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AN aos WILLIAM H, WiEGMAN
The Ohio State University Bulletin

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Volume XXI Number 28

- OHIO BIOLOGICAL SURVEY

ONS BULLETIN 9

es | VOLUME Il, No.5

_ THE GRASSES OF OHIO

John H. Schaffner

MAY 1917

PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY AT COLUMBUS, OHIO

Entered as second-class matter November 17, 1905, at the Postoffice,
at Columbus, Ohio, under Act of Congress, July 16, 1894.

OHIO BIOLOGICAL SURVEY

Aeaier Oszory, Director”

OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY IN Co- OPERATION ‘WITH |
OTHER OHIO. COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES _

Adimitisttewe Board consisting of Representatives from co- a oe,
operating institutions. . . et

“E. L. Fullmer, Baldwin-Wallace University, Berea, oe

A. B. Plowman, © University of Akron, ~ : Akron, ‘Os a9
-L. B. Walton, . . Kenyon College, ~ a Gambier, O. ©
Bruce Fink, Miami University, — i Oxford, Os22255
F, ©: Grover, ‘Oberlin College, s ae Oberlin: (O22 sa
E. L. Rice, Ohio Wesleyan University, _ .. Delaware, OF ys
F. H. Herrick, ' Western Reserve University, . Cleveland, O.

C. G. Shatzer, Wittenberg College, _ Springfield, O.

ANNOUNCEMENT

The Bulletins oF the. Ohio Biological Survey will be ‘ietured as ot
work on any special subject is completed, and will form volumes of
about 500 pages each. ipl
‘ They will be sent to co-operating institutions and indieidialar

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Special rates on quantities to schools for classes.

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Subscription for entire volumes......... eos $200
Price of this number............0---ee.ee-. © 50.

All orders should be accompanied ‘by remittance made payable
to Ohio Biological Survey and sent to the Director. |

Correspondence concerning the Survey, applications for ex-
changes and purchase of copies of Bulletins should be addressed to
the Director — Professor Herbert Osborn, Columbus, Ohio. 3

Volume II. No. 5 Bulletin No. 9

OHIO BIOLOGICAL SURVEY

THE GRASSES OF OHIO

John H. Schaffner

Published by
THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY
Columbus
1917

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Contribution from the Department of ‘Botany, — |
Ohio State University 98, |

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CONTENTS

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INTRODUCTION

The grasses of our state, including both wild and cultivated species,
may properly be regarded as our most important vegetation; for no other
plants have such a wide and fundamental bearing on the stability and
progress of our prosperity and civilization. There are about 4500 species
of true grass plants known in the world. Of these about 180 species
occur as native, introduced, or commonly cultivated in Ohio.

The grasses, outside of the bamboo tribe, are all herbacous, peren-
nials, biennals or annuals. The stem, sometimes called the culm, is of
a very extreme type having exceedingly long internodes. It is either
hollow or solid, but if hollow it is always closed at the nodes. The leaves
are two-ranked and alternate. The leaf is also a highly specialized
structure usually having a linear blade with a more or less prominent
midrib and a large sheath which is open on the side opposite the blade.
On the upper side of the leaf between the sheath and the blade there is
often a permanent fringe of hairs or one or more scarious appendages
called ligules. The roots of grasses are fibrous and together with the
creeping rootstocks form the sod so characteristic of many species.

Grasses are very generally distributed throughout the world, often
forming extensive prairies, meadows, or plains, and furnishing great
quantities of food for grazing animals. They are of importance in
making an effective covering for large areas of the earth’s surface and
in protecting the land from erosion. The grasses yielding food grains ©
are called cereals and constitute the most substantial food plants for man.
The most important of these grasses are Indian corn, rice, wheat, rye,
barley, oats, sorghum, millet and sugar cane.

Aside from the general uses mentioned above certain species of
grasses are employed in many other ways. Various species furnish
material for basketry and for hats, mats, and braidwork; many species
are used in paper making; some furnish various commercial starches, oils
and cellulose used in the arts; some are used for fuel as for instance the
cobs of Indian corn; certain species are used as soil binders on Ievees, in
river bottoms, and on sand dunes; species belonging to the bamboo tribe
are used extensively for building houses and fences, for furniture, fishing
poles, and an endless assortment of small articles; various species like rye
are used for thatching roofs; broom corn, a variety of sorghum, is used
extensively in the manufacture of brooms and brushes; the peculiar
fruits of job’s-tears are strung as beads; corn cobs are manufactured into
tobacco pipes; some species are used in medicine; various species are
cultivated as ornamental grasses in gardens and the panicles of some are
employed for dry winter boquets. Many other uses might be mentioned.

Grasses, of course, belong to the flowering plants, or Anthophyta.
They are classified botanically as follows:

256

GRASSES OF OHIO 257

Phylum, Anthophyta, flowering plants. Seed plants of diverse habit and com-
monly with showy flowers on the sporophyte, with closed carpels or carpel sets,
with female gametophytes of eight or rarely sixteen, or a smaller number of cells,
usually containing two, or rarely more, polar nuclei which conjugate with each
other and with one of the two nonmotile sperms from the male gametophyte or
pollengrain, which is deposited on a stigma and develops a long pollentube. As the
result of this triple fusion a new tissue is produced of greater or less extent sur-
rounding the developing embryo in the ovule. This peculiar endosperm is called
the xeniophyte generation and it is the presence of this tissue, especially, in many
grains of grasses that gives them their great food value.

The grasses belong to the class Monocotylae, or monocotyls, which
may be defined as having the following characteristics:

Sporophytes developing as herbs or sometimes as woody plants of large
dimensions; embryo usually with one terminal cotyledon and a lateral plumule;
stem with closed, usually scattered vascular bundles, without typical bark and
annual rings of growth, rarely with secondary thickening; leaves mostly parallel-
veined, sometimes netted-veined; flowers more commonly trimerous, the ideal
being a trimerous, pentacyclic flower with united carpels.

The Monocotyls are divided into four subclasses, the grasses falling
into the subclass, Glumiflorae:

Glumiflorae (Glume-flowered Monocotyls). Usually grass-like herbs or some-
times woody plants with hypogynous, inconspicuous flowers. Carpels united;
stigmas 3-1; perianth usually of 6-2 minute segments or bristles or entirely want-
ing; inflorescence usually consisting of spikes or spikelets variously clustered;
endosperm mealy, starchy or rarely sugary.

The order of the Glumiflorae to which the grasses belong is com-
monly called Graminales and is characterized by its unilocular ovulary
containing one anatropous, erect or ascending ovule.

There are two families of Graminales, Cyperaceae or Sedges and
Gramunaccae or Grasses. In general the sedges constitute the lower and
less specialized group.

Graminaceae. Grass Family

Highly specialized, perennial, geophilous herbs or annuals, or sometimes woody
plants, with hollow or occasionally solid stems, having prominent internodes, the
nodes closed. Leaves 2-ranked, with sheaths, the sheaths usually split to the base;
upper end of the sheath usually with one or two ligules; sometimes with a short
petiole between the sheath and the blade, in which a cleavage plane is developed.
Inflorescence a panicle, raceme, or spike, composed of spikelets. Spikelets and
flowers with 2-ranked glumes, each spikelet normally with two empty glumes at
its base and each flower normally with two flowering glumes, the outer one called
the lemma, the inner the palet. Flowers bisporangiate or monosporangiate, mone-
cious or diecious with all intermediate gradations, often completely vestigial.
Perianth of 3 usually 2 small bracts called lodicules which probably represent a
corolla or inner perianth cycle; stamens of the andrecium 6, or usually 3, some-
times reduced to 2 or 1; anthers versatile, with 4 microsporangia; gynecium highly
specialized, consisting of 3 united carpels forming a unilocular ovulary with one
ovule; stigmas 3, 2 or 1, usually 2, hairy or plumose. Fruit a dry seed-like grain
(caryopsis), or in the lower forms sometimes fleshy; endosperm starchy or rarely
sugary.

GRASSES OF OHIO

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TERMINOLOGY OF THE GRASS INFLORESCENCE

The inflorescence of a grass is made up of compact flower-bearing
branchlets known as spikelets. In general, the spikelet of a grass is of
the same importance in identification as the flower in most other groups.
The spikelet usually has two bracts at the base which are called the empty
glumes. These may be distinguished as the outer and inner empty
glumes, or the lower and upper empty glumes. Each flower is also nor-
mally inclosed in two bracts, called the fowering glumes. The outer of
these glumes is called the Jemma, the inner the palet. All of these bracts
can thus be called glumes collectively. Through reduction of the spikelet
and degeneration of the flower, part of the glumes may be absent or
vestigial, or extra glumes may be present. Usually there are 2 (some-
times 3) minute bracts or scales at the base of the flower, within the
flowering glumes. These are called Jodicules and are supposed to repre-
sent a vestigial perianth. The axis of the spikelet is called a rachilla and
if the inflorescence is a spike, its main axis is called a rachis.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI

Fig. 1. Diagram of spikelet of Bromus sp.

Fig. 2. Diagram of spikelet of Panicum virgatum. The staminate flower has a
vestigial gynecium.

Fig. 3. Diagram of spikelet of Chaetochloa viridis. The vestigial flower con-
sists only of a lemma. There are bristles at the base of the spikelet.

Fig. 4. Diagram of staminate spikelet of Coix lacryma-jobi. Each of the two
flowers has a vestigial gynecium.

Fig. 5. Diagram of carpellate spikelet of Coix lacryma-jobi, enclosed in a modi-
fied bony leaf sheath. The spikelet contains a vestigial lemma and a
carpellate flower with three vestigial stamens; also two vestigial struc-
tures marked as oval black spots.

Fig. 6. Spikelet of Bromus racemosus showing the two empty glumes and nine
flowers.

Fig. 7. Lower or outer empty glume of Panicum virgatum.
Fig. 8. Inner or upper empty glume of Panicum virgatum.
Fig. 9. Lemma of Eragrostis major.

Fig. 10. Palet of Eragrostis major.

Fig. 11. The two lodicules (vestigial perianth segments) at the base of the grain
of Triticum aestivum.

OHIO BIOLOGICAL SURVEY VOE, Il, PLATE XI.

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OHIO BIOLOGICAL SURVEY VOL. II. PLATE

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Representative stages in the evolution of the grass inflorescence,
Inflorescence of Arundinaria macrosperma Mx.

Panicle of Uniola paniculata L.

Spike-like panicle of Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.
Carpellate inflorescence (ear with husks) of Zea mays L.

XII

GRASSES OF OHIO 261

SYNOPSIS OF THE TRIBES OF GRASSES

I. Spikelets many-1-flowered; rachilla usually articulated above the empty glumes
which are persistent after the fall of the flowers; spikelets usually more or
less laterally compressed.

1. Aerial stems entirely woody or at least woody at the base, perennial;
lodicules (perianth segments) often 3; leaf-blade with a short petiole
articulated with the sheath.

Subfamily, Bambusatae.
a. Tribe, Bambuseae.

2. Aerial stems herbaceous and annual; lodicules usually 2; leaf-blades sessile,
without a joint.

Subfamily, Poacatae.

(1). Spikelets 2-many-flowered, rarely with 1 perfect an! 1 staminate
flower; in panicles, spike-like panicles or racemes.

a. Flowering glumes as long or longer than the empty glumes,
unawned or with a straight awn from the apex. |
Tribe, Festuceae.

b. Flowering glumes generally shorter than the empty glumes, usually
with a bent awn on the back; callus and usually the rachilla-
joints hairy. Tribe, Aveneae.

(2). Spikelets 1-several-flowered, in rows, forming an equilateral or 1-
sided spike or raceme; sometimes monosporangiate.

a. Spikelets sessile in 2 opposite rows. forming an equilateral spike;
leaf-blades bearing at base a more or less well-marked pair of
auriculate appendages. Tribe, Hordeae.

b. Spikelets sessile in 2 rows on one side of a flattened axis, forming
1-sided spikes which are digitate or paniculate, or sometimes
solitary. Tribe, Chlorideae.

(3). Spikelets with but one perfect flower, sometimes with additional
monosporangiate flowers; always in panicles or racemes, not
in rows.

a. Empty glumes 2, the third glume (lemma) enclosing a perfect
flower just above the empty glumes; palet of the perfect flower
usually 2-nerved. Tribe, Agrostideae.

b. With 2- minute glumes (lemmas) above the 2 normal empty
glumes or sometimes with 2 staminate flowers, the perfect flower
on the top of the spikelet; palet of the perfect flower usually
1-nerved or nerveless. Tribe, Phalarideae.

II. Spikelets usually 2-flowered or by degeneration 1-flowered; rachilla articulated
below the empty glumes which are thus deciduous with the flowers; spike-
lets usually more or less dorsally compressed; aerial stems annual.

Subfamily, Panicatae.

1. Flowering glumes, at least of the perfect flowers, similar in texture to the
empty glumes, ot frequently coriaceous or chartaceous (indurated),
never thin and hyaline.

(1). Spikelets with 4 or more glumes, more or less dorsally compressed.
a. Flowering glumes of the perfect flowers chartaceous or coriaceous,
very different from the empty glumes. Tribe, Paniceae,

262 OHO*\ BIOLOGICAL SURRY EY

b. Flowering glumes membranous.

(a). Inflorescence paniculate, spikelets deciduous singly from the
ultimate branches; first empty glume usually smaller and
narrower than the rest. Tribe, Tyristegineae.

(b). Inflorescence spikate; spikelets deciduous singly or in groups:
first empty glume usually larger than the rest, the second
one often spiny. Tribe, Zoysieae.

(2). Spikelets laterally compressed, with but 2 normal glumes, the empty
glumes reduced or wanting; spikelets often monosporangiate.
Tribe, Oryzeae.

2. Flowering glumes thin and hyaline, much more delicate in structure than the
thick-membranous or coriaceous empty glumes.

a. Spikelets in pairs, one usually sessile the other pedicellate, the sessile
spikelet with a perfect flower, the pedicellate one with a perfect,
staminate, or sterile (vestigial) flower; lemmas of the perfect flowers
usually awned. Tribe, Andropogoneae.

b. Spikelets monosporangiate, in separate inflorescences or in different
parts of the same inflorescence, the carpellate portion or inflores-

cence below, the staminate above; lemmas awnless.
Tribe, Maydeae.

SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA IN; EACH iit

The number after the generic name refers to the list number.
Festuceae.

I, Rachilla and flowering glumes glabrous or with hairs shorter than the glumes.
A. Spikelets all alike.

1. Lemmas 5-many-nerved.

(1). Spikelets not in dense 1-sided clusters.
((1)). Stigmas arising below a cushion-like appendage at the tip
of the ovulary. Bromus. (1)
((2)). Stigmas arising at or near the tip of the ovulary.

a. Spikelets with 2 or more of the upper glumes empty, broad,
and enfolding each other. Melica. (2)

b. Spikelets with the upper glumes flower-bearing, or if
empty similar in shape to the other glumes.

(a). Lemmas rounded on the back; at least below.

((a)). Lemma acute, pointed or awned at apex, its
nerves not prominent. Festuca, (3)

((b)). Lemma obtuse or subacute at the apex, usually
toothed, its nerves prominent.
Panicularia, (4)

(b). Lemmas more or less strongly compressed and
keeled, Poa:+(5)
(2). Spikelets nearly sessile in dense 1-sided clusters. Dactylis. (6)
2. Lemmas 1-3-nerved, rarely with faint additional nerves.
(1). Callus and nerves of the lemma glabrous or cobwebby, or the
callus sparingly bearded.

GRASSES OF OHIO 263

((1)). Lemma not coriaceous in fruit; grain beakless, not ex-
serted.

a. Rachilla not prolonged behind the palet of the uppermost

sterile flower; spikelets in an open panicle.
Eragrostis. (7)

b. Rachilla prolonged behind the palet of the uppermost
flower; spikelets 2-5-flowered, usually in a more or less
contracted panicle.

(a). Inner empty glume broad and rounded at the tip;

very dissimilar from the outer glume.
Sphenopholis. (8)

(b). Inner empty glume similar to the outer.
Koeleria. (9)

((2)). Lemma coriaceous in fruit, grain beaked and exserted.

Korycarpus. (10)
(2). Callus and nerves of the lemma densely bearded, not cobwebby.
((1)). Palet not ciliate-fringed; internodes of the rachilla short.
Tridens. (11)
((2)). Palet conspicuously ciliate-fringed; internodes of the

rachilla long. Triplasis. (12)

B. Spikelets of 2 kinds, in small clusters, the upper perfect ones surrounded

by sterile spikelets below. Cynosurus. (13)

II. Rachilla with hairs longer than the flowering glumes. Phragmites. (14)
Aveneae.

I. Spikelets not deciduous, the empty glumes persistent.
A. Spikelets 2-many-flowered; rachilla prolonged beyond the upper glume.
1. Awn projecting from between the lobes of the lemma, flattened and
twisted. Danthonia, (15)
2. Awn of the lemma dorsal, not flattened.

(1). Spikelets 2-flowered, the upper bisporangiate, the lower staminate
and its glumes strongly awned. Arrhenatherum. (16)

(2). Spikelets 2-several-flowered; flowers all bisporangiate or the
uppermost imperfect..

a. Lemma keeled; awn rising from above the middle; spikelets
less than % inch long. Trisetum, (17)

b. Lemma rounded on the back.

(a). Spikelets over % in. long; grain furrowed, usually ad-
herent to the flowering glumes. Avena. (18)

(b). Spikelets less than 14 in. long; grain not furrowed, free.
Deschampsta. (19)

B. Spikelets with 2 bisporangiate flowers; rachilla not prolonged beyond the
upper flower. Aspris. (20)

II. Spikelets deciduous; lower flower bisporangiate, upper staminate with a hook-
like awn; plant velvety. Nothoholcus. (21)

264 OHIO BIOLOGICAL SURVEY:

Hordeae.

1. Spikelets solitary at each joint of the rachis.
1. Spikelets with their backs or edges to the rachis. Lolium. (22)
2. Spikelets with their sides to the rachis.

a. Empty glumes 3-many-nerved.

(a). Empty glumes lanceolate or linear; spikelets 3-many-flowered.
Agropyron. (23)

(b). Empty glumes ovate; spikelets 2-6-flowered. Triticum. (24)

b. Empty glumes 1-nerved, subulate; spikelets with 2 perfect flowers.
Secale. (25)

II. Spikelets 2-6 at each joint of the rachis, some of them may be reduced.
1. Spikelets 2-many-flowered.

a. Empty glumes but little smaller than the flowering glumes.
Elymus. (26)

b. Empty glumes very small or none; spikelets in pairs. Hystrix, (27)

2. Spikelets 1-flowered or with a vestigial second flower; in threes at each joint

of the rachis. Hordeum. (28)
Chlorideae.

I. Spikelets 1-flowered, with no vestigial lemma.
1. Spikelets articulated below the empty glumes.

a. Rachis extending beyond the upper spikelet; spikelets lanceolate.
Spartina, (29)

b. Rachis of the spikes not produced; spikelets orbicular
Beckmannia. (30) ~

2. Spikelets articulated above the empty glumes; spikes digitate.
Capriola, (31)

II. Spikelets with two or more flowers.

1. With 2-several perfect flowers in each spikelet; spikes usually digitate.
Eleusine. (32)

2. With 1 perfect flower in each spikelet; spikes solitary or racemose.

a. Spikes numerous, each with 12 or less spikelets. Atheropogon. (33)
b. Spikes 4 or less, each with 25 or more spikelets. Bouteloua, (34)
Agrostideae.

I, Flowering glumes membranous, not firmer than the empty glumes.

A, Lemma awnless or with a dorsal awn; flowering glumes loosely enclosing
the grain.

1, Empty glumes not conspicuously compressed; spikelets usually in open
or narrow panicles,

(1). Lemma 1-nerved, awnless. Sporobolus. (35)

(2). Lemma 3-5-nerved,

GRASSES OF OHIO 26

or

((1)). Panicle open; lemma usually awned.

a. Flowers not stalked; stamens 3; palet 2-nerved.

(a). Lemma entire; rachilla not prolonged, or if so with
a tuft of long hairs.

((a)). Callus below the flowering glumes and the
prolonged rachilla with a tuft of long
hairs. Calamagrostis. (36)

((b)). Callus naked or with short hairs; rachilla
not prolonged. Agrostis. (37)
(b). Lemma long-awed, with a bifid apex; rachilla pro-
longed into a short bristle. Apera. (38)
b. Flowers plainly stalked; stamen 1, palet usually 1-nerved.
Cinna. (39)
((2)). Panicle narrow and contracted; lemma awnless.
Ammophila. (40)
2. Empty glumes conspicuously compressed-carinate; spikelets in dense
spike-like panicles.
(1). Empty glumes awnless.

((1)). Lemma awned below the middle; panicle exserted, cylindri-
cal. Alopecurus. (41)

((2)). Lemma awnless; panicle partly included, ovoid.
Heleochloa. (42)

(2). Empty glumes awned; lemma awnless. Phleum. (43)

B. Lemma with a terminal awn or awn-pointed; flowering glumes closely en-
closing the grain.

1. Rachilla not prolonged behind the palet; empty glumes usually evident.
Muhlenbergia. (44)

2. Rachilla extending beyond the base of the palet into a bristle; empty
glumes minute. Brachyelytrum, (45)

II. Flowering glumes indurated at maturity, firmer than the empty glumes.

A. Lemmas awnless, their margins inrolled; spikelets without a basal callus.
Milium. (46)

B. Lemmas awned, their margins flat; spikelets with a basal callus.
1. Awn simple.

(1). Lemma broad, its awn straight and deciduous. Oryzopsts (47)

(2). Lemma narrow, its awn twisted and persistent. Stipa. (48)

2. Awn 3-branched; callus acute. Aristida. (49)
Phalarideae.

1. Empty glumes equal or nearly so.

a. Third and fourth glumes (lemmas) subtending staminate flowers.
Savastana, (50)

b. Third and fourth glumes small and empty, or vestigial. Phalaris. (51)

2. Empty glumes very unequal: third and fourth glumes dorsally awned.
Anthoxanthum. (52)

266 OHIO BIOLOGICAL SURVEY

Paniceae.

