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BULLETIN

OF THE

{GRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

OF THE

r UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE

Ley an! |
ey: STATE AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE.

a wars :
Vi ath oe APRIL, 1892.

, ——

Tue Grasses or TENNESSEE.—Part I. “

Prank 3 amsenu-§ Cri bner
pa

These Bulletins will be sent upon application, free of charge, to any
. Farmer in the State.

KNOXVILLE, TENNESSEE, U. S. A.

ee er

sag

THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

OF THE UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE.

BOARD OF CONTROL:
O. P. TEMPLE, R. H. ARMSTRONG.
JAMES PARK, D. D. J. W. GAUT.
TREASURER:
JAMES COMFORT.

THE STATION COUNCIL IS COMPOSED OF ITS OFFICERS:
Pror, F. LAMSON-SCRIBNER, Director and Botanist.
Pror. CHAS. F. VANDERFORD, Assistant Director.
Dr. C. W. DABNEY, Jr., Chemist.
PAUL F. KEFAUVER, Agriculturist.
R. L. WATTS, B. Ag., Horticulturist.
J. B. McBRYDE, Assistant Chemist.

The Station has facilities for analyzing and testing fertilizers, cattle foods,
milk and dairy products; seeds, with reference to their purity or germinating
power; for identifying grasses and weeds, and studying forage plants; for
investigating the diseases of fruits and fruit trees, grains and other useful plants;
for making reports on injurious insects, and the best means of combating them.

The Bulletins and Reports will be sent, free of charge, to any farmer within
the State.

Packages by express, to receive attention, should be prepaid.

All communications should be addressed to the

DIRECTOR OF THE
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION,
KNOXVILLE, TENN.

§ g¢og@F- The Experiment Station building, containing its offices, laboratories and
museum, and the plant-house and horticultural department, are located on the
University grounds, fifteen minutes walk from the Custom House in Knoxville.
The Experiment farm, stables, milk laboratory, etc., are located one mile west
of the University, on the Kingston pike. Farmers are cordially invited to
visit the buildings and experimental grounds.

a —— | ————s

GRASSES OF TENNESSEE.

PART I.

BY F. LAMSON-SCRIBNER.

This first part on The Grasses of Tennessee is designed for
farmers and agricultural students of this State; affording the
former a handy reference book for information as to the general
character and qualities of our grasses, and giving the latter a
concise account of the characters of the grass family, together
with a key for determining the tribes and genera into which the
species are classified. It is believed that this bulletin will enable

the intelligent farmer to become familiar with the terms applied

to the various parts of grasses, thus making it possible for him to
speak or write understandingly about any one of the many kinds
which he may find upon his farm or in his immediate neighborhood.

There is included in this part ~

(1) An index or alphabetical list of the native and introduced
or cultivated grasses of the State. After each common or English
name the Latin name is given; and after the Latin name, are given
all the English names of each known to the writer, together with
brief observations on the habits or agricultural value of the species.

(II) Illustrations and descriptive terms. This includes a special
series of figures obtained from various sources, and used here to
illustrate the leading botanical characters of grasses, and the terms
employed todesignate them. They also serve to illustrate to some
degree the species they represent.

(III) Characters of the grass family (Graminez), with a key for
the identification of the genera which may be found either growing
wild or under cultivation within the State. The genus thus
determined, the reader is expected to refer to Gray’s “Manual,” or
Chapman’s “Southern Flora,” for the determination of the species.
In some cases the species may be made out by reference to
section I.

(1V) An enumeration of the books and pamphlets wholly or in
part devoted to grasses, in the possession of the Station, or in the
private library of the writer. One may here learn the titles and
something of the size and scope of the more important works on
grasses, both popular and scientific.

In Part II it is proposed to fully describe, and so far as possible,
illustrate all of the grasses of the State. Part I is introductory

to this.
(29)

(I.) A LIST OF THE NATIVE AND CULTIVATED GRASSES
OF TENNESSEE.

The published English names and synonyms, as well as the botan-
ical names, are given in alphabetical order; all the English or
“common” names known to the writer are included, together with
brief observations regarding the character and habits of the
grasses enumerated. A number of species possessing no local or
common names are omitted.

African Cane— Pennisetum spicatum.
African Sugar Cane—Sorghum saccharatum.

Agropyrum caninum 2. & S.—Bearded Wheat-grass, Awned
Wheat-grass.

This grass is recorded by Gattinger as occurring within the
State in cultivated grounds, but not frequent. Itis anative of
the more Northern States, especially in the mountain regions.
It differs from cultivated wheat in its more slender growth and
perennial habit, and from its near relative, 4. repens, in hav-
ing a strictly fibrous root and longer-bearded flowers. We are
not aware that its agricultural value has been
tested.

Agropyrum repens, Seauv.—Couch-grass, Witch-
grass, Quitch-grass, Quick-grass, Quack-grass,
Quake-grass, Wheat-grass, Creeping Wheat-
grass, Dog-grass, Dutch-grass, Durfa-grass,
Durfee-grass, Devil’s-grass, Chandler’s-grass,
Scutch-grass, Twitch-grass, Fin’s-grass.

This, like A. caninum, is reported by Dr. Gattinger
as occurring sparingly within the State in cultiva-
ted grounds. It is abundant in fields, etc., in the
Eastern and Middle States, and although of con-
siderable value for hay,its strong, creeping roots

: : (really underground stems) which spread rapidly in

Fig. 1. all directions, render it a dangerous pest, hardly

Agropyrinrepens less difficult to eradicate than the well knowm

Johnscn-grass.

(30)

Tue GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 31

Agrostis alba, Z/x.—Herd's-grass, Bent-grass, English Bent,
White Bent, Bonnet-grass, White-top, Dew-
grass, Fiorin, Marsh Bent-grass.

Herd’s-grass has long been known to our farmers,
and in its several forms is deemed especially valu-
able for permanent meadows and pastures where
the land is not too dry. On good soil it yields well
and makes excellent hay.

Agrostis arachnoides, “//.—Spider-Bent-grass.

This is a delicate, low-growing species, which Dr.
Gattinger reports as being found on argillaceous
soils, in the glades and highlands of Middle Ten-
nessee. It has no agricultural value.

Agrostis canina, Zimm.—Brown Bent, Dog’s Bent,
Mountain Red-top, Rhode Island Bent, Fine-

Fig. 2.
| . Red-top.
) <¥pagdeaua top, Furze-top, Burden’s-grass.

Our native forms of this species are low grasses, chiefly con-
fined to the mountain region, growing sparingly in moist
locations. The taller, cultivated form, is, we think, a European
introduction, and its seeds may be obtained from New York
or Philadelphia seedsmen: It nfakes a close sod and is con-
sidered valuable for permanent meadows or pastures.

Agrostis dispar, J/chx.—Said to be the same as Agrostis elata.

Agrostis elata, 77i7.—Southern Bent, Tall Thin-grass.

This is a common native species, growing usually in dry soil,
in open woods or along thicket borders, attaining the height
of two or three feet. It is a late growing species, not usually
blooming before October. It: has no reccgnized agricultural
value.

Agrostis perennans, 7uwck.—Thin-grass.

This is a common grass, of delicate habit, growing in moist,
open woods and shaded places, but does not appear until the
early autumn months, flowering in September and October.
Of little agricultural value.

Agrostis scabra, V7//¢ —Rough Bent, Fly-away-grass, Tickle-grass,
Hair-grass, Fool-hay.

Rough Bent is one of the most common of our native species
of Agrostis, usually growing in dry soil, in old fields and along
road ways. It has very fine root-leaves, comparatively short
stems, and a very large, loosely flowered panicle. It is not con-
sidered of any agricultural value.

Agrostis stolonifera, Zinn—Creeping Bent, Fiorin.
This is simply one of the forms of Agrostis alba (see above,)

193826

:
>
>
2
=

Pe | ” —— eee

32 BULLETIN VV. @:

with low, spreading stems and a rather dense habit of growth.
It is particularly valuable as a pasture grass.

Agrostis vulgaris, W7th—Herd’s-grass, Bent, Fine-top, Fine Bent,
Rhode Island Bent, Furze-top, Tall Red-top, Burden’s-
grass, Red-top, Summer Dew-grass, Borden’s grass.

This is not recognized as being botanically distinct from :
Agrostis alba, already noted.

Alabama Guinea-grass.—Sorghum Halapense.

Alopecurus aristulatus, M/ichx—Wild Water Fox-tail.

A grass of low habit, occasionally found along the borders of
ponds and ditches, blooming in May. It has a head something
vs like Timothy, only very much smaller. We are
Ss not aware that it forms any considerable element
in our native forage.
Alopecurus pratensis, Z7zz—Meadow Fox-tail, Eng-
lish Fox-tail.

A valuable grass for moist meadows and pastures,
particularly on account of its earliness,often bloom-
ing in April. It has been introduced here from
Europe along with other cultivated grasses, and is
deserving of more attention than it appears to have
received.

American Canary-grass.—Phalaris intermedia.
Andes, Grass-of-the.—Arrhenatherum avenaceum.
Andropogon argyrzus, Schu/t—Silver Beard-grass.

Fig. 3

Meadow Fox- A native species, found occasionally along the
tail. —Alope- -
curus praten- borders of woods, less common in open fields. It

=". grows to the height of two or three feet, and is

noticeable for its silvery-white ‘heads,’ which
appear in September.
Andropogon furcatus, Wichx—The same as Andropo-
gon provinctalts.
Andropogon macrourus, MZ/ichx.—Brook-grass, Clus-
ter-flowered Beard-grass.

This is rather a stout-growing species, similar in
habit to broom sedge, but more robust, and although
pretty generally distributed over the State, it is far
less common than that grass. It blooms from Sep-
tember to October.

Andropogon nutans, Zzzz.—Indian-grass, Reed-grass,
Wild Oat-grass, Bushy Blue-stem, Wood-grass.

Fig. 4

Wood-grass. This is a stout, perennial grass, four to six feet
cae high, growing in dry soil, along borders of fields,

,

.
4
4
:
.

Tue GRASSES OF TENNESSER. 33

or open woods. It rarely occurs in sufficient abundance to be of
any value, and when it has bloomed, its stems are too stout
and woody to be eaten by stock. It is not to be recommended
for cultivation.
per opogon provincialis, Zam.— Big Blue-stem, Finger-spiked
eard-grass, Finger-spiked Wood-grass, Finger-spiked In-
dian-grass, Blue-stem, Blue-joint, Blue Bent (in R. I.), Blue-
grass, Turkey-foot.

This is a strong-growing, native grass, found
throughout the State in dry soil, though rarely seen
in cultivated lands. In some sections of the coun-
try it isvalued both for hay and pasture. When
young it is readily eaten by stock, the stems being
very leafy, but after flowering, the stems become
hard and woody, and of little value. In certain
soils, or under certain conditions, this grass might
be worth cultivating. It grows to the height of
three or four feet, and, like all the Andropogons,
blooms late in the season.

Andropogon scoparius, /ichx.— Little Blue-stem, Indi-

an-grass, Purple Wood-grass, Wire- -grass,
Fig. 5. Brown-grass, White Bent, Broom Sedge, Broom-
Blue Bent. rass
Andropogon pro- a.
wiacrals. This is a comparatively slender grass, growing to
the height of one or two and a half feet, frequenting old fields
and the borders of woods, particularly in the mountain districts.
It has some value as a native forage plant, and by some is known

as “mountain sedge.” Distinct from Andropogon Virginicus.

Andropogen Sorghum, A4ro/. Subspecies sativus,
ack.—Includes the cultivated varieties of Sor-
ghum.

A number of varieties are cultivated here, either
for the production of molasses, or for silage.

Andropogon Sorghum, #r0/., var. Halapensis, Wack.—

ohnson-grass, Cuba-grass, St. Mary’s-grass,

False Guinea-grass, Mean’s-grass, Guinea-grass

(see Panicum jumentorum), Egyptian Millet,

Egyptian-grass, Green Valley-grass, Alabama

uinea-grass, Australian Millet, Morocco Mil-

let, Evergreen Millet, Arabian Millet, Syrian-
grass. (Sorghum Halapense).

Johnson-grass is now pretty well known in Ten-
nessee, having been introduced quite generally over

a é‘
Salis as. the State. There are a few who still regard it asa

— . Sco Vid
ah ay valuable grass for hay, and certainly its yield is

apensis. very large; but there are a great many more who
:

34 BuLirerin ¥. _2.

are ready to offer a handsome reward to any one who will free
their lands from thisspecies. It has strong, underground stems,
which grow deeply, taking the soil completely. This habit
makes Johnson-grass exceedingly difficult to eradicate, for the
least fragment of these underground stems, if left in the soil,
serve to produce anew plant. Unless we wish to give the land
up forever to this grass, we should not think of cultivating it.

Andropogon Virginicus, Z7mv.—Broom Sedge, Broom-grass, Vir-
ginia Beard-grass, Sedge-grass,

There is probably no native grass better known
to our farmers than this, and, although when
quite young it affords excellent grazing, it is,
on the whole, one of our worst weeds, rendering
the formation of permanent meadows almost
impossible. Constant tillage seems to be our
only means of keeping this grass from occupy-
-ing our land.

Annual Meadow-grass—Poa annua.

Anthoxanthum odoratum, zzz. je ieee Vernal-
grass, Sweet-scented Vernal-grass, Sweet-
scented Spring-grass, Sweet-scented-grass,
Vernal-grass.

A low, slender perennial with a close, narrow

Fig. 7.
Sweet Vernal-

grass. “< ” { 1 -
ee a head. This grass has been introduced from Eu
ratum. rope, and is valued on account of its earliness

and sweet odor whendry. It canonly. be recommended in mix-
tures for pasture.

Arabian Millet, or Arabian Evergreen Millet.—Sorghum Halapense.

Aristida dichotoma, 4/ichx.— Poverty-grass.
A low and much branched annual, common in dry, sterile
soil, or open fields. Wholly worthless.

Aristida purpurascens, Po:r.—Beard-grass.
allied to the last and growing in similiar situations, but taller
and much less branched. Of no value.

Arrhenatherum avenaceum, Zeauvz7.—Tall Oat-grass, False Oat-
grass, Tall Meadow-Oat-grass, Evergreen-grass, Oat-grass,
Grass-of-the-Andes, French Rye-grass.

A highly valued grass, both for winter grazing and for hay.
It has been introduced into this country from Europe, where
it is regarded as one of the best fodder grasses. As it stands in
rather loose tufts, it is best to mix the seed with those of other
grasses in order tothickenthe sward. Itgrows rapidly, blooms
early, and when cut, dries out readily, and when dry, keeps
well. It is not regarded as a suitable grass for moist soils.

Tue GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 35

_ Arundinaria gigantea, Ciapm.—Cane, Large Cane (4. macrosperma,
‘ Michx.)

Dr. Gattinger reports this grass as growing “along the large
streams of the State.” It rangesin height from ten to forty
feet, witha diameter of from % in. to3in. The plants bloom
but once, and when the seeds mature, the cane dies. These
canes are used for many purposes, such as for making fishing
rods, scaffolds for drying cotton, splits for baskets, mats, etc.
When young and tender, the leaves and stems are readily eaten
by stock.

Arundinaria tecta, 4/u4/—Small Cane, Reed, Switch Cane.
; Similar in habit to Arundinaria gigantea, but smaller in size
‘ and more generally distributed over the eastern part of the
__- State, and occasionally found in swamps high up on the moun-
tains. (In our late manuals this grass is named Ar. macrosper-
ma Var. suffruticosa, Munro.)
Asprella Hystrix, W7//d—Bottle Brush, Hedge-hog grass.

A rather slender grass, three to four feet high, occasionally
seen here in moist woodlands. Of no value.

Austin-grass.—Panicum Texanum.

Australian Millet.—Sorghum Halapense.
Australian Oats.—Bromus unioloides.
Australian Prairie-grass.—Bromus untoloides.
Awned Wheat-grass.—Agropyrum caninum.

*

4

Avena flavescens, Zizv.—Yellow Oat-grass.

Yellow Oat-grass forms loose tufts, eighteen inches to two
feet high. It has only recently been introduced into this coun-
try, and its seeds placed on the market. It grows well on al-
most all kindsof soil, and a good yield is tolerably certain.
It is especially valuable for permanent pastures. The seeds
are light, weighing only about five pounds to the bushel. It
should only be used in mixtures, as when sown alone the pro-
duct is small.

a Barley-grass, Wild.— Hordeum pratense.
_ Barn grass.—Panicum Crus-gallt.
- Barn-yard grass.—Panicum Crus-galli.

_ Beard-grass.—Polypogon Monspeliensis, Aristida purpurea, A. purpur-
| ascens, A. virgata; also applied to species of Andropogon.

_ Beard-grass, Finger-spiked.— Andropogon provincialis.

_ Beard-grass, Naked.—Generic name for species of Gymnopogon.

36 BULLETIN’ V.. “2,
Beard-grass, Short-leaved.—Gymnopogon brevifolius.
Beard-grass, Silver.—Andropogon argyraus.
Beard-grass, Virginia.—Andropogon Virginicus.
Beard-grass, Woolly.—Erianthus saccharoides.
Bearded Darnel.—Lolium temulentum.

Bearded Wheat-grass.—Agropyrum caninum.

Bengal-grass.—Setarta Italica.

Bent-grass, or Bent.—Generic name for species of Agrostis; applied

oftentimes to 4. a/éa and A. vulgaris.
Bent, Blue.—Axndropogon provincialis.
Bent, Brown.— Agrostis canina.
Bent, Creeping.—Agrostis stolonifera.
Bent, Dog’s.—Agrostis cantina.
Bent, English.—Agrostis alba.
Bent, Fine.—Agvrostis vulgaris.
Bent, Marsh.—Agrostis alba.
Bent-grass, Panic.—Panicum agrostoides.
Bent, Reed.—Calamagrostis Canadensis.
Bent, Rhode Island.—Agrostis vulgaris and A canina.
Bent, Rough.—Agrostis scabra.
Bent, Southern.—Agrostts elata.
Bent, Spider.—Agrostis arachnoides.
Bent, White.—Agvostis alba, Andropogon scopartus.
Bermuda-grass.—Cynodon Dactylon.
Big Blue-stem.—Andropogon provincialis.
Black Bent.—Panicum virgatum.
Black Oat-grass.— Stipa avenacea.
Blue Bent (of R. I.).—Andropogon provincialts.

Blue-grass.—Poa pratensis, Poa compressa, Andropogon provincials.

Blue-grass, English.—Poa pratensis, Festuca elatior.
Blue-grass, Kentucky.—Poa pratensis.

Blue-grass, Smaller.—Poa compressa.

Blue-grass, Texas.—Poa arachutfera.

Blue joint-grass.—Calamagrostis Candensis, Andropogon provinctalts.

Blue-stem.— Andropogon provinctalis.
Blue-stem, Big.—Axndropogon provincialts.
Blue-stem, Bushy.—Azdropogon nutans.

a ah

= =|. ~~
usagi

7

THe GRASSES OF TENNESSEF. 37

Blue-stem, Little.—Andropogon scopartus.

Bonnet-grass.-—Agrostis alba. ,

Borden's grass.— Agrostis vulgaris.

Bottle-grass.— Sefaria g/auca and Setaria viridis.

Bottle-Brush-grass.—Asprella Hystrix.

Bottom-grass.— Panicum Texanum.

Bouteloua curtipendula.—The same as JB. racemosa.

Bouteloua racemosa, Zag.—Tall Grama, Hairy Mesquit, Muskit-
grass. (&. curtipendula.)

This valuable pasture grass has been found at several points
within the State, It is atufted perennial, oneto three feet high,
and forms a dense sod, which resists well the tramping of stock.
It is deserving attention, and we believe that in many places our
pastures would be greatly improved by its introduction.

Branching Spear-grass.—Zragrostis tenuts.
Bristly Foxtail.—Setaria Germanica and S. verticillata.

Briza media, Z/zx.—Quaking-grass.
A pretty annual grass, sometimes cultivated for ornament, and
for winter bouquets. Of no agricultural value.

Brome-grass.—Generic name for species of Bromus.
Brome-grass, Californian.—Bromus carinatus.

Brome-grass, Fringed.—Bromus ciliatus.

Brome-grass, Smooth.—Bromus racemosus.

Brome-grass, Soft.—Bromus mollis.
Brome-grass, Willard’s.—Bromus secalinus.

Bromus ciliatus, Zizv.—Swamp Chess, Fringed
Brome-grass.

A native grass, frequent in open wood-
lands, growing to the height of three to
five feet, with drooping panicles. It is a
perennial, but has no recognized agricultu-
ral value.

Bromus inermis, Zeyss—Hungarian Brome-
grass, Couch Brome, Awnless Brome-
grass.

This isa recently introduced grass from
Europe, of considerable promise both for
hay and pasture. It is strongly stolonifer-
ous and quickly makes a thick, firm sward-

Fig. 8. It has grown exceedingiy well in our grass
ee rome- crass. plots, and young plants from fall-sown seed

38 Buturrine V+ 2:

survived the winter when many other varieties were destroyed
by frosts. The strong perennial character of this Brome-grass,
and its unusual drought-resisting powers, are qualities which
recommend it for many portions of the State. It thrives well
on dry loose soil, but, of course, the better the soil the greater
the yield. Its nutritive value is comparatively low, and in un- »
dertaking its cultivation the fact that it produces long un-
derground stolons, which are difficult to eradicate from the
soil, should be kept in mind.

Bromus mollis, Zizv.—Soft Chess, Soft Brome-grass.
A European grass sometimes met with in cultivated grounds.
It is an annual and a weed, similar in character to the next.

Bromus racemosus, Linn.—Smooth Brome-grass, Upright Chess.
More common than the last, but with smooth leaves and
spikelets, often mistaken for Cheat.

Bromus Schraderi.—Same as Bromus untoloides.

Bromus secalinus, Zinz.—Chess, Cheat, Willard’s Brome-grass.

This is an annual introduced from Europe, and is
more or less abundant in grain fields over the State,
and should be classed as a troublesome weed. The
idea that Cheat or Chess is degenerated wheat is
simply an idea without any foundation in fact.
Cheat seeds will produce Cheat, and only Cheat,
and it is certain that wherever these plants appear,
they were preceded by the seed, which may have ~
been introduced with the grain, or brought by birds
or animals from other fields.

Bromus unioloides, W7//d.—Rescue-grass, Schrader’s
Brome-grass, Australian Oats, Australian
Prairie-grass.

This annual grass has been introduced into this
State and cultivated in some places. It grows to
Bromus secalinus. the height of two or three feet, and yields a large
amount of forage, and makes fairly good hay. It is well adapted’
here to winter grazing, and possesses some value on that account.

Bromus Willdenovii.—Same as Bromus unioloides.
Brook-grass,—Andropogon macrourus.

Broom Corn.—Sorghum saccharatum, variety.
Broom-grass.—Andropogon scoparius and A. Virginicus.

Broom Sedge.—Andropogon Virginicus; also applied sometimes to
Andropogen scopartus.

Brown Bent-grass.—Agrostis canina.

THe GRASSES OF TENNESSEF. 39

ish, Bottle.—Asprella Hystrix.

Bull-grass.—.Spartina cynosuroides, Paspalum purpur-
ascens, Tripsacum dactyloides.

Bunch-grass, Early.— Zatonia obtusata.
Bur-grass.—Cenchrus tribuloides.
Burden’s-grass.—Agrostis vulgaris, A. canina.
Bushy Blue-stem.—Andropogon nutans.
Buzzard-grass (local).—LZveusine [ndica.

Calamagrostis Canadensis. — Blue-joint-grass,
Sand-grass, Red-top Canadian Small-Reed,
Fowl Meadow-grass.

A native grass, but limited to the higher
mountains of East Tennessee. Of no agricul-
tural value here.

oa tpn ais ostis Nuttalliana.—Reed Bent-grass,

Small Reed-grass. Vild Oats. (Calamagrostis coarctata is the
Calamagrostis Canaden- same).

Calf-kill—Holcus lanatus.
Canada Lyme-grass.—Ziymus Canadensis.
Canadian Small-Reed.—Ca/amagrostis Canadensis.

-Canary-grass.—Generic name for species of Pha/aris; applied espe-
cially to Phalaris canartensts.

Canary-grass, Reed.—Pha/aris arundinacea.
_Canary-grass, Southern.—PAad/arts intermedia.
-Canary-grass, Stewart’s.—Pha/aris intermedia
‘Candy-grass.— Eragrostis minor.
Cane.—Arundinaria gigantea, Chapm.

Cane, African.—Pennisetum spicatum, the same as Pennisetum typhoideum,
Pers.

_ Cane, Chinese Sugar.— Sorghum saccharatum, S. vulgare.
Cane, Large.—Arundinaria tecta, and A. gigantea.

Cane, Small.— Arundinaria tecta.

Cane, Sugar.— Sorghum vulgare.

Carpet-grass.— Sporobolus Indicus.
_Catch-fly-grass.—Leersia lenticularts.
Cat’s-tail-grass.—Phleum pratense.

‘Cat-tail Millet.— Pennisetum spicatum. Setaria I[talica.

Cenchrus tribuloides, Zizv.—Sand-bur, Sand-spur, Hedge-hog-grass>
Bur-grass, Cock-spur-bur.

Reported as occurring along the sandy banks of the Mississippi

River. It isa low, much-branched grass, witha short “head,’”

i i.

40 BULLETIN Vv. 2.

which is made up of a number of burs that are covered with
sharp, stiff spines. It is a vile weed.

Chameraphis glauca and C. viridis.—Setaria species.

Chandler’s grass.—Agropyrum repens. 7

Cheat.—Bromus secalinus.

Chess.— Bromus secalinus.

Chess, Soft.—Bromus mollis.

Chess, Swamp.—Bromus ciliatus.

Chess, Upright.— Bromus racemosus.

Chicken Corn.—Sorghum cernuum.

Chinese Sugar Corn.—Sorghum saccharatum, S. vulgare.

Chinese Wheat.—Sorghum vulgare.

Chocolate Corn.—Sorghum vulgare.

Chrysopogon nutans, Benth.—Same as Andropogon nutans.

Cinna arundinacea, Zizz.—Indian Reed, Wood Reed-grass, Sweet
Reed.

A tall, leafy grass, three to seven feet high, frequent in shaded
swamps anddamp woods, and sometimes found along streams
in wet meadows. For such places it may possess some agricul-
tural value.

Cinna pendula, 77zz.—Slender Reed-grass, Drooping Reed-grass.

A much more slender grass than the last, and apparently
limited to the cold mountain woods in the upper and eastern
part of the State. Of no agricultural value.

Cock’s-foot, Rough.—Dactylis glomerata.
Cluster-flowered Beard-grass.—Andropogon macrourus.
Cock’s-foot.— Panicum Crus-galli.

Cockspur Bur.— Cenchrus tribuloides.

Comb-grass, Meadow.—Fragrostis pectinacea.
Common Manna-grass.— Glycerta fluitans.

Common Meadow-grass.— Poa trivialis,

Cord-grass, Freshwater.— Spartina cynosurotdes.

Corn, Broom.—Sorghum saccharatum; now called Axdropogon sor-
ohum, variety saccharatus, Hack.

Corn, Chicken.— Sorghum cernuum.
Corn, Chocolate.—Sorghum vulgare, var.

Corn, Dura.— Sorghum vulgare, see Andropogon Sorghum, var. vul-
gars.

Corn, Guinea.—Sorehum cernuum, same as Axdropogon Sorghum,
var. cernuus, Hack.

ee

=e

;

THE GRASSES CF TENNESSEE. 41

Corn, Indian.— Zea Mays,

Corn, White Egyptian.— Sorghum cernuum.

-Couch-grass.— Agropyrum repens.

Crab-grass.— Panicum sanguinale, Eleusine Indica.
Crab-grass, Slender.— Panicum filiforme.

Crab-grass, Sprouting.— Panicum proliferum.

Creeping Bent-grass.—Avrostis stolonifera.,

Creeping Meadow-grass.—Fragrostis reptans.

Creeping Poa.— Poa compressa.

Creeping Soft-grass.—Holcus mollis.

Creeping Spear-grass.— Poa compressa.

Creeping Wheat-grass.—Agropyrum repens, (Triticum repens.)
Crested Dog's-tail grass-—Cynosurus cristatus.

Crop-grass.— EZleusine Indica, (Crab-grass is probably a corrup-
tion of Crop-grass).

Crow-foot-grass.—Eleusine Indica.
Cuba-grass.—Sorghum Halapense.
Cut-grass.—Leersia oryzoides.
Cut-grass, European.—Leersia oryzoides.
Cut-grass, Rice.—Leersia oryzoides.
Cut-grass, Virginia.—Leersia Virginica.

Cynodon Dactylon, Pers—Bermuda-grass, Reed-grass, Scutch-
grass, Dog’s-tooth-grass, Wire-grass.

This is another of those grasses with a dual character, a most

valuable t under certain conditions, and a veritable pest

when growing where it is not wanted. It is too well

known to need any description, and we will only add

that we regard it as a valuable pasture-grass for the

eastern part of the State at least, but its intro-

duction into new land should be made with caution

on account of its habit of taking complete possession

of the soil, and the difficulty presented in extermin-

ating it. It isstrictlya summer grass here, for its

Fig. 11. leaves and stems are turned brown by the first frosts

Cynoton Dectyion Of autumn. It is propagated by means of sets or

rooting stems. These are chopped up with a

catting- -knife, and then sown broadcast or dropped in shallow

furrows and lightly covered with earth. For holding steep

banks, or binding sandy soil subject to wash, this grass is especi-
ally valuable.

4? BULLETIN’: V2:

Cynosurus cristatus.—Crested Dog’s-tail-grass.

This is a perennial grass, recently
introduced into this country from
Europe, where it is used in mixtures
to form bottom grass either in hay
or in pastures. It possesses a highly
nutritive value, and succeeds well in
almost any kind of soil excepting
those which are very sandy, and as
it is deep rooted, it withstands
drought better than some other spe-
cies, and it is said to thrive well in
shade. Itis doubtless of some value
in lawn mixtures.

Dactylis glomerata, 22z2.—Orchard-
ite grass, Rough Cock’s-foot.
io. 12:

Crested Dog’s Tail. This is one of the best known and
Cynosurus cristatus. - :
most popular of our cultivated
grasses. It wil] grow well on any soil excepting that which is
very wet. It grows wellin the shade, no grass being equal to
it in this respect, excepting perhaps, the rough-
stalked meadow-grass. In pastures it affordsa
good bite earlier than any other grass excepting
the meadow foxtail. It affords a great amount
\ \ , of aftermath, being exceeded in this respect only
") \ BE by Kentucky blue-grass. Owing to its habit -of
Wh growing in clumps or tussocks, the land should
be seeded heavily, using two and a half or three
bushels to the acre. When sown with other
grasses, its tendency to form tussocks is very
much diminished, and we would recommend that
clover, or possibly red-top, always be mixed with
our orchard-grass, Although not adding mate-
rially to the bulk of hay produced, they will im-

Fig. 13. prove its quality and help make a much better
Orchard-grass.
Dactylis glomerata. sward.
Danthonia compressa, Awstix.—Tennessee Oat-grass, Mountain
Oat-grass.

This is a common grass upon our higher mountains, and forms
the chief bulk of the forage on the so-called “balds’” (iia
fully described and figured in Bulletin No. 4, Vol. II.

Danthonia sericea, Wutt—Silky Oat-grass, Taller Wild Oat-grass,
Silky-flowered Oat-grass.

While Danthonia compressa appears to prefer a moist or damp

situation, Danthonia sericea is found in very dry soil on the lower

Tue GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 43

foot-hills and along the crests of ridges and bluffs so frequent in
the eastern part of the State. This species grows to the height
of two or three feet, is soft-hairy all over, and is of a much
stouter habit than Danthonia compressa, but it does not appear
to form a sod, and our attempts at cultivating it have been
unsuccessful.

Danthonia spicata, Beavv.—Wild Oat-grass, White-top, Old Fog,
June-grass, Poverty-grass.

Danthonia spicata is common in dry, thin soils, and its presence
is usually indicative of impoverished lands. It resembles very
much Danthonia compressa, but does not usually grow so tall, and
its leaves are much shorter and more curly. It is a grass of no
agricultural value.

Darnel.—Lolium temulentum.
Darnel, Bearded.—Zolium temulentum.
Dennett-grass.— Elymus striatus,

Deschampsia flexuosa, Griseb—Hair-grass, Wood Hair-grass.

We have seen this grass on Roane Mountain and on Lookout
Mountain, and probably it may be found upon all the mountains
of East Tennessee. The slender stems are one to three feet high,
and the leaves, which are chiefly at the base, are very slender,

almost thread-like. It is a grass of no agricultural value.

Devil’s.grass.— Agropyrum repens. (Triticum repens.)
Dew-grass.—Agropyrum repens.

_ Dew-grass.— Agrostis alba.
Dew-grass, Summer.—Agrostis vulgaris.
Deyeuxia Canadensis, Hvok.— Calamagrostis Canadensis, which see,
Diarrhena Americana, Seawv.—Twin-grass,

“Rich soil amongst rocks, here and there.’’—(Gattinger.) A
perennial native grass with rather strong, running root-stocks,
which throw up unbranched culms, two to three feet high. Of
no value.

Dog or Dog’s-grass.— Agropyrum repens.

Dog’s Bent.—Agrostis canina.

Dog’s-tail grass.— Fleusine Indica.

Dog’s-tail grass, Crested.— Cynosurus cristatus.
_ Dog’s-tooth grass.— Cynodon Dactylon, Eleusine Indica.
~ Doura Corn.— Sorghum vulgare.
Downy Oat-grass.— Avena pubescens.
Downy Persoon —7risetum subspicatum, var. molle.
Downy Triple-awn.— Aristida stricta,
Drooping Reed- grass.—Cinna pendula,

44 Bouusrm Vo SZ:

Drop-seed grass.—Generic name for species of Sforobolus; also
applied to species of Muhlenbergia (e. g. Sporobolus com-
pressus, Muhlenbergia Mexicana.)

Duck-grass.— Poa serotina.

Durfa or Durfee-grass.—Agropyrum repens. (Triticum repens.)
Durra Corn.—Sorghum vulgare.

Dutch-grass.—Agropyrum repens.

Dwarf Meadow-grass.—Poa annua.

Early Bunch-grass.—Zatonia obtusata.

Early Meadow-grass.—/Poa annua.

East Indian Millet.— Pennisetum spicatum,

Eaton’s grass.—Eatonia Pennsylvanica.

Eatonia obtusata, Gray.—Early Bunch-grass, Prairie-grass.
A form of this grass is reported by Gattinger as occurring in
the “Highlands.” We do not know that it has any agricultural
merits.

Eatonia Pennsylvanica, Gray.—Eaton’s grass.

This is a native species which we have occasionally seen grow-
ing here in moist meadows. It is usually of a paler green than
other grasses, and stands out conspicuously among them on this
account. It grows to the height of two orthree feet, and hasa
rather long and narrow panicle. There is another species of
Eatona (£. Dudley’) which is common in our woods, blodming in
April or early in May. Its stems are much more slender than
those in the other species, and its leaves are shorter, being
rarely more than two or three inches long. Of no agricultural
value.

Egyptian-grass —Sorghum Halapense.

Egyptian Millet—Pennisetum spicatum, Sorghum Halapense.

Eleusine Indica, Gertz.—Goose-grass, Dog’s-tail grass, Yard-grass,
Crow-foot-grass, Wire-grass, Crab-grass, Crop-grass, Dog’s-
tooth grass, Buzzard-grass.

This is an exceedingly common annual growing in dooryards
and cultivated grounds, particularly in rich soils. The stems
are somewhat flattened, many springing from asingle root, and
each terminated by two to several spikes, which stand out like
the fingers of a hand or the toes of a crow’s foot.

Crow-foot grass, or yard-grass, are the names which are usu-
ally applied to this species. Itis only rarely called crab-grass,
which name really belongs to Panicum sanguinale. Some authors

_ have spoken of it as being nutritious, and good for grazing or
soiling and for hay, but we have always regarded it as a weed,
and sometimes a troublesome one.

Tue GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 45

Elymus Canadensis, Zinn.—Canada Lyme-grass, Wild Rye, Ter-
rell-grass.

This grass is frequently met with in low thickets
along streams, and in rich, open woods. It has a
leafy stem, three to five feet high, with a more or
less nodding head, which resembles that of rye. It
is a perennial, of no agricultural value here.

Elymus striatus, MW7//d—Dennett-grass, Slender
Hairy Lyme-grass.

This grass grows in similar situations with the
last, but is more slender and not sotall. The head
is smaller and decidedly more bristly in appearance.

Elymus Virginicus, Zinn.—Lyme-grass, Smooth Rye
grass, Terrell grass, Wild Rye, Virginia Lyme-

sage @rass.
Lyme-grass. This species is much more common than the two
Elymus Canaden- , J : ‘
sis. last named, growing in low meadows and in rich

soil, along the banks of rivers and streams. The stems are leafy,
two or three feet high, with erect spikes or heads, three to five
inches long. Although presenting an appearance of a grass of
good quality, we doubtits being worth cultivating. It forms
no sward, although its roots are perennial, and by the time
it blooms, the lower leaves on the stalks are all dead.

English grass.—Poa pratensis.

English Bent-grass.— Agrostis alba.

English Blue-grass.— Festuca elatior.

English Fox-tail.—AJopecurus pratensis.

English Rye or Ray-grass.—Lolium perenne.

Eragrostis Frankii, 4/eyer—Short-stalked Meadow-grass.

A diffusely branched annual grass, three to eight inches
| high, often met with in low, sandy grounds. It is remarkable for
its strong, disagreeable odor. Of no agricultural value.
Eragrostis major, //os¢—Stink-grass, Pungent Meadow-grass.

A rather showy, much branched annual grass, introduced into
this country from Europe,and common here in rich cultivated
soils, about gardens, etc. The more or less spreading stems are
one to two and a half feet long, and, when fresh, the whole plant
emits a sharp, unpleasant odor.

Eragrostis minor, ost—Candy-grass, Strong-scented Meadow-
grass, Stink-grass.

This, like the last, is a foreign importation, and by some it is
regarded only as a variety of Eragrostis major. It possesses
the same habit and characters, differing only in its smaller size
and narrower spikelet. A weed.

A6. BULLETIN V,° @:

Eragrostis pectinacea, Gray.— Meadow Comb-grass.

A native grass of rather attractive appearance, with large
diffuse panicles, which are often gathered for dry bouquets. It
is frequent here in dry, sandy soil, in open grounds and along
the borders of fields or woods.

Eragrostis pilosa, Zimmn—Slender Meadow-grass.

A slender grass, six inches to a foot high, found occas
here in dry, sandy soil. Of no value.

Eragrostis Purshii, Schrad—Southern Spear-grass, Southern
Eragrostis.

More common than the last, found along the borders of walks

in towns, and not uncommon in cultivated lands. Of no value.
Eragrostis reptans, /Vees.—Creeping Meadow-grass.

A low, creeping species, found only in dry, sandy soil. Of no
value.

Eragrostis tenuis, Gray.—Branching Spear-grass.

Taller than the other species of Eragrostis, with a rather
narrow and elongated panicle and long and somewhat rigid
leaves. Like the other species, it grows in sandy soils, and is
without agricultural value.

Erianthus saccharoides, J/chx.—Plume-grass, Woolly Beard-
grass, Foxtail.

This is a tall, stout grass, four to six feet high, and of striking
appearance. It is found invarious parts of the State, but it is
far from being common. Theshowy panicle is from five to ten
inches long, and is of a silvery white, or, more often, purplish
color. Of no agricultural value.

Euchlena luxurians.—Teosinte, Gautemala-grass.

A grass, recently introduced into cultivation from Central
America. It is a very tall and rapid-growing plant, with stalks
resembling those of Indian corn, but it tillers at the base like
wheat, so that the yield of forage from a comparatively small
amount of seed is enormous. It affords a great amount of green
fodder, allowing many cuttings during the season, and it may
prove valuable for silage.

European Cut-grass.—Leersia oryzoides.

Evergreen-grass.— Arrhenatherum avenaceum, more rarely applied
to Festuca elatior.

Evergreen Millet.—Sorghum Halapense.

Fall Marsh-grass.— Spartina cynosuroides.

Fall Red-top.— 7riodia cuprea ( Tricuspis seslerioides.)
False Guinea-grass.— Sorghum Halapense

False Oat-grass.—Arrhenatherum avenaceum.

ae Paw oe eee - 7 ™% a De LL OOO
err °
,

Tue GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 47
False Red-top.—/a serotina.
False Rice.—Zeers/a oryzoides.

Feather-grass.—Generic name for species of S¢ifa, applied espe-
cially to St‘pa pennata. Also applied to Leptochloa mucronata
and Ffolcus lanatus.

Fescue-grass.—Generic name for species of Festuca.
Fescue, Hard.—Festuca duriuscula.

Fescue, Meadow.— Festuca pratensis.

Fescue, Nodding.— Festuca nutans.

Fescue, Sheep’s —Festuca ovina,

Fescue, Tall.— Festuca elatior.

Fescue, Tall Meadow.— Festuca elatior.

Fescue, Wild.— Unxiola latifolia.

Festuca duriuscula, Zimv.—Hard Fescue.

This is one of the forms of sheep’s fescue of rather small size,
and of little value except in pastures, and here chiefly because
it will thrive on comparatively poor and sandy soil, unfit for the
growth of better grasses.

Festuca elatior, Zizm.—Tall Fescue, Tall Meadow Fescue, English
Blue-grass, Randall-grass, Evergreen-grass.

This grass is very justly receiving much atten-
tion from farmers in the State. It is an exceed-
ingly valuable grass, either for mowing or pasture.
It is productive on soils which are not too dry, and
being of long duration, it is especially valuable for
permanent meadows. It thrives best on moist soils,
which are rich in humus, whether marls or clays.
It presents several varieties, one of which is known
as Festuca pratensis and the other Festuca arundt-
nacea. The last is a very vigorous-growing form,
and has done exceedingly well in our experimental
plots. In amount of forage produced we have

Fig. 15.—Tall grown nothing equal to it among those species
Meadow Fescue. :
Festuca elatior. | SUitable for hay.

Festuca nutans, Wi//d—Nodding Fescue.
This is a native species of fescue which is common in open

rocky woods, or along the woody borders of moist meadows. Its
stems are rather slender, usually about three feet high, with a
“loosely flowered and drooping panicle. Of little agricultural

A value, probably not worth cultivating.

Ve
’

48 BULLETIN’ V2:

Festuca ovina, Zixmv.—Sheep’s Fescue, Pinon-grass (in Nevada),
Pine Bunch-grass.

This grass has been sparingly introduced here in
cultivation. It is of some value as a bottom grass
when sown with species which do not from their habit
of growth fully occupy the soil, and it is also valuable
for sheep pastures. It thrives well here, even on soils
which are of poor quality. “Its appropriate place in
cultivation is on light, dry soils, especially those
which are poor, shallow, and silicious. In such cases,
itis a great boon to the agriculturist.” (Stebler &
Schreeter).

Festuca pratensis, Zizv.—Meadow Fescue, Randall-
grass.

This is only a variety of Festuca elatior (see above,)

ie ia «being somewhat smaller than that species, with a nar-

Sheep’s Fes- rower and fewer-flowered panicle.
cue.—Festu-
caovina. Festucarubra, Z. var. glaucescens. ‘Tennessee Fescue,

Glaucous Creeping Fescue.

This grass was described and figured in Vol. IV, No. 1, of our
Station Bulletins, (p. 24, plate m1.) It is closely related to the
Red or Creeping Fescue of Europe and our more Northern
States, and possesses a similar habit of growth. It is an excel-
lent turf-forming grass, and will doubtless withstand well the
tramping of stock. It remains green the year round, being lit-
tle affected by drought or severe winter weather. It grows to
the height of one or two feet, has a great mass of fine root-
leaves, and may be recommended for pastures, especially upon
worn-out soils and hill-slopes.

Festuca tenella.—Slender Fescue.

This is a native annual species, six inches or a foot high,

growing only in very dry and sandy soil, along road sides, etc.

Festuca unioloides.—Same as Bromus unioloides, which see.
Fibrous-rooted Wheat-grass.— Agropyrum caninum.

_ Fin’s grass.— Agropyrum repens.

Fine Bent.—Agrostis vulgaris.

Fine Top.—Agrostis vulgaris and A. canina.
Finger-grass.— Panicum sanguinale.

Finger-grass, Hairy.—Panicum sanguinale.

Finger-spiked Beard-grass.— Andropogon provincialts. (A. furcatus is
the same.) ;

Finger-spiked Indian-grass.— Andropogon provincialis.
Finger-spiked Wood-grass.—Axdropogon provincialis.

THE GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 49

Fiorin.—Agrostis stolonifera; also A. alba.
Flat-stalked or Flat-stemmed-grass.—Poa compressa.
Flat-stalked Blue-grass.— Poa compressa.

Floating Fox-tail.—Alopecurus geniculatus.

Floating Manna-grass.—Glyceria fluitans.
Fly-away-grass.— Agrostis scabra,
Fly-catch-grass.—Zeersia lenticularis.

Fog, Old.— Danthonia spicata.

Fool-hay.— Panicum capillare and Agrostis scabra.

Fowl Meadow-grass.— Glyceria nervata, Poa serotina, and Calama-
grostis Canadensis.

Fox-tail—Setaria glauca, Erianthus saccharoides (EF. alopecuroides),
Hordeum jubatum, and species of Alofecurus.

Fox-tail, Bristly.—Setaria verticillata and S. Germanica.

Fox-tail, English.—Alopecurus pratensis.

Fox-tail, Floating.—Alofecurus geniculatus.

Fox-tail, Green.—Sefaria viridis.

Fox-tail, Large.—Setaria composita.

Fox-tail, Meadow.—Alopecurus pratensis.

Fox-tail, Wild Water.— Alopecurus aristulatus.

Fox-tail, Yellow.—Setaria glauca.

French Rye-grass.—Arrhenatherum avenaceum.

Fresh-water Cord-grass.— Spartina cynosuroides.

Fringed Brome-grass.—Bromus ciliatus.

Furze-top.— Agrostis vulgaris and A. canina.

Gama-grass.— 7ripsacum dactyloides.

German Millet.—Setaria Germanica,

Gilbert’s Relief-grass.—Phalaris intermedia.

Glaucous Creeping Fescue.— Festuca rubra, var. glaucescens.

Glyceria aquatica, S7.—Reed Meadow-grass, White Spear-grass.

A stout grass with upright culms, three to five feet high,

growing along the margins of streams and in very wet meadows.
Native, but apparently not common; Gattinger records only one
locality, and up to the present time I have not observed it

within the State. It is a good grass for fodder where it grows
spontaneously. (Glyceria grandis, S. Watson.)

Glyceria fluitans, 2. 27—Floating Manna-grass, Common Manna-
grass.

This is a very widely distributed species, and is probably to be
found within the State, although not yet recorded as occurring

50 BULLETIN V,- 2.

here. It grows in similar situations with G. aguatica, but is
more slender in habit and has a more elongated and fewer-
flowered panicle, with long and narrow spikelets.

Glyceria grandis, Watson.—Same as Glyceria aquatica.

Glyceria nervata, 7Zriz—Fowl Meadow-grass, Meadow Spear-
grass, Nerved Manna-grass.

This is our most common species, frequent in moist meadows-
and along streams, Itisa leafy perennial grass, one to three
feet high, with a loose and nodding panicle. Of some agricul-
tural value, where it grows naturally, and for such locations
may be worth cultivating. Glyceria acutiflora, Torr., Glyceria
pallida, Trin., and Glycera elongata, Trin., are other species of
this genus found in Tennessee, all growing in marshy or very
wet places; the last named is found only upon the higher
mountains in the eastern part of the State.

Golden Millet—Setaria [talica. var.
Golden Oat-grass.—Avena flavescens.
Goose-grass.—Eleusine Indica, Panicum Texanum, Poa annua.

Grama.—Generic name for species of Bouteloua. Applied some-
times to Muhlenbergia Texana.

Grama, Tall.—Bouteloua hirsuta; Bouteloua racemosa.
Grass-of-the-Andes.—Arrhenatherum avenaceum.
Great Millet.—Sorghum vulgare.

Green Fox-tail.—Sefaria viridis.
Green-grass.—Poa pratensis; Poa trivialis.

Green Pigeon-grass.—Sefaria viridis.

Green Valley-grass.— Sorghum Halapense.
Gautemala-grass.—Luchlena luxurtans.

Guinea Corn.—Sorghum cernuum.

Guinea-grass.-—Panicum jumentorum,; erroneously applied to Sorghum
Halapense. .

Guinea-grass, Alabama.—Sorghum Halapense.
Guinea-grass, False.—Sorghum Halapense.

Gymnopogon racemosus, Seauv.—Naked Beard-grass.

A rather common grass in open pine woods and sandy soil
along thicket borders. The clustered, wiry stems spring from
a short perennial root-stalk, and bear numerous short and rather
broad leaves. Blooms in August and September. Of no agri-
cultural value.

—=T F ——— ——————
*
_ ,
-
-

——asTes "hhh

THE GRASSES CF TENNESSEE. 51

Gynerium argenteum.—Pampas-grass.
A well known ornamental grass, cultivated for its large and
handsome silvery-white panicles or “plumes.”

Hard Fescue.—Festuca duriuscula.

Hair-grass.—Generic name for species of Deschampsia (Aira). Ap-
plied to Deschampsia flexuosa, Agrostis scabra and Muhlenbergia
apillaris.

Hair-grass, Bunch.—Muhlenbergia trichopodes.

Hair-grass, Muhlenberg’s.—Muhlenbergia capillaris.

Hair-grass, Sea-side.—Muhienbergia capillaris.

Hair-grass, Wood.—Deschampsia flexuosa.

Hairy Finger-grass.— Panicum sanguinale.

Hairy-flowered Paspalum.—/Paspalum ovatum.

Hairy Muskit.—Bouteloua racemosa.

Hedge. hog-grass.—Asprella Hystrix and Cenchrus tribuloides.

Herd’s-grass.— Agrostis alba, Agrostis vulgaris and Phleum pratense.

Holcus lanatus, Zizn.—Velvet-grass, Velvet Meadow Soft-grass, Vel-

vet Mesquit, Velvet Lawn-grass, Meadow Soft-grass, Woolly
Soft-grass, White Timothy, Yorkshire White,
Yorkshire Fog, Salem-grass, Feather-grass,
Calf-kill, Hungarian Blue-grass.

This grass is covered with soft, whitish hairs,
so that to the touchit feels somewhat like velvet.
It is a European grass, but is to be found here
and there over the State, having been introduced
with the seed of other grasses. Owing to its
light color it is striking in appearance, and is
said to be a valuable grass for light thin soils
which are unsuited to the growth of more valua-
ble sorts. It should only be sown in mixtures.

Y

Fig. 17. Homalocenchrus Virginica and H. oryzoides.—
So Mn Shara Leersia species.

Hordeum pratense, Auds—Wild Barley, Squirrel-tail-grass.

A native species of barley-grass growing to the height of six
to eighteen inches, and reported by Gattinger as common on
thin lands. It is probably an annual, and is of little or no agri-
cultural value.

Horse Millet.—Pennisetum (Penicillaria) spicatum.

Hungarian grass.—Setaria Germanica.

_ Hungarian Blue-grass.—Ho/cus /anatus.

Indian Corn.—Zea Mays.

Indian-grass.— Sorghum nutans (Andropogon nutans), Sorghum avenaceum
(Andropogon nutans var. avenaceus), and Andropogon scopartus.

52 BeLLetim V. °S.

Indian-grass, Finger-spiked.— Andropogon provincialts.
Indian-grass, Oat-like.— Sorghum nutans.

Indian Millet.—Pennisetum spicatum, Sorghum vulgare, Setaria Italica.
Indian Reed.—Ciuna arundinacea.

Italian Rye-grass.—Lolium TItalicum.

Ivory Wheat.—Sorghum vulgare.

Japan Millet.—Pennisetum spicatum.
Johnson-grass.—Sorghum Halapense,
Joint-grass.—Paspalum distichum.

June-grass —Poa pratensis, Danthonia spicata.
Kentucky Blue-grass.— Poa pratensis.
Knot-grass.—Paspalum distichum.

Knot-root grass.—Muhlenbergia Mexicana.

Large Cane.—Arundinaria gigantea. ;

Large Crow-foot grass.—Panicum Crus-galit.
Lawn-grass, Velvet.—Holcus lanatus.

Leersia oryzoides, Sw.—Rice Cut-grass, Rice-grass, Cut-grass,
False Rice, White-grass, European Cut-grass, Prickle-grass.
A common grass along streams and wet borders of thickets,
It has very rough leaves and a whitish panicle, which expands in
August. Of no value in agriculture.
Leersia Virginica, W7//d—Virginia Cut-grass, White-grass, Small-
flowered White-grass.
Common, and growing in similar situations with the last. Itis
more slender and delicate in its habit than Rice-grass, but is
equally valueless.

Leptochloa mucronata, Auvxth._Feather-grass.

An annual weed common in rich cultivated grounds and
gardens. It grows to the height of two to four feet, has rather
broad leaves and a long, terminal, somewhat feather-like panicle
(panicle-like raceme.)

Little Blue-stem.—Axdropogon scoparius.

Lolium Italicum, 2ravn.—lItalian Rye-grass.

An excellent grass for rich and rather moist lands. It is a
very rapid grower, forms a dense turf, and in Europe is regarded
as one of the best grasses for mowing. On heavy clays or on
any very dry soil it does not do well; but on good calcareous
loams, or marls, or on moist, loamy sands when the soil is in
good condition, the yield is large, and ‘‘no other grass repays
manuring so well.” It lasts only for two or three years.

‘

THe GRASSES OF TENNESSEF. 53

Lolium perenne, Z.—Perennial Rye-grass, Ray-grass, English
Rye-grass, Darnel.

Fig. 18

Rye- grass.
Lolium

per-

This is a perennial, asis indicated by its name, and
has been cultivated in England for more than two
hundred years, making it one of the oldest of cultivated
fodder grasses. It differs from Italian Rye-grass in
being distinctly stoloniferous, its darker green leaves
which are simply folded (not rolled) in the bud, and
beardless head or spike.

Perennial Rye-grass is less tall than the Italian and
is probably not so valuable a grass for this region. In
moist, cool climates it is a most exceJlent pasture grass
for heavy soils. . “Its duration depends very much on
the nature of the soil and the climate; on dry light
soils, it disappears after the second year; while in
moist climates, on good heavy soils, it will persist for

seven years, or even longer.” (Stebler & Schroter. )

Lolium temulentum, Zizn—Darnel, Poison Rye-grass, Bearded

Fig. 19.
Bearded Dar-
nel. — Lolium
temulentu

Darnel.

An annual grass from Europe, occasionally found
in grain fields. It may be recognized by its gen-
eral resemblance to Lolium Jtalicum. The grain of
this species “contains a narcotic principle, soluble
in ether, which causes eruptions, trembling, and
confusion of sight in man and in flesh-eating ani-
mals, but it does not affect swine or horned cattle.”
(“True Grasses.’’)

Low Spear-grass.—/oa annua.

Lyme-grass.—Generic name for species of EZilymus,
applied especially to Elymus Virginicus.

Lyme-grass, Canada.—Elymus Canadensis.

Lyme-grass, Slender Hairy.—£/ymus striatus.

Lyme-grass, Virginian.— Zlymus Virginicus.

Maize.—Zea Mays.

Manna-grass.—Generic name for species of Gijcerita. Applied in
Germany to Panicum sanguinale.

_ Manna-grass, Common.—Glyceria fiuitans. This is also called
Floating Manna-grass.

Manna-grass, Nerved.—GJyceria nervata.
Manna-grass, Pale.-—Giyceria pallida.

_ Marsh-grass.—Spartina cynosuroides, Spartina glabra.

Marsh-grass, Fall.— Spartina cynosurotdes.

Marsh Bent.—Agrostis alba.

+
ot pe 7
>

54 BuUrce SIN We ae.

Marsh Oat-grass.— Trisetum palustre.
May-grass.—Poa annua.

Meadow-grass, Annual.— Poa annua.
Meadow-grass, Common.—Poa trivialis.
Meadow-grass, Creeping.—Fragrostis reptans.
Meadow-grass, Dwarf.—Poa annua.
Meadow-grass, Early.—Poa annua.
Meadow-grass, Flat-stalked.— Poa compressa.

Meadow-grass, Fowl.—Giyceria nervata, Poa serotina, Calamagrostis
Canadensis.

Meadow-grass, Pungent.—Fragrostis major.
Meadow-grass, Reed.—GJyceria aquatica.
Meadow-grass, Rough-stalked.— Poa ¢rivialis.
Meadow-grass, Rough.—Poea ¢rivialts.
Meadow-grass, Short-stalked.— Eragrostis Frankii.
Meadow-grass, Slender, Hragrostis pilosa.
Meadow-grass, Smooth.— Poa pratensis.
Meadow-grass, Smooth-stalked.—Poa pratensis.
Meadow-grass, Strong-scented, or Stinking.—Fragrostis minor.
Meadow Cat’s-tail grass.—Phleum pratense.
Meadow Comb-grass.—Fragrostis pectinacea.
Meadow Fescue.—Festuca pratensis.

Meadow Fox-tail.—Alopecurus pratensis.

Meadow Soft-grass.—Hodcus lanatus.

Meadow Soft-grass, Velvet.—Holcus /anatus.
Meadow Spear-grass.—Glyceria nervata.

Mean’s grass.— Sorghum Halapense. |

Mesquit grass.—Applied generally to species of Bouteloua.
Mesquit, Velvet,—/Yolcus lanatus.
Mezquit-grass.—Same as Mesquit-grass.

Millet, African.— Pennisetum spicatum.

Millet, Arabian Evergreen.—Andropogon Sorghum var. Halapensis
(Sorghum Flalapense.)

Millet, Australian.—Same as Arabian Evergreen.
Millet, Cat-tail_—Se/aria [talica, Pennisetum spicatum.

Millet, Common—Panicum Miliaceum, Pennisetum spicatum, Milium
effusum.

Millet, East Indian.— Pennisetum spicatum.
Millet, Egyptian.—Pennisetum spicatum, Andropogon Sorghum.
Millet, Evergreen.—Sorghum Halapense.

ee SS a

THe GRASSES OF TENNESSEE.

Millet, German.—Se/aria Germanica.
Millet, Golden.—Scefaria Jtulica, var.
Millet, Great.— Sorghum vulgare.

Millet, Horse.— Pennisetum spicatum.

Millet, Indian.—Sorghum vulgare, Pennisetum spicatum and Setaria
Ttalica.,

Millet, Japan.— Pennisetum spicatum.

Millet, Morocco.—Sorghum Ha/apense. :

Millet, Pearl.— Pennisetum spicatum.,

Millet, Polish— Panicum sanguinale.

Millet-grass, Wild.—Setar‘a viridis.

Montana Rye.— 7riticum Polonicum.

Morocco Millet.—Sorghum Ha/apense.

Mountain Oat-grass.— Danthonia compressa.

Mountain Red-top.—Agrostis canina.

Muhlenbergia capillaris, A¢:.—Sea-side Hair-grass, Muhlenberg’s
Hair-grass. .

An upright species with unbranched or simple stems two feet
high, very long and rather rigid leaves, and a diffuse, usually
purplish panicle. Grows in tufts in dry sandy soil, pine woods,
etc. Of no agricultural value.

Muhlenbergia diffusa, Schred—Nimble Will, Wire-grass, Drop-
seed-grass.

A common and well known grass growing on dry
hills, in woods, and especially in shaded waste
grounds about dwellings. It has a slender, wiry,

| diffusely-branched and leafy stem, six to eighteen
4 inches high. It is an exceedingly difficult grass to
mow, and the turf it forms is equally difficult to
break up. Of comparatively little or no agricul-

tural value.
Muhlenbergia glomerata, 77/7.—Muhlenberg’s-grass,

Satin-grass, Wild Timothy.

An upright usually less branched grass than the

Fig. 20 last, two to three feet high, with a densely flowered

Muhtenderyia dir. 2atrow panicle two to four inches long. The root-

stock is very tough, and closely covered with thick-

ened scales. It usually grows in low grounds, and makes a fair

“wild hay,” although when mature the stems are quite hard. In

some of the Western States it is “recommended as an excellent
grass for forage.”

‘Muhlenbergia Mexicana, 7Z7riz.—Drop-seed grass, Wood-grass,
Knot-root-grass.

i
;
7
i

“an

~

56 BULLETIN V. 2. | :

Similar in value and habit to the last, but usually more
branched and with a looser-flowered panicle. Grows in sandy
soil along the borders of thickets and rivers, doing good service
in the latter place by binding the sands with its strong creeping
root-stocks.

Munro-grass.— Panicum agrostoides.
Muskit-grass.—Bouteloua rucemosa (B. curtipendula.)
Naked Beard-grass.— Gymnopogon racemosus,
Nerved Manna-grass.—Glyceria nervata.

Nimble Will.—AZhlenbergia diffusa.

Nodding Fescue.—Ffestuca nutans.
Oat-grass.—Arrhenatherum avenaceum.

Oat-grass, Black.— Stipa avenacea.

Oat-grass, False.—Arrhenatherum avenaceum.
Oat-grass, Golden.—Avena flavescens.

Oat-grass, Marsh.— 7risetum palustre.

Oat-grass, Mountain.—Danthonia compressa.
Oat-grass, Silky-flowered.— Danthonia sericea.
Oat-grass, Spiked Wild. Danthonia spicata.
Oat-grass, T all.—Arrhenatherum avenaceum.
Oat-grass, Tall Meadow.—Arrhenatherum avenaceum.
Oat-grass, Taller Wild.—Danthonia sericea.
Oat-grass, Tennessee.—Danthonia compressa.
Oat-grass, Wild—Applied to species of Danthonia.
Oat-grass, Yellow.—Avena flavescens.

Oat-like Indian-grass.—Sorghum nutans.

Oat-like Sorghum.—Sorghum avenaceum.

Oats, Australian.—Lromus untolotdes.

Oats, Sea-side.— Untola paniculata.

Oats, Wild.—Uxtola latifolia, Zizania miliacea, Calamagrostis Nuttalliana.
Old Fog.—Danthonta spicata.

Old Witch-grass.—Panicum capillare.

Orchard grass.—Dactylis glomerata.

Orcheston grass.— Poa trivialts.

Oregon Rice.—Sorghum vulgare.

THe GRASSES OF TENNESSEE.

~l

-
|

Pale Manna-grass.—G/yceria pallida
Pampas-grass.—Gynerium argenteym.

Pampas Rice.—Sorghum vulgare.

Panic grass.—Generic name for species of Panicum.
Panic Bent grass.— Panicum agrostoides.

Panicum agrostoides, ./x//.—Panic Bent-grass, Munro-grass, Red-
top Panic-grass.

This is a native, tall, branched and leafy grass, with a “head”
somewhat resembling red-top. It grows along the banks of
creeks and borders of ponds, and often yields a considerable and
fairly good native hay. It is reported to have been cultivated
in some of the Southern States, and “valued highly wherever
known.” In low, moist and rather rich meadows its cultivation
may be profitable. It is deserving trial in such locations.

Panicum capillare, Ziz2.—Old Witch grass, Fool Hay.

A very common native, annual grass, presenting severai
varieties. All are worthless. It frequents cultivated fields,
sometimes becoming a troublesome weed.

Panicum Crus-galli, Z.—Barn-grass, Barn-yard-grass, Cock’s-
foot, Water-grass, Large Crow-foot-grass.

A well known rank-growing annual, common in
rich cultivated lands, especially around dwellings.
Some apparently native forms are found along
water-courses, &c. It seeds freely, makes rapid
growth during the latter part of Summer, and on
bottom lands yields abundantly. It sometimes
affords the farmer a good crop of fair hay from
land which but for the spontaneous growth of this
grass would have yielded him nothing. In many
sections this Panicum is only regarded as a weed.

Panicum filiforme, Z.— Slender Crab-grass.

A native, annual grass, common in sandy soils,

particularly in old fields, flowering in July and

Barn-yard- August. It is closely related to Crab-grass, and
| soon, Ie much resembles that grass, but is less diffusely
em. branched and spreading, and is much more slender

3 in allits parts. Of no agricultural value.

Panicum jumentorum, 7ers.—Guinea-grass, St. Mary’s-grass, (P.
. maximum, Jacq., is the same.)

| This grass was long ago introduced into America, presumably
from Africa, and has for many years been cultivated in tropical

South America and the islands of the West Indies, In those

regions it is spoken of as being “a splendid pasture grass, grow-

i
i
J
i
i

58 GULLETIN. ¥. &

ing to the height of twelve feet, forming dense tufts, and being
propagated by the rhizome” (Eggers). It has been introduced

i into some of the Gulf States, particularly Florida,
where itis highly valued. Few plants yield a
larger amount of fodder, and it may be cutas often
7 as once a month during the season of growth,
fi If allowed to grow to full size it becomes coarse
| and unfit for forage. Its stems are killed by the
first frosts of autumn, and it seeds only in the
warmest parts of the States bordering on the
3 Gulf. Its habit of growing in bunches at once
| distinguishes this grass from Johnson grass, with
which it has been confounded by some.

Panicum miliaceum, Z2z7.—Millet.
A coarse grass with a rather large, droop-

Fig. 22. ing and loosely-flowered panicle, occasionally
Guinea-grass. : : . 2
Panicum acaba. found in the older settlements in cultivated fields
Tum.

and waste grounds about dwellings. It formed
one of the food-grains of pre-historic times, and is still cultivated
in China and Japan, and in limited areas in Europe. The grasses
generally known here as Millet belong to the genus Se/aria,
which see.

Panicum molle, Sw. (7. daréinode.)—Para grass, Spanish grass.

A strong growing perennial South American grass, which has
long been cultivated in the West Indies, where it is esteemed for
pastures. It has recently been introduced into some of the Gulf
States. Wedo not know of any attempts having been made to
grow it in this State. It might succeed and
prove a valuable forage plant in lower Middle
and West Tennesssee.

Panicum proliferum, Zaw.—Sprouting Crab-grass.

A common grass, with rather coarse spreading
or ascending much-branched stems two to four
feet long. It is often abundant in cultivated
fields, springing up with common Crab-grass, and
forming sometimes no inconsiderable part of the
“poor man’s hay.” While occasionally useful in
the way here indicated, it must be regarded
more as a weed than as a hay plant.

Panicum sanguinale, Zzx.—Crab-grass, Finger-
grass, Hairy Finger-grass, Manna-grass,

Fig. 28. Polish- Millet.
Poe aids eee A well known annual grass, common every-

where in cultivated fields. It is a troublesome weed in gardens

>

|

Tue GRasses OF TENNESSEE. 59

and among hoed crops, but in grain fields, after harvesting, it fre-
quently springs up in such quantity as to yield one, or even two,
good cuttings of hay. This spontaneous growth affords excellent
pasturage, as well as hay of the first quality if properly cured.
Chemical analyses show that crab-grass is richer in albuminoids
and carbohydrates than either timothy or orchard-grass, and,
assuming timothy hay to be worth $ro per ton, crab-grass hay
would be worth $11.40. This is based on chemical analyses
made here in 1890.
Panicum Texanum, 2uck/—Texas Millet, Bottom-grass, Colorado-
grass, River-grass, Goose-grass, Buffalo-grass, Austin-grass.
An annual grass, common in certain parts of Texas, where it
is apparently indigenous, and where, too, it is highly valued for
hay, and its cultivation formsa profitable industry. It isarapid
grower, and on rich sandy soils will yield three tons per acre,
and in favorable seasons may be cut three times. It is similar
in its habits to crab-grass, and ground that has once become
seeded with it will yield crops year after year, these springing
up after the removal of the regular crops of corn or grain. It
has been grown here at the station successfully, the summer
heat and drought having no effect upon it. The stems are
branching, leafy, two to four or five feet long (sometimes reach-
ing a length of ten feet), and the production of seed, which
affords excellent food for poultry, is abundant.

Panicum virgatum, Z/7zz.—Switch-gaass, Wild Red-top, Black Bent.
A tall perennial species, usually growing in clumps three to
five feet high. Gattinger records it as occurring in moist, sandy
soil along the Cumberland river and on the highlands and bar-
rens at Tullahoma. The young plants furnish good grazing for
stock, but by the time it blooms the stems become hard, and use-
less for fodder. We do not regard it as worthy of cultivation.

| Para-grass.—Panicum molle (P. barbinode.)

Paspalum dilatatum, 7o/7.—Hairy-flowered Paspalum.

This grass occurs in the Middle and Western part of the
State, and where abundant, affords excellent pasturage. It is
a perennial, and is particularly valuable as yielding late sum-
mer and autumn feed, during which period it makes its princi-
pal growth.

Paspalum distichum, Z/77.—Knot-grass, Joint-grass.

A low, creeping grass, closely resembling Bermuda-grass in its
habit and appearance. It frequents sandy soil along the mar-
gins of ponds and river banks, and often does good service in
binding the sands liable to wash. It is recommended as a good
grass for covering the soils of “sink holes.”

cepacia iene

|

ae

SS ee ee ee ee

60 BULLETIN V. 2.

Paspalum ovatum, /Vees—Same as P. dilatatum.

Paspalum purpurascens, £//—Bull-grass, Purple Paspalum.

This is a strong-growing, much-branched species, which ap-
pears to be rare within the State. We have it from one locality
only in East Tennessee. The commonest species of this genus
(Paspalum) are the smooth Paspalum (P. /eve) and the Slender
Paspalum (P. setaceum). The former has here much the same
value as Paspalum dilatatum, noted above. It is a vigorous grow-
ing, succulent grass, with rather large smooth seeds. It is often
found intermixed with blue-grass, which it succeeds by four or
five weeks, coming into full force after that has nearly disap-
peared.

Pearl Millet.— Pennisetum spicatum.

Penicillaria spicata, (/V7//¢d.)—Same as Pennisetum typhoideum, Rich.,
Pennisetum spicatum.

Pennisetum spicatum, //7//¢—Pearl Millet, Japan Millet, Cat-tail
Millet, East India Millet, Horse Millet, Egyptian Millet, In-
dian Millet, African Millet, African Cane.

This millet grows three to six feet high, and has a dense cylin-
drical erect “head” (panicle), five inches to a foot long. It is
rarely cultivated here, and those who know it hold it in little
esteem.

Perennial Rye-grass.—Lolium perenne.
Phalaris arundinacea, Z7zz.—Reed Canary-grass, Ribbon-grass.

A rather tall, leafy perennial, with a narrow panicle growing
naturally along the borders of streams and in low wet grounds.
It is not common here, nor is it of any special agricultural value.
There is a variety of this grass with striped leaves, which is
sometimes cultivated in gardens as an ornamental plant, and is
known as ribbon-grass.

Phalaris Canariensis, Z7wz.—Canary-grass.

A species introduced into this country from Europe, and
sometimes cultivated in the vicinity of our larger cities for its
seed, which is used for bird food. It grows to the height of one
or two feet, and has a very compact oval or oblong panicle
or “head.”

Phalaris intermedia, Aosc—Southern Canary-grass, California

Timothy, Reed Canary-grass, American Canary-grass,
Stewart’s Canary-grass, Gilbert’s Relief-grass.

This is a taller and stouter-growing species than the last, with
a longer and narrower “head.” We have no positive record of
its occurrence within the State, but it grows in South Carolina
and in the States along the Gulf, where it is held in some
estimation for winter grazing.

THe GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 61

Phleum pratense, Zinn.—Timothy, Herd's-grass (in New England),
Cat’s-tail-grass, Tame Timothy.

One of the best known and most extensively
cultivated grasses for hay, sown either alone or
mixed with red-top. It succeeds best on moist
loams, or clays. On very dry ground the yield is
apt to be light; on such soils the base of the stem is
often thickened and bulb-like. This grass is a
native of Europe, and possibly also of this country,
but it is generally supposed to have been introduced
here. It is recorded as having been first cultivated
in the Carolinas by Timothy Hansen about the
middle of the last century.

