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Wipe bie 7 » PAP eer het es Wh wr TN ALLAMLboAY aes AS ACmab on SLI ru ; Var Wee PRY i ty ar y Sew revert t Ye TE ‘*) , WAT > ODT Cee PCN ie. yy eae PUY utah a 38 a ae a Ba) ' ’ Wh fcr Ob AMY +4 ‘ ) } ty VVEL ay \ FP, Py hn \ iu Bh eo th ‘ \ a) ‘a ‘ f ‘ ows » oY vi oh an) 4 jpaty A a Dal 4 4 ‘ AALS a Bie hey ’ OR eh eA r" ’ tae WY are A D yet 4 ; ' an) ’ y? t ik ' He at ‘ ! a) : 43.4 j eae Y 1a ) Y PY 1 t j H We Ae Pi dt: SiR 1 Al! t i ' Wrot ‘ Ways f y ‘ 5 ; Se te . ’ j 4 | a yh 3 } yoyee : t WG 4 ’ PAS eh YY Te ENR he * han, x ¥ oh aay 4 At wr? ie) A hy 5 aa Pic Bi Ws a AL a i t Fan Na Th he eed tb kN aut tt AVIA We Natt wean Ley tt is BO De Fleer he he et \ \ ™ \ is uy PNG iy yi Mi GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. « ; , ¢ ‘ ‘ if 1 coe hae “ ; wa 7 ‘, = val ke a, , - * a) 5 a +4 ‘ t hy re ¥ PRINTED BY JOHN STARK, OLD ASSEMBLY CLOSE, EDINBURCH. THE GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. BY RICHARD PARNELL, M.D., F.R.S.E., Lua EXTRAORDINARY MEMBER OF THE ROYAL MEDICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH, FELLOW OF THE BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH, AUTHOR OF THE ICHTHYOLOGY OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH, &e. ILLUSTRATED BY FIGURES DRAWN AND ENGRAVED BY THE AUTHOR. the bare earth Brought forth the tender grass, whose verdure clad Her universal face with pleasant green. MILTON, SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION WASHINGTON 26, B.€. WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS, EDINBURGH; AND 22, PALL MALL, LONDON. MDCCCXLIL. PREFACE. _. Tue work here offered to the public on the Grasses of Scotland is designed to afford to the student of this difficult department of Bo- _tany, assistance of a more available kind than the treatises in ge- neral use attempt to supply. In most other respects it proceeds on the established plan of works of the same description. Much attention has been bestowed on the definitions both of gene- ra and species. In some instances new genera have been framed, and a few new species have been added, while the specific characters are determined throughout with the greatest possible care. The authorities for the species adopted, both British and foreign, have been invariably cited. But no character has been taken on trust, or has been admitted without careful examination to ascertain its presence in every instance. And in the cases, (which are not few,) where new characters have been substituted, their constancy has been tested by the examination of at least one hundred specimens of each species, obtained from various localities. In the description of each grass, the state of every individual part has been carefully set down, so that, on the comparison of any two descriptions, the several differences between the species inspected will be at once apparent. And in addition to this assistance, an endeavour has been made to point out the most prominent diagnostic marks be- tween those species which are most liable to be confounded. Of each species a figure has been given. In every instance these figures have been drawn and engraved by the author; and though Vl PREFACE. such attempts lose the advantage of being done in an artist-like man- ner, it perhaps outweighs this drawback in a work for practical use, that the several steps of the labour are performed by one familiar with the minute parts of the objects copied. Nearly the whole of the figures are of natural size, and have been obtained from recent spe- cimens, while in no instance has any use been made of plates already published. Of the parts of the flower, magnified views are likewise given. With regard to the varieties occurring under certain species, pains have been taken to name and describe shortly all those that seem to deserve such notice; and of each of these a figure has been given. Under the head of habitat the several countries in which each spe- cies is known to be produced are expressly stated. ‘The range of the altitude of the places of growth is specified as accurately as possible. The time when the seed is matured (which it is often useful to know), as well as the time of flowering, is everywhere indicated. And no- tices are introduced of the agricultural and other properties of such species as are of any value. My original purpose was to embrace in this work all the Grasses of the United Kingdom, but the want of recent specimens of the Grasses peculiar to England and to Ireland, made it necessary that, for the present, I should limit my plan. I propose, however, as soon as I have gained the proper opportunities, to publish a similar account of those additional species. I have given a list of all the Grasses found within fifteen miles of Edinburgh; and in this list will be found a few beyond those in Greville’s Flora Edinensis or Woodforde’s Catalogue. I have attempted an arrangement of the species of the Grasses of Scotland on the dichotomous plan, the mere inspection ef which will, I think, sufficiently explain the use that may be made of it. The number of species and varieties described and delineated in this work is altogether one hundred and thirty-three,—and, with the ex- ceptions referred to in the following table, the arrangement and sy- nonymes followed by Sir William Hooker in his British Flora have been adopted. PREFACE. Vil Agrostis Spica Venti...changed to... Anemagrostis Spica Venti. BPGNGe CRTUES «1.5... 20.00 ccanavnnste ses Molinia czrulea. meee loliAceUM...........0ceseenes- Poa loliacea. Beers Calamaria..............secseesace Poa sylvatica. Memes loliacea..........00se the leaves long and narrow ; the first joint near the panicle; the spike- lets small, of two florets ; and the ligules scarcely perceptible. (Plate XXXVI). Obs.—Poa nemoralis is distinguished from Poa trivialis in the up- per sheath not being longer than its leaf; ligule very short and ob- tuse, and the outer palea with the marginal ribs hairy ;—whereas in P. trivialis the upper sheath is much longer than its leaf, ligule long and pointed, and the marginal ribs of the outer palea not hairy. (See Plate XX XV). From Poa pratensis, in the upper sheath not being longer than its leaf, with the ligule very short ;—whereas in P. pratensis the upper sheath is much longer than its leaf, and the ligule prominent. (See Plate XXXI.) From Poa montana, in the florets being webbed ; ligule very short; second sheath not extending to the first joint ;—whereas in P. mon- tana the florets are not webbed; ligule prominent, and the secoud sheath extends beyond the first joint. (See Plate XX XIX). From Poa polynoda in the florets being webbed ; ligule very short, scarcely perceptible ; stem but slightly compressed ;—whereas in P. polynoda the florets are not webbed; ligule rather prominent; stem very much compressed. (See Plate XX XIX). Poa nemoralis ranks amongst the superior permanent pasture gras- ses, producing aconsiderable deal of fine succulent and nutritive herbage, which horses, cows, and sheep are remarkably fond of. It will grow freely in exposed situations, but in its natural state is found only in shady places or woods of rich soil. This is by no means a frequent grass throughout Scotland, although 80 GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. common in certain localities. It is frequently met within England and Ireland. It is also a native of Lapland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Prussia, Germany, France, Spain, Italy, North Asia, Iceland, and the United States. Its limit of altitude seems about 1500 feet above the sea. Flowers in the third week of June, and ripens its seed in the last week of July. 54. Poa COMPRESSA. * Flat-stalked Meadow- Grass. Specific Characters.—F lorets webbed. Outer palea three-ribbed ; the marginal ribs hairy. (Plate X XX VII.) Description.—Its usual height is about a foot. The root is peren- nial, creeping. Stem erect, decumbent at the base; scarcely smooth ; very much compressed ; rather stout, and somewhat contracted under the panicle ; bearing four or five leaves, with smooth, striated sheaths ; the upper sheath short, about the length of its leaf, crowned with a short obtuse ligule. Joints five, smooth. Leaves rather short, flat, acute ; rough on the inner surface and edges, smooth behind. Inflorescence mostly simple panicled. Panicle somewhat unilateral, erect, spreading while flowering, close both before and afterwards; branches short and rough, generally in pairs, the lowermost rather remote. Spikelets ovate, acute, compressed, of five to seven florets; the summit of the lower floret scarcely extending beyond the large glume of the calyx. Calyx of two nearly equal acute glumes (Fig. 1), often tinged with purple ; three-ribbed, toothed on the upper part of the central rib. Florets of two pale (Fig. 2); the outer palea of lowermost floret three-ribbed, the lower half of the dorsal and marginal ribs hairy ; the base furnished with a delicate web suspending the calyx (Fig. 4). Tn- ner palea with two green marginal ribs minutely fringed. The whole plant is of a darkish green. Obs.—-Poa compressa, from its very flat stem, short sheaths, three- ribbed outer palea, and webbed at the base, will readily be distinguish- ed. It is more closely allied to Poa polynoda than to any other, but differs from it in the lower florets being webbed ; outer palea three * Poa compressa, Linn., Koch, Leers, Schrad. Smith, Hooker, Lindley. GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. Si ribbed ; first joint about half-way up the stem ;—whereas in Poa polynoda the florets are perfectly free; outer palea five-ribbed ; se- cond joint about half-way up the stem, and the first joint near the pa- nicle. (Plate XX XIX.) From Poa pratensis, in the upper leaf being about equal in length to its sheath; stem very much compressed, and contracted under the panicle ; outer palea only three-ribbed ;—whereas in P. pratensis the upper leaf is much shorter than its sheath; stem very seldom com- pressed ; outer palea five-ribbed. (Plate XX XI.) From Poa nemoralis, in the ligule of upper sheath being prominent; panicle somewhat rigid; outer palea only three-ribbed ;—whereas in P. nemoralis the ligule is very short, scarcely perceptible ; panicle long and slender ; outer palea five-ribbed. (Plate XX XVL.) From Poa cesia, in the uppermost joint being about the centre of the stem ; florets webbed; outer palea only three-ribbed ;—whereas in P. cesia the upper joint is situated near the base of the stem ; florets perfectly free ; outer palea five-ribbed. (Plate XL.) Were it not for the small quantity of foliage that this grass pro- duces, it would rank as one of the most valuable grasses, as it shoots its leaves early in spring, and possesses a large share of nutritive pro- perties. It grows naturally on dry poor soils, and is found in stony places and wall-tops. It is a frequent grass in Scotland, England, and Ireland, a a native of Norway, Sweden, Prussia, Germany, France, Switzerland, Italy, Russia, Greenland, Iceland, and the northern parts of North America. Attains an elevation of 3000 feet above the sea. Flowers in the second week of July, and the seed is ripe about the middle of August. 55. Poa ALPINA.* Alpine Meadow- Grass. Specific Characters.—Florets not webbed. Outer patea three- ribbed. Glumes three-ribbed. Upper leaf folded, and shorter than its sheath. Rachis and branches rough, (Plate XXX VIL.) * Poa alpina, Hooker, Smith, Koch, Lind. KF 82 GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. Description.—It grows from four inches toa foot in height. The root is perennial, fibrous, tufted. Stem round, smooth, erect, bearing two or three leaves with smooth striated sheaths; the upper sheath much longer than its leaf, crowned with a long pointed membranous li- gule. (Fig 5.) Second sheath seldom extending as high as the first joint. Joints two, smooth. Leaves short, mostly flat, rough on the edges and inner surface, smooth and polished behind; upper leaf folded, compressed, rounded behind the summit. Inflorescence pani- cled. Fanicle rather close, erect; branches rough, the lower ones generally in pairs. Spchelets broadly ovate, erect, very frequently vi- viparous, (Fig. 4), (that is, the inner palea transformed into small leaves,) usually of four awnless florets; the summit of the lower flo- ret projecting beyond the calyx. Calyx of two broad, acute, equal glumes, (Fig. 1), three-ribbed, and minutely toothed on the keels. Liorets not webbed ; of two palex, (Fig 2); the outer palea of lower- most three ribbed, (Fig. 3); the lower-half of the dorsal and lateral ribs furnished with silky hairs. Inner palea rather shorter than the outer palea, membranous, with two green marginal ribs minutely fringed. Obs.—Poa alpina somewhat resembles Poa laxa, but the panicle is more compact, erect; the lower branches much shorter; the root much tufted; upper leaf folded, compressed, and rounded behind the point; spikelets broadly ovate, approaching to cordate, and the radical leaves shorter and more obtuse :—whereas in P. laza the pa- nicle is slender and slightly drooping ; the lower branches long ; the root not tufted ; upper kaf flat, lanceolate, and taper-pointed ; spzke- lets oblong ovate, and the radical leaves linear, lanceolate. (See Plate XXX VIII.) From Poa cesia, in the upper sheath being much longer than its leaf ; ligule long and pointed; and the outer palea three-ribbed ;— whereas in P. cesia the upper sheath is about equal in length to its leaf ; ligule obtuse ; and the outer palea five-ribbed. (See Plate XL.) From Poa pratensis, in the florets not being webbed, and the h- gule long and pointed ;—whereas in P. pratensis the two lowermost florets are furnished at the base with a copious web suspending the calyx; and the dgule is rather short and obtuse. (See Plate XX XI.) Although Poa alpina is naturally confined to the alpme regions GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. $3 at an elevation of between 3000 and 4000 feet above the sea, it will, when cultivated in the low-land, thrive well, but not sufficiently so as to render it an object of agricultural attention. Hares and rabbits are remarkably fond of the leaves, which they crop close to the ground. It is a very early grass, coming into flower about the third week of May, and ripens its seed about the end of June. It is found on several of the mountains in Perth, Forfar, Aber- deen, and Inverness ; and in England, in the counties of Caernarvon and York. It is also a native of Lapland, Norway, Sweden, Ger- many, France, Switzerland, Italy, Russia, Greenland, Iceland, and the northern parts of North America; but has not been found in the United States. 56. PoA LAXA. Wavy Meadow-Grass. Specific Characters.—Florets not webbed. Outer palea three-~ ribbed. Glumes three-ribbed. Upper leaf flat and shorter than its sheath. Rachis and branches rough. (Plate XX XVIII.) Description.—It grows from six to twelve inches high. The root is perennial, fibrous, somewhat creeping. Stem round, smooth, and slender, bearing two or three leaves with smooth striated sheaths; the upper sheath much longer than its leaf, crowned with a long acute ligule (Fig 5), generally embracing the stem; second sheath fre- quently covering the first jomt. Joints two, smooth ; the upper joint nearer the root than to the panicle. Leaves flat, linear, lanceolate, ta- per-pointed, flaccid, roughish on the edges and inner surface, smooth behind. Inflorescence panicled. Panicle slightly drooping, the branch- es roughish and slender, the lower ones long and generally in pairs. Spikelets oblong-ovate ; green or tinged with purple, frequently viviparous, of three awnless florets ; the summit of the lowermost flo- ret projecting beyond the large glume of the calyx. Calyx of two nearly equal acute glumes (Fig. 1), membranous at the mar- gins; the inner glume three-ribbed; the outer without lateral ribs. Flores not webbed ; of two palex (Fig. 2); the outer palea of lower- most floret three-ribbed (Fig. 3), the lower half of the ribs hairy, the * Poa laxa, Henk. Koch. 84 GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. lateral ribs situated near the margins. Inner palea membranous, ra- ther shorter than the outer palea, furnished with two green marginal ribs delicately fringed. flexuosa, a variety most frequently viviparous. The branches of the panicle wavy, and the leaves mostly short. (Plate XXXVIITI.) Obs.—Poa laxa is distinguished from Poa alpina, in the panicle being more slender and somewhat drooping ; the root not tufted ; upper leaf flat and taper-pomted; and the spikelets oblong ovate ;— whereas in P. alpina the panicle is compact, erect ; root much tuft- ed ; upper leaf folded, compressed, and rounded behind the point ; and the spikelets broadly ovate. (See Plate XXX VIL.) From Poa montana, in the upper sheath being much longer than its leaf, and the igule long and pointed ;—whereas in P. montana the upper sheath is shorter than its leaf, and the Uigule is rather short and obtuse. (See Plate XX XIX.) From Poa annua, in the branches of the panicle being rough, and the outer palea three-ribbed ;—whereas in P. annua the branches are smooth and the outer palea five-ribbed. (See Plate XL.) From Poa nemoralis, in the upper sheath being much longer than its leaf; ligule long and pointed, and the florets not webbed ;—where- asin P. nemoralis the upper sheath is not longer than its leaf; k- gule very short and obtuse, and the lower florets are distinctly webbed, suspending the calyx. (See Plate XXXVI.) Poa laxa is a very rare British grass, found on Ben-Nevis, Inver- ness-shire, about 4300 feet above the sea. It is also a native of Lap- land, Germany, Switzerland, Spitzbergen ? and Greenland ? Flowers in the last week of May, and ripens its seed about the end of June. 57. PoA POLYNODA.* Sthcious Meadow-Grass. Specific Characters.—F lorets not webbed. Upper sheath not longer than its leaf. Upper jot above the centre of the stem. * Poa polynoda, Parnell. This grass is new to the British Flora, and does not appear to have been noticed by continental authers. GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. S86 Second sheath not reaching to the first jomt. Outer palea five-rib- ed. Glumes acute, three-ribbed. (Plate XX XIX.) Description.—It grows from twelve to eighteen inches high. The root is perennial, creeping. Stem ascending, procumbent at the base, compressed, scarcely smooth, bearing six or seven leaves, with short smooth striated sheaths ; the upper sheath about equal in length to its leaf, situated far up the stem, crowned witha short, obtuse ligule (Fig 5); second sheath not reaching to the first joint. Joints six ov seven, smooth; the uppermost joint near the panicle. Leaves mostly all on the stem, short, flat, acute, roughish on the edges and inner surface, smooth behind. Inflorescence panicled, erect, of an ovate-lanceolate form, with short rough branches, arranged on the rachis mostly in » pairs. Spikelets small, ovate, of four or five awnless florets; the sum- mit of the lowermost floret not extending beyond the large glume of the calyx. Calyx of two acute nearly equal glumes (Fig. 1), three- ribbed, the dorsal rib minutely toothed on the upper half. Florets not webbed ; of two pale (Fig. 2); the outer palea of lowermost floret Jive-ribbed (Fig. 4); the lower half of the dorsal and marginal ribs but slightly hairy ; the intermediate ribs naked and rather indistinct. Inner palea rather shorter than the outer palea, with two green marginal ribs delicately fringed. The whole plant is somewhat glaucous. Obs.