•'JUJKVbUl'" 'oojAiixii jn* ''CfUdllVJdU JUillVJdV)' JJUJNViUl-^ ^'^a ^lOS-ANCELfx^ o "^/^ajAiNajwv o ^^WEUNIVER% ^ic ■^tUBRARYOc. IFO/?^ %OJI1V3JO^ ^OFCAIIFO/?^ '% ^lOSAKCElfj-^ ' J -n «— » %a3AINfl3WV ^^WEUNIVER% <: CO jo>' av^eunivers/a m^ ■^ommn'^ ^fjiiw^m-^ "^Aa^AiNn 3uv^ ^lllBRARYQ^ ^U\ ^^^AHvaaii^^ yokn m//. vj^lOSANCElfx^ '%a3AINn-3WV ^IIIBRARY^^ ^lLIBRARY6>/v, %jnvjjo^ ^ojuvj-do"^ ^\\\EUNIVER% ^lOS ;lOS ^^ k A GRAPHIC SUMMARY OF AMERICAN AGRICULTURE BASED LARGELY ON THE CENSUS OF 1920 BY O. E. BAKER, Agricultural Economist Bureau of Agricultural Economics CONTENTS Page latroduction 1 The Agricultural Regions , 7 The Physical Conditions 11 Land Utilization, Present and Potential 16 The Crops 26 Live Stock 64 The Farms and the People 83 jT^^'^i-rt. Separate from Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921 No. 878 WASHINGTON : GOVEENMBNT FEINTING OFFICE : 1922 67272 T HIS publication is a revision and enlargement of "A Graphic Summary of American Agri- culture " contained in the 1915 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, pages 329-403, and Avhich was also issued as Yearbook Separate 681. That publication was based largely on the 1910 census of agriculture, while this revision portrays similarly the returns from the 1920 census. A comparison of the maps in this revision with those contained in the previous edition will reveal several significant shifts in crop production, nota- bly the partial replacement of corn by wheat in eastern Kansas and Oklahoma, and of cotton by velvet beans and other crops in southern Alabama and Georgia and in northern Florida. The in- crease of improved land in the Northern Great Plains Region and the nation-wide increase in the nominal value of land, especially marked in the Corn Belt, also deserve notice. Several new^ items were included in the 1920 census, notably silage crops, corn cut for forage, annual legume hay, velvet beans, purebred live stock, and farm facilities. Maps visualizing these statistics appear in this revision, and several maps relating to the size, value, ownership, and tenancy of farms have been added. This revision also includes a series of maps showing, in the most general way, the topography, rainfall, length of frost-free season, soils, and na- tive vegetation. These physical factors exert a dominant influence in directing agricultural de- velopment, and explain in large measure the geo- graphic distribution of the crops and live stock. The author wishes to acknowledge the valued assistance and advice of R. G. Hainsworth and E. A, Dacey in drafting the maps and graphs. '~V» y'v-Y^r A GRAPHIC SUMMARY OF AMERICAN AGRICULTURE BASED LARGELY ON THE CENSUS OF 1920 3 I'' By O. E. Baker, Ar/rkntltitral Economist. Bureau of Affrieultural Economics. Introduction. FOUR COUNTRIES are preeminent in quantity of agricultural production — the United States, Russia, China, and India — and at present the production of the United States is considerably greater than that of any other nation. The aggregate value (United States value) of the agricultural products of the Russian Empire just prior to the war was only about two-thirds that of our Nation, while the production of foods and fibers in China, which can only be guessed at, is probably also about two-thirds and certainly not over three-fourths that of the United States. The agricultural production in India is less than half that of our Nation. Only the British commonwealth of nations as a whole — India, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Canada, and the British Isles — approaches the United States in quantity of agricultural production, with an aggregate about nine-tenths that of the United States. The United States is not only the leading nation in agricultural production, but also it leads all nations in exports of agricultural products. The teeming populations of China and India require practically all the food produced and most of the fiber for home consumption, but in normal times Russia has ranked with the United States in value of agricultural exports. War, revolution, and crop failure, however, have transformed Russia into a nation unable to feed its own people. Since the war the value of agricultural ex- ports from the United States has exceeded the aggregate value of those from all other nations in the world. Yet the agricultural exports of the United States at present are only one-eighth of its production. This vast agricultural production of the United States requires the labor of about one-quarter of our gainfully employed popula- tion, whereas 85 per cent of the population of Russia is classed as agricultural, and probably three-fourths of the people of China and of India derive their support from agricultural pursuits. Six and a half million farmers in the United States, assisted by a somewhat i 2 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture^ 1921. smaUer number of farm laborers, probably less than 4 per cent of the farmers and fann laborers of the world, produce nearly 70 per cent of the world's corn, 60 per cent of the world's cotton, 50 per cent of the world's tobacco, about 25 per cent of the world's oats and hay, 20 per cent of the world's wheat and flaxseed, 13 per cent of the world's barley, 7 per cent of the world's potatoes, and 5 per cent of the world's sugar, but only about 2 per cent of the world's rye and rice. Totaling the cereals on the basis of tons, and estimating the produc- tion of China as somewhat larger than that of India, it appears that the United States produces about one-fourth of the world's cereal crops. The average production of cereals per person engaged in agriculture in the United States is 12 tons, while for the rest of the world it is only about 1.4 tons. Nevertheless, the agricultural production of the United States is no longer keeping pace with our increasing population. The peak of production per capita of the total population was reached about 1906 or 1907, and although the decrease in per capita production since has been very slow and is yet very small, it is clearly apparent. This failure of agricultural production to increase as rapidly as popula- tion is not due primarily to the decrease in the proportion of our population engaged in agriculture from over 13 per cent in 1910 to about 10 per cent in 1920, according to the census returns ^ for the acreage of crops per person engaged in agriculture was, apparently, 25 per cent greater in 1920 than in 1910 ; but, instead, is owing mostly to a notable decrease in the rate of expansion of our arable area. Improved land increased only 5 per cent from 1910 to 1920, as com- pared with 15 to 50 per cent in previous decades, and this 5 per cent increase was practically confined to the precariously productive semi-arid lands of the Great Plains region. The land in the United States suitable for agricultural use without irrigation, drainage, or heavy fertilization is nearly all occupied. Consequently, one of the great questions before the American people is how to maintain the supply of foods and fibers for the increasing population at that high level to which we are accustomed, — should we cultivate the pres- ent area of arable land more intensively, or, like England, depend upon imports from foreign countries, or should the Nation embark upon extensive projects of reclamation? The first part of this Graphic Summary of American Agriculture, therefore, is devoted to a series of maps visualizing in a very gen- eralized way the agricultural regions of the United States, and the 1 Howevev, as the 1920 census was taken January 1 and the 1910 census was taken April 15, it appears likely that a large number of farm laborers were missed by the enumeiators in 1920. Making allowance for this discrepancy, it seems probable that the acres of crops per person engaged in agriculture increased at least one-sixth between 1910 and 1920, and the production even more. I A Graphic Simvmary of Amervca/n Agriculture. 3 topographic, climatic, and soil conditions which determine these regions; also the location and extent of the land available for recla- mation by irrigation, by drainage, and by clearing of forest growth. This first part is concluded by two graphs, one outlining the trend of land utilization in the past, and the other venturing to set limits to the exjDansion of our arable area in the future, (See Figs. 2 to 18.) The second part of this study shows the geographic distribution of 50 crops in the United States, according to the census of 1920. For corn, wheat, and cotton both acreage and production are shown ; but for other crops acreage only, since acreage affords a better com- parison than production of the relative importance of the crops in a region. The total area in crops in 1919 was about 370 million acres, an increase of 50 million acres since 1909. This increase of 13 per cent in crop acreage, as compared with 5 per cent in improved land, indicates that patriotic motives, supported by the high prices paid for farm products during the war and for some time afterward, caused the plowing up and planting to crops of much improved pasture. The trend of land utilization in the United States is toward the more intensive use of the more fertile or favorably situated land — ^that is, its use for crops ; and toward the less intensive utiliza- tion of the less fertile or less favorably situated land — ^that is, its use for pasture and forest. (See Figs. 19 to 71.) The third part of this article consists of a series of 24 maps showing the geographic distribution of the several kinds of li^e stock, total and purebred only; also of tbe production of butter and cheese, wool and mohair. Fully three-fifths of the crop acreage in the United States is used to produce feed for farm animals, or about 225 million acres ; and, in addition, our live stock consume the prod- uct of about 65 million acres of improved pasture, probably of 150 million acres of unimproved grassland pasture in farms, and 175 million acres of woodland pasture in farms and in our national forests, besides that of perhaps 500 million acres of arid or semi- arid open range land in the West. It seems safe to say that live stock consume two-thirds of the product of the improved land and practically all the product of the unimproved pasture, or fully 80 per cent of the total food and feed produced by tame and wild vegetation in the United States. (See Figs. 72 to 96.) The last part of this study considers the farm as a whole — the variations in size and value in different portions of the United States; the expenditures for labor, feed, and fertilizer; ownership and tenancy; and. finally, the geographic distribution of country, vil- lage, and city populations. Four small maps also are provided, showing the number of farmers having automobiles, tractors, tele- phones, and running water in the house, as reported by the census 4 Yearhook of the Department of Agriculture^ 1921. for January 1, 1920. American farms, in general, are different fi-om those in other countries of the world, except Canada, Aus- tralia, and South Africa. English farms differ from American farms in that they are nearly all operated by tenants and employ more hand labor. The peasant farms of continental Europe utilize agricultural machinery still less and are much smaller in size than most American farms. The farms of India, China, and Japan are still smaller and are cultivated with only the crudest tools. There are 28 to 30 acres of crops per person employed in agriculture in the Ignited States, as compared with 9 in Russia prior to the war, 7 in France and Germany, and 1^ in Japan. (See Figs. 97 to 124.) The American farm involves a large investment of capital. This investment is increasing and must increase if the American farmer is to improve his standard of living. The average value of farms in the United States was $6,444 in 1910, and $12,084 in 1920. In Iowa, the average value of the farms in 1920 was $39,941. The area of the crops per farm in the United States increased from 50 acres in 1909 to 57 acres in 1919. Our farmers are driving larger teams, using more efficient machinery, producing more per acre and per person than ever before. Each American farmer and farm laborer, on the average, is feeding nine people other than himself in this country, and one more person living in foreign lands. It is in this increasing productivity of the American farm, amounting probably to 15 per cent in the last decade, that the expenditure for scientific re- search, for technical education, and for imi)roved economic organiza- tion in agriculture finds its justification. This semicapitalistic American farm, however, is not organized like a factory. The one farm laborer per farm, on the average, is often the farmer's son, or a neighbor's, who eats at the same table with the farmer and expects some time to have a farm of his own. Corporate or commimal agriculture is, in general, a failure in the United States. The family farm is practically the universal type. To keep this American farai large enough to support a family according to the American standard of living and supplied with sufficient machinery and working capital for efficient operation is important not alone to our agricultural but also to our national welfare. The characteristic and precious feature of American agriculture is its large production per man, and during the past decade the increase in the productivity of our farms was greater than in any decade preceding. But as popu- lation increases and poorer and poorer land is brought into use for €rops — that is, as labor becomes more abundant and land becomes scarcer — it appears probable that larger production per acre will be- come more profitable than greater production per man, and that our agriculture, as well as our standard of living, will more and more resemble that of Europe before the war. A Graphic SiDmmary of America/ifi Agriculty/re. 5 List of Maps and Graphs. I. The Physical Conditions and Use of the Land. Page. Agricultural regions of tlie United States 7-10 Topography (ptiotograph of land relief model of United States) 11 Avei'age annual precipitation and length of frostless season 12, 13 Soil regions and vegetation regions 14, 15 Land in farms, improved land, and land in crops 16-lS Improved and unimproved pasture 19 Forest and cut-over land, total and potentially agricultural 20, 21 Wet land needing drainage; irrigated and irrigable land 22,23 Use of the land, and trend in population and food production 24, 25 II. The Crops. Relative importance of the crops and value of all crops 26, 27 Cotton acreage and production 28 Corn for grain, acreage, production, amount sold; corn for silage and for forage, acreage 29-31 Wheat acreage, winter and spring, and total production 32-34 Oats, barley, rye. buckwheat, and velvet beans, acreage 35-38 Kafir, milo, and other sorghums for grain and for forage, acreage 38-39 Flax, rice, and tobacco, acreage 40 Hay and forage, total acreage 41 Timothy, clover, alfalfa, and wild hay, acreage 42-46 Miscellaneous tame gi-asses, grain hay, and legume hay, acreage 46, 47 Field peas, field beans, and peanuts, acreage 48, 49 Potatoes, and sugar crops (beets, cane, sorghum), acreage 50.51 Vegetables for home use, value ; and vegetables grown for sale, acreage- 52, 53 Cabbage, cantaloupes, and watermelons*, acreage 54, 55 Green peas, sweet corn, and tomatoes, acreage 55,56 Total fruits and nuts, approximate acreage 57 Apples, approximate acreage, production, and amount sold 58,59 Peaches, plums and prunes, grai>es, citrus fruits, and pears, approximate acreage 60-62 Pecans, almonds and walnuts, strawberries, bush fruits and cranberries, approximate acreage 62,63 III. Live Stock. Relative importance of the farm animals, United States and 20 States 64 Horses and mules, colts and work stock ; purebred saddle and draft horses, number 65-68 Cattle, total number; beef, dairy, and purebred, number 69-72 Dairy products, total receipts from sales ; quantity of butter and cheese made 73-76 Swine (hogs and pigs), total and purebred, number 77-78 Sheep, total and purebred, number ; goats, number ; value of wool and mohair 78-80 Poultry, number 81 Bees, number of colonies 82 6 Yearboojc of the Department of Agrictdture, 1921. IV. The Farms and the People. Page. Number of farms, total and of classified sizes 83, 84 Average acreage of improved land per farm 85 Value of farm laud per acre 86 Value of farm property, and of buildings, machinery, and live stock 87-89 Expenditures for feed, fertilizer, and labor 89, 90 Average value of farms 91 Kelutive importance of tenancy from standpoints of proportion of the farms, of the improved land, and of the value of farm property oper- ated by tenants 92, 93 Number of farms operated by white and negro owners and tenants 94, 95 Country, village, and city population 96-98 Farms having tractors, automobiles, telephones, and water piped into the house 99-100 tEADING CITIES. Fig. 1. — This map should be used in counection with all the maps that follow when it is desired to determine the name of a State. The succeeding maps do not show State names, because the letters would interfere with the dots or shading, but the State boundaries are shown and the shape of these boundaries, or location of the State on the map, should be compared with this map to identify the State. The map also shows the location of the 30 largest cities, the names corresponding to the numbers being given in the lower left-hand corner of the map. A Graphic Summary of American AffficuUure. 