniality, grapevines 59-61 Cordifolia grape. See Grape, Cord i folia. Couderc, reference 23, 26 Crabb, H. W. , mercurial treatment for phylloxera injury 12 Cucamonga experiment vineyard, California, grapes, planting, varieties 32 location, soil, climatic conditions, etc 31-33 planting and growth ratings of Vinifera varieties, list 67-69 soils, analyses 35 value 33 De Grasset, reference 26 Devaux, F., reference 12 Disease, Anaheim. See California vine disease. vine, California. See California vine disease. Diseases, grapes. See California vine disease; Grapes, diseases; and Phyl- loxera. Distel, Bernard, reference 41 Dowlen, Ethelbert, studies of California vine disease 10 Doyle, J. T., reference 12 Dresel, introducer of resistant grapevines into California 11-12 Drummond, J. H., reference 12 172 INDEX. 79 Page. Eldorado County, Cal., early appearance of phylloxera .* ]0 Elvira grape. See Grape, Elvira. Entomology, Bureau, study of phylloxera in California 11 Europe, phylloxera, distribution 11 introduction on American grape stock 11 European grape. See Grape, European. Flame Tokay grapes. See Grapes, Flame Tokay. France, grape area, comparison with grape area of California 10 ' " Franco-Americans, ' ' grape hybrids, French name 26 Fresno, Cal., brandy production, importance of industry- 31 raisin production 31 wine production, importance of industry' 31 experiment vineyard, California, grapes, planting, varieties 32 location, soil, climatic conditions, etc . 29-31' soils analyses, precipitation, and tem- perature, 1903-1908 36 value 33 Vineyard Company, reference 29 Frost grape. See Grape, Frost. Fruit, growing and packing in Colfax district, ("aliforuia 38-39 See also Grape and Grapes. Ganzin, reference 23 Geyser^'ille experiment vineyard, California, location and soil 39 soils, analyses 43 Glaister, T. S., reference 12 Grafting grapevine varieties, influence of congeniality on phylloxera resistance . 15 Grape, Adobe Land, phylloxera-resistant variety, description 21 Aestivalis, phylloxera resistance, scale of ratings 14 Ashy, phylloxera-resistant variety, description 21 Berlandieri X Riparia, Xo. 420 A, grape hybrid, production 26 phylloxera resistance, scale of ratings 14 Blue, phylloxera-resistant variety, description 24 Bush, phylloxera-resistant variety, description 22 Candicans, phylloxera resistance, scale of ratings 14 Chasselas, growing in California 11 Cinerea, phylloxera resistance, scale of ratings 14 Cordifolia, phylloxera resistance, scale of ratings 14 Ehdra, phylloxera resistance, scale of ratings 14 -resistant variety from Missouri, experiments in California 11-12 European, nonphylloxera-resistant variety, description 24—25 Frost, phylloxera-resistant variety, description 20-21 growers, California, invitation to visit experiment \dneyards 50 Gulch, phylloxera-resistant variety, description 22 Herbemont, phylloxera resistance, scale of ratings 14 resistant variety from Texas, experiments in California 11-12 Labrusca, phylloxera resistance, scale of ratings 14 resistant variety, growing in California 12 Lenoir, California, experiments and results 12 phylloxera-resistant value 15 phylloxera resistance, scale of ratings 14 172 80 GRAPE INVESTIGATIONS IN VINIFEEA REGIONS. Page. Grape, Lenoir, phylloxera resistant variety from Texas, experiments in Cali- fornia ■ 11-12 Longi, phylloxera resistance, scale of ratings 14 Monticola X Rupestris, hybrids, production 26 phylloxera resistance, scale of ratings 14 Mustang, phylloxera-resistant variety, description 18-19 Northern Fox, phylloxera-resistant variety, description 18 Nova Mexicana, phylloxera resistance, scale of ratings 14 Pine- Wood, phylloxera-resistant variety, description 19 Post-Oak, phylloxera-resistant variety, description 19-20 Riesling, growing in California 11 Riparia X (Cordifolia X Rupestris), No. 106-8, grape hybrid, production. 