Pigeon-grass.—Sefaria viridis.
Pigeon-grass, Green.—Sefaria viridis.
es, Pinon-grass.— Festuca ovina.
Timothy. : ae OF,
Daiceer revense. Plume-grass.—EZrianthus saccharoides (E. alopecuroides.)

Poa alsodes, Gray.—Wood spear-grass.
A rather slender, native “blue-grass,”’ found sparingly on the
higher mountains and along the water-courses in the more
mountainous districts. It has here no agricultural value.

Poa annua, Zimn—Early Meadow-grass, Annual Meadow-grass,
Dwarf Meadow-grass, Low Spear-grass, Spear-grass, May-
grass, Goose-grass, Suffolk-grass.

A low (three to ten inches) annual species, common everywhere
in door-yards and waste places, blooming from February to
November, It is a European grass, but has long been estab-
lished in this country and become thoroughly naturalized. Itis
tender and palatable to stock, and itsabundance makes it of some
agricultural value, as affording an early bite for cattle before
other grasses have made any considerable growth.

Poa arachnifera, 7orr.—Texas Blue-grass.
This grass was first discovered in Texas, where it is native,

) and is now being cultivated in several of the Southern States.
It has strong, creeping roots (riizomes), and forms a dense turf.
It is especially well-adapted for permanent pastures. Owing to
the unusual wooliness of the seeds, it is easiest propagated by
root-cuttings. Both seeds and root-cuttings may be obtained from
the leading seedsmen of New York or Philadelphia. It remains
green here throughout the year, and blooms during the latter
part of April orearly in May. This grass appears to be dicecious,
the florets in the fertile plants are very woolly, while those of
the male or staminate plants are naked. (In Bulletin No. 1, of

—-. Ms oe ee ee a
. i)
:

62 BULLETIN V. 2.

Vol. IV., we gave a full-page figure of this blue-grass, and spoke
more in detail as to its merits.)

Poa compressa, Z7zv.—Blue-grass, Smaller Blue-grass, Flat-
stalked Blue-grass, Flat-stalked Meadow-grass, Creeping
Poa, Creeping Spear-grass, Wire-grass.
A native of Europe, this grass has become thoroughly
naturalized here. Its low habit of growth, strongly com-
pressed or flattened stems and narrow panicle, are char-
acters which enable one to readily distinguish this from
Kentucky Blue-grass. It is also more decidedly creep-
ing, and will grow well upon the thinnest and apparently
the most sterile soils. There is, perhaps, no better pas-
ture grass than this for dry and poor soils.
| / Poa flexuosa, 1/«h/—Southern Spear-grass.
y A native grass, one to three feet high, found occasion-
ally in woods. Not sufficiently abundant to deserve
special notice.

Fig.25. Poa pratensis, Zzzz.—Kentucky Blue-grass, Blue-grass,

So ngneon Green-grass, June-grass (in New England), Smooth
Poa com- or Smooth-stalked Meadow-grass, Spear-grass, En-

Tessa. :
ioare glish-grass, Brown-top-grass.

A well known native perennial grass, with creeping under-
ground stolons and upright smooth stems two to four feet high.
It has been called the “King of pasture grasses
in the Central Basin of Tennessee,” and “who-
ever has Blue-grass has the basis for all agricul-
tural prosperity.” It is not so well adapted for
hay as for pasture, but it makes an excellent
bottom grass for the meadow. Here it remains
green throughout the year, excepting in severe
winter seasons, and bloomsin May. Poa praten-
sis is common to both Europe and America, and
grows “wild” in this country from Alaska south-
ward along the Rocky Mountains to Arizona, and
in the Eastern part of the continent to the Gulf
States. Itis only in good soils that it yields

Fig. 26. thi
Kentucky Blue: well, doing best on those which are strongly
e- calcareous. :

Poa pratensis.
Poa serotina, Erh.—False Red-top, Fowl Meadow-grass, Duck-
grass, Swamp Wire-grass.

This species isanative of the Northern States, growing in low
meadows and along streams. It appears to be a grass of excel-
lent quality, growing to the height of two or three feet, and is
pronounced a good grass for moist meadows. It~is being

Tue GRASSES OF TENNESSEE.

63

cultivated at the experiment station with the view of testing its

value for this portion of the State.

Poa trivialis, Zinn.—Rough Meadow-grass, Rough-stalked Meadow-
grass, Green-grass, Orchiston-grass (in England), Common

Meadow-grass.

A grass similar in habit to Poa pratensis, but with the hori-
zontal branches at the base on the surface (not under ground)
and the flowering stems rough to the touch just below the
panicle. It has been cultivated for a long time in England,

whence it has been introduced into this country.

It is not

very well known in Tennessee. It succeeds best where the soil
and climate are moist, and can hardly be recommended for this

State.
‘Poison Rye-grass.—Lolium temulentum.
Polish Millet—Panicum sanguinale,
Poverty-grass.—Aristida dichotoma, Danthonia spicata,
Poverty-grass, Long-awned.—Aristida tuberculosa,
Poverty-grass, Southern.— Sporobolus vagineflorus.

Prairie-grass.— Sporobolus asper, S. vagineflorus, Eatonia obtusata.

Prairie-grass, Australian.— Bromus unioloides.
Prairie Triple-awn.— Aristida oligantha.
Prickle-grass.—Leersia oryzoides.

Pungent Meadow-grass.—Zragrostis major.

Purple Paspalum.—Paspalum purpurascens.
Purple-top.— 7riodia cuprea ( Triscuspis sesleroides.)
Puss-grass.—Setaria viridis and S. glauca.

Purple Wood-grass.— Andropogon scoparius.
Quack-grass.—Agropyrum repens (Triticum repens.)
Quake-grass.—Avropyrum repens.

Quaking-grass.—Generic name for species of Briza. LBriza media.

Quick-grass.— Avropyrum repens.
Quitch-grass.—Agropyrum repens.
Randall-grass.—Festuca elatior.

] Ray-grass.—Lolium perenne.

Ray or Rye-grass, English.—Zolium perenne.
Red Fescue.— Festuca rubra.

Red-top.— Agrostis vulgaris, Calamagrostis Canadensis.
Red-top, Fall.— 7riodia cuprea ( Tricuspis seslerioides.)
Red-top, False.— Poa serotina, Triodia cuprea.
Red-top, Mountain.—Agrostis canina.

64 BuLeEetin -¥.: <3:

Red-top, Tall.— Triodia cuprea, Agrostis vulgaris.
Red-top, Panic.—Panicum agrostoides.

Red-top, Wild.— Panicum virgatum.
Reed.—Arundinaria tecta.

Reed-grass,—Cynodon Dactylon, Andropogon nutans.
Reed Bent-grass.—Calamagrostis Canadensis.
Reed, Canadian Small.—Calamagrostis Canadensis.
Reed-grass, Drooping.—Cinna pendula.

Reed, Indian.—Cinna arundinacea.

Reed-grass, Small.—Calamagrostis Canadensis.
Reed, Sweet.—Cinna arundinacea.

Reed-grass, Wood.—Cinuna arundinacea.

Reed Canary-grass.—Phalaris arundinacea.

Reed Meadow-grass.—Glyceria aquatica.
Relief-grass, Gilbert’s.—Phalaris intermedia.
Rescue-grass.—Lromus unioloides.

Rhode Island Bent.—Agrostis vulgaris, A. cantina.
Ribbon-grass.—Phalaris arundinacea.
Rice-grass.—Leersia oryzoides,

Rice, False.—Leersia oryzoides.

Rice, Cut-grass.—Leersia oryzotdes,

Rice, Oregon.—Sorghum vulgare.

Rice, Pampas.—Sorghum vulgare.
River-grass.—Panicum Texanum.

Rough Bent-grass.—Agrostis scabra.

Rough Cock’s-foot.—Dactylis glomerata.

Rough Meadow-grass.— Poa trivialts.

Roughish Meadow-grass.— Poa trivialts.
Rough-stalked Meadow-grass.—Poea trivialts.
Rush-grass.—Generic name for species of Sporobolus ( Vilfa).
Rye-grass.—Lilymus Virginicus, Lolium perenne.
Rye-grass, English.—Loltum perenne.

Rye, Montana.—77riticum Polonicum.

Rye-grass, French.—Arrhenatherum avenceum.
Rye-grass, Italian.—Lolium Italicum.
Rye-grass, Perennial—Lolium perenne.
Rye-grass, Poison.—Lolium temulentum.
Rye-grass, Smooth.—Zlymus Virginicus.

THe Grasses OF TENNESSEE. 65
Rye-grass, Wild.—Ziymus Canadensis, Elymus Virginicus.
St. Mary’s grass.—Panicum jumentorum, Sorghum Halapense.
Salem grass.— //o’cus lanatus.
Sand-bur.— Cenchrus tribuloides.
Sand-spur.— Cenchrus tribuloides.
Satin-grass.—Muhlenbergia glomerata.,
Schrader’s-grass.— Bromus unioloides.
Scutch-grass.— Cynodon Dactylon, Agropyrum repens.
Sea-side Hair-grass.—.Wuhlenbergia capillaris.
Sedge, Broom.—Andropfogon Virginicus.
Sedge-grass.—Andropogon Virginicus.

- Sesame grass.— 7ripfsacum dactyloides.

Setaria Germanica, eauv—German Millet, Hungarian-grass,
Bristly Fox-tail.

This is regarded by botanists as only a variety of the Italian
Millet (Setaria Jtalica), and is only found here in cultivation or
perhaps springing up from seed on land where cultivated the
season previous. The German differs from the Italian Millet in
having a more dense or compact and usually erect panicle or
“head.”

Setaria glauca, Beauv.—Fox-tail, Yellow Fox-tail, Bottle-grass,
Puss-grass, Pigeon-grass, Summer-grass.

This is a well-known weed, growing everywhere in cultivated
grounds. It sends upanumber of stems from a single root, each
bearing a cylindrical panicle or “head,” the bristles of which
have a decided yellowish hue.

Setaria Italica, Awunth—lItalian . Millet, Bengal-grass, Cat-tail
Millet, Golden Millet, Missouri Millet, etc.

This exists here only in cultivation. It is distinguished from
the German Millet by its larger, longer, more loosely-flowered
and usually nodding panicles. The millets of this class, that is
species or varieties of Sefaria, are ready to cut sixty to sixty-
five days from timeof sowing. When cut just as heading out, and
before blooming, they make a valuable and safe forage, but in
more advanced stages the feeder should be exceedingly careful,
for when ripe, these millets act injuriously upon the kidneys.
They are the refuge of the poor farmer whose other forage crops
have failed. They are grown here for the seed, and the pro-
duct is often used as bird and poultry food.

Setaria verticillata, 2eavv.—Bristly Fox-tail.

An introduced grass, similar in habit to the next, but only
rarely found. It is peculiar in having the bristles roughened or

66 ButweETIN V. 2.

barbed downwards so that the heads (panicles) often become
entangled with each other, or readily adhere to passing objects.

Setaria viridis, Beavv.—Green Fox-tail, Pigeon-grass, Green
Pigeon-grass, Puss-grass, Bottle-grass, Wild Millet.

An introduced grass which has become a common weed in all
cultivated grounds, growing along with the yellow fox-tail,
which it resembles in habit. It begins to blooma few weeks
earlier (latter part of May or first days of June) than the yellow
fox-tail, has more numerous and smaller flowers and green
bristles—at least the bristles do not give a yellowish hue to the
panicle.

Sheep’s Fescue.— Festuca ovina.

Shining Spike-grass.—Uniola nitida.
Short-leaved Beard-grass.—Gymnopogon brevifolius.
Short-stalked Meadow-grass.—EZragrostis Frankit.
Silky-flowered Oat-grass —Danthonia sericea.
Silver Beard-grass.—Andropogon argyreus.
Slender Crab-grass.—Panicum filiforme.

Slender Fescue.— Festuca tenella.

Slender Meadow-grass.—£Zragrostis pilosa.
Slender Spike-grass.— Uniola gracilis.

Smaller Blue-grass.—Poa compressa.

Small Cane.-—Arundinaria tecta.

Small-flowered White-grass.—Leersta Virginica.
Small Reed-grass, Canadian.—Calamagrostis Canadensis.
Smooth Brome-grass.—Bromus racemosus.

Smooth Meadow-grass,—Poa pratensis.

Smooth Rye-grass.— Elymus Virgtinicus.
Smooth-stalked Meadow-grass.— Poa pratensts.
Smut-grass.—Sporobolus Indicus.

Soft Brome-grass.—Bromus mollts.

Soft Chess.—Bromus mollts.

Soft-grass, Meadow.—Holcus lanatus.

Soft-grass, Woolly.—Holcus lanatus.

Sorghum avenaceum, Chapm.—A variety of Andropogon nutans, Linn.,
which see.

Sorghum cernuum, Aost—Chicken Corn, Guinea Corn, White
Egyptian Corn.

This is treated as a variety of Andropogon sorghum by Hackel.

It is a tall and strong growing grass, and just below the densely-

flowered panicle the stalk is abruptly bent or recurved so that

— — s
* ba -

Tue GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 67

the panicle points downward. It is largely cultivated in tropi-
cal and Northern Africa, and in some parts of Southern .Asia,
where it is used as acereal. It is only occasionally grown here,
and is highly valued as a food for poultry.

Sorghum Halapense, ?ers.—Same as Andropogon sorghum, Brot. var.
Halapensis, Hack., which see.
Sorghum nutans, Gray.—(Same as Andropogon nutans, Linn.)

There are two well-marked varieties of this grass found
within the State. The more common one is the Sorghum
avenaceum of Chapman (Andropogon nutans L. var. avenaceus, Hackel.)
The other, less frequently seen, is Sorghum nutans of Chapman,
(Andropogon nutans L. var. Linneanus, Hackel.) This last is
distinguished by its longer beards (awns), much more loosely
flowered, darker-colored, and nodding panicles.

Sorghum saccharatum, /ers—Sweet Sorghum, Chinese Sugar-
Cane, African Cane, Broom Corn.

This is regarded by Hackel as only a variety of Andropogon
Sorghum. 'The variety which is cultivated here as Broom Corn
he names var. fechnicus.

Sorghum vulgare, Pers.—This has been reduced by Hackel to a
variety of Andropogon Sorghum, characterized by its light colored
and rather compact panicles. There appears to be much con-
fusion in our literature as regards the “common” names applied
to the varieties of Sorghum. Under Sorghum vulgare we find the
following: Sorghum, Sugar-Cane, Broom Corn, Indian Millet,
Chinese Wheat, Ivory Wheat, Pampas Rice, Chinese Sugar-Cane,
African Corn, Guinea Corn, Duora or Durra Corn, Chocolate
Corn, Great Millet, Oregon Rice.

Southern Bent-grass.—Agrostis elata..

Southern Canary-grass.—Phalaris intermedia.

Southern Eragrostis.—Zragrostis Purshii.

Southern Poverty-grass.— Sporobolus vaginefiorus.

Southern Spear-grass.—Zragrostis Purshii, Poa flexuosa.

Spanish grass.—Panicum molle.

Spartina cynosuroides, /M7//¢d.—Cord-grass, Fresh-water Cord-

grass, Marsh-grass, Bull-grass, Thatch-grass, Slough-grass.
This grass occurs in West Tennessee (Gattinger.) It isanative
perennial, three to six feet high, growing in rich soil along river
banks and borders of lakes. It is saidto make excellent hay for
horses when cut in good season. In regions where it grows
abundantly, as along the Mississippi bottoms, it has been used

_ for making a coarse kind of paper. We do not regard it as
worth cultivating.

68 Buarete Vo 8

Spear-grass.— Poa annua, Poa pratensis.

Spear-grass, Branching.—Fragrostis tenuis.
Spear-grass, Creeping.— Poa compressa.

Spear-grass, Low.— Poa annua.

Spear-grass, Meadow.— Glyceria nervata.

Spear-grass, Southern.— Poa flexuosa, Eragrostis Purshit.
Spear-grass, White.— Glyceria aquatica.

Spear-grass, Wood.— Poa alsodes.

Spider Bent-grass.—Agrostis arachnoides.
Spike-grass.—Generic name for species of Uniola, etc.
Spike-grass, Shining.— Uniola nitida.

Spike-grass, Slender.— Uniola gracilis.

Spiked Wild Oat-grass.— Danthonia spicata.

Sporobolus asper, Avnth.—Prairie-grass. .

Two or three forms of this native perennial grass are found
within the State. It has very long and very slender leaves, and
the flowers are usually concealed within the leaf-sheaths. It
grows in dry and sterile soil, but apparently is of no agricul-
tural value.

Sporobolus Indicus, #. 47.—Carpet-grass, Smut-grass, Drop-seed-
grass.

An introduced grass which has become pretty widely distrib-
uted over the State, growing in scattered tufts or patches about
dwellings or in old door-yards. Its stems, which grow one to
three feet high, are tough and wiry. Its flowers are crowded
in along and slender panicle which, as the season advances,
often becomes overgrown by afungus, and appears asif attacked
by smut. Of no agricultural value whatever.

Sporobolus vagineflorus, Vasey—Southern Poverty-grass, Prairie-
grass.

A common native annual, growing in dry sterile soil. Of no
value.
Spring-grass, Sweet-scented.— Anthoxanthum odoratum.,
Sprouting Crab-grass.—Panicum proliferum.
Squirrel-tail-grass.—Hordeum pratense.
Stewart’s Canary-grass.—Phalarts intermedia.
Stink-grass.— Eragrostis minor and major.
Stipa avenacea, Zz.—Black Oat-grass, Feather-grass.
A slender grass growing in open woods along dry ridges, etc.
It has a graceful open panicle and long-bearded (awned) flowers.
Of no value in agriculture.

THe GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 69

Strong-scented Meadow-grass.—£ragrostis minor.
Suffolk-grass.—Poa annua.

Sugar Cane, African.— Sorghum saccharatum.

Sugar Cane.—Sorghum vulgare,

Sugar Cane, Chinese.—Sorghum saccharatum, S. vulgare,
Summer Dew-grass.—Agrostis vulgaris.

- Summer-grass.—Setaria glauca.

Swamp Chess.—Sromus ciliatus.

Swamp Wire-grass.—Poa serotina.
Sweet-scented-grass.—Anthoxanthum odoratum.
Sweet-scented Spring grass.—Anthoxanthum odoratum.

-Sweet-scented Vernal.—Anthoxanthum odoratum.

Sweet Reed.—Cinna arundinacea.

Sweet Sorghum.—Sorghum saccharatum.

Sweet Vernal-grass.—Anthoxanthum odoratum.
Switch-grass.—Panicum virgatum.

Syrian-grass.—Sorghum Halapense.

Tall Fescue.—Festuca elatior.

Tall Oat-grass.—Arrhenatherum avenaceum.

Tall Red-top.— 7riodia cuprea ( Tricuspis seslerioides), Agrostis vulgarts.
Tall, Smooth Panic-grass.—Panicum virgatum.

Tall, Thin-grass.—Agrostis elata.
- Taller Wild Oat-grass.—Danthonia sericea.

Tame Timothy.—Ph/eum pratense.

' Tennessee Fescue.— Festuca rubra, var. glaucescens.

Tennessee Oat-grass.— Danthonia compressa.
Teosinte.— Zuchlena luxurians.
Terrell-grass.—Ziymus Virginicus and £. Canadensis.
Texan Blue-grass.—/Poa arachnifera.

Texas Millet.—Panicum Texanum.

Thatch-grass —Sfartina cynosuroides.

Thin-grass.— Agrostis perennans.

Thin-grass, Tall.—Agrostis elata.
Tickle-grass.—Agrostis scabra.

Timothy.—PAleum pratense.

Timothy, Tame.—PAleum pratense.

Timothy, White.—o/cus lanatus.

Timothy, Wild.—MuAlendbergia glomerata, Setaria viridis.

70 BuLLeETIN. V._ 2.

Tricuspis seslerioides, Zorxr.—See Triodia cuprea, which is the same.
Triodia cuprea, /acg—False Red-top, Tall Red-top, Fall Red-top,
Purple-top.
A tall, native perennial frequent in dry, sandy fields. Itisa
showy grass three to five feet high, blooming from August to
October. Apparently of no agricultural value.

Triple-awned-grass.—Generic name for species of Aristida.

Tripsacum dactyloides, Zizx.—Gama-grass, Sesame-
grass, Bull-grass.

This grass is occasionally seen in rich soils aiong
rivers and creeks. It grows in large tufts, producing a
great mass of broad leaves, which, when young and
succulent, are eaten with avidity by stock. The roots
are strong and somewhat creeping; the stems are solid
and grow from three to seven feet high. The flowers
are in slender spikes, these standing singly, or more
often, two to three together. When abundant, gama
affords a large amount of natural forage, and is
valuable to this extent.

Fig. 27. ee . :
Gama-grass. Triticum repens, Zzzvz.—Same as Agropyrum repens, which
Tripsacum
dactyloides. see.
Triticum Polonicum, Zz”v.—Polish-wheat, Wild-goose Wheat,
Montana Rye, Giant Rye.

A striking species, with large flattened spikes or “heads.” It
is cultivated to some extent in Europe, but very rarely, excepting
as a curiosity, in this country. The grain is long and slender,
resembling that of rye, but the yield is small, as there are few

kernels in a head.

Triticum sativum, Zév.—Wheat.

To this species belong all our cultivated varieties of wheat,
for an account of which the reader is referred to Hackel’s “True
Grasses,” or to the Fourth Annual Report of the New York
Agricultural Experiment Station, (1885.)

Turkey-foot.—Andropogon provincialis.
Tuscarora Rice.—Zizania aguatica.
Twin-grass.—Diarrhena Americana.
Twitch-grass.—Agropyrum repens.

Uniola gracilis, M/zchx.—Slender Spike-grass.

A slender, native perennial, with narrow, dark-green leaves,
and a long and slender panicle. It grows to the height of two
to four feet, blooming in July and August. Of no agricultural
value.

4 Tue GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 71

| Uniola latifolia, .W/ichx.—Broad-leaved Spike-grass, Wild Fescue,
Wild Oats.

This is a strong-rooted native perennial, with broad leaves
and a nodding, large-flowered panicle. It grows in damp places
along streams and thicket borders, and is sometimes gathered
for winter bouquets. Of no value excepting for ornamental
purposes.

Upright Chess.—Bromus racemosus,

Uralepis cornuta, #//—The same as 7riflasis Americana, Ell.
Uralepis purpurea, Vuw‘/—The sameas 7riflasis purpurea, Chapm.

Valley-grass, Green.— Sorghum Halapense.

_ Velvet-grass.—Holcus lanatus.

Velvet Lawn-grass.—Holcus lanatus.

Velvet Meadow-grass, Soft.—Ho/cus lanatus,

Velvet Mesquit.—Holcus lanatus.

Vernal-grass.— Anthoxanthum odoratum.

Vernal-grass, Sweet.—Anthoxanthum odoratum.

Virginia Beard-grass.—Andropogon Virginicus.

Virginia Cut-grass.—Leersia Virginica.

Virginia Lyme-grass.—Elymus Virginicus.

Water Fox-tail—A/Jlofecurus peniculatus.

Water Fox-tail, Wild.—Alopecurus aristulatus.
Water-grass.— Panicum Crus-galli.

Water Oats.— Zizania aquatica.

Water Rice.—Zizania aquatica.

Wheat-grass.—Generic name for species of Agropyrum.
| Wheat-grass, Creeping.—Agropyrum repens.
Wheat, Chinese.— Sorghum vulgare.

Wheat, Ivory.— Sorghum vulgare.

Wheat, Wild-goose.— Triticum Polonicum.

White Bent.—Avgrostis alba, Andropogon scoparius.
‘ White Egyptian Corn.—Sorghum cernuum,
White-grass.—Zeersia oryzoides, L. Virginica.
White-grass, Small-flowered.—Leersiz Virginica.
White Spear-grass.— Glyceri2z aguatica.

White Timothy.—/olcus lanatus.

White-top.— Danthonia sficata, Agrosits alba.

ee ee

79 THe GRASSES OF TENNESSEE.

White Yorkshire.—ffolcus lanatus.

Wild Barley.—Hordeum pratense,

Wild Chess.—Bromus Kalmiz.

Wild Fescue-grass.— Uniolia latifolia.
Wild-goose Wheat.— 77riticum Polonicum.
Wild Millet-grass.—Setaria viridts.

Wild Oat-grass or Oat-grass.—Species of Danthonia, Andropogon
nutans, Arrhenatherum avenaceum.

Wild Oat-grass.—Danthonia spicata, Sorghum nutans, (Chrysopogon
nutans.)

Wild Oats.—Uniola latifolia, Zizania aquatica, and Calamagrostis
Nuttalliana. -

Wild Red-top.— Panicum virgatum.

Wild Rice.—Zzzanta aquatica.

Wild Rye.—Ziymus Virginicus.

Wild Timothy.—Zuhlenbergia glomerata, Setaria viridis.
Wild Water Foxtail-—Alopecurus aristulatus. .
Willard’s Brome-grass.—Bromus secalinus.

Wire-grass.—MMuhlenbergia diffusa, Poa compressa, Aristida stricta,
Cynodon Dactylon, Eleusine Indica, Andropogon scoparius.
Also applied to /auncus species.

Wire-grass, Swamp.—/oa serotina.
Witch-grass.—Agropyrum repens.

Witch-grass, Old.—Panicum capillare.

Wood-grass.— Sorghum nutans, Muhlenbergia Mexicana.
Wood-grass, Finger-spiked.—Axdropogon provincialis.
W ood-grass, Purple.—Andropogon scoparius.

Wood Hair-grass.—Deschampsia flexuosa.

Wood Meadow-grass.—Poa nemoralis,

Wood Reed-grass.— Cinna arundinacea.

Wood Spear-grass.— Poa alsodes.

Woolly Beard-grass.—Erianthus alopecuroides, (£. saccharoides.)
Woolly Soft-grass.—folcus lanatus.
Yard-grass.—Fleusine Indica.

Yellow Fox-tail—Setaria glauca.

Yellow Oat-grass.—Avena flavescens.

“Yerba de Para.”—Panicum molle.

Yorkshire Fog.—/ffolcus lanatus.

Yorkshire White.—Holcus lanatus,

7
— 7

a - Tue Grasses or TENNESSEE. 73

fl2 Ly, Linn.—Indian Corn or Maize.
On ly known as a cultivated cereal, and believed to have come
ed nally from Central or tropical America. Sixty or more
ieties are known, differing in size, and especially i in the form,
olor and size of the kernels.
mm ia aquatica, Michx.—Tuscarora Rice, Water Oats, Water
” Rice, Wild Rice, Indian Rice.
_ A tall reed-like grass, which may be found in the Western
‘pa t of the State, growing in marshy places along the river
pa oms and around ponds. It is more common farther north.
4 The en was formerly gathered by the natives, and used as a

f. —Figures 8 and 12 were kindly loaned by the Agricultural Experiment

of North Carolina. All the other figures of this section were drawn by

riter for Webster’s International Dictionary, and used here by favor of the
hers, Messrs. G. & C. Merriam & Co.

ies a

(II.) DESCRIPTIVE TERMS, WITH ILLUSTRATIONS.

In this section, numerous figures of our native and cultivated
grassesare brought together, chiefly for the purpose of explaining

the application of the terms used to designate the various parts of

grasses. This method of presenting the terms has been adopted
in preference to the usual glossary, and by having them finally
presented in alphabetical order, with figure references, it is hoped
that the present method will prove more satisfactory. By a
careful study of the figures and their accompanying descriptions,
the reader will hardly fail to gain a fair knowledge of the descrip-
tive terms employed in works on grasses. The figures serve a
further purpose of illustrating many of the species named in
Section I. By having the Latin name, it is a simple matter to
refer to Section I, where this name occurs according to its
initial letter, and learn something of the character or habit of
the grass.

Nore: In this Section—
Figures 29, 50 31, 35 (in part), 36, 41, 43, 45 47, 48, 51, 54 (in part), 56, 59, 60,
67, 68 (in part), 69 (in part), 70 (in part), 71 and 72, are alter
Nees (Gen. Pl. Fl. Germ., Vol. I.)
37, 38, 42, 53 and 55, are after Gray, (Manual of Botany.)
5 52, From Botanical Magazine, Pl. 6414.
“= 33, 57, after Trinius (Spec. Gram. Icon.)
“ 35, Le Maout & Decaisne (in part.)
“sy 68, 69, 70, after Mull-Guyot (in part.)
“ 34, 46, 61, loaned by Peter Henderson & Co.
= 28, 44, 49, 52, 58, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, loaned by the North Carolina Agr.
Expr. Station.
= 50, after Beal, (Grasses of North America.)
Py 39, from Hackel’s True Grasses.

ae , oe

76 BuLLETIN V. 2.

Fig. 28. Lolium perenne—Perennial Rye-grass. Figure showing
the habit of growth. At the top of the figure isa portion of one of
the narrow spikes, drawn on a larger scale. Here the single
spikelets, placed with one edge against the main rachis, are sessile,
and hence the inflorescence is a true spike.

Fig. 29. Lolium perenne, L.—Rye-grass. A, upper portion of the
inflorescence, which isa true spike. The spikelets stand with one
of their edges next the rachis. This is shown more clearly in B,
which illustrates a portion of the rachis and a single spikelet with
two of the lower florets expanded. £,-palet. A, fruit.

Fig. 30. Glyceria fluitans, R. Br—Manna-grass. 4, a portion of
the paniculate inflorescence. C, one of the empty glumes, which is
strongly seven-nerved. JZ, palet, strongly two-keeled and bifid at
apex. G, lodicules, thick and truncate. A, grain, the small
embryo shown near the base.

Fig. 31. Bromus mollis, L.—Soft Brome-grass. A, a portion of
the inflorescence, which is a panicle. DxZ, a floret seen from
behind. The flowering glume is notched at the apex, and awned.
fF, the flower; two small lodicules at the base in front, three
stamens with short two-celled anthers borne on slender filaments;
two plumose sessile stigmas inserted or attached on the anterior
side below the summit of the hairy-topped ovary. A, grain seen
from in front; the small oblong scar at the base denotes the
position of the embryo. Az, grain seen from behind; the dark
central line is the narrow or linear hilum.

*

\

\

Ve « th
Nal gs
\ Wyte |
= : ry ‘ 1

‘ _ ‘ rT
THE GRASSES OF TENNESSEE.

78 BuLLeETIN V. 2.

Fig. 32. Huchlena luxurians—Teosinte. The uppermost cut in
the figure shows the staminate or male inflorescence reduced one-
half; to the right below is shown the female inflorescence mostly
concealed within the sheathing leaf; to the left below is shown a
single female or pistillate spike. #, a joint of the rachis of the
female spike. Sf, terminal portion of the stigma.

Fig. 33. TZyripsacum dactyloides L._Gama-grass. A, a portion of
the inflorescence, which is a spike, pistillate spikelets below,
staminate above. A, a joint of the rachis of the pistillate portion
in vertical section. Above this is illustrated one of the pistillate
spikelets, and at the top of the figure is shown one of the two-
flowered staminate spikelets.

—

THE GRASSES OF TENNESSEE.

Fig. 34.

Fig. 34. Teosinte, Euchlena luxurians—Showing its robust
character and habit of throwing up many stalks or culms from a

single root.

80 BULLETIN Vy" 2:

Fig. 35. Zea Mays L.—Indian Corn. In the center above is the
upper part of single stalk, reduced to 1-10 its natural size, showing
the terminal male or staminate inflorescence (the “spindle,” or
“tassel,” ) andin the axil of the third leaf from the base is the female
or pistillate inflorescence enveloped in broad, leafy bracts. At the
base of the figure on the right side this female inflorescence is
shown more clearly; the hair-like tuft at the apex is formed by the
projecting slender styles or stigmas (the “silk.”) To the left at the
base of the figure is shown an “ear” of corn, the kernels being the
matured ovaries from which the styles have disappeared. In the
upper left-hand corner of the figure are two staminate spikelets,
one sessile, the other raised on a short pedicel. #4, a female
spikelet; Cz, C2, C7, empty glumes; D, flowering glume; & and £7,
palets; in the center of this figure is the ovary or young grain
witha portion of the style attached. /, the pistil. G, lodicules.

The flowers of Indian Corn are unisexual, the one male or
staminate, the other female or pistillate; both are born upon the
same plant, but each is in a separate inflorescence.

8]

THe GRASSES OF TENNESSEE.

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es
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. VEPSEEREF SERRE RRR RR,
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82 BULLETIN V.

Fig. 36.

Fig. 36. Panicum miliaceum L.—Millet.. A, a portion of the
paniculate inflorescence. #&, a spikelet. C2 and C3, the second
and third empty glumes which are nearly equal, and much
broader and longer than the first or lowest glume. JD, flowering
glume. £, palet. The ‘hermaphrodite flower—having both
stamens and pistil—stands between the flowering glume and palet.
Ff, flower with the lodicules in front; there are three stamens, and
the ovary is terminated by two slender styles with short, feathery
stigmas. A, fruit seen from the front; the scar on the lower half
represents the embryo.

THe GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. RS

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Fig. 37. Fig. 38.

Fig. 37. Paspalum dilatatum, Poir.—A, a portion of the inflor-
escence. There are two one-sided or unilateral racemes; the
Spikelets are on short pedicels, and crowded so that they are
somewhat imbricated, as illustrated. &, a single spikelet with its
pedicel. C, empty glume. WJ, flowering glume. JZ, palet, with
prolonged incurved edges.

Fig. 38. Elymus Virginicus, L. (After Gray).—&, 8, spikelets
somewhat grown together at the base. C,empty glumes of one of
the spikelets, above which are the florets; the axis to which the
florets are attached is the rachilla. The terminal floret is smaller
than the others and sterile. JD, (lowest figure) flowering glume,
which is awned from the point. Z, palet. Between the glume
and palet is the flower.

Fig. 39. Pennisetum typhoideum, Rich.—Pearl Millet. A,upper
part of culm, showing the cylindrical spike-like panicle and
uppermost lanceolate leaf. &, a couple of spikelets, surrounded by
numerous ciliated bristles. These fall with the spikelets.

Fig. 4o. Panicum sanguinale L.—Crab-grass. A, upper portion
of a single stem and inflorescence. This last consists, of several
slender one-sided racemes crowded at the end of the stalk. a, a
single spikelet, showing the first and third glumes. b, the same
seen from the other side, showing the second glume, which is

about one-half the length of the smooth flowering glume which it
partly covers. |

BuuLETIN: Wises = »

THE GRASSES OF TENNESSEPR.

8h

86 BOLLE VS ee

Fig. 41. Setaria glauca, Beauv.—Yellow Fox-tail. <A, inflores-
cence, which is a bristly, cylindrical, spike-like panicle. BxZ;
spikelet with an involucre of bristles. &, spikelet. WD, flowering
glume. 4, palet from which the feathery stigmas are protruding.

Fig. 42. Muhlenbergia diffusa, Schreb., above, Muhlenbergia sylvatica,
Torr., below. Upper &, spikelet of M. diffusa. Upper C, empty
glumes of same; these are very small; the flowering glume is
terminated by a long, slender awn. JB, (in lower part of Fig.)
spikelet of M. sylvatica; the empty glumes are slightly unequal,
the second a little longer than the flowering glume, which is long-
awned from near the apex. Lower C, empty glumes. JD, flowering
glume. JZ, palet.

Fig. 43. Oryza sativa.—Rice. A, a portion of the inflorescence.
&,aspikelet, the flowering glume is ciliate on the back, like the
palet, and raised above the two small lower empty glumes ona short
pedicel. #, the flower showing the two lodicules at the base in
front; stamens six; styles, two, apparently terminal.

Fig. 44. Anthoxanthum odoratum.—Sweet Vernal-grass. Figure
showing habit of growth. To the left is the upper portion of a
single stalk, showing more clearly the spike-like panicle.

Fig. 45. Anthoxanthum odoratum L.—Sweet Vernal-yrass. JS,
spikelet. Cy, C2, two outer empty glumes; C3 and Cy, two inner
bifid or cleft and awned empty glumes attached to the rachilla at
the base of the floret, and at maturity they fall with it. D, the
flowering glume from which project two feathery stigmas, and the
two stamens with long versatile anthers.

_ ve

P= aye

THe GRASSES OF TENNESSEE.

45.

Fig.

88 BULLETIN (Ve (22.

Fig. 46.

Fig. 46. Phleum pratense—Timothy. Figure showing the habit
of growth of a robust group of the plants. To the left is
illustrated an upper portion of a single stalk, to show more clearly
the dense, cylindrical, spike-like panicle.

Fig. 47. Phleum pratense, L.—Timothy. J, a spikelet; the very
abruptly pointed empty glumes, which are ciliate along the keels,
are spread slightly to show more clearly the single floret within;
the three stamens and two stigmas project beyond the flowering
glume and palet. S4.7.,a mature spikelet containing the ripened
fruit. /, the pistil, ovary at base, two slender styles terminated
by the plumose stigmas’ G, lodicules (two in number) at base of
ovary. A, fruit.

¢

Tue GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. it)

Fig. 48.

Fig. 48. Alopecurus pratensis, L—Meadow Fox-tail. 4A, the inflor-
escence, which is a dense, cylindrical, spike-like panicle. JB,
spikelet. The outer ciliate and nearly equal empty glumes are
spread apart above, revealing the upper portion of the awned
flowering glume, from whose oblique apex project the three
stamens and two feathery stigmas. //, the pistil entire, the ovary
below, the stigmas above, these connected by the long and slender
style. A, fruit.

Fig. 49. Alopecurus pratensis—Meadow Fox-tail. Figure showing
/ habit of growth. To the left is a portion of a single stalk,
showing the very narrow spike-like panicle.

¢ es

(ees eee

90 BULLETIN V. 2.

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A Fig. 50.

Fig 50. Holcus lanatus, L.--Velvet-grass. A, the inflorescence, which
is a rather densely-flowered panicle, with spreading branches. a,a
spikelet expanded in flower. b, the same with the large empty
glumes removed, showing more clearly the two florets: the first or
lowest floret has stamens and pistil, the second, stamens only; the
first flowering glume is awnless, the second bears a slender,
curved awn.

Fig. 51. Agrostis alba, L.—Red-top. A, inflorescence, a diffuse
panicle. JZ, spikelet from same, one flowered. JZ, palet; in this

the empty glumes have been removed and the flowering glume, D,
stands to the right.

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92 BULLETIN V.*° 2:

Fig. 53. Bouteloua racemosa, Lag.—Tall Grama. A, a portion of
the inflorescence showing several of the short diverging or
deflexed, unilateral spikes. C, empty glumes of a spikelet. D,
flowering glume, which is three-toothed at apex. Z, palet. O,
three-awned prolongation of the rachilla behind the palet.

Fig.54. ragrostis minor, Host.—Candy-grass. JS, spikelet, many
flowered. D, flowering glume seen from the back. Z&, palet, ciliate
on the curved keels. G, lodicule. #&, rachilla of the spikelet from
which the empty and flowering glumes have fallen, leaving the
persistent palets.

Fig. 55. Oniola latifolia, L.—&, a spikelet which is about ten-
flowered. C,empty glume. WD, flowering glume. Z, palet. Within
D and £ is the flower, consisting of a single stamen and the pistil,
which has two styles and two feathery stigmas. The flower,
together with the flowering glume and palet, we term the floret.

Fig. 56. Cynodon Dactylon, Pers—Bermuda-grass. <A, inflores-
cence; there are five slender unilateral, diverging spikes all
springing from the apex of the stalk or culm; when the spikes arise
in this way they are termed dgitate. Az, a portion of one of the
spikes enlarged seen from the back. 42, the same seen in front.
&,a single spikelet, which is one-flowered; the first glumeis very
narrow and sharp-pointed, the second glume is very much broader
and rough along the keel. Above the narrow first glume is the
broad flowering glume, opposite to which is the palet. Behind the
palet there is usually a short bristle-like prolongation of the
rachilla, not shown in figure.

Fig. 57. Briza maxima, L.—Quaking-grass. A, a portion of the
inflorescence showing three of the large, ovate, many-flowered
spikelets. D, flowering glume seen from the side. C, empty
glume. Z, palet. .

THE GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 93

94 BuLieETIN.V. 2.

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Fig. 60.

Fig. 58. Dactylis glomerata—Orchard-grass. A figure illustrating
the habit of growth. To the right is shown the inflorescence
drawn on a slightly larger scale; the spikelets are crowded in one-
sided clusters, (glomerate.)

Fig. 59. Dactylis glomerata, L.—Orchard-grass. #&, spikelet. The
stigmas are projecting from the sides of the florets, and extending
above the terminal floret are three stamens with long anthers.

Fig. 60. Poa pratensis, L.—Kentucky Blue-grass. J, spikelet.
Cz, C2, empty glumes. WJ, flowering glume. JZ, palet. The
stigmas and stamens are projecting from between the flowering
glumesand palets. J, fruiting glumein cross section. The lower
portion of the flowering glumes, along the nerves, is clothed
with fine woolly hairs. The spikelet is three-flowered; the rachilla
extends above the third floret as a slender, naked prolongation.

Tue GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 95

sles

Fig 61. Poa arachnifera.—Texas Blue-grass. Showing the habit
of the grass and its creeping underground stems or rhizomes,
popularly called “roots.’”’” Drawn over the figure is a single stalk
of the grass showing more clearly the leaves and the contracted,
rather densely-flowered and interrupted panicle, usually called by
the farmer, the “head.”

96 BULLETIN Y-- 2.

of the plant. To the left is the upper part of a single stalk,
showing more clearly the inflorescence.

Fig. 63. Festuca duriuscula.—Hard Fescue. A figure showing a
bunch of the grass. To the left is a portion of the culm, showing
the panicle more clearly, and to the right a single spikelet is
illustrated.

97

Fig. 64. Festuca ovina—Sheep’s Fescue. Figure showing the
tufted or cespitose habit of the grass. To the left is shown the
paniculate inflorescence drawn on a larger scale.

a:

Fig. 65. Poa trivialis—Rough-stalked Meadow-grass. An illus-

tration of a group of the plants in flower. To the right is showna
portion of the inflorescence drawn upon a larger scale.

98 BULLETEN: V2.2.

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Fig. 66. Festuca elatior—Tall Meadow Fescue. Shows the habit
: of.growth. To the right are a couple of spikelets, illustrated on a
: larger scale.

THE GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. Q9

Fig. 67.

Fig. 68. A

Fig. 67. Agropyrum repens, Beauv.—Couch-grass. A, a portion
of the inflorescence, which isa spike. The spikelets are sessile
and placed with their sides towards the axis or rachis to which
they are attached. J#,a single spikelet; the pistils and stamens
are projecting from the two lower florets, the anthers falling down
below. C,empty glume. VD, flowering glume, which is mucronate
pointed, as figured. A, the fruit or grain, which is pubescent at
the apex.

Pig. 68. Secale cereale, L.—Rye. A, the inflorescence, which is a
spike, popularly called the “head.” J, a spikelet, which is two-
flowered. Cv, C2, empty glumes. JD, flowering glume, which is
long awned from the apex. Z&, palet. Av, X2, the fruit or grain,
front and side views. A 3, the grain in cross-section.

a ie , wes (ta, i
3 ae 7

100 : BuLLETIN V. 2.

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Fig. 69.
Fig. 69. Hordeum sativum, var. vulgare—Common four-rowed

barley. A single “head” or spike. The flowering glumes are
terminated by very long and scabrous awns.

Fig. 70. Hordeum sativum, var. hexastichon.—Six-rowed barley.
B3,agroup of three spikelets, the awns partly removed. JZ, asingle
spikelet seen from behind, the awn wholly removed. Jv, a single
spikelet seen from in front. /, the flower showing the lodicules
in front, the stamens, the hairy ovary, one of the sessile plumose
stigmas, and a portion of the other. Az, the fruit seen from in
front, small embryo shown near the base. 2, the same seen from
behind, showing the linear hilum.

Tue GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 101

Al kz DY

Pig. 71. Triticum sativum, L.—Wheat. Az, a “head” or spike of
Beardless Wheat. A, a single spikelet; the two uppermost florets
are reduced to small sterile or empty glumes. C, empty glume
seen from theside. Cx, the same seen from the back. JD, flowering
glume. AZ, palet. Az,grainseen infront. A2, the same seen from
the back. #, a portion of the rachis or axis of the spike. //, the
pistil which bears two nearly sessile, plumose stigmas. G,
lodiculees. A2, a “head” or spike of Bearded Wheat.

102 BuLLeETIN V. 2:

Fig. 72. Avena sativa, L.—Oats. A, a portion of the inflorescence
which is a simple, open panicle. #, a spikelet, two-flowered, with
a sterile rudiment terminating the rachilla. C, one of the broad,
lanceolateempty glumes, ZD, a flowering glume; this bears an awn
on the back just below the two-toothed apex. //, pistil; the ovary
of which is very hairy. G, lodicules.

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF TERMS.

The numbers refer to the foregoing Figures.

Anthers, 31. Flowers (continued)
versatile, 45. staminate — with stamens

Cespitose, 64. only.

Ciliate, 48, 54. unisexual, 35.

Ciliate (glumes), 43 47, 48. Glumes:

Digitate, 56. awned, 45, 50, 58.

Embryo, 30. awnless, 50.

Filaments, 31. ciliate, 17, 48:

Floret, 29,32, 55: empty, 36, 38, 42.

Flowers: flowering, 42, 48, 51.
hermaphrodite, 36. mucronate, 67.

pistillate—with pistils only. nerved, 30.

2s (continued)
st - rile, 71.
uM equal, 42.

x lilu oe:
Inflorescence:

bi 2male, 32.
ale, 32.
P aniculate, 30, 31, 36, 64.
illate, 35.
simple panicle, 72.
sp ‘Ke, 29, 33, 67, 71.
ike-like, 41, 46.
aminate, 32, 35.

inila eral spikes, 52.

, od ica” 3°, 43, 47, 71.
ucronate, 67.
48.
. f, at; 7°, 72.
rale t, 41, 42, 5I.
o1n 4, 30.
hy keele Ud, 3°, 54.
Panicle, 31, 52.
se, 51.
%, simple 72.
ere <e-like, 39; 46, 48.
moe (se
Pistil, 4 style, tas
4 stigma,

as

; THe GRASSES OF TENNESSEE.

1 lermz aphrodite flower, 36.

ss

Raceme:
one-sided, 4o.
unilateral, 37.

Rachilla, 36, 60.
prolonged, 53, 6o.

Rachis, 29, 71.

Rhizome, 61.

Spike, 2y, 33, 67, 71.
digitate, 56.
pistillate, 32.
unilateral, 53.

Spikelets, 29, 48, 50, 51.
female, 35.
imbricated, 37.
male, 35.

many-flowered, 57, 59.

one-flowered, 51, 56.
pistillate, 33.
staminate, 33, 35.
two-flowered, 33.

with involucre, 39, 41.

Stamens, 43, 45.

Stigmas, 47, 48.
feathery, 36.
plumose, 47.
sessile, 71.

Style, 48.

Unisexual flower, 35.

|
|

(III.) GRASSES—GRAMINEZ.

CHARACTERS OF THE ORDER.—Fibrous-rooted, annual or perennial,
herbaceous plants (among our species Arundinaria alone is woody),
with usually hollow, cylindrical (rarely flattened) and jointed
stems (cu/ms) whose internodes for more or less of their length
are completely enveloped by the sheath-like basal portion of the
-two-ranked and usually linear, parallel-veined leaves.

Flowers without any distinct perianth, hermaphrodite or rarely
unisexual, solitary or several together, in spikelets, these disposed
in panicles, racemes or spikes, and consisting of a shortened axis
(the rachil/la) and two or more chaff-like, distichous bracts (g/umes)
of which the first two, rarely one or none or more than two, are
empty («mpty glumes); in the axil of each of the succeeding bracts
(excepting sometimes the uppermost) is borne a flower, (hence these
are named flowering glumes.) Opposed to each flowering glume, with
its back turned towards the rachilla, is (usually) a two nerved,
two-keeled bract or prophyllum (the fa/et), which frequently
envelopes the flower by its infolded edges. This bract is the
prophyilum of the extremely short axis or branch, which supports
the flower; its absence indicates that the flower is strictly sessile or
inserted directly on the rachilla; the rachilla or axis of the spikelet
may or may not be produced beyond the palet. At the base of
the flower, between it and its glume, are usually two very small
hyaline scales (/odicules); rarely there is a third lodicule between
the flower and the palet. Stamens, usually three (rarely two or
one, or more than three) with very slender filaments and two-
celled, versatile anthers. Pistil with a omne-celled, one-ovuled
ovary, and one to three, usually two, styles with variously branched,
most frequently plumose, stigmas. Fruit, a true caryopsis, rich in
albumen. (In Sporobolus and Eleusine the fruit is autricle, the seed
being loose within the thin pericarp.) Embryo small, lying at
the front and base of the seed, covered only by the thin pericarp.

The organs or parts of grasses, as in other plants, are those of
vegetation and those of reproduction: to the first belong the root,
stem or culm, and leaves; to the second the stamens and pistils.

Tue Roor.—Grass roots are always fibrous. The more or less
strong underground rhizomes are often called roots; they are not
roots, but are specially modified stems.

Tue Stem.—Grass stems are always branched at the base, and
occasionally in their upper portions. If the branches are all
(105)

;
:

|. = —. ——— nae’) a “i aw ee

106 BuLLeTIN V. 2.

apparently at the root, the culms are said to be simple. Sometimes
the stems or branches ascend immediately, standing vertically,
when they are termed erect; they may spread a little at first, and
then assume an erect position, the lowermost joints being bent or
kneed; such culms are said to be geniculate at base. The basal
branches may lie flat upon the ground and spread more or less
extensively, taking root at the usually numerous joints, and at
definite points sending up erect flowering branches, or branches
bearing leaves only; such grasses are said to have a creeping habit.
Again, one or more of the lowermost branches may not come to
the surface at all, or until it has extended through the soil fora
greater or less distance. These form the “creeping roots” of
grasses, but as just stated, they are true stems or branches, for
they are always distinctly jointed, and at the joints there are
scale—-like leaves—characters never found in roots. The joints of
these underground stems may be very short, and from each node
may spring a flowering branch. So condensed may this growth be
that the rhizome is entirely concealed, but in perennial grasses it
is always present, and in the best turf or sward-forming grasses it
is manifest enough. In couch-grass, and especially in Johnson
grass, these rhizomes are greatly developed, penetrating the soil
in all directions, forming a sward that is excedingly difficult to
break.

Grass stems are usually round or cylindrical, rarely flattened,
and generally hollow between the joints or nodes (solid or with
pith in the Andropogons, Indian Corn, and a few other grasses.)

Tue Leaves.—The leaves of grasses have two distinct parts: the
sheath and the dlade. Thesheath, or basal portion, usually closely
surrounds the stem, and is split or open upon the side opposite the
blade, or is entire, then forming a closed cylindrical sheath about
the stem. When split, the free edges usually overlap each other.
At the top of the leaf-sheath, at the point where the blade
originates, there is upon the inside usually a thin and delicate
prolongation, often very short, called the /gu/e. Sometimes the
ligule takes the form of afringe of hairs. The leaf-blade is
generaily narrow, usually many times longer than broad, with
nearly parallel edges. Such leaves are called /imear. From this
form the leaves may vary to lanceolate or ovate in outline. Some-
times the narrow leaves have their edges rolled inwards, when
they are said to be.znvolute. Occasionally the leaf-blade is very
short, and sometimes it is wanting altogether. As to the surfaces
of the leaves and sheaths, they may be smooth or rough, or more
or less hairy. ;

The position of the leaves on the stem is to be noted as affording
an easy character for distinguishing grasses from the nearly allied

THe GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 107

sedges. Starting with any leaf on the stem of a grass, the next
leaf above will be exactly on the opposite side of the stem, while
the next or second leaf above will stand directly over the starting-
point. Such an arrangement is called distichous or two-ranked;
i. e., in counting two leaves from the first we pass completely
around the stem, In sedges the leaf-arrangement is three-ranked;
it is the third leaf from the first which stands directly above
the first.

Tue FLowers.—The flowers of grasses possess only the essential
organs—the stamens and /Pisti/s, Sometimes these organs are
separated, when the flowers are either male or staminate (con-
taining stamens only), or female or Piséi//ate (containing pistils
only.) These staminate and pistillate flowers may occupy different
parts of the same plant or (more rarely) entirely distinct plants.
Flowers having both stamens and pistils are termed hermaphrodite.

In each flower there are usually three stamens. These have
very slender /i/aments, and usually versatile, two-celled anthers,
which are pale yellow, sometimes nearly white, or purple, or some
shade of red. The pistil consists of the ovary and usually two
feathery stigmas, which may be sessile or raised on short styles.

The fruit or ripened ovary constitutes the “grain.” This isa
true caryopsis, i. e., a dry one-seeded fruit in which the outer
covering or fericarp is closely adherent to the seed. The “grass
seed” of commerce consists of the grain enveloped usually in
more or less “chaff.”’

Arrangement of the Flowers. The arrangement of the flowers in
grasses is peculiar. They are situated in what are termed sfckelets,
either solitary (one-flowered spikelets,) or two or more together
(two to several or many-flowered spikelets.) Each flower is
located in the axil of a chaff-like bract or glume called the /flower-
ing glume. At the base of the spikelet there are usually two
bracts or glumes having no flowers in their axils; these are the
outer or empty glumes. The axis to which these glumes are at-
tached is termed the rachi//la, and between each flower and this
‘rachilla there is usually a two-nerved bract, the fa/ea or palet.
In one-flowered spikelets where there is no extension or pro-
longation of the rachilla, this palet is apparently opposite the
flowering glume. The lower pair of glumes—the empty ones—
often differ from each other in size or length, and sometimes,
though rarely, one or both are absent. The glumes may be
awned or “bearded,” or awnless; they may be sharp-pointed, obtuse
or toothed at the apex; they may be nerveless or one-to many-
nerved. As to other variations it is necessary to refer the reader
to the larger descriptive works on botany.*

*The more important works relating to grasses are included in Section IV.

108 BuiLeriow Wee ee.

The arrangement of the spikelets upon the stem constitutes
what istermed the inflorescence, or what we often hear erroneously
called the “head.”’ If that portion of the main axis or stem which
bears the spikelets is unbranched so that these are sessile (i. e.,
without pedicels), the inflorescence is a true spike, e. g., wheat,
rye-grass; when the main axis is branched, each branch forming a
pedicel to a single spikelet, the inflorescence is a raceme. ‘This
form isnot common. Usually the primary branches branch again
and again, resulting in the formation of a panicle. The panicle
may be open or widely spreading, as in oats or in Kentucky blue-
grass; or, if the branches are very short, it may be narrow and
spike-like asin timothy or in meadow fox-tail. All gradations
of form between these two extremes occur. |

Key to the Genera of the Native and Cultivated Grasses of
Tennessee.

The numbers té the right refer to the numbers at the left.

1. Spikelets one- rarely two-flowered (when two-flowered the
second or terminal flower is perfect, the one below being
either staminate or neuter,) falling from the pedicels entire,
or together with certain joints of the rachis. i Series: ay
PANICACE Al.) . 2. 2. seein ae ee ee eg 2

1. Spikelets one- to many-flowered (when more than one-flower-
ed the imperfect flower, if any, is uppermost,) lower empty
glumes usually remaining after the fall of the fruiting

glumes. (Series ‘B. POACH Al) 22>. 2.2 ee 16
2: Spikelets terete or flattened on the back. ..552-. 22. 3
2. Spikelets strongly flattened laterally (Tribe OryzE@)....... 14

. Spikelets all unisexual, plants moncecious (Tribe MAyDE#).. 4
. Spikelets hermaphrodite, or staminate and hermaphrodite,
the former standing near the latter... -..:-2 44306 ee eer

WD W

4. Pistillate and staminate spikelets each in a separate inflor-
escence, the former axillary, the latter terminal <7) sees

4. Pistillate and staminate spikelets in the same inflorescence,
the axis of the former articulated between each spikelet.
(See Fig: 23:) 2.5. ifthe Sena eee 3. Tripsacum.

5. Pistillate spikes distinct, fasciculate, their axes articulated
(See Fig. 32.) aoa 5.5 Sh0 teo.e eee 1. Euchlena.
5. Pistillate spikes grown together forming a compound, con-
tinuous and much thickened axis (the “cob.”). .. 2. Zea.

6. Axis of the inflorescence articulated (continuous in the cul-
tivated Miscanthus,) flowering glume hyaline (Tribe An-
DROPOGONEAE.) (os. oo = sons 5 we onis hain bine Sees ee ee 7

6. Axis of the inflorescence continuous, flowering glume in-
durated or firmer in texture than the empty glumes (Tribe
PANICEZ! ) 2s 5.554.000 ee ee eee ee ree ore ri 10

~

oso nono

rT.

Il,

12.
I2.

13.
«>
14.

14.

15.
.

16.

16.

17.

17.

8.
18.

. Empty glumes four, the third and fourth very unlike the

Tue GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 109

. Spikelets heterogamous;in pairs, one sessile, hermaphrodite;
one pedicellate, staminate or neuter.. .. 6. Andropogon.

aes SM se Geiss o< ylve'd u's. 0s de elt cece sees 8

. Spikelets awnless ..............008- ..... .. 4 Saccharum.

aay od IR Ca b'0. 40.4 0's ws oh 0.0 0 oa + 665.508 9

. Racemes forming a broad, fan-shaped panicle. .3. Miscanthus.

. Racemes upon an elongated main axis forming a much
branched panicle, branches articulated ..... 5, Erianthus.

. Glumes (including the flowering) three ...... 7. Paspalum.

. Glumes four, the lowest usually smaller than the others

tf MEME JLETOTIRE). 0 osc cc cccecsesscerccecige: II

Spikelets surrounded by an involucre consisting of one to
many bristles, which are sometimes grown together be-

coming bur- >) SN aE Sas Ey Se aa 12
Spikelets not surrounded by bristles or special covering. .
8 he Ge en ree 8. Panicum.
Bristles persistent (See Fig. 41.).............0. 9. Setaria.
Emission WIth CHE SPIKCIOtS oo... ae ewes ceesces 13
Bristles grown together at the base, forming a bur-like cover-
ing over the spikelets......... .. aS ca 10. Cenchrus.
III soo" whi ojos dcicd sn censs'e eee 11. Pennisetum.

Spikelets unisexual, moncecious, ovate or elliptical, the pistil-
late above and the staminate below in the same inflor-

IE TT ae ol se St. ck N se eeeaves tees 12. Zizaniopsis.
EMRE SIOTINADNIOGILE | a eevee swede secs neceeerece 15
Empty glumes two,small. (See Fig. 43.) ....... 13. Oryza.
Meee SPITIIMGS MONG... . 2... 6. ces ceessces ... 14. Leersia.
Culms perennial, woody, leaf-blade articulated with the

sheath (Tribe BamBusE#.) .. ........... 64. Arundinaria.
Culms annual, herbaceous, leaf-blade continuous with the

Ee PES ee cadences sacs tid dceeecces 17
Spikelets distinctly pedicellate, in racemes or panicles (these

SL) Oe ee en 18
Spikelets sessile, in true spikes, (sometimes on very short

pedicels and then in one-sided or unilateral racemes) ....36
Spikelets one-flowered.. eee 19
emmmeees two to Many-flowered ..........2.5.. ccc es cceceee 30

first and second and falling with the fruiting glume
EMA ARMA Da Bdca vacp ass ccn scene =seucecscecee 20

. Empty glumes two....... EE Maia sa be kivinera vob Sarig' Mee 21

. Third and fourth glumes reduced to narrow scales or bristles,

SS SE GEES TORE SS eS ey oy 15. Phalaris.

. Third and fourth glumes smaller than the first and second,

See OG ad. AG) oi. cies cies see. 16. Anthoxanthum.

30.

31.

32..

BULLETIN V.-. ‘*2;

. Grain closely enveloped by the fruiting glume which is

firmer in texture than the empty ones. (Sub-tribe S#pee)22

. Grain loosely or not at all enclosed by the hyaline or mem-

branaceous euner) glumes, bagel tribes Phleoidee and

PEEET OSCR EN | o caste eo ae eee il
. Rachilla prolonged beyond the palea 20 Brachyelytrum
. Rachilla not prolonged beyond the palea.... . . 23
. Flowering glume witha trifidawn ...... 17. Aristida.
. Flowering glume mucronate-pointed or with a simple awn..24
. Awn twisted and geniculate wa Be tax elon bel eg 18. Stipa.
Awn straight, sometimes reduced to.a mucro . .2. 782) 03e0ee

WF DT Riga one pee ewdstheesecachaaso aces Ae hn

. Spikelets in a cylindrical, spike-like panicle, empty glumes

ciliate along Tie heels... 25s ee ee 26.

. Spikelets not in a cylindrical spike-like panicle, empty

glumes not cihate:.... 2X7) es ay

. Empty glumes abruptly awn-pointed, persistent; palea pres-

ent, flowering glumes awnless..... “i 21. Phleum.

Empty glumes not awn-pointed, falling with the fruiting

glume; palea none, flowering glume awned on the back.
PER AME \ASi) os On <A Aategelnuee Cah eee .. 22. Alopecurus.

. Flowering glume one-nerved, longer than the empty ones.

VE We De So A Nee 9 ele ey 23. Sporobolus.

. Flowering glume vee to five- nerved, shorter than the empty

GUC Sas soaked ee odes No Ao a aa aa ge ae <i a 28

. Flowering glume raised on a distinct, naked wages of the

rachilla: stamenjome (Noli. ah ae eee Cinna.

Flowering glume not raised on a distinct ee of the

fachilla; stamens three <<....22 vcs saree oe 29

. Callus with long hairs (at least half as long as the flowering

glume); rachilla continued beyond the palea ..._ 7. uaueae
Pe ROE Oy et en LE eee a: 26. Calamagrostis.

. Callus naked (or with a few very short hairs only); rachilla

“not prolonged behind the paleai... = sheer 25. Agrostis.

. Flowering glumes usually shorter than the empty ones,

bearing a twisted or geniculate awn (some cultivated forms
excepted) on the back or between the teeth of the bifid
apex (Tribe AVENEZ.).. 31
Flowering ylumes usually longer than the empty ones,
awnless or bearing a (straight rarely bent) awn at or just
below the entire or two-toothed apex (Tribe Festuce#.) 44

. Flowering glumes thin and scarious, apex irregularly denti-

culate, slender-awned on the back from near the base. 28.

DL ahaa Fibre Chee ie. eee i: 28. Deschampsia.

Flowering glumes of firmer texture, entire, two-toothed or
two-celett'at thée-apex tse 32

Spikelets strictly two-flowered, one of the flowers staminate 33

THE GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 111

. Spikelets two to many-flowered, all the howers hermaphrodite

or the uppermost imperfect or rudimentary . ......... 34

. Lower flower staminate, its glume long-awned on the back

mnt Tear the base .....cces coo vee 31. Arrhenatherum.

. Lower flower hermaphrodite, its glume awnless. 27. Holcus.

. Fowering glumes thin and hyaline, carinate, awned from

UC Sa .29. Trisetum.
Flowering glumes herbaceo- chartaceous, ‘rounded on the

back, two-toothed or bifid at apex, awned between the

teeth Se eae fe AG TP See aes 35

. Awn terete, proceeding from the mid-nerve only. 30. Avena.
. Awn flat below, formed by the union of the three middle

MememsOr the ClUMES. ..6.....0..0s sconces 32. Danthonia.

. Spikelets sessile or nearly so, in two rows along one side of

the continuous axis forming unilateral racemes or spikes,
these racemed or digitate. (Tribe CHLORIDE#) . 37

. Spikelets in opposite rows along a jointed rachis, forming a

two-sided or equilateral, terminal spike. (Tribe "HorvE&. ) 59

. Spikes terminal or nearly so, digitate or whorled. (Fig. 56.) 38
. Spikes (or one-sided racemes) scattered along a common

EE UIC DS ae Sin wld piste) sas» aoe vnionnadeeeeees 41
. Spikes slender, one hermaphrodite flower and a sterile
rudiment of a second flower in each spikelet ............ 39
. Spikes stout, with two to several hermaphrodite flowers in
mum Bimelet’ >.......... pM Sp AEP eee Bee as a irae 40
. Flowering glume and rudiment awned ........ 35. Chloris.
. Flowering glume and rudiment awnless .... ..33. Cynodon.

. Axis of the spike projecting beyond the spikelets, second

empty glume awn-pointed .......... 39. Dactyloctenium.

. Axis of the spike with a terminal spikelet, none of the

NE: rr 38. Eleusine.

. Spikelets strictly one-flowered, no prolongation of the

rachilla or rudiment of a second flower, crowded and
SemmeAe IBEUCNEG 25... easer<- + .s-. 34. Spartina.

. Spikelets two to three- flowered, or at least with the rachilla

prolonged beyond the first ee 42

‘ Spikes short (one inch or less), flowering glume trifid, the

divisions subulate or awn-pointed. (Fig. 53.) 37. Bouteloua.

. Spikes (or racemes) very slender, filiform, (two to six inches

long); flowering glume not COE Seana aT 43

Spikelets with only one hermaphrodite flower, its glume
bearing a slender awn just below the bifid apex ..........

=> is eer 36. Gymnopogon.

. Spikelets with two to four hermaphrodite flowers, glumes

ewniess........ Sete ee eee cece cree eens 40. Leptochloa.

a1?

44.

44.

45.

BULLETIN: V2> 2.

Rachilla or flowering glume, at least of the fertile flower,
with long hairs which equal or exceed the glumes in

length oo. cseas lh gh thee, aiek ce 45
Rachilla or flowering elumes naked or with hairs much

shorter than the glumes... +: 2... #220... ee 47
Spikelets unisexual (plants dicecious); the staminate spikelets
naked; culms solid... . . 41. Gynerium.

Spikelets hermaphrodite; culms hollow.... .+:.5:-naaa 46
. Hairs. on the @lunes only... -sucs ciepebelaeee ....42. Arundo.
. Hairs on the rachili4 aly ):.<.--.cee eS caste 45. Phragmites.

. Flowering glumes three-nerved, the middle as well as the

marginal lateral nerves silky-villous below, and extended
beyond the glumes into three mucronate points.44. Triodia.

. Flowering glumes three to many-nerved, lateral nerves not

marginal nor extended beyond the glume.........202 ee 48

. Flowering glumes three-nerved, falling w’th the grain in

advance of the paleas which remain actached to the

continuous rachilla. (See Fig. 54.) ...... 45. Eragrostis.
. Flowering glumes and paleas falling together, each glume
carrying ajoint of the articulate rachilla ~~. 2 a
. Empty glumes three to six at the base of each spikelet.
aire Pa . 49. Uniola. —
; Empty elumes two at the base of the spikelet ae 50°
. Spikelets heart-shaped at the base, glumes ventricose....
(See. Fig 6 7.) .~ saan, amet ee ee 50. Briza.
. Spikelets not heart- shaped, glumes not ventricosé 32 a42eeee 51
. Flowering glumes three-nerved, rounded on the back,
coriaceous, subulate-pointed...... Tete 48. Diarrhena.
Flowering glumes three to many nerved, herbaceous,
membranaceous, or chartacéous)..44 22:1 2 ee 52

. Terminal sterile florets in each spikelet club-shaped, flowering

glumes DeveEy -membranaceous with a broad and scarious
apes oe ..47. Melica.

. Empty glumes nearly equal in length, but very dissimilar;

the first narrowly linear, one nerved; the second broadly
obovate, folded around the florets, three-nerved..
(ha Er pcan are Gn se ee Eatonia.

: Empty glumes similar, but often of unequal length. rie

Spikelets crowded in one-sided clusters on spreading
branches, flowering glumes awn-pointed and strongly
ciliate on the: keel above <.i.. eee ee 51. Dactylis.

. Spikelets not crowded in one-sided clusters ....... ... 55

. Spikelets of two forms, fertile and sterile, the latter pectinate

and standing with the fertile; inflorescence terminal,
spike-like ‘2. -: bu Sie a eee eee 52. Cynosurus.

. Spikelets all alike==, go. 5 Voie see ee 56

THe GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 113

56. Flowering glumes compressed, keeled, usually bearing a tuft
of cobwebby hairs at the base, and sometimes soft hairs on
the more prominent nerves below. (See Fig. 60.) 53. Poa.

56. Flowering glumes rounded on the back, naked or pubes-
cent, not cobwebby at base (spikelets much flattened and
glumes compressed in Bromus unioloides.)... ... ren tees T

57 Styles inserted below the apex of the ovary, which has a

hairy, cushion-like summit. (See Fig. 31.) ..56. Bromus.

57. Styles terminal; grain smooth .............6.0-esseeeeeees 58

58. Flowering glumes awnless, nerves prominent..54. Glyceria.
58. Flowering glumes often awned, nerves indistinct (visible

EE ES ee re 55. Festuca.
59. Spikelets single at each joint of the rachis ....... = 60
59. Spikelets two or more at each joint of the rachis ...... ... 63

60. Spikelets placed edgewise to the rachis; empty glume (except

in the terminal spikelet) one. (See Fig. 29.) 57. Lolium.
60. Spikelets placed with their sides against the rachis, empty
glumes two ........ SS ern ere: eee 61

61. Flowering glumes with a distinct callus, falling at maturity
with the grain, which is adherent to the palea. (See

SE OS | ae 58. Agropyrum.

61. Flowering glumes without a distinct callus, persistent;
MMERCET OO 5 mrs oe ES wie 'eh'n aces (he waiep was 62

62. Empty glumes subulate, one-nerved ... 59. Secale.
62. Empty glumes lanceolate or ovate, three to many-nerved

Bae ao ere eee aw tye... --. CO. Triticum.
63. Spikelets with only one hermaphrodite flower. 61. Hordeum.
63. Spikelets with two or more hermaphrodite flowers ......... 64
64. Empty glumes nearly ee the flowering glumes .

0 a Se res iin ewes, On Elymus.
64. Empty glimes, minute or none................ 63. Asprella.

Figures 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 87, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 45, 47, 48, 51, 53, 54, 55,
56, 57, 59, 60, 67, 68, 70, 71 and 72 are from electrotpyes which were obtained by
purchase from Wilhelm Engelmann, of Leipzig, publishers of ‘‘Die Naturlichen

anzenfamilien.”’

(IV.) WORKS ON GRASSES. ;

A list of works more or less relating to grasses in the library of
the Station, or belonging to the writer. The former are marked
with a *

Aitchison. List of the Graminee of the Kuran Valley. Extr. from Journ. Linn.
Soc’y. Aug. 1880, pp. 105-111. A copy in MS.

Andersson, N.T. Graminew Scandinavie. S8vo., 212 pp. plates 12. 1852.

— Monographie Andropogonearum, I, Anthistiriew. 4to., pp. 27 plate 1. 1856.

Bailey, F.M. A few Queensland Grasses, with short notes, range of each species,
etc. 12mo. pamphlet, pp. 30. 1888.

Ball, J. Spicilegium Flore Moroccune. Pub. in Journ. Linn. Soc’y, Vol. XVI.
An MS. copy of the Graminew enumerated. 1878.

Batchelor, D. Economic Grasses and the Formation of Permanent Meadows,
Pastures and Lawns. Pamphlet, Svo., pp. 32, figs. 8.

Beal, W. J. Grasses of North America. Vol. I., 8vo, pp. 457, illustrate’. A
valuable popular work. 1867.*

Bentham, G. Notes on Graminee. Extr. from Journ. Linn. Soc’y., Botany
ary, 8vo., pp. 134. Thisand Hackel’s True Grasses, are inv aluable to the
student of rasses.

— Plante Hartwegiane, the Graminex only. An MS. copy. 1839.

— Flora Australiensis. Vol. VII., containing the Graminee. 8vo. The
Graminee cover pp. 449-670. 1878.

— On the Structure of the Flowers in Graminee. Extr. from Journ. Linn.
Soc’y., Botany XV. An MS. copy.