7 The Agricultural Regions. The United States may be divided into an eastern and a western half, characterized, broadly speaking, one by a sufficient and the other by an insufficient amount of rainfall for the successful produc- tion of crops by ordinary farming methods. The North Pacific coast and several districts in California and in the northern Rocky Moun- tain region constitute exceptions to this statement. The transition zone which separates the East from the West lies, in general, along the one hundredth meridian, the average annual precipitation in- creasing in this zone from about 15 inches at the Canadian boundary to 25 inches in southern Texas, where the evaporation is much greater and the rainfall more torrential. The East is a region of humid cli- mate farming, based upon tilled crops, small grains, and tame hay and pasture ; the West, of wild hay and grazing, dry farming, win- ter crops in certain localities, and irrigation farming, with only lim- ited areas of ordinary farming under humid conditions such as char- acterize the East. The East and West may each be divided into six agricultural re- gions. In the East, precipitation being usually sufficient, the classi- fication is based largely on temperature and the crops grown, while in the West rainfall and topography are the important factors. In the East the agricultural regions extend for the most part east and west, following parallels of latitude; while in the West the regions are determined by the mountain ranges and extend north and south. Agriculture in the East varies primarily with latitude and soils, but in the West the principal factors are altitude and rainfall. The av- erage elevation of the eastern half of the United States is less than 1.000 feet; that of the western half, over 4,000 feet. (Compare Fig. 2 with Figs. 3 to 16.) In the East corn is the leading crop, constituting over one-quarter of the acreage and nearly 30 per cent of the value of all crops. It is grown in all the six eastern regions, but is dominant in the Corn Belt, and is very important in the Corn and Winter Wheat Region, and in the Cotton Belt. Along the Gulf of Mexico and the southern Atlantic coast the type of agriculture varies greatly from section to section — from rice farming to sugar cane growing and winter vegetable production, citrus fruit orcharding, and cattle ranching — so that the region is not named after any crop, but is called the "Sub- tropical Coast,'' because the warm water exerts a controlling in- fluence upon climate and crops. In this eastern half of the United States there is scarcely any cotton grown outside the Cotton Belt, very little winter wheat outside the Corn and Winter Wheat Region and adjacent portions of the Corn Belt and Cotton Belt, and prac- 8 Yearbook of the Department of Agricvlture^ 1921. ticaliy no spring wheat outside the Spring Wheat Kegion. Grass is of gi-eatest importance in the Hay and Pasture Region, where in nearly every county hay and pasture occupy half or more of the im- proved land. (Compare Fig. 2 with Figs. 21 to 71.) In the West hay is the leading crop, contributing nearly 37 per cent of the acreage and 26 per cent of the value of all crops in 1919, and the forage obtained by grazing is probably of almost equal value. Alfalfa is the leading hay crop in the Rocky Mountain and Arid Intermountain regions, wild grasses in the Great Plains Region, and grains cut green on the Pacific coast. Wheat contributed 21 per cent of the value of all crops, oats 3 per cent, barley 3 per cent, fruit and nuts 18 per cent, potatoes 4 per cent, and other vegetables 8 per cent in these six western regions. The value of all crops in the western regions, however, constituted in 1919 only 15 per cent of the total for the United States. (Compare Fig. 2 with Fig. 21.) The contrast betAveen the East and West is not as pronounced in live stock as in crops, except that swine are largely confined to the East, while sheep are much more important in the West. There is a marked distinction, however, in the manner of management, the live stock in the East being fed in the barnyards or fields with shelter at night, while in the West the stock is mostly grazed on the open range. In the East, the Hay and Pasture Region is primarily a dairy area ; while the Corn Belt is the center of the beef-cattle and swine industry. In the West, the sheep are generally located in the more arid and the cattle in the less arid areas; while in the North Pacific Region, with its cool, moist climate, similar to that of the Hay and Pasture Region, dairying is again the dominant live-stock industry. (Compare Fig. 2 with Figs. 74 to 96.) The farms, or " ranches," in the West are, in general, much larger in area than in the East. Owing to the low rainfall in the West, except in the North Pacific Region, the land outside the irrigated and dry-farming districts is used mostly for grazing, and instead of 80 or 160 acres being sufficient to support a family, as in the East, 2,000 to 4,000 acres, or more, are commonly required. In the dry- farming areas half sections of land (320 acres) and sections (640 acres) are normal size farms. In the irrigated districts the farms are no larger in area than in the East. The 80 or 120 acre irrigated farms, however, are often worth as much as the 640- acre dry farms or the 3,000-acre stock ranches. (Compare Fig. 2 with Figs. 97 to 111.) A larger proportion of the farms in the West are operated by their owners than in the East, owing, doubtless, to the cattle ranching, the more recent homestead settlement, and the larger proportion of fruit farms. The proportion of farms operated by tenants in the western regions ranges from 13 to 23 per cent, except in the Cali- A Graphic Swnrimry of American Agnculture. 9 fornia- Arizona Desert, where irrigated cotton farming increases the proj^ortion to 33 per cent. In the East, on the other hand, over 30 per cent of the farms in the Corn and Winter Wheat Region are op- erated by tenants; in the Corn Belt over 40 per cent; and in the Cotton Belt over 60 per cent, owing in part to the plantation sys- tem and the large negro population. The Subtropical Coast and the Hay and Pasture regions, however, have only 27 per cent and 16 per cent, respectively, of the farms rented to tenants. (Compare Fig. 2 with Figs. 112 to 117.) The geographic distribution of the rural and urban population is particularly interesting. The rural population is densest in the Cot- ton Belt, where cotton cultivation and picking require large amounts of hand labor and the acreage per laborer is small; also in the eastern portion of the Corn and Winter Wlieat Eegion, where the rolling to hilly lands and lack of capital discourage extensive use of machinery. The rural population is much thinner in the Corn Belt and the Spring Wheat Eegion, and is thinnest in the West, except in the irrigated districts and the Pacific coast valleys. Urban popu lation, on the other hand, is concentrated largely in the Hay and Pasture Eegion of the Xortheastern and Lake States, where large manufacturing and commercial cities provide a vast market for the nation's agricultural products. (Compare Fig. 2 with Figs. 118 to 120.) Information concerning " farm facilities," including tractors, auto- mobiles, water piped into the house, and telephones, was collected by the census in 1920 for the first time. Tractors are found mostly in the Corn Belt, and the Spring Wheat, Great Plains, and South Pacific Eegions. Over one-third of the automobiles are in the Corn Belt, where one-half to three-quarters of the farms have such ve- hicles. Water has been piped into the houses mostly in the Hay and Pasture Region, especially in New England, and in the South Pacific Region. Telephones are more widely distributed than any other of the farm facilities ; nevertheless, the map shows a noteworthy con- centration in the Corn Belt and the Hay and Pasture Eegions. These " farm facilities " are criteria of rural progress and prosperity, and as such their geographic distribution is deserving of considera- tion. (Compare Fig. 2 with Figs. 121 to 124.) 10 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. Fig. 2. — The United States may be divided into two parts, equal in area, the East and the West. The East has a humid climate, the West mostly an arid or semlarid climate, except the North Pacific coast and the higher altitudes in the Sierra, Cascade, and Rocky- Mountains. Each of these two parts has been subdivided into six agricultural regions, characterized by distinct combinations of crops or systems of farming, the result largely of the different climatic conditions. In tlie East these regions, with one exception, are named after the crops : but in the West, because of the dominating influence of topog- raphy and the Pacific Ocean upon the climate and the agriculture, topographic and geo- graphic names are u.sed. (See pp. 7 to 9.) A Graphic Svionmai^ of American Agriculture. 11 Q Z - < ?-C^ Jk.'»*^ -^ FIG. 3. — This map shows the topography of the luited Siai< s m a geuoralized way. It is a photograph of a rolicf model of the United States supplied by the United ^tates Geological Survey. The mouutainous character of the West, exc(>pt the Great Flains Region, is clearly sh(rwn ; but the Jiiap fails to show the high altitude of much of the West, particularly of the Hockv Mountain and Arid Intermonntain I'lateiiu regions. Owing to the altitude, these regions have a imich cooler climate fbaii corresponding lati- tudes in the East. The vast expanse of the Mi.s.sissippi Valley, with its level to rolling Burface, except for the Ozark uplift in the lower central portion, should be especially ]i«ter and the rainfall more torrential and, conse- quently, more moisture is required for crop production. Il A Graphic Suninmry of American Agnculture. 13 cf^ fi^Ti"^ "'"P '^ much reducod and seneralized from a map prepared bv the L'nitod *i, i**, ^^^'i^^'^' ^ui'^'iu ind publii^bod In the Frost and the Growing season section of A •/! T ?® °^ American Agriculture. The higher altitude of the Rocky Mountain and Arid intermountain Regions (see Fig. 3), and the drier air (see Fig. 4), which permits rapia loss of heat at night, are two important causes of the short ffost-free season, uver much of these regions the frost-free season is shorter than in northern Maine or Minnesota. The powerful influence of the Pacific and the lesser Influence of the Atlantic in lengthening the growing season along their shores should also be noted. 14 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture^ 1921. I| «> -=■§ •> •= I fill f I III 1^ Fig. 6. — Soils origiually or at present covered with forest are normally light colored, and are likely to be less fertile than soils in regions of lower rainfall. Grassland soils, in general, are dark colored, the humid prairie soils being commonly almost black and highly fertile — the subhumid prairie soils, blackest of all — while the semiarid short- grass plains soils are dark brown or chocolate colored, the color gradually fading to medium brown in regions of lesser rainfall, and to light brown or even ashv grav in desert areas. The light-colored forest soils in the United States total about 800 million acres, the dark-colored grassland soils about 600 million acres, and the light-colored and soils about 500 million acres. A Graphic Sv/inmary of American Agriculture. 15 Fig. 7. — Forests, including semiarid woodland (phion-juniper, chaparral, etc.), origi- nally covered about 900 million acres in the United States. About 350 million acres have been cleared for agriculture, and as many more have been cut-over or devastated. (See Fig. 13.) About 600 million acres were clothed originally with grass, interspersed commonly with various herbaceous plant.s. Some 200 million acres of this grassland have been plowed up and used for crops, or for pasture in rotation with crops, includ- ing about 7 million acres irrigated. Desert vegetation characterized "tOO million acres, of which about 12 million acres have l)een reclaimed by irrigation. Half of the remaining forest and woodland is pastured, practically all of the grassland, and nearly all of the desert. (See Fig. 12.) 7550°— 22 2 16 Yearbook of the Department of AffricuUwe, 1921. ^x. S- 8.— T)^rfe-quarters of the farm land is in the Mississippi Valley. Or considering the distribution with reference to rainfall, two-thirds is humid farm land in the East, and one-third is mostly arid, semiarid, or irrigated farm lanr" in the West. In The East the land not in farms is hilly, stony, sandy, swampy, or infertile, and nearly all in forest or recently cut over. (See Fis. 13.) But in the West onlv one-sixth of the land ?o K farms IS m forest, and one-ninth in woodland and chaparral, while one-sixteenth js ab.solute desert, the remaining two-thirds b.'ing open range, more or less covered d 92 r shrubby plants and used for graaing cattle or sheep. (See Figs. 81 A Graphic Nummary of ATnerican Agricultwre. 17 Fig. 9. — Improved land incluiles " all land regularly tilled or mowed ; land in pasture that has been cleared or tilled ; land lying fallow ; land in gardens, orchards, vineyards, and nurseries ; and land occupied by buildings, yards, and barnyards." Ft)ur-fifths of the improved land is in the humid eastern half of the United States," and three-fifths is con- centrated in a triangular-shaped area, the points of which are located in western Pennsylvania, central Texas, and north-central North Dakota. In this area (JO per cent of the land area is improved farm land, whereas in the United States outside this area only 15 per cent is improved. 18 Yearhooh of the Department of AgricuZtm'e, 19M. Fig. 10. — Over five-sixths of the crop land is in the humid eastern half of the United States, and nearly two-thirds is concentrated in the triangiUar shaped area described under Figure 9. In this area, which includes only about one-fourth of the land of the United States, are produced four-fifths of the corn, three-fourths of the wheat and i oats, and three-fifths ot the hay crop of the nation. Ko region in the world of equal, size affords so favorable natural conditions for the growth of corn, and few regions; possess so favorable conditions for the culture of the small gi'ain and hay crops. (See Figs. 24, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, and 38.) A Graphic Siummary of Ainerwan Agriculture. 19 rr ■>y r-~ IMPROVED PASTURE IN FARMS 1910 EACH DOT 10.000 REPRESENTS ACRES r\ IMPROVED PASTURE, 1910 -f '?I^TT>7""' — ■ "^ i ^ ci- \ ) Sr ^ 7/ IMPROVED PASTURE STATE ACRES Ind . . . Va... W. Va. Minn. . Mont. . Pa. .. . Wis. . . N. Dak Ttnn. . Olher . 2.551,771 2,385,360 2.252,876 2,006,150 1,900.159 1,798.923 1.699.127 1.635.384 1.632.552 12,545.623 STATE ACRES STATE ACRES ^— s.^ Tex. . . Iowa . . Kans. . Mo... Nebr. . Ohio.. 7,427,840 6,271,197 5,925,590 5,534,034 4,552.087 4,536,624 111 ... . Ky ... N.Y.. S. Dak Calif.. Okia . . 4,081,506 3,828,564 3,098.982 3.066,616 2,913.949 2,581.390 u. s .. 84,226,304 Fig. 11. — This map shows the location of the acreage of improved pasture, accordin.g to the returns of the 1910 census, which were tabulated in 1917 by the Department of Agriculture and published in Bulletin No. 626. The returns of the 1920 census have not yet been compiled. It appears probable that war-time prices encoui'aged the plow- ing and planting to crops of about 15 million acres of improved pasture between 1910 and 1920. The concentration of pasture acreage shown in certain Texas counties is owing largely to the census accrediting to the county in which the ranch headquarters 18 located the acreage that may extend into adjacent counties. The large acreage of improved pasture in the Ohio River valley and in the Corn Belt "west of the Mississippi is noteworthy. Fig. 12. — This map shows the location of forest and woodland in farms that was pastured in 1909, amounting to 98 million acres, and that of " other unimproved land " used for pasture, which amounted to about 109 million acres. In the States from Minne- sota to Texas and eastward, especially in the South, forest and woodland pasture is much the larger item ; but in the Great Plains Region and westward " other unim- proved " pasture, which consists almost wholly of native grasses and herbs, is the more important. In addition to the unimproved pasture in farms in the West there is a vast acreage of similar land not in farms, the aggregate of unimproved pasture and range in the West being about 800 million acres. 