—Poa polynoda differs from Poa cesia, in the stem bearing six or more joints ; the upper joint near the panicle ; second sheath not reaching to the first joint, and the summit of the lowermost floret not extending beyond the large glume of the calyx ;—whereas in P. cesia the stem bears but two joints; the uppermost joint'situated near the base, leaving two-thirds of the stem naked ; second sheath cover- ing the first joint, and the summit of the lower floret projecting be- yond the large glume of the calyx. (See Plate XL.) From montana, in panicle being short and rigid ; upper joint of the stem near the panicle ; swmmit of the lower floret extending beyond the large glume of the calyx ;—whereas in P. montana the panicle is long and slender; upper joint situated about the centre of the stem; summit of the lower floret not projecting beyond the calyx. (See Plate XX XTX.) From Poa compressa, in the florets not being webbed, and the outer palea five-ribbed ;—whereas in P. compressa the lower florets are dis- 86 GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. tinctly webbed, suspending the calyx, and the outer palea three-ribbed. (See Plate XXX VIL.) From Poa nemoralis, in the florets not being webbed, and the pa- nicle short and rigid ;—whereas in P. nemoralis the lower florets are distinctly webbed, suspending the calyx, and the panicle is long and slender. (See Plate XXXVI.) From Poa pratensis, in the florets not being webbed, and the upper sheath about equal in length to its leaf;—whereas in P. pratensis the lower florets are copiously webbed, and the upper sheath much longer than its leaf. (See Plate XX XI.) It would be unprofitable to apply this grass to any agricultural purpose, as no description of cattle seems to eat it, the leaves being always found entire, while the surrounding foliage of other grasses are cropped close to the ground. This probably is owing to the large quantity of silicious matter contained in the sheaths and stems, which is considerably more than that usually found in other grasses, ren- dering the herbage hard and disagreeable to the mouths of cattle. When dry, it might form a substitute for fine sand-paper, and prove valuable to turners for polishing wood. The minute granular sur- face can be very perceptibly though disagreeably felt by drawing the stem through the teeth. It commences to flower in the last week of June, and ripens its seed about the third week of July. The only localities as yet known for this grass are near Edinburgh, where it is occasionally found growing in small patches on rather dry stony soil. Specimens are under cultivation im the Botanic Garden of Edin- burgh. | 58. PoA MONTANA.* Mountain Meadow-Grass. Specific Characters.—Florets not webbed. Upper sheath not longer than its leaf. Second sheath extending beyond the first joint. Upper joint about the centre of the stem. Outer palea five-ribbed. Glumes acute, three-ribbed. (Plate XX XIX.) Deseriplion.—lt grows from twelve to eighteen inches high. The * Poa nemoralis montana, Koch. GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. 87 root is perennial, extensively creeping, throwing out stems from the lower joints. Stem erect, procumbent at the base, compressed, slight- ly roughish, bearing four or five leaves with somewhat roughish sheaths; the upper sheath rather shorter than its leaf, crowned with a conspicuous obtuse ligule (Fig. 5); second sheath extending beyond the Jirst joint. Joints four, smooth, the upper joint about half-way up the stem. Leaves mostly all on the stem, flat, linear-lanceolate, taper- pointed, roughish on the edges and both surfaces, but more so on the inner surface ; the lower leaves mostly withered. Inflorescence ra- cemed or panicled. Panicle erect, close, slender ; the branches rough, long, and slender, the lower ones single or in pairs. Spchelets few, erect, Janceolate-ovate, of two or three awnless florets; the sum- mit of the lowermost floret not projecting beyond the large glume of the calyx. Calyx of two unequal acute glumes (Fig. 1), three-rib- bed, dorsal rib minutely toothed on the upper part. Florets not web- bed; of two palee (Fig. 2); the outer palea of lowermost floret five- ribbed (Fig. 4); the lower half of the dorsal and marginal ribs hairy, the intermediate ribs not hairy and rather indistinct. Inner palea about one-fourth shorter than the outer palea, membranous, with two green marginal ribs minutely fringed. The whole plant glau- cous. Obs.—Poa montana is closely allied to Poa polynoda, but differs from it in the panicle being long and slender. The dorsal rib of outer palea much more hairy, and the second sheath extending beyond the first jot ;—whereas in P. polynoda the panicle is short and contract- ed ; the dorsal rib of outer palea but slightly hairy, and the second sheath not extending to the first joint. (See Plate XX XIX.) From Poa cesia, (independent of the form of the panicle), in the upper joint being situated about the centre of the stem; the root ex- tensively creeping, and the summit of the lower floret not protruding beyond the large glume ;—whereas in P. cesta the upper joint is very near the base ; the root is fibrous and not creeping, and the summit of the lower floret protrudes beyond the calyx. (See Plate XL.) From Poa nemoralis, in the florets not being webbed; the Ligules very conspicuous ; the second sheath extending beyond the first joint ; —whereas in P. nemoralis the lower florets are distinctly webbed, sus- 83 GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. pending the calyx; the Ugules scarcely perceptible, and the second sheath not reaching to the first joint. (See Plate XX XVI.) This grass proves to be an addition to the British Flora; first dis- covered by Dr Greville, who gathered several dozen specimensin 1835, on Ben-Lawers, Perthshire, at an elevation of about 3600 feet above the sea. As this is such a well-marked species, there is no difficulty in dis- tinguishing it from the other Poas, and seems undoubtedly to be the Poa nemoralis montana of Koch, who describes it in his Synopsis Floree Germaniz et Helvetica, in the following words: * Culmi graciles, © pancula rara, spiculis magnis 3-5 floris parce obsita ; rami paniculee 1-3 spiculas gerentes, spicule tenuiter et longe pedicellate. Varietas insignis.” Flowers in J uly. Its agricultural merits are not known. 59. Poa ca@sta.* Glaucous Meadow-Grass. Specific Character.—F lorets not webbed. Uppermost joint near the base of the stem. Branches of the paniclerough. Glumes near- ly equal, acute, the inner glume three-ribbed. Outer palea five- ribbed. (Plate XL.) Description.—It grows from six to twelve inches high. The root is perennial, fibrous, woolly. Stem erect, flattish, slightly roughish towards the upper part, bearing two or three leaves with short smooth striated sheaths; upper sheath about equal in length to its leaf, re- mote from the panicle, leaving two-thirds of the stem naked ; crowned with a distinct obtuse ligule, (Fig. 5); second sheath extending beyond the first joint. Joints two, very remote from the panicle. Leaves short, flat, acute, roughish on the inner surface and margins, smooth behind. Inflorescence panicled. Panicle erect, rather small, the branches rough, the lower ones in pairs. Spikelets ovate, of three or four awn- less florets; the summit of the lower floret extending beyond the large glume of the calyx. Calyx of two broad acute nearly equal glumes, (Fig. 1), three-ribbed, the middle rib minutely toothed on the upper part. Florets not webbed ; of two palee (Fig. 2); the outer * Poa cesia, Koch. Poa glauca, Smith. 3 GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. 89 palea of lowermost floret jive-ribbed (Fig. 4); the lower half of the dorsal as well as the marginal ribs hairy; the intermediate ribs naked and rather indistinct. Inner palea nearly as long as the outer palea, with two green marginal ribs minutely fringed. The whole plant is more or less glaucous. Obs.—Poa cesia somewhat resembles Poa alpina, but differs from it in the upper sheath being about equal in length to itsleaf. Lzgule obtuse, and the outer palea five-ribbed ;—whereas in P. alpina the upper sheath is much longer than its leaf. Ligule long and pointed, and the outer palea three-ribbed. (See Plate XXX VIL.) From Poa polynoda, in the stem bearing but two joints; upper- most joint situated near the root, leaving two-thirds of the stem nak- ed; second sheath covering the first joint, and the lowermost floret projecting beyond the large glume of the calyx ;—whereas in P. poly- noda the stem has six or more joints ; upper joint near the panicle; the second sheath not reaching to the first joint; and the summit of lower- most floret not projecting beyond the calyx. (See Plate XX XIX.) From Poa laxa, in the upper sheath being about equal in length to its leaf; ligule obtuse ; and the outer palea five-ribbed ;—whereas in P. laxa the upper sheath is much longer than its leaf; ligule long and pointed ; and the outer palea three-ribbed. (See Plate XXX VIIL) From Poa montana, in the uppermost joint being situated near the base of the stem ; root fibrous, and the summit of the lower floret pro- jecting beyond the large glume of the calyx ;—whereas in P. montana the upper joint is situated about the centre of the stem; the root is extensively creeping ; and the summit of the lower floret does not pro- ject beyond the calyx. (See Plate XX XIX.) Among the Poas which are webbed, Poa cesia is distinguished from Poa nemoralis, in the florets not being webbed ; upper joint being near the base of the stem; and the second sheath extending beyond the first jomt ;—whereas in P. nemoralis the lowermost florets are dis- tinctly webbed, suspending the calyx; uppermost joint placed about the centre of the stem; and the second sheath does not extend to the first jomt. (See Plate XXXVI.) From Poa compressa, in the florets not being webbed, and the outer palea five-ribbed ;—whereas in P. compressa the lower florets are 90 GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. distinctly webbed, suspending the calyx, and the outer palea three- ribbed. (See Plate XX XVII.) _ From Poa pratensis, in the florets not being webbed, and the upper sheath about equal in length to its leaf ;—whereas in P. pratensis the lower florets are distinctly webbed, suspending the calyx ; and the up- per sheath much longer than its leaf. (See Plate XX XI.) This isa rare grass, found on Ben-Lawers and the Clova mountains ; is also a native of Switzerland and the Arctic regions. It possesses no particular merits worthy the notice of agriculturists. Flowers in the third week of June, and ripens its seed about the end of July. 60. Poa ANNUA.”* Annual Meadow- Grass. Specific Characters.—F lorets not webbed. Outer palea five-ribbed. Leaves smooth on both surfaces. Rachis and branches smooth. (Plate XL.) : Description.—It grows from five to fifteen inches high. The root is perennial, somewhat creeping, throwing out fibres at the lower joints. Stem ascending, often procumbent at the base, flattish, smooth, bearing four or five leaves, with smooth com- pressed sheaths ; the upper sheath longer than its leaf, crowned with a thin membranous somewhat acute ligule. Joints about four, smooth. Leaves of a light-green, sword-shape, flat and flaccid, fre- quently crumpled at the margins, smooth on both surfaces, rough at the edges. Inflorescence compound panicled. Panicle erect, in its outline of a triangular form, spreading, the branches smooth, mostly in pairs, inclining to one side, leaving the smooth rachis visible its whole length behind. Spzkelets ovate-oblong, usually of five to eight awnless florets, frequently variegated with green, white, and purple; the summit of the lowermost floret extending beyond the large glume of the calyx. Calyx of two unequal acute glumes (Fig. 1), three- ribbed, the dorsal rib minutely toothed on the upper part. Fiorets not webbed, of two pales, (Fig. 2); the outer palea of lowermost floret * Poa annua, Linn, Smith, Hooker, Greville, Koch. GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. 91 Jive-ribbed, all the ribs smooth, without hairs, except the lower half of the dorsal rib, which is furnished with a few delicate silky hairs (Fig. 4). Inner palea rather shorter than the outer palea, membra- nous, with two green marginal ribs delicately fringed. £t/aments three, capillary. -Anthers short, pendulous, notched at each end. Styles two, distinct, short, naked. Stigmas prominent, feathery. Ovarium ovate, glossy, somewhat wrinkled. Scales membranous, broad, acute. (Fig. 5.) Obs.—This grass in its external aspect is very similar to some va- rieties of Poa pratensis, but is readily distinguished in the florets not being webbed, and the outer palea with no hairs on the lateral ribs ; —whereas in P. pratensis the lower florets are distinctly webbed, and the marginal ribs of the outer palea are furnished with hairs. (See Plate XX XI.) From Poa laxa and Poa alpina in the branches of the panicle being smooth, and the outer palea distinctly five-ribbed ;—whereas in P. laxa and P. alpina the branches are rough, and the outer palea only three-ribbed. (See Plates XXX VII. and XX XVIII.) serica, a common variety, with plain short leaves. Li- gule prominent, very thin and obtuse. Spikelets usually of three florets. The two lateral ribs on each side of the outer palea covered with white silky pubescence ; in other respects the same as P.annua. Fre- quent on moist marshy soil. (Plate XLI.) : Poa annua, one of the commonest of all our grasses, flowering throughout the whole summer, growing on any kind of soil, in every si- tuation from the low wet meadow to the dry mountain top, at an eleva- tion of between 3000 and 4000 feet above the sea. It produces an early herbage, which cattle are fond of, especially cows, but its being an annual, and often destroyed by a continuance of dry weather, ren- der it unprofitable to the farmer for cultivation. It is a common grass throughout Britain, also a native of Lapland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, France, Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, Italy, North Africa, North and South America, and North Asia. 92 GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. 61. Poa DISTANS.* Reflered Meadow-Grass. Specific Characters.—F lorets not webbed. Rachis and branches rough. Spikelets linear. Glumes three-ribbed. Outer palea ob- tuse, five-ribbed. Upper sheath longer than its leaf. (Plate XLI.) Description.—It grows from twelve to eighteen inches high. The root is perennial, fibrous. Stem erect, round, smooth, frequently de- cumbent at the base ; bearing four leaves with smooth striated sheaths ; the upper sheath longer than its leaf, crowned with an obtuse ligule ; second sheath most frequently reaching beyond the first jomt. Joznts three, smooth. Leaves mostly flat, acute, very seldom folded, rough- ish on the inner surface, smooth behind. Inflorescence compound pa- nicled. Panicle erect, with slender rough branches arranged on the rachis, at certain distances, in pairs, threes, or fives: the lower bran- ches ultimately becoming rigidly bent downwards, assuming a very striking appearance. In the early stage of growth the branches are erect and close. Spikelets linear (Fig. 3); when young, somewhat elliptical, usually of five obtuse florets; the summit of the lowermost floret extending considerably beyond the larger glume of the calyx. Calyx of two unequal membranous obtuse glumes, (Fig. 1,) three- ribbed ; the outer glume rather more than half the length of the inner one. Florets not webbed; of two palee, (Fig. 2); the outer palea of lower- most floret jive-ribbed, the middle rib not extending to the summit, (Fig. 4); smooth and slightly hairy at the base; lateral ribs naked. Inner palea about equal in length to the outer palea, with two mar- ginal ribs delicately fringed. Obs.— Poa distans 1s closely allied to Poa maritima, but differs from it in the spikelets being smaller, and the rachis and branches rough to the touch ;—whereas in P. maritima the rachis and bran- ches are quite smooth to the touch. (See Plate XLII.) From Poa procumbens, in the branches of the panicle spreading, the lower ones ultimately becoming deflexed and scarcely unilateral. The ribs of the glumes not prominent, and the dorsal rib of the outer * Poa distans, Linn., Hooker. Glyceria distams, Smith, Koch. Festuca distans, Kunth. Poa retroflexa, Curtis. GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. 93 palea not reaching to the summit ;—whereas in P. procumbens the pa- nicle is more-or less close; the branches never deflexed ; unilate- ral, leaving the rachis behind perfectly bare. The vids of the glumes very prominent, and the dorsal rib of the outer palea extending slightly beyond the summit. (See Plate XLII.) From Poa trivialis,in the sheaths beg smooth to the touch ; ligule obtuse ; sprkelets linear ; florets not webbed ;—whereas in P. trivialis the sheaths are roughish tothe touch ; digule long and point- ed ; spikelets ovate ; florets distinctly webbed. (See Plate XXXYV. Figs. 1 and 2.) From Poa pratensis, in the spikelets beg linear ; florets not webbed ; glumes obtuse and smooth on the keels ;—whereas in P. pratensis the spikelets are ovate; florets copiously webbed ; glumes acute and minutely toothed on the upper part of the keels. From Poa annua, in the inner surface of the leaves and the bran- ches of the panicle being very rough to the touch ;—whereas in P. an- nua the inner surface of the leaves and the branches of the panicle are perfectly smooth to the touch. Poa distans is said to rank among the most inferior of the British grasses for agricultural purposes, and is therefore not to be recom- mended. Itis a rare grass in Scotland, found in Forfar and North Queensferry ; but in England it is more frequently met with in the counties of Northumberland, Durham, York, Notts, Flints, Den- bigh, Worcester, Beds, Cambridge, Kent, Sussex, Somerset, and De- von ; also a native of Norway, Sweden, Prussia, Germany, Switzer- land, France, and Italy. Not found in America. Flowers in the first week of July, and ripens its seed in the early part of August. 62. PoA MARITIMA. * Creeping Sea Meadow-Grass. Specific Characters.—Florets not webbed. Upper sheath longer than its leaf. Spikelets linear. Outer palea five-ribbed. Glumes * Poa maritima, Linn., Hooker, Greville. Glyceria maritima, Smith, Koch, Festuca thalassia, Kunth. G4 GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. three-ribbed. Branches and rachis smooth to the touch. Leaves rough on the inner surface. (Plate X LIL.) Description.—It grows from six to twelve inches high. The raot is perennial, creeping. Stem erect, round and smooth, decumbent at the base; bearing three or four leaves with smooth tumid sheaths; the upper sheath longer than its leaf, crowned with an obtuse decur- rent ligule; second sheath most frequently reaching beyond the first joint. Joints four, smooth. Leaves mostly folded and compressed, very seldom flat, rowghish on the inner surface, smooth behind. Jn- Slorescence mostly simple panicled, seldom compound. Panicle erect, close, spreading whilst in flower, unilateral, leaving the rachis be- hind bare; branches smooth to the touch, arranged on the rachis in pairs, threes, or fives; the lower branches never deflexed. Spzhelets Imear (Fig. 3), of six to ten florets; the summit of the lowermost floret extending considerably beyond the large glume of the calyx. Calyx of two unequal membranous glumes (Fig. 1), three-ribbed ; the outer glume rather more than half the length of the inner one. Florets not webbed, of two palee (Fig 2); the outer palea of lower- most floret terminating in an acute point ; five-ribbed (Fig 4), smooth above, and slightly hairy at the base. Inner palea about equal in Jength to the outer palea, with two green marginal ribs delicately fringed. Obs.—Poa maritima is very likely to be confounded with some va- rieties of Poa distans, especially those in which the branches are not deflexed; it is, however, distinguished by the rachis and branches be- ing smooth to the touch. The root creeping. Central rib of the outer palea extending to the very summit, giving an acute appearance to the palea. Leaves almost always fulded and scarcely ever flat ;— whereas in P. distans the rachis and branches are rough ; the root fi- brous; central rib of the outer palea not extending to the summit, leaving the upper membranous part obtuse ; leaves almost always flat, and scarcely ever folded. (See Plate XLI.) From Poa procumbens, in the root being creeping ; rachis and branches smooth to the touch; /eaves narrow and almost always folded ; ribs of the glumes distinct but not prominent ; central rib of the outer palea not extending beyond the summit ;—whereas in P. procumbens the root is fibrous ; rachis and branches rough ; leaves 4 GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. O5 broad and almost invariably flat ; r2bs of the glumes very prominent, and the central rib of the palea extending slightly beyond the sum- mit. (See Plate XLII.) Poa maritima grows naturally near the sea, especially in salt marsh- es. It occurs in many places along the coasts of Scotland and Ire- land. In England it is found on the coasts of Northumberland, Durham, Anglesea, Glo’ster, Norfolk, Kent, Sussex, Somerset, and Devon; also a native of Lapland, Norway, Sweden, Germany, France, Italy, Iceland, and North America. Flowers in the first week of July, and ripens its seed early in Au- gust. 63. PoA PROCUMBENS. * Procumbent Sea Meadow-Grass. Specific Characters.