—— Huand-hook of the British Flora. An MS. copy of the ‘‘Grass Family,’
with parallel notes from Hooker’s Student’s Flora. Indexed.

Bentham and Hooker. Genera Plantarum. Vol. III, Part II. Contains the
Graminee.

Bessey, C.E. The Grasses and Forage Plants of Nebraska. Two pamphlets,
reprints from the Annual Reports of the Nebraska State Agricultural
Society for the years 1886 and 1888.

Boissier, E. Flora Orientalis. Vol. V. Contains the Graminew, pp. 432-692.

Bolander, N.H. The Melice. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sciences. Vol. 1V. 1870. An
MS. copy.

Buckman, James. The Natural History of British Meadow and Pasture Grasses.
12mo., pp. 73, plates 2. 1858.

Chapman, A. W. Flora of the Southern United States. S8vo., pp. 621. 1860,*
And Supplement.

Cosson & Durieu. Flore D’ Algerie. Glumacees. An MS. copy of the ‘‘Gramine.’’

Coulter, J.M. Manual of Rocky Mt. Botany. 8 vo. pp. XVI., 452, 28. 1885.
The Graminee cover pp. 397-427.
(115)

116 BULLETIN V. 2.

Courbon, Alfr. Flora de l’Isle de Dissee, Mer Rouge. From Ann. Des. Sci.
Nat. 4th Ser., Vol. XVIII. 1862. An MS. copy of the Gramineze only.

Curtis, William. Practical Observations «n the British Grasses. Pampblet 8vo.,
pp. 48, plates 6. London, 1805.

Dame & Collins. Middlesex Flora. Includes a list of grasses, pp. 14, with
notes = distribution and descriptien of species not included in Gray’s
Manual. :

Darlington, Wm. Flora Cestrica. 3rd Edition, 8vo. 1853.

—— American Weeds and Useful Plants. Revised with additions by Geo.
Thurber.

Desvaux, E. Gramineew Chilienses. (Includes Cyperacee.) Svo., pp. 310, with
4to. plates. 1853.

Doell, J.C. Flora Brasiliensis, Graminee. II. 3. Folio. Plates 43. (Includes
Stipacee, Agrostidee, Arundinacee, Pappophoree, Chloridew, Avenacee,
and Festucacee.» ;

Dumortier, B.C. Agrostographie Belgice. Observations sur les Graminees de
la Flora Belgique. S8vo., pp. 153, plates 16. 1823.

Dupont,— Observations sur la Gaine des Feuilles des Graminees. Extract from
‘Journal de Physique de Chimie et d’ Histoire Naturelle.”’ 4to., pp. 7. 1819.

Duval-Jouve, J. L’Arete des Graminees. 4Ato., pp. 78, plates.

—— Etude anatomique de quelques graminees, et en particulier des Agropyrum de
l’ Herault. 4to., pp. 93, plates 4.

Elliott, S. A Sketch of the Botany of South Carolina and Georgia. 2 vols., pp-
800. 1821.*

Fernald,C.H. Grasses of Maine. Pamphlet Svo., pp. 70; plates (from the

_ U.S. Dept. Agriculture) 42.

Flint, C. L. Grusses and Forage Plants. 5th Ed. 8vo., 398 pp., figures 169. 1860.

Fournier, E. Mexicanas Plantas, Graminee. Folio. 160 pp. 1886. (Usually
cited ‘‘Fourn. Mex. Pl. Enum., Gram.’’

Gould, J.S. Grasses and their Culture. (Extract from Report of the New
York Agricultural Society.) Svo., 212 pp., plates 74. 1869.

Gray, A. Manual of Botany. 6 Ed. 1890. The Graminez cover pp. 623-674,
and plates VII-XV, inclusive. Also the Ist and the 5th Editions.

— Revision of the North American Species of the Genus Calamagrostis. Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Oct. 1862. An MS. copy.

— Notes on the Genus Graphephorum. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts and Sci. V.
1861.

— Report upon S. B. Buckley’s ‘‘Descriptions of Plants No. 3, Graminee.
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862. An MS copy.

— Enumeration of Plants Collected by C. C. Parry in the Rocky Mts. in 1860
or 1861. Amer. Journal Arts and Sciences. Vol. XXXIII. 1862. The
grasses only. An MS. copy.

— Enumeration of the Species of Plants Collected by Dr. C. C. Parry and
Messrs. E. Hall and J. P. Harbour, on and near the Rocky Mts. in Colorado
in 1862. The grasses only. An MS. copy.

Grisebach, A.R. H. The Graminezx, in Ledebour’s Flora Rossica. An MS.
copy.

— Flora of the British West Indies. The Graminee only. An MS. copy. In-
dexed.

—— Plante Cubensis. The Graminez only. An-MS. copy.

— Flora Cubana. The Graminee only. An MS. copy.

— Plante Wrightiane. The Graminee only. An MS. copy.

Hackel, E. Monographia Festucarum Europerum, 1882. S8vo., 126 pp. plates 4.

\

Tue GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 117

— The irue Grasses. Translated from ‘‘Die Naturlichen Pflanzenfumilien,”’
ed F. Lamson-Scribner and Effie A. Southworth. Svo., pp. 228. Copiously
illustrated. New York, Henry Holt & Co. 1890.

— Monographie Phanerogamarum. Edited by A. & C. de Candolle. Vol.
VI. Andropogonee. S8vo., pp. 716, plates 2. 1889.

Hemsley, W. B. Biologia Centrali-Americana. Botany. The Graminew only.
Extracted from Vol. III., pp. 475-589. An MS. copy.

Henderson, J. Handbook of the Grasses of Great Britain and America, 12mo.
pp. 238. 1875.

Hooker, J. D. Distribution of Arctic Grasses. From Trans. Linn. Soc. Vol.
XXIII, pp. 344-347. An MS. copy.

Hooker, J.D. Flora of New Zealand, The Graminee only. An MS copy.

Hooker, W. T. Flora Boreali-Americana. The Graminez from Vol. II. An MS.
copy.

Howard, C. W. A Manual of the Cultivation of the Grasses and Forage Plants
at the South. 8vo., pamphlet, 42 pp. 1881.

Howard, Sandford. Grasses and Herbage Plants. A prize essay. Extract
from Report of the New York Agricultural Society, pp. 237-251. LIllus-
trated. 1855.

Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth. Nova Genera Plantarum. Folio. Vol. I. only,
in which there are 92 pp., with 44 plates on the Graminex. 1815.

Killebrew, J.B. The Grasses and Forage Plunts of Tennessee. S8yo., pp. 511.
Illustrated. (Published by the State.) 1878.

Kunth, C. S. Enumeratio Plantarum. Tomus I; Agrostographia Synoptica.
Svo., pp. 606. 1833.

— Supplementum tomi Primi. 8vo., pp. 436, plates 40. 1835.

— Distribution Methodique de la Famille des Graminees. Folio. pp. XLV,
666. 220 plates. 1835. A very fine anc costly work. Usually cited
*‘Kunth Revis. Gram.’’*

Lange, John. Conspectus Flore Grenlandice. 1880. The Graminex only. An
MS. copy.

Lapham, J. A. Grasses of Wisconsin. 8vo., pp. 92, plates 12.

McCarthy, G. The Best Agricultural Grasses. Bulletin No. 73. North Carolina
Agricultural Experiment Station. pp. 100, illustrated. 1890.

Metzger, J. Europwische Cerealien. Folio. 74 pp., plates 20. 1824.

Muhlenberg, Henry. Descriptio Uberior Graminum et Plantarum Calamariarum
Americe Septentrionalis. 8vo., pp. 295 1817.

Munro, William. Monograph of the Bambusacee. 4Avo., pp. 157, plates 6.

— Catalogue of the Grassesin the Herbarium of Linneus. Extract from the
Proc. Linn. Soec’y. Vol. VI. 1862. An MS. copy.

Murphy, E. <A Treatise on Agricultural Grasses. 12mo., pp. 84, illustrated.
1844.

Nees ab Esenbeck, C.G. Agrostologia Brasiliensis. Svo., pp. 608. 1829.

— Flore Africe Australioris Illustrationes Monographice. I. Gramineew. 8vo.
XX. 49 pp. 1841.

Nuttall, T. Descriptions of Plants Collected by Wm. Gambrel in the Rocky
Mountains and Upper California. Ex. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. An
MS. copy of the Graminez. 1848.

— Genera of North American Plants. 2vols., 12mo., pp. 312 and 254. 1818.

Olcott, J.B. Turf-making Grasses. Reprint from Proc. Conn. Board of Agri-
culture, 8vo., pp. 9. 1890.

118 BULLETIN V. 2.
— Grass-Gardening. “From the 14th Ann. Report Conn. Agr. Expr. Station.
; 1890.

Oliver. —. Botany of the Speke and Grant Expedition. Trans. Linn. Soc’y. Vol.
XXIX. The Graminee, by Prof. Oliver. An MS. copy. Indexed. 1875.

Palisot de Beauvois, A. M. F. J. Essai d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie, ou
Nouveaux Genres des Graminees, avec Figures Representant les Caracteres
de tous les Genres. Svo. pp. LX XIV. 182 and atlas in 4to. pp. 10, plates 20.

Panzer,G. W.F. Iden zu Einer Kunftigen Revision der Gattungen der Graser.
4to., pp. 62, plates 6. 1813.

Phares, D. L. Farmer’s Book of Grasses and Other Forage Plants for the
Southern United States. 12mo., pp. 148. 1881.

Plues, M. British Grasses. 12mo., 307 pp., many wood cuts and 16 colored
plates.*

Porter & Coulter. Flora of Colorado.

Preston, 8. P. Pasture Grasses ond Forage Plints. 12mo., pp. 144, illustrated.
1887.*

Reichenbach, L. Agrostographia Germanica sistens Icones Graminearum quas
in Flora Germanica Recensuit. (ed. 2.) 4to, pp. 80, plates 190. 1850.

Scheuchzer, J. Agrostographia sive Graminum, Juncorum, etc. Edito Nova,
Svo., 512 pp., plates 19. Appendix 92 pp. 1775.*

Schreber, J.C. D. Beschreibung der Graser. Folio. pp. 160, plates 54. 1769.

Sinclair, George. Hurtus Gramineus Weburnensis. S8vo., pp. 488. Numerous
colored plates. 38d edition, London, 1826.*

Stebler & Schroter. The Best Forage Plants. Translated by McAlpine. 4to.,
pp. 171, plates 30 (colored.)

Steudel, E.G. Synopsis Plantarum Graminearum. Royal 8vo., pp. 474 1855.

Sutton, M. T. Permanent and Temporary Pastures, 8vo., pp. 158, plates, col-
ored, 23.*

Thurber, G Graminez in Watson’s Botany of California. 4to., pp. 253-328.
Proof impressions.

—— Graminee in Botany Wilke’s Exploring Expedition. An MS. copy.
Trinius, C. B. Fundamenta Agrostographie. S8vo., X., 214 pp. 1820.
—— Clavis Agrostographie Antiquiorus. 8vo., pp 412, plate 1. Coburg, 1822.

—— De Graminibus Unifloris et Sesquifloris Dissertatio Botanica, Adjecta Gener-
um ac Specierum etribu Uni- et Sesquiflorum Plurium Synopsi. S8vo., 314
pp. 5 plates. 1824. ;

—— Ne Graminibus Paniceis. 8vo., pp. 289 1826.

— Species Graminum Iconibus et Descriptionibus Illustravit. III. Vol. 4to., 360
plates. 1828-1836.

—— Agrostidea I. Vilfea. 4to.,112 pp. 1840.

—— Agrostidea II, Callo Rotundo. 4to., 144 pp. 1841.

— Phalaridee. dto., pp.63. 1839.

— Panicearum Genera Retractavit, etc. 4to, pp. 267. 1833.
— Graninun Supplementa. 4to., pp. 107 1836.

— Andropogineorum Genera Speciesque Complures Definitionibus Novis. Ato.,
pp. 229-337. Extr. Mem. Acad. Imp. Sc. St.-Pet. 1832.

— Bambusaceas Quasdam novas Describit. 4to., pp.17. Ext. Mem. Acad. Imp.
Sc. St.-Pet. 1835.

—— et Ruprecht, F. J. ramina Agrostidea, III., Callus obconicus. (Stipacea.)
4to., pp. 189. 1842.

ee DB? 6 see. bao

THE GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 119

Tuckerman, E. On Some Plants of New England. Sill. Journal, Vol. XLV.
pp. 42-46. 1843. An Ms. copy.

Vasey, George. (ram/inew in Wheeler’s Report upon U.S. Geographical Sur-
veys. Vol. VI. Botany. 4to., pp. 281-297, plates 3. 1878.

— The Grasses of the United States: Being a Synopsis of the Tribes and Genera
and a List of the Species. 8vo., 47 pp. (Special Report No. 63 of the U. 8.
Dept. Agriculture.) 1833.

—— Iilustrations of North American (Grasses. Vol. I. Roy. 8vo., plates 100.
Published by the U. 8S. Department of Agriculture, being Bulletin 12
of the Botanical Division.

— A Descriptive Catalogue of the Grasses of the United States. 8vo., pp. 110.
1585.

— The Genus Panicum of the United States. Extract from Bulletin No. 8, U.
S. Dept. Agr., pp. 20-30.

— Notes on the Paspali of Le Conte’s Monograph. Extract from the Proceed-
ings of Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Pp. 284-290, in-
clusive. 1886.

—— Report of an Investigation of the Grosses of the Arid Districts of Kansas,
Nebraska, and Colorado. Svo.,18 pp. Bull. I, of the Bot Div. of the U.S.
Dept. of Agriculture. 1886.

— (frasses of the South. S8vo., 63 pp., plates 16. Bull. No 4, Bot. Div. of the
U.S. Dept. Agr. 1887.

— The Agricultural Grasses and Forage Plants of the United States. A new
and revised edition. S8vo., pp. 148, plates 114. (A special Bulletin of the
Bot. Div. of the U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.) 1889.

— Monograph of the Grasses of the United States and British Americu. Part,
I, 8vo., pp. 89. Thisis Vol. III. No. I, of Contributions from the U. 8.
National Herbarium. 1892.

— Neally & Tracy. Report onan Investigation of the Grasses of the Arid
Districts of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada and Utah in 1887. 8vo.,
pp. 6C, plates 30. 1888.

Walpers, W.G. Annales Botanices Systematice. Vol. VI. pages 801-1120,
which includes Graminee, 109 pp.

Watson, Sereno. Botany of King’s Expedition.*

é
Ve

OGDEN BROS, & CO.,

4

*

STATIONERS AND BINDERS,

+.
‘hs

CORRECTIONS.

For “Agrostidia” read “Agrostidea.”

Under No. 46, for “hairs an the rachilla” read “hairs on
the rachilla.”

For the species of Panicum “observed in Tennessee,” read
“observed in the United States.”

For “longepedunculatum” read “longipedunculatum.”

For “Brachyelytrum aristatum Beauv.” read “Brachyely-
trum erectum Beauv.”

Fourteenth line from bottom, after “flowering glume”.
strike out ‘many-nerved.”

Fourth line from bottom, for “Figure 109” read “Figure
11”

Line five, for “141” read “134.”
For “Triodea” read “Triodia.”
After “Eatonia obtusata” add “Gray.”

UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE

« Agricultural Experiment Station

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Vot. Vil. JANUARY, 1894. No. 1

GRASSES OF TENNESSEE.—PART II.

Bulletins of this Station will be sent, upon application, free of charge,

to any Farmer in the State.

KNOXVILLE, TENNESSEE, U.S.A.

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$32

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{27 . 2.
Bulletins of this Station will be sent, upon application, free of charge, to any

Farmer in the State.

THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

OF THE UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE.

CHAS. W. DABNEY, Jr.. PRESIDENT.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE:

M. P.JARNAGIN, ™ JOSEPH W. ALLISON,
O. P. TEMPLE, W. H. JACKSON,
HUGH G. KYLE.
TREASURER: SECRETARY:
JAMES COMFORT. J. W. GAUT.

THE STATION COUNCIL IS COMPOSED OF ITS OFFIVERS:

Pror. CHAS. F. VANDERFORD, Secretary.
Pror, F. LAMSON-SCRIBNER, Botanist.
Dr. C. W. DABNEY, Jr., Chemist.

R. L. WATTS, B. Ag., Horticulturist.

S. M. BAIN, A.B., Assistant Botanist.

J. B. McBRYDE, Assistant Chemist.

C. E. CHAMBLISS, Librarian and Clerk.

The Station has facilities for analyzing and testing fertilizers, cattle foods,
milk and dairy products; seeds, with reference to their purity or germinating
power; for identifying grasses and weeds, and studying forage plants; for
investigating the diseases of fruits and fruit trees, grains and other useful plants.

The Station Bulletins and Reports will be sent, free of charge, to any farmer
within the State.

Packages by express, to receive attention, should be prepaid.

All communications should be addressed to the

SECRETARY OF THE
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION,
KNOXVILLE, TENN.

(0O@- The Experiment Station building, containing its offices, laboratories and
museum, and the plant-house and horticultural department, are located on the
University grounds, fifteen minutes walk from the Custom House in Knoxville.
The Experiment farm, stables, milk laboratory, etc., are located one mile west
of the University, on the Kingston pike. Farmers are cordially invited to
visit the buildings and experimental grounds.

Bulletins of this Station will be sent, upon application, free of charge, to any
Farmer in the State.

GRASSES OF TENNESSEE.
PART II.

BY F, ILAMSON-SCRIBNER,

INTRODUCTION.

When Part I. of “The Grasses of Tennessee” (Bulletin No. 2,
Vol. V., of this Station) was presented as an introduction toa
_ second part, in which all the grasses of the State would be illus-
trated and described, it was designed that the second part should
be in some degree dependent upon or supplementary to the other,
the two together forminga complete volume. Because of the lapse
of time since the publication of Part I., and wishing to add to the
value and usefulness of the second part, an effort has been made
to make it complete in itself, and in doing this considerable mat-
ter has been drawn from Part I. The present bulletin, therefore,
may be called a handbook of the grasses of the State. Descriptions
of all the genera and species known to occur within the State are
given, and under the specific descriptions economic notes are added
whenever these are deemed of any value or general interest. A
good deal of care has been taken in drawing up the descriptions,
and if these appear to any one to be two scientific or too technical,
it must be remembered that the subject is grasses, and that
grasses have organs and parts of organs all of which have names.
These names as they appear in the descriptions mean something,
and their meaning is as readily learned by those actually interested
in the subject as the parts of a horse or cow are learned by those
especially interested in horses or cows. Briefly, in the prepara-
tion of the descriptions the “language of grasses’”’ has been used.
Attempts to avoid technical or “hard words” often result in ob-
scuring the meaning of the author, and an undue simplicity of ex-
pression is very apt to be offensive by implying a lack of intelli-
gence on the part of the reader. Most of the botanical terms
employed in the work are explained in the glossary. The work is

2 INTRODUCTION.

designed not only for farmers but also for agricultural students
and botanists. The former, who have little time for reading
or study, will learn to know from the illustrations many grasses
now unfamiliar to them, and gather from the briefly stated facts
relative to the economic values of the several species a great deal
that may be of direct use tothem. The agricultural students and
botanists of the State have here a means for identifying and class-
ifying any grass now known to occur within the limits of Tennes-
see, and to acquire a fair idea of their external characters and
habits. While this Bulletin is only designed for the use of Ten-
nesseeans, those living in other States may find it helpful at times
in determining grasses. None of the species described are limited
to the State, and of course the descriptions and illustrations are
as applicable in one place as in another. The specific descriptions
are for the most part drawn from specimens in hand, and they are
usually more complete than those given in our general manuals.
The illustrations, which were drawn by Mr. Theo, Holm, of Wash-
ington, D. C., were all prepared especially for this Bulletin, and
quite a number of the species figured are here illustrated for the

first time.

GRASSES—GRAMINEZ.

CHARACTERS OF THE ORDER.—Fibrous-rooted, annual or perennial,
herbaceous plants (among our species Arundinaria alone 1s woody),
with usually hollow, cylindrical (rarely flattened) and jointed
stems (cu/ms) whose internodes for more or less of their length
are completely enveloped by the sheath-like basal portion of the
two-ranked and usually linear, parallel-veined leaves.

Flowers without any distinct perianth, hermaphrodite or rarely
unisexual, solitary or several together, in sfrkelets, these disposed
in panicles, racemes or spikes, and consisting of a shortened axis
(the rachil/a) and two or more chaff-like, distichous bracts (g/umes)
of which the first two, rarely one or none or more than two, are
empty (empty glumes); in the axil of each of the succeeding bracts
(excepting sometimes the uppermost) is borne a flower,( hence these
are named flowering glumes). Opposed to each flowering glume, with
its back turned towards the rachilla, is (usually) a two-nerved,
two-keeled bract or prophyllum (the fal/ea), which frequently en-
velops the flower by its infolded edges. This bract is the pro-
phyllum of the extremely short axis or branch, which supports the
flower; its absence indicates that the flower is strictly sessile or
inserted directly on the rachilla; the rachilla or axis of the spike-
let may or may not be produced beyond the palea. At the base of
the flower, between it and its glume, are usually two very small
hyaline scales (/odicules); rarely there is a third lodicule between
the flower and the palea. Stamens, usually three (rarely two or
one, or more than three) with very slender filaments and two-
celled, usually versatile anthers. Pistil with a one-celled, one-
ovuled ovary, and one to three, usually two, styles with variously
branched, most frequently plumose, stigmas. Fruit, a true cary-
opsis, rich in albumen. (In Sporodolus and Eleusine the fruit is a
utricle, the seed being loose within the thin pericarp.) Embryo
small, lying at the front and base of the seed, covered only by the
thin pericarp.

The organs or parts of grasses, as in other plants, are those of
vegetation and those of reproduction: to the first belong the root,
stem or culm, and leaves; to the second the stamens and pistils.

THE Root,—Grass roots are always fibrous. The more or less
strong underground rhizomes are often called roots; they are not
true roots, but are specially modified stems.

THe Stem.—Grass stems are always branched at the base, and
occasionally in their upper portions. If the branches are all ap-
parently at the root, the culms are said to be simple, the visible
portion above ground being unbranched. Sometimes the stems
or branches stand vertically upright, when they are termed erect:
they may spread a little at first, and then assume an erect posi-

(3)

4 BULLETIN VII; '1.

tion, the lowermost joints being bent or kneed; such culms are
said to be geniculate at base. The basal branches may lie flat upon
the ground and spread more or less extensively, taking root at the
usually numerous joints, and at definite points sending up erect
flowering branches, or branches bearing leaves only; such grasses
are said to have a creeping habit, or are stoloniferous. Again, one
or more of the lowermost branches may not come to the surface at
all, or only after it has extended through the soil for a greater or
less distance. These form the “creeping roots” (rhizomes) of
grasses, but they are true stems or branches, for they are always
distinctly jointed, and at the joints there are scale-like leaves—
characters never found in true roots. The joints of these under-
ground stems may be very short, and from each node may spring
a flowering branch. So condensed may this growth be that the
rhizome is entirely concealed, but in perennial grasses it is always
present, and in the best turf or sward-forming grasses it is sufh-
ciently manifest. In couch-grass, and especially in Johnson grass,
these rhizomes are greatly developed, penetrating the soil in all
directions, forming a sward that is exceedingly difficult to break.

Grass stems are usually round or cylindrical, rarely flattened.
and generally hollow between the joints or nodes (solid or with
pith in the Andropogons, Indian Corn, and a few other grasses).
The nodes, familiarly termed the joints, are the points on the
culm or its branches from which the leaves originate; they are
usually somewhat swollen, the enlargement being either in the
culm or, asis very often the case, in the basal part of the leaf-
sheath. The space between two nodes is the internode. All
branches, excepting those of the general inflorescence, originate
in the leaf-axils, that is, within and at the base of the leaf-sheaths,
and between the branch and the main axis or stem there always
is a longer or shorter two-keeled prophyllum with its back turned
towards the main axis. The presence of this prophyllum always
indicates the presence of a branch, although the branch may be
very much shortened, as in the case of the true floral axis where
this prophyllum is the palea.

Tue Leaves.—The leaves of grasses have two distinct parts: the
sheath and the dlade. The sheath, or basal portion, usually closely
surrounds the stem, and is split or open upon the side opposite the
blade, or is entire, then forming a closed cylindrical sheath (vagina)
about the stem. When split, the free edges usually overlap each
other. At the top of the leaf-sheath, at the point where the blade
originates, there is upon the inside usually a thin and delicate
prolongation, often very short, called the /igule. Sometimes the
ligule takes the form of a fringe of hairs. The leaf-blade is gen-
erally narrow, usually many times longer than broad, with nearly

— 2. r,t”
,

THE GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 5

parallel edges. Such leaves are called /inear. From this form the
leaves may vary to /anceolate or ovate in outline. Sometimes the
narrow leaves have their edges rolled inward, when they are said
to be involute. Occasionally the leaf-blade is very short, and some-
times it is wanting altogether, the sheath alone remaining. As to
the surfaces of the leaves and sheaths, they may be smooth or
rough, or more or less hairy. The terms used here are those of
general application.

The position of the leaves on the stem is to be noted as affording
a ready character for distinguishing grasses from the nearly allied
grass-like sedges. Starting with any leaf on the stem of a grass,
the next leaf above will be exactly on the opposite side of the
stem, while the next or second leaf above will stand directly over
the starting-point. Such an arrangement is called distichous or two-
ranked; i. e., in counting two leaves from the first we pass com-

_ pletely around the stem. In sedges the leaf-arrangement is three-

ranked; it is the third leaf from the first which stands directly
above the first.

Tue FLowers.—The flowers of grasses possess only the essential
organs—the stamens and pisti/s. The bracts enclosing these are mod-
ified leaves or leaf-sheaths and prophylla. Sometimes the sta-
mens and pistils are separated, when the flowers are either male
or staminate (containing stamens only), or female or fisti//ate (con-
taining pistils only). These staminate and pistillate flowers may
occupy different parts of the same plant or (more rarely) entirely
distinct plants. Flowers having both stamens and pistils are
termed hermaphrodite.

In each flower there are usually three stamens. These have
slender filaments, and usually versatile, sometimes basi-fixed, two-
celled anthers, which are pale yellow, sometimes nearly white, or
purple, or some shade of red. The pistil consists of the ovary and
usually two feathery or plumose stigmas, which may be sessile or
raised on short or long and more or less divided séy/es.

The fruit or ripened ovary constitutes the “grain.” This isa
true caryopsis, i. e., a dry one-seeded fruit in which the outer cover-
ing or fericarp is closely adherent to the seed. The “grass seed”’
of commerce consists of the grain enveloped usually in more or
less “chaff,” (glumes and paleas).

Arrangement of the Flowers ——The arrangement of the flowers in
grasses is peculiar. They are situated in what are termed spéhe/ets,
either solitary (one-flowered spikelets,) or two or more together
(two to several or many-flowered spikelets). Each flower is
located in the axil of a chaff-like bract or glume called the /ower-
ering glume, (really aleaf-sheath), At the base of the spikelet there
are usually two bracts or glumes having no flowers in their axils;

‘6 BULLETIN VIL. 1.

“these are the outer or empty glumes. The axis to which these
‘glumes are attached is termed the rvachi//la, and between each
flower and this rachilla there is usually a two-nerved bract, the
palea, the prophyllum to the floral branch. In one-flowered spike-
lets where there is no extension or prolongation of the rachilla, this
palea is apparently opposite the flowering glume. The lower pair of
glumes—the empty ones—often differ from each other in size or
length, and sometimes, though rarely, one or both are absent.
The glumes may be awned or “bearded,” or awnless; they may
be sharp-pointed, obtuse or toothed at the apex; they may be
nerveless or one to many-nerved. As to other variations it is
necessary to refer the reader to the larger descriptive works on
botany.

The arrangement of the spikelets upon the stem constitutes
what is termed the inflorescence, or what we often hear erroneously
called the “‘head.” If that portion of the main axis or stem which
bears the spikelets is unbranched so that these are sessile (i. e.,
without pedicels), the inflorescence is a spike, as in wheat or rye-
grass; when the main axis is branched, each branch forming a
pedicel to a single spikelet, the inflorescence is a raceme, This form
isnot common. Usually the primary branches branch again and
again, resulting in the formation of a panicle, The panicle may be
open or widely spreading, as in oats or in Kentucky blue-grass;
or, if the branches are very short, it may be narrow and spike-like,
as in timothy or in meadow fox-tail. All gradations of form
between these two extremes occur.

NuMBER OF SPECcIES.—There are about thirty-five hundred known
species of grasses, varying in size from the moss-like Coleanthus
of the North to the tree-like bamboos of the tropics, which tower
to the height of a hundred feet or more; and ranging in distribu-
tion from Kerguelen Land on the South to the extreme limit of
vegetation beyand the arctic circle. There is no order of plants
more widely distributed, existing under the greatest diversity of
soil and climate, and no order presents such a vast number of in-
dividual plants or is so important and directly useful to man.

Uses.—When we consider that rice, wheat, corn, oats, barley, rye,
sorghum, and the millets, sugar-cane and the bamboos are all true
grasses, and further that these plants furnish the bulk of the hay
crop and pasturage of the temperate regions, we can hardly realize,
much less definitely estimate, the great importance of the Gram-
ine@, or form any just conception of the part these plants play in
our individual and national economy. The fact of the vast im-
portance of the order may be very forcibly presented by trying to
picture the result upon the human race, if by chance all these
food and forage plants were at once destroyed.

THE GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 7

_ There are many species which have special value in manufac-
tures, arts, and medicine. A few yield valuable perfumes, and
some are cultivated for ornament. A mere enumeration of the
many and various uses of the bamboos to the natives of Southern
and Eastern Asia would fill many pages. Our space does not ad-
mit a more detailed account of the uses of grasses, and we can only
add here that in all civilized countries continued prosperity and
increase of wealth appears to be largely dependent upon the at-
tention given to these plants.

SOME WORKS DEVOTED WHOLLY OR IN PART TO GRASSES.

Manualis:—Gray, ‘* Manual of Botany of the Northern United States,’’ 6th edition (1890).
Chapman, ‘‘ Flora of the Southern United States,’’ edition with Supplement.

Special Works:;—Bentham, ‘‘ Notes on Graminee.’’ Published in Journ. Linn, Society,
Botany XIX. Bentham and Hooker, ‘‘ Genera Plantarum,’’ Vol. IIlI., Part Il.——
Balillon, ‘*//istoire des Plantes, Monographie des Graminees,”’ Paris ,1893.—Hackel, “‘ The
True Grasses,’’ Henry Holt & Co., 1890.—‘‘ Monographie Phanerogamarum,’* Vol. V1.,
‘* Andropogonee,”’ Paris, 1889.—Kunth, ‘‘ Distribution Methodique de la Famille des
Graminees,”’ folio, 1835; ‘‘ Enumeratio Plantarum,’’ Vol. 1., (with Supplement); *‘ Agros-
tographia Synoptica,’’ 1833. Munro, ‘‘ Monograph of the Bambusacee.’’——Pallsot de
Beauvols, “Essai d'une Nouvelle Agrostographie.’’——Trinius, ‘*Fundamenta Agrosto-
graphice,”’ 1820; ‘*Clavis Agrostographie Antiquiorus,’’ 1822; ‘‘De Graminibus Unifloris et
Sesquifloris Dissertatio Botanica, Adjecta Generum ac Specierum e tribu Uni- et Sesqui-
Jlorum Plurium Synopsi,”’ 1824; ‘‘De Graminibus Paniceis,”’ 1826; ‘‘ Species Graminum
Inconibus et Descriptionibus, Illustravit,’ 3 Vols., 4to., 360 plates, 1828-1836; ‘‘ Agrostidea
I. Vilfea,”’ 1840; ‘* Agrostidia II. Callo Rotundo,” 1811; ‘‘ Phalaridew,”’ 1839; ‘‘ Panicea-
rum Genera Retractavit,”’ etc., 1833, “‘Graminum Supplementa,”’ 1836.——Trinlus & Ru-
prect, ‘‘Gramina Agrostidia, III., Callus obconicus. (Stipacea), 1812—Vasey, ‘‘/illus-
trations of North American Grasses ;"’ ‘‘ Grasses of the Pacific Slope; illustrated works,
published by the U. 8. Department of Agriculture.

Popular Publications:—Beal, W.J., ‘‘ Grasses of North America;”’ Vol. I..8v0., pp.
457, \llustrated; a valuable popular work, 1867.—Bessey, ©. E., ‘‘ The Grasses and
Forage Plants of Nebraska;’’ in the Annual Reports of the Nebraska State Agricul-
tural Society for the years 1886, 1838, and 1892.——Fernald, C. H., **Grasses of Maine;'"’
pamphliet.——Flint, C. L., ‘‘ Grasses and Forage Plants,’ 5th ed., 8 vo., 398 pp., figures
169; 1860 ——-Henderson, J., ‘*Handbook of the Grasses of Great Britain and America,”
1875.——Howard, C. W., *‘ A Manual of the Cultivation of the Grasses and Forage Plants
ai the South,’’ 1881.—Killebrew, J. B., ‘The Grasses and Forage Plants of Tennessee,’’
illustrated; published by the State, 187s. Gould, ‘‘Grasses and their Culture,’’ in
Transactions New York Agricultural Society, 1869. Lapham, J. A., ‘‘Grasses of
Wisconsin ;"’ 8vO., pp. 92, plates 12.——Olcott, J. B., ‘‘ Turf-making Grasses,’ reprint
from Proc. Conn. Board of Agriculture, 8vo., pp. 9, 1890.—‘‘ Grass- Gardening ,** from
the l4th Ann. Report Conn. Agr. Expr Station, 18909.—Phares, D. L., ‘‘Farm-
er’s Book of Grasses and Other Forage Plants for the Southern United States,’’ 12mo., pp.
148, 1881.—Preston, S. P., ‘‘ Pasture Grasses and Forage Plants,’ 12mo., pp. 144,
illustrated, 1887.——Stebler & Schroter, ‘‘ The Best Forage Plants;”’ translated by Mc-
Alpine, ito , pp. 171, plates 30, colored,——Sutton, M. T., ‘‘ Permanent and Tempo-
rary Pastures,’’ S8v0O., pp. 158, plates, colored, 23.—Vasey, George, ‘‘ Report of an
Investigation of the Grasses of the Arid Districts of Kansas, Nebraska. and Colorado,’’ 8vo.,
18 pp., Bull. I. of the Bot. Div. of the U. 8S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1886.——‘‘ Grasses of
the South,’’ 8vo., 63 pp., plates 16,Bull. No. 4, Bot. Div. of the U. 8S. Dept. of Agr.,
1887.——** The Agricultural Grasses and Forage Plants of the United States; a new and
revised edition, 8vo., pp. 148, plates 114, (a special Bulletin of the Bot. Div. of the
U.S. Dept. of Agriculture), 1889.——Neally & Tracy, *‘ Report on an Investigation of the
Grasses of the Arid Districts of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Nerada,and Utah in 1887;"
8VO., Ep. 60, plates 30, 1888.

The numbers to the right refer to the numbers at the left.

Tennessee.

Key to the Genera of the Native and Cultivated Grasses of

The num-

bers preceding the names of the genera show their position in sequence.

RW N'N

ono wowom

. Spikelets one- rarely two-flowered (when two-flowered the
second or terminal flower is perfect, the one below being
either staminate or neuter), falling from the pedicels en-
tire, singly, in groups, or together with certain joints of
the rachis. (Series A. PANICACE:.) .

. Spikelets one- tomany flowered, when more than one-flow-

ered the imperfect flower, if any, is uppermost, rachilla
usually articulated above the lower empty glumes so that
these remain after the fall of the fruiting glumes, (Ex-
ceptions: Alopecurus, Cinna, pic hsat iii and eee
(Series B. POACE.) .

. Spikelets terete or Agiened on ‘the ‘xen
. Spikelets strongly flattened laterally (Tribe ORyZE2) .

. Spikelets all unisexual, plants monoecious (Tribe MaypE#)

Spikelets hermaphrodite, or staminate and mpaciaries wit
the former standing near the latter .

. Pistillate and staminate spikelets each in a fee naa

escence, the former axillary, the latter terminal .

. Pistillate and staminate spikelets in the same inflorescence,

the axis of the former articulated between each spikelet.
3. Tripsacum.

Eells has pune pilates their axes articulated.

1. Euchlena.

. Pistillate spikes grown together forming a compound, con-

tinuous and much thickened axis (the “cob”). . 2. Zea.

. Axis of the inflorescence usually articulated, the joints fall-

ing with the spikelets, flowering glumes more delicate in
texture than the outer glumes. (Tribe ANDROPOGONEA.)

. Axis of the inflorescence continuous, flowering glume indu-

rated or firmer in texture than the ica glumes. (Tame
PANICEZ.)

one pedicellate, staminate or neuter, or reduced toa plu-
mose bristle. sie .ycs),« + bermien at eebeig ee REO paee

. Spikelets all alike serie tt dt 07a = ae
. Spikeletstawnless “PP. * Py Po ee ee. eee ee
. Spikelets awned .

. Racemes forming 5 baa fan- shaped panicle 4. Mistautien
. Racemes upon an elongated main axis forming a much

branched panicle, branches articulated . 6, Erianthus.

. Glumes (including the flowering) three . 8. Paspalum.
. Glumes four, the lowest usually smaller than the others
ie. ¢

(wanting in Panicum filiforme) .
(8)

ie
. Spikelets heterogamous; in re one sweated tis hernnpladaiiees

. Spikelets one-flowered ;
. Spikelets two to many- -flowered

. Empty glumes four, the third and tout very diittce the

. Empty glumes a abruptly awn- -pointed, persistent: palea pres-

THE GRASSES OF TENNESSEE.

. Spikelets surrounded by an involucre consisting of one to

many bristles, which are sometimes grown together be-
coming bur- like

: pinonets not surrounded by bristles or special covering
7h ee : — 9. Panicum.
. Bristles persiatent ant, els 10: Sekaria.

. Bristles falling with the spikelets’

. Bristles grown together at the base, forming a -Dur- like cov-
ering over the spikelets . ... . . . 11. Cenchrus.

. Bristles distinct . .. . . . . « . 12, Pennisetum.

. Spikelets unisexual, moncecious, linear, the awned pistil-
late above and the staminate below in the same inflor.
escence . oni Bilt, 13. Zizania.

. Spikelets all hermaphrodite Mae a ES AN aD Ril

. Emptyglumestwo,small ....... . 14. Oryza.

. Empty glumes none . . pan Hah TG: Lesrsia.

. Culms perennial, woody, eae: blade articulated with the

sheath (Tribe Bampuse#.). . . . . 65. Arundinaria.
Culms annual, herbaceous, leaf-blade continuous with the
sheath

(these sometimes spike-like)

. Spikelets sessile, in true spikes, (sometimes on very ‘short
. 36
“ag

pedicels and then in one-sided or unilateral racemes) .

first and second and falling with the hae 4 ‘item
(Tribe PHALARIDE#). eek PNG h tt ch te

. Empty glumestwo .
. Third and fourth glumes atah de to narrow “Yoalan or

bristles, awnless .. . 16. Phalaris.

. Third and fourth glumes smaller than the first and second,

awned .. . . . . 17. Anthoxanthum.

. Grain closely divetoped by the fruiting glume, which is

firmer in texture than the empty ones. (Sub-tribe Stipee)

. Grain loosely or not at all enclosed by the hyaline or mem-

branaceous fruiting glumes. Sede it a Phleoidee and
Luagrostec)

. Rachilla prolonged Beyould ihe uel 21. Brachyelytrum.

. Rachilla not prolonged beyond the palea.

. Flowering glume withatrifidawn. .. . 18. Aristida:

. Flowering glume mucronate-pointed or with a simple awn
. Awn twisted and geniculate . . . - » + LQ, Stipa

. Awn straight, sometimes reduced toa ‘mucro .

20. Muhlenbergia.

; Spikelets ina cylindrical, ‘spike- like panicle,empty glumes

ciliate along the keels .

. Spikelets in open or contracted panicles, empty glumes not
a7

ciliate .

ent, flowering glumesawnless. . . . . . 22, Phleum.

eae tee tt PY, OI: EF
. Spikelets distinctly pedivetlate, in racemes or panicles

18

- 3°

. 20

2I

22

26

10

26.

BULLETIN VIL. 1.

eae glumes not awn-pointed, falling with the fruiting
glume; palea none, icweininite glume awned on the back.
23. Alopecurus.

aitlewerins said one- tabecragl longer than the unequal

empty ones. . . . 24, Sporobolus.

. Flowering glume three- to five- nerved, shorter than the
. 28
. Flowering glume raised ona sHstiact ialeed internaths of the

empty ones .

rachilla; stamen one. . . . 25. Cinna.
lowering ‘glume not raised on a distinct internode of the
rachilla; stamens three

. Callus with long hairs (at least hate; as ee as the flowering

glume); rachilla continued beyond the palea .
27. Calamagrostis.

. Callus naked (or with a few very short hairs only); rachilla

not prolonged behind the palea . . . . 26. Agrostis.

. Flowering glumes usually shorter than the empty ones,

bearing a twisted or geniculate awn (some cultivated
forms excepted) on the back or between the teeth of the
bifid apex (Tribe AvENE#)

. Flowering glumes usually longer. than the empty ones, awn-

less or bearing a straight (rarely bent) awn at or just
below the entire or two-toothed apex (Tribe Frstucrez)

. Flowering glumes thin and scarious, apex irregularly den-

ticulate, slender-awned on the back from near the base
29. Deschampsia.

Flowering glumes of firmer. texture, entire, two-toothed or
ee
. Spikelets strictly two- eared. one = ae Ramet cael Ate
. Spikelets two to many- flowered, all the flowers hermaphro-

two-cleft at the apex

dite or the uppermost imperfect or rudimentary .

. Lower flower staminate, its glume long-awned on the back

from near the base 32. Arrhenatherum.

. Lower flower her maphrodite, its ; glume awnless. 28. Holcus.
. Flowering glumes thin and hyaline, carinate, awned from

near the apex . . - . . . 30. Trisetum.

. Flowering glumes herbaceo- chartaceous, rounded on the

back, two-toothed or bifid at ePami awned between the
teeth

. Awn terete, pai enieae ae thie nia nerve ciate 31. Avena.
. Awn flat below, formed by the union of the three middle

nerves of the glunteS . 0: . -. > = Ou. Roa

. Spikelets sessile or nearly so, in two rows along one side of

the continuous axis forming unilateral racemes or spikes,
these racemed or digitate. (Tribe CHLoRIDE#)

. Spikelets in opposite rows along a jointed rachis, forming a a

two-sided or equilateral, terminal spike. (Tribe HorDE#£)

. Spikes terminal or nearly so, digitate or whorled
. Spikes (or one-sided racemes) scattered along a common

axis (usually racemed)

. Spikes slender, one hermaphrodite owte sit a sterite

rudiment of a second flower in each spikelet

- $9

ae

44

a3

34

a

THE GRASSES OF TENNESSEE.

. Spikes stout, with two to several amp rie fae flowers

in each spikelet

. Flowering glume and rudiment awned: . . . 86. Chloris.
. Flowering glume and rudiment awnless . . 34. Cynodon.
. Axis of the spike projecting beyond the spikelets, second

empty glume awn-pointed . . . 40. Dactyloctenium.

. Axis of the spike with a terminal spikelet, none of the

glumes awn-pointed .. . . . . . 89. Bleugine.

. Spikelets strictly one-flowered, no > prolongation of the ra-

chilla or rudiment of a second flower, crowded and
Mromermmatenea . . . . . . . te OO Bpareina.

. Spikelets two- to three-flowered, or at least with the rachilla
» 42
. Spikes short, flowering glume trifid, the divisions subfilate

prolonged beyond the first flower

or awn- pointed . ao oth . . . . 88. Bouteloua.

. Spikes (or racemes) very dander: filiform, (two to six

. 43
. Spikelets with only one hermaphrodite flower, its glume

inches long’); flowering glume not trifid .

bearing a slender awn just below the bifid apex . .
37. Gymnopogon

Spikelets writ sWo to soni hermaphrodite flowers, glumes

OS Oe eae sw Tomlt tre] dk Leptochloa.

. Rachilla or Sowertny giame, at least of the fertile flower,

with long hairs which Sli or exceed the glumes in
length . ;

. Rachilla or flowering pitenves ikea or ayeith hairs ititich

shorter than the glumes

. Spikelets unisexual (plants diceions) the staminate ipike-

" lets naked; culmssolid . . . . . . . 41. Gynerium.
45. Spikelets hermaphrodite; culms hollow Ly Ae

46. Hairsonthe glumesonly ...... . . 48 Arundo.
46. Hairsantherachilla only ... . . . 44. Phragmites.
47. Flowering glumes three-nerved, the middle as well as the

, Empty ginunes two at the ‘bate of the spikelet
. Spikelets heart-shaped at the base, glumes ventricose

. Spikelets not heart shaped, glumes not ventricose

marginal lateral nerves silky-villous below, and ex-
tended beyond the ic ct into three mucronate points
45. Triodia.

‘ Fiowerins prunes eyes to aiuit yi (iertveld, lateral nerves not
; . 48
; Flowering glumes three-nerved, usually falling with the

marginal nor extended beyond the glume

grain in advance of the paleas which remain attached to
the continuous rachilla ... . . . 46. Eragrostis.

. Flowering glumes and paleas falling together, each glume
. 49

carrying a joint of thearticulate rachilla

. Empty glumes three to six at the base of each spikdlet

50. Uniola.

51. Briza.

47

. 46

. 5°

12

51.

_ Terminal sterile florets not club- shaped .
. Empty glumes nearly equal in length, but very dipcimaliae

. Spikelets not crowded in one-sided clusters
. Spikelets of two forms, fertile and sterile, the latter Basi

. Spikelets all alike :
. Flowering glumes couinsetsda wesc ‘eadamlly bearing a

. Styles terminal; grain smooth

. Flowering glumes awnless, nerves punaneek BD. Glyceria:
. Flowering glumes often awned, nerves indistinct (visible

. Spikelets single at each joint an che rachis .
. Spikelets two or more at each joint of the rachis
. Spikelets placed edgewise to the rachis; empty glume (ex-

BULLETIN VII. 1.

Flowering glumes three-nerved, rounded on the back, coria-
ceous, subulate pointed. . . . . . . 49. Diarrhena.

. Flowering glumes three- to many-nerved, herbaceous, mem-

branaceous, or chartaceous

. Terminal sterile florets, in each spiknles ‘eee: shaped flow:

ering glumes papery-membranaceous with a broad and
scarious apex . . . . 48. Melica.

the first narrowly linear, one-nerved; the second broadly
obovate, folded around ‘the florets, three-nerved
47, Eatonia.

Empty elumes similar, ‘but often of unequal length
. Spikelets crowded in one-sided clusters on spreading

branches, flowering glumes awn-pointed and strongly
ciliate°on the keel above - 0.5. ...-.9°)"§2> Dacha

nate and standing with the fertile; inflorescence terminal,
spikeTiKe qs: 288 {UV Pw ele) Jan, AWE TING Cynosurus.

tuft of cobwebby hairs at the base, ‘and sometimes soft
hairs on the more prominent nerves ‘below . . 54. Poa.

. Flowering glumes rounded on the back, naked or pubescent,

not cobwebby at base (spikelets much flattened and
glumes compressed in Bromus unioloides.)

. Styles inserted below the apex of the ovary, which has a

hairy, cushion-like summit ....,.,.....'..{67..Bnemum

only near the apex) . . - »,»,. OO, Festuca.

cept in the terminal spikelet) one . . . . 58. Lolium.

. Spikelets placed with their sides against the rachis, empty

glumes two.

. Flowering glumes with a distinct callus, falling at maturity

with the grain, which is adherent to the palea
59. Agropyrum.

free .

. Empty glumes s subulate, one-nerved . . . . 60. Secale.
. Empty glumes lanceolate or ovate, three to many-nerved

61. Triticum,

Siimeiets So Biadin one Hérinaplinnadee flower, 62. Hordeum.
. Spikelets with two or more hermaphrodite flowers

. Empty glumes nearly Seer aee the flowering glumes

Ree Oa Elymus.
. Empty glumes, ‘minuteor none... . . 64. Asprella.

- 52

- 53

54

- 55

. 56

- 57

. 58

. 60
. 02

61

: Flowering ‘glumes without a distinct callus, persistent; grain ©

62

. 64

Series A. PANICACEE.

Spikelets one-, rarely two-flowered, when two-flowered the sec-
ond or terminal one is perfect, the first or lower one being either
staminate or neuter, rachilla articulated below the empty glumes,
the spikelets falling from the pedicels entire, either singly, in
groups, or together with the joints of an articulate rachis.

Tribe I. MAYDEE.

Spikelets unisexual, the staminate forming a part of the inflor-
escence with the pistillate, or each ina separate inflorescence on
the same plant. Flowering glumes hyaline or much less firm in
- texture than theouter ones. Axis of the female spikelets usually
articulated.

This is a small tribe, numbering only sixteen species classed in
seven genera. They are nearly all natives of the tropics, chiefly
in the Old World. Indian Corn or Maize is our best known ex-
ample of the Maydee.

1. EUCHLAINA Schrad. Ind. Sem. Hort. Geett (1832).

Spikelets unisexual, monoecious, the staminate two-flowered, in
pairs, one sessile the other pedicellate, arranged in terminal pan-
iculate racemes; the pistillate one-flowered, sessile and solitary at
each joint of an obliquely articulate rachis of a simple spike. The
spikes fasciculate in the leaf axils, and each more or less envel-
oped by a foliaceous bract. Glumes of the staminate spikelets
four, acute, the first two membranaceous empty; flowering glumes
smaller and like their paleas, hyaline. Stamens three. Glumes
of the pistillate spikelets four, the outer one broad and boat-
shaped, smooth, soon becoming very hard, surrounding the inner
glumes and narrow rachis; second glume empty, coriaceous; third
glume hyaline, with a palea but no flower; fourth or flowering
glume and its palea hyaline. Styles very long, filiform, shortly
bifid at the apex.

Tall annuals with long and broad leaves, closely resembling In-
dian corn in habit.

Species one, with several varieties, in Mexico and Central Amer-
ica.

1. Euchlena Mexicana, Schrad. (Z. /uxurians.) Teosinte or Gaute-
mala-grass,

A stout, leafy annual, with upright stalks eight to ten feet high,

resembling Indian corn, to which it is closely related botanically.

The staminate or male flowers form a “spindle” at the summit of
(13)

14 BULLETIN Vil. 1

the stem, and the pistillate or female spikelets are in short (two
to three inches) jointed spikes, which are usually crowded on short
branches from the upper leaf-axils. These clusters of spikes are
enveloped in broad, leafy bracts, and each spike is also surrounded
by a bract. The somewhat flattened and obtusely triangular
joints of the spike are about one quarter of an inch long. Thereisa
single spikelet embedded in each joint, its long thread-like style
projecting from the bracts like the “silk” of maize. (See figure
32, page 78 of Part I. of “The Grasses of Tennessee,”

The variety which has been cultivated in various parts of the
South and West has the habit of tillering, or sending up many
(twenty to fifty) stalks from the same root. From this habit the
bulk of fodder produced on an acre is very large, probably equalled
by no other grass. When Teosinte was first introduced into this
country, it was referred to by Dr. Asa Gray as “possibly affording
an opportunity for one to make millions of blades of grass grow
where none of any account ever grew before.” It is reported that
the average annual crop for three years at the Kansas station was
more than twenty-three tons of green forage per acre. It is liked
by all kinds of stock and has especial value as a green fodder when
other forage is dried up. It may be cut several times during a
season, but nearly as good results are obtained from a single cut-
ting before there is any frost. The stalks are tender, and there is
no waste in the fodder, whether green or dry. One pound of seed
to the acre planted in drills three feet apart and thinned to a foot
apart in the drills is recommended.

This grass was successfully grown at the Station in 1889. No
fruit was formed, nor does this variety fruit here, excepting in the
warmer regions near the gulf coast. Last year (1893) a variety
was grown at the Station from seed collected in Mexico by Mr. C.
G. Pringle. The plants did not tiller, but sent up single stalks in
all respects like the Mais de Coyote (Zea canina) which was grown
side by side with it.. To the casual observer the plants appeared
to be all alike, and from a little distance the lot would have been
mistaken for a good growth of field corn, eight or nine feet high.
In both, the stalks were branched above, and along these branches
were formed the small “‘ears’’ in the case of Zea canina, and the fas-
cicles of fruiting spikes in the Teosinte, which ripened before
frost.

2. ZEA Linn. Sp. Pl. 971 (1753).

Spikelets unisexual, moncecious; the staminate two-flowered in
pairs, one sessile the other pedicellate, along the numerous
branches of a terminal panicle; the pistillate one-flowered, sessile,
crowded in several rows along a much-thickened continuous axis
arising from the lower leaf-axils, and closely enveloped by numer-
ous large foliaceous bracts. Glumes four, awnless, those of the

THE GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 15

staminate spikelet acute, those of the pistillate very broad and
obtuse or emarginate, Grain hard, only partially enclosed by the
fruiting glumes.

A well-known tall and striking annual grass, with erect stems
and broad leaves. The terminal staminate inflorescence forms the
“spindle,” and the long projecting styles of the pistillate flowers
constitute the “silk,” The ‘cob’ is formed by the union of the
axes of several female spikes into a much-thickened body. Species
one, of American origin, presenting many varieties in cultivation.

1. Zea Mays Linn. Indian Corn or Maize.

One of the most valued of the cultivated cereals. The many
varieties which have originated in cultivation have been variously
classified. They differ much in size, in the form, size, color and
hardness of the grain, and in the time required for ripening.

- Husk maize, in which the kernels are separately enveloped within

broad herbaceous glumes, may approach the native form, which
doubtless had its origin in tropical America. Mais de Coyote, re-
ferred to under Zuch/ena, is said to grow wild in some parts of
Mexico, Some have regarded this as a distinct species, naming it
Zea canina. The stems in this variety are simple or, more often,
branched above, and the numerous small ears are borne in the up-
per leaf axils or along the branches The ears are two to four
inches long; kernels rounded and depressed or conical, the rather
acute apex pointing forward, in two opposite rows or irregularly
four tosix rows. The terminal “spindle’”’ is large, with long, droop-
ing branches.

Aside from its value as a cereal, ordinary field corn is valued
and used by many farmers for silage, being cut for this purpose
when the kernels commence to “glaze.”

3. TRIPSACUM Linn. Syst. Ed. to, ii: 1261 (1759).

Spikelets one-flowered, unisexual, the staminate above the pis-
tillate below in the same solitary or digitate and articulate spikes,
which are terminal upon the culm or its branches. Staminate
spikelets in pairs at each joint of the rachis, the pistillate soli-
tary. Glumes four, awnless, the outer ones in the male spikelets
firm and rigid, the inner hyaline; first glume of the pistillate
spikelets coriaceous becoming very hard, the second rigid, the
third empty, hyaline, as is the fourth, which encloses the female
flower. Grain enclosed by the hardened lower glume within the
excavation of the thickened joint of the rachis.

Tall, coarse perennials, with very long and rather broad lower
leaves and strong thick rootstocks.

Species three or four, all American. One in Tennessee.

16 BULLETIN VII. 1.

1. Tripsacum dactyloides Linn. Gama or Sesame-grass.
Plate I. Figure 1.
Flowering stems solid, three to eight feet high, becoming more
or less branched. Spikes four to eight or ten inches long, solitary

or two to three together. When solitary, as is usual on the
branches, the female portion of the spike is cylindrical.

This grass is occasionally seen in rich soils along rivers and
creeks. It grows in large tufts, producing a great mass of broad
leaves, Which, when young and succulent, are eaten with avidity
by stock. When abundant, gama affords a large amount of natural
forage, and is valuable to this extent.

Tribe Il. ANDROPOGONE-®.

Spikelets in spike-like racemes, two at each joint of the articu-
late rachis, one sessile and hermaphrodite, one pedicellate, this
last hermaphrodite, staminate, neuter, or reduced to the pedicel
alone. Glumes usually four, the first and second empty, larger
and much firmer in texture than the others, the third usually
empty, sometimes with a staminate flower in its axil very rarely
awned, the fourth or flowering glume hyaline, usually awned;
awn usually twisted or geniculate.

This tribe contains about four hundred species, divided among
twenty-nine genera, of which the genus Andropogon, with one hun-
dred and ninety species, is by far the largest and probably the
most important. Sugar Cane belongs to this tribe in the genus
Saccharum, Our best known representative of the Andropogonez
is the common Broom Sedge, Andropogon Virginicus. In the same
genus are now classed our species of Sorghum. The members of
the tribe are distributed throughout the tropical and warmer re-
gions of both hemispheres.

4. MISCANTHUS Andersson.

Spikelets all alike, one-flowered, hermaphrodite, in pairs along
the continuous branches of a terminal spreading panicle, the ra-
chilla articulated below the empty glumes. Glumes four, the first
two membranaceous nearly equal, empty: the third less firm in
texture, empty: the fourth or flowering glume, hyaline, more or
less bifid at the apex and usually awned between the teeth. Palea
hyaline. Stamens three.

Rather tall, usually showy grasses with the numerous slender ra-
cemes of the terminal panicle more or less spreading.

Species seven, in Eastern Asia, Japan, and South Africa. One
species introduced and cultivated here for ornament.

1. Miscanthus Sinensis Anderss. (Zu/alia Japonica Trin.)

A handsome showy grass used for the adornment of lawns, etc.
It has long been known to florists under the name of Zu/alia Ja-

— ee ee ose eae

ci ee

' THe GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 17

ponica. The long and very numerous lower leaves are variegated
with cross or longitudinal white bands, The rather delicate and
somewhat fan-shaped panicles, if cut when just expanding, are
valued for winter bouquets,

5. SACCHARUM Linn. Gen. Pl. ed. 1, No. 49 (1735).

Spikelets all alike perfect, awnless, in numerous jointed racemes,
forming much-branched terminal panicles. The somewhat hard-
ened first and second glumes empty, equal, awnless, pilose with
long silky hairs, especially on the callus. Third glume, when
present, empty and hyaline. The fourth or flowering glume awn-
less or simply mucronate-pointed, hyaline.

Tall erect perennials with usually simple culms, long leaves and
ample terminal panicles; the small spikelets surrounded by long
silky hairs. Allied to Zrianthus.

Species twelve, chiefly in the tropics of the Old World.

1. Saccharum officinarum Linn. Sugar Cane,

Culms many jointed, six to twenty feet high; leaves three to four
feet long and two to three inches wide; panicle rather dense, ovate-
pyramidal, the racemes two to four inches long; spikelets about
two inches long, much exceeded by the hairs surrounding the base.

Native country not known, probably tropical Asia, but now ex-
tensively cultivated in all tropical countries and in some of the
Gulf States, especially Louisiana, where its product (molasses and
sugar) has become a staple of commerce. A number of varieties
have been produced, distinguished chiefly by the color and height
of stem. '

6. ERIANTHUS Michx. Flor. Bor. Am. i: 54 (1803).

Spikelets in pairs, one sessile the other pedicellate, along the
articulate and readily disjointing panicle-branches, both alike her-
maphrodite. Glumes four: the outer ones sub-equal, firm-mem-
branaceous, the first flattened on the back and more or less bicari-
nate and two-toothed at the narrow apex, the second somewhat
rounded on the back, sharply acuminate-pointed and more or less
keeled above, The third and fourth glumes a little shorter than
the outer ones, hyaline, the third empty and nearly always awn-
less, the fourth enclosing a hermaphrodite flower and awned.
Palea usually much shorter than its glume, nerveless. Lodi-
cules cuneate, ciliate or naked.

Tall, reed-like perennials with the spikeiets in many-jointed
racemes, which are sessile along the main axis, forming an ample
terminal and usually woolly panicle.

Species about eighteen, in the warmer regions of both hemi-
spheres. Tennessee species, as here treated, four.

ee ee eee ss

18 BULLETIN VII. 1.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.
1. Spikelets naked at the base, 4-5 lines tice 1. E. sTRICTUS..

1. Spikelets very hairy at the base... [e205 (Ste
2. Basal hairs not exceeding the spikelet . 2, E. BREVIBARBIS.
2. Basal hairs longer than the spikelet.:; .,4. <..'. \2s6) ae
3. Spikelet 3-4 lines long, awn twisted . . 3. E. conrorrus.
3. Spikelet 2 lines long, awn straight . 4. E. ALOPECUROIDES.

1. Erianthus strictus Baldw.
Plate I. Figure 2.

An erect grass three to six feet high, with smooth stems, very
long, narrow leaves and close, narrow terminal panicles, six to
twenty inches long. Nodes smooth or sometimes pubescent with
short appressed hairs. Ligule membranous, about one line long,
irregularly ciliolate and distinctly auricled; leaf-blade one to two
feet long, scabrous on the margins, narrowed towards the base and
tapering into long filiform tips. Panicle linear-lanceolate, rigidly
erect, the appressed and densely-flowered branches one to four
inches long; pedicels about one-half the length of the spikelets.
Spikelets about five lines long, narrow-lanceolate, naked or with
a few short hairs at the base; outer glumes mcre o¢ less scabrous,
subciliate with short, stiff hairs on the keels above; first glume
subcoriaceous, lanceolate, strongly two-keeled, usually seven-
nerved, bicuspidate at the apex; second glume equalling the first,
lanceolate, and long acuminate-pointed or subaristate; third glume
a little shorter than the outer ones, lanceolate acuminate. smooth,
two- to three nerved; fourth glume about the length of the third,
thin, membranaceous, smooth, lanceolate, briefly bifid at the apex,
three to five-nerved below, the nerves uniting above and extend-
ing into a stout, straight awn eight to ten lines long. Palea about
one and one-half lines long, ovate-lanceolate, acute, nerveless. Lo-
dicules truncate, smooth. The third and fourth glumes and palea
more or less tinged with purple-——September. Tullahoma (A. Gat-
tinger); swamps near Jackson (S. M. Bain).

2. Erianthus brevibarbis. Michx.
Plate I. Figure3.

A stout, erect grass three to six feet high, with terminal hairy
and bearded panicles six to eighteen inches long. Culm usually
silky just below the panicle, with the nodes, at least the upper,
sometimes bearded. Sheaths hairy at the throat; ligule membra-
nous, lacerate; leaf-blade ten to twenty inches long, three to six
lines broad, somewhat scabrous, usually pilose near the base, long
attenuate-pointed. Spikelets three to four lines long, exceeding”
the copious hairs at the base and twice as long as the pilose sub-
equal joints and pedicels. Sessile spikelet: first glume strongly
two-keeled, aculeolate scabrous towards the strongly bidentate
apex, seven-nerved; second glume broadly lanceolate, acuminate
pointed, scabrous above and ciliate on the infolded edges; third
glume a little shorter than the outer ones, lanceolate, ciliate on
the margins above; fourth glume ciliate on the margins, three-

eee eo
;

Bulletin Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station, 1894. Plate |

Fig. 1. Tripsacum dactyloides. Fig. 2. Erianthus strictus.

2. Inflorescence. 3. Base of the female 2. Panicle, 3. Upper leaf. 4. Spikelet.
inflorescence. 4. Upper leaf. 5. Male or 5. Empty glumes. 6. Flowering glume.
staminate spikelet. 6. Female spikelet in
section. 7. Female spikelet expanded.

Fig. 3. Erianthus brevibarbis. Fig. 4. Erianthus contortus.

2. Panicle. 3. Upper leaf. 4. Spikelet. 2. Panicle. 3. Upperleaf. 4. Spikelet. 5.
5. Empty glumes. Empty glumes. 6. Flowering glume.

;

THE GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 19

nerved below and awned between the divisions of the deeply bifid
apex; awn seven to ten lines long, slightly twisted, the column
not projecting beyond the outer glumes. Palea lanceolate, two-
thirds as long as its glume. Lodicules more or less ciliate. First
giume of the pedicellate spikelet pilose along the margins, with
hairs similar to those at the base—Valley of the Hiwassee (A.
Ruth), September, 1893. Mitchellville, Sumner County. (A. Gat-
tinger.)

3. Erianthus contortus Ell.
Plate I. Figure 4.

Culms stout, six to ten feet high, silky-villous near very hairy
and bearded panicle; nodes bearded with soft appressed hairs.
Sheaths shorter than the internodes, smooth, bearded at the
throat; ligule irregular, about one line long, finely ciliate, auri-
cled; leaf-blade one to two feet long (the uppermost shorter, ) four
to twelve lines wide, hairy near the base, margins scabrous, with
long, slender tips. Paniclesix to ten inches long, ovate-lanceolate,
or oblong, the joints of the racemes shorter than the sessile spike-
lets, ciliate with long hairs, as are the pedicels of the primary
spikelets. Sessile spikelet three to three and one-half lines long,
one-fourth to one-half shorter than the copious hairs at the base;
first glume broadly lanceolate, seven-nerved, two-keeled, thinly
hairy in the back and margins, shortly two-toothed at the apex;
second glume as long as the first, acuminate pointed, hairy on the
back and ciliate on the hyaline infolded margins above, three to
five-nerved; third glume hyaline, a little shorter than the outer
ones, ciliate on the margins, usually three-nerved at the base,
acute or sometimes awned from the apex; fourth giume shorter
than the third, three-nerved at the base, ciliate on the margins,
deeply cleft and awned from between the divisions; awn six to
seven lines long, twisted, the column projecting beyond the outer
glumes. Palea one-half as long as its glume, fringed at the apex.
Lodicules truncate smooth. Stamens two, about one line long.—
Specimens collected in the Hiwassee Valley by Prof. A. Ruth have
the third glume long-awned, similar to the fourth. This is the
only locality at present known within the State.

4. Erianthus alopecuroiies Ell. Plume-grass.
Plate II. Figure 5.

An erect grass, with stout, leafy stems three to ten feet high,
with rather densely flowered, woolly panicles five to ten inches
long. Culms round or slightly flattened near the base, densely
villous below the panicle and usually with a dense ring of erect
hairs at the nodes, at least the upper ones. Sheaths pilose above
and usually densely villous at the summit, with appressed hairs
and bearded at the throat; ligule one to two lines long, ciliate;
leaf-blade six to twenty-four inches long, tapering towards the

’ ‘base and long acuminate pointed, surface smooth or thinly hairy,

margins scabrous. Spikelets about two lines long, Jess than half
the length of the copious ring of hairs at the base. Pedicels of
the primary spikelets half the length of the sessile spikelet, this a
little exceeding the sparingly pilose joints of the raceme. Sessile

20 BULLETIN VII. : 1.

spikelet: empty glumes smooth or with a few long hairs above,
first glume lanceolate acuminate, two-toothed at the apex, scabrous
along the keels above; second glume lanceolate acuminate, equal-
ing the first glume and similar in texture; third glume lan-
ceolate acuminate, acute or rarely awned, three-nerved, ciliate on
the margins above; fourth glume lanceolate, shorter than the
third, three-nerved below and awned from the entire apex, awn
straight about ten lines long. Palea small, ovate. Inner glumes
and fimbriated lodicules dark purple.—Oakland Station, near Tul-
lahoma (A. Gattinger). August to September.

In the University herbarium there is a specimen from Sumner
County ticketed by Dr. Gattinger, “Z. drevidardis.” As there is no
specimen of &. dbrevibarbis in the collection from Dr. Gattinger,
this may be the plant referred to in his “Tennessee Flora” as
growing near Mitchellville.

7. ANDROPOGON Linn. Sp. Pl. 1045 (1753).

: Spikelets in pairs at each joint of the articulate and usually
a hairy rachis of the short racemes or false spikes, one sessile and
hermaphrodite with four glumes, the other pedicellate, staminate
: (very rarely hermaphrodite), neuter, reduced to a mere rudiment
or even wholly absent, the hairy pedicel alone remaining. Ra-
: cemes solitary, in pairs or variously clustered and paniculate,
: often subtended by a sheathing bract (the spathe.) Outer glumes
: subequal, much firmer in texture than the inner ones. First
glume of the sessile spikelet coriaceous or cartilaginous (rarely

herbaceous), flattened or depressed upon the back with one
merve near each margin stronger than the others, forming two
keels; second glume more pointed than the first and more or less
keeled, at least above; the third glume herbaceous or hyaline, a
little shorter than the outer ones, ‘empty: the fourth or flowering
glume hyaline, entire, or more or less bifid at the apex and awned.
Awn terminal or from. between the teeth of the glume, straight
or more often twisted in the lower part (the column), bent near
the middle and very slender above. Palea usually present, hya-
line and nerveless, rarely more than half the length of its glume.

: Slender or rather coarse perennials with solid culms, growing
: chiefly in dry, sandy or poor soil.

Species about one hundred and eighty, widely distributed over
both hemispheres, especially in the tropical and sub-tropical
regions. Thirty-five species are recorded as being found within
the United States. Those enumerated below have been found in
Tennessee.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

1. Racemes 1-5, terminal on the culm or its branches and sub-
tended by a spathe-like bract . cg te oo

1, Racemes ‘in’ terminal /bractléss paicies ">. yo Fo

2. Hairs on the joints of the rachis and pedicels shorter than
the.spikelets,.. o¢ <td.\ied aralsdigqa eran
2. Hairs longer than the spikelets. vonage edi pai bseoxe Sam

THE GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 21

3. Racemes slender solitary, pedicellate spikelets reduced to
one ortwoempty glumes. . ; 1. A SCOPARIUS.
3. Racemes stout, 2-5 together, digitate; pedicellate spikelet
with four glumes, staminate (rarely hermaphrodite or
Memeetyoiia olititva jelold 10-4) ag co8h AcpPROVINCIALIS,

4. The plumose pedicels shorter than the sessile spikelets
ee, ers eee es Seeds LPI LS Oi sl igh By ARGYREVS.
4. Pedicels longer than the sessile spikelets"... ..... §
5. Upper leaf-sheaths inflated, imbricate; spathes narrow, close,
racemes finally exserted on — slender peduncles
. 4 A. ELviottn,
# Upper sheaths not conspicuously “inflated, racemes subses-
mete wee rose sparnes ey ee ee CR 6

6. Branches of the culm short, erect, rather distant, forming

an elongated false panicle . . . . . 5. A. VIRGINICUS.

6. Branches longer and more compound, crowded towards the

summit of the culm and more or less spreading, the gen-

eral inflorescence corymbosely-paniculate bait

Ear re pnd ee . 6. A. MACROURUS,

7. Primary branches of the — solitary, pias sarge: spike-

let wanting . 7. A. NUTANS,

(a) Spikelets light brown, awn four and one-half to ten
lines long, the column ee or nearly so.

Var. avenaceus.

(2) Spikelets very dark brown, awn twelve to fifteen lines

long, the column distinctly geniculate. var. Linneanus.

7. Primary branches whorled pedicellate, spikelet present and

usually staminate . . 8. A. SorGHUM var. HALEPENSE.

1. Andropogon scoparius Michx. Little Blue-stem, Mountain-

sedge.
Plate II. Figure 6.

A rather slender perennial, onetothree feet high, moreor less pan-
iculate-branched above, the single racemes terminal onthe culm or
branches. Culms somewhat compressed below. Leaf-sheaths cari-
nate, smooth, scabrous or often pilose; ligule about a line long, trun-
cate; leaf-blade two to ten inches long, one to three lines wide,
very acute, the mid-vein prominent below. Spathe one to two
inches long, narrow and acute, or with a short rudimentary blade,
apex of the peduncle smooth or sparingly pilose. Racemes par-
tially enclosed within the spathe, or more often exserted, erect in
flowering, six- to twelve-jointed, the rachis straight or usually
flexuose; joints rather slender, somewhat thickened above, rounded
and scabrous on the back, flattened on the anterior face, pilose on
the edges from near the middle, the hairs increasing in length to-
wards the apex, about one-half the length of the sessile-spikelet.
Pedicellate spikelet reduced to a short-awned, narrow glume,
which usually encloses a smaller one, rarely a staminate flower.
Pedicel a little shorter than the sessile spikelet, flattened and
broader above, spreading when dry; pilose along the edges, the
hairs increasing in length above. Sessile spikelet narrow, lanceo-
late, appressed to the rachis, three to five lines long; first glume

22 BULLETIN VII. 1.

rigid, herbaceo-chartaceous, sharply two-keeled with narrow,
‘strongly inflexed margins, keels scabrous; second glume about the

length of the first, lanceolate, acuminate, or short-awned, one-

nerved, scabrous on the keel and more or less ciliate on the mar-

gins; third glume deep purple or violet, a little shorter than the
second, narrowly lanceolate, acute, the infolded margins ciliate on
the edge; fourth a little shorter than the third, narrowly oblong,
ciliate along the margins, more or less deeply bifid at the apex and
awned between the acute divisions; awn four to nine lines long,
the closely twisted basal portion (the column) barely exceeding
the outer glumes.

