THE LIBRARY

OF

THE UNIVERSITY

OF CALIFORNIA

DAVIS

GIFT OF

JOHN C. HARPER

GRAY'S

LESSONS IN BOTANY

AND

VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY,

ILLUSTRATED BY OVER 360 WOOD ENGRAVINGS, FROM ORIGINAL
DRAWINGS, BY ISAAC SPRAGUE.

TO WHICH IS ADDED A COPIOUS

GLOSSARY,

OR

DICTIONARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS.

BY ASA GRAY,

FISHER PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY.

NEW YORK:

IVISON, PHINNEY, BLAKEMAN & CO.,

CHICAGO : S. C. GRIGGS & CO.

1809.

LIBRARY

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
DAVIS

Entered according to Act of Congress, In the year 1857, by

GEORGE P. PUTNAM & CO.,
in the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the Southern District of New York.

Entered according to Act of Congress, hi the year 1868, by

ASA GRAY,
in the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the District of Massachusetts.

PEEFACE.

THIS book is intended for the use of beginners, and for classes in the
common and higher schools, — in which the elements of Botany, one of
the most generally interesting of the Natural Sciences, surely ought to be
taught, and to be taught correctly, as far as the instruction proceeds.
While these Lessons are made as plain and simple as they well can be,
all the subjects treated of have been carried far enough to make the book
a genuine Grammar of Botany and Vegetable Physiology, and a sufficient
introduction to those works in which the plants of a country — especially
of our own — are described.

Accordingly, as respects the principles of Botany (including Vege-
table Physiology), this work is complete in itself, as a school-book
for younger classes, and even for the students of our higher seminaries.
For it comprises a pretty full account of the structure, organs, growth,
and reproduction of plants, and of their important uses in the scheme of
creation, — subjects which certainly ought to be as generally understood
by all educated people as the elements of Natural Philosophy or Astron-
omy are ; and which are quite as easy to be learned.

The book is also intended to serve as an introduction to the author's
Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States (or to any similar
work describing the plants of other districts), and to be to it what a
grammar and a dictionary are to a Classical author. It consequently con-
tains many terms and details which there is no necessity for young stu-
dents perfectly to understand in the first instance, and still less to commit
to memory, but which they will need to refer to as occasions arise, when
they come to analyze flowers, and ascertain the names of our wild plants.

To make the book complete in this respect, a full Glossary, or Diction-
ary of Terms used in describing Plants, is added to the volume. This con-
tains very many words which are not used in the Manual of Botany;
but as they occur in common botanical works, it was thought best to in-
troduce and explain them. All the words in the Glossary which seemed
to require it are accented.

IV PREFACE.

It is by no means indispensable for students to go through the volume
before commencing with the analysis of plants. When the proper season
for botanizing arrives, and when the first twelve Lessons have been gone
over, they may take up Lesson XXVIII. and the following ones, and pro-
ceed to study the various wild plants they find in blossom, in the manner
illustrated in Lesson XXX., &c., — referring to the Glossary, and thence
to the pages of the Lessons, as directed, for explanations of the various
distinctions and terms they meet with. Their first essays will necessarily
be rather tedious, if not difficult ; but each successful attempt smooths
the way for the next, and soon these technical terms and distinctions
will become nearly as familiar as those of ordinary language.

Students who, having mastered this elementary work, wish to extend
their acquaintance with Vegetable Anatomy and Physiology, and to con-
sider higher questions about the structure and classification of plants, will
be prepared to take up the author's Botanical Text-Book, an Introduction
to Structural Botany, or other more detailed treatises.

No care and expense have been spared upon the illustrations of this
volume; which, with one or two exceptions, are all original. They
were drawn from nature by Mr. Sprague, the most accurate of living
botanical artists, and have been as freely introduced as the size to which
it was needful to restrict the volume would warrant.

To append a set of questions to the foot of each page, although not un-
usual in school-books, seems like a reflection upon the competency or the
faithfulness of teachers, who surely ought to have mastered the lesson be-
fore they undertake to teach it; nor ought facilities to be afforded for
teaching, any more than learning, lessons by rote. A full analysis of the
contents of the Lessons, however, is very convenient and advantageous.
Such an Analysis is here given, in place of the ordinary table of con-
tents. This will direct the teacher and the learner at once to the leading
ideas and important points of each Lesson, and serve as a basis to ground
proper questions on, if such should be needed.

ASA GRAY.

HARVARD UNIVERSITY, CAMBRIDGE,
January 1, 1857.

%* Revised August, 1868, and alterations made adapting it to the new edition of
Manual, and to Fitld, forest, and Garden Botany, to which this work is the proper
introduction and companion.

A. G.

ANALYSIS OF THE LESSONS.1

LESSON I. — BOTANY AS A BRANCH OP NATURAL HISTORY. . . p. 1.

1. Natural History, its subjects. 2. The Inorganic or Mineral Kingdom,
what it is : why called Inorganic. 3. The Organic world, or the world of Or-
ganized beings, why so called, and what its peculiarities. 4. What kingdoms
it comprises. 5, 6. Differences between plants and animals. 7. The use of
plants : how vegetables are nourished ; and how animals.

8. Botany, how defined. 9. Physiology, and Physiological Botany, what
/fiey relate to. 10. Systematic Botany, what it relates to : a Flora, what it is.
11. Geographical Botany, Fossil Botany, &c., what they relate to.

LESSON II. — THE GROWTH OF THE PLANT FROM THE SEED. . p. 4.

12. The Course of Vegetation: general questions proposed. 13. Plants
formed on one general plan. 14. The Germinating Plantlet : 15. exists in
miniature in the seed: 16. The Embryo; its parts: 17, 18. how it develops.
19. Opposite growth of Root and Stem : 20. its object or results : 21,22. the
different way each grows.

LESSON III. GROWTH OF THE PLANT FROM THE SEED; continued, p. 9.

23. Recapitulation : I Ascending and Descending AxisJ 24, 25. The Germi-
nating Plantlet, how nourished. 26. Deposit of food in the embryo, illustrated
in the Squash, &c. : 27. in the Almond, Apple-seed, Beech, &c. : 28. in the
Bean: 29. in the Pea, Oak, and Buckeye : peculiarity of these last. 30, 31.
Deposit of food outside of the embryo : Albumen of the seed : various shapes
of embryo. 32, 33. Kinds of embryo as to the number of Cotyledons : di-
cotyledonous : monocotyledonous : polycotyledonous. 34, 35. Plan of vegeta-
tion. 36. Simple-stemmed vegetation illustrated.

LESSON IV. THE GROWTH OF PLANTS FROM BUDS AND BRANCHES, p. 20.

37, 38. Branching : difference in this respect between roots and stems. 39.
Buds, what they are, and where situated : 40. how they grow, and what they
become. 41. Plants as to size and duration: herb, annual, biennial, perennial :
shrub : tree. 42. Terminal Bud. 43. Axillary Buds. 44. Scaly Buds. 45.
Naked Buds. 46. Vigor of vegetation from buds illustrated. 47-49. Plan
and arrangement of Branches : opposite : alternate. 50. Symmetry of Branches,

* The numbers in the analysis refer to the paragraphs.

Vi ANALYSIS OF THE LESSONS.

what it depends on: 51. how it becomes incomplete: 51-59. how varied.
53. Definite growth. 54. Indefinite growth. 55. Deliquescent or dissolving
stems, how formed. 56. Excurrent stems of spire-shaped trees, how produced.
57. Latent Buds. 58. Adventitious Buds. 59. Accessory or supernumerary-
Buds. 60. Sorts of Buds recapitulated and defined.

LESSON V. MORPHOLOGY OF ROOTS p. 28.

61 - 64. Morphology; what the term means, and how applied in Botany. 65.
Primary Root, simple; and, 66. multiple. 67. Rootlets; how roots absorb 5
time for transplantation, £c. 68. Great amount of surface which a plant
spreads out, in the air and in the soil ; reduced in winter, increased in spring.
69. Absorbing surface of roots increased by the root-hairs. 70. Fibrous roots
for absorption. 71. Thickened or fleshy roots as storehouse of food. 72, 73.
Their principal forms. 74. Biennial roots ; their economy. 75. Perennial
thickened roots. 76. Potatoes, &c. are not roots. 77. Secondary Roots, their
economy. 78. Sometimes striking in open air, when they are, 79. Aerial Roots ;
illustrated in Indian Corn, Mangrove, Screw Pine, Banyan, &c. 80. Aerial
Rootlets of Ivy. 81. Epiphytes or Air-Plants, illustrated. 82. Parasitic Plants,
illustrated by the Mistletoe, Dodder, &c.

LESSON VI. MORPHOLOGY OF STEMS AND BRANCHES. ... p. 36.

83 - 85. Forms of stems and branches above ground. 86. Their direction or
habit of growth. 87. Culm, Caudex, &c. 88. Suckers : propagation of plants
by division. 89. Stolons : propagation by layering or laying. 90. Offsets.
91. Runners. 92. Tendrils; how plants climb by them : their disk-like tips in
the Virginia Creeper. 93. Tendrils are sometimes forms of leaves. 94. Spines
or Thorns ; their nature : Prickles. 95. Strange forms of stems. 96. Subter-
ranean stems and branches. 97. The Rootstock or Rhizoma, why stem and
not root. 98. Why running rootstocks are so troublesome, and so hard to de-
stroy. 99-101. Thickened rootstocks, as depositories of food. 102. Their
life and growth. 103. The Tuber. 104. Economy of the Potato-plant. 105.
Gradations of tubers into, 106. Corms or solid bulbs : the nature and economy
of these, as in Crocus. 107. Gradation of these into, 108. the Bulb : nature of
bulbs. 109,110. Their economy. 111. Their two principal sorts. 112. Bulb-
lets. 113. How the foregoing sorts of stems illustrate what is meant by mor-
phology. 114. They are imitated in some plants above ground. 115. Consoli-
dated forms of vegetation, illustrated by Cactuses, &c. 116. Their economy
and adaptation to dry regions.

LESSON VII. MORPHOLOGY OF LEAVES P- 49.

117. Remarkable states of leaves already noticed. 118, 119. Foliage the
natural form of leaves : others am special forms, or transformations; why so
called. 120. Leaves as depositories of food, especially the seed-leaves ; and, 121.
As Rulh-srMW i -jo. Loaves as Bud-scales. 123. As Spines. 124. As Ten-
drils 125 A< Pif-hers. 126. As Fly-traps. 127- 129. The same leaf serving
various purposes.

ANALYSIS OF THE LESSONS. vii

LESSON VIII. MORPHOLOGY or LEAVES AS FOLIAGE. ... p. 54.

130. Foliage the natural state of leaves. 131. Leaves a contrivance for in-
creasing surface : the vast surface of a tree in leaf. 132, 133. The parts of a
leaf. 134. The blade. 135. Its pulp or soft part and its framework. 136.
The latter is wood, and forms the ribs or veins and veinlets. 137. Division and
use of these. 138. Venation, or mode of veining. 139. Its two kinds. 140.
Netted-vcined or reticulated. 141. Parallel-veined or nerved. 142. The so-
called veins and nerves essentially the same thing; the latter not like the
nerves of animals. 143. How the sort of veining of leaves answers to' the num-
ber of cotyledons and the kind of plant. 144. Two kinds of parallel-veined leaves.
145, 146. Two kinds of netted-veined leaves. 147. Relation of the veining to
the shape of the leaf. 148 - 151. Forms of leaves illustrated, as to general out-
line. 152. As to the base. 153. As to the apex.

LESSON IX. MORPHOLOGY OF LEAVES AS FOLIAGE ; continued, p. 61.

154, 155. Leaves either simple or compound. 156-162. Simple leaves il-
lustrated as to particular outline, or kind and degree of division. 163. Com-
pound leaves. 164. Leaflets. 165. Kinds of compound leaves. 166, 167.
The pinnate, and, 168. the palmate or digitate. 169. As to number of leaflets,
£c. 170. Leaflets, as to lobing, &c. 171, 172. Doubly or trebly compound
leaves of both sorts. 173. Peculiar forms of leaves explained, such as : 174.
Perfoliate: 175. Equitant: 176. Those without blade. 177. Phyllodia, or
flattened petioles. 178. Stipules. 179. Sheaths of Grasses ; Ligule.

LESSON X. THE ARRANGEMENT OF LEAVES p. 71.

181. Phyllotaxy, or arrangement of leaves on the stem : general sorts of ar-
rangement. 182. Leaves arise only one from the same place. 183. Clustered
or fascicled leaves explained. 184. Spiral arrangement of alternate leaves. 185v
The two-ranked arrangement. 186. The three-ranked arrangement. 187. The
five-ranked arrangement. 188. The fractions by which these are expressed.-
189. The eight-ranked and the thirteen-ranked arrangements. 190. The series
of these fractions, and their relations. 191. Opposite and whorled leaves.
192. Symmetry of leaves, &c. fixed by mathematical rule. 193. Vernation, or
arrangement of leaves in the bud. 194. The principal modes.

LESSON XI. THE ARRANGEMENT OF FLOWERS ON THE STEST,

OR INFLORESCENCE p. 76.

195. Passage from the Organs of Vegetation to those of Fructification or Re-
production. 196. Inflorescence: the arrangement of flowers depends on that
of the leaves. 197. They are from either terminal or axillary buds. 198. In-
determinate Inflorescence. 199. Its sorts of flower-clusters. 200. Flower-
stalks, viz. peduncles and pedicels, bracts and bractlets, £c. 201. Raceme.
202. Its gradation into (203) a Corymb, and that (204) into (205) an Umbel.
206. Centripetal order of development. 207. The Spike. 208. The Head,

yiii ANALYSIS OF THE LESSONS.

209. Spadix. 210. Catkin or Amcnt. 211, 212. Compound inflorescence of
the preceding kinds. 213. Panicle. 214. Thyrsus. 215. Determinate In-
florescence explained. 216, 217. Cyme: centrifugal order of development.
218. Fascicle. 219. Glomerule. 221. Analysis of ilower-clusters. 222. Com-
bination of the two kinds of inflorescence in the same plant.

LESSON XII. THE FLOWER : ITS PARTS OR ORGANS p. 84.

223. The Flower. 224. Its nature and use. 225. Its organs. 226. The
Floral Envelopes or leaves of the flower. Calyx and Corolla, together called
(227) Perianth. 228. Petals, Sepals. 229. Neutral and "double" flowers,
those destitute of, 230. The Essential Organs : Stamens and Pistils. 231,232.
The parts of the flower in their succession. 233. The Stamen : its parts. 234.
The Pistil : its parts.

LESSON XIII. THE PLAN OP THE FLOWER p. 88.

235. Flowers all constructed upon the same plan. 236. Plan in vegetation
referred to. 237 - 239. Typical or pattern flowers illustrated, those at once
perfect, complete, regular, and symmetrical. 241. Imperfect or separated flowers.
242. Incomplete flowers. 243. Symmetry and regularity. 244. Irregular flow-
ers. 245. Unsymmetrical flowers. 246. Numerical plan of the flower. 247.
Alternation of the successive parts. 248. Occasional obliteration of certain parts.
24.^ Abortive organs. 250. Multiplication of parts.

LESSON XIV. MORPHOLOGY OF THE FLOWER p. 96.

251. Recapitulation of the varied forms under which stems and leaves appear.
252. These may be called metamorphoses. 253. Flowers are altered branches ;
how shown. 254. Their position the same as that occupied by buds. 255,
256. Leaves of the blossom are really leaves. 257. Stamens a different modifi-
cation of the same. 258. Pistils another modification ; the botanist's idea of
a pistil. 259. The arrangement of the parts of a flower answers to that of the
leaves on a branch.

LESSON XV. MORPHOLOGY OF THE CALYX AND COROLLA. . . p. 99.

260. The leaves of the blossom viewed as to the various shapes they assume ;
as, 261. by growing together. 262. Union or cohesion of parts of the same sort,
rendering the flower, 263. Monopetalous or monosepalous ; various shapes de-
fine,! and named. 265 The tube, and the border or limb. 266. The claw
and the blade, or bmiim of a separate petal, &e. 267. When the parts are
distinct, ]io1y-e;,;il,,u<, and polypetalous. 268. Consolidation, or the growing
tngc'h-T of the parts of different sets. 269. Insertion, what it means, and what
is meant by the terms Free and Hypogynous. 270. Perigynous insertion. 271,
•2:-2. Coherent or adherent calyx, £c. 273. Epigynous. 274. Irregularity of
part-. 275. Papilionaceous flower, and its parts. 276. Labiate or bilabiate
flowers. 277, 278. Ligulate flowers : the so-called compound flowers.

ANALYSIS OF THE LESSONS. IX

LESSON XVI. JESTIVATION, OR THE ARRANGEMENT OF THE

CALYX AND COROLLA IN THE BUD. ... p. 108.

279. ^Estivation or Prrefloration defined. 280. Its principal modes illustrated,
yiz. the valvate, induplicate, reduplicate, convolute or twisted, and imbricated.
282, 283. Also the open, and the plaited or plicate, and its modification, the
supervolute.

LESSON XVII. MORPHOLOGY OF THE STAMENS p. 111.

284. Stamens considered as to, 285. Their insertion. 286. Their union with
each other. 287, 288. Their number. 289. Their parts. 290. The Filament.
291. The Anther. 292, 293. Its attachment to the filament. 294. Its structure.
295. Its mode of opening, &c. 296. Its morphology, or the way in which it is
supposed to be constructed out of a leaf; its use, viz. to produce, 297. Pollen.
298. Structure of pollen-grams. 299. Some of their forms.

LESSON XVIII. MORPHOLOGY OF PISTILS. p. 116.

300. Pistils as to position. 301. As to number. 302. Their parts ; Ovary,
style, and stigma. 303, 304. Plan of a pistil, whether simple or compound.
305, 306. The simple pistil, or Carpel, and how it answers .to a leaf. 307. Its
sutures. 308. The Placenta. 309. The Simple Pistil, one-celled, 310. and with
one style. 311, 312. The Compound Pistil, how composed. 313. With two or
more cells : 314. their placenta? in the axis : 315. their dissepiments or parti-
tions. 316, 317. One-celled compound pistils. 318. With a free central pla-
centa. 319, 320. With parietal placenta?. 321. Ovary superior or inferior.
322. Open or Gymnospermous pistil : Naked-seeded plants. 323. Ovules. 324.
Their structure. 325, 326. Their kinds illustrated.

LESSON XIX. MORPHOLOGY OF THE RECEPTACLE p. 124.

327. The Receptacle or Torus. 328-330. Some of its forms illustrated.
331. The Disk. 332. Curious form of the receptacle in Nelumbium.

LESSON XX. THE FRUIT p. 126.

333. What the Fruit consists of. 334. Fruits which are not such in a strict
botanical sense. 335. Simple Fruits. 336, 337. The Pericarp, and the changes
it may undergo. 338. Kinds of simple fruits. 339. Fleshy fruits. 340. The
Berry. 341. The Pepo or Ground-fruit, 342. The Pome or Apple-fruit. 343-
345. The Drupe or Stone-fruit. 346. Dry fruits. 347. The Achenium : nature
of the Strawberry. 348. Raspberry and Blackberry. 349. Fruit in the Com-
posite Family : Pappus. 350. The Utricle. 351. The Caryopsis or Grain. 352.
The Nut : Cupule. 353. The Samara or Key-fruit. 354. The Capsule or Pod.
355. The Follicle. 356. The Legume and Loment. 357. The true Capsule.
358,359. Dehiscence, its kinds. 361. The Silique. 362. The Silicic. 363. The
Pyxis. 364. Multiple or Collective Fruits. 365. The Strobile or Cone.

X ANALYSIS OF THE LESSONS.

LESSON XXL THE SEED p. 134.

366. The Seed; its origin. 367. Its parts. 360,369. Its coats. 370. The
Aril or Arillus. 371. Names applied to the parts of the seed. 372. The Ker-
nel or Nucleus. 373. The Albumen. 374, 375. The Embryo. 376. The
Radicle. 377. The Cotyledons or Seed-leaves : the monocotyledonous, dicoty-
ledonous, and polycotyledonous embryo. 378. The Plumule. 379. The circle
of vegetable life completed.

LESSON XXII. How PLANTS GROW p. 138.

380, 381. Growth, what it is. 382. For the first formation or beginning of
a plant dates further back than to, 383. the embryo in the ripe seed, which is
already a plantlet. 384. The formation and the growth of the embryo itself.
385. Action of the pollen on the stigma, and the result. 386. The Embryonal
Vesicle, or first cell of the embryo. 387. Its growth and development into the
embryo. 388. Growth of the plantlet from the seed. 389. The plant built up
of a vast number of cells. 390. Growth consists of the increase in size of cells,
and then* multiplication in number.

LESSON XXIII. VEGETABLE FABRIC : CELLULAR TISSUE. . . p. 142.

391, 392. Organic Structure illustrated : Cells the units or elements of plants.
393. Cellular Tissue. 394,395,397. How the cells are put together. 396. Inter-
cellular spaces, air-passages. 398. Size of cells. 399. Rapidity of their produc-
tion. 400. Their walls colorless ; the colors owing to their contents. 401. The
walls sometimes thickened. 402. Cells are closed and whole ; yet sap flows from
one cell to another. 403. Their varied shapes.

LESSON XXIV. VEGETABLE FABRIC : WOOD p. 145.

404. All plants at the beginning formed of cellular tissue only ; and some
never have anything else in their composition. 405. Wood soon appears in
most plants. 406. Its nature. 408. Wood-cells or Woody Fibre. 409. Hard
wood and soft wood. 410. Wood-cells closed and whole ; yet they convey sap.
411. They communicate through thin places : Pine-wood, &c. 412. Bast-cells
or fibres of the bark. 413. Ducts or Vessels. 414. The principal kinds. 415.
Milk-vessels, Oil-receptacles, £c.

LESSON XXV. ANATOMY OP THE ROOT, STEM, AND LEAVES, p. 149.

416. The materials of the vegetable fabric, how put together. 417-419.
Structure and action of the rootlets. 420. Root-hairs. 421. Structure of tho
Ptcm. 4'2-2. The two sorts of stem. 423. The Endogenous. 423. The Exo-
genous : 425. moro particularly explained. 420. Parts of the wood or stem
itself. 427. Parts of the hark. 428. Growth of the exogenous stem year after
year. 420. Growth of the bark, and what becomes of the older parts. 431.
Changes in UMJ wood ; Sap-wood. 432. Heart-wood. 433. This no longer liv-

ANALYSIS OF THE LESSONS. XI

ing. 434. What the living parts of a tree are ; their annual renewal. 435.
Cambium-layer or zone of growth in the stem ; connected with, 436. new root-
lets below, and new shoots, buds, and leaves above. 437. Structure of a leaf:
its two parts, the woody and the cellular, or, 438. the pulp ; this contains the green
matter, or Chlorophyll. 439, 440. Arrangement of the cells of green pulp in the
leaf, and structure of its epidermis or skin. 441. Upper side only endures the
sunshine. 442. Evaporation or exhalation of moisture from the leaves. 443.
Stomates or Breathing-pores, their structure and use. 444. Their numbers.

LESSON XXVI. THE PLANT IN ACTION, DOING THE WORK

OF VEGETATION p. 157.

446. The office of plants to produce food for animals. 447. Plants feed
upon earth and air. 449. Their chemical composition. 450. Two sorts of
material. 451, 452. The earthy or inorganic constituents. 453. The organic
constituents. 454. These form the Cellulose, or substance of vegetable tissue ;
composition of cellulose. 455. The plant's food, from which this is made.

456. Water, furnishing hydrogen and oxygen. 458. Carbonic acid, furnishing,

457. Carbon. 459. The air, containing oxygen and nitrogen ; and also, 460.
Carbonic acid; 461. which is absorbed by the leaves, 462. and by the roots.
463. Water and carbonic acid the general food of plants. 464. Assimilation
the proper work of plants. 465. Takes place in green parts alone, under the
light of the sun. 466 - 468. Liberates oxygen gas and produces Cellulose or
plant-fabric. 469. Or else Starch ; its nature and use. 470. Or Sugar; its na-
ture, &c. The transformations starch, sugar, &c. undergo. 471. Oils, acids, &c.
The formation of all these products restores oxygen gas to the air. 472. There-
fore plants purify the air for animals. 473. While at the same time they pro-
duce all the food and fabric of animals. The latter take all their food ready made
from plants. 474. And decompose starch, sugar, oil, &c., giving back their ma-
terials to the air again as the food of the plant ; at the same time producing ani-
mal heat. 475. But the fabric or flesh of animals (fibrine, gelatine, &c.) contains
nitrogen. 476. This is derived from plants in the form of Proteine. Its nature
and how the plant forms it. 477. Earthy matters in the plant form the earthy
part of bones, &c. 478. Dependence of animals upon plants ; showing the great
object for which plants were created.

LESSON XXVII. PLANT-LIFE p. 166.

479. Life ; manifested by its effects ; viz. its power of transforming matter :
480. And by motion. 481, 482. Plants execute movements as well as animals.
483. Circulation in cells. 484. Free movements of the simplest plants in their
forming state. 485. Absorption and conveyance of the sap. 486. Its rise into
the leaves. 487. Explained by a mechanical law; Endosmose. 488. Set in ac-
tion by evaporation from the leaves. 489. These movements controlled by the
plant, which directs growth and shapes the fabric by an inherent power. 490 -
492. Special movements of a conspicuous sort; such as seen in the bending,
twining, revolving, and coiling of stems and tendrils ; in the so-called sleeping
and waking states of plants ; in movements from irritation, and striking spon-
taneous motions.

Ill ANALYSIS OF THE LESSONS.

493. Cryptogamous or Flowerless Plants. 494. What they comprise ; why
so called. 495. To be studied in other works.

LESSON XXVIII. SPECIES AND KINDS. p. 173.

496. Plants viewed as to their relationships. 497. Two characteristics of
plants and animals : they form themselves, and, 498. They exist as Individu-
als. The chain of individuals gives rise to the idea of, 499, 500. Species : as-
semblages of individuals, so like that they are inferred to have a common an-
cestry. 501. Varieties and Races. 502. Tendency of the progeny to inherit
all the peculiarities of the parent ; how taken advantage of in developing and
fixing races. 503. Diversity and gradation of species ; these so connected as to
show all to be formed on one plan, all works of one hand, or realizations of the
conceptions of one mind. 504. Kinds, what they depend upon. 505. Genera.
506. Orders or Families. 507. Suborders and Tribes. 508. Classes. 509. The
two great Series or grades of plants. 510. The way the various divisions in
classification are ranked.

LESSON XXIX. BOTANICAL NAMES AND CHARACTERS. . . . p. 178.

511, 512. Classification ; the two purposes it subserves. 513. Names : plan of
nomenclature. 514, 515. Generic names, how formed. 516. Specific names,
how formed. 517. Names of Varieties. 518, 519. Names of Orders, Sub-
orders, Tribes, &c. 520, 521. Characters.

LESSONS XXX. -XXXII. How TO STUDY PLANTS, pp. 181, 187, 191.

522 - 567. Illustrated by several examples, showing the mode of analyzing and
ascertaining the name of an unknown plant, and its place in the system, &c.

LESSON XXXIII. BOTANICAL SYSTEMS p. 195.

568-571. Natural System. 572, 573. Artificial Classification. 574. Arti-
ficial System of Linnaeus. 575. Its twenty-four Classes, enumerated and de-
fined. 576. Derivation of their names. 577, 578. Its Orders.

LESSON XXXIV. How TO COLLECT SPECIMENS AND MAKE

AN HERBARIUM p- 199.

579-582. Directions for collecting specimens. 583,584. For drying and
preserving specimens. 585, 586. For forming an Herbarium.

GLOSSARY, OR DICTIONARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS p. 203

FIRST LESSONS

IN

BOTANY AND VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY.

LESSON I.

BOTANY AS A BRANCH OF NATURAL HISTORY.

1. THE subjects of Natural History are, the earth itself and the
beings that live upon it.

2. The Inorganic World, or Mineral Kingdom, 'The earth itself, with;

the air that surrounds it, and all things naturally belonging to them
which are destitute of life, make up the mineral kingdom, or in-
organic world. These are called inorganic, or unorganized, because
they are not composed of organs, that is, of parts which answer to
one another, and make up a whole, such as is a horse, a bird, or a
plant. They were formed, but they did not grow, nor proceed from
previous bodies like themselves, nor have they the power of pro-
ducing other similar bodies, that is, of reproducing their kind. On
the other hand, the various living things, or those which have pos-
sessed life, compose

3. The Organic World, — the world of organized beings. These
consist of organs ; of parts which go to make up an individual, a
being. And each individual owes its existence to a preceding one
like itself, that is, to a parent. It was not merely formed, but
produced. At first small and imperfect, it grows and develops by
powers of its own ; it attains maturity, becomes old, and finally dies.
It was formed of inorganic or mineral matter, that is, of earth and
air, indeed ; but only of this matter under the influence of life :
and after life departs, sooner or later, it is decomposed into earth
and air again.

1

BOTANY, WHAT IT RELATES TO. [LESSON 1.

4.) The organic world consists of two kinds of beings; namely,
1. Plants or Vegetables, which make up what is called the Vegetable
Kingdom ; and, 2. Animals, which compose the Animal Kingdom.

?>. The Differences between Plants and Animals seem at first sight so

obvious and so great, that it would appear more natural to inquire
how they resemble rather than how they differ from each other.
What likeness does the cow bear to the grass it feeds upon ? The
one moves freely from place to place, in obedience to its own will,
as its wants or convenience require : the other is fixed to the spot
of earth where it grew, manifests no will, and makes no movements
that are apparent to ordinary observation. The one takes its food
into an internal cavity (the stomach), from which it is absorbed
into the system : the other absorbs its food directly by its surface,
by its roots, leaves, &c. Both possess organs; but the limbs or
members of the animal do not at all resemble the roots, leaves,
blossoms, &c. of the plant. All these distinctions, however, gradu-
ally disappear, as we come to the lower kinds of plants and the lower
animals. Many animals (such as barnacles, coral-animals, and
polyps) are fixed to some support as completely as the plant is to
the soil ; while many plants are not fixed, and some move from
place to place by powers of their own. All animals move some of
their parts freely ; yet in the extent and rapidity of the motion
many of them are surpassed by the common Sensitive Plant, by
the Venus's Fly-trap, and by some other vegetables ; while whole
tribes of aquatic plants are so freely and briskly locomotive, that
they have until lately been taken for animals. It is among these
microscopic tribes that the animal and vegetable kingdoms most
nearly approach each other, — so nearly, that it is still uncertain
where to draw the line between them.

6. Since the difficulty of distinguishing between animals and
plants occurs only, or mainly, in those forms which from their
minuteness are beyond ordinary observation, we need not further
eoneern ourselves with the question here. One, and probably the
most absolute, difference, however, ought to be mentioned at the
outset, because it enables us to see what plants are made for. It
is this : —

7. Vegetables are nourished by the mineral kingdom, that is, by
the ground and the air, which supply all they need, and which they
are adapted to live upon ; while animals are entirely nourished by
N<0'<-ta!>l.-s. The great use of plants therefore is, to take portions of

LESSON 1.] BOTANY, WHAT IT RELATES TO. 3

earth and air, upon which animals cannot subsist at all, and to con-
vert these into something upon which animals can subsist, that is,
into food. All food is produced by plants. Hqw this is done, it is
the province of Vegetable Physiology to explain.

8. Botany is the name of the science of the vegetable kingdom in
general.

0. Physiology is the study of the way a living being lives, and
grows, and performs its various operations. The study of plants in
this view is the province of Vegetable Physiology. The study of the
form and structure of the organs or parts of the vegetable, by which
its operations are performed, is the province of Structural Botany.
The two together constitute Physiological Botany. With this de-
partment the study of Botany should begin; both because it lies
at the foundation of all the rest, and because it gives that kind of
knowledge of plants which it is desirable every one should possess ;
that is, some knowledge of the way in which plants live, grow, and
fulfil the purposes of their existence. To this subject, accordingly,
a large portion of the following Lessons is devoted.

10. The study of plants as to their kinds is the province of Sys-
tematic Botany. An enumeration of the kinds of vegetables, as far
as known, classified according to their various degrees of resemblance
Dr difference, constitutes a general System of plants. A similar ac-
count of the vegetables of any particular country or district is called
a Flora of that country or district.

1 1 . Other departments of Botany come to view when — instead
of regarding plants as to what they are in themselves, or as to their
relationship with each other — we consider them in their relations
to other things. Their relation to the earth, for instance, as respects
their distribution over its surface, gives rise to Geographical Botany,
or Botanical Geography. The study of the vegetation of former
times, in their fossil remains entombed in the crust of the earth,
gives rise to Fossil Botany. The study of plants in respect to their
uses to man is the province of Agricultural Botany, Medical Botany,
and the like.

4 GROWTH OF THE PLANT FROM THE SEED. [LESSON 2.

LESSON II.

THE GROWTH OF THE PLANT FROM THE SEED.

12. The Course Of Vegetation, We see plants growing from the
seed in spring-time, and gradually developing their parts : at length
they blossom, bear fruit, and produce seeds like those from which
they grew. Shall we commence the study of the plant with the
full-grown herb or tree, adorned with flowers or laden with fruit ?
Or shall we commence with the seedling just rising from the
ground ? On the whole, we may get a clearer idea of the whole
life and structure of plants if we begin at the beginning, that is, with
the plantlet springing from the seed, and follow it throughout its
course of growth. This also agrees best with the season in which
the study of Botany is generally commenced, namely, in the spring
of the year, when the growth of plants from the seed can hardly
fail to attract attention. Indeed, it is this springing forth of vegeta-
tion from seeds and buds, after the rigors of our long winter, —
clothing the earth's surface almost at once with a mantle of freshest
verdure, — which gives to spring its greatest charm. Even the
dullest beholder, the least observant of Nature at other seasons,
can then hardly fail to ask : What are plants ? How do they live
and grow ? What do they live upon ? What is the object and use
of vegetation in general, and of its particular and wonderfully various
forms ? These questions it is the object of the present Lessons to
answer, as far as possible, in a simple way.

13. A reflecting as well as observing person, noticing the re-
semblances between one plant and another, might go on to inquire
whether plants, with all their manifold diversities of form and
aj>j>earanee, are not all constructed on one and the same general
plan. It will become apparent, as we proceed, that this is the
case; — that one common plan may be discerned, which each par-
ticular plant, whether herb, shrub, or tree, has followed much more
closely than would at first view be supposed. The differences, wide
as they are, are merely incidental. What is true in a general way
of any ordinary vegetable, will be found to be true of all, only with
great variation in the details. In the same language, though in
varied phrase, the hundred thousand kinds of plants repeat the same

LESSON 2.] GROWTH OF THE PLANT FROM THE SEED,

story, — are the living witnesses and illustrations of one and the
same plan of Creative Wisdom in the vegetable world. So that the
study of any one plant, traced from the seed it springs from round
to the seeds it produces, would illustrate the whole subject of vege-
table life and growth. It matters little, therefore, what particular
plant we begin with.

14. The Germinating Plantlet, Take for example a seedling Maple.
Sugar Maples may be found in abundance in many places, starting
from the seed (i. e. germinating) in early spring, and Red Maples
at the beginning of summer, shortly after the fruits of the season
have ripened and fallen to the ground, f A pair of narrow green
leaves raised on a tiny stem make up the whole plant at its first
appearance (Fig. 4). Soon a root appears at the lower end of this
stemlet ; then a little bud at its upper end, between the pair of
leaves, which soon grows into a second joint or

stem bearing another pair of leaves, Jresembling
the ordinary leaves of the Red Maple, which
the first did not. Figures 5 and 6 represent
these steps in the growth.

15. Was this plantlet formed in the seed at
the time of germination, something as the chick
is formed in the egg during the process of incu-
bation ? Or did it. exist before in the seed,
ready formed ? To decide this question, we
have only to inspect a sound seed, which in this
instance requires no microscope, nor any other
instrument than a sharp knife, by which the
coats of the seed (previously soaked in water, if
dry) may be laid open. We find within the
seed, in this case, the little plantlet ready formed,
and nothing else (Fig. 2) ; — namely, a pair
of leaves like those of the earliest seedling
(Fig. 4), only smaller, borne on a stemlet just
like that of the seedling, only much shorter,
and all snugly coiled up within the protecting
seed-coat. The plant then exists beforehand

in the seed, in miniature. It was not formed, but only devel-

FIG. 1. A winged fruit of Red Maple, witli the seed-bearing portion cut open, to show the
seed. 2. This seed cut open to show the embryo plantlet within, enlarged. 3. The embryo
taken out whole, and partly unfolded. 4. The same after it has begun to grow ; of the
natural size.

1*

6 GROWTH OF THE PLANT FROM THE SEED. [LESSON 2.

oped, in germination ; when it had merely to unfold and grow, —
to elongate its rudimentary stem, which takes
at the same time an upright position, so as to
bring the leaf-bearing end into the light and air,
where the two leaves expand ; while from the
opposite end, now pushed farther downwards
into the soil, the root begins to grow. All this
is true in the main of all plants that spring from
real seeds, although with great diversity in the
particulars. At least, there is hardly an excep-
tion to the fact, that the plantlet exists ready
formed in the seed, in some shape or other.

16. The rudimentary plantlet contained in
the seed is called an Embryo. Its little stem
is named the Radicle, because it was supposed
to be the root, when the difference between the
root and stem was not so well known as now.
It were better to name it the Caulicle (i. e.
little stem) ; but it is not expedient to change
old names. The seed-leaves it bears on its sum-
mit (here two in number) are technically called
Cotyledons. The little bud of undeveloped
leaves which is to be found between the co-
tyledons before germination in many cases (as in the Pea, Bean,
Fig. 17, &c.), has been named the Plumule.

17. In the Maple (Fig. 4), as also in the Morning-Glory (Fig.
28), and the like, this bud, or plumule, is not seen for some days
after the seed-leaves are expanded. But soon it appears, in the
Maple as a pair of minute leaves (Fig. 5), erelong raised on a stalk
which carries them up to some distance above the cotyledons. The
plantlet (Fig. 6) now consists, above ground, of two pairs of leaves,
viz. : 1. the cotyledons or seed-leaves, borne on the summit of the
original stemlet (the radicle) ; and 2. a pair of ordinary leaves,
raised on a second joint of stem which has grown from the top
of the first. Later, a third pair of leaves is formed, and raised
on a third joint of stem, proceeding from the summit of the second
(Fur. 7), just as that did from the first; and so on, until the germi-
nating plant let becomes a tree.

FIG. 5. Germinating Red Maple, which has produced its root beneath, and [a developing
a second pair of lcav«s above. C. Same, further advanced.

LESSON 2.] GROWTH OF THE PLANT FROM THE SEED.

18. So the youngest seedling, and even the embryo in the seed,
is already an epitome of the herb or tree. It has a stem, from the
lower end of which it strikes root : and it

has leaves. The tree itself in its whole
vegetation has nothing more in kind.
To become a tree, the plantlet has only
to repeat itself upwardly by producing
more similar parts, — that is, new por-
tions of stem, with new and larger leaves,
in succession, — while beneath, it pushes
its root deeper and deeper into the soil.

19. The Opposite Growth of Root and

Stem began at the beginning of germi-
nation, and it continues through the
whole life of the plant. While yet
buried in the soil, and perhaps in total
darkness, as soon as it begins to grow,
the stem end of the embryo points
towards the light, — curving or turning
quite round if it happens to lie in
some other direction, — and stretches
upwards into the free air and sunshine ;
while the root end as uniformly avoids
the light, bends in the opposite direction
to do so if necessary, and ever seeks to bury itself more and more
in the earth's bosom. How the plantlet makes these movements we
cannot explain. But the object of this instinct is obvious. It
places the plant from the first in the proper position, with its roots
in the moist soil, from which they are to absorb nourishment, and its
leaves in the light and air, where alone they can fulfil their office of
digesting what the roots absorb.

20. So the seedling plantlet finds itself provided with all the
organs of vegetation that even the oldest plant possesses, — namely,
root, stem, and leaves ; and has these placed in the situation where
each is to act, — the root in the soil, the foliage in the light and air.
Thus established, the plantlet has only to set about its proper work.

21. The different Mode of Growth of Root and Stem may also be here

mentioned. Each grows, not only in a different direction, but in a
different way. The stem grows by producing a set of joints, each from

FIG. 7. Germinating Red Maple, further developed.

8 GROWTH OF THE PLANT FROM Tilt: SEED. [LESSON 2.

the summit of its predecessor ; and each joint elongates throughout
every part, until it reaches its full length. The root is not composed
of joints, and it lengthens only at the end. The stem in the embryo
(viz. the radicle) has a certain length to begin with. In the pump-
kin-seed, for instance (Fig. 9), it is less than an eighth of an inch
long : but it grows in a few days to the length of one or two inches
(Fig. 10), or still more, if the seed were deeper covered by the soil.
It is by this elongation that the seed-leaves are raised out of the
soil, so as to expand in the light and air. The length they acquire
varies with the depth of the covering. When large and strong seeds
are too deeply buried, the stemlet sometimes grows to the length of
several inches in the endeavor to bring the seed-leaves to the sur-
face. The lengthening of the succeeding joints of the stem serves to
separate the leaves, or pairs of leaves, from one another, and to ex-
pose them more fully to the light.

22. The root, on the other hand, begins by a new formation at
the base of the embryo stem ; and it continues to increase in length
solely by additions to the extremity, the parts once formed scarcely
elongating at all afterwards. This mode of growth is well adapted
to the circumstances in which roots are placed, leaving every part
undisturbed in the soil where it was formed, while the ever-advan-
cing points readily insinuate themselves into the crevices or looser
portions of the soil, or pass around the surface of solid obstacles.

LESSON 3.] GROWTH OF THE PLANT FROM THE SEED. 9

LESSON III.

GROWTH OF THE PLANT FROM THE SEED. Continued.

\23) So a plant consists of two parts, growing in a different manner,
as well as in opposite directions. One part, the root, grows down-
wards into the soil : it may, therefore, be called the descending axis.
The other grows upwards into the light and air : it may be called
the ascending axis. The root grows on continuously from the ex-
tremity, and so does not consist of joints, nor does it bear leaves,
or anything of the kind. The stem grows by a succession of
joints, each bearing one or more leaves on its summit. Root on
the one hand, and stem with its foliage on the other, make up the
whole plantlet as it springs from the seed ; and the full-grown herb,
shrub, or tree has nothing more in kind, — only more in size and
number. Before we trace the plantlet into the herb or tree, some-
other cases of the growth of the plantlet from the seed should be
studied, that we may observe how the same plan is worked out under
a variety of forms, with certain differences in the details. The mate-
rials for this study are always at hand. We have only to notice what
takes place all around us in spring, or to plant some common seeds
in pots, keep them warm and moist, and watch their germination.

24. The Germinating Plantlel feeds on Nourishment provided beforehand.

The embryo so snugly ensconced in the seed of the Maple (Fig. 2,
3, 4) has from the first a miniature stem, and a pair of leaves already
green, or which become green as soon as brought to the light. It
has only to form a root by which to fix itself to the ground, when it
becomes a perfect though diminutive vegetable, capable of providing
for itself. This root can be formed only out of proper material :
neither water nor anything else which the plantlet is imbibing from
the earth will answer the purpose. The proper material is nourish-
ing matter, or prepared food, more or less of which is always pro-
vided by the parent plant, and stored up in the seed, either in the
embryo itself, or around it. In the Maple, this nourishment is stored
up in the thickish cotyledons, or seed-leaves. And there is barely
enough of it to make the beginning of a root, and to provide for the
lengthening of the stemlet so as to bring up the unfolding seed-leaves
where they may expand to the light of day. But when this is done,

10

GROWTH OF THE PLANT FROM THE SEED. [LESSON 3.

the tiny plant is already able to shift for itself; — that is, to live and
continue its growth on what it now takes from the soil and from the
air, and elaborates into nourishment in its two green leaves, under
the influence of the light of the sun.

25. In most ordinary plants, a larger portion of nourishment is
provided beforehand in the seed ; and the plantlet consequently is
not so early or so entirely left to its own resources. Let us examine
a number of cases, selected from very common plants. Sometimes,
as has just been stated, we find this

26. Deposit Of Food in the Embryo itself, And we may observe it
in every gradation as to quantity, from the Maple of our first illus-
tration, where there is very little, up to
the Pea and the Horsechestnut, where
there is as much as there possibly can
be. If we strip off the coats from the
large and flat seed of a Squash or
Pumpkin, we find nothing but the em-
bryo within (Fig. 9) ; and almost the
whole bulk of this consists of the two
seed-leaves. That these contain a good
supply of nourishing matter, is evident
from their sweet taste and from their
thickness, although there is not enough
to obscure their leaf-like appearance.
It is by feeding on this supply of nour-
ishment that the germinating Squash or
Pumpkin (Fig. 10) grows so rapidly
and so vigorously from the seed, —
lengthening its stemlet to more than
twenty times the length it had in the
seed, and thickening it in proportion, —
sending out at once a number of roots
from its lower end, and soon developing

the plumule (16) from its upper end into a third leaf : meanwhile
the two cotyledons, relieved from the nourishment with which their
tissue was gorged, have expanded into useful green leaves.

27. For a stronger instance, take next the seed of a Plum or
Peach, or an Almond, or an Apple-seed (Fig. 11, 12), which shows

FIG. 9. Embryo of a Pumpkin, of the natural size ; the cotyledons a little opened.
10. The same, when it has germinated-

LESSON 3.] GROWTH OF THE PLANT FROM THE SEED.

11

the same tiling on a smaller scale. The embryo, which here also
makes up the whole bulk of the kernel of the
seed, differs from that of the Pumpkin only
in having the seed-leaves more thickened, by
the much larger quantity of nourishment stored
up in their tissue, — so large and so pure in-
deed, that the almond becomes an article of
food. Fed by this abundant supply, the second,
and even the third joints of the stem, with
their leaves, shoot forth as soon as the stemlet comes to the surface oi
the soil. The Beech-nut (Fig. 13), with
its sweet and eatable kernel, consisting
mainly of a pair of seed-leaves folded
together, and gorged writh nourishing
matter, offers another instance of the
same sort : this ample store to feed
upon enables the germinating plantlet
to grow with remarkable vigor, and to
develop a second joint of stem, with its
pair of leaves (Fig. 14), before the first
pair has expanded or the root has ob-
tained much foothold in the soil.

28. A Bean affords a similar and
more familiar illustration. Here the co-
tyledons in the seed (Fig. 1C) are so
thick, that, although they are raised out
of ground in the ordinary way in ger-
mination (Fig. 17), and turn greenish,
yet they never succeed in becoming leaf-
like, — never display their real nature of
leaves, as they do so plainly in the Ma-
ple (Fig. 5), the Pumpkin (Fig. 10), the
Morning-Glory (Fig. 8, 26-28), &c.
Turned to great account as magazines
of food for the germinating plantlet, they
fulfil this special office admirably, but

FIG. 11. An Apple-seed cut through lengthwise, showing the embryo with its thickened
cotyledons. 12. The embryo of the Apple, taken out whole, its cotyledons partly separated.

FIG. 13. A Beech-nut, cut across. 14. Beginning germination of the Beech, showing the
plumule growing before the cotyledons have opened or the root has scarcely formed. 15. The
aame, a little later, with the second joint lengthened.

12

GROWTH OF THE PLANT FROM THE SEED. [LESSON 3.

they were so gorged and, as it were, misshapen, that they became

quite unfitted to perform the office of
foliage. This office is accordingly first
performed by the succeeding pair of
leaves, those of the plumule (Fig. 17,
18), which is put into rapid growth by
the abundant nourishment contained in
the large and thick seed-leaves. The
latter, having fulfilled this office, soon
wither and fall away.

29. This is carried a step farther in
the Pea (Fig. 19, 20), a near relative
of the Bean,
and in the
Oak (Fig.
21, 22), a
near relative
of the Beech.
The differ-
ence in these
and many
other similar
cases is this.

The cotyledons, which make up nearly

the whole bulk of the seed are exces-
sively thickened, so as to become nearly

hemispherical in shape. They have lost

all likeness to leaves, and all power of

ever fulfilling the office of leaves. Ac-
cordingly in germination they remain

unchanged within the husk or coats of

the seed, never growing themselves, but

supplying abundant nourishment to the

plumule (the bud for the forming stem)

between them. This pushes forth from

the seed, shoots upward, and gives rise

FIG. If!. A Dean: the embryo, from which seed-coats have been removed: the email
Hti-in is MM-II abnvr. bent down upon the edjjf of the thick cotyledons. 17. The same in early
permin.itiun : the. plumule urowinj: from between the two seed-leaves. 18. The germination
more advanced, the two leaves of the plumule unfolded, and raised on a short joint of M-MII.

FIG. 19. A Tea : the embryo, with the seed-coats taken off. 20. A Pea in germination.

LESSON 3.] GROWTH OF THE PLANT FROM THE SEED.

13

to the first leaves that appear. In most cases of the sort, the radicle,
or short original stemlet of the embryo be-
low the cotyledons (which is plainly shown
in the Pea, Fig. 19), lengthens very little,
or not at all ; and so the cotyledons remain
under ground, if the seed was covered by
the soil, as every one knows to be the case
with Peas. In these (Fig. 20), as alsa in
the Oak (Fig. 22), the leaves of the first
one or two joints are imperfect, and mere
small scales; but genuine leaves immedi-
ately follow. The Horsechestnut and Buck-
eye (Fig. 23, 24) furnish another instance
of the same sort. These trees are nearly
related to the Maple ; but while the seed-
leaves of the Maple show themselves to
be leaves, even in the seed (as we have
already seen), and when they germinate
fulfil the office of ordinary leaves, those
of the Buckeye and of the Horsechestnut
(Fig. 23), would never be suspected to be
the same organs. Yet they are so, only
in another shape, — exceedingly thickened
by the accumulation of a great quantity
of starch and other nourishing matter in
their substance ; and besides, their contigu-
ous faces stick together more or less firmly,
so that they never open. But the stalks
of these seed-leaves grow, and, as they
lengthen, push the radicle and the plumule
out of the seed, when the former develops downwardly the root, the
latter upwardly the leafy stem and all it bears (Fig. 24).

30. Deposit of Food outside of the Embryo, Very often the nourish-
ment provided for the seedling plantlet is laid up, not in the embryo
itself, but around it. A good instance to begin with is furnished by
the common Morning- Glory, or Convolvulus. The embryo, taken
out of the seed and straightened, is shown in Fig. 26. it consists
of a short stemlet and of a pair of very thin and delicate green
leaves, having no stock of nourishment in them for sustaining the

FIG. 21. An acorn divided lengthwise. 22. The germinating Oak.

2

14 GROWTH OF THE PLANT FROM THE SEED. [LESSON 3.

earliest growth. On cutting open the seed, however, we find this

embryo (considerably crumpled or folded together, so as to occupy

less space, Fig. 25) to be surround-
ed by a mass of rich, mucilaginous
matter (becoming rather hard and
solid when dry), which forms the
principal bulk of the seed. Upon
this stock the embryo feeds in ger-
mination ; the seed-leaves absorbing
it into their tissue as it is rendered
soluble (through certain chemical
changes) and dissolved by the wa-
ter which the germinating seed im-
bibes from the moist soil. Having
by this aid as se

lengthened
its radicle
into a stem
of consider-
able length,

and formed the beginning of a root at its

lower end, already imbedded in the soil

(Fig. 27), the cotyledons now disengage

themselves from the seed-coats, and ex-
pand in the light as the first pair of leaves

(Fig. 28). These immediately begin to

elaborate, under the sun's influence, what

the root imbibes from the soil, and the new

nourishment so produced is used, partly to

increase the size of the little stem, root,

and leaves already existing, and partly to

produce a second joint of stem with its

le:if (Fig. 29), then a third with its leaf

(Fjg. 8) ; and so on.

;;i. This mukTiKil store of food, deposited in the seed along with

the embryo (but not in its substance), the old botanists likened to

FIG. 23. Buckeye : a seed divided. 24. A similar seed in pc-mination.

I' 1C,. >-.'.">. Seed and embryo of .Morning-Glory, cut across. 2J. Kmbryo of the same, de-
tached aul straightened. 27. Germinating Morning-Glory. 28. The same further advanced;
it.s two thin seed -loaves expanded.

LESSON 3.] GROWTH OF THE PLANT FROM THE SEED.