23 Rupestris, No. 101, grape hybrid, production 26 3306, grape hybrid, production 26 3309, grape hybrid, production 26 phylloxera resistance, scale of ratings 14 resistant variety, description 23-24 from Missouri, experiments in California 11-12 Riverside, phylloxera - resistant variety, description 23-24 Rock, phylloxera-resistant variety, description 22-23 Rotundifolia, phylloxera resistance, scale of ratings 14 Rupestris X Berlandieri, No. 301A, grape hybrid, production 26 Cordifolia, No. 107-11, grape hybrid, production 26 phylloxera resistance, scale of ratings 14 St. George, California, experiments 12 phylloxera resistance, scale of ratings 14 Sand, phylloxera-resistant variety, description 22-23 Solonis X Othello, No. 1616, grape hybrid, production 26 phylloxera-resistant variety, description 22 Sour Winter, phylloxera-resistant variety, description 20-21 Sugar, phylloxera-resistant variety, description 22-23 Sweet Mountain, phylloxera-resistant variety, description 19-20 Winter, phylloxera-resistant variety, description 21 Taylor, phylloxera resistance, scale of ratings 14 Texas Panhandle Large, phylloxera-resistant variety, description 21-22 Turkey, phylloxera-resistant variety, description 19 Vinifera, phylloxera resistance, scale of ratings 14 rotting, early tendency 13, 14 Vulpina, phylloxera resistance, scale of ratings 14 Wine, nonphylloxera-resistant variety, description 24—25 See also Grapes, Grapevines, and Vitis. Grapes, alphabetical lists of varieties in California experiment vineyards. 51-58, 62-69 American, resistant to phylloxera, adaptability to United States, list. 17-27 species, disease resistance 14 California, area, comparison with France 10 experiment vineyards, grafting and growth ratings, list 61-67 resistance and growth ratings, list.. 51-58 crossing red- wine varieties, experiments by Bureau of Plant Industry. . 27 direct producers, phylloxera-resistant, experiments 26-27 diseases, investigations, publications, list 16 Flame Tokay, production in Lodi district, California 41 172 INDEX. 81 Page. Grapes. France, area, comparison with California 10 fresh, California, shipments, 1894-1902 9 growers, value of soil surveys 28 growth ratings in California experiment A-ineyards 51-58 hybrids, phylloxera-resistant, experiments 2-5-26 production, list 25-26 Vinifera and American, production, experiments by French. 26-27 Johannisberg, grown at Schloss Johannisberg, superiority of wine 71 Labrusca, experiments in crossing with Viniferas in United States 26-27 native to North America, phylloxera-resistant varieties, adaptability. tests by Bureau of Plant Industiy 17-27 phylloxera-resistant stock for grafting Vinifera varieties, experiments. . 25-26 reconstruction of California A*ineyards, early attempts and failures 26 varieties, adaptability to United States, list 71-72 list 14 planting at OakAille and Fresno experi- ment vineyards, California 31 planting at experiment vineyards, California, varieties 32 production in San Bernardino Valley, California, varieties 32 Stockton district, California 43 resistant varieties, introduction into California, experiments 11-12 Riparia, France, unadaptability for California 16-17 varieties in California experiment vineyards, resistance and growth ratings 51-58 proposed tests in OakWlle and Fresno experiment vineyards, California 31 records, methods of keeping in California experiment vine- yards 50 variety tests by Bureau of Plant Industn.- 70-71 vines and cuttings, distribution by Bureau of Plant Industry, variety tests 70-71 Vinifera, experiments in crossing with Labruscas in United States 26-27 Cucamonga experiment \-ineyard, California, planting and growth ratings, list ^ 67-69 use on virgin soil and in replanting vineyards in California. . 