I. Spikelets without a subtending involucre.
1. Spikelets arranged in true panicles. Panicum. (53)
2. Spikelets arranged in 1-sided recemes, sometimes paniculate.
(1). Fruiting flowering glumes chartaceous, with flat hyaline margins.

a. Spikelets long-pediceled, in a diffuse pinacle. Leptoloma. (54)
b. Spikelets on slender spike-like, often digitate branches of the in-
florescence. Syntherisma, (55)
(2). Fruiting flowering glumes indurated, rigid, the margins inrolled, not
hyaline.
a. Some of the glumes awned; spikelets crowded in 1-sided branches
of the panicle. Echinochloa. (56)
b. Glumes awnless; spikelets plano-convex, on secund branches of the
inflorescence. Paspalum, (57)
II. Spikelets with an involucre of bristles or a prickly bur.
1. Spikelets subtended by bristles. Chaetochloa. (58)
2. Spikelets enclosed in a globular, prickly, bur-like involucre. Cenchrus. (59)
Oryzeae.

1. Spikelets much flattened laterally, with bisporangiate flowers.
Homalocenchrus, (60)

2. Spikelets monosporangiate.

a. Spikelets intermixed in the panicle. Zizaniopsis.
b. With carpellate spikelets in the upper part of the panicle and staminate
spikelets below. Zizania, (61)
Andropogoneae.

1. Inflorescence paniculate. decompound.
a. Pedicellate spikelet present; stem solid. Holcus. (62)
b. Pedicellate spikelet wanting; stem hollow. Sorghastrum. (63)
2. Inflorescence simple or compound made up of 1 or more spike-like racemose

branches.

a. Spikelets alike, all with bisporangiate flowers; rachis of the inflorescence
branches continuous. Miscanthus. (64)

b. Sessile spikelets bisporangiate, with awns, the pedicellate spikelets staminate
or empty; inflorescence simple or with 6 or less digitate branches.
Andropogon. (65)

Maydeae.

1. Carpellate spikelets inclosed in pockets of the internodes of the enlarged and
flattened rachis; rachis breaking into joints at maturity; inflorescence stam-
inate above, carpellate below.

a. Carpellate inflorescence not covered with husks. Tripsacum. (66)
b. Carpellate inflorescence covered with husks. Euchlaena.

ra)

. Carpellate spikelets covered by a bony leaf-sheath or collected in an ear covered
with husks.

a. With a bony leaf-sheath covering the single large grain. Coix. (67)

b, With numerous grains in an ear covered with husks, or with husk-like
glumes around the grains. Zea. (68)

_

ee eye ei

ee ee

GRASSES. OF OHIO 267

Rey [Oot GENERA OF OHIO GRASSES,

The number after the generic name refers to the list number.

Spikelets in panicles or racemes, or in spike-like racemes, not in definite
rows on the branches of the inflorescence, usually on distinct pedicles of
varying lengths. 2

Spikelets borne in definite rows (usually 2 rows) on a simple inflorescence
or on the branches of a compound inflorescence. 51

Spikelets not enclosed in a prickly bur. 3

Spikelets enclosed in a prickly bur; an annual grass. Cenchrus. (59)
Spikelets articulated above the empty glumes. 4
Spikelets articulated below the empty glumes, which are occasionally minute. 38
Spikelets with 2 to many perfect flowers. 5 _ os ;
Spikelets with but 1 perfect flower, rarely with 1 or 2 additional staminate
flowers. 23

Flowering glumes as long or longer than the empty glumes, unawned or with
a straight awn from the apex. 6
Flowering glumes generally shorter than the empty glumes, usually with a
bent or twisted awn on the back below the apex of the lemma. 18.

Rachilla of the spikelet naked or with hairs shorter than the flowering glumes. 7
Rachilla with hairs longer than the flowering glumes; very tall stout grasses;
lowest flower staminate, the others perfect. Phragmites. (14)
Spikelets all alike. 8
Spikelets of 2 kinds in a dense spike-like inflorescence, the fertile 1-3-flowered,
the lower spikelets of the inflorescence clusters consisting of empty glumes.
Cynosurus. (13)

Lemma 5-many-nerved. 9 ;
Lemma 3-1-nerved. 14 .
Spikelets not in dense 1-sided clusters on the inflorescence. 10 .
Spikelets nearly sessile in dense 1-sided clusters at the ends of the panicle
branches. : Dactylis (6)
Spikelets with the upper flowering glumes like the lower fertile ones, or if
empty not enfolding each other. 11
Spikelets with the upper flowering glumes empty and enfolding each other
in a club-shaped mass. : Melica (2)
Lemma keeled; base of the flowers often with webby hairs. Poa. (5)
Lemma rounded cn the back or keeled only at the summit. 12
Nerves-of the lemma 5-7, prominent, parallel; style terminal; spikelets com-
pressed cylindric, or little flattened. Panicularia. (4)
Nerves of the lemma not prominent. 13
Stigmas arising below the apex of the ovulary; lemma 2-toothed.

' : Bromus. (1)
Stigmas at or near the apex of the ovulary; lemma entire. Festuca. (3)

Bee Ante
Flowering glumes not coriaceous when mature, grain beakless and not ex-
serted. 15 -
Flowering glumes coriaceous in fruit, grain beaked and exserted; upper 2-4
lemmas empty. Korycarpus. (10)
Lateral nerves of the lemma glabrous. 16.
Lateral nerves of the lemma pilose. 17
Panicle open; spikelets 3-many-flowered. Eragrostis. (7)
Panicle dense and spike-like, spikelets 2-4-flowered. Koeleria: (9Y

268 OHIO. BIOLOGICAL SURVEY

17. Palet not ciliate-fringed; internodes of the rachilla short; middle nerve

or all three, excurrent between the acute lobes of the lemma. Tridens. (11)
17. Palet conspicuously ciliate-fringed; internodes of the rachilla long; middle
nerve excurrent between the truncate lobes of the lemma. Triplasis. (12)

18. Rachilla prolonged beyond the upper glumes or flowers. 19
18. Rachilla not prolonged beyond the upper giumes; spikelets 2-flowered.
Aspris. (20)
19. Awn projecting from between the lobes of the lemma, flattened and twisted.
Danthonia. (15)
19. Awn of the lemma dorsal, not much flattened. 20
20. Spikelets 2-flowered, the upper bisporangiate, the lower staminate and _ its
glumes strongly awned. ; Arrhenatherum, (16)
20. Spikelets 2-several-flowered; flowers all bisporangiate or the uppermost one
imperfect. 21
21. Lemma keeled, awn arising from above the middle; spikelets less than % in.
long. Trisetum. (17)
21. Lemma rounded on the back. 22
22. Spikelet over ™% in. long; grain furrowed, usually adherent to the palet.
Avena, (18)
22. Spikelet less than % in. long; grain unfurrowed, free from the palet. —
Deschampsia. (19)
23. Spikelets with a single perfect flower often at the side of the rachilla, not
with vestigial flowers or glumes above the empty glumes. 24
23. Spikelets with a perfect flower at the top, sometimes with staminate or
vestigial flowers below. 36
24. Lemma membranous, not indurated, not firmer than the empty glumes. 25.
24. Lemma indurated at maturity, firmer than the empty glumes. 33
25. Lemma awnless or with a dorsal awn, loosely enclosing the grain. 26
25. Lemma with a terminal awn or awn-pointed, closely enfolding the grain. 32
26. Empty glumes awned; inflorescence dense; lemma awnless. Phleum, (43)
26. Empty glumes awnless. 27.
27. Lemma 1-nerved. 28
27. Lemma 3-5-nerved. 29
28. Inflorescence lax, somewhat contracted; glumes not conspicuously com-
pressed. Sporobolus. (35)
28. Inflorescence dense, spike-like; glumes conspicuously compressed-carinate.
Heleochloa, (42)
29. Rachilla prolonged beyond the palet. 30
29. Rachilla not prolonged beyond the palet. Agrostis. (37)
30. Lemma long- or short-awned, sometimes on the back; panicle lax or con-
tracted. 31 a
30. Lemma awnless; panicle dense and spike-like; leaves with deep grooves on

the upper surface. Ammophila. (40)
31. Prolongation of the rachilla and callus with long hairs; lemma short-awned
on the back; perennial. Calamagrostis. (36)

31. Prolongation of the rachilla naked; lemma long-awned; annual. Apera. (38)
32. Rachilla not prolonged beyond the base of the palet; lemma pointed or
awned. Muhlenbergia. (44)
32, Rachilla prolonged into a bristle behind the palet; lemma long-awned.
Brachyelytrum. (45)
33. Lemma awnless, its margins inrolled, spikelets without a basal callus.
Milium. (46)
33. Lemma awned, its margins flat; spikelets with a basal callus. 34
34. Awn simple. 35
Awn 3-parted, the branches divaricate. Aristida. (49)

42.

GRASSES OF OHIO 269

Lemma broad, glabrous, its awn deciduous; callus short, obtuse.
Oryzopsis (47)
Lemma narrow; its awn persistent; callus usually acute. Stipa. (48)
Spikelets with a terminal perfect flower and 2 staminate lateral flowers.
Savastana. (50)
Spikelets with but 1 flower and sometimes with mere vestiges of lateral
flowers. 37

Empty glumes very unequal; stamens 2; third and fourth glumes (above the

two empty glumes) awned upon the back. Anthoxanthum, (52)

Empty glumes equal; stamens 3; third and fourth glumes small and ves-

tigial not awned. Phalaris. (51)
fee {- ae

Spikelets monecious, the staminate and carpellate spikelets in different parts
of the inflorescence. 39

Spikelets not monecious; staminate spikelets if present distributed among the
perfect ones. 40

Staminate and carpellate spikelets much alike in appearance, intermixed in

the panicle, but the staminate at the top of the branches. Zizaniopsis.
Staminate spikelets in the lower part of the panicle; the carpellate above,
unlike in appearance. Zizamia. (61)

Inflorescence a compact spike-like panicle. 41
Inflorescence a loose panicle or with slender branches. 42
With an involucre of bristles about the base of the spikelets.

: Chaetochloa (58)
Spikelets without’ a subtending inyolucre of bristles. Alopecurus. (41)
Spikelets laterally compressed. 43
Spikelets round, or dorsally compressed. 45

Spikelets 2-3-flowered; empty glumes dissimilar. Sphenopholis. (8)
Spikelets 1-flowered. 44

Glumes 4; lemma with a short awn between the bifid apex. Cinna. (39)
Glumes only 2, without awns. Homalocenchrus. (60)

Flowering glumes chartaceous or coriaceous, differing from the membranous
empty glumes. 46

Flowering glumes thin and hyaline, usually much more delicate than the
empty gluines. 48

Margins of the fruiting flowering glumes hyaline and flat. Leptoloma, (54)
Margin of the fruiting lemma inrolled and not hyaline. 47

Sterile lemma awned or pointed; spikelets crowded in 1-sided racemes which
are arranged in a panicle. Echinochloa. (56)
Empty glumes and lemmas awnless; spikelets usually in panicles. Panicum (53)
Stem solid. 49

Stem hollow. 50

Sessile spikelets perfect the stalked spikelet vestigial, spikelets on the ends

of slender branches of a spreading panicle. Holcus. (62)
Spikelets all perfect; arranged in pairs along the continuous branches of the
panicle. Miscanthus. (64)
Lemma with a hooked dorsal awn, spikelets in a loose panicle; plant softly
pubescent. Nothoholcus. (21)
Lemma with a prominent terminal awn; spikelets in a slender panicle; leaves
scabrous and glaucous, the sheaths smooth. Sorghastrum. (63)
es

Spikelets not covered with a prickly bur. 52
Spikelets covered with a prickly bur. Cenchrus. (59)

GHIO: BIOLOGIGAL suURVEY

Inflorescence not monecious, altho the plants may be diecious. 53

Monecious, the staminate and carpellate spikelets in different parts of the
same inflorescence or on different inflorescences; stem solid. 72

Spikelets in a simple terminal spike. 54

Spikelets usually on one side of digitate or racemose branches of the in-
florescence. 61

Or

Spikelets solitary at each node of the rachis. 55.

Spikelets 2-several at each node of the rachis. 58.

Spikelets with their backs turned to the rachis, Lolium. (22)
Spikelets with their sides turned to the rachis. 56

Palet adherent to the grain; wild perennial grasses. Agropyron. (23)
Palet free from the grain; ours cultivated or escaped annuals. 57

Spikelets usually 3-several-flowered. Triticum, (24)
Spikelets 2-flowered. Secale. (25)

Spikelets 2-several-flowered. 59

Spikelets 1-flowered, sometimes with the vestige of a second flower, usually

in threes at the joints of the rachis, some of the spikelets often vestigial.
Hordeum, (28)

Rachis of the spike jointed and readily breaking up at maturity. Sitanion.

Rachis not breaking up at maturity. 60

Spikes mostly dense; empty glumes a little smaller than the flowering glumes.

Elymus, (26)
Spikes very loose; empty glumes very small or none. Hystrix. (27)

Joints of the rachis or rachilla with prominent hairs; stem solid; spikelets
in pairs, 1 stalked and 1 sessile. 62
Joints of the rachis or rachilla not with hairs, at most only short pubescent. 63
Spikelets all perfect. _ Miscanthus, (64)
Sessile spikelets perfect, the pedicellate staminate or sterile and vestigial.
Andropogon. (65)
Spikelets oval, articulated below the empty glumes, compact in form. 64°
Spikelets lanceolate, articulated above the empty glumes, except in Spartina;
flowering glumes with awns or points. 68.
Inflorescence with prominently digitate branches or simple. 65
Inflorescence branches racemose. 66
Lemma with inrolled margins, not hyaline; spikelets oblong to orbicular,
Paspalum. (57
Lemma with hyaline margins, not inrolled; spikelets lanceolate. _
Syntherisma, (
Spikelets dorsally compressed; stems solid or with delicate pith.
Echinochloa, (56)
Spikelets laterally compressed. 67
Spikelets near the ends of long stalked branches of a spreading panicle.
Homalocenchrus, (60)
Spikelets in two rows on the erect branches of the panicle, the branches
sessile. Beckmannia, (30)
Inflorescence with numerous short reflexed branches. Atheropogon. (33)
Inflorescence with few spreading or ascending branches or with numerous
digitate branches. 69
Inflorescence branches digitate. 70

~

Inflorescence branches racemose. 71.
Spikelets 1-flowered; plants extensively creeping. Capriola. (3
Spikelets with 2-several perfect flowers, stems tufted. Eleusine. (3:

ft

Th,

72.

(2.

73.

73.

GRASSES OF OHIO 271

Spikelets strictly 1-flowered; branches of the inflorescence in our species

usually numerous. Spartina, (29)
Spikelets with 1 perfect flower and 1 or more vestigial ones; branches of the
inflorescence 4 or less. Bouteloua, (34)
Carpellate spikelets in pockets of the rachis; inflorescence without husks or
hardened leaf-sheaths. Tripsacum, (66)

Carpellate spikelets covered with husks or with the thickened subtending

leaf sheath. 73

Carpellate spikelets covered by a hardened leaf sheath, forming a_bead-like

fruit. Coix. (67)

Carpellate spikelets in rows on a cob, usually covered with papery husks.
Zea. (68)

272 OHIO: BIOLOGICAL SURVEY

Subfamily, Poacatae.
Tribe, Festuceae. Fescue-grass Tribe.

Grasses with laterally compressed, 2-several-fowered spikelets
jointed above the empty glumes and arranged in panicles; empty glumes
usually shorter than the flowering glumes; palets not awned or the awn
terminal and straight, rarely born just below the apex.

1. Bromus L. Chess, Brome-grass.

Annual or perennial grasses with terminal panicles. Spikelets
rather large, few-many-flowered; empty glumes unequal, 1-5-nerved,
actite- flowering elumes longer than the empty glumes; lemmas
rounded on the back or sometimes compressed-keeled, 5-9-nerved,
usually 2-toothed at the apex, generally awned; palet 2-keeled; stig-
mas sessile, plumose, inserted below a hairy cushion-like appendage
at the top of the ovulary; grain adherent to the palet.

1. Outer or lower empty glume 3-nerved, the inner or upper one 5-9-nerved. 2
1. Outer empty glume 1-nerved, the inner one 3-nerved. 8
2. Lemma distinctly awned. 3
2. Lemma awnless or only awn-pointed, nearly as broad as long; annuals.
WE brizaeformis.

3. Lemma pubescent on the back, with well developed hairs. 4
3. Lemma glabrous or minutely roughened on the back; annuals. 5
4. Hairs of the lemma long and silky; perennials. B. kalmu.
4. Hairs of the lemma short; annuals. B. hordeaceus
5. Leaf sheaths glabrous or only slightly pubescent; lemmas with strongly in-

rolled margins, the nerves not prominent. B. secalinus.
5. Leaf sheaths pubescent, often velvety; lemmas not with inrolled margins, the

nerves prominent. 6
6. Panicle contracted, usually not over 3 in. long, its branches erect or ascend-
ing, 1%4-1% in. long. B. hordeaceus leptostachys.
6. Panicle loose and “spreading, usually 6-12 in. long, its lower branches usually
2-6 in. long. 7

7. Sheaths pubescent; panicle 8 in. or less long; spikelets broadly lanceolate,
usually 1 or 2 on the longer branchlets. B. racemosus.
7. Sheaths densely velvety-pubescent with reflexed hairs; panicle 8-12 in. long ;
spikelets lanceolate, several on the longer branchlets. B. wheel

8. Awn shorter than the body of the lemma, or wanting; rather tall perennials.

8. Awn longer than the body of the lemma; low annuals with drooping si:
icles. 12

9. Lemma awnless or merely awn-pointed. B. inermus.

9. Lemma awned. 10

10. Leaf sheaths glabrous or softly pubescent. 11

10. Leaf sheaths strongly retrorse-hirsute. B. asper.
11. Lemma pubescent on the margins only. B. ciltatus.
11. Lemma evenly pubescent all over the back. B. purgans.

12. Awn less than % in. long; body of the lemma strigose; not over % in. long.
B. tectorum.
12. pe about 1 in. long or more; body of the lamma sparsely hispidulous, %
. long or more. B.. sterilis.

GRASSES OF OHIO 273

1. Bromus brizaeformis Fisch. & Mey. Awnless Chess. An
annual grass with stems 1-2 ft. high, erect, simple, the sheaths and
blades pubescent. Panicle open and drooping; spikelets broadly
ovate %-1 in. long, awnless; lemma very broad, obtuse, 9-nerved,
shining.

In fields and waste places. July, August. Introduced from
Europe. Cuyahoga County.

2. Bromus kalmii Gr. Kalm’s Chess. A perennial grass with
a slender stem, 1-3 ft. high, the sheaths and blades pubescent.
Panicle open 2-6 inches long, its branches usually flexuous; spikelets
drooping on capillary peduncles, densely silky pubescent all over;
lemma 7-nerved, with a straight awn.

In dry ground, woods and thickets. June, July. Franklin, Lucas.

3. Bromus hordeaceus L. Soft Chess. An annual grass, the
whole plant more or less pubescent, 1-3 ft. high, erect, with a rather
contracted panicle with erect or ascending branches. Spikelets ap-
pressed-pubescent, on short pedicels; lemma awned, 7-9 nerved,
awned between the obtuse or acute teeth. The var. leptostachys
(Perr.) Beck. has glabrous or slightly scabrous spikelets.

A weed in fields and waste places. July, August. Introduced,
Wayne, Lorain.

4. Bromus secalinus L. Common Chess. An annual grass
with an erect stem 1-3 ft. high, its sheaths smooth and strongly
nerved but the blades glabrous, rough, or sometimes hairy. Spikelets
glabrous, turgid on somewhat drooping branches of the open panicle;
lemma short-awned, becoming convex, thick and inrolled at the mar-
gins.

Common in fields and waste places and often a pernicious weed
in grain fields. According to an old superstition wheat changes to
this chess which is, of course, absolutely impossible. Also called
cheat. Naturalized from Europe. General and abundant.

5. Bromus racemosus L. Upright Chess. An annual erect
grass, 1-3 ft. high, with pubescent sheaths and short erect panicles.
Spikelets glabrous; lemma obtuse, awned, smooth and shining, the
nerves prominent.

In fields and waste places. June-August. Naturalized from
Europe. General and abundant.

6. Bromus arvénsis L. Field Chess. An annual grass with
erect stems, 1-3 ft. high, pubescent sheaths, and large open panicles
with long drooping branches. Spikelets, lanceolate, somewhat shin-
ing; lemma smooth or minutely scabrous, 5-nerved, broadest at the
middle, bearing an erect awn.

In fields and waste places. Summer. Introduced from Europe.
Franklin County.

274 OHB1O0- BICTO GICAL SURVEY

7. Bromus inérmis. Leyss. Hungarian Brome-grass. A peren-
nial grass with tufted stems, 2. -314 ft. high, with smooth and glabrous
leaves and an oblong panicle of erect oblong spikelets. Lemma 5-7-
nerved, awnless or sometimes awn-pointed. An important grass for
pasture and hay.

In fields and waste places. June, July. Introduced from Europe.
Wayne County.

Bromus ciliatus L. Fringed Brome-grass. An erect peren-
nial, 2-4 ft. high, with retrorsely pubescent or nearly smooth sheaths
and a broad, lax, drooping panicle whose branches are spikelet-bear-
ing near the ends. Spikelets 5-10-flowered; lemma smooth on the
back, pubescent along the margins, 5-7-nerved, obtuse and _ slightly
bifid at the apex which ends in a straight awn. Very variable.

In moist woods and thickets. July, August. Erie, Wayne,
Franklin, Champaign, Hocking.

9. Bromus purgans L. Hairy Brome-grass. A perennial grass
with erect rather stout stems, 2-5 ft. high, sparsely retrorse-pilose
sheaths, and large lax nodding panicles. Spikelets, 7-12-flowered ;
lemma lanceolate, acute, densely pubescent, 5-7-nerved, emarginate
and with a short straight awn.

In moist rocky woodlands. June-August. General.

10. Bromus asper Murr. Rough Brome-grass. <A _ perennial
grass with simple erect rough stems, 2-6 ft. high, retrorse-hirsute
leaf-sheaths, and an open panicle with drooping branches. Spikelets
5-10-flowered; lemma acute, hispid near the margins and on the
lower part of the keel, short awned.

In waste places. July, August. Naturalized from Europe. No
specimens,

11. Bromus tectorum L. Downy Brome-grass. <A _ short-lived
annual, 14-31% ft. high, with slender tufted stems, pubescent sheaths
and leaf-blades, and broad, rather dense, one-sided drooping panicles.
Spikelets nodding, 5-8-flowered; lemma long-awned, 7-nerved, usually
hirsute-pubescent. A weed.