15

the albumen, or white of the egg, which encloses the yolk, and
therefore gave it the same name,— - the albumen of the seed, — a
name which it still retains. Food of this sort for the plant is also
food for animals, or for man ; and it is
this albumen, the floury part of the seed,
which forms the principal bulk of such
important grains' as those of Indian Corn
(Fig. 38 - 40), Wheat, Rice, Buck-
wheat, and of the seed of Four-o'clock,
(Fig. 36, 37), and the like. In all
these last-named cases, it may be ob-
served that the embryo is not enclosed
in the albumen, but placed on one side
of it, yet in close contact with it, so
that the embryo may absorb readily
from it the nourishment it requires
when it begins to grow. Sometimes
the embryo is coiled around the outside, in the form of a ring, as
in the Purslane and the Four-o'clock (Fig. 36, 37) ; sometimes it is
coiled within the albumen, as in the Potato (Fig. 34, 35) ; some-
times it is straight in the centre of the albumen, occupying nearly its

whole length, as in
the Barberry (Fig.
32, 33), or much
smaller and near one
end, as in the Iris
(Fig. 43) ; or some-
times so minute, in
the midst of the al-
bumen, that it needs
a magnifying-glass to
find it, as in the But-

31

37

FIG. 99. Germination of the Morning Glory more advanced: the upper part only ; showing
the leafy cotyledons, the second joint of stem with its leaf, and the third with its leaf just
developing.

FIG. 30. Section of a seed of a Peony, showing a very small embryo in the albumen,
near one end. 31. This embryo detached, and more magnified.

FIG. 32. Section of a seed of Barberry, showing the straight embryo in the middle of
the albumen. 33. Its embryo detached.

FIG. 34. Section of a Potato-seed, showing the embryo coiled in the albumen. 35. Its
embryo detaciied.

FIG. 36. Section of the seed of Four-o'clock, showing the embryo coiled round the
outside of the albumen. 37. Its embryo detached-

16 GROWTH OF THE PLANT FROM THE SEED. [LESSON 3.

tercup or the Columbine, and in the Peony (Fig. 30, 31), where,
however, it is large enough to be distinguished by the naked eye.
Nothing is more curious than the various shapes and positions of
the embryo in the seed, nor more interesting than to watch its de-
velopment in germination. One point is still to be noticed, since
the botanist considers it of much importance, namely : —

32. The Kinds of Embryo as to the Number of Cotyledons, In all the
figures, it is easy to see that the embryo, however various in shape,
is constructed on one and the same plan ; — it consists of a radicle or
stemlet, with a pair of cotyledons on its summit. Botanists there-
fore call it dicotyledonous, — an inconveniently long word to express
the fact that the embryo has two cotyledons or seed-leaves. In
many cases (as in the Buttercup), the cotyledons are indeed so
minute, that they are discerned only by the nick in the upper end
of the little embryo ; yet in germination they grow into a pair of
seed-leaves, just as in other cases where they are plain to be seen,
as leaves, in the seed. But in Indian Corn (Fig. 40), in Wheat,
the Onion, the Iris (Fig. 43), &c., it is well known that only one

leaf appears at first from the
sprouting seed : in these the
embryo has only one cotyle-
don, and it is therefore termed
ky the botanists monocotyledo-
40 nous ; — an extremely long
word, like the other, of Greek derivation, which means one-cotyle-
doned. The rudiments of one or more other leaves are, indeed,
commonly present in this sort of embryo, as is plain to see in Indian
Corn (Fig. 38 - 40), but they form a bud situated above or within
the cotyledon, and enclosed by it more or less completely ; so that
they evidently belong to the plumule (1G) ; and these leaves appear
in the seedling plantlet, each from within its predecessor, and there-
fore originating higher up on the forming stem (Fig. 42, 44). This
will readily be understood from the accompanying figures, with their
explanation, which the student may without difficulty verify for him-

FIG. 38. A grain of Indian Corn, flatwise, cut away a little, so as to show the embryo,
lying on the albumen, which makes the principal bulk of the seed.

FIG. 39. Another grain of Corn, cut through the middle in the opposite direction, divid-
ing the embryo through its thick cotyledon and its plumule, the latter consisting of two
J«TI\ •«•-, ciiu' enclosing the other.

FIG. 40. The embryo of Corn, taken out whole : the thick mass is the cotyledon ; the
narrow body partly enclosed by it is the plumule ; the little projection at its base is the very
short radicle enclosed in the sheathing base of the fiKt leaf of the plumule.

LESSON 3.] GROWTH OF THE PLANT FROM THE SEED. 17

self, and should do so, by examining grains of Indian Corn, soaked
in water, before and also during germination. In the Onion, Lily,
and the Iris (Fig. 43), the monocotyledonous embryo is simpler,
consisting apparently of a simple oblong or cylindrical
body, in which no distinction of parts is visible : the lower
end is radicle, and from it grows the root ; the rest is a
cotyledon, which has wrapped up in it a minute plumule,
or bud, that shows itself when the seeds sprout in germi-
nation. The first leaf which appears above ground in all
these cases is not the cotyledon. In all seeds with one coty-
ledon to the embryo, this remains in the seed, or at least
its upper part, while its lengthening base comes out, so as
to extricate the plumule, which shoots upward, and de-
velops the first leaves of the plantlet. These appear one
above or within the other in succes-
sion,— as is shown in Fig. 42 and
Fig. 44, — the first commonly in the
form of a little scale or imperfect
leaf; the second or third and the 4l

following ones as the real, ordinary leaves of
the plant. Meanwhile, from the root end of
the embryo, a root (Fig. 41, 44), or soon a
whole cluster of roots (Fig. 42), makes its
appearance.

33. In Pines, and the like, the embryo con-
sists of a radicle or stemlet, bearing on its
summit three or four, or often from five to
ten slender cotyledons, arranged in a
circle (Fig. 45), and expanding at
once into a circle of as many green
leaves in germination (Fig. 46). Such
embryos are said to be polycotyledonous,
that is, as the word denotes, many-
cotyledoned.

34. Plan of Vegetation, The student

42 who has understandingly followed the

growth of the embryo in the seed into the seedling plantlet, — com-
posed of a root, and a stem of two or three joints, each bearing a

FIG. 41. Grain of Indian Corn in germination.
FIG. 42. The same, further advanced-

2*

18

GROWTH OF THE PLANT FROM THE SEED. [LESSON 3.

leaf, or a pair (rarely a circle) of leaves, — will have gained a cor-
rect idea of the plan of vegetation in general, and have laid a good
foundation for a knowledge of the whole structure and physiology

43 of plants. For the plant goes on to grow in the same
way throughout, by mere repetitions of what the early
germinating plantlet displays to view, — of what was
contained, in miniature or in rudiment, in the seed itself.
So far as vegetation is concerned (leaving out of view
for the present the flower and fruit), the full-grown leafy
herb or tree, of whatever size, has nothing, and does
nothing, which the seedling plantlet does not have and
do. The whole mass of stem or trunk and foliage of
the complete plant, even of the largest forest-tree, is
composed of a succession or multiplication of similar
parts, — one arising from the summit of another, —
each, so to say, the offspring of the preceding and

the parent of the next.
/-• £

\35y In the same way that the earliest portions of
the seedling stem, with the leaves
they bear, are successively produced,
so, joint by joint in direct succes-
sion, a single, simple, leafy stem is
developed and carried up. Of such a
simple leafy stem many a plant consists
(before flowering, at least), — many
herbs, such as Sugar-Cane, Indian
Corn, the Lily, the tall Banana, the
Yucca, &c. ; and among trees the

44 Palms and the Cycas (wrongly called
Sago Palm) exhibit the same simplicity, their

stems, of whatever age, being unbranched columns 45 46
(Fig. 47). (Growth "._ diameter is of course to be considered,
as well as growth in length. That, and the question how growth
of any kind takes place, we will consider hereafter.) But more
commonly, as soon as the plant has produced a main stem of a cer-
tain length, and displayed a certain amount of foliage, it begins to

FIG. 43. Section of a seed of the Iris, or Flower-de-Luce, showing its small embryo in
the albumen, near the bottom.

I'I<;. -}•!. <;<-riniiKiting plantlet of the Iris.

FIG. 4f>. Section of a seed of a Pine, with its embryo of several cotyledons. 46. Early
seedling Pine, with its stcmlet, displaying its six seed-leaves.

LESSON 3.] GROWTH OP THE PLANT FROM THE SEED.

19

produce additional stems, that is, branches. The branching plant
we will consider in the next Lesson.

36. The subjoined figures (Fig. 47) give a view of some forms
of simple-stemmed vegetation. The figure in the foreground on
the left represents a Cycas (wrongly called in the conservatories
Sago Palm). Behind it is a Yucca (called Spanish Bayonet at the
South) and two Cocoanut Palm-trees. On the right is some Indian
Cora, and behind it a Banana.

20 GROWTH OF PLANTS FROM BUDS. [LESSON 4.

LESSON IV.

THE GROWTH OF PLANTS FROM BUDS AND BRANCHES.

37. WE have seen how the plant grows so as to produce a root,
and a simple stem with its foliage. Both the root and stem, how-
ever, generally branch.

(38. The branches of the root arise without any particular order.
There is no telling beforehand from what part of a main root they
will spring. But the branches of the stem, except in some extra-
ordinary cases, regularly arise from a particular place. Branches
or shoots in their undeveloped state are

39. Buds, These regularly appear in the axils of the leaves, —
that is, in the angle formed by the leaf with the stem on the upper
side ; and as leaves are symmetrically arranged on the stem, the
buds, and the branches into which the buds grow, necessarily par-
take of this symmetry.

40. We do not confine the name of bud to the scaly winter-buds
which are so conspicuous on most of our shrubs and trees in winter
and spring. It belongs as well to the forming branch of any herb, at
its first appearance in the axil of a leaf. In growing, buds lengthen
into branches, just as the original stem did from the plumule of the
embryo (16) when the seed germinated. Only, while the original
stem is implanted in the ground by its root, the branch is implanted
on the stem. Branches, therefore, are repetitions of the main stem.
They consist of the same parts, — namely, joints of stem and leaves,
— growing in the same way. And in the axils of their leaves
another crop of buds is naturally produced, giving rise to another
generation of branches, which may in turn produce still another
generation ; and so on, — until the tiny and simple seedling develops
into a tall and spreading herb or shrub ; or into a massive tree,
with its hundreds of annually increasing branches, and its thousands,
prrliaj)- millions, of leaves.

1 1 . The herb and the tree grow in the same way. The difference
is only in size and duration.

An Herb dies altogether, or dies down to the ground, after it has
ripened its fruit, or at the approach of winter.

LESSON 4.] GROWTH OF PLANTS FROM BUDS.

21

An annual herb flowers in the first year, and dies, root and all,
after ripening its seed : Mustard, Peppergrass, Buckwheat, &c., are
examples.

A biennial herb — such as the Turnip, Carrot, Beet, and Cabbage
— grows the first season without blossoming, survives the winter,
flowers after that, and dies, root and all, when it has ripened its seed.

A perennial herb lives and blossoms year after year, but dies
down to the ground, or near it, annually, — not, however, quite down
to the root : for a portion of the stem, with its buds, still survives ;
and from these buds the shoots of the following year arise.

A Shrub is a perennial plant, with woody stems which continue
alive and grow year after year.

A Tree differs from a shrub only in its greater size.

42. The Terminal Bud, There are herbs, shrubs, and trees which
do not branch, as we have already seen (35) ; but whose stems,
even when they liva for many years, rise as a simple shaft
(Fig. 47). These plants grow by the continued evolution of a bud
which crowns the summit of the stem, and which is therefore called
the terminal bud. This bud is very conspicuous in

many branching plants also ; as on all the stems or
shoots of Maples (Fig. 53), Horsechestnuts (Fig. 48),
or Hickories (Fig. 49), of a year old. When they
grow, they merely prolong the shoot or stem on which
they rest. On these same shoots, however, other buds
are to be seen, regularly arranged down their sides.
We find them situated just over broad, flattened places,
which are the scars left by the fall of the leaf-stalk the
autumn previous. Before the fall of the leaf, they
would have been seen to occupy their axils (39) : so
they are named

43. Axillary Buds, They were formed in these trees
early in the summer. Occasionally they grow at the
time into branches : at least, some of them are pretty
sure to do so, in case the growing terminal bud at the
end of the shoot is injured or destroyed. Otherwise
they lie dormant until the spring. In many trees

shrubs (such for example as the Sumach and Honey-Locust)
lese axillary buds do not show themselves until spring; but if

FIG. 48. Shoot of Horsechestnut, of one year's growth, taken in autumn after the leaves
ive fallen.

22

GROWTH OF PLANTS FROM BUDS. [LESSON 4.

searched for, they may be detected, though of small size, hidden
under the bark. Sometimes, although early formed, they are con-
cealed all summer long under the base of the leaf-
stalk, hollowed out into a sort of inverted cup, like a
candle-extinguisher, to cover them ; as in the Locust,
the Yellow-wood, or more strikingly in the Button-
wood or Plane-tree (Fig. 50).

44. Such large and conspicuous buds as those of
the Horsechestnut, Hickory, and the like, are scaly ;
the scales being a kind of imperfect leaves. The
use of the bud-scales is obvious ; namely, to protect
the tender young parts beneath. To do this more
effectually, they are often coated on the outside with
a varnish which is impervious to wet, while within
they, or the parts they enclose, are thickly clothed
with down or wool ; not really to keep out the cold
of winter, which will of course penetrate the bud in
time, but to shield the interior against sudden changes
from warm to cold, or from cold to warm, which are
equally injurious. Scaly buds commonly belong, as would be expect-
ed, to trees and shrubs of northern climates ; while naked buds are
usual in tropical regions, as well as in herbs everywhere which
branch during the summer's growth and do not endure the winter.

4.V But naked buds, or nearly naked, also occur in several of our
own trees and shrubs ; sometimes pretty large ones, as those of Hob-

FIG. 49, Annual shoot of the Phagbark Hickory.

FIG. 50. Bud and leaf of tho Buttnnwood, or American Piano-tree.

LESSON 4.] GROWTH OF PLANTS FROM BUDS. 23

blebush (while those of the nearly-related Snowball or High Bush-
Cranberry are scaly) ; but more commonly, when naked buds occur
in trees and shrubs of our climate, they are small, and sunk in the
bark, as in the Sumac ; or even partly buried in the wood until they
begin to grow, as in the Honey-Locust.

40. Vigor Of Vegetation from Buds, Large and strong buds, like those
of the Horsechestnut, Hickory, and the like, on inspection will be
found to contain several leaves, or pairs of leaves, ready formed,
folded and packed away in small compass, just as the seed-leaves
are packed away in the seed : they even contain all the blossoms of
the ensuing season, plainly visible as small buds. And the stems
upon which these buds rest are filled with abundant nourishment,
which was deposited the summer before in the wood or in the bark.
Under the surface of the soil, or on it, covered with the fallen leaves
of autumn, we may find similar strong buds of our perennial herbs,
in great variety ; while beneath are thick roots, rootstocks, or tubers,
charged with a great store of nourishment for their use. As we
regard these, we shall readily perceive how it is that vegetation
shoots forth so vigorously in the spring of the year, and clothes the
bare and lately frozen surface of the soil, as well as the naked
boughs of trees, almost at once with a covering of the freshest
green, and often with brilliant blossoms. Everything was prepared,
and even formed, beforehand : the short joints of stem in the bud
have only to lengthen, and to separate the leaves from each other
so that they may unfold and grow. Only a small part of the vege-
tation of the season comes directly from the seed, and none of the
earliest vernal vegetation. This is all from buds which have lived
through the winter.

47. This growth from buds, in manifold variety, is as interesting
a subject of study as the growth of the plantlet from the seed, and
is still easier to observe. We have only room here to sketch the
general plan ; earnestly recommending the student to examine at-
tentively their mode of growth in all the common trees and shrubs,
when they shoot forth in spring. The growth of the terminal bud
prolongs the stem or branch: the growth of axillary buds pro-
duces branches.

IS. The Arrangement of Branches is accordingly the same as of

axillary buds ; and the arrangement of these buds is the same as
that of the leaves. Now leaves are arranged in two principal ways :
they are either opposite or alternate. Leaves are opposite when

24 GROWTH OF PLANTS FROM BUDS. [LESSON 4.

there are two borne on the same joint of stem, as in the Horse-
chestnut, Maple (Fig. 7), Honeysuckle (Fig. 132), Lilac, &c.; the
two leaves in such cases being always opposite each other, that is,
on exactly opposite sides of the stem. Here of course the buds
in their axils are opposite, as we observe in Fig. 48, where the
leaves have fallen, but their place is shown by the scars. And the
branches into which the buds grow are likewise opposite each other
in pairs.

49. Leaves are alternate when there is only one from each joint of
stem, as in the Oak (Fig. 22), Lime-tree, Poplar, Buttonwood (Fig.
50), Morning- Glory (Fig. 8), — not counting the seed-leaves, which of
course are opposite, there being a pair of them ; also in Indian Corn
(Fig. 42), and Iris (Fig. 44). Consequently the axillary buds are
also alternate, as in Hickory (Fig. 49) ; and the branches they
form alternate, — making a different kind of spray from the other
mode, — one branch shooting on the one side of the stem and the
next on some other. For in the alternate arrangement no leaf is
on the same side of the stem as the one next above or next
below it.

(50. Branches, therefore, are arranged with symmetry ; and the
mode of branching of the whole tree may be foretold by a glance at
the arrangement of the leaves on the seedling or stem of the first
year. This arrangement of the branches according to that of the
leaves is always plainly to be recognized ; but the symmetry of
branches is rarely complete. This is owing to several causes ;
mainly to one, viz.: —

51. It never happens that all the bud& grow. If they did, there
would be as many branches in any year as there were leaves the
year before. And of those which do begin to grow, a large portion
perish, sooner or later, for want of nourishment or for want of light.
Those which first begin to grow have an advantage, which they are
apt to keep, taking to themselves the nourishment of the stem, and
starving the weaker buds.

52. In the Horsechestnut (Fig. 48), Hickory (Fig. 49), Mag-
nolia, and most other trees with large scaly buds, the terminal bud
is the strongest, and has the advantage in growth, and next in
strength are the upper axillary buds: while the former continues
the shoot of the last year, some of the latter give rise to branches,
while the rest fail to grow. In the Lilac also, the upper axillary
buds are stronger than the lower ; but the terminal bud rarely

LESSON 4.] GROWTH OF PLANTS FROM BUDS. 25

appears at all ; in its place the uppermost pair of axillary buds grow,
and so each stem branches every year into two ; making a re-
peatedly two-forked ramification.

53. In these and many similar trees and shrubs, most of the shoots
make a definite annual growth. That is, each shoot of the season
develops rapidly from a strong bud in spring, — a bud which gen-
erally contains, already formed in miniature, all or a great part of the
leaves and joints of stem it is to produce, — makes its whole growth
in length in the course of a few weeks, or sometimes even in a few
days, and then forms and ripens its buds for the next year's similar
rapid growth.

54. On the other hand, the Locust, Honey-Locust, Sumac, and,
among smaller plants, the Rose and Raspberry, make an indefinite
annual growth. That is, their stems grow on all summer long,
until stopped by the frosts of autumn or some other cause ; con-
sequently they form and ripen no terminal bud protected by scales,
and the upper axillary buds are produced so late in the season
that they have no time to mature, nor has the wood time to solidify
and ripen. Such stems therefore commonly die at the top in winter,
or at least all their upper buds are small and feeble ; and the growth
of the succeeding year takes place mainly from the lower axillary
buds, which are more mature. Most of our perennial herbs grow
in this way, their stems dying down to the ground every year : the
part beneath, however, is charged with vigorous buds, well pro-
tected by the kindly covering of earth, ready for the next year's
vegetation.

55. In these last-mentioned cases there is, of course, no single
main stem, continued year after year in a direct line, but the trunk
is soon lost in the branches ; and when they grow into trees, these
commonly have rounded or spreading tops. Of such trees with
deliquescent stems, — that is, with the trunk dissolved, as it were,
into the successively divided branches, the common American Elm
(Fig. 54) furnishes a good illustration.

56. On the other hand, the main stem of Pines and Spruces, as
it begins in the seedling, unless destroyed by some injury, is carried
on in a direct line throughout the whole growth of the tree, by the
development year after year of a terminal bud : this forms a single,
uninterrupted shaft, — an excurrent trunk, which can never be eon-

nded with the branches that proceed from it. Of such spiry or
Ire-shaped trees, the Firs or Spruces are the most perfect and
3

26 GROWTH OF PLANTS FROM BUDS. [LESSON 4.

familiar illustrations (Fig. 54) ; but some other trees with strong
terminal buds exhibit the same character for a certain time, and
in a less marked degree.

57. Latent Buds, Some of the axillary buds grow the following
year into branches ; but a larger number do not (51). These do not
necessarily die. Often they survive in a latent state for some years,
visible on the surface of the branch, or are smaller and concealed
under the bark, resting on the surface of the wood : and when at
any time the other buds or branches happen to be killed, these older
latent buds grow to supply their place ; — as is often seen when the
foliage and young shoots of a tree are destroyed by insects. The
new shoots seen springing directly out of large stems may sometimes
originate from such latent buds, which have preserved their life for
years. But commonly these arise from

58. Adventitious Buds, These are buds which certain shrubs and
trees produce anywhere on the surface of the wood, especially where
it has been injured. They give rise to the slender twigs which often
feather so beautifully the sides of great branches or trunks of our
American Elms. They sometimes form on the root, which naturally
is destitute of buds ; and they are sure to appear on the trunks and
roots of Willows, Poplars, and Chestnuts, when these are wounded
or mutilated. Indeed Osier- Willows are pollarded, or cut off, from
time to time, by the cultivator, for the purpose of producing a crop of
slender adventitious twigs, suitable for basket-work. Such branches,
being altogether irregular, of course interfere with the natural sym-
metry of the tree (50). Another cause of irregularity, in certain
trees and shrubs, is the formation of what are called

59. Accessory or -Supernumerary Buds, There are cases where two,

three, or more buds spring from the
axil of a leaf, instead of the single
one which is ordinarily found there.
Sometimes they are placed one over
the other, as in the Aristolochia or
Pipe- Vine, and in the Tartarian
Honeysuckle (Fig. 51) ; also in the
Honey-Locust, and in the Walnut and
Butternut (Fig. 52), where the upper supernumerary bud is a good
way out of the axil and above the others. And this is here stronger

FIG. 51. Tartarian Honeysuckle, with three accessory buds in one axil.

LESSON 4.] GROWTH OF PLANTS FROM BUDS.

27

,

than the others, and grows into a branch which is considerably out of
the axil, while the lower and smaller ones commonly do not grow at
all. In other cases the three buds stand side by side
in the axil, as in the Hawthorn, and the Red Maple
(Fig. 53). If these were all to grow into branches,
they would stifle or jostle each other. But some
of them are commonly flower-buds : in
the Red Maple, only the middle one is
a leaf-bud, and it does not grow until
after those on each side of it have ex-
panded the blossoms they contain.

60. Sorts Of Buds, It may be useful
to enumerate the kinds of buds which
have now been mentioned, referring
back to the paragraphs in which the pe-
culiarities of each are explained. Buds,
then, are either terminal or lateral.
They are

Terminal when they rest on the apex
of a stem (42). The earliest terminal
bud is the plumule of the embryo (16).

Lateral, when they appear on the
side of a stem : — of which the only
regular kind is the

Axillary (43), namely, those which are situated in
he axils of leaves.

Accessory or Supernumerary (59), when two or more
occur in addition to the ordinary axillary bud. 53

Adventitious (58), when they occur out of the .axils and without
order, on stems or roots, or even on leaves. Any of these kinds
may be, either

Naked, when without coverings; or scaly, when protected by
scales (44, 45).

Latent, when they survive long without growing, and commonly
without being visible externally (57).

Leaf-buds, when they contain leaves, and develop into a leafy
shoot.

Flower-buds, when they contain blossoms, and no leaves, as the

FIG. 52. Butternut branch, with accessory buds, the uppermost above the axil.
FIG. 53. Red-Maple branch, with accessory buds placed side by side.

28 MORPHOLOGY OF ROOTS. [LESSON 5.

side-buds of the Red-Maple, or when they are undeveloped blossoms.
These we shall have to consider hereafter.

Figure 54 represents a spreading-topped tree (American Elm),
the stem dividing off into branches ; and some spiry trees (Spruces
on the right hand, and two of the Arbor- Vitae on the left) with ex-
current stems.

LESSON V.

MORPHOLOGY (i.e. VARIOUS SORTS AND FORMS) OF ROOTS.

61. Morphology, as the name (derived from two Greek words)
denotes, is the doctrine of forms. In treating of forms in plants, the
botanist is not confined to an enumeration or description of the
shapes or sorts that occur, — which would be a dull and tedious
business, — but he endeavors to bring to view the relations between
one form and another ; and this is an interesting study.

G2. Botanists give particular names to all the parts of plants, and
also particular terms to express their principal varieties in form.
They use these terms with great precision and advantage in describ-
ing the species or kinds of plants. They must therefore be defined
and explained in our books. But it would be a great waste of time

LESSON 5.] MORPHOLOGY OF ROOTS. 29

for the young student to learn them by rote. The student should
rather consider the connection between one form and another ; and
notice how the one simple plan of the plant, as it has already been
illustrated, is worked out in the greatest variety of ways, through the
manifold diversity of forms which each of its three organs of vege-
tation — root, stem, and leaf — is made to assume.

63. This we are now ready to do. That is, having obtained a
g neral idea of vegetation, by tracing the plant from the seed and
the bud into the herb, shrub, or tree, we proceed to contemplate the
principal forms under which these three organs occur in different
plants, or in different parts of the same plant ; or, in other words, to
study the morphology of the root, stem, and leaves.

64. Of these three organs, the root is the simplest and the least
varied in its modifications. Still it exhibits some widely different
kinds. Going back to the beginning, we commence with

65. The simple Primary Root, which most plants send down from
the root-end of the embryo as it grows from the seed ; as we have
seen in the Maple (Fig 5 - 7), Morning-Glory (Fig. 8 and 28),
Beech (Fig. 14, 15), Oak and Buckeye (Fig. 22-24), &c. This,
if it goes on to grow, makes a main or tap root, from which side-
branches here and there proceed. Some plants keep this main root
throughout their whole life, and send off only small side branches ;
as in the Carrot (Fig. 58) and Radish (Fig. 59) : and in some trees,
like the Oak, it takes the lead of the side-branches for many years,
unless accidentally injured, as a strong tap-root. But commonly
the main root divides off very soon, and is lost in the branches..
We have already seen, also, that there may be at the beginning

66. Multiple Primary Roots, We have noticed them in the Pump-
kin (Fig. 10), in the Pea (Fig. 20), and in Indian Corn (Fig. 42)..
That is, several roots have started all at once, or nearly so, from the
seedling stem, and formed a bundle or cluster (a fascicled root, as
it is called), in place of one main root. The Bean, as we observe
in Fig. 18, begins with a main root ; but some of its branches soon
overtake it, and a cluster of roots is formed.

67. Absorption of Moisture by Roots, The branches of roots as they
grow commonly branch again and again, into smaller roots or rootlets ;
in this way very much increasing the surface by which the plant
connects itself with the earth, and absorbs moisture from it. The
whole surface of the root absorbs, so long as it is fresh and new ;
and the newer the roots and rootlets are, the more freely do they

3*

MORPHOLOGY OF ROOTS.

[LESSON 5.

imbibe. Accordingly, as long as the plant grows above ground, and
expands fresh foliage, from which moisture much of the time largely
escapes into the air, so long it continues to extend and multiply its
roots in the soil beneath, renewing and increasing the fresh surface
for absorbing moisture, in proportion to the demand from above.
And when growth ceases above ground, and the leaves die and fall,
or no longer act, then the roots generally stop growing, and their
soft and tender tips harden. From this period, therefore, until
growth begins anew the next spring, is the best time for transplant-
ing ; especially for trees and shrubs, and herbs so large that they
cannot well be removed without injuring the roots very mnch.

68. We see, on considering a moment, that an herb or a tree
consists of two great surfaces, with a narrow part or trunk between
them, — one surface spread out in the air, and the other in the soil.
These two surfaces bear a certain proportion to each other ; and the

upper draws largely on the lower for
moisture. Now, when the leaves fall
from the tree in autumn, the vast sur-
face exposed to the air is reduced to a
very small part of what it was before ;
and the remainder, being covered with
a firm bark, cannot lose much by evap-
oration. In common herbs the whole
surface above ground perishes in au-
tumn ; and many of the rootlets die at
the same time, or soon afterwards.
So that the living vegetable is reduced
for the time to the smallest compass,
— to the thousandth or hundred-thou-
sandth part of what it was shortly
before, — and what remains alive rests
in a dormant state, and may now be
transplanted without much danger of
harm. If any should doubt whether
there is so great a difference between
the summer and the winter size of
plants, let them compare a lily-bulb
with the full-grown Lily, or calculate the surface of foliage which

FIG. r>f). HocdliiiR Maple, of the natural size, showing the root-hairs. 56. A bit of the
end of the root magnified.

LESSON 5.]

MORPHOLOGY OF ROOTS.

31

a tree exposes to the air, as compared with the surface of its
twigs.

69. The absorbing surface of roots is very much greater than
it appears to be, on account of the root-hairs,
or slender fibrils, which abound on the fresh and
new parts of roots. These may be seen with
an ordinary magnifying-glass, or even by the
naked eye in many cases ; as in the root of a
seedling Maple (Fig. 55), where the surface is
thickly clothed with them. They are not root-
lets of a smaller sort ; but, when more magnified,
are seen to be mere elongations of the surface
of the root into slender tubes, which through
their very delicate walls imbibe moisture from
the soil with great avidity. They are com-
monly much longer than those shown in Fig.
56, which represents only the very tip of a root
moderately magnified. Small as they are indi-
vidually, yet the whole amount of absorbing
surface added to the rootlets by the countless
numbers of these tiny tubes is very great.

70. Roots intend-
ed mainly for ab-
sorbing branch free-
ly, and are slender

or thread-like. When the root is prin-
cipally of this character it is said to be
fibrous ; as in Indian Corn (Fig. 42),
and other grain, and to some extent in
all annual plants (41).

71. The Root as a Storehouse of Food,

In biennial and many perennial herbs
(41), the root answers an additional
purpose. In the course of the season it
becomes a storehouse of nourishment,
and enlarges or thickens as it receives
the accumulation. Such roots are said
to be fleshy ; and different names are applied to them according to

FIG. 57, 58, 59. Forms of fleshy or thickened roots.

32

MORPHOLOGY OF ROOTS.

[LESSON 5.

their shapes. We may divide them all into two kinds ; 1st, those
consisting of one main root, and 2d, those without any main root.

72. The first are merely different shapes of the tap-root ; which is

Conical, when it thickens most at the crown, or where it joins
the stem, and tapers regularly downwards to a point, as in the
Common Beet, the Parsnip, and Carrot (Fig. 58) :

Turnip-shaped or napiform, when greatly thickened above ; but
abruptly becoming slender below ; as the Turnip (Fig. 57) : and,

Spindle-shaped, or fusiform, when thickest in the middle and
tapering to both ends ; as the common Radish (Fig. 59).

73. In the second kind, where there
is no main root, the store of nourishing
matter may be distributed throughout
the branches or cluster of roots gener-
ally, or it may be accumulated in some
of them, as we see in the tuberous roots
of the Sweet Potato, the common Peony,
and the Dahlia (Fig. 60).

74. All but the last of these illustra-
trations are taken from biennial plants.
These grow with a large tuft of leaves
next the ground, and accumulate nour-
ishment all the first summer, and store
up all they produce beyond what is
wanted at the time in their great root,
which lives over the winter. We know

very well what use man and other animals make of this store of food,
in the form of starch, sugar, jelly, and the like. From the second
year's growth we may learn what use the plant itself makes of it.
The new shoots then feed upon it, and use it to form with great
rapidity branches, flower-stalks, blossoms, fruit, and seed; and, having
used it up, the whole plant dies when the seeds have ripened.

75. In the same way the nourishment contained in the separate
tuberous roots of the Sweet Potato and the Dahlia (Fig. 60) is fed
upon in the spring by the buds of the stem they belong to ; and
as they are emptied of their contents, they likewise die and decay.
But meanwhile similar stores of nourishment, produced by the second
year's vegetation, are deposited in new roots, which live through the

FIG. 60. Clustered tuberous roots of the Dahlia, with the bottom of the stem they
belong to.

LESSON 5.] MORPHOLOGY OF ROOTS. 33

next winter, and sustain the third spring's growth, and so on ; —
these plants being perennial (41), or lasting year after year, though
each particular root lives little more than one year.

76. Many things which commonly pass for roots are not really
roots at all. Common potatoes are tuberous parts of stems, while
sweet potatoes are roots, like those of the Dahlia (Fig. 60). The dif-
ference between them will more plainly appear in the next Lesson.

77. Secondary Roots. So far we have considered only the original
or primary root, — that which proceeded from the lower end of the
first joint of stem in the plantlet springing from the seed, — and its
subdivisions. We may now remark, that any other part of the stem
will produce roots just as well, whenever favorably situated for it ;
that is, when covered by the soil, which provides the darkness and
the moisture which is congenial to them. For these secondary roots,
as they may be called, partake of the ordinary disposition of the
organ : they avoid the light, and seek to bury themselves in the
ground. In Indian Corn we see roots early striking from the second
and the succeeding joints of stem under ground, more abundantly
than from the first joint (Fig. 42). And all stems that keep up a
connection with the soil — such as those which creep along on or
beneath its surface — are sure to strike root from almost every joint.
So will most branches when bent to the ground, and covered with
the soil : and even cuttings from the branches of most plants can be
made to do so, if properly managed. Propagation by buds depends
upon this. That is, a piece of a plant which has stem and leaves,
either developed or in the bud, may be made to produce roots, and
so become an independent plant.

78. In many plants the disposition to strike root is so strong, that
they even will spring from the stem above ground. In Indian Corn,
for example, it is well known that roots grow, not only from all those
joints round which the earth is heaped in hoeing, but also from those
several inches above the soil : and other plants produce them from
stems or branches high in the air. Such roots are called

79. Aerial Roots, All the most striking examples of these are met
with, as we might expect, in warmer and damper climates than ours,
and especially in deep forests which shut out much of the light ; this
being unfavorable to roots. The Mangrove of tropical shores, which
occurs on our own southern borders ; the Sugar Cane, from which
roots strike just as in Indian Corn, only from higher up the stem ;
the Pandanus, called Screw Pine (not from its resemblance to a

34 MORPHOLOGY OF ROOTS- [LESSON 5.

Pine-tree, but because it is like a Yine-apple plant) ; and the famous
Banyan of India, and some other Fig-trees, furnish the most remark-
able examples of roots, which strike from the stem or the branches
in the open air, and at length reach the ground, and bury them-
selves, when they act in the same manner as ordinary roots.

80. Some of our own common plants, however, produce small
aerial rootlets ; not for absorbing nourishment, but for climbing. By
these rootlets, that shoot out abundantly from the side of the stems
and branches, the Trumpet Creeper, the Ivy of Europe, and our
Poison Rhus, — here called Poison Ivy, — fasten themselves firmly
to walls, or the trunks of trees, often ascending to a great height.
Here roots serve the same purpose that tendrils do in the Grape-
Vine and Virginia Creeper. / Another form, and the most aerial of
all roots, since they never reach the ground, are those of

81. Epiphytes, or Air-Plants, These are called by the first name
(which means growing on plants), because they are generally found
upon the trunks and branches of trees ; — not that they draw any
nourishment from them, for their roots merely adhere to the bark,
and they flourish just as well upon dead wood or any other con-
venient support. JThey are called air-plants because they really
live altogether upon what they get from the air, as they have no
connection with the soil. Hundreds of air-plants grow all around
us without attracting any attention, because they are small or hum-
ble. Such are the Lichens and Mosses that abound on the trunks
or boughs of trees, especially on the shaded side, and on old walls,
fences, or rocks, from which they obtain no nourishment. But this
name is commonly applied only to the larger, flower-bearing plants
which live in this way. These belong to warm and damp parts of
the world, where there is always plenty of moisture in the air. The
greater part belong to the Orchis family and to the Pine-Apple
family ; and among them are some of the handsomest flowers known.
"VVe have two or three flowering air-plants in the Southern States,
though they are not showy ones. One of them is an Epidendrum
Crowing on the boughs of the Great-flowered Magnolia: another is
the Long-Moss, or Black Moss, so called, — although it is no Moss
at all, — which hangs from the branches of Oaks and Pines in all
the warm parts of the Southern States. (Fig 61 represents both
of these. The upper is the Epidendrum conopseum; the lower, the
Black Moss, Tillaridsia usneoides.)

82. Parasitic Plants exhibit roots under yet another remarkable

LESSON

MORPHOLOGY OF ROOTS.

35

aspect. For these are not merely fixed upon other plants, as air-
plants are, but strike their roots, or what answer to roots, into them,
and feed on their juices. Not only Moulds and Blights (which are
plants of very low organization) live in this predacious way, but
many flowering herbs, and even shrubs. One of the latter is the
Mistletoe, the seed of which germinates on the bough of the tree
where it falls or is left by birds ; and the forming root penetrates the
bark and engrafts itself into the wood, to which it becomes united as
firmly as a natural branch to its parent stem ; and indeed the parasite
lives just as if it were a branch of the tree it grows and feeds on.
A most common parasitic herb is the Dodder; which abounds in
low grounds everywhere in summer, and coils its long and slender
leafless, yellowish stems — resembling tangled threads of yarn —
round and round the stalks of other plants ; wherever they touch
piercing the bark with minute and very short rootlets in the form of
suckers, which draw out the nourishing juices of the plants laid hold
of. Other parasitic plants, like the Beech-drops and Pine-sap, fasten
their roots under ground upon the roots of neighboring plants, and
rob them of their rich juices.

86 MORPHOLOGY OF STEMS AND BRANCHES. [LESSON

LESSON VI.

MORPHOLOGY OF STEMS AND BRANCHES.

83. THE growth of the stem in length, and the formation of
branches, have been considered already. Their growth in thick-
ness we may study to more advantage in a later Lesson. The very
various forms which they assume will now occupy our attention, —
beginning with

84. The Forms of Stems and Branches above ground, The principal

differences as regards size and duration have been mentioned before
(41); namely, the obvious distinction of plants into herbs, shrubs,
and trees, which depends upon the duration and size of the stem.
The stem is accordingly

Herbaceous, when it dies down to the ground every year, or after
blossoming.

Suffrutescent, when the bottom of the stem above the soil is a
little woody, and inclined to live from year to year.

Suffruticose, when low stems are decidedly woody below, but
herbaceous above.

Fruticose, or shrubby, when woody, living from year to year, and
of considerable size, — not, however, more than three or four tunes
the height of a man.

Arborescent, when tree-like in appearance, or approaching a tree
in size.

Arboreous, when forming a proper tree trunk.

85. When the stem or branches rise above ground and are ap-
parent to view, the plant is said to be caulescent (that is, to have a
caulis or true stem). When there is no evident stem above ground,
but only leaves or leaf-stalks and flower-stalks, the plant is said to
be acauJescent, i. e. stemless, as in the Crocus, Bloodroot, common
Violets, &c., and in the Beet, Carrot, and Radish (Fig. 59), for the
first season. There is a stem, however, in all such cases, only it
remains on or beneath the ground, and is sometimes very short.
Of course leaves and flowers do not arise from the root. These
concealed soils of stem we will presently study.

86. The direction taken by stems, &c., or their mode of growth,

LESSON 6.] SUCKERS, STOLONS^ AND OFFSETS. 37

gives rise to several terms, which may be briefly mentioned: —
such as

Diffuse, when loosely spreading in all directions.

Declined, when turned or bending over to one side.

Decumbent, reclining on the ground, as if too weak to stand.

Assurgent or ascending, when rising obliquely upwards.

Procumbent or prostrate, lying flat on the ground from the first.

Creeping, or repent, when prostrate stems on or just beneath the
ground strike root as they grow ; as does the White Clover, the
little Partridge-berry, &c.

Climbing, or scandent, when stems rise by clinging to other ob-
jects for support, — whether by tendrils, as do the Pea, Grape-
Vine, and Virginia Creeper (Fig. 62) ; by their twisting leaf-stalks,
as the Virgin's Bower ; or by rootlets, like the Ivy, Poison Ivy, and
Trumpet Creeper (80).

Twining, or voluble, when stems rise by coiling themselves spirally
around other stems or supports ; like the Morning- Glory and the Bean.

87. Certain forms of stems have received distinct names. The
jointed stem of Grasses and Sedges is called by botanists a culm ;
and the peculiar scaly trunk of Palms and the like (Fig. 47) is
sometimes called a caudex. A few forms of branches the gardener
distinguishes by particular names ; and they are interesting from
their serving for the natural propagation of plants from buds, and
for suggesting ways by which we artificially multiply plants that
would not propagate themselves without the gardener's aid. These
are suckers, offsets, stolons, and runners.

( 88. Suckers are ascending branches rising from stems under ground,
such" as are produced so abundantly by the Rose, Raspberry, and
other plants said to multiply " by the root." If we uncover them,
we see at once the great difference between these subterranean
branches and real roots. They are only creeping branches under
ground. Remarking how the upright shoots from these branches
become separate plants, simply by the dying off of the connecting
under-ground stems, the gardener expedites the result by cutting
them through with his spade. That is, he propagates the plant " by
division."

89. Stolons are trailing or reclining branches above ground, which

strike root where they touch the soil, and then send up a vigorous

shoot, which has roots of its own, and becomes an independent plant

when the connecting part dies, as it does after a while. The Currant

4

38 MORPHOLOGY OF STEMS AND BRANCHES. [LESSON 6.

and the Gooseberry naturally multiply in this way, as well as by
suckers (which we see are just the same thing, only the connecting
part is concealed under ground). They must have suggested the
operation of layering, or bending down and covering with earth
branches which do not naturally make stolons ; and after they have
taken root, as they almost always will, the gardener cuts through
the connecting stem, and so converts a rooting branch into a sepa-
rate plant.

90. Offsets, like those of the Houseleek, are only short stolons,
with a crown of leaves at the end.

91. Runners, of which the Strawberry presents the most familiar
example, are a long and slender, tendril-like, leafless form of creep-
ing branches. Each runner, after having grown to its full length?
strikes root from the tip, and fixes it to the ground, then forms a bud
there, which develops into a tuft of leaves, and so gives rise to a new
plant, which sends out new runners to act in the same way. In this
manner a single Strawberry plant will spread over a large space, or
produce a great number of plants, in the course of the summer ; — all
connected at first by the slender runners ; but these die in the
following winter, if not before, and leave the plants as so many
separate individuals.

92. Tendrils are branches of a very slender sort, like runners, not
destined like them for propagation, and therefore always destitute

of buds or leaves, but intended for climbing. Those of the Grape-
Vine, of the Virginia Creeper (Fig. 62), and of the Cucumber and

FIG. G2. Piece of the stem of Virginia Creeper, bearing a leaf and a tendril. G3. Tips
of a tendril, about the natural size, showing the disks by which they hold fast to walls, &,c.

LESSON 6.] RUNNERS, TENDRILS, SPINES. 39

Squash tribe are familiar illustrations. The tendril commonly grows
straight and outstretched until it reaches some neighboring support,
such as a stem, when its apex hooks around it to secure a hold ;
then the whole tendril shortens itself by coiling up spirally, and so
draws the shoot of the growing plant nearer to the supporting object.
"When the Virginia Creeper climbs the side of a building or the
smooth bark of a tree, which the tendrils cannot lay hold of in the
usual way, their tips expand into a flat disk or sucker (Fig. 62, 63),
which adheres very firmly to the wall or bark, enabling the plant to
climb over and cover such a surface, as readily as the Ivy does by
means of its sucker-like little rootlets. The same result is effected
by different organs, in the one case by branches in the form of ten-
drils ; in the other, by roots.

93. Tendrils, however, are not always branches ; some are leaves,
or parts of leaves, as those of the Pea (Fig. 20). Their nature in
each case is to be learned from their position, whether it be that of
a leaf or of a branch. In the same way

04. Spines or Thorns sometimes represent leaves, as in the Bar-
berry, where their nature is shown by their situation outside of an
axillary bud or branch. In other words, here they have a bud in
their axil, and are therefore leaves ; so we shall have to mention
them in another place. Most commonly spines are stunted and
hardened branches, arising from the axils of leaves, as in the Haw-
thorn and Pear. A neglected Pear-tree or Plum-tree shows every
gradation between ordinary branches and thorns. Thorns sometimes
branch, their branches partaking of the same spiny character : in
this way those on the trunks of Honey-Locust trees (produced from
adventitious buds, 58) become exceedingly complicated and horrid.
The thorns on young shoots of the Honey-Locust may appear some-
what puzzling at first view ; for they are situated some distance
above the axil of the leaf. Here the thorn comes from the upper-
most of several supernumerary buds (59). Prickles, such as those
of the Rose and Blackberry, must not be confounded with thorns :
these have not the nature of branches, and have no connection with
the wood ; but are only growths of the bark. When we strip off
the bark, the prickles go with it.

95. Still stranger forms of stems and branches than any of these
are met with in some tribes of plants, such as Cactuses (Fig. 76).
These will be more readily understood after we have considered
some of the commoner forms of

40 MORPHOLOGY OF STEMS AND BRANCHES. [LESSON 6.

96. Subterranean Stems and Branches, These are very numerous

and various ; but they are commonly overlooked, or else confounded
with roots. From their situation they are out of the sight of the
superficial observer : but if sought for and examined, they will well
repay the student's attention. For the vegetation that is carried on
under ground is hardly less varied, and no less interesting and im-
portant, than that which meets our view above ground. All their
forms may be referred to four principal kinds ; namely, the Rhizo-
ma or Rootstock, the Tuber, the Corm, and the Bulb.

97. The Rootstock, or Rhizoma, in its simplest form, is merely a
creeping stem or branch (86) growing beneath the surface of the
soil, or partly covered by it. Of this kind are the so-called creeping,
running, or scaly roots, such as those by which the Mint (Fig. 64),
the Scotch Rose, the Couch-grass or Quick-grass, and many other
plants, spread so rapidly and widely, " by the root," as it is said.

That these are really stems, and not roots, is evident from the way
in which they grow; from their consisting of a succession of joints;
and from the leaves which they bear on each joint (or node, as
the botanist calls the place from which leaves arise), in the form of
small scales, just like the lowest ones on the upright stem next the
ground. Like other stems, they also produce buds in the axils of
these scales, showing the scales to be leaves ; whereas real roots
bear neither leaves nor axillary buds. Placed, as they are, in the
damp and dark soil, such stems naturally produce roots, just as the
creeping stem does where it lies on the surface of the ground ; but
the whole appearance of these roots, their downward growth, and
their mode of branching, are very different from that of the subter-
ranean stem they spring from.

'98. It is easy to see why plants with these running rootstocks take
such rapid and wide possession of the soil, — often becoming great
pests to farmers, — and why they are so hard to get rid of. They are

FIG. 64. Rootstocks, or creeping subterranean branches, of the Peppermint.

LESSON 6.] SUBTERRANEAN FORMS I ROOTSTOCKS. 41

always perennials (41) ; the subterranean shoots live over the first
winter, if not longer, and are provided with vigorous buds at every
joint. Some of these buds grow in spring into upright stems, bearing
foliage, to elaborate the plant's crude food into nourishment, and at
length produce blossoms for reproduction by seed ; while many oth-
ers, fed by nourishment supplied from above, form a new generation
of subterranean shoots ; and this is repeated over and over in the
course of the season or in succeeding years. Meanwhile as the sub-
terranean shoots increase in number, the older ones, connecting the
series of generations into one body, die off year by year, liberating
the already rooted side-branches as so many separate plants ; and
so on indefinitely. Cutting these running rootstocks into pieces,
therefore, by the hoe or the plough, far from destroying the plant,
only accelerates the propagation ; it converts one many-branched
plant into a great number of separate individuals. Even if you
divide the shoots into as many pieces as there are joints of stem,
each piece (Fig. 65) is already a plantlet, with its roots and with a
bud in the axil of its scale-like leaf (either latent or apparent), and
having prepared nourishment enough in the bit of
stem to develop this bud into a leafy stem ; and so
a single plant is all the more speedily converted
into a multitude. Such plants as the Quick-
grass accordingly realize the fable of the Hy-
dra ; as fast as one of its many branches is cut 65
off, twice as many, or more, spring up in its stead. Whereas, when
the subterranean parts are only roots, cutting away the stem com-
pletely destroys the plant, except in the rather rare cases where the
root produces adventitious buds (58).

99. The more nourishment rootstocks contain, the more readily do
separate portions, furnished with buds, become independent plants.
It is to such underground stems, thickened with a large amount of
starch, or some similar nourishing matter stored up in their tissue,
that the name of rhizoma or rootstock is commonly applied ; — such,
for example, as those of the Sweet Flag or Calamus, of Ginger, of Iris
or Flower-de-luce (Fig. 133), and of the Solomon's Seal (Fig. 66).

100. The rootstocks of the common sorts of Iris of the gardens
usually lie on the surface of the ground, partly uncovered ; and
they bear real leaves (Fig. 133), which closely overlap each other ;

FIG. 65. A piece of the running rootstock of the Peppermint, with its node or joint, and
an axillary bud read}' to grow.

4*

42

MORPHOLOGY OF STEMS AND BRANCHES. [LESSON 6.

the joints (i. e. the internodes, or spaces between each leaf) being
very short. As the leaves die, year by year, and decay, a scar
left in the form of a ring marks the place where each leaf was
attached. Instead of leaves, rootstocks buried under ground com-
monly bear scales, like those of the Mint (Fig. 64), which are im-
perfect leaves.

101. Some rootstocks are marked with large round scars of a
different sort, like those of the Solomon's Seal (Fig. 66), which gave
this name to the plant, from their looking something like the impres-
sion of a seal upon wax. Here the rootstock sends up every spring
an herbaceous stalk or stem, which bears the foliage and flowers,
and dies in autumn ; and the seal is the circular scar left by the
death and separation of the dead stalk from the living rootstock.
As but one of these is formed each year, they mark the limits of a
year's growth. The bud at the end of the rootstock in the figure,
which was taken in summer, will grow the next spring into the stalk
of the season, which, dying in autumn, will leave a similar scar, while
another bud will be formed farther on, crowning the ever-advancing
summit or growing end of the stem.

102. As each year's growth of stem, in all
these cases, makes its own roots, it soon becomes
independent of the older parts. And after a
certain age, a portion dies off behind, every
year, about as fast as it increases at the grow-
ing end ; — death following life with equal and
certain step, with only a narrow interval be-
tween. In vigorous plants of Solomon's Seal
or Iris, the living rootstock is several inches or
a foot in length ; while in the short rootstock of

67

FIG. 6(5. Rootstock of Solomon's Seal, with tho bottom of the stalk of the season, and the
bud for tho next year's pnnvth.
FIG. 67. The very short rootstock and bud of a Trillium or Birthroot.

LESSON 6.] SUBTERRANEAN FORMS I TUBERS.

43

Trillium or Birthroot (Fig. 67) life is reduced to a very narrow
span, only an inch or less intervening between death beneath and
young life in the strong bud annually renewed at the summit.

103. A Tllbcr is a thickened portion of a rootstock. When slender
subterranean branches, like those of the Quick-grass or Mint (Fig.
64), become enlarged at the growing end by the accumulation there
of an abundance of solid nourishing matter, tubers are produced, like
those of the Nut-grass of the Southern States (which accordingly be-
comes a greater pest even than the Quick-grass), and of the Jerusalem
Artichoke, and the Potato. The whole formation may be seen at a
glance in Figure 68, which represents the subterranean growth of a
Potato-plant, and shows the tubers in all their stages, from shoots
just beginning to enlarge at the tip, up to fully-formed potatoes.
And Fig. 69, — one of the forming tubers moderately magnified, —
plainly shows the leaves of this thickening shoot, in the form of little
scales. It is under these scales that the eyes appear (Fig. 70) :
and these are evidently axillary buds (43).

f Xy

104. Let us glance for a moment at the economy or mode of life
of the Potato-plant, and similar vegetables, as shown in the mor-

FIG, C8. Forming tubers of the Potato. G9. One of tlic very young potatoes, moderately
magnified. 70. Slice of a jx>rtion through an eye, more magnified.