—F lorets not webbed. Glume with three very prominent ribs. Outer palea five-ribbed, the middle rib extending beyond the summit. MRachis and branches rough to the touch. Up- per sheath longer than its leaf. (See Plate XLII). Description.—It grows from three to fifteen inches long. The root is annual. Stem more or less prostrate, round, smooth, and polished ; bearing three leaves with smooth striated sheaths; the upper sheath much longer than its leaf, situated near the panicle, crowned with an oblong membranous ligule; second sheath extending beyond the first joint. Joints three, smooth. Leaves flat, ribbed, rough on the inner surface, smooth behind at the base, sharp at the points. Inflorescence simple or compound panicled. Panicle mostly close, of a lanceolate form, unilateral, leaving the rachis behind perfectly bare ; the branches rough, slightly spreading while in flower, but never deflexed. Spike- lets linear (Fig. 3), generally of five florets, the summit of the lower- most floret extending considerably beyond the large glume of the ca- lyx. Calyx of two unequal membranous obtuse glumes (Fig. 1), with three prominent ribs, the large glume occasionally with a short addi- tional rib. Florets of two palee (Fig. 2); the outer palea of lower- most floret five-ribbed, slightly hairy at the base; the mzddle rib ex- * Poa procumbens, Curtis, Hooker. Glyceria procumbens, Smith. Sclerochloa procum- bens, Lindley. 96 GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. tending very slightly beyond the summit of the palea, (Fig. 4.) Inner palea rather shorter than the outer palea, with two green marginal ribs delicately fringed. Styles very short. Séigmas branched. The whole plant is more or less glaucous. Obs.—Poa procumbens differs from Poa maritima, in the root being annual and fibrous; rachis and branches rough to the touch; leaves broad and almost invariably flat; r2bs of the glumes very prominent ; and the central rib of the outer palea extending slightly beyond the summit; whereas in P. maritima the root is creeping and perennial ; rachis and branches smooth to the touch; leaves narrow and almost always folded ; r2bs of the glumes distinct but not prominent; and the central rib of the outer palea not extending beyond the summit. (Plate XLII.) From Poa distans, in the panicle being close ; branches unilateral, leaving the rachis behind perfectly bare; never deflexed; ribs of the glumes very prominent, and the dorsal rib of the outer palea ex- tending slightly beyond the summit ;—whereas in P. distans the panicle is spreading, the lower branches ultimately becoming deflexed ; ribs of the glumes distinct but not prominent; and the dorsal rib of the outer palea not reaching to the summit. (Plate XLI.) From Poa rigida and Poa loliacea, in the glumes beg obtuse and having distinct lateral ribs ;—whereas in P. rigida and P. loliacea the glumes are acute and without lateral ribs. (Plate XLIIL) Poa procumbens is found growing in waste ground near the sea. Seldom met with either in Scotland or Ireland ; more common in England, in Durham, York, Glo’ster, Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, Sus- sex, Dorset, and Devon; alsoa native of Germany and France. Not found in Lapland or America. Flowers in the second week of July, and ripens its seed in the middle of August. GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. QT 64. Poa RIGIDA. * Hard Meadow-Grass. Specific Characters.—F lorets not webbed. Summit of the upper glume on a level with the base of the third floret. Glumes without lateral ribs. (Plate X.LIIL.) Description.—It grows from three to five inches high. The root is annual, fibrous, woolly. Stem mostly erect, the lower part decum- bent, smooth, round, and finely striated, bearing four or five leaves with smooth striated sheaths; the upper sheath shorter than its leaf, crowned with a long pointed ligule. Joznts three or four, smooth. Leaves linear, narrow, taper-pointed, involute, roughish on the upper part, smooth below. Inflorescence simple panicled. Panicle erect, rigid, of a lanceolate form, with very short, roughish, rigid, unilate- ral branches, leaving the rachis behind perfectly bare. Spikelets li- near, compressed, usually of seven florets (Fig. 3), the summit of the lower floret extending but slightly beyond the large glume of the ca- lyx. Calyx of two acute unequal glumes (Fig. 1), without lateral ribs, Florets of two palee (Fig. 2); the outer palea of lowermost floret Jive-ribbed ; the marginal ribs broad, with a white line down the cen- tre; the intermediate ribs scarcely perceptible ; the dorsal rib tooth- ed on the upper part, and protruding slightly beyond the summit of the palea (Fig, 4). Inner palea rather shorter than the outer, with two green marginal ribs but slightly fringed on the upper part. Obs.—Poa rigida, on account of its small size and rigid appear- ance, can only be mistaken for Poa loliacea, and on some occasions these two species so very much resemble each other, that they can scarcely be distinguished by any constant character. The only cha- racter that I have been able to discover by which they can at ail times be distinguished from one another is derived from the spikelet, that is, in Poa rigida the summit of the upper glume is on a level with the base of the third floret ;—whereas in Poa loliacea it is on a level with the base of the fourth floret. This character, however trivial it may appear, will be found constant. : * Poa rigida, Linn., Hooker, Greville. Glyceria rigida, Smith. Selerochloa rigeda, Link., Lindley. Festuca rigida, Kunth., Koch. 98. GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. Poa rigida being so diminutive a plant, it would be unprofita- ble to apply it to any agricultural purpose. Hares and rabbits, it is said, are fond of the leaves. It grows on walls, rocks, and dry barren soils. Frequent on the coast of Fife, and in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh, especially on Arthur’s Seat and Salisbury Craigs. Not uncommon in England and Ireland; also a native of Germany, France, Switzerland, Italy, and North Africa. Not found in America, or further north than altitude 59°. Its limit of altitude is about 500 feet above the sea. Flowers in the second week of July, and ripens its seed in the mid- die of August. 65. PoA LOLIACEA. * Spiked Meadow-Grass. Specific Characters.—F lorets not webbed. Summit of the upper glume on a level with the base of the fourth floret. Glumes without lateral ribs. (Plate XLIII). Description.—It grows from two to five inches high. The root is annual, fibrous. Stem ascending, slightly curved, stout, smooth, and striated ; bearing three or four, leaves with smooth striated sheaths ; the upper sheath about equal in length to its leaf, crowned with an obtuse ragged ligule; the lower sheaths shorter than their leaves. Joints two or three, smooth. Leaves linear, smooth, convolute when dry. Inflorescence mostly racemed, approaching to a spike. Raceme erect or with a gentle curve. Spzkelets of an oblong-ovate, on very short and stout footstalks, arranged alternately on each side of the rough rachis, all directed to one side, nearly covering the rachis in front, and leaving it completely bare behind ; of from eight to twelve florets ; the summit of the lowermost floret scarcely extending beyond the large glume of the calyx. Calyx of two somewhat acute glumes, (Fig. 1), nearly equal, without lateral ribs ; the dorsal rib strongly marked. Florets of two palee (Fig. 2); the outer palea of lower- most floret five-ribbed ; the marginal ribs broad, with a white line down the centre ; the termediate ribs scarcely perceptible ; the dorsal rib * Poa loliacea, Huds. Koch. Triticum loliaceum, Hooker, Smith, hacewm, Lindley. Catopodium lo- GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. Q9G toothed on the upper part, and protruding slightly beyond the summit of the palea (Fig. 4). Inner palea about equal in length to the outer palea, with two green marginal ribs minutely toothed. Obs.—Poa loliacea, from its great similarity in structure and ha- bit to Poa rigida, is on some occasions with difficulty distinguished from it, particularly when the panicle of the former becomes branched, which is sometimes the case. The most constant character, although rather minute, is in the summit of the upper glume in Poa loliacea reaching to the base of the fourth floret ;—-whereas in Poa rigida it reaches only to the base of the third floret. This grass is of no agricultural utility. Grows in small tufts along the sea-coast on rocks and hard sandy soils. Frequent on the coast of Fife; occasionally met with in Ireland; more frequent in Eng- land, in the counties of Northumberland, Durham, Cumberland, Lan- cashire, York, Flints, Anglesea, Glamorgan, Cambridge, Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, Kent, Sussex, Hants, Dorset, Somerset, Devon, and Cornwall ; also a native of France, Germany, Portugal, Spain, and Italy. Not found in America, or further north than latitude 59°. Flowers in the second week of July, and ripens its seed in the mid- dle of August. 66. Poa SYLVATICA.* Wood Reed Meadow- Grass. Specific Characters.—F lorets not webbed. Outer palea three-rib- bed, rough; the dorsal rib serrated its whole length. (Plate XLIV.) Description.—It grows from two to three feet high. The root is perennial, creeping, tufted. Stem round, erect, and slender, slight- ly roughish to the touch, bearing three or four leaves, with rough striated sheaths; the upper sheath longer than its leaf, crowned with a prominent obtuse membranous ligule ; lower sheaths shorter than their leaves ; the radical extremity of the stem imbricated with large, broad, acute scales, of a brownish colour, more or less polished, (Fig. 6.) Joints four, smooth; the two uppermost naked. Leaves * Poa sylvatica, Pollich. Festuca calamaria, Smith, Hooker. Schedonorus sylvaticus Lindley, 100 GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. broad, acute, flat, polished, of a light-green, ribbed, and roughish on both surfaces; the upper leaf smaller than those below. In- florescence compound panicled. Panicle slightly drooping on the upper part, leanig mostly to one side, spreading while in flower ; the branches slender, roughish upwards; arising from the rachis in pairs. Spikelets numerous, small in comparison with the size of the plant; of three awnless florets; becoming very deciduous when in seed. Calyx of two unequal, narrow, acute, membra- nous glumes (Fig. 1,) without lateral ribs; a little apart at the base, and never overlapping. Florets of two palez (Fig. 2), the outer | palea of lowermost fioret rough, acute, three-ribbed, the dorsal rib ser- rated the whole length, the lowermost serrations the most prominent. Inner palea roughish, about equalin length to the outer palea, mem- branous, and minutely fringed at the margins. Pedicle of the second floret rough. Obs.—Poa sylvatica is distinguished from the genus Festuca (in which genus it is placed in Hooker’s British Flora,) in the radical leaves being much broader than the upper leaf of the stem ; ligule prominent ; outer palea acute but membranous at the summit ;— whereas in Festuca the radical leaves are never broader than those of the stem, and almost always much narrower; ligule exceedingly short ; outer palea more or less awned at the summit. It is distinguished from Bucetum pratense in the ligule being pro- minent; leaves roughish on both surfaces; spzhelets of only three florets; dorsal rib of outer palea rough its whole length ;—whereas in B. pratense the ligule is exceedingly short; leaves perfectly smooth on the under surface ; spikelets of not less than five florets; dorsal rib of outer palea perfectly smooth its whole length. (Plate XLVI.) From Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis, and Poa nemoralis, in the glumes being narrow, without lateral ribs; base of florets perfectly free of hairs; outer palea only three-ribbed—imstead of the glumes being rather broad and three-ribbed ; florets distinctly webbed ; outer palea five -ribbed. Poa sylvatica, from its broad tender leaves, which are produced in great abundance, and being much sought after by cows and horses, render this grass worthy of agricultural attention. It grows indamp GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. 101 shady woods of rich soils, and is of rather rare occurrence. Found in Kinross, Dumbarton, Perth, and Roslin wood ; occasionally in Ireland. In England, in the counties of Westmoreland, W orcester, and Sussex; also a native of France and Germany. Not found in America. Its limit of altitude is about 700 feet above the sea. Flowers in the second week of July. 67. PoA AQUATICA.* Reed Meadow-Grass. Specific Characters.—F lorets not webbed. Spikelets ovate. Outer palea seven-ribbed. (Plate XLIV.) Description.—It grows from three to six feet high. The root is pe- rennial, creeping. Stem erect, stout, smooth, striated, a little com- pressed ; bearing seven or eight leaves with slightly roughish sheaths ; the upper sheath longer than its leaf, crowned witha short obtuse ligule. Joints about seven, smooth. Leaves long, broad, and flat, terminating in a rough point; the inner surface smooth; the margins rough; the central rib on the under surface, which is also rough, extends down the sheath. Inflorescence compound panicled. Panicle erect, large ; the branches rough, arranged alternately on the rachis in half whorls. Spikelets numerous, of four to eight florets, erect, of a brownish tinge ; the upper ones large and ovate, the lower ones smaller and more linear. Calyx of two unequal membranous obtuse glumes (Fig. 1,) without lateral ribs. Florets not webbed, of two awnless pa- lee (Fig. 2); the outer palea of lowermost floret seven-ribbed, the dor- sal rib extending to the very summit, minutely toothed the whole length ; the lateral ribs more or less rough, but without hairs. Inner palea rather shorter than the outer, bifid, furnished with two green mar- ginal ribs minutely fringed on the upper half. Stigmas compound, feathery. Styles a little distant, longer than the stigmas. Poa aquatica, from its large size and broad leaves, cannot be mis- taken for any of the other Poas ; and if we pay attention to the form of the awnless spikelets, I cannot see with what Scottish grass it can be confounded. * Poa aquatica, Linn. Hooker, Greville. Glyceria aquatica, Smith. Hydrochloa aqua- tica, Lindley. 102 GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. It differs from Catabrosa aquatica, with which it has occasionally been confounded, in the branches of the panicle being rough to the touch ; spikelets of four to eight florets ;—whereas in C. aquatica the branches are perfectly smooth, and the spikelets never contain more than two florets, independent of many other characters. Mr Sinclair informs us that this grass contains more nutritive matter at the time of flowering than at the time the seed is ripe, in the proportion of 19 to 17; and that it contains a greater proportion of sugar than exists in any of the superior pasture grasses. It grows naturally in wet places on the banks of rivers, streams, and margins of ponds, and is recommended for cultivation in those low flat situa- tions which do not admit of being sufficiently drained. On the banks and little islands of the Thames, where this grass is generally mown twice in the year for hay, it affords abundant crops of valuable winter fodder, which cows and horses are fond of. Poa aquatica is found in Dumbarton, Perth, Forfar, and near Edinburgh ; occasionally in Ireland. In England, in the counties of Northumberland, Durham, York, Notts, Cheshire, Worcester, Glo’ster, ,Warwick, Leicester, Oxon, Beds, Cambridge, Norfolk, Suffolk, Middlesex, Surrey, Kent, Sussex, Somerset, and Devon ; also a native of Norway, Sweden, Germany, France, Italy, Russia, and North America. Flowers in the second week of July, and ripens its seed in the mid- dle of August. 68. Poa FLUITANS.* Floating Meadow- Grass. Specific Characters.—F lorets not webbed. Spikelets long and li- near. Outer palea seven-ribbed. (Plate XLV.) Description.—lt grows from fifteen inches to two feet high. The root is perennial, creeping. Stem erect, round, and smooth, the lower part decumbent; bearing six or seven leaves with roughish, finely striated sheaths ; the upper sheath longer than its leaf, crowned with * Poa fluitans, Hooker, Greville. Glyceria fautams, Smith, Lindley. Festuca flantans, Linn. GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. 103 a long ragged pointed ligule ; the second sheath extending beyond the first joint. Joints about seven, smooth. Leaves rather long and linear, roughish on both surfaces, the lower ones flat, the upper ones generally folded, compressed, the central rib on the back extending down the sheath. Inflorescence mostly simple panicled. Panicle near- ly erect, long and slender, with slender roughish branches arranged alternately on the rachis mostly in pairs of unequal lengths, for the most part erect, but while flowering strongly divaricated for a time. Spikelets few, long and linear, (Fig. 3), variegated with green and white, of six to fourteen florets; the summit of the lower floret ex- tending considerably beyond the large glume of the calyx. Calyz of two very unequal, obtuse, membranous glumes (Fig. 1) without lute- ral ribs. Florets not webbed, of two palee (Fig. 2), the outer palea of lowermost floret seven-ribbed ; the dorsal rib scarcely extending to the summit, minutely toothed the whole length ; the lateral ribs more or less rough, but without hairs. Inner palea rather shorter than the outer, bifid, furnished with two green marginal ribs minutely fringed on the upper half. Obs.—Poa fluitans, from the general appearance of the slender panicle and long linear spikelets, can scarcely be confounded with any of the other Poas. The only grass that it can well be mistaken for is Bucetum loliaceum, but is readily distinguished from it, in the outer palea having seven ribs, and the dorsal rib minutely toothed the whole length;— whereas in B, loliaceum the outer palea has but five ribs and the dorsal rib perfectly smooth ; independent of many other characters. ee This grass grows naturally in wet or muddy places, in ditches, ponds, and margins of rivulets, and will bear cultivation on mode- rately dry grounds as a permanent pasture grass, and yield a consi- derable produce. Cattle will eat it, but there are many grasses they like better. In several parts of Germany, this grass is cultivated for the seeds, which form the manna-croup of the shops, and are consi- dered a delicacy in soups and gruels. Birds and trout, it is said, are fond of the seeds, which, when ground into meal, make bread very little inferior to that made from wheat. 164 GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. Poa fluitans is common throughout Scotland, England, and fre- land ; also a native of Norway, Sweden, Germany, Switzerland, France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, North Africa, New Holland, and North America. Flowers in the third week of June, and ripens its seed about the end of July or beginning of August. 69. Bucetum loliaceum. * Slender Fescue-Grass. Specific Character.—Infloresence racemed. (Plate XLV.) Description.—It grows from one to two feet high. The root is per- ennial, fibrous. Stem erect, smooth, round and striated, bearing four or five leaves with smooth striated sheaths; upper sheath much longer than its leaf; crowned with a very short, slightly; decurrent ligule, embracing the stem more on the one side_than on the other. Joints three or four, smooth; the first and second rather, remote. Leaves lanceolate, flat, acute, upper leaf smaller than those below, scabrous at the point, rough on the inner surface, and smooth at the back. Inflorescence racemed, having a spiked appearance. Raceme about one-third the length of the stem; the rachis flattish, and more or less scabrous, leaning slightly to one side. Spikelets of an acute oval form, arranged in two opposite rows along the rachis, on short footstalks ; sometimes two spikelets arise from the same base. Calyx of two unequal smooth glumes (Fig. 1), containing from six to ten awnles florets; the upper glume three-ribbed; the lower one without lateral ribs. Florcts of two paleze (Fig. 2), the outer palea of lower- most floret nearly twice the length of the calyx, five-ribbed, the later- al ribs more conspicuous on the upper part, the dorsal rib not extend- ing quite to the summit. Inner palea linear, pointed, membranous, furnished with two green marginal ribs, minutely fringed. Obs.