In waste places and roadsides. May-July. Introduced from
Europe. General and abundant.

12. Bromus stérilis L. Barren Grome-grass. An erect annual
grass, 1-3 ft. high, with a broad lax drooping panicle, the slender
branches usually with but 1 spikelet, and with smooth or sometimes

pubescent sheaths. Spikelets spreading or pendulous; lemma
acuminate, long-awned, 7-nerved, scabrous on the nerves

In waste places. June, July. Introduced from Europe. Licking,
Sandusky, Cuyahoga.

ww
~
cr

GRASSES OF OHIO

2. Mélica L. Melic-grass.

Perennial grasses with simple stems, and rather large spikelets
in narrow panicles. Spikelets 2-several-flowered, often secund;
rachilla extended beyond the normal flowers and usually bearing
2-3 club-shaped or hooded glumes, convolute around each other;
empty glumes large, unequal, membranous, 3-5-nerved; lemmas
7-13-nerved, sometimes awned, the margins more or less scarious;
palets broad, 2-keeled; grain free.

1. Melica nitens Nutt. Tall Melic-grass. An erect simple
smooth and glabrous grass with hollow stems, 2-4 ft. high, and an
elongated open panicle with short spreading or ascending branches.
Spikelets numerous, usually more or less secund, nodding, on flex-
uous pedicels, usually with 3 perfect flowers; lemmas scabrous, acute.

In rocky woods and open places. May, June. Erie County.

3. Festtca L. Fescue-grass.

Perennials or annuals with flat or convolute leaf-blades and ter-
minal panicles. Spikelets 2-many-flowered; empty glumes unequal,
narrow, acute, keeled, the outer l-nerved, the inner 3-nerved; lemma
narrow, rounded on the back, 5-nerved, usually awned at the apex;
palet usually about as long as the lemma; styles very short, stigmas
plumose.

1. Leaves flat. over % in. wide; lemma awnless; perennial. 2

1. Leaves setaceous, usually involute or folded, less than % in. wide. 4

2. Panicle narrow, with short erect branches; spikelets 5-10-flowered; lemma
usually % in. or more long. F. elatior.

2. Panicle with long, spreading or ascending branches; spikelets 3-6-flowered;

lemma less than 4% in. long. 3
3. Spikelets broadly obovate; panicle branches spikelet-bearing from or below

the middle. F. shortit.
3. Spikelets lanceolate; branches of the panicle elongated, the spikelets loosely
scattered at the ends. F, nutans.
4. Lemma awnless or short-awned; perennial; stamens 3. 5
4. Lemma long-awned; annual; stamen usually 1. 6
5. Lemma short-awned; leaves setaceous. F. ovina.
5. Lemma awnless; leaves capillary. F. capillata.
6. Outer empty glume more than % as long as the inner; awn not longer than
the body of the lemma. F. octoflora,
6. Outer empty glume less than % as long as the inner; awn of the lemma longer
than its body. F. myuros.

1. Festuca elatior L. Tall Fescue-grass. A loosely tufted per-
ennial, 2-5 ft. high, often with short creeping rhizomes. Spikelets
broadly obovate when mature, 3-6-flowered, on erect contracted
panicles whose branches are spikelet-bearing nearly to the base;
lemma oblong-lanceolate, scabrous at the summit, faintly 5-nerved,
acute or rarely short-awned.

In meadows and waste places. Cultivated for hay. Also called

276 OHIO, BIOLOGICAL SURVEY

meadow fescue-grass. June-August. Introduced from Europe.
General.

2. Festuca nutans Willd. Nodding Fescue-grass. A perennial
grass with simple, erect, slender stems, 2-3 ft. high, with glabrous
or pubescent leaf-sheaths and a very loose panicle whose branches
are secund and spikelet-bearing near the ends, at first erect and
finally spreading. Spikelets lanceolate, 3-5-flowered; lemma oblong-
ovate, acute, very faintly nerved.

In moist woods and copses. June, July. General.

3. Festuca ovina L. Sheep Fescue-grass. A densely tuited
perennial %-2 ft. high, with crowded sheaths at the. base and pale
green filiform or setaceous blades. Panicle contracted after bloom-
ing; spikelets with rather loose flowers; lemma smooth or slightly
scabrous, acute and short awned. Many varieties.

A good pasture grass. In fields and waste places. June, July.
From Europe. Erie, Franklin, Wayne.

4. Festuca capillata Lam. Filiform Fescue-grass. A densely
tufted perennial with slender, smooth and glaucous stems, %-1%
ft. high, and with filiform leaf blades. Panicle contracted with erect
branches; spikelets 4-5-flowered; lemma acute, unawned.

In fields and along roadsides. June, July. From Europe. Cuya-
hoga County.

5. Festuca octoflora Walt. Slender Fescue-grass. A _ slender,
small, erect annual, often tufted, %-1™% ft. high, with sheaths shorter
than the internodes and narrowly linear usually involute blades.
Panicle narrow, erect, usually reduced to a more or less secund
raceme; spikelets 6-13-flowered; lemma usually very scabrous,
acuminate into a straight awn; stamens 2.

In dry sterile or sandy soil. June-August, Ashtabulayeeae
Lucas, Ashland, Delaware, Licking, Lawrence.

6. Festuca mytros L. Rat-tail Fescue-grass. A smooth, glab-
rous annual, 1-2 ft. high, with solitary or small tufted stems and
overlapping sheaths. Leaf-blades smooth, linear, involute, erect.
Panicle usually 1-sided, contracted, its branches appressed; spikelets
3-6-flowered; lemma linear-lanceolate, scabrous above, attenuate into
a slender awn; stamen 1.

In dry fields and waste places. June, July. From Europe. Lake
County.

4. Panicularia Fabr. Manna-grass.

Mostly tall, perennial, hydrophytic grasses with simple stems
and terminal panicles. Spikelets few-many-flowered, terete or some-
what flattened; empty glumes unequal, 1-3-nerved; lemmas rounded

GRASSES OF OHIO 277

on the back with scarious margins or apex, 5-9-nerved; palets with
the 2 keels near the margin; stamens 2 or 3; stigmas plumose;
grain smooth.

Spikelets linear or compressed cylindric, % in. long or more. 2

Spikelets ovate or oblong, % in. long or less. 3

Lemma acute, much shorter than the palet, about 4% in. long. P. acutiflora.

Lemma obtuse, nearly as long as the palet, about % in. long. P. septentrionalis.

Lemma very broad, obscurely nerved; panicle open; spikelets 5-12-flowered.
P. canadensis.

i ald ol ale

3.. Lemma rather narrow, sharply and distinctly 7-nerved. 4

4. Panicle contracted, elongated and narrow; spikelets 3-4-flowered. P. torreyana,

4. Panicle open and lax, not elongated, its branches usually spreading or droop-
ing. 5

5. Empty glumes obtuse or rounded at the apex. 6

5. Empty glumes truncate and denticulate at the apex; inner empty glumes nearly
% in. long; panicle rather narrow, with few spikelets, usually less than 6

in. long. P. pallida.
6. Spikelet 4% in. long or less; branches of the panicle often drooping; inner
empty glume about 7s in. long. P. nervata.
6. Spikelet nearly % in. long; branches of the panicle ascending or spreading;
inner empty glume nearly % in. long, P. grandis.

1. Panicularia acutiflora (Torr.) Ktz. Sharp-glumed Manna-
grass. A grass 1-2 ft. high, with flattened weak and slender stems,
and with overlapping sheaths, the uppermost inclosing the base of
the slender panicle. Spikelets linear, 5-12-flowered, erect on the
panicle, lemma acute, scabrous, much exceeded by the long-acuminate
palet.

In wet soil and shallow water. June-August. No specimens.

2. Panicularia septentrionalis (Hlitch.) Bickn. Floating Manna-
grass. An erect grass with somewhat flattened stems, 2-3 ft. high,
from a creeping base and with a very slender panicle of a few re-
mote branches which are at first appressed or finally horizontal.
Spikelets 7-12-flowered, compressed-cylindric, subsessile; lemma
hispidulous, 7-nerved, obtuse, somewhat exceeded by the acuminate
palet.

In shallow water. June, July. General as far south as Har-
rison, Perry, Franklin and Auglaize Counties.

3. Panicularia canadénsis (Mx.) Ktz. Rattlesnake Manna-
grass. A grass with erect simple stems, 2-3 ft. high, with com-
pressed sheaths, and with very loose open panicles, the remote ca-
pillary branches drooping. Spikelets 5-12-flowered, ovate, tumid;
lemma broad, obtuse or abruptly acute, obscurely 7-nerved.

In swamps and wet places. July, August. Ashtabula, Geauga,
Portage, Cuyahoga, Lorain, Summit, Stark, Wayne.

4. Panicularia torreyana (Spreng.) Merr. Long Manna-grass.
A grass with solitary or few erect stems, 1-3 ft. high, from a run-

278 OHIO. BIGLEOGICAL SURVEY

ning rhizome. Panicle dense, contracted, with erect branches?
spikelets 3-7-flowered, appressed; lemma narrow, acute, 7-nerved.

In wet woods. August, September. Ashtabula, Cuyahoga, Sum-
mit, Erie, Fairfield.

5. Panicularia nervata (Willd.) Ktz. Nerved Manna-grass. A
grass with erect, simple, slender stems, 1-3 ft. high, often in large
clumps, with an expanded nodding panicle, the capillary branches
drooping. Spikelets 3-7-flowered, purplish; lemma obtuse or rounded,
with / sharp, distinct nerves.

In wet places. June-August. General.

6. Panicularia grandis (Wats.) Nash. Tall Manna-grass. A
grass with stout erect clustered stems, 3-5 ft. high, and a very com-
pound loose and open panicle, nodding at the summit. Spikelets
4-7-flowered with purple flowering glumes and whitish empty glumes;
lemma 7-nerved, obtuse or rounded at the apex.

In wet soil and ditches. June-August. Stark, Wayne.

7. Panicularia pallida (Torr.) Ktz. Pale Manna-grass. A grass
with pale green slender stems, 1-3 ft. high, ascending from a creeping
base. Panicle lax, few-flowered; spikelets 4-8-flowered, pale green;
lemma /-nerved, truncate and denticulate at the apex.

In shallow water. July, August. Trumbull County. (Ottawa
County—Moseley Herbarium) -

5. Poa L. Blue-grass, Meadow-grass, Spear-grass.

Perennial or annual grasses with flat or convolute leaves ending
in a cucullate tip, and with terminal panicles. Spikelets 2-6-flowered,
compressed; empty glumes keeled, 1-3-nerved; flowering glumes
longer than the empty ones, commonly with a tuft of cobwebby
hairs at the base, 5-nerved; palets 2-nerved or: 2-keeled, 2-toothed
at the apex; styles short, stigmas plumose; grain free or sometimes
adherent to the palet.

1. Flowering glumes not with webby hairs at the base, naked or with short
hairs. 2

1. Flowering glumes with webby hairs at the base; stems tufted. 4

2. Stems much flattened, not tufted; rhizome long and creeping; lemma ob-
scurely 3-nerved. P. compressa.

>

Stems little or not at all flattened, tufted; lemma 5-nerved. 3

9
3. Lemma with the midnerve silky-pubescent for 34 its length; perennials

P. autumnalis.
3. Lemma with the midnerve pilose below; annuals. P. annua.
4. Lemma glabrous; stems distinctly compressed; perennial. P, debilis.

+. Lemma somewhat pubescent above the basal webby hairs; stems round or
only slightly compressed. 5

5. Lateral nerves of the lemma glabrous. 6

5. Lateral nerves of the lemma pubescent. 7

6. Plant yellowish green; lemma less than % in. long. P. trivialis.

6. Plant green; lemma more than % in. long. P. alsodes.

GRASSES OF OHIO 279

7. Panicle-branches dividing and spikelet-bearing at or below the middle; basal
leaves much shorter than the stem. 8
Panicle-branches usually dividing and spikelet-bearing only at the ends; basal
leaves very long, the early ones often as long as the stem. P. brachyphylla.
8. Intermediate nerves of the lemma obscure. 9
8. Intermediate nerves of the lemma prominent. 10
9. Panicle erect, rarely over 5 in. long, its branches ascending; empty glumes

narrow. P. nemoralis.
9. Panicle drooping, often 1 foot or more long, its branches spreading.

P. triflora.

10. Midnerve of the lemma pubescent only below; spikelets crowded on the

branches. . P. pratensis.
10. Midnerve of the lemma pubescent its whole length; spikelets scattered on
the spreading, often refiexed branches. P. sylvestris.

1. Poa compréssa L. Flat-stemmed Blue-grass. A _ perennial
grass of a pale bluish green color with wiry flattened stems, de-
cumbent at the base, %-2 ft. high, from long horizontal rhizomes.
Panicles narrow with erect or ascending branches, spikelet-bearing
to the base. Spikelets 3-9-flowered; lemma obscurely. 3-nerved, the
nerves sparingly pubescent toward the base, more or less bronzed

at the summit.

A grass of some importance in dry mostly sterile soil, in culti-
vated fields and in woods. Also called English blue-grass. May-
September. From Europe. General and abundant.

2. Poa trivialis L. Rough-stalked Meadow-grass. A perennial
‘grass with erect stems from a somewhat decumbent base, 1-3 ft.
high, scabrous below the panicle. Panicle open, its branches usually
spreading or ascending; leaf-sheaths and blades retrorsely scabrous;
spikelets 2-3-flowered; lemma webby at the base, strongly 5-nerved,
the midnerve silky-pubescent below, the lateral nerves naked.

An important grass in meadows, roadsides, and waste places.
May-August. From Europe. Crawford County.

3. Poa débilis Torr. Weak Spear-grass. A perennial grass
with erect, weak, slender, nearly terete stems, 1-2% ft. high, with
compressed sheaths much shorter than the internodes, and with an
open nodding panicle, the few, long, capillary branches ascending
or spreading at the ends. Spikelets 2-4-flowered; lemma obtuse,
elabrous except the webby base.

In rocky woodlands. May-July. Trumbull County. (Erie
County—Moseley Herbarium. )

4. Poa triflora Gilib. Fowl Meadow-grass. A perennial grass
with erect stems, 1-5 ft. high, and with a pyramidal or oblong panicle,
often purplish, its filiform branches spreading. Spikelets 3-4-flowered ;
lemma obtuse with copious webby hairs, its intermediate nerves ob-
scure, midnerve and marginal nerves pubescent on the lower half.

In wet meadows and swampy places. Also called false red-top.

July-August. Fairfield, Geauga, Lawrence.

280 OHTO.BIOLOGICAL SURV EY

5. Poa nemoralis L. Wood Meadow-grass. A perennial grass
with slender leafy stems, 1-2 ft. high, and an open spreading panicle.
Spikelets 2-5-flowered; lemma with obscure intermediate nerves,
with a few webby hairs at the base.

Meadows and open woods. June-September. Introduced from
Europe. Lake County.

6. Poa praténsis L. Kentucky Blue-grass. A perennial grass,
sending out numerous running rhizomes from the base, with simple
erect stems, 1-4 ft. high, with compressed sheaths, and with a pyr-
amidal panicle, the spreading or ascending slender branches divided
and spikelet-bearing above the middle. Spikelets 3-5-flowered,
crowded; lemma conspicuously webbed at the base, 5-nerved, the
marginal nerve and midnerve pubescent below, the intermediate ones
naked.

A very important grass extensively used for pastures and lawns
and to some extent for hay. In fields, meadows, and woods. May-
August. General and abundant.

7. Poa autumnalis Muhl. Flexuous Spear-grass. A _ perennial
grass with erect slender stems, 1-3 ft. high, and a panicle with long,
capillary, flexuous, spreading branches bearing a few spikelets near
the ends. Spikelets 3-6-flowered, lemma not webby at the base but
pubescent below between the strong nerves, the midnerve silky
pubescent for three-fourths its length.

In woods. March-May. Hocking County.

8. Poa sylvéstris Gr. Sylvan Spear-grass. A perennial grass
with simple, slender, erect, slightly flattened stems, 1-3 ft. high, and
oblong-pyramidal panicles with spreading ascending or reflexed
branches spikelet-bearing at the extremities. Spikelets 2-4-flowered ;
lemma webbed at the base, pubescent below, 5-nerved, the midnerve
pubescent nearly its entire length, the marginal nerves pubescent
below the middle.

In meadows, woods, and thickets. May-July. Rather. general;
no specimens from the northwestern counties.

9. Poa alsodes Gr. Grove Meadow-grass. A perennial grass
with simple, erect, slender stems, %4-2% ft. high, with long sheaths,
the uppermost often sheathing the base of the panicle, and with a
panicle of spreading or ascending branches, spikelet-bearing at the
ends. Spikelets 2-3-flowered; lemma webbed at the base, faintly
nerved, the midnerve pubescent below.

Wooded hillsides and thickets. May, June. Seneca, Franklin,
Summit, Cuyahoga, Trumbull, Knox.

10. Poa brachyphylla Schult. Short-leaf Spear-grass. A per-
ennial grass with stems 1-3 ft. high from running rhizomes, with

GRASSES OF OHIO 281

basal leaves often about equalling the stems and abruptly cuspidate-
tipped, and with an open panicle whose ascending, spreading or
reflexed branches are spikelet-bearing at the ends. Spikelets 3-5-
flowered; lemma webby at the base, the keel and marginal nerves
sparingly pubescent, the intermediate nerves prominent and naked.

In rocky woodlands. April-June. Lawrence, Perry, Medina,
Cuyahoga, Trumbull.

11. Poa annua L. Annual Meadow-grass. An annual grass
with flattened stems, %-1 ft. high, decumbent at the base, with
loose sheaths, very soft leaves, and a pyramidal panicle with open
spreading branches. Spikelets 3-6-flowered, crowded; lemma dis-
tinctly 5-nerved, the nerves hairy below.

Cultivated and waste ground. April-October. From Europe.
General.

6. Dactylis L. Orchard-grass.

Tall perennial grasses with glomerate panicles. Spikelets 2-5-
flowered, compressed, nearly sessile, in dense capitate clusters; empty
glumes thin-membranous, hispid-ciliate on the keel, acute or mucron-
ate; lemmas 5-nerved, keeled, the midnerve extended into a point or
short awn; palets 2-keeled; grain free, enclosed in the lemma and
palet.

1. Dactylis glomerata L. Orchard-grass. A coarse tufted
glaucous grass with simple erect stems, 2-4 ft. high, and a panicle
with a few stiff contracted branches, naked below and bearing dense
one-sided clusters of spikelets at the ends. Spikelets 3-5-flowered ;
lemma 5-nerved, short-awned, rough, ciliate on the keel.

An important hay and pasture grass cultivated to some extent.
In fields and waste places. June, July. Naturalized from Europe.
General; no specimens from the southeastern counties.

7. Eragrostis Beauv. Love-grass.

Annual or perennial grasses with the spikelets in loose or dense
terminal panicles. Spikelets strongly flattened; 3-many-flowered ;
empty glumes unequal, shorter than the flowering ones, keeled, 1-
nerved or the inner 3-nerved; lemma membranous, keeled, 3-nerved;
palet shorter, prominently 2-nerved or 2-keeled; grain free, loosely
enclosed in the flowering glumes.

Spikelets 5-35-fowered; %-% in. long. 2

Spikelets 2-5-flowered; % in. or less long; annuals. 5

Stems erect or ascending, simple, rigid. 1-2% ft. tall; flowers bisporangiate ;
perennials. FE. pectinacea.

we eR

OHIO: BIOLOGICAL SURY EY

Ch)
o2)
wo

2. Stems extensively creeping; plants diecious, annual. E. hypnoides.
2. Stems usually decumbent at the base and generally much branched; flowers

bisporangiate; annuals. 3

3. Spikelets nearly or quite % in. wide; plants with very strong odor. EE. major.

3. Spikelets z# in. wide or less. 4 E

4. Lemmas usually duil-purple or green, the lateral nerves very prominent;
spikelets about ye in. wide; outer empty glume about 7% as long as the

inner. E. purshii
4. Lemmas usually bright purplish, the lateral nerves faint or wanting; spikelets
less than ye in. wide; outer empty glume % as long as the inner. E., pilosa.

5. Pedicels and branches of the panicle short; stems branched above the base.

E. franki.
Pedicels and branches of the panicle long and capillary; stems branched only
at the base. E. capillaris.

Ut

1. Eragrostis pectinacea (Mx.) Steud. Purple Love-grass. An
erect or ascending, perennial grass with a rigid stem, 1- 2 ft. high,
from a short stout rhizome, with over- lapping sheaths, sparingly
villous and densely bearded at the throat. Panicle purple or purplish,
included at the base at least at first, its widely spreading or reflexed
branches strongly bearded at the base; spikelets 5-12-Howered, on
stiff pedicels; lemma acute, minutely scabrous, its lateral nerves
prominent.

In dry sandy soil. July-September. Lake, Cuyahoga, Erie,
Auglaize.

2. Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) B.S. P. Creeping Love-grass.
An annual grass with an extensively creeping stem sending up
panicle-bearing branches, 4-1% ft. high. Panicles nearly simple,
sometimes nearly capitate. Spikelets 10-35-flowered, the flowers
bisporangiate, staminate, or carpellate; lemma acuminate its lateral
nerves prominent.

In sandy or gravelly soil along shores and ditches. August, Sep-
tember. Rather general; no specimens from the central eastern
counties.

3. Eragrostis major Host. Strong-scented Love-grass. A beau-
tiful erect or ascending or occasionally prostrate grass with rather
flaccid, freely branching stems, 4-4 ft. high or long, with a strong
scent, and with oreenish- lead-colored, rather densely flowered
panicles. Spikelets 10-40-flowered, the flowers closely imbricated;
pedicels and keels of the empty glumes sparingly glandular; lemma
thin, obtuse, scabrous, the lateral nerves prominent.

A common weed in cultivated fields and waste places. Also
called stink-grass. July-September. Naturalized from Europe.
General.

4. Eragrostis ptrshii Schrad. Pursh’s Love-grass. An annual

tufted grass, usually decumbent at the base and much _ branched,
the stems %-1% ft. long. Panicle open, its branches spreading,

GRASSES OF OHIO 283

naked in the axils. Spikelets 5-15-flowered, dull purple or green;
lemma firm, acute, the lateral nerves prominent.

In dry soil. August, September. General.