20 Tearbooh of the Department of Agncvltm-e, 1921. Fig. 13. — This generalized map of forest, cut-over land, and woodland was prepared in cooperation with the Forest Service. The flsines given in the table are merely tenta- tive. The e.stimates for the States in the originally forested eastern portion of the United States, except for several States in which forest surveys have been made, are based largely on deductions from the statistics of the 1920 census. Of the 467 million acres of forest and cut-over land in the United States alwut one-half is in the South, one-eighth in the Northeastern States, one-eighth in the Lake States, and nearly one- quarter in the West, mostly in the Rocky Mountain and North Pacific Regions. How- ever, over half of the 137 million acre.s of virgin saw timber is in the West. A Crra'phic Bumrmcmf of Ameriecm Agriculture, 21 Fig. 14. — This map shows the approximate location and extent of fore.st, cut-over land, and woodland which could he used for the production of crops after clearing, and in many areas after drainage also. Only such part of this land should be cleared, however, as will pay adequate return on the cost of clearing. The estimates were compiled in 1918 from census data, Forest Service reports, and from correspondence ^3 ^*'^*^ *i"fl county officials and lumber companies, and not in 1920, as stated. Revised estimates ai-e being compiled, based largely on 1920 census figures, sail survey reports, and forest surveys, hence no table is given in connection with the map. 22 Yearhooh of the Department of Agricultm'e, 1921. Fig. 15. — This map is based largely upon drainage reports available in the OflSce of Irrigation and Drainage Investigations, and upon soil survey, topographic, and Land Office maps. These reports and maps were compared with statistics of drainage enter- prises and of land in farms needing drainage, available for the first time in the 1920 census, by L. A. .Tones, of the Bureau of Public Roads, and F. .T. Marschner, of the Office of Farm Management and Farm Economics, who drew the map. Two-thirds of the land unfit for cultivation without drainage is in the Southern States, and one-half of the remainder is in the three Lake States. Nearlv all of the wet land in the South, except the Florida Everglades and prairies, tidal marsh, and Giilf coastal prairies, is forested, and requires both drainage and clearing ; but much of the wet land in the Lake States consists of unforested peat bogs. A Graphic Summary of American Agnculture. 23 Fig. 16. — The area of irrigated land increased 5 million acres, or oiu-third between 1909 and 1919 ; and the irrigation enterprises were capable of irrigating 7 million acres more than were actually irrigated in 1919. There is sufficient water in the West to irrigate double the area the enterprises were capable of iiTigatmg in 1920, or about total irrigable area. Estimates' of irrigable ax-ea were supplied by R. P. Teele. 24 Yearbooh of the DepartTnent of Agriculimre^ 1921. USE OF THE LAND PRESENT, 1920 POTENTIAL TOTAL LAND AREA OF THE UNITED STATES 1,903,000,000 ACRES IMPROVED LAND, 503,000,000 ACRES IN HARVESTED CROPS, 365,000,000 ACRES rN PASTURE, ABOUT 70.000,000 ACRES IN FALLOW, LANES, FARMSTEADS, LAND LYING IDLE, CROPS NOT HARVESTED, ETC., 68,000,000 ACRES FOREST, CUT-OVER, AND BURNT-OVER LAND 465,000,000 ACRES (excluding 60 MILLION ACRES OF PINON-JUNIPER, MESQUITE, OAK SCRUB, AND CHAPARRAL ) INFARMS, PASTURED, ABOUT 100,000,000 ACRES IN FARMS, NOT PASTURED, ABOUT 68,000,000 A. NOT IN FARMS, 297,000,000 ACRES ^ABOUT ONE-THIRD IN NATIONAL FORESTs) UNIMPROVED PASTURE AND RANGE LAND 863,000,000 ACRES (including 60 MILLION ACRES OF PINON-JUNIPER, MESQUITE, OAK SCRUB, AND CHAPARRAl) in farms, pastured, about 150,000,000 acres in farms, not pastured, about 135,000,000 a. not in farms. about 578,000,000 acres (mostly pastured) NON-AGRICULTURAL LAND, 72,000,000 ACRES DESERT (not GRAZED) 40,000,000 ACRES CITIES AND VILLAGES, 10,000,000 ACRES PUBLIC ROADS, 18,000,000 ACRES RAILROAD RIGHTS OF WAY. 4,000,060 ACRES IMPROVED LAND, 800,000,000 ACRES IMPROVED LAND, 1920, 503,000,000 ACRES IRRIGABLE, UNIRRiGATED, 30,000,000 ACRES WET LAND, REQUIRING DRAINAGE ONLY 30,000,000 ACRES WET LAND, REQUIRING DRAINAGE AND CLEARING 60,000,000 ACRES FOREST AND CUT-OVER, REQUIRING CLEARING ONLY 50,000,000 ACRES UNIMPROVED PASTURE AND RANGE LAND 127.000,000 ACRES FOREST LAND, 355,000,000 ACRES (absolute forest land) EASTERN STATES, 250,000,000 ACRES WESTERN STATES, 105,000,000 ACRES (excluding PINON-JUNIPER. oak. scrub. MESQUITE AND chaparral) UNIMPROVED PASTURE AND RANGE LAND 658.000.000 ACRES (including PINON-JUNIPER.OAK scrub, MESQUITE ^ND chaparral) EASTERN STATES 63,000,000 ACRES WESTERN STATES. 595,000,000 ACRES NON-AGRICULTURAL LAND, 90,000,000 ACRES DESERT, NON-IRRIGABLE, 39,000,000 ACRES CITIES AND VILLAGES, 20,000,000 ACRES PUBLIC ROADS, 25,000,000 ACRES RAILROAD RIGHTS OF WAY, 6,000.000 ACRES Fig. 1(. — It i.s po.s.sible to increase the ai-ea of improved land about 300 million acres, or OU per cent, by irrigation, drainage, clearing, and dry farming. But until farm products are higlier in price most of this reclamation work would not prove profitable. On the other hand, although there are about 35.5 million acres of humid land so hilly or sterile as to be fit only for forest.s, the price of lumber will prohablv warrant the additional use permanently of 100 million acres of poor potentially arable land for forest ins1:ead of crops. In other words, the present forest and cut-over area is not likely to decrease greatly. The area in cities and villages is relatively insignificant and will remain so even with double or treble the present population. A Graphic Summary of American Agriculture. 25 RELATION OF IMPROVED LAND, LAND IN CROPS, & FOOD PRODUCTION TO POPULATION UNITED STATES; 1850 - 1920 (land IN CROPS; 1880-192o) Q- 2 < < U -J ^< ui < q: -I ^ lU > o 1850 I860 1870 1880 1890 1900 I910 1920 6 5 4 3 2 1 yro O D ^^OOO c 1 'i^fo A* ^J -r "Z. -^*— — " (3^ P^ " 50 E < u 40 ct UJ a. 30 ^ 20 w Z3 03 10 1850 I860 1870 1680 1890 1900 1910 1920 Fig. 18. — The amount of improved land kept pace with the iiicieasing popuhitiou fijin 1850 to 1870, increased more rapidly than population till about 1S8.J, then more slo\yIv till 1910, and during the decade 1910-1920 increased only .". per cent, as compar.'.l \yilh 15 per cent increase in population. Food production, however, increased more laindiy than population till about 1906, or for 20 years after tlie peak had 'J/'fi' mif''"'' «'i acreage of improved land per capita, and has since increased more slowly than papula- tion. But consumption per capita has been niaintaincnl up to the present tiui* oy diminishins the exports. The per capita production and consumption figures aie n\e- ^po year averages centered on the census year. 26 Yearbook of the Department of AgricvZPwre^ 1921. PRINCIPAL CROPS RELATIVE IMPORTANCE IN ACREAGE AND VALUE UNITED STATES. 1919 ACREAGE MILLIONS OF ACRES so 60 40 20 PER CENT OF TOTAL CROP PEB CENT OF TOTAL VALUE MILLIONS OF DOLLARS 1000 2000 3000 ■■ ^ ■I ^ ^t- 23,4 25.6 9.0 19.5 10.1 .9 CORN FOR GRAIN HAY 8c FORAGE COTTON & SEED WHEAT OATS POTATOES 23.8 17.1 16.1 13.7 5.8 4.3 E — ^TZ ^^i- 1^ ■ ^H ■ 1 5 TOBACCO 3.0 ^H ■ 8 APPLES 1.7 ■ 1.7 .2 BARLEY SWEET POTATOES 1.1 .8 ■ 2.0 .2 .1 RYE RICE GRAPES .8 .7 .6 2 PEACHES .6 1.0 KAFIR,MILO, ETC. .6 .1 .2 ORANGES SUGAR BEETS .6 A .3 PEANUTS A 1 .3 .1 DRY BEANS SUGAR CANE .A A e.AD Fig. 19. — Five crops — corn, hay and forage, cotton, wheat, and oats — constitute nearly 90 per cent of the acreage and over 75 per cent of the value of all crops. Corn for grain is the leading crop on the basis of value, and if the acreage of corn cut for forage and for silage be added to that of corn for grain, instead of being included with hay and forage, corn is the leading crop also in acreage. Cotton ranked third in value, but fifth in acreage in 1919, the value of the cotton crop per acre being about twice that of corn or wheat. Wheat stood fourth in value but third in acreage, while oats were fifth in value and fourth in. acreage. Potatoes, then tobacco and apples ranked next to these five crops in value, but barley, X"ye, and the grain sorghums ranked next in acreage. CORN, HAY, WHEAT AND COTTON PRODUCTION PER CAPITA or TOTAL POPULATION FIVE YEAR PERIODS. 1866-1920 toNrxoocoo>o>oo — — (orvr^ooooo»o>oo — — YIELD PER ACRE FIVE YEAR PERIODS. 1866-192 I 00 CO CO CO O ( I o o ^ — Fig. 20. — These four crops — corn, hay, wheat, and cotton — constitute three-fourths of the total crop acreage of the United States. Production per capita, it will be no.ted, rose for 15 to 20 years after the Civil War, then remained more or less steady for 25 to 30 years, and has recently declined, except in the case of hay. The yield per acre of corn has remained remarkably constant for 55 years, of hav and wheat has in- creased about one-sixth, but the yield per acre of cotton has declined notahlv since 1914. In general, production had kept pace with population until recently, not primarily be- cause of increasing yields per acre, but mostly because of expanding crop acreage. A Graphic SiOmmary of Amerwcm AgHcuJture. 27 s| «SS33S5 = 3!3 = e3;Sta!3S»!C: s 1 1 s 3" U^i^h^i^£iiii i/i **T & gSSSISSSSSSS -b i ||||||.||r| J — S llf^f^l^sl / ^ / o 3j g=s-'=-'-- = ' OS u -] < ssss.sisiis o s tiS^^ii -1 < > t% 5=. = -S = = S=ra 1 S.«;Ss.SS.|i.g.S 5 ^i=IJ3:ildi Fig. 21. — The eastern half of the United States produced in 1919 about 86 per cent of the value of all crops of the Nation ; the value of the crops produced in the Cotton Belt and the Corn Belt being nearly 50 per cent The value of the crops iier tiqtiare mile of land area was about .?15,000 in the Corn Belt and .1:8,700 in the Cotton Belt, descending to only .$673 in the Arizona-California Desert Region ; but the value p«r acre in crops was highest in the Arizona-California Desert ($95), where all crops are irrigated, and lowest in the Great Plains Region ($21), where most of the crops are grown under semiarid conditions. 28 Yearhook of the Department of AgHcvIture, 192t. Figs. 22 and 23.— The northern boundary of the Cotton Belt is approximately the line af 200 davs average frost-free season (see Fig. 5) and 77° mean summer temperature, the southern "boundary that of 11 inches autumn rainfall, l>ecause wet weather inter- feres with picking and damages the lint. This southern boundary is now moving north- ward, as the milder winter temperatures near the Gulf and longer seasoii permit in- creased injury bv the boll weevil. The western boundary of cotton production witnouu irrigation is approximately the line of 23 inches average annual rainfall (see Ing. 4) The densest areas on the map are districts of richer soils, notably the Black Frairie or Texas and the Yazoo Delta (see Fig. 6), or heavily fertilized soils, especially those of the Piedmont and Uwoer Coastal Plain (see Fis. 109 >. A Graphic Summary of Americcm Agriculture. 29 Fig. 24. — Over two-thirds of the corn acreage of the world is in the United States, nearly all east of the line of 8 inches mean snmmer rainfall and south of the line of 66° mean summer temperature. Nearly 90 per cent of the acreage of corn for grain in the United States is in the Corn Belt, the Corn and Winter Wheat Region, and the Cotton Belt. In these three regions corn constitutes about one-third of the acreage of all crops. In the Corn Belt it is dominant, contributing nearly two-fifths of the acre- age and half of the value of all crops. Hay, associated with spring oats in the northern portion and with winter wheat in the southern portion, are the other important crops in the Corn Belt. (See Figs. 29, 32, and 38.) 30 Yearbook of the Department of AgricyZture, 1921. Fig. 25. — Corn constitutes probably 95 per cent or more of the acreage of crops cut for silage. In the Southwest relatively small amounts of kaflr and milo are used for silage; and in the Northwest occasionally sunflowers are so used, likewise pea vines in Wisconsin ; but the amounts, except of kaflr and milo, are insignificant. Silage is fed principally to dairy cows in the winter, but its use for beef cattle is increasing rapidly, especially in the Corn Belt, and a small amount is fed to sheep. Consequently at present the area of silage crops corresponds in a general way with that Qf dairy cows, except in central Kansas, where silage is fed mostly to beef cattle. (See Figs. 81 and 82.) CORN CUT FOR FORAGE OR FODDER ACREAGE AND YIELD PER ACRE, 1919 STATE ACHES ^°'S^ STAH ACRES ^r^ Okio. 1,659,177 1.22 G. .. 728,844 n Mo.. 1,0S1,S98 1.26 Pi . 700,298 1.21 1,048,464 1.17 III... 671^85 1.62 K, .. 93I.4SI .81 lo... 653,872 2.42 V. . . 863,684 .76 Minn. 614,598 IM JLuu. 752,035 1.50 Wi... 512,552 1.65 STATl ACUl rofsni lOl NC 493,612 40 SM 435361 \a mi 418,031 \K sc 315J«9 J2 TcM 293,227 71 N M 278.4SS m Mr 273J86 \a Id. 2I9;6S4 lot f Ti I82.7W III Ote. 1,403340 \ia as. ms^ m Fig. 26. — Corn is cut for forage mostly around the margin of the Corn Belt and in the Middle and South Atlantic States. This practice corresponds, in a general way, with the areas in which corn is cut and shocked. Doubtless much, perhaps most, of this corn reported to the census as cut for forage was also harvested for grain. Much of the acreage of corn shown on this map, therefore, is also shown on the map of corn for gram (Fig. 24). The Department of Agriculture estimates tbe area of corn cut for forage only in 1921 at 2,600,000 acres. Corn forage is fed almost wholly to cattlo, though a little is used to feed sheep and horses. A Graphic Summary of American Agriculture. 31 Fig. 27. — Com is tJie great American cereal, constituting alx)ut 60 per cent of the tonnage of all cereals grown in the United States, and over 50 per cent of the value. More than half of this crop is produced in the Corn Belt : but corn is the leading crop in value also in the Corn and Winter Wheat Belt, and is the all-important cereal in the Cotton Belt. Corn is a very productive crop, yielding, in general, about twice as many pounds of grain per acre as wheat, oats, barley, or rye. The climate and soil of the Corn Belt are peculiarly suited to it. Pi-ol>ably no other area in tJie world of equal extent produces so much food per square mile as the Corn Belt. (See Figs. 21 and 104.) Fig. 28. — In the Corn Belt most of the corn is fed to hogs, cattle, and horses on the Bame farm that it is grown (.see figs. 89. 81, and 76) ; but a considerable quantity, amounting to 41 per cent of the crop in Illinois in 1919, and about 30 per cent in Iowa, South Dakota, and Nebraska, is sold to noiirby farmers, is shipped to consumers in thi- South and East, is exported largely through Chicago and tlie Atlantic ports, or is made into starch and glucose. The corn which the map indicates as sold from the farms in Pennsylvania. Maryland, and several Southern States, consists mostly of sales to neigh- boring farmers. Farms near the water front in Maryland and Virginia, however, ship corn by water to Baltimore, whence it is exported. 7550°— 22 3 82 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. 3 Sg S" 19.6 10.6 15i 15.6 e 0 (J 1 Ll) Ksggsl i i < OS U K < < T 55 SSS33 sa = g = i z 5 U^U \ K 33S3i=55Sii gSSSgggSSE % 1,03U76 990^18 947,342 924,553 911,434 839,804 817.418 684,442 663,864 620J89 K iiUU iiti sssssssaag bs MSffiRKSR = S!S §|gg|ggglB i iUui i^it Pig. 29. — The Corn and Winter Wheat Belt included 42 per cent of the Nations acreage of winter wheat in 1919, and 3roductive and more profitable where it can be grown. The northern limit of spring wheat is approximately the mean summer temperature of 58°, which is found iu the United States only iu the western mountains. 34 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture^ 1921, Fig. 31. — The United States produces about one-fifth of the world's wheat, as com pared with three-flfths of the world's corn and cotton. The wheat crop of the United States, measured in bushels, is usually from one-fourth to one-third of the corn crop. Half of the wheat crop was grown in six States in 1919. Kansas was the leading State, as usual, but North Dakota, which has often ranked first and is usually second, had a very poor crop in 1919. On the other hand, both acreage and production were unusually large that year in the southern portion of the Corn Belt and northern portion of the Corn and Winter Wheat Region. (See Fig. 2.) A Graphic Svimm-crri/ of American Agriculture. 35 ~< 1 i 5.3|s?=^^SS = ^^^)325.Si^ ^ 1 — ^ ^ O ||gg5.1.e|S.SHSSggs = » i ^ii V * ■ *^^-^-J- JvJ S., 5 1 a iiiliiiiiliiiiisgs ¥ V _^ \ r\ s J s sW a J^-Jr-^^^r"^^ ^-» ti '■:■■:■■■ li 15 I < *- V. ^rff^ ^§ ft is^iliiiljs'^iiiii^ S j z H |_ z V.\ \ ^\ 1 Ml > < W (0 UJ S o > rn o J3 K \W^-'^'-':'-^' S-\ #;. w-o^^ 1- o «- O O Q O 1^ fe y* 1 1 ^/i^v.'.'-'V »J 'Vx' .u I. '\ vr • .' • . X 11" 1 Sfesisg II o v^ ^ V i*»V''-' " I -J y. 5 f C^ (• \1 \ y '. .