—This grass is distinguished from Lokum perenne, (which it somewhat resembles in its general appearance), in having two glumes, and the spikelets more or less pedunculated ;—whereas in L. perenne the spikelets are perfectly sessile, and the calyx composed of but one glume. (See Plate LXV.) * Bucetum loliacewm, Parnell. Festuca loliacea, Smith, Hooker, Greville, Koch. GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. 105 From Poa jiuitans, in the upper glume having three ribs; outer palea five-ribbed, with the dorsal rib perfectly smooth ;—whereas in P. fluitans the upper glume has but one rib; outer palea seven- ribbed, with the dorsal rib minutely toothed its whole length. From Bucetum pratense in’ the inflorescence being racemed ;— whereas in B. pratense the inflorescence is simple panicled. (Plate XLVI) From genus Festuca (where this grass was formerly placed), in the leaves of the root being broader than those of the stem ; florets not awned ; outer palea membranous at the summit ;—whereas in Festuca the leaves of the root are generally narrower than those of the stem ; florets awned from the extreme summit. Bucetum loliaceum grows naturally in moist, rich meadows, and forms a good permanent pasture grass, superior to rye-grass (Lolium perenne); but as it produces but a small quantity of seed, and that generally imperfect, the cultivation of this grass by seed is im- practicable. It may be propagated by transplanting the roots, but this would incur greater labour and expense than the merits of the grass warrant. It is a frequent grass in Scotland, England, and Ireland; also a native of Germany, France, and Italy. Not found in America. Flowers in the second week of July; the seeds seldom attain to perfection. 70. BucETUM PRATENSE. * Meadow Fescue-Grass. Specific Character—Panicle simple. (Plate XLVI.) Description.—lt grows from fifteen inches to two feet high. The root is perennial, fibrous. Stem erect, round, smooth and striated ; bearing four or five leaves, with smooth striated sheaths; the upper sheath much longer than its leaf, crowned with a very short obtuse ligule, decurrent on one side. Joznts four, smooth, the first and se- cond very remote. Leaves lanceolate, acute, flat, scabrous at the points, * Bucetum pratense, Parnell. Festuca pratensis, Koch, Smith, Hooker, Greville. Schedonorus pratensis, Lindley. 106 GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. roughish on the inner surface, smooth behind. Inflorescence simple panicled ; the first four or five uppermost spikelets arising immediate- ly from the rachis ; the lowermost from the lateral branches. Panicéle leaning slightly to one side; rachis roughish, with branches arising alternately on each side. Spikelets of an ovate-lanceolate form, of five or six florets. Calyx of two acute unequal smooth glumes (Fig. 1), three-ribbed, the lateral ribs of the smaller glume rather in- distinct. Florets of two palea (Fig. 2), the outer palea of lowermost floret rather longer than the calyx; five-ribbed ; membranous and often bifid at the summit; sometimes furnished with a very short rough awn, arising immediately behind the membranous extremity. Inner palea about equal in length to the outer palea, membranous, acute, often bifid, with two green marginal ribs minutely fringed. Obs.—This and the two following species I have deemed advisable to place in a new genus, since they differ widely in their characters from the genus in which they were formerly placed ( Festuca.) They are now, however, distinguished from the genus Festuca, in the radi- cal leaves being broader than those of the stem ; awn (when present) arising from behind the summit of the outer palea ;—whereas in Fes- tuca the radical leaves are generally narrower than those of the stem, and the awn always arises from the extreme summit of the outer palea, (See Fig. 2.) Bucetum pratense is very probably only a variety of Bucetum ela- tior, as the only difference between them is, that the panicle of the former is simple while that of the latter is compouud. Bucetum loli- acea appears also gradually to pass into Bucetum pratense. The cultivation of this grass deserves the attention of farmers, as it will thrive well on most soils, and is much liked by all descriptions of cattle. Mr Sinclair states that “ the meadow fescue constitutes a very considerable portion of the herbage of all rich natural pastures and irrigated meadows; it makes excellent hay, and though a large plant, the leaves of the herbage are succulent and tender, and appa- rently much liked by cattle, as they never form rank tufts, which is the case with the larger grasses. It does not appear to arrive at its full productive powers from seed so soon as either the cock’s-foot or fox-tail grass ; and, though econ for permanent pasture, is not by GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. 107 itself very well adapted for alternate husbandry, but should be com- bined with cock’s-foot, rye-grass, and rough-stalked meadow-grass. It is of greater value at the time of flowering than at the time the seeds are ripe, as three toone. In the deep alluvial soils in Lincoln- shire, this grass is not so prevalent as in the clay districts. In the vale of Aylesbury it constitutes a considerable portion of the most valuable and fattening pastures of that rich grazing district.” It is a frequent grass in Scotland, England, and Ireland; also a native of Lapland, Norway, Sweden, Germany, France, Switzerland, Italy, Russia, and the United States. Its limit of altitude is about 500 feet above the sea. Flowers in the last week of June, and ripens its seed about the _ beginning of August. 71. BucETUM ELATIUs * Tall Fescue-Grass. Specific Characters—Awn short. Panicle compound. (Plate XLVL) Description.—It grows from three to five feet high. The root is perennial, fibrous, somewhat creeping, forming large tufts. Stem round, erect, smooth and striated ; bearing five or six leaves with striated and mostly smooth sheaths ; the upper sheath longer than its leaf, crowned with a short ligule embracing the stem more on one side than on the other. Joints five, smooth, darkish; the first and second rather remote. Leaves flattish, linear, acute; the upper leaf smaller than those below; scabrous towards the point; rough on the inner surface, smooth on the lower half of the back. Inflorescence compound panicled ; the first four or five spikelets arising immediately from the rachis on short footstalks; the lower ones on simple and compound branches. Panicle large, spreading, inclining to one side ; the rachis and branchesrough. Spzkelets of an ovate-lanceolate form, of five or six sliyhtly awned florets. Calyx of two unequal acute glumes (Fig. 1), the inner one the larger, three-ribbed, roughish on the upper part of the central rib; the outer glume without lateral * Bucetum elatirws Parnell, Festuca elatior, Linn, Smith, Hooker, Greville. Schedo- norus elatior, Lindley. 108 GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. ribs. lorets of two palee (Fig. 2), the outer palea of lowermost floret longer than the glumes, roughish to the touch; membranous at the summit and often bifid; five-ribbed, the dorsal rib terminat- ing ina short rough awn passing behind the membranous summit. In- ner palea membranous, equal in length to the outer palea, acute, with two green marginal ribs minutely frmged. variegatum, a variety with large spikelets variegated with purple and white. The branches of the panicle short. The leaves rather broad and hairy on the inner surface. (Plate XLVIL.) Frequent along the sea shore and on banks of rivers. Obs.— Bucetum elatior is distinguished from Bucetum giganteum in the awn of the outer palea being very short, not one-sixth the length of the palea ;—whereas in B. giganteum the awn of the outer palea is very long, more than the length of the palea. (Plate XL VIL.) From Bucetum pratense, in the panicle being compound instead of simple. This is a nutritive and very productive grass, grows naturally in rich moist soils of a tenacious clayey nature by the banks of rivers, in moist shady woods, and near the sea coast. Notwithstanding its coarse appearance cattle appear fond of it, especially cows. It would form a valuable grass for those damp soils that cannot be made suf- ficiently dry for the growth of more valuable grasses. Festuca ela- tior is a frequent grass in Scotland, England, and Ireland, also ana- tive of Lapland, Norway, Sweden, Germany, France, Switzerland, Italy, and North America. Its limit of altitude is about 500 feet above the sea. Flowers in the first week of July, and ripens its seed about the middle of August. 72. BucETUM GIGANTEUM. * Tall Bearded Fescue-Grass. Specific Character.—Awn longer than the palea. (XLVIL) Description.—It grows from three to four feet high. The root is * “Bromus giganteus, Linn. Hooker. Festucas gigantea, Smith, Lindley, Koch. Buce- tum giganteum, Parnell. 3 GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. 109 perennial, fibrous, somewhat creeping. Stem erect, round, smooth and striated, bearing five or six broad leaves, with striated and most- ly smooth sheaths; the upper sheath longer than its leaf, crowned with a short, reddish brown decurrent ligule, embracing the stem more on one side than on the other. Joints five, smooth, darkish ; the first and second rather remote. Leaves lanceolate, flat, acute ; the upper one smaller than those below ; scabrous towards the points ; rough on both surfaces except at the base of the outer surface. In- Jlorescence simple or compound panicled ; the first three or four spike- lets arising immediately from the rachis on short footstalks ; the lower ones on lateral branches. Panicle large, loose, inclining to one side, with the lower branches arising in pairs from the rough rachis. Spikelets ovate-lanceolate, usually of five awned florets. Calyx of two unequal acute glumes (Fig. 1); three-ribbed, smooth and mem- branous at the margins. lorets of two palee (Fig. 2), the outer palea of lowermost floret longer than the calyx, roughish to the touch, membranous at the summit and often bifid; five-ribbed, the dorsal rib scabrous towards the upper part, and terminating in a long rough awn longer than the palea, passing behind the membranous summit. Inner palea equal in length to the outer palea, furnished with two green marginal ribs minutely fringed. Obs.— Bucetum giganteum is distinguished from the genus Bromus in the ligule being very short ; styles arising from the summit of the ovarium ;—whereas in Bromus the ligule is prominent and the styles arise from the side of the ovarium, (Fig. 6.) From Bucetum elatior, in the awn being longer than the palea ;— whereas in B. elatior it is not one-sixth the length of the palea. Bucetum giganteum is found in woods and damp shady places. It is said to grow equally well when cultivated in open situations. Horses and cows eat it, but give a preference to many other gras- ses. The seeds are much sought after by small birds. The leaves, although produced in great abundance, afford but little nourishment to cattle. It is a frequent grass in Scotland, England, and Ireland; also a native of Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, France, Switzer- 110 GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. land, and Russia. Not found in America. Its limit of altitude is about 500 feet above the sea. Flowers in the third week of July, and ripens its seed about the end of August. 73. BROMUS MOLLIS. * Soft Brome- Grass. Specific Characters——Large glume seven-ribbed. Glumes and florets hairy, not toothed on the central rib. (Plate XLVIII.) Description.—It grows from twelve to eighteen inches high. The root is annual, fibrous. Stem erect, round, and more or less pubescent, with the hairs pointing mostly downwards ; bearing three or four leaves with striated sheaths; upper sheath crowned with a small obtuse jagged ligule; the lower sheaths soft and hairy, with the hairs point- ing downwards. Joints four or five, slightly pubescent. Leaves flat, linear lanceolate, striated, pubescent on both surfaces, rough at the edges and points. Inflorescence racemed or simple panicled. Raceme erect, its branches rough and hairy, the lower ones arising from the rachis mostly in threes. Spzkelets erect, ovate, of a darkish green, soft to the touch, usually of ten awned florets; the swmmit of the large glume being midway between its base and the apex of the third floret (Fig. 3). Calyx of two broad hairy nearly equal glumes (Fig. 1), membranous at the margins; upper glume seven-ribbed ; dorsal rib not toothed ; lower glumes mostly five-ribbed. Florets of two palez (Fig. 2), the outer palea of lowermost floret rather longer than the glumes, hairy, soft to the touch, seven-ribbed; the dorsal rib not toothed, terminating in a rough awn, which is not quite the length of the palea; membranous at the margins, and mostly bifid at the sum- mit. Inner palea lmear-oblong, rather shorter than the outer palea, furnished with two green marginal ribs, fringed with white hairs. Awn slightly wavy, arising from a little below the bifid membran- ous summit of the outer palea. Scales of the nectary entire. Ova- * Bromus mollis, Linn., Koch, Smith, Hooker, Lindley, Greville. (See Babington’s Primitiz Flore Sarnice, p. 133 ; a valuable work, containing many useful and instruc- tive remarks.) GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. 5 hp bs | rium obtuse, hairy on the upper half. Styles distinct, arising from the side of the ovarium. Stigmas feathery. Obs.—. Bromus mollis is distinguished from Bromus racemosus in the glumes and florets being hairy, with their central ribs not toothed, —whereas in B. racemosus the glumes and florets are not hairy, but slightly roughish, and their central ribs are distinctly toothed on the upper half. From Bromus secalinus and Bromus arvensis, in the spikelets being hairy, and the summit of the large glume being half-way between its base and the summit of the third floret ;—whereas in B. secalinus and B. arvensis, the spikelets are not hairy, and the summit of the large glume is half-way between its base and the summit of the second floret of the same side. (Fig. 3.) This grass seems to prevail on poor or exhausted grass lands, and is often an unwelcome intruder in corn-fields and mowing grounds. Its beg an annual, producing a scanty supply of herbage, which is not relished by cattle, are disadvantages which are not compensated by its early growth. Small birds are fond of the seeds, which are rather large, and ripen early. It is a frequent grass in Scotland, England, and Ireland; also anative of Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, France, Switzerland, Italy, North Africa, and North America. Its limit of altitude is about 1000 feet above the sea. Flowers in the last week of May, and ripens its seed in the middle of June. 74. BRoMUS RACEMOSUS. * Smooth Brome-Grass. Specific Characters.—Large glume seven-ribbed. Panicle erect. Upper part of the central ribs of the glumes toothed. (Plate XLVIII.) _ Description.—It grows from fifteen inches to two feet high. The root is annual, fibrous. Stem erect, round, slightly pubescent, (the hairs pointing mostly upwards), bearing four or five leaves with striated * Bromus racemosus, Koch, Smith, Hooker, Lindley, Greville, i12 GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. sheaths ; the upper sheath crowned with an obtuse ragged ligule; the lowermost sheaths soft and hairy, (the hairs pointing downwards). Joints five, slightly pubescent. Leaves flat, lmear lanceolate, pubes- cent, soft to the touch, scabrous at the pots. Inflorescence racemed or simple panicled. aceme erect, its branches rough, the lower ones aris- ing from the rachis mostly in threes. Spikelets erect, ovate, somewhat polished, of a light green, usually of eight awned florets; the sum- mit of the large glume being midway between its base and the apex of the third floret, (Fig. 3). Calyx of two broad nearly equal glumes, (Fig. 1), rough to the touch, membranous at the margins, toothed on the upper half of the keel ; inner glume seven-ribbed ; outer glume, which is the smaller, three-ribbed. Florets of two palee (Fig 2); outer palea of lowermost floret rather longer than the glumes, glossy, roughish to the touch, (not hairy), seven-ribbed ; the dorsal rib mi- nutely toothed on the upper part, and terminating in a rough awn, which is not quite the length of the palea; membranous at the mar- gins, and mostly bifid at the summit. Jnner palea linear oblong, very little shorter than the outer palea, furnished with two green ribs fringed with white hairs. Awn slightly wavy, arising from a little below the bifid membranous apex of the outer palea. Obs.— Bromus racemosus is distinguished from Bromus mollis, in the calyx and florets being rough to the touch, (not hairy), and the upper third of the central ribs of both glumes and outer palea mi- nutely toothed ;—whereas in B. mollis the calyx and florets are soft, covered with a number of slender hairs, and the central ribs of the glumes and outer palea hairy but not toothed. From Bromus secalinus and Bromus arvensis, inthe summit of the large glume being half-way between its base and summit of the third floret on the same side ;—whereas in B. secalinus and B. arvensis, the summit of the large glume is half-way between its base and sum- mit of the second floret, (Fig. 3). Bromus racemosus, although of early growth, will not compensate the farmer for its cultivation, as the quantity of leaves it produces aré very few, and they soon wither, affording but little nourishment to cattle. It grows best in poor gravelly soil, and is scarcely ever found in rich pastures. It is a frequent grass in Scotland, England, and Ire- GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. 113 land ; also a native of Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, France, _ Switzerland, Italy, North Africa, and North America. Its limit of altitude seems to be about 1000 feet above the sea. Flowers in the first week of June, and ripens its seed about the end of the same month. 75. BROMUS SECALINUS.* Smooth Rye Brome-Grass. Specific Characters.—Large glume seven-ribbed. Panicle slightly drooping. Spikelets ovate, showing the rachis when in seed. (Plate XLIX.) Description. — It grows from eighteen inches to two feet high. The root is annual, fibrous. Stem erect, smooth, round, and striated, bearing four or five leaves with striated sheaths; the upper sheath crowned with an obtuse ragged membranous ligule; the lower sheaths soft and hairy, the hairs pointing downwards. Joints five, slightly hairy. Leaves flat, soft, lmear, sharp-pointed, more downy on the upper than on the under surface; the pomts and margin rough to the touch ; furnished with a few long scattered hairs mostly on the margins towards the base. Inflorescence racemed or simple panicled. Panicle mostly erect; when in seed slightly drooping; its branches rough, the lower ones arising from the rachis mostly in threes. Spikelets ovate, polished, of a yellowish-green tinge, showing the rachis when advanced in seed ; usually of seven awned florets; the summit of the large glume being midway between its base and the summit of the second floret, (Fig. 3). Calyx of two broad nearly equal acute glumes (Fig. 1), roughish to the touch, membranous at the margins, toothed on the upper half of the keel; inner glume seven-ribbed ; outer glume, which is the smaller, three-ribbed. Florets of two palee (Fig. 2), the outer palea of lowermost floret oval, rather longer than the glumes, glossy, roughish to the touch, (not hairy), seven-ribbed, the dorsal rib minutely toothed on the upper part, and terminating in a rough awn, which is about the length of the palea ; membranous at the margins and mostly bifid at the summit. Inner palea linear- oblong, very little shorter than the outer palea, furnished with two green marginal ribs fringed with white hairs. -Awzn slightly wavy, * Bromus secalinus, Smith, Hooker, Koch, Lindley, H 114 GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. arising from a little below the bifid membranous apex of the outer palea. velutinus (Plate 1884, Eng. Bot.) A variety with large ovate-oblong spikelets of ten to fifteen florets. Occasionally met with. Bromus velutinus, Hooker, Smith. Bromus multiflorus, Eng. Bot. Obs.