5. Eragrostis pilosa (L.) Beauv. Tufted Love-gras:. An an-
nual grass with slender, tufted, diffusely branching stems, 13-11% ft.
high, with a decumbent or spreading base, and with a diffuse panicle
whose lower axils are usually sparingly bearded. Spikelets 5-18-
flowered, becoming linear; lemma subacute, usually purplish, the
lateral nerves faint.

In waste places or cultivated ground. August, September.
Rather general; no specimens from the northwestern counties.
Naturalized.

6. Eragrostis frankii Steud. Frank’s Love-grass. An annual,
diffusely branched grass with tufted erect or decumbent stems, %-1%
ft. high and an oblong open panicle with short spreading branches.
Spikelets ovate, 3-5-flowered, on more or less appressed pedicels;
lemma very acute; faintly 3-nerved.

In low or sandy places. August-October. Rather general; no
specimens from the south-eastern nor from the north-western
counties.

7. Eragrostis capillaris (L.) Nees. Capillary Love-grass. A
slender, erect, sparingly branched annual grass, %-1% ft. high with
panicles more than half the entire length of the plant, oblong-ovoid
in shape, the capillary branches spreading or ascending. Spikelets
ovate, 2-4-flowered, on long, divergent pedicels; lemma acute, faintly
3-nerved. Often lemon-scented.

Considered a weed. In dry, sandy soil. August, September.
Ottawa, Madison, Clinton.

8. Sphendpholis Scrib. FEaton-grass.

Slender tufted perennials, usually with narrow terminal panicles.
Spikelets 2-3-flowered, the rachilla articulated between and extended
beyond the flowers, the pedicels jointed just below the glumes; outer
empty glume linear, acute, l-nerved, the inner much broader, 3-
nerved, usually obtuse or rounded at the apex, the margins scarious;
lemma chartaceous, with obscure nerves; palet narrow, 2-nerved;
grain free, enclosed in the rigid lemma.

Empty glumes unequal, the outer shorter and about % as wide as the inner. 2
Empty glumes nearly equal the outer not less than % as wide as the inner;
5 | Pi

Branches of the lax panicle more or less spreading. S. nitida.
Inner empty glume obovate; panicle narrow, densely flowered. S. obtusata,

vw 0

Inner empty glume narrowly obovate to oblanceolate; branches of the lax
panicle more or less spreading. S. pallens.

284 OHIO BIOLOGICAL SURVEY

1. Sphenopholis obtusata (Mx.) Scrib. Blunt-glumed Eaton-
grass. An erect rather stout grass, 1-2% ft. high with a dense gen-
erally spike-like, strict panicle with erect branches. Spikelets 2-3-
flowered; lemma narrow, obtuse; empty glumes unequal, often
purplish, the first narrow, shorter than the inner which is sub-
cucullate and about six times as wide.

In dry soil. June-August. No specimens.

2. Sphenopholis pallens (Spreng.) Scrib. Tall Eaton-grass. An
erect, usually slender grass with simple stems, 1-3 ft. high, and
lax, nodding panicles. Spikelets oblong-lanceolate, usually numerous
and somewhat crowded and appressed to the branches; lemma
lanceolate, acute, rarely awned; empty glumes unequal, the outer
narrow and about % as broad as the obtuse or abruptly acute inner
one, which is smooth or somewhat rough on the keel.

In woods or moist soil. June, July. General.

3. Sphenopholis nitida (Spreng.) Scrib. Slender FEaton-grass.
A grass with very slender erect stems, 1-2 ft. high, with pubescent
sheaths and leaves, and with a loosely flowered panicle, the branches
spreading at flowering time and later becoming erect. Spikelets
cuneiform, not crowded; empty glumes smooth, the outer about
one-third as wide as the inner; lemma narrow, smooth, obtuse, rarely
short-awned.

In dry woods. May, June. Cuyahoga, Knox, Licking, Fairfield,
Hocking, Lawrence, Adams.

9. Koeléria Pers. Koeler-grass.

Tufted perennials with narrow leaves and mostly densely
flowered terminal spike-like panicles. Spikelets 2-4-flowered; rachilla
prolonged into a naked pedicel behind the upper palet; empty glumes
narrow, acute, unequal, keeled, with scarious margins; lemma faintly
3-5-nerved; palet 2-keeled; grain free, loosely inclosed within the
subrigid lemma.

1. Koeleria cristata (L.) Pers. Crested Koeler-grass. A per-
ennial grass with simple rigid erect stems, 1-2% ft. high, with
retrorsely pubescent sheaths, and with pale green, spike-like, cylin-
drical panicles. Spikelet 2-5-flowered; lemma scabrous, shining.

A valuable pasture grass in the west. In dry sandy soil, es-
pecially on prairies. July-September. Ottawa County.

10. Korycarpus Zea. Korycarpus.

Erect, nearly smooth parennials with narrow paniculate or
racemose inflorescence. Spikelets 3-5-flowered, the rachilla articu-
lated between the flowers; empty glumes much shorter than the

GRASSES OF OHIO 285

flowering glumes; lemma broad, coriaceous and shining, 3-nerved;
palet firm, 2-keeled; stamens 2, rarely 1; grain beaked, free.

1. Korycarpus arundinaceus Zea. American Korycarpus. A
grass with simple erect stems, very rough below the panicle, 114-4
ft. high, and with very simple panicles. Spikelets short-pediceled,
3-5-flowered, erect; lemma somewhat abruptly acuminate.

In rich woods and shaded river banks. July-September. Ross,
Franklin, Auglaize, Highland.

ll. Tridens R. & S. Purple-top.

Perennial grasses with long leaves and terminal open or con-
tracted panicles. Spikelets 3-many-flowered; empty glumes un-
equal, keeled, shorter than the spikelet; lemma 3-nerved, bidentate,
the nerves silky-villous below; palet broad, compressed, 2-keeled.

1. Tridens flava (L.) Hitch. Tall Purple-top. A grass with
erect stems, viscid on the axis of the panicle and below it, 2-5 ft.
high, with the leaf-sheaths bearded at the summit, and with showy
loose and open panicles with slender spreading branches. Spikelets
4-8-flowered, purple, on long pedicels; lemma oval, the three nerves
pilose and excurrent as short points. Many small insects are caught
by the vicid panicle.

In dry and especially sandy fields and waste places. July-Sep-
tember. Rather general; no specimens from the northwestern
counties nor the extreme eastern part.

12. Triplasis Beauv. Sand-grass.

Perennials with small, nearly simple, contracted or open panicles.
Spikelets 3-6-flowered, rachilla articulated between the remote
flowers; empty glumes keeled; lemma short-awned, 2-cleft, with
3 strongly ciliate nerves; palet 2-keeled, the keels long ciliate; grain
free.

1. Triplasis purptrea (Walt.) Chapm. Purple Sand-grass. A
tufted grass with widely spreading or ascending stems, 1-3 ft. long,
with short internodes, short convolute leaf blades, the uppermost
minute, and with a small terminal panicle composed of a few rigid
branches which are finally divergent. Smaller panicles produced
later in the season at the nodes of the stem. Spikelets 2-5-flowered,
usually rose-purple; lemma with a short awn scarcely exceeding its
truncate lobes; palet with abundant long hairs on the two nerves.
Plant acid to the taste.

In sandy soil, especially on sea beaches. August, September.
Ashtabula, Cuyahoga, Erie.

286 OHIO BIOLOGICAL SURVEY

13. Cynostrus L. Dogtail-grass.

Annual or perennial tufted grasses with dense, erect, spike-like
panicles. Spikelets of 2 kinds, in small clusters; the lower spikelets
of the clusters consisting of narrow glumes and continuous rachilla,
the terminal spikelets of broader glumes and articulated rachilla and
containing perfect flowers; empty glumes of the fertile spikelets
l-nerved; lemma 1-3-nerved, pointed or short-awned; glumes of the
sterile spikelets spreading, l-nerved; grain finally adherent to the
palet.

1. Cynosurus cristatus L. Dogtail-grass. An erect slender
perennial grass with simple stems, 1-2% ft. high, with narrow leaves,
and dense spike-like long exserted panicles. Spikelets of two kinds,
in small clusters, the upper with bisporangiate flowers the lower
with sterile vestigial flowers; lemma of the perfect flower pointed
or short-awned; lemma of the sterile flowers very narrow, pointed,
and strongly scabrous on the keel.

In fields and waste places. June-August. From Europe. Ma-
honing County.

14. Phragmites Trin. Reed-grass.

Tall reed-like perennial grasses with stout, hollow, leafy stems,
broad leaf blades, and large terminal panicles. Spikelets 3-7-flowered,
rachilla articulated, with long silky hairs; empty glumes unequal,
lanceolate, acute; lowest lemma empty or subtending a staminate
flower; lemmas of the perfect flowers glabrous, narrow, long-acumin-
ate, much exceeding the short palet; grain free.

1. Phragmites phragmites (L.) Karst. Reed-grass. A ‘tall
reed-like perennial grass with stout, hollow, leafy stems, 5-15 ft. high,
from long creeping rhizomes, with overlapping sheaths, and with a
large, tawney, rather densely flowered panicle whose branches are
ascending. Spikelets 3-7-flowered, the flowers shorter than the long
hairs of the rachilla; palet 3-nerved, long-acuminate. Can be used
for thatching.

In swamps and wet places. August-October. Ashtabula, Cuya-
hoga, Erie, Lucas, Huron, Wayne, Franklin.

Pampas-grass (Cortaderia argentea) is a related perennial grass, 6-10 ft.
high with a very large, dense, silky panicle. cultivated for ornament. It might
perhaps be successfully planted in protected places in southern Ohio.

— i

GRASSES OF OHIO

i)
fora)
~_

Tribe, Aveneae. Oats Tribe.

Grasses with laterally compressed, 2-several-flowercd spikelets,
usually jointed above the empty glumes and arranged in panicles; empty
glumes usually longer than the flowering glumes; one or more of the
palets usually awned on the back or from between the 2-toothed apex.

15. Danthonia DC. \Wild-oat-grass.

Mostly erect perennials with narrow leaves and small terminal
contracted or open panicles. Spikelets 3-many-flowered, the upper-
most staminate or vestigial; rachilla pubescent, extending beyond
the flowers; empty glumes keeled, acute, subequal, much longer than
the lemmas, usually exceeding the uppermost flower; lemmas
rounded on the back, 2-toothed, with a flat, twisted and bent awn
between the teeth; palet hyaline, 2-keeled; grain free.

1. Teeth of the lemma triangular, not awn-pointed; leaves of the stem short.
D. spicata.
1. Teeth of the lemma aristate; leaves of the stem elongated. D. compressa.

1. Danthonia spicata (L.) Beauv. Common Wild-oat-grass. A
grass with terete stems, 1-2% ft. high, with involute leaves, and with
a few-flowered panicle, often reduced to a raceme, the few short
branches erect or ascending. Spikelets 5-8-flowered, on short stiff
pedicels; lemma sparsely clothed with stiff hairs, broadly oblong,
its teeth triangular, the bent awn longer than the body of the lemma.

In dry or rocky soil. June-August. General.

2. Danthonia compréssa Aust. Flattened Waild-oat-grass. <A
grass with simple, erect, slender, flattened stems, often decumbent
at the base, 1%-3 ft. high, and an open panicle the lower branches
generally spreading. Spikelets 5-10-flowered; lemma oblong, with
aristate teeth, a ring of short hairs at the base, and an erect or some-
what bent and twisted awn.

In dry woods. July-September. Portage County.

16. Arrhenathérum Beauy. Oat-grass.

Tall perennials with flat leaf-blades and long narrow panicles.
Spikelets 2-flowered, the lower staminate, the upper bisporangiate,
rachilla extending beyond the flowers; empty glumes thin-mem-
branous, keeled, acute, unequal; lemmas rigid, 5-7-nerved, the first
bearing a long bent, twisted, dorsal awn arising below the middle,
the second unawned; palet hyaline, 2-keeled; grain free, ovoid.

1. Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) Beauv. Odat-grass. <A _ grass
with a simple erect stem, 2-4 ft. high, and a narrow, shining, pale or

288 OHTO, BIOLOGICAL SURRY EY

purplish panicle, the short branches verticillate and usually spikelet-
bearing from the base. Lemma scabrous, the awn of the staminate
flower about twice the length of its body.

A grass cultivated to some extent for hay. In fields and waste
places. June, July. From Europe. Hamilton County.

17> Wrisetum Pers. *False-oats.

Tufted perennial grasses with spike-like or open panicles.
Spikelets 2-5-flowered, rachilla prolonged beyond the flowers; empty
glumes unequal, keeled; lemma 2-toothed, keeled, bearing a dorsal
awn; palet narrow, 2-toothed; grain free, enclosed in the flowering
glumes.

1. Trisetum pennsylvanicum (L.) Beauv. Marsh False-oats.
A grass with an erect, slender, often weak stem, 1-3 ft. high, and
with a narrow or sometimes loose and nodding yellowish panicle,
the branches ascending. Spikelets 2-flowered; lemma of the lower
flower with a small awn; lemma of the upper flower with a long,
bent and twisted awn.

In swamps and wet meadows. June, July. No specimens.

18." Avéna Ly =Oats:

Annual or perennial grasses with terminal panicles of large
spikelets. Spikelets 2-many-flowered, rachilla bearded below the
flowers; empty glumes subequal, membranous, many-nerved; lem-
mas indurated toward the base, generally bearing a dorsal awn;
palet narrow, 2-toothed; grain often adherent to the flowering
glumes.

1. Empty glumes much shorter than the spikelets; flowers with a circle of short
bristles around the base; perennials: A. torreyi.

1. Empty glumes as long or longer than the spikelets exclusive of the awns;
annuals. 2

2. Lemmas pubescent with long bristles; awns long and stiff. A, fatua.

2. Lemmas glabrous; awn comparatively short and weak, or absent. A. sativa.

1. Avena torreyi Nash. Purple Oats. A perennial grass with
an erect simple ‘slender stem, 1-2 ft. high,-and a lax*panicles ie
branches erect or ascending, naked below. Spikelets -3-6-flowered ;
lemma scabrous, strongly nerved, with a ring of short hairs at the
base, and with an awn as long as its body or longer.

In woods. July, August. Franklin County.

2. Avena sativa L. Common Oats. An annual glabrous grass
with a hollow stem, 1-4 ft. high, and a loose ample panicle with as-
cending branches. Spikelets about 1 inch long; lemma glabrous,
awnless or with a small straight awn slightly twisted at the base.

ne GRASSES OF OHIO 289

Extensively cultivated for its grain and straw. Persisting in
fields and along roads and railways. June, July. Rather general.
Escaped from cultivation.

3. Avena fatua L. Wild Oats. An annual grass with a stout
simple erect stem, 1-4 ft. high, and an open panicle with ascending
branches. Spikelets pendulous; empty glumes smooth, lemma
pubescent with long rigid brown hairs and a ring of hairs at the
base, its long stiff awn inserted about the middle and bent and
twisted. A weed.

In fields.and waste places. July, August. From Europe. No
specimens.

19. Deschampsia Beauv. Hair-grass.

Tufted perennial grasses with flat or involute leaves and con-
tracted or open panicles of shining spikelets. Spikelets 2-flowered,
the hairy rachilla extended beyond the flowers or rarely ending in
a staminate one; empty glumes keeled, acute, membraneous; lemmas
thin, 4-nerved, the midnerve becoming an awn, toothed at the apex;
palet narrow, 2-nerved; grain free enclosed in the flowering glumes.

1. Deschampsia flexudsa (L.) Trin. Wavy Hair-grass. A
glabrous grass with an erect slender simple stein, 1-2%4 ft. high,
sheaths much ‘shorter than the internodes, involute setaceous leaves,
and an open panicle with erect, ascending or widely spreading, flex-
uous branches naked at the base. Lemma acutely toothed at the
apex and with a twisted bent awn inserted near its base.

In dry. places. July, August. Portage County.

20. Aspris Adans. Hair-grass.

Small, delicate annuals with narrow leaf-blades and contracted
or open panicles. Spikelets small, 2-flowered, both flowers perfect;
empty glumes thin-membranous, subequal, acute; lemmas hyaline,
2-toothed, bearing a delicate dorsal awn arising below the middle;
palet hyaline, 2-nerved; grain enclosed in the flow ering glumes and
usually adherent to them.

1. Aspris caryophyllea (L.) Nash. Silvery MHair-grass. <A
delicate glabrous annual grass with erect stems, %-1 ft. high, in-
volute setaceous leaves, and an open, silvery, aie panicle.
Spikelets clustered toward the ends of the capillary branches : lem-
ma with a bent awn, very acute, 2-toothed.

In fields and waste places. May-July. From Europe. Lake
County.

290 OHTO- BIOLOGICALS SU RI-E Y.

21. Nothohélcus Nash. Velvet-grass.

Perennial grasses with densely flowered terminal panicles.
Spikelets 2-flowered articulated below the empty glumes, the lower
flower perfect, the upper staminate; empty glumes membranous,
keeled, the outer l-nerved, the inner 3-nerved and often short-awned ;
lemmas chartaceous, that of the upper flower bearing a bent awn;
palet narrow, 2-keeled, grain free, enclosed in the glumes.

1. Nothoholcus lanatus (L.) Nash. Velvet-grass. <A_ light
green, perennial, densely and softly pubescent grass with erect sim-
ple stems, often decumbent at the base, 1-3 ft. high, and a narrow
purplish panicle. Spikelets nearly as broad as long; lemmas ciliate
at the apex, that of the second flower with a hook-like awn.

In fields, meadows and waste places. June-August. Lake,
Trumbull, Cuyahoga, Lorain, Erie, Wayne, Fairfield. From Europe.

GRASSES OF OHIO 291

Tribe, Hordeae. Barley Tribe.

Grasses with laterally compressed, 2-scveral-flowcred spikelets
jointed above the empty glumes and arranged on opposite sides of a
jointed rachis forming equilateral spikes; spikelets sometimes with but 1
perfect fower and a mere vestige of the second; leaf-blades with a pair
of more or less well-developed appendages at the base.

72. Jolie Toe Darnel:

Annual or perennial grasses with simple erect stems, flat leaves,
and terminal spikes. Spikelets several-flowered, solitary, with the
edge turned toward the rachis; empty glumes rigid; lemmas rounded
on the back, 5-7-nerved, awned or awnless; palet 2-keeled; grain
adherent to the palet.

1. Outer empty glume shorter than the spikelet; short-lived perennials. 2
1. Outer empty glume as long or longer than the spikelet; lemmas awned or

awnless; annuals. L. temulentum.
2. Lemmas awnless. L. perenne.
2. Lemmas, at least the upper ones, awned. L. multiflorum.

1. Lolium perénne L. Red Darnel. A _ short-lived perennial
erass with an erect, simple stem, 1%4-2% it. high, and a flat spike.
Spikelets 5-10-flowered; lemma obscurely nerved, acuminate, awn-
less. Cultivated as a pasture grass and also used for hay.

In cultivated fields and roadsides. Also called ray-grass and
rye-grass. June-August. Rather general. From Europe.

2. Lolium multiforum Lam. Awned Darnel. A_ short-lived
perennial grass with tufted stems, roughened below and in the in-
florescence, 2-3 ft. high, and with a loose spike of 20-30 spikelets.
Spikelets 10-20-flowered; lemma awned. Cultivated for hay.

In fields and roadsides. Also called Italian rye-grass. June,
July. From Europe. Hamilton, Madison.

3. Lolium temuléntum L. Poison Darnel. An annual glabrous
grass with simple, erect stems, 2-4 ft. high, and a flat, coarse spike.
Spikelets 5-7-flowered; outer empty glume equalling or exceeding
the spikelet; lemma obscurely nerved, awned or awnless. The grain
of this grass is said to be poisonous.

In waste and cultivated fields; often a troublesome weed. June-
August. No specimens. From Europe.

23. Agropyron J. Gaertn. Couch-grass, \Wheat-grass.

Perennial grasses with simple stems and terminal spikes. Spike-
lets 3-many-flowered, solitary in the notches of the rachis. the side

292 OHIO BIOLOGICAL SURVEY

of the spikelet turned toward the rachis; empty glumes equal, usually
rigid, several-nerved, acute or awned; lemma rounded on the back,
rigid, 5-7-nerved, usually acute or awned; palet 2-keeled, the keels
bristly ciliate; grain usually adherent to the palet.

1. Lemma awn-pointed or with an awn usually not more than % as long as the

body; stems from creeping rhizomes. A. repens.
1. Lemma wth an awn about twice as long as its body; stems tufted, without
creeping rhizomes. A. caninum.

1. Agropyron répens (L.) Beauv. Couch-grass. A perennial,
usually glaucous grass with stem 1-434 ft. high, from a long, jointed,
running rhizome, and with a strict spike. Spikelets 3-7-flowered;
lemma glabrous or more or less scabrous, strongly nerved, acute or
short awned at the apex. Often a bad weed. Frequently infested
with ergot. The rhizome is used in medicine.

In fields, roadsides, and waste places. Also called Quitch-grass.
July, August. Rather general; no specimens from the southeastern
part of the state. From Europe. ek:

2. Agropyron caninum (L.) R. & S. Awned Wheat-grass. A
perennial grass with simple, erect stems, 1-3 ft. high, and more or
less nodding spikes. Spikelets 3-6-flowered; empty glumes awn-
pointed or bearing an awn; lemma 3-5-nerved, usually scabrous
toward the apex, bearing an awn sometimes twice the length of its
body.

In cultivated grounds and meadows. July-September. Portage
County. From Europe. |

24. Priticum: Ge a NV neat

Tall annual grasses with flat leaves, with spikelets single at
the nodes of the spike, and with their sides turned to the rachis.
Spikelets 2-6-flowered; empty glumes rather broad; lemma rounded
on the back, many-nerved ending in one or more points or awns;
palet 2-keeled; grain with a deep groove, hairy at the apex, free.

1. Triticum aestivum L. Wheat. An annual grass with erect
hollow stems, 1-5 ft. high, and compact terminal spikes. Spikelets
3-6-flowered; lemma awned or awnless. Cultivated in numerous
spring and winter varieties for its grain and straw.

In fields and waste places, especially along railways. June, July.
Erie, Belmont, Harrison, Tuscarawas, Morrow, Fayette, Madison,
Preble, Franklin. Escaped from cultivation.

275.’ pecale L.. Rye

Tall annual grasses with flat leaves and simple stems, with the
spikelets single at the nodes of the spike, and with their sides to the
rachis. Spikelets usually with 2 perfect flowers; empty glumes

GRASSES OF OHIO 293

lanceolate, awn-pointed; lemma keeled, the keel hispid-ciliate,
awned; palet 2-keeled; grain with a deep groove, hairy at the
apex,.free.