44 MORPHOLOGY OF STEMS AND BRANCHES. [LESSON 6.

plwloyy of the branches, — that is, in the different forms they appear
under, and the purposes they serve. The Potato-plant has three
principal forms of branches : — 1. Those that bear ordinary leaves,
expanded in the air, to digest what they gather from it and what
the roots gather from the soil, and convert it into nourishment.
2. After a while a second set of branches at the summit of the
plant bear flowers, which form fruit and seed out of a portion of the
nourishment which the leaves have prepared. 3. But a larger part
of this nourishment, while in a liquid state, is carried down the stem,
into a third sort of branches under ground, and accumulated in the
form of starch at their extremities, which become tubers, or deposi-
tories of prepared solid food; — just as in the Turnip, Carrot,
Dahlia, &c. (Fig. 57-60), it is deposited in the root. The use
of the store of food is obvious enough. In the autumn the whole
plant dies, except the seeds (if it formed them) and the tubers ; and
the latter are left disconnected in the ground. Just as that small
portion of nourishing matter which is deposited in the seed (3, and
Fig. 34) feeds the embryo when it germinates, so the much larger
portion deposited in the tuber nourishes its buds, or eyes, when they
likewise grow, the next spring, into new plants. And the great
supply enables them to shoot with a greater vigor at the beginning,
and to produce a greater amount of vegetation than the seedling
plant could do in the same space of time ; which vegetation in turn
may prepare and store up, in the course of a few weeks or months,
the largest quantity 'of solid nourishing material, in a form most
available for food. Taking advantage of this, man has transported
the Potato from the cool Andes of South America to other cool cli-
mates, and makes it yield him a copious supply of food, especially in
countries where the season is too short, or the summer's heat too
little, for profitably cultivating the principal grain-plants.

105. All the sorts of subterranean stems or branches distinguished
by botanists pass into one another by gradations. We have seen
how nearly related the tuber is to the rootstock, and there are many
casi'-j in which it is difficult to say which is the proper name to use.
So likewise,

IOC. Tll3 Corm, OF Solid Blllb, like that of the Indian Turnip and
the Crocus (Fig. 71), is just a very short and thick rootstock; as
will be seen by comparing Fig. 71 with Fig. G7. Indeed, it grows
go very little in length, that it is often much broader than long, as
in the Indian Turnip, and the Cyclamen of our greenhouses. Corms

LESSON 6.]

SUBTERRANEAN FORMS : BULBS.

45

are usually upright, producing buds on their upper surface and

roots from the lower. But (as we see in the Crocus here figured)

buds may shoot from just above any of the faint cross lines or

rings, which are the scars left by the death

and decay of the sheathing bases of former

leaves. That is, these are axillary buds. In

these extraordinary (just as in ordinary) stems,

the buds are either axillary or terminal. The

whole mode of growth is just the same, only

the corm does not increase in length faster

than it does in thickness. After a few years

some of the buds grow into new corms at the

expense of the old one ; the young ones taking

the nourishment from the parent, and storing

up a large part of it in their own tissue.

When exhausted in this way, as well as by

flowering, the old corm dies, and its shrivelled

and decaying remains may be found at the side of or beneath the

present generation, as we see iii the Crocus (Fig. 71).

107. The corm of a Crocus is commonly covered with a thin and
dry, scaly or fibrous husk, consisting of the dead remains of the bases
of former leaves. When this husk consists of many scales, there is
scarcely any distinction left between the corm and

108. The Bulb, This is an extremely short subterranean stem,
usually much broader than high, producing roots from underneath,
and covered with leaves or the bases of leaves, in the form of thick-
ened scales. It is, therefore, the same as a corm, or solid bulb, only
it bears an abundance of leaves or scales, which make up the greater
part of its bulk. Or we may regard it as a bud, with thick and
fleshy scales. Compare a Lily-bulb (Fig. 73) with the strong scaly
buds of the Hickory and Horsechestnut (Fig. 48 and 49), and the
resemblance will be apparent enough.

109. Bulbs serve the same purpose as tubers, rootstocks, or corms.
The main difference is, that in these the store of food for future
growth is deposited in the stem ; while in the bulb, the greater part
is deposited in the bases of the leaves, changing them into thick
scales, which closely overlap or enclose one another, because the
stem does not elongate enough to separate them. That the scales

FIG. 71. Corm or solid bulb of a Crocus. 72. The same, cut through lengthwise.

46

MORPHOLOGY OF STEMS AND BRANCHES. [LESSON 6.

Some

of the bulb are the bases of leaves may be seen at once by follow-
ing any of the ground-leaves (root-leaves as they are incorrectly

call./" ^own to their
origin in the bulb.
Fig. 75 represents
one of them from
the White Lily ; the
thickened base, which
makes a scale, being
cut off below, to show
its thickness. After
having lasted its time
and served its purpose as foliage, the green leaf dies, down to the
thickened base, which remains as a scale of the bulb. And year
after year, as the bulb grows from the centre, to produce the vege-
tation and the flowers of the season, the outer scales yield up their
store of nourishment for the purpose, and perish.

110. Each scale, being a leaf, may have a bud in its axil,
of these buds grow into leafy and flowering stems
above ground : others grow into new bulbs, feeding

on the parent, and at length destroying it, in the same
way that corms do, as just described (10G).

111. When the scales are broad and enwrap all
that is within so as to form a succession of coats, one
over another, the bulb is said to be tunicated or coated.
The Tulip, Hyacinth, Leek, and Onion afford such
familiar examples of coated bulbs that no figure is
needed. When the scales are narrow and separate,
as in the Lily (Fig. 73), the bulb is said to be scaly.

112. BulbletS are small bulbs formed above ground
on some plants ; as in the axils of the leaves of the
common bulbiferous Lily of the gardens, and often in
the flower-clusters of the Leek and Onion. They are
plainly nothing but bulbs with thickened scales. They
never grow into branches, but detach themselves when 75

full grown, and fall to the ground, to take root there and form
jiew plants.

113. From the few illustrations already given, attentive students

FIG. 73. Hull) of the Moadow or Canada Lily. 74. The same, rut through lenpthwise.
FIG. 75. A lower leaf of White Lily, with its base wnder ground thickened into a bulb-
«cale.

LESSON 6.] CONSOLIDATED FORMS OF VEGETATION. 47

can hardly fail to obtain a good idea of what is meant by morphology
in Botany ; and they will be able to apply its simple principles for
themselves to all forms of vegetation. They will find it very inter-
esting to identify all these various subterranean forms with the com-
mon plan of vegetation above ground. There is the same structure,
and the same mode of growth in reality, however different in ap-
pearance, and however changed the form, to suit particular conditions,
or to accomplish particular ends. It is plain to see, already, that
the plant is constructed according to a plan, — a very simple one, —
which is exhibited by all vegetables, by the extraordinary no less
than by the ordinary kinds ; and that the same organ may appear
under a great many different shapes, and fulfil very different offices.

114. These extraordinary shapes are not confined to subterra-
nean vegetation. They are all repeated in various sorts of fleshy
plants ; in the Houseleek, Aloe, Agave (Fig. 82), and in the many
and strange shapes which the Cactus family exhibit (Fig. 76) ;
shapes which imitate rootstocks, tubers, corms, &c. above ground.
All these we may regard as

115. Consolidated Forms of Vegetation, While ordinary plants are
constructed on the plan of great spread of surface (131), these
are formed on the plan of the least possible amount of surface in
proportion to their bulk. The Cereus genus of Cactuses, for ex-
ample, consisting of solid columnar trunks (Fig. 76, #), may be
likened to rootstocks. A green rind serves the purpose of foliage ;
but the surface is as nothing compared with an ordinary leafy plant
of the same bulk. Compare, for instance, the largest Cactus known,
the Giant Cereus of the Gila River (Fig. 76, in the background),
which rises to the height of fifty or sixty feet, with a common leafy
tree of the same height, such as that in Fig. 54, and estimate how
vastly greater, even without the foliage, the surface of the latter
is than that of the former. Compare, in the same view, an Opuntia
or Prickly-Pear Cactus, its stem and branches formed of a succes-
sion of thick and flattened joints (Fig. 76, «), which may be likened
to tubers, or an Epiphyllum (d), with shorter and flatter joints, with
an ordinary leafy shrub or herb of equal size. And finally, in
Melon-Cactuses or Echinocactus (e), with their globular or bulb-like
shapes, we have plants in the compactest shape ; their spherical fig-
ure being such as to expose the least possible amount of its bulk
to the air.

116. These consolidated plants are evidently adapted and designed

48

MORPHOLOGY OF STEMS AND BRANCHES. [LESSON 6.

for very dry regions ; and in such only are they found. Similarly,
bulbous and corm-bearing plants, and the like, are examples of a
form of vegetation which in the growing season may expand a large
surface to the air and light, while during the period of rest the
living vegetable is reduced to a globe, or solid form of the least
possible surface ; and this is protected by its outer coats of dead
and dry scales, as well as by its situation under ground. Such
plants exhibit another and very similar adaptation to a season of
drought. And they mainly belong to countries (such as Southern
Africa, and parts of the interior of Oregon and California) which
have a long hot season during which little or no rain falls, when,
their stalks and foliage above and their roots beneath being early cut
off by drought, the plants rest securely in their compact bulbs, filled
with nourishment, and retaining their moisture with great tenacity,
until the rainy season comes round. Then they shoot forth leaves
and flowers with wonderful rapidity, and what was perhaps a desert
of arid sand becomes green with foliage and gay with blossoms,
almost in a day. This will be more perfectly understood when the
nature and use of foliage have been more fully considered. (Fig. 76
represents several forms of Cactus vegetation.)

LESSON 7.J MORPHOLOGY OF LEAVES. 49

LESSON VII.

MORPHOLOGY OF LEAVES.

117. IN describing the subterranean forms of the stem, we have
been led to notice already some of the remarkable forms under
which leaves occur ; namely, as scales, sometimes small and thin, as
those of the rootstocks of the Quick-grass, or the Mint (Fig. 64),
sometimes large and thick, as those of bulbs (Fig. 73 - 75), where
they are commonly larger than the stem they belong to. We have
seen, too, in the second Lesson, the seed-leaves (or cotyledons) in
forms as unlike foliage as possible ; and in the third Lesson we have
spoken of bud-scales as a sort of leaves. So that the botanist recog-
nizes the leaf under other forms than that of foliage.

118. We may call foliage the natural form of leaves, and look
upon the other sorts as special forms, — as transformed leaves: by
this term meaning only that what would have been ordinary leaves
under other circumstances (as, for instance, those on shoots of Mint,
Fig. 64, had these grown upright in the air, instead of creeping under
ground) are developed in special forms to serve some particular
purpose. For the Great Author of Nature, having designed plants
upon one simple plan, just adapts this plan to all cases. So, when-
ever any special purpose is to be accomplished, no new instruments
or organs are created for it, but one of the three general organs of
the vegetable, root, stem, or leaf, is made to serve the purpose, and-
is adapted to it by taking some peculiar form.

119. It is the study of the varied forms under this view that con-
stitutes Morphology (61), and gives to this part of Botany such great
interest. We have already seen stems and roots under a great
variety of forms. But leaves appear under more various and widely
different forms, and answer a greater variety of purposes, than do
both the other organs of the plant put together. We have to con-
sider, then, leaves as foliage, and leaves as something else than foliage.
As we have just been noticing cases of leaves that are not foliager
we may consider these first, and enumerate the principal kinds.

120. Leaves as Depositories of Food, Of these we have had plenty
of Instances in the seed-leaves, such as those of the Almond, Apple-

50

MORPHOLOGY OF LEAVES.

[LESSON 7.

seed (Fig. 11), Beech (Fig. 13-15), the Bean and Pea (Fig. 16-
20), the Oak (Fig. 21, 22), and Horsechestnut (Fig. 23, 24) ; where
the food upon which the plantlet feeds when it springs from the
seed is stored up in its cotyledons or first leaves. And we have
noticed how very unlike foliage such leaves are. Yet in some cases,

as in the Pumpkin (Fig. 10), they
actually grow into green leaves as
they get rid of their burden.

121. Bulb-Scales (Fig. 73-75) of-
fer another instance, which we were
considering at the close of the last
Lesson. Here a part of the nourish-
ment prepared in the foliage of one
year is stored up in the scales, or
subterranean thickened leaves, for the
early growth and flowering of the next
year ; and this enables the flowers to
appear before the leaves, or as soon
as they do ; as in Hyacinths, Snow-
drops, and many bulbous plants.

122. Leaves as Bud-scales, £c, True
to its nature, the stem produces
leaves even under ground, where
they cannot serve as foliage, and
where often, as on rootstocks and
tubers (97 - 103), they are not of
any use that wre know of. In such
cases they usually appear as thin
scales. So the first leaves of the
stems of herbs, as they sprout from
the ground, are generally mere scales,
such as those of an Asparagus shoot ;
and such are the first leaves on the
stem of the seedling Oak (Fig. 22)
and the Pea (Fig. 20). Similar
scales, however, often serve an im-
portant purpose ; as when they form the covering of buds, where
they protect the tender parts within (44). That bud-scales are

PIG. 77. Leaves of a dnveloping bud of the Low Sweet Buckeye (jEsculus parviflora),
showing a nearly complete set of gradations from a scale to a compound leaf of five leaflets.

LESSON 7.] SPINES, TENDRILS, AND PITCHERS.

51

leaves is plainly shown, in many cases, by the gradual transition
between them and the first foliage of the shoot. The Common Lilac
and the Shell-bark Hickory are good instances
of the sort. But the best illustration is fur-
nished by the Low Sweet Buckeye of the
Southern States, which is often cultivated as
an ornamental shrub. From one and the same
growing bud we may often find all the grada-
tions which are shown in Fig. 77.

123. Leaves as Spines occur in several plants.
The most familiar instance is that of the Com-
mon Barberry. In almost any summer shoot,
most of the gradations may be seen between the
ordinary leaves, with sharp bristly teeth, and
leaves which are reduced to a branching spine
or thorn, as shown in Fig. 78. The fact that
the spines of the Barberry produce a leaf-bud
in their axil also proves them to be leaves.

124. Leaves as Tendrils are to be seen in the
Pea and the Vetch (Fig. 20, 127), where the
upper part of each leaf becomes a tendril, which

the plant uses to

climb by ; and in

one kind of Vetch the whole leaf is

such a tendril.

125. Leaves as Pitchers, or hollow tubes,

are familiar to us in the common Pitcher-
plant or Side-saddle Flower (Sarracenia,
Fig. 79) of our bogs. These pitchers
are generally half-full of water, in which
flies and other insects are drowned, often
in such numbers as to make a rich
manure for the plant, no doubt ; though
we can hardly imagine this to be the
design of the pitcher. Nor do we per-
ceive here any need of a contrivance
to hold water, since the roots of these
plants are always well supplied by the wet bogs where they grow.

FIG. 78. Summer shoot of Barberry, showing the transition of leaves into spinea.
FIG. 79. Leaf of Sarracenia purpurea, entire, and another with the upper part cut off.

52

MORPHOLOGY OF LEAVES.

[LESSON 7.

126. Leaves as Fly-traps, Insects are caught in another way, and
more expertly, by the most extraordinary of all the plants of this

country, the Dionam or Venus's Fly-
trap, which grows in the sandy bogs
around Wilmington, North Carolina.
Here (Fig. 81) each leaf bears at its
summit an appendage which opens and
shuts, in shape something like a steel-
trap, and operating much like one. For
when open, as it commonly is when the
sun shines, no sooner does a fly alight
on its surface, and brush against any
one of the several long bristles that grow
there, than the trap suddenly closes,
often capturing the intruder, pressing it
all the harder for its struggles, and com-
monly depriving it of life. If the fly
escapes, the trap soon slowly opens, and
is ready for another capture. When retained, the insect is after a
time moistened by a secretion from minute glands of the inner sur-
face, and is apparently digested ! How such
and various other movements are made by
plants, — some as quick as in this case,
others very slow, but equally wonderful, —
must be considered in a future Lesson.

127. kaves serving both Ordinary and

Special Purposes, Let us now remark, that
the same leaf frequently answers its gen-
eral purpose, as foliage, and some special
purpose besides. For example, in the Dio-
nasa, the lower part of the leaf, and prob-
ably the whole of it, acts as foliage, while the
appendage serves its mysterious purpose
as a fly-catcher. In the Pea and Vetch
(Fig. 20, 127), the lower part of the leaf
is foliage, the upper a tendril. In the Pitcher-plants of the Indian
Archipelago (Nepenthes, Fig. 80) which are not rare in conserva-
tories, the lower part of the leaf is expanded and acts as foliage ;

FIG. 80. Leaf of Nepenthes: leaf, tendril, and pitcher combined.

FIG. 81. Leaves of Dionaea : the trap in one of them open, in the others closed.

LESSON 7.] THICKENED AND FLESHY LEAVES. 53

farther on, it is contracted into a tendril, enabling the plant to climb ;
the end of this tendril is then expanded into a pitcher, of five or
six inches in length, and on the end of this is a lid, which exactly
closes the mouth of the pitcher until after it is full grown, when the
lid opens by a hinge ! But the whole is only one leaf.

128. So in the root-leaves of the Tulip or the Lily (Fig. 75),
while the green leaf is preparing nourishment throughout the grow-
ing season, its base under ground is thickened into a reservoir for
storing up a good part of the nourishment for next year's use.

129. Finally, the whole leaf often serves both as foliage, to pre-
pare nourishment, and as a depository to store it up. This takes
place in all fleshy-leaved plants, such as the Houseleek, the Ice-
plant, and various sorts of Mesembryanthemum, in the Live-for-ever
of the gardens to some extent, and very strikingly in the Aloe, and
in the Century-plant. In the latter it is only the green surface of
these large and thick leaves (of three to five feet in length on a
strong plant, and often three to six inches thick near the base) which
acts as foliage ; the whole interior is white, like the interior of a
potato, and almost as heavily loaded with starch and other nourish-
ing matter. (Fig. 82 represents a young Century-plant, Agave
Americana.)

5*

54 MORPHOLOGY OF LEAVES AS FOLIAGE. [LESSON 8.

LESSON VIII.

MORPHOLOGY OF LEAVES AS FOLIAGE.

130. HAVING in the last Lesson glanced at some of the special
or extraordinary forms and uses of leaves, we now return to leaves
in their ordinary condition, namely, as foliage. We regard this as
the natural state of leaves. For although they may be turned to
account in other and very various ways, as we have just seen,
still their proper office in vegetation is to serve as foliage. In this
view we may regard

131. Leaves as a Contrivance for Increasing the Surface of that large

part of the plant which is exposed to the light and the air. This is
shown by their expanded form, and ordinarily slight thickness in
comparison with their length and breath. While a Melon-Cactus
(115, Fig. 76) is a striking example of a plant with the least pos-
sible amount of surface for its bulk, a repeatedly branching leafy
herb or tree presents the largest possible extent of surface to the
air. The actual amount of surface presented by a tree in full leaf
is much larger than one would be apt to suppose. Thus, the Wash-
ington Elm at Cambridge — a tree of no extraordinary size — was
some years ago estimated to produce a crop of seven millions of
leaves, exposing a surface of 200,000 square feet, or about five
acres, of foliage.

132. What is done by the foliage we shall have to explain in
another place. Under the present head we are to consider ordinary
leaves as to their parts and their shapes.

1-J3. The Parts Of the Leaf, The principal part of a leaf is the
blade, or expanded portion, one face of which naturally looks toward
the sky, the other towards the earth. The blade is often raised on
a stalk of its own, and on each side of the stalk at its base there is
sometimes an appendage called a stipule. A complete leaf, there-
fore consists of a blade (Fig. 83, b), a foot-stalk or leaf -stalk, called
the petiole (/>), and a pair of stipules (st). See also Fig. 136.

134. It is the blade which we are now to describe. This, as
being the essential and conspicuous part, we generally regard as the
leaf: and it is only when we have to particularize, that we speak of
the blade, or lamina, of the leaf.

LESSON 8.]

THEIR VENATION.

135. Without here entering upon the subject of the anatomy of
the leaf, we may remark, that leaves consist of two sorts of mate-
rial, viz.: 1. the green pulp, or parenchyma; and 2. the fibrous
framework, or skeleton, which extends throughout the soft green
pulp and supports it, giving the leaf a strength and firmness which
it would not otherwise possess. Besides, the whole surface is cov-
ered with a transparent skin, called the

epidermis, like that which covers the
surface of the shoots, &c.

136. The framework consists of
wood, — a fibrous and tough material
which runs from the stem through the
leaf-stalk, when there is one, in the
form of parallel threads or bundles of
fibres ; and in the blade these spread
out in a horizontal direction, to form
the ribs and veins of the leaf. The
stout main branches of the framework
(like those in Fig. 50) are called the
ribs. When there is only one, as in
Fig. 83, &c., or a middle one decid-
edly larger than the rest, it is called

the midrib. The smaller divisions are termed veins ; and their
still smaller subdivisions, veinlets.

137. The latter subdivide again and again, until they become so
fine that they are invisible to the naked eye. The fibres of which
they are composed are hollow ; forming tubes by which the sap is
brought into the leaves and carried to every part. The arrangement
of the framework in the blade is termed the

\|.38. Venation, or mode of veining. This corresponds so complete-
ly with the general shape of the leaf, and with the kind of division
when the blade is divided or lobed, that the readiest way to study
and arrange the forms of leaves is first to consider their veining.

139. Various as it appears in different leaves, the veining is all
reducible to two principal kinds ; namely, the parallel-veined and the
netted-veined.

140. In netted-veined (also called reticulated) leaves, the veins
branch off from the main rib or ribs, divide into finer and finer

FIG. S3. Leaf of the Quince: b, blade ; p, petiole ; st, stipules.

5G

MORPHOLOGY OF LEAVES AS FOLIAGE. [LESSON 8.

veinlets, and the branches unite with each other to form meshes of
network. That is, they anastomose, as anatomists say of the veins
and arteries of the body. The Quince-leaf, in Fig. 83, shows this
kind of veining in a leaf with a single rib. The Maple, Basswood,
and Buttonwood (Fig. 50) show it in leaves of several ribs.

141. In parallel-veined leaves, the whole framework consists of
slender ribs or veins, which run parallel with each other, or nearly
so, from the base to the point of the leaf, not dividing and sub-
dividing, nor forming meshes, except by very minute cross-veinlets.
The leaf of any grass, or that of the Lily of the Valley (Fig. 84)
will furnish a good illustration.

142. Such simple, parallel veins Linnaeus, to distinguish them,

called nerves, and parallel-veined leaves
are still commonly called nerved leaves ;
while those of the other kind are said to
be veined; — terms which it is conven-
ient to use, although these " nerves " and
" veins " are all the same thing, and have
no likeness to the nerves of animals.

143. Netted-veined leaves belong to
plants which have a pair of seed-leaves
or cotyledons, such as the Maple (Fig. 1
-7), Beech (Fig. 15), Pea and Bean
(Fig. 18, 20), and most of the illustra-
tions in the first and second Lessons.
While parallel-veined or nerved leaves
belong to plants with one cotyledon or
true seed-leaf; such as the Iris (Fig. 134)
and Indian Corn (Fig. 42). So that a mere glance at the leaves
of the tree or herb enables one to tell what the structure of the
embryo is, and to refer the plant to one or the other of these two
grand classes, — which is a great convenience. For generally when
plants differ from each other in some one important respect, they
differ correspondingly in other respects as well.

144. Parallel-veined leaves are of two sorts ; one kind, and the
commonest, having the ribs or nerves all running from the base to
the point of the leaf, as in the examples already given ; while in
another kind they run from a midrib to the margin ; as in the com-

FIG. 84. A (parallel-veined) leaf of the Lily of the Valley.

LESSON 8.] THEIR FORMS AS TO GENERAL OUTLINE. 57

mon Pickerel-weed of our ponds, in the Banana (Fig. 47), and many
similar plants of warm climates.

145. Netted-veined leaves are also of two sorts, as is shown in
the examples already referred to. In one case the veins all rise
from a single rib (the midrib), as in Fig. 83. Such leaves are called
feather-veined or pinnately-veined ; both terms meaning the same
thing, namely, that the veins are arranged on the sides of the rib
like the plume of a feather on each side of the shaft.

146. In the other case (as in the Button wood, Fig. 50, Maple,
&c.), the veins branch off from three, five, seven, or nine ribs, which
spread from the top of the leaf-stalk, and run through the blade like
the toes of a web-footed bird. Hence these are said to be palmately
or digitately veined, or (since the ribs diverge like rays from a
centre) radiate-veined.

147. Since the general outline of leaves accords with the frame-
work or skeleton, it is plain that feather-veined leaves will incline to
elongated shapes, or at least will be longer than broad ; while in
radiate-veined leaves more rounded forms are to be expected. A
glance at the following figures shows this. Whether we consider
the veins of the leaf to be adapted to the shape of the blade, or the
green pulp to be moulded to the framework, is not very material.
Either way, the outline of each leaf corresponds with the mode of
spreading, the extent, and the relative length of the veins. Thus, in
oblong or elliptical leaves of the feather-veined sort (Fig. 87, 88),
the principal veins are nearly equal in length ; while in ovate and
heart-shaped leaves (Fig. 89, 90), those below the middle are
longest; and in leaves which widen upwards (Fig. 91-94), the
veins above the middle are longer than the others.

148. Let us pass on, without particular reference to the kind of
veining, to enumerate the principal

149. Forms of Leaves as to General Outline, It is necessary to give

names to the principal shapes, and to define them rather precisely,
since they afford the easiest marks for distinguishing species. The
same terms are used for all other flattened parts as well, such as the
petals of the flowers ; so that they make up a great part of the
descriptive language of Botany. We do not mention the names of
common plants which exhibit these various shapes. It will be a good
exercise for young students to look them up and apply them.

150. Beginning with the narrower and proceeding to the broadest
forms, a leaf is said to be

58

MORPHOLOGY OF LEAVES AS FOLIAGE. [LESSON 8.

Linear (Fig. 85), when narrow, several times longer than wide,
and of the same breadth throughout.

Lanceolate, or lance-shaped, when several times longer than wide,
and tapering upwards (Fig. 8G), or both upwards and downwards.

Oblong (Fig. 87), when nearly twice or thrice as long as broad.

Elliptical (Fig. 88) is oblong with a flowing outline, the two ends
alike in width.

Oval is the same as broadly elliptical, or elliptical with the breadth
considerably more than half the len'gth.

Ovate (Fig. 89), when the outline is like a section of a hen's-egg
lengthwise, the broader end downward.

Orbicular, or rotund (Fig. 102), circular in outline, or nearly so.

151. When the leaf tapers towards the base, instead of upwards,
it may be

OUanceolate (Fig. 91), which is lance-shaped, with the more

tapering end downwards ;

Spatulate (Fig. 92), round-
ed above and long and narrow
below, like a spatula ;

Obovate (Fig. 93), or in-
versely ovate, that is, ovate with
the narrower end down ; or
Cuneate, or cuneiform, that is, wedge-shaped (Fig. 94), broad
above and tapering by straight lines to an acute angle at the base.

152. As to lllC Base, its shape characterizes several forms, such as
Cordate, or heart-shaped (Fig. 90, 99, 8), when a leaf of an ovate

form, or something like it, has the outline of its rounded base turned
in (forming a notch or sinus) where the stalk is attached.

Renifovm, or kidney-shaped (Fig. 100), like the last, only rounder
and broader than long.

FIG. 85-90. Various forma of feather-veined leaves.

FIG, 91. Oblanccolatc, i»-2. simulate, 93. obovate, 94. wedge-shaped, feather-veined leaves.

LESSON 8.]

THEIR PARTICULAR FORMS.

59

Auriculate, or eared, having a pair of small and blunt projections,
or ears, at the base, as in one species of Magnolia (Fig. 96).

Sagittate, or arrow-shaped, where such ears are pointed and turned
downwards, while the
main body of the blade
tapers upwards to a
point, as in the com-
mon Sagittaria or Ar-
row-head, and in the
Arrow-leaved Polygo-
num (Fig. 95).

Hastate, or halberd-
shaped, when such
lobes at the base point outwards, giving the leaf the shape of the
halberd of the olden time, as in another Polygonum (Fig. 97).

Peltate, or shield-shaped, (Fig. 102,) is the name applied to a
curious modification of the leaf, commonly of a rounded form, where
the footstalk is attached to the lower surface, instead of the base, and

102

therefore is naturally likened to a shield borne by the outstretched
arm. The common Watershield, the Nelumbium, and the White
Water-lily, and also the Mandrake, exhibit this sort of leaf. On
comparing the shield-shaped leaf of the common Marsh Pennywort
'Fig. 102) with that of another common species (Fig. 101), we see
at once what this peculiarity means. A shield-shaped leaf is like a

FIG. 95. Sagittate, 96. auriculate, 97. halberd-shaped, loaves.
FIG. 98 - 102. Various forms of radiate-veined leaves.

GO MORPHOLOGY OF LEAVES AS FOLIAGE. [LESSON 8.

kidney-shaped (Fig. 100) or other rounded leaf, with the margins at
the base brought together and united.

153. As to the Apex, the following terms express the principal
variations.

Acuminate, pointed, or taper-pointed, when the summit is more or
less prolonged into a narrowed or tapering point, as in Fig. 97.

Acute, when ending in an acute angle or not prolonged point, as
in Fig. 104, 98, 95, &c.

Obtuse, when with a blunt or rounded point, as in Fig. 105, 89, &c.

Truncate, with the end as if cut off square, as in Fig. 106, 94.

Hetuse, with the rounded summit slightly indented, forming a
very shallow notch, as in Fig. 107.

Emarginate, or notched, indented at the end more decidedly, as
in Fig. 108.

Obcordate, that is, inversely heart-shaped, where an obovate leaf
is more deeply notched at the end (Fig. 109), as in White Clover and
Wood-sorrel ; so as to resemble a cordate leaf (Fig. 99) inverted.

Cuspidate, tipped with a sharp and rigid point ; as in Fig. 110.

Mucronate, abruptly tipped with a small and short point, like a
projection of the midrib ; as in Fig. 111.

Aristate, awn-pointed, and bristle-pointed, are terms used when this
mucronate point is extended into a longer bristle-form or other
slender appendage.

The first six of these terms can be applied to the lower as well as
to the upper end of a leaf or other organ. The others belong to
the apex only.

FIG. 103 - 111. Forms of the apex of leaves.

LESSON 9.] SIMPLE AND COMPOUND LEASES. 61

LESSON IX.

MORPHOLOGY OF LEAVES AS FOLIAGE. SIMPLE AND COM-
POUND LEAVES, STIPULES, ETC.

154. IN the foregoing Lesson leaves have been treated of in their
simplest form, namely, as consisting of a single blade. But in many
cases the leaf is divided into a number of separate blades. That is,

155. Leaves are either Simple or Compound, They are sdd to be

simple, when the blade is all of one piece : they are compound, when
the blade consists of two or more separate pieces, borne upon a
common leaf-stalk. And between these two kinds every interme-
diate gradation is to be met with. This will appear as we proceed
to notice the principal

15G. Forms of Leaves as to particular Outline or degree of division.

In this respect, leaves are said to be

Entire, when their general outline is completely filled out, so that
the margin is an even line, without any teeth or notches ; as in
Fig. 83, 84, 100, &c.

Serrate, or saw-toothed, when the margin only is cut into sharp
teeth, like those of a saw, and pointing forwards; as in Fig. 112;
also 90, &c.

112 113 114 115 116 117

Dentate, or toothed, when such teeth point outwards, instead
of forwards ; as in Fig. 113.

FIG. 112 - 117. Kinds of margin of leares.

a

62 MORPHOLOGY OF LEAVES AS FOLIAGE. [LESSON 9.

Crenate, or scalloped, when the teeth are broad and rounded ; as
in Fig. 114, 101.

Repand, undulate, or wavy, when the margin of the leaf forms a
wavy line, bending slightly inwards and outwards in succession ; as
in Fig. 115.

Sinuate, when the margin is more strongly sinuous, or turned
inwards and outwards, as in Fig. 116.

Incised, cut, or jagged, when the margin is cut into sharp, deep,
and irregular teeth or incisions, as in Fig. 117.

157. When leaves are more deeply cut, and with a definite number
of incisions, they are said, as a general term, to be lobed ; the parts
being called lobes. Their number is expressed by the phrase two-
lobed, three-lobed, Jive-lobed, many-lobed, &c., as the case may be.
When the depth and character of the lobing needs to be more par-
ticularly specified, — as is often the case, — the following terms are
employed, viz. :

Lobed, when the incisions do not extend deeper than about half-
way between the margin and the centre of the blade, if so far, and
are more or less rounded ; as in the leaves of the Post-Oak, Fig.
118, and the Hepatica, Fig. 122.

Cleft, when the incisions extend half-way down or more, and
especially when they are sharp, as in Fig. 119, 123. And the
phrases two-cleft, or, in the Latin form, bifid ; three-cleft, or trijid ;
four-cleft, or quadrifid ; jive-cleft, or quinquefid, &c. ; or many-cleft,
in the Latin form multifid, — express the number of the segments,
or portions. ^

Parted, when the incisions are still deeper, but yet do not quite
reach to the midrib or the base of the blade ; as in Fig. 120, 124.
And the terms two-parted, three-parted, &c. express the number of
such divisions.

Divided, when the incisions extend quite to the midrib, as in the
lower part of Fig. 121 ; or to the leaf-stalk, as in Fig. 125 ; which
makes the leaf compound. Here, using the Latin form, the leaf is
said to be bisected, trisected (Fig. 125), &c., to express the number
of the divisions.

158. In this way the degree of division is described. We may
likewise express the mode of division. The notches or incisions,
being places where the green pulp of the blade has not wholly filled
up the framework, correspond with the veining ; as we perceive
on comparing the figures 118 to 121 with figures 122 to 125. The

LESSON 9.]

LOBED OR DIVIDED LEAVES.

63

upper row of figures consists of feather-veined, or, in Latin form,
p innately-veined leaves (145) ; the lower row, of radiate-veined or
palmately-veined leaves (146).

118

123

124

125

159. In the upper row the incisions all point towards the midrib,
from which the main veins arise, the incisions (or sinuses) being
between the main veins. That is, being pinnately veined, such
lea\7es are pinnately lobed (Fig. 118), pinnately cleft, or pinnatijid
(Fig. 119), pinnately parted (Fig. 120), or pinnately divided (Fig.
121), according to the depth of the incisions, as~just defined.

160. In the lower row of figures, as the main veins or ribs all
proceed from the base of the blade or the summit of the leaf-stalk, so
the incisions all point in that direction. That is, palmately-vemed
leaves are palmately lobed (Fig. 122), palmately cleft (Fig. 123),
palmately parted (Fig. 124), or palmately divided (Fig. 125). Some-
times, instead of palmately, we say digitately cleft, &c., which means
just the same.

161. To be still more particular, the number of the lobes, &c.
may come into the phrase. Thus, Fig. 122 is a palmately three-
lobed ; Fig. 123, a palmately three-cleft ; Fig. 124, & palmately three-
parted ; Fig. 125, a palmately three-divided, or trisected, leaf. The

FIG. 118-121. Pinnately lobed, cleft, parted, and divided leaves.

FIG. 122 - 125, ralinately or digitately lobed, cleft, parted, and divided leaves.

64

MORPHOLOGY OF LEAVES AS FOLIAGE. [LESSON 9.

Sugar-Maple and the Buttonwood (Fig. 50) have palmately Jive-
lobed leaves ; the Soft White-Maple palmatcly five-parted leaves; and
so on. And in the other sort, the Post-Oak has pinnately seven-
to ninc-lobed leaves ; the Red-Oak commonly has pinnately seven- to
nine-cleft leaves, &c., &c.

1G2. The divisions, lobes, &c. may themselves be entire (without
teeth or notches, 156), as in Fig. 118, 122, &c. : or serrate (Fig.
124), or otherwise toothed or incised (Fig. 121 ); or else lobed, cleft,
parted, &c. : in the latter cases making twice pinnalifid, twice pal-
matcly or pinnately lobed, parted, or divided leaves, &c. From these
illustrations, the student will perceive the plan by which the bota-
nist, in two or three words, may describe any one of the almost
endlessly diversified shapes of leaves, so as to convey a perfectly
clear and definite idea of it.

163. Compound LeaTCS, These, as already stated (155), do not
differ iri any absolute way from the divided form of simple leaves.
A compound leaf is one which has its blade in two or more entirely
separate parts, each usually with a stalklet of its own : and the stalk-
let is often jointed (or articulated) with the main leaf-stalk, just as
this is jointed with the stem. "When this is the case, there is no

doubt that the leaf is compound. But when the pieces have no
stalklels, and are not jointed with the main leaf-stalk, the leaf may
be considered either as simple and divided, or compound, according
to the circumstances.

FIO. 12G. Pinnate with an odd leaflet, or odd-pinnate. 127. Pinnate with a tendril
128. Abruptly pinnate leaf.

V

;

LESSON 9.] COMPOUND LEAVES. 63

164. The separate pieces or little blades of a compound leaf are
called leaflets.

165. Compound leaves are of two principal kinds, namely, the
pinnate and the palmate ; answering to the two modes of veining in
reticulated leaves (145- 147), and to the two sorts of lobed or di-
vided leaves (158, 159).

166. Pinnate leaves are those in which the leaflets are arranged
on the sides of a main leaf-stalk ; as in Fig. 126 — 128. They answer
to the feather-veined (i. e. pinnately-veined) simple leaf; as will be
seen at once, on comparing Fig. 126 with the figures 118 to 121.
The leaflets of the former answer to the lobes or divisions of the
latter ; and the continuation of the petiole, along which the leaflets
are arranged, answers to the midrib of the simple leaf.

167. Three sorts of pinnate leaves are here given. Fig. 126 is
pinnate with an odd or end leaflet, as in the Common Locust and
the Ash. Fig. 127 is pinnate with a tendril at the end, in place of
the odd leaflet, as in the Vetches and the Pea. Fig. 128 is abruptly
pinnate, having a pair of leaflets at the end, like the rest of the leaf-
lets ; as in the Honey-Locust.

1G8. Palmate (also named digitate) leaves are those in which the
leaflets are all borne on the very tip of the leaf-stalk, as in the
Lupine, the Common Clover (Fig. 136), the Virginia Creeper (Fig.
62), and the Horsechcstnut and Buckeye (Fig. 129). They answer
to the radiate-veined or palmately-
veined simple leaf; as is seen by
comparing Fig. 136 with the figures
122 to 125. That is, the Clover-
leaf of three leaflets is the same as
Tpalmately three-ribbed leaf cut
ito three separate leaflets. And
such a simple five-lobed leaf as that
of the Sugar-Maple, if more cut, so
as to separate the parts, would pro-
duce a palmate leaf of five leaflets,
like that of the Horsechestnut or Buckeye (Fig. 129).

169. Either sort of compound leaf may have any number of leaf-
lets ; though palmate leaves cannot well have a great many, since
they are all crowded together on the end of the main leaf-stalk.

FIG. 129. Palmate leaf of five leaflets, of the Sweet Buckeye.
6*

G6

MORPHOLOGY OF LEAVES AS FOLIAGE. [LESSON 9.

Some Lupines have nine or eleven ; the Horsechestnut has seven,
the Sweet Buckeye more commonly five, the Clover three. A pin-
nate leaf often has only seven or five leaflets, as in the Wild Bean
or Groundnut ; and in the Common Bean it has only three ; in

some rarer cases only two ; in
the Orange and Lemon only
one! The joint at the place
where the leaflet is united with
the petiole alone distinguishes
this last case from a simple
leaf.*

170. The leaflets of a com-
pound leaf may be either entire
(as in Fig. 126-128), or ser-
rate, or lobed, cleft, parted,
&c. : in fact, they may pre-
sent all the variations of simple
leaves, and the same terms
equally apply to them.

171. When this division is
carried so far as to separate
what would be one leaflet into
two, three, or several, the leaf
becomes doubly or twice com-
pound, either pinnately orpal-

130 mately, as the case may be.

For example, while some of the leaves of the Honey-Locust are
simply pinnate, that is, once pinnate, as in Fig. 128, the greater part

* When the botanist, in describing leaves, wishes to express the number of
leaflets, he may use terms like these : —

Unifdiolate, for a compound leaf of a single leaflet; from the Latin unum,ono,
saulfuliolum, leaflet.

BiJbUcbte, of two leaflets, from the Latin Us, twice, nmlfolidum, leaflet.

Trifollolate (or ternate), of three leaflets, as the Clover; and so on.

When he would express in one phrase both the number of leaflets and the way
the leaf is compound, he writes : —

ruhnnli-ly llfullolale, Irlfoliolate, plurifoliolate (of several leaflets), £e., or else

Pinnnlrh/ It-, trl-, quailrt-, or pluri-folidate (that is, of two, three, four, five, or
several leaflets), as the case may be.

FIG. 130. A twico-pinnato (abruptly) leaf of the Hon^v-Locust

LESSON 9.J

PERFOLIATE LEAVES, ETC.

C7

are bipinnate, i. e. twice pinnate, as in Fig. 130. If these leaflets
were again divided in the same way, the leaf would become thrice
pinnate, or tripinnate, as in many Acacias. (^The first divisions are
called pinnae ; the others, pinnules ; and the last, or little blades,
leaflets.

172." So the palmate leaf, if again compounded in the same way,
becomes twice palmate, or, as we say when the divisions are in
threes, twice ternate (in Latin form Alternate) ; if a third time com-
pounded, thrice ternate or triternate. But if the division goes still
further, or if the degree is variable, we simply say that the leaf is
decompound ; either palmately or pinnately so, as the case may be.
Thus, Fig. 138 represents a four times ternately compound, in other
words a ternately decompound, leaf of our common Meadow Rue.

173. So exceedingly various are the kinds and shapes of leaves,
that we have not yet exhausted the subject. "We have, however,
mentioned the principal terms used in describing them. Many
others will be found in the glossary at the end of the volume. Some
peculiar sorts of leaves remain to be noticed, which the student might
not well understand without some explanation ; such as

174. Perfoliate Leaves. A common and simple case of this sort is
found in two species of Uvularia or Bellwort, where the stem appears
to run through the blade of the leaf,

near one end. If we look at this plant
in summer, after all the leaves are
formed, we may see the meaning of this
at a glance. For then we often find
upon the same stem such a series of
leaves as is given in Fig. 131 : the low-
er leaves are perfoliate, those next above
less so ; then some (the fourth and fifth)
rith merely a heart-shaped clasping
base, and finally one that is merely
sessile. The leaf, we perceive, becomes
perfoliate by the union of the edges of
the base with each other around the
stem ; just as the shield-shaped leaf, Fig.
102, comes from the union of the edges of the base of such a leaf
as Fig. 101. Of the same sort are the upper leaves of most of

FIG. 131. Leaves of Uvularia (Bellwort) ; the lower ones perfoliate, the others merely
clasping, or the uppermost only sessile.

68

MORPHOLOGY OF LEAVES AS FOLIAGE. [LESSON 9.

the true Honeysuckles (Fig. 132) : but here it is a pair of oppo-
site leaves, with their contiguous broad bases grown together, which
makes what seems to be one round leaf, with the stem running
through its centre. This is seen to be the case, by comparing
together the upper and the lowest leaves of the same branch.
Leaves of this sort are said to be connate-per foliate.

175. Equitant Leaves. While ordinary
leaves spread horizontally, and present
one face to the sky and the other to the
earth, there are some that present their
tip to the sky, and their faces right
and left to the horizon. Among these
are the equitant leaves of the Iris or
Flower-de-Luce. On careful inspection
we shall find that each leaf was formed
folded together length-
wise, so that what
would be the upper
surface is within, and
all grown together, ex-
cept next the bottom,
where each leaf covers

the next younger one. It was from their strad-
dling over each other, like a man on horseback (as
is seen in the cross-section, Fig. 134), that Linnaeus,
with his lively fancy, called these equitant leaves.

176. Leaves with no distinction of Petiole and Blade,
The leaves of Iris just mentioned show one form
of tliis. The flat but narrow
leaves of Jonquils, Daffodils,
and the like, are other in-
stances. Needle-shaped leaves,
like those of the Pine (Fig.
140), Larch (Fig. 139), and
Spruce, and the awl-shaped
as well as the scale-shaped
leaves of Junipers, Red Ce-

FIG. 132. Branch of a Yellow Honeysuckle, with connate-perfoliate leaves.
FIG. 133. Rootstock and equitant leaves of Iris. 134. A section across the cluster of
leaves at the bottom.

LESSON 9.]

PHILLODIA, STIPULES, ETC.

69

dar, and Arbor- Vitae (Fig. 135), are different examples. These
last are leaves serving for foliage, but having as
little spread of surface as possible. They make
up for this, however, by their immense numbers.

177. Sometimes the petiole expands and flattens,
and takes the place of the blade ; as in numerous
New Holland Acacias, some of which are now
common in greenhouses. Such counterfeit blades
are called phyllodia, — meaning leaf-like bodies.
They may be known from true blades by their
standing edgewise, their margins being directed
upwards and downwards ; while in true blades the
faces look upwards and downwards ; excepting in
equitant leaves, as al-
ready explained, and
in those which are
turned edgewise by

a twist, such as those of the Callis-

temon or Bottle-brush Flower of our

greenhouses, and other Dry Myrtles

of New Holland, &c.

178. Stipules, the pair of appendages

which is found at the base of the peti-
ole in many leaves (133), should also

be considered in respect to their very

varied forms and appearances. More

commonly they appear like little blades,

on each side of the leaf-stalk, as in the

Quince (Fig. 83), and more strikingly

in the Hawthorn and in the Pea. Here

they remain as long as the rest of the

leaf, and serve for the same purpose

as the blade. Very commonly they

serve for bud-scales, and fall off when

the leaves expand, as in the Fig-tree,

and the Magnolia (where they are large and conspicuous), or soon

FIG. 135. Twig of Arbor-Vitas, with its two sorts of leaves: viz. some awl-shaped, th«
others scale-like ; the latter on the branchlets, a.

FIG. 136. Leaf of Red Clover : st, stipules, adhering to the base o(p, the petiole : 6, blade
of three leaflets.

FIG. 137. Part of stem and leaf of Priuce's-Feather (Polygonum orientale) with the united
sheathing stipule* forming a sheath.

70

MORPHOLOGY OF LEAVES AS FOLIAGE. [LESSON 9.

afterwards, as in the Tulip-tree. Li the Pea the stipules make a
very conspicuous part of the leaf; while in the Bean they are quite
small ; and in the Locust they are reduced to bristles or prickles.
Sometimes the stipules are separate and distinct (Fig. 83) : often
they are united with the base of the leaf-stalk, as in the Rose and
the Clover (Fig. 136) : and sometimes they grow together by both
margins, so as to form a sheath around the stem, above the leaf, as
in the Buttonwood, the Dock, and almost all the plants of the
Polygonum Family (Fig. 137).

179. The sheaths of Grasses bear the blade on their summit, and
therefore represent a form of the petiole. The small and thin ap-
pendage which is commonly found at the top of the sheath (called a
ligule) here answers to the stipule.

FIG. 138. Ternately-decompouiN} leaf of Meadow Rue (Thalictrum Cornuti).

LESSON 10.] ARRANGEMENT OF LEAVES. 71

LESSON X.

THE ARRANGEMENT OF LEAVES.

180. UNDER this head we may consider, — 1. the arrangement of
leaves on the stem, or what is sometimes called PHYLLOTAXY (from
two Greek words meaning leaf-order) ; and 2. the ways in which
they are packed together in the bud, or their VERNATION (the word
meaning their spring state).

181. Phyllotaxy, As already explained (48, 49), leaves are ar-
ranged on the stem in two principal ways. They are either

Alternate (Fig. 131, 143), that is, one after another, only a single
leaf arising from each node or joint of the stem ; or

Opposite (Fig. 147), when there is a pair of leaves on each joint
of the stem ; one of the two leaves being in this case always situ-
ated exactly on the opposite side of the stem from the other. A
third, but uncommon arrangement, may be added ; namely, the

Whorled, or verticillate (Fig. 148), when there are three or more
leaves in a circle (whorl or verticil) on one joint of stem. But this
is only a variation of the opposite mode; or rather the latter ar-
rangement is the same as the whorled, with the number of the
leaves reduced to two in each whorl.

182. Only one leaf is ever produced from the same point. When
two are borne on the same joint, they are always on opposite sides
of the stem, that is, are separated by half the circumference ; when
in whorls of three, four, five, or any other number, they are equally
distributed around the joint of stem, at a distance of one third, one
fourth, or one fifth of the circumfer-
ence from each other, according to

their number. So they always have
the greatest possible divergence from
each other. Two or more leaves be-
longing to the same joint of stem
never stand side by side, or one
above the other, in a cluster.

183. What are called clustered or fascicled leaves, and which

FIG. 139. Clustered or fascicled leaves of the Larch.

72

ARRANGEMENT OF LEAVES ON THE STEM [LESSON 10.

appear to be so, are always the leaves of a whole branch which
remains so very short that they are all crowded together in a
bundle or rosette ; as in the spring leaves of the Barberry and of
the Larch (Fig. 139). In these cases an examination shows them
to be nothing else than alternate leaves, very much crowded on a
short spur ; and some of these spurs are seen in the course of the
season to lengthen into ordinary shoots with scattered alternate
leaves. So, likewise, each cluster of two or three needle-shaped
leaves in Pitch Pines (as in Fig. 140), or of five leaves
in White Pine, answers to a similar, extremely short
branch, springing from the axil of a thin and slender
scale, which represents a leaf of the main shoot. For
Pines produce two kinds of leaves; — 1. primary, the
proper leaves of the shoots, not as foliage, but in the
shape of delicate scales in spring, which soon fall away ;
and 2. secondary, the fascicled leaves, from buds in the
axils of the former, and these form the actual foliage.
184. Spiral Arrangement of Leaves, If we examine any

alternate-leaved stem, we shall find that the leaves are
placed upon it in symmetrical order, and in a way per-
fectly uniform for each species, but different in different
plants. If we draw a line from the insertion (i. e. the
point of attachment) of one leaf to that of the next, and
so on, this line will wind spirally around the stem as it
rises, and in the same species will always have just the
same number of leaves upon it for each turn round the
stem. That is, any two successive leaves will always
be separated from each other by just an equal portion
of the circumference of the stem. The distance in height between
any two leaves may vary greatly, even on the same shoot, for that
depends upon the length of the internodes or spaces between each
leaf; but the distance as measured around the circumference (in
other words, the angular divergence, or angle formed by any two
successive leaves) is uniformly the same.

is.">. The greatest possible divergence is, of course, where the
second leaf stands on exactly the opposite side of the stem from the
first, the third on the side opposite the second, and therefore over the

FIG. 140. Piere of a branchlet of Pitch Pine, with three leaves in a fascicle or bundle, in
the axil of a thin pcalo which answers to a primary leaf. The bundle is surrounded at the
base by a sljort sheath, formed of the delicate scales of the axillary bud.

LESSON 10.]

IN A SPIRAL ORDER.

73

first, and the fourth over the second. This brings all the leaves into
two ranks, one on one side of the stem and one on the other ; and
is therefore called the two-ranked arrangement. It occurs in all
Grasses, — in Indian Corn, for instance ; also in the Spiderwort, the
Bell wort (Fig. 131) and Iris (Fig. 132), in the Bass wood or Lime-
tree^. &c. This is the simplest of all arrangements.

186. Next to this is the three-ranked arrangement, such as we
seeln Sedges, and in the Veratrum or White Hellebore. The plan
of it is shown on a Sedge in Fig. 141, and in a diagram or cross-
section underneath, in Fig. 142. Here the
second leaf is placed one third of the way
round the stem, the third leaf two thirds of
the way round, the fourth leaf accordingly
directly over the first, the fifth over the
second, and so on. That is, three leaves
occur in each turn round the stem, and they
are separated from each other by one third
of the circumference.

187; The next and one of the most com-
mon is the five-ranked arrangement; which
is seen in the Apple (Fig. 143), Cherry,
Poplar, and the greater part of our trees
and shrubs. In this case the line traced
from leaf to leaf will pass twice round the
stem before it reaches a leaf situated di-
rectly over any below (Fig. 144). Here
the sixth leaf is over the first ; the leaves
stand in five perpendicular ranks, equally
distant from each other ; and the distance
between any two successive leaves is just
two fifths of the circumference of the stem.

The five-ranked arrangement Is expressed by the fraction f .
fraction denotes the divergence of the successive leaves, i. e. the
angle they form with each other : the numerator also expresses the
number of turns made round the stem by the spiral line in complet-
ing one cycle or set of leaves, namely 2 ; and the denominator gives
the number of leaves in each cycle, or the number of perpendicular

FIG. 141. Piece of the stalk of a Sedge, with the leaves cut away, leavinjr their bases :
the leaves are numbered in order, from 1 to 6. 142. Diagram or cross-section of the same,
all in one plane ; the leaves similarly numbered.

7

74 ARRANGEMENT OF LEAVES ON THE STEM. [LESSON 10.

ranks, namely 5. In the same way the fraction J stands for the
two-ranked mode, and £ for the three-ranked : and so these different
143 sorts are expressed by the series of fractions J,

•£, |. And the other cases known follow in the
same numerical progression.