— Bromus secalinus is readily distinguished from Bromus race- mosus and Bromus mollis, in the apex of the large glume being mid-way between its base and the swmmit of the second floret of the same side ; —whereas in B. racemosus and B. mollis it is midway between its base and the swmmit of the third floret. (See Fig. 3). This character I find constant, and can therefore be depended on at any stage of growth. From Bromus arvensis, in the spikelets having fewer florets; outer palea rounded at the summit, and much broader compared to its length; twice its width more than equals its length by one-third ;— whereas in B. arvensis the outer palea is more of a conical form, and twice its width exactly equals its length, (Fig. 4). Bromus secalinus is a troublesome weed to the farmer, especially when it takes possession in wheat and rye-fields. It is readily dis- tinguished when growing in these situations, as it overtops the sur- rounding grass, and the panicle droops as the seeds advance to ma- turity. It is an early grass, but the quantity of herbage is too limit- ed to admit of its being cultivated with advantage. The seeds, it is said, are often the cause of bitter flour. It is a frequent grass in the cultivated districts of Scotland, Kng- land, and Ireland; also a native of Norway, Sweden, Germany, France, Italy, and West Asia. Not met with in the United States. Its limit of altitude seems to be about 500 feet above the sea. Flowers in the first week of June, and ripens its seed about the end. of the same month. 76. Bromus ARVENSIS.* Laper Field Brome-Grass. Specific Characters.—Large glume seven-ribbed. Panicle droop- ing. Spikelets linear-lanceolate. (Plate X LIX.) * Bromus arvensis, Koch, Smith, Hooker, Lindley. 3 GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. 115 Description.—It grows from eighteen inches to three feet high, The root is annual, fibrous. Stem erect, round, smooth, and finely striated; bearing four or five leaves with striated sheaths ; the upper sheath crowned with an obtuse ragged ligule; the lower sheaths soft and hairy, the hairs pointing downwards. Joints five, slightly pu- bescent. Leaves flat, soft, sharp-pointed, more downy on the upper than on the under surface, the points and margins rough to the touch. Inflorescence simple panicled, occasionally racemed. Panicle at first erect, at length drooping, its branches and upper part of the rachis rough; the lower branches arising from the rachis mostly in threes. Spikelets linear-lanceolate, at length more ovate ; glossy, frequently tinged with brownish-purple; usually of ten awned florets, the apex of the large glume being midway between its base and the summit of the second floret of the same side. Calyx of two nearly equal broad acute glumes (Fig. 1), membranous at the margins, roughish to the touch, toothed on the upper half of the keels; inner glume seven-ribbed ; outer glume, which is the smallest, three-ribbed. Florets of two palee (Fig. 2), the outer palea of lowermost floret oval, rather longer than the glumes, glossy, roughish to the touch, seven-ribbed, the dorsal rib minutely toothed on the upper part, and terminating in a rough awn; membranous at the margins, and bifid at the summit. Inner palea linear-oblong ; very little shorter than the outer palea, furnished with two green marginal ribs, fringed with white hairs. Awz slightly wavy, arising from a little below the bifid membranous apex of the outer palea, and equal in length to the small glume. Scales of the nectary entire. Ovarium obtuse, hairy on the upper part. Styles distinct, arising from the side of the ovarium. Stigmas feathery. Obs.— Bromus arvensis is distinguished from Bromus secalinus, in the spikelets being longer and more linear. Outer palea not so obtuse ; twice the width of the palea exactly equals its length, (Fig. 4);— whereas in B. secalinus the outer palea is very obtuse and broad ; twice the width of the palea more than equals the length by one-third, (Fig. 4.) | From Bromus racemosus and Bromus mollis, in the apex of the large - glume being half-way between its base and the summit of the second 116 GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. floret ;—whereas in B. racemosus and B. mollis it is half-way between its base and the summit of the zhzrd floret, (Fig. 3.) Bromus arvensis frequents richer soils than the three already de- scribed species, although they are frequently all found growing near the same spot. It is also of more value, affording a considerable weight of nutritive hay, especially if cut at the time of flowering; but if left unmown till the seed is ripe, the crop becomes comparatively of no value. The principal merit of this grass is its herbage in spring, af- fording an early bite to sheep and lambs. It is a frequent grass iu the neighbourhood of Edinburgh as well as in England and Ireland ; also a native of Lapland, Norway, Sweden, Germany, France, Italy, and West Asia. Not knownin America. Its limit of altitude is about 500 feet above the sea. Flowers in the second week of June, and ripens its seed in the first week of July. 77. BROMUS STERILIS.* Barren Brome-Grass. Specific Characters.—Large glume three-ribbed. Awn longer than the palea. Outer palea seven-ribbed. Panicle drooping. (Plate L.) Description.—It grows from one to two feet high. The root an- nual, creeping. Stem round, roughish, and striated, bearing four or five leaves, with striated, roughish, slightly pubescent sheaths; the upper sheath about equal im length to its leaf; crowned with an ob- tuse ragged ligule. Jovnts five, naked. Leaves flat, linear, acute, roughish, pubescent, and furnished with a few straggling white hairs, especially on the upper surface. Inflorescence panicled, of a light-green, frequently tinged with purple. Panicle spreading, droop- ing, its branches long, slender, rough, slightly divided, the lower ones mostly in pairs, arising from the rough acutely angular rachis. Spikelets long and lanceolate, usually of eight awned florets. Calyx of two unequal acute glumes (Fig. 1), the upper one with three rough ribs, minutely toothed on the upper half; the lower glume without lateral ribs, sharply toothed on the upper half of the keel. Florets of two pales (Fig. 2); the outer palea of lowermost floret * Bromus sterilis, Linn. Hooker, Smith, Greville, Lindley, Koch. GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. LZ longer than the calyx ; membranous at the margins, bifid at the summit ; seven-ribbed, the dorsal rib terminating in a long rough awn, longer than the palea, passing behind the bifid summit. Inner palea linear, lanceolate, about one-third shorter than the outer palea, with two green marginal ribs, delicately fringed. Obs.—Some varieties of this grass, especially those found in dry exposed situations, and somewhat stunted in their growth, very much resemble Bromus diandrus in their general appearance, and which can be only satisfactorily determined by the examination of the ribs of the outer palea. In Bromus sterilis the outer palea has seven dis- tinct ribs placed at equal distances ;—whereas in Bromus diandrus the outer palea has also seven ribs, but the rib on each side of the dorsal rib is indistinctly seen, and the two marginal ribs on each side are prominent and placed close together. (See Fig. 4.) Bromus sterilis is distinguished from Bromus asper, in the outer palea not being hairy, and the awn being longer than the palea ;— whereas in B. asper the outer palea is hairy, and the awn is never the length of the palea. (Plate LL) This grass grows in shady places, on rather dry sandy soil, espe- cially under hedges and road-sides. It is applied to no agricultural use, as cattle seldom or ever eat it, owing probably to the long rough awns with which the spikelets are furnished. It is a common grass throughout Scotland, England, and Ireland; also a native of Lap- land, Norway, Sweden, Germany, France, Italy, and North Africa. Not found in America. Its limit of altitude seems to be about 600 feet above the sea. Flowers in the third week of June, and ripens its seed in the last week of July. 78. BROMUS DIANDRUS. * Upright Annual Brome-Grass. Specific Characters.—Large glume three-ribbed. Awn equal in length to the palea. Panicle erect. (Plate L.) Description.—lt grows from six to twelve inches high. The root is annual, fibrous. Stem erect, smooth, round and polished; bearing * Bromus diendrus, Curtis, Smith, Hooker, Bromus madritensis, Linn. Koch, 118 GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. three to four leaves, with striated sheaths; the upper sheath some- what downy, crowned with a short, obtuse, ragged ligule; the lower sheaths hairy, with the hairs pointing downwards. Joints four, smooth. Leaves flat, linear, acute, more or less hairy on both surfaces, sca- brous at the points and margins. Inflorescence racemed. Raceme erect, close. Sptkelets arismg immediately from the rachis on footstalks not as long asthe spikelets; the lower ones mostly in pairs or threes ; the rachis and footstalks nearly smooth; the spikelets generally of a brownish purple, usually of eight awned florets. Calyx of two, un- equal acute glumes (Fig. 1); the upper glume the longest, three- ribbed, the dorsal rib minutely toothed on the upper half; the lower glume without lateral ribs. Florets of two palee (Fig. 2); the outer palea of lowermost floret longer than the calyx, bifid and membra- nous at the summit; the margins occasionally furnished with delicate white hairs; seven-ribbed, the two marginal ribs on each side placed close together, the rib on each side of the central rib very indistinct (Fig. 4), the central rib minutely toothed nearly its whole length, and ter- minating in a long straight rough awn, about the length of the palea, and passing behind the bifid summit. - Inner palea \mear-lanceolate, membranous, a very little shorter than the outer palea, furnished with two green marginal ribs delicately ciliated. Obs.— Bromus diandrus is distinguished from Bromus sterilis, in the panicle being erect and close, with its branches nearly smooth, not as long as the spikelets ; stem smooth ; outer palea with the two mar- ginal ribs on each side close together, the intermediate rib very indis- tinctly seen ; awn about the length of the palea ;—whereas in B. sterilis the panicle is loose and drooping, its branches rough and longer than the spikelets; stem roughish ; outer palea with seven distinct ribs placed at equal distances ; awn longer than the palea. From Bromus erectus, in the outer palea bemg twice the length of the small glume of the calyx ; awn about equal in length to the pa- lea, and the hairs of the sheaths pomting downwards ;—whereas in B. erectus the outer palea is not more than one-third longer than the small glume of the calyx ; awn not more than half the length of the palea, and the hairs of the sheaths pomt upwards. Bromus diandrus ts of as little use to the agriculturist as the pre- ceding species, and of much rarer occurrence. It grows on dry soils, GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. 119 mostly on rock and walls, and is a rare grass in Scotland, found oc- easionally in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh and on the Fifeshire coast. In England it occurs in the counties of Durham, Worcester, Glo’ster, Surrey, Kent, Hants, Somerset, and Devon ; also a native of Germany, Switzerland, France, and Italy. It has not been found in Ireland or America. Its limits of altitude seem to be about 500 feet above the sea. Flowers in the third week of June, and ripens its seed about the end of July. 78. BRoMUS ERECTUS. * Upright Brome-Grass. Specific Characters.—Large glume three-ribbed. Awn about half the length of the palea. Outer palea indistinctly seven-ribbed, and one-third longer than the small glume. (Plate LI.) Description.—It grows from two to three feet high. The root is perennial, fibrous. Stem erect, round, smooth, and polished ; bear- ing four or five leaves, with somewhat hairy sheaths, especially the lower ones, (the hairs pointing upwards); the upper sheath crowned with a short, obtuse, ragged ligule. Joints five, very slightly pubes- cent. Leaves narrow, linear, acute, harsh, scabrous towards the points, nearly erect, with long slender scattered hairs pointing up- wards. The upper leaf broader than those of the root. Inflorescence racemed or simple panicled. Raceme erect, rather close, its branches and upper part of the rachis rough; the lowermost branches arising from the rachis mostly in threes. Spikelets erect, of eight or nine awned florets, (sometimes with only four florets,) tinged with brown- ish purple. Calyx of two nearly equal acute glumes (Fig .1), glos- sy, membranous at the margins; upper glume the larger, three-rib- bed, the dorsal rib toothed its whole length; lower glume without lateral ribs, and toothed at the back. Florets of two palee (Tig. 2), the outer palea of lowermost floret about one-third longer than the small glume of the calyx; bifid and membranous at the summit ; seven-ribbed, four of which are rather indistinct; the dorsal rib mi- nutely toothed its whole length, and terminating in a straight rough awn about half the length of the palea, and passing behind the bifid * Bromus erectus, Koch, Smith, Hooker, Lindley. 120 GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. summit of the palea. Inner palea about equal in length to the outer palea, membranous, acute, furnished with two green marginal ribs, delicately fringed with fine hairs. Anthers of a deep saffron colour. Styles rather distant. hirsutus.—A variety with the stem glumes and outer palea hairy. Found occasionally on dry sandy soil. Obs.— Bromus erectus has frequently been mistaken for Bromus arvensis, but is readily distinguished from it in the large glume of the calyx having only three ribs ;—whereas in B. arvensis the large glume has seven ribs. (See Plate XLIX. Fig. 1.) From Bromus asper, in the radical leaves being narrower than those of the stem; hairs of the sheaths pointing upwards ; outer palea seven-ribbed, and not more than one-third longer than the small glume of the calyx; whereas in B. asper the radical leaves are broad- er than those of the stem; hairs of the sheaths point downwards ; outer palea five-ribbed, and twice the length of the small glume of the calyx. Bromus erectus is stated by Mr Curtis as being peculiar to chalky soils, and that it becomes more luxuriant in growth when cultivated ina garden than in its natural wild state. Mr Sinclair, however, has found it on rather low-lying sandy soils, where it appeared as luxuri- ant as when cultivated in the grass garden. It seems to be not much relished by cattle, and but little adapted for pasture land. Pheasants, it is said, are fond of the seeds. This grass is by no means frequent in Scotland, and seldom met with in Ireland. In England it is found in the counties of York, Anglesea, Worcester, Oxon, Cambridge, Norfolk, Surrey, Kent, Sussex, and Somerset. It is also a native of Norway, Sweden, Germany, France, and Italy. Not found in America. Its limit of altitude seems to be about 500 feet above the sea. Flowers in the second and third week of June, and ripens its seed in the third week of July. 80. BromMuS ASPER. * Wood Brome-Grass. Specific Characters. — Large glume three-ribbed. Awn rather * Bromus asper, Linn, Smith, Hooker, Greville, Koch, Lindley. GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. 121 more than half the length of the palea. Outer palea hairy, five-rib- bed. Panicle drooping. (Plate LI) Description.—It grows from two to three feet high. The root is annual or biennial, fibrous. Stem erect, round, and slightly rough- ish; bearing four or five leaves, with striated hairy sheaths (the hairs pointing downwards), the lower sheaths somewhat hispid, the upper sheath crowned with an obtuse lacerated membranous ligule. Joznts five, small, rather hairy. Leaves broad, flat, rough, sharp-pointed, with a few long straggling white hairs; the radical leaves broadest. Inflorescence simple panicled. Panicle drooping, at length pendulous, its branches and upper part of the rachis very rough ; the lower branches long, and generally in pairs. Spekelets usually an inch in length, linear-lanceolate, of about eight awned florets, glossy, tinged occasionally with brownish-purple. Calyx of two unequal acute glumes (Fig. 1), the upper glume the longest, three-ribbed, the dorsal rib minutely toothed nearly its whole length; the lower glume with- out lateral ribs, and toothed on the upper half of the keel, Florets of two palez (Fig. 2), the outer palea of lowermost floret longer than the calyx, and about twice the length of the small glume ; bifid and membranous at the summit; five-ribbed, the dorsal rib minutely toothed, and terminating in a long straight rough awn, about half the length of the palea, and passing behind the membranous bifid summit. The lower part of the palea hairy, especially the marginal ribs. Inner palea rather shorter than the outer palea, with two green marginal ribs delicately fringed. Obs.— Bromus asper is distinguished from Bromus erectus, in the upper leaf bemg narrower than the radical leaves; hairs on the sheaths pointing downwards; outer palea five-ribbed, and twice the length of the small glume of the calyx ;—whereas in Bromus erectus the upper leaf is broader than the radical leaves; hazrs on the sheaths pointing upwards ; outer palea seven-ribbed, and not more than one-third longer than the small glume of the calyx. From Bromus sterilis, in the outer palea being hairy and the awn not the length of the palea ;—whereas in B. sterilis the outer palea is never hairy, and the awn is always longer than the palea. This grass grows naturally in damp shady woods, and is never 1e2 GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. found in open situations. It is a tall coarse grass, not recommended for agricultural purposes. Horses and cows eat it in common with other grasses of the wood, but they give a preference to pasture grass, except in cases of necessity when quantity is of greater consideration than quality. It is a common grass in Scotland, England, and Ire- land; also a native of Norway, Sweden, Germany, Switzerland, France, Italy, and Russia. Not found in America. Its limit of altitude is about 500 feet above the sea. Flowers in the third week of July, and ripens its seed about the end of August. 81. TRISETUM PRATENSE.* Narrow-Leaved Oat-Grass. Specific Character.—Leaves and sheaths not hairy. (Plate LII.) Description.—It grows from eighteen inches to two feet high. The root is perennial, fibrous. Stem erect, nearly round, smooth, and finely striated, bearing from three to four leaves with striated sheaths ; the upper sheath very long, more than thrice the length of its leaf, slightly roughish to the touch, crowned with a long narrow sharp membranous ligule; lower sheaths much shorter than their leaves, and generally smooth. Joints three, smooth, situated near the base. Leaves, in exposed situations narrow, linear, acute, generally folded, harsh, smooth on the back, and rough on the inner ‘surface. On each side of the central rib are two light-green lines, very perceptibly seen when the leaf is held against the light. Inflorescence compound ra- cemed or simple panicled; the first three or four spikelets arising im- mediately from the rachis on short footstalks, the lower spikelets mostly in pairs on long peduncles. Panicle long, erect, close, the rachis and branches rough. Spikelets large, of an oval form, of four or five awned florets scarcely protruding beyond the calyx. Calyx of two unequal acute glumes (Fig. 1), roughish at the keel, three- ribbed, purplish on the lower half. Floret of two palee, (Fig. 2), the outer palea of lowermost floret acute, often bifid ; membranous on the upper part; roughish on the keel ; five-ribbed ; hairy at the base. Inner palea about one-fourth shorter than the outer palea, flat, * Avena pratense, Koch, Smith, Hooker. GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. 