1. Secale cereale L. Rye. A tall, light green, annual grass with
slender, erect, hollow stems, 2-6 ft. high, and more or less nodding,
terminal spikes. Spikelets 2-3-flowered; lemma sharply keeled,
awned. Cultivated as a winter annual for its grain and straw, and
for temporary pasturage. The grain is sometimes infested and dis-
torted by ergot.

In cultivated fields and waste places, especially along railways.
May-July. Erie, Morrow, Franklin, Scioto. Escaped.

26. Elymus L. Wild-rye

Tall, erect tufted perennials with flat leaves and dense terminal
spikes. Spikelets 2-several-flowered, sessile, usually in pairs, some-
times in threes; empty glumes equal, rigid, narrow, 1-3-nerved, acute
or awned; lemma convex, obscurely 5-nerved, usually with an awn;
palet 2- keeled, a little shorter than the lemma; grain adherent to
the palet.

1. Empty glumes narrowly lanceolate; spike stout. 2

1. Empty glumes narrowly awl-shaped; spike and stem slender. E. striatus.
2. Lemma glabrous; spike erect, empty glumes indurated. E. virginicus.
2. Lemma more or less pubescent. 3

3. Spike erect; empty glumes indurated below. E. hirsutigiumts.
3. Spike nodding, empty glumes not indurated below. E. canadensis.

1. Elymus virginicus L. Virginia Wild-rye. A dark yellow-
green grass with stout, erect, simple stems, 2- 5 ft. high, and thick,
rigidly “upright spikes, often included at the a in the uppermost
inflated sheath. Spikelets 2-3-flowered; lemma smooth, bearing a
rough awn. Extensively infested with ergot.

In moist soil, especially in ravines and along streams. July,
August. General.

2. Elymus hirsutiglimis Scrib. Strict Wild-rye. A grass with
an erect stem, 2-3 ft. high, and a stout, erect spike, the rachis
pubescent. Spikelets crowded, in pairs, 2-5-flowered; lemma 5>
nerved, lanceolate, appressed-hirsute, long acuminate into a rough
awn

On river banks and moist places. July, August. Ottawa, Huron.

3. Elymus canadénsis L. Nodding Wild- O55 A light green or
usually glaucous grass with simple erect stems, 2-714 ft. high, and a
broad, stout, compact, nodding spike interrupted below, its peduncle

much exserted. Spikelets divergent from the rachis, 3-5-
flowered; lemma hirsute with a long, spreading awn. Often infested
with ergot.

In sandy soil and moist ground. July, August. Rather general.

294 OHIO BIOLOGICAL SURV BY

4. Elymus striatus Willd. Slender Wild-rye. A more or less
pubescent grass with simple, slender, erect stems, 2-3 ft. high, and
slender, dense, sometimes nodding spikes. Spikelets 1-3-flowered,
divergent from the rachis; lemma hirsute, bearing a slender, rough
awn. Sometimes infested with ergot.

In woods and on banks. June, July. Wayne, Erie, Auglaize.

27. Hystrix Moench. Bottle-brush-grass.

Usually tall perennials with simple stems, flat leaves, and loosely
flowered terminal spikes. Spikelets 2-several-flowered, in pairs, rarely
in 3’s at each node of the rachis; empty elimes vestieial; lénmins
narrow, rigid, rounded on the back, 5-nerved, awned; palet 2-keeled;
grain adherent to the palet when dry.

1. Hystrix hystrix (L.) Millsp. Bottle-brush-grass A grass
with simple erect stems, 2-4 ft. high, and short exserted or partially
included lax spikes. Spikelets usually distant, at length widely di-
vergent; lemma more or less pubescent, acuminate into an awn
about tain. im lenotin:

In rocky woods. June, July. General.

23. Wordeum, (lourn)) Woy eBbasiey,

Tufted annual or perennial grasses with terminal spikes, which
disarticulate at maturity. Spikelets with one perfect flower, rarely
2-flowered, usually in 3’s at each joint of the rachis, the middle one
sessile and perfect, the lateral ones pediceled and usually reduced;
empty glumes equal, rigid, narrow or setaceous; lemma obscurely
S-nerved, awned; palet slightly shorter, the two keels near the
margin; grain usually adherent to the palet at maturity.

1. With 3 fertile spikelets at each joint of the rachis; lemma with an awn 4-6
in. long. H. vulgare.
1. With 1 fertile and 2 lateral, more or less vestigial spikelets at each joint of
the rachis. 2
2. Spike flat; awn of the lemma enclosing the fertile flower 4-6 in. long.
H, distichum.
Spike not decidedly flattened, awn 3 in. or much less in length. 3

9

3. Awns ¥% in. or less in length. HI. nodosum.

3. Awns 1-3 in. long, the whole spike appearing like a brush. AH. jubatum.
I. Hordeum vulgare L. Common Barley. An annual grass

with simple erect hollow stems, 1-3 ft. high, and dense terminal
spikes. Spikelets 3 at a joint of the rachis each with a perfect flower ;
lemma usually with a coarse long awn which breaks readily. Cul-
tivated for its grain.

In fields and waste places, especially along railways. June,
July. Franklin, Tuscarawas, Portage. Escaped from cultivation.

GRASSES OF OHIO 295

2. Hordeum distichum L. Two-rowed Barley. An annual
grass like Hordeum vulgare but with the 2 lateral spikelets at each
node of the rachis vestigial and containing vestigial flowers.

Cultivated for its grain, usually mixed with H. vulgare. In fields
and waste places. June, July. Escaped in Lake and Erie Counties.

3. Hordeum nodosum L. Meadow Barley. An annual grass
with erect or sometimes decumbent stems, ™%-2 ft. high, and erect
spikes. Spikelets 3 at a node of the rachis, the central one with a
perfect flower, the lateral ones with staminate or vestigial flowers;
lemmas awned.

In thin dry soils and waste places. May, June. Hamilton
County.

4. Hordeum jubatum L. Squirrel-tail Barley. A biennial grass
with simple, erect, usually slender stems, '%4-2% ft. high, and a
nodding, densely awned spike. Spikelets in 3’s, the central one con-
taining a perfect flower, the lateral ones vestigial; empty glumes
awn-like; lemma with an awn as long as the empty glumes; all
the awns scabrous and very slender.

A weed. In dry soil and waste ground. June-August. From
Lake to Lucas County; also in Franklin, Madison, Greene, Allen,
Defiance and Williams. Naturalized from the West.

296 OHIO) BIOLOGICAL SURVEY

Tribe, Chlorideae. Chloris Tribe.

Grasses with 1-several-fllowered, laterally compressed sptkelets,
joimted above the empty glumes and borne in 2 rows on one side of a
continuous axis, forming spikes which are digitately or paniculately
arranged, or sometimes solitary.

29. Spartina Schreb. Slough-grass.

Coarse perennial glabrous grasses with strong horizontal
rhizomes, rigid stems, long tough leaves, and an inflorescence of
one-sided spreading or erect alternate spikes. Spikelets 1-flowered,
flattened laterally, borne in two rows on the rachis; empty glumes
unequal, keeled, acute or bristle-pointed; lemma obtuse, 1-nerved;
palet equaling or exceeding the lemma, 2-nerved; grain free.

1. Spartina michauxiana Hitch. Tall Slough-grass. A coarse
grass with a simple erect stem, 2-10 ft. high, with an inflorescence
of 5-20 spike-like branches. Leaves with a scabrous cutting edge.
Spikelets much imbricated; lemma glabrous except the serrulate-
scabrous midnerve which terminates abruptly below the emarginate
or 2-toothed apex.

Used for thatching and in making coarse mats. In swamps and
streams of fresh or brackish water, in wet ravines, and even sand
dunes. August-October. Rather general; no specimens from the
central, eastern nor from the southwestern counties.

30. Beckmannia Host. Beckmannia.

A tall, erect perennial grass with flat leaf-blades and erect spikes
borne in a terminal panicle. Spikelets 1-2-flowered, globose, lat-
erally compressed, closely imbricated in two rows along one side
of a continuous rachis; empty glumes subequal, inflated, boat-shaped,
chartaceous, with scarious margins; lemma narrow, lanceolate, thin-
membraneous; palet hyaline, 2-keeled; grain free, enclosed in the
lemma and palet.

1. Beckmannia erucaefoérmis (L.) Host. Beckmannia. A glab-
rous grass with flattened wiry stems, 1%-3 ft. high, and a panicle of
appressed spikes. Spikelets nearly circular in outline, closely imbri-
cated in 2 rows on the rachis; empty glumes transversely wrinkled;
lemma with an acuminate apex.

In wet ground. July-September. Cuyahoga County.

GRASSES OF OHIO 297

31. Capriola Adans. Bermuda-grass.

Low diffusely branched, extensively creeping perennials, with
flat leaf blades and slender spikes digitately arranged at the apex
of upright branches. Spikelets 1-flowered, laterally compressed, ses-
sile, in two rows along one side of a slender continuous axis; empty
glumes unequal, narrow, keeled; lemma broad, boat-shaped, ciliate
on the keel; palet 2-keeled, hyaline; grain free.

1. Capriola dactylon (L.) Ktz. Bermuda-grass. A glabrous
grass with flattened, wiry, erect stems, 4-1 ft. high, from long creep-
ing branched stolons, and a digitate inflorescence of 4-5 spikes.
Spikelets imbricated; lemma broad and boat-shaped, longer than the
empty glumes.

In fields and waste places. Cultivated in the south for pasture.
July-Sept. No specimens. From Europe.

32. Eleusine Gaertn. Yard-grass

Coarse tufted annuals or perennials with stout unilaterial spikes,
digitate or approximate at the summit of the stem. Spikelets sev-
eral-flowered, sessile, closely imbricated in two rows along one side
of a continuous rachis which is not extended beyond them; empty
glumes unequal, shorter than the flowers, scabrous on the keel; lemma
with a thickened 5-ribbed keel; palet shorter, acute, the narrowly
winged keels distant; grain black, loosely enclosed in the lemma
and palet.

1. Eleusine indica (L.) Gaert. Yard-grass. A glabrous tufted
grass with flattened erect or decumbent stems, %-2 ft. high, and an
inflorescence of 2-10, more or less digitately arranged spikes. Spike-

lets appressed, 3-6-flowered; lemma with a thickened 5-ribbed keel.
A weed.

In yards, sidewalks, and waste places. June-September. Gen-
eral. Naturalized.

33. Atheropogon Muhl. Grama-grass.

Perennial grasses with solid stems, narrow flat leaf-blades, and
an inflorescence composed of numerous, short, scattered, one-sided,
spreading or reflex spikes. Spikelets 1-flowered, crowded in two
rows; empty glumes unequal, acute, narrow, keeled; lemma _ 3-
toothed; palet narrow, hyaline, 2-toothed; grain free, enclosed in
the flowering glumes.

1. Atheropogon curtipéndulus (Mx.) Fourn. Tall Grama-
grass. A gray-green grass with simple, solid, erect stems, 1-4™% ft.
high and a long slender raceme of 15-20 spreading or reflexed spikes

298 OHIO’ BIOLOGICAL SURY EY

whose rachis is bifid at the apex. Spikelets 4-12 on each branch;
lemma scabrous, ending in 3 short awns; sterile lemma with 2 acute
lobes and 3 straight awns.

A valuable hay and pasture grass. In dry soil. July-Sept. Lake,
_Erie, Ottawa, Franklin, Adams.

34. Bouteloua Lag. Mesquite-grass.

Annual or perennial usually gray-green grasses with narrow, flat,
or convolute leaves and numerous spikelets in l-sided spikes. Spike-
lets 1-2-flowered, arranged in two rows on one side of a flat rachis
and bearing 1-3 awns and 1-3 rudimentary glumes; empty glumes
unequal, keeled; lemma 3-5-nerved, 3-toothed, the teeth awn-pointed
or awned; palet hyaline, 2-keeled, 2-toothed; grain free.

1. Rachilla glabrous; inner empty glume strongly papillose-hispid on the keel.
B. hirsuta.

1. Rachilla with a tuft of hairs; inner empty glume scabrous and sometimes
sparingly long-ciliate on the keel. B. oligostachya.

1. Bouteloua hirgita Lag. Hairy Mesquite-grass. A gray-
ereen grass with erect stems %4-1¥% ft. high, leafy at the base, and
with an inflorescence of 1-4 erect or ascending spikes whose rachis
extends beyond the spikelets as a conspicuous point. Spikelets
numerous; outer empty glume setaceous, the inner conspicuously
tuberculate-hirsute on the keel; fertile lemma pubescent, 3-cleft,
the divisions awn-pointed; rachilla without a tuft of hairs under the
vestigial glumes and awns.

A valuable pasture grass in the West. In dry soil, especially on
prairies. July-Sept. Waifs in Franklin County.

2. Bouteloua oligostachya (Nutt.) Torr. Smooth Mesquite-
grass. A gray-green grass with erect, simple stems, %-2%4 ft. high
with involute curly leaves, and with an inflorescence of 1-3 spikes
often strongly curved, the rachis terminating in-a short inconspicuous
point. Spikelets numerous, outer empty glume hyaline, shorter than
the membranous inner one which is scabrous and sometimes long-
ciliate on the keel or with a few papillae; fertile, lemma pilose,
3-cleft, the divisions short-awned; sterile lemma consisting of two
truncate lobes and three equal awns with a tuft of long hairs at the
base.

A valuable pasture grass in the West. On dry prairies. July-
sept. Waifs in Franklin County. ees

GRASSES. OF -OHTO 299

Tribe, Agrostideae. Bent-grass Tribe.

Grasses with more or less laterally compressed spikelets jointed
above the empty glumes and arranged in panicles or racemes; spikelets
I-flowered, the rachilla sometimes prolonged behind the palet into a
naked or plumose bristle.

35. Spordbolus R. Br. Rush-grass, Dropseed.

Perennial or rarely annual grasses with flat or convolute leaves
and open or contracted panicles, our species with a peculiar constric-
tion about the middle of the leaf blade. Spikelets usually small, 1-
flowered, awnless; empty glumes wusually unequal, membranous ;
lemma 1-nerved, equaling or longer than the empty ones; palet
2-nerved, often splitting at maturity; grain free, readily falling from
the spikelet.

1. Panicle contracted. 2
1. Panicle open, its branches spreading; stems tufted; perennials. 5
2. Lemma pubescent. 3
2. Lemma glabrous. 4
3. Panicle 2-5 in. long, its branches 1-2 in. long; palet long-acuminate; perennial.
S. clandestinus.
3. Panicle 1-2 in. long, its branches % in. long or less; palet long-acute; annual.
S. vaginactorus.
4. Panicle 3-10 in. long; sheaths cylindric; palet obtuse; perennial. S. asper.
4. Panicle 1-2% in. long, sheaths inflated; palet acute; annual. S. neglectus.
5. Spikelets 4% in. long or less; empty glumes ovate to lanceolate, leaf sheaths
densely pilose at the throat. S. cryptandrus.
5. Spikelets nearly 4% in. long; outer empty glumes subulate, leaf sheaths glabrous
or sparingly pilose at the summit. S. heterole pis.

1. Sporobolus asper (Mx.) Kunth. Longleaf Rush-grass. A
perennial grass with stout, erect, simple or occasionally branched
stems, 11%4-3% ft. high and terminal linear panicles, partly included
in the inflated upper sheath. Lemma glabrous, acutish or obtuse.

In dry sandy soil. Aug., Sept. Lake, Erie, Franklin.

2. Sporobolus vaginaeflorus Torr. Sheathed Rush-grass. An
annual grass with tufted, slender stems, %4-1% ft. high, and numerous
panicles partly included in the inflated sheath, the terminal one
exserted. Lemma acuminate, scabrous, shorter than the sharp-
pointed palet.

In dry ‘soil. Aug., Sept. Auglaize, Madison, Warren, Vinton,

Athens.

3. Sporobolus negléctus Nash. Small Rush-grass. An annual
grass with erect slender often much branched, usually decumbent

300 OHIO BIOLOGICAL SURVEY

stems, %-1 ft. high, with inflated sheaths, and with the terminal
panicle usually more or less included in the upper sheath, the lateral
panicles enclosed in the sheaths. Lemma acute, glabrous, about
equalling the acute palet.

In dry and sandy soil. Aug., Sept. Cuyahoga, Wayne, Huron,
Auglaize.

4. Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) Gr. Sand Dropseed. A per-
ennial tufted grass with erect, simple stems, 114%4-3% ft. high, or some-
times branched at the base, and with an ample lead-colored, usually
open panicle included at the base in the upper sheath. Leaves long-
acuminate with a peculiar joint-like constriction about the middle
of the blade and a ring of long white hairs at its base. Lemma acute,
longer than the palet.

In. sandy ‘soil’ “A@e:-Oct.” Lucas; Ottawa. rie -ordan:

5. Sporobolus heterdlepis Gr. Northern Dropseed. A tufted
perennial grass with rather stout, wiry, erect stems, 1-3 ft. high, and
long exserted panicles with ascending branches. Lemma glabrous,
obtuse or subacute.

In dry soil. Aug., Sept. Franklin, Madison, Champaign.

36. Calamagréstis Adans. Reed Bent-grass.

Tall often reed-like perennial grasses with flat leaf-blades, run-
ning rhizomes, and panicles with many spikelets. Spikelets
1-flowered, rachilla prolonged behind the flower into a hairy bristle
or pedicle; empty glumes subequal, keeled, membranous; lemma
awned.on the: back, surrounded at the base with copious long hairs;
palet shorter than the lemma, 2-nerved; grain free, enclosed in the
flowering glumes.

1. Prolongation of the rachilla hairy its whole length; awn straight; panicle
open, its branches spreading or ascending, usually loosely flowered.

C. canadensis.

1. Prolongation of the rachilla hairy only at the summit; panicle contracted,

its branches erect. C. cinnoides.

1. Calamagrostis canadénsis (Mx.) Beauv. Bluejoint Reed
Sent-grass. A large grass with clustered, simple or somewhat
branched, erect, hollow stems, 2-5 ft. high, and a loose, usually
purplish panicle, the slender fascicled branches erect or ascending.
Spikelets with copious hairs on the callus, about as long as the
flowering glumes, and surrounding them; lemma thin, erose-truncate,
bearing a delicate awn on the back.

An important and valuable meadow grass, good for forage and
hay. In swamps and wet soils. July-Sept. Northern Ohio, as far
south as Stark, Franklin, and Auglaize Counties.

GRASSES OF OHIO 301

2. Calamagrostis cinnoides (Muhl.) Scrib. Nuttall’s Reed
Bent-grass. A glaucous. grass with stout, erect, simple stems, 3-5
ft. high, and contracted panicles with erect branches. Lemma acum-
inate, awned above the middle; callus-hairs about one-half the length
of the flowering glumes; prolongation of the rachilla bearing a tuft
of terminal hairs.

In moist soil. July, Aug. No specimens.

37. Agrostis L. Bent-grass.

Annuals or perennials with flat or bristle-like leaves, membran-
ous ligules, and open or contracted panicles. Spikelets 1-flowered ;
empty glumes subequal, membranous, keeled, acute; lemma _ broad,
obtuse, awnless or dorsally awned; palet hyaline, shorter than the
lemma, sometimes minute or wanting; grain free, loosely inclosed
in the lemma.

1. Lemma with a prominent dorsal awn just above the middle; palet minute
A. canina.

or none.

1. Lemma awnless or rarely with a short awn. 2

2. Palet conspicuous, at least half as long as the lemma, 2-nerved; panicle
open. A. alba.

2. Palet inconspicuous, minute and nerveless or wanting. 3

3. Stems weak, decumbent or prostrate at the base; leaves lax. A. schweinitzii.

3. Stems and leaves erect. 4

4. Branches of the panicle not elongated, usually branching at or below the
middle. A. perennans.

4. Branches of the diffuse panicle long and capillary, usually branching above
the middle. A, hyemalis.

1. Agrostis alba L. Red-top (Bent-grass). A perennial grass
with erect or decumbent stems, %-2% ft. high, with creeping rhi-
zomes or stoloniferous, and with a contracted or open usually purplish
panicle, the branches verticillate and ascending. Lemma nearly equal-
ing the empty glumes, 3-nerved, rarely short-awned.

An important and valuable grass, extensively cultivated for pas-
ture and hay. In fields and meadows. July-Sept. General. From
Europe.

2. Agrostis schweinitzii Trin. Thin Bent-grass. A perennial
grass with weak, slender, simple or sparingly branched stems, 1-2/%
ft. high, from a decumbent or prostrate base, and with an open panicle
with widely spreading branches. Lemma shorter than the acuminate
unequal empty glumes; palet small or wanting.

In damp shaded places. July-Sept. Rather general.
3. Agrostis hyemalis (Walt.) B. S. P. Rough Bent-grass. A

perennial grass with very slender simple erect stems, 1-2 ft. high,
and loose purplish panicles, the whorled capillary branches spikelet-

302 OHIG BIOLOGICAL SURV EX

bearing at the ends. Lemma awnless or rarely short-awned on the
back, palet very small or obsolete.

In dry or moist sandy or stony soil. June-Aug. Rather gen-
eral, but no specimens from the northwestern nor southeastern
counties. |

38. Apéra Adans. Windlestraw.

Annual grasses with flat narrow leaves and diffuse panicles.
Spikelets 1-flowered, small, the rachilla prolonged beyond the flower
into a bristle; empty glumes subequal, thin, keeled, acute; lemma -
membranous bearing a slender awn just below the 2-toothed apex;
palet nearly as long as the lemma, 2-keeled, 2-toothed; grain nar-
row, free.

1. Apera spica-vénti (L.) Beauv. Silky Windlestraw. A grass
with tufted slender erect simple stems, 1-2 ft. high, and an open
panicle with verticillate capillary ascending branches, spikelet-bear-
ing near the ends. Spikelets shining; lemma scabrous, bearing a
dorsal awn.

In waste places. June, July. From Europe. . Lake County.

39. Cinna L. Wood Reed-grass.

Tall perennial grasses with flat leaf-blades, conspicuous hyaline
ligules, and many-flowered nodding panicles. Spikelets 1-flowered,
the rachilla articulated below the empty glumes and prolonged be-
hind the palet into a minute bristle; empty glumes narrow, keeled,
acute; lemma 3-5-nerved, short-awned from between the 2 minute
teeth of the apex; palet 1- or 2-nerved, the nerves close togetier,;
stamen 1; grain narrow, free, enclosed in the flowering glumes.