189. The next is the eight-ranked arrange-
ment, where the ninth leaf stands over the first,
and three turns are made around the stem to
reach it ; so it is expressed by the fraction -g.
This is seen in the Holly, and in the common
Plantain. Then comes the tldrteen-ranked ar-
rangement, in which the fourteenth leaf is over
the first, after five turns around the stem. Of
this we have a good example in the common
Ilouseleek (Fig. 146).

(190. The series so far,
then, is £, £, f , f , T5-j ; the
numerator and the denomi-
nator of each fraction being
those of the two next pre-
ceding ones added together.
At this rate the next higher
should be /T, then £f , and
so on ; and in fact just such
cases are met with, and (commonly) no others.
These higher sorts are found in the Pine Fam-
ily, both in the leaves and the cones (Fig. 324),
and in many other plants with small and crowd-
ed leaves. But the number of the ranks, or of
leaves in each cycle, can here rarely be made
out by direct inspection: they may be ascer-
tained, however, by certain simple mathematical
computations, which are rather too technical for
these Lessons.

FIO. 143. Phoot with its leaves 5-ranked, the sixth leaf over the first ; as in the Apple-tree.

FIG. 144. Diagram of this arrangement, with a spiral line drawn from the attachment of
one leaf to the next, and so on ; the parts on the side turned from the eye are fainter.

FKJ. 11.">. A {.'round plan of the same ; the section of the leaves similarly numbered; a
dotted line drawn from the edge of one leaf to that of the next completes the spiral.

FIG. MC.. A young plant of tho Hoiiseleok, with the leaves (not yet expanded) numbered,
and exhibiting tho P ranked arrangement*

LESSON 10.] ARRANGEMENT OF LEAVES IN THE BUD. 75

191. The arrangement of opposite leaves (181) is usually very
simple. The second pair is placed over the intervals of the first ;
the third over the intervals of the second, and so on (Fig. 147) ; the
successive pairs thus crossing each other, —
commonly at right angles, so as to make four
upright rows. And whorled leaves (Fig. 148)
follow a similar plan.

192* So the place of every leaf on every plant
is fixed beforehand by unerring mathematical
rule. As the stem grows on, leaf after leaf ap-
pears exactly in its predes-
tined place, producing a per-
fect symmetry ; — a symme-
try which manifests itself not
in one single monotonous
pattern for all plants, but in
a definite number of forms
exhibited by different spe-
cies, and arithmetically ex-
pressed by the series of frac-
tions, J, -£, f , f- , -fy, ^8T, &c., according as the formative energy in
its spiral course up the developing stem lays down at corresponding
intervals 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, or 21 ranks of alternate leaves.

103. Vernation, sometimes called Prcefoliation, relates to the way
in which leaves are disposed in the bud (180). It comprises two
things ; — 1st, the way in which each separate leaf is folded, coiled, or
packed up in the bud ; and 2d, the arrangement of the leaves in the
bud with respect to one another. The latter of course depends very
much upon the phyllotaxy, i. e. the position and order of the leaves
upon the stem. The same terms are used for it as for the arrange-
ment of the leaves of the flower in the flower-bud : so we may pass
them by until we come to treat of the flower in this respect.

194;. As to each leaf separately, it is sometimes straight and
open in vernation, but more commonly it is either bent, folded, or
rolled up. When the upper part is bent down upon the lower,
as the young blade in the Tulip-tree is bent upon the leafstalk,
it is said to be inflexed or reclined in vernation. When folded

FIG. 147. Opposite leaves of the Spindle-tree or Burning-bush.
FIG, 148. Whorled or verticillate leaves of Galium or Bedstraw.

76 ARRANGEMENT OF FLOWERS ON THE STEM. [LESSON 11.

by the midrib so that the two halves are placed face to face, it is
conduplicate (Fig. 149), as in the Magnolia, the Cherry, and the
Oak : when folded back and forth like the plaits of a fan, it is plicate
or plaited (Fig. 150), as in the Maple and Currant. If rolled,
it may be so either from the tip downwards, as in Ferns and the
Sundew (Fig. 154), when in unrolling it resembles the head of a
crosier, and is said to be circihate ; or it may be rolled up parallel
with the axis, either from one edge into a coil, when it is convolute
(Fig. 151), as in the Apricot and Plum, or rolled from both edges
towards the midrib; — sometimes inwards, when it is involute (Fig.
152), as in the Violet and Water-Lily ; sometimes outwards, when
it is revolute (Fig. 153), in the Rosemary and Azalea. The figures
are diagrams, representing sections through the leaf, in the way
they were represented by Linna3us.

LESSON XL

THE ARRANGEMENT OF FLOWERS ON THE STEM, OR INFLO.

RESCENCE.

] 05. THUS far we have been considering the vegetation of the
plant, and studying those parts, viz. root, stem, and leaves, by which
it increases in size and extent, and serves the purpose of its indi-
vidual life. But after a time each plant produces a different set of
organs, — viz. flowers, fruit, and seed, — subservient to a different
purpose, that is, the increase in numbers, or the continuance of the

LESSON 11.] INDETERMINATE INFLORESCENCE. 77

species. The plant reproduces itself in new individuals by seed.
Therefore the seed, and the fruit in which the seed is formed, and
the flower, from which the fruit results, are named the Organs of
Reproduction or Fructification. These we may examine in succes-
sion. We begin, of course, with the flower. And the first thing to
consider is the

196. Inflorescence, or the mode of flowering, that is, the situation
and arrangement of blossoms on the plant. Various as this arrange-
ment may seem to be, all is governed by a simple law, which is
easily understood. As the position of every leaf is fixed beforehand
by a mathematical law which prescribes where it shall stand (192),
so is that of every blossom ; — and by the same law in both cases.
For flowers are buds, developed in a particular way ; and flower-
buds occupy the position of leaf-buds, and no other As leaf-buds
are either terminal (at the summit of a stem or branch, 42), or
axillary (in the axil of a leaf, 43), so likewise

197. Flowers are either terminal or axillary. In blossoming as
in vegetation we have only buds terminating (5. e. on the summit of)
stems or branches, and buds from the axils of leaves. But while
the same plant commonly produces both kinds of leaf-buds, it rarely
bears flowers in both situations. These are usually either all axil-
lary or all terminal; — giving rise to two classes of inflorescence,
viz. the determinate and the indeterminate.

(15&. Indeterminate Inflorescence is that where the flowers all arise
from axillary buds; as in Fig. 155, 156, 157, &c. ; and the reason
why it is called indetermi-
nate (or indefinite) is, that
while the axillary buds
give rise to flowers, the
terminal bud goes on to
grow, and continues the
stem indefinitely.

199. Where the flowers arise, as in Fig. 155, singly from the
axils of the ordinary leaves of the plant, they do not form flower-
clusters, but are axillary and solitary. But when several or many
flowers are produced near each other, the accompanying leaves are
usually of smaller size, and often of a different shape or character:
then they are called bracts ; and the flowers thus brought together

FIG. 155 Moneywort (Lysimachia nummularia) of tho gardens, with axillary flower*

7*

78 ARRANGEMENT OF FLOWERS ON THE STEM. [LESSON 11.

form one cluster or inflorescence. The sorts of inflorescence of the
indeterminate class which have received separate names are chiefly
the following : viz. the Raceme, the Corymb, the Umbel, the Spike,
the Head, the Spadix, the Catkin, and the Panicle.

200. Before illustrating these, one or two terms, of common oc-
currence, may be defined. A flower (or other body) which has no
stalk to support it, but which sits directly on the stem or axis it pro-
ceeds from, is said to be sessile. If it has a stalk, this is called its
peduncle. If the whole flower-cluster is raised on a stalk, this is
called the peduncle, or the common peduncle (Fig. 156, p) ; and the
stalk of each particular flower, if it have any, is called
the pedicel or partial peduncle (p1). The portion
of the general stalk along which flowers are dis-
posed is called the axis of inflorescence, or, when cov-
ered with sessile flowers, the rhachis (back-bone), and
sometimes the receptacle. The leaves of a flower-
cluster generally are termed bracts. But when we
wish particularly to distinguish them, those on the
peduncle, or main axis, and which have a flower in
their axil, take the name of bracts (Fig. 156, b) ; and
those on the pedicels or partial flower-stalks, if any,
that ofbractlets (Fig. 156, b').

201. A Raceme (Fig. 156, 157) is that form of flower-
cluster in which the flowers, each on their ovni foot-
stalk or pedicel, are arranged along a common stalk
or axis of inflorescence ; as in the Lily of the Valley,
Currant, Choke-Cherry, Barberry, &c. Each flower
comes from the axil of a small leaf, or bract, which,
however, is often so small that it might escape notice,
and which sometimes (as in the Mustard Family) disappears alto-
gether. The lowest blossoms of a raceme are of course the oldest,
and therefore open first, and the order of blossoming is ascending,
from the bottom to the top. The summit, never being stopped by
a terminal flower, may go on to grow, and often does so (as in the
common Shepherd's Purse), producing lateral flowers one after an-
other the whole summer long.

202. All the various kinds of flower-clusters pass one into another

FIG. 156. A Raceme, with a general peduncle (p), pedicels (p'), brarts (/'), and bract-
lets (ft').

LESSON 11.] RACEME, CORYMB, UMBEL, ETC.

79

by intermediate gradations of every sort. For instance, if we
lengthen the lower pedicels of a raceme, and keep the main axis
rather short, it is converted into

203. A Corymb (Fig. 158). This is the same as a raceme, except
that it is flat and broad, either convex, or level-topped, as in the
Hawthorn, owing to the lengthening of the lower pedicels while the
uppermost remain shorter.

204. The main axis of a corymb is short, at least in comparison
with the lower pedicels. Only suppose it to be so much contracted
that the bracts are all brought into a cluster or circle, and the
corymb becomes

205. An Umbel (Fig. 159), — as in the Milkweed and Primrose,
— a sort of flower-cluster where the pedicels all spring apparently

from the same point, from the top of the peduncle, so as to resemble,
when spreading, the rays of an umbrella, whence the name. Here
the pedicels are sometimes called the rays of the umbel. And the
bracts, when brought in this way into a cluster or circle, form what
is called an involucre.

206. For the same reason that the order of blossoming in a ra-
ceme is ascending (201), in the corymb and umbel it is centripetal,
that is, it proceeds from the margin or circumference regularly to-
wards the centre ; the lower flowers of the former answering to the
outer ones of the latter. Indeterminate inflorescence, therefore, is
said to be centripetal in evolution. And by having this order of
ining, all the sorts may be distinguished from those of the

er, or the determinate class. In all the foregoing cases the
flowers are raised on pedicels. These, however, are very short in
many instances, or are wanting altogether; when the flowers are
sessile (200). They are so in

blosso
other,

FIG. 157. A raceme. 158. A corymJ), 159. An umbel.

80

ARRANGEMENT OF FLOWERS ON THE STEM. [LESSON 11.

207. The Spike. This is a flower-cluster with a more or less
lengthened axis, along which the flowers are sessile or
nearly so; as in the Mullein and the Plantain (Fig. ICO),
It is just the same as a raceme, therefore, without any
pedicels to the flowers.

208. The Head is a round or roundish cluster of flowers
which are sessile on a very short axis or receptacle, as in
the Button-ball, Button-bush (Fig. 1G1), and Red Clover.
It is just what a spike would become if its axis were
shortened ; or an umbel, if its pedicels were all shortened
until the flowers became sessile or apparently so. The
head of the Button-bush (Fig. 161) is naked ; but that of
the Thistle, of the Dandelion, the Cichory (Fig. 221),
and the like, is surrounded by empty bracts, which form
an involucre. Two particular forms of the spike and the
head have received particular names, namely, the Spadix

160 and the Catkin.

209. A Spadix is nothing but a fleshy spike or head, with small
and often imperfect flowers, as in the Calla, the Indian Turnip

(Fig. 162), Swrot Flair, &c. It is commonly covered by a peculiar
enveloping leaf, called a spathe.

FIG. lf)0. Ppike of the common Plantain or Ribwort.

FIG. 161. Iload of the Button-hush (Cephalanthus).

FIG. 1G2. Spadix and spathe of the Indian Turnip ; the latter cut through belovr.

LESSON 11.] DETERMINATE INFLORESCENCE.

81

210. A Catkin or Ament is the name given to the scaly sort of spike
of the Birch and Alder, the Willow and Poplar, and one sort of
flower-clusters of the Oak, Hickory, and the like ; — on which ac-
count these are called Amentaceous trees.

211. Sometimes these forms of flower-clusters become compound.
For example, the stalks which, in the simple umbel such as has
been described (Fig. 159), are the pedicels of single flowers, may
themselves branch in the same way at the top, and so each become
the support of a smaller umbel ; as is the case in the Parsnip, Cara-
way, and almost the whole of the great family of what are called
Umbelliferous (i. e. umbel-bearing) plants. Here the whole is

termed a compound umbel; and the smaller or partial umbels take
the name in English of umbellets. The general involucre, at the
base of the main umbel, keeps that name ; while that at the base
of each umbellet is termed a partial involucre or an involucel.

212. So a corymb (Fig. 158) with its separate stalks branching

again, and bearing smaller clusters of the same
sort, is a compound corymb ; of which the Moun-
tain Ash is a good example. A raceme where
what would be the pedicels of single flowers
. I ($ become stalks, along which flowers are disposed
\ Y' on their own pedicels, forms a compound raceme,
(TV\ £) a* in the Goat's-beard and the False Spikenard.
But when what would have been a raceme or a.
corymb branches irregularly into an open and
more or less compound flower-cluster, we have
what is called

213. A Panicle (Fig. 163); as in the Oat and
in most common Grasses. Such a raceme as that
of the diagram, Fig. 156, would be changed into
a panicle like Fig. 163, by the production of a
flower from the axil of each of the bractlets fr.

214. A Thyrsus is a compact panicle of a pyramr-
idal or oblong shape ; such as a bunch of grapes,
or the cluster of the Lilac or Horsechestnut.

215. Determinate Inflorescence is that in which the flowers are from
terminal buds. The simplest case is where a stem bears a soli-
tary, terminal flower, as in Fig. 163*. This stops the growth of

FIG. 1C3. A Panicle

82 ARRANGEMENT OF FLOWERS ON THE STEM. [LESSON 11.

the stem ; for its terminal bud, being changed into a blossom, can
no more lengthen in the manner of a leaf-bud. Any further growth

b a b c b c a e b

must be from axillary buds developing into branches. If such
branches are leafy shoots, at length terminated by single blossoms,
the inflorescence still consists of solitary flowers at the summit of the
stem and branches. But if the flowering branches bear only bracts
in place of ordinary leaves, the result is the kind of flower-cluster
called

^v 216. A Cymet This is commonly a flat-topped or con-

\jj <// ffy vex flower-cluster, like a corymb, only the blossoms are
A / from terminal buds. Fig. 164 illustrates the simplest
**R cyme in a plant with opposite leaves, namely, with three
Q | £7 flowers. The middle flower, a, terminates the stem ;
1 I the two others, b &, terminate short branches, one from
the axil of each of the uppermost leaves ; and being
later than the middle one, the flowering proceeds from
^ie centre outwards, or is centrifugal; — just the Op-
posite of the indeterminate mode, or that where all
^ie fl°wer~DUds are axillary. If flowering branches
appear from the axils below, the lower ones are the
later, so that the order of blossoming continues centrif-
ugal or descending (which is the same thing), as in Fig. 166, mak-
ing a sort of reversed raceme ; — a kind of cluster which is to the
true raceme just what the flat cyme is to the corymb.

217. Wherever there are bracts or leaves, buds may be produced
from their axils and appear as flowers. Fig. 165 represents the
case where the branches, b b,of Fig. 164, each with a pair of small

FIG. ]f>3 a. Diagram of an opposite-leaved plant, with a single terminal flower. 164.
Panir, with a cyme of three flowers ; a, the first flower, of the main axis ; b b, those of branches.
165. Same, with flowers of the third order, c c. 166. Same, with flowers only of the second
order from all the axils ; the central or uppermost opening first, and so on downwards.

LESSON 11.] SORTS OF FLOWER-CLUSTERS. 83

leaves or bracts about their middle, have branched again, and pro-
duced the branchlets and flowers c c, on each side. It is the con-
tinued repetition of this which forms the full or compound cyme,
such as that of the Laurustinus, Hobblebush, Dogwood, and Hy-
drangea (Fig. 167).

218. A Fascicle, like that of the Sweet- William and Lychnis of
the gardens, is only a cyme with the flowers much crowded, as it
were, into a bundle.

219. A Gloinemle is a cyme still more compacted, so as to form a
sort of head. It may be known from a true head by the flowers
not expanding centripetally, that is, not from the circumference to-
wards the centre, or from the bottom to the top.

220. The illustrations of determinate or cymose inflorescence have
been taken from plants with opposite leaves, which give rise to the
most regular cymes. But the Rose, Cinquefoil, Buttercup, and the
like, with alternate leaves, furnish equally good examples of this
class of flower-clusters.

221. It may be useful to the student to exhibit the principal sorts
of inflorescence in one view, in the manner of the following

Analysis of Flower-Clusters,

I. INDETERMINATE OR CENTRIPETAL. (198.)
Simple ; and with the

Flowers borne on pedicels,

Along the sides of a lengthened axis, RACEME, 201-

Along a short axis ; lower pedicels lengthened, CORYMB, 203-

Clustered on an extremely short axis, UMBEL, 205-
Flowers sessile, without pedicels (206),

Along an elongated axis, SPIKE, 207.

On a very short axis, HEAD, 208.

with their varieties, the SPADIX, 209, and CATKIN, 210.

Branching irregularly, PANICLE, 213.

with its variety, the THYRSUS, 214.
DETERMINATE OR CENTRIFUGAL. (215.)

Open, mostly flat-topped or convex, CYME, 216.

Contracted into a bundle, FASCICLE, 218.

Contracted into a sort of head, GLOMERULE, 219.

222. The numbers refer to the paragraphs of this Lesson, The
various sorts run together by endless gradations in different plants.
The botanist merely designates the leading kinds by particular
names. Even the two classes of inflorescence are often found com-
bined in the same plant. For instance, in the whole Mint Family,

84

THE FLOWER.

[LESSON 12.'

the flower-clusters are centrifugal, that is, are cymes or fascicles ;
but they are themselves commonly disposed in spikes or racemes,
which are centripetal, or develop in succession from below up-
wards.

LESSON XII.

THE FLOWER: ITS PARTS OR ORGANS.

223. HAVING considered, in the last Lesson, the arrangement of
flowers on the stem, or the places from which they arise, we now
direct our attention to the flower itself.

(224. Nature and Use Of the Flower, The object of the flower is the
production of seed. The flower consists of all those parts, or organs,
which are subservient to this end. Some of these parts are neces-
sary to the production of seed. Others serve merely to protect or
support the more essential parts.

FIG. 1G7. Cyme of the Wild Hydrangea (with neutral flowers in the border).

LESSON 12.] ITS PARTS OR ORGANS* 85

225. The Organs Of the Flower are therefore of two kinds ; namely,
first, the protecting organs, or leaves of the flower, — also called the
floral envelopes, — and, second, the essential organs. The latter are
situated within or a little above the former, and are enclosed by them
in the bud. „

220. TllC Floral Envelopes in a complete flower are double ; that is,
they consist of two whorls (181), or circles of leaves, one above or
within the other. The outer set forms the Calyx ; this more com-
monly consists of green or greenish leaves, but not always. The
inner set, usually of a delicate texture, and of some other color than
green, and in most cases forming the most showy part of the blos-
som, is the Corolla.

227. The floral envelopes, taken together, are sometimes called the
Perianth. This name is not much used, however, except in cases
where they form only one set, at least in appearance, as in the Lily,
or where, for some other reason, the limits between the calyx and
the corolla are not easily made out.

228. Each leaf or separate piece of the corolla is called a Petal ;
each leaf of the calyx is called a Sepal. The sepals and the petals
• — or, in other words, the leaves of the blossom — serve to protect,
support, or nourish the parts within. They do not themselves make
a perfect flower.

229. Some plants, however, naturally produce, besides their per-
fect flowers, others which consist only of calyx and corolla (one or
both), that is, of leaves. These, destitute as they are of the essential
organs, and incapable of producing seed, are called neutral flowers.
We have an example in the flowers round the margin of the cyme of
the Hydrangea (Fig. 167), and of the Cranberry-Tree, or Snowball,
in their wild state. By long cultivation in gardens the whole cluster
has been changed into showy, but useless, neutral flowers, in these
and some other cases. What are called double flowers, such as full
Roses (Fig. 173), Buttercups, and Camellias, are blossoms which,
under the gardener's care, have developed with all their essential
organs changed into petals. But such flowers are always in an
unnatural or monstrous condition, and are incapable of maturing
seed, for want of

230. The Essential Organs. These are likewise of two kinds, placed
one above or within the other ; namely, first, the Stamens or fertil-
izing organs, and, second, the Pistils, which are to be fertilized and
bear the seeds.

8

86

THE FLOWER.

[LESSON 12.

231. Taking them in succession, therefore, beginning from below,
or at the outside, we have (Fig. 168, 169), first, the calyx or outer

circle of leaves, which are individually
termed sepals (a) ; secondly, the corolla
or inner circle of delicate leaves, called
petals (b) ; then a set of stamens (c) ;
and in the centre one or more pistils (d).
The end of the flower-stalk, or the short
168 axis, upon which all these parts stand, is

called the Torus or Receptacle.

232. We use here for illus-
tration the flower of a spe-
cies of Stonecrop (Sedum ter-
natum), — which is a com-
mon plant wild in the Middle
States, and in gardens almost
everywhere, — because, al-
though small, it exhibits all

the parts in a perfectly simple and separate state, and so answers for
a sort of pattern flower, better than any larger one that is common
c and well known.

233. A Stamen consists of two parts,
namely, the Filament or stalk (Fig. 170,
«), and the Anther (b). The latter is
0 the only essential part. It is a case,
commonly with two lobes or cells, each
opening lengthwise by a slit, at the
proper time, and discharging a pow-
der or dust-like substance, usually of a yellow color. This powder
is the Pollen, or fertilizing matter, to produce which is the sole office
of the stamen.

"2'\\. A Pistil is distinguished into three parts ; namely, — beginning
from below, — the Ovary, the Style, and the Stigma. The Ovary is
the hollow case or young pod (Fig. 171, a), containing rudimentary
seeds, called Ovules (d). Fig. 172, representing a pistil like that of

FIG. 1C8. Flower of a Stonecrop : Sedum ternatum.

FIG. 1C9. Two parts of each kind of the same flower, displayed and enlarged.

FIG. 170. A stamen : a, the filament ; ft, the anther, discharging pollen.

FIG. 171. A pistil divided lengthwise, showing the interior of the ovary, a, and ita

ovules, d ; ft, the style ; c, stign.a.

FIG. 172. A pistil, enlarged ; the ovary cut across to show the ovules within.

FIG. 173. " Double " Rose j the essential organs all replaced by petals.

LESSON 12.]

ITS PARTS OR ORGANS.

87

Fig. 169, d, but on a larger scale, and with the ovary cut across,
shows the ovules as they appear in a transverse
section. The style (Fig. 171, b) is the tapering
part above, sometimes long and slender, sometimes
short, and not rarely altogether wanting, for it is
not an essential part, like the two others. The
stigma (c) is the tip or some other portion of the
style (or of the top of the ovary when there is no
distinct style), consisting of loose tissue, not cov-
ered, like the rest of the plant, by a skin or epi-
dermis. It is upon the stigma that the pollen
falls ; and the result is, that the ovules contained
in the ovary are fertilized and become seeds, by
having an embryo (16) formed in them. To the
pistil, therefore, all the other organs of the blos-
som are in some way or other subservient : the
stamens furnish pollen to fertilize its ovules ; the
corolla and the calyx form coverings which pro-
tect the whole.

234\ These are all the parts which belong to any flower. But
these parts appear under a variety of forms and combinations, some
of them greatly disguising their natural appearance. To understand
the flower, therefore, under whatever guise it may assume, we must
study its plan.

68 PLAN OF THE FLOWER. [LESSON 13.

LESSON XIII.

THE PLAN OF THE FLOWER.

235. THE FLOWER, like every other part of the plant, is formed
upon a plan, which is essentially the same in all blossoms ; and the
student should early get a clear idea of the plan of the flower. Then
the almost endless varieties which different blossoms present will be
at once understood whenever they occur, and will be regarded with
a higher interest than their most beautiful forms and richest colors
are able to inspire.

236. We have already become familiar with the plan of the vege-
tation;— with the stem, consisting of joint raised upon joint, each
bearing a leaf or a pair of leaves ; with the leaves arranged in sym-
metrical order, every leaf governed by a simple arithmetical law,
which fixes beforehand the precise place it is to occupy on the stem ;
and we have lately learned (in Lesson 11) how the position of each
blossom is determined beforehand by that of the leaves ; so that the
shape of every flower-cluster in a bouquet is given by the same sim-
ple mathematical law which arranges the foliage. Let us now con-
template the flower in a similar way. Having just learned what
parts it consists of, let us consider the plan upon which it is made,
and endeavor to trace this plan through some of the various forms
which blossoms exhibit to our view.

237. In order to give at the outset a correct idea of the blossom,
we took, in the last Lesson, for the purpose of explaining its parts, a
perfect, complete, regular, and symmetrical flower, and one nearly as
simple as such a flower could well be. Such a blossom the botanist
regards as

:>:!*. A Typical Flower, that is, a pattern flower, because it well ex-
emplifies the plan upon which all flowers are made, and serves as
what is called a type, or standard of comparison.

239. Another equally good typical flower (except in a single re-
spect, which will hereafter be mentioned), and one readily to be ob-
tained in the summer, is that of the Flax (Fig. 174). The parts
differ in shape from those of the Stonecrop ; but the whole plan is
evidently just the same in both. Only, while the Stonecrop has ten
stamens, or in many flowers eight stamens, — in all cases just twice

LESSON 13.] PERFECT AND IMPERFECT FLOWERS.

89

as many as there are petals, — the Flax has only five stamens, or
just as many as the petals. Such flowers as these are said to be

Perfect, because they are
provided with both kinds of
essential organs (230), namely,
stamens and pistils ;

Complete, because they have
all the sorts of organs which
any flower has, namely, both
calyx and corolla, as well as
stamens and pistils ;

Regular, because all the parts
of each set are alike in shape and size ; and

Symmetrical, because they have an equal number of parts of each
sort, or in each set or circle of
organs. That is, there are five
sepals, five petals, five stamens,
or in the Stonecrop ten stamens
(namely, two sets of five each),
and live pistils.

240. On the other hand,
many flowers do not present
this perfect symmetry and reg-
ularity, or this completeness of parts,
ingly, we may have

241. Imperfect, or Separated Flowers; which are

those where the stamens and pistils are in separate
blossoms ; that is, one sort of flowers has stamens
and no pistils, and another has pistils and no sta-
mens, or only imperfect ones. The blossom which
has stamens but no pistils is called a staminate or
sterile flower (Fig. 176) ; and the corresponding
one with pistils but no stamens is called a pistil-
late or fertile flower (Fig. 177). The two sorts
may grow on distinct plants, from different roots,
as they do in the Willow and Poplar, the Hemp, and the Moonseed

FIG. 174. Flowers of the common Flax : a perfect, complete, regular, and symmetrical
blossom, all its parts in fives. 175. Half of a Flax-flower divided lengthwise, and enlarged.

FIG. 178. Staminate flower of Moonseed (Mcnisperinum Canadcnse). 177. Pistillate
flower of the same.

8*

173

Accord-

90

PLAN OF THE FLOWER.

[LESSON 13.

(Fig. 176, 177) ; when the flowers are said to be dioecious (from two
Greek words meaning in two households). Or the two may occur

on the same plant
or the same stem,
as in the Oak,
Walnut, Nettle,
and the Castor-oil
Plant (Fig. 178);
when the flowers
are said to be mo-
noecious (that is, in one household). A flower
may, however, be perfect, that is, have both
stamens and pistils, and yet be incomplete.

242. Incomplete Flowers are those in which
one or both sorts of the floral envelopes, or
leaves of the blossom, are wanting. Some-
times only one sort is wanting, as in the
Castor-oil Plant (Fig. 178) and in the Anem-
one (Fig. 179). In this case the missing
sort is always supposed to be the inner, that is, the corolla ; and
accordingly such flowers are said to be apetalous (meaning without
petals). Occasionally both the corolla and the calyx are wanting,
when the flower has no proper cover-
ings or floral envelopes at all. It is then
said to be naked, as in the Lizard's-
tail (Fig. 180), and in the Willow.

243. Our two pattern flowers (Fig.
168, 174) are regular and symmetrical
(239). We commonly
expect this to be the
case in living things.
The corresponding

parts of plants, like the limbs or members of ani-
mals, are generally alike, and th<; whole arrange-
ment is symmetrical. This symmetry pervades
the blossom, especially. But the student may often fail to perceive

FIG. 178. Monoecious flowers, i. e. one etaminate (s) and one pistillate (p) flower, of
the Castor-oil Plant, growing on the eamo stem.

FJ<;. 17H. Aprt;ilous (incomplete) flower of Anemone Pennsylvania.
FIG. J80. A naked (but perfect) flower of the Lizanl's-tail.

LESSON 13.J IRREGULAR AND UNSYMMETRICAL FLOWERS 91

it, at first view, at least in cases where the plan is more or less
obscured by the leaving out (obliteration) of one or more of the
members of the same set, or by some in-
equality in their size and shape. The
latter circumstance gives rise to

244. Irregular Flowers, This name is
given to blossoms in which the different
members of the same sort, as, for exam-
ple, the petals or the stamens, are unlike
in size or in form. We have familiar

cases of the
sort in the
Larkspur
(Fig. 183,
184), and
Monkshood
(Fig. 185,
186); also
in the Vio-
let (Fig. 181, 182). In the latter it
is the corolla principally which is ir-
regular, one of the petals being larger
than the rest, and extended at the
base into a hollow protuberance or
spur. In the Larkspur (Fig. 183),
both the calyx and the corolla par-
take of the irregularity. This and
the Monkshood are likewise good ex-
amples of

245. Unsymmetrfcal Flowers, We

call them unsymmetrical, when the
different sets of organs do not agree
in the number of their parts. The
irregular calyx of Larkspur (Fig. 183, 184) consists of five sepals,
one of which, larger than the rest, is prolonged behind into a large
spur; but the corolla is made of only four petals (of two shapes);

FIG. 181. Flower of a Violet. 182. Its calyx and corolla displayed: the five smaller
parts are the sepals ; the five intervening larger ones are the petals.

FIG. 183. Flower of a Larkspur. 184. Its calyx and corolla displayed ; the five larger
pieces are the sepals ; the four smaller, the petals.

92

PLAN OF THE FLOWER.

[LESSON 13.

the fifth, needed to complete the symmetry, being left out. And
the Monkshood (Fig. 185, 18G) has five very dissimilar sepals,

and a corolla of only two, very small,
curiously-shaped petals ; the three need-
ed to make up the symmetry being left
out. For a flower which is unsymmet-
rical but regular, we may take the com-
mon Purslane, which has a calyx of
only two sepals, but a corolla of five
petals, from seven to twelve stamens,
and about six styles. The Mustard,
and all flowers of that family, are un-
symmetrical as to the stamens, these
being six in number (Fig. 188, while
the leaves of the blossom (sepals and
petals) are each only four
(Fig. 187). Here the
stamens are irregular also,
two of them being shorter
than the other four.

246. Numerical Plan of
the Flower, Although not

easy to make out in all
cases, yet generally it is
plain to see that each

blossom is based upon a particular number, which
runs through all or most of its parts. And a prin-
cipal thing which a botanist notices when examin-
ing a flower is its numerical plan. It is upon this
that the symmetry of the blossom depends. Our two
pattern flowers, the Stonecrop (Fig. 1C8) and the
Flax (Fig. 174), are based upon the number five,
•which is exhibited in all their parts. Some flowers of this same
Stonecrop have their parts in fours, and then that number runs
throughout ; namely, there are four sepals, four petals, eight stamens
(two sets), and four pistils. The Mustard (Fig. 187, 188), Radish,

FIG. 185. Flower of a Monkshood. ]Rfi. Its parts displayed : the five larper pieces are the
nopals ; the two small ones under tlio hood are petals ; the stamens and pistils are in the
centre.

FIG. 187. Flower of Mustard. 188. Its stamens and pistil separate and enlarged.

LESSON 13.] THE RELATIVE POSITION OF ITS PARTS.

93

&c., also have their flowers constructed on the plan of four as to the
calyx and corolla, but this number is interfered with in the stamens,
either by the leaving out of two sta-
mens (which would complete two sets),
or in some other way. Next to five, \
the most common number in flowers
is three. On this number the flowers
of Lily, Crocus, Iris, Spiderwort, and
Trillium (Fig. 189) are constructed.
In the Lily and Crocus the leaves of
the flower at first view appear to be
six in one set ; but the bud or just- 139

opening blossom plainly shows these to consist of an outer and an
inner circle, each of three parts, namely, of calyx and corolla, both of
the same bright color and delicate texture. In the Spiderwort and
Trillium (Fig. 189) the three outer
leaves, or sepals, are green, and dif-
ferent in texture from the three inner,
or the petals ; the stamens are six
(namely, two sets of three each), and
the pistils three, though partly grown
together into one mass.

247. Alternation of Parts, The symmetry of the flower is likewise
shown in the arrangement or relative position of successive parts.
The rule is, that the parts of successive circles alternate with one
another. That is, the petals stand over the intervals between the
sepals ; the stamens, when of the same number,
stand over the intervals between the petals ; or
when twice as many, as in the Trillium, the
outer set alternates with the petals, and the
inner set, alternating with the other, of course
stands before the petals ; and the pistils alter-
nate with these. This is shown in Fig. 189,
and in the diagram, or cross-section of the same in the bud, Fig. 190.
And Fig. 191 is a similar diagram or ground-plan (in the form of a

FIG. 189. Flower of Trillium erectum, or Birthroot, spread out a little, and viewed from
above.

FIG. 190. Diagram or ground-plan of the same, as it would appear in a cross-section of
the hud ; — the parts all in the same relative position.

FIG. 191. Diagram, or ground-plan, of the Flax-flower, Fig. 174.

9-4 PLAN OF THE FLOWER. [LESSON 13.

eection made across the bud) of the Flax blossom, the example of a
pattern symmetrical flower taken at the beginning of this Lesson,
with its parts all in fives.

248. Knowing in this way just the position which each organ
should occupy in the flower, it is readily understood that flowers
often become unsymmetrical through the loss of some parts, which

belong to the plan, but are obliterated
or left out in the execution. For ex-
ample, in the Larkspur (Fig. 183,
184), as there are five sepals, there
should be five petals likewise. We
find only four ; but the vacant place
where the fifth belongs is plainly rec-
ognized at the lower side of the flower.
Also the similar plan of the Monkshood (Fig. 186) equally calls for
five petals ; but three of them are entirely obliterated, and the two
that remain are reduced to slender bodies, which look as unlike or-
dinary petals as can well be imagined. Yet their position, answer-
ing to the intervals between the upper sepals and the side ones,
reveals their true nature. All this may perhaps be more plainly
shown by corresponding diagrams of the calyx and corolla of the
Larkspur and Monkshood (Fig. 192, 193), in which the places of
the missing petals are indicated by faint dotted lines. The oblitera-
tion of stamens is a still more common case. For example, the
Snapdragon, Foxglove, Gerardia, and almost all flowers of the
large Figwort family they belong to, have the parts of the calyx
and corolla five each, but only four stamens (Fig. 194) ; the place
on the upper side of the flower where the fifth stamen belongs is
vacant. That there is in such cases a real obliteration of the miss-
ing part is shown by the

2-1!). Abortive Organs, or vestiges which are sometimes met with;
• — bodies which stand in the place of an organ, and represent it,
although wholly incapable of fulfilling its office. Thus, in the Fig-
wort family, the fifth stamen, which is altogether missing in Gerardia
(Fig. 194) and most others, appears in the Figwort as a little scale,
and in Pentstemon (Fig. 195) and Turtlehead as a sort of filament
without any anther ; — a thing of no use whatever to the plant, but

FIG. 192. Diagram of the calyx and corolla of a Larkspur. 193. Similar diagram of
Monkshood. The dotted lines show where the petals are wanting ; one in the former, three
in the latter.

LESSON 13.1

ABORTIVE ORGANS.

95

very interesting to the botanist, since it completes the symmetry of
the blossom. And to show that this really is the lost stamen, it
now and then bears an anther, or the rudiment of one. So the
flower of Catalpa should likewise have five stamens ; but we seldom
find more than two good ones. Still we
may generally discern the three others,
as vestiges or half-obliterated stamens
(Fig. 196). In separated flowers the
rudiments of pistils are often found in
the sterile blossom, and rudimentary sta-
mens in the fertile blossom, as in Moon-
seed (Fig. 177).

250. Multiplication of Parts, Quite in

the opposite way, the simple plan of the
flower is often more or less obscured by
an increase in the number of parts. In
the White Water-Lily, and in many
Cactus-flowers (Fig. 197), all the parts
are very numerous, so that it is hard
to say upon what number the blos-
som is constructed. But more com-
monly some of the sets are few and
definite in the number of their parts.
The Buttercup, for instance, has five
sepals and five petals, but many sta-
mens and pistils ; so it is built upon
the plan of five. The flowers of Mag-
nolia have indefinitely numerous stamens
and pistils, and rather numerous floral 195

envelopes ; but these latter are plainly distinguishable into sets o/
three ; namely, there are three sepals, and six petals in two circles,
or nine in three circles, — showing that these blossoms are con-
structed on the number three.

FIG. 194. Corolla of a purple Gerardia laid open, showing the four stamens ; the cross
shows where the fifth stamen would be, if present.

FIG. 195. Corolla, laid open, and stamens of Pentstemon grandiflorus of Iowa, &c., with
a sterile filament in the place of the fifth stamen, and representing it.

FIG. 19G. Corolla of Catalpa laid open, displaying two good stamens and three abortive
vestiges of stamens.

96 MORPHOLOGY OP THE FLOWER. [LESSON 14.

LESSON XIV.

MORPHOLOGY OF THE FLOWER.

251. IN all the plant till we came to the blossom we found nothing
but root, stem, and leaves (23, 118). However various or strange
their shapes, and whatever their use, everything belongs to one of
these three organs, and everything above ground (excepting the rare
case of aerial roots) is either stem or leaf. We discern the stem
equally in the stalk of an herb, the trunk and branches of a tree, the
trailing or twining Vine, the straw of Wheat or other Grasses, the
columnar trunk of Palms (Fig. 47), in the flattened joints of the
Prickly-Pear Cactus, and the rounded body of the Melon Cactus
(Fig. 76). Also in the slender runners of the Strawberry, the
tendrils of the Grape-vine and Virginia Creeper, the creeping
subterranean shoots of the Mint and Couchgrass, the tubers of the
Potato and Artichoke, the solid bulb of the Crocus, and the solid
part or base of scaly bulbs ; as is fully shown in Lesson 6. And in
Lesson 7 and elsewhere we have learned to recognize the leaf alike
in the thick seed-leaves of the Almond, Bean, Horsechestnut, and the
like (Fig. 9-24), in the scales of buds (Fig. 77), and the thickened

FIG. 197. A Cactus-flower, viz. of Mamillarla caespitosa of the Upucr Missouri

LESSON 14.] ARRANGEMENT OF LEAVES IN THE BUD. 97

Scales of bulbs (Fig. 73-75), in the spines of the Barberry and the
tendrils of the Pea, in the fleshy rosettes of the Houseleek, the
strange fly-trap of Dionrca (Fig. 81), and the curious pitcher of Sar-
racenia (Fig. 79).

252. Now the student who understands these varied forms or
metamorphoses of the stem and leaf, and knows how to detect the
real nature of any part of the plant under any of its disguises,
may readily trace the leaf into the blossom also, and perceive that,
as to their morphology,

253. Flowers are altered Branches, and their parts, therefore, altered
leaves. That is, certain buds, which might have grown and length-
ened into a leafy branch, do, under other circumstances and to ac-
complish other purposes, develop into blossoms. In these the axis
remains short, nearly as it is in the bud ; the leaves therefore remain
close together in sets or circles ; the outer ones, those of the calyx,
generally partake more or less of the character of foliage ; the next
set are more delicate, and form the corolla, while the rest, the sta-
mens and pistils, appear under forms very different from those of
ordinary leaves, and are concerned in the production of seed. This
is the way the scientific botanist views a flower ; and this view gives
to Botany an interest which one who merely notices the shape and
counts the parts of blossoms, without understanding their plan, has
no conception of.

254. That flowers answer to branches may be shown first from
their position. As explained in the Lesson on Inflorescence, flowers
arise from the same places as branches, and from no othdr ; flower-
buds, like leaf-buds, appear either on the summit of a &tem, that is,

a terminal bud, or in the axil of a leaf, as antwxillary bud (196).
And at an early stage it is often impossible to foretell whether the
bud is to give rise to a blossom or to a branch.

255. That the sepals and petals are of the nature of leaves is
evident from their appearance ; persons who are not botanists com-
monly call them the leaves of the flower. The calyx is most gen-
erally green in color, and foliaceous (leaf-like) in texture. And
though the corolla is rarely green, yet neither are proper leaves
always green. In our wild Painted-Cup, and in some scarlet Sages,
common in gardens, the leaves just under the flowers are of the
brightest red or scarlet, often much brighter-colored than the corolla
itself. And sometimes (as in many Cactuses, and in Carolina All-
spice) there is sueh a regular gradation from the last leaves of the

9

98 MORPHOLOGY OF THE FLOWER. [LESSON 14.

plant (bracts or bractlets) into the leaves of the calyx, that it is im-
possible to say where the one ends and the other begins. And if
sepals are leaves, so also are petals ; for there is no clearly fixed
limit between them. Not only m the Carolina Allspice and Cactus
(Fig. 197), but in the Water-Lily (Fig. 198) and a variety of
flowers with more than one row of petals, there is such a complete
transition between calyx and corolla that no one can surely tell how
many of the leaves belong to the one and how many to the other.

256. It is very true that the calyx or the corolla often takes the
form of a cup or tube, instead of being in separate pieces, as in Fig.
194-196. It is then composed of two or more leaves grown
together. This is no objection to the petals being leaves ; for the
same thing takes place with the ordinary leaves of many plants, as,
for instance, in the upper ones of Honeysuckles (Fig. 132).

257. That stamens are of the same general nature as petals, and
therefore a modification of leaves, is shown by the gradual transitions
that occur between the one and the other in many blossoms ; es-
pecially in cultivated flowers, such as Roses and Camellias, when
they begin to double, that is, to change their stamens into petals.
Some wild and. natural flowers show the same interesting transitions.
The Carolina Allspice and the White Water-Lily exhibit complete
gradations not only between sepals and petals, but between petals
and stamens. The sepals of the Water-Lily are green outside, but
white and petal-like on the inside ; the petals, in many rows, grad-
ually grow narrower towards the centre of the flower ; some of these
are tipped with a trace of a yellow anther, but still are petals ; the
next are more contracted and stamen-like, but with a flat petal-like
filament ; and a further narrowing of this completes the genuine sta-
men. A series of these stages is shown in Fig. 198.

258. Pistils and stamens now and then change into each other in
some Willows ; pistils often turn into petals in cultivated flowers ;
and in the Double Cherry they occasionally change directly into
small green leaves. Sometimes a whole blossom changes into a
cluster of green leaves, as in the " green roses " which are occa-
sionally noticed in gardens, and sometimes it degenerates into a
leafy branch. So the botanist regards pistils also as answering to
leaves. And his idea of a pistil is, that it consists of a leaf with its
margins curved inwards till they meet and unite to form a closed
cavity, the ovary, while the tip is prolonged to form the style and
bear the stigma ; as will be illustrated in the Lesson upon the Pistil.

LESSON 15.]

THE CALYX AND COROLLA.

99

259. Moreover, the arrangement of the parts of the flower answers
to that of leaves, as illustrated in Lesson 10, — either to a succes-
sion of whorls alternating with each other in the manner of whorled
leaves, or in some regular form of spiral arrangement.

LESSON XV.

MORPHOLOGY OF THE CALYX AND COROLLA.

260. HAVING studied the flower as a whole, we proceed to con-
sider more particularly its several parts, especially as to the principal
differences they present in different plants. We naturally begin
with the leaves of the blossom, namely, the calyx and corolla. And
first as to

261. The Growing together Of Parts, It is this more than anything
else which prevents one from taking the idea, at first sight, that the
flower is a sort of very short branch clothed with altered leaves.
For most blossoms we meet with have some of their organs grown
together more or less. We have noticed it as to the corolla of Ge-
rardia, Catalpa, &c. (Fig. 194-196), in Lesson 13. This growing

PIG. 198. Succession of sepals, petals, gradations between petals and stamens, and tn»
stamens, of the Nymph«a, or White Water-Lily.

100

THE CALYX AND COROLLA.

[LESSON 15.

together takes place in two ways : either parts of the same kind,
or parts of different kinds, may be united. The first we may call
simply the union, the second the consoli-
dation) of parts.

2 62. Union OF Cohesion with one another
of parts of the same sort. We very com-
monly find that the calyx or the corolla
is a cup or tube, instead of a set of leaves.
Take, for example, the flower of the Stra-
monium or Thorn- Apple, where both the
calyx and the corolla are so (Fig. 199);
likewise the common Morning-Glory, and
the figures 201 to 203, where the leaves
of the corolla are united into one piece,
but those of the calyx are separate. Now
there are numerous cases of real leaves
growing together much in the same
way, — those of the common Thorough-
wort, and the upper pairs in Woodbines
or Honeysuckles, for example (Fig. 132) ;
so that we might expect it to occur in
the leaves of the blossom also. And that this is the right view to
take of it plainly appears from the transitions everywhere met with
in different plants, between a calyx or a corolla of separate pieces
and one forming a perfect tube or cup. Figures 200 to 203 show
one complete set of such gradations in the corolla, and Fig. 204 to
206 another, in short and open corollas. How many leaves or petals
each corolla is formed of may be seen by the number of points or
tips, or of the notches (called sinuses) which answer to the inter-
vals between them.

203. When the parts are united in this way, whether much or
little, the corolla is said to be monopetalous, and the calyx mono-
sepalous. These terms mean " of one petal," or " of one sepal " ;
that is, of one piece. Wherefore, taking the corolla or the calyx
as a whole, we say that it is parted when the parts are separate
almost to the base, as in Fig. 204 ; cleft or lobcd when the notches
do not extend below the middle or thereabouts, as in Fig. 205 ;

FIG. 190. Flower of the common Stramonium ; both the calyx and the corolla with then
parts united into a tub*.

LESSON 15.]

UNION OF PARTS.

101

toothed or dentate, when only the tips are separate as short points ;
entire, when the border is even, without points or notches, as in the

common Morning- Glory, and very nearly so in Fig. 203 ; and so
on ; — the terms being just the same as those applied to leaves and
all other flat bodies, and illustrated in Lessons 8 and 9.

264. There is a set of terms applied particularly to calyxes,
corollas, or other such bodies of one piece, to express their general
shape, which we see is very various. The following are some of
the principal : —

Wheel-shaped, or rotate ; when spreading out at once, without a
tube or with a very short one, something in the shape of a wheel
or of its diverging spokes, as in the corolla of the Potato and Bitter-
sweet (Fig. 204, 205).

Salver-shaped, or salver-form ; when a flat-spreading border ifl
raised on a narrow tube, from which it diverges at right angles,

like the salver represented in old pictures, with a slender handle
beneath. The corolla of the Phlox (Fig. 208) and of the Cypress-
Vine (Fig. 202) are of this sort.

FIG. 200. Corolla of Soapvvort (the same in Pinks, &c.), of 5 separate, long-clawed petals.

F[G. 201. Flower of Gilia or Ipomopsis coronopifolia ; the parts answering to the dawn
of the petals of the last figure here all united into a tube.

FIG. 202. Flower of the Cypress-Vine ; the petals a little farther united into a five-lobed
spreading border.

FIG. 203. Flower of the small Scarlet Morning-Glory, the five petals it is composed of
perfectly united into a trumpet-shaped tube, with the spreading border nearly even (or entire).

FIG. 204. Wheel-shaped and five-parted corolla of Bittersweet (Solanum Dulcamara).

FIG, 205. Wheel-shaped and five-cleft corolla of the common Potato.

FIG. 206. Almost entire and very open bell-shaped corolla of a Ground Cherry (Physalis).

9*

102

THE CALYX AND COROLLA.

[LESSON 15.

Bell-shaped, or campanulate ; where a short and broad tube
widens upward, in the shape of a bell, as in Fig. 207.

Funnel-shaped, or funnel-form ; gradually spreading at the sum-
mit of a tube which is narrow below, in the shape of a funnel or
tunnel, as in the corolla of the common Morning-Glory, and of the
Stramonium (Fig. 199).

Tubular ; when prolonged into a tube, without much spreading at
the border, as in .the corolla of the Trumpet Honeysuckle, the calyx
of Stramonium (Fig. 199), &c.

210

211

265. In most of these cases we may distinguish two parts ; namely,
the tube, or the portion all in one piece and with its sides upright or
nearly so ; and the border or limb, the spreading portion or summit.
The limb may be entire, as in Fig. 203, but it is more commonly
lobed, that is, partly divided, as in Fig. 202, or parted down nearly
to the top of the tube, as in Fig. 208, &c.

266. So, likewise, a separate petal is sometimes distinguishable
into two parts ; namely, into a narrowed base or stalk-like part (a?
in Fig. 200, where this part is peculiarly long), called the claw, and
a spreading and enlarged summit, or body of the petal, called the
lamina or blade.

267. When parts of the same set are not united (as in the Flax,
Cherry, &c., Fig. 212-215), we call them distinct. Thus the sepals
or the petals are distinct when not at all united with each other. As
a calyx with sepals united into one body is called monosepalous (263,
that is, one-sepalled), or sometimes monophyllous, that is, one-leaved ;
so, on the other hand, when the sepals are distinct, it is said to be

PIG. 207. Flower of the Harebell, with a rampannlate or hell-shaped corolla. 208. Of a
Phlox, with salver-shaped corolla. 209. Of Dead-Nettie (Lamimn), with lahiatc ringent (or
gaping) corolla. 210. Of Snapdragon, with labiate personate corolla. 211. Of Toad-Flax,
with a similar corolla spurred at the base.

LESSON 15.]

CONSOLIDATION OF PARTS.

103

polysepalous, that is, composed of several or many sepals. And a
corolla with distinct petals is said to be polypetalous.

268. Consolidation, the growing together of the parts of two or more
different sets. In the most natural or pattern flower (as explained
in Lessons 13 and 14), the

several parts rise from the
receptacle or axis in succes-
sion, like leaves upon a very
short stem ; the petals just
above or within the sepals,
the stamens just above or
within these, and then the
pistils next the summit or

centre. Now when contiguous parts of different sorts, one within
the other, unite at their base or origin, it obscures more or less the
plan of the flower, by consolidating organs which in the pattern
flower are entirely separate. 213

269. The nature of this con-
solidation will be at once un-
derstood on comparing the fol-
lowing series of illustrations.
Fig. 212 represents a flower of
the common Flax, cut through
lengthwise, so as to show the
attachment (or what the bot-
anist calls the insertion) of all
the parts. Here they are all
inserted on, that is grow out
of, the receptacle or axis of
the blossom. In other words,
there is no union at all of the
parts of contiguous circles. So
the parts are said to be free.

And the sepals, petals, and stamens, all springing of course from
beneath the pistils, which are on the very summit of the axis, are
said to be hypqqynom (a term composed of two Greek words, mean-
ing "under the pistil").
•»•

FIG. 212. A Flax-flower, cut through lengthwise.

FIG. 213. Flower of a Cherry, divided in the same way.

FIG. 214, Flower of the common Purslane, divided lengthwise.

104

THE CALYX AND COROLLA.

[LESSON 15.