123 very thin, and delicately fringed at the margins. Awn arising from a little above the centre of the outer palea, sometimes from the cen- tre, (liable to vary even in the same plants), rough; twisted at the base; longer than the palea; becoming bent when dry. longifolium, a variety with long linear flat leaves, the upper leaf very rough on both surfaces and margins, but rather more so on the inner surface; the second leaf rather broader and more than three times the length of the upper leaf, very rough on the in- ner surface, but nearly smooth behind; most of the radical leaves as long as the culm, narrower than those of the stem, perfectly smooth behind, and very rough within ; all the leaves have a glaucous appear- ance, especially on the inner surface. The stem roughish from above downwards ; sheaths flattish, slightly carinated, strongly ribbed ; roughish to the touch from below upwards; root with several long downy fibres; in other respects similar to Trrisetum pratense. (Plate LII.) This variety is found in moist shady woods near the sea in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh. latifolium, a tall, stout variety, growing to the height of two feet or more; the leaves short and broad, coming suddenly to a point; the upper leaf flat, rough on the inner surface and edges, nearly smooth behind, with a long, compressed, carinated sheath, rough from below upwards ; the lower leaves folded, rough on the inner surface, and perfectly smooth behind ; stem smooth ; root fibrous (Plate LILI.) In other respects it agrees with Trisetum pratense. This description and accompanying figure were taken from an authentic spe- cimen gathered in the Isle of Arran, and which is now growing in the Edinburgh Botanic Garden. Itseems to be the Avena planiculmis of Hooker, and answers to Smith’s description of Avena alpina ; but as to whether it be known to continental authors under those names ap- pears doubtful. I cannot, however, discover any character sufficient- ly prominent to consider it as any thing more than a variety of Trise- tum pratense. ‘The length and width of the leaves are liable to vary according to the soil and situation, and the carinated sheaths cannot be depended on as a character, as we frequently meet with it both in the broad and narrow-leaved varieties. Obs.— Trisetum pratense differs from Trisetum pubescens in the spikelets being larger; large glume of the calyx more lanceolate ; ra- 194 GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. dical leaves harsh, rough, not hairy ;—whereas in 7. pubescens the radical leaves are soft, flaccid, and hairy. (See Plate LILI.) From Trisetum flavescens, in the spikelets bemg much larger and fewer ; Ugule long and pointed ;—whereas in 7. flavescens the spike- lets are small and numerous; ligule very short. Trisetum pratense does not appear to be confined to any particular place or soil, as it is found growing on rocks, dry heaths, as well as in moist meadows, but it gives a preference to chalky soils. Its produce and nutritive properties are not sufficiently great to be recommend- ed to the notice of farmers. It bears a greater value during the time of flowering than when the seeds are ripe as nine to four. Sheep and cows are fond of the early leaves, but when allowed to grow too coarse, cattle seldom eat it. This grass is frequent in Scotland, England, and Ireland; also a native of Lapland, Norway, Sweden, Germany, France, Spain, Portugal, and Italy. Not found in America. Its limit of altitude is 2500 feet above the sea. Flowers in the first week of June, and ripens its seed in the middle of July. 82. TRISETUM PUBESCENS.* Downy Oat-Grass. Specific Characters.—Radical leaves and sheaths hairy. Ligule acute and prominent. (Plate LIII.) Description.—It grows from one to two feet high. ‘The root is pe~ rennial, somewhat creeping. Stem erect, round, smooth, and finely striated; bearing usually five leaves; upper sheath long, more than thrice the length of the leaf, smooth, crowned with a prominent, acute, membranous ligule ; lower sheaths generally shorter than their leaves, covered with long soft hairs. Joints three or four, the two lowermost situated at the base. Leaves flat, broadish, flaccid, soft, hairy on both surfaces, especially those from the root. Inflorescence compound ra- cemed, or simple panicled; the three or four uppermost spikelets arising immediately from the rachis on short footstalks; the lower spikelets from lateral branches or on long peduncles. Panicle erect, rachis nearly smooth, the branches rough. Spikelets not so large as * Trisetum pubescens. Lindley. Avena pubescens, Koch, Smith, Hooker, Greyille. 4 GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. 125 those of Trisetum pratense, of an oval form, scarcely protruding be- yond the calyx, usually of three awned florets. Calyz of two une- qual membranous acute glumes (Fig. 1), the upper one the largest ; three-ribbed ; the lower one without lateral ribs, and about one-third shorter. Florets of two paleze (Fig. 2); the outer palea of lower- most floret membranous on the upper half; five-ribbed, roughish on the keel, tinged with reddish purple ; hairy at the base, and fre- quently jagged at the summit. Inner palea very thin, flat, much shorter than the outer palea, and very minutely fringed at the mar- gins. -Awn longer than the large glume of the calyx ; arising from a little above the centre of the outer palea; rough, of a purplish tinge, twisted at the base, and when dry becomes bent. Obs.— Trisetum pubescens is distinguished from T'risetum pratense in the spikelets being smaller ; large glume of the calyx broader ; ra- dical leaves soft and hairy ;—whereas in 7. pratense the spikelets are larger ; large glume of the calyx lanceolate; radical leaves harsh, rough on the inner surface, but without hairs. (See Plate LIL.) From Trisetum flavescens, in the spikelets being twice the size and fewer ; ligule long and acute ;—whereas in 7. flavescens the ligule is very short and obtuse. (Plate LIV.) It is stated by Mr Sinclair, that the downy hairs which cover the surface of the leaves of this grass when growing on poor, dry, or chalky soils, almost disappear when cultivated on richer soils. It has properties which recommend it to the notice of agriculturists, be- ing hardy, and a small impoverisher to the soil; the reproductive power is also considerable, though the foliage does not attain to a great length. Horses, cows, and sheep, eat this grass when mixed with others. It is frequent in Scotland, England, and Ireland; also a native of Norway, Sweden, Germany, France, Italy, and Russia. Not found in America. Its limit of altitude is 1000 feet above the sea. Flowers in the second week of June, and ripens its seed in the mid- dle of July. 126 GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. 83. TrIsETUM FLAVESCENS. * Yellow Oat-Grass. Specific Characters.—Radical leaves and sheaths hairy. Ligule very short and obtuse. (Plate LIV.) Description.—lt grows from one to two feet high. ‘The root is perennial, somewhat creeping. Stem erect, round, smooth and polish- ed, bearing six or seven leaves with striated sheaths ; the upper sheath about twice the length of its leaf, crowned with a short obtuse ligule ; lower sheaths covered more or less with long, soft, deflexed hairs. Joints four or five, smooth, often furnished with a circle of deflexed hairs underneath. eaves flat, acute, more or less rough on both surfaces, hairy on the inner surface. Inflorescence panicled. Panicle erect, spreading, rachis and branches very slightly scabrous, the lower branches arising from the rachis mostly in fives. Spikelets small, erect, numerous, usually of three awned florets, projecting beyond the calyx. Calyx of two unequal membranous acute glumes (Fig. 1); roughish on the keels; the lower glume the smaller, about one- third shorter than the upper glume without lateral ribs; the upper glume three-ribbed, and of a light green on the back. lorets of two palez (Fig. 2); the outer palea of lowermost floret membranous, tinged with light green, bifid at the summit, five-ribbed, hairy at the base. Inner palea membranous, linear, acute, shorter than the outer palea, and very minutely fringed. -Awn longer than the palea, slen- der, rough, twisted at the base, becoming bent when dry; arising from the back of the outer palea a little above the centre. Obs.— Trisetum flavescens is distinguished from T'risetum pubescens, in the spzkelets beng much smaller and more numerous, and the h- gule very short and obtuse ;—whereasin 7. pubescens the spikelets are more than twice the size and the ligule is long and acute. (Plate LIIL) This grass grows naturally in almost every kind of soil, from the limestone rock to the irrigated meadow, and is always present in the richest natural pastures. It thrives best in a dry calcareous soil, and * Trisetum flavescens, Lindley. Avena flavescens, Koch, Smith, Hooker, Greville. GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. 12a J is one of those grasses which never thrives unless combined with others. Sheep prefer it to most grasses. It is frequent in Scotland, England, and Ireland; also a native of Norway, Sweden, Germany, France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Russia, and North Africa. Not found in America. Its limit of altitude is about 1000 feet above the sea. Flowers in the second week of July, and ripens its seed about the middle of August. 84. FESTUCA BROMOIDES. * Barren Fescue-Grass. Specific Character.—Awn longer than the palea. (Plate LIV.) Description.—It grows eighteen inches high. The root is annual, fibrous. Stem erect, slender, smooth, round and naked on the upper half; bearing three or four leaves with smooth striated sheaths; the upper sheath much longer than its leaf, crowned with a very short li- gule, rounded on each side, the one side more prominent than the other ; second sheath not reaching to the first joint. Joznts three, smooth, the second joint frequently throwing out a branch. Leaves very narrow, rather short, often involute, smooth behind, hairy on the inner surface. Inflorescence simple panicled, long and slender, the upper part taking a gentle curve, with the spikelets leaning to one side ; the branches erect, rough, angular, and single, the lower one the longest. Spikelets erect, the seven or eight uppermost arising im- mediately from the rachis, the lower ones on branches ; of five awned florets. Calyx of two very unequal acute glumes (Fig. 1,) the upper- most three-ribbed, the lower one without lateral ribs, (the length of the small glumes varies exceedingly even in the same panicle, therefore it cannot be relied on as acharacter.) Florets of two palez (Fig. 2); the outer palea of lowermost floret equal in length to the large glume, five-ribbed ; roughish on the upper part, terminating in a long slen- der roughish awn, rather longer than the palea. Inner palea lance- olate, thin, occasionally bifid, furnished with two green marginal ribs, minutely fringed on the upper half. * Festuca bromordes, Smith, Hooker, Greville. Vulpia bromoides, Dumort., Lindley, Festuca sciwroides, Koch. 128 GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. | nana, (Plate LV.) This is only a stunted variety, in which the stem is sheathed nearly to the summit, found grow- ing in dry exposed situations. It seems to be the Festuca Myurus of Smith, Hooker, Lindley, and others, but not the Festuca Myurus of continental authors, which is a very different plant, being considera- bly more luxuriant in the panicle, the stem sheathed to the very base of the panicle; the large glume of the calyx but half the length of the lowermost floret; the outer palea rough on the upper part, with the dorsal rib and margins ciliated. (See Plate LV.) The figure is taken from Leers, Flora Herbornensis, (Plate II. Fig. 5;) and here inserted as a comparison, should the plant be found to occur in Scot- land. Obs.—There are few grasses that vary so much in their growth as Festuca bromoides. In dry situations, such as on tops of walls, it is found from two to six inches in height, of an upright rigid appear- ance, becoming soon dry and withered, while those in corn-fields and shady places grow to the height of two feet or more, of a tall grace- ful slender figure, of a pleasant green, with the panicle more or less luxuriant, taking a gentle bend to one side. It is a frequent grass in Scotland, England, and Ireland, also a na- tive of France, Germany, Holland, Belgium, Switzerland, and Italy. Not found in America. Its limit of altitude is about 1000 feet above the sea. Of no material agricultural use. Flowers in the second week of June, and ripens its seed about the middle of July. 85. FESTUCA OVINA. * Sheeps Fescue-Grass. Specific Characters.—Awn not half the length of the palea. Stem under the panicle, rough. Upper leaf rough on the outer surface. (Plate LVI.) | Description.—It grows from three to nine inches high. The root is perennial, fibrous. Stem erect, more or less angular and roughish under the panicle ; bearing three or four leaves, with roughish sheaths, * Festuca ovina, Linn, Koch, Hooker, Smith, Lindley, Greville. BEES GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. 129 especially the lower ones; the upper sheath much longer than its leaf, crowned with a short bi-lobed ligule, with one lobe more prominent than the other. Joints two or three, near the base. Leaves short, rigid, involute, of a rounded appearance, roughish on the outer surface ; three-ribbed and hairy within ; the radical leaves numerous, tufted, and much curved. Jnjflorescence simple panicled. Panicle short, close, erect, unilateral, leaving the rachis naked behind ; branches angular and rough, very seldom in pairs, the lowermost the longest, and rather remote. Spikelets erect, of six florets, with very short awns; the six or seven uppermost spikelets arising immediately from the rachis on short footstalks; the lower ones from lateral branches; the summit of the lowermost floret extending beyond the large glume of the calyx. Calyx of two unequal acute glumes (Tig. 1,) the uppermost three-ribbed, the lower one without lateral ribs. Florets of two palez (Fig. 2), the outer palea of lowermost floret five- ribbed, rather indistinctly seen, (unless the palea be held between the lens and the light,) terminating in a short rough awn about one-sixth the length of the palea. Inner palea bifid, furnished with two green marginal ribs minutely fringed on the upper half. The following are some of the more striking varieties :— hirsuta. The same as the one described, but with the glumes and florets hairy. Frequent in rocky localities. Festuca hir- suta of Host. vivipara. A variety with the inner palea metamor- phosed into a kind of leaf, which is generally three times the length of the outer palea, (Plate LVI.) Common in alpine districts. es- tuca vivipara of Smith. angustifolia. A delicate and slender variety, with long narrow leaves, (Plate LVII.) Very common in the Highlands, where it forms a great part of the herbage. Festuca tenutfolia of Schra- der. cesia. A striking variety, taller and stouter than those _ described ; the spikelets larger and of a yellowish hue; outer palea mucronate and frequently hairy, (Plate LVII.) The whole plant is more or less glaucous. Not common, but occasionally met with. Festuca cesia of Smith. Obs.—Festuca ovina and its varieties differ from Festuca duriuscula ; I 130 GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. in being of smaller growth; the stem on the upper part more or less rough and angular, especially under the panicle; upper leaf invo- lute, rough on the outer surface, and the root fibrous ;—whereas in Festuca duriuscula the stem immediately under the panicle is round and smooth, the upper leaf mostly flat and smooth on the outer sur- face, and the root is more or less creeping. (See Plate LVIIL.) This grass grows naturally on rather dry sandy soils; frequently at an elevation of 4000 feet above the sea, and forms the greater part of sheep pasture grounds in the Highlands. It is the favourite food of sheep ; they prefer it to all other grasses, for although small it is very nutritious. Linneeus states that sheep have no relish for hills and heaths that are destitute of this grass) The smallness of its produce renders it entirely unfit for hay. It is a common grass throughout Scotland, England, and Ireland ; also a native of Lap- land, Norway, Sweden, Germany, France, Switzerland, Spain, Por- tugal, Italy, Russia, Iceland, Siberia, Greenland, and North Ame- rica. Flowers in the second week of June, and ripens its seed about the middle of July. 86. FESTUCA DURIUSCULA. * Hard Fescue- Grass. Specific Characters.—Awn not as long as the palea. Stem under the panicle smooth. Upper leaf smooth on the outer surface. (Plate LVIIL.) Description.—It_ grows from one to two feet high. The root is perennial, somewhat creeping, occasionally throwing out lateral shoots. Stem erect, round, smooth, bearing three or four leaves with smooth striated sheaths; upper sheath longer than its leaf, crowned with a very short, unequal bi-lobed ligule. Joints two or three, smooth. Leaves of the stem somewhat lanceolate, acute, flat, smooth behind, roughish and slightly downy on the inner surface, about eight or nine- ribbed, broader than the radical leaves, which are linear (very long in shady places), compressed, and somewhat fleshy. Inflorescence * Festuca durivuscula, Linn., ora Hooker, Greville, Lindley, GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. 131 simple panicled. Panicle erect, the upper part racemed, the lower with angular, rough, slightly spreading branches; very seldom in pairs, the lowermost branch the longest. Spikelets erect, arranged on the rachis and branches alternately ; of about seven awned florets. Calyx of two unequal, lanceolate, acute glumes (Tig. 1), the upper glume the larger, three-ribbed, the lower one without lateral ribs. Florets of two palez (Fig. 2.), the outer palea of lowermost floret smooth, five-ribbed, terminating in a short rough awn, about one-sixth the length of the palea. Inner palea narrow, acute, equal in length to the outer palea, furnished with two green marginal ribs, minutely fringed on the upper part. The following are some of the more striking varieties :— hirsuta. This variety is similar to the one described, differing only in the outer palea being hairy, and the root more creep- ing, throwing out lateral shoots, (Plate LVIII.) Occasionally met with in shady places. Jiliformis. A tall, slender variety, with the upper part eracefully drooping; palea acute, toothed on the upper half of the dorsal rib, and terminating in a slender awn rather more than half the length of the palea; the leaves on the stem long and linear, and the root throwing out lateral branches, (Plate LIX.) Found grow- ing in rich soil by the sides of lanes and shady woods. arenaria. A variety which seldom exceeds a foot in height ; the panicle short and compact; leaves short and few, and the root oftentimes very much creeping, (Plate LIX.) The whole plant soon assumes a withered appearance. It is frequently found in sandy soil, especially along the sea coast. humilis. This variety is very slender, seldom exceed- ing a foot in height. The panicle is narrow and compact; the stem round and smooth throughout; the leaves smooth on the outer sur- face ; sheaths of the radical leaves hairy ; the first and second joints very remote, and the root creeping, (Plate LX.) It is by no means a common variety, but is occasionally met with in alpine glens. rubra. ‘The largest of all the varieties, growing to the height of two feet or more. The spikelets seven or eight-flowered ; the leaves of the stem broadish and flat; the root extensively creeping, 132 GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. throwing out lateral shoots, (Plate LX.) It is found growing in sandy places along the sea-shore. Festuca rubra of Koch, Hooker. As all these grasses vary exceedingly from change of soil and situation, it is difficult to determine what may be considered as species and what varieties, the structure of the spikelets being pre- cisely the same in all, differmg only in size and length of the awns, which are very uncertain characters. The creeping root has been considered by some authors to form a good mark of specific distine- tion; but when the plant cannot otherwise be distinguished except by reference to the root, I have considered it advisable to place it under the head of a variety. Among the grasses which are of the most importance for agricul- tural purposes, the Festuca duriuscula ranks as one of the first. It is very productive for its size, of early growth, and thrives well in a great variety of soils and situations. It withstands the effects of severe dry weather m rich natural pastures, better than many other grasses, and retains its verdure during winter in a re- markable degree. Sheep and hares are remarkably fond of this grass. If cultivated for the purpose of hay it ought to be mown at the time of flowering, as it then contains more nutritive matter than at the time the seed is ripe. It is acommon grass throughout Scot- land, England, and Ireland ; alsoa native of Lapland, Norway, Swe- den, Germany, France, Switzerland, Italy, Russia, Iceland, and North America. Rare in the United States, supposed to have been intro- duced. Its limit of altitude is about 3000 feet above the sea, Flowers in the second week of June, and ripens its seed in the mid- dle of July. 87. TrITICUM SYLVATICUM. * Slender Wheat-Grass. Specific Characters.—Spikelets long and cylindrical. Awn more than half the length of the palea. Stem smooth. Leaves hairy on the inner surface. (Plate LXI.) * Brachypoduun sylvaticwm, Hooker, Lindley, Koch, Beauy. Festuca sylvatica, Smith, GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. 