* S "^ s S^iSS u < UJ ^^'' f. -"-v^^^P^i^:/ / '1 \^ '<'\l ^" mil Ul j^ i ^£ ■ {: f-'.vfv/.K-.^-.-.V:;' •'•i^*. '.A ■ • •• 1 . ••Id i ~ M /^ rJ« 7^ ■ 1 it \ \ ^^"■^■^^^^^••'^^ •'''■' -'rC'- " • • J3, i ' ISi^^-li 1 1. ^ \ ^^^W B& i • ' —3?^/ ° 3 "-^-aS^- ^\\\ *. •'•"•'• ''^"'•v'^SSrrv*'*'' *rl*»*.*** « j^* • Ch ^'"V^,^ IJjj (^ tr 1 • ' '*\* •*••'•**1!Kftc^^•v**■V•*• '• 'JS^' " 1 ^^ ^^.y'SV"**'^^^^ /• 5 „ *!QSSt=S ^"••^t* [ft OC " =. ^. — . "-». •'I ' •'•X*;»^ic35»tW%SKti ^-V *, . • 1 ^ ^ = SSSSs ggH^<< ;.;•) '•"?>'•.•'•"/• 1 ) NS •'V:*'"''^^ ' I*' / 5 : : : ^ UJ / Vtv *\2Xr'^ S^^9SS*'^:I< *./ *•* ' •* t • • . • •. ^^ I S : 1 ^-J=^ 1 CD < UJ ^ 0) c Li s HBS'-^ • t-^ \ L iJ33* 1 Kfc. —J <& II ^Kl 4^^-- \ U :;: ^iii^^ S'-'jJt'S^ K^^k^:::'.':^'. *•'•!'•*• •:*'•' •."!?.'.'••••"•*.*.** '•'^■'•■/•■'.'•s'J''.* ^^ < 2 ;:j;Vv-;^^S^|;::.^ :-:''•'• fy. ■••'.•*•';•.'.■. ; •* f^)l^' •. ^^y" U) :Mv:v;-.. "*•.'•'.*'•*.*• ,• • ■;*.'.* *. • • ' ' . • " .* •.'•'• * J ." • * • *X' ' 'I / < •Vv!''- . ■ ■ •"•' , **•.•'•• • • ••,/ ■*.*•?; '\,y^^ 0 •• • • • • * * i . t J "• / 3 SSS*S5iSSg lllggs^s^s • r^ " ' • • 1 5 • •jt^^ ^ / 1 - - ""''"~~°°~"" ^^ 1 / 2 a siSSSSSisS 1 / 3E gggggggSSS" -jt^ / ° < •'^**-*'''\ ' / p L / <-> : 1 / = _ / Q ' V/ o / • j^ r * t, :^JJj J-?:^^ll y^ 1 o OEo^Q-ZOMl/j^ /v^ y^ 1 z 1 "* 2 Siiiliiiii jT-^ J UJ 5 :^- ~- s 3 ~- fj ="- :c-^- [^y 'f 'J '•jj'. /^ " te^lBSgS^S^^K^ aiss.sSffiSsa ^vL. W»i» ^ a "^••V-. . _ / •••?:•.•• J < i2 s SsSssiSiSS / *^o^ f^^^^y^ < '^-^-^-s^ ^_^^_^^,^7^ ■^ e IS t; JmIi iiih n Fig. 32. — The Oat Belt of the United States consists of a crescent-shaped area extending from New England to North Dakota, bounded on the north by the Great Liikes and on the south by the Corn and Winter Wheat Region. An arm extends southwestwardly from this belt across eastern Kansas and Oklahoma to central Texas. Oats prefer a cool, moist climate, and this large acreage in the Corn Belt and southwesterly is owing more to the need of feed for horses, and of a spring grain nurse crop for clover, than to par- ticularly favorable climatic conditions. In the Southern States most of the oats are fall sown, but in the North the oats ere sown in the spring. 36 Yearbook of the DepartTnent of Agricullmre, 1921. Fig. 33. — It should be noted that a dot ou this map represents only one-fifth as ^luch acreage as on the maps of corn, wheat, and oats. Barley is a minor crop m the United States compared with these crops, except in southeastern Wisconsin, southeastern and northwestern Minnesota, the eastern portions of the Dakotas. and the valleys or California. In these five States nearly two-thirds of the Nation's barley acreage is found. Minor centers may be noted on the map in northwestern Kansas, southeastern Michigan, and northwestern New' York. These terley districts are characterized by a cool, sunny climate. The crop in California is grown during the winter. Much Dariey is also sown in California to toe cut green for hay (see Fig. 4.5). A Graphic Swininary of American AgricuUv/re. 37 a. <^ 5<°^ HI O >„>- o HI IsP.= s§d!S5; S,S S I^^Sq^— 5^|C ^8 — _—_ lo tn uJ r^ m ^ ~ ; OO I i i 1 s = IJ. K § 5S"aS" a K lilJ il§5=53gS§ Fig. 34. — Rye acreage in North Dakota increased from 48,000 in 1909 to 2,422,000 in 1919. This acreage in North Dakota in 1919 was almost one-third of the total in the United States, although, owing to an unfavorable season, the production was little greater than in Michigan. Rye heretofore has been grown mostly in the sandy sec- tions of the Lake States, and this sudden extension of production' onto the subhumid lands of the Spring Wheat and Great Plains regions is an interesting and pral>al>ly sig- nificant development. The acreage of rye in the United States in 1919 was much greater than ever before, exceeding, even, the acreage of barley, but has declined nearly half dur- ing the past two years. 672-72 38 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921, f2_ ^ g -. S, S. S. K P( o 2 ^ M ffi * S, ^. Fig. 35. — The grain sorghums are, perhaps, our most drought-resistant crops. The expansion of acreage during the past two decades in the southern Great Plains area has been eitraordinarv. Fiom 1899 to 1909 the acreage in the United States increased from 206,000 to 1,085,000, or sixfold, and between 1909 and 1919 it more than doubled. Buckwheat, which is p>raetically confined to the Appalachian area and the Lake States, has decreased slightly in acreage since 1909. It is peculiarly adapted to districts having cool, moist summers and sour soils. The velvet bean, grown as a forage crop, has increased greatly its acreage in the Southeastern States, where the boll weevil has discouraged cotton growers and a\yakened interest in live-stock production. (See Figs. 22 and 81.) A Graphic Summary of American Agricultwe. 39 gsg I"!; (A \- Z UJ ><« UJ O > ,t ii o> 1- — ) u LiJ O III < < LiJ 01 O < a: < rr to UJ r) Q t/^ Q Q O h ■z. < q: o U) •p LlJ -) O T < (0 q: jn' U P u. V) te ggsf s; ^^tstzii. Fig. 36. — The sorghums are grown for forage much farther north than for gi-aln ; while the sweet sorghums, which are not commonly grown for grain, are frequently nsed for forage far to the east in the Cotton Belt and the Com and Winter Wheat regions. The acreage of soi-ghums for forage is larger than the acreage for grain, ..«specially in Kansas, where some sorghum is used for silage (see Fig. 25). It is in- teresting to note that the average yield per acre of sorghum forage was 1.7 tons in 1919, as compared with less than 1 ton per acre for corn in this area, and 1.2 tons for corn in the entire United States. The sorghums, apparently, yield more forage per acre in this semiarid area than corn in the humid regions. 40 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. Fig. 37. — Nearly 90 per cent of the tobacco acreage is in six States — Kentucky, North Carolina, Virginia, Tennessee, South Carolina, and Ohio. But there are also important centers of production, especially of certain types, in southea-n Maryland, in Lancaster County, Pa., in the Connecticut Valley, and in southern Wisconsin. Tobacco is very sensitive to soil conditions, but these requirements vary with the different types. Rice production is now largely confined to the coastal prairies of Lrouisiana and Texas, the prairie district of eastern Arkansas, and the flat valley of the Sacramento in Cali- fornia, all areas of heavy subsoils which hold the irrigation water. Flax is giown in the Spring Wheat and Northern Great Plains Areas. Nearly half of the heanp is raised in Wisconsin. A Graphic Svmvm y, t :l EC < Q oJ « - ? < ui is? U O < UJ <2 li. i Ll _l < i s 58,266 56.211 45,410 30,773 30.304 K H^i'SeLS 1 118,571 149,929 107,485 128,147 75,348 t3 74,059 69,747 62,351 61.457 58,35* R Mich.... Wii Ind Ark N. Dak. . Si ■'^5J;' .'■A '^\ ^- i 655.876 592,460 438,338 365,036 257,785 330,999 278,595 337,622 187,904 214,670 2 228,787 210,655 172,043 151,720 119.783 117,156 116,926 109,633 94,418 88,968 S S6^SZ2Z<0= i 2,488,156 2,219,549 1,779,005 2,412,554 1,741,165 763,316 586,683 748,949 680,446 514,168 i 1,315,507 1,214,649 781,663 718,515 651,172 462.231 374.233 365.190 347,607 330,094 1 MiiBhii Fig, 42. — Alfalfa demands soils that are not acid, and it is most easily cured in a climate that is not rainy during the summer. Consequently, it thrives best in the Western States, where it is grown mo.stly under irrigatitm, and fairly well in the limestone sections of the East, where its culture is increasing rapidly. This increase has been notable in the slightly subhumid section of eastern Kansas and Nebraska, where the acreage has increased over sixfold in the past 20 years. Alfalfa ropInc^>s wild hay in this area as the major hay crop. Seven-eighths of the alfalfa acreage is west of the Missouri River (see Figs, 4, 6, and 16). 46 Y em-book of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. Fig. 43. — Thi.s map shows the acreage of clover grown alone (for timothy and clover mixed see Fig. 40). "Clover" may mean red, mammoth, or alsike clover in the Northern and Central States, crimson clover, a very different plant, in the coastal plain of Dela- ware, Maryland, and Virginia, bur clover in parts of the South, and was specifically stated in the census schedule to include lespedeza. Consequently, the map above, like that of wild hay, includes several different plants, all legumes, however. Most of the clover acreage, it will be noted, is located in the Corn Belt and the Corn and Winter Wheat Region, particularly along the lower Ohio River and up the Mississippi as far as St. Louis. Much of this clover is grown for seed as well as for hay. « ^^S- ■**• — ^^'^ ™^P shows the geographic distribution of the census item entitled Other tame or cultivated grasses cut for hay." In New England and New York it consLSts mostly of redtop, quack grass, orchard grass, and Canada blue grass ; the dense center in southern Illinois is largely redtop ; in the Black Prairie of Alabama and Mississippi, and in general throughout the South, the dots represent Bermuda and JohnJ son grass principally ; while in eastern Tennessee orchard grass and tall rye grass probably constitute most of the acreage shown. The scattered acreage in the State from North Dakota to Texas is almost wholly millet, Sudan grass, or amber cane. Xo A Graphio Smrmiary of American AgrlcvXtv/fei 47 SMALL GRAINS CUT FOR HAY IWHEAT, BARLEY. OATS. AND RYD ACREAGE. 1919 GRAIN HAY ACREAGE, 1919 STATE ACRES STATE ACRES Calif. . 1,085.380 Mo. . . 189,857 N. Dak 647,888 Tex .. 172,626 Wash. 477,081 Idaho . 167,531 Oreg. . 467,390 Colo . . 132.136 Mont . 466,727 Tenn . 129,171 Ark,. ' 193.154. S. Dak 109.107 GRAIN HAY | c nlinucdl STATE ACRES Wyo. 101.294 , Kt... Okia . 98.172 94.359 Minn . 89.369 N. Y. . 88,708 Nebr . 80,087 Kani. 73,049 ni... 69,557 S. C. 64,982 1 OUien 677.229 1 U.S.. 5.674.854 Pig. 45. — The small grains — barley, oats, wheat, and occasionall.v rye — are cut green for hay, mostly in the I'aciflc Coast State.s where a hay crop is needed which will grow quickly during the cool, moist winters, and which need not survive the long summer drought. In ralifornia barley mostly is used, but in Washington and Oregon wheat and oats are more commonly cut for hay. The large acreage shown in North Dakota and eastern Montana is mostly wheat, and Is doubtless larger than usual owing to the dry season which caused the crop in much of this area to be scarcely worth threshing. ANNUAL LEGUMES CUT FOR HAY (COWPEAS. SOY BEANS. PEANUTS. AND VETCHES! ACREAGE, 1919 ANNUAL LEGUME HAY ACREAGE. 1919 1 STATE ACRES STATE ACRES ' T.na. Ga. .. Ala, . S. c. . N. C. v.... 279,571 226,733 217.469 168.462 121,962 112,570 Ark. . U. .. HI.... Miu. . Tm. . Mo... 76,593 74,916 69,903 68,346 57,174 46j5IS Fig. 46. — " Annual legumes cut for hay " was a new item in the 1920 censu.^ sched- uie, which revealed that nearly 2,000,000 acres of cowpeas, soy beans, and peanuts are cut for hay. mostly in the southeastern quarter of the United States. The d(Mi.se center In southeastern Alabama and the more widely distributed acreage in Tcnn(>ssee consist principally of cowpeas. The thinly scattered dots in the North and West are mostly soy beans, except in the North Pacific Region, where vetches are frequently grown for hay. Soy beans can be grown in a much cooler climate than cowpeas or peanuts, and are quite dxou.ght resistant. 7550°— 22 4 48 YearlooTc of the Department of Agriculture, 1921, rr U uj uj u o >„t I 5-5 S.^i.S.sS^S ilzo:2'zE2 0 \ \ \ \ \ N \ iSSiSi. Fig. 47. — This map shows only the acreage of peas allowed to ripen for grain or seed. The acreage of green garden peas, even when grown in the field for canning, is shown in Figure 56. Peas cut for hay or forage are included in " Annual Legumes," Figure 46. Cowpeas, which are more like a bean than a pea. are of importance as a seed crop only on the Piedmont and Upper Coastal Plain of the Soutli, extending as far north as Maryland and c(>ntral Illinois. Canada peas, which thrive only in a cool climate, are grown mostly in Wisconsin, especially on the heavy soils of the Door Peninsula, in northeastern Michigan, and in the higher or cooler districts of the Rocky Mountain Region. A Graphic Sunvinary of American Agricultv/re. 49 0. a: hi o oc < I o < V. iC P A^\ (O -/• Ul l/^. en ^ D 'o °- ^;;; Q ^ *- (/) i< 2 < Lil o Q s _i "^ \ / •Ax.. CO UJ Ul 1 14,011 10,243 26,141 12,334 18.488 16,792 17,683 101,025 S i 3,016 2,463 2.297 2,277 2,198 2,122 1,783 14,082 2 5 3 3 43.154 58.797 32.660 26.709 50.471 45.696 25.398 16.238 27.520 16.070 § 7,602 5.689 5.029 4,878 4,735 3,696 3,671 3,569 3.516 3,422 5 i's>*ss5JtJi i i 6,552.951 4,332.317 850.334 427.968 702.634 344.432 122.824 82.090 67.638 36,475 2 471,674 314,873 112,419 66.236 45,897 33,941 14.103 9,438 9,179 7.877 5 uSzuz2*.Sl. :J Fig. 48. — Field beans are produced principally in five areas — in western New York and central Michigan,, where the leading varieties are white i>ea. white medium, and red kidney; on the high plains of New Mexico and eastern Colorado, where the native Mexi- can or pinto bean mostly is grown ; in ("alifornia. where practically the entire commer- cial crop of limas and nearly half of the crop of white beans is raised : and in Idaho, where both the white and Mexican, also various other varieties, are grown and shipped to all parts of the United States to use as seed. The acreage of peanuts shown on the map does not include the crop " hogged off " by Stock. The peanuts for human consumption are grown mostly in the North Carolina- Virginia district ; those grown iai Georgia and Alabama are largely fed to hogs or made into peanut butter. 50 Yearhooh of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. Fig. 49. — The regions of heaviest potato production lie to the north of the Corn Belt. This is due partly to the fact that the quality and yield of potatoes are better in regions of cool climate, and partly to the fact that corn, which requires labor at the same time, is very productive and gives a greater return. Many of the large centers of potato^ pro- duction are in regions of sandy or loamy soils — Aroostook County (Me.), Long Island, New .Jersey, ea.stern Virginia, western Michigan, central Wisconsin, and Anoka County (Minn.). Many of the minor centers of production are located near large cities, since potatoes are a "bulky crop, expensive to transport, and can be sold at a profit by local gardeners and farmers in competition with the crop from the large production centers. A Gra/phic SiSirmnary of American Agricultv/re. 51 i 172.029 154.963 148.689 120,416 139,100 142.261 122,170 115,690 100,463 69,865 53.181 47.011 52.210 41.767 45.340 118.945 s i o g "■i 5 52.406 49.968 49.131 41.424 38.752 37.311 35.589 33.771 30,624 20,431 15,803 13.450 12.307 10.654 9.968 30.454 1 o s on - 5 i^HusH^ijiU s 7^ s ^ S § ^ s s^ 3s5;322oS*eJ Fig. 50. — The two more important commercial sugar crops are cane and beet. The acreage of sorghum cane is greater than that of sugar cane, but the sirup is mostly made from the sorghum on the farm and does not entei- into commerce. Sugar l>eets do not, ia general, show a sufficiently high sugar content to be manufactured profitably where the summer temperature is over 72°, and the beets must also then compete with coru for the farmer's labor. Sugar cane is not grown commercially for sugar outside of the almost frost-free lower Mississippi Delta of Louisiana. The broad belt between the Bugar-beet and sugar-cane areas is occupied by a thin and scattered acreage of sorghum 62 Yearbook of the Departimnt of Agrieulimre^ 1921, Fig. 51. — The census of 1920 was the first to separate vegetables grown for home use from those grown for sale. The areas of densest production of vegetables for home use are southeastern Pennsvlvania. the upper Ohio Valley, the mountainous districts of eastern Kentucky and Tennessee and of northern Alabama, the upper Piedmont of the Carolinas and Georgia, and much of Mississippi, also the Lake Michigan shore counties of niscon- »;in, southeastern Michigan, and central New York — areas of small farms owneeople (see Figs. 98 and 99). The average size of the fann garden, however, is ap- parently, gi-eatest in Virginia and Massachusetts, about one-half acre, and smallest in the prairie and plains States, alx»ut one-fifth acre. A Graphic Summary of American Agriculture. 53 V) I- z UJ CO UJ w DC lij a. tr. ^^ S8 Q in llJ - _| U) K Tenn. . . Ark.... Colo. . . 2i iSz-SSoSG _FiG. 52. — The most important area of vegetable production extends from New York City to Norfolk, Va. In this area about one-fifth of the Nation's commercial crop is produced. A second important area extends from Utica, N. Y., west to Buffalo and Erie. Another belt surrounds the southern half of I>ake Michigan. Florida and southern Geor- gia, where perhaps one-third of the winter vegetables are grown, may be said to consti- tute a fourth area. California possesses three important areas — the Sacramento-Stockton district, the Los Angeles district, and the Imperial Valley. In California also the winter crop is important. Smaller centers of production adjoin most of the large cities. The centers shown in western Iowa and Nebraska represent pop corn. 64 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 19M. CABBAGE ACREAGE^ CABBAGE (GROWN FOR SALE) -,___ACREAGE, 1919 EACH DOT REPRESENTS 100 ACRES ^. [ . \ ~;;^ -tQ^ ;. . -S \J <^ Vx y CABBAGE (Continued) 1 ^^*'^'\.