270. Fig. 213 is a flower of a Cherry, cut through lengthwise in
the same way. Here the petals and the stamens grow out of, that
is, are inserted on, the calyx ; in other words they cohere or are
consolidated with the base of the calyx up to a certain height. In
such cases they are said to be perigynous (from two Greek words,
meaning around the pistil). The consolidation in the Cherry is con-
fined to the calyx, corolla, and stamens : the calyx is still free from
the pistil. One step more we have in

271. Fig. 214, which is a similar section of a flower of a Purslane.

Here the lower part of the
calyx (carrying with it of
course the petals and stamens)
is coherent with the surface of
the whole lower half of the
ovary. Therefore the calyx,
seeming to rise from the mid-
dle of the ovary, is said to be
half superior, instead of being
inferior, as it is when entirely free. It is better to say, however,
calyx half-adherent to the ovary. Every gradation occurs between
n such a case and that of a calyx

altogether free or inferior, as
we see in different Purslanes
and Saxifrages. The consol-
idation goes farther,

272. In the Apple, Quince,
Hawthorn (Fig. 215), &c.
Here the tube of the calyx
is consolidated with the whole
surface of the ovary ; and its
limb, or free part, therefore appears to spring from its top, instead of
underneath it, as it naturally should. So the calyx is said to be
superior, or (more properly) adherent to, or coherent with, the ovary.
In most cases (and very strikingly in the Evening Primrose), the
tube of the calyx is continued on more or less beyond the ovary,
and has the petals and stamens consolidated with it for some dis-
tance; these last, therefore, being borne on the calyx, are said to
be perigynous, as before (270).

FIG. 215. Flower of a Hawthorn, divided lengthwise.
FIG. 216. Flower of the Cranberry, divided lengthwise.

LESSON 15.]

IRREGULARITY OF PARTS.

105

273. But if the tube of the calyx ends immediately at the summit
of the ovary, and its lobes as well as the corolla and stamens are as
it were inserted directly on the ovary, they are said to be epigynous
(meaning on the pistil), as in Cornel, the Huckleberry, and the Cran-
berry (Fig. 216).

274. Irregularity Of Parts in the calyx and corolla has already been
noticed (244) as sometimes obstructing one's view of the real plan of
a flower. There is infinite variety in this respect ; but what has
already been said will enable the student to understand these irreg-
ularities when they occur. We have only room to mention one or
two cases which have given rise to

particular names. A very common
kind, among polypetalous (267)
flowers, is

275. The Papilionaceous flower
of the Pea, Bean, and nearly all

that family. In this we have an 21?

irregular corolla of a peculiar shape, which Linnaeus likened to a
butterfly (whence the term, papilio being the Latin name for a but-
terfly) ; but the resemblance is
not very obvious. The five pet-
als of a papilionaceous corolla
(Fig. 217) have received different
names taken from widely different
objects. The upper and larger
petal (Fig. 218, 5), which is gen-
erally wrapped round all the rest
in the bud, is called the standard
or banner. The two side petals
(id) are called the ivings. And
the two anterior ones (&), the
blades of which commonly stick
together a little, and which en-
close the stamens and pistil in the flower, from their forming a
body shaped somewhat like the keel, or rather the prow, of an
ancient boat, are together named the keel.

276. The Labiate or bilabiate (that is, two-lipped) flower is a very
common form of the monopetalous corolla, as in the Snapdragon

FIG. 217. Front view of the papilionaceous corolla of the Locust-tree. 218. The parts of
the same, displayed'

106 THE CALYX AND COROLLA. [LESSON 15.

(Fig. 210), Toad-Flax (Fig. 211), Dead-Nettie (Fig. 209), Catnip,
Horsemint, &c. ; and in the Sage, the Catalpa, &c., the calyx also is
two-lipped. This is owing to unequal union of the different parts of
the same sort, as well as to diversity of shape. In the corolla two
of the petals grow together higher than the rest, sometimes to the
very top, and form the upper lip, and the three remaining ones join
on the other side of the flower to form the lower lip, which therefore
is more or less three-lobed, while the upper lip is at most only two-
lobed. And if the calyx is also two-lipped, as in the Sage, — since
the parts of 'the calyx always alternate with those of the corolla
(247), — then the upper lip has three lobes or teeth, namely, is com-
posed of three sepals united, while the lower has only two ; which is
the reverse of the arrangement in the corolla. So that all these
flowers are really constructed on the plan of five, and not on that of
two, as one would at first be apt to suppose. In Gerardia, &c. (Fig.
194, 195), the number five is evident in the calyx and corolla, but is
more or less obscured in the stamens (249). In Catalpa this num-
ber is masked in the calyx by irregular union, and in the stamens by
abortion. A different kind of irregular flower is seen in

277. The Ligulate or strap-
sltujH'd corolla of most com-
pound flowers. "What was
called the compound flower
of a Dandelion, Succory (Fig.
221), Thistle, Sunflower, As-
ter, Whiteweed, &c., consists
of many distinct blossoms,
closely crowded together into
a head, and surrounded by an involucre (208). People who are not
botanists commonly take the whole for one flower, the involucre for
a calyx, and corollas of the outer or of all the flowers as petals.
And this is a very natural mistake when the flowers around the
edge have flat and open or strap-shaped corollas, while the rest
are regular and tubular, but small, as in the Whiteweed, Sunflower,
&c. Fig. 219 represents such a case in a Coreopsis, with the
head, or so-called compound flower, cut through ; and in Fig. 220
we see one of the perfect flowers of the centre or di&k, with a reg-
ular tubular corolla (a), and with the slender bract (b) from whose

FIG. 219. Head of flowers (the so-called " compound flower ") of Coreopsis, divided
lengthwise.

LESSON 15.] SO-CALLED COMPOUND FLOWERS.

107

axil it grew-; and also one belonging to the margin, or ray, with
a strap-shaped corolla (c), borne in the axil of a leaf or bract of

220

the involucre (d). Here the ray-flower consists merely of a strap-
shaped corolla, raised on the small rudiment of an ovary; it is
therefore a neutral flower, like those of the ray or margin of the
cluster in Hydrangea (229, Fig. 167), only of a different shape.
More commonly the flowers with a strap-shaped corolla are pis-
tillate, that is, have a pistil only, and produce seed like the others,
as in Whiteweed. But in the Dandelion, Succory (Fig. 221, 222),

and all of that tribe, these flowers are perfect, that is, bear both
stamens and pistils. And moreover all the flowers of the head are
strap-shaped and alike.

278. Puzzling as these strap-shaped corollas appear at first view,
an attentive inspection will generally reveal the plan upon which
they are constructed. We can make out pretty plainly, that each
one consists of five petals (the tips of which commonly appear as five
teeth at the extremity), united by their contiguous edges, except on

FIG. 220. A slice of Fig. 219, more enlarged, with one tubular perfect flower (a) left
standing on the receptacle, with its bractlet or chaff (6), one ligulate, neutral ray-flower (c),
and part of another: d, section of bracts or leaves of the involucre.

FIG. 222, Head of flowers of Succory, cut through lengthwise and enlarged.

108 THE CALYX AND COROLLA. [LESSON 16.

one side, and spread out flat. To prove that this is the. case, we have
only to compare such a corolla (that of Coreopsis, Fig. 220, c, or
one from the Succory, for instance) with that of the Cardinal-flower,
or of any other Lobelia, which is equally split down along one side ;
and this again with the less irregular corolla of the Woodbine, par-
tially split down on one side.

LESSON XVI.

ESTIVATION, OR THE ARRANGEMENT OF THE CALYX AND CO-
ROLLA IN THE BUD.

279. ESTIVATION or Prcefloration relates to the way in which
the leaves of the flower, or the lobes of the calyx or corolla, are
placed with respect to each other in the bud. This is of some
importance in distinguishing different families or tribes of plants,
being generally very uniform in each. The aestivation is best seen

FIG. 221. Compound flowers, i. e. beads of flowers, of Succory,

LESSON 16.] THEIR ARRANGEMENT IN THE BUD.

109

by making a horizontal slice of the flower-bud when just ready to
open ; and it may be expressed in diagrams, as in Fig. 223, 224.

280. The pieces of the calyx or the corolla either overlap each
other in the bud, or they do not. When they do not, the aestivation
is commonly

Yah-ate, as it is called when the pieces meet each other by their
abrupt edges without any infolding or overlapping ; as the calyx of
the Linden or Basswood (Fig. 223) and the Mallow, and the corolla
of the Grape, Virginia Creeper, &c. Or it may be

Induplicate, which is valvate with the margins of each piece pro-
jecting inwards, or involute (like the leaf in Fig. 152), as in the
calyx of Virgin's-Bower and the corolla of the Potato, or else

Reduplicate, like the last, but the margins projecting outwards
instead of inwards ; these last being mere vari-
ations of the valvate form.

281. When the pieces overlap in the bud, it
is in one of two ways : either every piece has
one edge in and one edge out ; or some pieces
are wholly outside and others wholly inside.
In the first case the cestivation is
Convolute or twisted, as in the corolla of Geranium (most com-
monly, Fig. 224), Flax (Fig. 191), and of the Mallow Family.
Here one edge of every petal covers the next
before it, while its other edge is covered by
the next behind it. In the second case it is

Imbricated or imbricate, or breaking joints,
like shingles on a roof, as in the calyx of Ge-
ranium (Fig. 224) and of Flax (Fig. 191),
and the corolla of the Linden (Fig. 223). In
these cases the parts are five in number; and the regular way then
is (as in the calyx of the figures above cited) to have two pieces en-
tirely external (1 arid 2), one (3) with one edge covered by the first,
while the other edge covers that of the adjacent one on the other
side, and two (4 and 5) wholly within, their margins at least being
covered by the rest. That is, they just represent a circle of five
leaves spirally arranged on the five-ranked or f plan (187, 188,
and Fig. 143 - 145), only with the stem shortened so as to bring
the parts close together. The spiral arrangement of the parts of

FIG. 223. Section across the flower-bud of Linden.

FIG. 224. Section across the flower-bud of Geranium : the sepals numbered in their order-

10

110 ARRANGEMENT OF PARTS IN THE BUD. [LESSON 16.

the blossom is the same as that of the foliage, — an additional evi-
dence that the flower is a sort of branch. The petals of the Linden,
with only one outside and one inside, as shown in Fig. 223, exhibit
a gradation between the imbricated and the convolute modes. When
the parts are four in number, generally two opposite ones overlap the
other two by both edges. When three in number, then one is outer-
most, the next has one edge out and the other covered, and the third
is within, being covered by the other two; as in Fig. 190. This is
just the three-ranked (£) spiral arrangement of leaves (186, and
Fig. 171).

282. In the Mignonette, and some other flowers, the aestivation is
open ; that is, the calyx and corolla are not closed at all over the
other parts of the flower, even in the young bud.

283. When the calyx or the corolla is tubular, the shape of the
tube in the bud has sometimes to be considered, as well as the way
the lobes are arranged. For example, it may be

Plaited or plicate, that is, folded lengthwise ; and the plaits may
either be turned outwards, forming projecting ridges, as in the
corolla of Campanula ; or turned inwards, as in the corolla of the
Gentian, &c. When the plaits are wrapped round all in one direc-
tion, so as to cover one another in a convolute manner, the aestivation
is said to be

Supervolute, as in the corolla of Stramonium (Fig. 225) and the
Morning- Glory ; and in the Morning- Glory it is twisted besides.

FIG. 225. Upper part of the corolla of a Stramonium (Datura meteloides), in the bud.
Underneath is a cross-section of the same.

LESSON 17.] THE STAMENS. Ill

LESSON XVII.

MORPHOLOGY OF THE STAMENS.

284. THE STAMENS exhibit nearly the same kinds of variation in
different species that the calyx and corolla do. They may be dis-
tinct (that is, separate from each other, 267) or united. They may
be/ree (269), or else coherent with other parts : this concerns

285. Their Insertion, or place of attachment, which is most com-
monly the same as that of the corolla. So, stamens are

Hypogynous (269), when they are borne on the receptacle, or axis
of the flower, under the pistils, as they naturally should be, and as is
shown in Fig. 212.

Perigynous, when borne on (that is coherent below with) the
calyx ; as in the Cherry, Fig. 213.

Epigynous, when borne on the ovary, appar-
ently, as in Fig. 216. To these we may add

Gynandrous (from two Greek words, answer- / A 'jMjJh - »tig.

ing to "stamens and pistil united"), when the
stamens are consolidated with the style, so as
to be borne by it, as in the Lady's Slipper
(Fig. 226) and all the Orchis Family. Also

Epipetalous (meaning on the petals), when

ey are borne by the corolla ; as in Fig. 194,
and in most monopetalous blossoms. As to

286. Their Union With each Other, the stamens may be united by
their filaments or by their anthers. In the former case they are

Monadelphous (from two Greek words, meaning " in one brother-
hood "), when united by their filaments into one set, usually into a
ring or cup below, or into a tube, as in the Mallow Family, the
Passion-flower, and the Lupine (Fig. 228).

Diadelphous (in two brotherhoods), when so united in two sets,
as in the Pea and almost all papilionaceous flowers (275) : here
the stamens are nine in one set, and one in the other (Fig. 227).

FIG. 226. Style of a Lady's Slipper (Cypripediurn), and stamens united with it : a, a, the
anthers of the two good stamens ; st., an abortive stamen, what should be its anther changed
into a petal-like body ; stig., the stigma.

112

THE STAMENS.

[LESSON 17.

Triadelphous, in three sets or parcels, as in the common St. Johns-
wort ; or

Polyadelphous, when in more numerous sets, as in the Loblolly
Bay, where they are in five clusters. On
the other hand, stamens are said to be

Syngenesious, when united by their an-
thers (Fig. 229, 230), as they are in Lobelia,
in the Violet (slightly), and in what are
called compound flowers, such as the Thistle,
Sunflower, Coreopsis (Fig. 220), and Suc-
cory (Fig. 222). In Lobelia, and in the
Squash and Pumpkin, the stamens are
united both by their anthers and their filaments.

287. Their Number in the flower is sometimes expressed by terms
compounded of the Greek numerals and the word used to signify
stamen ; as, monandrous, for a flower having

only one stamen ; diandrous, one with two
stamens ; triandrous, with three stamens ; te-
trandrous, with four stamens ; pentandrous,
with five stamens ; and so on, up to polyan-
druus (meaning with many stamens), when
there are twenty or a larger number, as in a
Cactus (Fig. 197). All such terms may be
found in the Glossary at the end of the book.

288. Two terms are used to express particular numbers with un,
equal length. Namely, the stamens are didynamous when only four
in number, two longer than the other two, as in the Mint, Catnip,
Gerardia (Fig. 194), Trumpet-Creeper, &c. ; and tetradynamous,
when they are six, with four of them regularly longer than the
other two, as in Mustard (Fig. 188), and all that family.

2SO. Their Parts. As already shown (233), a stamen consists of
two part?, the Filament and the Anther (Fig. 231).

290. The Filament is a kind of stalk to the anther : it is to the
anther nearly what the petiole is to the blade of a leaf. Therefore
it is not an essential part. As a leaf may be without a stalk, so
the anther may be sessile, or without a filament. When present,

ifSlG. 227. Diadelphous stamens of the Pea, &c. 228. Monadelphous stamens of the
Lupine.

FIG. 229. Syngencsious stamens of Coreopsis (Fig. 220, a), &c. 230. Same, with th«
tube of anthers split down on one side and sprcr.d open.

LESSON 17.] THEIR STRUCTURE AND PARTS.

113

the filament may be of any shape ; but it is commonly thread-like,
as in Fig. 231, 234, &c.

291. The Anther is the essential part of the stamen.
It is a sort of case, filled with a fine powder, called
Pollen, which serves to fertilize the pistil, so that it
may perfect seeds. The anther may be considered,
first, as to

292. Its Attachment to the filament. Of this there are
three ways ; namely, the anther is

Innate (as in Fig. 232), when it is attached by its base to the
very apex of the filament, turning neither inwards nor outwards ; or

Adnate (as in Fig. 233), when at-
tached by one face, usually for its
whole length, to the side of the fila-
ment ; and

Versatile (as in Fig. 234), when fixed
by its middle only to the very point of
the filament, so as to swing loosely, as
we see it in the Lily, in Grasses, &c.

293. In both the last-named cases,
232 233 234 the anther either looks inwards or out-

wards. When it is turned inwards, or is fixed to that side of the
filament which looks towards the pistil or centre of the flower, the
anther is incumbent or introrse, as in Magnolia and the Water-Lily.
When turned outwards, or fixed to the outer side of the filament, it is
extrorse, as in the Tulip-tree.

294. Its Structure, &c. There are few cases in which the stamen
,rs any resemblance to a leaf. Nevertheless, the botanist's idea of
a stamen is, that it answers to a leaf developed in a peculiar form
and for a special purpose. In the filament he sees the stalk of the
leaf ; in the anther, the blade. The blade of a leaf consists of two
similar sides ; so the anther consists of two lobes or cells, one answer-
ing to the left, the other to the right, side of the blade. The two lobes
are often connected by a prolongation of the filament, which answers
to the midrib of a leaf • this is called the connective. It is very con-
spicuous in Fig. 23*2, where the connective is so broad that it separates
e two cells of the anther to some distance from each other.

FIG. 231. A stamen : a, filament ; b, anther discharging pollen.

FIG. 232. Stamen of Isopyrum, with innate anther. 233. Of Tulip-tree, with adnate (and
extrorse) anther. 234. Of Evening Primrose, with versatile anther.
10*

-

114

THE STAMENS.

[LESSON 17.

295. To discharge the pollen, the anther opens (or is dehiscejit)
at maturity, commonly by a line along the whole
length of each cell, and which answers to the
margin of the leaf (as in Fig. 231) ; but when
the anthers are extrorse, this line is often on the
outer face, arid when introrse, on the inner face
of each cell. Sometimes the anther opens only
by a chink, hole, or pore at the top, as in the
Azalea, Pyrola or False Wintergreen (Fig. 235),
&c. ; and sometimes a part of the face separates as a sort of trap-door
(or valve), hinged at the top, and opening to allow the escape of the
pollen, as in the Sassafras, Spice-bush, and Barberry (Fig. 236).
Most anthers are really four-celled when young ;
a slender partition running lengthwise through
each cell and dividing it into two compartments,
one answering to the upper, and the other to the
lower, layer of the green pulp of the leaf. Oc-
casionally the anther becomes one-celled. This
takes place mostly by confluence, that is, the two
cells running together into one, as they do
slightly in Pentstemon (Fig. 237)
and thoroughly in the Mallow Family (Fig. 238). But
sometimes it occurs by the obliteration or disappear-
ance of one half of the anther, as in the Globe Ama-
ranth of the gardens (Fig. 239).

296. The way in which a stamen is supposed to be
constructed out of a leaf, or rather on the plan of a
leaf, is shown in Fig. 240, an ideal figure, the lower
part representing a stamen with the top of its anther
cut away ; the upper, the corresponding upper part of
a leaf. — The use of the anther is to produce
Pollen, This is the powder, or fine dust, commonly of a yel-
low color, which fills the cells of the anther, and is discharged during
blossoming, after which the stamens generally fall off or wither away.

FIG. 235. Ftamon of Pyrola ; the anther opening by holes at the top.

FIG. 236. Stamen of Ilarberry ; the anther opening by uplifted valves.

FIG. 237. Stamen of Pentstemon pubesccns ; anther-cells slightly confluent.

FIG. 238. Stamen of Mallow ; the two cells confluent into one, opening round the margin.

FIG. 239. Anther of Globe Amaranth, of only one cell ; the other cell wanting.

FIG. 240 Diagram of the lower part of an anther, cut across above, and the upper part of
a leaf, to show how the one answers to the other.

LESSON 17.]

POLLEN.

1J5

Under the microscope it is found to consist of grains, usually round or
oval, and all alike in the same species, but very different in different
plants. So that the plant may sometimes be recognized from the
pollen alone.

298. A grain of pollen is made up of two coats ; the outer coat
thickish, but weak, and frequently adorned with lines or bands, or
studded with points ; the inner coat is extremely thin and delicate,
birt extensible, and its cavity is filled with a thickish fluid, often
rendered turbid by an immense number of minute grains that float
in it. When wet, the grains absorb the water and swell so much
that many kinds soon burst and discharge their contents.

299. Figures 241-250 represent some common sorts of pollen,
magnified one or two hundred diameters, viz. : — A pollen-grain of
the Musk Plant, spirally grooved. One of Sicyos, or One-seeded
Cucumber, beset with bristly points and marked by smooth bands.
One of the Wild Balsam- Apple (Echinocystis), grooved lengthwise.
One of Hibiscus or Rose-Mallow, studded with prickly points. One
of Succory, many-sided, and dotted with fine points. A grain of the
curious compound pollen of Pine. One from the Lily, smooth and
oval. One from Enchanter's Nightshade, with three small lobes on
the angles. Pollen of Kalmia, composed of four grains united, as in
all the Heath family. A grain from an Evening Primrose, with a
central body and three large lobes. The figures number from left
to right, beginning at the top.

116 THE PISTILS. [LESSON 18.

LESSON XVIII.

MORPHOLOGY OF PISTILS.

300. THE PISTIL, when only one, occupies the centre of the
flower ; when there are two pistils, they stand facing each other in
the centre of the flower ; when several, they commonly form a ring
or circle ; and when very numerous, they are generally crowded in
rows or spiral lines on the surface of a more or less enlarged or
elongated receptacle.

301. Their number in a blossom is sometimes expressed, in Sys-
tematic Botany, by terms compounded of the Greek numerals and
the Greek word used to signify pistil, in the following way. A flower
with one pistil is said to be monogynous ; with two, digynous ; with
three, trigynous ; with four, tetragynous ; with five, pentagynous, and
so on ; with many pistils, polygynous, — terms which are explained
in the Glossary, but which there is no need to commit to memory.

302. The Parts Of a Pistil, as already explained (234), are the
Ovary, the Style, and the Stigma. The ovary is one essential part :
it contains the rudiments of seeds, called Ovules. The stigma at
the summit is also essential : it receives the pollen, which fertilizes
the ovules in order that they may become seeds. But the style, the
tapering or slender column commonly borne on the summit of the
ovary, and bearing the stigma on its apex or its side, is no more neces-
sary to a pistil than the filament is to the stamen. Accordingly, there
is no style in many pistils : in these the stigma is sessile, that is, rests
directly on the ovary. The stigma is very various in shape and
appearance, being sometimes a little knob (as in the Cherry, Fig.
213), sometimes a small point, or small surface of bare, moist tissue
(as in Fig. 254-256), and sometimes a longitudinal crest or line
(as in Fig. 252, 258, 267, 269), and also exhibiting many other
shapes.

303. The pistil exhibits an almost infinite variety of forms, and
many complications. To understand these, it is needful to begin
with the simple kinds, and to proceed gradually to the complex.
And, first of all, the student should <ret a clear notion of

«"'<>!. The Plan or Ideal Structure of the Pistil, or, in other words, of

the way in which a simple pistil answers to a leaf. Pistils are either

LESSON 18.]

SIMPLE PISTILS.

117

simple or compound. A simple pistil answers to a single leaf. A
compound pistil answers to two or more leaves combined, just as a
monopetalous corolla (263) answers to two or more petals, or leaves
of the flower, united into one body. In theory, accordingly,

305^ The Simple Pistil, Or Carpel (as it is sometimes called), consists
of the blade of a leaf, curved until the margins meet and unite, form-
ing in this way a closed case or pod, which is the ovary. So that
the upper face of the altered leaf answers to the inner surface of the
ovary, and the lower, to its outer surface. And the ovules are borne
on what answers to the united edges of the leaf. The tapering sum-
mit, rolled together and prolonged, forms the style, when there is
any ; and the edges of the altered leaf turned outwards, either at
the tip or along the inner side of the style, form the stigma. To
make this perfectly clear, compare a leaf folded together in this way
(as in Fig. 251) with a pistil of a
Garden Pceony, or Larkspur, or with
that in Fig. 252 ; or, later in the
season, notice how these, as ripe pods,
split down along the line formed by
the united edges, and open out again
into a sort of leaf, as in the Marsh-
Marigold (Fig. 253). In the Double-
flowering Cherry the pistil occasion
ally is found changed back again into
a small green leaf, partly folded, much as in Fig. 251.

306. Fig. 172 represents a simple pistil on a larger scale, th&
ovary cut through to show how the ovules (when numerous) are
attached to what answers to the two margins of the leaf. The
Stonecrop (Fig. 168) has five such pistils in a circle, each with the
side where the ovules are attached turned to the centre of the flower.

307. The line or seam down the inner side, which answers to the
united edges of the leaf, and bears the ovules, is called the ventral or
inner Suture. A corresponding line down the back of the ovary,
and which answers to the middle of the leaf, is named the dorsal or
outer Suture.

308. The ventral suture inside, where it projects a little into the

FIG. 251. A ^eaf rolled up inwards, to show how the pistil is supposed to be formed.

FIG. 252. Pistil of Isopyrum biternatum cut across, with the inner suture turned towards
the eye.

FIG. 253. Pod or ripe pistil of the Caltha, or Marsh-Marigold, after opening.

118

THE PISTILS.

[LESSON 18.

cavity of the ovary, and bears the ovules, is called the Placenta,
Obviously a simple pistil can have but one placenta ; but this is in
its nature double, one half answering to each margin of the leaf.
And if the ovules or seeds are at all numerous, they will be found
to occupy two rows, one for each margin, as we see in Fig. 252, 172,
in the Marsh-Marigold, in a Pea-pod, and the like.

309. A simple pistil obviously can have but one cavity or cell ;
except from some condition out of the natural order of things. But
the converse does not hold true : all pistils of a single cell are not
simple. Many compound pistils are one-celled.

310. A simple pistil necessarily has but one style. Its stigma,
however, may be double, like the placenta, and for the same reason
(305) ; and it often exhibits two lines or crests, as in Fig. 252, or it
may even be split into two lobes.

311. The Compound Pistil consists of two, three, or any greater

number of pistil-leaves,
or carpels (305), in a
circle, united into one
body, at least by their
ovaries. The Culti-
vated Flax, for exam-
ple (Fig. 212), has a
compound pistil com-
posed of five simple
ones with their ovaries
united, while the five
styles are separate.

•254 5255 ESS But in one of our

wild species of Flax, the styles are united into one also, for about
half their length. So the Common St. John's-wort of the fields has
a compound ovary, of three united carpels, but the three styles are
separate (Fig. 255), while some of our wild, shrubby species have the
styles also combined into one (Fig. 256), although in the fruit they
often split into three again. Even the ovaries may only partially
combine with each other, as we see in different species of Saxifrage,
some having their two pistils nearly separate, while in others they

FIG, 254. Pistil of a Saxifrage, of two simple carpels or pistil-leaves, united at the base
only, cut across both above and below.

FIG. 255. Compound pistil of common St. John's-wort, cut across : styles separate.
FIG. 256. The same of shrubby St. John's-wort ; the three styles united into one.

LESSON 18.] COMPOUND PISTILS. 119

are joined at the base only, or else below the middle (as in Fig.
254), and in some they are united quite to the top.

312. Even when the styles are all consolidated into one, the stig-
mas are often separate, or enough so to show by the number of their
lobes how many simple pistils are combined to make the compound
one. In the common Lily, for instance, the three lobes of the stigma,
as well as the three grooves down the ovary, plainly tell us that the
pistil is made of three combined. But in the Day-Lily the three
lobes of the stigma are barely discernible by the naked eye, and in
the Spiderwort (Fig. 257) they are as perfectly united into

one as the ovaries and styles are. Here the number of
cells in the ovary alone shows that the pistil is compound.
These are all cases of

313. Compound Pistils with two or more Cells, namely, with

as many cells as there are simple pistils, or carpels, that
have united to compose the organ. They are just what
would be formed if the simple pistils (two, three, or five
in a circle, as the case may be), like those of a Pseony or
Stonecrop, all pressed together in the centre of the flower,
Were to cohere by their contiguous parts.

314. As each simple ovary has its placenta, or seed-
bearing line (308), at the inner angle, so the resulting
compound ovary has as many axile placenta (that is, as

many placentas in the axis or centre) as there are pistil-leaves in
its composition, but all more or less consolidated into one. This is
shown in the cross-sections, Fig. 254-256, &c.

315. The partitions (or Dissepiments, as they are technically
named) of a compound ovary are accordingly part of the walls or
the sides of the carpels which compose it. Of course they are double,
one layer belonging to each carpel ; and in ripe pods they often split
into the two layers.

316. We have described only one, though the commonest, kind of
compound pistil. There are besides

317. One-celled Compound Pistils, These are of two sorts, those with
axile, and those with parietal placentae. That is, first, where the
ovules or seeds are borne in the axis or centre of the ovary, and,
secondly, where they are borne on its walls. The first of these

ises, or that

FIG. 257. Pistil of Spiderwort (Tradescantia) : the three-celled ovary cut across.

120

THE PISTILS.

[LESSON 18.

318. With a Free Central Placenta, is what we find in Purslane
(Fig. 214), and in most Chickweeds (Fig. 258, 259) and Pinks.
The difference between this and the foregoing case is only that the
delicate partitions have very early vanished ; and traces of them
may often be detected. Or sometimes this is a variation
of the mode

319. With Parietal Placentae, namely, with the ovules
and seeds borne on the sides or wall (parietes^) of the
ovary. The pistil of the Prickly Poppy, Bloodroot,
Violet, Frost-weed (Fig. 261), Gooseberry, and of
many Hypericums, are of this sort. To understand it
perfectly, we have only to imagine two, three, or any
number of carpel-leaves (like that of Fig.
251), arranged in a circle, to unite by their
259 contiguous edges, and so form one ovary
or pod (as we have endeavored to show in Fig. 260) ;
— very much as in the Stramonium (Fig. 199) the
five petals unite by their edges to compose a mono-
petalous corolla, and the five sepals to form a tubular
calyx. Here each carpel is an open leaf, or partly
open, bearing ovules along its margins ; and each
placenta consists of the contiguous margins of two
pistil-leaves grown together.

320. All degrees occur between this and the sev-
eral-celled ovary with the placentae in the axis. Com-
pare, for illustration, the common St. John's-worts, Fig. 255 and 256,
with Fig. 262, a cross-section of the ovary of a different species, in
which the three large placentae meet in the axis, but
scarcely unite, and with Fig. 263, a similar section of
the ripe pod of the same plant, showing three parietal
placenta? borne on imperfect partitions projecting a
little way into the general cell. Fig. 261 is the same
in plan, but with hardly any trace of partitions ; that
is, the united edges of the leaves only slightly project into the cell.

FIG. 258. Pistil of a Sandwort, with the ovary divided lengthwise; and 259, the same
divided transversely, to show the free central placenta.

FIG. SCO. Plan of a one-celled ovary of three carpel-leaves, with parietal placenta;, cut
across below, where it is complete ; the upper p;irt showing the top of the three leaves it is
coni|Miso(l of. approaching, but nut united.

FIG. 261. Cross-section of the ovary of Frost-weed (Hcliauthcmmn), with three parietal
placentae bearing ovuk-s.

LESSON 18.]

OPEN PISTILS.

121

321. The ovary, especially when compound, is often covered by
and united with the tube of the calyx, as has already been explained
(272). We describe this by saying either " ovary adherent," or
" calyx adherent," &c. Or we say " ovary inferior" when the tube
of the calyx is adherent throughout to

the surface of the ovary, so that its

lobes, and all the rest of the flower,

appear to be borne on its summit, as

in Fig. 215 and Fig. 216; or "half-

inferior" as in the Purslane (Fig. 214),

where the calyx is adherent part way up ; or " superior" where the

calyx and the ovary are not combined, as in the Cherry (Fig. 213)

and the like, that is, where these parts are free. The term " ovary

superior," therefore, means just the same as " calyx inferior " ; and

" ovary inferior," the same as " calyx superior."

322. Open or Gymnospermous Pistil, This is what we have in the

whole Pine family, the most peculiar, and yet the simplest,
of all pistils. While the ordinary simple pistil in the eye
of the botanist represents a leaf rolled together into a
closed pod (305), those of the Pine, Larch (Fig. 264),
Cedar, and Arbor- Vitse (Fig. 265,

266) are plainly open leaves, in the form of ^

scales, each bearing two or more ovules on the

inner face, next the base. At the time of

blossoming, these pistil-leaves of the young

cone diverge, and the pollen, so abundantly

shed from the staminate blossoms, falls di-
rectly upon the exposed ovules. Afterwards

the scales close over each other until the

seeds are ripe. Then they separate again,

that the seeds may be shed. As their ovules and seeds are not

enclosed in a pod, all such plants are said to be Gymnospermous,

that is, naked-seeded.

FIG. 262. Cross-section of the ovary of Hypericum graveolens. 263. Similar section of
the ripe pod of the same.

FIG. 264. A pistil, that is, a scale of the cone, of a Larch, at the time of flowering ;
inside view, showing its pair of naked ovules.

FIG. 265. Branchlet of the American Arbor- Vitae, considerably larger than in nature,
terminated by its pistillate flowers, each consisting of a single scale (an open pistil), together
forming a small cone.

FIG. 266. One of the scales or pistils of tlie last, removed and more enlarged, the inside
exposed to view, showing a pair of ovules on its base.

11

122 THE PISTILS. [LESSON 18.'

323. Ovules (234). These are the bodies which are to become
seeds. They are either sessile, that is, stalkless, or else borne on a
stalk, called the Funiculus. They may be produced along the whole
length of the cell, or only at some part of it, generally either at the
top or the bottom. In the former case they are apt to be numerous ;
in the latter, they may be few or single (solitary, Fig. 267 - 2G9).
As to their direction, ovules are said to be

Horizontal, when they are neither turned upwards nor down-
wards, as in Fig. 252, 261 ;

Ascending, when rising obliquely upwards, usually from the side
of the cell, not from its very base, as in the Buttercup (Fig. 267),

and the Purslane (Fig. 214) ;

Erect, when rising upright from
the base of the cell, as in the Buck-
wheat (Fig. 268) ;

Pendulous, when hanging from
towards the top, as in the Flax
(Fig. 212); and
Suspended, when hanging perpendicularly from the very sum-
mit of the cell, as in the Anemone (Fig. 269), Dogwood, &c. All
these terms equally apply to seeds.

324. An ovule consists of a pulpy mass of tissue, the Nucleus or
kernel, and usually of one or two coats. In the nucleus the embryo
is formed, and the coats become the skin or coverings of the seed.
There is a hole ( Orifice or Foramen) through the coats, at the place
which answers to the apex of the ovule. The part by which the
ovule is attached is its base ; the point of attachment, where the ripe
seed breaks away and leaves a scar, is named the Hilum. The
place where the coats blend, and cohere with each other and with the
nucleus, is named the Chalaza. We will point out these parts in
illustrating the four principal kinds of ovule. These are not difficult
to understand, although ovules are usually so small that a good mag-
nifying-glass is needed for their examination. Moreover, their names,
all taken from the Greek, are unfortunately rather formidable.

325. The simplest sort, although the least common, is what is
called the

Orthotropous, or straight ovule. The Buckwheat affords a good

FIG. 2G7. Section of the ovary of a Buttercup, lengthwise, showing ita ascending ovule.
FIG. 268, Section of the ovary of Buckwheat, showing the erect ovule.
FIG. 269. Section of the ovary of Anemone, showing its suspended ovule.

LESSON 18.]

OVULES.

123

instance of it : it is shown in its place in the ovary in Fig. 268,
also detached in Fig. 270, and a much more magnified diagram of it
in Fig. 274. In this kind, the orifice (/) is at the top, the chalaza
and the hilum (c) are blended at the base or point of attachment,
which is at the opposite end ; and the axis of the ovule is straight.
/._..

If such an ovule were to grow on one side more than on the other,
and double up, or have its top pushed round as it enlarges, it would
become a

Campylotropous or curved ovule, as in Cress and Chickweed (Fig.
271). Here the base remains as in the straight kind, but its apex
with the orifice is brought round close to it. — Much the most com-
mon form of all is the

Anatropous or inverted ovule. This is shown in Fig. 267, and
273 ; also a much enlarged section lengthwise, or diagram, in Fig.
275. To understand it, we have only to suppose the first sort (Fig.
270) to be inverted on its stalk, or rather to have its stalk bent
round, applied to one side of the ovule lengthwise, and to grow fast
to the coat down to near the orifice (jf) ; the hilum, therefore, where
the seed-stalk is to break away (h), is close to the orifice ; but the
chalaza (c) is here at the top of the ovule ; between it and the hilum
runs a ridge or cord, called the Rhaphe (r), which is simply that part
of the stalk which, as the ovule grew and turned over, adhered to its
surface. — Lastly, the

Amphitropous or half-anatropous ovule (Fig. 272) differs from
the last only in having a shorter rhaphe, ending about half-way
between the chalaza and the orifice. So the hilum or attachment is
not far from the middle of one side, while the chalaza is at one end
and the orifice at the other.

326. The internal structure of the ovule is sufficiently displayed

the subjoined diagrams, representing a longitudinal slice of two

FIG. 270. Orthotropous ovule of Buckwheat: c, hilum and chalaza; /, orifice.

FIG. 271. Campylotropous ovule of a Chickweed : c, hilum and chalaza ; /, orifice.

FIG. 272. Amphitropous ovule of Mallow : /, orifice ; A, hilum ; r, rhaphe ; c, chalaza.

FIG. 273. Anatropous ovule of a Violet ; the parts lettered as in the last.

124

THE RECEPTACLE.

[LESSON 19.

ovules ; Fig. 274, an ortbotropous, Fig. 275, an anatropous ovule.
The letters correspond in the two ; c, the chalaza ; f, the orifice ;
r, rhaphe (of which there is of course none in Fig. 274) ; p, the
outer coat, called primine ; s, inner coat, called secundine ; n, nu-
cleus or kernel.

\:\

/ 1

LESSON XIX.

MORPHOLOGY OF THE RECEPTACLE.

THE RECEPTACLE (also called the Torus) is the axis, or
stem, which the leaves and other parts of the blossom are attached
to (231). It is commonly small and short (as in Fig. 1GO) ; but it
sometimes occurs in more conspicuous and remarkable forms.

328. Occasionally it is elongated, as in some plants of the Caper
family (Fig. 276), making the flower really look like a branch, hav-
ing its circles of leaves, stamens, &c., separated by long spaces or
internodes.

329. The Wild Geranium or Cranesbill has the receptacle pro-
longed above and between the insertion of the pistils, in the form
of a slender beak. In the blossom, and until the fruit is ripe, it
is concealed by the five pistils united around it, and their flat stylos
covering its whole surface (Fig. 277). But at maturity, the five
small and one-seeded fruits separate, and so do their stylos, from the
beak, and hang suspended from the summit. They split off elasti-

LESSON 19.]

THE RECEPTACLE.

125

cally from the receptacle, curving upwards with a sudden jerk, which
scatters the seed, often throwing it to a considerable distance.

330. When a flower
bears a great many pis-
tils, its receptacle is gen-
erally enlarged so as to
give them room ; some-
times becoming broad
and flat, as in the Flow-
ering Raspberry, some-
times elongated, as in
the Blackberry, the Mag-
nolia, &c. It is the re-
ceptacle in the Straw-
berry (Fig. 279), much

enlarged and pulpy when ripe, which forms the eatable part of the
fruit, and bears the small seed-like pistils on its
surface. In the Rose (Fig. 280), instead of being
convex or conical, the receptacle is deeply con-
cave, or urn-shaped. Indeed, a Rose-hip may be
likened to a strawberry turned inside out, like
the finger of a glove reversed, and the whole
covered by the adherent tube of the calyx, which
remains beneath in the strawberry.

331. A Disk is a part of the re-
ceptacle, or a growth from it, en-
larged under or around the pistil.
It is hypogynous (269), when free
from all union either with the pistil
or the calyx, as in the Rue and the
Orange (Fig. 281). It is perigy-
nous (270), when it adheres to the 281
base of the calyx, as in the Bladder-nut and Buckthorn (Fig. 28 2",

FIG. 27G. Flower of Gynandropsis , the receptacle enlarged and flattened where it bears
the sepals and petals, then elongated into a slender stalk, bearing the stamens (in appearance,
but they are monadelphous) above its middle, and a compound ovary on its summit.

FIG. 277. Young fruit of the common Wild Cranesbill.

FIG. 278. The same, ripe, with the five pistils splitting away from the long beak or recep-
tacle, and hanging from its top by their styles.

FIG. 279. Longitudinal section of a young strawberry, enlarged.

FIG. 280. Similar section of a young Rose-hip.

FIG. 281. Pistil of the Orange, with a large hypogynous disk at its base.
11*

]26 THE FRUIT. [LESSON 20.

283). Often it adheres both to the calyx and to the ovary, as in
New Jersey Tea, the Apple, &c., consolidating the whole together.
In such cases it is sometimes carried up and expanded on the top of

the ovary, as in the Parsley and
the Ginseng families, when it is
said to be epigynous (273).

332. In Nelumbium, — a large
Water-Lily, abounding in the wa-
ters of our Western States, — the
singular and greatly enlarged receptacle is shaped like a top, and
bears the small pistils immersed in separate cavities of its flat upper
surface (Fig. 284).

LESSON XX.

THE FRUIT.

333. THE ripened ovary, with its contents, becomes the Fruit.
When the tube of the calyx adheres to the ovary, it also becomes
a part of the fruit : sometimes it even forms the principal bulk of it,
as in the apple and pear.

(^3^i Some fruits, as they are commonly called, are not fruits at
:ill in the strict botanical sense. A strawberry, for example (as
we have just seen, 330, Fig. 282), although one of the choicest fruits
in the common acceptation, is only an enlarged and pulpy receptacle,
hearing the real fruits (that is, the ripened pistils) scattered over its

FIG. 282. Flower of a Bur ktliorn, with a large perigynous disk. 283. The same, divided.
FIG. 284 Receptacle of Nelumbium, in fruit.

LESSON 20.] ITS KINDS. 127

surface, and too small to be much noticed. And mulberries, figs,
and pine-apples are masses of many fruits with a pulpy flower-stalk,
&c. Passing these by for the present, let us now consider only

335. Simple Fruits, These are such as are formed by the ripening
of a single pistil, whether simple (305) or compound (311).

336. A simple fruit consists, then, of the Seed-vessel (technically
called the Pericarp), or the Avails of the ovary matured, and the seeds,
contained in it. Its structure is generally the same as that of the
ovary, but not always ; because certain changes may take place after
flowering. The commonest change is the obliteration in the growing
fruit of some parts which existed in the pistil at the time of flowering.
The ovary of a Horsechestnut, for instance, has three cells and two
ovules in each cell ; but the fruit never has more than three seeds,
and rarely more than one or two, and only as many cells. Yet the
vestiges of the seeds that have not matured, and of the wanting cells
of the pod, may always be detected in the ripe fruit. This oblitera-
tion is more complete in the Oak and Chestnut. The ovary of the
first likewise has three cells, that of the second six or seven cells,
each with two ovules hanging from the summit. We might there-
fore expect the acorn and the chestnut to have as many cells, and
two seeds in each cell. Whereas, in fact, all the cells and all the
ovules but one are uniformly obliterated in the forming fruit, which
thus becomes one-celled and one-seeded, and rarely can any vestige
be found of the missing parts.

337. On the other hand, a one-celled ovary sometimes becomes
several-celled in the fruit by the formation of false partitions, com-
monly by cross-partitions, as in the jointed pod of the Sea-Rocket
and the Tick-Trefoil (Fig. 304).

338. Their Kinds, In defining the principal kinds of simple fruits
which have particular names, we may classify them, in the first place,
into, — 1. Fleshy Fruits-, 2. Stone Fruits-, and 3. Dry Fruits.
The first and second are of course indekiscent ; that is, they do not
split open when ripe to discharge the seeds.

339. In fleshy fruits the whole pericarp, or wall of the ovary,
thickens and becomes soft (fleshy, juicy, or pulpy) as it ripens. Of
this the leading kind is

340. The Berry, such as the gooseberry and currant, the blueberry
d cranberry, the tomato, and the grape. Here the whole flesh is

equally soft throughout. The orange is merely a berry with a
thery rind.

mis

and

128 THE FRUIT. [LESSON 20.

/-\

341. The Pepo, or Gourd-fruit, is the sort of berry which belongs

to the Gourd family, mostly with a hard rind and the inner portion
softer. The pumpkin, squash, cucumber, and melon are the prin-
cipal examples.

342. The Pome is a name applied to the apple, pear, and quince ;
fleshy fruits like a berry, but the principal thickness is calyx, only
the papery pods arranged like a star in the core really belonging to
the pistil itself (333).

343. Secondly, as to fruits which are partly fleshy and partly hard,
one of the most familiar kinds is

344. The Drupe, or Stone-fruit ; of which the cherry, plum, and

peach (Fig. 285) are familiar examples. In
this the outer part of the thickness of the
pericarp becomes fleshy, or softens, like a
berry, while the inner hardens, like a nut.
From the way in which the pistil is con-
structed (305), it is evident that the fleshy
part here answers to the lower, and the stone
to the upper, side of the leaf; — a leaf always

consisting of two layers of green pulp, an upper and an under layer,

which are considerably different (439).

345. Whenever the walls of a fruit are separable into two layers,
the outer layer is called the Exocarp, the inner, the Endocarp (from
Greek words meaning "outside fruit" and " inside fruit"). But in
a drupe the outer portion, being fleshy, is likewise called Sarcocarp
(which means "fleshy fruit"), and the inner, the Putamen or stone.
The stone of a peach, and the like, it will be perceived, belongs to
the fruit, not to the seed. When the walls are separable into three
layers, the outer layer is named either exocarp or Epicarp ; the
middle one is called the Mesocarp (i. e. middle fruit) ; and the inner-
most, as before, the Endocarp.

."•16. Thirdly, in dry fruits the seed-vessel remains herbaceous in
texture, or becomes thin and membranaceous, or else it hardens
throughout. Some forms remain closed, that is, are indehiscent
(338) ; others are dehiscent, that is, split open at maturity in some
regular way. Of indehiscent or closed dry fruits the principal kinds
are the following.

347. The Achcnilim, or Akene, is a small, one-seeded, dry, indehis-

FIG. 285. Longitudinal section of a poach, showing the flesh, the stone, and the seed.

LESSON 20.]

ITS KINDS.

129

cent fruit, such as is popularly taken for a naked seed : but it is
plainly a ripened ovary, and shows the re-
mains of its style or stigma, or the place
sss from which it has

fallen. Of this sort
are the fruits of the
Buttercup (Fig. 286,

287), the Cinque-foil, and the Strawberry (Fig.
279, 288) ; that is, the real fruits, botanically
speaking, of the latter, which are taken for seeds,
not the large juicy receptacle on the surface of
which they rest (330). Here the akenes are
simple pistils (305), very numerous in the same
flower, and forming a head of such fruits. In

the Nettle, Hemp, &c., there is only one pistil to

each blossom.

348. In the raspberry and blackberry, each grain
is a similar pistil, like that of the strawberry in the
flower, but ripening into a miniature stone-fruit, or
drupe. So that in the strawberry we eat the
receptacle, or end of the flower-stalk ; in the rasp-
berry, a cluster of stone-fruits, like cherries on a
very small scale ; and in the blackberry, both a juicy
receptacle and a cluster of stone-fruits covering it
(Fig. 289, 290).

349. The fruit of the Composite family is also
an achenium. Here the surface of the ovary is
covered by an adherent calyx-tube, as is evident
from the position of the corolla, apparently standing
on its summit (321, and Fig. 220, a). Sometimes the
limb or divisions of the calyx are entirely wanting,

as in Mayweed (Fig. 291) and White weed. Sometimes the limb
of the calyx forms a crown or cup on the top of the achenium, as in
Succory (Fig. 292); in Coreopsis, it often takes the form of two
blunt teeth or scales ; in the Sunflower (Fig. 293), it consists of two

FIG. 286. Achenium of Buttercup. 287. Same, cut through, to show the seed within.

FIG. 288. Slice of a part of a ripe strawberry, enlarged ; some of the achenia shown cut
through.

FIG. 289. Slice of a part of a blackberry. 290. One of the grains or drupes divided, more
enlarged ; showing the flesh, the stone, and the seed, as in Fig. 285.

130

THE FRUIT.

[LKS.SON 20.

thin scales which fall off at the touch ; in the Sneezeweed, of about
five very thin scales, which look more like a calyx (Fig. 294) ; and
in the Thistle, Aster, Sow-Thistle (Fig. 295), and hundreds of others,
it is cut up into a tuft of fine bristles or hairs. This is called the
Pappus ; — a name which properly means the down like that of the
Thistle ; but it is applied to all these forms,
and to every other under which the limb of the
calyx of the " compound flowers " appears. In
Lettuce, Dandelion (Fig. 29G), and the like,
the achenium as it matures tapers upwards
into a slender beak, like a stalk to the pappus.

350. A Utricle is the same as an achenium, but with a thin and
bladdery loose pericarp ; like that of the Goosefoot or Pigweed
(Fig. 297). When ripe it bursts open irregularly to
discharge the seed ; or sometimes it epens by a circular
line all round, the upper part falling off like a lid ; as in
the Amaranth (Fig. 298).

351. A Caryopsis, or Grain, differs from the last only
in the seed adhering to the thin pericarp
throughout, so that fruit and seed are in-
corporated into one body; as in wheat, In-
dian corn, and other kinds of grain.

352. A Ntlt is a dry and indehiscent fruit,
commonly one-celled and one-seeded, with a hard, crus-
taceous, or bony wall, such as the cocoanut, hazelnut,
chestnut, and the acorn (Fig. 21, 299). Here the
involucre, in the form of a cup at the base, is called the Cvpule. In
the Chestnut it forms the bur ; in the Hazel, a leafy husk.

FIG. 291. Achenium of Mayweed (no pappus). 292. That of Succory (its pappus a shal-
low cup). 293. Of Sunflower (pappus of two deciduous scales). 294. Of Sneezeweed (Ilele-
nium), with its pappus of five scales. 295. Of Sow-Thistle, with its pappus of delicate downy
hairs. 290. Of the Dandelion, its pappus raised on a lon<: beak.

IG. 297. Utricle of the common Pigweed (riicnopodium album).
• FIG. 298. Utricle (pyxis) of Amaranth, opening all round (circumcissile).
FIG. 299. Nut (acorn) of the Oak, with its cup (or cupule).

LESSON 20/]

ITS KINDS.

131

353. A Samara, Or Key-fruit, is either a nut or an achenium, or any
other indehiscent fruit, furnished with a wing, like that of the Maple
(Fig. 1), Ash (Fig. 300), and Elm (Fig. 301).

354. The Capsule, or Pod, is the general name for dry seed-vessels
which split or burst open at maturity.

But several sorts of pod are distin-
guished by particular names. Two of
them belong to simple pistils, namely,
the Follicle and the Legume.

355. The Follicle is a fruit of a simple
pistil opening along the inner suture
(307). The pods of the Preony, Col-
umbine, Larkspur, Marsh-Marigold
(Fig. 302), and Milkweed are of this
kind. The seam along which

the follicle opens answers to
the edges of the pistil-leaf
(Fig. 251, 253).
35 G. The Legume or true

Pod, like the Pea-pod (Fig.
303), is similar to the follicle, only it opens by the outer as well as
the inner or ventral suture (307), that is, by what answers to the
midrib as well as by what answers to the united margins of the leaf.
It splits therefore into two pieces, which are called valves. The le-
gume belongs to plants of the Pulse family, which are accordingly
termed Leguminosce, that is, leguminous plants. So the fruits of this
family keep the name of legume, whatever their form, and whether
they open or not. A legume divided across into one-seeded joints,
which separate when ripe, as in Tick-Trefoil (Fig. 304), is named a
Lament.

357. The true Capsule is the pod of a compound pistil. Like the
ovary it resulted from, it may be one-celled, or it may have as many
cells as there are carpels in its composition. It may discharge its
seeds through chinks or pores, as in the Poppy, or burst irregularly
in some part, as in Lobelia and the Snapdragon ; but commonly it
splits open (or is dehiscent) lengthwise into regular pieces, called
valves.

FIG. 300. Samara or key of the White Ash. 301. Samara of the American Elm.

FIG. 302. Follicle of Marsh-Marigold (Caltha palustris).

FIG. 303. Legume of a Sweet Pea, opened.

FIG. 304. Lonient or jointed legume of Tick-Trefoil .(Desmoth'umJ.

132

THE FRUIT.

[LESSON 20.

358. Dehiscence of a pod resulting from a compound pistil, when
regular, takes place in one of two principal ways, which are best

shown in pods of two or three cells. Either the pod
splits open down the middle of the back of each cell,
when the dehiscence is loculicidal, as in Fig. 305 ; or
it splits through the partitions, after which each cell
ft generally opens at its inner angle, when it
is septicidal, as in Fig. 306. These names
are of Latin derivation, the first meaning
" cutting into the cells " ; the second, " cut-
ting through the partitions." Of the first
sort, the Lily and Iris (Fig. 305) are good
examples ; of the second, the Rhododen-
dron, Azalea, and St. John's-wort. From
the structure of the pistil (305-311) the
student will readily see, that the line down
the back of each cell answers to the dorsal suture of the carpel ; so
that the pod opens by this when loculicidal, while it separates into
its component carpels, which open as follicles, when septicidal.
Some pods open both ways, and so split into twice as many valves
as the carpels of which they are formed.