Common throughout the State, usually in dry, more or less
sandy soil. It is valued in the mountain districts of East Tennes-
see for grazing, and is there known as Mountain Sedge-grass or
Little Blue-stem. It flowers from August to October.

This species is quite variable in its technical characters, and
several forms and varieties have been characterized:

1. Zypica. Racemes in a long, strict, and usually much-branched
panicle, partly or wholly enclosed within the spathe Spikelets
three to three and one-half lines long. Sheaths usually pilose.

2. Flexilis, Racemes long-exserted, spikelets smaller (less than
three lines).

3. Cesta. Sheaths and spathe pruinose.
4. Serpentina. Rachis of the racemes strongly undulate.

5. Stmplictor. Branches simple with rarely more than a single
raceme. Spikelets four lines long.

6. Lolioides. Spikelets four and one-half to five lines long.

2. Andropogon provincialis Lam. Big Biue-stem.
Plate II. Figure 7.

A stout perennial, two to five feet high, with rather thick ra-
cemes, two to five together, terminal on the culm and its branches.
Culms smooth, terete, often pruinose below the nodes, branched
above; branches single (rarely two or four together) simple.
Sheaths smooth or sometimes pilose, those of the sterile shoots
usually compressed-keeled; ligule very short (one-half to one line)
truncate; leaf-blade eight inches to two feet long, two to five lines
wide, tapering into long setaceous points, margins scabrous, and
often fimbriate near the base. Spathes usually about four inches
long, smooth, acuminate-pointed. Racemes at length long ex-
serted, two to eight together, closely approximate along the short-
ened common rachis, appearing digitate, more or less spreading,
densely flowered; joints about one-half the length of the sessile
spikelet, usually with a dentate appendage at the imperfectly cup-
shaped apex, somewhat flattened and ciliate along the edges, the
longer upper hairs one-half as long as the pedicel. Pedicellate
spikelet lanceolate, staminate, with four glumes; first glume lance-
olate, acuminateor mucronate pointed, serrulate-scabrousalong the
scarcely infolded margins, smooth on the back or punctate scab-
rous above, seven to eleven-nerved; callus naked cr shortly pilose;
second glume a little shorter than the first, lanceolate, acute, three

Bulletin Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station, 1894. Plate II.

¥ Fig. 5. Erianthus alopecuroides. Fig. 6. Andropogon scoparius.
2. Panicle. 3. Upper leaf. 4. Spikelet. 1. Inflorescence. 2. Spikelet and pedl-
5. Empty glumes. cel of a rudimentary spikelet. 3. Floral
ig 4. Rudimentary spikelet and its
pedicel.

Fig. 7. Andropogon provincialis. Fig. 8. Andropogon argyreus.

1. Upper partofculm. 2. Part of inflor- 2. Inflorescence. 3. Spikelet and pedi-
escence. 3 Fertile spikelet. (The awned cel. 4. Floral glume with its awn.
glume should be on the right.) 4. Flower-
ing glume of fertile spikelet. 5. Rudiment-
ary pedicellate spikelet. 6. Entire plant,
much reduced.

ron

ry

a

THE GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 23

to five nerved, the hyaline margins ciliate; third glume equalling
the second, the fourth somewhat shorter, both one- to three nerved,
lanceolate and acute. Paleasmall. Sessile spikelet three and one-
half to five and one-half lines long, narrow-lanceolate, acute; first
glume coriaceous, very acute, or sometimes long acuminate-
pointed, apex minutely bimucronate, margins strongly inflexed,
keels aculeolate scabrous, the back punctate scabrous or smooth
below, callus barbate, the hairs about one-fourth as long as the
glumes; second glume equalling the first, lanceolate, boat-shaped,
acuminate or mucronate, one-nerved, keel scabrous, the narrow,
infolded and hyaline margins ciliate; third glume a little shorter
than the second, lanceolate, imperfectly three-nerved, the infolded
margins ciliate; fourth glume somewhat shorter, lanceolate, more
or less deeply bifid at apex, the divisions acute, ciliate on the mar-
gins, three-nerved near the base, awned; awn six to eight lines
long. with the column slightly exserted from the glumes. Palea
one-half to two-thirds as long as its glume, fimbriate at apex.
Anthers yellow, one and one-half lines long. Stigmas purple.

This species varies a good deal in the number of the racemes,
Size of the spikelets, and special characters of the culm and foli-
age. According to Hackel the callus of the pedicellate spikelet is
distinctly barbate in the typical plant. In subvariety furcatus the
base of the pedicellate spikelet is smooth, the sheaths often vil-
lous. In subvariety Zindheimer? the spikelets are five lines long,
the mouth of the sheaths barbate, and the leaves more or less tu-
berculate-pilose. In the subvariety pycnanthus, the joints of the
racemes are about one-third the length of the sessile spikelet,
which is three and one-half to four lines long. These varieties
may all be found within the State, and also the following: Variety
Tennesseensis Scribn.; rachis, pedicels, and outer glumes rough-
scabrous, hairs yellow; pedicellate spikelet as large as the sessile,
hermaphrodite, with the fourth glume sometimes short awned.
This variety is based upon specimens found near Knoxville. It is
well marked, approaching 4. alii.

Big Blue-stem is a strong-growing, native grass, found through-
out the State in dry soil, though rarely seen in cultivated lands.
In some sections of the country it is valued both for hay and pas-
ture. When young it is readily eaten by stock, the stems being
very leafy, but after flowering the stems become hard and woody,
and of little value. In certain soils, or under certain conditions,
this grass might be worth cultivating. It grows to the height of
three or four feet, and like all the Andropogons, blooms late in
the season.

3. Andropogon argyreus Schult. Silver Beard-grass,
Plate II. Figure 8.

A rather slender, branching perennial, two tothree feet high, the
branches all terminating ina pair of more orless spreading, white

t
:
!
:
:

24 BULLETIN VII. 1.

silky-bearded racemes. Sheaths of the sterile shoots compressed,
the narrow scabrous leaf-biades much elongated (a foot or more),
those of the culm shorter and one and one-half to two lines wide.
Spathe narrow, twoto three inches long. Common peduncle densely
villous at the apex. Racemes finally long-exserted, one and one-
half to two inches long, eight to ten-jointed, the joints densely
plumose-bearded, somewhat thickened above, the apex of the ar-
ticulations cup-shaped, the margin of the cup irregularly dentate.
Sterile spikelet reduced to a narrow glume one to one and one-
half lines long, the long-plumose pedicel shorter than the sessile
spikelet. Sessile or hermaphrodite spikelet lanceolate, acuminate,
about two and one-half lines long, exceeding the joints of the ra-
chis; first glume rigid, narrow lanceolate, long acuminate pointed,
the apex entire or minutely bimucronate, sharply bicarinate, with
narrow infolded margins, back smooth, much depressed, keels
rough-scabrous, calius hairy, the hairs about one-third as long as
the glume; second glume equalling the first, lanceolate, acuminate,
one-nerved, keeled, keel serrulate-scabrous; third a little shorter
than second, hyaline, lanceolate, acute, ciliate on the margins
above; fourth about equalling the third, bifid at the apex and
awned between the acute divisions; awn seven to eight lines long,
somewhat twisted and flexuose near the middle. Palea nearly one
line long, ovate, obtuse. Lodicules manifest, broadly wedge-
shaped, smooth.

Silver Beard-grass is a native species, found occasionally along
the borders of woods, less common in open fields. It grows tothe
height of two or three feet, and is noticeable for its silvery-white ~
“heads,” which appear in September.

4. Andropogon Elliottii Chapm.
Plate III. Figure 9.

A slender upright perennial two to three feet high, with a short,
sparingly-branched panicle of a few more or less exserted plumose
racemes. Upper joints of the culms often densely silky-bearded
just below the nodes, with erect appressed hairs. Culm leaves
flat, one-half to one and one-half lines wide, the lower five to ten
inches long, smooth or pilose near the base, the three to six upper
leaves approximate, their smooth inflated sheaths imbricated.
Panicle simple, four to ten inches long. Racemes in pairs (rarely
ternate), three-fourths to oneand one-half inches long, the slender
flexuose rachis about seven-jointed, plumose, as is the pedicel of
the sterile spikelet with long (threelines) white hairs. Pedicellate
spikelet reduced to a minute giume, the pedicel longer than the
sessile spikelet. Sessile spikelets narrow-lanceolate, about two
lines long, hairy on the callus; first glume minutely bimucro-
nate at the narrow apex, depressed between the keels, which are
finely aculeolate-scabrous above; second glumeas long as the first,
one-nerved, keeled above and scabrous on the keel; third glume
equalling the first, hyaline, acute, ciliate, empty; fourth a little
shorter, bifid at the apex and awned between the acute divisions.
Awn slender, seven to twelve lines long, flexuose near the middle,
the column projecting a little beyond the glumes. Palea minute.

_ Stamen one.

4
'
>
4
F oi
4 (
‘
*
e
-
. .
- .
;
* ‘ _
.
~ 7

fee Lal
*

oe ie sh 4 s a “ ‘ ‘ A

-",+ = »

Bulletin Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station, 1894. Flate Ill.

3
ee
r). ?,
M
7.
. Fig. 9. Andropogon Elliottii. Fig. 10. Andropogon Virginicus.
a h 2. Upper part of culm and inflorescence. 2. Upper part of culm and inflorescence.
. 3. Spikelet and plumose pedicel. 3. Portion of one of the racemes with three
Ah, spikelets. 4. Outer empty glumes. 5.
¥ Awned floral glume.

Be aaatecinss
On ee

Fig. 11. Andropogon macrourus. Fig. 12. Andropogon nutans.
2. Inflorescence. 38. Portion of the culm 2. Inflorescence. 3. Spikelet and pedi-
andupper leaf. 4. Spikelet, joint of the cels. 4. Empty glumes. 5. Awned flower- 4

rhachis and pedicel. 5. Outer empty ing glume.
glumes. 6. Awned flowering glume.

THe GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 25
Two forms occur within the State :

Var. GENUINA.,

Culm leaves one to one and one-halt lines wide, five to six of the
upper sheaths inflated, racemes one and one-fourth to one and one-
half inches long, spikelets about two and one-half lines long and
the awn about an inch long, Found in the valley of the Hiwas-
see by Prof. A. Ruth, September.

Var. GRACILIOR Hack.

Culm leaves one-half line wide, only two to three of the upper
leaf-sheaths inflated, racemes about one inch long; spikelets one
and one-half to two lines long; awn one-half to three-fourths of
aninch long. This species is readily recognized by the inflated up-
per leaf-sheaths, from which project the long and slender pedun-
cles of the white-hairy racemes. The spathes proper are narrow
and closely wrapped around the peduncles. Apparently not very
common nor of any agricultural value.

5. Andropogon Virginicus Linn. Broom-sedge.
Plate III. Figure 10.

A rigidlyerect perennial,twoto four feet high, with the culms flat-
tened near the base, and a narrow elongated and loosely- branched
panicle of silky-bearded racemes, which are for the most part ex-
ceeded by and partially enclosed within smooth spathe-like bracts.
Sheaths of the sterile shoots at the base strongly compressed-
keeled, their leaf-blades two to five inches long, and always more
or less folded; lower culm leaves six to twelve inches long, one to
two and one-half lines wide, usually flat and more or less long-pil-
ose towards the base. Panicle ten to twenty inches long, the
branches short and rather distant, the primary with two to five
nodes. Spathe one to two and one-half inches long, lanceolate,
acuminate, smooth. Racemes in pairs (rarely three to five) one-
half to one and one-half inches long, the common peduncle very
short (one to two lines), the very slender and more or less flexuose
rachis eight- to fifteen-jointed; joints and pedicels of the sterile
spikelets clothed with long plumose hairs. Primary and pedicel-
late spikelet reduced to a slender awn or wholly absent; the pedi-
cel about three lines long. Sessile spikelet narrow-lanceolate, one
and three-fourths to two lines long, about one-fourth longer than
the joints of the rachis, its callus with a few short hairs. First
glume depressed on the back between the two sharp keels,which are
aculeolate-scabrous above, apex narrow and minutely bimucronate;
second glume lanceolate, acute, one-nerved, keeled above, glab-
rous; third hyaline, narrowly oblong, obtuse, glabrous; fourth
hyaline, a little shorter than the third, awned between the short
and acute divisions of the bifid apex; awn slender, straight, five to
seven lines long. Palea minute. Stamen one.

There is probably no native grass better known to our farmers
than this. Although when quite young it affords excellent
grazing and the mature plants may have some value for silage, it
is, on the whole, one of our worst weeds, rendering the formation
of permanent meadows very difficult. Constant tillage seems to be
_the only means of keeping this grass from occupying the land.

;

26 BULLETIN VII. 1.

6 Andropogon macrourus. Michx. Brook grass.
‘,oPlate JFL. , Firnregli.

A stout perennial grass, two to four feet high, with the culms
somewhat compressed near the base and a more or less elongated
dense panicle, the numerous compound branches usually very
much crowded above by the shortening of the nodes of the com-
mon rachis, giving the grass the appearance of being ‘bushy-
branched” at the summit. Sheaths of the sterile shoots and
those of the lower culin leaves compressed, imbricated, smooth,
or more or less hairy; leaf-blade of the sterile shoots eight to twenty
inches long, those of the flowering culm shorter and two to five lines
wide. Panicle four to twenty inches long, the nodes, as well as
those of the erect and more or less fastigiate branches usually bar-
bate with rather long, soft hairs. The sheathing bracts at the
base of the racemes one-half to one and one-half inches long, usu-
ally scabrous, especially along the mid-nerve. Racemes in pairs,
one-half to one inch long, the filiform plumose-hairy joints shorter
than the sessile spikelet. Sterile spikelet reduced to a minute
bract or short awn, its slender, plumose pedicel longer than the
sess le spikelet. Sessile or hermaphrodite spikelet about two lines
long, narrowly lanceolate. First glume tapering from near the
base to the very narrow, ertire or minutely bimucronate apex, two-
keeled, the keels aculeolate-ciliate above, callus with a few short
hairs; second glume lanceolate, acute; keeled above and scabrous
on the keel andimperfectly ciliate along the hyaline margins; third
glume lanceolate, acute, hyaline, ciliate along the margins, a little
shorter than the second; fourth glume hyaline, about the length of
the third, ciliate along the margins, awned between the acute
divisions of the bifid apex. Awn slightly twisted or flexuose
near the base when dry, straight and very slender above, six to
seven lineslong. Palea minute or none.

This is rather a stout-growing species, similar in habit to broom-
sedge, but more robust, and although pretty generally distributed
over the State, it is far less common than that grass. It blooms
from September to October.

7. A. nutans Linn. (Sorghum nutans A. Gray).. Indian-grass.
Plate III. Figure 12.

Culms simple, three to five feet high, terete, smooth, often
bearded at the nodes. Sheaths smooth, extending into a rigid
ligule one to three lines long; leaf-blade narrowly lanceolate,
three to eight lines wide, ten inches to two feet long. narrowed at
the base and tapering into a long, slender apex. Panicle six to
twelve inches long, lax, or sometimes rather densely-flowered,
nodding at the apex; primary branches solitary, straight ascend-
ing, repeatedly branching from the base; ultimate branches fili-
form and a little pilose below the spikelets, straight, or somewhat
flexuose. Racemes short, one- to four-jointed (bearing one to four
spikelets), joints filiform, flexuose, shorter than the spikelets, cil1-
ate. Spikelets three to four lines long, shining, usually pale, red-
dish brown (sometimes very dark brown), lanceolate; first glume

THE GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 27

coriaceous, more or less pilose, broadly lanceolate or narrowly ob-
long, apex truncate, flat or slightly convex on the back, five- to
nine-nerved, margins subinvolute; callus short, obtuse, white-bar-
bate; second glume similar in texture, narrower, fewer-nerved
and alittle longer than the first, obtuse or with adepressed triangu-
lar apex; third glume as long as the first, hyaline, nerveless, obtuse,
ciliate on the margins; fourth glume a little shorter than the third,
ovate-lanceolate, three nerved, ciliate, apex bidentate or bifid,
awned between the divisions. Palea small, fringed at the broad
apex, sometimes wanting. Pedicel very slender, plumose, shorter
than the sessile spikelet, to which it is appressed.

A variable species presenting numerous well-marked varieties,
some of which have been regarded as distinct species. Two forms
come within our limits.

1. Var. AVENACEUS (A. avenaceus Michx. A. ciliatus Ell; Sorghum
avenaceum Chapm.) Panicle rather dense, six to twelve inches long,
spikelets lanceolate, three to four lines long, the first glume more
or less pilose, second glume glabrous; awn five to ten lines long, its
column straight or very slightly geniculate. Lower racemes with
only two to three spikelets. In dry, sandy soil, open pine woods,
etc

Thisisastout perennial grass, four to six feet high, growing in
dry soil, along borders of fields, or open woods. It rarely occurs
in sufficient abundance to be of any value, and when it has
bloomed, its stems are too stout and woody to be eaten by stock.
It is not to be recommended for cultivation.

2. Var. Linn#ANus Hackel. (Sorghum nutans Chapm. Ch ysopogon
nutans Benth.) Plate IV. Figure 13. Panicle eight to twelve
inches long, lax, branches straight or more or less curved; spike-
lets linear oblong, very dark brown, three to four lines long, the
first glume thinly pilose to the middle, callus one-half line long:
second glume glabrous, or sparingly pilose, awn twelve to fifteen
lines long, its column distinctly geniculate near the middle. Ra-
cemes usually reduced to a single spikelet. Steri’e pedicel about
the length of the spikelet. This form approaches A. unilateralts.

Dry bluffs near Knoxville.

8. Andropogon Sorghum Halepense Hackel. (Surghum Halepense
Pers.) Johnson-grass.

Plate IV. Figure 14.

A stout, perennial, with smooth, erect, simple culms, three to five
feet high, and strong creeping rootstocks. Leaves elongated, one-
fourth to three-fourths inches wide, acute; ligule ciliate, and on the
back where the leaf-blade joins the sheath there is more or less
pubescence. Panicle open, six to twelve inches long, the whorled
branches naked below, the three to five flowered racemes clustered
towards their extremities. Pedicels of the staminate (rarely neu-
tral) spikelets pilose with stout hairs. Sessile spikelet broadly
lanceolate, acute, two to three lines long, pale green or violet, be-
coming dark or nearly black at maturity. Callus small, obtuse,
shortly and sparsely barbate. First glume coriaceous, sparingly

28 BULLETIN VII. 1.

pubescent on the flattened back, five to seven-nerved; second

glume similar and equalling the first, convex below, subcarinate.

above, acute, the hyaline inflexed margins ciliate; third glume a
little shorter than the outer ones, membranous, faintly two-nerved,
the infolded margins ciliate; fourth glume broadly oval, obtuse,
nearly one-half shorter than second, two-lobed or bidentate at the
apex, ciliate, awned. Awn five to eight lines long. Paleaa little
shorter than its glume, nerveless, ciliate.

Johnson-grass is now pretty well known in Tennessee, having
been introduced quite generally over the State. There are a few
who still regard it as a valuable grass for hay, and certainly its
yield is very large and the hay produced is excellent; but there are
a great many more who are ready to offer a handsome reward to
any one who will free their lands from it. It has strong, under-
ground stems, which grow deeply, taking the soil completely.
This habit makes Johnson-grass exceedingly difficult to eradicate,
for the least fragment of these underground stems, if left in the
soil, serves to produce a new plant. Unless one wishes to give the
land up for an indefinite period to this grass, its cultivation ought
not to be undertaken.

Tribe V. PANICE,*

Spikelets hermaphrodite, compressed from the back or not at
all flattened; glumes three or four, when four there is occasionally
a staminate flower ora palea in the axil of the third; the upper-
most or flowering glume of the hermaphrcdite flower is always
firmer in texture than the outer glumes, of which the first is usu-
ally smaller than the others. Axis of the inflorescence not articu-
lated, the rachilla being articulated below the empty glumes, the
spikelets falling off singly from their pedicels.

This is one of the largest tribes in the order Graminez. It con-
tains twenty-two genera, with over 630 species. Panicum, the princi-
pal genus, is the largest among grasses, numbering three hundred
species. The Panicee are very widely distributed throughout the
tropical and temperate regions of the world. Crab-grass and the
millets (Setariz species) are among our best known examples of
this tribe.

8. PASPALUM Linn. Syst. ed. 10, ii. 855 (1759).

Spikeiets one-flowered, plano-convex, nearly sessile in two to
four rows along one side of acontinuous narrow or dilated rachis,
forming simple racemes, these either solitary or two or more to-
gether and digitate or paniculate; rachilla articulated below the
empty glumes. Glumes three (rarely only two or four) awnless,
usually obtuse, the first two empty, membranaceous, equal or

*Tribes III,, Zoysiex, and IV., Tristeginez, are not represented in Tennessee. They

are small tribes, together having only about sixty species, chiefly tropical.

THE GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 29

nearly so, and usually as long asthe cartilaginous third glume
which encloses a palea of similar texture and a hermaphrodite
flower. Grain oblong, enclosed with the indurated fruiting glume
and palea.

Perennials, very variable in habit, usually growing in moist
grounds. Species about one hundred and sixty, widely distrib-
uted, especially abundant in the tropical regions of America.
There are about forty species and varieties in the United States,
chiefly in the Southern districts. The following have been found
within the State.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.
1. Rachis of the racemes thin and membranous, the mar-
gins nearly covering the small, two-rowed spikelets . . 2
1. Rachis firm, narrower than the two to four-rowed spikelets

2. Rachis projecting beyond the spikelets 1. P. MUCRONATUM.
2. Rachis not re ae nage the spikelets
2, P. MEMBRANACEUM.
3. Plants extehsively éHeaplie. racemes digitate .. . 4
3. Plants not extensively creeping, racemes solitary or scat-
tered along the main axis

4. Racemes in pairs at the apex of the culm, widely spreading,
Spikelets 1% lineslong acute . . . . 3. P. DISTICHUM.
4. Racemes 2 to 6, very slender, erect or ascending, spikelets 1
Reeeenejay 271. Sele. oil.to.zyols 4. P,.COMPRESSUM,

. Spikelets acute, the margins of the lower glume conspicu-
ously hairy .. . . 5. P. DILATATUM:.
. Spikelets obtuse, outer glumes smooth or Becly 96.6 ae

5
5
6. Rachis flat on the back, about a line wide, its margins
6

UI

nearly straight, spikelets mostly four- rowed. 7
. Rachis narrower, undulating or flexuose, spikelets for the
most part two- A akg

7. Culms branching only near the base, racemes 3 to 7, spike-
lets 1 lines long, flowering glume green BW d madera
Dita? wtns 6. P. PUBIFLORUM. Var. GLABRUM.

. Culms branched above, racemes three to twelve, spikelets one

7
line long, flowering naan dark brown and punctate-dot-
heGacs1% ve 1 Zoctecn 1. letriatpoPs Boscianvuw

8. Racemes 2 to 6, ivhae stout, ema one and one-half to

} two lines long . 9

8. Racemes often solitary, very “slender, on ‘long- exserted ter-
minal and frequently lateral peduncles, spikelets one
NG TOM AE ee SS Ss 2 Meer ks, oe

9. Culms 3 to 5 feet high, racemes erect or ret talil spikelets .
two lines long . . .. . 8 P. Froripanum.

g. Culms 1 to 3 feet high, racemes spreading, spikelets one and
ee eemCE Men Lf LL Ee Qt PS LRVE,

10. Leaves 5 to 12 inches long, spikelets one line long, floral
glumes witha distinct depression on the back near the
peer ee Aart Rae Whi oe BS to? PP. CreIATHFOLIUM.

30 BULLETIN VII. 1.

to. Leaves 1 to 4 inches long, spikelets three fourths of a line
long, flowering glume without any distinct depression on
the back . .. . . . . 481. P. LONGIPEDUNCULATUM:,

1. Paspalum mucronatum Muhl. (1817.) (Paspalum fluitans Kunth.
1829.
) Plate IV. Figure 15.

An aquatic grass with branched ascending culms from a creeping”
or floating base, six inches to three feet long, and numerous slender
racemes. Nodes usually bearded. Sheaths lax, smooth, or more
or less densely papillate-pilose with spreading hairs; ligule mem-
branaceous, sh«urt, broadly truncate, auriculate; leaf-blade lanceo-
late, acute, one to six inches long, three to seven lines wide, scab-
rous. Racemes ten to fifty, slender, one to three inches long, alter-
nate or whorled below, ascending; rachis flat, thin, margins scab-
rous, covering the spikelets and extending beyond them into an
acute tip. Spikelets lanceolate-elliptical, subacute, three-fourths.
line long, biseriate, rather thinly pubescent with minute glandu-
lar hairs; outer glumes very thin, two-nerved, nerves nearly mar-
ginal, first glume a little longer than the others, the second with a
brown spot near the base.

A form of this species, with rather densely pilose sheaths, was.
collected by Dr. Gattinger at Richland Station in Sumner county,
August 27, 1883. It doubtless grows on the Mississippi bottoms.
along the western borders of the State. Its recorded range is.
“river swamps, Virginia to Southern I1linois, Missouri, and South-
ward.” Of no agricultural value.

2. Paspalum membranaceum Walt. (1788) not of Lam. (1791.):
( Paspalum Walterianum Schult. Paspalum vaginctum E11.)

Plate ITV. Figure 16.

A low, creeping. semi-aquatic grass, with much branched, smooth.
stems, six to eighteen inches long, with short, flat leaves,and small
racemes, the lower ones usually enclosed in the uppermost sheath.
Sheaths somewhat inflated, smooth; ligule about one line long,
acute; leaf-blade lanceolate ur linear, one-half to two inches long,
one to two lines wide, acute, rounded at the base, smooth, minutely
scabrous on the margins. Racemes two to six on each branch, one-
terminal, the others alternate below it, one-half to one-inch long;
rachis flat, thin, one to oneand one-half lines wide, many-nerved,
smooth, the ciliate-scabrous inflexed margins partially concealing
the spikelets, abruptly pointed with a single spikelet at the apex.
Spikelets ovate-obtuse, smooth, about one line long, crowded in
two rows; outer glumes five-nerved; flowering glume lenticular,
rounded-obtuse, a little shorter than the outer ones.

Low, swampy grounds along the Cumberland river near Nash-
ville, (Dr. A. Gattinger), September, 1882. Probably grows in sim-
ilar situations at other points within the State, but this is the only
recorded station. It ranges from New Jersey to Florida; originally
discovered in South Carolina, Of no agricultural importance.

Plats IV.

AN

=\\ \)y
{ \ SV ,

ay 7
i, YA JE
HAE

\

2 ,

| 35. Y

]

Fiz. 13. Andropogon nutans Linnwanus. Fig. 41. Andropogon sorghum Halepense.
2. Panicle. 3. Upper leaf. 4. Spikelet. 1. Panicle. 2. Upperleaf. 3. Spikelet.

5. Firstglume. 6. Second glume. 7. Third
glume. 38. Fourth glume, palea and pistil.

\

Ir

\) g \
\,

4, WV

Fig. 15. Paspalum mucronatum. Fig. 16. Paspalum membranaceum.

2. Inflorescence. 38. Upper part of the 2. Upper part of the culm, with the ra-
rhachis with spikelets, front view. 4. The cemes. 3. Single raceme, the spikelets
Same, back view. 5. Spikelet, from the nearly concealed by the broad rhechis. 4.
side &. Lowerempty glume. 7. Spikelet, Spikelet from the side. 5. Spikelet from
showing smooth upper empty glume and the front
margins of lower glume.

THE GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 81

3. Paspalum distichum |. Knot-grass.
Plate VI. Figure 24.

A prostrate, extensively creeping and much-branched grass, the
ascending extremities of the stems and frequent sterile or flower-
bearing leafy shoots, six toeighteen inches high. Sheaths smooth
or ciliate along the margins and at the throat and base; ligule
short; leaf-blade flat, lanceolate, acute, one to six inches long, one
to three lines wide, smooth. Racemes in pairs close together at
the apex of the culm or its branches, one to two inches long,
rarely a third raceme below; rachis narrow (one-half to one line)
flat, smooth. Spikelets oblong, acute, about one and one-half
lines long, in two close rows, nearly sessile, outer glumes acute,
three- to five-nerved, usually thinly and minutely pubescent, a lit-
tle longer than the acute floral glume which is minutely bearded
at the tip. There is sometimes a third outer glume at the base of
the spikelet, either rounded and minute or narrow-lanceolate,
acute one-nerved and one-half to three-fourths as long as the spike-
let.

Moist, usually sandy soils; along river banks, margins of ponds,
“sink-holes,” etc. June to October.

This grass is very widely distributed over the tropical and
warmer temperate regions of the world. Probably introduced
from the South into Tennessee. It has much the same habit of
growth as Bermuda grass, but the stems are coarser and the flow-
ering racemes are stouter and nearly always in pairs. It is valu-
able for holding loose sands where there is moisture, and for cov-
ering the soil of “sink-holes” where other grasses usually die out.

4. Paspalum platycaule Poir. (7. compressum Nees.) Carpet-grass
or Louisiana-grass.

Plate VII. Figure 25.

A slender, erect, or more frequently prostrate and extensively
creeping perennial, rooting at the nodes and sending up numer-
ous leafy or flower-bearing branches, six to twenty-four inches
high. Culm and branches strongly flattened. Sheaths com-
pressed, the lower imbricate, smooth; ligule short, ciliate; leaf-
blade linear or narrowly lanceolate, two to ten inches long, one to
three lines wide, smooth, scabrous on the margins near the
rounded or blunt apex. Racemestwoto six, subdigitate, one or two
of the lower sometimes remote, onetothree inches long, slender, al-
most filiform, erect or ascending; the apex of the culm frequently
divides into two or three flower-bearing branches, which, with the
main axis, issue from the upper leaf-sheath; rachis of the racemes
very narrow (one-fourth of a line) somewhat flexuose, smooth.
Spikelets elliptical, about one line long, subacute, biseriate,
scarcely imbricate, closely appressed to the rachis, smooth or more
or less hairy; first glume four-nerved, two nerves near each margin,
the second two-nerved; flowering glume obtuse, minutely pubes-
cent at the apex and with a distinct depression on the back near
the base.

ao BULLETIN VII. 1.

The prostrate creeping stems of this grass spread rapidly and
soon form a dense carpet-like growth, crowding out all other vege-
tation. It withstands protracted drought, grows well on almost
any soil, and in more southern districts is evergreen, yielding good
pasturage both summer and winter. Seed sown here (Knoxville)
came up and the grass grew well for two years, making a vigorous
growth the second season, but it was all killed during the severe
winter of 1892-’93. In favorable localities, particularly in the
southwestern part of the State, this grass may prove of much
value, not only in improving the pasturage, but in preventing the
washing of the lands, now so serious in many sections.

5. Paspalum dilatatum Poir. (P. ovatum Nees.) Hairy-flowered

Paspalum.
Plate V. Figure 19.

An erect or ascending perennial two to four feet high, with com-
pressed sheaths, long narrow leaves, and acute hairy spikelets.
Nodes smooth. Sheaths smooth, orthe lower more or less bearded,
hairy at the throat; ligule short, (one to two lines), decurrent; leaf-
blade narrowly lanceolate, long acuminate-pointed, three to four
lines wide, scabrous along the margins, the lower a foot long or
more. Racemes two toten, one terminal, the others alternate
below, usually approximate or sometimes two to three inches dis-
tant along the main axis, more or less spreading; rachis of the
racemes narrow (less than a line), somewhat flexuose and minutely
scabrous along the margins. Spikelets four-seriate, one and one-
half to two lines long, depressed (much less convex on the back ~
than in P. /eve), broadly ovate; outer glumes prominently five-
nerved, submucronate-pointed, the lower villous-hairy along
the margins and sometimes imperfectly seven-nerved, the upper
smooth or thinly hairy; floral glume rounded-obtuse, nearly as
broad as long, one-fifth to one-fourth shorter than the outer
glumes, lenticular, pale or yellowish green and minutely Baar:
tate-striate as is the concave palea.

Found. growing along the Mississippi at Memphis, July, ie
probably from seed introduced for cultivation. This grass doubt-
less has been introduced into the United States from South Amer-
ica; it is spoken of in the highest terms by those who have culti-
vated it. It affords excellent pasturage, and is particularly valu-
able as yielding late summer and autumn feed, during which period
it makes its principal growth.

6. Paspalum pubiflorum glabrum Vasey.
Plate V. Figure 18.

A rather strong-growing species with ascending leafy culms, two
to three feet long, branching below and often rooting at the lower
joints of the more or less decumbent base. Nodes more or less
pilose-bearded with erect hairs. Sheaths smooth, often thinly
pilose near the scabrous re hairy at the throat: ligule two

9 at 7)
eat Wire ea a a :
* by -
esi F at ctu» ) a ee

Bulletin Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station, 1894. . Plate V.

Fig. 17. Paspalum Boscianum. Fig. 18. Paspalum pubiflorum glabrum.

2. Inflorescence. 3. Upperleaf. 4. Spike- 2. Upper part of the culm with the ra-
let. 5. Spikelet from the side, empty cemes. 3. Upper leaf-blade. 4. Spikelet.
glumes expanded. 5. Spikelet from the side, empty glumes

expanded.

Fig. 19. Paspalum ovatum. Fig. 20. Paspalum Floridanum.

2. Inflorescence. 3. Upper leafs 4. Spike- 2. Inflorescence. 8. Upperleaf. 4. Spike-
let. 5. Spikeletlaidopen. 6. Floral glume. let.
7. Palea and lodicule.

THE GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 83

to three lines long, decurrent; leaf-blade lanceolate, four to ten
(in luxurious specimens even eighteen) inches long, three to six
or nine lines wide, very acute, somewhat narrowed toward the
rounded base, minutely serrulate scabrous and usually ciliate
with rather distant hairs along the very narrowly cartilaginous
and often finely wavy margins. Racemes three to seven, terminal
and alternate near the summit of the stem, horizontal or ascend-
ing, one to four to five inches long, rather stout, the upper shorter,
bearded in the axils; rachis flat onthe back, a line wide, the min-
utely scabrous margins straight or only slightly undulate. Spike-
lets densely crowded in four rows, obovate, obtuse, about one and
one-fourth lines long, three-fourths to one line wide, outer glumes
five-nerved, smooth with prominent nerves. Floral glume witha
distinct depression on the back near the base.

Notre.—This differs from Paspalum pubiflorum, as represented by
No. 804 E. Hall (Texan Coll. 1872), No. 567 Lindheimer (1846)
and No. 45 E. Palmer (1887), in its spikelets, which are a little
shorter, more obovate and have smooth outer glumes. It is evi-
dently of the same species.

Found by the writer along the grassy banks of a small stream
at Belle Meade, near Nashville, July 1892, and Dr. Gattinger col-
lected it in the same region in July, 1886. Mr. S.M. Bain collected
it in Lake county, near the Mississippi, June 1893.

7. Paspalum Boscianum Flugge. (/. purpurascens Ell.)
: Plate V. Figure 17.

A rather stout perennial with ascending branching culms, two
to three feet high, long, flat leaves and numerous racemes crowded
near the summit of the culm or its branches. Nodes smooth.
Sheaths lax, smooth, longer than the internodes, the lower pur-
plish; ligule about a line long, its insertion strongly arched; leaf-
blade six to eighteen inches long, three to six lines wide, scabrous
on the margins and gradually tapering to a narrow acute and
rough point, sparingly pilose above near the base. Racemes three
to twelve, approximate, ascending, one to three inches long, of
nearly equal length on each culm or the upper shorter, pilose in
the axils, the racemes of the branches often (in herbarium speci-
mens) included in the wide sheaths; rachis flat on the back, its
scabrous margins nearly straight. Spikelets crowded, four-seriate,
obovate obtuse, one line long, outer glumes glaucous or brownish,
five-nerved, smooth; flowering glume very dark brown, shining
and minutely punctate-dotted, as is also the palea.

This is without doubt Flugge’s Paspalus Boscianus, which was
based upon specimens sent him from Carolina. It is more gener-
ally known as P. purpurascens Ell., but Flugge’s name antedates
that given by Elliott and ought to be taken up. Paspalum confer-
tum LeConte is the same.

Hiwassee Valley (Prof. A. Ruth), September, 1892. Allegheny
Springs (Lieut. E. E. Gayle), August, 1890.

#

34 BULLETIN VII. 1.

8. Paspalum Floridanum Michx. (P. altissimum Le Conte, P. ma-
crospermum Flugge.)
Plate V. Figure 20.

A stout, erect grass, three to four feet high, with long leaves and
large spikelets. Nodes smooth. Sheaths somewhat compressed,
hairy at the throat, smooth or the lower more or less densely
pilose-hairy; ligule ‘short; leaf-blade narrow, linear-lanceolate, ten
to fifteen inches long, somewhat scabrous toward the very acute:
apex, very smooth, or the lower leaves more or less hairy, upper-
most leaf-blade very short or wanting. Racemes three to four or
seven, erect or ascending, three to five inches long; bearded in the
axils, rachis narrow (about one line), nearly flat on the back, some-
what flexuose along the minutely scabrous margins. Spikelets
smooth or somewhat glaucous, about two lines long and three-
fourths as broad, rounded-ovate, obtuse, crowded in two rows; the
smooth five-nerved outer glumes covering the brown obtuse
flowering glume, which is punctate striate in fine longitudinal
lines, with a distinct depression at base; palea punctate-striate
like the glume. |

Low, moist fields, West Tennessee, September, 1892 (S. M. Bain.)
Apparently rare in the State. More abundant near the sea-shore
from New Jersey to Florida; its range extends westward to Texas.
The habit of this species is indicative of possible value in agricul-
ture. No attempt has been made to cultivate it.

9. Paspalum leve Michx.
Plate VI. Figure 21.

Culms ascending, often geniculate at the base, one to three feet.

long, compressed below, smooth. Lower sheaths, especially of the
sterile shoots, strongly flattened, smooth or pilose, usually hairy at.

the throat; leaf-blade four to five inches to a foot long or more,
two to five lines broad, mostly tapering toward the base, very
acute at the apex, smooth or more or less papillate-pilose, espe-
cially below, scabrous on the margins; ligule membranaceous, less.

than a line long. Racemes two to five, one terminal, the others.

lateral and subsessile, more or less spreading, two to five inches.
long, generally about one inch distant on the main rachis, pilose-
bearded in the axils; rachis about one-half a line wide, slightly
flexuose and somewhattriangular. Spikeletscrowded in two rows,
on very short pedicels, plano-convex, one and one-half lines lony
and nearly as broad, rounded, obtuse at apex, smooth.

Var. pilosum. Sheaths more or less densely pilose, with spread-
ing hairs, leaves narrow, elongated, pilose; racemes less spreading.

Moist grounds, fields, borders of swamps, etc., common. The
variety at Tullahoma, Madisonville, and White Cliff Springs,.
July to October.

10. Paspalum ciliatifolium Michx.
Plate VI. Figure 22.

An erect or ascending perennia!, usually about two feet high,
with long, flat leaves and slender, often solitary, terminal and long-

ee as Eee Ct

————a pe

Bulletin Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station, 1894. Plate V1.

Fig. 21. Paspalum Jeve.
2. Upper portion of culm, with three ra-

cemes. 3. Upper
Spikelet laid open.

leaf. 4. Spikelet. 5.
6 Empty glumes. 7.

Flowering glume, side view.

Fig. 23. Paspalum longepedunculatum.

2. Inflorescence.

3. Upper node and leaf.

4. Spikelet. 5. Spikeletlaidopen. 6. Flow-

ering glume.

Fig. 22. Paspalum ciliatifolium Mx.

2. Upper raceme. 3. Upper leaf with
projecting axillary raceme. 4. Spikelet.
5. Empty glumes. 6. Flowering glume and
palea. j

Fig. 24. Paspalum distichum.

1. Upper part of the culm, with the pair
of racemes. 2. Lower empty glume. 3.
Uporr empty glume. 4. Floral glume. 5.

alea.

aint ee _ sa SS Se eee

THE GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 85

peduncled axillary racemes. Sheaths pubescent with spreading
hairs, rarely nearly smooth, the lower usually purplish, the upper
ones elongated and somewhat inflated; ligule very short; leaf-
blade five to twelve inches long, three to six lines wide, usually
papillate-pilose on both sides and along the narrowly-cartilagin-
ous margins, acute, tapering slightly toward the rounded base,
the upper leaf usually cordate. Racemes terminal and axillary,
two to four or six inches long, the terminal solitary or with one
or two approximate below it, the axillary finally exserted on long
naked peduncles; rachis very narrow, somewhat flexuose and tri-
angular, scabrous. Spikelets imperfectly two- to four-rowed,
crowded or somewhat lax, one line long and nearly as broad,
rounded at the apex, smooth, or the larger glume minutely hairy
near the margins above. Flowering glume with a distinct de-
pression on the back near the base. (There is present occasion-
ally a small lower glume.)

Not infrequent in grass lands, usually preferring rich, moist
soils. July—September.

The leaves in this species are longer, culms more erect, and
spikelets larger and less crowded in the racemes than in the next.
P. setaceum Michx., as understood by the author, has narrower leaves,
and these with the sheaths more hairy, racemes more slender, the
terminal nearly always solitary, the spikelets densely crowded,
less rounded and about half as large.

it, Paspalum longepedunculatum Le Conte.
Plate VI. Figure 23.

A slender perennial, with reclining or decumbent widely spread-
ing culms, ten to eighteen inches long, short leaves, and long-pe-
duncled, usually solitary, terminal and axillary racemes. Sheaths
ciliate along the margins and long-hairy at the throat, otherwise
smooth or the lower sometimes pubescent; ligule very short; leaf-
blade one to four inches long, three to five lines wide, lanceolate,
more or less clasping the stem by the rounded, subcordate base,
acute, papillate-ciliate along the narrowly-cartilaginous margins
and along the midnerve, surfaces smooth or somewhat pilose. Ra-
cemes onetotwoinches long, slender, usually somewhat falcate,
terminal and solitary, or with a second raceme below, on long ex-
serted slender, naked peduncles; rachis very narrow, linear, more or
less flexuose, pubescent or pilose at the base. Spikelets plano-convex
or obtusely triangular, rounded-obtuse, hardly more than three-
fourths of a line long, the smooth and shining floral glume a little
exceeding the three-nerved outer glumes, and without any distinct
depression on the back at the base; first glume smooth or witha
few minute glandular hairs.—Sandy or gravelly soil. Knoxville,
and White Cliff Springs. Probably common. June to September.

Notre.—This may be the P. dedile of Michaux, a species which
Kunth unites with P. setaceum Mx., whether correctly or not is un-
certain. The grass above described is certainly distinct from P.
setaceum or P. ciliatifolium. Nees (Agrost. Bras. 54) refers P. longepe-
dunculatum LeConte and P. debile Muhl. to P. arenarium Schrad.

36 BULLETIN VII. 1.
9, PANICUM Linn. Sp. Pl. 55 (1753).

Spikelets one-flowered or sometimes with a staminate flower be-
low the hermaphrodite terminal one, in spikes, racemes, or pani-
cles, rachilla articulated below the empty glumes. Glumes four,
the first usually much shorter than the others, very rarely want-
ing; second glume empty, equalling or somewhat shorter than the
third, which is empty or has a palea or even a staminate flower in
its axil; fourth glume smooth and shining, coriaceous, much firmer
in texture than the others. Palea similar in texture to its glume
and closely embraced by it. Grain enclosed within the hardened
fruiting glume and palea, free.

Annuals or perennials varying greatly in habit of growth, foli-
age, and inflorescence. Species about three hundred, throughout
the tropical and subtropical regions of both hemispheres; a few
only in the temperate regions. Several species occur as weeds
throughout the civilized world. Nearly ninety species and varie-
ties are recorded as having been observed in Tennessee. The spe-
cies are difficult to identify, especially those in the group contain-
ing Panicum dichotomum, owing to the variations in habit which
the several species present at different periods of growth, and
the fact that anumber of the older published descriptions were
based wholly upon one or the other of these stages. In recent
published manuals there is very little to aid one in the identification
of these species. Aside from this group, which can never be satis-
factorily discriminated until the types in European herbaria are
consulted, our species are very well marked.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

1, Spikelets in one-sided, usually simple racémes.....\ .suneeete
1, spikelets variously. paniculate | p...-. c/s step eek ee eee
2. Racemes slender, digitate or sub-fasciculate, outer glumes
softly pubescent ortpuloseriis. 3 3
2. Racemes thick and racemed along the main axis, or somewhat
paniculate,' outersglumes:: rough! 974/!'9.07)8i ae Ae

3. Second glume narrow, about one-half as long as the spikelet
aries ee eee bem, a

3. second and third glumes neatly equal.” .-") 2

4. Sheaths and leaves glabrous, racemes spreading, spikelets
about one linelong . . otelp 2b Py GLABRUM,

4. Sheaths pilose, racemes filiform, ‘erect or ascending, spikelets
about three-fourths of a line long 2) 21-9032] Po PMLARORME

5. Racemes of unequal length, erect or ascending, approximate,
the upper crowded; second and third glumes awned or
awn-pointed . 4. P. CRUS-GALLI.

5. Racemes nearly equal, spreading rather distant; second and
third glumes acute or mucronate-pointed. 5. ’P. COLONUM.

6. Spikelets crowded in narrow almost spike-like panicles, the
second glume twice as long as the fourth, and gibbous at
the base ne ee "P. GIBBUM.

~r™

oo Ceo Om

—

13.
13.

14.
15.

16.

18.
18.

‘ aetelas 2-24 lines long, culms terete, simple .

Ik.

“3,

12.

12.

15.

16.
17.
17.

19.

THe GRASSES OF TENNESSEE.

. Spikelets not crowded in - aa like gee second glume
not gibbous at base . shh} <1

. Leaves all alike, spikelets acute. Hivaathahie )

. Leaves dissimilar, those at the base shorter and broader
than those above; leaves on the branches usually much
smaller and more crowded than those on the primary
stem; spikelets blunt or obtuse (/. cae tase ex-
cepted). (Heterophylle) OS et

. Perennials

. Annuals

. Culms stout, 2-5 feet high

. Culms slender, 1-2 feet high

. Spikelets 1-14 lines long, culms eh sacaeh, Die eee

ERE eae oF: VIRGATUM.
Spikelets i lines long, fertile Botet sessile ss 300 the glumes

. P. ANCEPS.

Spikelets 1-1} lines long, fertile floret raised amy avery short
Oe or a fs 8 lg Oy b. AGROSTOIDES.
Sheaths somewhat flattened and with the leaves glabrous,
first glume broadly obtuse . . . . 10, P. PROLIFERUM.

Sheaths pilose or hirsute, first glume acute.

Spikelets 1 line long or less, panicle eine spreading
ae P. CAPILLARE.

Spikelets : lines long, panicle branches Mec aodaae
. 12, P. FLEXILE.

14 Outer phiWwea striate, pate of the third glume inflated, rigid,

as long as the glume and apiculate ... 13 P. HIANS.
Outer glumes warty-roughened (verrucose), palea of the
third glume inconspicuous. . . . 14. P. VERRUCOSUM.

Spikelets exceeding 1 line in length
Spikelets 1 line long or less .

Leaves ovate or broadly lanceolate, more or less cordate at
the base
Leaves very narrowly lanceolate or linear

Culm stout, 3-4 feet high, sheaths Te meee hispid

P. CLANDESTINUM.

Culms more slender, 1 1-2 feet high, ee not hispid, smooth
or pubescent "ae PS = ae wate

Glume of fertile floret pubescent at the apex, leaves broadly
ovate lanceolate, spikelets ovate-elliptical. 17. P. WALTERI.
Glume of the fertile floret not pubescent at the apex

Leaves broadly lanceolate, thin, and conspicuously many-
nerved, cordate, clasping at the base, glabrous, as are the
sheaths. Panicle compound, branches capillary, naked
below; spikelets Saas eenmehssecond and third glumes
7- -nerved ~~ iPKe . P. COMMUTATUM.

. Leaves narrower, nerves not Oto cheat sheaths usually

» 26

. 21

. 18

. 19

38 BULLETIN ‘Vite 1)

papillate-pilose. Spikelets obovate. Panicle nearly sim-
ple, few-flowered’... ..°.. .. .0 2. DRO WEP Gecoremime

zo. Culms branching only near the base; leaves erect, one to
two lines wide or less; panicle nearly simple, few-flow-
ered; spikelets ovate, acutish, smooth; fourth glume
rounded-obtuse, smooth . . . . 20. P. DEPAUPERATUM.
zo. Culms branching throughout; leaves of the primary stem
2-3 lines wide, erect or spreading, those of the wiry
branches involute filiform. Spikelets oblong elliptical,

as Pee fourth tees barbulate at the apex.
19. P. ANGUSTIFOLIUM.

21 Cats stout, 3-4 feet liigh, very densely and softly pubes-
cent throughout and viscid when fresh. Leaves of the
primary culm 5-10 inches long. Spikelets one line long,

rounded-obovate .. el? °°) 965 PAvisewwure
21. Culms more slender, not wiscide SAL Gn S42
22. Ligule entirely wanting 'P > 9° (ee ee es Re ee
22; Lipwle presént ‘in yore OMe EV ee POR ee

23. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; leaves erect, 2-4 inches
long, the uppermost 1-3 inches, firm in texture
22. P, SPHEROCARPON.
23. Sheaths longer than the internodes; leaves widely spread-
ing, 4-to inches long, the uppermost on the primary stem
usually 5 or 6 inches long and one-half to one inch wide
. 23 P. MICROCARPON.

24. NoTe.—Those who have attempted the study of the following species
will understand and appreciate the difficulty of preparing any key
which will be satisfactory, and I only now venture the following as
a possible aid to their determination:

Spikelets more or less pubescent. Sheaths and leaves densely
pubescent. |

Leaves firm, nearly erect, spikelets 1 line long
4 0 a Ei PUBESCENS.

Leaves rather thin, more spreading, spikelets ? line long
. 27. P. LANUGINOSUM.
Sheaths pilose with long deflexed hairs, 24. P. LAXIFLORUM.
Sheaths and leavesciliate on the margins. 25. P. CILIATUM.

Sheaths and leaves glabrous. . . . . 29. P. NITIDUM.
Spikelets smooth.
Sheaths and leaves pilose . . 28. P. LONGEPEDUNCULATUM.
Sheaths and leaves glabrous.
Nodes smooth . . . 30. P. DICHOTOMUM.

Nodes bearded with reflexed hairs . 31. P. BARBULATUM.

1. Panicum sanguinale Linn. Crab-grass.
Plate VII. Figure 26.

A much-branched leafy annual, more or less decumbent at the
base, and often rooting at the lower joints. Culms smooth, one to
three or four feet long, ascending; nodes smooth or sometimes
bearded with deflexed hairs.. Sheaths loose, smooth, or pilose-
hairy, usually ciliate on the margins; ligule membranaceous, about

Bulletin Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station, 1894. Plate VII.

J
j
:
;
.
s
4
: Fig. 25. Paspalum platycaule. Fig. 26. Panicum sanguinale.
2. Inflorescence. 38. Spikelet, front view. : 2. Upper leaf and inflorescence. 8. Por-
4. Spikeiet laid open, side view. 5. Emp- tion of one of the racemes 5. Spikelet,
ty glume. front view. 6. Spikelet, side view.

Fig. 27. Panicum glabrum. Fig. 28. Panicum filiforme.
2. Inflorescence. 3. Rhachis. 4. Spike- 2. Inflorescence. 3. Upper leaf. 4. One
let, side view. 5. Spikelet, front view. 6. of the lower leaves. 5. Part of rhachis
Flowering glume with floret. with spikelets 6. Spikelet, side view.

7. Spikelet, front view.

i i ee, te ee ee ee

THE GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 89
one line long; leaf-blade flaccid, two to five inches long, two to
four lines wide, flat, acute, scabrous, sometimes sparingly pilose,
and with the sheaths sometimes purple tinged. Racemes four to
ten, digitate or subfasciculate at the apex of the culm, three to five
inches long, usually spreading. Spikelets about one and one-half
lines long, lanceolate, acute,in pairs, one nearly sessile, the other
distinctly pedicellate; first glume very minute, the second one-
half to two-thirds as long as the spikelet, usually ciliate on the
margins and three-nerved; the third a little longer than the fourth,
five-nerved, and usually silky-villous along the marginal nerves;
fourth glume smooth, very acute.

This is the well-known Crab-grass of the South, common every-
where in cultivated fields. It is a troublesome weed in gardens
and among hoed crops, but in grain fields it frequently springs up
in such quantity after harvesting, as to yield one, or even two,
good cuttings of hay. This spontaneous growth affords excellent
pasturage, as well as hay of the first quality if properly cured.
Many farmers largely depend upon this grass for their hay, and
from its spontaneous and abundant growth it is often called “the
poor man’s hay.”’

2. Panicum glabrum Gaudin. Smooth Crab-grass.
Plate VII. ‘Figure 27.

An annual grass closely resembling P. sanguina/e in habit, but
smooth throughout, excepting a few hairs at the throat of the
sheaths, and the spikelets are smaller, about a line in length. First
glume very minute or obsolete; second and third glumes nearly
equal in length, or the second a little shorter than the fourth, pu-
bescent on the back.

A tall form, twelve to twenty-four inches high, with racemes

three to five inches long, is variety Mtssissippiensis Gattinger. This

form is very common about Knoxville.

3. Panicum filiforme L. Slender Crab-grass.
Plate VII. Figure 28.

A slender annual, resembling Crab-grass somewhat in habit, but
branching only near the base, less leafy, leaves usually erect, ra-
cemes less spreading and more slender, the axis being nearly fili-
form. Distinguished from P. g/abrum at once by its more slender
culms, pubescent or nearly hirsute lower leaf-sheaths, and more
slender and less spreading racemes. The spikelets are also
smaller, scarcely exceeding three-fourths of a line in length. In
this species the first glume is usually wholly wanting, a character
which would technically place this grass in the genus Paspa/um.
The racemes vary in length from one to four or five inches. Dry
sandy soil. August—September.

4. Panicum crus-galli Linn. Barnyard-grass.
. Plate VIII. Figure 29.
A coarse ascending or erect, leafy annual, one to four feet high,

40 BULLETIN VII. 1.

with densely-flowered panicles. Culms smooth, often branching
near the base; sheaths loose, very smooth, or sometiines densely
hispid; ligule none; leaves rather broad, flat, six inches to one or
two feet long, smooth or scabrous on the surfaces, margins serru-
late. Spikelets densely and irregularly crowded in three or four
rows along one side of the short spike-like branches of the panicle;
these branches, five to fifteen or twenty in number, are usually
simple, the lowermost one to three inches long, becoming shorter
and more crowded above, usually erect or ascending. Spikelets
about one and one-half lines long; first glume one-fourth to one-
half the length of the spikelets, acute or mucronate-pointed, three-
nerved; second and third glumes smooth, pubescent or muricate-
hispid along the nerves; the second five-nerved, awnless or short-
awned; the third seven-nerved, at least near the tip, awnless or
sometimes long-awned, and with a palea in its axil; fourth or
fruiting glume smooth, awnless, or short awn-pointed.

A well-known annual of rank growth, common in rich cultivated
lands, especially around dwellings. Some apparently native forms,
usually with long awned spikelets, are found along water-courses,
etc. It seeds freely, makes rapid growth during the summer, and
on bottom lands yields abundantly. It sometimes affords the
farmer a good crop of fair hay from land which but for the spon-
taneous growth of this grass would have yielded him nothing. In
many sections, however, Barnyard-grass is only regarded as a weed.

5. Panicum colonum Linn.
Plate VIII. Figure 30.

A rather slender annual, closely resembling Barnyard-grass, but
more slender throughout. Sheaths and leaves smooth, with scab-
rous margins. Spikes four to nine, rather distant, the lower about
an inch long, spreading or erect. Spikelets with the outer glumes
pubescent, simply acute or mucronate-pointed.

This is regarded by some authors as only a variety of P. crus-
galli, It grows in similar stations, but is much less common.

6. Panicum gibbum E1l.
Plate VIII. Figure 31.

A stoloniferous perennial, with ascending leafy culms, one to
three feet high, and densely flowered, almost spike-like panicles.
Culms rather slender, smooth, more or less diffusely branched.
Sheaths shorter than the internodes, ciliate along the margins,
usually bearded at the throat, the lower more or less papillate-pi-
lose or subhispid with spreading hairs, the upper smooth; ligule
very short, minutely ciliate-fringed, broader than the abruptly
contracted base of theleaf and subauriculate;leaf-blade lanceolate,
acute, abruptly contracted at the subcordate base into a very short
broadly margined petiole-like connection with the sheath, two to
six inches long, three to eight lines wide, the upper surface often
thinly pilose near the base, margins scabrous, ciliate near the base.
Panicle sub-cylindrical or fusiform, four to six inches long, the

a — lr lc aC eC _ ui =—

Plate VIII.

Fig. 29. Panicum crus-galli. Fig. 3). Panicam colonum,.

2. Inflorescence. 3. Rhachis, with sev- 2. Inflorescence. 3. Upperleaf. 4. Spike-
eral spikelets. 4. Splkelet, front view. 5. let laid open, side view. 5. Same, front
Spikeiet,back view. 6. Spikelet laid open. view. 6. Empty glumes. 7. Third glume.
7. Third glume. 8. Flowering glume of the perfect floret.

Z

Fig. 31. Panicum gibbum, Fig. 32. Panicum anceps.

2. Panicle. 8. Leaf. 4. Spikelet, front 2. Panicle. 3. Portion of scaly rhizome.
view. 5. Spikelet, side view, laid open. 4. Spikelet, front view 5.Spikelet, side
6. Outer empty glumes. view. 6. Spikelet. side view. laidopen. 7.
Flowering glume with projeciing stigmas.
8. Outer empty glumes.

Ae
i

Ne

THE GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 41

erect, densely flowered, racemose branches one-half to one inch
long. Spikelets one and one-half to two lines long, broadly lance-
olate or elliptical-ovate, obtuse or subacute, smooth. First glume
narrow, obtuse or acute, three-nerved, about one half a line long;
second glume obtuse, gibbous at the base. eleven-nerved, the third
glume as long as the second, seven-nerved, with a two-nerved pa-
lea of nearly equal length; the fourth or floral glume smooth and
shining, about one-half as long as the larger outer glumes.

Low wet grounds. Henderson (S. M. Bain, August, 1892), Hi-
wassee valley (A. Ruth. September, 1893). Dr. Chapman gives
“Swamps, Florida to North Carolina,” as the range of this species.

7. Panicum anceps Michx.
Plate VIII. Figure 32.

A rather stout perennial, with flattened stems, two to four feet
high, long leaves and spreading panicles. Culms smooth, simple
or branched, from very strong, scaly rootstocks, Sheaths com-
pressed, especially the lower ones, usually shorter than the inter-
nodes, smooth or more or less pilose with rather long soft hairs;
ligule short, membranous; leaf-blade linear-lanceolate, very acute,
six to twenty-four inches long, two to five lines wide, smooth or
often pilose-hairy on the inner side towards the base, serrulate,
scabrous along the margins. Panicle pyramidal, terminal on the
culm or its branches, the rather rigid, solitary branches branched
to the base, the secondary branches usually appressed. Spikelets
crowded,ovate, lanceolate, acute, more or less curved, about one
and one-half lines long, exceeding their rough-scabrous pedicels;
first glume clasping the base of the spikelet, acute, less than one-
half as long as the second glume, three-nerved, the strong middle
nerve curved and scabrous above; second glume broadly lanceolate,
acute, five- to seven-nerved, about the length of the five-nerved
third glume, which has a two-nerved palea in its axil; fourth or
flowering glume elliptical, oblong, about one-third shorter than
the larger outer glumes, its obtuse apex usually bearing a minute
tuft of hairs. Palea of the third glume ciliate alony the nerves.
Common in sandy, usually moist grounds, along streams, etc.
August to October.

In luxuriant plants the panicle is sometimes two feet long. In
open fields this grass grows in scattered tufts or patches, the
flowering stems sometimes springing up in a circle around a sod
formed in previous years by the short but strongly matted rhizomes,
all vegetation being choked out in the central space. Apparently
of little agricultural value.

8. Panicum agrostoides Muhl. Munro-grass or Red-top Panic.

Plate IX. Figure 33.

A rather stout leafy perennial with somewhat flattened, branch-
ing, smooth culms two to four feet high, and open panicles which
somewhat resemble those of red top (Agrostis alia). Sheaths com-
pressed, especiaily those of the sterile shoots, longer than the
internodes, smooth, usually hairy at the throat; ligule membrana-

42 BULLETIN VII. 1.

ceous, very short; leaf blade linear, six to twenty-four inches long,
more or less carinately f»lded near the base, scabrous. Panicle
four to ten inches long, terminating the culm and its branches, the
uppermost usually double by an erect branch from the upper leaf-
axil, pyramidal, the scabrous primary branches ascending, widely
spreading or even reflexed, the secondary branches usually
appressed, pedicels as long as, or more often much shorter than
the spikelets, scabrous, and frequently bearing a few long hairs.
Spikelets one to one and one-fourth lines long, racemose?scattered
or much crowded along one side of the branches, lanceolate or
ovate, acute; first glume three-nerved, acute, scabrous on the keel
above, about one-half as long asthe equal five-nerved second and
third glumes; third glume has a thin palea which is ciliate on the
margins near the apex; fourth glume hard and shining, elliptical
or narrowly obovate, one-half to three-fourths of a line long,
nearly sessile or raised on a distinct pedicel, apex barbulate with
a few short hairs.

Var. elongatum (P. elongatum Pursh). Plate IX. Figure 34. Panicle
rather loosely flowered; spikelets one and a half lines long, sub-
acuminate pointed, fertile floret distinctly pedicellate. Thisis the
more common form in East Tennessee. It grows along the banks
of streams and in wet meadows, often affording a considerable
amount of fairly good native hay. In low, moist and rather rich
soils its cultivation may prove profitable.

9. Panicum virgatum L. Switch-grass.
Plate IX. Figure 35.

A stout, erect perennial three to five feet high, with strong creep-
ing rootstocks, long, flat leaves and ample spreading panicle.
Culms smooth, terete. Sheaths smooth, ciliate along the margins
above; ligule very short, naked, or densely and long pilose; leaf-
blade ten to twenty-four inches long, two to five lines wide, scab-
rous on the margins, sometimes pilose above nzar the base, other-
wise smooth, long-acuminate pointed. Panicle six to twenty
inches long, the branches solitary, or several together, more or
less widely spreading, rather rigid, the lower four to ten inches
long. Spikelets ovate, acuminate, two to two and one-half lines
long; the acuminate first glume about one-half the length of the
spikelet, three- to five-nerved; second glume usually longer than
the others, five- to seven-nerved, as is the third, which has a palea
and usually a staminate flower in its axil; flowering glume smooth
and shining, distinctly shorter than the larger outer glumes.

Sandy soil, August to October. Gattinger records P. virgatum as
growing in moist sandy soil along the Cumberland river and on
the highlands and barrens at Tullahoma. When young this grass
affords good grazing, but by the time it blooms the stems become
hard and practically worthlessfor fodder. Its cultivation here can-
not at present be recommended. It has grown finely in the ex-
perimental plots at the Experiment Station, and during the latter
part of May the leafage of this grass is large and decidedly at-
tractive to the farmer.

Plate IX.

12
Fig. 34. Panicum agrostoides elongatum.

Fig. 33. Panicum agrostoides.
2. Panicle. 38. Splikelet, side view. 4.

2. Panicle. 3. Upper leaf. 4. Spikelet.
5. Empty glumes. 6. Grain, with palet and Spikelet,front view. 5. Empty glumes.

lodicules.

Fig. 36. Panicum proliferum.

2. Upper portionof the panicle. 3. Spike- 2. Upper portion of panicle. 3. Spikelet,
5. Outer front view. 4. Spikelet, side view. i.
e

Fig. 35. Panicum virgatum.

let. 4. Spikelet laid open.

glumes. 6. Fertile flower, side view Flowering glume.

THrE GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 48

ro, Panicum proliferum Lam. Sprouting Crab-grass.
Plate IX. Figure 36.

A smooth, usually much-branched annual, with rather coarse
spreading or ascending (rarely erect) stems, two to four or six feet
long, flat leaves and diffuse terminal and lateral panicles. Sheaths
smooth, lax, somewhat flattened; ligule ciliate; leaf-blade six to
twelve or twenty-four inches long, two to ten lines wide, acute,
scabrous on the margins and sometimes also on the prominent
nerves, rarely pilose on the upper surface. Panicles pyramidal,
four or five to twelve or fifteen inches long, the primary and sec-
ondary branches spreading, scabrous. Spikelets rather crowded
on short appressed and scabrous pedicels, lanceolate ovate, acute,
one to one and one-half lines long, smooth, green or purplish; low-
est glume embracing the base of the spikelet, usually obtuse and
nerveless, rarely one- to three-nerved, one-fourth to one-third as
long as the nearly equal acute five- to seven-nerved second and
third glumes, the latter sometimes having a hyaline palea in its
axil; floral glume elliptical, subacute, smooth and shining, a little
shorter than the larger outer glumes. Anthers saffron yellow.

Common in moist, rich soil, along the banks of streams and riv-
ers or around “sink-holes.” If the station of growth happens to
become dry, the grass is more slender and erect, and often becomes
reddish or purplish throughout. When in bloom the saffron-col-
ored stamens are very conspicuous. It is often abundant in culti-
vated fields, springing up with commoncrab-grass, and thus some-
times forms no inconsiderable part of the “poor man’s hay.” While
occasionally useful in this way, and even prized by some, it must
be regarded more as a weed than as a hay plant.

11. Panicum capillare Linn. Old Witch-grass.
Plate X. Figure 37.

An annual with usually coarse, branching stems, one to three
feet long, with very hairy leaf-sheaths and capillary, widely-
spreading panicles, terminal on the culm or its branches. Culm
geniculate and branching near the base, rarely simple, generally
pilose or pubescent below the bearded nodes. Sheaths pilose to
densely hirsute, with spreading hairs; ligule very short, densely
ciliate; leaf-blade flat, lanceolate or linear, acute, usually thinly
hairy on both sides, margins scabrous and ciliate near the base.
The hairs throughout spring from small papille, those on the leaf-
blade being confined chiefly to the principal nerves. Panicle dif-
fuse, three to twelve inches long, the branches solitary, in pairs
or rarely whorled, the ultimate branches and pedicels strongly his-
pid. Spikelets one line long, ovate acute, or abruptly acuminate-
pointed, smooth; first glume clasping the base of the spikelet, ob-
tuse or acute, one- to three-nerved, about one-third the length of the
five- toseven-nerved and nearly equal second and third glumes,
the acute tips of these are sometimes minutely pubescent; flower-
ing glume smooth and shining, elliptical, obtuse, or subacute, a lit-
tle shorter than the larger outer glumes. Variable.

44 BULLETIN VII. 1.

Var. (a) vulgaris. Culms stout, sheaths densely hirsute, panicle a
foot long or more, the branches widely spreading at maturity, often
becoming deflexed with age; spikelets long pedicelled and dark
purple, as are sometimes the capillary panicle-branches. This is
a common form in sandy cultivated fields and gardens It is the
variety agres/e of Dr. Gattinger (Tennessee Flora, p. 94).

Var. (4) campestre Gatt. (l.c.) Plate X. Figure 38. Less stout,
the ascending, leafy culms branching throughout, sheaths pubes-
cent; the numerous panicles oval or elliptical, rarely exceeding six
inches inlength. Whole plant rather pale green. Common along
roadsides and cultivated grounds, waste places, etc.,—the most
common form according to Dr. Gattinger. This may be Panicum
Philadelphicum Bernh. ex. Nees. It is P. capillare var. geniculatum
Scribner.

Var. minimum Engel. Plate X. Figure 39. Low and slender,
usually geniculate at the lower joints and much branched below,
rarely a foot high; sheaths long-pilose,leaves two tofour inches long,
one to three lines wide, panicle oval or pyramidal, few-flowered,
the small spikelets mostly approximate in pairs or threes near the
tips of the spreading branches, their rather short (usually not
longer than the spikelet) pedicels appressed. A dwarf, slender
variety, usually pale green throughout, the lateral spikelets of the
panicle-branches about the length of their appressed pedicels.
Frequent in dry, usually poor soils, over the State.

None of the forms have any agricultural value, but are rather to
be considered as weeds.

12. Panicum flexile Scribner.
Plate X. Figure 40.

A rather slender erect annual, usually branched and geniculate
near the base, one to two feet high, with flat leaves, an open capil-
lary panicle and rather distant, acute spikelets. Culms pilose or
bearded at the nodes. Sheaths more or less pilose, the lower some-
times hirsute with spreading hairs; ligule very short, its margin
ciliate-fringed; leaf-blade narrow-lanceolate or linear, three to ten
inches long, one and one-half to four (usually two to three) lines
wide, sparsely hairy on both sides, rarely smooth, scabrous on the
margins, whichare long-pilose near the base, very acute. Pani-
cle five to twelve inches long, narrow-ovate in outline, branches
ascending the scabrous spreading pedicels much longer than the
lanceolate, acuminate-pointed spikelets. Spikelets one and one-
half lines long; first glume clasping, triangular, obtuse or acute,
one- to three-nerved, about one-third the length of thenearly equal
second and third glumes, which are five- to seven-nerved; flower-
ing glume narrow, elliptical, subacute, about one-fourth shorter
than the larger outer glumes. Dry, sandy soil, common in open
pine woods, cedar glades, etc., less frequent in fields. July to Oc-
tober. |

Dr. Gattinger remarks that this grass “is characteristic of the
cedar glades,” and refers to its resemblance to P. autumnale. In
that species, however, the leaves are shorter, more rigid, and the

Plate X,

Ai C7

Fig. 37. Panicum capillare. Fig. 38. Panicum capillare campestre.

1, Panicle. 2. Upper leaf. 3. Spikelet. 2. Panicle. 3. Upper sheath, with leaf-
blade. 4. Spikelet, trent view. 5. Empty
glumes,

Fig. 39. Panicum capillare minimum. Fig. 40. Panicnm flexile.

9. Panicle. 3. Upper leaf. 4. Branch of 2. Panicle. 3. Splkelet, side view. 4.
the panicle. 5. Spikelet, side view. 6. Spikelet, front view.
Outer glumes. °

THE GRASSES OF TENNESSER. 45

primary panicle-branches are widely divergent. This is treated
asa variety of P. capil/are by Dr. Gattinger. Judging from the de-
scription, it is P. diffusum of Pursh, not of Swartz.

13. Panicum hians [11.
Plate XC Figure 41.

A slender decumbent or ascending perennial, ten inches to two
feet high, with rather long, narrow leaves and open panicle, the
small spikelets crowded near the ends of the more or less spread-
ing branches. Culms and compressed sheaths smooth or the
latter ciliate on the margins above; ligule very short, fimbriate;
leaf-blade flat, three to eight inches long, one to three lines wide,
usually pilose near the base, margins minutely scabrous, very
acute. Panicle three to six inches long, pyramidal, the capillary
ascending branches solitary or in pairs, the lower one to four
inches long. Spikelets smooth, about one line long, usually ex-
ceeding the pedicels, glumes more or less spreading; first glume
obtuse, three-nerved, one-third to one-half as long as the three- to
five-nerved, acute second glume, which equals the spikelet; third
glume five-nerved, barely equalling its broad-margined, inflated
and apiculate palea; floral glume narrow, ovate, acute, apiculate.