16 varieties, California experiment ^-ineyards, grafting and growth ratings 61-67 Zinfandel, on hillside locations, superiority of wine 71 See also Grape, GrapcA-ines, and Vitis. Grapevines, character, inherent, factor in phylloxera resistance 13-14 congeniality and adaptability, experiments in California 59-61 direct producers, growth ratings in California 50-58 grafted, California experiment vineyards, varieties, experiments . 58-59 immune to phylloxera, description 13 insect resistance, causes influencing 14-19 phylloxera resistance, factors 13-16 foreign determinations, inapplicability in America 16-17 influence of adaptation to soil, climate, and other conditions 14-16 resistant, early introduction into California 11-12 26966«— Bui. 172—10 6 82 GRAPE INVESTIGATIONS IN VINIFEKA REGIONS. Page. Grapevines, phylloxera-resistant, growth ratings in California 50-58 ' stocks, classification according to soil adapta- bility 71-72 varieties, planting in California, general plan . 50 See also Grape, Grapes, Nodosity, and Vitis. Groezinger, J., reference 12 Gulch grape. See Grape, Gulch. Gundlach-Bundschu Wine Company, reference 42 introducer of resistant grapevines into California 11-12 Hagan, Henry, reference 12 Hayne, A. P., introduction of resistant varieties of grapes from Europe into California 12 Hecke, G. H., reference 50 Herbemont grape. See Grape, Herbemont. Hilgard, E. W., reference 12 Husmann, Fred L., reference 50 George, grape-culture publications 11, 16 C, studies of California vine disease 10 Hybrids, grapes, phylloxera-resistant, experiments 25-26 Vinifera and American, production, experiments by French . 26-27 Insects, injuries to grapevines, resistance, causes influencing 14-16 Italian Vineyard Company, reference 31, 32 Johannisberg grapes. See Grapes, Johannisberg. Jurie, reference 23 Krug, Charles, mercurial treatment for phylloxera injury 12 Labrusca grape. See Grape, Labrusca, and Grapes, Labrusca. Lawrence, Mary, reference 40 Lenoir grape. See Grape, Lenoir. Livermore, Cal., temperature and precipitation, 1903-1908 46-47 experiment vineyard, California, location, soil, and wine produc- tion 40 soils, analyses 44 Lodi, Cal., temperature and precipitation, 1903-1908 47 experiment vineyard, California, location, soil, and grape production . . . 40-41 soils, analyses 44 Longi grape. See Grape, Longi. McAdie, Alexander G., temperature and precipitation in California vine- yards - 27-28 Mackie, W. W., soil survey of California vineyards, report 27 Mallegue, reference 23 Masson, P., reference 12 Millardet, A., reference 13, 23, 26 resistance of grapevines to phylloxera 13 Monticola grape. See Grape, Monticola. Mountain View experiment vineyard, California, location, soils, and wine pro- duction 41-42 soils, analyses 44 Munson, T. V., grape-culture publications 16 Mustang grape. See Grape, Mustang. Napa, Cal., temperature and precipitation, 1903-1908 37 County, California, early appearance of phylloxera 10 Valley, California, vineyards, destruction by California vine disease 10 wine production , . , . , , 29 172 INDEX. 83 Page. Nodosity, first indication of insect injury to grapevine roots, description 13-14 rotting, different grape varieties 13 Northern Fox grape. See Grape, Northern Fox. Nova Mexicana grape. See Grape, Nova Mexicana. Oakville, Cal., wine production 31 experiment vineyard, California, grapes, phylloxera-resistant varie- ties, proposed tests 31 planting, varieties 32 location, soil, climatic conditions, etc 28-29 soils, analyses 37 value 33 Orleans Hills, California, early appearance of phylloxera 10-11 Pacific coast, cooperative experiment vineyards, establishment and methods of work 27-49 slope, grape district, extent and conditions 9 Phylloxera, California and European