359. In loculicidal dehiscence the valves naturally bear the par-
titions on their middle ; in the septicidal, half the thickness of a
partition is borne on the margin of each valve. See the diagrams,
Fig. 307-309. A variation of either mode sometimes occurs, as

307

shown in the diagram, Fig. 309, where the valves break away from
the partitions. This is called septifragal dehiscence ; and may be
seen in the Morning-Glory.

SCO. Three remaining sorts of pods are distinguished by proper
names, viz. : —

FIG. 305. Capsule of Iris (with loculicidal dehiscence), below cut across.

FIG. 306. Pod of a Marsh St. John's-wort, with septicidal dehiscence.

FIG, 307. Diagram of septicidal ; 308, of loculicidal ; and 309, of septifragal dehiscence.

LESSON 20.]

MULTIPLE FRUITS.

133

361. The Silique (Fig. 310), the peculiar pod of the Mustard fam-
ily ; which is two-celled by a false partition stretched across between
two parietal placentas. It generally opens by two valves

from below upwards, and the placentae with the partition
are left behind when the valves fall off.

362. A Siliele or Pouch is only a short and broad silique,
like that of the Shepherd's Purse, of the Candy-tuft, &c.

363. The Pyxis is a pod which opens by a circular hori-

zontal line, the upper part forming a lid, as
in Purslane (Fig. 311), the Plantain, Hen-
bane, &c. In these the dehiscence extends
all round, or is circumcissile. So it does
in Fig. 298, which represents a sort of one-
seeded pyxis. In Jeffersonia or Twin-leaf, the line
does not separate quite round, but leaves a portion
to form a hinge to the lid.

364. Multiple OF Collective Fruits (334) are, properly speaking,
masses of fruits, resulting from several or many blossoms, aggre-
gated into one body. The pine-apple, mulberry, Osage-orange, and
the fig, are fruits of this kind. This latter is a peculiar form, how-
ever, being to a mulberry nearly what a Rose-hip is to a strawberry
(Fig. 279, 280), namely, with a hollow receptacle bearing the flowers
concealed inside ; and the whole eatable part is this pulpy common
receptacle, or hollow thickened flower-stalk.

365. A Strobile, or Cone (Fig. 314), is the pe-
culiar multiple fruit of Pines, Cypresses, and
the like ; hence named Coniferce, viz. cone-
bearing plants. As already shown (322), these
cones are made of open pistils, mostly in the
form of flat scales, regularly overlying each

other, and pressed together in a spike or head. 31* s13

Each scale bears one or two naked seeds on its inner face. When
the cone is ripe and dry, the scales turn back or diverge, and the
seed peels off and falls, generally carrying with it a wing, which was
a part of the lining of the scale, and which facilitates the dispersion
of the seeds by the wind (Fig. 312, 313). In Arbor-Vita?, the scales

FIG. 310. Silique of Spring Cress (Cardamine rhomboidea), opening.
FIG. 311. The pyxis, or pod, of the common Purslane.

FIG. 312. Inside view of a scale from the cone of Pitch-Pine j with one of the seeda
(Fig, 313) detached ; the other in its place on the seale.

12

134 THE SEED. [LESSON 21.

of the small cone are few, and not very unlike the leaves (Fig. 265).
In Cypress they are very thick at the top and narrow at the base, so
as to make a peculiar sort of closed cone. In Juniper and Red Ce-
dar, the few scales of the very small cone become fleshy, and ripen
into a fruit which might be taken for a berry.

LESSON XXL

THE SEED.

366. THE ovules (323), when they have an embryo (or unde-
veloped plantlet, 16) formed in them, become seeds.

367. The Seed, like the ovule from which it originates, consists
of its coats, or integuments, and a kernel.

36§. The Seed-COatS are commonly two (324), the outer and the
inner. Fig. 315 shows the two, in a seed cut through
lengthwise. The outer coat is often hard or crustaceous,
whence it is called the Testa, or shell of the seed ; the
inner is thin and delicate.

369. The shape and the markings, so various in dif-
ferent seeds, depend mostly on the outer coat. Sometimes it fits

FIG. 314. Cone of Pitch-Pino (Pinus rigida).

FIG. 315. Seed of IJasswood cut through lengthwise : os the hilum or scar j J, the outer
coat ; e, the inner,; </, the albumen ; f. the embryo.

LESSON 21.]

ITS COATS OR COVERINGS.

135

the kernel closely ; sometimes it is expanded into a wing, as in the
Trumpet-Creeper (Fig. 316), and occasionally this wing is cut up
into shreds or tufts, as in the Catalpa ; or instead of a
wing it may bear a coma, or tuft of long and soft hairs,
such as we find in the Milkweed or Silkweed (Fig. 317).
The object of wings or downy tufts is to render the seeds
buoyant, so that they may be widely dispersed by the
winds. This is clear, not only from their evident adap-
tation to this purpose, but also from the interesting fact
that winged and tufted seeds are found only in fruits that split open
at maturity, never in those that remain closed. The coat of some
seeds is beset with long hairs or wool. Cotton, one of
the most important vegetable products, — since it forms
the principal clothing of the larger part of the human
race, — consists of the long and woolly hairs which
thickly cover the wrhole surface of the seed. Certain
seeds have an additional, but more or less incomplete
covering, outside of the real seed-coats, called an

370. Aril, or Al'illus, The loose and transparent bag
which encloses the seed of the White Water-Lily (Fig. 317
318) is of this kind. So is the mace of the nutmeg ; and also the
scarlet pulp around the seeds of the Waxwork (Celastrus)
and Strawberry -bush (Euonymus), so ornamental in autumn,
after the pods burst. The aril is a growth from the ex-
tremity of the seed-stalk, or the placenta.

371. The names of the parts of the seed and of its kinds
are the same as in the ovule. The scar left where the seed-
stalk separates is called c

the Hilum. The orifice

of the ovule, now closed

up, and showing only a

small point or mark, is sis 322 220

named the Micropyle. The terms orthotropous, anatropous^ &c.

FIG. 310. A winged seed of the Trumpet-Creeper.

FIG. 317. Seed of Milkweed, with a coma or tuft of long silky hairs at one end.

FIG. 318. Seed of White Water-Lily, enclosed in its aril.

FIG. 319. Seed of a Violet (anatropous): a, hilum ; b, rhaphe; c, chalaza.

FIG. 320. Seed of a Larkspur (also anatropous) ; the parts lettered as in the last.

FIG. 321. The same, cut through lengthwise: a, the hilum; c, chalaza ; </, outer seed-
coat ; e, inner seed-coat ; /", the albumen ; g, the minute embryo.

FIG. 322. Seed of a St. Jolm's-wort, divided lengthwise ; here the whole kernel is
embryo.

136 THE SEED. [LESSON 21.

apply to seeds just as they do to ovules (325) ; and so do those
terms which express the direction of the ovule or the seed in the
cell ; such as erect, ascending, horizontal, pendulous, or suspended
(323) : therefore it is not necessary to explain them anew. The
accompanying figures (Fig. 319-322) show all the parts of the
most common kind of seed, namely, the anatropous.

372. The Kernel, OF Nucleus, is the whole body of the seed within the
coats. In many seeds the kernel is all Embryo ; in others a large
part of it is the Albumen.

373. The Albumen of the seed is an accumulation of nourishing
matter (starch, &c.), commonly surrounding the embryo, and des-
tined to nourish it when it begins to grow, as was explained in the
earlier Lessons (30-32). It is the floury part of wheat, corn (Fig.
38, 39), buckwheat, and the like. But it is not always mealy in
texture. In Poppy-seeds it is oily. In the seeds of Pnsony and
Barberry, and in the cocoanut, it is fleshy ; in coffee it is corneous
(that is, hard and tough, like horn) ; in the Ivory Palm it has the
hardness as well as the general appearance of ivory, and is now
largely used as a substitute for it in the fabrication of small objects.
However solid its texture, the albumen always softens and partly
liquefies during germination ; when a considerable portion of it is
transformed into sugar, or into other forms of fluid nourishment, on
which the growing embryo may feed.

374. The Embryo, or Germ, is the part to which all the rest of the
seed, and also the fruit and the flower, are subservient. When the
embryo is small and its parts little developed, the albumen is the
more abundant, and makes up the principal bulk of the seed, as in
Fig. 30, 321, 325. On the other hand, in many seeds there is no
albumen at all ; but the strong embryo forms the whole kernel ; as
in the Maple (Fig. 2, 3), Pumpkin (Fig. 9), Almond, Plum, and
Apple (Fig. 11, 12), Beech (Fig. 13), and the like. Then, what-
ever nourishment is needed to establish the plantlet in the soil is
stored up in the body of the embryo itself, mostly in its seed-leaves.
And these accordingly often become very large and thick, as in the
almond, bean, and pea (Fig. 1C, 19), acorn (Fig. 21), chestnut, and
horsechestnut (Fig. 23, 24). Besides these, Fig. 25, 26, 30 to 37,
43, and 45 exhibit various common forms of the embryo : and also
some of the ways in which it is placed in the albumen ; being
sometimes straight, and sometimes variously coiled up or packed
away.

LESSON 21.]

THE EMBRYO.

137

pi

ab

r*

375. The embryo, being a rudimentary plantlet, ready formed in
e seed, has only to grow and develop its parts to become a young

lant (15). Even in the seed these parts are generally distinguish-
able, and are sometimes very conspicuous ; as in a Pumpkin-seed, for
example (Fig. 323, 324). They are, first,

376. The Radicle, or rudimentary stemlet, which is sometimes long
and slender, and sometimes very short, as we may see in the numer-
ous figures already referred to. In the seed it always

points to the micropyle (371), or what answers to the
foramen of the ovule (Fig. 325, 326). As to its po-
sition in the fruit, it is said to be inferior when it points
to the base of the pericarp, superior when it points to
its summit, &c. The base or free end of the radicle
gives rise to the root ; the other extremity bears

377. The Cotyledons OF Secd-Leaves, With these in various forms we
have already become familiar. The number of

cotyledons has also been explained to be impor-
tant (32, 33). In Corn (Fig. 40), and in all
Grasses, Lilies, and the like, we have a

Monocotyledonous embryo, namely, one fur-
nished with only a single cotyledon or seed-leaf. — Nearly all the
rest of our illustrations exhibit various forms of the

Dicotyledonous embryo ; namely, with a pair of cotyledons or seed-
leaves, always opposite each other. In the Pine family we find a

Polycotyledonous embryo (Fig. 45, 46) ; that is, one with several,
or more than two, seed-leaves, arranged in a circle or whorl.

378. The Plumule is the little bud, or rudiment of the next leaf or
ir of leaves after the seed-leaves. It appears at the summit of

the radicle, between the cotyledons when there is a pair of them,
as in Fig. 324, 14, 24, &c. ; or the cotyledon when only one is
wrapped round it, as in Indian Corn, Fig. 40. In germination the
plumule develops upward, to form the ascending trunk or stem of
the plant, while the other end of the radicle grows downward,
and becomes the root.

:-

cd
ba

di,

FIG. 323. Embryo of the Pumpkin, seen flatwise. 324. Same cut through and viewed
wise, enlarged ; the small plumule seen between the cotyledons at their base.

FIG. 325. Seed of a Violet (Fig. 319) cut through, showing the embryo in the section,
edgewise ; being an anatropoua seed, the radicle of the straight embryo points down to the
base near the hilum.

FIG. 326. Similar section of the orthotropous seed of Buckwheat. Here the radicle points
directly away from the hilum, and to the apex of the seed ; also the thin cotyledons happen
in this plant to be bent round into the same direction.

12*

138 HOW PLANTS GROW. [LESSON 22.

379. This completes the circle, and brings our vegetable history
round to its starting-point in the Second Lesson ; namely, The
Growth of the Plant from the Seed.

LESSON XXII.

HOW PLANTS GROW.

380. A PLANT grows from the seed, and from a tiny embryo, like
that of the Maple (Fig. 327), becomes perhaps a large tree, pro-
ducing every year a crop of seeds, to grow in their turn in the same
way. But how does the plant grow ? A little seedling, weighing
only two or three grains, often doubles its weight every week of its
early growth, and in time may develop into a huge bulk, of many
tons' weight of vegetable matter. How is this done ? What is vege-
table matter ? Where did it all come from ? Arid by what means
is it increased and accumulated in plants ? Such questions as these
will now naturally arise in any inquiring mind ; and we must try to
answer them.

381. Growth is the increase of a living tit ing in size and substance.
It appears so natural to us that plants and animals should grow, that
people rarely think of it as requiring any explanation. They say
that a thing is so because it grew so. Still we wish to know how
the growth takes place.

382. Now, in the foregoing Lessons we explained the whole struc-
ture of the plant, with all its organs, by beginning with the seedling
plantlet, and following it onward in its development through the

FIG. 327. Germinating embryo of a Maple.

LESSON 22.] FORMATION OF THE EMBRYO.

139

whole course of vegetation (12, &c.). So, in attempting- to learn
how this growth took place, it will be best to adopt the same plan,
and to commence with the commencement, that is, with the first
formation of a plant. This may seem not so easy, because we have
to begin with parts too small to be seen without a good microscope,
and requiring much skill to dissect and exhibit. But it is by no
means difficult to describe them ; and with the aid of a few figures
we may hope to make the whole mat-
ter clear.

383. The embryo in the ripe seed
is already a plant in miniature, as we
have learned in the Second, Third,
and Twenty-first Lessons. It is al-
ready provided with stem and leaves.
To learn how the plant began, there-
fore, we must go back to an earlier
period still ; namely, to the forma-
tion and

384. Growth of the Embryo itself.

For this purpose we return to the
ovule in the pistil of the flower (323).
During or soon after blossoming, a
cavity appears in the kernel or nu-
cleus of the ovule (Fig. 274, o), lined
with a delicate membrane, and so
; a closed sac, named the

~bryo-sac (s). In this sac or cav-
ity, at its upper end (viz. at the
end next the orifice of the ovule),
appears a roundish little vesicle or
bladder-like body (v), perhaps less
than one thousandth of an inch in

diameter. This is the embryo, or rudimentary new plant, at its
very beginning. But this vesicle never becomes anything more
than a grain of soft pulp, unless the ovule has been acted upon by

e pollen.

i. Magnified pistil of Buckwheat ; the ovary and ovule divided lengthwise : some
lien on the stigmas, one grain distinctly showing its tube, which penetrates the style, re-
appears in the cavity of the ovary, enters the mouth of the ovule (o), and reaches the sur-
face of the embryo-sac («), near the embryonal vesicle (w).

wii

el

140

HOW PLANTS GROW.

[LESSON 22.

385. The pollen (297) which falls upon the stigma grows there
in a peculiar way : its delicate inner coat extends into a tube (the
pollen-tube), which sinks into the loose tissue of the stigma and
the interior of the style, something as the root of a seedling
sinks into the loose soil, reaches the cavity of the ovary, and at
length penetrates the orifice of an ovule. The point of the pollen-
tube reaches the surface of the embryo-sac, and in
some unexplained way causes a particle of soft pulpy
or mucilaginous matter (Fig. 328) to form a mem-
branous coat and to expand into a vesicle, which is
the germ of the embryo.

38 G. This vesicle (shown detached and more mag-
nified in Fig. 329) is a specimen of what botanists call
a Cell. Its wall of very delicate membrane encloses a
mucilaginous liquid, in which there are often some
s minute grains, and commonly a larger soft mass
(called its nucleus).

387. Growth takes place by this vesicle or cell,
after enlarging to a certain size, dividing by the for-
mation of a cross partition into two such cells, co-
hering together (Fig. 330) ; one of these into two
more (Fig. 331) ; and these repeating the process
by partitions formed in both directions (Fig. 332) ;
forming a cluster or mass of cells, essentially like the
first, and all proceeding from it. After increasing in number for
some time in this way,
and by a continuation of
the same process, the em-
bryo begins to shape it- y
self; the upper end forms
the radicle or root-end,
while the other end shows a notch between two lobes (Fig. 333),
these lobes become the cotyledons or seed-leaves, and the embryo
as it exists in the seed is at length completed (Fig. 33G)

FIG. 329. Vesicle or first cell of the embryo, with a portion of the summit of the embryo-
eac, detached. 330. Same, more advanced, divided into two cells. 331. Same, a little far-
ther advanced, consisting of three cells. 332. Same, still more advanced, consisting of a
little mass of young cells.

FIG. 333. Fonning embryo of Buckwheat, moderately mnpnificd, showing a nick at the
end where the cotyledons are to be. 33-1. Paine, more advanced in growth. 335. Fame,
Btill farther advanced. 33G. The completed embryo, displayed and straightened out; th«
same as shown in a section when folded together in Fig. 326.

LESSON 22.] GROWTH OF THE PLANTLET.

141

388. The Growth Of the Plantlet when it springs from the seed is
only a continuation of the same process. The bladder-like cells of
which the embryo consists multiply in number by the repeated
division of each cell into two. And the plantlet is merely the ag-
gregation of a vastly larger number of these cells. This may be
clearly ascertained by magnifying any part of a young plantlet. The
young root, being more transparent

than the rest, answers the purpose
best. Fig. 56, on page 30, repre- p|
sents the end of the rootlet of Fig.
55, magnified enough to show the
cells that form the surface. Fig.
337 and 338 are two small bits of
the surface more highly magnified,
showing the cells still larger. And
if we make a thin slice through the
young root both lengthwise and
crosswise, and view it under a good
microscope (Fig. 340), we may per-
ceive that the whole interior is made up of just such cells. It is
the same with the young stem and the leaves (Fig. 355, 357).
It is essentially the same in the full-grown herb and the tree.

389. So the plant is an aggregation of countless millions of little
vesicles, or cells (Fig. 339), as they are called, essentially like

the cell it began with in the formation of the embryo
(Fig. 329) ; and this first cell is the foundation of
the whole structure, or the ancestor of all the rest.
And a plant is a kind of structure built up of these
individual cells, something as a house is built of
bricks, — only the bricks or cells are not brought to the forming
plant, but are made in it and by it ; or, to give a better comparison,
the plant is constructed much as a honeycomb is built up of cells,
• — only the plant constructs itself, and shapes its own materials into
fitting forms.

390. And vegetable growth consists of two things ; — 1st, the ex-
pansion of each cell until it gets its full size (which is commonly not
more than ^-^ of an inch in diameter) ; and 2d, the multiplication

FIG. 337. Tissue from the rootlet of a seedling Maple, magnified, showing root-hairs.
38. A small portion, more magnified.
FIG. 339. A regularly twelye-sided cell, like those of Fig. 340, detached.

142 VEGETABLE FABRIC. [LESSON 23.

of the cells in number. It is by the latter, of course, that the prin-
cipal increase of plants in bulk takes place.

LESSON XXIII.

VEGETABLE FABRIC I CELLULAR TISSUE.

391. Organic Structure. A mineral — such as a crystal of spar, or
a piece of marble — may be divided into smaller and still smaller
pieces, and yet the minutest portion that can be seen with the mi-
croscope will have all the characters of the larger body, and be
capable of still further subdivision, if we had the means of doing it,
into just such particles, only of smaller size. A plant may also be
divided into a number of similar parts : first into branches ; then
each branch or stem, into joints or similar parts (34), each with its
leaf or pair of leaves. But if we divide these into pieces, the pieces
are not all alike, nor have they separately the properties of the
whole ; they are not whole things, but fragments or slices.

392. If now, under the microscope, we subdivide a leaf, or a piece
of stem or root, we come down in the same way to the set of similar
things it is made of, — to cavities with closed walls, — to Cells, as we
call them (386), essentially the same everywhere, however they may
vary in shape. These are the units, or the elements of which every
part consists ; and it is their growth and their multiplication which

FTG. 340. Magnified view, or diagram, of some perfectly regular cellular tissue, formed of
twelve-sided cells, cut cross\vi-e and l»»r.£thv,i-x>.

LESSON 23.] CELLULAR TISSUE. 143

make the growth of the plant, as was shown in the last Lesson.
We cannot divide them into similar smaller parts having the prop-
erties of the whole, as we may any mineral body. We may cut
them in pieces ; but the pieces are only mutilated parts of a cell.
This is a peculiarity of organic things (2, 3) : it is organic structure.
Being composed of cells, the main structure of plants is called

393. Cellular Tissue, The cells, as they multiply, build up the
tissues or fabric of the plant, which, as we have said (389), may be
likened to a wall or an edifice built of bricks, or still better to a
honeycomb composed of ranges of cells (Fig. 340).

394. The walls of the cells 'are united where they touch each
other ; and so the partition appears to be a simple membrane,
although it is really double ; as may be shown by boiling the tissue
a few minutes and then pulling the parts asunder. And in soft fruits
the cells separate in ripening, although they were perfectly united
into a tissue, when green, like that of Fig. 340.

395. In that figure the cells fit together perfectly, leaving no
interstices, except a very small space at some of the corners.
But in most leaves, the cells are loosely heaped together, leaving
spaces or passages of all sizes (Fig. 356) ; and in the leaves and
stems of aquatic and marsh plants, in particular, the cells are built
up into narrow partitions, which form the sides of large and regular
canals or passages (as shown in Fig. 341). These passages form
the holes or cavities so conspicuous on cutting across any of these
plants, and which are always filled with air. They may be likened
to a stack of chimneys, built up of cells in place of bricks.

396. When small and irregular, the interstices are called inter-
cellular spaces (that is, spaces between the cells). When large and
regular, they are named intercellular passages or air-passages.

397. It will be noticed that in slices of the root, stem, or any tissue
where the cells are not partly separate, the boundaries of the cells
are usually more or less six-sided, like the cells of a honeycomb ;
and this is apt to be the case in whatever direction the slice is made,
whether crosswise, lengthwise, or obliquely. The reason of this is
easy to see. The natural figure of the cell is globular. Cells which
are not pressed upon by others are generally round or roundish
(except when they grow in some particular direction), as we see in
the green pulp of many leaves. When a quantity of spheres (such,
for instance, as a pile of cannon-balls) are heaped up, each one in the
interior of the heap is touched by twelve others. If the spheres be

144 VEGETABLE FABRIC. [LESSON 23.

soft and yielding, as young cells are, when pressed together they will
become twelve-sided, like that in Fig. 339. And a section in any
direction will be six-sided, as are the meshes in Fig. 340.

(398. The size of the common cells of plants varies from about
the thirtieth to the thousandth of an inch in diameter. An ordinary
size is from -yfa to -5^ of an inch ; so that there may generally be
from 27 to 125 millions of cells in the compass of a cubic inch !

ll'.i'J. Now when it is remembered that many stems shoot up at
the rate of an inch or two a day, and sometimes of three or four
inches, knowing the size of the cells, we may form some conception
of the rapidity of their formation. 'The giant Puff-ball has been
known to enlarge from an inch or so to nearly a foot in diameter
in a single night ; but much of this is probably owing to expansion.
"We take therefore a more decisive, but equally extraordinary case,
in the huge flowering stem of the Century-Plant. After waiting
many years, or even for a century, to gather strength and materials
for the effort, Century-Plants in our conservatories send up a flow-
ering stalk, which grows day after day at the rate of a foot in twenty-
four hours, and becomes about six inches in diameter. This, sup-
posing the cells to average ^^ of an inch in diameter, requires the
formation of over twenty thousand millions of cells in a day !

400. The walls of the cells are almost always colorless. The
green color of leaves and young bark, and all the brilliant hues of
flowers, are due to the contents of the cells, seen through their more
or less transparent walls.

401. At first the walls are always very thin. In all soft parts
they remain so ; but in other cases they thicken on the inside and
harden, as we see in the stone of stone-fruits, and in all hard wood
(Fig. 345). Sometimes this thickening continues until the cell is
nearly filled up solid.

402. The walls of cells are perfectly closed and whole, at least in
all young and living cells. Those with thickened walls have thin
places, indeed ; but there are no holes opening from one cell into
another. And yet through these closed cells the sap and all the
juices are conveyed from one end of the plant to the other.

403. Vegetable cells may vary widely in shape, particularly when
not combined into a tissue or solid fabric. The hairs of plants, for
example, are cells drawn out into tubes, or are composed of a row
of cells, growing on the surface. Cotton consists of simple long hairs
on the coat of the seed ; and these hairs are single cells. The hair-

LESSON 24.] WOOD. 145

like bodies which abound on young roots are very slender projec-
tions of some of the superficial cells, as is seen in Fig. 337. Even
the fibres of wood, and what are called vessels in plants, are only
peculiar forms or transformations of cells.

LESSON XXIV.

VEGETABLE FABRIC I WOOD.

404. CELLULAR, TISSUE, such as described in the last Lesson,
makes up the whole structure of all very young plants, and the
whole of Mosses and other vegetables of the lowest grade, even
when full grown. But this fabric is too tender or too brittle to
give needful strength and toughness for plants which are to rise to
any considerable height and support themselves. So all such plants
have also in their composition more or less of

405. Wood, This is found in all common herbs, as well as in
shrubs and trees ; only there is not so much of it in proportion to
the softer cellular tissue. It is formed very early in the growth of
the root, stem, and leaves ; traces of it appearing in large embryos
even while yet in the seed.

406. Wood is likewise formed of cells, — of cells which at first
are just like those that form the soft parts of plants. But early in
their growth, some of these lengthen and at the same time thicken
their walls ; these are what is called Woody Fibre or Wood- Cells ;
others grow to a greater size, have thin walls with various markings
upon them, and often run together end to end so as to form pretty

FIG 341. Part of a slice across the stem of the Calla, or rather Richardia Africana, magnified.

13

146

VEGETABLE FABRIC.

[LESSON 24.

I

large tubes, comparatively ; these are called Ducts, or sometimes
Vessels. Wood almost always consists of both woody fibres and ducts,
^ 343 345 variously intermingled, and combined

into bundles or threads which run
lengthwise through the root and stem,
and are spread out to form the frame-
work of the leaves (13G). In trees
and shrubs they are so numerous and
crowded together, that they make a

6 solid mass of wood. In herbs they
are fewer, and often scattered. That
is all the difference.

407. The porosity of some kinds of
wood, which is to be seen by the naked
eye, as in mahogany and Oak-wood, is
owing to a large sort of ducts. These
generally contain air, except in very

* young parts, and in the spring of the
year, when they are often gorged with
sap, as we see in a wounded Grape-
vine, or in the trunk of a Sugar-Maple
at that time. But in woody plants
through the season, the sap is usually
carried up from the roots to the leaves

9V*

by the

408. Wood-Cells, OF Woody Fibre, (Fig. 342-345.) These are
small tubes, commonly between one and two thousandths, but in
Pine-wood sometimes two or three hundredths, of an inch in diam-
eter. Those from the tough bark of the Basswood, shown in Fig.

342, are only the fifteen-hundredth of an inch wide. Those of But-
ton wood (Fig. 345) are larger, and are here highly magnified be-
sides. They also show the way wood-cells are commonly put to-
gether, namely, with their tapering ends overlapping each other, —
spliced together, as it were, — thus giving more strength and tough-
ness to the stem, &c.

FIG. 342. Two wood-cells from the inner or fibrous bark of the Linden or Basswood.

343. Some tissue of the wood of the same, viz. wood-cells, and below (<!} a portion of a
spirally marked duct 344. A separate wood-cell. All equally magnified.

FIG. 345. Some wood-cells of Buttonwood, highly magnified : a, thin spots in the
walla, looking like holes ; on the right-hand side, where the walls arc cut through, these
(b) are seen in profile.

LESSON 24.]

WOOD.

147

409. In hardwoods, such as Hickory, Oak, and Button wood (Fig.
345), the walls of these tubes are very thick, as well as dense ; while
in soft woods, such as White-Pine and Basswood, they are pretty thin.

410. Wood-cells, like other cells (at least when young and living),
have no openings ; each has its own cavity, closed and independent.
They do not form anything like a set of pipes opening one into an-
other, so as to convey an unbroken stream of sap through the plant,
in the way people generally suppose. The contents can pass from one
cell to another only by getting through the partitions in some way or
other. And so short are the individual wood-
cells generally, that, to rise a foot in such a tree

as the Basswood, the sap has to pass through,
about two thousand partitions !

411. But although there are no holes (ex-
cept by breaking away when old), there are
plenty of thin places, which look like perfora-
tions ; and through these the sap is readily trans-
ferred from one cell to another, in a manner to

be explained further on (487). Some of them 345 347

are exhibited in Fig. 345, both as looked directly down upon, when
they appear as dots or holes, and in profile where the cells are cut
through. The latter view shows what they really are, namely, very
thin places in the thickness of the wall ; and also that a thin place in
one cell exactly corresponds to one in the contiguous wall of the next
cell. In the wood of the Pine family, these thin spots are much
larger, and are very conspicuous in a thin slice of wood under the
microscope (Fig. 346, 347) ; — forming stamps impressed as it were
upon each fibre of every tree of this great family, by which it may
lie known even in the smallest fragment of its wood.

412. Wood-cells in the bark are generally longer, finer, and
Rougher than those of the proper wood, and appear more like fibres.
,-For example, Fig. 344 represents a cell of the wood of Basswood,
of average length, and Fig. 342 one (and part of another) of the
fibrous bark, both drawn to the same scale. As these long cells
form the principal part of fibrous bark, or bast, they are named Bast-
cells or Bast-fibres. These give the great toughness to the inner
"bark of Basswood (i. e. Bast-wood) and of Leatherwood ; and they

FIG. 346. A bit of Pine-shaving, highly magnified, showing the large circular thin spots
of the wall of the wood-cells. 347. A separate wood-eel', more ^uagnified, the varying thick"
ness of the wall at these spots showing as rings,

148

VEGETABLE FABRIC.

[LESSON 24.

furnish the invaluable fibres of flax and hemp ; the wood of the
stem being tender, brittle, and destroyed by the processes which
separate for use the tough and slender bast-cells.

413. Ducts (Fig. 348-350) are larger than wood-cells, some of
them having a calibre large enough to be seen by the naked eye,

when cut across (407), although
they are usually much too small
for this. They are either long
single cells, or are formed of a row
of cells placed end to end. Fig.
349, a piece of a large dotted duct,
and two of the ducts in Fig. 350,
show this by their joints, which
mark the boundaries of the several
cells they are composed of.

414. The walls of ducts under the microscope display various
kinds of markings. In what are called

Dotted Ducts (Fig. 348, 349), which are the commonest and the
largest of all, — their cut ends making the visible porosity of Oak-
wood, — the whole wall is apparently riddled with holes ; but until
they become old, these are only thin places.

Spiral Ducts, or Spiral Vessels, also the varieties of these called
Annular or Banded Ducts (Fig. 350), are marked by a delicate fibre
spirally coiled, or by rings or bands, thickening the wall. In the
genuine spiral duct, the thread may be uncoiled, tearing the trans-
parent wall in pieces ; — as may be seen by breaking most young
shoots, or 'the leaves of Strawberry or Amaryllis, and pulling the
broken ends gently asunder, uncoiling these gossamer threads in
abundance. In Fig. 355, some of these various sorts of ducts or
vessels are shown in their place in the wood.

415. Milk- Vessels, Turpentine- Vessels, Oil-Receptacles, and the
like, are generally canals or cavities formed between or among the
cells, and filled with the particular products of the plant.

FIG. 348. Part of a dotted duct from a Grape-vine. 349. A similar one, evidently com-
posed of a row of cells. 350. Part of a bundle of spiral and annular ducts from the stem
cf Polygonuin orientalo, or Princes' Feather. All highly magnified.

LESSON 25.] ANATOMY OF THE ROOT. 149

LESSON XXV.

ANATOMY OF THE ROOT, STEM, AND LEAVES.

416. HAVING in the last preceding Lessons learned what the
materials of the vegetable fabric are, we may now briefly consider
how they are put together, and how they act in carrying on the
plant's operations.

417. The root and the stem are so much alike in their internal
structure, that a description of the anatomy of the latter will answer
for the former also.

418. The Structure Of the Rootlets, however, or the tip of the root,
demands a moment's attention. The tip of the root is the newest
part, and is constantly renewing itself so long as the plant is active
(67). It is shown magnified in Fig. 56, and is the same in all rootlets
as in the first root of the seedling. The new roots, or their new
parts, are mainly concerned in imbibing moisture from the ground ;
and the newer they are, the more actively do they absorb. The ab-
sorbing ends of roots are entirely composed of soft, new, and very
thin-walled cellular tissue ; it is only farther back that some wood-
cells and ducts are found. The moisture (and probably also air)
presented to them is absorbed through the delicate walls, which, like
those of the cells in the interior, are destitute of openings or pores
visible even under the highest possible magnifying power.

419. But as the rootlet grows older, the cells of its external layer
harden their walls, and form a sort of skin, or epidermis (like that
which everywhere covers the stem and foliage above ground), which
greatly checks absorption. Roots accordingly cease very actively to
imbibe moisture almost as soon as they stop growing (67).

420. Many of the cells of the surface of young rootlets send out a
prolongation in the form of a slender hair-like tube, closed of course
at the apex, but at the base opening into the cavity of the cell.
These tubes or root-hairs (shown in Fig. 55 and 56, and a few of
them, more magnified, in Fig. 337 and 338), sent out in all direc-
tions into the soil, vastly increase the amount of absorbing surface
which the root presents to it.

421. Structure Of the Stem (also of the body of the root). At the
beginning, when the root and stem spring from the seed, they consist

13*

150

ANATOMY OF ENDOGENOUS

[LESSON 25.

almost entirely of soft and tender cellular tissue. But as they grow,
wood begins at once to be formed in them.

422. This woody material is arranged in the stem in two very
different Avays in different plants, making two sorts of wood. One
sort we see in a Palm-stem, a rattan, and a Corn-stalk (Fig. 351) ;
the other we are familiar with in Oak, Maple, and all our common
kinds of wood. In the first, the wood is made up of separate threads,
scattered here and there throughout the whole diameter of the stem.
In the second the wood is all collected to form a layer (in a slice
across appearing as a ring) of wood, between a central cellular part
which has none in it, the Pith, and an outer cellular part, the Bark.
This last is the plan of all our Northern trees and shrubs, and of the
greater part of our herbs. The first kind is

423. Tile Endogenous Stem ; so named from two Greek words mean-
ing " inside-growing," because, when it lasts from year to year, the

new wood which is added is interspersed among
the older threads of wood, and in old stems the
hardest and oldest wood is near the surface, and
the youngest and softest towards the centre. All
the plants represented in Fig. 47, on p. 19, (ex-
cept the anomalous Cycas,) are examples of En-
dogenous stems. And all such belong to plants
with only one cotyledon or seed-leaf to the em-
bryo (32). Botanists therefore call them Endoge-
nous or Monocotyledonous Plants, using sometimes
one name, and sometimes the other. Endogenous
stems have no separate pith in the centre, no distinct bark, and no
layer or ring of wood between these two ; but the threads of wood
are scattered throughout the whole, without any particular order.
This is very different from

1-1. The Exogenous Stem, the one we have most to do with, since
all our Northern trees and shrubs are constructed on this plan. It
belongs to all plants which have two cotyledons to the embryo (or
more than two, such as Pines, 33) ; so that we call these either
Exogenous or Dicotyledonous Plants (1C), accordingly as we take
thu name from the stem or from the embryo.

•\'2~). In the Exogenous stem, as already stated, the wood is all
collected into one zone, surrounding- a pith of pure cellular tissue in
the centre, and surrounded by a distinct and separable bark, the

FIG. 351. Section of a Cornstalk (an endogenous stem), both crosswise and lengthwise

LESSON 25.]

AND EXOGENOUS STEMS.

151

outer part of which is also cellular. This structure is very familiar
in common wood. It is really just the same in the stem of an herb,
only the wood is much less in quantity. Compare, for
instance, a cross-section of the stem of Flax (Fig. 352)
ii with that of a shoot of Maple or Horsechestnut of

I illllliljl'MillllilRllI L

the same age. In an herb, the wood at the beginning
consists of separate threads or little wedges of wood ;
352 but these, however few and scattered they may be, are

all so placed in the
stem as to mark out
a zone (or in the
cross-section a ring)
of wood, dividing the
pith within* from the
bark without.

426. The accompa-
nying figures (which
are diagrams rather
than exact delinea-
tions) may serve to
illustrate the anat-
omy of a woody
exogenous stem, of
one year old. The
parts are explained
in the references be-
low. In the centre is
the Pith. Surround-
ing this is the layer
of Wood, consisting both of wood-cells and of ducts or vessels. From
the pith to the bark on all sides run a set of narrow plates of cellular
tissue, called Medullary Rays : these make the silver-grain of wood.
On the cross-section they appear merely as narrow lines ; but in
wood cut lengthwise parallel to them, their faces show as glimmer-

FIG. 352. Cross-section of the stem of Flax, showing its bark, wood, and pith.

FIG. 353. Piece of a stem of Soft Maple, of a year old, cut crosswise and lengthwise.

FIG. 354. A portion of the same, magnified.

FIG, 355, A small piece of the same, taken from one side, reaching from the bark to the
pith, and highly magnified : a, a small bit of the pith ; 6, spiral ducts of what is called the
medullary sheath ; c, the wood j d, d, dotted ducts in the wood j e, e, annular ducts ; /, the liber
or inner bark ; g, the green bark ; A, the corky layer ; i, the skin, or epidermis ; /, one of the
medullary rays, or plates of silver-grain, seen on the cross-section.

152 ANATOMY OF THE [LESSON 25.

ing plates, giving a peculiar appearance to Oak, Maple, and oilier
wood with large medullary rays.

427. The Bark covers and protects the wood. At first it is all
cellular, like the pith ; but soon some slender woody fibres, called
bast-cells (Fig. 342), generally appear in it, next the wood, forming

The Liber, or Fibrous Bark, the inner bark ; to which belongs the
fine fibrous bast or bass of Basswood, and the tough and slender fibres
of flax and hemp, which are spun and woven, or made into cordage.
In the Birch and Beech the inner bark has few if any bast-cells in
its composition.

The Cellular or Outer Bark consists of cellular tissue only. It is
distinguished into two parts, an inner and an outer, viz. : —

The Green Bark, or Green Layer, which consists of tender cells,
containing the same green matter as the leaves, and serving the
same purpose. In the course of the first season, in woody stems, this
becomes covered with

The Corky Layer, so named because it is the same substance as
cork ; common cork being the thick corky layer of the bark of the
Cork-Oak, of Spain. It is this which gives to the stems or twigs of
shrubs and trees the aspect and the color peculiar to each ; namely,
light gray in the Ash, purple in the Red Maple, red in several Dog-
woods, &c. Lastly,

The Epidermis, or skin of the plant, consisting of a layer of thick-
sided empty cells, covers the whole.

428. Growth of the Stem year after year, So much for an exogenous

stem only one year old. The stems of herbs perish at the end of the
season. But those of shrubs and trees make a new growth every
year. It is from their mode of growth in diameter that they take the
name of exogenous, i. e. outside-growing. The second year, such a
stem forms a second layer of wood outside of the first ; the third year,
another outside of that ; and so on, as long as the tree lives. So that
the trunk of an exogenous tree, when cut off at the base, exhibits as
many concentric rings of wood as it is years old. Over twelve hun-
dred layers have actually been counted on the stump of an aged tree,
such as the Giant Cedar or Redwood of California; and there are
doubtless some trees now standing in various parts of the world which
were already in existence at the beginning of the Christian era.

429. As to the bark, the green layer seldom grows much after the
first season. Sometimes the corky layer grows and forms new
layers, inside of the old, for a good many years, as in the Cork-Oak,

LESSON 25.] EXOGENOUS STEK. 153

the Sweet Gum-tree, and the White and the Paper Birch. But it
all dies after a while ; and the continual enlargement of the wood
within finally stretches it more than it can bear, and sooner or later
cracks and rends it, while the weather acts powerfully upon its
surface ; so the older bark perishes and falls away piecemeal year
by year.

430. But the inner bark, or liber, does make a new growth an-
nually, as long as the tree lives, inside of that formed the year before,
and next the surface of the wood. More commonly the liber occurs
in the form of thin layers, which may be distinctly counted, as in
Bass wood : but this is not always the case. After the outer bark
is destroyed, the older and dead layers of the inner bark are also
exposed to the weather, are riven or split into fragments, and fall
away in succession. In many trees the bark acquires a considerable
thickness on old trunks, although all except the innermost portion is
dead ; in others it falls off more rapidly ; in the stems of Honey-
suckles and Grape-vines, the bark all separates and hangs in loose
shreds when only a year or two old.

431. Sap-WOOd, In the wood, on the contrary, — owing to its
growing on the outside alone, — the older layers are quietly buried
under the newer ones, and protected by them from all disturbance.
All the wood of the young sapling may be alive, and all its cells
or woody tubes active in carrying up the sap from the roots to the
leaves. It is all Sap-wood or Alburnum, as young and fresh wood
is called. But the older layers, removed a step farther every year
from the region of growth, — or rather the zone of growth every
year removed a step farther from them, — soon cease to bear much,
if any, part in the circulation of the tree, and probably have long
before ceased to be alive. Sooner or later, according to the kind of
tree, they are turned into

432. Ilcart-WOOd, which we know is drier, harder, more solid, and
much more durable as timber, than sap-wood. It is generally of a
different color, and it exhibits in different species the hue peculiar
to each, such as reddish in Red-Cedar, brown in Black- Walnut,
black in Ebony, &c. The change of sap-wood into heart-wood re-
sults from the thickening of the walls of the wood-cells by the depo-
sition of hard matter, lining the tubes and diminishing their calibre ;
and by the deposition of a vegetable coloring-matter peculiar to each
species.

433. The heart-wood, being no longer a living part, may decay,

154 ANATOMY OF THE STEM [LESSON 25.

and often does so, without the least injury to the tree, except by im-
pairing the strength of the trunk, and so rendering it more liable to
be overthrown.

434. The Living Paris Of a Tree, of the exogenous kind, are only
these : first, the . rootlets at one extremity ; second, the buds and
leaves of the season at the other ; and third, a zone consisting of
the newest wood and the newest bark, connecting the rootlets with
the buds or leaves, however widely separated these maybe, — in
the largest trees from Uvo to four hundred feet apart. And these
parts of the tree are all renewed every year. No wonder, there-
fore, that trees may live so long, since they annually reproduce
everything that is essential to their life and growth, and since only
a very small part of their bulk is alive at once. The tree sur-
vives, but nothing now living has existed long. In it, as elsewhere,
life is a transitory thing, ever abandoning the old, and displaying
itself afresh in the new.

435. Cambium-Layer, The new growth in the stem, by which it
increases in diameter year after year, is confined to a narrow line
between the wood and the inner bark. Cambium is the old name
for the mucilage which is so abundant between the bark and the
wood in spring. It was supposed to be poured out there, and that
the bark really separated from the wood at this time. This is not
the case. The newest bark and wood are still united by a delicate
tissue of young and forming cells, — called the Camlium-layer, —
loaded with a rich mucilaginous sap, and so tender that in spring
the bark may be raised from the wood by the slightest force.
Here, nourished by this rich mucilage, new cells are rapidly form-
ing by division (387-390); the inner ones are added to the wood,
and the outer to the bark, so producing the annual layers of the
two, which are ever renewing the life of the trunk.

436. At the same time new rootlets, growing in a similar way, are
extending the roots beneath ; and new shoots, charged with new buds,
annually develop fresh crops of leaves in the air above. Only,
wliilo. th<> additions to the wood and bark remain as a permanent
portion of the tree, or until destroyed by decay, the foliage is tem-
porary, the crop of leaves being annually thrown off after they have
served their purpose.

l->7. Structure of the Leaf, Leaves also consist both of a woody
and a cellular part (135). The woody part is the framework of ribs
and veins, which have already been described in full (136-147),

LESSON 25.] AND LEAVES. 155

They serve not only to strengthen the leaf, but also to bring in the
ascending sap, and to distribute it by the veinlets throughout every
part. The cellular portion is the green pulp, and is nearly the same
as the green layer of the bark. So that the leaf may properly
enough be regarded as a sort of expansion of the fibrous and green
layers of the bark. It has of course no corky layer ; but the whole
is covered by a transparent skin or epidermis, resembling that of
the stem.

438. The green pulp consists of cells of various forms, usually
loosely arranged, so as to leave many irregular spaces, or air-pas-
sages, communicating with each other throughout the whole interior
of the leaf (Fig. 356). The green color is owing to a peculiar
green matter lying loose in the - cells, in form of minute grains,

named Chlorophyll (i. e. the green of "=^1 — -, — ,, — ... — ir-jr-w '

leaves). It is this substance, seen

through the transparent walls of the
cells where it is accumulated, which
gives the common green hue to vege-
tation, and especially to foliage.

439. The green pulp in most leaves
forms two principal layers ; an upper
one, facing the sky, and an under one,
facing the ground. The upper one is

always deeper green in color than the lower. This is partly owing,
perhaps, to a greater amount of chlorophyll in the upper cells, but
mainly to the more compact arrangement of these cells. As is seen
in Fig. 356 and 357, the cells of the upper side are oblong or cylin-
drical, and stand endwise to the surface of the leaf, usually close to-
gether, leaving hardly any vacant spaces. Those of the lower part
of the leaf are apt to be irregular in shape, most of them with their
longer diameter parallel to the face of the leaf, and are very loosely
arranged, leaving many and wide air-chambers. The green color
underneath is therefore diluted and paler.

440. In many plants which grow where they are subject to
drought, and which hold -their leaves during the dry season (the
Oleander for example), the greater part of the thickness of the leaf
consists of layers of long cells, placed endwise and very much com-

FIG. 356. Section through the thickness of a leaf of the Star- Anise (Illiciuni), of Florida,
magnified. The upper and the lower layers of thick-walled and empty cells represent the
epidermis or skin. All those between are cells of the green pulp, containing grains of
chlorophyll.

156 ANATOMY OF THE LEAVES. [LESSON 25.

pacted, so as to expose as little surface as possible to the direct action
of the hot sun. On the other hand, the leaves of marsh plants, and
of others not intended to survive a drought, have their cells more
loosely arranged throughout. In such leaves the epidermis, or skin,
is made of only one layer of cells ; while in the Oleander, and the
like, it consists of three or four layers of hard and thick-walled cells.
In all this, therefore, we plainly see an arrangement for tempering
the action of direct sunshine, and for restraining a too copious evap-
oration, which would dry up and destroy the tender cells, at least
when moisture is not abundantly supplied through the roots.

441. That the upper side of the leaf alone is so constructed as to
bear the sunshine, is shown by what happens when their position is
reversed : then the leaf soon twists on its stalk, so as to turn again
its under surface away from the light ; and when prevented from
doing so, it perishes.

442. A large part of the moisture which the roots of a growing
plant are constantly absorbing, after being carried up through the
stem, is evaporated from the leaves. A Sunflower-plant, a little
over three feet high, and with between five and six thousand square
inches of surface in foliage, &c., has been found to exhale twenty or
thirty ounces (between one and two pints) of water in a day. Some
part of this, no doubt, flies off through the walls of the epidermis or
skin, at least in sunshine and dry weather ; but no considerable por-
tion of it. The very object of this skin is to restrain evaporation.
The greater part of the moisture exhaled escapes from the leaf

through the

443. StomatCS or Breathing-pores, These are small openings through
the epidermis into the air-chambers, establishing a direct commu-
nication between the whole interior of the leaf and the external air.
Through these the vapor of water and air can freely escape, or
enter, as the case may be. The aperture is guarded by a pair of
thin-walled cells, — resembling those of the green pulp within,—
which open when moist so as to allow exhalation to go on, but
promptly close when dry, so as to arrest it before the interior of the
leaf is injured by the dryness.

444. Like the air-chambers, the breathing-pores belong mainly to
the under side of the leaf. In the White Lily, — where they are
unusually large, and easily seen by a simple microscope of mod-
erate power, — there are about 60,000 to the square inch on the
epidermis of the lower surface of the leaf, and only about 3,000 in

LESSON 26. J

THE PLANT IN ACTION.

157

the same space of the upper surface. More commonly there are few
or none on the upper side ; direct sunshine evidently being unfavor-
able to their operation. Their immense numbers make up for their
minuteness. They are said to vary from less than 1,000 to 170,000
to the square inch of surface. In the Apple-tree, where they are
under the average as to number, there are about 24,000 to the
square inch of the lower surface ; so that each leaf has not far from
100,000 of these openings or mouths.

LESSON XXVI.

THE PLANT IN ACTION, DOING THE WORK OF VEGETATION.

445. BEING now acquainted with the machinery of the plant, we
naturally proceed to inquire what the use of it is, and how it works.

44(>. It has already been stated, in the first of these Lessons (7),
that the great work of plants is to change inorganic into organic
matter ; that is, to take portions of earth and air, — of mineral mat-
ter, — upon which animals cannot live at all, and to convert them

FIG. 357. Portion of a White-Lily leaf, cut through and magnified, showing a section of
the thickness, and also a part of the skin of the lower side, with some breathing-pores-

14

158 THE PLANT IN ACTION. [LESSON 26.

into something upon which they can live, namely, into food. All
the food of all animals is produced by plants. Animals live upon
vegetables ; and vegetables live upon earth and air, principally
upon the air.

447. Plants feed upon Earth and Air, This is evident enough from
the way in which they live. Many plants will flourish in pure sand
or powdered chalk, or on the bare face of a rock or wall, watered
merely with rain-water. And almost any plant may be made to
grow from the seed in pure sand, and increase its weight many times,
even if it will not come to perfection. Many naturally live suspended
from the branches of trees high in the air, and nourished by it alone,
never having any connection with the soil (81) ; and some which
naturally grow on the ground, like the Live-for-ever of the gardens,
when pulled up by the roots and hung in the air will often flourish
the whole summer long.

448. It is true that fast-growing plants, or those which produce
considerable vegetable matter in one season, — especially in such a
concentrated form as to be useful as food for man or the higher
animals, — will come to maturity only in an enriched soil. But
what is a rich soil ? One which contains decomposing vegetable
matter, or some decomposing animal matter ; that is, in either case,
some decomposing organic matter formerly produced by plants ;
aided by this, grain-bearing and other important vegetables will
grow more rapidly and vigorously, and make a greater amount of
nourishing matter, than they could if left to do the whole work at
once from the beginning. So that in these cases also all the organic
matter was made by plants, and made out of earth and air.

449. Their Chemical Composition shows what Plants arc made of, The

soil and the air in which plants live, and by which they are every-
where surrounded, supply a variety of materials, some likely to be
useful to the plant, others not. To know what elements the plant
makes use of, we must first know of what its fabric and its products
are composed.

4")0. We may distinguish two sorts of materials in plants, one of
which is absolutely essential, and is the same in all of them ; the
other, also to some extent essential, but very variable in different
plants, or in the same plant under different circumstances. The
former is the organic, the latter the inorganic or eartlnj materials.

•r>i. The Earthy or Inorganic Constituents, If we burn thoroughly a

leaf, a piece of wood, or any other part of a vegetable, almost all of

LESSON 26.] ITS CHEMICAL COMPOSITION. 159

it is dissipated into air. But a little ashes remain : these represent
the earthy constituents of the plant.

452. They consist of some potash (or soda if a marine plant was
used), some silex (the same as flint), and probably a little lime, al-
umine, or magnesia, iron or manganese, sulphur or phosphorus, &c.
Some or all of these elements may be detected in many or most
plants. But they make no part of their real fabric ; and they form
only from one or two to nine or ten parts out of a hundred of any
vegetable substance. The ashes vary according to the nature
of the soil. In fact, they consist, principally, of such materials as
happened to be dissolved, in small quantity, in the water which was
taken up by the roots ; and when that is consumed by the plant, or
flies off pure (as it largely does, 447) by exhalation, the earthy mat-
ter is left behind in the cells, — just as it is left incrusting the sides
of a teakettle in which much hard water has been boiled. As is
very natural, therefore, we find more earthy matter (i. e. more
ashes) in the leaves than in any other part (sometimes as much as
seven per cent, when the wood contains only two per cent) ; because
it is through the leaves that most of the water escapes from the plant.
These earthy constituents are often useful to the plant (the silex, for
instance, increases the strength of the Wheat-stalk), or are useful in
the plant's products as furnishing needful elements in the food of man
and other animals ; and some must be held to be necessary to vege-
tation, since this is never known to go on without them.

453. The Organic Constituents, As has just been remarked, when
we burn in the open air a piece of any plant, nearly its whole bulk,
and from 88 to more than 99 parts out of a hundred by weight of its
substance, disappear, being turned into air and vapor. These are
the organic constituents which have thus been consumed, — the
actual materials of the cells and the whole real fabric of the plant.
And we may state that, in burning, it has been decomposed into ex-
actly the same kinds of air, and the vapor of water, that the plant
used in its making. The burning has merely undone the work of
vegetation, and given back the materials to the air just in the state
in which the plant took them.