««''^ '■^. \ STATE ACRES 1 lU. .. Colo. Minn. Mats. Md.. S. C. Other 3,782 ; 3,772 j 3,372 ; 2,737 2,442 2,232 23,118 i STATE ACRES STATE ACRES N. Y. . WU.. Pa... 1 Va. . . j:alif . 30,555 11,955 7,718 5,443 5,422 Fla .. Tex.. Mich. Ohio. N.J.. 4,501 4,329 4,297 4,240 4,079 U.S. 123,994 Fig. 53. — The principal cabbage-producing districts are in the North, the largest being the belt of counties in New York from Buffalo to Syracuse. In this district nearly one- quarter of the Nation's acreage is found, mostly on the muck lands and the Clyde eeries of soils. Other important districts are Long Island, N. Y. ; Burlington and (Glou- cester Counties. N. J. ; around Norfolk and in Wythe County, Va. ; along Lake Michi- gan from Chicago to Milwaukee ; in Green Bay County, Wis. ; around Denver, Colo., and Los Angeles, Calif. Early cabbages are raised mostly in Florida, in the Young's Island (S. C.) district, in Copiah County, Miss., and in southern Texas. Fig. 54. — The principal cantaloupe-producing districts are now located in the West, California having over one-quarter of the Nation's acreage. The most important western districts are in Stanislaus (Turloc district), Los Angeles, and Imperial Counties, Calif.; in the Salt River Valley (Phoenix district) of Arizona; and the Arkansas Valley (Rocky Ford-Ordway district) 'of Colorado. In these five districts nearly 40 per cent of the Nation's acreage was found in 1919. Arkansas ranked next to California in acreage, the principal districts being located in Hempstead and Sevier Counties. Other impor- tant districts are Gibson and Knox Counties in Indiana, Sussex in Delaware, Gloucesr ter in New Jersey, and Mitchell County (Pelham district), Ga. A Graphic Sutmmary of American Agriculture. 55 Fig. 05. — The principal watermelon-producing districts are in the South, Georgia and Texas having nearly one-third of the Nation's acreage. The most important districts in Georgia center around Valdosta and Thomasville, and in Texas around Sulphur Springs. Florida ranks next in importance, but the acreage is more scattered. There is an impor- tant center in Barnwall and Hampton Counties, S. C, in Scotland County. N. C, and a less dense acreage along l)Oth shores of Chesapeake Bay in Virginia and Maryland. Dunklin and Scott Counties in southeastern Missouri are other important districts, also Grady County, Okla., and Stanislaus and Los Angeles Counties, Calif. Fig. 56. — Green peas, like cabbages, are a cool-climate crop, but in pea production Wisconsin is more important than New York, having, indeed, one-third of the Nation's acreage. The Wisconsin districts include Columbia, Dodge, Green Lake, Sheboygan, and Washington Counties in the southeast, Barron and Chippewa Counties in the north- west, and Marinette and Oconto in the northeast. The New York district, which ranks next in importance, extends from Buffalo to Utica. Eastern Maryland and Delaware rank third in importance, followed by California (San Francisco Bay district) and Michigan. A small acreage is found in southern New Jersey, and in the Salt La'ke district and Jordan Valley of Utah. 56 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture^ 1921. r— 1 vw 7 3 SWEET CORN (GROWN FOR SALE) •— ^_____ACREAGE. 1919 EACH DOT REPRESS 100 ACRES fJTS 2? v/ SWEET CORN, ACREAGE """ [ ij#> :| \yhw^ 1 V 1 '—I ' •'* &^^S V t ./■«• 1 I ■' .. ■■■] 1 1 ' ''T* I 1 -h \ * ^^ y SWEET CORN-Coi iaSi^^io^ A STATE ACRES Wis . Mass. Calif. Minn. Nebr. Conn. Other 6,777 5,987 5,259 4,853 3,804 3,460 25,373 STATE ACRES STATE ACRES iMd.. N.Y. Iowa. Ohio ,m... 34,778 28,965 28,595 27,902 26,643 Pa .. N.J. Me.. Ind.. Mich. 22,255 15,572 11,316 10,101 9,944 ^ BMB U. S. 271,584 Fig. 57. — Sweet corn is primarily an eastern, middle-latitude crop, but it is extensively grown also in New York and New England, owing in large mea.sure to the excellent quality produced, -and the fact that it need not mature. Maryland ranks first in acre- age, followed by New York, Iowa, Ohio, Illinois, and Pennsylvania in close succession. New Jersey, relative to it.s area, has a large acreage. The acreage in these States is concentrated in a few counties, as can be seen on the map. It is interesting to note that althougli there is almost no corn grown for grain in Maine or California (see Fig. 24), there is a considerable acreage of sweet corn in these States. r AGE Is TOMATOE (GROWN FOR S; — -__ACREAGE. :s LE) 1919 EACH DOT REPRESE 100 ACRES NTS r\ TOMATOES, ACRE. 4^ V. TOMATOES (Conbnued) I ■ '^'A ■ ... • •.•4 7 — \ -••••■ ^ J STATE ACRES Pa .. Tenn. lU. . Miss. Tn. . Mich. Other 8,048 7,981 6,282 5,963 5,914 4,074 32,969 STATE ACRES STATE ACRES Md.. N.J.. Calif. Del.. V«... 58,083 36,986 31,410 22,797 22,380 Ind... Fla... N.Y. . Ohio. Mo .. 20,790 18,089 13,417 10,870 10346 ^^ U.S. 316,399 Fig. .58. — Tomatoes are grown for sale in almost all parts of the United States, except in the Spring Wheat, Northern Great Plains and Arid Intermountain Plateau regions. The eastern Maryland, Delaware, and southern New Jersey districts include oyer one-third of the Nation's acreage, and the Los Angeles and San Francisco Bay districts in California about one-tenth. Virginia and Indiana rank next in importance, followed by Florida, which produces most of the winter crop. Other important early- tomato districts are located in Copiah County, Miss., and Cherokee County, Tex. Toma- toes lead all the vegetables grown for sale in the United States (other than potatoes and sweet potatoes), both in acreage and value. A Graphic S'lMi'inary of American AgricuHwre, 57 z ^h5 UJ > a u> <" ,„ " a I rr UJ 111 111 UJ O > „ t ir < S^a (- S "i" 5 ill 0) UJ < UJ a: u < UJ < 0 (r Q. Q. < 1^' 'm ■^ ■^. n — . "I "^ •H ■*. «- ^- ^. *. "^ 1 "\ <*. *^ *"- iisRasasaiaKSS" ^ I-; |ujsx • :-s gSQ^jo i 5 i3E£Si5tnzz:»J3Sz<«i»:-Sz*z :?i^ •■:^«v S3S||gsg^g^ L Z iS H^ O -< — 6 2 2 ;'SS'SK'asS;2S I FIG. 59.— California contributed over one-sixth of tho ^^f^'^^'l^^.^^^^^^f.fyJ^^I^ ^n- nuts in 1919 and over one-third of the value. .The district m southern California con sists mostly of citrus fruits, walnuts, and apncots (see fl^s. 68 and 6 . ) ^^^^ ^'l"/;^^ (San Joaquin Valley) district, of raisin grapes, peaches a"^ ^pncots. witli some <-u fruits in the eastern foothills (Figs. 64, 65. 67. and 68) -'andtirte northern «''st'^ '^ «^ i peaches and aprico+s, plums and pi-unes gi-apes, walnuts, and almonds, wjtli^app^^^^^ tte cool coast: and pears in the foothills. The dots in Florid^^^ fruits, those in the cotton belt especially <'f^»gf^ 'l^^n^^'X ' DPle is the dominant pecans ; elsewhere in the United States, with few exceptions, tne appie is lue uu fruit (Figs. GO, 61, 62, and 63). 58 Yearbook of the Department of AgricvZture, 19M. MM APPLE TREES OF BEARING AGE APPROXIMATE ACREAGE. 1919 EACH DOT BEPHESENTS 500 ACRES 1 si *" — — ^ AOTUU. ARU OOWVneD BT T>a DOT 1* -n TiMu M cnur a* TMi oROf APIA IT Paffm»an\ r^ _3IIT H^ '-M- • • •'■ ■ 7 L-' -^ ry ^^ -El y i V:-\ / "•/ . '• * • k: ■^t K"^ vf^^^ ^^^^ JLJ^' A ,-' ^ V •' \ rJ SjM^r ^ 'V^J ^P^^*''^^ ' 1^' 1" ■" •••.•:•: - ^ "£- 1^2 P^il ^ T / j ■ f • ^-^^ •■ t •• ^\ J APPLE TREES il ! ^ APPLE TREES OF BEARING AGE 1 APPROXIMATE ACREAGE. 1919 ^ > "^ Ls ICo ntinued) STATE ACRES Tenn . Ark.. HSif: Ind .. Iowa . Idaho. Md .. Mau . Other. 66,285 58,214 55,252 52,143 48,968 43,310 39,674 34,414 33,857 360,130 STATE ACRES STATE ACRES S»i^ N.Y.. P. ... Ohio.. Mich . Va... Wuh. 267,681 194,130 165,847 155,990 153,843 132,738 W. Vb Me. .. !^o::: Ul.... N.C.. 115,751 78,701 77,985 74,749 73,050 72,394 ^rr-.-si _ U.S.. 2,355,106 Fig. 60. — About 15 per cent of the acreage of apple tree.s of bearing age was in the West in 1920, and nearly half of this western acreage was in the State of Washington. New York, Tennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, and Virginia, however, exceeded Washington in acreage. Most' of the apple acreage of the Nation is found in the Hay and I'asture Region from Maine to West Virginia and Michigan, where the climate is cool, but owing either to lake or mountain protection, the winters are moister and less severe than in the interior of the continent. The southern limit of the apple area extends only a little bevond the northern limit of cotton, ^nd the western, or moisture limit, is about that of timothy (see Figs. 22 and 39), Fig. 61. — There has been very little planting of apple orchards in the West in recent years, the higher freight rates increasing the difficulties of competition with eastern- grown fruit. Less than 9 per cent of the apple trees not of bearing age were in the West in 1920. Most of the acreage of young trees, it will be noted on the map, is located along the shore of Lake Ontario in New York, in the lower Hudson Valley, in New England, along the Appalachians from Pennsylvania to Georgia, in the upper Ohio valley, along the T^ake Michigan shore of Michigan, and in the Sonoma Valley of California. Trees not of bearing age numbered 36 million In 1920 as compared with nearly 66 million in 1910. I A Graphic Suinmm'y of American Agt'icultwre. 59 Wi ■cnoN. APPLE PRODUCTION 1919 tACH DOT BEPRESE APPLE PRODUCTION: iContiniKsJ) \* ** \ APPLE PRODI iS— 50,000 BUSHELS rn ^i^ "i ::-:'^:Sii^ — r-rJ %mA mm V>~x J*"^-"^^ ST»TI BU5KELJ liUbo. Colo.. M.if. Obio.. N. C. lowi. Kui. N.J., OUa.. Olhtr. 3.645.640 3.417.682 3,187.211 2.976,4M 1,938,038 1,810,443 1,749,293 1,666,400 1,S%,975 17,604,631 1919 STATE BUSHELS STATE BUSHELS Wa.h. NY.. 1 Va . . . ; ciif. . 'Ark... 21.568,691 M,350J17 8,942.520 7.842.017 7.163,619 6.921,284 Mich.. P.... Mo.,, Me... HI W. Va 5.843.271 5.512.795 5,132.109 4,829,346 4.673.117 4,189,162 ^ U.S^ 136,5«0,997 Fig. 62. — The West produced one-third of the apples grown in 1910 despite the fact that it possessed only one-seventh of the acreage of bearing trees. Washington led all States in production, with a total almost equal to that of New York and Virginia combined. The three famous apple districts of Washington — the Yakima Valley, the Wenatchee Valley, and Spokane Countv — stand out clearly on the map ; also the Hood Eiver and Willamette Valleys of Oregon, the Boise, Idaho, district, the Sonoma Valley in California, and the Grand Junction-Del ta-Montrose district of Colorado. In the East, the New England area, the two noted New York districts, the Appalachian, the western Michigan, the Ozark, and the northwestern Missouri districts are the most Important. Fig. 63. — The commercial crop of apples in 1919 — that is, the quantity " sold or to be sold " — was nearly 100 million bushels, according to the census, constituting three- fourths of the total crop. The West produced over two-fifths of this commercial crop, Washington alone reporting over one-fifth of the total quantity in the United States. Eighty per cent of the commercial crop was produced in the 15 apple districts already referred to. It will be noted that the production of the commercial crop of apples is more concentrated than the total production, and the total production in turn, more concentrated than the acreage. Diseases and pests diminish the production or tu« nnsprayed home orchards several years before they kill the trees. 60 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture^ 1921. Fig. 64. — Three major centers of peach acreage are shown on the map — the early peach district in central Georgia, the late peach district along Lake Ontario in New York, and the canning and dried peach districts in California. An important peach district is rapidly developing in Moore County, N. C. Minor centers may be noted in southern New Jersey, in western Mai-yland and adjacent counties of West Virginia, along the Michigan shore of Lake Michigan, in western Arkansas, and in northeastern Texas. Cold, dry winters prevent peaches b(>ing grown to the northwest of a line drawn from Chicago to Omaha, thence to Amarillo, Tex. The influence of the (ireat Lakes in tempering winter temperatures on their leeward shores and retarding growth in spring till danger of frost is past is evident on the map. PEACH PRODUCTION, 191S STATE BUSHELS STATE BUSHELS aiif.. 15,969,073 Wash. 1,544.859 C. 4,788,718 Tern. 1,285,441 Tex. 4,620,679 Mo... 1,262,723 Ark. 3.340,823 N.Y. . 1,262,480 2.924,842 Pa. . . 1,099,735 1,653,223 Ala. . 1,083,142 STATE BUSHELS Uuh.. 883,950 , Miu. . 775,885 ' 721,480 w. v.. 706,411 V..... 681,528 i Ohio.. 617 J37 5HII1 Oiee. . 504,441 N.C... 479,218 1 Giber . 3.915.783 1 Fig. 65. — California produced nearly one-third of the Nation's crop of peaches in 1919, Fresno County alone producing one-tenth. Georgia ranked second, with Texas a close third. The New York crop was greatly reduced by a late freeze, but the New Jersey crop was large. It is worth noting that the production of i>eaches this year did not extend nearly as far to the north and west as the acreage. The Yakima Valley in Washington, the peach belt east of Great Salt Lake in Utah, and the Grand Junction- Delta district in Colorado show a production disproportionate to the acreage. The season of 1919 was generally favorable. Although the number of bearing peach trees in the United States dropped from 94 million in 1910 to 65 million in 1920, the production was 40 per cent greater in 1919 than in 1909. A Graphic Swnm^ry of American Agi^iculture . 61 Fig. 66. — Noarly half of tho Nation's acreage of plum and pruuf trees i.s in Cali- fornia, and nearly a third is in the five counties of Santa Clara, Sonoma, Placer, Napa, and Solano. One-twelfth more is in Marion, Polk, and Yamhill counties. Orop:. These eight counties produced .51 per cent of the total crop in 1910, and 57 per cent of the commercial crop. A smaller center may be noted in Clarke County, Wash., and a st^-^ttered acreage in the upper Willamette and Umpqua Valleys, Oreg., in the Sacra- mento Valley and in Fresno County, Calif. Prunes constitute nearly tho entire pro- duction in these States. The scattered dots in the eastern half of the United States are practically all plums. Pig. 67. — Two-thirds of the Nation's acreage of grapes is in California. The raism district centers around Fresno, where the land is flat and the sunshine almost con- tinuous, while the wine grapes are grown mostly on the slopes ot the valleys that open into San Francisco Bay. These wine grapes are now used largely for raisins. A smaller center may be noted in southern California near San Bernardino. In the East the principalgrape district extends along the southern shore of Lake Krie from Erie to Buffalo. Minor centers may b(- seen in the Finger Lakes district of New \orK, the south shore of Lake Brie in Ohio, and in the southwestern corner of Michigan. These eastern grapes are mostly consumed fresh or made into grape juice. 62 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. Fig. OS. — Citrus fruits can withstand only a few degrees of frost. About three-fiftlis of the acreage is in California and nearly two-fifths in Florida. There are a few orch- ards in the Mississippi Delta in Louisiana, in the Brownsville, Tex., district, and near Phoenix, Ariz., and recentJy hardy Satsuma orange trees have been planted along tlie Gulf coast in eastern Texas, southern Mississippi, and Alabama. Lemons are practically confined to California, grapefruit largely to Florida, while oranges are grown in both States. The principal pear districts are the Ontario shore counties and the Hudson Val- ley of New York, southwestern Michigan along the lake, the foothills of central and southern California, western Oregon, and the Yakima Valley of Washington. Fig. 69. — Only three kinds of nuts are produced on a commercial scale in the United States — pecans, 'walnuts, and almonds. The pecan is native to the lower Mississippi Valley, and the largest acreage is found in a belt which extends from central Missouri across Oklahoma to south-central Texas. Recently extensive planting of i>ecan trees has taken place on the coastal plain in Georgia, the CaVolinas, Alabama, Mississippi, and north- ern Florida. Almonds and walnuts have been introduced from the Mediterranean region and their production is practically confined to California, except for a considerable acre- age of walnuts in the Willamette Valley of Oregon and adjoining counties in Washington. A Graphic Simvmary of American Agricultwre. 