1. Cinna arundinacea L. Wood Reed-grass. A tall grass with
erect, simple, often solitary stems, 2-5 ft. high, rather broad leaf
blades and a contracted panicle with slender ascending branches.
Lemma scabrous, usually bearing a minute awn from the 2-toothed
apex.

In moist woods and shaded swamps. Aug., Sept. General.

40. Ammophila Host. Beach-grass.

Coarse perennial grasses with long, creeping rhizomes, flat leaf-
blades, which are deeply grooved above and convolute on drying,
and with dense spike-like panicles. Spikelets 1-flowered, the rachilla
prolonged beyond the flower and hairy; empty glumes firm, com-
pressed-keeled, acute, the outer 1-nerved, the inner 3-nerved; lemma
5-nerved, with short hairs at the base, 2-toothed and mucronate be-

GRASSES OF OHIO 303

tween the teeth; palet rather firm, its two nerves close together;
grain free, loosely enclosed in the flowering glumes.

1. Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link. Sand Beach-grass. A glab-
rous grass with erect, rigid, stout stems, 2-4 ft. high, from long
horizontal branching rhizomes, and with a dense, spike-like, com-
pressed panicle. Lemma scabrous, usually with a minute awn just
below the apex.

On sandy beaches of the sea coast and the Great Lakes. July,
Aug. Erie County.

41. Alopectrus L. Foxtail.

Branching annual or perennial grasses with flat leaves, erect or
decumbent stems, and soft dense spike-like panicles. Spikelets 1-
flowered, flattened, falling from the axis entire; empty glumes usually
somewhat united at the base, keeled; lemma broad, obtuse, 5-nerved,
with a slender dorsal awn on the back; palet usually none.

1. Lemma shorter than the obtuse, long-ciliate empty glumes; empty glumes

less than ¥% in. long. A. geniculatus.
1. Lemma as long as the acute long-ciliate empty glumes; empty glumes %-%
in. long. A. pratensis.

1. Alopecurus geniculatus L. Marsh Foxtail. A grass, usually
glabrous, with slender, decumbent stems, simple or sparingly
branched, %4-1™% ft. high, and a slender spike-like panicle. [Lemma
obtuse, glabrous, with an awn inserted about one-fourth above its
base. |

In wet soil. June-Aug. Lake, Ottawa, Crawford, Auglaize,
Madison, Franklin, Perry. Introduced.

2. Alopecurus praténsis L. Meadow Foxtail. A glabrous grass
with slender, simple, erect stems, 1-214 ft. high, from short, creeping
rhizomes, and with a spike-like panicle. Empty glumes united at
the base for about one-fourth of their length; lemma obtuse, its awn
inserted about one-fourth above the base.

In meadows and pastures. May, June. No specimens. From
Europe.

42. Heledchloa Host. Cat-tail-grass.

Low tufted branching annuals or perennials with flat leaves and
numerous spike-like panicles partly included in the inflated sheaths.
Spikelets 1-flowered, flattened; empty glumes subequal, membranous,
acute, ciliate keeled; lemma l-nerved; palet shorter, 2-nerved; grain
free, oblong, loosely enclosed in the flowering glumes.

1. Heleochola schoenoides (L.) Host. Cat-tail-grass. A low,
cespitose, glabrous annual, usually almost prostrate, with branched

304 OHIO BIOLOGICAL, SURRY EY

stems, 4%-1% ft. long, and with dense, oblong-ovoid, spike-like
panicles.
In waste places. July, Aug. Greene County. From Europe.

45. Phléum_4.;.. Timothy.

Erect simple-stemmed perennials with flat leaves and dense,
spike-like panicles. Spikelets 1-flowered, flattened; empty glumes
membranous, compressed, keeled, abruptly awn-pointed; lemma
broad, truncate, hyaline, 5-nerved; palet narrow, hyaline; grain
ovoid, free, enclosed in the flowering glumes.

1. Phleum praténse L. Timothy. A glabrous grass with sim-
ple, hollow, erect stems, 1-5 ft. high, from a swollen base, and with
a long-cylindrical, compact, spike-like panicle. Empty glumes short-
awned, ciliate on the keel; lemma 5-nerved, truncate, hyaline. A
very important grass extensively cultivated for hay.

In fields and meadows. Also called herd-grass. June-Aug. Gen-
etal-s Prom. urope:

44. Muhlenbérgia Schreb. Muhlenbergia.

Mostly perennial grasses with flat or involute leaves and small
spikelets usually in contracted panicles, and usually with scaly rhi-
zomes. Spikelets 1-flowered, usually with a short barbate callus
below the flower; empty glumes membranous or hyaline, acute,
sometimes awned; lemma narrow, 3-nerved, awned or awnless; palet
thin, 2-keeled; grain narrow, free, tightly enclosed in the flower-
ing glumes.

1. Lemma not awned, but the empty glumes may be short awned. 2

1. Lemma long-awned, awn mostly twice as long as the body of the lemma. 4

2. Empty glumes not awned, broadly ovate, acute, about half as long as the
lemma. M. sobolifera.

2. Empty glumes long acuminate or short awned, as long or longer than
the lemma. 3

3. Empty glumes about equal in length to the lemma, long pointed. M. mexicana.

3. Empty glumes much longer than the lemma, usually about twice as long,
short-awned; panicle usually deise. M. racemosa.

4. Empty glumes at least % as long as the lemma. 5

4. Empty glumes not more than 4 the length of the lemma, the outer one

often wanting. M. schreberi.
5. Empty glumes lanceolate, about equaling the lemma. M. umbrosa.
5. Empty glumes broadly ovate, %-% as long as the lemma. M. tenuiflora.

1. Muhlenbergia sobolifera (Muhl.) Trin. Rock Muhlenbergia.
A glabrous grass with erect or ascending, sparingly branched stems,
2-3 ft. high, with numerous conspicuous rhizomes covered with
short, appressed scales, and with very slender, usually loose-flowered
panicles. Lemma acute, scabrous, 3-nerved.

In rocky woods. Sept., Oct. Highland, Wayne.

GRASSES OF OHIO 305

2. Muhlenbergia mexicana (L.) Trin. Mexican Muhlenbergia.
A glabrous grass with erect or often prostrate, much-branched
stems, 2-4 ft. high, with numerous conspicuous rhizomes, covered
with short appressed scales, and with a long contracted panicle,
usually partly included within the upper sheath, its branches spike-
like and erect or appressed. Lemma acuminate, scabrous, sometimes
awned.

In swamps and borders of fields. Aug., Sept. General.

3. Muhlenbergia racemosa (Mx.) B. S. P. Marsh Muhlen-
bergia. A grass with erect, usually branched stems, 1-3 it. high,
with numerous conspicuous rhizomes covered with short, appressed
scales, and with dense spike-like panicles, interrupted at the base,
the branches erect or appressed. Empty glumes aristate; lemma
acuminate, awnless, its midrib strongly scabrous.

In wet places. Aug.-Oct. Summit, Wayne, Huron, Wyandot,
Champaign, Licking.

4. Muhlenbergia umbrosa Scrib. Wood Muhlenbergia. A grass
with erect branched stems, 1-3 ft. high, with numerous conspicuous
rhizomes, covered with short appressed scales, and with somewhat
lax panicles, the branches erect or ascending. Lemma strongly scab-
rous, attenuate into a slender awn.

In moist woods and along streams. Aug.-Oct. Cuyahoga,
Champaign.

5. Muhlenbergia tenuiflora (Willd.) B.S. P. Slender Muhlen-
bergia. A grass with slender, simple or sparingly branched stems,
2-3 ft. high, with numerous conspicuous rhizomes covered with short,
appressed scales, and with a loosely flowered, slender panicle with
appressed branches. Lemma scabrous, tapering into a slender awn.

In rocky woods and ravines. Aug., Sept. Portage, Wayne,
Fairfield, Madison, Greene.

6. Muhlenbergia schréberi Gmel. Spreading Muhlenbergia. A
diffusely much-branched grass with erect or ascending stems, 1-3
ft. high, from a decumbent base, often rooting at the lower nodes,
and with slender, somewhat lax panicles, the erect branches rather
densely flowered. Empty glumes minute, the outer one nearly ob-
solete; lemma strongly scabrous, tapering into a slender awn.

In dry woods, hillsides, and waste places. Aug., Sept. General.

45. Brachyélytrum Beauv. Brachyelytrum.

A tall perennial with flat leaves, simple stems from short knotty
rhizomes, and a narrow, few-flowered panicle. Spikelets 1-flowered,
narrow, the rachilla prolonged into a slender naked bristle; empty
glumes minute, unequal; lemma rigid, 5-nerved, ending in a long

306 OHI@GLBIOLOGICAL SURV EX

straight awn; palet rigid, 2-nerved; grain oblong, free, enclosed
in the flowering glumes.

1. Brachyelytrum eréctum (Schreb.) Beauv. Brachyelytrum.
A grass with erect, slender, simple stems, 1-3 ft. high, with sparingly
retrorse-hispid sheaths, and with slender, narrow panicles. Empty
glumes unequal, the outer often obsolete; lemma 5-nerved with an
erect awn.

In moist, rocky woods. July, August. Cuyahoga, Portage,
Lorain, Wayne, Highland, Franklin, Madison, Hocking, Adams.

46. Milium L. Millet-grass.

Annual or perennial grasses with flat leaves and terminal open
panicles. Spikelets 1-flowered; empty glumes equal; lemma shining,
indurated, the margins inrolled; palet similar, scarcely shorter; grain
free, tightly enclosed in the rigid, shining flowering glumes.

1. Milium effisum L. Tall Millet-grass. A glabrous perennial
grass with erect, simple stems, 2-6 ft. high, and a lax panicle with
long, slender, somewhat flexuous branches, in remote pairs or
fascicles, spikelet-bearing from about the middle. Empty glumes
equal; lemma smooth, white.

In woods. June, July. Lake, Cuyahoga, Lorain, Wayne, Stark.

47. Oryzopsis Mx. Mountain-rice.

Tufted perennial grasses with flat or convolute leaves and panicu-
late few-flowered inflorescences. Spikelets, 1-flowered, broad; empty
glumes rather broad, about equal, obtuse or acuminate; lemma some-
what indurated, convolute, bearing a terminal deciduous slender awn;
palet rather large; grain free, tightly enclosed in the convolute lemma.

1. Oryzopsis racemosa (Sm.) Ricker. Black-fruited Mountain-
rice. A glabrous grass with erect, tufted stems, 14-3 ft. high, and a
small panicle with nearly simple usually ascending branches. Empty
glumes about equal, acute; lemma dark colored, acute, sparingly
pubescent, with a long awn.

In rocky woods. July-Sept. Geauga, Summit, Erie, Greene.
Highland.

48. Stipa L . Porcupine-grass.

Generally tall, tufted perennial grasses with convolute leaf-blades
and loose terminal panicles. Spikelets 1-flowered, narrow; empty
glumes narrow, acute or bristle-tipped; lemma convolute, rigid, with

GRASSES OF OHIO 307

a hairy callus at the base, terminating in a simple, strong persistent,
bent, twisted awn; palet 2-nerved, small; grain narrow, free, tightly
enclosed in the fruiting lemma.

1. Stipa spartea Trin. Porcupine-grass. A tall, slender grass
with erect, simple stems, 2-4 ft. high, with involute leaf blades and
loose, narrow panicles, finally long-exserted. Empty glumes ac-
uminate into long, slender points, glabrous; lemma brownish, ap-
pressed-pubescent below with a long, rigid, scabrous, twisted, usually
bent awn; callus acuminate, very sharp-pointed, densely clothed with
silky, appressed hairs. The awns are highly hygrometric, and the
sharp-pointed fruit is injurious to animals, by penetrating the skin.

On plains, prairies, and sandy places. June, July. Erie County,
where it occurs on Cedar Point.

49. Aristida L. Triple-awn-grass.

Tufted annuals or perennials with narrow leaves and usually
with loose, narrow panicles. Spikelets 1-flowered; empty glumes
unequal, narrow, acute or acuminate; lemma somewhat indurated,
convolute, terminating in a three-branched awn; palet thin, 2-nerved ;
grain elongated, free, tightly enclosed in the lemma.

1. Awns separate to the base, not articulated to the lemma. 2
1. Awns united below into a long twisted neck and articulated to the lemma.

A. tuberculosa.
2. Lateral awns much shorter than the middle one. 3
2. Lateral awns not much shorter than the middle one. 4
3. Middle awn coiled at the base. A. dichotoma.
3. Middle awn not coiled at the base. A. gracilis.
4. Outer empty glume 5-7-nerved; annuals. A. oligantha.
4. Outer empty glume 1-3 nerved; perennials. A. purpurascens.

1. Aristida dich6toma Mx. Poverty-grass. An annual tufted
grass with wiry much-branched stems, ™%-2 ft. high, loose, glabrous
sheaths, much shorter than the internodes, and narrow, simple, few-
flowered, spike-like panicles, often reduced to racemes, the lateral
ones often sessile and partly enclosed in the sheaths. Lemma with
a horizontal awn, coiled at the base, with the two lateral awns erect
and very short.

In dry sandy soil. Aug., Sept. Scioto, Vinton, Fairfield.

2. Aristida oligantha Mx. Few-flowered Triple-awn-grass. An
annual, tufted grass with wiry, branched, erect, solid stems, loose
sheaths, and few-flowered, lax, spike-like racemes or panicles. Empty
glumes unequal, awned; lemma scabrous above with three nearly
equal, divergent awns.

In dry sterile soil. Aug., Sept. Cuyahoga County.

308 OHIO; BIOLOGICAL, SUBRNE ¥:

3. Aristida gracilis Ell. Slender Triple-awn-grass. A glabrous
annual grass with slender, sparingly branched stems, %-2 ft. high,
in small tufts or solitary, with rather close sheaths, and with a
spike-like, slender panicle or raceme. Lemma usually mottled, with
a horizontal middle awn and two much shorter, erect, lateral awns.

In dry sandy soil. Aug., Sept. Hamilton, Clermont, Athens,
Erie, Cuyahoga.

4. Aristida purpurascens Poir. Purplish Triple-awn-grass. A
glabrous perennial grass, growing in small tufts, with erect, simple
or sparingly. branched stems, 1-2% ft. high, and with a strict or
sometimes nodding purplish panicle with appressed branches. Lemma
with a horizontal middle awn and two somewhat shorter erect or
divergent lateral awns.

In dry sandy or gravelly soil. Sept., Oct. Wood, Fulton.

GRASSES OF OHIO 309

Tribe, Phalarideae. Canary-grass Tribe.

Grasses with laterally compressed spikelets jomted above the empty
glumes, arranged im panicles or racemes; spikelets with one perfect
flower and 2 staminate or vestigial flowers below, the vestiges sometimes
reduced to mere scale-like or bristle-like lemmas or obsolete.

50. Savastana Schrank. Vanilla-grass.

Fragrant perennial grasses with flat leaves and terminal panicles.
Spikelets 3-flowered, the terminal flower bisporangiate, the others
staminate or vestigial; empty glumes subequal, acute, glabrous, and
shining; lemmas of the staminate flowers boat-shaped, indurated,
and hairy, each enclosing a 2-nerved palet and 3 stamens; lemma of
the perfect flower similar but enclosing a l-nerved palet and 2
stamens; grain free, enclosed in the flowering glumes.

1. Savastana odorata (L.) Scrib. Vanilla-grass. A glabrous
grass with simple erect stems, 1-2 ft. high, from a creeping rhizome,
and with a pyramidal, usually compact panicle with slender droop-
ing branches. Spikelets brownish; staminate lemmas hispid-ciliate on
the margins and below the apex on the keel, awnless; fertile lemma
hairy at the apex.

This sweet-scented grass is often strewn before churches in
northern Europe, whence it is often called holy-grass. In moist
meadows. May-July. Trumbull, Madison, Pickaway.

51. Phalaris L. Canary-grass.

Annuals or perennials with flat leaves and dense spike-like or
capitate panicles. Spikelets 1-flowered, laterally flattened; empty
glumes equal, boat-shaped, strongly compressed and usually wing-
keeled; sterile lemmas minute; fertile lemma indurated and shining;
palet faintly 2-nerved; grain oblong, free, enclosed in the flowering
glumes.

1. Empty glumes not winged on the back; panicle narrow, branched.

P. arundinacea.
1. Empty glumes broadly wing-keeled on the back; panicle very dense, appear-
ing like a short spike. P. canartensts.

1. Phalaris arundinacea L. Reed Canary-grass. A glabrous
perennial with simple erect stems, 2-5 ft. high, and a dense panicle
with erect or slightly spreading branches. Spikelets lanceolate;
sterile lemmas reduced to minute hairy scales; fertile lemma char-

310 OHIGSBIOLOGICAL SURVEY

taceous with long appressed silky hairs. The common ribbon-grass
of gardens is the variety picta L.

In moist or wet soil. June-Aug. Rather general; no specimens
from the northwestern nor from the southeastern counties.

2. Phalaris canariénsis L. Canary-grass. An annual grass with
erect simple or branched stems, 1-3 ft. high, and an ovoid or oblong
head-like panicle. Spikelets broadly obovate, imbricated; empty
glumes white with green veins; empty lemmas thin-membranous,
sparingly hairy; fertile lemma brown, acute, with appressed silky
hairs.

This species furnishes the canary seed of commerce. In waste
places and roadsides. July, Aug. Cuyahoga, Montgomery, Hamil-
ton. From Europe.

52. Anthoxanthum L. Vernal-grass.

Fragrant annual or perennial grasses with flat leaves and nar-
row spike-like panicles. Spikelets 1-flowered, narrow, somewhat com-
pressed; empty glumes very unequal, acute or short-awned; sterile
lemmas 2-lobed, awned on the back; fertile lemma, truncate, awnless;
palet faintly 1-nerved; stamens 2; grain free, enclosed in the flower-
ing glumes. :

1. Empty glumes pubescent; panicle 144-3 in. long; perennial. A. odoratum.
1. Empty glumes glabrous; panicle %-1% in. long; annual. A. puelit.

1. Anthoxanthum odoratum L. Sweet Vernal-grass. <A _per-
ennial grass with simple or branched erect stems, 1-2 ft. high, and
spike-like panicles, the short branches erect or ascending. Spikelets
brownish green, spreading at flowering-time; empty glumes sparsely
pilose; first sterile lemma short-awned below the apex the second
bearing a strong bent awn near its base; fertile lemma awnless.

In fields, pastures and waste places. May-July. Ashtabula,
Cuyahoga, Summit, Mahoning, Wayne, Franklin. From Europe.

2. Anthoxanthum puélii Lecoqg & Lamotte. Long-awned Ver-
nal-grass. An annual grass with slender stems often branching above
the base, and with a dense spike-like panicle. Spikelets whitish green;
empty glumes glabrous; first sterile lemma with an awn twice as
long as its body, pubescent below the middle, the second sterile
lemma with an awn 2-4 times the length of its body, also pubescent
below; fertile lemma awnless.

In waste places. May-Aug. Hamilton County. A native of
Europe.

GRASSES OF OHIO 311

Subfamily, Panicatae.

Tribe, Paniceae. Panic-grass Tribe.

Grasses having the 2-flowered spikelets rounded or dorsally com-
pressed, jointed below the empty glumes, and arranged in racemes or
panicles; lower flower staminate, vestigial or entirely absent; empty
glumes membranous; flowering glumes of the perfect flower usually
awnless, indurated, firmly enclosing the free grain.

53. Panicum L. Panic-grass.

Annual or perennial grasses of various habit with the spikelets
in panicles. Spikelets 2-flowered, with 1 perfect flower and with
a staminate or vestigial one below; empty glumes very unequal, the
outer often minute; sterile lemma membranous often enclosing a
hyaline palet; fertile lemma and palet indurated in fruit, margins of
the lemma thick and inrolled; grain free, enclosed in the hardened
flowering glumes.

Basal leaves like those of the stem. 2
Basal leaves unlike those of the stem. 10
Basal leaf-sheaths compressed, often keeled. 3
Basal leaf-sheaths round, little flattened, never keeled. 4
Fruit stipitate; spikelets conspicuously secund. P. stipitatum.
Fruit not stipitate; spikelets not conspicuously secund. P. agrostoides.
Leaf-sheaths smooth. 5
Leaf-sheaths pubescent; annuals. 6
Outer empty glume about % as long as the spikelet; tall perennials with
rhizomes. P. virgatum.
Outer empty glume about % as long as the spikelet; annuals.

P. dichotomiflorum.,
6. Spikelets ovate, more than % in. long; spikelets close. P. miliaceum,
6. Spikelets lanceolate or elliptic, less than % in. long; spikelets distant. 7
7. Panicle narrow, the branches ascending; spikelets less than % in. long.

Pic eee oe fo Fea fe

ee

P. flexile.
7. Panicle spreading when mature; spikelet 7s in. long or less. 8
8. Panicle very large, usually % the length of the plant. P. capillare.
8. Panicle of medium size, usually 4% the length of the plant. 9
9. Stem delicate; leaf-blade less than 1% in. wide. P. philadelphicum.
9. Stem stout; leaf-blade usually %-34 in. wide. P. gattingeri.
10. Leaf-blades % way up the stem less than % in. wide, attenuate to cordate

at the base. 11
10. Leaf-blades %4 way up the stem % in. or more wide, usually cordate clasp-
ing at the base. 30
11. Spikelets % in. long or more. 12
11. Spikelets less than % in. long, usually about 7g in. 22
12. Leaves less than 7 in. wide and about 18 times as long as wide.
P. depauperatum.
12. Leaves more than 1% in. wide, and not elongated. 13
13. Upper surface of the leaves glabrous. 14
13. Upper surface of«the leaves pubescent. P. leibergit.

wa

26.

to CO 0

+

OHIO BIOLOGICAL SURVEY

Outer empty glume % as long as the spikelet, short acute. P. scribnerianum.
Outer empty glume 1% as long as the spikelet, long acuminate.

P. xanthophysum.
Stem simple or with basal branches only. 16
Stem at length fasciately branched. 22
Hairs on the leaf sheath almost % in. long or longer, spreading, usually
dense. P. linearifolium.
No hairs on the leaf sheath, or with hairs less than zs in. long, sometimes
ciliate on the margin. 17
Leaf blade ye in. or less wide, usually 18 or more times as long as wide;
spikelets usually glabrous. 18
Leaf-blade usually much more than ™% in. wide, never more than 8 times
longer than wide; spikelets more or less pubescent. 20.
Leaves much elongated; often 6 to 10 in. long, attenuate at the base.