454. It will not be difficult to understand what the organic con-
stituents, that is, what the real materials, of the plant are, and how
the plant obtains them. The substance of which vegetable tissue,
viz. the wall of the cells, is made, is by chemists named Cellulose. It
is just the same thing in composition in wood and in soft cellular tis-

160 THE PLANT IN ACTION. [LESSON 26.

sue, — in the tender pot-herb and in the! oldest tree. It is composed
of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, 12 parts of the former to 10 of each
of the two latter. These, accordingly, are necessary materials of
vegetable growth, and must be received by the growing plant.

455. The Plant's Food must contain these three elements in some
shape or other. Let us look for them in the materials which the
plant is constantly taking from the soil and the air.

4"x'i. Water is the substance of which it takes in vastly more than
of anything else : we well know how necessary it is to vegetable life.
The plant imbibes water by the roots, which are specially construct-
ed for taking it in, as a liquid when the soil is wet, and probably
also in the form of vapor when the soil is only damp. That water
in the form of vapor is absorbed by the leaves likewise, when the
plant needs it, is evident from the way partly wilted leaves revive
and freshen when sprinkled or placed in a moist atmosphere. Now
water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen, two of the three elements
of cellulose or plant-fabric. Moreover, the hydrogen and the oxygen
exist in water in exactly the same proportions that they do in cellu-
lose : so it is clear that water furnishes these two elements.

457. We inquire, therefore, after the third element, carbon. This
is the same as pure charcoal. Charcoal is the carbon of a vegetable
left behind after charring, that is, heating it out of contact of the air
until the hydrogen and oxygen are driven off. The charcoal of wood
is so abundant in bulk as to preserve perfectly the shape of the cells
after charring, and in weight it amounts to about half that of the
original material. Carbon itself is a solid, and not at all dissolved
by water : as such, therefore, it cannot be absorbed into the plant,
however minute the particles ; only liquid and air can pass through
the walls of the cells (402, 410). It must therefore come to the
plant in some combination, and in a fluid form. The only substance
within the plant's reach containing carbon in the proper state is

45Si Carbonic Acid. This is a gas, and one of the components
of the atmosphere, everywhere making about J-^TT part of its bulk,
i— enough for the food of plants, but not enough to be injurious to
animals. For when mixed in any considerable proportion with the
air we breathe, carbonic acid is very poisonous. The air produced
by burning charcoal is carbonic acid, and we know how soon burning
charcoal in a close room will destroy life.

459.' The air around us consists, besides this minute proportion
of carbonic acid, of two other gases, mixed together, viz. oxygen

LESSON 26.] ITS FOOD. 161

and nitrogen. The nitrogen gas does not support animal life : it only
dilutes the oxygen, which does. It is the oxygen gas alone which
renders the air fit for breathing.

460. Carbonic acid consists of carbon combined with oxygen. In
breathing, animals are constantly forming carbonic acid gas by unit-
ing carbon from their bodies with oxygen of the air ; they inspire
oxygen into their lungs ; they breath it out as carbonic acid. So
with every breath animals are diminishing the oxygen of the air, —
so necessary to animal life, — and are increasing its carbonic acid, —
so hurtful to animal life ; or rather, which would be so hurtful if it
were allowed to accumulate in the air. The reason why it does not
increase in the air beyond this minute proportion is that plants feed
upon it. They draw their whole stock of carbon from the carbonic
acid of the air.

461. Plants take it in by their leaves. Every current, or breeze
that stirs the foliage, brings to every leaf a succession of fresh atoms
of carbonic acid, which it absorbs through its thousands of breathing-
pores. We may prove ,this very easily, by putting a small plant or
a fresh leafy bough into a glass globe, exposed to sunshine, and hav-
ing two openings, causing air mixed with a known proportion of
carbonic acid gas to enter by one opening, slowly traverse the foliage,
and pass out by the other into a vessel proper to receive it : now,
examining the air chemically, it will be found to have less carbonic
acid than before. A portion has been taken up by the foliage.

462. Plants also take it in by their roots, some probably as a gas,
in the same way that leaves absorb it, and much, certainly, dissolved
in the water which the rootlets imbibe. The air in the soil, es-
pecially in a rich soil, contains many times as much carbonic acid
as an equal bulk of the atmosphere above. Decomposing vegetable
matter or manures, in the soil, are constantly evolving carbonic acid,
and a large part of it remains there, in the pores and crevices, among
which the absorbing rootlets spread and ramify. Besides, as this gas
is dissolved by water in a moderate degree, every rain-drop that falls
from the clouds to the ground brings with it a little carbonic acid,
dissolving or washing it out of the air as it passes, and bringing it
down to the roots of plants. And what flows off inU the streams
and ponds serves for the food of water-plants.

463J So water and carbonic acid, taken in by the leaves, or taken
in by the roots and carried up to the leaves as crude sap, are the
general food of plants, — are the raw materials out of which at least
14*

162 THE PLANT IN ACTION, [LESSON 26.

the fabric and a part of the general products of the plant are made.
Water and carbonic acid are mineral matters : in the plant, mainly
in the foliage, they are changed into organic matters. This is

464. The Plant's proper Work, Assimilation, viz. the conversion by the

vegetable of foreign, dead, mineral matter into its own living sub-
stance, or into organic matter capable of becoming living substance.
To do this is, as we have said, the peculiar office of the plant. How
and where is it done ?

465. It is done in the green parts of plants alone, and only when
these are acted upon by the light of the sun. The sun in some way
supplies a power which enables the living plant to originate these
peculiar chemical combinations, — to organize matter into forms
which are alone capable of being endowed with life. The proof of
this proposition is simple ; and it shows at the same time, in the
simplest way, what the plant does with the water and carbonic acid
it consumes. Namely, 1st, it is only in sunshine or bright daylight
that the green parts of plants give out oxygen gas, — then they do ;
and 29, the giving out of this oxygen gas is just what is required to
render the chemical composition of water and carbonic acid the same
as that of cellulose (454), that is, of the plant's fabric. This shows
why plants spread out so large a surface of foliage.

466. In plants growing or placed under water we may see bubbles
of air rising from the foliage ; we may collect enough of this air to
test it by a candle's burning brighter in it ; which shows it to be
oxygen gas. Now if the plant is making cellulose or plant-substance,
— that is, is making the very materials of its fabric and growth, as
must generally be the case, — all this oxygen gas given off by the
leaves comes from the decomposition of carbonic acid taken in by
the plant.

467. This must be so, because cellulose is composed of 10 parts of
oxygen and 10 of hydrogen to 12 of carbon (454) : here the first
two are just in the same proportions as in water, which consists of
one part of oxygen and one of hydrogen, — so that 10 parts of water
and 12 of carbon represent one of cellulose or plant-fabric ; and to
make it out of w:' r and carbonic acid, the latter (which is composed
of carbon air1 oxygen) has only to give up all its oxygen. In other
words, the plant, in its foliage under sunshine, decomposes carbonic
n; 5 1 gas, and turns the carbon together with water into cellulose, at
the same time giving the oxygen off into the air.

468. And we can readily prove that it is so, — namely, that plants

,ESSON 26.] PRODUCING ORGANIC MATTER. 163

do decompose carbonic acid in their leaves and give out its oxygen,
— by the experiment mentioned in paragraph 461. There the
leaves, as we have stated, are taking in carbonic acid gas. We
now add, that they are giving out oxygen gas at the same rate.
The air as it comes from the glass globe is found to have just as
much more oxygen as it has less carbonic acid than before — just
as much more oxygen as would be required to turn the carbon rer
tained in the plant back into carbonic acid again.

4G9. It is all the same when plants — instead of making fabric at
once, that is, growing — make the prepared material, and store it
up for future use. The principal product of plants for this purpose
is Starch, which consists of minute grains of organic matter, lying
loose in the cells. Plants often accumulate this, perhaps in the root,
as in the Turnip, Carrot, and Dahlia (Fig. 57- 60) ; or in subter-
ranean stems or branches, as in the Potato (Fig. 68), and many
rootstocks ; or in the bases of leaves, as in the Onion, Lily (Fig.
73-75), and other bulbs ; or in fleshy leaves above ground, as those
of the Ice-Plant, House-leek, and Century-Plant (Fig. 82) ; or in
the whole thickened body, as in many Cactuses (Fig. 76) ; or in
the seed around the embryo, as in Indian Corn (Fig. 38, 39) and
other grain ; or even in the embryo itself, as in the Horsechestnut
(Fig. 23, 24), Bean (Fig. 16), Pea (Fig. 19), &c. In all these
forms this is a provision for future growth, either of the plant
itself or of some offset from it, or of its offspring, as it springs
from the seed. Now starch is to cellulose or vegetable fabric just
what the prepared clay is to the potter's vessel, — the same thing,
only requiring to be shaped and consolidated. It has exactly the
same chemical composition, and is equally made of carbon and the
elements of water, by decomposing the same amount of carbonic
icid and giving back its oxygen to the air. In using it for growth,
plant dissolves it, conveys it to the growing parts, and consoli-
dates it into fabric.

470. Sugar, another principal vegetable product, also has essen-
tially the same chemical composition, and may be formed out of the
same common food of plants, with the same result. The different
dnds of sugar (that of the cane, &c. and of grapes) consist of the
ime three materials as starch and cellulose, only with a little more
water. The plant generally forms the sugar out of starch, changing
one into the other with great ease ; starch being the form in which
prepared material is stored up, and sugar that in which it is ex-

164 THE PLANT PURIFYING THE AIR, [LESSON 26.

pended or transferred from one part of the plant to another. In the
Sugar-cane and Indian Corn, starch is deposited in the seed ; in ger-
mination this is turned into sugar for the plantlet to begin its growth
with ; the growing plant produces more, and deposits some as starch
in the stalk ; just before blossoming, this is changed into sugar again,
and dissolved in the sap, to form and feed the flowers (which cannot,
like the leaves, create nourishment for themselves) ; and what is left
is deposited in the seed as starch again, with which to begin the
same operation in the next generation.

471. We might enumerate other vegetable products of this class
(such as oil, acids, jelly, the pulp of fruits, &c.), and show how they
are formed out of the carbonic acid and water which the plant takes
in. But those already mentioned are sufficient. In producing any
of them, carbonic acid taken from the air is decomposed, its carbon
retained, and its oxygen given back to the air. That is to say,

472. Plants purify the Air for Animals, by taking away the carbonic
acid injurious to them, continually poured into it by their breathing,
as well as by the burning of fuel and by decay, and restoring in its
place an equal bulk of life-sustaining oxygen (4GO). And by the
same operation, combining this carbon with the elements of water,
&c., and elaborating them into organic matter, — especially into
starch, sugar, oil, and the like, —

473. Plants produce all the Food and Fabric of Animals, The herbiv-
orous animals feed directly upon vegetables ; and the carnivorous
feed upon the herbivorous. Neither the one nor the other originate
any organic matter. They take it all ready-made from plants, —
altering the form and qualities more or less, and at length destroy-
ing or decomposing it.

474. Starch, sugar, and oil, for example, form a large part of the
food of herbivorous animals and of man. When digested, they enter
into the blood ; any surplus may be stored up for a time in the form
of fat, being changed a little in its nature ; while the rest (and finally
the whole) is decomposed into carbonic acid and water, and exhaled
from the lungs in respiration ; — in other words, is given back to the
air by the animal as the very same materials which the plant takes
from the air as its food (463) ; — is given back to the air in the same
form that it would have been if the vegetable matter had been left
to decay where it grew, or if it had been set on fire and burned ; —
and with the same result too as to the heat, the heat in this case
producing and maintaining the proper temperature of the animal.

LESSON 26.] AND PRODUCING THE FOOD OF ANIMALS. 165

475. But starch, sugar, and the like, do not make any part of the
flesh or fabric of animals. And that for the obvious reason, that they
consist of only the three elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen ;
whereas the flesh of animals has nitrogen as well as these three ele-
ments in its composition. The materials of the animal body, called
Fibrine in the flesh or muscles, Gelatine in the sinews and bones,
Oaseine in the curd of milk, &c., are all forms of one and the same
substance, composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. As
nitrogen is a large constituent of the atmosphere, and animals are
taking it into their lungs with every breath they draw, we might
suppose that they take this element of their frame directly from the
air. But they do not. Even this is furnished by vegetables, and
animals receive it ready-made in their food. And this brings us to
consider still another and most important vegetable product, of »
different class from the rest (omitted till now, for the sake of greater
simplicity) ; namely, what is called

476. Proteine. This name has been given to it by chemists, be*
cause it occurs under such a protean variety of forms. The Gluten
of wheat and the Legumine of beans and other leguminous plants
may be taken to represent it. It occurs in all plants, at least in
young and growing parts. It does not make any portion of their
tissue, but is contained in all living cells, as a thin jelly, mingled
with the sap or juice, or as a delicate mucilaginous lining. In fact,
it is formed earlier than the cell-wall itself, and the latter is moulded
on it, as it were ; so it is also called Protoplasm. It disappears from
common cells as they grow old, being transferred onward to new or
forming parts, where it plays a very active part in growth. Mixed
with starch, &c., it is accumulated in considerable quantity in wheat,
beans, and other grains and seeds, especially those which are most
nutritious as food. It is the proteine which makes them so nutritious.
Taken by animals as food, it forms their flesh and sinews, and the
animal part of their bones, without much change ; for it has the same
composition, — is just the same thing, indeed, in some slightly different
forms. To produce it, the plant employs, in addition to the carbonic
acid and water already mentioned as its general food, some ammo-
nia ; which is a compound of hydrogen and nitrogen. Ammonia
(which is the same thing as hartshorn) is constantly escaping
into the air in small quantities from all decomposing vegetable
and animal substances. Besides, it« is produced in every thunder-
storm. Every flash of lightning causes some to be made (in the

166 PLANT-LIFE. [LESSON 27.

form of nitrate of ammonia) out of the nitrogen of the air and the
vapor of water. The reason why it never accumulates in the air
so as to be perceptible is, that it is extremely soluble in water, as
are all its compounds. So it is washed out of the atmosphere by the
rain as fast as it is made or rises into it, and is brought down to the
roots of plants, which take it in freely. "When assimilated in the
leaves along with carbon and water, proteine is formed, the very
jsubstance of the flesh of animals. So all flesh is vegetable matter
in its origin.

>{O-< 477. Even the earthy matter of the bones, and the iron and other
mineral matters in the blood of animals, are derived from the plants
they feed upon, with hardly an exception. These are furnished by
the earthy or mineral constituents of plants (452), and are merely
accumulated in the animal frame.

478. Animals, therefore, depend absolutely upon vegetables for
their being. The great object for which the All-wise Creator estab-
lished the vegetable kingdom evidently is, that plants might stand on
the surface of the earth between the mineral and the animal crea-
tions, and organize portions of the former for the sustenance of
the latter.

LESSON XXVII.

PLANT-LIFE.

479. LIFE is known to us only by its effects. We cannot tell
what it is ; but we notice some things which it does. One peculi-
arity of living things, which has been illustrated in the last Lesson,
is their power of transforming matter into new forms, and thereby
making products never produced in any other way. Life is also
manifested by

480. Motion, that is, by self-caused movements. Living things
move ; those not living are moved. Animals, living as they do
upon organized food, — which is not found everywhere, — must
needs have the power of going after it, of collecting it, or at least of
taking it in ; which requires them to make spontaneous movements.
But plants, with their wide-spread surface (34, 131) always in con-

LESSON 27.] CIRCULATION IN CELLS. 167

tact with the earth and air on which they feed, — the latter and the
most important of these everywhere just the same, — have no need
of locomotion, and so are generally fixed fast to the spot where
they grow.

481. Yet many plants move their parts freely, sometimes when
there is no occasion for it that we can understand, and sometimes
accomplishing by it some useful end. The sudden closing of the
leaflets of the Sensitive Plant, and the dropping of its leafstalk,
when jarred, also the sudden starting forwards of the stamens of the
Barberry at the touch, are familiar examples. Such cases seem at
first view so strange, and so different from what we expect of a plant,
that these plants are generally imagined to be endowed with a pe-
culiar faculty, denied to common vegetables. But a closer exam-
ination will show that plants generally share in this faculty ; that
similar movements may be detected in them all, only — like those
of the hands of a clock, or of the shadow of a sun-dial — they are
too slow for the motion to be directly seen.

482. It is perfectly evident, also, that growth requires motion ;
that there is always an internal activity in living plants as well as
in animals, — a power exerted which causes their fluids to move or
circulate, and carries materials from one part to another. Some
movements are mechanical ; but even these are generally directed
or controlled by the plant. Others must be as truly self-caused as
those of animals are. Let us glance at some of the principal sorts,
and see what light they throw upon vegetable life.

483. Circulation ill Cells, From what we know of the anatomy of
plants, it is clear that they have no general circulation (like that of
all animals except the lowest), through a system of vessels opening
into each other (402, 410). But in plants each living cell carries
on a circulation of its own, at least when, young and active. This
may be beautifully seen in the transparent stems of Chara and many
other water-plants, and in the leaves of the Fresh-water Tape-Grass
(Vallisneria), under a good microscope. Here the sap circulates,
often quite briskly in appearance, (but the motion is magnified as
well as the objects,) in a steady stream, just beneath the wall,
around each cell, passing up one side, across the end, down the
other, and so round to complete the circuit, carrying with it small
particles, or the larger green grains, which make the current more
visible. This circulation may also be observed in hairs, particularly
those on flowers, such as the jointed hairs of Spiderwort, looking

168 PLANT-LIFE. [LESSON 27.

under the glass like strings of blue beads, each bead being a cell.
But here a microscope magnifying six or eight hundred times in
diameter is needed to see the current distinctly.

484. The movement belongs to the protoplasm (476), or jelly-like
matter under the cell-wall. As this substance has just the same
composition as the flesh of animals, it is not so strange that it should
exhibit such animal-like characters. In the simplest water-plants,
of the Sea-weed family, the body which answers to the seed is at
first only a rounded little mass of protoplasm. When these bodies
escape from the mother plant, they often swim about freely in the
water in various directions, by a truly spontaneous motion, when they
closely resemble animalcules, and are often mistaken for them. After
enjoying this active life for several hours, they come to rest, form
a covering of cellulose, and therefore become true vegetable cells,
fix themselves to some support, germinate, and grow into the
perfect plant.

485. Absorption, Conveyance of the Sap, &c. Although contained in

cells with closed walls, nevertheless the fluids taken in by the roots
are carried up through the stem to the leaves even of the topmost
bough of the tallest tree. And the sap, after its assimilation by the
leaves, is carried down in the bark or the cambium-layer, and dis-
tributed throughout the plant, or else is conveyed to the points where
growth is taking place, or is accumulated in roots, stems, or" wherever
a deposit is being stored up for future use (71, 104, 128, 4G9).

486. That the rise of the sap is pretty rapid in a leafy and growing
plant, on a dry summer's day, is evident from the amount of water it
is continually losing by exhalation from the foliage (447) ; — a loss
which must all the while be supplied from the roots, or else the
leaves would dry up and die ; as they do so promptly when sepa-
rated from the stem, or when the stem is cut off from the roots.
Of course they do not then lose moisture any faster than they
did before the separation ; only the supply is no longer kept
up from below.

487. The rise of the sap into the leaves apparently is to a great
degree the result of a mode of diffusion which has been called En-
dosmose. It acts in this way. Whenever two fluids of different
density are separated by a membrane, whether of dead or of living
substance, or are separated by any porous partition, a flow takes
place through the partition, mainly towards the heavier fluid, until
that is brought to the same density as the other, A familiar illus-

LESSON 27.] CONVEYANCE OF THE SAP. 169

tration is seen when we place powdered sugar upon strawberries,
and slightly moisten them : the dissolving sugar makes a solution
stronger than the juice in the cells of the fruit ; so this is gradually
drawn out. Also when pulpy fruits are boiled in a strong sirup ; as
soon as the sirup becomes denser than the juice in the fruit, the
latter begins to flow out and the fruit begins to shrivel. But when
shrivelled fruits are placed in weak sirup, or in water, they become
plump, because the flow then sets inwards, the juice in the cells being
denser than the water outside. Now the cells of the living plant
contain organic matter, in the form of mucilage, protoplasm, some-
times sugar, &c. ; and this particularly abounds in young and
growing parts, such as the tips of roots (Fig. 56), which, as is well
known, are the principal agents in absorbing moisture from the
ground. The contents of their cells being therefore always much
denser than the moisture outside (which is water containing a little
carbonic acid, &c., and a very minute quantity of earthy matter),
this moisture is constantly drawn into the root. What makes it
ascend to the leaves ?

488. To answer this question, we must look to the leaves, and
consider what is going on there. For (however it may be in the
spring before the leaves are out), in a leafy plant or tree the sap is
not forced up from below, but is drawn up from above. "Water large-
ly evaporates from the leaves (447) ; it flies off into the air as vapor,
leaving behind all the earthy and the organic matters, — these not
being volatile ; — the sap in the cells of the leaf therefore becomes
denser, and so draws upon the more watery contents of the cells of
the stalk, these upon those of the stem below, and so on, from cell to
cell down to the root, causing a flow from the roots to the leaves,
which begins in the latter, — just as a wind begins in the direction
towards which it blows. Somewhat similarly, elaborated sap is
drawn into buds or any growing parts, where it is consolidated
into fabric, or is conveyed into tubers, roots, seeds, and the like,
in which it is condensed into starch and stored up for future use
(74, 103, &c.).

489. So in absorbing moisture by the roots, and in conveying
e sap or the juices from cell to cell and from one part to another,
e plant appears to make use of a physical or inorganic force ; but

manages and directs this as the purposes of the vegetable econ-
omy demand. Now, when the proper materials are brought to the
wing parts, growth takes place > and in growth the plant moves
15

V

•

on

•

170 PLANT-LIFE. [LESSON 27.

the particles of matter, arranges them, and shapes the fabric in a
manner which we cannot at all explain by any mechanical laws.
The organs are not shaped by any external forces ; they shape
themselves, and take such forms and positions as the nature of
each part, or the kind of plant, requires.

490. Special Movements, Besides growing, and quite independent
of it, plants not only assume particular positions, but move or bend
one part upon another to do so. Almost every species does this, as
well as what are called sensitive plants. In springing from the seed,
the radicle or stem of the embryo, if not in the proper position
already, bends itself round so as to direct its root-end downwards,
and the stern-end or plumule upwards. It does the same when
covered so deeply by the soil that no light can affect it, or when
growing in a perfectly dark cellar. But after reaching the light,
the stem bends towards that, as every one knows ; and bends
towards the stronger light, when the two sides are unequally ex-
posed to the sun. It is now known that the shoot is bent by the
shortening of the cells on the more illuminated side ; for if we split
the bending shoot in two, that side curves over still more, while the
opposite side inclines to fly back. But how the light causes the
cells to shorten on that side, we can no more explain, than we can
tell how the will, acting through the nerves, causes the contraction
of the fibres of the muscles by which a man bends his arm. We
are sure that the bending of the shoot has nothing to do with
growth, because it takes place after a shoot is grown ; and the del-
icate stem of a young seedling will bend a thousand times faster
than it grows. Also because it is yellow light that most favors
growth and the formation of vegetable fabric, while the blue and
violet rays produce the bending. Leaves also move, even more
freely than steins. They constantly present their upper face to the
light ; and when turned upside down, they twist on their stalks, or
curve round to recover their original position. The free ends of
twining stems, as of Hop, or Morning Glory, or Bean, which appar-
ently hang over to one side from their weight, arc in fact bent over,
ami, the direction of the bend constantly chaiiLrmu, the shoot is
stead; Iv sweeping round the, circle, making a revolution every few
hours, or even more rapidly in certain cases, until it reaches a
neighboring support, when, by a continuation of the same move-
ment, it twines around it. Most tendrils revolve in the same way,
sometimes even more rapidly ; while others only turn from the

LESSON 27.] MOVEMENTS. 171

light ; this is especially the case with those that cling to walls or
trunks by sucker-like disks, as Virginia Creeper, p. 38, fig. 62.
When an active tendril comes into contact with a stem or any such
extraneous body, it incurves at the point of contact, and so lays hold
of the support : the same contraction or tendency to curve affecting
the whole length of the tendril, it soon shortens into a coil, part coil-
ing one way, part the other, thus drawing the shoot up to the sup-
porting body ; or, if the tendril be free, it winds up in a simple coil.
This movement of tendrils is so prompt in the Star-Cucumber (Sic-
yos) in Echinocystis, and in two sorts of Passion-flower, that the
end, after a gentle rubbing, coils up by a movement rapid enough to
be readily seen. In plants that climb by their leaf-stalks, such as
Maurandia and Tropseolum, the movements are similar, but much
too slow to be seen.

491. The so-called sleep of plants is a change of position as night
draws on, and in different ways, according to the species, — the
Locust and Wood-Sorrel turning down their leaflets, the Honey
Locust raising them upright, the Sensitive Plant turning them for-
wards one over another ; and the next morning they resume their
diurnal position. One fact, among others, showing that the changes
are not caused by the light, but by some power in the plant itself, is
this. The leaves of the Sensitive Plant close long before sunset ;
but they expand again before sunrise, under much less light than
they had when they closed. In several plants the leaves take the
nocturnal position when brushed or jarred, — in the common Sensi-
tive Plant very suddenly, in other sorts less quickly, in the Honey
Locust a little too slowly for us to see the motion. The way in
which blossoms open and close, some when the light increases, some
when it diminishes, illustrates the same thing. The stamens of the
Barberry, when touched at the base on the inner side, — as by an
insect seeking for honey, or by the point of a pin, — make a sudden
jerk forward, and in the process commonly throw some pollen
upon the stigma, which stands a little above their reach.

492. In many of these cases we plainly perceive that a useful end
is subserved. But what shall we say of the Venus's Fly-trap of
North Carolina, growing where it might be sure of all the food a
plant can need, yet provided with an apparatus for catching insects,
and actually capturing them expertly by a sudden motion, in the
manner already described (12G, Fig. 81) ? Or of the leaflets of the

172 CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS. [LESSON 27.

Desmodium gyrans of the East Indies, spontaneously falling and
rising by turns in jerking motions nearly the whole day long ? We
can only say, that plants are alive, no less than animals, and that it
is a characteristic of living things to move.

*#* CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS.

493. IN all the foregoing Lessons, we have had what may be
called plants of the higher classes alone in view. There are others,
composing the lower grades of vegetation, to which some allusion
ought to be made.

494. Of this sort are Ferns or Brakes, Mosses, Liverworts,
Lichens, Sea-weeds, and Fungi or Mushrooms. They are all
classed together under the name of Flowerless Plants, or Crypto-
gamous Plants; the former epithet referring to the fact that they do
not bear real blossoms (with stamens and pistils) nor seeds (with an
embryo ready-formed within). Instead of seeds they have spores,
which are usually simple cells (392). The name Cryptogamous
means, of hidden fructification, and intimates that they may have
something answering to stamens and pistils, although not the same ;
and this is now known to be the case with most of them.

495. Flowerless plants are so very various, and so peculiar in
each family, that a volume would be required to illustrate them.
Curious and attractive as they are, they are too difficult to be studied
botanically by the beginner, except the Ferns, Club-Mosses, and
Horse-tails. For the study of these we refer the student at once to
the Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States, and to the
field, forest, and Garden Botany. The structure and physiology
of these plants, as well as of the Mosses, Liverworts, Lichens, Sea-
weeds, and Fungi, are explained in the Structural Botany, or Botanical
Text-Book, and in other similar works. When the student has
become prepared for the study, nothing can be more interesting than
these plants of the lowest orders.

LESSON 28.] SPECIES AND KINDS. 173

LESSON XXVIII.

SPECIES AND KINDS.

496. UNTIL now, we have been considering plants as to their
structure and their mode of life. We have, as it were, been read-
ing the biography of an individual plant, following it from the tiny
seedling up to the mature and fruit-bearing herb or tree, and learning
how it grows and what it does. The botanist also considers plants
as to their relationships.

497. Plants and animals, as is well known, have two great pecu-
liarities : 1st, they form themselves ; and 2d, they multiply them-
selves. They reproduce themselves in a continued succession of

498. Individuals (3). Mineral things occur as masses, which are
divisible into smaller and still smaller ones without alteration of
their properties (391). But organic things (vegetables and ani-
mals) exist as individual beings. Each owes its existence to a
parent, and produces similar individuals in its turn. So each indi-
vidual is a link of a chain ; and to this chain the natural-historian
applies the name of

499. Species, All the descendants from the same stock therefore
compose one species. And it was from our observing that the sev-
eral sorts of plants or animals steadily reproduce themselves, — or, in

her words, keep up a succession of similar individuals, — that the
of species originated. So we are led to conclude that the Ore-
established a definite number of species at the beginning, which

ve continued by propagation, each after its kind.

500. There are few species, however, in which man has actually
erved the succession for many generations. It could seldom be

proved that all the White Pine trees or White Oaks of any forest
came from the same stock. But observation having familiarized
us with the general fact, that individuals proceeding from the same
stock are essentially alike, we infer from their close resemblance

E'Mt these similar individuals belong to the same species. That is,
infer it when the individuals are as much like each other as those
5 which we know to have sprung from the same stock.
501. We do not infer it from every resemblance ; for there is the
emblance of kind, — as between the White Oak and the Red Oak,
"•

174 SPECIES AND KINDS. [LESSON 28.

and between the latter and the Scarlet Oak : these, we take for
granted, have not originated from one and the same stock, but from
three separate stocks. Nor do we deny it on account of every
difference ; for even the sheep of the same flock, and the plants
raised from peas of the same pod, may show differences, and such
differences occasionally get to be very striking. When they are
pretty well marked, we call them

Varieties. The White Oak, for example, presents two or three
varieties in the shape of the leaves, although they may be all alike
upon each particular tree. The question often arises, practically,
and it is often hard to answer, whether the difference in a particular
case is that of a variety, or is specific. If the former, we may
commonly prove it to be so by finding such intermediate degrees
of difference in various individuals as to show that no clear line of
distinction can be drawn between them ; or else by observing the
variety to vary back again, if not in the same individual, yet in its
offspring. Our sorts of Apples, Pears, Potatoes, and the like, show
us that differences which are permanent in the individual, and con-
tinue unchanged through a long series of generations when propa-
gated by division (as by offsets, cuttings, grafts, bulbs, tubers, &c.),
are not likely to be reproduced by seed. Still they sometimes are
so : and such varieties are called

Races. These are strongly marked varieties, capable of being
propagated by seed. Our different sorts of Wheat, Indian Corn,
Peas, Radishes, &c., are familiar examples : and the races of men
offer an analogous instance.

502. It should be noted, that all varieties have a tendency to be
reproduced by seed, just as all the peculiarities of the parent tend to
be reproduced in the offspring. And by selecting those plants which
have developed or inherited any desirable peculiarity, keeping them
from mingling with their less promising brethren, and selecting again
the most promising plants raised from their seeds, we may in a few
generations render almost any variety transmissible by seed, so long
as we take good care of it. In fact, this is the way the cultivated or
domesticated races, so useful to man, have been fixed and preserved.
Races, in fact, can hardly, if at all, be said to exist independently of
man. But man does not really produce them. Such peculiarities
— often surprising enough — now and then originate, we know not
how (the plant sports, as the irnrdcners say) ; they are only pre-
served, propagated, and generally further developed, by the culti-

;

LESSON 28.] CLASSIFICATION. 175

valor's skilful care. If left alone, they are likely to dwindle and
perish, or else revert to the original form of the species.

503. Botanists variously estimate the number of known species
of plants at from seventy to one hundred thousand. About 3,850
species of the higher classes grow wild in the United States east of
the Mississippi. So that the vegetable kingdom exhibits a very-
great diversity. Between our largest and highest-organized trees,
such as a Magnolia or an Oak, and the simplest of plants, reduced
to a single cell or sphere, much too minute to be visible to the
naked eye, how wide the difference ! Yet the extremes are con-
nected by intermediate grades of every sort, so as to leave no wide
gap at any place ; and not only so, but every grade, from the most
complex to the most simple, is exhibited under a wide and most
beautiful diversity of forms, all based upon the one plan of vegeta-
tion which we have been studying, and so connected and so an-
swering to each other throughout as to convince the thoughtful
botanist that all are parts of one system, works of one hand, realiza-
tions in nature of the conception of One Mind. We perceive this,
also, by the way in which the species are grouped into

504. Kinds, If the species, when arranged according to their re-
semblances, were found to differ from one another about equally, —
that is, if No. 1 differed from No. 2 just as much as No. 2 did from
No. 3, and No. 4 from No. 5, and so on throughout, — then, with all
the diversity in the vegetable kingdom there is now, there would yet
be no foundation in nature for grouping species into kinds. Species
and kinds would mean just the same thing. We should classify them,
no doubt, for convenience, but our classification would be arbitrary.

e fact is, however, that species resemble each other in very un-
equal degrees. Some species are almost exactly alike in their whole
structure, and, differ only in the shape or proportion of their parts;
se, we say, belong to one Genus. Some, again, show a more gen-
1 resemblance, and are found to have their flowers and seeds con-
ucted on the same particular plan, but with important differences
the details ; these belong to the same Order or Family. Then,
ing a wider survey, we perceive that they all group themselves
er a few general types (or patterns), distinguishable at once by
ir flowers, by their seeds or embryos, by the character of the
ling plant, by the structure of their stems and leaves, and by
their general appearance : these great groups we call Classes.
Finally, we distinguish the whole into two great types or grades ;

176 SPECIES AND KINDS. ^LESSON 28.

the higher grade of Flowering plant?, exhibiting the full plan of
vegetation, and the lower grade of Flowerless plants, in which
vegetation is so simplified that at length the only likeness between
them and our common trees or Flowering plants is that they are
both vegetables. From species, then, we rise first to

505. Genera (plural of Genus). The Rose kind or genus, the Oak
genus, the Chestnut genus, &c., are familiar illustrations. Each
genus is a group of nearly related species, exhibit ing a particular
plan. All the Oaks belong to one genus, the Chestnuts to another,
the Beech to a third. The Apple, Pear, and Crab are species of one
genus, the Quince represents another, the various species of Haw-
thorn a third. In the animal kingdom the common cat, the wild cat,
the panther, the tiger, the leopard, and the lion are species of the cat
kind or genus ; while the dog, the jackal, the different species of wolf,
and the foxes, compose another genus. Some genera are represented
by a vast number of species, others by few, very many by only one
known species. For the genus may be as perfectly represented in
one species as in several, although, if this were the case throughout,
genera and species would of course be identical (504). The Beech
genus and the Chestnut genus would be just as distinct from the Oak
genus even if but one Beech and one Chestnut were known ; as in-
deed was the case formerly.

506. Orders or Families (the two names are used for the same thing
in botany) are groups of genera that resemble each other ; that is,
they are to genera what genera are to species. As familiar illustra-
tions, the Oak, Chestnut, and Beech genera, along with the Hazel
genus and the Hornbeams, all belong to one order, viz. the Oak Fam-
ily ; the Birches and the Alders make another family ; the Poplars
and Willows, another; the Walnuts (with the Butternut) and the
Hickories, another. The Apple genus, the Quince and the Haw-
thorns, along with the Plums and Cherries and the Peach, the
Raspberry, with the Blackberry, the Strawberry, the Rose, and many
other genera, belong to a large order, the Rose Family.

507. Tribes and Suborders, This leads us to remark, that even the
genera of the same order may show very unequal degrees of resem-
blance. Some may be very closely related to one another, and at the
same time differ strikingly from the rest in certain important partic-
ulars. In the Rose Family, for example, there is the Rose genus
itself, with tlu- Raspberry genus, the Strawberry, the Cinquefoil,
&c. near it, but by no means so much like it as they are like each

LESSON 28.] ORDERS, CLASSES, ETC. 177

other : this group, therefore, answers to what is called a Tribe ; and
the Rose itself stands for another tribe. But we further observe
that the Apple genus, the Hawthorns, the Quince, and the June-
berry, though of the same order, and nearly related among them-
selves, differ yet more widely from the Rose and its nearest relations;
and so, on the other hand, do the Plum and Cherry, the Peach and
the Almond. So this great Rose Family, or Order, is composed of
three groups, of a more marked character than tribes, — groups
which might naturally be taken for orders ; %and we call them Sub-
orders. But students will understand these matters best after a few
lessons in studying plants in a work describing the kinds.

508. ClasseSt These are great assemblages of orders, as already
explained (515). The orders of Flowering Plants are numerous,
no less than 134 being represented in the Botany of the Northern
United States ; but they all group themselves under two great
classes. One class comprises all that have seeds with a mono-
cotyledonous embryo (32), endogenous stems (423), and generally
parallel-veined leaves (139) ; the other, those with dicotyledonous
embryo, exogenous stems, and netted-veined leaves ; and the whole
aspect of the two is so different that they are known at a glance.

509. Finally, these two classes together compose the upper Series
or grade of Flowering or Phcenogamous Plants, which have their
counterpart in the lower Series of Flowerless or Cryptogamous Plants,.
— composed of three classes, and about a dozen orders.

510. The universal members of classification are CLASS, ORDER^
GENUS, SPECIES, always standing in this order. When there are
more, they take their places as in the following schedule, which
comprises all that are generally used in a natural classification
proceeding from the highest to the lowest, viz. : —

Series,

CLASS,

Subclass,

ORDER, or FAMILY,
Suborder,
Tribe,

Subtribe,
GENUS,

Subgenus or Section,
SPECIES,
Variety.

178 BOTANICAL NAMES. [LESSON 29.

LESSON XXIX.

BOTANICAL NAMES AND CHARACTERS.

511. PLANTS are classified, — i. e. are marshalled under their re-
spective classes, orders, tribes, genera, and species, — and they are
characterized, — that is, their principal characteristics or distinguish-
ing marks are described or enumerated, in order that,

First, their resemblances or differences, of various degrees, may
be clearly exhibited, and all the species and kinds ranked next to
those they are most related to ; — and

Secondly, that students may readily ascertain the botanical names
of the plants they meet with, and learn their peculiarities, properties,
and place in the system.

512. It is in the latter that the young student is chiefly interested.
And by his studies in this regard he is gradually led up to a higher
point of view, from which he may take an intelligent survey of the
whole general system of plants. But the best way for the student
to learn the classification of plants (or Botany as a system), is to use
it, in finding out by it the name and the peculiarities of all the wild
plants he meets with.

513. Names, The botanical name of a plant, that by which a
botanist designates it, is the name of its genus followed by that of
the species. The name of the genus or kind is like the family name
or surname of a person, as Smith, or Jones. That of the species
answers to the baptismal name, as John, or James. Accordingly,
the White Oak is called botanically Quercus alia ; the first word, or
Quercus, being the name of the Oak genus ; the second, alba, that
of this particular species. And the Red Oak is named Quercus
rubra ; the Black-Jack Oak, Quercus nigra ; and so on. The bo-
tanical names are all in Latin (or are Latinized), this being the
common language of science everywhere ; and according to the
usage of that language, and of most others, the name of the species
comes after that of the genus, while in English it comes before it.

514. Generic Names, A plant, then, is named by two words. The
generic name, or that of the genus, is one word, and a substantive.
Commonly it is the old classical name, when the genus was known
to the Greeks and Romans ; as Quercus for the Oak, Fagus for the

LESSON 29.] BOTANICAL NAMES. 179

Beech, Corylus, the Hazel, and the like. But as more genera be-
came known, botanists had new names to make or borrow. Many-
are named from some appearance or property of the flowers, leaves,
or other parts of the plant. To take a few examples from the early
pages of the Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States, —
in which the derivation of the generic names is explained. The
genus Jfepatica, p. 6, comes from the shape of the leaf resembling
that of the liver. Myosurus, p. 10, means mouse-tail. Delphin-
ium, p. 12, is from delphin, a dolphin, and alludes to the shape of
the flower, which was thought to resemble the classical figures of the
dolphin. Zanthorhiza, p. 13, is from two Greek words meaning
yellow-root, the common name of the plant. Cimicifuga, p. 14, is
formed of two Latin words, meaning, to drive away bugs, the same
as its common name of Bugbane, the Siberian species being used to
keep away such vermin. Sanguinaria, p. 26, is named from the
blood-like color of its juice.

515. Other genera are dedicated to distinguished botanists or pro-
moters of natural science, and bear their names : such are Magnolia,
p. 15, which commemorates the early French botanist, Magnol, and
Jejfersonia, p. 20, named after President Jefferson, who sent the first
exploring expedition over the Rocky Mountains. Others bear the
name of the discoverer of the plant in question ; as, Sarracenia, p.
23, dedicated to Dr. Sarrazin of Quebec, who was one of the first
to send our common Pitcher-plant to the botanists of Europe .; and
Claytonia, p. 65, first made known by the early Virginian botanist
Clayton.

516. Specific Names, The name of the species is also a single
word, appended to that of the genus. It is commonly an adjective,
and therefore agrees with the generic name in case, gender, &c.
Sometimes it relates to the country the species inhabits ; as, Clay-
tonia Virginica, first made known from Virginia ; Sanguinaria
Canadensis, from Canada, &c. More commonly.it denotes some
obvious or characteristic trait of the species; as, for example, in
Sarracenia, our northern species is named purpurea, from the pur-
ple blossoms, while a more southern one is named flava, because
its petals are yellow ; the species of Jeffersonia is called diphylla,
meaning two-leaved, because its leaf is divided into two leaflets.
Some species are named after the discoverer, or in compliment to a
botanist who has made them known ; as, Magnolia Fraseri, named
after the botanist Fraser, one of the first to find this species ; Ra-

180 BOTANICAL NAMES AND CHARACTERS. [LESSON 29.

worthia Michauxii, p. 65, named for the early botanist Michaux ;
and Polygala Nuttallii, in compliment to Mr. Nuttall, who described
it under another name. Such names of persons are of course writ-
ten with a capital initial letter. Occasionally some old substantive
name is used for the species ; as Magnolia Umbrella, p. 49, and Ra-
nunculus Flammula, p. 41. These are also written with a capital
initial, and need not accord with the generic name in gender, &c.

517. The name of a variety, when it is distinct enough to require
any, is made on the same plan as that of the species, and is written
after it; as, Ranunculus Flammula, variety reptans, p. 41 (i. e. the
creeping variety), and R. abortivus, variety micranthus, p. 42, or
the small-flowered variety of this species.

518. Names of Groups, The names of tribes, orders, and the like,
are in the plural number, and are commonly formed by prolonging
the name of a genus of the group taken as a representative of it.
For example, the order of which the Buttercup or Crowfoot genus,
Ranunculus, is the representative, takes from it the name ofJRanun-
culacece (Manual, p. 34) ; meaning Plantce Ranunculacece when
written out in full, that is, Ranunculaceous Plants. This order
comprises several tribes ; one of which, to which Ranunculus itself
belongs, takes the name of Ranunculece ; another, to which the
genus Clematis, or the Virgin's-Bower, belongs, takes accordingly
the name of Clematidece ; and so on. So the term Rosacea (mean-
ing Rosaceous plants) is the name of the order of which the Rose
(Rosa) is the well-known representative ; and Rosece is the name of
the particular tribe of it which comprises the Rose.

519. A few orders are named on a somewhat different plan. The
great order Leguminosce, for instance (Manual, p. 123), is not named
after any genus in it ; but the fruit, which is a legume (35 G), gives
the name of Leguminous Plants. So, likewise, the order Umbelliferce
(Manual, p. 187) means Umbelliferous or Umbel-bearing Plants;
and the vast order Composite (Manual, p. 215) is so named because
it consists of plants whose blossoms are crowded into heads of the
sort which were called " compound flowers " by the old botanists
(277).

520. Characters, The brief description, or enumeration in scien-
tific terms, of the principal distinctive marks of a species, genus,
order, or other group, as given in botanical works, is called its
Character. Thus, in the Manual, already referred to, at the begin-

LESSON 30.] HOW TO STUDY PLANTS. 181

ning, the character of the first great series is given ; then that of
the first class, of the first subclass, and of the first division under it.
Then, after the name of the order, follows its character (the ordinal
character) : under the name of each genus (as, 1. Clematis, p. 35)
is added the generic character, or description of what essentially
distinguishes it ; and finally, following the name of each species, is
the specific character, a succinct enumeration of the points in which
it mainly differs from other species of the same genus. See, for
illustration, Clematis Viorna, p. 36, where the sentence immediately
following the name is intended to characterize that species from all
others like it.

521. Under this genus, and generally where we have several spe-
cies of a genus, the species are arranged under sections, and these
often under subsections, for the student's convenience in analysis, —
the character or description of a section applying to all the species
under it, and therefore not having to be repeated under each species.
Under Clematis, also, are two sections with names, or sub-genera,
which indicates that they might almost be regarded as two distinct
genera; But these details are best understood by practice, in the
actual studying of plants to ascertain their name and place. And to
this the student is now ready to proceed.

LESSON XXX

HOW TO STUDY PLANTS.

522. HAVING explained, in the two preceding Lessons, the gen-
eral principles of Classification, and of Botanical Names, we may
now show, by a few examples, how the student is to proceed in
applying them, and how the name and the place in the system of an
unknown plant are to be ascertained.

523. We suppose the student to be provided with a hand magni-
fying-glass, and, if possible, with a simple microscope, i. e. with a
magnifying-glass, of two or more different powers, mounted on a
support, over a stage, holding a glass plate, on which small flowers
or their parts may be laid, while they are dissected under the mi-
croscope with the points of needles (mounted in handles), or divided

16

182 HOW TO STUDY PLANTS. [LESSON 30.

by a sharp knife. Such a microscope is not necessary, except for
very small flowers ; but it is a great convenience at all times, and
is indispensable in studying the more difficult orders of plants.

524. We suppose the student now to have a work in which the
plants of the country or district are scientifically arranged and
described : if in the Southern Atlantic States, Dr. Chapman's Flora
of the Southern States ; if north of Carolina and Tennessee, Gray's
Manual of the Botany of the United States, fifth edition ; or, as cov-
ering the whole ground as to common plants, and including also all
the common cultivated plants, Gray's Field, Forest, and Garden
Botany, which is particularly arranged as the companion of the
present work ; that containing brief botanical descriptions of the
plants, and this the explanation of their general structure, and of
the technical terms employed in describing them. To express
clearly the distinctions which botanists observe, and which furnish
the best marks to know a plant by, requires a good many technical
terms, or words used with a precise meaning. These, as they are
met with, the student should look out in the Glossary at the end of
this volume. The terms in common use are not so numerous as
they would at first appear to be. With practice they will soon be-
come so familiar as to give very little trouble. And the application
of botanical descriptive language to the plants themselves, indicating
all their varieties of form and structure, is an excellent discipline
for the mind, equal, if not in some respects superior, to that of learn-
ing a classical language.

525. The following illustrations and explanations of the way to use
the descriptive work are, first, for The Field, Forest, and Garden Bot-
any, that being the one which will be generally used by beginners and
classes. This and the Lessons, bound together in a single compact
volume, will serve the whole purpose of all but advanced students,
teachers, and working botanists. Thus equipped, we proceed to

526. The Analysis of a Plant, A Buttercup will serve as well
as any. Some species or other may be found in blossom throughout
nearly the whole spring and summer; and, except at the very
beginning of the season, the fruit, more or less developed, may be
gathered with the blossom. To a full knowledge of a plant the
fruit is essential, although the name may almost always be ascer-
tained without it. This common yellow flower being under exam-
ination, we are to refer the plant to its proper class and order or

LESSON 30.]

HOW TO STUDY PLANTS.

183

family. The families are so numerous, and so generally distinguish-
able only by a combination of a considerable number of marks that
the student must find his way to them by means of a contrivance
called an Analytical Key. This Key begins on p. 12.

527. It takes note of the most comprehensive possible division of
plants, namely those " producing true flowers and seeds," and those
"not producing flowers, propagated by spores." To the first of
these, the great series of PH^ENOGAMOUS or FLOWERING PLANTS,
the plant under examination obviously belongs.

528. This series divides into those "with wood in a circle, or in
concentric annual circles or layers around a central pith, netted-veined
leaves, and parts of the flower mostly in fives or fours," — to which
might be added the dicotyledonous embryo, but that in the present
case is beyond the young student's powers, even if the fruit were at
hand; — and into those " with wood in separate threads scattered
through the diameter of the stem, not in a circle," also the " leaves
mostly parallel-veined, and parts of the flower almost always in
threes, never in fives." Although the hollowness of the stem of the
present plant may obscure its internal structure, a practised hand,
by throwing the light through a thin cross section of the stem under
the glass, would make it evident that its woody bundles were all in
a circle near the circumference, yet this could hardly be expected
of an unassisted and inexperienced beginner. But the two other
and very obvious marks, the netted-veined leaves, and the number
five in both calyx and corolla, certify at once that the plant belongs
to the first class, EXOGENOUS or DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

529. We should now look at the flower more particularly, so
as to make out its general

plan of structure, which we

shall need to know all about

as we go on. We observe

that it has a calyx of 5

sepals, though these are apt

to fall soon after the blossom

opens ; that the 5 petals are 353

borne on the receptacle (or common axis of the flower) just above

the sepals and alternate with them ; that there are next borne, a

FIG. 353. A flower of a Buttercup (Ranunculus bulbosus) cut through from top to bottom,
arid enlarged.

184 HOW TO STUDY PLANTS. [LESSON 30.

little higher up on the receptacle, an indefinite number of stamens ;
and, lastly, covering the summit or centre of the receptacle, an in-
definite number of pistils.
A good yiew of the whole
is to be had by cutting the
flower directly through the
middle, from top to bottom
(Fig. 358). If this be done
with a sharp knife, some of the pistils will be neatly divided, or may
be so by a second slicing. Each pistil, we see, is a closed ovary,
containing a single ovule (Fig. 359) ascending from near the base
of the cell, and is tipped with a very short broad style, which has
the stigma running down the whole length of its inner edge. The
ovary is little changed as it ripens into the sort of fruit termed an
akene (Fig. 360) ; the ovule becoming the seed and fitting the cell
(Fig. 3G1). Reverting to the key, on p. 13, we find that the class
to which our plant belongs has two subclasses, one " with pistil of
the ordinary sort, the ovules in a closed ovary"; the other "without
proper pistil, the ovules naked on a scale," &c. The latter is
nearly restricted to the Pine Family. The examination already had
makes it quite clear that our plant belongs to the first subclass,
ANGIOSPERMOUS Exogenous or Dicotyledonous Plants.

530. We have here no less than 110 orders under this subclass.
To aid the unpractised student in finding his way among them, they
are ranked under three artificial divisions ; the Polypetalous, the
Munopetalous, and the Apetalous. The plant in hand being fur-
nished, in the words of the key, " with both calyx and corolla, the
latter of wholly separate petals," is to be sought under I. POLY-
PETALOUS DIVISION; for the analysis of which, see p. 14.

531. Fully half the families of the class rank under this division.
The first step in the key is to the sections A and B ; to the first of
which, having "stamens more than 10, and more than twice the
number of the sepals or divisions of the calyx," our plant must pertain.

532. Under this we proceed by a series of successive steps, their
gradations marked by their position on the page, leading down to
the name of the order or family, to which is appended the number

FIG. 359. A pistil taken from a Buttercup (JUnunculus bulbosus), and morn magnified ;
Its ovary cut through length wise, showing tho ovule. 300. One of Its pistils wlu-n ripened
into a fruit (achenium or akene). 301. The same, cut through, to show the seed iu it.

LESSON 30.] HOW TO STUDY PLANTS. 185

of the page where that family and the plants under it are described.
The propositions of the same grade, two or more, from which de-
termination is to be made, not only stand one directly under the
other, but begin with the same word or phrase, or with some
counterpart, — in the present case again with " Stamens," and with
four propositions, with one and only one of which the flower in
hand should agree. It agrees with the last of the four : " Stamens
not monadelphous."

533. The propositions under this, to which we are now directed,
are six, beginning with the word " Pistils " or " Pistil." The one
which applies to the flower in hand is, clearly, the fourth : " Pistils
numerous or more than one, separate, on the receptacle."

534. The terms of the analysis directly subordinate to this are
only two : we have to choose between " Stamens borne on the
calyx," and " Stamens borne on the receptacle." The latter is true
of our flower. The terms subordinate to this are four, beginning
with the word " Leaves." The fourth alone accords : " Leaves not
peltate ; herbs," — and this line leads out to the CROWFOOT
FAMILY, and refers to p. 33.