Low grounds and damp pine barrens; not common within the
State. August toOctober. The spikelets are remarkable for the
very large palea of the third glume. Vicinity of Memphis (Dr.
Egling) 1886. West Tennessee (S. M. Bain). Of no recognized
agricultural value. .

14. Panicum verrucosum Muhl.
Plate XI. Figure 42.

A slender, branching perennial, with flat leaves and few-flow-
ered, spreading panicles. Culms very smooth, weak, decumbent
or reclining, rarely erect, one to three feetlong. Sheaths smooth,
much shorter than the internodes, ciliate on the margins above;
ligule very short, ciliate; leaf-blade lanceolate, three to six inches
long, two to four lines wide, scabrous on the margins, con-
tracted at the base, very acute, Panicle three to eight inches
long, capillary, branches solitary or in pairs, the lower two to four
inches long, naked below, the secondary branches appressed and
few (one to four) flowered. Spikelets about one line long, oval, acute;
outer glumes apparently nerveless, the frst smooth, one-fourth as
long as the second and third, which are tuberculate-roughened (ver-
-rucose), flowering glume abruptly sharp-pointed or submucronate,
smooth; palea with a callus-like elevation at the base. Usually
found in damp, rich, shaded soils, and readily distinguished by its
slender, straggling habit and rough, nerveless outer glumes. Dr.
Gattinger reports its occurrence on swampy lands along the Cum-
berland river and at Tullahoma, Coffee county. Its range is from
New England south to Florida. Of no agricultural value.

Notre.—The following species constitute a group in which the radical
leaves are crowded, often appearing like a rosette around the base of the
culms. These leaves are usually shorter than those above, and are gen-

46 BULLETIN VII. 1.

erally ovate or ovate-lanceolate. In the early flowering stage the culms
are nearly always simple, and support a single, often long-exserted pan-
icle; later the culms become much branched, and the branches are ter-
minated by more simple, fewer-flowered panicles, which very frequently
are partially enclosed in the leaf-sheaths. The primary panicle, and
sometimes the first culm leaves, disappear, and there is left a much-
branched grass with numerous, crowded and usually small leaves, and
many small, few-flowered, simple panicles.

15. Panicum clandestinum Linn.
Plate XI. Figure 43.

A rather stout, ascending or erect and finally much-branched
perennial, three to four feet high, with usually very rough-hispid
sheaths and broad leaves. Nodes and internodes smooth, or the
latter tuberculate-pilose in the upper part. Sheaths usually very
rough tuberculate-hispid, rarely nearly smooth, the outer margins
ciliate-pubescent; ligule very short; leaf-blade broadly lanceolate,
three to eight inches long, one-half to one and three-fourths inches
wide, with a clasping rounded-cordate base and very acute apex,
surfaces usually smovth, margins minutely serrulate scabrous and
often ciliate near the base. Panicle diffuse, that of the primary
stem three to five inches long and finally exserted, those of the
branches partly or wholly concealed within the leaf-sheaths;
branches of the panicle aiternate, decompound to the base, scab-
rous, as are the pedicels, which are for the most part longer than
the spikelets. Spikelets one and one-half lines long, obovate ellip-
tical, smooth or thinly pilose, and usually three-nerved; first
glume about one-half as long as the nearly equal nine nerved
second and third glumes, the latter with a palea in its axil, the
inner or fourth glume minutely pubescent at the apex, otherwise
smooth. Leaves on the branches shorter and more crowded, and
the sheaths more roughly hairy thanontheprimary stem. The va-
riety pedunculatum A. Gray is based upon the early stage of the
species. The primary, terminal, exserted panicle Teele after
the development of the lateral branches.

Common along the banks of streams, rivers and low thickets:
June to September.

16. Panicum viscidum Ell.
| Plate XI. Figure 44. .
A rather stout, erect or ascending, and finally much-branched
perennial, two to four feet high, with the culm and sheaths usually

densely pubescent with spreading or deflexed, canescent hairs, and
all the parts somewhat viscid when fresh. Ligule a dense ring of

hairs about one line long; leaf-blade lanceolate, gradually tapering

from near the middleto the very acute apex; sub-cordate at the
base, softly pubescent on both sides, minutely scabrous on the
margins, villous on the back at the point of union with the sheath;
basal leaves ovate, two to four inches long, obtuse, those of the
primary culm five to ten inches long, five to nine lines wide; the
leaves of the branches more crowded and much smaller. Panicle
four to six inches long, ovate or sub-pyrainidal, branches com-
pound to the base, the lower ones about three inches long, flexuose.
Pedicels nearly capillary, usually much longer than the spikelets.

|
|
|
|

Plate XI,

Fig. 41. Panicum hians, Fig. 42. Panicum verrucosum.

2. Panicle, 38. Upper leaf. 4. Spikelet 2. Upperleaf and panicle. 3. Spikelet,
front view. 5. Spikelet, side view, laid side view. 4. Splikelet, front view. 5.
open. Outer glumes.

Fig. 43. Panicum clandestinum. Fig. 44. Panicum viscidum.

2. Panicle. 3. Upper leaf. 4. Spikelet 2. Panicle. 3. Upper leaf. 4. Spikelet.
laid open 5. Empty glumes.

THE GRASSES OF TENNESSER. 47

Spikelets one line long, rounded obovate, very abruptly pointed.
First glume one-fifth to one-third as long as the others, usually
nerveless; second and third glumes nine-nerved, pubescent; the
third with a small hyaline palea; the fourth or flowering glume
smooth. Below each of the nodes there is a smooth space about
two lines broad, extending around the stem like a ring. The
nearly smooth upper portions of the sheaths and panicle-branches
are mottled with irregular yellow or brown, often purple-bor-
dered, spots. Panicles of the branches much smaller and fewer-
flowered than that of the primary stem.

Low grounds, borders of thickets, etc. June to September. In
the Valley of the Hiwassee (A. Ruth). West Tennessee (S. M.
Bain).

17. Panicum Walteri Poir. (P. /atifolium Walter and many Ameri-
can authors.) °
Plate XII. Figure 45, (as P. latifolium).

A rather slender branching perennial, one to two feet high, with
-broad ovate or lanceolate leaves and rather large spikelets in few-
flowered spreading panicles. Culms finally much-branched above,
smooth or pubescent; nodes smooth or bearded with soft spreading
or reflexed hairs. Sheaths usually shorter than the internodes,
smooth or pubescent, the outer margin ciliate; ligule a fringe of
hairs one to two lines long; leaf-blade two to five inches long,
four to sixteen lines wide, broadly lanceolate or ovate, acute, cord-
ate and more or less clasping at the base, surfaces smooth or thinly
pubescent, margins minutely scabrous. Panicle nearly simple, two
and one-half to five inches long, pyramidal, the spreading branches
and usually short, appressed pedicels nearly smooth or pilose.
Spikelets about two lines long, ovate-elliptical or pyriform, obtuse;
first glume one-fourth to one-third as long as the others,.three-
nerved; second and third glumes, elliptical obtuse, nine- to eleven-
nerved, more or less pubescent, the third with a palea nearly as
long as itself and sometimes a staminate flower; fourth glume ellip-
tical, its apex pubescent. Common in open woods and thickets.
June to July. Remarkable for its broad leaves and large spikelets,
which are racemose along the solitary branches of the panicle.
This is the P. /atifolium of most American authors, but not of Lin-
neus. PP. scoparium of Elliott and Chapman has a panicle and
spikelets hardly to be distinguished from P. Waltert. It differs in
its more pubescent sheaths and narrower leaves, which are densely
pubescent on the lower surface and smooth on the upper.

18. Panicum scoparium Lam.

An erect or ascending perennial, with rather slender finally
much-branched culms, six to twenty-four inches high, flat, lance-
olate leaves and large spikelets in rather small, nearly simple few-
flowered panicles. Culms smooth or pubescent; nodes smooth
or densely bearded with spreading or reflexed hairs. Sheaths
usually shorter than the internodes, papillate-pilose or pubescent,
rarely glabrous, bearded at the throat; ligule a fringe of hairs;
_ leaf-blade lanceolate, three to six inches long, three to twelve lines

o x

— tes S wee

48 BULLETIN VIL. 1.

wide, acute rounded and more or less clasping at the base, margins
scabrous and ciliate near the base, surfaces smooth or with a few
scattering hairs, or the under side densely pubescent. Panicle two
to five inches long, the few-flowered, solitary and erect or more or
less spreading branches scabrous, pubescent or pilose. Spikelets
one and one-half to two lines long, ovate or obovate; first glume
about one-third the length of the others, acute or obtuse; second
and third glumes broadly ovate, conspicuously nine- to eleven-
nerved, nearly smooth or pubescent, the third with a palea; fourth
glume smooth and shining, minutely apiculate. Dry fields and
open woods. May—June.

A variable species, as here characterized, presenting several

well-marked forms or varieties.

Var. genuinum. Stem and sheaths villous; leaves three to six
inches long, six to twelve lines wide, densely and softly pubescent
on the lower surface, the upper surface smooth, or nearly so; pan-
icle three to five inches long, the large (nearly two lines) spikelets
borne mostly near the ends of the branches. (FP. scoparium Lam.,
Ell.: P. scopartum major Vasey.) West Tennessee (S. M. Bain).
Approaches P. Walteri Poir, and treated as a variety of that spe-
cies by Trinius.

Var. paucifiorum. Plate XII. Figure 46. Stem slender, sheaths
and narrow (three to four lines) leaves nearly smooth, except
along the margins; panicle smaller and fewer-flowered than in var.
genuinum, P. paucifiorum Ell.,( P. scoparium var. angustifolium Vasey.)
Not observed in Tennessee.

Var. minor. Leaves erect, about one-fourth of an inch wide, and
with the sheaths often papillate-pilose; panicle one tothree inches
long; spikelets one and one-half lines long, more rounded and
more crowded in the panicle than in the other varieties. Panicle
branches and spikelets nearly smooth, or (subvar. pilosum) densely
pilose hairy. Middle Tennessee (Gattinger). This is the most
widely distributed and best known form of the species.

19. Panicum angustifolium E11.
Plate XII. Figures 47, 48, (as P. consanguineum).

Culms one to two feet high, at first simple, finally very much
branched throughout; slightly pubescent, especially at the nodes.
Sheaths shorter than the internodes, more or less pubescent, at
least the lower ones; ligule a fringe of rather short hairs; leaf-
blade of the primary stem erect, three to six inches long, two to
three lines wide, rigid, very acute, margins scabrous, minutely cil-
iate near the base. Leaves of the wiry branches very numerous
and involute-filiform. Panicles three to four inches long, rather
loosely flowered, the scabrous main axis and nearly simple branches
flexuose. Spikelets about one and one-half lines long, oblong-ellip-
tical, obtuse or subacute; first glume thin, scarious, nerveless, one-
fourth as long as the others; second and third glumes finely pubes:
cent, obtuse, the second seven- to nine-nerved, the third seven-
nerved and without a palea; the fourth glume minutely apiculate
and slightly barbulate at the apex. Sterile soi], May to June.
Henderson (S. M. Bain); also near Knoxville.

Plate XII.

Fiz. 45. Panicum latifoliam. Fig. 46. Panicum pauciflorum.

2. Panicle and upper leaf. 3. Node. 4, 2. Upper part of culm, two leaves and
Spikelet. 5. Splkelet laidopen. 6. Empty the panicle. 3. Spikelet. front view. 4.
glumes. Spikelet, side view. 5. Outer glumes.

4

* So
Fig. 47. Panicum consanguineum. Fig. 48. Panicum consanguineum?

2. Panicle and upper leaf. 3. Leaf and 2. Panicle. 3. Upper leaf. 4. Spikelet,
hairy sheath. 4. Spikelet, front view. 5. front view. 5. Spikelet laid open, side
S$Spikelet, side view. 6. Outer glumes. view.

THE GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 49

In the Tennessee specimens the culms are more leafy and the
panicles more pyramidal than in specimens from South Carolina
and Florida, and the panicle-branches are widely spreading or de-
flexed. The much-branched autumnal state of this grass was
named ?. neuranthum by Dr. Vasey.

20. Panicum depauperatum Muhl.
Plate XIII. Figure 49.

Densely cespitose, with slender culms six to eighteen inches
high, and very narrow long erect leaves. Culms simple or finally
branched near the base, the branches flower-bearing; nodes usually
bearded. Sheaths smooth or more or less densely pilose, with soft
spreading hairs; ligule a fringe of short hairs; leaf-blade one to
two lines wide, three to eight inches long, very acute, often invo-
lute, at least when dry, scabrous and sometimes pilose, at least
near the base. Panicle one to four inches long, nearly simple,
loosely few-flowered, the solitary branches ascending or erect and
scabrous. Spikelets one to two lines long (usually one and one-
half lines) ovate, acutish, smooth; first glume about one-fourth the
length of the second and third, which are prominently seven- to
nine-nerved and acute, the third with a small thin palea, fourth
glume smooth rounded-obtuse, a little shorter than the second and
third. Dry sterile hills and open woods,common. May to June,
In the form with pilose sheaths the spikelets are usually smaller
than in the smooth form.

21. Panicum commutatum Schultes.
Plate XIII. Figure 50.

A rather slender, branching perennial one to two and one-half
feet high, with usually smooth, broad, flat leaves and diffuse pani-
cles. Culms smooth or closely and minutely pubescent, especially
near the nodes; the nodes often bearded with short appressed
hairs. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, ciliate along the outer
margin; ligule very short and ciliate-fringed; leaf-blade two to
four inches long, one-fourth to one inch wide, broadly lanceolate
or ovate, acute, ciliate along the margins near the cordate-clasping
base, surfaces smooth or minutely pubescent. Leaves of the
branches often broader and always more crowded than those of the
primary stem. Panicle two to five inches long, lax, the capillary
branches widely spreading, naked below; pedicels scabrous, much
longer than the spikelets. Spikelets one and one-half lines long,
ovate-elliptical, obtuse; first glume about one-third the length of
the others, obtuse or acute; second and third glumes broadly ovate,
seven-nerved, nearly equal, pubescent, slightly exceeding the
smooth fourth glume. The third glume has a small palea. Open
woods, common. June—July.

The leaves of this species are many-nerved, rather thin, and often
purple-tinged. They are quite variable in size, but always broader
than in P. aitidum or P. dichotomum, and the spikelets are larger
_thaninthese species. The panicle is more compound and the

50 BULLETIN VII. ‘1.

spikelets rather smaller and less distinctly racemose than in P.
Waltert, which resembles P. commutatum in general habit of growth.

22. Panicum spherocarpon Ell.
Plate XIII. Figures 51, 52.

A tufted, erect or ascending perennial, ten to twenty-four inches
high, with rather broad, firm and nearly erect leaves, and diffuse
many-flowered panicles, usually about three inches long. Culms
simple or finally much branched near the base, smooth or usually.
pubescent with erect hairs at the nodes. Sheaths longer, or more
often shorter than the internodes, ciliate along the overlapping or
outer margin, otherwise smooth; ligule none; lowermost leaves
broadly ovate, many-nerved,minutely roughened along the strongly
cartilaginous margins; the leaves of the culm two to four inches long,
one-fourth to three-fourths of an inch wide, cordate-clasping at the
base, very acute, many-nerved, lower surface smooth, the upper
scabrous, margins cartilaginous and minutely serrulate, with a
few long hairs near the base; uppermost leaf two to three inches
long. Panicle ovate-pyramidal, two to three, rarely four inches
long, branches very slender, divided to the base, pedicels usually
much longer than the spikelets. Spikelets nearly spherical, less
than a line long; first glume minute, the second and third glumes
nearly equal, seven- to nine-nerved, minutely pubescent; the third
witha small, hyaline palea; fourth glume smooth and shining,
very obtuse. Dry open woods and fields. May—June.

This differs from P. microcarpon in its shorter, narrower, and
more erect leaves, bearded nodes, shorter leaf-sheaths and smaller
panicle. It also blooms in advance of P. microcarpon and the culms
are more often branched. Inthe open the culms are often nearly.
prostrate.

23. Panicum microcarpon Muhl.
Plate XIV. Figures 53, 54.

An erect or ascending perennial one to three, usually about two
feet high, with smooth, broad, spreading leaves and diffuse, many-
and very small-flowered panicles, usually four to five inches long.
Culms smooth, usually simple or finally sparingly branched.
Sheaths smooth, exceeding the internodes, ligule none; basal leaves
crowded, ovate, one to two inches long, one-half to three-fourths of
an inch wide, many-nerved, with strong cartilaginous and scabrous
margins, those above five to ten inches long, lanceolate from a
cordate-clasping base, very acute, nerves prominent, ciliate on the
minutely scabrous margins near the base; the uppermost leaf three
to eight, usually five to six inches long and often an inch wide.
Panicle three to eight inches long, ovate-elliptical, the very slen-
der branches compound to the base; the capillary pedicels usually
longer than the numerous spikelets. Spikelets broadly obovate or
nearly spherical, three-fourths of a line long; first glume minute, the
second and third nearly equal, seven-nerved, minutely pubescent;
the third with a small hyaline palea; the fourth glume white,
shining, obtuse.

Plate XIII.

Fig. 49. Panicum depauperatum. Fig. 50. Panicum commutatum.

2. Inflorescence and upper leaf. 3. Spike- 2. Panicle. 3. Upper leaf. 4. Spikelet,
let, side view. 4. Spikelet, front view. 5. front view. 5. Spikelet laid open, side
EKmpty glumes. view.

Fig. 51. Panicum sphexrocarpon. Fig. 52. Panicnm sphwrocarpon.

2. Upper leaf and panicle. 8. Spikelet, 2. Panicle and upper leaf. 3. Branch of
side view. 4. Outer glumes. 5. Fertile panicle, with three spikelets. 4. Spikelet,
floret. side view. 5. Outer glumes.

Bulletin Tennessee Agricultural Experimeni Station, 1894. Plate XIV.

V>.
Wer
. WZ z—<
SW
te “Qe
N 7

= Sow
Fig. 53. Panicum miecrocarpon. Fig. 54. Panicum microcarpon isophyllum.
2. Panicle. 3. Upper leaf. 4. Spikelet, 2. Upper leaf and panicle. 3. Spikelet
front view. 5. Outer glumes. 6. Spikelet laid open, side view. 4. Spikelet, front
laid open, side view. view. 5. Outer glumes.

Fiz. 55. Panicum laxiflorum, Fig. 56. Panicum ciliatum,
(from Henderson, Tenn.) (from Tullahoma, Tenn.)
2. Panicle. 3. Upper leaf. 4. Spikelet, 2. Spikelet, front view. 3. Spikelet laid

front view. 5. Spikelet, side view. open.

THE GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 51

The panicle-branches are somewhat glandular-viscid as in 72,
viscidum, Rather common in open woods and borders of thickets,
usually in moist ground. June—July. Of no agricultural value.
The variety ‘sophyllum (Fig. 54) is only a depressed form of the
species with crowded leaves.

24. Panicum laxiflorum Lam.
Plate XIV. Figure 55,

A slender, tufted perennial, about a foot high, with rather long,
pale green leaves and loosely few-flowered panicles. Culms
smooth or sparingly pilose, six to eighteen inches high, much
branched near the base and more or less geniculate, often rooting
at the lower joints; nodes densely pilose, the hairs directed down-
wards. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, papillate-pilose with
spreading or reflexed hairs; ligule a fringe of long hairs; leaf-blade
erect, three to five inches long, three to five lines wide, the upper-
most scarcely smaller, narrowly lanceolate, long-acuminate-
- pointed, abruptly narrowed at the base, ciliate along the minutely
serrulate margins and smooth or thinly pilose on the surfaces;
the lowermost leaves of the primary stem crowded, shorter and
broader than the others. Panicles two to three inches long,
finally,long exserted, the solitary branches nearly simple, pedicels
much longer than the spikelets. Spikelets ovate-elliptical obtuse,
about one line long; first glume one-sixth to one-fourth as long
as the pubescent, obtuse and nearly equal second and third glumes;
third glume with a small palea; fourth glume smooth, white and
minutely apiculate at the rounded apex. Distinguished at once
from P. ciliatum, to which it is closely allied, by its longer and pro-
portionately narrower, erect leaves and larger and more loosely
flowered panicles. Dry or moist open woods. May—July.

25. Panicum ciliatum E11.
Plate XIV. Figure 56.

A densely tufted slender perennial, four to fifteen, usually six
to ten inches high, with short leaves and rather few-flowered dif-
fuse panicles. Culms much branched and more or less geniculate
near the base, smooth; nodes smooth. Sheaths ciliate along the outer
margin; ligulea short fringe of hairs; leaf-blade one to three inches
long, two to six lines wide, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acute. usu-
ally clasping at the more or less cordate base, ciliate along the mar-
gins, surfaces striate, smooth; uppermost leaf one-half to one and
one-half inches long. Panicle ovate-pyramidal, one to one and one-
half inches long, main axis and primary branches often pilose.
Spikelets about one line long; first glume one-fourth to one-half
as long as the spikelet; second and third glumes nearly equal, ob-
tuse seven-nerved, smooth or minutely pubescent, the third witha
small palea; flowering glume obscurely apiculate, minutely rough-
ened at maturity.

Quite distinct from P. /axifiorum, which it resembles in its habit
of branching and thin, pale green leaves. The widely spreading
leaves are shorter and proportionately wider, the nodes and sheaths

52 BULLETIN VIL. “1:

are smooth and the panicle is smaller. Open, usually moist woods.
June—July. Lesscommon than P. daxiflorum.

26. Panicum pubescens Lam.
Plate XV. Figure 58 (as P. dichotomum pubescens).

A slender, finally much-branched perennial, six to twenty inches
high, with flat, erect, and rather thick, narrowly-lanceolate leaves.
Culms erect or assurgent, usually geniculate at the lower joints,
branching throughout, especially above, villous or nearly smooth;
nodes bearded; sheaths shorter than the internodes, densely vil-
lous or pilose, with long spreading hairs, very hairy at the throat;
ligule a dense fringe of short hairs; leaf-blades on the primary
culm two to four inches long, three to six lines wide, (those of the
branches smaller) very acute, rounded at the base and somewhat
clasping; margins minutely serrulate-scabrous and pilose; surfaces
papillate-pilose with long white hairs, or nearly glabrous. Panicle
of the primary culm about three inches long, ovate or pyramidal,
the spreading branches solitary or in pairs, compound to the base,
scabrous or pilose; pedicels equalling or exceeding the spikelets in
length. Panicles of the branches nearly simple and few-flowered,
usually partially enclosed within the leaf-sheaths. Spikeletsa line
long, obovate, obtuse; first glume about one-fourth the length of
the spikelet, obtuse or acute; second and third glumes pubescent,
prominently seven-nerved; the third with a small palea; fourth
glume smooth and shining, broadly obtuse.

I think this is the P. pubescens of Lamarck. Lamarck’s descrip-
tion was doubtless based upon an old plant which had become
much-branched, and which exhibited only the few-flowered, sim-
ple, and nearly sessile panicles of the branches. The plant I have
described here is P. villosum in the herbarium of Elliott.

The lower portion of the stem and branches of this grass are
often strongly geniculate, with arched internodes. The branches
are usually appressed and sometimes densely fasciculate towards
the summit. The nearly erect and rather thick leaves of this
species are quite characteristic. They are firmer in texture than
in almost any other species of the group, and the spikelets area
third larger than in P. lanuginosum.

P. pubescens Lam., as understood by Michaux, was an erect, very
much-branched, leafy and softly pubescent grass, with ciliate, lan-
ceolate leaves, small few-flowered invaginate panicles, and obovate
or subglobose, puberulous spikelets. (Michx. Flor. Bor. Amer. L,

Pp. 49.)

27. Panicum lanuginosum E11.

Culms slender, one to two feet high, finally much-branched; pu-
bescent with spreading hairs, bearded at the nodes. Sheaths
pubescent, usually shorter than the internodes, bearded at the
throat; ligule a fringe of long (two to three lines) white hairs; leaf-
blades lanceolate, thin, somewhat spreading, those of the primary

—— ee

THE GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 58

stem three to four inches long, four to five lines wide, very acute,
abruptly rounded and somewhat cordate at the base; leaves of the
branches smaller. Panicle two to three inches long, diffuse, the
capillary branches more or less spreading, and compound to the base;
pedicels glabrous. Spikelets three-fourths to nearly one line long,
oblong-elliptical, obtuse; first glume thin, almost hyaline, nerve-
less, broadly obtuse, about one-fifth the length of the spikelet;
second and third glume seven-nerved, obtuse, pubescent; the third
glume with a palea; fourth glume smooth, obtuse. Open woods
and thickets, usually in moist soil. June—July.

This grass differs from P. darbu/atum in being hairy throughout.
It is reduced to P. pubescens Lam., by Trinius, under a section with
branched culms and spikelets fone than a line long.

28. Panicum longipedunculatum Scribn.
Plate XVI. Figure 61.
A slender cespitose perennial, six to fifteen inches high, with

short, chiefly radical, pilose leaves and diffuse, small-flowered, long

exserted panicles. Culmsbranched at the base and often geniculate
at the lower joints,smooth or pilose; nodes more or less bearded with
erect hairs. Sheaths rather densely pilose to nearly smooth; ligule
a fringe of long hairs; leaf-blade one to two inches long, two to four
lines wide, the uppermost one-half to one inch long, acute, cor-
date-clasping at base, margins ciliate, surfaces striate and silky-
pilose or nearly smooth. Panicle one to three inches long, ovate-
pyramidal, the main axis and primary branches pilose; pedicels
capillary and much longer than the spikelets. Spikelets one-haif
to two-thirds of a line long, ovate-elliptical, obtuse; first glume one-
fourth to one-half as long as the others; second and third glumes
rounded-obtuse, smooth, faintly five- to seven-nerved; the third
with a small palea; fourth glume smooth. Damp woods, White
Cliff Springs, July, 1890; Tullahoma, July, 1892. A large form of
this species is represented by No. 3597* A. H. Curtiss, N. Am. PI.
Closely allied to P. ct/iatum, but the nodes and usually the sur-
faces of the spreading leaves are hairy, and the spikelets are

‘nearly one-half smaller, with very obscurely-nerved glumes.

29. Panicum nitidum Lam.

Panicle branching, violet-tinged, empty glumes striate, obtuse,
minutely hispid, glume of the fertile flower shining (Lam, III, L,
No. 899, [1791]). In his Zucyclopedte Methodique,(Vol., 1V., p. 748
[1797]) Lamarck characterizes the species more fully: Culm about
afoot high, glabrous, leafy. Leaves two to three lines broad,
glabrous except at the mouth of the sheath, which is long and
striate. Panicle of medium size, branched, two to three inches
long and tinted violet-brown, as are the nodes of the stem. Spike-
lets oval, obtuse, awnless, striated, slightly hispid, tinged with
violet-brown. Grains very shining.

The original specimen upon which this species was based came
from Carolina, but Lamarck states that Michaux found it in other
parts of North America. Doubtless the plant described by Mi-

_chaux (Flor. Bor. Am., I., p. 49 [1803]) was the same as that pub-

54 BULLETIN VII. 1.

lished by Lamarck, and I venture to insert Michaux’s description
as it affords some additional characters: Plant glabrous, with slen-
der, erect, simple culms. Sheaths barbate at the throat. Leaves
very few, remote linear-lanceolate. Panicle capillary, somewhat
contracted, much branched, glabrous. Spikelets very small, ovate-
obtuse, very minutely puberulous, outermost giume scarcely per-
ceptible.*

NotTre.—Here we have a species based upon an early stage of the plant
while the stems are yet unbranched. The original descriptions of P. pu-
bescens, nodiflorum, ramulosum, barbulatum, dichotomum, ete., were drawn from
more mature specimens after the culms had become much branched, and
the difficulty in determining these plants has largely arisen from this
fact. An exact knowledge of the species in this group can hardly be ac-
quired excepting through observation in the field at different periods of
their development. I have found little variation in the several species
arising from soil or exposure, but the differences between the early growth
and that which appears later is often so great that one unacquainted with
the plants in the field would never suspect the identity of the two forms.
In all, the panicles which terminate the branches are fewer-flowered and
more simple than that of the primary stem. In P. latifolium and in P.
commutatum the leaves of the branches are sometimes broader than those of
the primary stem, but in the others these leaves are usually much smaller
in every way—in all, these leaves are more crowded.

30. Panicum dichotomum Linn.

Panicle simple, culms dichotomously branched (Linn. Sp. Pl. L,
p. 58). Linnzeus adds that this grass resembles a little tree, the
stem being simple below and fasciculate-branched above, ‘This is
all we have for the identification of this species among the many
forms in this group, in which, as already stated, the culms become
much branched as the season advances, the primary panicles dis-
appear and the later panicles on the branches are always simple
and few-flowered. Theremark that the culms are simple below,
giving to the grass the appearance of a little tree, affords the best
clue to the plant referred to by Linnzus. As I understand the
species, it may be characterized from my material as follows: Gla-
brous throughout. Culms slender, becoming almost wiry, simple
below, becoming much-branched above, branches spreading. Leaves
thin, pale green, two to four inches long, those of the branches
smaller, sometimes nearly filiform, and widely spreading. Panicle
diffuse, branches naked below, lateral panicles simple and few-
flowered. Spikelets scarcely a line long; ovate-oblong, outer
glumes glabrous. P. darbulatum Michaux may be only a variety
of this species, with the nodes bearded.

31. Panicum barbulatum Michx.

Culms one to three feet high, slender, finally much-branched,
smooth; nodes densely bearded with deflexed hairs; sheaths
sparingly pilose or smooth, much shorter than the internodes;
ligule a fringe of short hairs, hardly a line long; leaf-blades lanceo-
late, two to five inches long, three tosix lines wide, spreading, acute,
narrowed at the base, glabrous; margins minutely serrulate and

*In the case of Panicum nitidum and the three following species, ithas appeared best to
present the descriptions of the original authors. The limitations of these species are
now exceedingly doubtful, and it is hardly possible to identify them without consulting
the types.

Plate XV.

——— ee Ss | hCU

Fig. 57. Panicum di hotomum, Fig. 58. Panicum dichotomum pubescens.

(from White Cliff Springs.) 2. Upper leaf and panicle. 3. Spikelet,
2. Panicle and upper leaf. 3. Spikelet, front view. 4. Splikelet laid open.
front view. 4. Spikelet, back view. 5.
Spikelet, side view, laid open.

Fig. 59. Panicum nodiflorum. Fig. €0. Panicum ramulosum.

2. Panicle. 3. Upper leaf, with axillary 2. Parts oflateral branches. 3. Spikelets.
panicle. 4. Axillary braneh. 5. Spikelet,
front view. 6. Spikelet, side view. 7.
Outer glumes.

THE GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. ih

sometimes ciliate near the base. Panicle two to four inches long,
ovate-pyramidal; branches capillary and compound to the base.
Spikelets smooth, about three-fourths of a line long. Common in
open woods; May and June.

The leaves of the branches are much smaller than those of the
primary stem, and more crowded, and the lateral panicles are
small and few-flowered. Michaux characterized this species as a
small slender grass with the sparingly-branched culms bearded at
the nodes, smooth narrowly-lanceolate leaves, sheaths a little
pilose at the throat, small capillary panicles and short-ovate
spikelets. (Mich. Flor. Bor. Amer. L, p. 49.)

32. Panicum ramulosum Michx.
Plate XV. Figure 60.

A weak, slender, branching grass, with glabrous culms and
sheaths. Nodes somewhat thickened, naked. Leaves linear-
lanceolate, spreading, smooth, sparingly long-pilose near the
base, subciliate. Panicle small, loose, capillary. Spikelets small,
ovate-obtuse, all long pedicelled. In woods.

The above characters, drawn from Michaux (Flor. Bor, Am. I.,
p. 50 [1803] ) are those of the later stage of growth of the species.
I am unable to do more than guess at its identity with some of our
specimens. It may bea variety of P. nitidum.

33. Panicum nodiflorum Lam.
Plate XV. Figure 59.

Panicles very small, lateral and terminal, glumes ovate. sub-
pubescent, leaves narrow and rather short (Lam. Encycl. Meth.
IV. p. 744). Stem very slender, about a foot high, branched.
Lateral branches very short, leafy, and each terminated by a
small panicle which appears to be lateral. The leaves of the
branches are narrow, rather numerous, divergent, pilose near the
base and at the entrance of the sheath. Besides the lateral
panicles there is a terminal one which does not differ very much
from those of the branches. These panicles are lax and few-flow-
ered. The spikelets are pedicellate, small, oval, and pubescent.

_ Lamarck questions whether this species is truly distinct from
P. dichotomum.

10. SETARIA Beauv. Agrost. 113 (1812).

Spikelets as in Panicum, but surrounded at the base by few or
many persistent, awn-like bristles (aborted branches) which spring
from the pedicels below the articulation of the spikelets. Inflor-
escence a densely many-flowered, cylindrical, or somewhat inter-
rupted, spike-like panicle. Annuals with flat leaves and terminal,
bristly spike-like panicles.

Species about ten, in the warmer regions of the world, some cul-
tivated for their grain or for quick grown fodder. Ours all intro-
duced as weeds or escaped from cultivation.

:
|
: |
|
|
F
.
ai.

56 BULLETIN VIL. 1.

1. Setaria glauca Beauv. Yellow Foxtail or Pigeon-grass

Plate XVI. Figure 62.

An erect annual one to two feet high, with flat leaves and a
bristly cylindrical spike-like, densely-flowered panicle, one to three
inches long. Culm scabrous just below the panicle, otherwise
smooth. Sheaths smooth; ligule a dense fringe of short hairs;
leaf-blade three to ten incnes long, two to five lines wide, nearly
smooth on the dorsal surface, very scabrous on the upper surface
and margins, and occasionally pilose near the base. Axis of the
panicle densely pubescent. Bristles five to ten to each spikelet,
yellowish or rarely purplish. Spikelets ovoid, about one and one-
half lines long. First glume about one half a line long, three-
nerved, second nearly half the length of the spikelet, five-nerved;
the third five-nerved and as long as the transversely rugose flow-
ering glume.

This is a well-known weed, growing everywhere in cultivated
grounds. It sends up a number of stems from a single root, each
bearing a cylindrical “bristly” head. It continues to bloom
throughout the season from June to October.

2. Setaria viridis Beauv. Green Foxtail, Wild Miilet.
Plate XVI. Figure 63.
Similar in habit to Yellow Foxtail. Spikelets about one line
long, the nearly.equal second and third glumes about the length of

the minutely punctate-striate (not transversely rugose) fourth
glume.

This is an introduced grass like the Yellow Foxtail, and has be-
come a common weed in all cultivated grounds. It begins to bloom
a little earlier than the Yellow Foxtail. The cylindrical panicles
are more tapering toward the apex, the more numerous spikelets
are smaller and the bristles are usually green. |

3. Setaria Italica Kunth. Italian or Golden Millet.
Plate XVI. Figure 64.
This exists here only in cultivation. Itis distinguished from the
German Millet by its larger, longer, more loosely-flowered and us-
ually nodding panicles. The millets of this class, that is species
or varieties of Sefaria, are ready to cut sixty to sixty-five days
from time of sowing. When cut just as heading out, and before
blooming, they make a valuable and safe forage; but in more ad-
vanced stages the feeder should be exceedingly careful, for when
ripe these millets act injuriously upon the kidneys. They are the
refuge of the poor farmer whose other forage crops have failed.
They are sometimes grown here for the seed, and the product is
often used as bird and poultry food.

4. Setaria Germanica, German or Hungarian Millet. —
This is regarded by botanists as only a variety of the Italian Millet,

Plate XVI.

TS Vi
| Y
7, 7 (\\S
TPS AD, =e |

Fig. 61. Panicum longepedunculatum, Fig. 62. Setaria glauca.

2. Panicle. 3. Upper leaf. 4. Spikelet, 2. Upper leafand inflorescence. 3. Spike-
side view. 5. Spikelet, front view. 6. let, with its surrounding bristles. 4. Low-
Outer glumes, er empty glume. 5. Spikelet. 6. Floral

glume,anterior view. 7. Staminate fioret.

Fig. 63. Setaria viridis. Fig. 64. Setaria Italica.

2. Upper leaf andinflorescence. 3. Spike- 2. Inflorescence. 3. Upper leaf. 4. Spike-
let, withits bristles. 4. Flowering glume, let, with two bristles. 5. Spikelet laid
open.

THE GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 57

and is only found here in cultivation or perhaps springing up from
seed on land where cultivated the season previous. The German
differs from the Italian Millet in having a more dense or compact
and usually erect panicle or “head.”

11. CENCHRUS Linn. Sp. Pl. 1049 (1753).

Spikelets hermaphrodite. One-flowered (rarely with a male
flower below the perfect terminal one), one to four together, with
an ovoid or globular involucre of rigid more or less connate bris-
tles, forming spiny burs or false capsules, these sessile or nearly so
in simple terminal spikes or racemes, falling off with the spikelets.
Glumes as in Panicum, awnless. Grain free within the slightly-
hardened fruiting glume and palea.

Annual or perennial grasses with spreading or erect culms,
bearing few or many more or less crowded “burs” in terminal
spikes.

Species about twelve, in the tropical and warmer temperate re-
gions of both hemispheres. One species introduced in Tennessee.

1. Cenchrus tribuloides Linn. Hedgehog- or Bur-grass.
Plate XVII. Figure 65.

Annual, with spreading or ascending much-branched culms,
rarely a foot high, somewhat compressed. Leaves flat or simply
folded, about six inches long, acute, finely serrulate along the mar-
gins; sheaths generally much exceeding the internodes, hairy along
the margins and at the throat. Burs containing the spikelets, six
to twenty, nearly globose, covered with strong and more or
less pubescent barbed spines, becoming very hard at maturity
and readily falling off. Along the Mississippi river. July—
August.

Reported by Dr. Gattinger as growing along the sandy banks of
the Mississippi river. It grows only in sandy soils, but in such
lands it may become a terrible pest, and every pains should be
taken to exterminate it wherever seen.

12. PENNISETUM Pers. Syn. I. 72. (1805).

Spikelets solitary or two to three together, subtended by an in-
volucre of one to many bristles, which are often plumose and fall
off with the spikelets at maturity; inflorescence racemose or dense
and spike-like. Glumes four, the first empty and smalier than the
others; the second usually as long as the spikelet, empty; the third
empty or with a palea or with a staminate flower; the fourth or
terminal enclosing a pistillate or hermaphrodite flower and palea.
Stamens three. Styles distinct or more or less connate below:
stigmas plumose. Grain included in the rigid fruiting glume and
palea, free. Annual or perennial grasses, with simple or branched
culms, flat leaves, and usually spike-like panicles terminal on the
culm or its branches.

Species about forty, chiefly natives of the tropical and sub-trop-

58 BULLETIN VII. “1.

ical regions of the Old World, a few in America. Some of the
species are cultivated for ornament.

1. Pennisetum typhoideum Rich. Cat-tail or Pearl Millet.

A coarse grass six to eight or ten feet high, with a dense “head”
or spike-like panicle an inch in diameter, and six to twelve inches
long. It requires a rich soil and a warm climate, and under favor-
able circumstances in the Southern States will yield a large
amount of fairly good forage. It may be cut two or three times
during the season.

Tribe VI...QORYVZEAL.

Spikelets usually much compressed laterally, one-flowered,
staminate, pistillate or hermaphrodite; empty glumes two or none,
the flower being subtended by the floral glume and palea alone,
the latter one-nerved and regarded by some as a second glume.
Stamens frequently six. Axis of the inflorescence continuous.

A small tribe of about forty species, divided among sixteen gen-
era, mostly confined to tropical America. One of the best known
and most extensively used of the cereals, rice (Oryza sativa) belongs
here.

13. ZIZANIA Linn. Sp. Pl. 991 (1753).

Spikelets linear, unisexual, monoecious, one-flowered, in large
terminal panicles, the female spikelets on the erect upper branches,
the male or staminate spikelets on the lower expanded branches
of the same panicle. Glumes two, nearly equal, very narrow,
awnless, or the outer one in the female spikelet long-awned.
Stamens six. Styles more or less connate; stigmas plumose
with simple hairs. Grain linear, half aninch long. ‘Tall, aquatic
grasses with long flat leaves.

Species one. Widely distributed in North America and north-
eastern Asia.

1. Zizania aquatica Linn. Wild or Indian Rice.

A tall, erect annual, three to ten feet high, with a panicle
twelve to twenty-four inches long. Leaves eighteen to thirty-six
inches long, and one-half to an inch wide; narrowed toward the
base and tapering to a very acute apex. In shallow water along
rivers and lakes. August.

This grass has not been reported as occurring in Tennessee, but
very likely it may be found in the western part of the State along
the Mississippi. The grain is a favorite food of the reed bird,
and it is cultivated to some extent by sportsmen with a view to
attracting these birds. Some of the larger dealers offer the seed
for sale.

14. ORYZA Linn. Gen. Pl. L, p. 324 (1791).
Spikelets one-flowered, hermaphrodite, strongly flattened later-

es
’ wT ar Cas
Sere ds Coes Po a

L

a

> se J
,

Bulletin Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station, 1894. Plate XVII.

Fig. 65. Cenchrus tribuloides. Fig. 66. Leersia lenticularis.

2. Upper leaf and inflorescence. 3. One 2. Panicle. 3. Upper leaf. 4. Spikelet,
of the spiny burs in which the spikelets side view.
are. 4. Burlaid open in section, spikelets
showninside. 5. Spikelets.

Fig. 67. Leersia oryzoides. Fiz. €S8. Leersia Virginica.
2. Panicle. 3. Upper leaf. 4. Spikelet 2. Inflorescence. 3. Portion of branch
open. 5. Spikelet closed. bearing four spikelets. 4. Spikelet, side

view.

7" & ~~ =e ————_— —_ a J

THE GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 59

ally, in terminal panicles; rachilla articulated below the empty
glumes. Glumes three, the first two small, empty, the third com-
pressed keeled, somewhat rigid, usually awned. Palea one-nerved,
marrow, about the length of the glume. Stamens six. Grain
oblong obtuse, closely enveloped by the fruiting glume. Aquatic
grasses with flat leaves and terminal panicles.

Species five or six, in the tropics of both hemispheres.

1. Oryza sativa Linn. Rice.

This well-known plant furnishes food to a greater number of
people than any other cereal. It is known to have been culti-
vated in eastern countries for more than 4500 years. It has been
‘grown in some of the Southern States—notably South Carolina
and Louisiana—for many years, and a variety known as upland
rice is grown to some extent in the western part of Tennessee.
There are many varieties, distinguished by the color or size of
the fruit and absence or presence of awns.

15. LEERSIA Swartz. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 21 (1788).

Spikelets one-flowered, hermaphrodite, strongly flattened later-
ally, articulated with the pedicels. Empty glumes none. Flower-
ing glume chartaceous, bristly ciliate along the keel, awnless.
Palea similar in texture and about as long as the flowering glume,
but much narrower. Perennials with rough leaves and open
paniculate inflorescence.

Species five or six, throughout the tropical and temperate re-
gions of the world. Tennessee species three.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

. Spikelets pale green, less than 2 lineslong . L. VirGinica.
. Spikelets straw-colored, more than 2lineslong . .... 2

. Spikelets somewhat spreading, less than a line wide
PCa a ta hye \is- iret o-4 us) aid). (4! fe 6 Gs OR¥ZOIDRS.
. Spikelets closely imbricate, 1% lines broad. L. LENTICULARIS,.

1. Leersia Virginica Willd. White-grass.
Plate XVII. Figure 68.

A slender, erect or ascending, usually much-branched leafy
grass, two to four feet long, from short, scaly root-stocks. Nodes
pubescent, with reflexed hairs. Sheaths retrorsely scabrous; ligule
membranous, very short; leaf-blade linear or narrowly-lanceolate,
two to five inches long and one to four lines wide, scabrous on
both surfaces, and very minutely and sharply scabrous on the mar-
gins. Panicle three to five inches long, simple, composed of a few
more or less spreading one-sided racemes one to three inches long.
Spikelets one and one-half to two lines long, strongly appressed to
the branches and closely imbricated; glume very abruptly short-
pointed, ciliate on the curved keel, and with a few very short, stiff
hairs on the sides, or nearly smooth; palea similar to the glume,
but narrower, and with nearly a straight keel.

60 BULLETIN VII. 1.

Along streams and in wet woods. July—September, common.
Of no agricultural value.

2. Leersia oryzoides Sw. Rice Cut-grass.
Plate XVII. Figure 67.

A rather stout, rough and usually much-branched grass two to
three or four feet high, with flat leaves and an open pale green or
straw-colored panicle. Nodes usually bearded. Sheaths auricled
on the sides at the apex, strongly scabrous, the points of the min-
ute spines which lie in the depressions of the striz, directed down-
wards; ligule firm-membranaceous, about a line long; leaf-blade
five to ten inches long, three to six or seven lines wide, very

acute, contracted and often pubescent at the base, scabrous on™

both surfaces, the margins very rough, with minute sharp spines
which in the lower part of the leaf are directed toward the base
and in the upper part are directed forward or toward the apex.
Panicle six to ten inches long, the slender ascending branches two
to four inches long, naked below, flower-bearing toward the ends.
Spikelets two to two and one-half lines long, about three-fourths of
a line broad, loosely imbricated; apex of the glumes and palea ab-
ruptly pointed, the keels strongly ciliate and with short scattered
hairs on the sides. Within the lower sheaths may be found cleis-
togamic or hidden fruiting spikelets.

Common along streams, wet borders of thickets, etc. Of no
recognized agricultural value.

3. Leersia lenticularis Michx. Large Cut-grass. -
Plate XVII. Figure 66.

A rather stout, branching perennial two to three feet high, from
a creeping scaly root-stock, with widely spreading broad leaves
and diffuse panicles. Nodes smooth or sometimes downwardly
bearded. Sheaths firm, striate, smooth or more often rough, with
downwardly-pointing sharp prickles, which lie in the grooves of
the striz, auricled at the apex; ligule firm-membranaceous, about a
line long, smooth or sometimes pilose on the back; leaf-blade four
to ten inches long, four to eight lines wide, acute contracted to-
ward the base, often pubescent on the upper surface, at least to-
ward the base and on the back where the blade joins the sheath.

Panicle four to eight inches long, the branches solitary or in pairs, -

widely spreading or finally deflexed, flower-bearing near the ex-
tremities. Spikelets on very short scabrous pedicels, broadly oval,
strongly flattened laterally, two and one-half to three lines long and
about two lines broad, closely imbricate, the glume and palea
strongly bristly ciliate along the keels.

West Tennessee (S. M. Bain) August—September. The leaves
are sometimes striped with longitudinal white bands, as in the cul-

tivated ribbon-grass, ( Phalaris aruntinacea picta. )

THE GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 61

Series B. POACE/E.

Spikelets one- to many-flowered, the imperfect or rudimentary
flower, if any, is usually uppermost; rachilla usually articulated
above the empty glumes, so that these remain after the fall of the
fruiting glume.” In spikelets with two or more flowers, these are
separated by a manifest internode of the rachilla, and in such
cases the rachilla is usually articulated below each flowering
glume.

Tribe VII. PHALARIDE.

Spikelets more or less laterally compressed, one- or rarely three-
flowered. Glumes five, the first two empty and below the articu-
lation of the rachilla; the third and fourth above the articulation,
usually empty, very unlike the outer ones, rarely enclosing a stam-
inate flower, sometimes reduced to mere bristles; the fifth glume
with a one-nerved or nerveless palea and a hermaphrodite flower.
A small tribe comprising six genera, with about sixty species of
comparatively little importance. Several of the species, Sweet
. Vernal-grass and Vanilia-grass, are remarkable for possessing a
peculiar sweet fragrance due to their containing coumarin. Ca-
nary-grass is one of the best known members of this tribe.

16. PHALARIS Linn. Sp. Pl. 54 (1753).

Spikelets one-flowered, strongly flattened laterally and crowded
in a dense ovoid cylindrical or rarely interrupted spike-like panicle
osc spreading in flower); rachilla articulated above the
rst pair of empty glumes. Glumes five, awnless, the first two
empty, equal, boat-shaped, and usually winged on the keel; the
third and fourth empty, narrow-lanceolate or bristle form, closely
appressed to the fifth or flowering glume, which is hard and shin-
ing in fruit and closely envelops the grain and palea.
Annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaves and densely-flow-
ered spike-like or capitate inflorescence.
Species about ten, most abundant in Southern Europe. There
are two or perhaps three native North American species. One of
these, together with a species introduced from Europe, is found

within the State.

1. Phalaris Canariensis Linn. Canary-grass.
Plate XVIII. Figure 69.

An erect annual, one to three feet high, with flat leaves and a
dense, ovoid panicle (head) about an inch long, empty glumes
with a broad, sharp keel, with a distinct green line within the
white, scarious margins. Third and fourth glumes small, scale-
like smooth. Fifth or flowering glume hairy.

* Alopecurus, Cinna, Spurtina. and Holcus in this Series, have the rachilla articulated
below the first pair of glumes, and the spikelets fa)l off entire.

62 BULLETIN VIL. .1.

Introduced from Europe; and sometimes cultivated in the vicin-
ity of our large cities for its seed, which is used for bird food.

2. Phalaris arundinacea Linn. Reed Canary-grass.
Plate XVIII. Figure 70.

A tall, leafy perennial, two to four feet high, with smooth sheaths
and a narrow, branching panicle four to eight inches long. Spike-
lets about two lines long, compressed but not winged-keeled asin
P. Canartensis. Third and fourth glumes reduced to narrow silky
scales one-third as long as the perfect floret. Low wet grounds,
borders of streams, etc. June—July.

This grass is not recognized here as possessing any value for
forage. There is a variety with white-striped leaves, sometimes
cultivated in gardens under the name of Ribbon-grass.

17. ANTHOXANTHUM Linn. Sp. Pl. 28 (1753).

Spikelets one-flowered, distinctly pedicellate in narrow spike-
like panicles; rachilla articulate above the first pair of glumes.
Glumes five, the first and second very unequal, keeled, the third
and fourth shorter, empty, hairy, and awned on the back, fall-
ing with the flowering glume, the fifth or floral glume short, broad
and obtuse, three-nerved, hyaline; palea one-nerved (this is re-
garded as a sixth glume by some authors). Stamens two. Styles
distinct.

Erect, sweet-scented annuals or perennials, with flat leaves,
herbaceous culms and narrow spike-like terminal panicles.

Species four, European. The one which comes within our limits
is very widely distributed in all temperate countries.

1. Anthoxanthum odoratum Linn. Sweet Vernal-grass. |
Plate XVIII. Figure 71.

A rather slender, smooth perennial one to two and one-half feet
high, the narrow panicle one to two and one-half inches long.
Spikelets about three lines long, the unequal outer glumes cover-
ing the brown-hairy, awned second pair.

This grass has been introduced from Europe, and is valued on
account of its earliness and sweet odor when dry. Itcan only be
recommended in mixtures of seed for pasture lands.

Tribe VIII. AGROSTIDEA.

Spikelets all hermaphrodite, one-flowered, with three glumes,
the first two empty (very rarely wanting) usually as long as or
exceeding the third or floral glume. Rachilla sometimes pro-
longed behind the palea as a naked or plumose bristle. Palea
two-nerved, (one-nerved in Cizna), nerveless or (in some Agrostis
species) wanting.

This is, next to the Festucez, the largest tribe in the order, num-
bering 7oo species, arranged in 46 genera. The species are dis-

Plate XVIII.

Fig. 69. Phalaris canariensis. Fig. 70. Phalaris arundinacea.
2. Capitate inflorescence and upper leaf. 2. Inflorescence. 3. Upper leaf. 4. Spike-
8. Spikelet. 4. spikeletlaidopen. 5. Same let. 5. Flowering glume. (The empty
with the large outer glumes removed, glumes are not correct in Gray’s Manual.)

showing thesmall scale-like glumes at the
base of the floral glume. 6. Floret ex-
panded.

Fig. 71. Anthoxanthum odoratum. Fig. 72. Aristida ramosissima.

. let. 6. Floret, with the second pair of
empty glumes at the base. 7. An awned
empty glume,

2. Inflorescence. 3. Upperleaf. 4. Spike- 2. Raceme. 3.Spikelet 4. Empty glumes.

THE GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 63

tributed throughout all the temperate and colder regions of the
world and many occur within the tropics. The genus Agrostis, from
which the tribe derives its name, and from which comes the word
Agrostologist, has about 100 species; found in all parts of the
world, especially in the north temperate zone. Some of our most
important meadow grasses—notably Herd’s-grass and Timothy—
belong to this tribe.

18. ARISTIDA Linn. Sp. Pl. 82 (1753).

Spikelets one-flowered, on long or short slender pedicels in ter-
minal, more or less expanded panicles; rachilla articulated above
the empty glumes and produced into a hard obconical hairy callus
below the floral glume, but not extending beyond it. Glumes
three, the first two empty, more or less unequal, acute or bristle-
pointed, slightly keeled; the third or flowering glume firmer in
texture than the outer ones, closely rolled around the flower, the
usually short palea terminating in a trifid awn. Grain slender,
tightly enclosed by the hardened fruiting glume, but free from it.
Tufted narrow-leaved grasses, chiefly growing in dry sandy or
sterile soil.

Species about one hundred, in all the warmer regions of the
world. Some thirty-eight species are recorded as growing within
the United States, chiefly in the southern portions. The following
are found in Tennessee:

} KEY TO THE SPECIES,
1, Awns very unequal in length greens, Uae ee ets
paummetearty Of equal length . . 1... “te 4

N

’ eee. 6 to ro lines long, the middle awn an ‘ice ae Hae
abruptly recurved. A. RAMOSISSIMA.
. Spikelets 2 to 4 lines long, in slender ecres, On Taremes sg

. Middle awn flexuose or coiled near the base, and soon re-
flexed’. . 2, A. DICHOTOMA,

. Middle awn not flexuose or coiled near the base, divergent
Pie ees!) Pe ye TD, 3. A. GRACILIS,
. Spikelets 9 to 12 lines long, in loosely few-flowered racemes,
awns tr to 2 inches long, more or less divergent

, 6. A. OLIGANTHA.

: Spikelets 4 to 5 lines long, in many- flowered = age like pai
me. : 4 ; ,

. First glume ridiiton hack the ob awns Pach cone ioe
the glumes . . . .4. A. PURPURASCENS.
. First glume shorter than the second, awns about the length
an Cranes Oo) PEDO Ur) on eas ee §.) AscSrRicTa.

. Aristida ramosissima Engelm.
Plate XVIII. Figure 72.

A low, very much-branched grass six to fifteen inches high, with
numerous loosely few-flowered spikes or racemes. Empty glumes

64 BULLETIN VII. 1.

six to ten lines long, usually rather strongly three- to five-nerved,
exceeding the flowering glume; flowering glume three-awned,
awns very unequal, the lateral ones straight, one to three lines
long, (sometimes wanting, variety uniaristata), the middle one an
inch long and soon abruptly recurved. Dry soil in open ground.
Humboldt, West Tennessee, September (A. Gattinger).

2. Aristida dichotoma Michx. Poverty-grass.
Plate XIX. Figure 73.

A low, much-branched annual six to twenty-four inches high,
with few-flowered, spike-like, simple panicles one to four inches
long. Sheaths smooth or somewhat scabrous; ligule a minute
fringe of hairs; leaf-blade very narrow involute, one to six inches
long. Spikelets erect, three to four lines long; empty glumes nearly
equal, linear, the upper often mucronate-pointed, equalling or more
often exceeding the flowering glume; flowering glume with minute
appressed hairs on the back, three-awned, the lateral awns very
short and erect, the middle one soon reflexed and flexuose at the
base. Callus hairy.

A worthless grass, common in dry, sandy or gravelly fields, ete:
Septem ber—October.

3. Aristida gracilis Ell. Slender Triple-awn.
: Plate XIX. Figure 74.

Aslender, erect grass twelve to twenty-four inches high, branched
near the base, the culm and branches terminating in slender,
rather densely-flowered racemose or spike-like panicles, three to
seven inches long. Rays of the panicle in pairs, erect, one- to sev-
eral-flowered. Sheaths smooth or pilose near the base; ligule a
minute fringe of short hairs; leaf-blade three to fiveinches long,
about a line wide, soon convolute. Spikelets two to three lines
long (exclusive of the awns); empty glumes one-nerved, narrowly
lanceolate, nearly equai, or the lower onea little shorter than the
upper, which is usually short-awned or mucronate-pointed; flower-
ing glume usually a little longer than the empty ones, rough and
usually spotted on the back, three-awned, the lateral awns straight
and one-third to one-half the length of the divaricate or reflexea
middle one. Callus hairy. In sandy, gravelly or poor soils; appar-
ently less common than A. dichotoma. September—October.

4. Aristida purpurascens Poir. Beard-grass or Purple Triple Awn.
Plate XIX. Figure 75.

A sparingly-branched perennial one and one-half to three feet
high, with narrow many-flowered panicles six to fifteen inches long.
Sheaths smooth or sometimes pilose, the lower ones imbricated;
ligule minute; leaf-blade one to two lines wide, four to twelve
inches long, more or less conduplicate. Panicle strict, continuous
or interrupted below, the appressed branches often in threes.
Lower empty glume four to five lines long, exceeding the second
glume, which is about the length of the floral glume; flowering
glume more or less scabrous on the back, three-awned; awns similar,

Bulletin Tennessee Agricultural Experlment Station, 1834. Plate XIX,

ne ole

Fig. 73. Aristida dichotoma. Fig. 74. Aristida gracilis.

2. Spikelet. 3. Flowering glume. 2. Inflorescence. 3. Spikelet. 4. Empty
glumes.

Fig. 75. Aristida purpurasceas. Fig. 76. Aristida stricta.

2 Panicle. 3. Upper leaf. 4. Empty 1, Spikelet. 2. Empty glumes. 3. Flow-
glumes. 5. Flowering glume. ering glume.

THE GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 65

more or less spreading, the middle awn usually about an inch long,
slightly exceeding the lateral ones. Callus slender-pointed, hairy,
On dry and usually poor soil, common, September—October.

5. Aristida stricta Michx.
Plate XIX. Figure 76.

This may occur within the State. It resembles A. purpurascens,
but the leaves are more rigid and involute, and the upper empty

lume is distinctly longer than the lower. The awns are shorter
(one-half inch), subequal, and all divergent or reflexed.

6. Aristida oligantha Michx.
Plate XX. Figure 77.

A tufted annual with slender, branching culms, six to twelve
inches high, narrow leaves and loosely few-flowered racemes.
Sheaths smooth; ligule a fringe of short hairs; leaf-blade two to
six inches long, involute filiform, at least when dry, Panicle race-
mose, four- to six-flowered. Spikelets nine to eleven lines long (ex-
clusive of the awns); empty glumes three- to five-nerved, subequal,
a little shorter than the flowering glume, more or less awn-pointed;
flowering glume scabrous, at least above, three-awned, awns
nearly equal or the lateral a little shorter, divergent, one to two
inches long. Callus soft-hairy, acute.

Dry, gravelly or sterile soil, common. August to October. Of
no economic value.

19. STIPA Linn. Sp. Pl. 78 (1753).

Spikelets one-flowered, usually on long filiform pedicels in ex-
panded or rarely narrow panicles, rachilla articulated above the
empty glumes,and produced below the flowering glume into a
strong, bearded, obconical and sharp-pointed callus. Glumes
three, the first two empty, thin-membranaceous, subequal, acute or
bristle-pointed, the third or floral glume narrow, sub-coriaceous,
closely rolled around the flower and shorter palea, terminating by
a twisted and geniculate simple awn, which is articulated with its
apex, Grain terete and closely enveloped by the hardened fruit-
ing glume. Tufted perennial grasses, with very narrow or invo-
lute leaves and usually open panicles.

Species about too, widely distributed throughout the tropical
and temperate regions of the world. Twenty-four species are re-
corded as occurring within the United States, chiefly southwes-
tern. Only one comes within the State.

1. Stipa avenacea Linn. Black Oat-grass.
Plate XX. Figure 78.

An erect perennial one to three feet high with, very narrow
leaves and a lax, few-flowered panicle. Lower leaves four to six
inches long, the membranaceous ligule one to twolineslong. The
lower nearly erect rays of the nodding panicle, usually in pairs,
and one- to two-flowered. Empty glumes four to four and one-half

66 BULLETIN VII. 1.

lines long, nearly equal, acute, alittle longer than the floral glume.
Callus of the floral glume slightly curved, very acute, barbate with

brown hairs, the glume scabrous near the apex, where it is mi-_

nutely hairy. Awn scabrous, one and one-half to two and one-half
inches long, twisted below and usually twice bent.

Dry ridges and hill-sides, usually in open woods. Common, grow-
ing in isolated tufts. April—June.

20. MUHLENBERGIA Schreb. Gen. 44 (1789).

Spikelets one-flowered, hermaphrodite, variously paniculate, ra-
chilla articulated above the empty glumes, forming a very short
and usually hairy callus below the floral glume, but not extend-
ing above it. Glumes three, the first two empty, membranaceous
or hyaline, one- to three-nerved or nerveless, usually unequal and
shorter than the floral glume, acute, mucronate-pointed, or some-
times awned; third or flowering glume narrow, smooth or more or
less pilose below, three- to five-nerved, awned from the acute apex
or from between the teeth of the more or less conspicuously biden-
tate apex. Awn straight or flexuose. Palea thin, two-nerved,
usually about the length of its glume. Stamens three. Styles
distinct. Grain closely enveloped by the fruiting glume.

Perennial grasses(rarely annual) with small spikelets and greatly
varying habit; culms a few inches to several feet high, simple or
much-branched; leaves long or short, flat or strongly involute;
panicle narrow and spike-like or openand widely spreading. For-
merly included in Agrostts.

Species about sixty, nearly all American; most abundant in
Mexico.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

1. Culms simple, leaves convolute, panicle with widely spread-
ing capillary branches . . M. CAPILLARIS.
1. Culms branching, leaves flat, panicle contracted. . . . . 2

2. Empty glumes minute, the lower cass obsolete
. 2. M. DIFFUSA,
2. Empty elumes one-half as s long as or equalling the flower-
ing glume .. =. <” pé!s\iemenace Vinton ee

. Flowering glume awnless or simply mucronate-pointed .
. Flowering glume conspicuously awned : jin

Rh Ww
nn +s

. Culms nearly simple, panicle filiform, empty glumes one-

third shorter than the flowering glume 3. M. soBOLIFERA.
4. Culms much branched, panicle densely flowered, empty
glumes, at least the second, as long as the flowering
elume oneina ; » os ge tee) oh Le

5. Empty glumes eat bristle. pointed, as mee as the flower-
ing glume; culms much branched, panicle linear or nar-
row-lanceolate. . . . 5. M. sYLVATICA.

5. Empty glumes acuminate. pointed, shorter than the flower-
ing glume; culms nearly simple, panicle elongated, very
slender and loosely flowered . . . 6.M. WILLpENovi.

Bulletin Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station, 1894, Plate XX.

Fig. 77. Aristida oligantha. Fig. 78. Stipa avenacea.
2. Inflorescence. 38. Empty glumes. 4. 2. Panicle. 38. Upper leaf. 4. Empty
Flowering giume. glumes. 5. Flowering glume.

4
Fig. 79. Muhlenbergia capillaris. Fig. 80. Muhlenbergia diffusa.
2. Panicle. 3. Upper leaf. 4. Spikelet. 2. Panicle. 3. Spikelet. 4. Spikelet ex-

panded. 5. Empty glumes.

THE GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 67

1. Muhlenbergia capillaris Kunth.
Plate XX. Figure 79.

An erect perennial two to three or four feet high, with simple
or unbranched stems, long involute leaves and an elegant open
capillary panicle six to twenty-four inches long. Nodes three to
four, smooth. Sheaths longer than the internodes, smooth; ligule
rigid, one to three lines long; leaf-blade six to eighteen inches long,
convolute-setaceous. Panicle branches and long capillary pedi-
cels widely spreading. Spikelets. about two lines long, linear-
lanceolate, purplish; empty glumes nearly equal, one-half to one
line long, narrowly ovate or lanceolate, the upper and sometimes
the lower bristle-pointed; flowering glume three-nerved, smooth,
awned from the apex or from between the bristle- or awn-like divis-
ions of the bifid apex, awn three to four lines long. Palea about
as long as its glume.

In dry sandy soil, open woods. August—September.

2. Muhlenbergia diffusa Schreb. Nimble Will.
Plate XX. Figure 80.

A low, ascending perennial with slender, much-branched, wiry
culms one to two feet long. Sheaths smooth, pilose at the throat;
ligule very short; leaf-blade one to two lines wide, one to four
inches long, scabrous on both sides. Panicles three to seven inches
long, slender, branches erect, rather densely-flowered Spikelets
a line long, equalling or exceeding the pedicels; empty glumes
minute, unequal, the lower sometimes obsolete; flowering glume
narrowly lanceolate, pilose near the base, scabrous on the nerves
above, terminating in a slender straight awn one to two lines long;
palea equalling the glume. Common on dry hills, in woods, and
especially in shaded waste grounds about dwellings. August to
October.

This grass is well known by its slender, diffusely-branched and
tough, wirystems. It is exceedingly difficult to mow, and the turf
it sometimes forms is equally difficult to break up. It has com-
paratively little agricultural value.

NOTE:—Muhlendergia glomerata Trin. “Wild Timothy,” Plate XXI, Fig-
ure 81, has not been recorded as growing in the State, but very likely it
will be found in the mountain regions of East Tennessee. It is a rather
stout upright perennial, with nearly simple culms two to three feet high,
and a densely-flowered, narrow panicle two to four inches long. The
creeping root-stock is very tough and closely covered with thickened
scales. It usually grows in low grounds and makes a fair “wild hay.” In
one parts of the West it has been recommended as an excellent grass for

orage.

3. Muhlenbergia sobolifera Trin.

Plate XXI. Figure 82.

A slender perennial, with more or less branching leafy culms
one to two feet high, from creeping scaly root-stocks. Sheaths
smooth or slightly scabrous; ligule very short; leaf-blade flat, one
to three lines wide, three to five inches long, scabrous. Panicle
two to seven inches long, filiform, with erect appressed branches.

ee

68 BULLETIN VII. 1.

Spikelets crowded, one line long or less. Empty glumes ovate-
lanceolate acute, mucronate, or subaristate-pointed, nearly equal,
one-fourth to one-half shorter than the flowering glume; flowering
glume ovate-lanceolate, three-nerved, short mucronate, scabrous
on the back, short-pilose toward the base and on the callus; palea
as long as the flowering glume. Near Nashville, Harpeth hills,
etc.,in open rocky woods, probably common. August—September.

Apparently cof little or no agricultural value.

4. Muhlenbergia Mexicana Trin. Mexican Drop-seed.
Plate XXI. Figure 83.

An upright or ascending, usually much-branched perennial one
to three feet high, with a scaly creeping root-stock, numerous flat
leaves and contracted densely-flowered panicles Sheaths longer or
shorter than the internodes, smooth; ligule one-half a line long or
less; leaf-blade one to three lines wide, two to seven inches long.
Spikelets about one line long on very short pedicels; empty glumes
nearly equal, acuminate-pointed, about the length of the floral
glume (a little shorter or sometimes a little longer), scabrous on
the keel; flowering glume lanceolate, acute or mucronate-pointed,
three-nerved, pilose near the baseand onthe callus. Palea a little
shorter than its glume, very acute.

This species is similar in character to W/. glumerata, butis usually
more-branched and the panicle is less rigid and not so densely
flowered. It grows in sandy or rocky soil along the borders of
thickets, sometimes doing good service by binding sandy river-
banks subject to wash, by its strong creeping rhizomes. July—
August.

5. Muhlenbergia sylvatica Torr. and Gray.
Plate XXI. Figure 84.

A perennial, usually much-branched grass two to three feet
high, with strong scaly root-stocks, flat leaves and narrow densely-
flowered panicles two to six inches long. Sheaths usually shorter
than the internodes, smooth; ligule very short; leaf-blade three to
six inches long, one to two lines wide, abruptly sharp-pointed.
Panicle lanceolate, or linear (in var. gracilis), green, varying to
purple. Spikelets about one line long, equalling or exceeding the
pedicels; empty glumes equal, lanceolate-acuminate, one-nerved,
one-half as long or about equalling the flowering glume; flower-
ing glume three-nerved, pilose toward the base, scabrous above
and terminating in a slender awn two to six lines long. Paleaas
long as the floral glume (exclusive of the awn), two-nerved, scab-
rous toward the apex.

Damp woodlands, river bottoms, etc.; common. Of no recognized
agricultural value.

6. Muhlenbergia Willdenovii Trin.
Plate XXII. Figure 88.

An erect, simple or sparingly-branched perennial one and one-
half to three feet high, with creeping scaly rhizomes, flat leaves, and

Plate XXI

Fig. 81. Muhlenbergia glomerata. Fig. 82. Muhlenbergia sobolifera.

2. Panicle. 3. Upperleaf. 4. Lower part 2. Panicle. 3. Lower part of culm and
of culm and rhizome. 5. Spikelet. 6. Flo- the rhizome 4. Spikelet. 5. Empty
ral glume. glumes. 6. Flowering glume.

Fig. 83. Muhlenbergia Mexicana. Fig. S4. Muhlenbergia sylvatica.

2. Panicle. 3. Spikelet. 4. Empty otaee: 2. Panicle. 3. Upperleaf. 4. Spikelet. 5.
CS plana glume. Empty glumes. 6. Flowering glume.

es

THE GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 69

rather few-flowered linear panicles. Nodes numerous, minutely pu-
bescent. Sheaths shorter or longer than the internodes, thinly
pubescent; ligule one-half to one line long; leaf-blade one and
one-half to four or five lines broad, five to six inches long,
the lowermost much shorter, scabrous. Panicle six to twelve
inches long, the branches single or in pairs, erect. Spikelets
one and one-half lines long, narrowly-lanceolate; empty glumes
ovate, lanceolate-acute, nearly equal, about one-half the length
of the flowering glume; flowering glume three-nerved, pilose at
the base, scabrous above, its apex continued into a slender awn
about four lines long. Palea about as long as its glume, pilose at
the base and nearly to the middle along the margins.

CoNected in the mountain region of East Tennessee by Dr.
Gattinger, and later by Prof. Ruth. August.

21. BRACHYELYTRUM Beauv. Agrost. 39 (1812).

Spikelets one-flowered, long and narrow, few on slender pedi-

-cels in a contracted panicle; rachilla articulated above the

empty glumes, forming a short, usually smooth and rounded
callus below the flowering glume, and continued behind the palea
into a slender naked bristle. Glumes three, the first two empty,
very small; the third or flowering glume herbaceous, rigid, five-
nerved, continuous at the narrow apex intoa long straight awn.
Palea two-nerved, about equalling the glume. Stamens two (or
three). Styles short, distinct, stigmas elongated-plumose. Grain
oblong, enclosed within the fruiting glume and palea.

A perennial grass with simple culms, flat leaves and a few-flow-
ered simple terminal panicle.
Species one, North American.

1. Brachyelytrum aristatum Beauv. Bearded Short-husk.
Plate XXII. Figure 86.

Culms one to three feet high from a creeping rhizome, nodes
and sheaths downwardly pubescent; leaves lanceolate, three to six

inches long, six to seven lines wide. Empty glumes unequal, the

first very minute, flowering glume many-nerved, lanceolate, four to
six lines long (exclusive of the straight awn), ciliate-scabrous along
the prominent nerves. Awn three-fourths toone inch long. Con-
tinuation of the rachilla behind the palea awn-like, appressed to the
palea, one-half to two-thirds as long as the spikelet. Dry rocky
woodlands. August.