63 I Fig. 70. — The couunercial production of strawberries has become concentrated in un- usual degree in a few centers, notably, in Cumberhind, Camden, Burlington, and Atlantic Counties, N. J. ; Sussex County, Del. ; Wicomico, Worcester, Caroline, and Anne Arundel Counties, I\Id. : in Hamilton, Rhea, Crockett, Gibson, Lauderdale, and Madison Coun- ties, Tenn. : in Wr.rrcn County, Ky. ; in Barry, Lawrence. McDonald, and Newtou Coun- ties, Mo., and adjacent counties ' of Washington and Benton in Arkansas; in White County, Ark. ; in Tangipahoa Parish, La. ; in Berrien County, Mich. ; in Sonoma, Sacra- mento, and Los Angeles Counties, Calif. ; and in Hood River County, Oreg. These SO counties, out of the 3.000 in the United States, contained one-third of the Nation's acreage of strawberries in 1919. 1 — 1-1 -^ 7r BUSH FRUITS AND CRANBERRIES itumnnH iusp>EniB. uicaiikui& KitBiiES. cmwi^ m coosEiaiisi ACREAGE, 1919 / ■\: 1 /i^ BUSH FRUITS, ACREAGE, 1919 "^^;^^^^ r W^i T"^- • • s vMimm \^ff % n — tK ' — ^l V •■.■•■•'.jT---'. \ ■••.!• .'.••■•r=rc^r^ BUSH FRUm (Contuixl) -■MJir ■^ =.:'••■. ■ .V* wi— — '^— ^-ff^!?^^ ■ ^1 ^ — 1 , f 1, ^--iii. T^i^ ^.-..^.^A ''■^•'P-v STATE ACRES lod. .. Iowa . . Ky... Calif. . Kani. . OkU. . Minn. . W.Va. N.C... Other. 4.164 3,413 1 3.051 1 2.962 2.390 2.347 2.240 1 2,156 1,913 13,725 i STATE ACRES STATE ACRES \ Jf^ EACH DOT REPRESENTS \ \ X jr lOO ACRES >t 1 ' N. Y. . 1 Mich. . 1 N.J... Mai... Mo. . . ^ III. . . . 15,540 12,973 10,345 8,197 S,123 6,230 Oreg. . Tex. . . Ohio . . P« Wash. wu. .. 5,651 5,636 5,275 4,672 4,347 4,339 ^ •'-• U.S.. 129,689 Fig. 71.— The centers of cranberry acreage are Cape Cod Mass., southcin -^'^^ "T*^'/; > • and central Wisconsin— all districts of sandy, marshy, acid soils. The ccntcis or inisn fruit acreage are .southern New Jersey: the Marlboro district in the Hudson _\ alle^\ or of the large cities. 7550°— 22- 64 Yearhooh of the Department of AgHcultm-e, 1921. Fig. 72. — Cattle in 1920 constituted the leading class of live stock in the United States on the basis of value. This value was almost equally divided between the dairy and beef types. Between 1910 and 1920 the total value of cattle in the Tnited States in- creased 143 per cent, due mostly to an increase in value per head of 125 per cent : whereiis the value of all horses decreased 14 per cent, due to exactly the same decrea^^e in value per head. Cattle constituted 46 per cent of the value of all farm animals, horses and mules .32 per cent, swine 12 per cent, sheep and goats 5 per cent, and poultry nearly 5 per cent. The swine, however, produce annually pork and lard having a valu'^ gi'eater than that of the beef and veal from the cattle. CATTLE LIVE STOCK ON FARMS NUMBER AND VALUE TWENTY LEADING STATES. JAN. 1,1920 SHEEP & GOATS W//////A SWINE D POULTRY STATE VALUE MILLIONS OF DOLLARS 200 400 600 IOWA TEXAS ILLINOIS MISSOURI NEBRASKA KANSAS NEW YORK MINNESOTA OHIO INDIANA SO. DAKOTA PENNSYLVANIA CALIFORNIA OKLAHOMA MICHIGAN TENNESSEE COLORADO KENTUCKY NO.DAKOTA GEORGIA Fig. 73. — Iowa leads the States in value of live stock on farms, hut is exceeded h.v Texas in number of animal units. It is noteworthy that 9 of the 11 leading States in value of live stock are located wholly or partly in the Corn Belt. On the other hand, Georgia is the only State lying almost wholly in the Cotton Belt that is included in this list of 20 leading live-stock States. The concentration of live stock in the Corn Belt, and in the dairying centers of the Ilay and Pasture Region is shown in Figure 107. Cattle and horses and mules, it will be noted, constitute in the different States from six-tenths to nine-tenths of the value of all live stock. A Graphic Stummary of American Agriculture. 65 Fig. 74. — One-1)hird of the hoise.-< in the United States are raised in tlie Corn Belt, one-si.\th in the (ireat Plains Region, one-tenth in the Spring Wheat Area, and one- twelfth in the Kansas-Oklahoma section of the Corn and Winter Wheat Region. These are the regions of surplus grain and cheap forage. Comparatively few horses are raised in the Cotton Belt, or the Central and North Atlantic States, because these are regions of deficient grain production and feed must be shipped in at heavy expense. It is more economical to ship the mature horses into these deficiency regions than to ship the grain to grow them. (See Figs. 11, 12. 27, 32, 33, 36, and 41.) MULE COLTS, JAN. I, 1920 j STATE NUMBER STATE NUMBER i Mo. . . 133,590 Iowa . . 30,315 85,930 Nebr. . 30,204 Okl.. . 71.502 Ark. . . 30,019 Te.. . . 71,415 InJ. . . 28.196 Tenn. . 64,571 Miu... 19.245 ¥.,.... 47.140 Clif. . 10.958 STATE NUMBER N.C... 10,357 A1.. . . 10,300 v.. . . . 8,788 Colo. . 8,002 , U. ... 7.768 C... 6,550 Ohio.. 6,131 1 P.. . . . 5.69S , S. C. . . 4.452 Other. 89,569 u. s. . . 780.697 Fig. 75. — Two-thirds of the mules are raised in the western section of the Corn and Winter Wheat Region and the southern portion of the Corn Belt, the centers of production being about 300 miles south of the centers of horse production. This may be due in part to the adaptation of the mule to warmer temperature than the horse, but also in part to the shorter distance and smaller cost of transportation to the Cotton Belt, where most of the mules are sent (see Fig. 77). Formerly Kentucky and Ten- nessee were the leading States in mule production, but now a much greater number are raised in Missouri, Kansas, and Oklahoma, where feed is cheaper. 66 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture^ 1921. Pig. 76. — Over one-quarter of the mature horses (2 years old and over) in the United States are in the Corn Belt, and over three-quarters are in the humid eastern half of the country. The small number of horses in the Cotton Belt and the eastern sections of the Corn and Winter Wheat Region is owing in large measure to the pref- erence for mules as work animals in these regions (see Fig. 77). The acres of crops per mature horse and mule in the Cotton Belt (17 acres) is practically the same as in the Corn Belt (18 acres), or in the Hay and Pasture Region (16 acres). The numlxT of horses in cities and villages ("not on farms or ranges") was 1,705,611 on January 1, 1920, or about one-tenth the number of mature horses on farms. A Graphic Smnmarij of American Agrimdtv/re. 67 . .-Si : ■ . : UJ O < 0. lif T (T o O 8 Q CM YfJU zO V?^ w ^ => *" > 2 , J - »— t^ llJ 5 z . • 1 >>• ;■ ./fc -J H< ' .(■ D ^n • ).' 2 " «. • z UJ ' ^m 22 -D L /. iz 1 ■ * — ■ a^ i^i«»^"i-i il s-- = 1 s iSS2 Y c 1. 5 " ^ili < ?■ ga o S ?.-r.~ 12 R e t^* ? Ssiio 2 o ^ nZ-iS : jj.1 5 : ^-SiljJj Fig. 77. — About flve-sixths of the mature mules (2 years old aiul over) in the United States are in the Cotton Belt and the Corn and Winter Wheat Rej;ion. In the eastern Cotton Belt (east of Texas and Louisiana), where negro farmers are most numerous (See Figs. 116 and 117), there are twice as many mature mules as horses. The popularity of mules is also increasing in the North and West. Whereas the number of horses over 1 year of age on farms in the United States was only « per cent greater in 1 !)•_'<» than in 1910, the number of mules increased 33 per cent." This rate of increase was almost as great in the North as in the South. Mules, it will be noted, are used on farms in every State of the Union. 68 Yearbook of the DepartTnent of Agriculture^ 1921. r- ~7 PURE BRED CARRIAGE AND SADDLE NUMBER ON FARMS. JAN. 1, 192 HORSES EACH DOT REPRESENTS rX 10 HEAD r 'Xi PURE BRED CARRIAC SADDLE HORSES, 3 • 1 V ^^^Zvt, CARRIAGE AND SADDLE HORSES (Continued) r • • . -"^ teM S . ■•"/•\'i^^^':V: ■■•SSS ■ ;■ "^Sif FpC/ EAND \ • . . • ). .'— ^.JjiV*,""^"'\ STATE NUMBER 1920 \ •. jV'L-^Xs.^-j^' \ ' \ Calif. . Ma>s. . Mont . Ala. . . Colo . . Tenn. . Other . 206 162 133 133 132 119 1,705 STATE Humu STATE NUMBER STATE NUMfiLR \f \J m... V... Mo.. 1,9«7 990 687 Okl.. kid.. Pa .. Tex . Md.. 442 417 378 378 320 N. Y. lows. Ohio. Mich. Nebr. 317 295 286 233 233 477 tf ^' U.S.. 10,542 Fig. 78. — The number of pure-bred horses of saddle and carriage breeds in the United States was only about one-ninth the number of those of draft breeds in 1920. The rela- tively large number of these saddle and carriage horses in Kentucky and adjacent por- tions of Illinois and Indiana, also in "Virginia and Maryland, is noteworthy. These are areas famous in song and story for their fine horses, and despite the decline of horse racing as a sport, and the decreased use of horses for riding and di-iving, breeders and horse fanciers in these States retain a large number of pure-bred saddle and carriage horses. Probably only a small number, however, are used for breeding. w ^ ;r PURE BRED DRAFT MORS NUMBER ON FARMS JAN 1 ES 1920 EACH DOT REPRESEN 10 HEAD [ TS A =^ 1 DRAH HORSES TJA STATE NUMBER PURE BRED DRAH HORSES, 1920 — Lr- Pa ... Mich . Okla.. Colo.. N. Y.. Idaho . h : V/a.h. Other . . 2,601 2,341 2,054 1,622 1,575 1,490 1,285 1,079 1,042 5,533 STATE NUMBER STATE miMBEIl ^^jy~^ Iowa . lU... Kwu.. 1 Ohio. . BN.Dak PN.br.. 13,676 13,128 7,391 6,471 5,299 5,098 S. Dak Ind . . . Minn . Mont . Mo... Wi. .. 4.959 4,491 4,093 3.307 2.921 2,824 JF U.S.. 94,280 Fig. 79. — About half the pure-bred draft horses in the United States are in the Corn Belt, and most of the other half are in the Hay and Pasture, Spring Wheat, and Great Plain.s Regions. Very few are found in the South or Southwest. In California, Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, however, pure-bred draft horses relative to the total number of horses are almost as common as in the Corn Belt. Three-fourths of the pure-bred draft horses In the United States are Percherons, 10 per cent are Belgians, 5 per cent are Shires, and 4 per cent are Clydesdales, other breeds constituting the remainder. A Graphic Sv/mmarr/ of American Agriculture. 69 li^iSs'llf^^jiaiJ^J^s^ •mi UJ (/) UI o a. «* £ w ' UJ X cr o Q in ."?«' 2 Z 0 u I- U DQ D Z _l i **'-i*'*: SSR«S.S.SSS E 1^ <2 ^« 3 » X £ .S aSJrlS-i.-e^J < - ;-£ ^ s a Fig. 80. — Cattle are more evenly distributed over the United btates than any other kind of live stock. The densest area is in Iowa, northern Missouri, eastern JNebrasKa. southern Minnesota and Wisconsin, and northwestern Illinois. On January i, •IJ'^". there were about 14 million cattle in the Corn Belt, or 60 to the square mile, i- million in the Hav and Pasture Region, whi-h is 36 to the square mile : 10 million la the Corn and Winter Wheat Region, which !.■< 32 to the square^mile; 9 million In the Cotton Belt, or 21 to the square mile; and 9i million in the Great Plains H'^S'on, or alx)ut 20 to the square mile. The seven other regions had about 14 million cattle an average of 11 to the square mile. In Iowa there were 82 cattle to the square miit.. (See Figs. 11, 27, and 38.) 70 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture^ 1921. Fig. 81. — Beef cattle constitute slightly over half the total number of cattle in the , United States, but slightly less than half the value. Over 8 million beef cattle (includ- ing calvfs) are in the Corn Belt, and as many more in the Great Plains Region, the.se two regions having nearly half the beef cattle in the country. A large number of beef cattle will also be noted in the Subtropical Coast and southern portion of the. Cotton Belt, in the Appalachian valleys, in eastern Kansas, in the mountain parks and viilleys of Colorado, Utah, and Idaho, on the plateaus of southwestern New Mexico and south- eastern Arizona, and in California. Over 40 per cent of the beef cattle are in the west- ern half of the United States. (See Figs. 12, 27, and 42.) The corner table gives figures of beef cattle and of calves on farms only ; there were 890^963 in cities and villages. A Graphic Summary of American Agriculture. 71 Fw. 82. — Nearly half the dairy cattle iu the United States are io the Hay and Pas- ture Region and the adjacent northern and eastern margin of the Corn Belt. Other dense areas will be noted in southeastern Pennsylvania, which is really Corn Belt country, and iu the valleys of the North and South Pacific ie>rious. In the ( otton Belt, especially the northern portion, dairy cattle are more numerous than beef cattle, but in the Great Plains, Rocky Mountain, and Arid Intermountain Regions they are much less numerous. Nine-tenths of the dairy cattle are in the East. The dairy cattle In cities and villages ("not on farms and ranges") number 1,1.'-'(),.")G4, which i.s less than 4 per cent of all dairy cattle and calves in the United States. (See Figs. 25, 40, and 85.) Yearhooh of the Department of AgHculture^ 1921. -- TT- PURE BRED BEEF CATTLE ..„.^___N UMBER ON FARMS JAN 1 1920 DOT 200 I REPRESEN MEAD r\. ?Vftl BRED BEEF CATTLE [- \ ' BEEF CATTIE (Continued) ^r-Q ^V VK STATE NUMBER Ohio.. WU... Mont. . N.Mu Wyo.. Mick.. Idaho. Tom. . C«Iif.. Olhtr. 25,502 22,610 19,543 17.400 16,459 16,267 15,238 13.319 13.244 114,367 j STATE NUMBER STATE NUMBER Iowa . . Teic... Mo ... lOuu. . Niibr.. ni.... 151,359 89,743 83.902 80,665 74.174 7],S84 S. Dak Minn. . Okia . . Ind . . . N. Dak Colo.. 57.100 56,028 38,713 29,509 29,024 27,162 if U.S.. 1JI£4,912 { Fig. 83. — The number of registered pure-bred beef cattle i.s more concentrated geo- graphically than that of all beef cattle, Iowa alone has one-seventh of the entire num- ber in the United States. Fiv.e per cent of the beef cattle in Iowa are registered. The prairie and plains portion of the United States (see "tall grass" and "short grass" of Fig. 7) has nearly four-fifths of the pure-bred beef cattle in the country. About two- flfths of the registered beef cattle are Shorthorns — nearly one-half if Polled Durham be included — and nearly two-fifths more are Herefords. Aberdeen-Angus constitute about one-tenth of the total number. Iowa leads the States by a wide margin in numter of Shorthorns and Aberdeen-Angus, while Texas leads in number of Herefords. It':---' :-r ^ PURE BRED DAIR ..IVJUMBER ON FARMS. ( CATTLE JAN. 1. 19. EACH DOT REPRESEN 200 HEAD " 1 ■\. P«RE BRED DAIRY CATTIE SlCT DAIRY CATTLE (Continued) rr"^":— ^— i \ Wt~^ -iu'^M ^ q J / V /~-\. «.x^-~~*^ v" STATE NUMBER Mo Mau Kan> Me Ore, Tenn. . N.H.. Other . 19,037 18,807 17,058 • 15,683 12,852 12,720 11,538 11,347 10,750 144.714 STATE NUMBER STATE NUMBER N. V . W»... !>•.... Ohio.. Mich.. 153,037 114,917 7S,I«9 70,882 46,533 36.412 Miiu>.. Vt Te«. . . ind . . . gji*!! 32,668 28,549 23,364 21,115 20.286 19,144 U.S.. 916.602 Fig. 84. — Sixty per cent of the registered pure-bred dairy cattle are concentrated in the Hay and Pasture Region. About 5 per cent of the dairy cattle in this region are registered. New York has one-sixth of the registered dairy cattle in the United States, and WiscoflSin has one-eighth. Much smaller numbers mav be noted in the valleys of California and of western Oregon and Washington. About 58 per cent of the registered dairy cattle in the United States are Hoistein-Frlesians, 25 per cent are .Terseys, 9 per cent are (iuernst>ys, 3 per cent are Avrshires, and 1 per cent Brown Swiss, the re- mainder being unspecified. A Graphic Smnmary of American Agricultwre. 73 Fig. 85. — This map shows the commercial dairying districts. The concentration in the Hay and Pasture Region is much greater than that of dairy cattle (big. HZ). Commercial dairy centers mav also be noted near the large cities outsid(> this region, notably Philadelphia, Baltimore. Washington, Cincinnati, Indianapolis, bt. Louis, Kan- sas City, Los Angeles, and San Francisco. These, as also the centers adjoining .New York City, Boston, Buffalo, Cleveland, and Detroit, represent market milk mostly ; while the larger districts in central and northern New York, m \\iscousin, and in Minnesota represent milk and butter fat sold to creameries and cheese factories largely (see Figs. 86, 87, and 88). The value of dairy products consumed on the farm is esti- mated by the census at about $240,000,000. 74 Yearbook of the Department of AgHculture, 1921. Fig. 86. — Butter made on farms in 1919 constituted 43 per cent of the total pro- duction of 1,646,171,874 pounds reported by the census. The areas of densest produc- tion of farm butter, Pennsylvania to ern Tennessee; t^v, ^t^i^v i ^^^^ „.,.. .. , .-^ ■■■ — ^-- ^ - , nessee ; and the northeastern portion of Texas. It is notahle how little Dutter is made on farms in Wisconsin and Minnesota, where the factory «.v*^f<'i» i^ well tl^^'^'^oP,^^- Over half of the farms in the United States made butter in 1919 but less than one- third of the butter made was sold. Most of this farm butter sold was consumed in the locality where it was produced. (46,171,874 pounds reported by the census. The areas or oensesr piouuc- 3utter, it will be noted, are the Piedmont Plateau, extending from eastern to Alabama ; the Tennessee River Valley of northern Alabama and ^st- ! ; the upper Ohio River basin ; the western portion of Kentucky and ien- A Graphic Summary of American Agricultwre. 75 s — ~ CM LlI O) Q — < ..