133 Description.—It grows from one to two feet high. The root is perennial, fibrous. Stem erect, round, smooth, and slender; bearing four or five leaves, with hairy striated sheaths, especially the lower ones ; upper sheath shorter than its leaf, crowned with an obtuse hairy ligule. Joints four, hairy, the first and second very remote. Leaves polished, of a darkish-green, broadish, sharp-pointed, rough- ish on the outer, and hairy on the inner surface; finely striated, with five of the ribs very distinctly marked. Jnflorescence racemed, approaching to a spike, the peduncles of the spikelets being very short but distinct; the upper part slightly drooping ; the rachis quite smooth. Spzkelets long and linear, usually of ten awned florets, arranged on the rachis alternately in two rows. Calyx of two ra- ther unequal acute (sometimes awned) seven-ribbed glumes, (Tig. 4), more or less hairy. lorets of two palee (Fig. 2), the outer pa- lea of lowermost floret rather longer than the calyx; more or less hairy, seven-ribbed ; furnished with a long straight rough awn, sel- dom longer than the palea, arising from the very summit. Inner pa- lea rather shorter than the outer palea, obtuse at the summit, with two green marginal ribs strongly fringed on the upper half. Obs.—The long cylindrical spikelets will readily distinguish this species independent of any other character. This grass is the Brachypodium sylwaticum of Beauvois, Festuca sylvatica of Smith, and Bromus sylvaticus of Pollich: but, as I can discover no essential generic distinction between it and Triticum ca- ninum, I have therefore removed it to the genus Triticum. Triticum sylvaticum is of no agricultural importance, as oxen, horses, and sheep refuse to eat it, except in cases of extreme necessity where there is no choice. Hares and rabbits have been observed to crop the extremity of the leaves during deep snows and severe frost. Its natural place of growth is in damp woods and moist shady places ; it also thrives well when cultivated in open ground. It isa frequent grass in Scotland, England, and Ireland; also a native of Germany, France, Switzerland, Italy, and Russia. Not known in America. Its limit of altitude is about 1000 feet above the sea. Flowers in the first week of July, and ripens its seed about the end of the same month. 134 GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. 88. TRITICUM CRISTATUM.* Crested Wheat-Grass. Specific Characters.—Stem rough. Spike short. Leaves hairy or the inner surface. (Plate LXI.) Description.—It grows from nine to eigbteen inches high. Stem ascending, round, and hairy, bearing three or four leaves with smooth striated sheaths ; the upper sheath longer than its leaf, crowned with a very short obtuse ligule. Joints four, smooth. Leaves linear, acute, smooth behind, hairy in front. Inflorescence spiked. Spike usually about an inch in length, with the margins of the rachis rough. Spzke lets sessile, of an oval form, arranged alternately on each side of the rachis, of four or five florets. Calyx of two awned glumes of equal lengths (Fig. 1), lanceolate, six-ribbed (Fig. 4), the largest rib run- ning very much toa side. lorets of two palez (Fig. 2), the lower- most palea of first floret longer than the glumes; five-ribbed, with a long rough awn, nearly as long as the palea, arising from the extreme summit. Inner palea as long as the outer, delicately fringed at the margins. Nectary of two oval somewhat hairy scales. Anthers linear forked at each side. Filament capillary. Ovarium obtuse, slightly hairy. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas feathery. Obs.—The short spike and rough stem will readily distinguish this species. té somewhat resembles Hordeum maritimum, but differs in the spikelets being arranged on the rachis solitary; calyx containing three or more florets ;—whereas in HZ. maritimum the spikelets are in threes, and the calyx contains but one floret; independent of many other characters. (Plate X.) This grass, which is now supposed to be extinct in Britain, was discovered many years ago by the late Mr Don, who gathered it on the east coast of Scotland between Arbroath and Montrose. It is a native of Germany, France, and Switzerland. Flowers in the second week of July, and ripens its seed about the middle of August. The accompanying figure and description were taken from a speci- * Triticum cristatwm, Smith, Hooker, Lindley. Bromus cristatus, Linn. GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. 135 men cultivated in the Botanic Garden of Edinburgh, obtained from Mr Don himself. 89. TriT1cUM CANINUM. * Bearded Wheat-Grass. Specific Characters.—Root fibrous. Stem smooth. Awn longer than the palea. Leaves not hairy on the inner surface. (Plate LXIL) Description.—It grows from two to four feet high. The root is perennial, fibrous. Stem erect, round, smooth and slender ; bearing four or five leaves with smooth striated sheaths ; the upper sheath longer than its leaf, crowned with a very short obtuse ligule. Joints six, smooth and darkish. Leaves polished, of a darkish green, broad, lanceolate and acute; the upper leaf smaller than those below, rough- ish on both surfaces, but more so on theinner surface. Inflorescence spiked. Spzke long and slender, about one-tenth the length of the stem, with the margins of the rachis roughish. Spzkelets sessile, of - an oval form, arranged in two rows on the zig-zag rachis; of four or five awned florets. Calyx of two nearly equal glumes (Fig. 1); roughish, awned, three-ribbed, and somewhat hairy, (Fig. 4.) Floreis of two palez (Fig. 2), the outer palea of lowermost floret equal in length to the glume, slightly roughish to the touch, five-ribbed, more or less hairy, furnished with a long slender rough awn, longer than the palea, and arising from the very summit. Inner palea about equal in length to the outer palea, membranous, with two green mar- ginal ribs delicately fringed. Obs.—-This species is readily distinguished from all the others in the awn of the outer palea being longer than the palea, and the glumes of the calyx distinctly three-ribbed. (See Fig. 4.) Triticum caninum is distinguished from Triticum sylvaticum in the spikelets bemg much shorter; the whole plant much taller and containing many more spikelets; glumes three-ribbed ; inner palea flat at the summit ;—whereas in 7. sylvaticum the large glume is seven-ribbed, and the znner palea rounded at the summit. From Triticum repens in the root being fibrous ; glumes three- * Triticum caninum, Koch, Smith, Hooker, Greville, Lindley. 136 GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. ribbed; awn of the outer palea longer than the palea ;—whereas in i’. repens the root is extensively creeping ; glumes more than three- ribbed ; awn when present. not the length of the palea. Triticum caninum may be considered as one of the most.valuable among the early grasses, for, although it does not flower before the first week of July, it affords a large crop of nutritive herbage early in spring, which horses, cows, and sheep eat with avidity. It grows naturally in moist woods and damp shady situations, and will thrive well when cultivated in open places, in almost any kind of soil ex- cept that which is tenacious and retentive of moisture. it is a frequent grass in Scotland, England, and Ireland; also a native of Lapland, Norway, Sweden, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, Iceland, and Siberia. Found also in the United States, but is reported to have been introduced. Its limit of altitude is about 500 feet above the sea. Flowers in the first week of July, and ripens its seed in the early part of August. 90. TRITICUM REPENS. * Creeping Wheat-Grass. Specific Characters.— Root creeping. Rachis rough. Stem smooth. Leaves smooth on the lower half of the outer surface (Plate L-XIT.) Description.—lt grows from one to two feet high. The root is pe-. rennial, creeping. Stem erect, round, smooth, and striated, bearing five or six flat leaves with smooth striated sheaths ; the upper sheath shorter than its leaf, crowned with a very short obtuse ligule. Joints smooth, the two uppermost very remote. Leaves dark green, acute, frequently all directed to one side; upper leaf broader than those of the root, roughish, and frequently hairy on the imner surface, smooth behind on the lower half: Inflorescence spiked. Spike erect, about one-fifth the length of the stem, with the margins of the rachis rough. Spikelets of an oval form, arranged alternately in two rows on the zig-zag rachis; of four to five awnless florets. Calyx of two * Triticum repens, Linn, Koch, Smith, Hooker, Lindley, Greville. 3 GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. 137 equal acute glumes (Fig. 1), generally four-ribbed, with two or three smaller intermediate ones; the dorsal rib running to a side (Fig. 4.) Florets of two palee (Fig. 2), the outer palea of lowermost floret, acute, five-ribbed ; slightly roughish to the touch. nner palea with two green marginal ribs, minutely toothed. aristatum, a common variety with the florets awned ; the awn about half the length of the palea, very seldom as long as the palea. (Plate LX.) It is frequently mistaken for Triticum caninum ; but differs from it in the glumes having five distinct ribs with two or three small intermediate ones, the dorsal rib running very much to a side. Awn seldom more than half the length of the palea, (but never longer than the palea.) Pedicle of second floret rough but not hairy, and the root creepmg ;—whereas in Triticum caninum the glumes have but three ribs, the dorsal rib passing immediately down the centre. Awn longer than the palea. Pedicle of second floret hairy, and the root fibrous. Triticum repens is distinguished from Triticum caninum, in the root being extensively creeping; glumes more than three-ribbed ; outer palea acute, not awned (except in variety aristatum) ;—where- as in J. caninum the root is fibrous; glumes three-ribbed; outer palea tipped with an awn longer than the palea. From Triticum junceum, in the rachis being rough; glumes acute and roughish on the upper part of the central rib; spikelets easily detached without the rachis breaking ;—whereas in J. junceum the rachis is perfectly smooth; glumes smooth and obtuse; spihelets with difficulty detached without breaking the rachis. This grass is regarded. by farmers as a most troublesome weed, be- ing with difficulty eradicated when it once gets possession of the ground, as its long creeping root branches out in every direction, when it becomes a great impoverisher to the soil. It is frequent in neglected gardens and rich cultivated soil. Horses and cows eat it when young, but dislike it when in flower. Dogs eat the leaves me- dicinally to excite vomiting. It isa common grass throughout Scot- land, England, and Ireland ; also a native of Norway, Sweden, Ger- many, France, Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, Italy, Russia, and Ice- land. It is found also in the United States, but is supposed to have 138 GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. been introduced. Its limit of altitude is about 500 feet above the sea. 7 Flowers in the first week of July, and ripens its seed in the mid- dle of August. 91. TrRITIcCUM JUNCEUM. * Sea Wheat-Grass. Specific Characters.—F lorets not awned. Rachis smooth. Ra- dical leaves involute. (Plate L-XIII.) Description.—It grows from fifteen inches to two feet high. The root is perennial, creeping. Stem erect, round, and smooth, bearing five or six leaves with smooth slightly striated sheaths ; upper sheath shorter than its leaf, crowned with a short obtuse membranous li- gule. Joints three, smooth, situated low down the stem. Leaves, as well as the whole plant, glaucous, smooth, and polished; upper leaf broader than the radical ones; hairy on the inner surface; radical leaves rigid, linear, acute, and involute. Inflorescence spiked. Spike about one-third the length of the stem, with the rachis perfectly smooth. Spikelets of an oval form, of four or five awnless florets; sessile, ar- ranged alternately in two rows on the zig-zag rachis. Calyz of two nearly equal obtuse glumes, (Fig 1), of an oblong form, perfectly smooth, with six prominent ribs, the dorsal or largest rib running very much to a side, (Fig. 4.) Florets of two pale (Fig. 2), the outer palea of lowermost floret about equal in length to the ca- lyx, of an oval form, perfectly smooth and polished, five-ribbed, of which the dorsal rib occasionally extends slightly beyond the summit. Inner palea rather shorter than outer palea, with two green margin- al ribs minutely toothed. Obs.— Triticum junceum has been. occasionally confounded with glaucous varieties of T'riticum repens, but is readily distinguished in the rachis being perfectly smooth ; glumes smooth and obtuse ; the spikelets not easily detached without breaking the rachis ;—whereas in Triticum repens the rachis is rough ; glumes acute and roughish on the upper part of the central rib ; the spikelets very easily detached without the rachis breaking. (See Plate L-XII.) * Triticum gunceum, Linn., Koch, Smith, Hooker, Lindley, Greville. GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. 139 This grass is very seldom eaten by any description of cattle. It is, however, of great use along the coast where it naturally grows, as it assists in binding the loose sand on the sea shore. It is frequent on the sandy shores throughout Scotland, England, and Ireland ; also a native of Norway, Sweden, Germany, France, Spain, Portu- gal, Italy, Russia, North Africa, and West Asia. It has not been discovered in America. Flowers in the first week of July, and ripens its seed about the middle of August. 92. ELYMUS ARENARIUS. * Upright Sea Lime-Grass. Specific Characters.—Florets hairy. Lowermost floret not longer than the calyx. (Plate LXIV.) Description.—It grows from two to five feet high. The root is per- ennial, extensively creeping. Stem erect, round, smooth, and fine- ly striated, bearing four or five leaves with smooth striated sheaths, the upper sheath longer than its leaf, crowned with a short ob- tuse ligule. Joints smooth, the first and second remote. Leaves long, narrow, hard, and rigid, very glaucous, spinous, pointed, folded or rolled in, strongly grooved, quite smooth behind, rough on the inner surface. Inflorescence spiked, dense. Spike from four to nine or more inches long, and about half an inch wide, erect, glaucous; rachis smooth, toothed alternately on each side, and flattened just above. Spikelets of three or four awnless florets (Fig. 3); arranged in pairs on each tooth of the rachis. Calyx of two parallel narrow, acute, near- ly equal glumes, about three-ribbed, more or less hairy or woolly (Fig. 1.) Florets of two pale (Fig. 2); the outer palea of lowermost floret equal in length to the calyx, acute, five-ribbed, hairy. Inner palea with two green marginal ribs, delicately frmged ; the summit mostly cloven. Pedicle of second floret hairy on one side. Nectary of two acute hairy scales (Fig 4.) Ovarium hairy (Fig. 5.) Stigmas fea- thery. Styles short, distinct. Filaments capillary. _Anthers forked at each end. Obs.—This grass at first sight very much resembles Ammophila arundinacea, (Plate VIII.) but is readily distinguished by the ligule * Elymus arenarius, Linn., Koch, Hooker, Lindley, Smith, Withering, Knapp. 140 GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. being very short and obtuse ; spikelets without footstalks, and of three or four florets ;—whereas in A. arundinacea the ligule is very long and pointed ; spzkelets with footstalks and of only one floret. This grass, says Mr Sinclair, may justly be considered as the su- gar cane of Britain, as it is remarkable for the large quantity of sac- charine matter it contains. It must necessarily render the hay made from this grass very nutritious, particularly when cut into chaff and mixed with corn or common hay. It grows naturally on the drifted sands of the sea-coast, where it is of great value in arresting and collecting the spreading of the loose sand, forming an effectual barrier to repel the encroachments of the sea. It is a frequent grass along some parts of the sandy shores of Scotland and Ireland. In England it occurs along the coast of Northumberland, Durham, Cumberland, Lincoln, Carnarvon, Cardigan, Norfolk, Dor- set, and Devon; also a native of Lapland, Norway, Sweden, Ger- many, France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Iceland, and British America. It has not been discovered in the United States. Flowers in the second week of July, and ripens its seed about the end of August. 93. LOLIUM TEMULENTUM. Bearded Rye-Grass. Specific Characters.—Florets awned. Glume longer than the spikelet. (Plate LXIV.) Description.—It grows to the height of two feet. The root is an- nual, fibrous. Stem round, smooth, (sometimes roughish), bearing four leaves with smooth striated sheaths ; the upper sheath shorter than its leaf, crowned with a short obtuse ligule. Joints four, smooth. Leaves flat, lanceolate, acute, rough on both surfaces, except at the base of the under surface; the margins minutely toothed. Inflores- cence spiked. Spike erect, about aspanlong. Spikelets sessile, ar- ranged alternately in two rows on the ziz-zag rough rachis, of four or five awned florets. Calyx of one glume, (sometimes accompanied with a very short inner glume), long and narrow, with eight ribs, * Lolium temulentum, Linn., Koch, Smith, Hooker Lindley. GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. 141 five of which are rather indistinctly seen (Fig. 1); longer than the spikelet, smooth, and somewhat roughish at the edges. Floreis of two palee (Fig. 2); the outer palea of lowermost floret seven-ribbed, the marginal ribs the broadest ; bifid at the summit, and furnished with a white rough awn, rather more than half the length of the palea (oc- easionally the awn is much longer), arising immediately behind the bifid extremity. Inner palea with two green marginal ribs, minute- ly fringed. Seeds elliptical, somewhat flattened. Obs.— Lolium temulentum differs from Lolium perenne, inthe glume being longer than the spikelet, and the outer palea furnished with a delicate awn ;—whereas in L. perenne, the glume is shorter than the spikelet, and the florets have no awn. This grass is found principally in cultivated fields, especially among corn, where it is a noxious weed. The seeds, it is said, when eaten produce vomiting, purging, violent colic, and death; and Linneus states that the seeds when mixed with bread produce but little effect unless when eaten hot ; but if malted with barley, the ale soon occa- sions intoxication. It is occasionally found in Scotland and Ireland, but more frequent- ly in England, especially in the counties of Northumberland, Durham, York, Notts, Anglesea, Carnarvon, Worcester, Beds, Cambridge, Suffolk, Essex, Kent, Sussex, and Devon; also a native of Norway, Sweden, Germany, France, Italy, North Africa, Japan, South Ame- rica and the United States. Flowers in the first week of July, and ripens its seed in the begin- ning of August. 94. LOLIUM PERENNE.* Rye-Grass. Specific Characters.—F lorets not awned. Glume shorter than the spikelet. (Plate LXV.) Description.—It grows from fifteen inches to two feet high. The root is perennial, fibrous. Stem erect, round, smooth, and finely striated, bearing six or seven leaves with smooth striated sheaths ; * Lolvum perenne, Linn. Hooker, Smith, Lindley, Greville, Koch, 142 _ GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. the upper sheath longer than its leaf, crowned ‘with a short obtuse ligule; the lower sheaths shorter than their leaves. Joznts four or five, smooth, often purplish, the first and second rather remote. Leaves dark-green, lanceolate, acute, flat, smooth on the outer sur- face, and roughish on the inner. Inflorescence spiked. Spike com- pressed, erect or slightly curved, about one-third the length of the stem; rachissmooth. Spikelets sessile, arranged on the rachis alter- nately in two rows; of six to twelve awnless florets. Calyx of one glume (Fig. 1) of an oblong-lanceolate form, smooth, and five-rib- bed ; situated on the outer side, and shorter than the spikelet. Flo- rets of two pale, (Fig. 2), the outer palea of lowermost floret shorter than the glume, smooth, five-ribbed, membranous, and entire at the summit. nner palea \inear-lanceolate, equal in length to the outer palea, with two green marginal ribs delicately frmged. laments slender, shorter than the palea. Anthers cloven at each end. Germen. obtuse. Styles verv short. Stigmas feathery along the upper side. Seed elliptic-oblong, channeled in front. Obs. racemosum, a frequent variety, with the spikelets pedunculated. (Plate LXV.) angustifolum, a tall and slender variety, with long nar- row leaves. tenue, asmall starved variety, with the spikelets of three or four florets. ttalicum, (Italian rye-grass, Plate LXV.) This variety is an exotic introduced into this country about ten years ago by Mr Lawson, and is now becoming a very frequent grass in the neighbour- hood of Edinburgh, as well as throughout the cultivated districts of Scotland. It differs from Lolium perenne, in the florets having long slender awns ; and from Lolkum temulentum, in the glumes being shorter than the spikelets. It is a most valuable grass, well deserving the attention of agriculturists, as producing a large produce of her- bage early in spring, which horses, cows, and sheep are remarkably fond of, and will bear cuttimg three times during the season, especial- ly when cultivated in moist rich soils or irrigated meadows. The only disadvantage that this grass possesses is, that it does not seem to be strictly a perennial. GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. 