This grass is not infrequent in the open woods, and likely to at-
tract attention onaccount of its numerous rather broad and spread-
ing leaves, but nowhere does it offer any considerable amount of

forage, and it is not recognized as possessing any agricultural merit.

22. PHLEUM. L. Sp. Pl. 59 (1753).

_ Spikelets one-flowered, crowded in dense cylindrical spike-like
terminal panicles; rachilla articulated above the empty glumes,
not prolonged beyond the floret. Empty glumes two, compressed-

70 BULLETIN VII. 1.

carinate, equal, usually ciliate along the keels and abruptly mucro-
nate or short awn-pointed. Flowering glume shorter than the
empty ones, thin, truncate, awnless, rather loosely enclosing the
grain. Stamens three. Styles distinct.

Annuals or perennials with simple culms, from a few inches to
three feet high.

Species ten, in the temperate and cooler regions of hoth hemi-
spheres. North American species two, one of which (P. pratense)
is claimed to have been originally introduced here from Europe.

1. Phleum pratense, Linn. Timothy, Herd’s-grass in New England.
Plate XXII. Figure 87.

Culms simple, one to three feet high, panicle one to four inches
long, very densely many-flowered. Empty glumes about one line
long, the strong ciliate keels projecting into sharp, mucronate
points, which are shorter than the glume in Jength. Floret en-
tirely concealed within the outer glumes, the stamens and feath-
ery stigmas protruding from the apex. June.

One of the best known and most extensively cultivated grasses
for hay, sown either alone or mixed with red-top. It succeeds
best on moist loams, or clays. On very dry ground the yield is
apt to be light; on such soils the base of the stem is often thick-
ened and bulb-like. This grass is a native of Europe, and possi-
bly also of this country, but it is generally supposed to have been
introduced here. Itis recorded as having been first cultivated in
the Carolinas by Timothy Hanson about the middle of the last
century.

23. ALOPECURUS Linn. Sp. Pl. 60 (1753).

Spikelets one-flowered, crowded in a cylindrical spike-like pani-
cle, rachilla articulated below the two equal and laterally much
compressed empty glumes. Flowering glume awned on the back.
Palea none. The articulation of the rachilla below the empty
glumes forms an exception in the Series Poacee.

Species abouttwenty. Tennessee species two, one of which has
been introduced.
1. Empty glumes acute, 2} to 3 lineslong . . 1. A. PRATENSIS.
1. Empty glumes obtuse, 1 to1} lines long 2. A. GENICULATUS.

1. Alopecurus pratensis Linn. Meadow Foxtail.
Plate XXII. Figure 88.

An erect perennial one to three feet high, from a short creeping
root-stock. Sheaths smooth, the uppermost usually somewhat in-
flated and ionger than the leaf-blade; ligule hyaline, obtuse, about
a line long; leaf-blade linear or narrow-lanceolate, acute, the lower
four to ten inches long, two to three lines wide. Panicle rather
stout, obtuse, two to four inches long. Spikelets flat, two to three

lines long; empty glumes distinct or slightly grown together near

Plate XXII.

7,

Fig. 85, Muhlenbergia Willdenovii. Fig. 86. Brachyelytrum aristatum.

2. Panicle. 38. Upper leaf. 4. Lower part 2. Inflorescence. 3. Upper leaf. 4 Spike-
of culm and rhizome. 5. Spikelet. 6. let, side view. 5. Spikelet, front view.
Empty glumes. 6. on of rhachilla and rudiment-

ary floret.

Fig. 87. Phleum pratense. Fig. 88. Alopecurus pratensis.
1. The base of plant. 2. Inflorescence. 2. Inflorescence. 3. Upper leaf. 4. Spike-
8. Empty glumes. 4 Floret. : let. 5. The awned flowering glume, the

stamens and stigmas projecting from the
apex.

THE GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 71

the base, abruptly acute, silky villous on the keels and shortly pi-
lose on the lateral nerves; flowering glume nearly as long as the
empty ones, awned on the back near or below the middle; awn
slender, slightly twisted and projecting beyond the glumes for
more than half its length.

An introduced grass, native of Europe, regarded as valuable for
moist meadows and permanent pastures on account of its earli-
ness, blooming here in March and early April. It is very likely
deserving of more attention than it has so far received in this

State.

2. Alopecurus geniculatus L. Marsh or Floating Foxtail.
Plate XXIII. Figure 89.

A slender perennial, more or less decumbent, and branched at
the base, the lower joints geniculate, the stems finally ascending
or erect, six to twenty-four inches high, with rather short, spread-
ing, flat leaves and spike-like densely-flowered panicles, one to
three inches long. Sheaths smooth, the upper usually somewhat
inflated; ligule one to two lines long; leaf-blades smooth or a little
scabrous, the lower three to six inches long, the upper shorter,
one to three lines wide. Spikelets strongly compressed laterally,
oblong, about one line long; empty glumes rather obtuse, equal,
nearly distinct or only slightly connate near the base, silky hairy
on the keels and sparingly pilose on the sides; flowering glume a
little shorter than the outer ones, awned from near the base; awn
very slender, nearly twice as long as the glumes or (in variety
aristu’atus Torr.) scarcely equalling them.

A native grass, growing in wet places, along ditches, etc. May
—July.

24. SPOROBOLUS R. Br. Prodr. Flor. Nov. Holl. i: 169 (1810).

Spikelets one-flowered, pedicellate, in narrow and spike-like or
loose and spreading panicles; rachiila articulated above the
empty glumes, not produced beyond the flower. Glumes three,
round on the back or slightly keeled, awnless, obscurely nerved
or nerveless. The two outer glumes empty, usually unequal;
third or floral glume equaliing or exceeding the empty ones. Palea
as long as or longer than the flowering glume. Stamens three.
Styles short, distinct. Grain free, the pericarp loosely enclosing
the seed or very thin and evanescent. Annual or perennial
grasses with small spikelets, very various in habit. Species about
eighty, a few in the Old World, but most abundant in America.
Thirty-six species have been recorded from the United States, of
which the following have been observed in Tennessee.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

1. Panicle terminal, exserted, 6 to 18 inches long, the crowded
spikelets less than rlinelong ... . . 3.8. INpicvs.
1. Panicles terminal and lateral, 1 to 6 inches long, partly or
_ wholly enclosed within the leaf-sheaths; spikelets 1 to
PeenesmetmoiaeD sto nel.-ylierekywoyay dere ani. 2

72 BULLETIN VIL... 1.

2. Perennials, 2 to 4 feet high, spikelets 2 to 2% lines long .
, anal as vijeet suelo pearewel: teevadn taaia’ see
2. Annuals, with slender diffuse culms 6 to 18 inches high,
spikelets 1% to2lineslong . . . 2.S. VAGINA&FLORUS.

1. Sporobolus asper Kunth. Prairie-grass,
Plate XXITI. Figure 90.

A slender or rather stout perennial, one to three feet high, with
usually long, sometimes very long, nearly setaceous leaves. Sheaths
smooth; ligule very short; leaf-blade narrow, involute-setaceous
above, and in some forms two to three feet long. Panicle con-
tracted, linear, two to four or six inches long, partially or wholly
enclosed within the leaf-sheaths. Spikelets two to two and one-
half lines long, mostly acute; empty glumes obtuse or acute, sca-
brous on the keel above, slightly unequal, shorter than the flower-
ing glume; flowering glume acute or somewhat rounded at the
apex, usually pilose below on the back; palea obtuse and about the
length of the glume, or sharp-pointed and much exceeding the
glume in length.

The form with obtuse glumes and with the palea about the length
of the flowering glume, is a stout grass, and was recognized by
Trinius as a good species under the name of Vilfa Drummondit. It
is Vilfa ashera, var. Drummondii Vasey. This variety occurs in Ten-
nessee, along with the species growing in dry sandy soils. The
very long-leaved form found on the bluffs near Knoxville is. Sporo-
bolus longifolius Wood.

2. Sporobolus vagineflorus Wood. Southern Poverty-grass.
Plate XXIII. Figure 92.

A slender, cespitose annual, six to eighteen inches high, with
very narrow, short leaves, and nearly simple, few-flowered, terminal
and axillary panicles, which are mostly enclosed within the some-
what inflated leaf-sheaths. Sheaths rigid, usually purplish; ligule
very short; leaves involute-setaceous, one to four inches long.
Panicles linear, spike-like, about an inch long; spikelets one to two
lines long; empty glumes nearly equal, acute, as long as or a little
shorter than the ovate and abruptly- pointed floral glume, which is
usually a little hairy on the back; palea as long as or a little ex-
ceeding the flowering glume.

Var. minor (S. minor Vasey). Plate XXIII. Figure 91. More
slender, with the lateral panicles less strongly developed, and with
rather larger and more compressed spikelets. This form seems to
be somewhat intermediate between S. vagineflorus and S. asper. It
is much more slender than the latter species, and is at once distin-
guished from it by its annual habit. Both forms are common in
dry sterile soil.

3. Sporobolus Indicus R. Br. Smut-grass.
Plate XXIV. Figure 93.
A tufted, wiry, erect perennial, one to three feet high, with sim-
ple culms, and narrow, densely-flowered, spike-like panicles, four

Plate XXIII.

Fig. 89. Alopecurus geniculatus. Fig. 90. Sporobolus asper.

2. Spikelet. 3. Flowering glume. 4. 2. Flowering branch of culm. 3. Spike-
Flower. | let. 4. Empty glumes. 5. Floret.

| \\\ f |
\ ’
| (\ |
\ \
Ly ‘ ~ '
\ SS
a % a y/o
; | / 5 .'Y
| | 4 XQ
IN Ze Vf | » j
Fig. 91. Sporobolus minor. Fig. 92. Sporobolus vagineflorus.
2. Spikelet 3. Empty glumes. 4. Flow- 2. Flowering branch. 3. Spikelet,empty

ering glume. glumes removed. 4. Spikelet.

THE GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 73

to twelve inches long. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, gla-
brous; ligule very short; leaves chiefly radical, narrow, with long-
attenuate pointed tips, glabrous, excepting a few hairs at the base.
Spikelets less than a line long, crowded; empty glumes obtuse,
nerveless, much shorter than the flowering glume; palea about the
length of its glume, faintly two-nerved. Grain broadly ovoid, en-
closed in a thin loose pericarp.

This is an introduced grass which has become widely distributed
over the State, growing in scattered tufts or patches about dwell-
ings and in dry open fields. As the season advances, the long
slender panicles often become overgrown by a fungus, so that they
appear as if attacked by smut; hence the common name of Smut-
grass. It has no agricultural value.

25. CINNA Linn. Sp. Pl. 5 (1753).

Spikelets one-flowered, numerous in elongated, terminal, open
panicles; rachilla distinctly articulated below the empty glumes, as
well as above them (the spikelets falling off entire) and produced
below the floret into a short and smooth stipe, and usually extend-
ing behind the palea asa slender, naked bristle. Flowering glume
similar to the outer ones, three-nerved, obtuse, usually with a very
short, subterminal awn. Palea apparently one-nerved, keeled.
Stamen one. Styles short, distinct. Grain included within the
flowering glume and palea, free.

Tall perennial grasses, with numerous flat leaves and many-
flowered nodding panicles.

Species two, in the northern regions of Europe and America;
both species extend into Tennessee.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.

Empty glumes unequal in length, spikelets 2} to 3 lines long
ei. we. . oe ee Cl} le) ULC. ARUNDINACEA:
Empty glumes equal or nearly so, spikelets less than 2 lines
ne eee So ORS FS alot Ach 221 Oey PGND at

1. Cinna arundinacea Linn. Indian Reed-grass or Sweet Reed-
grass.
Plate XXIV. Figure 94.

A tall, leafy grass, three to seven feet high, with simple culms
and ample terminal panicles. Nodes usually covered by the smooth
sheaths; ligule two and one-half lines long, leaf-blade spreading,
five to ten inches long, three to six lines wide, scabrous on the
margins. Panicle six to fifteen inches long, rather densely-flow-
ered, the branches erect-spreading. Spikelets much longer than
the pedicels, appressed to the branches, (at least in fruit); empty
glumes narrow-lanceolate, very acute, unequal, the second longer
than the first and three-nerved; flowering glume about the length
of the second glume, obtuse and hyaline at the tip, three-nerved,
the midnerve excurrent just below the apex into a very short awn
or mucro. Palea shorter than its glume, one-nerved and keeled or
sometimes with two closely approximate nerves. In shaded swamps
and along streams in wet meadows. August and September.

ee ee ee ee

Te <4 BULLETIN VII. 1.

There is a woodland form of this species which is smaller
throughout. Culms about two feet, panicle four to six inches
long, empty glumes with white scabrous margins and tips. In
open, rocky woods where the soil is apparently dry. Sometimes
mistaken for C. pendula. Dr. Gattinger noted this form on Para-
dise Ridge. |

This grass is very leafy and has strong perennial rhizomes, and
it may have some value as a native hay in wet, rich lands along
streams. Its cultivation cannot at present be recommended.

2. Cinna peniula Trin. Slender Reed-grass.
Plate XXIV. Figure 95.

Culms rather slender, two to three feet high, leaves and sheaths
much as in C. arundinacea, but the blades rather more scabrous
on the nerves. Panicle lax, often few-flowered, the branches capil-
lary and more or less drooping. The glumes less firm than in C.

arundinacea and the empty glumes nearly equai, otherwise the
same.

Found upon Roane Mountain and doubtless occurs in the cold
mountain woods of the upper andeastern part of the State. July—
August, Of no agricultural value.

26. AGROSTIS Linn. Sp. Pl. 6 (1753).

Spikelets one flowered, in open panicles, rachilla articuiated
above the empty glumes, not produced beyond the flower. Empty
glumes two, equal or nearly so, acute, longer than the floret.
Flowering glume rather broad, less firm in texture than the outer
glumes, usually obtuse, awnless, or with a slender dorsal awn.
Palea hyaline, much shorter than the floral glume or wholly absent.
Stamens three, grain enclosed by the floral glume but free from it.

Annual or usually perennial grasses, with small spikelets in
open, usually diffuse, panicles.

Species about 1oo, distributed over the entire world, especially
in the north temperate zone. In the United States the species
are most numerous in the far Northwest. Of the seven species
found within the state, six are natives.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.
1. Palea half the length of the flowering Sauer 9. A.) Aaa

(a) Ligule 2tos5 lineslong .... . ., Vala: Ae
(b) Ligule shorter, truncate ee
(x) Coims @tect —".' - var. b VULGARIS.

(2) Culms prostrate and rooting at the lower joints,
Ce roy branches ascending .
ae var. C. STOLONIFERA.
1. Palea very minute or note, °°, 00 tS Pe Sea

2. Flowering glumes awned . 3
2 Flowering glumes awnless or rarely short awned (awn not
constant) . pi uteenAk. svoheser tee nk 20120008 See

Platé XXIV.

6

2 j 4p

Fig. 93. Sporobolus Indicus. Fig. 94. Cinna arundinacea.
2. Inflorescence. 3. Upperleaf. 4. Spike- 2. Panicle. 3. Upper leaf. 4. Spikelet.
let. 5. Empty glumes. 6. Flowering 5. Empty glumes. 6. Dorsal view of flow-
glume and palea. ering glume. 7. Flowering glume with

awn, side view.

Fig. 95. Cinna pendula. | Fig. 96. Agrostis elata.

2. Panicle 38. Upper leaf. 4. Spikelet. 1. Panicle. 2. Upper leaf. “3. Spikelet.
_ 5. Same with the empty glumes removed. 4. Flowering glume.

oat |

vr

THe GRASSES OF TENNESSEE.

Empty glumes equal, awn very slender, flexuose, minutely
pubescent, several times longer than the spikelet
tater es. od ae 8. A. ARACHNOIDES,

. Empty glumes unequal, awn stouter, geniculate, not pubes-
cent, about twice aslong asthespikelet. ..... . 4

. Culms 6 to 12 inches high, panicle 2 to 3 inches long, plants
MUING%an 4 f4 ce eoeeo how) co «) O&A. RUBRA AMERICANA.
. Culms 12 to 24 inch2s, panicle 4 to 6 inches long, plants not
ON utes “vithisieie . us at) ails Js) eA CANINA,

. Radical leaves involute filiform; panicle branches long and
widely spreading; spikelets crowded near the extremi-
ties of the branches; flowering one-third shorter than
the empty glumes; flowering in April. . 5. A. SCABRA.
. Radical leaves flat, spikelets more scattered on more or
less divergent pedicels; flowering late in summer or early
RE EE Ce eae a Se eT aa eee eee

. Culms weak and decumbent below, leaves numerous, 3 to
4inches long, thin and widely spreading, spikelets less
than a line long on diverging pedicels . 3. A. PERENNANS.
. Culms erect, or geniculate only at the lower nodes, spikelets
rr ee tain Sat bee daca sitsi-ra hs a

. Culms slender, sheaths smooth, flowering glume about one-
fourth shorter thanthethin empty ones. ......
ee tei gg sd vim. “pt - ad ppe to She INTERMEDIA,
. Culms stouter, sheaths scabrous or conspicuously striate,
flowering glumes nearly equalling the firmer empty ones. 8

. Leaves erect, with rigid involute tips, panicle-branches
ascending, naked below, spikelets appressed and some-
what crowded near the ends of the branches 1. A. ELATA.,
. Leaves long and spreading, panicle elongated (6 to 12 inches)
the numerous, compound and flexuose branches finally
widely spreading, spikelets not crowded. . .... .
PA, Sveti emytoia > . 4. A. Nov#-ANGLIA.

1. Agrostis elata Trin.
Plate XXIV. Figure 96.

An erect, rather stout.and rigid perennial, about two feet high.
Sheaths scabrous, especially near the top; ligule two to four lines
long; leaf blade rather firm in texture, erect, one to three lines
wide, four to seven inches long, gradually tapering to the atten-
uate and rigid involute tips, scabrous. Panicle six to twelve
inches long, with rigid, slightly spreading branches; primary
branches three to ten at a node, verticillately-branched above the
middle; the ultimate branches flower-bearing above the middle,
the spikelets usually crowded. Empty glumes nearly eaual, lan-
ceolate, acute, about one and one-half lines long, winutely pubes-
cent, thick in texture, the keels hispid scabrous, at least toward
the tips. Flowering glume a little shorter, minutely hispid on the
nerves. Thickets, open woods, usually in somewhat sandy soil-
August to October. Common.

76 BULLETIN VII. 1.

2. Agrostis intermedia Scribn.

A slender perennial grass, two feet high, culms erect or genicu-
late at the lower joints. Sheaths smooth; ligule one to three lines
long; leaf-blade one to oneand one-half lines wide, four to six inches
long, scabrous. Panicle oblong-pyramidal, six to eight inches
long, with weak and slender branches (as compared with J. e/ata);
primary branches in clusters of two to seven at a node. branching
again below the middle. Spikelets about one line long, scattered
above the middle of the branches. Empty glumes thin, subequal,
lanceolate, acuminate, scabrous on the keels, otherwise smooth.
Flowering glume about three-fourths the length of the empty ones.
Common in damp places, in thickets and along the borders of
woods. August to October.

This approaches 4. e/afa, but is more slender with thinner and
more numerous leaves. Agrostis perennans estivalis Vasey, (Agrostis
perennans of this work) is certainly Zrichodium decumbens Michx.; it
has weak and for the most part decumbent stems and oval or
oblong panicles. Michaux cites Cornucopie perennans as a synonym
under Zrichodium decumbens,

3. Agrostis perennans Tuckerman.
Plate XXV. Figure 97.

A perennial with weak, slender, and mostly decumbent leafy
culms, about two feet high. Internodes short. Sheaths smooth,
striate, shorter than the internodes; ligule about one line long;
leaf-blade flat, thin, widely-spreading, about one line wide, four
inches long, acute, scabrous. Panicle oblong, about six inches in
length; primary branches in clusters of two to five at a node,
branched at or below the middle; the branches and pedicels all
widely divergent. Spikelets pale green, a line or lesslong. Empty
glumes rather unequal, lanceolate, very acute, rather minutely
scabrous on keels. Flowering glume a little shorter than empty
ones. Common in moist, shaded places, borders of woods, etc.
August to October. .

4. Agrostis Nove-Angliz Tuckerman.
Plate XXV. Figure 98.

A rather stout, coarse perennial, with culm erect or geniculate
at the base. Sheaths striate, mostly exceeding the nodes; ligule
one to two lines long; leaf-blade flat, rough on upper or on both
surfaces, one and one-half to four lines wide, four to ten inches
long. Panicle oblong diffuse, six to twelve inches long, the upper
portion often expanding while the lower is yet included in the
upper leaf-sheath; primary branches numerous at each node,
three to seven inches long, ascending or finally spreading. Spike-
lets numerous, about one line long. Lower empty glume lanceo-
late, rather slender-pointed, scabrous on the keel above and serru-
late on the upper margins; second glume more blunt, otherwise
similar, three-fourths of a line long. Flowering glume equalling
the lower empty ones, ovate, obtuse. Palea wanting. Along
mountain streams; Roane mountain. July—August.

Plate XXV.

Ay
BY,

= 7

Fig. 97. Agrostis perennans. Fig. 98. Agrostis Nove Angliw, Tuckerman.
2. Panicle. 3. Spikelet. 4. Flowering 1. Panicle, (upper half). 2. Upper leaf.
glume, 3. Spikelet. 4. Empty glumes. 5, Flow-

ering glume.

La

pas Ve.)

Fig. 99. Agrostis scabra. Fig. 100. Agrostis rnbra L. Americana.

2. Panicle. 3. Spikelet. 4. Empty glumes. 1. Panicle and upper leaf. 2. Base of the
5. Flowering glumes with stamens and Plant. 3. Spikelet. 4. Kmpty yziumes. 5.
pistil. Flowering glume.

“

-I
=I

THE GRASSES OF TENNESSEE.

5. Agrostis scabra Willd. Fly-away-grass.
Plate XXV. Figure 99.

An annual (?) erect or somewhat geniculate at the lower joints,
six inches to two and one-half feet high. Sheaths striate, smooth
or scabrous; ligule one to two lines long; leaf-blade erect or
ascending, one-half to three-fourths of a line wide, two to four inches
long, conduplicate when dry, scabrous especially on the margins
and upper surface. Panicle long and lax, the capillary primary
branches two to eight at a node, branched above the middle; the
spikelets clustered toward the ends of the ultimate branches.
Empty glumes lanceolate, acute, with scabrous keel, about three-
fourths of a line long, the upper one a little shorter than the lower.
Flowering glume rather faintly-nerved, shorter than the empty
glumes, awnless or very rarely awned on the back. Palea none.
A common grass in dry and sterile, as well as in moist rich lands.
It is the earliest to bloom among our species of Agrostis, flowering
in Apriland May, The delicate hair-like branches of the panicle,
which are at first erect or ascending, become widely spreading at
maturity, and the entire panicle breaks away from the slender
culm and is blown about by the wind. Before the panicle has ex-
panded this grass is sometimes gathered by poor people in the
vicinity of large towns and sold under the name of “silk-grass,”
for ay bouquets. This grass is very properly classed with the
weeds.

6. Agrostis rubra Linn. var. Americana. (4. rupestris Chapman
not All.)
Plate XXV. Figure 100.

A low, alpine perennial, six to twelve inches high, with a short
creeping root-stock. Sheaths striate, smooth; ligule one-half to
one line long, decurrent; leaf-blade conduplicate or flat, smooth or
with subscabrous margins, one line or less wide, two to five inches
long. Panicle pyramidal, two to three inches long; primary
branches three to six on the lower node, usually in pairs above.
Empty glumes subequal, one and one-half lines long, smooth, or
the lower hispid on keel above, lanceolate, usually purple. Flow-
ering glume a little less than one line long, ovate, with a truncate
tip, awned on the back below the middle, awn twice as long as the
spikelet, somewhat twisted and geniculate. Near the summit of
Roane mountain. July—Avugust.

7. Agrostis canina L.

A rather slender perennial, twelve to twenty-four inches high,
erect or geniculate at the lower joints. Sheaths nearly smooth;
ligule about one and one-half lines long; leaf-blade flat or condu-
plicate, two to four inches long, one and one half lines wide; sca-
brous, acute. Panicle pyramidal, four to six inches long; primary
branches unequal, five to twelve on the lower node of the axis, the
ultimate branches in pairs or several together and apparently
verticillate. Spikelets near the ends of the branches, about one
and one-fourth lines long. Empty glumes nearly equal, narrowly
lanceolate, very acute, more or less scabrous on the keels; flower-

78 BULLETIN VII. 1.

ing glume about one-fourth shorter than the empty ones, mi-
nutely toothed at the truncate apex, awned on the back near the
middle; awn exserted and somewhat bent.

This weeel pion is given here to cover a grass found along the
mountain road-side leading to White Cliff Springs, in. Monroe
county. It is certainly distinct from the Roane Mountain Agrostis
rubra Americana, Collected in July, 1890.

8. Agrostis arachnoides Ell. Spider Bent.
Plate XX VI. Figure 101.

A slender annual (?) four inches to two feet high, with rather
short, narrow leaves, and capillary, spreading panicle. Sheaths
smooth, exceeding the internodes; ligule one to two lines long,
acute, cleft; leaf blade flat, two to three inches long, about one
line wide, the upper shorter and narrower. . Panicle ‘three (to
twelve inches long, primary branches at the lower node about
five, usually in pairs above, widely spreading at maturity. Spike-
lets one-half to one line long: empty glumes nearly equal, scab-
rous on the keel; flowering glume a little shorter than the empty
ones, three-nerved, with two minute bristles at the truncate apex,
and a very slender flexuose, minutely pubescent awn on the back
above the middle; awn several times longer than the spikelet;
palea wanting or very minute. Dry, usually rather poor lands.
May—June. Of no value.

9. Agrostis alba Linn. Herd’s Grass or Red-top.
Plate XX VI. Figure 102.

A well-known perennial of variable habit. Culms smooth, erect
or decumbent, and rooting at the base or stoloniferous, one to
three feet high. Sheaths smooth; ligule less than a line to four
lines long, sometimes firm and herbaceous towards the base; leaf-
blade linear or narrow-lanceolate, four to eight inches long, scab-
rous. Panicle narrow and with erect and rather densely- flowered
branches, or lax and open, the branches widely spreading, four to
ten inches long. Spikelets nearly sessile or pedicellate, one to
one and one-half lines long. Empty glumes lanceolate, acute, the
first scabrous on the keel, the second a little shorter and smooth
or scabrous near the apex. Flowering glume a little shorter than
the empty ones, obtuse or truncate; palea one-half to three-fourths
as long as the floral glume.

Agrostis vulgaris With. Fine Bent, is now united with 4, alta L.,
not being regarded as botanically distinct. <A. vulgaris, however,
is a good agricultural form quite distinct from dA. alba. Agrostis
stolontfera is also classed as only a variety of 4. alba. Trinius re-
ferred these and also some others which have been classed as spe-
cies, to Agrostis polymorpha Huds.

The forms we have may be separated as follows:

Ligule 1 to 4 lines long, usually ribbed toward the base.

Panicle open, culms erect or geniculate at the lower joints.
A. ALBA.

Bulletin Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station, 1894. Plate XXVI.

Lae
if Wz
Va 1/
fe Fa’
Y- y as tes
Lf # VP

3
Fig. 101. Agrostis arachnoides. Fig. 102. Agrostis alba.
2. Panicle. 3. Splikelet. 4. Empty glumes. 2. Panicle. 3.Spikelet. 4. Empty glumes.
5 and 6. The awned flowering glume. 5. Flowering glume.

Fig. 103. Agrostis alba stolonifera. Fig. 104. Calamagrostis Canadensis.

Pare er ene cet And mflorescence. 3. Lower 2. Panicle. 3. Upperleaf. 4. Spikelet. 5.
- 38. Spikelet. 4. Empt mpty glumes. 6. Flowering glume.
glumes. 5. Floret. Pay Empty glume gg e

THe GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 79

Panicle contracted linear, culms extensively creeping or stol-

‘ oniferous (Plate XXVI. Figure 103) . A. STOLONIFERA.,
Ligule less than a line long, sometimes nearly obsolete; pan-
icle branches spreading, smooth . . . . A. VULGARIS.

Herd’'s grass or Red-top has long been known to our farmers,
and in its several forms is deemed valuable for permanent
meadows and pastures, where the land is not toodry. On good
soil it yields well and makes excellent hay. Some of the forms
employed alone, make, uader favorable circumstances, the softest

and finest turf for lawns.

27. CALAMAGROSTIS Adans. Fam. Pl. ii: 31 (1763).

Spikelets one-flowered, in open or narrow and almost spike-like
panicles, rachilla articulated above the empty glumes and pro-
duced above the floret (in our species) into a short, hairy pedicel,
or bristle. Glumes three, the first two nearly equal and empty,
awnless and usually exceeding the third; the third or floral glume
usually more delicate in texture than the first and second, sur-
rounded at the base with copious hairs, which sometimes equal or
exceed the glumein length, awned on the back, usually from below
the middle. Palea more than half the length of its glume, faintly
two-nerved. Stamensthree. Styles distinct. Grain enclosed by
the floral glume and palea, and more or less adherent.

Tall, often reed-like, perennial grasses, with small spikelets in
many-flowered terminal panicles.

Species about 120, very widely distributed over the world in the
temperate and arctic zones and on high mountains within the
tropics. Two of the eight species found east of the Mississippi
occur within the State.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Panicle loose and open, spikelets 1% to 2 lines long . aad oa
eee 4. ee, lk S.C. CANADENSIS,
Panicle strict, branches erect, spikelets 3 to 4 lines lon
: 2. C. NUTTALLIANA.
1. Calamagrostis Canadensis Beauv. Blue Joint.
Plate XXVI. Figure 104.

An erect, leafy grass, three to five feet high, with smooth, simple
culms and open brown or purplish many-flowered panicles, four to
eight inches long. Sheaths smooth, striate; ligule two to three
lines long, membranous; leaf-blade flat, six to eighteen inches
long, two to four lines wide, tapering gradually into long filiform
tips. Empty glumes ovate-lanceolate, acute, finely strigose, scab-

rous, awned on the back at or a little below the middle; awn
straight, very slender; hairs from the callus as long as the glume.

A species common in the North and widely distributed over the
United States and Canada. Here apparently limited to the higher
mountain regions of upper East Tennessee. A valuable graxs,

80 BULLETIN VIL. 1.

worth much more than generally estimated. Being tall, it will
yield much hay per acre. July—August.

2. Calamagrostis Nuttalliana Steud. Reed Bent-grass.
Plate XX VII. Figure 105.

A stout, reed like grass, three to five feet high, with a narrow,
almost spike-like panicle. Leaves elongated (a foot or more),
scabrous, the upper face more or less hairy; ligule two to three
lines long. Panicle contracted, four to eight inches long, very
densely-flowered. Empty glumes three to four lines long, long
acuminate-pointed, strongly scabrous on the keel, the second dis-
tinctly three-nerved. Flowering glume a little shorter than the
empty ones, rigid, excepting at the hyaline tip, minutely scabrous
all over, copiously hairy at the base, hairs shorter than the glume,
exceeded by the tuft at the apex of the otherwise smooth prolonga-
tion of the rachilla. Awn from above the middle, rather stout, a
little exceeding the glume. Palea distinctly two-nerved, acute,
nearly as long as the glume. Grain wholly free, sparsely hairy all
over, with a dense tuft of short hairs at the apex.

Moist grounds, July—August. Our specimens are from Middle
Tennessee (Cowan) and the mountains of East Tennessee. The
species ranges northward to New England.

Tribe IX. AVENE.

Spikelets, two- to several-flowered, outer empty glumes usually
longer than the first floral glume; one or more of the floral glumes
awned on the back or from between the teeth of the bifid apex
(some cultivated forms excepted); awn usually twisted or genic- —
ulate. Rachilla, at least at the base of the flowering glume,
usually hairy.

A tribe comprising twenty-three genera, and over 300 species,
widely distributed in the temperate regions of both the Old and
New World; particularly abundant in South Africa and Australia,
a few extending beyond the arctic circle. Several of the species
are valued as forage plants. Cultivated Oats, Avena sativa, is the
best known example of this tribe.

28. HOLCUS Linn. Sp. Pl. 1047 (1753).

Spikelets two-flowered, crowded in open panicles, the lower flower
raised above the outer glumes upon a curved internode of the
rachilla, hermaphrodite, awnless, the upper flower staminate
(rarely hermaphrodite’, its glume bearing a short curved awn
near the apex; rachilla smooth, articulated below the empty
glumes and also below the floral glumes. Empty glumes nearly
equal, compressed, boat-shaped, longer than the florets. Lodicules
(in H. /inatus) lanceolate, acute. Stamens three.

Annuals or perennials, with usually flat leaves and densely-flow-
ered terminal panicles. . |

Bulletin Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station, 1894, ~ Plate XXVII.

Fig. 105. Calamagrostis Nuttalliana. Fig. 106. Holcus lanatus.

F 2, Panicle. 38. Upper leaf. 3. Spikelet. 2. Inflorescence. 3. Upperleaf. 4. Spike
5. Empty glumes. 6. Flowering glume. 7. let. 5. The two florets.
Rudiments of flower. 8. Grain.

a \Vs-

Fig. 107. Deschampsia flexuosa. Fig. 108. Trisetum subspicatum, var. molle.
2. Panicle. 3 Upper leaf. 4. Spikelet. 2. Inflorescence. 3. Upperleaf 4. Spike-
5. Empty glumes. 6. Flowering glumes. let. 5. Empty glumes. 6. Flowering

glume.

THE GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 81

Species about eight, in Europe and Africa; one species, often
cultivated in meadows and lawns, has become widely dispersed.

1. Holcus lanatus Linn. Velvet-grass or White Timothy.

Plate XXVIII. Figure 106.

A perennial grass, one to two feet high, from acreeping rhizome,
usually closely pubescent all over with soft, whitish hairs. Pan-
icle two to three inches long, pale or sometimes purple-tinged.
Spikelets about two lines long, obtuse; the second empty glume
broader than the first, three-nerved and often short-awned at the
apex, both ciliate on the prominent keels and thinly pubescent all
over; lower floral glume smooth and shining, becoming indurated
in fruit. May—June.

This European grass is found here and there over the State,
having been introduced with the seed of other grasses. Owing to
its light color it is striking in appearance, and is said to bea
valuable grass for light thin soils which are unsuited to the
growth of more valuable sorts. It should only be sown in mix-
tures.

29. DESCHAMPSIA Beauv. Agrost. 91, t. 18, f. 3. (1812).

Spikelets two- (rarely) three-flowered, in terminal panicles;
rachilla hairy, articulated above the empty glumes and produced
beyond the upper floret as a hairy bristle. Empty glumes two,
thin and scarious, lanceolate-acute, nearly equal; flowering glumes
subhyaline, truncate, and more or less regularly two- to four-
toothed, awned on the back. Awn slender, twisted below. Palea
narrow, two-nerved. Grain oblong, included within the floral
glume and palea, but free from them. Perennials, with flat or con-
volute leaves, and rather small, shining spikelets in terminal nar-
row or spreading panicles.

Species about twenty, in the cold and temperate regions of the
- northern hemisphere and on the high mountains within the trop-
ics. One in Australia. North American species eight, of which

one is found within the State.

1. Deschampsia flexuosa Trin. Hair-grass.

Plate XXVII. Figure 107.

A slender, erect perennial about two feet high, with involute
bristle-form, mostly radical leaves, and diffuse panicles. Culms
smooth, naked above. Branches of the panicle capillary, flexuose.
Empty glumes about as long as the florets; flowering glumes two
lines long, hairy at the base. Awn twisted and geniculate, ex-
ceeding the glumes in length. Palea as long as its glume.

Observed on Roane and Lookout mountains. May and June.
Of no agricultural value.

30. TRISETUM Pers. Syn. I. 97. (1805.)

Spikelets two- (rarely three- or five-) flowered, in narrow and

iH

}

82 BULLETIN VII. 1.

dense, or loose panicles; rachilla hairy or naked, articulated above
the empty glumes and between the florets, prolonged beyond the
base of the upper floret as a (usually) hairy bristle. Empty glumes
two, awnless, carinate, unequal, usually longer than the floral
glumes; floral glumes sub-hyaline, carinate, cleft, or two-toothed at
the apex, the teeth sometimes produced into slender awns, awned
between or a little below the teeth. Awn twisted and usually
geniculate. Palea narrow, two-toothed. Grain smooth, enclosed
in the floral glume and palea, but free from them. Cespitose
perennials (rarely annuals), with flat leaves and dense spike-like,
or narrow, loose panicles.

Species fifty, from the arcticregions through the temperate zone
and along the high mountains of the tropics, to the south tem-
perate countries. North American species, nine. There are two
native species in Tennessee.

1. Trisetum subspicatum var. molle Gray.
Plate XX VII. Figure 108. .

A slender, erect perennial six to fifteen inches high, with soft,
downy culms, sheaths and leaves, and a contracted spike-like pani-
cle two to five inches iong. Spikelets about three lines long, two-
to three-flowered; empty glumes about the length of the florets.
Awn of the floral glumes exserted, divergent.

Summit of Roane mountain. July. Of no known value in
agriculture.

2. Trisetum palustre Torr.
Plate XXVIU. Figure 109.

A smooth, upright perennial one to two and one-half feet high,
with rather short flat leaves and a loosely-flowered, narrow, yel-
lowish-green panicle. Sheaths loose, smooth, shorter than the in-
ternodes; ligule short, lanceolate; leaf-blade about three inches
long, with minutely serrulate margins. Panicle about five inches
long, its branches capillary. Spikelets compressed, two-flowered,
about three lines long; empty glumes nearly equal, keeled, shorter
than the florets; flowering glumes lanceolate, the first awnless or
short-awned from the tip; the second with a slender, spreading or
geniculate awn froin just below the sharply two-toothed apex.
Paleas about one-third shorter than their glumes.

In moist situations. Mountains of East Tennessee. July.

Yellow Oat-grass (Trisetum flavescens) is a recently introduced
species which has some recognized agricultural value. It forms
loose tufts eighteen inches to two feet high, and grows well on al-
most all soils. It is especially valuable in mixtures designed for
the formation of permanent pastures.

31. AVENA Linn. Sp. Pl. 79. (1753.)

Spikelets two- to six-flowered, in loose or dense panicies; rachilla
articulated above the empty glumes, hairy under the flowering

Bulletin Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station, 1894. Plate XXVIII.

Fig. 109. Trisetum palustre. Fig. 110. Avena sativa. —
2. Panicle. 38. Upper leaf. 4. Spikelet. 2. Panicle. 8. Upper sheath and lower
5. Empty glumes. 6. Flowering glume of part of leaf blade. 4. Empty glumes. 5.
upper floret. The three florets.

Fig. 111. Arrhenatherum avenaceum. Fig. 112. Danthonia sericea.

1. Panicle. 2. Spikelet, with the empty 1. Part of culm, with leaf. 2. Empty
glumes removed. 38. Empty glumes. 4. glumes. 3. Dorsal v.ew of the flowe1ing
Awned floral glume. glume. 4. Palea.

THE GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 83

glumes, Empty glumes two, unequal, membranaceous, longer
than the flowering glumes. Flowering glumes rounded on the
back, five- to nine-nerved, often bidentate or two-toothed at the
apex, with a long dorsal twisted awn (the awn may be straight, or
even absent, in cultivated forms). Grain pubescent, at least at the
apex, frequently adhering to the fruiting glume or palea. Annu-
als or perennials, with rather large, variously paniculate spikelets.

Species about fifty, widely spread over the temperate and cooler
regions of the world. There are two or three native North Ameri-
can species, and two or three others introduced from Europe exist
as weeds in some parts of the country. The genus is best known
by the common cultivated Oats.

1. Avena sativa L, Oats.
Plate XXVII. Figure 110.
A well-known erect annual, two to four feet high, with flat

~ leaves and expanded panicles of rather large, pendulous and usu-
ally two-flowered spikelets. Lower fldrets sometimes awned.

Avena sativa exists in many varieties, which have been divided
into two classes or races: Panicled oats, with widely-spreading
panicle-branches, and Banner oats, with contracted one-sided pani-
cles. These divisions have been further divided into chaffy and
naked fruited varieties. Further varieties are established upon
the color or other special character of the grain.

Avena fatua and A, strigosa, introduced into this country from
Europe, are classed as weeds.

32. ARRHENATHERUM Beauv. Agrost. 55. (1812.)

Spikelets two-flowered in a loose terminal panicle; the first or
lower flower staminate, its glume bearing a twisted and geniculate
awn on the back near the base, the upper flower hermaphrodite,
its glume short-awned from or near the tip, or awnless; rachilla
hairy, articulated above the empty glumes, and extending intoa
short point or bristle behind the palea of the upper flower. Empty
glumes unequal, acute, their sides thin and scarious. Flower-
ing glumes firmer in texture than the empty ones, five- to seven-
nerved, closely approximate. Palea prominently two-nerved.
Stigmas sessile.

Usually tall perennials, with flat leaves and long narrow pani-
cles. .
Species five or six, in the Old World.

1. Arrhenatherum elatius Beauv. (A. avenaceum R.andS.) Meadow
Oat-grass or Evergreen-grass.

Plate XXVIII. Figure 109.

A tall, perennial grass two to four feet high, rather sparingly
leafy, with a narrow terminal many-flowered panicle, six to twelve
inches lung; the branches spreading during flowering. Spikelets

_—— ' ew a ee eee

84 BULLETIN VII. 1.

four to five lines long, the second glume larger than the first,
three-nerved and about equalling the florets. Awn eeniculate
near the middle, closely twisted below, divergent above. Grain —
pubescent, enclosed within the fruiting glume and palea, but free
from them.

A highly valued grass, both for winter grazing and for hay. It
has been introduced into this country from Europe, where it is
regarded as one of the best fodder grasses. As it stands in rather
loose tufts, it is best to mix the seed with that of other grasses
in order to thicken the sward. It grows rapidly, blooms early,
and when cut, dries out readily, and when dry, keeps well. Itis
not regarded as a suitable grass for moist soils.

33. DANTHONIA D.C., Flor. France. iii: 32 (1805.)

Spikelets several-flowered, uppermost flower imperfect or rudi-
mentary, rachilla articulated above the empty glumes. Empty
glumes two, longer than th€ flowering glumes, which are rounded
on the back, two-toothed or bifid at the apex, and awned between
the teeth; awn formed by the extension of the three middle
nerves of the glume. Inflorescence a simple, spreading or narrow
panicle.

Species about one hundred, in the temperate and warmer re-
gions of both hemispheres, especially numerous in South Africa.
North American species six, three of which come within our
limits.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

1. Teeth of the flowering glumes short and acute, callus naked

or nearly so .. vi 4 ed DASPHEATA.
. Teeth of the flowering glumes long subulate- pointed, callus
distinctly hairy .. +n bio ieee

2. Leaves of the culm lees oe the Sieh shastte :
. 3 D. COMPRESSA.
2. Leaves of the culm shorter than the pubescent sheaths .
1 D. SERICEA.

1. Danthonia sericea Nutt. Silky Oat-grass.
Plate XXVIII. Figure 112.

A rather stout, erect grass, one to three feet high, with usually
pubescent sheaths, rather rigid leaves, and large spikelets in ter-
minal panicles. Culms smooth or a little pubescent at the nodes.
Sheaths densely pubescent, at least in the upper part, very rarely
glabrous; ligule a fringe of hairs; culm leaves two to four inches
long, two lines wide or less, strigose-pubescent above, sparingly
pilose beneath; basal leaves often ten to twenty inches long,
usually involute, more or less curling or flexuose and tough. Pani-
cle two to four inches long, simple, the few-flowered branches
erect or ascending. Empty glumes lanceolate, six to nine lines
long, exceeding the florets; flowering glumes about three lines
long, rounded and thinly pilose on the back, densely silky bearded

=
>

1894, Plats XXIX.

Bulletin Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station,

>
——

7

GN

Fig. 113. Danthonia spicata. Fig. 114. Danthonia compressa.

2. Panicle. 3. Upperleaf. 4. Spikelet. 5. 2. Panicle. 3. Spikelet. 4. Flowering
Empty glumes. 6. Flowering glume. glume.

\
\ \ yf
NV NV
\ \ Vy y \ \f
, \ V if
us \N VV 7
Y W VW ZF /
5 N\ VF F#
WY Wi ZH /
\\
NN

a ae Vz h = wi
y SS... Keane = ——— /N <=
Fig. 116. Spartina cynosuroides.

2. Inflorescence. 3. Spikelet. 4. Flower-
ing glume seen from the side.

Fig. 115. Cynodon dactylon.

2. Inflorescence. 3. Spikelet. 4. Empty
glumes.

THerE GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. w5

along the margins blow, the hairs a line long; callus barbate;
apex of the flowering glume two-cleft, the divisions subulate, and
one to two lines long; awn about five lines long, spirally twisted
below, divergent.

In very dry soil on the lower foothills and along the crest of
ridges and bluffs in the eastern part of the State. This species is
usually soft hairy all over, and is much stouter than those de-
scribed below, and does not form asod. Attempts made to culti-
vate it at the Experiment Station were unsuccessful.

2. Danthonia spicata Beauv. Wild Oat-grass.
Plate XXIX. Figure 113.

A smooth, slender, erect grass, ten to twenty inches high,
with a small narrow panicle, the short branches of which spread
only in flower. Sheaths glabrous, bearded at the throat; basal
- leaves numerous, usually involute, and curled or recurved; those
of the culm shorter, a line wide or less, glabrous or pilose. Pani-
cle one to twoinches long, simple, few-flowered, the short branches
usually erect. Empty glumes four to six lines long, exceeding the
florets, lanceolate, acute, three nerved below, with broad scarious
margins; flowering glume about two lines long, sparingly pilose
on the rounded back and along the margins below; callus glabrous;
eet the flowering glume ending in two short, usually blunt
teeth.

This species is common in dry thin soils, and its presence is
usually indicative of impoverished lands. It resembles the next,
but does not usually grow so tall, and its basal leaves are shorter
and more curly. It is a grass of no agricultural value.

3. Danthonia compressa Austin. Mountain Oat-grass.
Plate XXIX. Figure 114.

A slender, erect, tufted perennial about two feet high, with long,
narrow basal leaves, and few-flowered spreading panicles two and
one-half to four or five inches long. Culms smooth, somewhat
flattened. Sheaths smooth, bearded at the throat; ligule a dense
fringe of short hairs; lower leaves six inches to a foot long, one
line or less wide; leaves of the culm slender, longer than their
sheaths. Spikelets four to six lines long; empty glumes lanceo-
late, about the length of the florets, three- to five-nerved near the
base, with broad scarious margins, acute; flowering glume thinly
pilose on the back and margins, about two lines long, terminating
in two subulate teeth a line long; callus barbate; awns about three
lines long, divergent.

This is a common grass upon the higher mountains, and forms
the chief bulk of the forage of the so-called “balds.” It is figured
and fully described in Bulletin No. 4o0f Vol. II. of the Station Re-
ports.

86 BULLETIN VIL. 1.

Tribe X. CHLORIDE.

Spikelets one to several-flowered in one-sided spikes or racemes,
these racemes digitate or fasciculate, rarely solitary. Flowering
giumes usually keeled, entire and unawned, or toothed and with
one or three straight awns.

A small tribe of twenty-seven genera and one hundred and fifty-
five species, characterized chiefly by the inflorescence, which is
nearly that of Paspalum. The awns, when present, are not dorsal
nor twisted as in Agrostidee and Avenee. They are for the most
part natives of tropical and subtropical countries; a few are widely
distributed as weeds throughout the warmer parts of the world. A
number are good turf-forming grasses and are valued for graz-
ing purposes. One of these is the celebrated Buffalo-grass of the
western plains, which is remarkable for having the staminate and
pistillate spikelets separate and in unlike inflorescences, either
upon the same or upon different plants.

34. CYNODON Pers. Syn. Pl. I. 85.

Spikelets one-flowered, awnless, sessile in two rows along one
side of a slender continuous axis, forming unilateral spikes, these
digitate at the apex of the peduncle; rachilla articulated above
the empty glumes and prolonged behind the palea of the herma-
phrodite floret into a slender, naked bristle. Glumes three, the
first two narrow, keeled, usually acute, empty, the third or floral
glume broader and usually a little longer than the empty ones,
obtuse, more or less pilose on the keel and at the margins. Palea
about the length of its glume, two-keeled. Stamens three. Styles
distinct. Grain free within the fruiting glume and palea. Low
creeping perennials, with short, flat leaves and slender spikes,
digitate at apex of the upright branches.

Species four, one distributed throughout the tropical and warmer
temperate regions of the world.

t. Cynodon Dactylon Pers. Bermuda-grass.
Plate XXIX. Figure 115.

Stems prostrate and extensively creeping, with numerous ascend-
ing or upright, leafy and flower-bearing branches. Sheatks smooth,
hairy at the throat. Leaves flat, widely spreading, gradually
tapering to a very slenderacute tip. Spikes three to five, slender,
widely spreading, often purplish, one to two inches long. Flower-
ing glume broadly boat-shaped, about one line long, usually ciliate
on the keel.

This is a grass with a dual character, a most valuable plant
under certain conditions, and a veritable pest when growing where
itis not wanted. Itis a valuable pasture-grass for the eastern
part of the State at least, but its introduction into new land
should be made with caution on account of its habit of taking

cee ee

THE GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 87

complete possession of the soil, and the difficulty presented in ex-
terminating it. Itis strictly a summer grass here, for its leaves
and stems are turned brown by the first frosts of autumn. It is
propagated by means of setsor rooting stems. These are chopped
up with a cutting-knife, and then sown broadcast or dropped in
shallow furrows and lightly covered with earth. For holding steep
banks, or binding sandy soil subject to wash, this grass is especi-
ally valuable. It makes a fair lawn on soils where Kentucky blue-
grass cannot well be grown.

35. SPARTINA Schreb. Gen. Pl. 43. (1789.)

Spikelets one-flowered, strongly flattened laterally, sessile, and
closely imbricated in two rows along one side of a continuous
rachis, forming unilateral spikes which are scattered along a com-
mon axis; rachilla articulated below the empty glumes and not
' produced beyond the floret. Glumes three, the first two empty,
keeled, acute, or bristle-pointed, unequal, the second as long as or
often exceeding the third or flowering glume. Stamens three,
styles elongated, filiform. Grain narrow, free within the glume
and palea. Coarse perennials with strong, creeping root stocks,
rigid culms, and long, tough leaves.

Species seven, extra tropical North and South America, and
along the coast of Europe and Africa; chiefly maritime, or in the
saline regions of the Great Plains. One species in Tennessee.

1. Spartina cynosuroides Willd. Fresh-water-Cord-grass or Thatch-
grass,
Plate XXIX. Figure 116.

A stout, erect grass two to six feet high, with unbranched
smooth culms from strong creeping scaly root-stocks. Leaf-blade
one to four wr six feet long, two to four lines wide, rough on the
margins, gradually tapering into long filiform tips. Spikes five to
twenty, spreading, racemose along the main axis. Empty glumes
unequal, aculeolate-scabrous along the rigid keels, acute or the
second long-acuminate or short awn-pointed. Flowering glume
serrulate-scabrous along the keel or midrib, which abruptly termi-
nates just below the membranous apex.

Along river banks and lake shores. July—August. West Ten-
nessee, (Gattinger.)

This grass is said to make excellent hay for horses when cut
early. In regions where it grows abundantly, as along the Missis-
sippi bottoms, it has been employed in the manufacture of a coarse
kind of paper. It makes an excellent and durable thatch.

36 CHLORIS Sw. Prodr. 25. (1788.)

Spikelets one-flowered, awned, sessile in two rows along one side
of a continuous rachis, forming unilateral spikes, these usually sev-
eral together and digitate at the apex of the culm; rachilla articu-

88 BULLETIN VII. 1.

lated above the empty glumes and produced behind the palea, bear-
ing one or more rudimentary awned empty glumes. Outer empty
glumes two, unequal, lanceolate, acute, somewhat keeled. Flower-
ing glume narrow or broad, one to three-nerved, acute or broadly
obtuse, truncate, emarginate, or two-lobed at the apex, often cili-
ate on the back or margins, the middle nerve nearly always pro-
duced into a slender awn. Grain free within the fruiting glume.
Usually perennial grasses, with flat leaves and showy or attractive
inflorescence of usually many digitate spikes.

Species about forty, widely distributed throughout the warmer
countries of the world. Several are cultivated for ornament.

1. Chloris verticillata Nutt.

A perennial, usually about a foot high, with flattened stems and
leaf-sheaths, narrow and abruptly acute leaves and numerous slen-
der, spreading spikes, which are in approximate whorls or verti-
cels near the summit of the stems. Spikelets one to one anda
half lines long; lower empty glumes acuminate; both the floral
and upper empty glumes awned; awns two to four lines long.

This grass is native to Kansas and regions to the Southwest.
It is only rarely seen in cultivation. Chloris elegans and C. barbata
are better known, but not more ornamental, species.

37. GYMNOPOGON Beauv. Agrost. 41, t. 9, f. 3 (1812.)

Spikelets one-flowered, subsessile, rather distant along one side
of a slender filiform rachis, forming slender unilateral spikes,
these numerous and scattered along a common peduncle; rachilla
articulated above the empty glumes and produced beyond the
floret as a slender, often awned rudiment. Empty glumes two,
very narrow, subequal, as long as or longer than the floral glumes.
Flowering glume broader, three-nerved, bearing a slender, straight
awn below the two-cleft apex. Grain enclosed within the rigid
fruiting glume, free. Perennial grasses, with short, rather broad
and rigid leaves, and numerous slender spikes, which are at first
erect, finally divaricate-spreading or reflexed.

Species six, one in Ceylon, the rest American. ‘Two species in
the Southern States.

1. Gymnopogon racemosus Beauv. Naked Beard-grass.
Plate XXX. Figure 117.

A loosely-tufted ascending or erect grass with short and broad
leaves and numerous (fifteen to thirty) slender and widely-spread-
ing spikes irregularly scattered along the common rachis. Sheaths
short, smooth; ligule very short; leaf-blade one to two inches long,
three to six lines broad, glabrous, acute. Spikes five to eight
inches long, flower-bearing to the base. Spikelets rather distant,
about three lines long, exceeding the flowering glume. Awn of
the flowering glume slender, about three lines long, that of the
rudiment shorter.

A common grass in open pine woods, and in sandy soil along
thicket borders. Of no agricultural value. |

ior a
ey

:
|
|

Bulletin Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station, 1894. Plats XXX,

\
J * BS
(aN
) Aff es
Fig. 117. Gymnopogon racemosus. Fig. 118. Bouteloua oligostachya.
9. Panicle. 3. Upper leaf. 4. Spikelet. 2. Upper part of the culm, with two
5. Emptyglumes. 6. Flowering glume. spikes. 38. Empty glumes. 4. Spikelet,

vdth empty glumes removed.

Fig. 119. Bouteloua racemosa. Fig. 120. Eleusine Indica.
2. Upper part of inflorescence. 3. Spike- 2. Inflorescence. 38. Spikelet. 4. Empty
let. 4. Empty glumes. 5. Pedicellaterudi- glumes. 5. Flowering glume and palea.

ment. 6,7. Flowering glume. 8. Palea. 6. Fruit. 7. Seed.

Ve SS i —————S OO

THE GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. go

The other species (G. brevifolius Trin.) may occur within the
State. It is more slender, with shorter leaves and the spikes flow-
er-bearing only above the middle, not to the base as in G. race-
mISUS.

38. BOUTELOUA Lag. Varied. Cienc. (1805), 140.

Spikelets one- to two-flowered, numerous (rarely two or three
or only one), crowded and sessile in two rows along one side
of a continuous flattened rachis, which often projects beyond
the spikelets; rachilla articulated above the empty glumes, the
continuation beyond the hermaphrodite lower floret usually bear-
ing a few rudimentary glumes and three awns (rarely a staminate
flower). Empty glumes two, unequal, the lower smaller, keeled.
Flowering glume broader, three-nerved, three- to five-toothed, or
cleft, three of the divisions usually mucronate or awn-pointed.
Palea two-nerved and twotoothed. Grain enclosed within the
- glume, but free. Usually low annuals or perennials,with narrow and
flat or convolute leaves, the unilateral spikes few or many (rarely
solitary) and nearly sessile along a common terminal peduncle.

Species about thirty, all American, most abundant in the dry
regions of the southwestern States and Mexico, where they are
commonly known as Grama (or Mesguit).

1. Bouteloua oligostachya Torr. Blue Grama.
Plate XXX. Figure 118.

A slender perennial six to twenty inches high, with ene to five
remote, pectinately many-flowered, usually spreading spikes, one
to two inches long. Spikelets about three lines long; flowering
glumes hairy on the back; palea as long as its glume, with tufted
long hairs on each side at the base; pedicel of the rudimentary
floret hairy at the tip and bearing several rudimentary glumes
and three very short awns.

This grass forms a dense turf, which affords most excellent
grazing for sheep and cattle. In some parts of the West, where it
is very common, it is called Buffalo-grass, but it is quite distinct
from the grass properly so called. It has been only sparingly in-
troduced into the State, but its cultivation for grazing purposes
on dry sandy loam soil is recommended.

2. Bouteloua curtipendula Terr. Tall Grama.
Plate XXX. Figure 119.

A densely-tufted perennial grass, ore to three feet high, with
numerous, twenty to sixty, usually spreading or reflexed spikes
scattered along the common axis, forming a long, somewhat one-
sided raceme eight to fifteen inches long. Spikes one-half inch or
less long, nearly sessile, each with three to ten spikelets; flower-
ing glumes with three short awn-pointed teeth; the continuation
of the rachilla a simple bristle, or bearing at its apex three very
short awns and one totwo minute scales.

90 BuLLEtTIN VII. . 1,

This is a valuable pasture grass, and has been found at several
points within the State. Like Blue Grama, it forms a dense sod,
which well resists the tramping of stock. Pasture lands might be

improved by the introduction of this species. It prefers dry and
~ somewhat sandy soil.

39. ELEUSINE. Gertn. Fruct. I. 7, t. 1.

Spikelets several-flowered, sessile, and closely imbricated in
two rows along one side of a continuous rachis which does not
project beyond the terminal spikelet: rachilla articulated above
the empty glumes. Glumes compressed, keeled, thin but rigid, ob-
tuse, the first two and sometimes the uppermost one empty. Palea
a little shorter than the glume, compressed, bicarinate. Seed
finely striated and enclosed within a thin pericarp.

Coarse, tufted annuals with the rather stout unilateral spikes
digitate or approximate at the apex of the culm.

Species five or six, in tropical and subtropical regions of the Old
World. £. Coracana is valued in Africa, India, and some other
eastern countries as acereal. The species we have here is a com-
mon weed in all the warmer countries of the world.

1. Eleusine Indica Gertn Crow-foot or Wire-grass.
Plate XXX. Figure 120.

A coarse, tufted annual, with erect or spreading stems six to
twenty four inches high and digitate spikes. Sheaths compressed
and sparingly ciliate; leaf-blade long and narrow, both surfaces
glabrous or the upper scabrous and thirly hairy. Spikes five to
seven, two to four inches long, digitate at the apex of the culm,
often with one or two lower down, widely spreading; spikelets
closely imbricated, one and one-half to two lines long, three- to six-
flowered; glumes obtuse, the first small and one-nerved, the sec-
ond larger and with the flowering glumes, three- to five-nerved.
Seed rugose, enclosed within a thin loose pericarp. Blooming from
June to October.

A very common grass in cultivated fields and about door yards.
It is generally regarded as a weed, and often becomes a trouble-
some pest in lawns and gardens.

40. DACTYLOCTENIUM Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol. 1029 (1809).

Spikelets several-flowered, the uppermost imperfect, sessile and
crowded in two rows along one side of a continuous axis, forming
unilateral spikes, these digitate at the apex of the culm; rachilla
articulated above the empty glumes and between the florets.
Glumes laterally compressed, keeled, the first two empty, the sec-
ond awn-pointed. Flowering glumes boat-shaped, mucronate
pointed. Fruit a utricle, the thin pericarp loosely enclosing the
wrinkled, globular seed. Annual, with a more or less decumbent
and creeping base, and two to six terminal stout spikes, the rachis
projecting beyond the spikelets.

tate oe ble A hee

THE GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 91

Species one, appearing as a weed in all the warmer countries of
the world,

1. Dactyloctenium Agyptiacum Willd. Crow-foot.

A low, tufted or creeping grass, with ascending flowering
branches rarely a foot high. Leaves about six inches long, flat,
ciliate neur the base. Spikes three to five, digitate, one-half to
one and one-half inches long, The outer glume of the usually
three-flowered spikelets about one line long, the second broader
obtuse, or emarginate, with the keel produced into a_ short
dorsal awn; flowering glumes broad, short spreading points.

Not yet recorded as occurring in Tennessee, but probably will be
found in the middle or western part of the State. Common far-
ther South.

41. LEPTOCHLOA Beauv. Agrost. 71, t. 15, f. 7. (1812.)

Spikelets two- to several-flowered, sessile, in two rows along
one side of the slender and often numerous branches of a simple
panicle; rachilla articulated above the empty glumes. Empty
glumes two-keeled, awnless or very short awned. Flowering
glumes keeled, three-nerved acute, awnless or very short awned,
or two- tothree-toothed, and mucronate or short-awned between
the teeth. Paleatwo keeled. Fruit a caryopsis.

Usually tall annuals with flat leaves and elongated simple pani-
cles made up of the numerous and more or less spreading slender
spikes scattered along the main axis.

Spnecies about twenty, in the warmer countries of both hemis-
pheres. In the United States the species are mostly limited to the
southwestern Territories. One introduced species occurs as a
weed in Tennessee.

1. Leptochloa mucronata Kunth. Feather-grass.

Plate XXXI. Figure 121.

An annual one tothree feet high, with flat leaves and numerous
slender spreading spikes in an elongated simple panicle, six to
eighteen inches long. Sheaths hairy; leaf-blade three to six lines
wide. Spikes twoto four inches long, spikelets small, three- to
four-flowered; empty glumes mucronate-pointed, exceeding or
shorter than the florets.

Common inrich cultivated grounds, gardens, etc. The numer-
ous slender spreading spikes, scattered along the common rachis
form a somewhat plume-like inflorescence. Of no agricultural
value.

Tribe XI. FESTUCE.

Spikelets two- to many-flowered, usually hermaphrodite, pedi-
cellate in racemes or panicles, these sometimes dense and spike-
like. Flowering glumes usually longer than the empty ones,

92 BULLETIN VIL. 1.

awnless or with one to several straight (rarely bent) awns which
are either terminal or borne just below the apex.

This is the largest tribe in the order, numbering seventy-six
genera and about seven hundred and twenty-five species. It con-
tains the most important meadow grasses of the temperate re-
gions, as well as the more prevalent grasses of the higher moun-
tains within the tropics. The genus Poa, which includes Kentucky
blue-grass, Texas blue-grass, etc., numbers one hundred species,
and an equal number of species are included in the genus Era-
grostis. ‘the Fescues number eighty species and the tribe takes
its name from this genus—Fes/uca. Orchard grass, Dactylis glo-
merata, is a Well-known example of this tribe. ;

42. GYNERIUM H. B. Plant. A®quin. II., 112, t. 115. ( 1809.)

Spikelets loosely two- to many-flowered, dicecious, in large ter-
minal panicles, rachilla articulated above the empty glumes,
usually long-pilose, at least in the fertile spikelets. Empty glumes
two, narrow and very long, acuminate-pointed. Flowering glumes
very narrow, produced into long subulate points, the back and
margins clothed with long silky hairs. Flowering glumes in the
staminate spikelets usually smooth. Tall, reed-like, perennial
grasses, with solid culms and very long, narrow leaves, which are
chiefly from the base, and ample, showy terminal panicles.

Species three, in the warmer regions of South America. One
species cultivated in Tennessee for ornament only.

1. Gynerium argenteum Nees. Pampas-grass.

Culm six to ten feet high, with numerous, very long, narrow
leaves and silvery-white panicles one to two anda half feet long.

This grass is highly decorative for lawns, and the large plume-
like panicles are used for dry bouquets, In California it is culti-
vated for these “plumes,” which command a ready market in the
larger cities. The grassisanativeof Braziland the Argentine Re-
public, where the long, tough leaves are employed in the manufac-
ture of paper, and a decoction of the stout rhizomes is valued as a
diuretic.

43. ARUNDO Linn. Sp. Pl. 120 (1753.)

Spikelets two- to many-flowered, in ample terminal panicles;
rachilla articulated above the empty glumes and between the
florets, smooth. Florets crowded, hermaphrodite, or the upper or
lower staminate. Empty glumes two, narrow, a little unequal,
three-nerved, smooth, acute, or acuminate, about the length of the
spikelet. Flowering glumes thin, membranaceous, three-nerved,
two-toothed at the apex, and mucronate between the teeth, long-
pilose on the back. Palea hyaline, two-keeled, shorter than its
glune. Grain smooth, enclosed within the palea and glume, but

THE GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 93

.free. Tall and reed-like grasses, with hollow culms, broad, flat
leaves and ample terminal panicles.

Species six or seven, distributed throughout the warmer coun-
tries of the world. No native species in America north of Mexico.
One is grown in Tennessee as a decorative plant.

1. Arundo Donax Linn.

A tall and stout leafy perennial eight to twelve feet high, with
large terminal panicles one to two feet long. Leaves spreading, one
to two feet long, two to three inches wide, lanceolate and long
attenuate-pointed. Spikelets two- to four-flowered. Flowering
glumes long-pilose on the back, lanceolate, acuminate-pointed
with the apex trifid, the middle division extended into a short
straight awn.

A native of southern Europe and Northern Africa. Apparently
indigenous in southwestern Texas. Cultivated for ornament in
Tennessee. There isan ornamental variety with the leaves striped
-with white bands.

44. PHRAGMITES Trin. Fund. Agrost. 134. (1820.)

Spikelets loosely three- to seven-flowered, in terminal panicles;
rachilla articulated above the empty glumes and between the
florets, clothed with long, silky hairs; the lowest floret staminate
or neuter, those above hermaphrodite. Empty glumes unequal,
lanceolate, acute, shorter than the florets. Flowering glume gla-
brous, very narrow and long acuminate-pointed, much exceeding
the short palea. Grain free. Tall, reed like perennial grasses
with stout leafy culms and large terminal panicles.

Species two or three, one cosmopolitan, one in Asia and one in
South America.

1. Phragmites communis Trin. Reed.

Culm six to twelve feet high, with numerous broad (one to two
inches) attenuate-pointed leaves one to two feet long. Panicle
much branched, ovoid-pyramidal. Spikelets three- to five-flowered,
the copious wool on the rachillas about the length of the florets.
Swamps and borders of lakes and streams. August.

Not yet reported as growing within the limits of the State. Of
no recognized agricultural value.

45. TRIODIA R. Br. Prod. 182. (1810.)

Spikelets three- to twelve-flowered, nearly terete, in strict or
open panicles. rachilla articulated between the florets, smooth or
short-pilose, florets hermaphrodite or the uppermost staminate.
Empty glumes two, unequal, somewhat keeled, shorter: than the
spikelet. Flowering glumes membranaceous or subcoriaceous,
rounded on the back at least below, three-nerved, two- to three-
toothed or pointed, the nerves, especially the marginal, silky-villous

below and extending (in our species) between the teeth at the apex

94 BULLETIN VII. 1.

into three mucronate points. Palea broad, concave, with two’

nearly marginal nerves. Stamens three. Styles short, stigmas
plumose. Grain free. Perennial grasses with narrow leaves and
variable habit.

Species about twenty-five, widely distributed throughout the
temperate zones, with a few in tropical America. Nearly half the
entire number of species occur in the United States, chiefly in
Texas and the southwestern Territories.

1. Triodea cuprea Jacq. (oa seslerioides Michx.) False or Tall
Red-top.
Plate XXXII. Figure 122.

A stout, erect perennial three to five feet high, with long flat
leaves and an ample spreading, usually purple panicle six to twelve
inches long. Cuim leaves and sheaths glabrous; the sheaths at the
base of the culm usually crowded and somewhat compressed.
Lower leaves one to two feet iong, about one-fourth of aninch wide,
very acute, usually hairy near the base; ligule very short, ciliate.
Panicle ovate pyramidal, the widely spreading and drooping
branches solitary or in pairs, naked below, axils bearded. Spike-
lets four- to seven-flowered, three to five lines long; empty glumes
thin, broadly ovate,acute one-nerved, the larger second glume about
two lines long; floral glumes about two lines long, three-nerved,
oblong, hairy on the back below and on the marginal nerves for two-
thirds their length, apex of the glumes four-lobed, the nerves pro-
jecting a little between the lobes. Palea a little shorter than the
glumes, the keels strongly arched.

A showy grass frequent in dry sandy fields, blooming from Au-
gust to October. Apparently of no agricultural value.

46. ERAGROSTIS Beauv. Agrost. 70 (1812.)

Spikelets two- to many-flowered, the uppermost flower imper-
fect, rachilla articulated, but sometimes not breaking up until
after the fall of the fruiting glumes. Inflorescence variously
paniculate, now close and narrow, the spikelets nearly sessile and
crowded, now loosely and widely spreading. Empty glumes two,
more or less unequal, usually shorter than the floral glumes.
Flowering glumes glabrous, obtuse or acute, awnless, three-nerved,
lateral nerves sometimes very faint. Paleas shorter than their
glumes, two-nerved, nerves prominent, often persistent after the
fall of the fruiting glume.

Annual or perennial grasses with herbaceous stems, of various
habit, from two to four inches to as many feet tall, much-branched,
or with simple culms.

Allied to Poa, but with three-nerved flowering glumes, which
are destitute of any woolliness. ‘lhe species are very variable
and their limits hard to define.

Species about one hundred, in warm and temperate regions of
both hemispheres. Tennessee species, including those introduced,
nine.

Bulletin Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station, 1894. Plate XXXI,

Fig. 121. Leptochioa mucronata. Fig. 122. Triodia cuprea.
2. Inflorescence. 3. Upper leaf. 4. Splke- 2. Panicle. 3. Spikelet. 4. Empty glumes
let. 5, Empty glumes. 6. Florets. 5. Floral glume. 6. Upper leaf.

Fig. 123. Eragrostis reptans. Fig. 124. Eragrostis major.
1. Spikelet. 2. Panicle. 2. Spikelet.

THe GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 95

KEY TO THE SPECIES,
1. Culms prostrate, creeping; spikelets linear lanceolate, many-

flowered; floretsacute ..... . . 1, E, REPTANS
1, Culms not creeping, simple or more or less diffusely-branched
Ow el AE A A ae ce a

2. Spikelets small (34 to 1% lines) 2- to 4-flowered; glumes
acute, lateral nerves obsolete or very faint . .
2. Spikelets 2 to 12 lines long, 5- to many-flowered .

3. Low, 3 to ro inches high, panicle 2 to 5 inches long, spread-
ing, with capillary branches and pedicels. 2. E. FRANKtI.
3. Taller, panicle 6 to 15 inches long, with widely-spreading
capillary branches andpedicels . . . 3. E. CAPILLARIS.

> GS

4. Low, much-branched annuals, spikelets lessthan aline broad, 5
4. Spikelets 1 to 2% lines broad, annuals or perennials . . . 6

5. Spikelets spreading, narrow-linear (about }4 of a line broad)
lateral nerves of the thin floral glumes very obscure
I a ek Eee ee. dy tte PIEQSA,

5. Spikelets % to 34 of a line broad, appressed to the branches,
lateral nerves of the floral glumes distinct . 5. E. Pursuit.
6. Annual, diffusely branched, panicle 2 to 6 inches long, ovate
or oblong; spikelets crowded, pale or dark green; floral
glumes obtuse. . . 6, E. MAJOR.