^ iE».2ot3zg5!lg Fig. 87. — Most of the factory butter is made in the Hav aiul Tasture Region, espe- cially the western portion, in the Corn Belt, and in the Pacitic Coast Rejcions. The spotted character of the map, especially in the Corn Belt, indicates the concentration of butter making in a relatively few cities to which the cream or butter fat is shipped from the farms. Whereas only half as much butter was sold by the farmers of the United States in 1919 as in 1909, the amount of butter fat Sf)ld increased 74 per cent and of cream sold 50 per cent. The figures used in preparing this map were com- piled from reports received by the Dairy and Poultry Division of the Bureau of .Vgri- cultural Economics. Returns "received since the map was prepared increase the total for the United States to 1,055,000,000 pounds. 76 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. ;,. toVo — I ractically all tlie cheese is now made in factories, only 6,000,000 pounds in 1919, or less than 2 per cent of the total production of the United States, bein^ made on farms About two-thirds of the cheese is made in Wisconsin and half of the remainder m New lork. Cheese production has developed in those parts of Wisconsin t??„i"^*^^ ^ • ^^ving less than 150' days in the growing season, except along the lake snores, and m the central, sandy portion of Wisconsin, which has poor pastures. The snort, cool season favors summer pasture and cheese production, just as silage, winter aairying butter making, skim milk, hogs, and corn complete the economic cycle in the •warmer belt to the south. The figures were compiled from reports received by the Dairy and Poultry Division, Bureau of Agricultural Economics. A Graphic Summary of American Agriculture. FtG. 89. — Over two-fifths of the hogs and pigs in the United States are in the Cora Belt, nearly one-flfth are in the Cotton Belt, and nearly another fifth in the Corn and Winter Wheat Re^on. In 1919 there were, on the average, 106 swine per square mile in the Corn Belt, 27 in the Cotton Belt, 32 in the Corn and Winter Wheat Region. 17 in the Hay and Pasture Region, and about 4 per square mile in the remainder of the United States. Just as the cool Hay and Pasture Region finds the best outlet for its crops in feeding dairy cows, so the warm, rich Corn Pelt finds the growing of eura and feeding of beef cattle and hogs its most profitable system of farming (see Figs. 27 and 81). Swine in cities and villages numbered 2,038,389, which is about 4 per cent of the total number in the United States. V 78 Yearbooh of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. |STATE NUMBER STATE NUMBER 'lo„». 289,042 Ohio. 96,908 III. . . 215,965 S.Dak 91.853 Ind. . 159,696 Tex.. 70,853 Mo... 148,811 Kan.. 65.870 Nebr. 112,502 Okla. 53,888 Minn. 99,443 Wi.. . 52,237 47,571 46,760 46,006 42,923 35,741 34,775 33,619 33,527 32,397 239,513 Fig. 90. — Nearly 60 per cent of the registered pure-bred hogs and pig.s are in the Corn Belt. About one-seventh, as with pure-bred beef cattle, are in Iowa. Nearly 5 per cent of the swine in the Corn Belt are registered, and 3 per cent in the remainder of the United States. Duroc-Jer.sey hogs constitute 40 per cent of the registered swine in the United States, Poland-China 35 per cent, Chester-White 9 per cent, Hampshire 5 per cent, Berkshire 4 per cent, other breeds and unspecified 7 per cent. Iowa leads all States in number of pure-bred Duroc-Jersey, Poland-China, Chester-White, Hampshire and Tamworth ; Indiana in number of spotted Poland-China ; Pennsylvania in Berkshires ; Kansas in Essex ; and Minnesota iii Yorkshires, Fig. 91. — Registered pure-bred sheep and lambs are more evenly diffused geograph- ically than pure-bred cattle or swine. A few breeders remain in tjie old centers of production in Vermont and New York ; many more pure-bred 'sheep may be noted in the more recent production areas of Ohio, southwestern Pennsylvania and southern Michi- gan ; but the greatest number is now found in the West, Idaho leading the States with nearly 50,000 registered animals. Shropshires constitute 27 per cent of all registered sheep In the United States, Rombouillet 23 per cent, Merino 14 per cent, Hampshire 11 per cent, other breeds and unspecified 25 per cent. The Cotton Belt is the only region in which there are practically no pure-bred sheep. A Graphic Svimmarj/ of American Agriculture. 79 aa SSSisnisSsiiSi^SR.S 5 i^^: m> DQ ^ ff) _j < Q Z < z < -) q: u D Z :«G:y'. •/■-■.•.•.•i-.-.iSr Wim ■Mm^ •* iS35lJ(5*i=«! FIG. 92.— Over 60 per cent of the sheep and lambs a^f »" t^,%^ft^;^".^"\^,.^'J,^d United States, largely because sheep can graze on more and lands than f, ^ «J^'^ Lf^'^ of domesticated animal, and also are le^s subject to disease in f^^ * ;»" i° ^^^^^^^^^^ climates. The dense spots shown in the West are owing J" P"t to the d^^' .^^ ^num' ra tion January 1, when many sheep are l)eing fed in the irrigated distiuts ano in pkrt of the «uimeration of sheep 'in that county in ,«;>»c^^t'r,,,S;^'L*i';,/:;';i' r,Vr the though the bands of sheep be roaming over distant destn-ts The follow mg ^u>^^^^^^ •larnfl sheen mav Taze on the alpine meadows of the national forehts an iitiiuiu'«i m ' rj* o? more away The dense centers in the East, however, represent sheep on farms within the counties indicated. 7550°— 22 6 80 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture^ 19^1. ^ r^ GOATS AND (ON FARMS AND R ■-.>,__^JUMBER JAN. KIDS ANGES) 1, 1920 EACH DOT RCPBESENTS 5.000 HEAD r\ NUMBER OF COATS AND KIDS JAN. 1,1920 '^FC J-rr^^^l ■>} -p_[ Y . ^ / 1 \ ft A-— :■: ••••;•. ^"^^^T"^ COATS AND KIDS , (Conliaucd) STATE NUMBER 1 FI»... Okla.. Ky. .. S.C. . Utah. Colo. . N.C. Iowa . ill... Other 45,890 45,825 35,045 1 31,774 29,512 28,688 23,912 10,526 9,977 70.031 STATE NUMBER .STATE NUMBER Te«... N.Mm Ariz... Oreg. . Ark. . . Mo. . . 1,753.112 226,862 161.124 133,685 123,800 .121,012 C.iif. . Miss... Ga.... Al.. . . La Tenn. . 115,759 113.277 110,489 104,148 91,249 73,228 U.S.. 3,438,925 Fig. 93.^0ver half of the goats in the United States are in Texas — nearly all on the Edwards Plateau. Cattle, sheep, and goats (see Figs. 81 and 92) are grazed on the same land in this district, the cattle pasturing on the grass, the goats browsing the oak scrub and other brush, retarding its advance upon the grass land, while the sheep eat the weeds as well as the grass and brush. In the South and in western Oregon the goats are used in large numbers in clearing up cut-over land. In Texas and Oregon the goats are mostly Angoras, in Arizona and New Mexico Angoras predominate, but other brei'ds are common, while in the South practically none of the goats are raised for their fleece. 7r W / / OOL AND MOHAIF? PRODUCED VALUE. 1919 "" "^soT"'"'' VALUE OF WOOL AND MOHAIR mma m fmus durwc 1919 zTl ■ ^"^""^y^ ^_ CROSSES / '2 ~u w \ - Vi>i V- zr^ WOOL AND MOHAIR-CmI. ' .^' STATE DOLLARS N.y . . . S.Dd.. bd . . . Wul... P..... Ill .... N.T .. »3,785,9M ' 3,010,IIM 2,761.2(5 { 2,322,127 ' 2,258,739 2,239,021 2,219,526 1,977,598 1,775,211 13,979 jS8 I 1 STATE DOLLARS STATE DOLLARS 1 T«.. Mont . Ohio.. Wyo.. Maho. 0«g . $10,421,524 10.231,133 10,075,214 9,574.466 8,753,178 8.230.902 CJif. . Utah . Colo.. Mich . Mo... N.Mex $6,805,621 5,787,419 4,888,684 4.623.778 4,217,400 4,088,528 u. s. .^ 12fOM,85» Fig. 94. — The farm value of the wool produced in the United States in 1919 was about 120 million dollars, and of the mohaii- about three and a half million. Texas led the States in value of wool and mohair produced, but as the value of the mohair amounted to $2,673,275, the value of the wool produced in Texas was less than in Montana, Ohio, Wyoming, Idaho, or Oregon. Thp average value of the wool produced in 1919 per mature sheep January 1, 1920, was $6.43 in Ohio, $6.50 in Montana, $5.53 in Oregon, and about $4 in Texas ; while the value of mohair in Texas per mature goat raised for the. fleece was $2.40. The price of wool in 1919 was about three times the pre-war price. I 1 A Graphic Siummary of American Agriculture, 81 ii |55!-B!-BIP-I!-P3^!I 1 1 2,874,721 2,534,371 2.500,123 2.055,120 1,654,771 1,554,896 1.455.193 1.403.284 1.120.393 954.695 948.656 799.797 771.233 713.937 620.734 495,065 253,607 155,197 1 e miiiiiU^^is^k s 11 440,522 326,516 356,642 348.327 279,882 152.148 285.644 246.872 66,871 252,190 1 6,955,132 6,641,572 6,342,204 5,918,429 4,328,567 4,027,510 3,954,365 3,763,910 3,547,604 3,436,376 S if 267,216 481,656 477,592 269,419 542,633 384,535 344,668 426,188 434,774 399,370 1 5 11,495,057 11,353,647 11,137,259 10,913,645 10.477,598 10.426,648 10.414,600 7,860,488 7,393,161 7.221,788 S ij 606.005 743,915 726,530 371,466 961,380 378,793 393,283 723,493 450,624 316,986 i 27.746,510 25.120,643 24.883.985 20J32.637 18.062,744 16.919.248 16.754.293 14.503.468 13,212,619 1I.6I5;CS7 r UiUhAi FIG. 95.— Half of the poultry in the United States are m the Corn Eo t uoun.l Its margin, where feed is cheap. But the two most notable districts «* P'^ortuction aie the counties in southeastern Pennsylvan a, near Philadelphia, «°d . ^^o»°^« ' ""^^^^^^^^ Calif., especially the district around Petaluma. Si^, counties in southeast.nn I um.^^^^^^ vania had nearly 5 million poultry on January 1,. 1920, or 4,000 to the ''q^'^re n"'; ; while in Sonomi County there were over 3 million poultry, ^Y..l,.rp. rnnntv^^CaHf chickens amounting to over 12 million dollars in 1919-„,.Los Angeles Count>alif had 1,350,000 poultry. The California cities are supplied large y from tiuse two counties; but the eastern cities draw their supplies from a much wider teriitory. 82 Yearhooh of the Departrrient of AgnciiUure, 1921. Flu. 96. — Two areas of dense distribution of bees stand out on the map, tbe southern Appalachians and southern California. The southern Appalachian area, extending from eastern Kentucky to northern Georgia and Alabama, had about 600,000 colonies ju 1919 and produced about 7,000,000 pounds of honey ; whereas California, with only 181,000 colonies, produced 5,500,000 pounds, or almost three times as much per colony. Texas also produced over 5,000,000 pounds of honey In 1919. The irrigated districts in the West, where fruit and alfalfa furnish many flowers, show distinctly on the map Districts having large numbers of bees may also be noted in New York State, along tl Ohio River, and in southern Illinois. A Graphic SiOmmary of American Agricmltwre. 83 Fig. 97. — This map, .showing the distribution of farms, might also serve as a map of farm population. The densest areas are southeastern Pennsylvania, the upper Piedmont of South Carolina and Georgia, eastern, central, and western Tennessee, tlie Ohio Valley, and the Yazoo Delta in Mississippi. Over half the farms in the United States are in the Cotton Belt and the Corn and Winter Wheat Region. Many of the tenant farms on the plantations in the Cotton Belt, however, are little more than laborers' allotments. The Corn Belt, although it includes over one-third the value of farm property in the United States, has only one-seventh of the farms. Nine-tenths of the farms are in the eastern half of the United States. The relative density of farm population in the South is even greater than that of farms. (See Figs. 104 and 118.) 84 Yearhook of the Deparfnnent of Agric%ilture^ 19M. Figs. 98 to 101. — The typical negi-o tenant farm.s are from 30 to 50 acres in size, of which about half is in cotton. Many white farmers also have small farms, both in the Cotton Belt and in the Corn and Winter Wheat Region. Farms of 50 to 100 acres are characteristic of the white cotton farmers in the upper Piedmont of the Caro- linas and Georgia and the Black Prairie of Texas ; also of the fair to good soils of Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio, and Michigan. On the richer lands of the Corn Belt farms of 100 to 260 acres prevail. Large farms in area — over 260 acres — are found in the Great Plains and Spring Wheat regions. A two-section " dry farm " in the Great Plains Region, however, is no larger in productivity than a quarter-section farm in the Corn Belt (see Fig. 103). i A Graphic Swnmary of American Agriculture. 85 Fig. 102. — Improved land is a better criterion of the real size of a farm than its total area. The Cotton Belt stands out clearly, with the farms in most of the area averaging less than 40 acres. The same small acreage per farm is found in casti-ru New England, where trucking and dairying dominate, and in the upper Lakes area, where farms are only partially reclaimed from the forest. At tlie other extn-nie. uuicl* of the Great Plains and most of the Spiing Wheat Area average over L'OO acres per farm. The sharp gradation zone extending from northwestern Minnesota to Indiana, thence to central Texas, marks the eastern margin of the prairies (.see Fig. 7). I'rairie farms were more easily and quickly made than forest farms, and have remained larger, (bee Fig. lll.> 86 Yearbooh of the Defmtment of Agriculture^ 1921. Fig. 103. — The Corn Belt is conspicuous on this map, average land values in central Illinois and northwestern Iowa having risen to over $250 an acre in 1919. There has been a decline since. The irrigated areas are also shown on the map as having land values of over $250, but this is not true of all the districts. Even the larger irrigated areas were too small to show other than in black, and many smaller districts could not be shown at all. The regions of low land values are the arid and semiarid lands of the West, the sandy, thin, or stony soils of the upper Lakes area and the North Atlantic States, and the light or leached lands in parts of the South, where also much of the farm may be in forest. The first box in the legend should read $0-$10, the second box $ll-$25. A Graf hie Summary of America/n Agricultv/re. 87 r7>jf, 104 Over one-third of the value of farm property in the United States is in thf&rn Belt andTaiay two fifths of the value of farm land The average value of farm llnd per acre JanuVy 1, 1920. was $148 in ^he Corn Belt as compared $40 in the Cotton Belt, $48 in the Hay and Pasture Region and ^fl i" tn ^ir^a^^ Plains Region Only in the South Pacific Coast Region does the va ue of ''arm piop- erty per square mili and of farm land per acre (f 114) approach he valu s u th CoYn Belt. Note the districts of greater values adjoining New York Uty, I hUadelphia, Detroit, and the Twin Cities, also the Blue Grass district in Kentucky. 88 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture^ 19M. Fig. 105. — The value of farm buildings is greatest in southeastern Pennsylvania, •where it exceeds the value of the land, and averages .?4,000 to $5,000 per farm. In the Corn Belt the average value of farm buildings is $3,400 per farm, and it is almost as much in the Spring Wheat Area, and the southern portion of the Hay and Pasture Kegion. In the Cotton Belt, on the other hand, the average value is only $738, owing in part to the lai'ge number of negro shanties. However, the value of the buildings on the landlord's farm in a plantation is almost as great as the values in the Corn Belt. These values of farm Imildings include Ijarns and outbuildings, and since the value of the house is, in general, about half that of all farm buildings, the average value of farm houses in the United States is only about $900. Fig. 106. — About one-half of the value of farm implements and machinery in the United States was reported in 1920 from the Corn Belt and the Hay and Pasture Region; but the greatest value per farm ($1,370* was in the Spring Wheat .\rpa. In the general farming districts of the North and West the average farm had about $1,000 worth of machinery in 1920, but the much smaller amount per farm in the Cotton Belt ($215), and in the Corn and Winter Wheat Region ($400), reduced the Nation's average to $557. The proportion which the value of machinery and imple- ments constituted of the total value of farm property was extraordinarily uniform, ranging around 4 to 5 per cent in all the regions, except in the Hay and Pastui'e Region, where it constituted 7 per cent. A Graphic Smnrnm^ of American Agriculture. 89 Pig. 107. — The Corn Belt contains one-fourth of the value of all live stock in the United States, or somewhat more than the entire western half oi the country. There is also dense distribution in southern Wisconsin and Michigan, in New York, and in south- eastern Pennsylvania, in which districts dairying is very important. The greatest aver- age value per farm, ovei- $3,0U0, is in the Arid Intermountain and the Great Plains regions; the smallest, $583, in the Cotton Belt. However, the proportion which value of live stock constitutes of the total farm investment is 12 per cent in the Cotton Belt, as compared with 8 per cent in the Corn Belt. The greate.st proportion, 18 per cent, Is foiuid in the Rocky Mountain and Arid Intermountain regions. In north-central Illinois the expenditure for feed is much less because the corn i.s largely Bold to the near-by Chicago market, and few cattle or hogs are raised. (See Figs 1.8, 81. 89, and 107.) The heavier expenditure shown in the Puget Sound and Willamette Val- leys is largely for feed for dairy cows, while in California the feed is bought principally for dairy cows and poultry. L 90 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture^ 192L \^-.^^ EXPENDITURE FOR FERTILIZER . P /T ■~^ .