P. werneri.
Leaves not elongated; generally less than 3% in. long, not attenuate at the
base, spikelet less than % in. long. P. bicknellii.

Spikelets roundish, not over ze in. long. 20
Spikelets oblong-elliptic or elliptic, usually ye in. Or more long. 21
Nodes pubescent with appressed hairs, base of the leaves ciliate, panicle nearly

as wide as long. P. 'sphaerocarpon.
Nodes glabrous, base of Us leaves not ciliate; panicle not more than % as
wide as long. P. polyanthes.
Stems pubescent. P. tsugetorum.
Stems glabrous. P. boreale.

Spikelets glabrous. 23
Spikelets pubescent. 24

Nodes densely bearded. P. microcarpon,
Nodes not bearded. P. dichotomum.

Ligule at the top of the leaf sheath minute or absent. 25
Ligule present. 26

Nodes of the main stem glabrous or with a few hairs. P. boreale.
Nodes of the main stem pubescent. _ P. ashet.
Upper sheaths glabrous, ciliate on the margin. P. lindheimeri.

All of the sheaths pubescent. 27
Upper surface of the leaves glabrous, except for a few long hairs near the
base. P. tsugetorum.

Upper surface of the leaves pilose. 28

‘Outer empty glume acute; spikelet gs in. long, pubescence on the sheath more

than zs in. long. P. villosissimum.
Outer empty glume blunt; spikelet less than 7g in. long; pubescence on the
sheaths not so dense and less than 7g in .long. 29
Upper surface of the leaf-blade long- pilose: plants yellowish-green.

P. huachucae.
Upper surface of the leaf-blade long appressed pubescent. P. implicatum.
Spikelet 4 in. or more long. 32
Spikelet less than % in. long. 31

Spikelet less than 7Ye in. long. - P. polyanthes.
Spikelet more than 7¢ in. long. P. commutatum.

Leaf sheaths mostly papillose-hispid; nodes glabrous or short pubescent.

P. clandestinum.
Leaf-sheaths glabrous or soft-pubescent. 33
Nodes glabrous. P. latifolium.
At least the lower nodes pubescent or bearded. 34
Panicle narrow, its branches appressed, rarely a little spreading; upper nodes
at least not bearded. P. xanthophysum.
Panicle open, its branches spreading; the nodes appressed-pubescent. P. boscii.

GRASSES OF OHIO 313

1. Panicum agrostoides Spreng. Agrostis-like Panic-grass. An
erect, rather stout, glabrous perennial, 1-3% ft. high, with loose
sheaths and a purplish, oblong-ovate panicle, 6-12 in. long, the
branches stiffly ascending. Spikelets crowded on sparsely hairy, short
pedicels; lemma oval.

In wet ground and along shores. July-Sept. Portage, Erie.

2. Panicum stipitatum Nash. Long Panic-grass. <A branched,
erect perennial with compressed stems, 3-5 ft. high, and leaf-blades
1 ft. or more long, often purplish and scabrous. Inflorescence a pyra-
midal, purplish panicle; spikelets secund, acuminate, crowded; lemma
narrowly elliptic and raised on a delicate stalk.

In moist soil. July-Sept. Northeastern Ohio to Lorain, Fair-
field and Columbiana Counties.

3. Panicum virgatum L. Tall Smooth Panic-grass. A tall
glabrous perennial grass, 3-724 ft. high, with creeping rhizomes, and
loose panicles with ascending or spreading branches. Spikelets ovate,
acute to acuminate; outer empty glume about one-half as long
as the spikelet; first lemma usually subtending a palet and staminate
flower. Second lemma shining, inclosing a perfect flower. An im-
portant grass.

It makes fair hay when cut young. In dry or moist soil, es-
pecially in prairies. Aug., Sept. General.

4. Panicum dichotomiflorum Mx. Spreading Panic-grass. A
glabrous branching annual grass with compressed decumbent and
geniculate stems, 4-6 ft. long, and a diffuse pyramidal panicle with
the lower branches at length widely spreading. Spikelets crowded,
lanceolate, acute, glabrous, sometimes purplish; outer empty glume
one-fourth as long as the spikelet; fertile lemma elliptic, shining.

A weed. Cattle and horses are very fond of it. In wet soil and
cultivated fields. July-Sept. General.

5. Panicum miliaceum L. Millet Panic-grass. An erect or de-
cumbent annual grass with rather stout stems, 1-2 ft. high, and a
dense panicle drooping at maturity. Sheaths papillose-hirsute. Spike-
lets ovoid, acuminate, turgid; outer empty glume % as long as the
spikelet.

In waste places. A good fodder grass. Sometimes cultivated
as acereal. July-Sept. Lawrence, Richland, Erie. Introduced from
Europe.

6. Panicum capillare L. Tumble Panic-grass. A _ stout spar-
ingly branched, erect or decumbent annual, 1-5% ft. high, with
papillose-hirsute sheaths and a very large diffuse panicle with capil-
lary branches, at first included in the sheath but later becoming
exserted and finally breaking off at maturity as a tumble grass.
Spikelets acute; outer empty glume 4%-™% as long as the spikelet.

314 OHLOr BIOLOGICAL SURVEY

A bad weed. In dry soil and cultivated fields. July-Sept. Gen-
eral and abundant.

7. Panicum gattingeri Nash. Gattinger’s Panic-grass. An an-
nual grass with widely spreading or decumbent stems, sometimes
forming mats, branching at all the nodes, 1-2 ft. long, and with
numerous exserted oval panicles, smaller and less diffuse than in
P. capillare. Sheaths hirsute; spikelets elliptic, acute, glabrous, very
turgid. :
In moist open ground. Aug.-Oct. Rather general.

8. Panicum fléxile (Gatt.) Scrib. Wiry Panic-grass. A slender
erect annual grass, 14-2 ft. high with a few erect branches from the
base and with a narrowly oblong panicle with ascending branches,
usually one-half the length of the entire plant. Spikelets acuminate,
solitary at the ends of the branchlets; outer empty glume % as long
as the spikelet.

In moist or dry sandy soil. Aug.-Oct. Adams, Champaign,
Madison, Franklin, Erie, Cuyahoga. .

9. Panicum philadélphicum Bernh. Philadelphia Panic-grass.
A slender, erect or ascending, freely branching annual with zigzag
stems, 1-2 ft. long, and a rather few-flowered panicle about 4% the —
length of the plant. Spikelets elliptic, acute, smooth, usually in 2’s
at the ends of the divergent branchlets; outer empty glume about
¥% the length of the spikelet.

In dry woods and thickets. Aug., Sept. Trumbull, Ottawa.

10. Panicum depauperatum Muhl. Starved Panic-grass. An
erect or ascending perennial %-1% ft. high, with erect elongated
leaves, and a few-flowered, much exserted, terminal panicle, the
lower panicles on very short basal branches. Spikelets glabrous,
acute; outer empty glume % the length of the spikelet.

‘In dry soil. June-Sept. Cuyahoga County.

11. Panicum linearifolium Scrib. Linear--leaf Panic-grass. A
densely tufted perennial grass with slender erect stems, %-1™% ft.
high, and a rather few-flowered, loose panicle. Spikelets obtuse or
acutish, pubescent with spreading hairs; outer empty glume 4-%
as long as the spikelet. .

In woods and hillsides. May-July. Rather general.

12. Panicum wérneri Scrib. Werner’s Panic-grass. A smooth,
light green, tufted, sparingly branched or simple perennial grass,
¥%4-1¥% ft. high, with erect, linear, acuminate leaves and a loose open
panicle, which is finally long-exserted. Spikelets oval, somewhat
pubescent; outer empty glume % as long as the spikelet.

In dry woods, fields, and the drier parts of swamps. June, July.
Lake, Cuyahoga, Franklin, Athens.

GRASSES OF OHIO 31:

i |

13. Panicum bicknéllii Nash. Bicknell’s Panic-grass. <A _ slen-
der, usually stiff, erect or decumbent perennial grass, 12-1% ft. high,
with the lower sheaths pubescent and a few-flowered panicle with
stiff, slender branches. Spikelets oval or ovate, pubescent with
ascending hairs; outer empty glume % the length of the spikelet.

On dry, wooded hills. July, Aug. Gallia County.

14. Panicum sphaerocarpon Ell. Round-fruited Panic-grass. A
dull green, usually erect, simple or somewhat branched perennial,
y,-2 ft. high, with somewhat pubescent nodes and an ovoid, long-
exserted, loosely flowered panicle with viscid spots on the axis and
ascending branches. Spikelets nearly spherical, obtuse, usually pur-
ple; outer empty glume broadly ovate, very short.

In dry or sandy soil. July-Sept. Cuyahoga, Summit, Trumbull,
Hocking, Scioto.

15. Panicum polyanthes Schultes. Many-flowered Panic-grass.
A light green perennial grass with erect, simple stems, 1-3 ft. high,
with glabrous nodes and very long sheaths with finely ciliate margins,
and with a densely flowered, elliptic panicle with slender ascending
branches. Spikelets obovoid or nearly spherical; outer empty glume
minute. |

In damp ground and woods. July-Sept. Fairfield, Hocking,
Jackson.

16. Panicum dich6tomum L. Forked Panic-grass. A glabrous,
often purplish, perennial grass with erect, dichotomously branched
stems, 44-2 ft. high, from short, knotted rhizomes, with light green
to purplish leaves, and with a much exserted terminal panicle with
lax spreading branches and few spikelets. Spikelets usually glabrous,
ellipsoid; outer empty glume minute.

In woodlands and thickets. May-Aug. Rather general; no
specimens from the northwestern counties.

17. Panicum microcarpon Muhl. Small-fruited Panic-grass. A
perennial grass, at first erect but later with densely branched, spread-
ing or prostrate stems, 2-3 ft. long, strongly barbed on the nodes,
-and with a long-exserted, rigid primary panicle and small few-
flowered secondary panicles. Spikelets purplish, glabrous; outer
empty glume % as long as the spikelet.

In moist soil and swampy places. June-Aug. Cuyahoga, Lorain,
Erie, Fairfield, Hocking, Jackson, Adams.

18. Panicum boreale Nash. Northern Panic-grass. An erect
or decumbent, somewhat branched perennial, 1-2 ft. high, with a
narrow, loosely flowered panicle, the slender branches ascending or
spreading. Spikelets ellipsoid, pubescent; outer empty glume minute.

In moist, open ground or woods. June, July. Fulton County.

316 OHIO BIOLOGICAL SURVEY

19. Panicum lindheimeri Nash. Lindheimer’s Panic-grass. An
erect or spreading dichotomously branched perennial grass 1-1™% ft.
high, with swollen nodes and a loosely flowered panicle with ascend-
ing or spreading branches, the primary one long-exserted. Spikelets
pubescent, obovoid; outer empty glume minute.

In dry sandy woods and open ground. June-Aug. Ashtabula,
Hocking.

20. Panicum huachticae Ashe. Hairy Panic-grass. A profusely
branched erect or somewhat decumbent, hairy perennial grass, %4-1%
ft. high, with a rather densely flowered, ovoid panicle with ascending
or spreading branches. Spikelets pubescent; outer empty glume
minute.

In dry soil and on prairies. June-Sept. General.

21. Panicum villosissimum Nash. Villous Panic-grass. <A _ vil-
lous, olive-green perennial grass with tufted, at length branched,
erect or ascending stems, 1-2 ft. high, and a loosely flowered, long-
exserted primary panicle. Spikelets obovate to elliptic, densely
pubescent with short spreading hairs; outer empty glume a little
less than % as long as the spikelet.

In dry sandy soil and open woods. June-Aug. Cuyahoga, Erie,
Licking.

22. Panicum implicatum Scrib. Slender-stemmed Panic-grass.
A slender, tufted, more or less pubescent, at length much branched
perennial, 1%-2 ft. high, with densely papillose-hirsute sheaths and
an open, ovate panicle with widely spreading flexuous branches.
Spikelets obovoid, obtuse, papillose-pilose; outer empty glume almost
¥% as long as the spikelet.

In wet soil. July-Sept. Gallia County.

23. Panicum tsugetorum Nash. Hemlock Panic-grass. A bluish-
green or sometimes purplish perennial with slender, tufted, branched,
decumbent or prostrate stems, %-1% ft. long, and a rather loosely
flowered panicle with ascending or spreading branches. Spikelets
broadly ovate, pubescent; outer empty glume % as long as the
spikelet.

In sandy woods. June-Sept. Defiance, Summit.

24. Panicum leibérgii (Vasey) Scrib. Leiberg’s Panic-grass.
A pubescent perennial grass, 1-2% ft. high, with slender, erect, and
at length branched stems, with papillose-hispid sheaths and an ob-
long panicle with erect or ascending branches. Spikelets oval, papil-
lose-hirsute, outer empty glume ™% the length of the spikelet.

On prairies and dry soil. June, July. No specimens.

25. Panicum scribnerianum Nash. Scribner’s Panic-grass. An
erect perennial with simple or dichotomously branched stems, ™%-2

GRASSES OF OHIO 317

ft. high, and a small, ovoid, short-exserted panicle. Spikelets obtuse,
very turgid, slightly pubescent; outer empty glume minute.
In dry or moist sandy soil or on dry prairies. June-Aug. Cuya-
hoga, Erie, Wood, Franklin.

26. Panicum xanthophysum Gr. Slender Panic-grass. <A
tufted, yellowish green perennial grass with simple, erect or ascend-
ing stems, 1-2 ft. high, and a few-flowered, very narrow, finally long-
exserted panicle with erect branches. Spikelets broadly obovate,
very turgid, usually pubescent; outer empty glume nearly % as long
as the spikelet.

In dry soil. June-Aug. Lake County.

27. Panicum ashei Pear. Ashe’s Panic-grass. An erect, stiff,
sparingly branched, purplish perennial grass, %-1% ft. high, with
a small panicle, its branches ascending. Spikelets elliptic, obtuse,
purplish; outer empty glume minute.

In dry woods. May-Aug. Cuyahoga, Lake, Trumbull, Fairfield.

28. Panicum commutatum Schultes. Variable Panic-grass. An
erect, rather slender, finally dichotomously branched perennial grass,
1-2% it. high, with firm leaf-blades, cordate clasping at the base,
and a lax panicle with spreading branches. Spikelets elliptic, obtuse;
outer empty glume minute.

In dry woods and thickets. June-Aug. Lawrence, Gallia, Fair-
field, Wayne.

29. Panicum latifolium L. Broad-leaf Panic-grass. An erect,
“nearly smooth perennial grass with simple or branched stems, 1-3
ft. high, with broad leaf-blades cordate clasping at the base, and a
long-exserted panicle with ascending few-flowered branches. Spike-
lets ovate-elliptic, obtuse; outer empty glume about % the length
of the spikelet.

In rocky woods and on sand dunes. July, Aug. General.

30. Panicum béscii Poir. Bosc’s Panic-grass. A glabrous or
minutely pubescent perennial with erect, simple or somewhat
dichotomously branched stems, 1-2% ft. high, with broad leaves and
a slightly exserted panicle with few-flowered spreading or ascend-
ing branches. Spikelets ovate; outer empty glume nearly ™% as long
as the spikelet.

In woods. June-Aug. Warren, Adams, Jackson, Belmont.

The variety P. boscii molle (Vas.) Hitch. & Ch. is downy-
pubescent thruout and usually not so tall. Reported from Hamil-
ton, Lawrence, and Cuyahoga Counties.

31. Panicum clandestinum L. Huispid Panic-grass. An erect
or ascending, rather stout perennial with at first simple but later
much branched stems, 1'%-4 ft. high, with broad cordate clasping,
glabrous leaf-blades and rather long-exserted primary panicles with

318 OHIO, BIOLOGICAL SURVEY

ascending branches, the secondary panicles usually included in the
sheaths. Spikelets elliptic, pubescent; outer empty glume % as
long as the spikelet.

In moist ground and thickets. June, July. General.

54. Leptoloma Chase. Witch-grass.

Tufted perennial grasses with flat leaves and very diffuse ter-
minal panicles which break away at maturity and become tumble-
grasses. Spikelets with 1 perfect flower, solitary on long capillary
pedicels; outer empty glume very minute or wanting, inner empty
glume 3-nerved, nearly as long as the 5-7-nerved sterile lemma;
fertile lemma indurated, papillose, with hyaline margin not inrolled;
lemma of similar texture; grain free, enclosed in the flowering
glumes.

1. Leptoloma cognatum (Schultes) Chase. Fall Witch-grass.
A perennial slender tufted grass with erect or decumbent stems, 1-2
ft. high, usually much branched at the base, and with a loose panicle
bearded in the axils, the lower branches at first erect and included
in the upper sheath but finally exserted and widely spreading.
Spikelets lanceolate, acuminate, on capillary pedicels; lemma lanceo-
late.

Inedry soil. July-Sept. From the West.” Make County,

55. Syntherisma Walt. Crab-grass.

Annual, mostly weedy grasses with branched stems, thin flat
leaves, and an inflorescence of secund, spike-like racemes which are
digitate or approximate at the ends of the branches. Spikelets with
1 perfect flower and a vestige of a second one, lanceolate-elliptic,
sessile or short pediceled; empty glumes 1-3 nerved, the outer some-
times obsolete; sterile lemma 5-nerved; fertile lemma chartaceous,
its margins hyaline and not inrolled; palet of similar texture; grain
free, enclosed in the flowering glumes.

1. Rachis of the raceme branches with the angles wingless; outer empty glume
wanting or minute; raceme branches 2-5; stems erect. S. filiforme.

1. Rachis of the raceme branches with the lateral angles broadly winged; stems
spreading. 2

2. Pedicels terete, glabrous or nearly so; outer empty glume wanting or minute;

raceme branches 2-6. S. ischaemum.
2. Pedicels sharply 3-angled, the angles hispidulous; outer empty glume present,
small, raceme branches 3-12. S. sanguinale

1. Syntherisma filif6rme (L.) Nash. Slender Crab-grass.. A
slender usually tufted grass with erect stems, 1-4 ft. high, and a
panicle of 1-5 spike-like racemes. Spikelets elliptic, pubescent; outer

GRASSES OF OHIO 319

empty glume usually obsolete, the inner one and the sterile lemma
villous between the nerves with gland-tipped hairs; fertile lemma
dark-brown, acute.

In dry sandy soil. July-Sept. No specimens.

2. Syntherisma ischaémum (Schreb.) Nash. Small Crab-grass.
A glabrous grass with spreading or decumbent much-branched
stems, %-2 ft. long, and a panicle of 2-6 aggregated spike-like racemes.
Inner empty glume and sterile lemma densely short-villous between
the nerves; fertile lemma dark-brown.

In cultivated soil and waste places. July-Sept. Lorain, Wayne,
Auglaize, Fairfield. From Europe.

3. Syntherisma sanguinale (L.) Dulac. Large Crab-grass. A
grass with branched spreading stems, 1-5 ft. long, usually decumbent
at the base and often rooting at the lower nodes. Panicles of 3-12
narrowly linear, spike-like racemes, digitate or approximate in
whorls; spikelets elliptic-lanceolate, acute; outer empty glume usually
present, minute; fertile lemma pale or grayish.

In cultivated and waste ground. A very troublesome weed.
Makes good hay and pasturage. July-Sept. General. Naturalized
from Europe.

56. Echinéchloa Beauv. Barnyard-grass.

Usually coarse annual grasses with long broad leaf-blades, com-
pressed sheaths, and terminal panicles of stout one-sided racemose
branches. Spikelets with 1 perfect terminal flower and a staminate
or vestigial one below; empty glumes unequal, spiny hispid on the
nerves, mucronate; sterile lemma similar, usually awned from the
apex, its palet hyaline; fertile lemma and palet chartaceous, acu-
minate; margin of the lemma inrolled; grain free, enclosed in the
flowering glumes.

1. Leaf sheaths glabrous; second and third glumes more or less awned.

E. crus-galli.
1. Leaf sheaths, at least the lower ones densely papillose-hirsute; second and
third glumes long-awned. E. waltert.

1. Echinochloa crts-galli (L.) Beauv. Common Barnyard-grass.
A rather succulent grass branching from the base, with ascending
or erect stems, 2-7% ft. long, and a dense panicle of numerous erect
or spreading, or sometimes reflexed branches. Spikelets ovate, green
or purple, densely crowded in rows on one side of the rachis; empty
lemma more or less awned; fertile lemma ovate, abruptly pointed.

A common weed. Sometimes cultivated for hay. A variety is
sometimes advertised as “Billion Dollar Grass.” In cultivated and
especially in manured soil and waste places. Aug.-Oct. General
and abundant. Naturalized from Europe.

320 OHIO BIOLOGICAL SURVEY

2. Echinochloa walteri (Pursh.) Nash. Marsh Cockspur-grass.
A grass with robust more or less succulent stems, 3-6 ft. long, and
a long more or less drooping panicle with compact ascending or
spreading branches. Spikelets long-awned, ovate-lanceolate, on one
side of the rachis, brownish-purple; inner empty glume and empty
lemma awned; fertile lemma, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate.

In marshes and ditches. Aug.-Oct. Erie, Lorain, Shelby, Au-
glaize, Licking.

57;,/ Paspalum L.- Paspalum.

Perennial grasses of various habit with the spikelets in spike-
like, one-sided racemes, digitate or racemose at the tip of the main
stem or branches. Spikelets with 1 perfect flower and a vestige,
plano-convex, nearly sessile, placed with the back of the fertile
lemma toward the rachis; empty glumes very unequal or the outer
entirely obsolete; lemma and palet indurated, margins of the lemma
inrolled; grain free, enclosed in the flowering glumes.

1. Rachis of the racemes very broad, membranous with inrolled margins, about

twice the width of the spikelets; rachis not extending beyond the spikelets.
P. dissectum.

1. Rachis narrower than the spikelets not inrolled on the margins. 2

2. Stems simple, axillary peduncles none; racemes stout; sheaths glabrous or
nearly so. P. laeve.

2. Stems branched, the upper sheaths containing from 1-3 branches; racemes
slender. 3

3. Spikelets somewhat pubescent, 7s in. long. P. setaceum.

3. Spikelets glabrous, nearly 1% in. long. P. muhlenbergu.

1. Paspalum setaceum Mx. Slender Paspalum. A slender grass
with erect or ascending stems, %-2% ft. high, and with an inflor-
escence of 1-2 spike-like racemes. Spikelets ovate, somewhat pube-
scent, about 1716 in. long; one of the empty glumes 3-nerved, the
other 2-nerved.