vineyards, distribution, control, etc 10-11 cooperative study by Bureaus of Entomology and Plant Industry 11 introduction, early history, etc 10-11 climatic variations, effect upon increase 15 Europe, distribution 11 introduction on American grape stock 11 injury, causes, statement by A. Millardet 13 resistance, degree, variation with soil characteristics 14 factors 13-16 grafted grapevdnes, influence of congeniality 15 grapevines, foreign determinations, inapplicability in America 16-17 influence of adaptation of grapevines to climatic and soil conditions, etc 14-16 of different varieties of grapes, comparison 14 resistant grapes. North American, list 17-27 grapevines, adaptability to United States, list 71-72 growth ratings in California 50-58 planting in California, general plan 50 stocks, classification according to soil adapta- bility 71-72 stocks, selection and breeding, comparison of French and American grapes 15 vineyards, eradication, methods 11 Piaz, A. M. del, reference 12 Pierce, Newton B., California vine disease, investigations 10 publication 16 William, reference 12 Pine-Wood grape. See Grape, Pine- Wood. Placer County, Cal. , early appearance of phylloxera 10 Plant Industry, Bureau, study of phylloxera in California 11 work in California on grapes, scope and purpose 17 Plates, description 76 Post-Oak grape. See Grape, Post-Oak. Precipitation, vineyards, California, 1903-1908 34, 35, 36, 37, 45-49 Publications, grape diseases, investigations and experiments, list 16 172 84 GRAPE INVESTIGATIONS IN VINIFERA REGIONS. Page. Raisin vineyards. See Vineyards, raisin. Raisins, production, Fresno, Cal Rasmussen, Andrew, reference Ravaz, preparation of phylloxera-resistance scale Records, grapevines in experiment vineyards, California, methods of keeping.. Resistance, phylloxera, grapevines. See Grapevines and Phylloxera. Ricketts, reference Riesling grape. See Grape, Riesling, wine. See Wine, Riesling. Riley, C. V., entomological reports, Missouri Riparia grape. See Grape, Riparia, and Grapes, Riparia. Riverside grape. See Grape, Riverside. Vineyard Company, reference Rock grape. See Grape, Rock. Rogers, reference Rotundifolia grape. See Grape, Rotundifolia. Rupestris grape. See Grape, Rupestris. St. George grape. See Grape, Rupestris St. George. San Bernardino Valley, California, grape production vineyards Joaquin Valley Realty Company, reference Sand grape. See Grape, Sand. Santa Clara, Cal. , temperature and precipitation, 1903-1908 Valley, California, vineyards, destruction by California vine dis ease Seibel, reference Sherry, production in San Bernardino Valley, California Simonton, James W., resistant grape cuttings, introduction into California Soil, influence on phylloxera resistance of grapevines 14-16 surveys, California, work of Bureau of Soils 41-42 viticultural areas, value to grape growers 28 Soils, Bureau, surveys in California 41-42 California, mapping, areas 43 vineyards, analyses 34, 35, 36, 37, 43-45 Solano County, Cal., early appearance of phylloxera 10 Solonis grape. See Grape, Solonis. Sonoma, Cal., temperature and precipitation, 1903-1908 48-49 County, Cal., early appearance of phylloxera 10-11 experiment vineyard, California, location, soil, and production 42 soils, analyses 44 Valley, California, early appearance of phylloxera 10-11 vineyards, destruction by California vine disease. . 10 Sour Winter grape. See Grape, Sour Winter. Stockton, Cal., temperature and precipitation, 1903-1908 49 experiment vineyard, California, location, soil, and production 42-43 soils, analyses , 45 Sugar grape. See Grape, Sugar. Sweet Mountain grape. ^See Grape, Sweet Mountain. Winter grape. See Grape, Sweet Winter. Swett, J., reference . 12 Taylor grape. ^See Grape, Taylor. Temperature, vineyards, California, 1903-1908 ,._„_. = ... 