>________^ DURI \IG 1919 EACH DOT REPRESENTS / • '-K 1 T" { ^ I _l- 1 $100000 f ( s? 1 l~h- \- • • 7^ ►-^ A^ iBwam. Fot mass EXPENDITURE FOR FERTIUZER 1 j-^ — — \ • /'•■:■':•■■ y ■. ■ ■■'vH' W n SKTt TOTAL PAID -sr Md »7.?59,067 7,610.478 J343 194 l(l\« TOTAL AND PER FA«M DURING 1919 \ LJi'-'- ■:. .•^7' \ 4,893,658 4,872,543 4,288,165 3,941,488 386 74 60 83 STATE lOTAl PAIO ™. STATI TOTAL PAID iTti ^'^'^ ^\ Mm Mo S.C.. ISI,S46,J9S 1297 Al. . . . S14,06S,I08 S80 N.C.. 4»,;96,69< 711 OliiO . . I3.206.0J8 80 V t?' \m 1 Mail C. ... 46,196,414 16S N, J. . . I0,il2,682 472 I '^ '^ J 102 1?,27;.70S m n<... I0J16,929 3S7 \_ H \^^ J »74 P. ... HI.. IS,t28,34I IS.067.371 m Ind... 8,734,698 8,182,998 88 497 ^ ^ 133 (Ml.. _ U S_ 326,399,800 144 Fig. 109. — Fertilizer is used at present principally on the more intensively cultivated crops, particularly cotton, tobacco, fruit, and truck, including potatoes ; and almost wholly as yet in the Eastern States, where the rainfall is heavier and the soils more leached. About half of the expenditure in 1919 was in the Coastal Plain and Piedmont portions of Geoi-gia, the Carolinas, and Virginia. Minor areas are the trucking districts of New Jersey and Long Island, the tobacco-onion district of the Connecticut Valley, the Aroos- took potato district in Maine, and the fruit-trucking district in southern California. Especially significant and prophetic is the considerable expenditure shown in Ohio and Indiana and even in Illinois and Iowa. Fig. 110. — The expenditure for labor in 1919 was greatest in the trucking, fruit, and dairying areas, especially the coastal belt from Norfolk, Va., to Salem, Mass., the Ontario lowland of New York, the Elgin dairy district of northern Illinois and southern Wis- consin, and the irrigated valleys of the West. Heavv expenditure is also shown in most of the Corn Belt, and somewhat less in the Winter and Spring Wheat Areas. Although cotton is a crop requiring much more labor than any other major crop, the cash expendi- ture is small in the Cotton Belt because most of the labor is furnished by croppers and tenants. In the Black Prairie of Texas, however, many Mexicans are hired to pick cotton. A Graphic Swmmary of American Agriculture. 91 ssasaaa; :?32333SSa3: 33a3a^2S33g22-:222^3 35asgS5a3S355i3a3S k Fig. 111. — The avonipp value of farms, including bnihlinKs, machinery, and live stock, in the prairie portion of the Corn Kelt and tlie southern part of the Sprinjr Wlicat Region is about .?4(>,000. The high values shown in western Texas and northern Nevada are mostly of cattle ranches, which are few in numlwr and larfre in area, often in are our most productive areas fsce Fijr. 21), in which many of the farmers or planters can afford to retire to town and be .supported by the rent of their farms. The small proportion of improved land operated by tenants in the hills of New England, in the southern Appalachian Mountains, on the sandy lower coastal plain of the South, and in the arid areas of the West is noteworthy. I 94 Yearbook of the Department of AgricvZture^ 1921. FARMS OPERATED BY WHITE OWNERS NUMBER. JAN. 1. 1920 NUMBER OF FARMS OPERATED BY WHITE OWNERS STATE NUMBER STATE NUMBER Mo... I83J86 P.. . 153,237 Tex.. 177,671 N.Y.. 151,288 Ohio. 176.933 Tenn. 138,242 tx?..;: 174.008 Ind. . . 136,904 158.932 Minn. 132,567 Mich. 158,842 III. . . 132,040 3,691,866 Fig. 114. — The largest number of farms operated by white owners is found among the Germans of southeastern Pennsylvania and eastern Wisconsin, the mountaineers of west- ern Pennsylvania and the southern Appalachians, and the pioneers in the West. The fewer number of farm owner-operators in the prairie portion of the Corn Belt, as com- pared with the originally forested portion (see Fig. 7), is noteworthy. This is due, in part, to the larger, consequently fewer, farms (see Fig, 102), and in part to the larger proportion of tenants (see Fig. 112). The thinner distribution in northei'n New England, the upijer Lates region, and the We.st is owing to fewer farms and not to a smaller pro- portion of farms operated by owners (see Fig. 113). ft FARMS OPERATED NUMBER, BY JAN. WHITE 1, 1920 TENANTS EACH DOT REPRESENTS 500 FARMS r\; t r / NUMBER OF OPERATED BY? ^ J I ^1 1- a- \ K H'' • V r •. •.' i ^ "1^ V f^y 7 \ KUMBEK OF FAKMS s. "S^^\^-v \ STATE NUMBER FARMS CHITE TENANTS -"-^"A N C Ark Nebr Pa Minn. Miu. . S.C . N. Y.. Mich. Other 63.542 ; 62.4C7 53,354 ' 44,1.'7 44,1C9 : 41,954 38,163 37,006 34.561 1 262.060 i j STATE NUMBER STATE NUMBER ' \^ ' Tex. . . ni — Ga.... Iowa.. Okla. . K,.... 177,198 101.196 93,016 89,064 88.684 S3,0S6 IVIo. . Ohio . . Tenn. . AU. . Kan!. . ind. . . 75,727 75,644 75,596 70,395 66,701 65,587 _z .y-' U.S. . 1,740.363] Fig. 115. — The largest number of farms operated by white tenants is in the upper Piedmont of the Carolinas, Georgia, and Alabama, and in the Black Waxy Prairie of Texas. In these districts negroes are less numerous than to the South and East, and the cotton is grown mostly by white farmers. The proportion of tenancy is about the same as in central Illinois. A large number of white tenants are shown in Kentucky and western Ohio, e.specially in the tobacco districts, and throughout the Corn Belt. The small number of tenants, as compared with owners (Fig. 114), is notable in the Hay and Pasture Region and in the West. A Graphic Summary of Americcm. AgAcultv/re. 95 "^ FARMS OPERATED NUMBER BY COLORED OWNERS JAN. 1. 1920 r\' NUMBER OF FARMS J— .^ 500 FARMS / J — L \ \ J ^ ■ •.•.■••\ yV li — ^ ; NUMBEK OF FAKMS (Continued) STAlt NUMBER OPERATED BY COLORED OWNERS Okl* . Fl.... Ky... Md .. Mo .. N.M. . Calif. 9.488 1 6.320 \ 5.319 3.549 t 1.644 1.643 1.243 STATE NUMBER STATE NUMBER v.... T.» . . Miu.. S.C.. ,N.C.. 30.949 23.M9 23,179 22,759 22,277 Ala .. C... Ark .. U ... Tenn . 17,202 16,042 15.373 10,986 9,840 J_J___. U.S.. 1 S33,222 1 Fig. 116. — The largest numl)Pr cif farms opex'ated l).v negro mvner.s i.^ found in eastern Viiginia. southeastern South Carolina, and northeastern Texas, all areas of cheap land, in Virginia there are almost twice as many farms operated by negro owners as hy negro tenants, and in Florida the numbers are" alx)ut equal, but in the Cotton Belt "tenant.^ greatly exceed owners in number (see Fig. 117). Of the 233,222 farms in the United States operated by negro and non-white owners, only 9,153 are in the North and West. However, 71 per cent of the negro and non-white farmers in the North and West own their farms, as compared with 24 per cent in the South. The dots in the western States represent mostly farms owned and operated by Indians, Chinese, and Japanese. Fig. 117. — The negro tenant and cropper farms or holdings are located mostly in the Yazoo-Mississippi Delta, in the Black I'rairie of Alabama, and in (he upper Coastal Plain and Piedmont of Georgia and the CaJifornias — districts having the richest .soils in the old South. Many of these " farms " are merely allotments to croppers on phmta- tions, the owner of the plantation furnishing the " cropper " with his mule, his farm implements, and sometimes, even, with food, until the crop is " made " in the fall and the proceeds divided between them. Negro tenants are much fewer in Texas becau.^e of historical reasons. The dots shown in California represent mostly Japanese and Chinese tenant farmers. 7550°— 22 7 96 Yeafhooh of fixe Department of Agnculture^ 1921. Fig. 118. — Statistics of population outside incorporated places, although including many suburbanites, mill workers, and miners, especially in Pennsylvania, afforded the closest approximation to farm population prior to .Tunej 1922. In the 1920 census the enumerators indicated for the first time persons living on farms. The resulting tabula-' tion shows 31,614,000 people, or about three-fourths those living outside incorporated places. However, a map of farm population showing distribution by counties, like the map above, could not be prepared, as the statistics were tabulated onlv by States. Pi.gure 97. showing number of farms, may be used to compare the relative den.sity of farm population in different parts of the United States, since the number of people per farm ranges from four to five in most States, except in the South, where there are five to six. A Graphic Swmmary of American Agriculture. 97 r^Jr^^dW^W. SSRSSSf»SSS:2S2- lli^j iii^^ii^ '= "3 X o 2ii i QC Lli 2 LLJ O S CQ aJJI^J.^'^ Fig. 119. — " Village " population includes many people living on farm.*! within the village limits. It includes also many retired farmers, especially in the Corn Helt and in the South and West, and tradesmen who serve the farmei-s' lieeds. In the Northeast a considerable factory population resides in villaiies. Tlie geograi)hic distribution of village population in the Corn Belt, and in the Spring Wlieat and the southwestern portion of the Hay and Pasture regions, is nmiarkably uniform. Whereas, farm iHipula- tion and country population (see Figs. 97 and 118) are densest in the South and Fast, village population is densest in the Corn Belt. It is also relatively dense In Utah, where many of the Morman farmers live in villages. I 98 Tea/hook of the DepartmetH of Agriculture^ 1921. Fig. 120. — rOver half of the ui'ban population in the United States resides within the Flay and Pasture Region. The urban population in this region constitutes nearly three-fourths of its total population, and over-one-fourth of the total population of the United States. Into this region the food and fibers of the West and South constantly move. The center of urban population, however, is located in the eastern portion of the Corn Belt, near Piqua, Ohio ; while the center of agricultural production is over 400 miles to the west, near Jefferson City, Mo. Outside this Hay and Pasture Region the principal centers of urban population are found along the northern margin of the Corn and Winter Wheat Region, and on or near the Pacific coast. Towns of 2.500 to 10.000 population are shown by the smaller size dot ; larger cities by circles of varying size. A Graphic Swmmary of American Agnculture. 99 I Fig. 121. — Tractors are most numerous in the Corn Belt, in the S|)rinK anil Winti'r Wheat Areas, and in California. In the Spring Wheat Area, on .January 1, 1!)2(». about 1 fai-m in 6 had a tractor ; in the Corn Belt, in Kansas, and in California about 1 farm in 10 ; elsewhere in the T'nited States 1 farm in 20 to 50, except in the State.s south of the Ohio and Potomac Rivers, where less than 1 farm in 10(1 had a tractor. The acreage of cotton a farmer can handle is not limited by the acreag*- he can plow and plant, as with wheat, or can cultivate, as with corn, but by tlie amount lie can pick, and a tractor can not help In picking cotton. Fig. 122. — Two-fifths of the 2.000.000 automobiles on farms in the United States, January 1, 1920, were in the Corn Belt (see Fig. 104). Fi-om one-half in the (ja.stern portion to three-fourths of the farms in the western portion of the Corn l.oli had auto- mobiles, and about half the farms in Wisconsin. Minnesota, the Dakotas. and Calitornia. Eastward from the Corn Belt the proportion drops to one-third ol the larms In .New York and one-fourth in New England: southward it drops to one-sevrntb in t"'; '='•',"" linas and Georgia and to onf-lwentieth in Mi.ssissippi. An automobile is of little neip to a negro cropper, or even a poor white tenant in the South, either in marketing iiis cotton or in attending to his business. I 100 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculimre^ 1921. Fig. 123. — About one-half of the farms in New England and in California have water piped into the house, about one-fourth of the farms in New York, Pennsylvania, Oregon, and Washington ; about one-eighth of tlie farms in the Corn Belt ; and 1 farm in 50 to 100 in the Cotton Belt. These differences are due, in part, to differences in per capita rural wealth in the several sections of the United States, and in the percentage of tenancy, and in part to differences in the consideration shown for the health and comfort of the housewife. P^iG. 124. — Telephones are most common on the farms of the Corn Belt and of Kansas, in which region from 60 to 90 per cent, varying with the State, possess this con- venience. In the Hay and Pasture, the Spring Wheat, and the Pacific Coast Regions about half the farms have telephones ; in Texas and Oklahoma about one-third of the farms; in the Corn and Winter Wheat Region (except Kansas), in the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountain Regions about a quarter, of the farms ; but in the Cotton Belt, east of Texas and Oklahoma, only from 5 to 15 per cent. The proportion of the farms possessing a telephone is indicative of the general diffusion of rural progress and prosperity. The following statistics of farm population, coUectccl for the first time in the Census of 1920, have become available sinee Figure 118 and the explanatory note liem-iti, woro prepared. These statistics are so important that tliey are given in fiill. Farm Population, by (ieographic Divisions and Staks, V.)2(). Total. I 1 cities of- - In rural territory. Division and State. Number. Per cent of entire popu- lation . . 25,000 or more. 10,000 to 25,000. 2,500 to 10,000. Number. Percent of entire rural popu- lation. United States 31, 614, 269 625, 877 1,892,789 4, 913, 63;i 5, 171, 596 6,416,698 5, 182, 937 5, 228, 199 1, 168, 367 1,014,173 197, 601 76, 021 125, 263 118,554 15, 136 93, 302 800,747 143, 70S 948, ;134 1,139,329 907,295 1,098,262 848, 710 920,037 897, 181 984, 799 1,211,:346 394, 500 362, 221 584, 172 737, 377 51,212 279, 225 894 1,064,417 477, 924 1,501,227 1,074,693 1,685,213 281, 893 1, 304, 862 1, 271, 708 1, 335, 885 1,270,482 1, 147, 049 786,050 1,017,-327 2, 277, 773 225, 667 200,902 67, 306 266, 073 161, 446 90,560 140, 249 16,164 283, 382 214, 021 516, 770 29.9 8.5 8.5 22.9 41.2 45.9 58.3 51.0 35.0 18.2 25.7 17.2 35.5 3.1 2.5 6.8 7.7 4.6 10.9 19.8 31.0 16.9 23.1 35.0 37.6 41.0 35.6 61.0 56.9 45.1 41.7 23.0 19.3 . 2 46! 1 32.7 58.7 63.8 58.2 29.1 •54.0 54.4 56.9 71.0 65. 5 43.7 50.2 48.8 41.1 46.5 34.6 28.3 44.8 27.1 31.2 20.9 20.9 27.3 15.1 52, 955 8, i:}2 12, 804 9,279 5,757 3,273 1,202 1,808 871 9,829 1,301 818 36, 131 16,790 2,%2 3,094 3,299 741 514 1,962 1,182 5,587 3,348 2,751 244 8,269 1,332 846 1,643 703 616 750 260 891 408 785 518 859 306 759 5 113 739 166,543 65, 533 1.5, 862 14.056 9r:i57 14,927 6,415 13,859 L3,321 13,213 3, 926 7,845 574 44,324 7,748 1,116 8,889 4,268 2,705 2,177 1,704 3, 940 2,566 3,669 2,302 3, 273 1,500 119 295 1,190 678 27 164 31,358,640 535,422 1,861,161 4, 887, 204 5, 153, 18:3 C,:397,7,57 5,174,806 5,210,570 1, 152, 993 985,544 189, 026 64,607 124,445 61, 732 5, 315 90,297 782,9r)4 1:36, 847 941,300 1,133,912 902,820 1,090,7:36 844,499 915,237 893, 460 977, 694 1, 207, 899 393, 622 361,886 582, 738 735,884 51, 151 277, 656 61.0 34.9 :53.3 58.0 65.9 66.3 7.5. 0 71.7 Geographic divisions: New England Middle Atlantic East North Central West North Central South Atlantic East South Central West South Central Mountain Pacific 47 0 New England: Maine 40 4 New Hampshire Vermont.. . ;39. 6 51 3 M assachusetts 4,229 741 1,043 7,261 1,890 3,653 2,490 2,511 2,695 1,237 346 901 2,973 1,641 :30. 5 Rhode Island 34 9 Connecticut 20.3 Middle Atlantic: New York 43 6 New Jersey 20.1 Pennsylvania 30.2 East North Central: Ohio 54.5 _ Indiana 62.4 m Illinois 52.4 ■ Michigan 59.2 ^ Wisconsin 66.0 West North Central: Minnesota 66.9 Iowa 64.0 Missouri ()6. 5 North Dakota 70.5 South Dakota 35 131 76 34 1,391 894 190 286 207 70 96 105 100 823 279 67.7 Nebraska 65.4 Kansas 63. 9 South Atlantic: Delaware ;30.0 Maryland 14 47.9 j, District of Columbia 1 Virginia 48 75 237 103 230 34 141 183 118 72 472 32 170 1,288 45 497 31 86 9 1 507 6 248 63 5,276 4,266 932 8:57 2,041 4, 276 2, .384 2,279 1,523 975 1,638 1,062 1,294 1,085 9,818 226 3,842 199 503 895 350 7,251 55 1,507 1,749 9,9,57 1,059,913 476, 631 1,499,946 1,072,479 1,680,611 279, 370 1, ;302, :342 1,.269, 179 1,:334,513 1, 268, 772 1, 144, 482 784, 455 1,015,899 2, 265, 734 22,5, 389 196,563 67, 076 265, 281 160,542 90,167 131,872 16,103 280,022 212,009 493, 513 64.8 W West Virginia 4:3.5 ■ North Carolina 72. 5 B South Carolina 77.2 K Georgia 77.5 '• Florida 45.6 East South Central: Kentucky 73.0 Tennessee 73.5 Alabama 72.6 Rlississippi • 81.8 West South Central: Arkansas 433 269 173 933 7 78.3 Louisiana 67.0 Oklahoma 68.2 Texas 71.9 Mountain : Montana 69.8 Idaho 62.8 Wyoming. . . 48.9 Colorado 203 54.5 54.3 Arizona 42 619 41.6 Utah 56.4 25.9 Pacific: Wasliington 1,605 200 8,024 46.1 Oregon .54.0 California 4.5.1 ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D. C. AT 20 CENTS PER COPY V I •MUJHTJ 3VI ••Jijjnviur^- ^/iajAINnjHV ''»'«)jiiv3jo> '''faoji Wf^ ^OFCAlIFOff^ (^(irA lui/i l\in;i UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. ^\- O § nO\>5^ % ItpixM -v) 1 vivvcp •.•>N o lUBRARYOc, $r ^^% f C3 A-JK- > irot -l(?i = i_=\a t 3 1 Uj8 0131/ 8/ I)' MlllIHf M>j I'l ' ,"l'lf ■ 'I'I'/lw I f.i II II AA (j(ji \',:iW? 4 *kX^t^Ti