In dry fields. Aug.-Oct. Cuyahoga County.

2. Paspalum muhlenbérgii Nash. Muhlenberg’s Paspalum. A
tufted branching pubescent perennial grass with spreading or re-
clining stems, 1-2'% ft. long, and an inflorescence of 1-2 spike-like
racemes. Spikelets glabrous, oval or broadly obovate, in pairs;
lemma with inrolled margins; empty glumes usually 3-nerved.

In fields and sandy soil. Aug.-Oct. Cuyahoga, Erie, Warren,
Hamilton, Scioto, Guernsey.

58. Chaetéchloa Scrib. Foxtail-grass.

Annual or perennial grasses usually with erect stems and flat
leaf blades, the inflorescence in spike-like panicles containing nu-.
merous persistent awn-like bristles on the rachis below the articu-

GRASSES OF OHIO 321

lation of the spikelets. Spikelet 2-flowered, one perfect, the other
vestigial or rarely staminate; empty glumes very unequal; sterile
lemma often enclosing a hyaline palet; fertile lemma and palet char-
taceous or indurated in fruit; grain free enclosed in the flowering
glumes.

1. Bristles of the inflorescence downwardly barbed; comparatively inconspic-
uous. C. verticillata,

1. Bristles upwardly barbed. 2

2. Bristles at the base of the spikelets 5-16, involucrate, yellowish-brown; in-
florescence racemose; inner empty glume shorter than the spikelet. C. glauca.

2. Bristles at the base of the spikelet 1-3, not involucrate; inflorescence pan-
iculate; inner empty glume as long as the spikelet. 3

3. Inflorescence 1-3% in. long, % in. thick or less; bristles green. C. viridis,
3. Inflorescence 4-9 in. long, 14-2 in. thick; bristles usually purple. C. ttalica.

1. Chaetochloa verticillata (L.) Scrib. Verticillate Foxtail-
grass. A tufted annual grass with more or less branched, erect or
decumbent stems, 1-2 ft. high, and a dense spike-like green panicle
which is somewhat compound and interrupted at the base. Involucral
bristles of the inflorescence retrorsely barbed; outer empty glume
l-nerved, less than one-half as long as the spikelet; fertile lemma
abruptly apiculate and obscurely transverse-rugose.

In waste places and yards. July-Sept. From Europe. Cuya-
hoga, Wayne, Jefferson, Franklin, Ross, Montgomery, Warren, Ham-
ilton.

2. Chaetochloa glatica (L.) Scrib. Yellow Foxtail-grass. An
annual grass with compressed, erect or ascending stems, branching
at the base, 1-4 ft. high, with glaucous leaves, and a yellowish, com-
pact, spike-like panicle. Involucral bristles upwardly barbed, yellow-
ish-brown; spikelets oval, much shorter than the bristles; fertile
lemma striate, undulate-rugose, very convex.

A weed. In cultivated fields and waste places. July-Sept. Gen-
eral. From Europe.

3. Chaetochloa viridis (L.) Scrib. Green Foxtail-grass. An
annual tufted grass with simple or branched, erect or ascending
stems, 1-5% ft. high, and a rather thick spike-like green panicle with
slender upwardly barbed greenish bristles. Spikelets elliptic, much
shorter than the bristles; outer empty glume less than one-half as
long as the spikelet; fertile lemma only moderately convex, obtuse,
striate and faintly wrinkled.

Often a bad weed. In cultivated fields and waste places. July-
Sept. General. Naturalized from Europe.

4. Chaetochloa italica (L.) Scrib. Italian Millet. An annual
grass with erect stems, 2-5 ft. high, and thick, compact, compound,
nodding panicles, interrupted at the base. Involucral bristles up-
wardly barbed, usually purplish; spikelets elliptic, shorter than the

322 OHIO BIOLOGICAL, SURVEY

bristles ; outer empty glume less than one-half as long as the spikelet;
fertile lemma only moderately convex, striate, finely and faintly trans-
verse-rugose or pitted.

Several varieties are extensively cultivated for hay. If fed in
large quantities and too frequently, the hay is injurious to horses.
In cultivated fields and waste places. Also called German or Hun-
garian millet. July-Sept. Rather general. Escaped from cultivation.

Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. Pearl-millet. A coarse annual grass,
with a solid stem, 3-8 ft. high, bearing cylindrical, spike-like panicles, 6-12 in.
long. Spikelets with 1 perfect flower and an additional vestigial lemma, sur-
rounded at the base by a cluster of bristles. Empty glumes small and hyaline.
Cultivated for fodder and for the grain which is used as food. Other related
species are cultivated as ornamental grasses.

59. Cénchrus L. Sandbur-grass.

Annual or perennial grasses with flat leaves and spikate inflor-
escence, the small clusters of spikelets covered by a prickly, bur-like
involucre which is deciduous with them-at maturity. Prickles ret-
rosely barbed. Involucres with 2 or more spikelets. Spikelets 2-
flowered usually with one perfect flower and a second staminate or
vestigial flower; empty glumes shorter than the lemmas, unequal;
lemma and palet of the perfect flower chartaceous, the lemma not
inrolled at the margins; grain free, inclosed in the glumes and the
prickly involucre.

Cenchrus tribuloides L. Sandbur-grass. An annual ascending
or trailing grass with flattened, much-branched solid stems, ™%-3 ft.
long, and a stout spike-like raceme of prickly burs, often partly en-
closed in the upper leaf sheath. Prickly involucres pubescent, the
prickles retrorsely barbed; spikelets enclosed in the involucre; fertile
lemma not inrolled at the margin; somewhat indurated.

A disagreeable, troublesome weed. In sandy soil and cultivated
fields. July-Sept. Lucas, Wood, Ottawa, Erie, Lorain, Cuyahoga,
Franklin, Highland, Gallia.

GRASSES OF OHIO

e.s
Ww

Tribe, Oryzeae. Rice Tribe.

Grasses with monosporangiate or bisporangiate, more or less laterally
compressed spikelets in loose panicles; rachilla articulated below the
empty glumes which are often minute or obsolete; stamens often 6;
hilum linear.

60. Homalocénchrus Mieg. Cut-grass.

Perennial marsh grasses with flat narrow rough and cutting leaf-
blades and with paniculate inflorescence. Spikelets apparently 1-
flowered, strongly flattened laterally, those of the open part of the
panicle usually sterile, those inclosed in the sheath cleistogamous
and fruitful; empty glumes none; flowering glumes boat-shaped,
somewhat indurated, awnless; stamens 1-6; grain ovoid, free.

1. Branches of the rather simple panicle stiffly spreading; spikelets 1% in. long
or less. : H. virginicus.

1. Branches of the diffuse panicle generally lax; spikelets %-%4 in. long.
HH. oryzoides.

1. Homalocenchrus virginicus (Willd.) Britt. Virginia Cut-
grass. A grass with branched, weak, ascending stems, 1-3 ft. long,
with clustered scaly rhizomes, and with simple panicles finally long-
exserted, the slender branches stiffly spreading and usually naked
below the middle. Lateral panicles usually included; spikelets ob-
long, appressed; lemma hispid on the keel; stamens 2.

In swamps and wet woods. Aug., Sept. Rather general.

2. Homalocenchrus oryzoides (L.) Poll. Rice Cut-grass. A
grass with rather stout, branching stems, 1-4 ft. long, ascending from
a decumbent base with slender creeping rhizomes, with very rough
leaves and a diffusely branched, lax panicle with ascending or
spreading branches. Lateral panicles usually included. Spikelets
elliptic; lemma hispid, strongly bristly ciliate on the keel.

In swamps and along ditches and streams. Aug., Sept. Rather
general.

6s) -Zizania se. Waild-rice.

A tall monecious hydrophytic annual grass with long flat leaves
and large terminal panicle, the upper part consisting of carpellate
spikelets, the lower of staminate, with some perfect spikelets be-
tween the two regions. Spikelets on club-shaped pedicles, readily
deciduous, apparently 1-flowered, probably consisting of 2 coalescent
flowers; empty glumes membranous, very minute or nearly obsolete.
Carpellate spikelet with a long-awned flowering glume and 6 vestigial

324 OHIO BIOLOGICAL SURY EY.

stamens; staminate spikelet with 6 stamens and a vestigial gynecium,
its glumes short-awned or awn-pointed; spikelets between the stam-
inate and carpellate parts of the inflorescence more or less perfect,
with 6 stamens; grain cylindrical, closely enveloped in the flower-
ing glumes.

1. Zizania aquatica L. Wild Rice. A large annual grass with
an erect stem, 3-10 ft. high, broad flat leaves, and a large loose
panicle, the upper part carpellate with erect branches, the lower
staminate with ascending or spreading branches. Staminate spikelets
with acute awn-pointed glumes; carpellate spikelets linear, the lem-
ma long-awned; staminate spikelet with 6 stamens and a vestigial
ovulary; carpellate spikelet with 6 vestigial stamens.

The grain was used by the Indians for food. In swamps, often in
rather deep water. July, Aug. Erie, Licking, Perry, Hocking.

GRASSES OF OHIO 325

Tribe, Andropogoneae. Beard-grass Tribe.

Grasses usually having the spikelets im pairs on the branches of the
mflorescence, the one sessile and perfect, the other pediceled and perfect,
staminate, or vestigial; often arranged im rows; empty glumes more
or less indurated, the flowering glumes hyaline; lemma of the perfect
Hower usually awned; spikelets articulate below the empty glumes,
dorsally compress or round,

62, Holcus) LE. Sorghum.

Annual or perennial grasses with solid stems, long broad flat
leaves and large terminal panicles. Spikelets 1-flowered, in pairs at
the nodes or in 3’s at the ends, the one sessile and bisporangiate
the other pedicellate and staminate or entirely vestigial; empty
glumes of the sessile spikelet indurated and usually shining, ob-
scurely nerved; flowering glumes hyaline, lemma awned. palet small
or sometimes absent; grain free, more or less enclosed in the flower-
ing glumes.

1. Panicle lax the branches with spikelets nearly to the base; stem usually not

over 1% in. thick; perennial. H. halapense.
1. Panicle large and compact or with very long branches naked below; stem
usually %-1¥%4 in. in diameter; annual. A. sorghum.

1. Holcus halapénsis L. Johnson-grass. A coarse perennial
grass with solid, simple or sometimes branched stems, 3-5 ft. high,
and an open panicle, usually with whorled, spreading branches, naked
toward the base. Sessile spikelet, ovate-lanceolate, usually purplish,
pubescent with appressed hairs; awn of the fertile lemma more or
less bent; pedicellate spikelets with membranous glumes, sometimes
enclosing a staminate flower but usually vestigial.

Cultivated as a forage grass. Escaped. In cultivated fields and
waste places. A troublesome weed in the South. July-Sept. Native
of Europe. Cuyahoga, Erie, Franklin, Madison.

2. Holcus sorghum L. Common Sorghum. A coarse annual
grass with thick solid stems, 5-12 ft. high, usually with rather dense,
much-branched panicles, but in some varieties with the naked part
of the branches greatly elongated. Sessile spikelets ovoid or ellip-
tical, with a large usually exposed grain; pediceled spikelets vestigial.

Cultivated in many forms for fodder, grain, syrup, and broom-
corn under various names as sorghum, durra, Kafir-corn, broom-corn,
feterita, milo-maize, etc. July-Sept. Volunteer in Adams County.

Sudan-grass is an annual slender-stemmed grass, 4-10 ft. high, recently
introduced as a forage crop. It is without rhizomes and is apparently a variety
of the common sorghum.

326 OHIO BIOLOGICAL Suky Ex

63. Sorghastrum Nash. Indian-grass.

Tall stout perennial grasses with hollow stems, long narrow flat
leaves, and terminal open panicles. Spikelets in pairs, the sessile
spikelet with 1 perfect flower, the pedicellate spikelet vestigial; empty
glumes of the sessile spikelet indurated and shining, flowering glumes
hyaline, the lemma usually awned; palet sometimes wanting; grain
ihe:

1. Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash. Indian-grass. A large grass
with simple, erect hollow stems, 3-8 ft. high, and a narrowly oblong
panicle with slender, erect or spreading branches. Spikelets lanceo-
late, yellowish or reddish brown and shining, clothed especially
toward the base with fawn-colored hairs, at length drooping; lemma
with a twisted awn.

A valuable pasture and hay grass. In dry soil especially prairies.
Aug., Sept. Ashtabula, Cuyahoga, Erie, Wyandot, Auglaize, Frank-
lin, Madison, Adams.

Erianthus ravennae (L.) Beauv. Plume-grass. A robust perennial grass,
with solid stems, 5-10 ft. high, with a plume-like, silky panicle, 1-2 ft. long.
Spikelets with 1 perfect flower and a sterile lemma, in pairs, one sessile, the other
pedicellate, with a ring of long hairs at the base. Cultivated for ornament.

64. Miscanthus Anderss. Plume-grass.

Tall erect perennials with flat leaves and ample terminal, com-
monly hairy panicles. Spikelets in pairs unequally pedicellate, with
1 perfect flower; empty glumes membranous, blunt at the apex;
sterile lemma thinner; fertile lemma thinly hyaline, 2-toothed at the
apex and awned; palet thin, hyaline; grain free. :

1. Miscanthus sinénsis Anderss. Chinese Plume-grass. <A
large perennial grass with stems 3-9 ft. high, with long, slender
leaves and a panicle of numerous erect or ascending branches.
Spikelets yellowish brown, surrounded at the base with long, white
or purplish hairs; lemma hyaline with a spirally twisted awn aris-
ing from between the two teeth of the apex.

The variety with banded leaves is commonly cultivated for
ornament in gardens and parks and occasionally escapes into waste
places: Augs Sept: Anvescape in Make County:

65. Andropogon L. Beard-grass, Bluestem.

Tall usually tufted perennials with narrow leaves and terminal
and axillary racemes consisting of spike-like branches often more
or less digitately arranged and with long silky hairs on the rachis
and pedicels. Spikelets in pairs at each node of the jointed rachis
one sessile and bisporangiate, the other pedicellate and either stam-

GRASSES OF OHIO 327

inate or vestigial: empty glumes of the sessile spikelet subequal,
indurated, the outer one dorsally flattened with a strong nerve near
each margin, the inner one keeled above; first lemma hyaline; fertile
lemma membranous or hyaline, awned, its palet hyaline, sometimes
obsolete; grain free.

1. Inflorescence of 2 or more racemose branches; joints of the rachis not

clavate. 2
1. Raceme simple; joints of the rachis clavate, with a cup-shaped depression at
the top. A. scoparius.
2. Raceme branches 2-6 on a long peduncle; rachis with short inconspicuous
hairs; tall coarse grasses. A. furcatus.
2. Raceme branches 2 or 3, subtended by a foliaceous sheath; rachis covered
with long white hairs. A. virginicus.

1. Andropogon furcatus Muhl. Big Bluestem. A large grass
with solid, robust stems simple at the base but branching from the
upper nodes, 3-8% ft. high, with a sweetish sap and with a more or
less digitate panicle of 2-6 spike-like racemes, usually purplish.
Rachis joints and pedicels hairy on the sides and at the summit;
pedicellate spikelet staminate; sessile spikelet perfect; fertile lemma
with a delicate awn.

A characteristic and important prairie grass valuable for hay
and pasture. In dry or moist soil. Aug., Sept. Rather general.

2. Andropogon virginicus L. Virginia Beard-grass. A grass
with rather slender stems sparingly branched above, 1%-4 it. high,
and with a loose and elongated inflorescence of 2-4 spike-like racemes
protruding from the sides of the sheaths. Hairs of the inflorescence
long and silky; sessile spikelet perfect, its lemma with a nearly
straight awn; pedicellate spikelet vestigial.

In dry or moist open fields and hillsides. Aug., Sept. Gallia,
Jackson, Meigs, Athens, Vinton, Hocking, Fairfield, Belmont.

3. Andropogon scoparius Mx. Little Bluestem. (Schizachyrium
scoparium (Mx.) Nash.) A tufted grass with rather slender and
stiff, simple or branched stems, 1-4% ft. high, and with loose racemes
on long-exserted, slender peduncles. Joints of the rachis and pedicels
ciliate with spreading hairs; sessile spikelet perfect, the fertile lemma
with a bent and twisted awn; pedicellate spikelet reduced to a single
awn-pointed glume.

An important hay and forage grass in the West. On dry prairies
and in sandy fields. Aug.-Oct. Rather general.

328 OF OSBIOLOGICAE ZU vy

Tribe, Maydeae. Corn Tribe.

Monecious grasses having the staminate and carpellate spikelets in
different inflorescences or in different parts of the same inflorescence,
often with highly specialized structures; spikelets articulated below the
empty glumes, round or dorsally compressed, in pairs, normally 2-
fHowered, some of the flowers usually more or less vestigial or obsolete
and the staminate and carpellate flowers usually showing vestiges of
the opposite organs.

66. Tripsacum L. Gama-grass.

Tall stout monecious perennials with solid stems, thick creeping rhizomes,
broad flat leaves, and a panicle of spikate or racemose branches, the joints of
the fruiting rachis separating at the nodes, each joint containing a grain and the
remains of the spikelet, the upper part of the inflorescence staminate, lower part
carpellate. Staminate spikelets in pairs, the flowers containing vestigial ovularies;
carpellate spikelet solitary imbedded in the rachis joint, with one carpellate flower
which contains vestigial stamens and a vestigial flower with only a vestigial
ovulary; outer empty glume of the carpellate flower large and cartilaginous, the
inner coriaceous; flowering glumes hyaline; empty glumes of the staminate
spikelets subcoriaceous, the flowering glumes. membranous or hyaline; grain
free enclosed in the pocket of the rachis joint and the glumes.

Tripsacum dactyloides L. Gama-grass. A monecious, perennial grass
with thick rhizomes and solid stems, 1-7 ft. high. Inflorescence consisting of a
number of spike-like racemes with paired staminate spikelets above and single
carpellate spikelets below. Spikelets 2-flowered, the carpellate spikelet, with one
carpellate and one vestigial flower, contained in the deeply channeled joints of
the rachis which separate spontaneously at maturity, by cleavage planes.

Euchlaéna mexicana Schrad. Teosinte. A monecious annual grass, 8-15
ft. high, of much value for forage in the south. The carpellate inflorescence
is surrounded by a peculiar husk, and the grains are enclosed in the flattened
rachis joints much as in Tripsacum.

67, “Cor Is.’ iobis-tears:

Coarse much-branched annuals with large broad leaves and a
monecious inflorescence, the staminate spikelets covered by a modi-
fied leaf-sheath which becomes bony and bead-like in fruit, the stam-
inate inflorescence projecting thru this sheath. Staminate spikelets
2-flowered, the flowers with vestigial ovularies; carpellate spikelets
2-flowered, the outer flower entirely vestigial with a lemma, the inner
containing a normal gynecium and 3 vestigial stamens; two or more
vestigial structures usually present in the sheath besides the carpel-
late spikelet; empty glumes thick-membranous; flowering glumes
hyaline; grain free, enclosed in the glumes and the bony sheath.

1. Coix lacryma-jobi L. Job’s-tears. A much-branched annual
erass with rather thick stems, 2-4 ft. high, and a pecular inflores-

GRASSES OF OHIO. 329

cence, the carpellate spikelet covered by a hardening bead-like sheath,
bluish-gray in color and shining when ripe, the staminate inflores-
cence small and projecting on a slender pedicel from the bead-like
sheath.

Grown tor the ornamental fruits which are used as beads and
for rosaries. In waste places around gardens. July-Sept. Persistent
in Franklin County.

68. Zéa L. Indian-corn.

Tall coarse annual grasses with solid stems, large broad flat
leaves, prominent prop roots, and a monecious inflorescence, the
staminate spikelets in an ample panicle at the summit of the stem,
and the carpellate spikelets on an ear covered with husks at the
side of the main stem. Staminate and carpellate, spikelets sometimes
in the same panicle. Staminate spikelets 2-flowered, in pairs, one
sessile and the other pediceled ; carpellate spikelets always in double
rows on the ear, usually 2-flowered, the outer flower vestigial; style
of the gynecium a very long “silk”; empty glumes thick-membranous
or coriaceous; flowering glumes hyaline; grain large, free.

1. Zea mays L. Indian-corn. A tall, coarse, annual grass
with broad leaves and a thick, solid, erect stem, 3-15 ft. high, de-
veloping prominent prop-roots at the basal joints, an ample staminate
panicle at the top, and one or more peculiar, compact, carpellate in-
florescences at the side, called ears, covered with peculiar leaf-
sheaths or husks; grain large, exposed, with a very long style or silk.

Extensively cultivated in many varieties for grain, green corn,
and fodder. Many products are made from the grain. The stigmas
of the silk are used in medicine. In fields and waste places. June-
Sept. Also called maize. Spontaneous in Brown, Adams, Scioto,
Fayette, Monroe, Erie, and Hancock Counties.

Page
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Page
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INDE X---Continued

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_ Bulletins Ohio Biological Survey _
I. Qutline of Biological Survey Plan | an
| ‘Syrphidae of Ohio by Cie Metcalf. thes i $ 50
II, Catalog of Ohio Vascular Plants. | ee 2 eg OR a : ts
by John Hey Schattneracs 34, savuoee eee ee eee
TIT, Botanical Survey of the Sugar Glove Region | ‘ ae
: by dt, de: GrIggS... eee ete e ne teed Api ba ray 1
‘TV. The Euglenoidina of Ohio < at
yA Be Walton. dak oes OSG ak tages yo oe a
V.. The Ascomycetes. of Ghio.—I | our
by. Bruce Fink
| athe Ascomycetes of Ohio. sav ea
by Bruce Fink and .C. Audrey ihichied Bas 4. ROO
VI. Qualities and Uses of the Woods of Ohio shed ;
| by Wm. R. Lazénby 2542-25 ge eo Ne ig: ee en a
VII._ The Physiographic Ecology of the Cincinnati Heres f cm
jee SAO -Dy is. EN Cy Balin octet wee cry Sel Nahe eat
VIII. The Tingitoidea of Ohio. - ‘ ee
by Herbert Osborn:and Carl J. Drake... .. 4 0 50 9)
IX. The Grasses of Ohio’ PL Sie enon?
by jonni ochatiner ee ei oO) tials Ua

oF , > ‘4 ad 9% F ’
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Mie QL 34.A1S22 gen
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