6. Perennials, erect, simple or branched only atthe base. . 7

7. Panicle narrow, spikelets crowded on very short pedicels;

flowering glumes acute and strongly nerved it ee
Dee T SULA OI: 7. E. OXYLEPIS.

mmemmunty SUreaGing ooo yw A Os
Primary panicle-branches rigid, widely spreading or the
lower deflexed; spikelets purplish . . 8. E. PECTINACEA.
8. Primary panicle-branches more slender; spikelets pale or
greenish, much shorter than their capillary, flexuose, and
Gawerging® pedicels..). 2... . . +. «| 9. BE. TENUIS,

adit i

1. Eragrostis reptans Nees. Creeping Meadow-grass.
Plate XXXI. Figure 123.

A prostrate, much-branched and extensively creeping annual,
with ascending flowering branches three to six inches high.
Sheaths short, pubescent or smooth; ligule reduced to a fringe of
short hairs, leaf-blade one-half to one line wide, usually about one-
half to one and one-half inches long, more or less pubescent, acute,
spreading. Panicle narrow, lax or dense, one to one and one-half
inches long, sometimes capitate. Spikelets linear-lanceolate,
strongly flattened, one line or less wide, two to six lines long, ten-
to forty-flowered; empty glumes ovate, acute, the first a little
longer than the second, hyaline excepting the prominent, green
mid-nerve; flowering glume ovate, lanceolate acute, three-fourths
to one line long, prominently three-nerved. Palea two-keeled,
keels scabrous; grain spherical oblong.

On usually low, sandy soil; common. August—October. Of no
. agricultural value.

Tae «ee = P o_ -

96 BULLETIN VII. 1.

2. Eragrostis Frankii Meyer. Short-stalked Meadow-grass.
Plate XXXII. Figure 125.

A low, diffusely-branched annual, three to fifteen inches high.
Sheaths pilose at the throat; ligule less than a line long, lacerated;
leaf blade three-fourths to two lines wide, one to seven inches long,
flat or conduplicate toward the apex. Panicle ovate or oblong,
with spreading, capillary branches and pedicels, the latter mostly
longer than the spikelets. Spikelets ovate, about one line long,
three- to five-flowered; empty glumes spreading, lanceolate, acute,
scabrous on the keel, about half a line long; flowering glume ovate,
acute, obscurely three-nerved. Keelsof the palea scabrous. Grain

short, oblong. Remarkable for its strong, disagreeable odor when
fresh.

Common in low sandy grounds. July—September. Of noagri-
cultural value.

3. Eragrostis capillaris Nees.
Plate XXXII. Figure 128.

An erect annual six to twenty-four inches high, branching at the
base, the widely-expanding panicle usuaily much longer than the
culm below it. Sheaths and base of leaves more or less hairy,
sometimes glabrous; ligule a minute fringe of hairs; leaf-blade
four to twelve inches long, three-fourths of a line to two lines
wide. Spikelets three- to five-flowered, a line or less long; empty
glumes about one-half a line long, equal, hispid on the keel, acute;
flowering glume ovate-lanceolate, acute, obscurely three-nerved,
about two-thirds of a line long. Palea rough-ciliate on the keels.
Grain nearly spherical. The spreading panicle-branches and long
diverging pedicels capillary.

Common in dry sandy fields and frequent by roadsides. Of no
economic value.

4. Eragrostis pilosa Beauv. Slender Meadow-grass.
Plate XXXII. Figure 127.

A slender, branching annual six to eighteen inches high, with
narrow, flat leaves and a capillary open panicle. Sheaths smooth,
hairy at the throat; ligule a fringe of short hairs; leaf-blade two
to eight inches long, slender pointed. Panicle three to ten inches
long, rather narrow at first, the branches four to eight at the
lower node of the main axis, fewer above, all spreading in fruit,
axils usually but not constantly pilose. Spikelets one to four lines
long, linear, five- to fifteen-flowered, lead-colored or often purp-
lish, about equalling their more or less spreading pedicels; empty
glumes ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, rarely acute, about one-half a line
long; flowering glumes ovate, obtuse, the lateral nerves very faint
or obsolete, about three-fourths of a line long. Palea scabrous on
the keels. Grain linear-oblong.

Distinguished from &. Purshii by the narrower and more spread-
ing spikelets, absence of lateral nerves on the flowering glumes,
and more numerous primary branches at each node of the main
rachis of the panicle. Common in dry, sandy soil. July—September. .

a =

Bulletin Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station, 1894, Plate XXII.

Fig. 125. Eragrostis Frankii. Fig. 126. Eragrostis Purshii.

2. Panicle. 3. Portion of the culm, with 2. Panicle. 3. Branch from panicle. 4.
leaf. 4. Spikelet. Spikelet. 5. Spikelet, from which the lower

floral glumes have fallen.

Y
Fig. 127. Eragrostis pilosa. Fig. 128. Eragrostis cspillaris.

2. Spikelet. 3. Empty glumes. 4. Flow- 2. A branch from the panicle, with two
ering glume. 5. Palea. spikelets.

: Y,
INS”

‘a ‘ ss 7 > =.

A
>

THE GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 97

5. Eragrostis Purshii Shrader. Southern Spear-grass.
Plate XXXII. Figure 126.

An annual five to eighteen inches high, with the erect or ascend-
ing stems diffusely branching near the base. Sheaths pilose at the
throat, otherwise smooth; ligule a fringe of short hairs; leaf-blade
one to seven inches long, one-half to one and one-half lines wide,
conduplicate when dry. Panicle oblong-lanceolate to pyramidal,
three to eight or twelve inches long, the widely spreading primary
branches solitary or two to three together, the axils not pilose.
Spikelets narrow-lanceolate, two to four and one-half lines long,
three- to fifteen-flowered, appressed to the branches, nearly equalling
or exceeding their capillary pedicels; empty glumes ovate, acute,
scabrous on the keel, the longer upper one about one-half a line
in length; flowering glume broadly ovate obtuse, distinctly three-
nerved, scabrous on the keel, about three-fourths of a line long.
Palea scabrous on the keels. Grain oblong.

Waste places, along side-walks and in sandy, open grounds, com-
mon. Of no agricultural value.

6. Eragrostis major Host. Stink-grass.
Plate XXXII. Figure 124.

A rather showy, much-branched annual, with erect or ascending
stems six inches to twoor three feet high. Sheaths striate, smooth,
hairy at the throat; ligule a fringe of short hairs, leaf-blade flat,
three to ten inches long, one to three lines wide, somewhat scab-
rous on the upper surface. Panicle elliptical or oblong, the

branches usually spreading,spikelets ovate to linear, seven- to forty-

flowered, two to eight lines long, one and one-half to two lines
broad; empty glumes nearly equal, ovate lanceolate, a line or less
long; flowering glumes ovate obtuse, prominently nerved and
scabrous on the keel. Palea ciliate on the keels.

Cultivated or waste grounds, especially in light soils. July—
September. When fresh this grass emits astrong unpleasant odor.

Eragrostis minor Host, is very closely allied to and by some is re-
garded only as a variety of &. major. It is smaller throughout,
with the sheaths often hairy, the five- to fifteen-flowered spikelets
one line or less broad, and the floral glumes not prominently
nerved. Much less frequent than Z. major.

7. Eragrostis oxylepis Torr.
Plate XXXIII. Figure 130.

A smooth, erect or ascending perennial, six to thirty inches
high, with rather broad, showy spikelets crowded in a narrow,
often interrupted panicle. Sheaths smooth, striate, pilose at the
throat; ligulg a minute fringe of short hairs; leaf-blade one to two
lines wide, one and one-half to ten or twelve inches long, tapering
to a narrow sharp-pointed apex. Spikelets sessile, or nearly so,
very strongly compressed laterally, two lines wide, three to ten
lines long, eight- to twenty-five-flowered; glumes all very acute,
the empty ones about three-fourths of a line long, the flowering
io

— =<

— 7° 2

98 BULLETIN VIL. ‘1.

glume about one anda half lines long. Palea broad, ciliate-scabrous
on the keels. Grain terete, smooth, about one-half a line long.
Spikelets usually variegated with red and purple.

A native of Texas. Sometimes cultivated as an ornamental
plant.

8. Eragrostis pectinacea Gray. Meadow Comb-grass.
Plate XXXIII. Figure 131.

An erect perennial one to three feet high, with a short, stout
root-stock and large, spreading panicle. Sheaths smooth or hairy
in the upper part; ligule a fringe of hairs two to three lines long;
leaf-blade two to three lines wide, six to fourteen inches long, more
or less piloseon the upper surface. Panicle six to thirty inches long,
the rather rigid, widely spreading or deflexed branches bearded
in the axils; pedicels somewhat appressed, longer or shorter than
the spikelets. Spikelets linear-lanceolate, three-fourths to one line
wide, two to five lines long, five- to twenty-flowered; empty glumes
three-fourths to one line long, ovate or oblong, sub-acute, scabrous
on the keel; flowering glumes about a line long, strongly three-
nerved, obtuse or rarely acute. Palea densely ciliate on the keels.
Grain oblong-spherical, irregularly striate. .

A native grass, the large diffuse panicles of which are often
gathered for dry bouquets. It is common in dry sandy soil in
open grounds and along the borders of fields and woods. June—
September.

9. Eragrostis tenuis Gray. Branching Spear-grass.
Plate XXXIIT. Figure 129.

A tall perennial, two to five feet high, with a rather narrow,
elongated panicle and somewhat rigid leaves. Sheaths firm,
smooth, pilose at the throat; ligule nearly wanting; leaf-blade one
to two lines wide, six to twenty inches long, glabrous or sparingly
hairy. Panicle twelve to thirty inches long, the ultimate branches
and long diverging pedicels capillary. Spikelets ovate-lanceolate,
about one and one-half lines wide, three to four lines long, two- to
six- or ten-flowered; empty glumes narrow-lanceolate, very acute,
nearly equal, one to two lines long; flowering glume ovate-lan-
ceolate, acute, strongly three-nerved, about one and one-half lines
long, smooth or scabrous on the keel. Keels of the palea scabrous.
Grain very short, oblong, strongly grooved.

Sandy soil, vicinity of Nashville (Gattinger). July—Septem-
ber.

47. EATONIA Rafin. in Journ. de Phys. LXXXIX. 104, (1819.)

Spikelets two- to three-flowered, in narrow, lax, or dense terminal
panicles, rachilla articulated above the empty glumes and between
the florets, and produced above the upper flower into a slender
naked bristle. Empty glumes two, a little shorter than the
florets, the first linear and one-nerved, the second broadly obovate,
three-nerved, with rather broad scarious margins. Flowering

Bulletin Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station, 1894. Plate XXXII.

Fig. 129. Eragrostis tenuis. Fig. 130. Eragrostis oxylepis.
2. Upper part ofthe panicle. 3. Spikelet. 2. Panicle. 3. Spikelet. 4. Empty glumes.
4. Kmpty glumes. 5. Flowering glume 5. Flowering glume from the back and
and palea. side.

2
Fig. 131. Eragrostis pectinacea. Fig. 132. Eatonia filiformis.
2. Panicle. 3. Spikelet. 4. Flowering 2. Panicle. 3. Upperleaf. 4. Spikelet.

glume, side view.

THE GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 99

glumes usually obtuse and awnless (the second floret sometimes
short, awned from the apex). Palea narrow, two-nerved. Styles
distinct, short; stigmas plumose. Grain narrow, free.

Rather slender tufted perennials, with usually flat leaves and
narrow, but often lax, terminal, many-flowered panicles.
Species three, all natives of the eastern United States, two ex-
tending westward to the Rocky Mountains.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

1. Leaves involute-filiform, the lower nearly as long as the culm,
) 1. E, FILIFORMIS.

1. Leaves flat, the lower much shorter thantheculm ... . 2

2. Second glume broadly obovate and very obtuse A TRY he
2. Second glume narrower and acutish, leaves 3 to 6 inches
ewe. wie i>. 212, ora, PENNSYEVANICA;

3. First glume nearly as long as the third, leaves 1 to 3 inches
ree a oy, eee i. Be ke. DUDLEY

3. First glume % to % as long as the third, leaves longer
Eee OM Gi rls 4. E. OBTUSATA.

1. Eatonia filiformis Vasey.
Plate XXXIII. Figure 132.

An erect, tufted perennial, one to two feet high, with very long
upper internodes and long involute radical leaves. Sheaths
smooth or pubescent; ligule very short or none; leaf-blade fili-
form-involute, those at the base nearly equalling the culm. Pani-
cle narrow, rather loosely flowered, slender, three to six inches long,
the branches erect. Spikelets two-flowered, scattered along the
branches, about one and one-half lines long. Lower empty glume
linear, acute; the upper narrowly obovate, obtuse; flowering glumes
about one line long, somewhat obtuse, smooth, the glume of the
second flower occasionally short-awned on the back just below the
apex.

Dry hills, Chester county, (S. M. Bain).

2. Eatonia Pennsylvanica Gray.
Plate XXXIV. Figure 133.

A slender, pale-green perennial with flat leaves and narrow ter-
minal panicles. Sheaths mostly smooth; ligule about one line
long; leaf-blade one to two lines wide, three to four inches long,
flat, scabrous on both sides. Panicle slender, three to seven inches
long, the branches nearly erect. Spikelets scattered along the
branches, two- or occasionally three-flowered; empty glumes a lit-
tle over one line long; the lower narrowly linear with scabrous
keei, the upper narrowly obovate, acute or obtuse, slightly sca-
brous on the nerves. Flowering glume about one and one-half
lines long, acute, somewhat scabrous on the back above. Leaves
of about equal length throughout.

Moist meadows over the State. May—Jure. This grass is con-
spicuous in a meadow on account of its pale-green color.

100 BULLETIN VII. ‘fi.

3. Eatonia Dudleyi Vasey.
Plate XXXIV. Figure 135.

A slender, erect perennial, one to two feet high, with short flat
leaves and nodding panicle. Sheaths smooth or pubescent, usually
shorter than the internodes; ligule less than one line long; leaf-
blade one to two lines wide, two to four inches long, smooth or
pubescent, those of the upper nodes shorter, often less than one
inch long. Panicle slender, three to eight inches long, the
branches widely spreading in flowering. Spikelets a little over a
line long; lower empty glume broadly linear, mostly rounded at
the apex, often almost equalling the upper in width; upper empty
glume obovate, obtuse, smooth, except on the midnerve above, one-
fourth shorter than the spikelet: flowering glume rather acute,
that of the upper flower minutely verrucose.

Open dry woods, over the State. April—May.

4. Katonia obtusata.
Plate XXXIV. Figure 134.

A tufted perennial, one and a half to two feet high, with flat
leaves and rather densely-flowered nodding panicles. Sheaths
smooth or pubescent, longer or shorter than the internodes; ligule
about one line long; leaf-blade three to four lines wide, four to six
inches long, scabrous on both sides and often downy. Panicle
densely flowered, three to four inches long. Spikelets a little over
one line long, two- to three-flowered; lower empty glume narrowly
linear, cristate, one-nerved, about one line long, the upper of
equal length, very broadly obovate, three-nerved, hispid on the
dorsal surface; flowering glume oblong, carinate, hispid on the
keel above.

The form with pubescent sheaths (Avena mollis Michx.) is that
which is most common. This is the &. obtusata var. laxiflora of .
Gattinger’s Tennessee Flora.

48. MELICA Linn. Sp. Pl. 66 (1753.)

Spikelets two to several-flowered, terete or slightly flattened, in
simple racemose, or more or less compound, narrow or dense pani-
cles; rachilla articulated above the empty glumes and between the
fertile florets, usually bearing two or three empty, often club-
shaped or cucullate glumes at the apex. Empty glumes at the
base of the spikelet two, unequal, membranaceous, awnless, three-
to five-nerved. Flowering glumes larger, rounded on the back,
seven- to thirteen-nerved, margins scarious, awnless or short-
awned. Palea broad, two-keeled, shorterthantheglume. Stamens
three. Styles distinct, stigmas plumose. Grain free.

Perennials, with usually soft, flat leaves, rather large spikelets
in lax or dense, usually narrow panicles, sometimes simply race-
mose.

Species thirty or more, throughout the temperate zones. Some
eighteen species belong to the United States, chiefly in the Rocky
Mountain and Pacific Coast regions. One in Tennessee.

Bulletin Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station, 1894. Plate XXXIV.

Fis. 133. Eatonia Pennsylvanica. Fig. 134. Eatonia obtusata.

2. Panicle. 3. Upper leaf. 4. Spikelet. 2. Panicle. 38. Upperleaf. 4. Spikelet.
5. Two florets. 5. Two florets.

Fig. 135. Eatonia Dudleyi. Fig. 136. Melica mutica.
2. Panicle. 3. Portion of culm, with up- 2. Panicle. 3.Spikelet. 4. Empty glumes.
perleaf. 4 Spikelet. 5. Empty glumes. 5. Foral glume 6. Portion of the culm

with upper leaf.

e THE GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 101

1. Melica mutica Walt.

Plate XXXIV. Figure 136.

A smooth, slender, erect grass one to three feet high, with nar-
row leaves and nodding spikelets in nearly simple panicles. Pani-
cle few-flowered, sparingly branched below, often reduced toa
simple raceme, Spikelets four to five lines long, with two perfect
flowers; empty glumes thin and membranous, subequal, about as
long as the spikelet.

Dry open woods. April—May.

M. diffusa Pursh, which may occur within the State, has a more
branched panicle, unequal empty glumes, which are decidedly
shorter than the three- to four-flowered spikelets.

49. DIARRHENA Rafin. In Journ. Phys. LXXXIX. 104. (1819.)

Spikelets three- to five-flowered, few in a narrow simple panicle,
rachilla articulated above the empty glumes and between the
florets, lower florets perfect, the uppermost one or two sterile.
Empty glumes unequal, ovate, awnless, shorter than the florets.
Flowering glumes broader, subcoriaceous, rounded on the back,
smooth, and shining, three-nerved, acuminate or mucronate-
pointed. Palea rather broad, two-keeled. Stamens two, or rarely
only one. Styles short, distinct; stigmas plumose. Grain larger,
usually exceeding the palea and glume, obliquely ovoid and ob-
tusely-pointed. Nearly smooth perennials, with simple culms
from a creeping root-stock, flat leaves and few-flowered terminal
panicles.

Species two, one in Japan, the other in eastern North America.

1. Diarrhena Americana Beauv. Twin-grass.
Plate XXXV. Figure 137.

An erect perennial two to three feet high, with long, narrow-
lanceolate nearly erect leaves and a few-flowered simple panicle,
four to ten inches long. Sheaths scabrous, or sometimes pubes-
cent above; ligule very short, rigid; leaf-blade six to twenty-four
inches long, five to twelve lines wide, tapering to a narrow base,
very long acuminate-pointed. Panicle-branches erect. Spikelets
three to five lines long, three- to six-flowered, the uppermost
flowers imperfect; flowering glumes three-nerved, abruptly and
sharply acuminate-pointed. Palea broad, two-keeled, keels sca-
brous. Grain about three lines long, enlarged near the middle.
Floral glumes spreading in fruit.

“Rich soil among rocks, here and there.’’—Gattinger.

50. UNIOLA Linn. Sp. Pl 71 (1753.)

Spikelets three- to many-flowered, the uppermost one or two
staminate or neuter, those below perfect; rachilla articulated
above the empty glumes and between the florets. Empty
glumes at the base of the spikelet three to six, compressed-keeled,
acute, unequal. Flowering glumes firm-membranaceous, com-

102 BULLETIN VII. 1. R

pressed-keeled, acute or acuminate pointed, striate, many-nerved.
Palea rigid, two-keeled. Stamens one tothree. Styles distinct;
stigmas plumose. Grain compressed, oblong, free.

Erect perennials, with simple culms, broad and flat, or narrow
and involute leaves, and narrow and few-flowered, or ample, lax,
and many-flowered panicles.

Species four or five, all North American. Tennessee species

three.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
1. Panicle expanded, spikelets 12 to 18 lines long, g- to 20-flow-
ered, drooping on long slender pedicels 3. U. LATIFOLIA.
1. Panicles long and narrow, spikelets 4 to 5 lines long, 4- to
8-flowered on very short pedicels . . . . .. ee

2. Sheaths glabrous, leaves 1 to3 lines broad ._ 1. U. GRACILIs.
2. Sheaths pubescent, leaves 4 to 8 lines broad . |
; ; 2. U. LONGIFOLIA.

1. Uniola gracilis Michx. Slender Spike-grass.
Plate XXXV. Figure 138.

A slender grass two to three feet high, with long, narrow leaves
and a contracted, wand-like nodding panicle six to eighteen inches
long. Sheaths smooth, a little bearded at the throat; ligule short,
ciliate; leaves nearly erect, six to twelve inches long, three lines
wide or less, tapering to nearly filiform, scabrous tips. Spike-
lets three- to five-flowered, three to four lines long, the glumes
spreading in fruit. Empty glumes short, unequal; flowering
glumes one and one-half to two and one-half lines long, lanceolate
and somewhat acuminate-pointed, scabrous on the keel near the
apex. Palea arched, one-fourth shorter than the floral glume,
scabrous on the keels near the apex.

Open thickets and along the borders of woods in dry soil. July,
August.

Ce Se ee ge Pe ateoee ee:

LT ea SASS + age SR” ec aS cS =
-* a . - = a ~~ 2 es — 7 2 : = ms P

|
‘
} "
Te

ut
b
‘ae

2. Uniola longifolia Scribn. Long-leaved Spike-grass,

Culms three to four feet high; panicle six to fifteen inches long,
the short rigid branches rather remote and more or less spread-
ing. Lower leaves a foot long or more and four to eight lines
broad, scabrous near the convolute, slender tips and often pubes-
cent near the base. Sheaths somewhat compressed and more or
less pubescent, with a dense ring of soft hairs on the back where
it joins the blade.

Habit and inflorescences nearly as in U. gracilis, but more ro-
bust, main axis and branches of the panicle more rigid. Sheaths
pubescent and spikelets somewhat larger. Very distinct from J.
nitida,

Valley of the Hiwassee (A. Ruth); Tullahoma (Dr. Gattinger.)

3. Uniola latifolia Michx. Broad-leaved Uniola.
Plate XXXV. Figure 139.
An erect grass with rather stout, simple culms two to four feet

Flate XX2V.

Fig. 137. Diarrhena Americana. Fig. 138. Uniola gracilis.

2. Inflorescence. 3. Upperleaf. 4. Base 2. Upper part of inflorescence. 3. Upper
ofculm with rhizome. 5, 4. Spikelets. 7. leaf. 4 Spikelet. 5. Empty glumes. 6.
Kmpty glumes. 38 Flowering glume. 9. Flowering glume and palea.

Palea. 10. Ovary with lodicules.

*

Fig. 139. Uniola latifolia. Fig. 140. Dactylis clomerata.
2. Panicle. 3 Upper leaf. 4. The two 2 Inflorescence. 3. Upper leaf. 4. Spike-
lowest glumes. 5 Flowering glume and let. 5. Empty glumes. 6. Floret, with sta-
palea, from the side. mens and pistil.

ve
2 x eo case il tte

4

" ‘
oP esi. ee ee Nee +f ew, es

THE GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 108

high, broad spreading leaves and a drooping panicle of large, flat
spikelets. Sheaths glabrous; ligule short, minutely ciliate; leaves
five to eight inches long, one-half to one inch wide, lanceolate,
glabrous. Panicle five to ten inches long, the slender branches
spreading. Spikelets nine- to twenty-flowered, ovate, strongly flat-
tened, one to one and a half inches long and about half as broad;
flowering glumes ciliate on the keel below, scabrous above, many-
nerved. Callus with a few short hairs. Palea shorter than the
glumes, narrow, strongly curved near the base.

This is a strong-rooted native grass growing along streams and
thicket borders, and the showy panicles are often gathered for
winter bouquets. Itis not’recognized as possessing any agricul-

tural value.
51. BRIZA, Linn. Sp. Pl. 70 (1753.)

Spikelets many-flowered, rounded-ovate, or heart-shaped, pani-
culate, rachilla articulated above the empty glumes and between
the florets; florets crowded, the uppermost usually imperfect.
Glumes membranaceous, with broad, scarious margins, strongly
concave, rounded on the back and more or less ventricose. Empty
glumes two, subequal, shorter than the florets. Floral glumes
three- to many-nerved, cordate at the base, awnless. Palea much
smaller than its glume, obtuse, two-keeled. Stamens three.
Styles short, distinct; stigmas plumose.

Annuals or perennials, with flat or convolute leaves, loosely
flowered and open, or narrow and spike-like panicles. Several of
the species are cultivated for their graceful panicles, which are
used in winter bouquets.

Species twelve, in Europe, North Africa, and the temperate re-
gions of South America, extending north into Mexico. The fol-
lowing may be found here in cultivation.

1. Briza media Linn. “Quaking-grass.

A slender, erect perennial with rather short flat leaves and ca-
pillary spreading panicles. Ligule short, truncate. Spikelets
rounded ovate, five- to nine-flowered, on rather long slender pedi-
cels; empty glumes nearly equal, shorter than the first flowering
glume.

This is a pretty, ornamental grass, frequently cultivated in gar-
dens.

Briza minor L. is a more slender and annual grass, with elongated
acute ligules and smaller triangular spikelets.

Briza maxima L. is a stouter plant than B. media, with broader
leaves, oblong liguie, and nodding panicles of rather large, ovate,
seven- to fifteen-flowered spikelets.

The species are all ornamental and valued for dry bouquets.

52. DACTYLIS, Linn. Sp. Pl. 71 (1753.)

Spikelets three- to five-flowered, nearly sessile in dense fascicles,
forming an interrupted, one-sided panicle; rachilla articulated

Ea

104 | BULLETIN VII. 1.

above the empty glumes and between the florets. Empty glumes
unequal, one- to three-nerved, sharply keeled, acute. Floral glumes
five-nerved, short awn-pointed, strongly compressed-keeled, keel
conspicuously ciliate-fringed. Paleaa little shorter than the glume,
two-keeled. Stamens three. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose.
Grain narrow, oblong, enclosed, within the fruiting glume and
palea, but free. A perennial grass with flat leaves and narrow (or
expanded in flower), glomerate panicles.

Species one, with several varieties, native of the north tem-
perate regions of the Old World, but now very widely distributed
in cultivation and thoroughly naturalized in this country.

1. Dactylis glomerata L. Orchard-grass.
Plate XXXV. Figure 140.

A coarse, erect grass three to four feet high, forming dense tufts.
Ligule elongated, membranaceous. Leaves flat, slightly keeled,
spreading. Panicle three to eight inches long, the branches
spreading in flower, becoming erect and appressed to the rachis.
Spikelets compressed, three- to five-flowered, crowded at the ends
of the branches in dense one-sided clusters. Flowering glumes
two to three lines long, lanceolate, very acute or short awn-
pointed, ciliate on the keel above.

This is one of the best known and most popular of our cultivated
grasses. It will grow well on any soil excepting that which is
very wet. It grows well in the shade, no grass being equal to it
in this respect, excepting perhaps, the rough-stalked meadow-
grass. In pastures it affords a good bite earlier than any other grass
excepting the meadow fox-tail. It affords a great amount of after-
math, being exceeded in this respect only by Kentucky blue-
grass. Owing toits habit of growing in clumps or tussocks, the
land should be seeded heavily, using two and a half or three
bushels to the acre. When sown with other grasses, its tendency
to form tussocks is very much diminished, and we would recom-
mend that clover, or possibly red-top, always be mixed with our
orchard-grass. Although not adding materially to the bulk of
hay produced, they will improve its quality and help make a much
better sward.

53. CYNOSURUS Linn. Sp. Pl. 71 (1753.)

Spikelets of two forms in small fascicles, these forming a dense
somewhat unilateral, spike-like panicle; terminal spikelets of the
fascicles two- to four- flowered, hermaphrodite, the lower spikelets
sterile, consisting of many empty glumes. Rachilla of the fertile
spikelet articulated; empty glumes two, narrowly lanceolate, acute;
flowering glumes broader, membranous, one- to three-nerved,
mucronate or awn-pointed. Glumes of the sterile spikelet distich-
ous, spreading, subequal, linear, one-nerved; rachilla not articu-
lated. Stamens three. Styles distinct, short; stigmas loosely

———— —— a2. —= + ~~
7 ¢
a

THE GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 105

plumose. Grain oblong, finally adherent to the palea, Annual or
perennial, cespitose grasses with flat leaves.

Species four or five, in the north temperate regionsof the Old
World.

1. Cynosurus cristatus Linn. Crested Dog’s-tail.

A slender, erect perennial one to two and a half feet high, with
narrow leaves anda rather slender, erect, spike-like panicle. Flow-
ering glumes scabrous in the upper part, mucronate pointed.

This is a grass recently introduced into this country from
Europe, where it is used in mixtures to form bottom grass either
in meadows or in pastures. It possesses a highly nutritive value,
and succeeds well in almost any kind of soil excepting those
which are very sandy, and as it is deep rooted, it withstands
drought better than some other species, and is said to thrive well
in shade. It has some value in lawn mixtures,

54. POA Linn. Sp. Pl. 67 (1753.)

Spikelets two- to six-flowered, the uppermost flower imperfect
or rudimentary, rachilla articulated above the empty glumes.
Empty glumes herbaceous, lanceolate or ovate, one- to three-
nerved, keeled, persistent. Flowering glumes herbaceous or
membranaceous, lanceolate or ovate, acute or obtuse, awnless, five-
nerved, carinate, falling with the two-keeled palea and a joint of
the rachilla; the dorsal or marginal nerves usually soft-hairy, and
often with a tuft of long, cobwebby hairs at the base. Stamens
three. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. Inflorescence paniculate,
the branches more or less spreading.

Species about one hundred, in both hemispheres, chiefly in the
temperate and cooler regions, and on the high mountains of the
tropics. North American species about sixty, seven of which are

natives of the State.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.

. Annuals, 3 to 10 inches high, roots strictly fibrous . . 2
I. Perennials, 6 inches to 3 feet high, with a more or less
manifest root-stock ... . . 3
2. Flowering glume apparently only 3- snarced aud with a tuft
of long cobwebby hairs at base . . 2. P. CHAPMANIANA.

2. a_i glume fe viokin 5-nerved, not webbed at base

1, P. ANNUA.
<7 Radical aves hire shorter than the culm. Ava at
3. Radical leaves nearly equalling or exceeding the culm . . to

4. Culms strongly flattened from a creeping root-stock, panicle
1 to 3 inches long, narrow, spikelets usually crowded,
flowering glumes but slightly compressed, rather rigid
ena obscurely nerved= 5 8) Joo). 2. 3. P. COMPRESSA.

(2) Low (6 to 13 inches) panicle dense, flowering
glumes naked or with only a scanty web at the
base, the indistinct dorsal and marginal nerves
nearly or quite smooth . ._ var. a. compressa.

106 BULLETIN VIL. 1.

(6) Taller (12 to 24 inches) panicle-branches spreading,
spikelet less crowded, flowering glumes with a
conspicuous web at the base and silky villous
along the dorsal and marginal nerves below

var. b. laxa.

4. Culms not strongly flattened, panicle open, flowering glume
compressed, keeled and plainly 5° -nerved (at least when

Gt) ine, il fee ge 9b Mats Anes j ; 165

' 5. Pedicels for the most part Ga Last anne totes shee
the*spikelets Gut, 2 6

5.\‘Pedicels for the most part ‘(in each panicle) equalling or
much exceésing thevspilelets paws 7

6. Sheaths and leaves smooth, ligule % to 1 line ag broadly

PIE a Ce is ene dx . at ted P. PRADaSiaeS

(a) Radical pee ee nearly as broad as those of the

CRIN ae fi . « a) Vera, sprapemee.

(4) Radical leaves ose narrow, involute or filiform,

otfen, olauceseent.:". o> vechee Valeo: angustifolia.

6. Sheaths and leaves banca, ree: 2 to 3 lines long, aciite suas
. . 5. PTR

7. Flowering ae with a Bee, rounded-obtuse or retuse
white scarious apex, not webbed at the base
_. 6. P. AUTUMNALIS,
ie Flowering glume not rounded at the apex, webbed at the
DASE y on wel neha zz)) Siena, -cikkjae ( dee pea tllm cers ieee bonaetece See

8. Florets nearly or barely exceeding a line in length, rather
blunt-pointed, minutely pubescent on the keel for its
whole length, and on the margins and over the whole
back below ... wool ad, 7 PAS iis aoe

8. Florets 1% to 2 lines long, acute. ica: »\.5,44 eee 9

9. Flowering glumes narrow, lanceolate, acuminate, faintly
nerved, minutely pubescent on the keel for one-half its
: length, marginal nerves smooth ..... > . 3%, Pp aAnsonme
| 9. Flowering glumes broadly lanceolate, with rather broad,
| scarious margins, acute, distinctly nerved (at least when
dry) silky-villous along the keel for 34 its length and on
| the marginal nerves below; empty glumes broadly lanceo-
.
|

late, subéqual, 3-merved'! >). 2°) OU a0 oe ae

10. Upper culm-leaf short (4% to1 inch) abruptly sharp-pointed,
panicle branches capillary, widely spreading and few-
flowered above . . -,- 10, P. BREVIFOLIA.

1o. Upper culm-leaf 2 to 6 inches long, panicle- branches rather
SOL. erecr,, Or Nees ‘pave nae densely many-flow-
CTE on oe we eae $e oS 91, PAAR ACH Rane

1. Poa annua L. Low Spear-grass. Six-weeks grass.
Plate XXXVI. Figure 141.

A low, spreading annual, the erect or ascending, somewhat flat-
tened stems two to twelve inches high. Sheaths smooth, lax; leaf-

Bulletia Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station, 1894. Plate XXXVI.

ii) ‘ \ y = , ; Y,

‘| SSN

f Av

1 ENS

| . Fig. 141. Poa annua. Fig. 142.

i 2. Spikelet. 3. Empty glumes. 4. Flow- 2. Spikelet. 3. Empty glumes.
i ering glume from the side.

Poa Chapmaniana.
4, Floret

Fig. 144. Poa pratensis.

5. Spikelet. 2. Panicle. 3. Upper leaf. 4. Spikelet.
6. Empty glumes. 7. Fioral glume seen 5. Empty glumes.
: from the side.

Fig. 143. Poa compressa.
3. Panicle. 4. Upper leaf.

THE GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 107

blade flat, smooth, spreading, one to one and one-half lines wide,
one to three inches long. Panicle short, pyramidal, the primary
branches spreading, solitary or in pairs. Spikelets ovate or oblong,
three to six- flowered, about two lines long; empty glumes some-
what unequal, the first one- the second three-nerved; flowering
glumes about one line long, distinctly five-nerved, all the nerves
more or less hairy below, the base of the flowering glume pilose.
Palea two-keeled, keels hairy.

An introduced grass common everywhere in door yards and
waste, mostly moist places. This grass may be found in bloom in
almost every month of the year.

2. Poa Chapmaniana Scribn.
Plate XXXVI. Figure 142.

An erect annual three to six inches high. Sheaths firm, closely
surrounding the stems, striate, mostly shorter than the internodes,
usually purplish near the base; leaf-blade one-half to one inch
long, a line or less wide, usually erect or ascending, flat or condu-
plicate. Panicle generally narrow, occasionally with some of the
branches more or less spreading. Spikelets ovate, about one and
one-half lines long, three- to six-flowered; empty glumes nearly
equal, ovate-lanceolate, acute, the second and often the first three-
nerved, distinctly scabrous on the keel above; flowering glume
ovate, rather obtuse, three-nerved, the nerves silky-villous for
nearly their entire length, and at the base there is a small tuft of
cobwebby hairs which when extended exceed the length of the
glume. —

This is the Poa cristata of Chapman’s Southern Flora. Found
in rather dry sandy soil along the river banks below Knoxville, |
and by Prof. Ruth in the valley of the Hiwassee; at Nashville by

Dr. Gattinger.

3. Poa compressa L. Blue-grass. English Blue-grass.
Plate XXXVI. Figure 143.

A slender but rather rigid perennial with much flattened stems
six to twenty inches high, ascending from a more or less creeping
base, and usually small narrow panicles. Leaves about one line
wide, one to three inches long, abruptly pointed at the tip; ligule
one-half aline long. Panicie expanded or more often contracted,
one to three inches long, the equal primary branches in pairs;
pedicels shorter than the spikelets. Spikelets lanceolate, five- to
nine-flowered, two to three lines long; flowering glumes about one
and one-half lines long, obscurely five-nerved, with narrow scari-
ous margins, the keel and lateral nerves smooth or silky-hairy be-
low. Palea two-nerved, nerves scabrous.

A native of Europe but thoroughly naturalized in many parts of
this country. Its low habit of growth, strongly compressed or
flattened stems and narrow panicle, are characters which enable
one to readily distinguish this from Kentucky blue-grass. It is
further more decidediy creeping, and will grow well upon the

108 BULLETIN VII. 1.

thinnest and apparently most sterile soils. There is, perhaps, no
better pasture grass than this for dry and poor soils.

4. Poa pratensis Linn. Kentucky Blue-grass.
Plate XXXVI. Figure 144.

An erect perennial one to three feet high, with smooth stems,
flat leaves, open panicle and extensively creeping root-stocks.
Sheaths smooth; ligule about one-half a line long; leaf-blade flat,
four to ten inches long, one-half to three lines wide, apex abruptly
pointed, Panicle pyramidal, three to seven inches long, the pri-
mary branches usually in threes or fives. Spikelets about two
lines long, three- to five-flowered, mostly on very short, scabrous
pedicels; empty glumes a little unequal, the first narrowly-lanceo-
late and usually one-nerved, the second broader and three-nerved,
flowering g!umes ovate, scarious toward the apex, five-nerved, the
nerves silky-hairy below and with a small tuft of cobwebby hairs
at the base.

This very well known native has been called the “King of pas-
ture grasses in the central basin of Tennessee,” and whoever has
Blue-grass has the basis of all agricultural prosperity. It is not

- so well adapted for hay as for pasture, but it makes an excellent
“bottom grass’ for the permanent meadow. Here it remains
green throughout the year, excepting in severe winter seasons,
and blooms in May. Soa pratensis is common to both Europe and
America, and grows “wild” in this country from Alaska southward
along the mountain ranges to Arizona, and east of the Mississippi it
extends southward to the Gulf States. It is only on good soils —

-that it yields well, doing best on those which are highly calcareous. ~

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5. Poa trivialis L. Rough Meadow-grass.
Plate XXXVII. Figure 145.

An erect perennial, one to three feet high, with flat leaves, open
panicle and no conspicuous root-stock. Culm rough or scabrous
near the summit, not flattened. Sheaths a little scabrous; ligule
two to three lines long; leaf-blade three to six inches long, about
two lines wide, acute. Panicle narrowly-pyramidal, three to eight
inches long. Spikelets ovate, usually two-flowered. Empty glumes
strongly keeled, very acute, the lower one-nerved, the upper
broader and three-nerved; flowering glume ovate-lanceolate,
strongly five-nerved, fringed on the keel with silky hairs, other-
wise smooth. Palea smooth.

This grass is closely related to the Kentucky Blue-grass, differ-
ing by the absence of any creeping root-stock, the rough stem,
longer ligule, more slender panicle, fewer-flowered spikelets, and
more prominently-nerved floral glumes. It has been cultivated
for many years in England, and is now highly esteemed both in
Britain and onthe continent of Europe. Its principal use is to
H fod form ‘bottom grass” in permanent meadows. It succeeds best
ut where the climate and soil are rather cool and moist.

- ST es
7

enn nc
2

.

ag

Bulletin Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station, 1894. Plate XXXVII.

.
a
fe.
ad

Fig. 145. Poa trivialis. Fig. 146. Poa autumnalis.
2. Panicle. 38. Upper leaf. 4. Spikelet. 2. Panicle. 3. Upper leaf. 4 Spikelet.
5. Empty glumes. 6. Side view of flower- 5. Empty glume. 6. Flowering glume
ing glume. seen from the side.

Fig. 147. Poa sylvestris. Fig. 148. Poa alsodes.
2. Panicle. 38. Upper leaf. 4. Spikelet. 2. Panicle and upper leaf. 3. Panicle
5. Flowering glume. 6. Empty glumes. after flowering. 4. Spikelet. 5 Empty

glumes. 6. Flowering glume seen from
the side.

THe GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 109

6. Poa autumnalis Muhl. (7. flexuosa Mubl.)
Plate XXXVII. Figure 146.

A slender perennial, with erect stems one to three feet high, flat
leaves and an open, rather few-flowered panicle. Sheaths smooth;
ligule about one-half aline long; leaf-blade three to eight inches
long, mostly less than a line wide, scabrous, gradually tapering to
a slender, acute apex. Panicle four to five inches long, the long
flexuose, filiform branches in twos or threes, with the few spike-
lets clustered at the ends. Spikelets oblong, ovate, obtuse, two to
three lines long, three- to five-flowered; first empty glume one-
nerved, the second a little longer, broader, and obtuse; flowering
glumes about three-fourths of a line long, narrowly lanceolate,
hyaline or scarious at the obtuse apex, distinctly five-nerved, the
midnerve or keel hairy for its whole length, the dorsal surface
pubescent near the base, but with noweb. Palea two-keeled, keels
scabrous or pubescent.

This grass has long been known as Poa flexuosa Muhl., not of
Smith nor of Wahlenberg. It is most frequent in dry woods, but
Gattinger reports it as growing on damp ground, and borders
of ponds, especially in the highlands. June—July.

7. Poa sylvestris Gray. Woodland Blue-grass.
Plate XXXVII. Figure 147.

A slender, tufted perennial one to three feet high. Stems
slightly flattened, erect. Sheaths scabrous or sometimes smooth;
ligule one-half to one line long; leaf-blade three to eight inches
long, one to two and one-half lines wide, scabrous on the upper
surface, smooth beneath, acute. Panicle open, three to eight
inches long, primary branches in clusters of three to six, spread-
ing or reflexed. Spikelets ovate, one to one and one-half lines
long, two- to four-flowered, shorter than the pedicels. Empty
glumes slightly unequal, the first one- the second three-nerved;
flowering glumes ovate obtuse, five-nerved, villous on the keel for
its whole length and on the marginal nerves below the middle, near
the base the entire dorsal surface minutely pubescent, only spar-
ingly webbed at the base. Palea two-keeled, keels villous,

Common in rich open woodlands and along thicket borders.
April—May.

8. Poa alsodes Gray.
Plate XXXVII. Figure 148.

A slender, erect perennial one to three feet high, with flat leaves
and a narrow, rather few-flowered panicle. Sheaths rather thin,
the upper somewhat scabrous; ligule one-half a line long or less;
leaf-blade one to two lines wide, five to twelve inches long, scab-
rous, at least toward the acute apex. Panicle narrowly pyramidal,
the base for a time enclosed in the upper sheath, three to ten
inches long, primary branches in threes or fours at the rather dis-
tant nodes of the main rachis. Spikelets lanceolate, two- to three-
flowered, about two lines long; empty glumes unequal, acute, the

110 BULLETIN VII. 1.

first one-nerved, the second three-nerved; flowering glume nar-
rowly ovate, acute, very faintly nerved, villous on the keel below
and with a narrow cobwebby tuft at the base. Palea two-nerved,
nerves scabrous.

Summit of Roane Mountain and upper forks of the Tellico

river. May—June.

9. Poa Wolfii Scribner.
Plate XXXVIII. Figure 149.

A slender perennial one to three feet high, with a loose nodding
panicle. Sheaths rather loose, mostly shorter than the internodes,
the lower scarious; ligule one-half a line long; leaf-blade three
to six inches long, one to two lines wide. Panicle slender, lax,
three to six inches long, primary branches two to three, rarely
more, at each node of the main rachis. Spikelets ovate, two to
three lines long, three- to five-flowered; empty glumes nearly
equal, three-nerved; flowering glumes strongly keeled, lanceolate,
five-nerved, silky-villous along the margins and keel and witha
copious long web at the base. Keels of the palea villous. This
grass has been confounded with P. alsodes and P. autumnalis. It is
closely allied to the latter, but both empty glumes are three-
nerved, the flowering glumes are more acute and havea tuft of
long webby hairs at the base.

Lavergne, in the cedar glades, May—June. (Gattinger.)

10. Poa brevifolia Muhl.
Plate XXXVIII. Figure 150.

An erect perennial with a running root-stock, short culm-leaves,
very long radical leaves, and a widely spreading, few-flowered
panicle. Sheaths long, striate; ligule one-half to one line long;
leaf-blade about two lines wide and three to twelve inches long, the
uppermost culm-leaf one-half an inch long or less. Panicle pyra-
midal, the primary branches in clusters of two to six at each node
of the axis, widely spreading. Spikelets ovate-lanceolate, three to
four lines long, three- to six-flowered; empty glumes acute, slightly
unequal, the first one- the second three-nerved; flowering glume
about two lines long, lanceolate, with an acute scarious apex, five-
nerved, the keel and marginal nerves hairy, sparingly webbed at
the base. Palea two-nerved, nerves hairy.

Along mountain slopes and river bluffs, East Tennessee. March

and April.

~11. Poa arachnifera Buckley. Texas Blue-grass.

Plate XX XVIII. Figure 151.

A rather strong growing perennial one to three feet high, with
an extensively-creeping root-stock, long leaves and narrow densely-
flowered panicle, Sheaths firm, striate, smooth; ligule about one
line long; leaf-blade flat, scabrous on the upper surface, smooth
beneath, the lower six inches to two feet long, the upper two to
four inches long, one to two lines wide, blunt-pointed at the apex.
Spikelets ovate-lanceolate, two to four lines long, three- to seven-

Bulletin Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station, 1894. Plate XXXVIII.

Fig. 149. Poa Wolfii. Fig. 150. Poa brevifolia.
2. Paricle. 8. Upper leaf. 4. Spikelet. 2. Panicle. 3. Upper leaf. 4. Spikelet.
6. Side view of floral glume. 5. Empty glumes. 6. Floret.

ke

ay Zz
LA
RNS

. N

Sed? Zs
Ae,

Uh

Ke

Fig. 151. Poa arachnifera. Fig. 152. Glyceria aquatica.

2 Inflorescence expanded. 3. Upperleaf. 2. Panicle. 3. Upper leaf. 4. Spikelet.
_ 4 Spikelet. 5. Empty glumes. 5. Empty glumes. 6. Flowering glume.

THE GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 111

flowered; empty glumes unequal, acute, the first one-nerved, the
second three-nerved, scabrous on the keels; flowering glumes
five-nerved; in the fertile plant the nerves are hairy and there is a
very copious tuft of long cobwebby hairs at the base; in the sterile
or staminate plants the flowering glumes are smooth. Paleas two-
keeled, keels hispid and subaristate-pointed. Staminate and pis-
tillate plants alike, differing only in the woolliness of the flowering
glumes.

This grass was first discovered in Texas, where it is a native,
and is now being cultivated in several of the Southern States. It
has strong, creeping roots (rhizomes), and forms a dense turf. It
is especially well adapted for permanent pastures. Owing to the
unusual woolliness of the seeds, it is easiest propagated by root-
cuttings. Both seeds and root-cuttings may be obtained from the
leading seedsmen of New York, Philadelphia, Richmond, Va., Au-
gusta, Ga., New Orleans, etc. This grass remains green here
throughout the year, making its chief growth during the winter
months, and blooms during the latter part of April or May.

55. GLYCERIA R. Br. Prod. I, 179. (1810.)

Spikelets few- to many-flowered, terete or slightly flattened, in
marrow or spreading panicles; rachilla articulated between the
florets, usually smooth. Flowers hermaphrodite or the uppermost
imperfect. Empty glumes at the base of the spikelet two, un-
equal, shorter than the flowering glumes, obtuse or acute, one- to
three-nerved. Flowering glunies smooth or scabrous, rounded on
the back, herbaceous, excepting at the scarious and usually blunt
apex, five- to nine-nerved, nerves usually prominent and parallel.
Palea a little shorter than the glume, two-nerved. Stamens two
or three. Styles short, distinct; stigmas plumose. Grain oblong,
smooth, free, or when dry slightly adherent to the palea

Usually tall, aquatic, perennial grasses, with flat leaves and gen-
erally diffuse terminal panicles.
Species about sixteen, widely dispersed in the temperate regions of
both hemispheres, chiefly North American. Tennessee species five.
KEY TO ‘THE SPECIES.

1. Spikelets ovate or oblong, 1 to 4 lines long

1. Spikelets linear, 6 to 12 lines long ee Ga wed

2. Panicle narrow, elongated (6 to 12 iniches); spikelets 3- to
4-flowered, appressed to the erect branches 3. G. ELONGATA.

2. Panicles diffuse... ; 3

3. Culms slender, dscetiding bei a atedpiny or decumbent
base; panicle nearly simple; spikelets narrow, 3 to 4 lines
long: flowering glume minutely dentate . 4. G. PALLIDA.

3. Culms stouter, erect, panicle compound, oe ovate or

vViN

oblong, 1 to 3 lines aa. 4
4. Culms 3 to 5 feet high; sheaths niostly amooth; panicle usu-
ally roto 12incheslong . . 1. G. AQUATICA.

4. Culms 1 to 3 feet high; sheaths strongly scabrous: panicle
usually 4to5incheslong .. . . 2, G. NERVATA.

112, BULLETIN VII. 1.

5. Flowering glumes obtuse, not exceeded by the blunt palea
ree Parr ee Te AT
5. Flowering glumes acute, shorter than the long-pointed, acute.
paleai: 20.0 .oLh ig ME nl. SU GOW Ge 0 06 eee

1. Glyceria aquatica Smith. Reed Meadow-grass.
Plate XXXVIII. Figure 152.

A stout perennial, three to five feet high, with an ample, open
panicle, and rather broad, flat leaves. Sheaths mostly smooth and
closed nearly to the top; ligule about one line long; leaf-blade three
to six lines wide, ten to twenty inches long, smooth on the lower
surface, scabrous above. Panicle oblong-pyramidal, eight to sixteen
inches long, branches finally widely spreading. Spikelets nar-
rowly oblong, five- to seven-flowered, usually purplish, one and
one-half to three lines long; empty glumes ovate-lanceolate, ob-
tuse or acute, slightly unequal, the second the larger, about one
line long; flowering glume ovate, obtuse, about one line long,
strongly seven-nerved. Paleas two-toothed, about equalling their
glumes.

Wet grounds. Reported by Dr. Gattinger as growing near Nash-
ville. Probably not uncommon in other parts of the State.

2. Glyceria nervata Trin. Fowl Meadow-grass.
Plate XX XIX. Figure 153.

A leafy perennial, one to three feet high, with an expanded,
nodding panicle. Sheaths scabrous; ligule one to two lines long,
broadly truncate; leaf-blade two to five lines wide, six to twelve
inches long, more or less scabrous above, abruptly acute. Panicle
three to twelve inches long (usually four or five inches), pyra-
midal, the spreading branches usually drooping. Spikelets one to
two lines long, three- to seven-flowered, obtuse; empty glumes,
rather broadly ovate, less than one-half a line long; flowering
glumes truncate-obtuse, three-fourths to one line long, and
strongly seven-nerved. Paleas two-toothed. Very variable in size.

Common in moist meadows over the State, and for such localities
is regarded of some agricultural value. We do not know that any
attempts have been made to cultivate it.

3. Glyceria elongata Trin.
Plate XXXIX. Figure 154.

An erect perennial, two to three feet high, with flat leaves and
narrow, rather densely-flowered, elongated panicles. Sheaths
smooth, closed nearly to the summit, where there is a cartilaginous
border; ligule very short; leaf-blade two to three lines wide, six to
twelve inches long, smoothish below, very scabrous on the upper
surface. Panicle eight to twelve inches long, drooping at the
apex, the erect branches flower-bearing to the base, the short
pedicels appressed. Spikelets three- to four-flowered, about two
lines long; empty glumes acute, the second the larger, and nearly
as long as the first floral glume; flowering glumes broadly ovate,
sub-acute, rigid, about one line long, seven-nerved.

Plate XXXI¥.

Fig. 153. Glyceria nervata. Fig. 154. Glyceria elongata.

2. Panicle. 38. Upper leaf. 4. Spikelet. 2. Panicle. 38. Upper leaf. 4. Spikelet,
5. Empty glumes. 6. Flowering glume. a primes glumes. 6. Side view of flower-
ng glume.

Fig. 155. Glyceria pallida. Fig. 156. Glyceria fluitans.
2 Panicle. 3.Spikelet. 4. Empty glumes. 2a. Apex of panicle. 2b. Lower part of
5. Flowering glume seen from the side. panicie and upper leaf. 3. Spikelet. 4.

Empty glumes. i. Flowering glume.

THE GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 113

Found on Roane Mountain, July 29, 1889. Common in the New
England and Middle States.

4. Glyceria pallida Trin.

Plate XXXIX. Figure 155.

A perennial with slender stems one to three feet long, ascending
from a more or less decumbent base. Sheaths smooth; ligule one to
two lines long; leaf-blade one to two lines wide, two to six inches
long, scabrous, acute. Panicle three to six inches long, lax, the
few-flowered branches ascending. Spikelets rather narrowly ob-
long, three to four lines long, loosely four- to nine-flowered;
empty glumes ovate, the second three-nerved, about one line long,
a little exceeding the one-nerved lower glume; flowering glumes
one and one-half lines long, minutely dentate at the obtuse apex;
distinctly seven-nerved. Palea lanceolate, two-toothed.

Wet places, margins of slow streams, ponds, etc. Reported by
Dr. Gattinger as growing in a bog near Ducktown.

5. Glyceria fluitans R. Br. Manna-grass.

Plate XXXIX. Figure 156.

An erect grass three to five feet high, with somewhat flattened
culms, long leaves and a narrow panicle a foot long. Lower pani-
cle-branches finally spreading. Spikelets linear, cylindrical, one-
half to one inch long, seven- to thirteen-flowered: empty glumes
broad, hyaline, faintly nerved near the base, the first about one
and one-half lines long, the second a little longer; flowering
glumes about three lines long, seven nerved, scabrous, obtuse,
entire at the apex or obscurely toothed.

In swamps and wet muddy places. June—August.

This grass is widely distributed over the world. It makes ex-
cellent fodder and is valuable for swampy meadows. In some
parts of Europe the grain is gathered and used for food.

6. Glyceria acutiflora Torr.
Plate XL. Figure 157.

A low perennial with ascending stems one to two feet high, and
narrow few-flowered panicles. Sheaths mostly smooth, closed
for a part of their length. Panicle narrow, the erect branches
mostly in pairs, one very short and bearing a single spikelet, the
other elongated and bearing one to three spikelets. Spikelets one
to one and one-half inches long, five- to twelve flowered. Empty
glumes unequal, the first about half the length of the second;
flowering glumes lanceolate-acute, three to four lines long, seven-
nerved and minutely roughened on the back. Palea narrow,
acuminate and bidentate or cleft at the apex, much exceeding the
floral glume.

Ponds near Nashville, (Gattinger).

56. FESTUCA Linn. Sp. Pl. 73.

Spikelets several-flowered, pedicellate, in narrow and dense or

114 BULLETIN VII. 1.

loose and spreading panicles; rachilla articulated above the empty
glumes and between the florets. Empty glumes at the base of the
spikelets two, more or less unequal, narrow and acute. Flower-
ing glumes rounded on the back, at least below, acute (rarely ob-
tuse) or tapering into a straight awn, faintly three- to five- nerved,
not webbed at the base. Stamens three. Styles very short, dis.
tinct; stigmas plumose. Grain elongated, furrowed, frequently
adnate, or grown to, the palea or floral glume.

Usually cespitose, perennial (rarely annual) grasses of varying
habit.

Species about eighty, in all parts of the world, especially the
temperate regions. Many are valuable forage plants.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

1. Plants annual; panicles strict, somewhat one-sided, florets
awl-shaped, awned or awn-pointed . ...... . .) see
i, Plants perennial .~ .o.) ew wy. ns oe

2. Empty glumes nearly equal; awns 2 lines long or less
Pees el ee ee . 1. E.cTENEREA!

2. Empty glumes very unequal, awns 4 to 6 lines long, much
exceeding the flofeis "0. S02

3. Leaves very narrow, convolute-setaceous, at least those at

the base. Plants tufted or cespitose
3. Leaves flat, those of the culm 2 to 4 lines wide

on

4. Plants ener cespitose, with no creeping rootstock 2
. 3. F. ovina.
4. Plants with a manifest rootstock or stoloniferous :
. 4. F. RUBRA C HRULESCENS. A
, ee 2 “ee 5 Sock ou Spikalais 5 to g lines long, 5- to 10-
flowered; flowering ames herbaceous, with scarious

——— rs

ay |

margins . . . 5. F. ELATIOR.
5. Spikelets 2 to 3 lines long, 3- to 4- flowered, ie re
rigid or subcoriaceous. . . 6

6, Spikelets broadly obovate, ee ee at (aa eae of the
branches; flowering glumes obtuse, somewhat turgid .

6. F. Suortn.

6. Spikelets lanceolate, ‘not conspicuously crowded, flowering

elumes ‘acute 2620). (8-290 0 (CASE 2 te

1. Festuca tenella Willd. Slender Fescue.
Plate XL. Figure 158.

A slender, erect annual, six to eighteen inches high, with short,
nearly subulate leaves, and a simple, somewhat one-sided panicle.
Culms, nodes, sheaths, and leaves smooth, or minutely pubescent;
leaves two to four inches long, very narrow, Inflorescence a nar-
row raceme, simple, one to seven inches long; branches erect, or in
robust plants somewhat divergent. Spikelets three to five lines
long, lanceolate, six- to fourteen-flowered; empty glumes nearly
equal, slightly keeled, scabrous on the keel, shorter than the floral
glumes, the first very narrow, one-nerved, the second broader and
three-nerved; flowering glumes about two lines long, very narrow

Bulletin Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station, 1894. Plate XL.

Fig. 157. Glyceria acutiflora. Fig. 158. Festuca tenella.

2a. Upper part of inflorescence. 2b. ll, Panicle. 2. Spikelet. 3. Empty
Lower part of inflorescence and upper glumes. 4. Flowering glume.
leaf. 3. Spikelet. 4. Empty glumes. 5.
Flowering glume and palea.

Fig. 159. Festuca myurus, Fig. 160. Festuca ovina.

2. Inflorescence. 3. Upper leaf. 4. Spike- 2. Inflorescence. 5. Spikelet. 4. Empty
let. 5. Empty glumes. 6. Flowering glume. glume. 5. Flowering glume.

y
ee ¢

~s

1 wt i ; i
— "ssh Cree a sel Tee Oe ee A et ee oes ee Cu 6. 55 Vis

THE GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 115

or subulate, rounded on the back, scabrous above, ending in a slen-
der awn; awn nearly as long as the glume, or shorter, and even
sometimes wanting.

Dry, sterile soils, common. May—June. Of no agricultural
value.

2. Festuca Myurus Linn,
Plate XL. Figure 159.

An erect or ascending, rather slender annual, one to two feet
high, with a narrow, somewhat one-sided panicle five to ten inches
long. Sheaths smooth, ligule short, auricled, leaf-blade very nar-
row, involute in drying, smooth or scabrous on the upper surface.
Panicle branches erect, appressed. Spikelets narrow, four to six
lines long exclusive of the slender awns; empty glumes very un-
equal, the first one-half to one line long, the second two to three
lines long; flowering glumes two to three lines long, nearly terete,
scabrous above and usually with a few long hairs on the margins,
awned. Awn four to six lines long. Palea slender, acute, sca-
brous on the keels above. Grain linear, one and one-half lines
long, pubescent at the apex.

In open, dry fields, not common. June—July.

3. Festuca ovina Linn. Sheep’s Fescue.

Plate XL. Plate 160.

A rather low, densely cespitose grass, with numerous and very
narrow basal leaves, slender culms a foot high or less. Roots
fibrous, with no creeping rootstocks. Leaves closely folded, ap-
pearing setaceous; ligule auriculate. Panicle short, somewhat
one-sided, the usually solitary branches spreading in flower.
Spikelets three- to seven-flowered; flowering glumes about three
lines long, nearly terete, mucronate or short-awned.

Only sparingly introduced in cultivation. A valuable grass for
sheep pastures. It is well suited for light, dry soils, especially
those which are thin and silicious.

4. Festuca rubra Linn. var. glaucescens Hack. Tennessee Fescue.
Plate XLI. Figure 161.

A slender perennial, one to two feet high, with erect or ascend-
ing stems, and very narrow, usually glaucous leaves. Rootstock
creeping. Sheaths and leaves smooth; the lower leaves twelve to
eighteen inches long, those above on the culm shorter and mi-
nutely strigose on the uppersurface. Panicle lax, nodding. Spike-
lets four to five lines long, five- to six-flowered; empty glumes un-
equal, the first one and one-half lines long and one-nerved, the
second two to three lines long and three-nerved; flowering glumes
about three lines long, mucronate or short awn-pointed, scabrous
near the apex.

Along the Cumberland river near Nashville (Gattinger).

This grass is closely related to the Red or Creeping Fescue of
Europe and of our more northern States, and possesses a similar
habit of growth. It is an excellent turf-forming grass, and will

ear

116 BULLETIN VIL. 1.

doubtless endure the tramping of stock. It remains fresh through-
out the year, being little affected by drouth or severe winter
weather. It produces a mass of fine root-leaves, and may be re-
commended for pastures, especially upon worn-out soils and hill-
slopes.

5. Festuca elatior Linn. Meadow Fescue. Randall-grass.
Plate XLI. Figure 162. .

Perennial. Culms erect, two to five feet high. Sheaths striate,
smooth; ligule very short, iacerate; leaf-blade four to fifteen
inches long, linear-lanceolate, flat or convolute in drying, smooth
or scabrous on the margins. Panicles four to fifteen inches long,
simple or compound, contracted before and after flowering, erect
or more often nodding at the apex. Spikelets lanceolate, usually
about six lines long, five- to ten-flowered; empty glumes unequal,
the first one- the second three-nerved, acute; flowering glumes
lanceolate, acute or mucronate-pointed, indistinctly five-nerved.

Variety PRATENSIS Hackel (7. pratensis Huds.). Plate XLI.
Figure 163. Culms one to three feet high. Panicle five to eight
inches long, oblong or linear, somewhat one-sided, usually erect,
nearly simple, the branches solitary or the lower in pairs, with
few (one to four) spikelets.

Variety ARUNDINACEA Hackel. (/. arundinacea Schreb.) Plate
XLI. Figure 164. Culms three to five feet high. Panicles com-
pound, eight to fifteen inches long, nodding at the apex, the lower
branches bearing many (four to fifteen) spikelets. Spikelets ellip-
tical, seven to nine lines long, five- to eight-flowered.

Tall Fescue, also called Tall Meadow Fescue and Randall-
grass, is an exceedingly valuable grass either for mowing or
pasture. It is productive on soils which are not too dry, and being
of long duration, it is especially valuable for permanent meadows.
It thrives best on moist lands which are rich in humus, whether
marls or clays. The variety pratensis is smaller than the species
with narrower and more erect panicles. The variety arundinacea
is a tall, vigorous growing form, with long and abundant basal
leaves. In the experimental plots at the Experiment Station this
form did exceedingly well, surpassing nearly all other species
in the quantity of forage produced suitable for hay.

6. Festuca Shortii Wood. Short’s Fescue.
Plate XLII. Figure 165.

Culms about three feet high. Sheaths smooth; ligule very short;
leaf-blade four to seven inches long, two to three lines wide, acute,
scabrous. Panicle four to seven inches long, nodding, the scab-
rous branches in pairs, naked below, the lower ones two to four
inches long. Spikelets obovate, two to three lines long, three- to
four-flowered, usually much longer than the pedicels; empty
glumes lanceolate, acute, slightly unequal, the first one-nerved the
second three-nerved, scabrous on the keels, usually about the

Bulletin Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station, 1894. Plate XLI.

Fig. 161. Festuca rubra glaucescens. Fig. 162. Festuca elatior.

2. Inflorescence 3. Upperleaf. 4. Spike- 2. Panicle. 3. Upper leaf. 4. Spikelet.
let. 5. Empty glume. 6. Flowering glume. 5. Empty glumes. 6. Flowering glume.

Fig. 163. Festuca pratensis. Fig. 164. Festuca arundinacea.

2. Panicle, 3. Upper leaf. 4. Spikelet. 2. Panicle. 3. Upperleaf. 4. Spikelet. 5.
Fi ml def glumes. 6. Flowering glume, Empty glumes. 6. Flowering glume.
ew. ’

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THE GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 117

length of the approximate floral glumes; flowering glumes two to
two and one-half lines long, rigid, ovate-oblong, rounded on the
back, obtuse, obscurely nerved. Palea broad, strongly two-keeled,
about as long as the glumes. Grain obovate, pubescent at the
apex.

Treated by some authors as merely a variety of Festuca nutans,
from which it is distinguished by its coarser and usually taller
culms, broader and almost turgid spikelets, which are more crowded
at the ends of the panicle-branches.

7. Festuca nutans Willd. Nodding Fescue.
Plate XLII. Figure 166.

An erect perennial with simple smooth stems two to three feet
high. Sheaths smooth or sometimes pilose, striate; ligule short
and irregularly dentate; leaf-blade linear-lanceolate, six to twelve
inches long, strongly nerved, somewhat scabrous, dark green.
Panicle slender, diffuse, at length nodding, the long, scabrous
branches usually in pairs and naked below, Spikelets about three
lines long, ovate-lanceolate, two- to five-flowered; empty glumes
unequal, lanceolate, acuminate pointed, scabrous on the keel; flow-
ering glumes rigid or somewhat coriaceous, rounded on the back,
acute, smooth and apparently nerveless.

Borders of thickets and moist woodlands, common. May—June.
Of little agricultural value.

57. BROMUS Linn.

Spikelets few- to many-flowered, slightly or more rarely strongly
flattened laterally, in panicles, or rarely racemed; rachilla articu-
lated above the empty glumes and between the florets; florets her-
maphrodite or the uppermost imperfect. Empty glumes at the
base of the spikelet two, unequal, acute, or the second short-
awned, one- to five-nerved, shorter than the flowering glumes.
Flowering glumes keeled or more often rounded on the back, five-
to nine-nerved, usually two-toothed at the apex, and awned from
the back just below the point or from between the teeth, some-
times awnless; awn straight or divergent. Palea a little shorter
than the glume, two-keeled. Stamens usually three. Stigmas
plumose, sessile, springing from below the hairy cushion-like apex
of the ovary. Grain furrowed and grown to the palea.

Annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaves and rather large,
erect or pendulous spikelets.

Species about forty, most abundant in the north temperate
zone. There are about twenty-five species in the United States,
of which several are introduced.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

1. Spikelets strongly flattened; glumes many-nerved and all
sharply keeled; flowering glumes entire, acute, awnless
or very short- awned. . 7. B. UNIOLOIDES.

1. Spikelets not strongly flattened, the glumes few-nerved,

rounded on the back, at least ‘below, sometimes narrow
and keeled and then long-awned Oe Sali a Lies ws te: SO

118 BULLETIN VII. 1.

2. First glume 3- to 5-nerved, the second 5- to 7-nerved; flow-
ering giumes broad and rounded on the back; spikelets

ovate or lanceolate) )' 0) . 2 °° T) SSS ee
2. First glume 1-, the second 3-nerved; flowering glumes nar-
row and somewhat keeled on the back, at least above. . 5

3. Panicle erect, closely contracted, at least in part; whole plant,
including the spikelets, softly pubescent . 4. B. MoLLis.
3. Panicle usually nodding and more open; spikelets glabrous. 4

4. Flowering glumes and paleas about equal in length; awns
shorter than the glumes, usually a little flexuose, some-
times nearly wanting, sheaths glabrous. 3. B. sECALINUS.

4. Flowering glumes decidedly longer than the paleas; awns
straight, about the length of the glumes; sheaths often
pibescemt.iyish Aeolic. soind ames aos 5. B. RACEMOSUS.

5. Plant annual, 1 to 2 feet high, awns much longer than the
very narrow flowering glumes. . . . . 6. B. STERILIS.

5. Plants perennial, 3 to 5 feet high, awns shorter than the
flowering glumes, or wanting .' +. ‘:! . 5) (Vea

6. Spikelets awnless; panicle-branches spreading in flower,

erect in fruit; rootstock creeping . . . 2. B. INERMIS,
6. Spikelets short-awned; no creeping rootstock mene:
1. B. CILIATUS.

1. Bromus ciliatus Linn. Fringed Brome-grass.
Plate XLII. Figures 167, 168.

An erect perennial, with culms three to four feet high, smooth;
sheaths striate, the upper smooth, the lower often retrorsely hairy;
leaves six to twelve inches long, thinly pilose on the upper sur-
face. Panicle expanded, the slender spreading branches scabrous.
Spikelets nearly an inch long, about seven- to twelve-flowered;
first glume very narrow, one-nerved; the second broader, three-
nerved, very acute; flowering glumes six to eight lines long, seven-
nerved, more or less clothed with appressed hairs, awned; awn
two to six lines long.

In variety purgans Gray, the flowering glumes are clothed all
over the back with short appressed hairs.

2. Bromus inermis Leyss. Hungarian Brome-grass.
Plate XLIII. Figure 169.

An erect perennial, two to five feet high, from a creeping root-
stock. Sheaths striate smooth, or the lower ones pilose; ligule
short, lacerate; leaf. blade four to eight inches long, three to four
lines wide, somewhat scabrous, the lower often sparingly pilose.
Panicle four to six inches long, erect, the scabrous, unequal
branches spreading in flower, becoming erect in fruit. Spikelets
twelve to eighteen lines long, narrowly oblong or linear, five- to
seven-flowered; rachilla pubescent; empty glumes unequal, the
acute first glume one-, the obtuse second glume three-nerved; flow-
ering glumes sub-carinate or rounded on the back, rathér broadly
scarious at the obtuse or emarginate apex, awnless or very short-
awned.

Bulletin Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station, 1894. Plate XLII.

Fig. 165. Festuca Shortii. Fig. 166. Festuca nutans.

2. Panicle. 8. Upper leaf. 4. Splikelet ll. Panicle 2. Spikelet. 3. Empty glumes.
in anthesis. 5. Splkelet post-anthesis. 6. 4. Florai glume.
Empty glume. 7. Flowering glume.

Fig. 167. Bromus ciliatus. Fig. 168. Bromus ciliatus purgans.

2. Panicle. 3. Upper leaf. 4. Spikelet. 2. Panicle, 3. Upper leaf. 4 Spikelet.
5. Empty glumes. 6. Floral glume. 5. Empty glumes. 6. Floweringglume.

THE GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 119

This is a grass recently introduced from Europe, of considera-
ble promise both for hay and pasture. It is strongly stoloniferous,
and quickly makes a thick, firm turf. It has grown exceedingly
well in the grass plots at the Experiment Station, and young
plants from fall-sown seed survived the winter when many other
species were destroyed by frosts. The strong perennial charac-
ter of this Brome-grass, and its unusual drought-resisting powers,
are qualities which recommend it for many portions of the State.
It thrives well on dry ioose soil, but, of course, the better the soil
the greater the yield. Its nutritive value is comparatively low,
and in undertaking its cultivation the fact that it produces long
underground stolons, which are somewhat difficult to eradicate
from the soil, should be kept in mind.

Bromus erectus Huds., is a species closely allied to BZ. inermis, but is
readily distinguished by its very narrow and longer lower leaves,
more compressed spikelets and awned floral glumes.

3. Bromus secalinus Linn. Chess. Cheat.
. Plate XLIII. Figure 170.

An erect annual two to three feet high. Culms smooth or pu-
bescent at the nodes. Sheaths striate, smooth, scabrous, or some-
times pilose; ligule short, blunt; leaf-blade six to twelve inches
long, rather broadly linear, smooth beneath, more or less rough
and pilose on the upper surface Panicle four to eight inches
long, erect, the more or less compound branches spreading, even
in fruit. Spikelets six to ten lines long, oblong-ovate, turgid. six-
to twelve-flowered, pendulous in fruit; empty glumes oblong-
lanceolate, acute, the first three- to five-, the second seven-nerved;
flowering glumes ovate-oblong, obscurely seven-nerved, smooth or
minutely downy along the margins and toward the apex, becom-
ing nearly cylindrical in fruit. Palea obtuse, strongly-nerved;
nerves toothed or fringed with distant bristles.