143 Of Lolium perenne there are a great number of varieties known to farmers by various appellations ; all more or less valuable for agri- cultural purposes, viz. Slender rye-grass, Broad spiked rye-grass, Pacey’s rye-grass, Russell’s grass, Whitworth’s grass, Stickney’s grass, Panicled rye-grass, Double-flowered rye-grass, Viviparous rye- grass, besides a great number of others, amounting to at least seventy varieties. Mr Sinclair states, that there has been much diffe- rence of opinion respecting the merits and comparative value of rye- grass. It produces an abundance of seed, which is easily collected, and readily vegetates on most kinds of soils, under circumstances of different management. It soon arrives at perfection, and produces in its first years of growth a good supply of early herbage, which is much liked by cattle: but the after-crop of rye-grass is very inconsi- derable, and the plant impoverishes the soil in a high degree, if the culms, which are invariably left untouched by cattle, are not cut be- fore the seed advances towards perfection. When this is neglected, the field after midsummer exhibits only a brown surface of withered straws. For permanent pasture, the produce and nutritive powers of the rye-grass, compared with those of the cock’s-foot grass, (Dactylis glomerata), are inferior nearly in the proportion of five to eighteen ; and inferior to the meadow fox-tail (Alopecurus pratensis) in the pro- portion of five to twelve; and inferior to the meadow fescue (Buce- tum pratense) as five to seventeen. The rye-grass is but a short-lived plant, seldom continuing more than six years in possession of the soil, but is continued by its property of ripening an abundance of seed, which is but little molested by birds, and suffered to fall and vegetate among the root-leaves of the permanent pasture-grasses. It is only within these last forty or fifty years that other species of gras- ses have been tried as a substitute for the rye-grass in forming artifi- cial pastures, it having been the favourite grass with most farmers from the time of its first cultivation in 1674 to the present period. The rye-grass, when not more than three years old, flowers in the second week of June, and ripens its seed in about twenty-five days after: as the plants become older they flower much later, sometimes so late as the beginning of August. It is a very common grass throughout the whole of Britain ; also a native of Lapland, N orway, 144 GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. Sweden, Germany, France, Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, Italy, Russia, North of Africa, and West of Asia. It occurs also in the United States, but is stated to have been introduced from Europe. Its limit of altitude seems to be about 1000 feet above the sea. GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. 145 The following new species of grass was sent me by Professor Bal- four after the preceding sheets had passed through the press :— Poa Batrourt. * St. John’s Meadow-Grass. Specific Characters.—F lorets slightly webbed. Ligule prominent, obtuse. Upper leaf nearly as long as its sheath, Outer palea five- ribbed. Stem compressed. Description.—It grows from three to fifteen inches high. The root is perennial, creeping. Stem erect, compressed, furnished with a few minute spicula, with their points directed upwards, producing a slight roughness to the touch; bearing three or four leaves, with scarcely smooth sheaths; the upper sheath a very little longer than its leaf, crowned with a prominent, obtuse ligule (Fig. 5); second sheath shorter than its leaf, covering the upper joint. Joints three, situated on the lower third of the stem. Leaves confined to the lower part, leaving nearly two-thirds of the stem naked ; all the leaves about equal lengths, short, lanceolate, roughish on the upper surface and edges, smooth behind. Inflorescence simple or compound panicled. Panicle erect, from one to three inches long, spreading when luxuriant; the branches slender, rough, the lower ones mostly in pairs. Spvkelets erect, ovate, of three awnless florets, the summit of the lowermost floret on a level with the apex of the large glume of the calyx; the three or four uppermost spikelets arising from the rachis, the lower ones on lateral branches. Calyx of two unequal acute glumes (Fig. 1), three-ribbed, the dor- sal rib minutely toothed on the upper third, margins membranous. Florets of two palex, (Fig. 2); the outer palea of lowermost floret equal in length to the large glume of the calyx, five-ribbed, the rib on each side of the dorsal rib not hairy, and rather indistinct, (unless the palea’be opened, and held between the lens and light); lower half of the dorsal and marginal ribs hairy ; base of the two lowermost flo- rets furnished with three or four long silky convoluted hairs, which seem but slightly attached to the calyx. Jnner palea about equal in length to the outer palea, with two green marginal ribs minutely * Poa Balfouri, Parnell,—so named in honour of Dr Balfour, Professor of Botany in the University of Glasgow. K 146 GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. fringed. Pedicle of second floret slightly hairy. F¢laments three. Anthers notched at each extremity. Ovarium obovate. Styles two, distinct. Stigmas feathery. Scales acute, notched ; (Fig. 6.) rigida.—A. short stout variety from three to five inches high, with a short simple panicle of few spikelets. Found in exposed situations at an elevation of 2500 feet above the sea. extensa.—A tall and slender variety, growing from eight to twelve inches in height, with a simple panicle of few spike- lets. Found at an elevation of about 2000 feet above the sea. Obs.—This grass is closely allied to Poa nemoralis, but differs from it in the ligule of the upper sheath being prominent ; upper leaf scarcely as long as its sheath; all the joints situated on the lower third of the stem, and covered by the sheaths; stem slightly roughish ;—where- as in P. nemoralis the ligule is very short; upper leaf as long and often longer than its sheath; upper joint situated not below the cen- tre of the stem, and not covered by the second sheath ; stem smooth. (Plate XXXVI.) From Poa montana, in the florets bemg webbed; upper joint si- tuated on the lower third of the stem; lower floret equal in length to the large glume of the calyx ;—whereas in P. montana the florets are not in the slightest degree webbed; upper joint situated about half- way up the stem; lower floret shorter than the large glume; the pa- nicle longer and more slender, of fewer spikelets on longer foot-stalks ; the /eaves more taper-pointed. (Plate XX XIX.) From Poa polynoda, in the florets being webbed ; joints not exceed- ing three in number, situated on the lower third of the stem; upper joint covered by the second sheath ;—whereas in P. polynoda the jlo- rets are not webbed ; joints six or seven in number; upper joint si- tuated above the centre of the stem, and not covered by the second sheath. (Plate XX XIX.) . From Poa casia, in the florets being webbed ; lower floret equal in length to the large glume of the calyx ;—whereas in P. cesia the flo- rets are not webbed, and the lower floret is longer than the large glume of the calyx; the spikelets are larger, and the glumes of the calyx nearly equal. (Plate XL.) From Poa compressa, in the outer palea being five-ribbed ; spikelets GRASSES OF SCOTLAND. 147 of three florets ; joints three, confined to the lower third of the stem : —whereas in P. compressa the outer palea is but three-ribbed ;_ spike- lets of five to seven florets; joints usually five in number, the upper one situated about the centre of the stem. (Plate XXX VIL.) From Poa pratensis, in the florets being but slightly webbed ; stem very much compressed and slightly roughish to the touch ; upper leaf avery little shorter than its sheath ; spikelets of three florets ;—-whereas. in P. pratensis the florets are copiously webbed, suspending the calyx by their silky hairs ; stem smooth and round, (except in variety plani- culmis, in which the stem is slightly compressed); upper leaf much shorter than its sheath; spzkelets usually of five florets. (Plate XXXL.) Poa Balfouri is found on Ben Voirlich, Perthshire; also on the Clova mountains, Forfar, growing on micaceous soil, at an elevation of between 2000 to 2500 feet above the sea. Sheep seldom eat this grass, as they give a preference to the Festuca ovina, which grows in abundance in the same situations. Flowers in the first week of July, and ripens its seed in August. } 4 | | Ai ena. aa. te Ly i PFN AS x + A. : ‘ ; he , Catal ba \ Ash Dia { ' ) (EAA i i | Lie GAL ! A , Pat THO LA Yt i \ } ‘ Ly {ees } RO TY | ye ; ‘! 4 , } ty ii a { j ¢ ; : : } ( i \ id pat ti Nee >| BM NEI YY i ww it ‘ r pie oe YAR \ ae ty be ye ho oN it Un a Vaid it be PN ADA a : j FOI My howl i } i} Y it t wf vata ‘ { | { i feat i Lean . Nhu ewe ON ew tee aD, } Pe Pte i) {8 i j he . Pert { y ta 1} Bi ik i ti} ) j x | i ek Ba are aay Agrostis triaristatus Agrostis vulgaris pumila aristata Agrostis alba stolonifera palustris Agrostis stolonifera Agrostis canina alpina Agrostis Spica Venti Alopecurus agrestis Alopecurus pratensis Alopecurus ovatus Alopecurus alpinus Alopecurus geniculatus Alopecurus fulvis Alopecurus monspeliensis Airochloa cristata Aira cristata Aira cerulea Aira aquatica Aira cespitosa vivipera Aira alpina Aira flexuosa Aira caryophyllea Aira precox : Ammopbhila arundinacea Ammophila arenaria Anemagrostis Spica Venti Anthoxanthum odoratum Arrhenatherum elatior Arrhenatherum avenaceum bulbosum Arundo arenaria Arundo Epigegos Arundo stricta : Arundo calamagrostis . Arundo phragmites Avena strigosa Avena fatua Avena pratensis Avena pubescens . Avena flavescens Brachypodium sylvaticum INDEX OF THE marr N NAM ES. Page 32 Briza media Bromus giganteus Bromus mollis Bromus racemosus Bromus secalinus velutinus Bromus arvensis Bromus sterilis Bromus diandrus Bromus madritensis Bromus erectus hirsutus Bromus asper Bromus cristatus Bucetum loliaceum Bucetum pratense Bucetum elatior Bucetum giganteum Calamagrostis stricta Calamagrostis Epigegos Catabrosa aquatica Catopodiwm loliaceum Cynosurus cristatus Cynosurus echinatus Dactylis glomerata Deschanvpsia ceespitosa Elymus arenarius - Festuca decumbens Festuca distans Festuca thalassia Festuca rigida Festuca calamaria Festuca fluitans Festuca loliacea Festuca pratensis Festuca elatior Festuca gigantea Festuca bromoides nana Festuca sciwroides Festuca ovina hirsuta variegatum . 52 139 102 104 105 107 127 128 127 129 150 Festuca ovina vivipara angustifolia cesia Festuca duriuscula hirsuta ——— —— filiformis arenaria uM las rubra Festuca sylvatica Glyceria distans Glyceria maritima Glyceria procumbens Glyceria rigida Glyceria aquatica Glyceria fluitans HMierochloe odorata Hierochloe borealis Holcus lanatus Holcus mollis biaristatus parviflorus Holcus avenaceus Hordeum murinum Hordeum maritinum Hordeum pratense Hordeum nodosum Hydrochloa aquatica Koeleria cristata Lepturus incurvata Lolum temulentum Lolium perenne racemosum angustifolium tenue Italicum Melica uniflora Melica nutans Melica cerulea Milium effusum Molinia depauperata Molinia cerulea Nardus stricta Ophiurus incurvatus Phalaris arenaria Phalaris alpina Phalaris arundinacea Phalaris canariensis Phleum pratense Phleum alpinum Phleum arenarium Phleum Michelii Phragmites communis - Page INDEX. 129 , Poa Balfouri 129 | Poa decumbens 129 | Poa pratensis : 130 planiculmis 131 —— — umbrosa 131 | —— arida 131 — retroflexa 131 —— —— muralis Toi arenaria 132 | Poa trivialis parviflora 92 | Poa nemoralis 93 angustifolia 95 Poa compressa 97 | Poa alpina 101 Poa laxa : 102 flexuosa Poa polynoda 72 Poa montana : 72 | Poa nemoralis montana 48 Poa cesia AN 50 Poa glauca 51 Poa annua 51 serica . 58 Poa retroflexa 28 | Poa distans 29 | Poa maritima 31 Poa procumbens . 81 Poa rigida : : 101 Poa loliacea Poa sylvatica 44 Poa aquatica Poa fluitans a 9 | Polypogon monspeliensis 140 141 Rottbollia incurvata 142 filiformis 142 142 | Sesleria cerulea 142 | Sclerochloa procumbens Selerochloa rigida 42 | Shedonorus sylvaticus 43 | Shedonorus pratensis 46 | Shedonorus elatior 40 45 Trichodeum caninum 46 Triodia decumbens Trisetum pratense 8 longifolium . latifolium 9 | Trisetum pubescens Trisetum flavescens 20 Triticum loliaceum 99 Triticum sylvaticum 97 | Triticum cristatum 26 Triticum caninum 17 | Triticum repens 19 aristatum 20 | Triticum junceum D2, 69 | Vulpia bromoides Page 145 Alpine meadow-grass Alpine fox-tail grass Alpine cat’s-tail grass Annual meadow-grass Annual beard-grass Barren brome-grass Barren fescue-grass Bearded rye-grass Bearded wheat-grass Blue moor-grass Brown bent-grass Bristle-pointed oat Cat’s-tail grass Common reed - Common quaking-grass Crested dog’s-tail grass Crested hair-grass Crested wheat-grass Creeping wheat-grass Creeping soft-grass Creeping sea meadow-grass Downy oat-grass Early hair-grass Fine bent-grass - Flat-stalked meadow-gra Floating meadow-grass Floating fox-tail grass Glaucous meadow-grass Hard fescue-grass Hard sea-grass Hard meadow-grass Heath-grass Holy-grass Mat-grass 2 : Manured canary-grass Marsh bent-grass Meadow fox-tail grass Meadow barley Meadow soft-grass Meadow fescue-grass INDEX OF THE Page 81 : 13 19 90 32 116 127 140 135 63 36 60 17 69 ENGLISH NAMES. Michelian cat’s-tail grass Mountain melic-grass Mountain meadow-grass Narrow-leaved oat-grass Oat-like soft-grass : Orange-spiked fox-tail grass Procumbent sea meadow-grass Purple melic-grass Reed canary-grass Reed meadow-grass Reflexed meadow-grass Rough dog’s-tail grass Rough cock’s-foot grass Rough-stalked meadow-grass Rye-grass : : : Sea cat’s-tail grass Sea reed Sea barley Sea wheat-grass Sheep’s fescue-grass Silky bent-grass Silver hair-grass Silicious meadow-grass Slender fox-tail grass Slender wheat-grass Slender fescue-grass Small close-reed : Smooth alpine hair-grass Smooth-stalked meadow-grass Smooth brome-grass Smooth rye brome-grass Soft brome-grass Spiked meadow-grass Spreading millet-grass Sweet-scented vernal-grass Tall fescue-grass Tall-bearded fescue-grass Tawny melic-grass Taper field brome-grass Tufted hair-grass Timothy grass 152 Upright annual brome-grass Upright brome-grass Upright sea lime-grass Wall barley Water hair-grass Wavy mountain-grass Wavy meadow-grass INDEX. Page 117 Wild oat 119 Wood reed 139 Wood melic-grass Wood meadow-grass 28 Wood-reed meadow-grass 47 Wood brome-grass bo 83 Yellow oat-grass EDINBURGH : PRINTED BY JOHN STARK, OLD ASSEMBLY CLOSE. ERRATA. _ . Pages 45, 46, for Molinea, read. Molinia. , - — 106, 108, 109, for Bucetum elatior, read Eeeenan elatius. / — 122, for Avena pratense, read Avena pratensis. - DISSECTION OF THE COMMON ANNUAL MEADOW-GRASS -- Sptkelets Lateral Branches Spikelet magratied Rachis vA Gf carr al branche iy y, Sy ° Dees» Outer or Trma 67 +++) /pp ; upper pal i) | lawer palea. -» Keel or Central rib Ee, : ees Vy / \ . Ligule nner or ~~ upper qhane 9 \y Jove Outer or \ /| lower glume o Shea of Lear Jomet Poa Annua BaD ae diiscdct || Priced by IGellatly. ’ Published by W" Blackwoed * sons, Edinburgh & London . 2 - \ Frivted: hy I.Gellatly. Rottboltia tharvata PLATE IT Published_ by W™ Blackwood k Sons, Edinburgh & London . Nardus strictev R. Parnell M.D. dat eb saulp? PLATE If Alopecurus agrestis RParpell UD. dealt et scalp? Printed by IGellatly. Piblished by W™ Blackwood Sons, Edivburgh & London... PLATE IV _Alopecurus pratensis Alopecurus alpinus R.Parneiy MD. dd & saup? Printed by Gellatly. Published by W™ Blackwood Sans,Edimburgh &Eondon . Alopecurus tuys Printed by J.Gellatly. Published by W™ Blackwood Sons, Edinburgh &Eonden . days NAN UV, NG TIA Published by W Blackwood & Sons, Edinburgh &Eondo . P arrel L WD. ddt et scalp’ nN, IN * ol i i ———— = -—— —_ SS a — > = ——— = = ———S—_— == — —— => PEE BS Phiem Micheli Published by W” Blackwood X Sons. Edinburgh & London . Phleum arenarumne Proved. hy Ieliatly. PLATE Vill Ammophila arundinaced Anthoxcanthune odoratunm Printed by Gellatly. R. Parnell MD). dealt et scakpt Prblished by WY Blackwood Sous, Edinburgh & London . Phatarts arundinacea’ EAZZA iy I) if? V). a HF y, A. PRUAMHS CANRTIENSIS Proved by Fiellatly. Pabhshed_ by W" Blackwood «Sons, Edinburgh «London - — ordewn martnun — rel ILD. dell. ct. sculpt Published by W™ Blackwood x Sans,£dinburgh & London . Dilek A \ ae > —_— — = = - rs = 5 a ees eS SS aS TE = — ane ——————————— a - . Gellatly. Y Lrinted: by J. SSS We SSS SS SSS ESSA = SS — Se ...... - aeeee Printed by IGellatly. Fe — é ; “ia OG yi Poa procumbens Published_by W'" Blackwood. Sons,Edimburgh x London . ' P eS dee Bell o Fa eX * us. ee eS ee a O(N i we So =< Printed by ZGellatly. Pow loliacea : a : Published by W% Blackwood. x Sous, Edinburgh & Londec . SS, eo = di S = = = — “7 4 SSS =s og Fh ai — ea ZF Zi P Ei IN mens mn Ei aN ae aie a a a a ce eee eee ee en _ _ LS er ts ee - f A S . ) | \ ' = aes — Re - = x : SS ES x > = aot vt SPP FFT ING GO gpa — =~ < : FSF GORGE FG SSF F PDL LILI DIO I OT . ~ : ve ~ hs = 4 SS ~ S &S | y : j { Pakhshed by W™ Blackwood x Sons Edmburgh &£ondon . R. Parnell LD. dalt et sculpt — PLATE LI SSS SS ee Frinted by J Pubished_ by W™ Blackwood & Sous, Edinburgh & London . Printed by Gellatly. SS longifolna eee SSS = — SS [ 3 | & i : LIT R.Parnedl UD. delt et scalp? Oe Tad | al PLATE Li] eS Tristtum. pubescens — ~-— latifolum MD. dat eh saupy Published by W"™ Blackwood * Sons, Edinbureh &Eondon . oe 5S PLATE LIV Trisetuny tlavescens R. Parnell ID. delt & scalp? Printed by Gellatly. Published_ by W'" Blackwood & Sons, Edinburgh & London . LV PLATE ree CALMEAEOY, Festuca, myuris Printed by IGellatly. R. Parnell MD. dealt a scuip? ; Published by Wit Blackwood. k sous, Edinburgh London. 2 = eo : Published by W? Blackwood x Sous, Ediihurgh t London . PLATE LV —— s,s 4 aa we lO Printed by IGellatly. Published by W™ Blackwood & Sons, Edimburgh «London . R. Parnell MD. dat, saulp? PLATE LVM bi i liar ae eS { S NN - hirsuta Printed by IGellatly. R.Parnel MD. det & sadp Published by W% Blackwood & Sons, Edimbureh & London = |—2 ij —_ D3 a Tara Printed by J.Geliatly. Parnell ILD. det ct saadp? Published by W2' Blackwood * sons, Edinburgh & London . hh an a te a am Hg nm = ’ ae fe i we PEP pone Ser ear ee noida. SS SN RR a ——— = —a <= enmas | Printed by IGellatly. PLATE LX = s = es ae Ae . Se z \ y , — - se Sz EZ . 4 oN NN \ EES \ \ \ iN fh 7. \ = e . \) y | i | i \ ‘i i R.Parnell VD. dealt ec sadp? Published by W™ Blackwood x Sous, Ediiburgh London. a sf oi oh ie ea Iriticuny cristatunv nell MD. delt et sap? . Printed hy SGellatiy. Published. by W Blackwood Sons, Edinburgh & London . a ae PLATE LAW yo = == SS Triticum canwmame Trittcuni repens Prouted hy IGeklatty. Pitdisted hy WP Blackwoed * Sons, Edinburgh & London - = whe Lotian tenuigitun Printed by Gellatly. Parndl UD.dét ct sadpt Ab Pn, aT % = a 4 ° coal 2 | _ Published: by W™ Blackwood x Sons, Efinburg Published by W™ Blackwood Sons,Edinburgh & London . PEATE LEXVI Wan i H ie a wy | i HI | an Uy ———— 1 = —— i} | val i A li My + ai — — TNS Prurd by Gellatly. Parnell HD. delt ct sculpt ; Pabhshed_ by Wt Blackwood X sans, idm@bureh & London . ee ee a ages es 7 i {S00 a ae . sar TITUTION LIBRARIES mie 9088 00613 6980 } ; me ‘ fi 4 ‘ s | i vile 1 f i i ‘ ‘ i ‘ + eel J " \ r , 3 ‘ ! Lane i hi , E ‘ Wha tastes 4 i n 4 4 4 : ; : Sardi ( / iN ibe H ue mn The ie Vd fet { ( f ; ‘sf ener ee he) ‘ , bre + t ‘ aay ; ny : : ’ “ ‘ \ A at ey , ee i > hit , y : ») " 7 " q } : ‘ j