34, 35, 36, 37, 45-49 172 16 32 26 INDEX. 85 Page. Terras, reference 23 Texas Panhandle Large grape. See Grape, Texas Panhandle Large. To-Kalon Vineyard Company, reference 28 Toumier, Alfred, reference oO Traminer wine. See Wine, Traminer. Tuberosity, insect injmy to vine roots, description 14 Turkey grape. See Grape, Turkey. Twight, E. H., references 12,13 Upland, Cal., temperature and precipitation 1903-1908 35 Viala, preparation of phylloxera-resistance scale 14 Vine disease, California. See California xine disease. Vineyards, California, destruction, two leading agencies 9-11 reconstruction, early attempts 11-12 reestablishment on phylloxera-resistant stock, experi- ments 11-12 waste of money, causes, remedial methods 15-16 varieties, distribution, and total acreage 9 experiment, California, acreage and varieties of grapes 70 invitation to grape growers to visit 50 main, establishment and location 28-37 outlying, establishment, purpose, descrip- tion, etc 37-49 plantings, method 50 precipitation, 1903-1908 34, 35, 36, 37, 45-49 proposed work and experiments 72-73 results accomplished 72-73 soils, analyses 34, 35, 36, 37, 43-45 temperature, 1903-1908 34, 35, 36, 37, 45-49 cooperative, establishment on Pacific coast and methods of work 27-49 raisin, California, capital invested 9 production, average for ten years 9 Vinifera grape. See Grape, Vinifera, and Grapes, Vinifera. Viticultural Commission, California State, appointment of committee to inves- tigate phylloxera injury 12 investigations of California vine disease 10 Viticulture, California, extent of industry 9 total investment in industry 9 Vitis aestivalis, phylloxera-resistant grape, description 19 arizonica, nonphylloxera-resistant grape 24 bicolor. phylloxera-resistant grape, description 24 californica, native phylloxera-resistant grape in California 12 nonphylloxera-resistant grape 24 susceptibility to phylloxera in California 12 candicans, phylloxera-resistant grape, description 18-19 champini, phylloxera-resistant grape, description 21 cinerea, phylloxera-resistant grape, description 21 cordifolia, phylloxera-resistant grape, description 20-21 coriacea, phylloxera-resistant grape 24 doaniana, phylloxera-resistant grape, description 21-22 172 86 GRAPE INVESTIGATIONS IN VINIFEEA REGIONS. Page. Vitis girdiana, nonphylloxera-resistant grape 24 labrusca, phylloxera-resistant grape, description 18 linsecomii, phylloxera-resistant grape, description 19 longii, phylloxera-resistant grape, description 22 monticola, phylloxera-resistant grape, description 19-20 munsoniana, phylloxera-resistant grape 24 rupestris, phylloxera-resistant grape, description 22-23 simpsonii, phylloxera-resistant grape 24 vinifera, nonphylloxera-resistant grape, description 24-25 vulpina, phylloxera-resistant grape, description 23-24 Vulpina grape. See Grape, Vulpina. Weinberger, J., reference 12 Wente, C. H., references 12,40 Wetmore, C. J., reference 12 Charles A . , reference 11 Wheeler, J. H., mercurial treatment for phylloxera injury 12 Wine, Chasselas, white, production in Sonoma district, California 42 dry, production in Santa Clara Valley, California 41-42 grape. See Grape, Wine. industry, California, capital invested 9 employees, number 9 output, average for ten years 9 production, California, varieties and quality 29 Fresno, Cal 31 Oakville, Cal 31 Riesling, white, production in Sonoma district, California 42 Sauterne, production in Livermore Valley, California 40 sweet, production in San Bernardino Valley, California 32 Stockton district, California 43 Traminer, white, production in Sonoma district, California 42 varieties, production in Sonoma district, California 42 Yolo County, California, early appearance of phylloxera 10 Zange, E., reference 12 Zinfandel grapes. See Grapes, Zinfandel. 172 o ■ 1