This is an annual introduced from Europe, and is more or less
abundant in grain fields over the State, and should be classed as
a troublesome weed. The idea that Cheat or Chess is degenerated
wheat is without any foundation whatever in fact. Cheat seeds
will produce Cheat and only Cheat, and it is certain that wherever
these plants appear, they were preceded by the seed, which may
have been introduced with the grain, or brought by birds or ani-
mals from other fields.

4. Bromus mollis Linn. Soft Chess.
Plate XLIII. Figure 171.

An erect annual grass one to three feet high, with the sheaths
and leaves and the spikelets of the erect panicle softly pubescent.
Ligule short, obtuse; leaf-blade four to six inches long, two to
three lines wide, acute. Panicle two to three inches long, oblong,
compact, the short branches erect or a little spreading in flower.

-
a =

120 BULLETIN VII. 1.

Spikelets six to eight lines long, six- to ten-flowered, ovate or
oblong-lanceolate, somewhat flattened, downy, erect; empty
glumes lanceolate, acute, the first three-, the second five- to seven-
nerved; flowering glumes oblong, lanceolate, prominently seven-
nerved, with slender straight awns as long as the glumes.

Open waste places, not common.

5. Bromus racemosus Linn.
Plate XLIII. Figure 172.

An annual one to three feet high, with a nearly erect, spar-
ingly-branched panicle. Branches of the panicle slightly spread-
ing and somewhat nodding atthetips. Spikelets ovate-oblong, six
to nine lines long, five- to ten-flowered; flowering glumes round on
the back, somewhat ventricose, shining, awned. Awns straight,
about as long as the glumes.

This species is quite distinct from Aromus mollis; the panicle is
more open and often nodding, the spikelets are a little larger and
more turgid, the nerves of the glumes less prominent, and the
leaves and sheaths are never soft-downy.

A very common grass in cultivated fields and waste places,
often mistaken for Chess.

6. Bromus sterilis Linn.
Plate XLIV. Figure 173.

An annual, with erect, rather slender, leafy stems, twelve to
twenty-four inches high, smooth. Sheaths striate, more or less
_ pubescent, at least the lower ones, with deflexed hairs; ligule short,
obtuse; leaf-blade linear, soft and downy on both sides, with a few
longer hairs on the margins near the base. Panicle six to ten
inches long, nodding, with widely spreading, nearly simple
branches. Spikelets pendulous, lanceolate, six- to ten-flowered;
empty glumes narrow-lanceolate, long acuminate-pointed; flower-
ing glumes lanceolate, scabrous, somewhat compressed, seven-
nerved; awn about an inch long, exceeding the glume; palea
notched at its apex, the nerves strongly fringed.

In dry fields and waste grounds, introduced. Not common.
Worthless. |

7. Bromus unioloides H. B. K. (Ceratochloa australis Spr.) Rescue-
grass.
Plate XLIV, Figure 174.

An erect, usually annual grass, one to three feet high, with more
or less pubescent, flat leaves, and usually nodding loose panicles of
rather large, strongly flattened spikelets. Sheaths and leaves
scabrous; ligule rather long, obtuse. Panicle in vigorous plants
large, with widely spreading branches. Spikelets oblong-lanceo-
late, eight to sixteen lines long, six-to ten-flowered; flowering
glumes about six lines long; glumes all strongly compressed from
the sides and keeled.

This grass has been introduced into some sections of the State,

“44

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THE GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 121

and is esteemed valuable for winter grazing. If grazed closely or
frequently mowed, the roots will often live for several years, like
those of a perennial grass.

Schrader’s Brome-grass, Australian Oats and Arctic-grass are
other names for this Bromus.

Tribe XII. HORDE.

Spikelets one- to many-flowered, usually hermaphrodite, sessile
along the common rachis, forming a simple or compound spike.*
Glumes awned or awnless.

A small tribe of twenty genera and about one hundred and thirty
species. It is an important division, however, for it includes rye,
barley and the many varieties of wheat. English and Italian
Rye-grasses (Zolium species) are the chief meadow grasses of the
tribe.

58. LOLIUM, Linn. Sp. Pl. 83.

Spikelets several-flowered, solitary and sessile in alternate
notches of the continuous rachis, forming a slender spike, one edge
of each spikelet placed against the rachis; rachilla articulated be-
tween the florets. Empty glumes at the base of the spikelet one
(two in the terminal spikelet), on the side away from the rachis
(exterior) shorter than or exceeding the florets. Flowering
glumes rounded on the back, five- toseven-nerved, nerves converg-
ing above, apex obtuse, acute, or awned. Paleatwo keeled. Sta-
mens three. Styles very short, distinct; stigmas plumose. Grain
smooth, adherent to the palea. Annual or perennial grasses, with
simple erect culms, flat leaves and simple terminal spikes.

Species six, in Europe, North America, and temperate Asia.
Two, with several varieties, introduced into the United States.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

. Empty glumes as long as or exceeding the spikelet .
Cie PY cele sy 4 a. 5s) eth gv Lee TEMULENTUM,

. Empty glumes shorter thanthe spikelet. . ...... 2
. Flowering glumesawnless ..... .. 1. L. PERENNE.

. Flowering glumesawned ...... . 2. L. ITALICUM.»

. Lolium perenne Linn. Perennial Rye-grass.
Plate XLIV. Figure 175.

A smooth, leafy perennial, one to three feet high, with slender
terminal spikes three to ten inches long. Spikelets about six
lines long, five- to twelve-flowered, rather distant or crowded
above; empty glume much shorter than the spikelet; flowering
glumes obscurely nerved, obtuse, cuspidate, or very short awn-
pointed.

*Strictly speaking the spike is simple when the sessile spikelets are one-flowered,
and compound when more than one-flowered.

ae a. fo ee ere

122 | BULLETIN VIL. 1.

Perennial Rye-grass is a native of the Old World, and has been
cultivated in England for more than two hundred years. In moist
cool climates it is a most excellent pasture grass for heavy soils.
Under favorable conditions it will last for seven years or more. It
is probably not so valuable a grass as the Italian Rye-grass, from
which it differs in being distinctly stoloniferous, in its darker-
green leaves, which are simply folded (not rolled) in the bud, and
in its awnless floral glumes.

2. Lolium Italicum A. Br. Italian Rye-grass.
Plate XLIV. Figure 176.

A biennial or perennial grass two to three feet high, with slen-
der, usually somewhat nodding terminal spikes. Sheaths nearly
smooth: ligule very short, scarious; leaf-blade four to eight inches
long, two to three lines wide. Spikes six inches to nearly a foot
long; spikelets five to eight lines long, six- to fifteen-flowered;
flowering glumes scabrous near the summit, awned. Awn slen-
der, about the length of the glume.

Introduced and cultivated to some extent. Italian Ray- or Rye-
grass is an excellent grass for rich and rather moist lands. It is
avery rapid grower, forms a dense turf,and in Europe is regarded
as one of the best grasses for hay. On heavy clays or on any very
dry soil it does not do so well, but on good calcareous loams or
marls, or on moist loamy sands when the condition of the land is
good, the yield is large.

3. Lolium temulentum Linn. Bearded Darnel.
Plate XLV. Figure 177.

An annual, with smooth stout culm, two to three feet high.
Sheaths. scabrous; ligule short. Spike six to twelve inches long.
Spikelets five- to seven-flowered; empty glumes sharp-pointed, as
long as the spikelet; flowering elumes turgid, awned or awnless,
shorter and broader than in ZL. perenne.

In grain fields and waste places, not common, The grain of
this species is narcotic in its effect upon man and flesh-eating
animals.

59. AGROPYRUM Gaertn. Nov. Cormm. Petrop. 14, P. I., 539 (1770.)

Spikelets three. to many-flowered, closely sessile, and single at
each notch of a narrow terminal spike, the side of the spikelet
placed next to the axis; rachilla articulated above the empty
glumes under each flowering glume; flowering glumes rounded
on the back, or slightly keeled above, five- to seven-nerved, acute
or awned from the apex, rarely obtuse. Palea two- keeled, bristly-
ciliate on the keels. Grain pubescent at the apex, usually adher-
ent to the palea.

Perennial grasses, with erect simple culms and terminal, often

bearded spikes (‘‘heads’’).

Bulletin Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station, 1894. Plate XLIV.
!
| Y/
VA
/
J
i 4
/
Fig. 173. Bromus sterilis. Fig. 174. Bromus unioloides.

3. Panicle. 3. Upper leaf. 4. Empty 2. Panicle. 3. Upperleaf. 4. Spikelet.
glumes. 5. Flowering glume, dorsal view. 5. Empty glumes. 6. Flowering glume.

Fig. 175. Lolium perenne. Fig. 176. Lolium litalicum.

2. Inflorescence—a spike. 3. Upper leaf. 2. Spike. 3. Upper leaf. 4. Lateral spike-

4, Spikelet. with a portion of the rhachis. let with a portion of the rhachis. 5. Emp-

_ 5. Empty glumes of the terminal spikelet. ty glumes of the terminal spikelet. 6.
6. Floral glume. 7. Palea. 8. Caryopsis. Fioral glume.

THE GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 123

Species thirty-two, distributed throughout all temperate coun-
tries. Eight species, with several varieties, occur in the United
States. Two of these are reported by Dr. Gattinger as being found
in Tennessee.

I. ‘Agropyrum repens Beauv. Couch grass or Witch-grass.

Plate XLV. Figure 178.

Culms one to three feet high, from an extensively creeping,
jointed rootstock. Sheaths striate, usually smooth; ligule very
short; leaves four to twelve inches long, smooth, scabrous, or
sometimes pubescent above. Spikes three to ten inches long,
erect. Spikelets four- to eight-flowered; empty glumes five- to
seven-nerved, obtuse or notched, acute or short-awned; flowering
glume nerved near the apex, awnless or sometimes short-awned.

Sparingly introduced in cultivated grounds. In some parts of
the Eastern and Middle States it is abundant in open fields. It is
a good grass for hay, but its strong creeping rhizomes, which
spread rapidly in all directions, render it one of the worst weeds
in cultivated lands, hardly less difficult to eradicate than Johnson-
grass,

2. Agropyrum caninum Reichenb. Bearded Wheat-grass.
Plate XLV. Figure 179.

A rather slender grass, one to three feet high, with no creeping
rootstock. Sheaths smooth, or the lower hairy; ligule short;
leaf-blade flat, pubescent above, smooth below. Spikes more or
less nodding, three to six inches long. Spikelets three- to six-
‘flowered, the florets rather distant; empty glumes three- to five-
nerved, acute or long-awned; flowering glumes nerved near the
tip, with awns nearly twice their length.

This grass is recorded by Dr. Gatttinger as occurring within the
State, but not frequent. It is more common in the Northern
States, especially in the mountain districts. It differs from wheat
in its more slender stems and perennial habit, and from Agropyrum
repens in its strictly fibrous root and long-bearded spikelets.

60. SECALE Linn. Gen. N. 97.

Spikelets two-, rarely three-flowered, solitary and sessile at
the notches of the rachis, forming a spike; rachilla produced
above the florets into a slender stipe. Empty glumes two, rigid,
Marrow, acuminate or subaristate-pointed; flowering glumes
broader, compressed-keeled, five-nerved, awned from the point;
palea a little shorter than the glumes, two-keeled. Stamens three.
Styles very short, distinct; stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, sul-
cate, pilose at the apex, free. Annual grasses with flat leaves and
dense terminal spikes, the rachis of which is usually articulated.

Species two, in Europe and Asia. One, Rye (Secale cereale)
known here in cultivation.

i

124 BULLETIN VII. 1.

1. Secale cereale Linn. Rye.

An annual grass, four to six feet high, with linear-lanceolate
leaves and terminal, somewhat flattened, linear, bearded spikes
four to six inches long. Culms simple, erect, hairy near the spike;
sheaths striate, smooth; ligule short, dentate; leaf-blade smoath
on the lower surface, scabrous on the upper surface and margins.
Empty glumes linear-subulate, nearly equal, scabrous, bristly-
pilose at the base; flowering glumes ventricose, acuminate, com-
pressed near the apex and terminating in a long, scabrous awn.

61. TRITICUM Linn. Gen. N. 99. -

Spikelets two- to five-flowered, solitary and sessile at the joints
of the rachis, forming dense terminal spikes; rachilla articulated
between the florets; lower flowers in each spikelet hermaphrodite,
the upper staminate or imperfect. Empty glumes at the base of
the spikelet two, rigid, usually shorter and narrower than the
flowering glumes, short-awned or awnless; flowering glumes
oblong, ventricose or rounded on the back, sometimes keeled above,
five- to nine-nerved, awned or awnless; palea two-keeled, keels
ciliate. Stamens three. Styles very short; stigmas plumose.
Grain ovoid or oblong, sulcate, hairy at the apex, free or adherent
tothe palea. Annualerect grasses with terminal cylindrical spikes.

Species (including the section -£gz/ops) about fifteen, natives of
the Old World.

1. Triticum sativum Linn. Wheat.

An annual, with teretesimple culms two to five feet high. Leaves
narrowly lanceolate, striate, usually scabrous on the upper surface.
Sheaths striate, smooth; ligule short, truncate. Spike three to six
inches long, dense, four-sided, axis compressed, rather broad, mar-
gins hirsute; spikelets broadly obtuse, three- to five-flowered;
glumes ventricose obtuse, mucronate or awned.

This cereal is one of the most important members of the grass
family. It presents many varieties based upon the presence or
absence of awns, color of the chaff, hardness of the grain, etc.
In Egyptian Wheat the ordinarily simple spike, which forms the
“head,” is compound or branched.

62. HORDEUM Linn. Gen. N. 98.

Spikelets one-flowered, two to three together at each joint of
the rachis, sessile or on very short pedicels, forming a spike; ra-
chilla articulated above the empty glumes and continued behind
the palea into a naked bristle which sometimes bears the rudiment
of a second floret. Lateral spikelets usually imperfect, and raised
above the central one; empty glumes two, very narrow or subulate,
rigid, persistent; flowering glumes lanceolate, rounded on the back,
five-nerved above, awned; palea shorter than the glume, two-
keeled. Stamensthree. Styles very short, distinct. Ovary hairy
at the top. Grain sulcate, adherent to the palea.

.

Bulletin Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station, 1894. Plate XLV.

— =~ ~~

EO ———

Fig. 177. Lolium temulentum. Fig. 178. Agropyrum repens.

2. Spike. 3. Upperleaf. 4. Spikelet. 5. 2, Spike. 3. Upperleaf. 4. Spikelet. 5.
Empty glumes of the terminal spikelet. Empty glumes. 6. Flowering glume.
6. Flowerlug glume.

ii
Vit /

ct Ae

Fig. 179. Agropyrum caninum. Fig. 180. Hordeum pratense.

2. Spike. 3. Upper leaf. 4. Spikelet. 5. 2. Spike. 3. Cluster of spikelets. 4.
Empty glumes. 6. Flowering glume. 7. Lowest pair of empty glumes. 5. Flower-
Palea. ing glume. 6. Neutral spikelet.

THE GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 125
Annual or perennial grasses with terminal cylindrical spikes and
awned spikelets. Species about sixteen, in both hemispheres.

1. Hordeum pratense Huds. Wild Barley.
Plate XLV. Figure 180.

A slender grass, six to twenty-four inches high, with rather
short, flat leaves, and narrow terminal spikes one to three inches
long. Culm usually geniculate at the lower joints; sheaths and
‘eaves smooth or pubescent. Empty glumes all setaceous; lateral
spikelets imperfect, the awn-pointed florets pedicellate within
their glumes; floret of the central spikelet perfect, cylindrical,
three to four lines long, awned; awn three to six lines long. Ra-
chis of the spike readily breaking up at the joints. Not uncom-
mon on thin soils. May.

This grass has the habit of an annual, and is apparently of no
agricultural value.

2. Hordeum pusillum Nutt.
Plate XLVI. Figure 181.

An annual four to ten inches high. Culms more or less genicu-
late at the lower nodes. Sheaths smooth, the uppermost often in-
flated and enclosing the base of the spike; leaf-blade one to three
inches long, usually a little pubescent on the lower surface. Spikes
narrow, one to three inches long. Empty glumes rigid, the four
internal ones of each group dilated above the base, those of the
central spikelet sublanceolate, all awn-pointed; outer glume of the
imperfect lateral spikelets setaceous. Flowering glume of the
central spikelet awned; awn about equalling those of the empty
glumes. Florets of the lateral spikelets awnless, or nearly so.

In similar situations to the last, which it resembles, but from
which it is readily distinguished by the dilated empty glumes.

3. Hordeum vulgare Linn. Barley. Four-rowed Barley.

Annual, twotothree feethigh,smooth. Leaves linear-lanceolate,
keeled, nearly smooth; sheaths striate, smooth, auricled at the
throat; ligule very short. Spikes three to four inches long, some-
what four-sided, rachis flattened, pubescent on the margins. Spike-
lets with one perfect floret; empty glumes narrowly linear, pubes-
cent, terminating in a slender awn; flowering glume five-nerved,
scabrous near the apex, long-awned; awn flattened, keeled, some-
what three-nerved, serrulate on the margins.

Cultivated chiefly for malt for brewing.

In Hordeum distichum, or Two-rowed Barley, ithe florets of the
lateral spikelets are staminate or neuter, and awnless; the spikes
linear and compressed.

63. ELYMUS Linn. Sp. Pl. 83 (1753).

Spikelets two- to six-flowered, the uppermost imperfect, sessile,
in pairs (rarely in threes or fours) at the alternate notches of the
continuous or articulate rachis, forming terminal spikes; rachilla

126 BULLETIN VII. °1.

articulated above the empty glumes and between the florets,
Lower empty glumes two, nearly equal, rigid, narrow, one- to
three-nerved, acute or awn- pointed, persistent, and subtending the
florets like an involucre. Flowering glumes shorter than the
empty ones, rounded on the back, obscurely five-nerved, obtuse,
acute or awned from the apex. Paleas a little shorter than the
glumes, two-keeled. Stamens three; styles short; stigmas plumose.
Ovary hairy at the apex. Grain adherent to the glumes and
paleas.

Erect grasses with flat leaves and closely-flowered terminal
spikes.
Species about twenty, in the temperate regions of the eastern
and western hemispheres.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.

1. Glumes and axis of the spike smooth, empty glumes lance-

olate, short-awned . . . . 1, E. ViRGINICUs.

r. Glumes and axis of the spike not smooth; empty ee
awl-shaped or aristiform, rather long- awned . .. 2

2. Empty glumes and florets rough, with short stiff hairs; owes
4togincneslong . . . . 2, E. CANADENSIS,

2. Empty glumes and florets pilose, with spreading hairs;
spikes 2 to 4 inches long). 2 ‘cm. >i) ..° 36H )Steaee

1. Elymus Virginicus Linn. Virginia Lyme-grass.
Plate XLVI. Figure 182.

An erect, smooth grass, two to three feet high, with rigid ter-
minal spikes which are often partly included in the upper leaf-
sheath. Sheaths striate, smooth or hairy; ligule short; leaf-blade
six to twelve inches long, two to four lines wide, acute, scabrous.
Spikes three to five inches long, the rachis smooth or scabrous.
Spikelets two- to three-flowered, smooth; empty glumes lanceo-
late, thick and rigid, strongly nerved, awn-pointed; flowering
glumes lanceolate, rounded on the back, awned.

Along streams, in the borders of woods and thickets, common.
July—August. This grass has the appearance of possessing some
agricultural value, but it forms no turf, and by the time it blooms
the lower leaves are all dead, and the stems rather hard.

2. Elymus Canadensis Linn. Canada Lyme-grass or Terrell-grass.
Plate XLVI. Figure 183.

A rather stout, smooth grass, three to five feet high, with flat,
green or glaucous, scabrous leaves, six to twelve inches long.
Sheaths smooth. Spikes four to nine inches long, exserted, nod-
ding; rachis hirsute. Spikelets mostly in pairs, three- to five-
flowered, with rigid glumes; empty glumes subulate, three- to four-
nerved at base, awn-pointed; flowering glumes rough-hairy or
nearly smooth, usually long-awned.

Variety glaucifolius Gray, is glaucous throughout.
Frequent in low thickets along streams and in rich open woods.

Bulletin Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station, 1894. Plate XLVI

a

Fig. IS]. Hordeum pusillum. Fig. 182. Elymus Virginicus.

2. Upper portion of culm and spike—old 2. Upper leaf and spike. 3. Spikelet. 4.
and young. 3. Cluster of spikelets 4. Empty glumes. 5. Three florets. 6. Flow-
Empty glumes of perfect floret. 5. Flow- ering glume, side view.
ering glume.

62
Fig. 183. Elymus Canadensis. Fig. 184. Elymus striatus.

2. Inflorescence. 3. Upperleaf 4. Spike- 2. Inflorescence and flowering leaf. 3.
let. 5. Empty glumes. 6. Flowering Floretsofaspikelet. 4. Spikelet. 5. Empty
glume. glumes. 6. Flowering glume, dorsal view.

THe GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 127

The heads resemble those of Rye, and for this reason the grass is
often called “Wild Rye.” It has no recognized agricultural value,

3. Elymus striatus Willd. Slender Lyme-grass.
Plate XLVI. Figure 184.

A slender grass, two to three feet high, with bristly, nodding
spikes. Sheaths hairy, or the upper smooth; leaves six to eight
inches long, pubescent on the upper surface, scabrous on margins.
Spikes two to four inches long; rachis villous, Spikelets one- to
three-flowered, pilose-hairy; empty glumes awl-shaped, awn-
pointed, one- to three-nerved, two to three times the length of the
florets; flowering glumes three lines long, with slender awns about
twelve lines long.

Var. villosus Gray has hairy glumes and villous sheaths, Thick-
ets along streams, rather common. July—August.

64. ASPRELLA Willd. Enum. 132 (1809).

Spikelets two- to four-flowered, solitary or more often two to
three together, raised on short, callus-like pedicels at each joint of
the continuous rachis of the terminal spike; rachilla articulated
below each flowering glume. Empty glumes one or two, awn-like
or bristle-form, usually present in the lower spikelets of each spike,
much reduced or entirely wanting inthe upper. Flowering glumes
narrow, rigid, smooth, and rounded on the back, long-awned from
the apex. Palea strongly two-keeled.

Perennials, with flat leaves and terminal, bearded spikes.
Species four, two North American and two of limited range in
the Old World. Only one species occurs in Tennessee.

1. Asprella Hystrix Willd. (/lymus Aystrix Linn.) Bottle-brush.
Plate XLVII. Figure 185.

Culms three to four feet high, smooth. Sheaths smooth or mi-
nutely scabrous above, ligule very short, its edge shortly and finely
fringed, leaf-blade five to ten inches long, three to eight lines
wide, more or less scabrous. Spikes three to six inches long, the
rachis much flattened and ciliate along the edges; the internodes
about one-fourth of an inch long. Spikelets about one-half an
inch long, at first erect, widely spreading in fruit. Empty glumes
awn-like, usually present in the lower spikelets, which they some-
times equal in length. Awns of the flowering glumes about an
inch long. Straight or sometimes divergent.

J ony woods, thickets, and fence rows, over the State. June—
uly.

Apparently of no agricultural value, for it never grows at any
point in sufficient abundance to yield an appreciable amount of
forage. Its returns from cultivation have yet to be determined
by trial.

128 BULLETIN VII. 1.

Tribe XIII. BAMBUSE.

Spikelets two- to many-flowered, (rarely only one-flowered) in
racemes or panicles. Empty glumes at the base of the spikelet
two to several; flowering glumes many-nerved, awnless or very
rarely short-awned. Culms woody, at least near the base, and
perennial; leaf-blade usually with a short petiole, articulated with
the sheaths from which it finally separates.

A comparatively small tribe of twenty-three genera and about
one hundred and eighty-five species. The species are confined
chiefly to the regions within the tropics. Many of them are of very
great importance to the natives of the countries where they grow,
and manufactured articles of bamboo, either for use or for orna-
ment, are now a part of the commerce of the world, The bamboos
are remarkable for their woody stems and often arborescent or
tree-like habit, some of the species being seventy-five to ninety feet
high. In parts of India they form extensive forests. One species
in this tribe has leaves four to fifteen feet long, by three to nine
inches wide; another, a Cuban species, has leaves two to three
inches long and as fine as a horse-nair. Fleshy and edible apple-
like fruits are found in this tribe.

65. ARUNDINARIA Michx. Flor. Bor. Amer. i: 73 (1803).

Spikelets two- to many-flowered, large, laterally compressed, in
racemes or panicles; the rachilla articulated above the empty
glumes and between the florets; flowers hermaphrodite or the |
upper imperfect. Lower empty glumes unequal, the first some-
times wanting; flowering glumes longer than the empty ones,
keeled, many-nerved, acute or mucronate-pointed. Paleas as long
as the glumes, prominently two-keeled. Lodicules three. Sta-
mens three. Styles two or three; stigmas plumose. Grain oval
or narrowly oblong, furrowed.

Tree-like or shrubby grasses, with perennial, simple or branched
culms and flat leaves, which are shortly petiolate and articulated
with the sheath.

Species about twenty, natives of Asia and America, two in the
southern United States. Several eastern species have been intro-
duced into gardens and cultivated for ornament.

1. Arundinaria gigantea Chapm. (4. macrosperma Michx.) Cane.
Plate XLVII. Figure 186.

Culms perennial, fifteen to thirty-five feet high, with hirsute
nodes, and numerous, usually fasciculate, flower-bearing branches.
Sheaths shorter than the internodes, striate; ligule one to three
lines long, lacerate-fimbriate; leaf-blades lanceolate, one to two
inches wide, surfaces scabrous or pubescent beneath, margins ser-
rulate. Panicles lateral, composed of afewsimple racemes. Spike-

Bulletin Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station, 1894. Plate XLVII.

Fig. 185. Asprella Hystrix. Fig. 186. Arundinaria macrosperma.
2. Inflorescence. 3. Upper leaf. 4. Spike- 1. A Branch. 2. Portion of the inflor-

let. 5. Empty glumes. escence. 3. Spikelet. 4. Floret, showing
, floral glume, palea, stamens and pistil.

aa 2 J

Fig. I87. Arundinaria tecta.

a, 2
hae ks
, 7

THe GRASSES OF TENNESSEE. 129

lets lanceolate, one to three inches long, ten-to fifteen-flowered;
lower empty glumes unequal, the first one to three, the second four
to eight lines long; flowering glumes about eight lines long, nine-
to eleven-nerved, pubescent on the back, margins hirsute, awn-
pointed.

This is the largest of our grasses, and forms the well-known
cane brakes of the South. The hard woody stems vary from one-
half an inch to nearly three inches in diameter at the base, and
gradually taper to the summit. After blooming, the plants die,
but at just what age they come into bloom is not known. All

kinds of stock are fond of the young plants which grow up rapidly

in rich soil, and in the winter months the leaves and young shoots
afford a considerable amount of forage for grazing animals. Cane
serves a great variety of purposes. It is used for fishing poles,
scaffolding, blow-guns, pipe stems, water pipes, splints for baskets,
chair-bottoms, mats, etc.

2. Arundinaria tecta Muhl. Small-cane. Switch-cane.
Plate XLVII. Figure 187.

Perennial, cespitose, three to fifteen feet high, glabrous, suffru-
ticose, branching towards the summit, with terminal simple ra-
cemes. Sheaths longer than the internodes; ligule bristly; leaves
lanceolate, flat pubescent beneath, four to twelve lines wide; ra-
cemes at the summit of the branches or frequently on leafless radi-
cal culms. Spikelets ten*to fifteen lines long, seven- to ten-
flowered, on pubescent pedicels an inch long; empty glumes une-
qual, the first very small, slightly ciliate, flowering glume acumi-
nate-pointed and slightly ciliate on the margins; palea shorter
than its glume. Rarely found in bloom.

Arundinaria tecta has been treated by some authors as a variety of

Arundinaria gigantea. Although possibly not specifically distinct,

the two are found growing together under like conditions, and
under these circumstances the one is readily distinguished from
the other. Arundinaria tecta grows as far north as Maryland.

ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NAMES OF AUTHORS CITED.

Adans. Adanson, Michel.

anders. Andersson, Nils Johan.

Austin. Austin, Coe Finch.

Baldw. Baldwin, William.

Beauv. Palisot de Beauvois, A. M
‘ae &

Benth. Bentham, George.

Bernh. Bernhardi, Johann Jacob.

A. Br. Braun, Alexander.

Rk. Br. Brown, Robert.

Buckley. Buckley, 8. B.

Chapman. Chapman. 7Alvan Went-

worth.

D.C. De Candolle, Augustin Pyra-

mus.

Ehrh. Ehrhart, Friedrich.
Ell. Elliott, Stephen.
Engelm. Engelmann, George.

Flugge. Flugge, Johann.

Gertn. Geertner, Joseph.

Gaudin. Gaudin, Jean Francois Gott-
lieb Philippe.

Gr., Gray. Gray, Asa.

Hackl. Hackel, Eduard.

Huds. Hudson, William.

H. B. Humboldt, F. Alexander von,

and Aime Bonpland.

H.B. K. Humboldt, F. Alexander
von, Aime _ Bonpland,
and C. 8. Kunth.

Jacq. Jacquin, Nicolaus Joseph.

Lag. Lagasca, Mariano.

Laem. Lamarck, J. B. A. P. Monnet.

Le Conte. Le Conte, John.

Leyss. Leysser, Friedrich Wilhelm. |

L., Linn. Linneeus, Carolus, or Carl

von Linne.

Mey. Meyer, Ernst (Heinrich F.).

Michz. Michaux, Andre.

Muhl. Muhlenberg, Henry (H-
Ernst). |

Nees. Nees von Esenbeck, Chris-

tian Gottfried.
Nuttall, Thomas.
Persoon, Christian Hendrik.
Poiret, Jean Louis Marie.
Rajin. Rafinesque-Schmaltz, C. 8.
Reichb. Reichenbach, H. G. L.
Rich. Richard, Louis Claude Marie.
Rk. &S. Roemer, J. J., and Joseph

August Schultes.

Schrad. Schrader, Heinrich A.

Nutt.
Pers.
Poir.

Schreb. Schreber, Johann C. D.
Schult. Schultes, Joseph August.
Scribn. Scribner, F. Lamson-
Spr. Sprengel, Kurt.

Smith. Smith, J. E.
Steud. Steudel, Ernst Gottlieb.
Sw., Swartz. Swartz, Olof.

Torr. Torrey, John.
Trin. Trinius, Karl Bernhard.
Tuckerm. Tuckerman, Edward.

V. Vasey, George.

Walt. Walter, Thomas.

Willd. Willdenow, Carl Ludwig.
With. Withering, William.

1

‘
*
lp

INDEX AND GLOSSARY OF TERMS.

The figures in broad-faced type refer to the illustrations.

Prickly. Armed with

Aculeolate.
y- small prickles.

Acuminate. Tapering to a point.
Acutiflora. Acute flowered.
Agropyrum. Greek, Field Wheat. 122.
caninum Reichd., 179...123.
repens Beauv.. 178...123.

AGROSTIDES®. 62.

Agrostis. Greek, Of the field.

Agrostis. 74.

alba Linn., 102...41, 78.
arachnoides £ll., 1O04...78.
canina Linn., 77.
elata Trin., 96...75.
intermedia Scribn , 76.
Novee-Anglize Tuckerm., 98...76.
perennans Tuckerm., 97...76.
polymorpha Huds. 78.
Sy Linn, var. Americana, 100...
i.
rupestris Chapm., 100...77.
seabra Willd., 99...77.
stolonifera, Linn., 103...79.
vulgaris With. 78, 79.
stoides. Like Agrostis.
ba. White.

Albumen. The food material stored
in the grain or seed, sometimes
in the cotyledons of the em-
bryo, for the nourishment of the
plant during germination.

Alopecuroides. Like Fox-tail.

Alopecurus. (Greek, Fox-tail. 70.

geniculatus Linn., 89...71.
pratensis Linn., §S8...70.

Alsodes. Growing in woods.

Altissimum. Tallest.

Anceps. Two-edged.

ANDROPOGONE®. 16.

Andropogon. Greek, A man’s beard.

argyreus Schult., 8...23.
avenaceus Michz. 27.
Elliottii Chapm., 9...24.
Hallii Hackl. 23.
macrourus Michs., U8...26.
nutans Linn., 12...26.
provincialis, Zam., 7...22.
provincialis var. Tennesseensis
Scribn. 23.
seoparius Vichz , 6...21.
et a Halepense Hackt.,

Andropogon unilateralis. 27.
Virginicus Linn., 10...16, 25.

Angustifolium. Narrow-leaved.

Annua. Annual.

Annual. Lasting but one year,ora
single season. Monocarpic—
fruiting but once.

Anther. The part of the stamen
containing the _ pollen. In
grasses the anthers, at ma-
turity, are two-celled and are
attached to the slender fila-
ments either at one end, when
they are basijfixed, or near the
middle, when they are versatile.

Anthoxanthum. Greek, Yellow flow-
er 62.

odoratum, Linn., 71...61.

Apiculate. Ending in ashort-pointed
tip.

Appressed. Lying close to, or flat

against some other body.

Aquatic. Applied to plants growing
in water.

Aquatica. Aquatic.

Arachnifera. Bearing aspider web—
referring to the web-covered
flowers in Poaarachnifera.

Arachnoides. Cobweb-like.

Arenarium. Of sandy soil.
ing in sandy soils.

Argenteum. Silvery.

Argyreus. Silvery.

Aristatum. Awned.

Aristida. Latin, Bearded or awned.
63.

dichotoma Michz., 73...64.
gracilis Zl/., 74...64.
oligantha Mirhz., 77...65.
purpurascens Poir.. 75...64.
ramosissima Engelm., 72...63.
stricta Michz., 76...65.

Arrhenatherum. Greek, From arrhen,

male, ather a point; the stami-
nate florets awned. 83.
avenaceum R. & S., EEE...83.
elatius Beauv., ULE...83.

Grow-

Articulated. Jointed, or breaking
up into joints.

Arundinacea. Reed-like. Arundo—a
reed.

Arundinaria. (Cane.) Latin, a reed.
128.

132

Arundinaria gigantea Chapm., 186...
128.
macrosperma Wichz., 186...128.
tecta Muhl., 187...129.

Arundo. JLatin,areed. 92.
Donax Linn. 93.

Asper. Rough.

Asprella. JZatin, Diminutive of as-
per. 127.

Hystrix Wiild., 1835...127.
Auricle. An ear-shaped appendage.
Auricled or Auriculate. Furnished

with auricles.

Autumnale. Autumnal.

Avenacea. Oat-like.

AVENE. 80.

Avena. Latin, Oats.

fatua Linn. 83.

mollis Michx. 100.

sativa Linn., 110...83.

strigosa Schreb. 83.

Awn. A _ bristle-like appendage.
Bearded wheatis awned wheat;
in beardless wheats the awns
are absent. The awns may be
straight, or variously bent and
twisted; they may be terminal,
produced from the apex of the
glumes, or they may spring
from the back of the glume,
stag they are said to be dor-
sal.

Awned. Furnished with awns.

Awnless. Without awns.

82.

BAMBUSEX. 128.

Barbata. Barbate, bearded.

Barbate.
ally refiexed points or short
bristles. Bearded.

Barbellate. Minutely bearded.

Barbulatum. Latin, barbellate.

Barley. 125.

Four-rowed. 125.

Two-rowed. 125.

Wild. 180...125.
Barnyard-grass. 29...39, 40.
Bearded. Awned. Furnished with

long stiff hairs.
Bearded Darnel. 177...122.
Bearded Short-husk. 86...69.
Bearded Wheat-grass. 179...123.
Beard-grass. 75...64.

Naked. 4L47...88.

Silver. 8...23.

Bent-grass, Reed. 105...80.

Bermuda-grass. 115...86.

Bicarinate. Two-keeled.

Bicuspidate. With two sharp and
rigid points.

Bifid. Divided into two lobes. Two-
cleft.

Bimucronate. Tipped with two short
and sharp teeth or points.
Biseriate. Two-rowed, in two series.

Black Oat-grass. 78...65.

Furnished with rigid, usu- |

INDEX AND

|

| Callus.

GLOSSARY.

Blue Grama. TES...89.
Blue-grass. 143...107.
English. 142...107.
Kentucky. 144...108.
Texas. 161...110.
Woodland. 147...109.
Blue Joint. 104...79.
Blue-stem, Big. 22.
Little. .21. ~
Bottle-brush. 185...127.
Bouteloua. From C. Bouteloua, a.
Spanish author. 89.
curtipendula Torr., 119...89.
oligostachya Torr., 118...89.
Brachyelytrum. Greek, Short husk..
69

aristatum Beauv., 86...69.

Bract. A more or less modified leaf
or leaf-sheath subtending the
panicle branches, the spikelets
or the flowers. The empty and.
floral glumes are bracts.

Brevibarbis. Short-haired.

Brevifolius.. Short-leaved.

Briza. Greek, To nod, 103.

maxima Linn. 103.
media Linn. 108.
minor Linn. 103.
Broad-leaved Uniola. 189...102.
Brome-grass, Fringed. 167, 168...118.
-Hungarian. 169...118.
Bromus. Greek, Food. 117.
ciliatus Linn., 167, 168...113.
ciliatus Linn., var. purgans Gray.
118.
erectus Huds., 119.
inermis Leyss., 169...118.
mollis Linn., U741...119.
racemosus Linn., 172...120.
secalinus Linn., 170...119.
sterilis Linn., 173...120.
unioloides H. B. K., 174...120.

Brook-grass. 4U1...26.

Broom-sedge. £0...25.

Bur-grass. 65...57.

Ceerulescens. Bluish.

Calamagrostis. Greek, Reed-grass,79
Canadensis Beauv., 104...79.
Nuttalliana Steud., L05...80.

The projection or extension

of the rachilla or axis of the

spikelet below the point of at-

tachment of the glumes.

Campestre. Growing in fields.
Canada Lyme-grass. I183...126.
Canary-grass. 69...61.

Reed. 790...62.
Cane. 186...128.
Canina. Canine, from Canis, a dog.
Capillare. Hair-like. ;
Capillaris. Capillary. Hair-like.

Slender or fine as a hair.

Capillary. Hair-like. Said of a pan-
icle when the branches are
hair-like in fineness.

Head-shaped. Inadense
nearly globular

Capitate.

_ globular or
182.
A dry fruit which natur-
ally breaks open in some defi-
nite manner.

cluster.
Capsule.

Carinate. Keeled.

Carpet-grass. 25...31.

Cartilaginous. Gristly, firm in tex-
ture but flexible.

Caryopsis. A seed-like fruit, as the
grain of grasses,in which the
thin pericarp is adnate or
grown to the seed.

Cat-tail Millet. 58.

Cenchrus. Greek, Ancient name of
millet. 57.

tribuloides Linn., 65...57.

Ceratochloa australis Spr., 17 4...120,

Cespitose, or Cvrespitose. Having
many stems growing from the
same root, forming a tuft or
tussock.

Chartaceous.
texture.

Cheat. 170...119.

Chess. 470...119.

Soft. U70...119.

CHLORIDEX. 86.

Chloris. Greek, Green. 87.

barbata. 88.
elegans. 8&8.
verticillata Nutt. 88.

Chrysopogon nutans Benth. 27.

Ciliate. Fringed with hairs.

Ciliatifolium. Ciliate-leaved.

Ciliatus. Ciliate.

Ciliolate. Minutely ciliate.

Like writing-paper in

Cinna. Greek, Ancient name for.

grass. 73.
arundinacea Linn., 94...73.
pendula Trin., 95...74.

Clandestinum. Hidden or concealed.

Cleft. Splitor divided less than half
way to the base.

Cleistogamic, Cleistogamous. Fer-
tilized in the bud, without the
opening of the flower. Con-
cealed fertilization.

Column. Applied to the lower,
twisted portion of the awn in
Andropogoner.

Comb-grass, Meadow. I31...98.

Communis. Common.

Compound. Branched more than
once.

Compressa. Compressum.
pressed. Flattened.

Conduplicate. Doubled or folded
lengthwise so that the sides
are applied face to face likea
folded sheet of paper.

Connate. United or grown together,

as where the bases of two op-

posite leaves are united around

Com-

INDEX AND GLOSSARY.

a a ae ae ae

133

the stem, so that it appears to
pass through them.

Continuous. Not articulated or
jointed; not breaking up into
joints.

Contortus. Twisted.

Convolute. Rolled up from the mar-
gins.

Cordate. Heart-shaped.
Cord-grass, Fresh-water. 26...87.
Coriaceous. Leather-like in texture.
Cornucopiz perennans. 76.
Couch-grass. 27...125.
Crab-grass. 26...33.
Slender. 28...359.
Smooth. %7...39.
Sprouting. 236...43,
Creeping Fescue. 115.
Creeping Meadow-grass.
Crested Dog’s-tail. 105.
Cristatus. Crested.
Crowfoot. 91.
Crowfoot-grass. 120...90.
Crus-galli. Cock’s-foot.
Cuneate. Wedge-shaped.
Curtipendula. Shortly pendent.
Cuspidate. Pointed. Ending in a
sharp stiff point.
Cut-grass, Large. 66...60.
Rice. 67....60.
Cynodon. Greek, Dog-tooth.
Dactylon Pers., 1E5...86.
Cynosuroides. Cynosurus-like.
Cynosurus. Greek, Dog-tail. 104.
cristatus Linn., 105.

A23...95.

86.

Dactylis. Greek. A finger. 103.
glomerata Linn., 140...104.
Dactyloctenium. Greek,Finger-comb.
90

JEgyptiacum Wilid., 91.
Dactyloides. Finger-like.
Dactylon. Digitate.
Danthonia. After

French botanist. 84.
compressa Austin, BE4...85.
sericea Nutt,, L82...84.

spicata Beauv., U13...85.

Darnell, Bearded. 177...122.

Debile. Weak.

Decumbens. Decumbent.

Decumbent. Reclining. Applied to
stems when they recline upon
the surface of the earth, but
have the apex ascending.

Decurrent. Continued downward,
as the sides of a leaf may be
continued down the stem.

Deflexed. Bent or directed down-

Danthoine, a

ward.

Dentate. Furnished with teeth.
Toothed.

Denticulate. Minutely toothed.

Depauperatum. Impoverished.
Deschampsia. After Deschamps, a
French botanist. 81.

134 . INDEX AND

Deschampsia flexuosa Trin., 107...81.
Diarrhena. Greek, Twice male—sta-
mens two. 101. |
Americana Beuuv., 137...101.
Dichotoma. Dichotomous. Dichot-
omum. Forked. Twice-branch-

ed.

Diffusa. Diffuse. Diffusum. Spread-
ing, or loosely and widely ex-
panded.

Digitate. Radiating from a common

point, or like the fingers on the |

hand.

Dilatatum. Expanded or dilated;
usually broadened and becom-
ing leaf-like.

Dicecious. Said of plants having
staminate and pistillate flow-
ers which are borne upon sepa-
rate individuals.

Distichous. Distichum. Two-ranked.
In pairs. Arranged in twos, or
in two rows on opposite sides of
a common axis.

Divergent. Spreading widely. When
like parts incline very much
away from each other. Di-
verging.

Dog’s-tail, Crested. 105.

Drop-seed, Mexican. 83...68.

Eatonia. After Eaton, an American
botanist. 98.
Dudleyi Vasey. 1335...100.
filiformis Vasey. L1%2...99.
obtusata Gray. 134...100.
Pennsylvanica Gray. 133...99.
Elata. Tall.
Elatior. Taller.
Elatius. Tall.
Elegans. Elegant. Beautiful.
Eleusine. 90.
Indica Gertn. 1290...90.
Elliptical. Oval orin the form of an
ellipse.
Elongata. Elongatum. Elongated.
Extended or lengthened out.
Elymus. Greek, Rolled up, or en-
veloped. 125.
Canadensis Linn., 183...126.
Canadensis Zinn., var. glaucifo-
lius, Gray. 126.
Hystrix Linn., #835...127.
striatus Wil/d., Is84...127.
striatus Wil/d. var. villosus. 127.
Virginicus Linn., 82...126.
Emarginate. Slightly notched at
the summit.
Embryo. The young plant as it
exists in the seed.
English Blue-grass. 143...107.
Eragrostis. Greek, Lovely grass. 94.
capillaris Nees., 128...96.
Frankii Veyer., 125...96.
major Host., 124...97.
minor Host., 97.

GLOSSARY.

Eragrostis oxylepis Torr., 130...97.
pectinacea Gray., LS1...98.
pilosa Beauv., 127...96.

Purshii Schrad., 126...96, 97.
reptans Nees., 123...95.
tenuis Gray., 129...98.

Erianthus. Greek, Wool flower. 17.
alopecuroides £ii., &...19.
brevibarbis Michz., $...18, 20.
contortus £1/., 4...19.
strictus Baldw., 2...18.

Euchlena. 13.
luxurians. 13.

Mexicana Schrad. 13.
Eulalia Japonica Trin. 16.
Evanescent. Disappearing, applied
to veins which do not reach the
margins.

Evergreen-grass. UE...83.

Excurrent. Projecting, or running

out beyond.

False. Appearing like something

which it is not.
Red-top. 122...94.

Fasciculate. In bundles originating
from or near the same point.

Feather-grass. I120...91.

Fescue, Creeping. 115.

Meadow. 162...116.
Nodding. 166...117.
Red. 115.

Sheep’s. 160...115.
Short’s. 165...116.
Slender. 156s ...114.
Tennessee. I6H...115.

FESTUCEZ. 91.

Festuca. Latin, Stalk, straw. An-
cient name of some kind of
grass. 113.

arundinacea Schreb. 116.

elatior Linn., 162...116.

-elatior Linn. var. arundinacea.
164...116.

elatior Linn. var. pratensis. 163
pe bs

Myurus Linn., 159...115.

nutans Willd., 166...117.

ovina Linn., 160...115.

pratensis Huds. 116.

rubra JLinn., var. glaucescens
Hackl., 161...115.

Shortii Wood., 165...116.

tenella Wilid., 158 ...114.

Filament. In grasses, the thread-
like stalk which supports the
anthers.

Filiform. Thread-like.

Filiforme, Filiformis.

Fimbriated. Fringed.

Flavescens. Yellow. Yellowish.

Flexile. Easily bent, but elastic.
Flexible.

Flexuosa. Flexuose.

Flexuose. Wavy or bending gradu-
ally in opposite directions.

Thread-like.

ee SS eee Tee

3
.
}
}
;
”
:

—

-Fusiform. Spindle-shaped.

Floating Foxtail. §9...71.

together with its subtending

INDEX AND

Floret. Each flower of a spikelet, |

_ and palea, is called a_

oret.
Fluitans. Floating.
Fly-away-grass. 99...77.
Foliaceous. Leaf-like.
Four-rowed Barley. 125.
Fowl! Meadow-grass. 153...112.
Foxtail, Floating. 89...71.
Green. 63...56.
Marsh. 89...71.
Meadow. 88...70.
Yellow. 62...56.
Fresh-water Cord-grass.
pees Brome-grass.
ll

116._.87.

om -—-——

Gama. 16. —. a

Geniculate. Bent like a bent knee.

Geniculatus. Kneed, bent at the
nodes.

German Millet. 56.

Gibbous. Swollen or enlarged on
one side.

Gibbum. See gibbous.

Gigantea. Gigantic.

Glabrum. Glabrous, a surface des-
titute of pubescence. Smooth.

Glandular. land-bearing; also
gland-like.

Glauea. See glaucous.

Glaucescens. Somewhat glaucous.

Glaucifolius. Glaucous-leaved.

Glaucous. Covered or whitened
with a bloom. Pale-bluish or
greenish-white.

sr acaabiet Spherical. Round like a
all.

Glomerata. Glomerate.
Glomerate. Heaped up. Densely

clustered in small heaps, or in
irregular heads.

Glume. The usually chaff-like
bracts of a spikelet which sim-
ply subtend one another—emp-
ty glumes; or bearing flowers
in their axils — flowering
glumes.

Glyceria. Greek, Sweet. 111.
acutiflora Torr., 157...113.
aquatica Sm., 152...112.
elongata Trin., 154...112.
fluitans R. Br., 156...113.
nervata Trin., 153...112.

allida Trin., 155...113.

Golden Millet. 64...56.

Gracilis. Graceful. Slender.

Grama. Blue. IS...89.

Tall. 119...89.

Green Foxtail. 63...56.

Guatemala-grass. 13.
Gymnopogon. Greek, Naked Beard. 88.
brevifolius Trin. 89.

athe eras

167, 16s... |

— ee Bee hee ae

GLOSSARY. 135

Gymnopogon racemosus Beauv., U7
88

Gynerium,. Greek, from gyne, female,
and erion, wool—the female flo-
rets are woolly. 92.
argenteum Nees. 92.

Hair-grass. 107...81.

Hairy-flowered Paspalum. 19...32.

Halepense. From Aleppo, a city of
Syria.

Hedgehog-grass 665...57.

Herbaceous. Used in contra-distine-
tion to woody. Having the
color and texture of a leaf—
green and somewhat succulent.

Herd’s-grass. 1O2...78.

Herd’s-grass, New England. §7...70.

Hermaphrodite. Said of flowers
which contain both stamens
and pistils.

Heterogamous. Flowers of more
than one kind, differing in sex.

Heterophylle. Dissimilar leaves.
Bearing leaves of more than
one kind or shape.

Hians. Gaping.

Holeus. Greek, To extract.

lanatus Linn., 106...81.

Homophylle. Leaves of one kind.

Bearing leaves all of one kind

or shape.
HoORDE®. 121.
Hordeum. The ancient Latin name
for Barley. 124.
distichum. 125.
pratense Huds. &s0...125.
pusillum Nutt, Es8...125.

vulgare Linn., 125.
Hungarian Brome-grass.
Millet. 56.
Hyaline. Transparent.

169...115.

Imbricate. Overlapping, like the
shingles on a roof or the seales
on a fish.

Indian Corn.

Indian-grass.

Reed-grass.
Rice. 58.

Indicus. Indian.

Indurated. Hardened.

Inermis. Awnless.

Inflorescence. The arrangement of
the flowers; or in grasses the
spikelets upon the stem.

Intermedia. Intermediate, standing
between.

Internode.
culm or
nodes.

Involucre. Bracts or other protec-
tive organs surrounding a flow-
er, or group of flowers.

Italian Millet. @4...56.

Rye-grass. 176...122.

15.
26.
94...75.

The portion of the stem,
axis between two

136 INDEX AND GLOSSARY.

Italicum. Italian.
Johnson-grass. 27, 28.

Keeled. Having a keel or central
ridge.

Kentucky Blue-grass. 144...108.

Knot-grass. 24...31.

Leve. Smooth.

Lanatus. Woolly.

Lanceolate. Shaped like the head

-of a spear or lance.
Lanuginosum. Woolly or downy.

Clothed with a fine, soft, mat-
ted pubescence.

Large Cut-grass. 66...60.

Latifolia. Broad-leaved.

Lax. Loose, not compact.

Laxiflorum. Loosely-flowered.

Leersia. After Leers, a German bot-
anist. 59.

lenticularis Wichz., 66...60.

oryzoides Sw., 67...60.

Virginica Willd., 68...59.
Lenticular. lLenticularis. Having

the form of a doubleconvexlens

Leptochloa. Greek, Slender grass. 91.
mucronata Kunth, 121.. 91.

Ligule. A prolongation from the in-
ner side of the leaf-sheath
where the latter joins the blade.

Line. One-twelfth of an inch.

Linear. Narrow, many times longer
than broad, with nearly paral-
lel sides.

Lodicules. Small and delicate scales
at the base of the flower, which
serve to separate the flowering
glume and palea during the pe-
riod of bloom.

Lolium. Ancient Latin name. 121.
Italicum 4d. Br., 176...122.
perenne Linn., 175...121.
temulentum Linn., 177...122.

Longifolia. Long-leaved.

Longipedunculatum. Long pedun-
cled, or long stalked.

Long-leaved Spike-grass.. 102.

Louisiana-grass. 25...31.

Low Spear-grass. I41...106.

Luxurians. Luxuriant. .

Lyme-grass, Canada. 183...126.
Slender. 184...127.

Virginia. 182...126.
Macrospermum. lLarge-seeded.
Macrourus. Large-tailed.

Mais de Coyote. 14, 15.

Maize. 15.

Major. Larger.

Manna-grass. 156...113.

Marsh Foxtail. s9...71.

Maxima. Largest.

MAYDEZ. 138.

Mays. From maiz or mahiz, the na-

tive name of Indian Corn.

Media. Intermediate in size.
Meadow Comb-grass. I31...98.
Fescue. 162...116.
Foxtail. 88...70.
Meadow-grass, Creeping. 123...95.
Fowl. 158...112.
Reed. 152...112.
Rough. | 148...108,
Short-stalked. 125...96.
Slender. 127...96.
Oat-grass. ELE...83.

Melica. Anold name. Italian, from —

mel, honey. 100.
Melica diffusa Pursh. 101.
mutica Wailt.,...136...101.
Membranaceous. Like a membrane,
thin and flexible, aud usually
translucent.
Membranaceum. Membranous.
Mexican Drop-seed. 88...68.
Microcarpon. Small-fruited.
Millet, Cat-tail. 58.
German. 56.
Golden. G4...56.
Hungarian. 56.
Italian. GA. .56.
Pearl. 58.
Wild. 63...56.
Minimum. Smallest.
Miscanthus. 16.
Sinensis Anders. 16.
Molle. Soft.
Monocearpic. Fruiting but once.
Moneecious. Plants with the sta-
mens and pistils in separate
flowers but on the same indi-
vidual.
Mountain Oat-grass. BEA4...85.
Mountain-sedge. 21.

Mucro. An _ abrupt, short, sharp
point.

Mucronata. Mucronate.

Mucronate. Mucronatum. Tipped

with a short, sharp, rigid and
abrupt point.
Muhlenbergia. After Muhlenberg, an
American botanist. 66.
capillaris Kunth, 79...67.
diffusa Schreb., $O...67.
glomerata Trin., SL...67.
Mexicana Trin., $3 ..68.
sobolifera Trin., S2...67.
sylvatica Torr., and Gray. $4...69.
Willdenovii Trin., $5...68.
Munro-grass. 33...41.
Mutica. Awnless.

Naked Beard-grass. I17...88.

Nervata. Nerved.

Nerves. The ribs or veins of leaves,
glumes, ete.

Neuranthum. Nerved flowers. Outer
glumes of the spikelet nerved.

Neuter. Having no sex. Being
without either stamens or pis-
tils.

er ie HO -

Nimble Will. 80...67,
Nitidum. Shining or glossy.

Nodding Fescue. 166...117.
Node. In grasses the point of the
stem from which originate the
leaf-sheaths and branches. The
limits of the internodes. The
swelling at the nodes may be
in thestem itself or in the basal
ortion of the leaf-sheath.
orum. Flowering or flower-
bearing at the nodes.
ee glee. New England.
Nutans. Nodding.

Nod

Oat-grass, Black. 7...65.

; eadow. HEE...83.
Mountain. E&£4...85.
Silky. E@2...84.
Wild. EES...85.
Yellow. 82.

Oats. ELO...83.

Oblong. Longer than broad with
the sides nearly parallel.
Obovate. Inverted egg-shaped, —

the point of attachment being
at the narrower end of the
ovate form.
Obtusata. Obtuse.
Odoratum. Fragrant.
Officinarum. Of an officinal charac-
ter. Officinal.
Officinal. Applied to plants used in
medicine or the arts.
Old Witch-grass. 37...43.
Oligantha. Few-flowered.
Oligostachya. Few-spiked.
Orchard-grass, 140...104.
Oryza. 58.
sativa Linn. 59.
ORYZE®. 58.
Oryzoides. Rice-like.
Ovary. The lower portion of the
pistil which contains the seed.
Ovate. Egg-shaped.
Ovatum. Ovate or egg-shaped.
Oxylepis. Sharp scale, referring to
the very acute or sharp-pointed
glumes—Eragrostis oxylepis.

Palea. The prophyllum of the flow-
ering branch of aspikelet. The
palea is usually two-keeled,
with its back toward the ra-
ehilla in_ several —- flowered
spikelets, or opposed to the
second glume in one-flowered
spikelets.

Pallida. Pale.

Palustre. Marshy. Growingin marshy
places.

Pampas-grass. 92.

PANICACESX. 13.

PANICEX. 28.

Panicle. A loose and more or less

INDEX AND GLOSSARY. 137

branched inflorescence, with
pedicellate flowers or spikelets.

Paniculate. Ina panicle.

Panicum. The Latin name. 36.
agrostoides Muhl., 33...41,
agrostoides var. elongatum, 34

.- 42,
anceps MVichz., B2...41.
angustifolium £11, 47, 4...48.
autumnale, Bose, 44.
barbulatum Michz., 53, 54.
capillare Linn., 37...43.
capillare var. campestre Gatt., 38
.. 44,
capillare var. geniculatum Seribn.
44.
capillare var. minimum. %9...44.

ciliatum £1/., 56...51.

clandestinum Linn., 43...46.

clandestinum var. pedunculatum

A. Grau, 46.

colonum Linn., 30...40.

commutatum Schult., 50...49, 54.

consanguineum, 47, 4 ...48.

ecrus-galli Linn., 29...39, 40.

depauperatum Muh/., 49...49.

dichotomum Linn., 86, 49, 54, 55.

dichotomum pubescens, 58.,.52.

diffusum Pursh. 45.

elongatum Pursh, 42.

filiforme Linn., 28...39.

flexile Scribn., 40...44.

gibbum #£i1., 3E...40.

glabrum Gaudin, 27...39.

hians £l/., 48...45.

lanuginosum £1, 52.

latifolium Walter. 45...47.

laxiflorum Lam., 55...51.

longipedunculatum Seribn., 61...

53.
microcarpon Muh!., 53, 54...50.
neuranthum Vasey. 49.

nitidum Lam., 49, 53.
nodiflorum Lam., 59...54, 55.
ovatum Nees. 382.
Philadeiphicum Bernh., 44.
proliferum Lam., 36...43.
pubescens Lam., 5...52, 54.
ramulosum Michz., 60...54, 55.
sunguinale Linn., 26...38.
scoparium Zam., 47, 48.
scoparium var. angustifolium
Vasey. 48.
seoparium var. genuinum. 48.
scoparium major Vasey. 48.
aa var. pauciflorum. 46...
8.
spheerocarpon £!/., 50, 51, 52.
verrucosum Muhl., &2...45.
virgatum Linn., 35...42.
viscidum £i/., 44...46,51.
Panicum Walteri Poir., 45...47, 50, 54.
Papille. Minute nipple-like pro-
jections.
Papillate. Bearing minute nipple-
shaped projections.

138 INDEX AND GLOSSARY.

Paspalum. Greek, said to bean an-

cient name for Millet. 28.

altissimum Le Conte. 34.

arenarium Schrad. 35.

Boscianum Flugge, 17...33.

ciliatifolium Wichz., 22...34, 35.

compressum .Vees. 31.

debile Wichz., 35.

dilatatum Poir., 19...32.

distichum Linn., 24...31.

Floridanum WVichz., 20...34.

fluitans Kunth, 15...30.

Hairy-flowered. 89...32.

lzeeve, Michz., 21...34.

leeve var. pilosum. 34.

longipedunculatum Le Conte, 23
..30.

macrospermum Flugge. 34.
membranaceum Wait., 16...30.
mucronatum Wuhil., 15...30.
platyeaule Poir., 25...31.
pubifiorum glabrum Vasey, LS...32.
purpurascens &l/., 33.
setaceum Wichz., 35.
vaginatum £ll., 16...30.
Walterianum Schult., 16...30.

Paucifiorum. Few-flowered.

Pearl Millet. 58.

Pectinate. Finely and _ regularly

cleft or divided so as to resem-

ble the teeth of a comb.

Pedicel. The stalk of a flower or
a spikelet.

Pedunculatum. Of the peduncle, or
furnished with a peduncle. Pe-
dunculated.

Pendula. Pendent, hanging down-
ward.

Pennisetum. Latin, Feather awn. 57.

typhoideum Rich. 58.

Perennans. Perennial.

Perennial. Lasting three or more
vears. Fruiting for several
years in succession.

Perennial Rye-grass. 175...121.

Perianth. The name given to the
floral envelope which encloses
or subtends the stamens and
pistils. The term embraces the
calyx and corolla of flowers
possessing these organs.

Pericarp. The outer covering of the
grain or of fruits.

Persistent. Remaining attached af-
ter the fall of similar, or of
other parts with which it is
compared.

PHALARIDE®. 6l.

Phalaris. The ancient Greek name.
61.

Phalaris arundinacea Linn., 70...62.

Canariensis Linn., 69...61.

Phleum. The old Greek name. 69.

pratense Linn., 87...70.

Phragmites. Greek, phragmos, a

hedge. 93.

Phragmites, communis Trin., 93.

Pigeon-grass. 62...56.

Pilosa. Pilose.

Pilose. Clothed with straight-soft
hairs. Hairy.

Pistil. The female organ of the flow-
er, consisting of ovary and stig-
ma, the latter usually being
raised above the ovary on a
longer or shorter support called
the style.

Pistillate. Said of flowers which
have pistils only, or are with-
out stamens.

Platyeaule. Broad-stemmed.

Plume-grass. 19. ;

Plumose. Feathery or feather-like.

POACER. 61.

Poa. Greek, Fodder. 105.

alsodes Gray, 148...109.
annua Linn., 141...106.
arachnifera Buckley, 151...110.
autumnalis Wuhl., 146...109.
brevifolia Vuh/., 150...110.
Chapmaniana Scribn., 142...107.
compressa Linn., 143...107.
cristata. 107.
flexuosa Muhl., 146...109.
pratensis Linn., L44...108.
seslerioides Michz., 122...94.
sylvestris Gray, 147...109.
trivialis Linn., 145...108.
Wolfii Scribn., 149...110.
Polyearpic. Fruiting several times

or for several years in succes- —

sion. Perennial.
Poverty-grass. 73...64.

Southern. 92...72.

Prairie-grass. 90...72.

Pratense. Meadow. Growing in
meadows.

Proliferum. Proliferous. Producing
offshoots.

Prophyllum. The primary leaf ofan
axis or branch. (Plural, pro-
phylla.)

Pruinose. Covered with a whitish
or glaucous bloom.

Pubescens. Pubescent.

Pubescent. Covered with soft, short
hairs.

Pubiflorum. Hairy-flowered.

Punctate. Dotted.

Purple Triple-awn. 75...64.

Purpurascens. Purplish, or inelining
to purple.

Pusillum. Small.

Quaking-grass. 103.

Raceme. An inflorescence in which
the flowers or spikelets are sup-
ported on pedicels along a com-
mon axis.

Racemosus. Racemose.

Rachilla. The axis of the spikelet,

Cad...

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Pe ie

Reed-grass, Indian.

the continuation of the branch
to which the empty and flow-
ering glumes are attached.
Rachis. The axis or continuation of
the stem to which the branches

of the inflorescence are at- |
tached.

Ramosissima. Branching in
highest degree. Very much
branched.

Ramulosum, Ramulosus. Full of
little branches.

Randall-grass. 162...116.

Red Fescue. 115.

Red-top. 102...78.

False. I22...94.
Panic. 33...41.
Tall. 122...94.
Reed. 93.
Bent-grass.
Canary-grass.

105...80.
7@...62.
94...73.
Slender. 95. 74.
Sweet. 94...73.
Reed Meadow-grass. 152...112.
Reflexed. Directed downward.

Repens. Creeping.

Reptans. Creeping and rooting.
Rescue-grass. &74...120.

Retrorsely. Directed or pointing

downward or backward.
Rice. 59.
Cut-grass.
Indian. 58.
Wild. 58.
Rough Meadow-grass. 145...108.
Rugose. Wrinkled. Rough.
Rye. 124.
Rye-grass, Italian. 176.,.122.

67 ...60.

Perennial. 175...121.
Saccharum. Latin, Sugar. 16, 17.
officinarum Linn. 17.
Sanguinale. Bloody.
Sativa. Sativus. Cultivated.

Scabra. Scabrous, rough.

Seabrous. Rough. Said of surfaces
covered with little points or
very short, rigid hairs.

Searious. Thin, dry and membran-
ous. Margins of glumes are
scarious when very thin and
membranous and not green.

Scoparium. Of a broom.

Secale. Origin of name doubtful. 124.

cereale Linn., 124.

Secalinus. Rye-like.

Sericea. Sericeous. Silky.

Serrulate. Minutely and _ sharply
toothed.

Sesame-grass. 16.

Seslerioides. Sesleria-like.

Sessile. Without any stalk or pedi-

cel.
Setaceous. Bristle-like.
Setaceous.

Setaceum.

the |

eee a A. iii if

INDEX AND GLOSSARY. 139

Setaria. Latin, Seta, a bristle. 565.
Germanica, 56.
glauca Beauv., 62...56.
Italica Kunth, 64,..56.
viridis Beuur., 63...56.

Sheath. Applied to the tubular or
convolute portion of the leaves
of grasses which usually em-
braces a portion of the stem.

Sheep’s Fescue. 160. 115.

Short-husk, Bearded. 86...69.

Short-stalked Meadow-grass.
6.

Silky Oat-grass. BE...84.

Simple. Unbranched.

Six-weeks grass. HE4l...106.

125...

Slender Crab-grass. 2...39.
Fescue. 15s...114.
Lyme-grass. ES4...127.
Meadow-grass. 1§27...96.
Reed-grass. 9&...74.
Spike-grass. §s...102.
Triple-awn. 74...64.

Small-cane. 1S7...129.

Smooth Crab-grass. 27...39.

Smut-grass. 93...72.
Sobolifera. Shoot-bearing.
Soboliferous. Applied to creeping
stems, which are slender, and
creep along horizontally below
the surface of the earth, emit-
ting roots and new plants at in-
tervals.
Soft Chess. 4718...119.
Solitary. Standing alone—single.
Sorghum avenaceum Chapm., 27.
Halepense Pers., 27.
nutans A. Gray. 26.
nutans Chapm., 27.
Southern Poverty-grass.
Spear-grass. 126...97.
Spartina. Greek, A cord. 87. ,
Spartina cynosuroides Wilid., 116...
87

92...72.

Spathe. A sheathing bract, enclos-
ing or subtending the flowers or
inflorescence.

Spear-grass, Low. IA4E...106.

Spear-grass, Southern. 126...97.

Spheerocarpon. Round-fruited.

Spicata. Spiked.

Spider Bent. LOH...78.

Spike. An inflorescence in which
the flowers or the spikelets are
sessile along the common ra-
chis.

Spike-grass, Long-leaved.
Slender. £:8...102.
Spikelet. A small or secondary
spike. In grasses, a special in-
florescence consisting of a more
or less elongated axis—the ra-
ehilla,—and two-ranked imbri-
cated bracts—glumes—in the
axils of some of which the

flowers are borne.

102.

140

Sporobolus. Greek,a seed to throw.
71

asper Aunth, 90...72.

Indicus R. Br., 93...72.

longifolius Wood, 72.

minor Vasey, 91...72.

vagineeflorus Wood, 92...72.

vagineeflorus, var. minor. 91...72.
Sprouting Crab-grass. 36...43.
Stamen. The male, or pollen-bear-

ing organ of a flower. The

parts of astamen are the fila- |

ment and the anther. The lat-
ter contains the pollen, the
former is the supporting stalk.

Staminate. Having stamens only.
Male flowers.

Sterilis. Barren.
which are infertile, also used
to indicate that they grow in
barren or sterile soils.

Stigma. The part of the pistil
which receives the pollen. In
grasses the stigmas are usually
plumose or feathery, this plu-
mose part being raised above
the ovary on longer or shorter
styles.

Stink-grass. 124...97.

Stipa. Greek, of uncertain meaning,
65.

avenacea Linn., 78...68.
Stolonifera. Stoloniferous, which see.
Stoloniferous. Producing offsets or

running shoots from the base.
Strie. See Striate.
Striate. Grooved or

Marked with striz.
Stricta. Strictus. Erect or straight.
Strigosa. Covered with short, stiff

hairs. Strigose.
Strigose. Covered with short, stiff
and appressed hairs.

The stalk which supports

the stigma, or raises the stigma
above the ovary. See pistil.

furrowed.

Style.

Subaristate. Nearly or somewhat
awned.

Subciliate. Slightly or somewhat
ciliate.

Subspicatum. Somewhat or nearly
spicate.

Subulate. Awl-shaped.

Sugar-cane. 17.

Sweet Reed-grass. 94...73.

Vernal-grass. 71...62.
Switeh-cane. 187...129.

grass. 35...42.
Sylvatica. Sylvestris. Relating to

woods or wood-land.
Tall Grama. 119...89.

Red-top. I22...94.
Temulentum. Drunken.
Tenella. Delicate or small.
Tennessee Fescue. I6H...115.
Tenuis. Slender.

Applied to plants |

INDEX AND GLOSSARY.

13.
Cylindrical, not flattened or
compressed.

Teosinte.
Terete.

Terrell-grass. 183...126.
Texas Blue-grass. 151...110.
Thatch-grass. 16...87.
Timothy. S1...70.

Timothy, white. 106...81.

Tribuloides. Tribulus-like. Tribu-
lus—three-pointed.
Trichodium decumbens. “76.
Trifid. Three-parted.
Triodia. 983.
cuprea Jacq., I22...94.
Triple-awn, Purple. 735...64.
Slender. 74...64.
Tripsacum. Greek, to thresh. 15.

dactyloides Linn., @...16.
Trisetum Latin. Three bristles. 81.
flavescens, 82.
palustre Torr., LO9...82.
seepene a var. molle Gray, 108
9

Triticum. The classical name. 124.

sativum Linn. 124.
Trivialis. Common.
Truncate. Ending abruptly as if cut

off transversely.

Tuberculate. Covered with small
wart-like execrescences or tu-
bercles.

Twin-grass. 437...101.

Two-rowed Barley. 125.

Typhoideum. Typha-like. Typha—
the generic name of Cat-tail, a
marsh plant.

Unilateral. One-sided. Disposed or
arranged along one side.

Unilateralis. Disposed along one
side. One-sided.
Uniola. Ancient Latin name of

some plant. 101.
broad-leaved. 139...102.
gracilis Michz., 138...102.
latifolia Michz., 139...102.
longifolia Scribn. 102.
nitida. 102.

Unioloides. Uniola-like.
Unisexual. Of one —sex—either
staminate (male) or pistillate

(female).

Vagineefiorus. Sheath-flowering.
Vaginatum. Sheathed.
Vanilla-grass. 61.

Velvet-grass. 106...81.

Ventricose. Swelling out on one
side.

Vernal-grass, Sweet. 71...62.

Verrucose. Warty.

Verrucosum. See verrucose.

Versatile. Said of anthers when at-
tached near the middle so that
they freely swing to and fro.

Verticillata. Verticillate. Whorled.

wats INDEX AND GLOSSARY.

ay I rum nm mondii. 72.
a Spey clothed | with soft
lra oO

uth, Twiglikes Slender,
straight and erect.
Lyme-grass. 2892..,.126.
Green.

" Sticky.
dum. BS a Coated with a
stick

rare. “Vulgaris, Common.
sae 179...123.
= Bincehe: 106...81.
ise ina ring or cir-

cle, in the same plane, around
; Breprting axis.

s” Salk

Wild Barley. 890...125.

Millet. 63...56.

Oat-grass. 113...85.

Rice. 58.
Wire-grass. 120.,.90,
Witch-grass. 17s...123.

grass, Old. %7...43.
Woodland Blue-grass. 147...109.

Yellow Foxtail. 62...56.
Yellow Oat-grass. 82.

Zea. Greek, of obscure meaning. 14.

Mays Linn., 15.

ecanina. 14, 15.
Zizania. 58.

aquatica Linn., 58.
ZOYSIER. 28.

OGDEN BROS. & CO., PRINTERS, KNOXVILLE, TENN.

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