535. Turning to that page, a perusal of the brief account of the
marks of the RANUNCULACE^E (the technical Latin name) or CROW-
FOOT FAMILY, assures us that the Key has led us safely and readily
to a correct result. Knowing the order or family, we have next to
ascertain the genus. Here are twenty genera to choose from ; but
their characters are analyzed under sections and successive sub-
sections (§, * ,•{—,-«-»•, &c.) so as to facilitate the way to the desired
result. Of the two primary sections, we must reject § 1, as it agrees
only in respect to the pistils, and differs wholly in the characters
furnished by the sepals, the petals, and the leaves. With " § 2.
Sepals imbricated in the bud: not climbing nor woody" it agrees. It
also agrees with the sub-section immediately following, viz. : " * Pis-
tils and akenes, several or many in a head, one-seeded" The sub-
division following : " -j— Petals none: sepals petal-like,'" is inapplicable ;
but its counterpart, " -i— •*— Petals and sepals both conspicuous, Jive or
more : akenes, naked, short-pointed" suits, and restricts our choice to
the three genera, Adonis, Myosurus, and Ranunculus. The deter-
mination is soon made, upon noting the naked sepals, the petals with
the little scale on the upper face of the short claw, and the akenes
in a head: so the genus is, 7. RANUNCULUS.

186 HOW TO STUDY PLANTS. [LESSON 30.

536. The arrangement of the species of Ranunculus is to be
found, under the proper number, 7, on p. 37 and the following.
The first section contains aquatic species ; ours is terrestrial, and in
all other particulars answers to § 2. The smooth ovary and akene,
and the perennial root refer it to the subsection following, marked
by the single star. The shape of the leaves excludes it from the
"•*— Spearwort Crowfoots," the large and showy petals from the
" •»— H- Small-flowered Crowfoots ; while all the marks agree with
H- 4— -t— BUTTERCUPS or COMMON CROWFOOTS. There is still
a subdivision, one set marked, " -M- Natives of the country, low or
spreading" the other " ++ ++ Introduced weeds from Europe, com-
mon in fields, fyc.: stem erect: leaves much cut" — which is the
case. We have then only to choose between the two field Crow-
foots, and we have supposed the pupil to have in hand the lower,
early-flowered one, common at the east, which has a solid bulb or corm
at the base of the stem, and displays its golden flowers in spring or
earliest summer, and which accordingly answers to the description
of RANUNCULUS BULBOSUS, the BULBOUS BUTTERCUP.

537. Later in the season it might have been R. acris, the Tall
Buttercup, or much earlier R. fascicularis, or JR. rcpens. Having
ascertained the genus from any one species, the student would not
fail to recognize it again in any other, at a glance.

538. If now, with the same plant in hand, the Manual (Fifth
edition) be the book used, the process of analysis will be so similar,
that a brief indication of the steps may suffice. Here the corres-
ponding Analytical Key, commencing on p. 21, leads similarly to
the first Series, Class, Subclass, and Division ; — to A, with nume-
rous stamens; 1, with calyx entirely free and separate from the
pistil or pistils, thence to the fourth line beginning with the word
Pistils; thence to the third of the three subordinate propositions,
viz. to " Stamens inserted on the receptacle " ; to the second of the
succeeding couplet, or "Filaments longer than the anther"; to the
second of the next couplet, " Flowers perfect," &c., and to the first
of the final couplet, " Leaves not peltate ; petals deciduous," — which
ends in " RANUNCULACEJE, 34." This is the technical name of the
family, and the page where it is described.

539. Turning to that page we read the general description of that
order, particularly the portion at the beginning printed in italics,
which comprises the more important points. The " Synopsis of the

LESSON 31.] HOW TO STUDY PLANTS. 187

Genera " which follows is similar to, but more technical than that of
the other, more elementary book ; and the names of the tribes or
natural groups of genera (507) are inserted. The steps of analysis
bring the student to the Tribe III. RANUNCULEJS, and under it to
the genus RANUNCULUS. The number prefixed to the name enables
the student to turn forward and find the genus, p. 40. The name,
scientific and popular, is here followed by a full generic character
(520). The primary sections here have names : the plant under
examination belongs to " § 2. RANUNCULUS proper " ; and thence
is to be traced, through the subdivisions *, -f— •»— 4- 4- , n-t- +-»-, to
the ultimate subdivision &., under which, through a comparison of
characters, the student reaches the species R. BULBOSUS, L.

540. The L. at the end of the name is the recognized abbrevia-
tion of the name of Linnaeus, the botanist who gave it. Then come
the common or English names ; then the specific character ; after this,
the station where the plant grows, and the region in which it occurs.
This is followed by the time of blossoming (from May to July);
and then by some general descriptive remarks. The expression
" Nat. from Eu." means that the species is a naturalized emigrant
from Europe, and is not original to this country. But all these
details are duly explained in the Preface to the Manual, which the
student who uses that work will need to study.

LESSON XXXI.

HOW TO STUDY PLANTS: FURTHER ILLUSTRATIONS.

541. BEGINNERS should not be discouraged by the slow progress
ey must needs make in the first trials. By perseverance the vari-
ous difficulties will soon be overcome, and each successful analysis
will facilitate the next. Not only will a second species of the same
genus be known at a glance, but commonly a second genus of the
same order will be recognized as a relative at sight, by the family
likeness. Or if the family likeness is not detected at the first view,

frill be seen as the characters of the plant are studied out.
)42. To help on the student by a second example, we will take
common cultivated Flax. Turning to the Key, as before, on

188

HOW TO STUDY PLANTS.

[LESSON 31.

p. 12, the student is led to ask, first, is the plant PELENOGAMOUS or
FLOWERING ? Of course it is ; the blossom, with its
A stamens and pistils, answers that question. Next, to
which of the two classes of Flowering Plants does it
belong ? If we judge by the stem, we ask whether it
is exogenous or endogenous (422-424). A section of
the stem, considerably magnified, given on page 151,
we may here repeat (Fig. 362) ; it plainly shows a
ring of wood between a central pith and a bark. It is therefore
exogenous. Moreover, the leaves are netted-veined, though the
veins are not conspicuous. We might even judge from the embryo ;
for there is little difficulty in dissecting a flax-seed, and in finding
that almost the whole interior is occupied by an embryo with two
cotyledons, much like that of an apple-seed (Fig. 11, 12), and this
class, as one of its name denotes, is dicotyledonous. If we view the
parts of the blossom, we perceive they are five throughout (Fig. 363,
365), a number which occurs in that class only. All these marks,
or as many of them as the student is able to verify, show that the
plant belongs to Class I. EXOGENOUS or DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

543. To which subclass, is the next inquiry. The single but
several-celled ovary in the centre of the flower, enclosing the ovules,
assures us that it belongs to the ANGIOSPERMOUS subclass, p. 13.

544. To get a good idea of the general plan of the flower, before

proceeding farther, cut it through the middle lengthwise, as in Fig.
3G4, and also take a slice across a flower-bud, which will bring to view
an arrangement somewhat like that of Fig. 365. Evidently the
blossom is regularly constructed upon the number five. It has a
calyx of five sepals, a corolla of iive petals, live stamens, and five

FIG. 332. Section of the stem of Flax, magnified. SJ3. Summit of a branch of the common
Flax, with two flowers. 3G4. A llowcr divided lengthwise and enlarged.

LESSON 31.] HOW TO STUDY PLANTS. 189

styles, with their ovaries all combined into one compound ovary.
We note, also, that the several parts of the blos-
som are all free and unconnected, — the leaves
of the calyx, the petals, and the stamens all ris-
ing separately one after another from the recep-
tacle underneath the ovary ; but the filaments,
on close inspection, may show a slight union
among themselves, at the base.

545. So our plant, having 5 separate petals, is of the POLYPETA-
LOUS division of the first class, for the analysis of which see page 14.

546. But it does not belong to the primary division A, which has
more than 10 stamens. The student passes on, therefore, to the
counterpart division B, on page 16, to which the few stamens, here
only five, refer it.

547. Of the three subdivisions, with numerals prefixed, only the
second answers ; for the calyx is free from the ovary, and there is
only one ovary, although the styles are five.

548. The divisions subordinate to this form a couplet ; and our
plant agrees with the second member of it, having " Stamens of the
same number as the petals " [5] and " alternate with them." The
division under this is a triplet, of which we take the third member ;
for the " Leaves are not punctate with pellucid dots." Under this,
in turn, is a triplet beginning with the word Ovary, and the five, if
not ten cells, determine our choice of the third member of it,
" Ovary compound." Under this we have no less than nine choices,
dependent upon the structure of the ovary, the number of ovules
and seeds, &c. But the 5-celled ovary with a pair of ovules in
each cell, separated by a false partition projecting from the back
(Fig. 365), so that the pod becomes in fact 10-celled, with a sol-
itary seed in each cell, is described only in the ninth and last of
the set, p. 18. Under this, again, we have to choose among five
propositions relating to the seeds. Here the fifth — " Seeds and
ovules only one or two in each cell " — alone meets the case.
Under this, finally, we have to choose from six lines, beginning
with the words Tree, Shrubs, or Herbs. The fifth alone agrees,
and leads to the FLAX FAMILY, p. 77.

549. There is only one genus of it in this country, namely, the
FLAX genus itself, or LINUM. To determine the species, look first

FIG. 365. Cross-section of an unexpanded flower of the same, a sort of diagram.

190 HOW TO STUDY PLANTS. [LESSON 31.

at the three section?, marked with stars. The second answers to
our plant ; and the annual root, pointed sepals, and blue petals deter-
mine it to be the COMMON FLAX, LINUM USITATISSIMUM.

550. By the Manual, the same plant would be similarly traced,
along a somewhat different order of steps, down to the genus on
p. 104, and to the species, which being a foreign cultivated one, and
only by chance spontaneous, is merely mentioned at the close.

551. After several analyses of this kind, the student will be able
to pass rapidly over most of these steps ; should ordinarily recog-
nize the class and the division at a glance. Suppose a common Mal-
low to be the next subject. Having flowers and seeds, it is Phaeno-
gamous. The netted-veined leaves, the structure of the stem, and
the leaves of the flower in fives, refer it to Class I. The pistils, of
the ordinary sort, refer it to Subclass I. The five petals refer it to
the Polypetalous division. Turning to the Key in the Field, Forest,
and Garden Botany, and to the analysis of that division, commencing
on p. 14, the numerous stamens fix it upon A, under which the
very first line, " Stamens monadelphous, united with the base of
the corolla; anthers kidney-shaped, one-celled," exactly expresses
the structure of these organs in ouu; plant, which is thus determined
to be of the MALLOW FAMILY, -^for which see page 70.

552. After reading the character of the family, and noting its
agreement in all respects, we fix upon § 1, in which the anthers are
all borne at the top, and not down the side of the tube of filaments.
We pass the subdivision with a single star, and choose the alternative,
with two stars, on account of the ring of ovaries, &c. ; fix upon the
division •»-, on account of the stigmas running down one side of the
slender style, instead of forming a little head or blunt tip at their
apex ; and then have to choose among five genera. The three
separate bracts outside of the calyx, the obcordate petals, a"nd the
fruit determine the plant to be a MALVA. Then, referring to p. 71
for the species, the small whitHi flowers point to the first division,
and a comparison of the characters of the two species under it,
assures us that the plant in hand is MALVA ROTUNDIFOLIA.

553. For the sake of an example in the Monopetalous Division,
we take a sort of Morning-Glory which is often met with climbing
over shrubs along the moist banks of streams. Its netted-veined
leaves, the sepals arid the stamens being five, — also the structure of
the stem, if we choose to examine it, and the embryo with two leafy

LESSON 31.] HOW TO STUDY PLANTS. 191

cotyledons (as in Fig. 26), readily inspected if we have seeds, —
show it belongs to Class I. Its pistil refers it of course to Subclass I.
The corolla being a short funnel-shaped tube, theoretically regarded
as formed of five petals united up to the very summit or border, ren-
ders the flower a good illustration of the MONOPETALOUS DIVISION,
the analysis of which begins on p. 20, in the work we are using.

554. The calyx free from the ovary excludes it from the section
A, and refers it to section B. This is subdivided, in the first place,
by the number of the stamens, and their position as respects the
lobes of the corolla. Now, as the petals of the corolla in this flower
are united up to the very border, the student may at first be puzzled
to tell how many lobes it should have, or, in other words, how many
petals enter into its composition. But the five leaves of the calyx
would lead one to expect a corolla of five parts also. And, although
there are here really no lobes or notches to be seen, yet the five
plaits of the corolla answer to the notches, and show it to consist of
five petals perfectly united. Since the stamens are of the same
number as the plaits of the corolla, and are placed before them (as
may be best seen by splitting down the corolla on one side and
spreading it out flat), it follows that they alternate with the lobes or
petals ; therefore our plant falls under the third subdivision : " Sta-
mens as many as the lobes or parts of the corolla and alternate with
them." This subdivides by the pistils. ^Our plant, having a pistil
with two stigmas and two cells to the ovary, must be referred to the
fifth and last category : " Pistil one, with a single compound ovary,'*
&c. We are then directed to the stamens, which here are " plainly
borne on the corolla " ; next to the leaves, which are on the stem
(not all at the root), also alternate, without stipules; the stamens
5, and the ovary 2-celled, — all of which accords with the seventh
of the succeeding propositions, and with no other. The middle one
alone under this agrees as to the ovary and seeds, and all is confirmed
by the twining stem. It is the CONVOLVULUS FAMILY, p. 262.

555. The proper Convolvulus Family has green foliage, as has
our plant. Its style is single and entire, as in § 1. Its calyx has a
pair of large leafy bracts, as in the subdivision with two stars. So
we reach the genus CALYSTEGIA, or BptACTED BINDWEED.

556. Under this genus two species are described : the twining stem,
and the other particulars of our plant, direct us to the first C. SEPIUM,
which in England is named HEDGE BINDWEED, and here is one
of the various Convolvulaceous plants known as MORNING-GLORY.

192

HOW TO STUDY PLANTS.

[LESSON 32.

LESSON XXXII.

HOW TO STUDY PLANTS: FURTHER ILLUSTRATIONS.

557. THE foregoing illustrations have all been of the first or Ex-
ogenous class. We will take one from the other class, and investi-
gate it by the Manual.

558. It shall be a rather common plant of our woods in spring,
the Three-leaved Nightshade, or Birthroot. With specimens in
hand, and the Manual open at the Analytical Key, p. 21, seeing
that the plant is of the Pha3nogamous series, we proceed to deter-
mine the class. The netted-veined leaves would seem to refer the
plant to the first class; while the blossom (Fig. 366, 367), con-
structed on the number three, naturally directs us to the second

class, in which this number almost
universally prevails. Here the stu-
dent will be somewhat puzzled. If
the seeds were ripe, they might be
examined, to see whether the embryo
has one cotyledon only, or a pair.
But the seeds are not to be had in
spring, and if they were, the embryo
would not readily be made out. We
must judge, therefore, by the structure
of the stem. Is it exogenous or endogenous ? If we cut the stem
through, or take off a thin slice crosswise and lengthwise, we shall
perceive that the woody matter in it consists of
^; ^^v a number of threads, interspersed throughout

/ \ the soft cellular part without regularity, and not

/ /» . — . <r\ \ •"

f <4&^> I collected into a ring or layer. In fact, it is just
like the Corn-stalk (Fig. 351), except that the
woody threads are fewer. It is therefore endo-
genous (422) ; and this decides the question in
favor of Class II. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS or EN-
DOGENOUS PLANTS (page 30), notwithstanding the branching veins
of the loaves. For neither this character, nor the number of parts in

FIG. 33G. Flower of Trillium ercctum, viewed from above. 367. Diagram of the same, a
cross-section of the unopened blossom, showing the number and arrangement of parts.

LESSON 32.] HOW TO STUDY PLANTS. 193

the blossom, holds good universally, while the plan of the stem
does.

559. The single flower of our plant with distinct calyx and corolla
takes us over the Spudiceous to the PETALOIDEOUS DIVISION:
the Petaloideous Division of Endogens there begins on p. 28.
These parts being free from and beneath the ovary, refer us to the
third subdivision, viz : "3. Perianth ivholly free from the ovary."

559a. The pistil is next to be considered : it accords with the third
of the triplet: "Pistil one, compound (cells or placenta 3) ; anthers
2-celled." Under this follows a triplet, of which the initial word is
"Perianth": our choice falls upon the first, as there is nothing
" glumaceous " about this flower.

560. The succeeding triplet relates to the stamens; here 6, so
we take the first alternative. The next refers to mode and place of
growth : our plant is " Terrestrial, and not rush-like." The next
again to the perianth : the second number of the triplet : " Perianth
of 3 foliaceous and green sepals, and 3 colored withering-persistent
petals " (as would be seen after flowering-time), brings us to a par-
ticular group in the great Lily family, or LILIACE^E, p. 520.

561. Reading over the family character, and collating the five
tribes comprised, we perceive that our plant belongs to the group,
quite peculiar among Liliaceous plants, here ranked as Tribe I.
TRILLIDE^E, the Trillium tribe. And the next step, leading to a
choice between two genera, determines the genus to be TRILLIUM.

562. Turning to this, on p. 522, and reading the full description
of it, we proceed to the easy task of ascertaining the species. The
" flower is raised on a peduncle," as in § 2. This peduncle is slender
and nearly erect, and all the other particulars accord with the sub-
division marked by a single star. And, finally, the ovate, acutish,
widely-spreading, dark dull-purple petals mark the species as the
PURPLE BIRTHROOT, TRILLIUM ERECTUM, L.

563. By the Field, Forest, and Garden Botany, the analysis is
similar, only more simple. The details need not be particularly
recapitulated.

564. The student residing west of New England will also be
likely to find another species, with similar foliage, but with larger,
pure white, and obovate petals, turning rose-color when about to
fade. This will at once be identified as T. grandiflorum. And
towards the north, in cold and damp woods or swamps, a smaller

17

194 HOW TO STUDY PLANTS. [LESSON 32.

species will be met with, having dull-green and petioled leaves
rounded at the base, and rather narrow, wavy, white petals, marked
with pink or purple stripes at the base : this the student will refer
to T. erythrocarpum. But the species principally found in the east-
ern parts of the country has a short peduncle recurved under the
leaves, so as nearly to conceal the much less handsome, dull white
flower : this, it will be seen, is T. cernuum, the Nodding Trillium
or Wake Robin.

565. Whenever the student has fairly studied out one species of
a genus, he will be likely to know the others when he sees them.
And when plants of another genus of the same order are met with,
the order may generally be recognized at a glance, from the family
resemblance. For instance, having first become acquainted with the
Convolvulus family in the genus Calystegia (555), we recognize it
at once in the common Morning- Glory, and in the Cypress-Vine,
and even in the Dodder, although these belong to as many different
genera. Having examined the common Mallow (552), we immedi-
ately recognize the Mallow family (Malvacece) in the Marsh-Mallow,
sparingly naturalized along the coast, in the Glade Mallow, and the
Indian Mallow, in the Hibiscus or Rose-Mallow, and so of the rest :
for the relationship is manifest in their general appearance, and in
the whole structure of the flowers, if not of the foliage also.

566. So the study of one plant leads naturally and easily to the
knowledge of the whole order or family of plants it belongs to : —
which is a great advantage, and a vast saving of labor. For,
although we have about one hundred and thirty orders of Flowering
Plants represented in our Botany of the Northern States by about
2,540 species, yet half of these species belong to nine or ten of these
orders ; and more than four fifths of the species belong to forty of
the orders. One or two hundred species, therefore, well examined,
might give a good general idea of our whole botany. And students
who will patiently and thoroughly study out twenty or thirty well-
chosen examples will afterwards experience little difficulty in determin-
ing any of our Flowering Plants and Ferns,.and will find the pleasure
of the pursuit largely to increase with their increasing knowledge.

567. And the interest will be greatly enhanced as the student,
rising to higher and wider views, begins to discern the System of
Botany, or, in other words, comprehends more and more of the Plan
of the Creator in the Vegetable Kingdom.

LESSON 33.] NATURAL SYSTEM. 195

LESSON XXXIII.

BOTANICAL SYSTEMS.

568. Natural System. The System of Botany consists of the orders
or families, duly arranged under their classes, and having the tribes,
the genera, and the species arranged in them according to their re-
lationships. This, when properly carried out, is the Natural System ;
because it is intended to express, as well as we are able, the various
degrees of relationship among plants, as presented in nature ; — to
rank those species, those genera, &c. next to each other in the classi-
fication which are really most alike in all respects, or, in other words,
which are constructed most nearly on the same particular plan.

569. Now this word plan of course supposes a planner, — an in-
telligent mind working according to a system : it is this system,
therefore, which the botanist is endeavoring as far as he can to
exhibit in a classification. In it we humbly attempt to learn some-
thing of the plan of the Creator in this department of Nature.

570. So there can be only one natural system of Botany, if by the
term we mean the plan according to which the vegetable creation
was called into being, with all its grades and diversities among the
species, as well of past as of the present time. But there may be
many natural systems, if we mean the attempts of men to interpret
and express the plan of the vegetable creation, — systems which will
vary with our advancing knowledge, and with the judgment and
skill of different botanists, — and which must all be very imperfect.
They will all bear the impress of individual minds, and be shaped
by the current philosophy of the age. But the endeavor always is
to make the classification a reflection of Nature, as far as any system
can be which has to be expressed in a series of definite propositions,
and have its divisions and subdivisions following each other in some
single fixed order.*

* The best classification must fail to give more than an imperfect and con-
siderably distorted reflection, not merely of the plan of creation, but even of our
knowledge of it. It is often obliged to make arbitrary divisions where Nature
shows only transitions, and to consider genera, &c. as equal units, or groups of
equally related species, while in fact they may be very unequal, — to assume, on

196 BOTANICAL SYSTEMS. [LESSON 33.

571. The Natural System, as we receive it, and as to that portion
of it which is represented in the botany of our country, is laid before
the student in the Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States.
The orders, however, still require to be grouped, according to their
natural relationships, into a considerable number of great groups
(or alliances) ; but this cannot yet be done throughout in any easy
way. So we have merely arranged them somewhat after a custom-
ary order, and have given, in the Artificial Key, a contrivance for
enabling the student easily to find the natural order of any plant
This is a sort of

572. Artificial Classification, The object of an artificial classifica-
tion is merely to furnish a convenient method of finding out the name
and place of a plant. It makes no attempt at arranging plants ac-
cording to their relationships, but serves as a kind of dictionary. It
distributes plants according to some one peculiarity or set of pecu-
liarities (just as a dictionary distributes words according to their
first letters), disregarding all other considerations.

573. At present we need an artificial classification in Botany
only as a Key to the Natural Orders, — as an aid in referring an
unknown plant to its proper family ; and for this it is very needful to
the student. Formerly, when the orders themselves were not clearly
made out, an artificial classification was required to lead the student
down to the genus. Two such classifications were long in vogue.
First, that of Tournefort, founded mainly on the leaves of the flower,
the calyx and corolla : this was the prevalent system throughout the
first half of the eighteenth century ; but it has long since gone by.
It was succeeded by the well-known artificial system of Linnaeus,
which has been used until lately ; and which it is still worth while
to give some account of.

574. The Artificial System Of LinnffiUS was founded on the stamens
and pistils. It consists of twenty-four classes, and of a variable
number of orders, which were to take the place temporarily of the
natural classes and orders ; the genera being the same under all
classifications.

paper at least, a strictly definite limitation of genera, of tribes, and of orders,
although observation shows so much blending here and there of natural groups,
sufficiently distinct on the whole, as to warrant us in assuming the likelihood
that the Creator's plan is one of gradation, not of definite limitation, even perhapi
to the species themselves.

LESSON 33.] ARTIFICIAL SYSTEM OF LINNJEUS.

197

575. The twenty-four classes of Lirmasus were founded upon
something about the stamens. The following is an analysis of
them. The first great division is into two great series, the Phce-
nogamous and the Cryptogamous, the same as in the Natural System.
The first of these is divided into those flowers which have the sta-
mens in the same flower with the pistils, and those which have not;
and these again are subdivided, as is shown in the following tabular
view.

Series I. PH^ENOGAMIA ; plants with stamens and pistils, i. e. with real

flowers.

1. Stamens in the same flower as the pistils :
* Not united with them,
4- Nor with one another.

++ Of equal length if either 6 or 4 in number.
One to each flower, Class

Two " "
Three "
Four " "
Five "
Six

Seven " "
Eight "
Nine "
Ten "

Eleven to nineteen to each flower,
Twenty or more inserted on the calyx,

" on the receptacle, 13.
•«-f -w. Of unequal length and either 4 or 6.
Four, 2 long and 2 shorter,
Six, 4 long and 2 shorter,
••- •«- United with each other,
By their filaments,
Into one set or tube,
Into two sets,
Into three or more sets,
By their anthers into a ring,
# * United with the pistil,

2. Stamens and pistils in separate flowers,
Of the same individuals,
Of different individuals,
Some flowers perfect, others staminate or

pistillate either in the same or in different

individuals,

3 1.

MONANDRIA.

2.

DlANDRIA.

3.

TRIANDRIA.

4.

TETRANDRIA.

5.

PENTANDRIA.

6.

HEXANDRIA.

7.

HEPTANDRIA.

8.

OCTANDRIA.

9.

ENNEANDRIA.

10.

DECANDRIA.

11.

DODECANDRIA.

12.

ICOSANDRIA.

13.

POLYANDRIA.

14.

DlDYNAMIA.

15.

TETRADYNAMIA.

16.

MONADELPHIA.

17.

DlADELPHIA.

18.

POLYADELPHIA.

19.

SYNGENESIA.

20.

GYNANDRIA.

21.

MONCECIA.

22.

DICECIA.

Series II. CRYPTOGAMIA. No stamens and
pistils, therefore no proper flowers,
17*

23. POLYGAMIA.

24. CRYPTOGAMIA.

198 ARTIFICIAL SYSTEM OF LINNAEUS. [LESSON 33.

576. The names of these classes are all compounded of Greek
words. The first eleven consist of the Greek numerals, in succes-
sion, from 1 to 11, combined with andria, which here denotes sta-
mens ; — e. g. Monandria, with one stamen; and so on. The llth
has the numeral for twelve stamens, although it includes all which
have from eleven to nineteen stamens, numbers which rarely occur.
The 12th means " with twenty stamens," but takes in any higher
number, although only when the stamens are borne on the calyx.
The 13th means " with many stamens," but it takes only those
with the stamens borne on the receptacle. The 14th means "two
stamens powerful," the shorter pair being supposed to be weaker ;
the 15th, "four powerful," for the same reason. The names of the
next three classes are compounded of adelphia, brotherhood, and
the Greek words for one, two, and many (Monadelphia, Diadelphia,
and Poly adelphia). The 19th means "united in one household."
The 20th is compounded of the words for stamens and pistils united.
The 21st and 22d are composed of the word meaning house and the
numerals one, or single, and two : Moncecia, in one house, Dicecia,
in two houses. The 23d is fancifully formed of the words meaning
plurality and marriage, from which the English word polygamy is
derived. The 24th is from two words meaning concealed nuptials,
and is opposed to all the rest, which are called Phcenogamous, be-
cause their stamens and pistils, or parts of fructification, are evident.

577. Having established the classes of his system on the stamens,
Linnaeus proceeded to divide them into orders by marks taken from
the pistils, for those of the first thirteen classes. These orders de-
pend on the number of the pistils, or rather on the number of styles,
or of stigmas when there are no styles, and they are named, like the
classes, by Greek numerals, prefixed to gynia, which means pistil
Thus, flowers of these thirteen classes with

One style or sessile stigma belong to Order 1. MOXOGYNIA.

Two styles or sessile stigmas, to 2. Di GYNIA.

Three " " 3. TRIGYNIA.

Four " " 4. TETRAGYNIA.

Five " " 5. PENTAGYNIA.

Six " " 6. HEXAGYNIA.

Seven " " 7. HEPTAGYNIA.

Eight " " 8. OCTOGYNIA.

Nine " " 9. ENNEAGYNIA.

Ten " " 10. DECAGYNIA.

Eleven or twelve 11. DODECAGYNIA.

More than twelve " 13. POLYGYNIA.

LESSON 34."] HOW TO COLLECT SPECIMENS. 199

578. The orders of the remaining classes are founded on various
considerations, some on the nature of the fruit, others on the number
and position of the stamens. But there is no need to enumerate
them here, nor farther to illustrate the Linnaean Artificial Classifi-
cation. For as a system it has gone entirely out of use ; and as a
Key to the Natural Orders it is not so convenient, nor by any means
so certain, as a proper Artificial Key, prepared for the purpose, such
as we have been using in the preceding Lessons.

LESSON XXXIV.

HOW TO COLLECT SPECIMENS AND MAKE AN HERBARIUM.

579. For Collecting Specimens the needful things are a large knife,
gtrong enough to be used for digging up bulbs, small rootstocks,
and the like, as well as for cutting woody branches ; and a botanical
box, or a portfolio, for holding specimens which are to be carried to
any distance.

580. It is well to have both. The botanical box is most useful
for holding specimens which are to be examined fresh. It is made
of tin, in shape like a candle-box, only flatter, or the smaller sizes
like an English sandwich-case ; the lid opening for nearly the
whole length of one side of the box. Any portable tin box of con-

lient size, and capable of holding specimens a foot or fifteen inches
ig, will answer the purpose. The box should shut close, so that
specimens may not wilt : then it will keep leafy branches and

most flowers perfectly fresh for a day or two, especially if slightly

moistened.

581. The portfolio should be a pretty strong one, from a foot to
twenty inches long, and from nine to eleven inches wide, and fasten-
ing with tape, or (which is better) by a leathern strap and buckle at
the side. It should contain a quantity of sheets of thin and smooth,
unsized paper ; the poorest printing-paper and grocers' tea-paper
are very good for the purpose. The specimens as soon as gathered
are to be separately laid in a folded sheet, and kept under moderate
pressure in the closed portfolio.

200 HOW TO PRESERVE SPECIMENS, [LESSON 34.

582. Botanical specimens should be either in flower or in fruit.
In the case of herbs, the same specimen will often exhibit the two ;
and both should by all means be secured whenever it is possible.
Of small herbs, especially annuals, the whole plant, root and all,
should be taken for a specimen. Of larger ones branches will suf-
fice, with some of the leaves from near the root. Enough of the
root or subterranean part of the plant should be collected to show
whether the plant is an annual, biennial, or perennial. Thick roots,
bulbs, tubers, or branches of specimens intended to be preserved,
should be thinned with a knife, or cut into slices lengthwise.

583. For drying Specimens a good supply of soft and unsized paper
— the more bibulous the better — is wanted ; and some convenient
means of applying pressure. All that is requisite to make good dried
botanical specimens is, to dry them as rapidly as possible between
many thicknesses of paper to absorb their moisture, under as much
pressure as can be given without crushing the more delicate parts.
This pressure may be given by a botanical press, of which various
forms have been contrived ; or by weights placed upon a board, —
from forty to eighty or a hundred pounds, according to the quantity
of specimens drying at the time. For use while travelling, a good
portable press may be made of thick binders' boards for the sides,
holding the drying paper, and the pressure may be applied by a
cord, or, much better, by strong straps with buckles.

584. For drying paper, the softer and smoother sorts of cheap
wrapping-paper answer very well. This paper may be made up
into driers, each of a dozen sheets or less, according to the thickness,
lightly stitched together. Specimens to be dried should be put into
the press as soon as possible after gathering. If collected in a port-
folio, the more delicate plants should not be disturbed, but the sheets
that hold them should one by one be transferred from the portfolio
to the press. Specimens brought home in the botanical box must
be laid in a folded sheet of the same thin, smooth, and soft paper
used in the portfolio ; and these sheets are to hold the plants until
they are dry. They are to be at once laid in between the driers,
and the whole put under pressure. Every day (or at first even
twice a day would be well) the specimens, left undisturbed in their
sheets, are to be shifted into well-dried fresh driers, and the pressure
renewed, while the moist sheets are spread out to dry, that they may
take their turn again at the next shifting. This course must be
continued until the specimens are no longer moist to the touch, —

LESSON 34.] AND FORM AN HERBARIUM. 201

which for most plants requires about a week ; then they may be
transferred to the sheets of paper in which they are to be preserved.
If a great abundance of drying-paper is used, it is not necessary
to change the sheets every day, after the first day or two.

585. Herbarium, The botanist's collection of dried specimens,
ticketed with their names, place, and time of collection, and sys-
tematically arranged under their genera, orders, &c., forms a Hor-
tus Slccus or Herbarium. It comprises not only the specimens
which the proprietor has himself collected, but those which he ac-
quires through friendly exchanges with distant botanists, or in other
ways. The specimens of an herbarium may be kept in folded sheets
of neat, and rather thick, white paper ; or they may be fastened on
half-sheets of such paper, either by slips of gummed paper, or by
glue applied to the specimens themselves. Each sheet should be
appropriated to one species ; two or more different plants should
never be attached to the same sheet. The generic and specific
name of the plant should be added to the lower right-hand corner,
either written on the sheet, or on a ticket pasted down at that corner ;
and the time of collection, the locality, the color of the flowers, and
any other information which the specimens themselves do not afford,
should be duly recorded upon the sheet or the ticket. The sheets
of the herbarium should all be of exactly the same dimensions. The
herbarium of Linnceus is on paper of the common foolscap size, about
eleven inches long and seven wide. But this is too small for an
herbarium of any magnitude. Sixteen and a half inches by ten
and a half, or eleven and a half inches, is an approved size.

586. The sheets containing the species of each genus are to be
placed in genus-covers, made of a full sheet of thick, colored paper
(such as the strongest Manilla-hemp paper), which fold to the same
dimensions as the species-sheet ; and the name of the genus is to be
written on one of the lower corners. These are to be arranged
under the orders to which they belong, and the whole kept in closed
cases or cabinets, either laid flat in compartments, like large "pigeon-
holes," or else placed in thick portfolios, arranged like folio volumes,
and having the names of the orders lettered on the back.

GLOSSARY

DICTIONARY OF TERMS USED IN DESCRIB-
ING PLANTS,

COMBINED WITH AN INDEX.

A, at the beginning of words of Greek derivation, commonly signifies a negative,
or the absence of something ; as apetalous, without petals ; aphyllous, leaf-
less, &c. If the word begins with a vowel, the prefix is an; as ananther-
ous, destitute of anther.

Abnormal : contrary to the usual or the natural structure.

Aboriginal: original in the strictest sense; same as indigenous.

Abortive: imperfectly formed, or rudimentary, as one of the stamens in fig. 195,
and three of them in fig. 196, p. 95.

Abortion : the imperfect formation, or non-formation, of some part.

Abrupt : suddenly terminating ; as, for instance,

Abruptly pinnate: pinnate without an odd leaflet at the end; fig. 128, p. 65.

Acaulescent (acaulis) : apparently stemless ; the proper stem, bearing the leaves
and flowers, being very short or subterranean, as in Bloodroot, and most
Violets; p. 36.

Accessory : something additional ; as Accessory buds, p. 26.

Accrescent : growing larger after flowering, as the calyx of Physalis.

Accumbent : lying against a thing. The cotyledons are accumbent when they
lie with their edges against the radicle.

Acerose: needle-shaped, as the leaves of Pines; fig. 140, p. 72.

Acetdbuliform : saucer-shaped.

Achenium (plural achenia) : a one-seeded, seed-like fruit; fig. 286, p. 129.

Achlarmjdeous (flower) : without floral envelopes; as Lizard's-tail, p. 90, fig. ISO.

Acicular: needle-shaped ; more slender than acerose.

Acindciform: scymitar-shaped, like some bean-pods.

Acines : the separate grains of a fruit, such as the raspberry ; fig. 289.

Acorn: the nut of the Oak ; fig. 299, p. 130.

AcotyMonous .• destitute of cotyledons or seed-leaves.

Acrdgenous: growing from the apex, as the stems of Ferns and Mosses.

Acrogens, or Acrogenous Plants: the higher Cryptogamous plants, such as
Ferns, &c., p. 172.

204 GLOSSARY.

Aculeate: armed with prickles, i. e. aculei; as the Rose and Brier.

Aculcolate: armed with small prickles, or slightly prickly.

Acuminate: taper-pointed, as the leaf in fig. 97 and fig. 103.

Acute: merely sharp-pointed, or ending in a point less than a right angle.

Adelphous (stamens) : joined in a fraternity (adelphia) : see monadelphous and
diadelphous.

Adherent: sticking to, or, more commonly, growing fast to another body ; p. 104.

Adnatc: growing fast to ; it means born adherent. The anther is aclnate when
fixed by its whole length to the filament or its prolongation, as in Tulip-
tree, fig. 233.

Adpressed, or oppressed: brought into contact, but not united.

Adscendent, ascendent, or ascending : rising gradually upwards.

Adsnrgent, or assurgent : same as ascending.

Adventitious: out of the proper or usual place; e. g. Adventitious buds, p. 26, 27.

Adveiitive : applied to foreign plants accidentally or sparingly spontaneous in a
country, but hardly to be called naturalized.

^Equilateral : equal-sided ; opposed to oblique.

^Estivation: the arrangement of parts in a flower-bud, p. 108.

Air-cells or Air-passages : spaces in the tissue of leaves and some stems, p. 143.

Air-Plants, p. 34.

Akenium, or akene. See achenium.

Ala (plural alee) : a wing; the side-petals of a papilionaceous corolla, p. 105,
fig. 218, w.

Alabdstrum: a flower-bud.

Alar: situated in the forks of a stem.

Alate : winged, as the seeds of Trumpet-Creeper (fig. 316) the fruit of the Maple,
Elm (fig. 301 ), &c.

Albescent : whitish, or turning white.

Absorption, p. 168.

Albumen of the seed : nourishing matter stored up with the embryo, but not
within it ; p. 15, 136.

Albumen, a vegetable product; a form of protcine, p. 165.

Albuminous (seeds) : furnished with albumen, as the seeds of Indian corn (fig. 38,
39), of Buckwheat (fig. 326), &c.

Alburnum: young wood, sap-wood, p 153.

Alpine: belonging to high mountains above the limit of forests.

Alternate (leaves) : one after another, p. 24, 71. Petals are alternate with the
sepals, or stamens with the petals, when they stand over the intervals be-
tween them, p. 93.

Alveolate: honeycomb-like, as the receptacle of the Cotton-Thistle.

Ament: a catkin, p. 81. Amentaceous: catkin-like, or catkin-bearing.

Amorphous : shape-loss ; without any definite form.

Ampltifjdsfrhim (plural amphigastria) : a peculiar stipule-like leaf of certair
Liverworts.

Amphftropnns or Amplntmpnl ovules or seeds, p. 123, fig. 272.

Ampfrcfant : embracing. Ampfe.ricaitt. (leaves) : clasping the stem by the base.

Ampnllacfoits : swelling out like a bottle or bladder.

Amylaceous: composed of starch, or starch-like.

GLOSSARY. 205

idntherous : without anthers. Andnthous : destitute of flowers ; flowerless.
dstomosing : forming a net-work (anastomosis), as the veins of leaves.

opous or Andtropal ovules or seeds ; p. 123, fig. 273.
Incfpital (anceps) : two-edged, as the stem of Blue-eyed Grass.
Androecium : a name for the stamens taken together.
Androgynous : having both staminate and pistillate flowers in the same cluster

or inflorescence, as many species of Carex.
Androphore : a column of united stamens, as in a Mallow ; or the support on

which stamens are raised.

Anfrdctuose : bent hither and thither, as the anthers of the Squash, &c.
Angiosp&mce, Angiospe'nnous Plants : with their seeds formed in an ovary or peri-
carp, p. 183.

Angular divergence of leaves, p. 72.
Animal (plant) : flowering and fruiting the year it is raised from the seed, and

then dying, p. 21.

Annular : in the form of a ring, or forming a circle.
* Innvlate : marked by rings ; or furnished with an
Annulus, or ring, like that of the spore-case of most Ferns (Manual Bot. N.

States, plate 9, fig. 2) r in Mosses it is a ring of cells placed between the

mouth of the spore-case and the lid, in many species.
Anterior, in the blossom, is the part next the bract, i. e. external : — while the

posterior side is that next the axis of inflorescence. Thus, in the Pea, &c.

the keel is anterior, and the standard posterior.

Anther: the essential part of the stamen, which contains the pollen; p. 86, 113.
Antheridium (plural antheridia) : the organ in Mosses, &c. which answers to

the anther of Flowering plants.
Antherife'rous : anther-bearing.

Anthe'sis : the period or the act of the expansion of a flower.
Anthocdrpoits (fruits) : same as multiple fruits; p. 133.
Anticous : same as anterior.
Antrdrse: directed upwards or forwards.
Ape'talous: destitute of petals; p. 90, fig. 179.
Aphyllous : destitute of leaves, at least of foliage.
Apical : belonging to the apex or point.
Apiculate : pointletted ; tipped with a short and abrupt point.
Apocarpous (pistils) : when the several pistils of the same flower are separate,

as in a Buttercup, Sedum (fig. 168), £c.

Apophysis : any irregular swelling ; the enlargement at the base of the spore-
case of the Umbrella-Moss (Manual, plate 4), &c.
Appendage : any superadded part.
Appendtculate : provided with appendages.
Appressed : where branches are close pressed to the stem, or leaves to the

branch, &c.
Apterous : wingless.
Aquatic : living or growing in water ; applied to plants whether growing under

water, or with all but the base raised out of it.

Arachnoid: cobwebby ; clothed with, or consisting of, soft downy fibres.
Arboreous, Arborescent : tree-like, in size or form ; p. 36.
18

206 GLOSS All Y.

Arcuegdnium (plural archegonia] : the organ in Mosses, &c., which is analogous
to the pistil of Flowering Plants.

Arcuate: hent or curved like a bow.

Are'olate : marked out into little spaces or areolce.

Arillate (seeds) • furnished with an

Aril or Anllns: a fleshy growth forming a false coat or appendage to a seed;
p. 135, fig. 318.

Anstate: awned, i. e. furnished with an arista, like the beard of Barley, &c.

Aristulate: diminutive of the last; short-awned.

Arrow-shaped or Arrow-headed: same as sagittate ; p. 59, fig. 95.

Articulated: jointed ; furnished with joints or articulations, where it separates 01
inclines to do so. Articulated leaves, p. 64.

Artificial Classification, p. 196.

Ascending (stems, &c.), p. 37 ; (seeds or ovules), p. 122.

Aspergilliform : shaped like the brush used to sprinkle holy water ; as the stigmas
of many Grasses.

Assimilation, p. 162.

Assurgent : same as ascending, p. 37.

Atropous or Atropal (ovules) : same as orthotropons.

Aurfculate : furnished with auricles or ear-like appendages, p. 59.

Awl-shaped: sharp-pointed from a broader base, p. 68.

Awn : the bristle or beard of Barley, Oats, &c. ; or any similar bristle-like ap-
pendage.

Awned: furnished with an awn or long bristle-shaped tip.

Axil : the angle on the upper side between a leaf and the stem, p. 20.

Axile: belonging to the axis, or occupying the axis; p. 119, &c.

Axillary (buds, &c.) : occurring in an axil, p. 21, 77, &c.

Axis : the central line of any body ; the organ round which others are attached ;
the root and stem. Ascending Axis, p. 9. Descending Axis, p. 9.

Baccate: berry-like, of a pulpy nature like a berry (in Latin bacca) ; p. 127.

Barbate : bearded ; bearing tufts, spots, or lines of hairs.

Barbed : furnished with a barb or double hook ; as the apex of the bristle on the
fruit of Echinospermum (Stickseed), &c.

Bdrlellate: said of the bristles of the pappus of some Composite (species of
Liatris, &c.), when beset with short, stiff hairs, longer than when denticulate,
but shorter than when plumose.

Barbellulate : diminutive of barbell ate.

Bark: the covering of a stem outside of the wood, p. 150, 152.

Basal : belonging or attached to the

Base: that extremity of any organ by which it is attached to its support.

Bast, Bast-fibres, p. 147.

Beaked: ending in a prolonged narrow tip.

Bearded : see barbate. Beard is sometimes used popularly for awn, more com-
monly for long or stiff hairs of any sort.

Bell-shaped: of the shape of a bell, as the corolla of Harebell, fig. 207, p. 102.

Berry : a fruit pulpy or juicy throughout, as a grape; p. 127.

Bi- (or Bis), in compound words : twice ; as

GLOSSARY. 207

Biartfculate : twice jointed, or two-jointed ; separating into two pieces.

Biauriculate : having two ears, as the leaf in fig. 96.

Bicallose : having two callosities or harder spots.

Bicdrinate : two-keeled, as the upper palea of Grasses.

Bicipital (Biceps) : two-headed ; dividing into two parts at the top or bottom.

Bicdnjugate : twice paired, as when a petiole forks twice.

Biddntate: having two teeth (not twice or doubly dentate).

Biennial : of two years' continuance ; springing from the seed one season,

flowering and dying the next ; p. 21.
Bifdrious .• two-ranked ; airanged in two rows.

Bifid: two-cleft to about the middle, as the petals of Mouse-ear Chickweed.
Bifdliolate : a compound leaf of two leaflets ; p. 66.
Bifurcate: twice forked; or, more commonly, forked into two branches.
Bijiigate: bearing two pairs (of leaflets, &c.).
Bilabiate: two-lipped, as the corolla of sage. &c., p. 105, fig. 209.
Bildmellate: of two plates (lamellce), as the stigma of Mimulus.
Bildbed : the same as two-lobed.
Bildcular : two-celled ; as most anthers, the pod of Foxglove, most Saxifrages

(fig. 254), &c.

Binate : in couples, two together.
Bipartite : the Latin form of two-parted ; p. 62.
Bipinnate (leaf) : twice pinnate ; p. 66, fig. 130.
Bipinndtifid : twice pinnatifid, p. 64; that is, pinnatifid with the lobes again

pinnatifid.

Biplicate : twice folded together.

Biserial, or Biseriate : occupying two rows, one within the other.
Biserrate : doubly serrate, as when the teeth of a leaf, &c. are themselves serrate.
Bite'rnate : twice ternate ; i. e. principal divisions 3, each bearing 3 leaflets, &c.
Bladdery: thin and inflated, like the calyx of Silene inflata.
Blade of a leaf: its expanded portion ; p 54.

Boat-shaped: concave within and keeled without, in shape like a small boat.
Brdchiate: with opposite branches at right angles to each other, as in the

Maple and Lilac.
Bract (Latin, bractea). Bracts, in general, are the leaves of an inflorescence,

more or less different from ordinary leaves. Specially, the bract is the

small leaf or scale from the axil of which a flower or its pedicel proceeds ;

p. 78; and a

Bractlet (bracteola) is a bract seated on the pedicel or flower-stalk; p. 78, fig. 156.
Branch, p. 20, 36.

Bristles : stiff, sharp hairs, or any very slender bodies of similar appearance.
Bristly : beset with bristles.
Brush-shaped : see aspergilliform.

Bryology : that part of Botany which relates to Mosses.
Bud: a branch in its earliest or undeveloped state ; p. 20.
Bud-scales, p. 22, 50.

Bulb : a leaf-bud with fleshy scales, usually subterranean ; p. 45, fig. 73.
Bulbiferous : bearing or producing bulbs,
or bulbous : bulb-like in shape, &c.

208 GLOSSARY.

Bulblets: small bulbs, borne above ground, as on the stems of the bulb-bearing
Lily and on the fronds of Cistopteris bulbifera and some other Ferns ; p. 46.
Bulb-scales, p. 50.
Bullate: appearing as if blistered or bladdery (from bulla, a bubble).

Cadiicous : dropping off very early, compared with other parts ; as the calyx in

the Poppy Family, falling when the flower opens.

Ccespitose, or Cespitose: growing in turf-like patches or tufts, like most sedges, £c.
Cdlcarate: furnished with a spur (calcar), as the flower of Larkspur, fig. 183,

and Violet, fig. 181.

Calceolate or Cdlceiform : slipper-shaped, like one petal of the Lady's Slipper.
Cdllose: hardened ; or furnished with callosities or thickened spots.
Cdlycine : belonging to the calyx.
Calyculate : furnished with an outer accessory calyx (calyculus] or set of bracts

looking like a calyx, as in true Pinks.

Calyptra : the hood or veil of the capsule of a Moss : Manual, p. 607, &c.
Calyptriform : shaped like a calyptra or candle-extinguisher.
Calyx : the outer set of the floral envelopes or leaves of the flower ; p. 85.
Cambium and Cambium-layer, p. 154.
Campdnulate: bell-shaped; p. 102, fig. 207.
Campyldtropous, or Campyldtropal ; curved ovules and seeds of a particular sort ;

p. 123, fig. 271.
Campulospe'rmous : applied to fruits of Umbelliferae when the seed is curved in

at the edges, forming a groove down the inner face ; as in Sweet Cicely.
Canaliculate: channelled, or with a deep longitudinal groove.
Cdncellate: latticed, resembling lattice-work.
Canescent: grayish-white; hoary, usually because the surface is covered with

fine white hairs. Incanous is whiter still.

Capilldceous, Capillary : hair-like in shape ; as fine as hair or slender bristles.
Capitate : having a globular apex, like the head on a pin ; as the stigma of

Cherry, fig. 213; or forming a head, like the flower-cluster of Button-bush,

fig. 161.

Capite'llate : diminutive of capitate; as the stigmas of fig. 255.
Capitulum (a little head) : a close rounded dense cluster or head of sessilo

flowers; p. 80, fig. 161.

Capreolate: bearing tendrils (from capreolus, a tendril).
I'njwde: a pod; any dry dehiscent seed-vessel; p. 131, fig. 305, 306.
Cupsnlar: relating to, or like a capsule.
Carina : a keel ; the two anterior petals of a papilionaceous flower, which arc

combined to form a body shaped somewhat like the keel (or rather the

prow) of a vessel; p. 105, fig. 218, k.

Cdrintttr .- kri-lc<l ; furnished with a sharp ridge or projection on the lower side.
Caridpsis, or Carytipsis: the one-seeded fruit or grain of Grasses, &c., p. 351.
Corneous : flesh-colored ; pale red.
Cdrnow : fleshy in texture.
Carpel, or C<njn<lium: a simple pistil, or one of the parts or leaves of which a

compound pistil is composed ; p. 117.
Cdrj)cUary: pertaining to a carpel.

GLOSSARY. 209

Carpology : that department of Botany which relates to fruits.

Carpophore: the stalk or support of a fruit or pistil within the flower; as in
fig. 276-278.

Cartilaginous, or Cartilagineous : firm and tough, like cartilage, in texture.

Caruncle : an excrescence at the scar of some seeds ; as those of Polygala.

Carunculate : furnished with a caruncle.

Caryophyttdceous : pink-like : applied to a corolla of 5 long-clawed petals ; fig. 200.

Catkin: a scaly deciduous spike of flowers, an ament; p. 81.

Caudate : tailed, or tail-pointed.

Caudex : a sort of trunk, such as that of Palms ; an upright rootstock ; p. 37.

Caulescent : having an obvious stem ; p. 36.

Caulicle : a little stem, or rudimentary stem ; p. 6.

Cauline : of or belonging to a stem (caulis, in Latin), p. 36.

Cell (diminutive Cellule) : the cavity of an anther, ovary, &c., p. 113, 119; one of
the elements or vesicles of which plants are composed ; p. 140, 142.

Cellular tissue of plants; p. 142. Cellular Bark, p. 152.

Cellulose, p. 159.

Centrifugal (inflorescence) : produced or expanding in succession from the centre
outwards ; p. 82. The radicle is centrifugal, when it points away from the
centre of the fruit.

Centripetal : the opposite of centrifugal ; p. 79, 83.

Cereal : belonging to corn, or corn-plants.

Ccrnuous : nodding ; the summit more or less inclining.

Chaff: small membranous scales or bracts on the receptacle of Composite ; the
glumes, &c. of Grasses.

Cliaffy : furnished with chaff, or of the texture of chaff.

Chaldza : that part of the ovule where all the parts grow together; p. 122.

Channelled : hollowed out like a gutter ; same as canaliculate.

CJiaracter : a phrase expressing the essential marks of a species, genus, &c.
which distinguish it from all others ; p. 180.

Chartdceous : of the texture of paper or parchment.

Chldrophyll : the green grains in the cells of the leaf, and of other parts exposed'
to the light, which give to herbage its green color; p. 155.

Chrdmule : coloring matter in plants, especially when not green, or when liquid.

Cicatrix : the scar left by the fall of a leaf or other organ.

Ciliate : beset on the margin with a fringe of cilia, i. e. of hairs or bristles, like
the eyelashes fringing the eyelids, whence the name.

Cinereous, or Cinerdceota : ash-grayish ; of the color of ashes.

Circinate : rolled inwards from the top, like a crosier, as the shoots of Ferns ,~
p. 76, fig. 154; the flower-clusters of Heliotrope, &c.

Circumscissile, or Circumcissile : divided by a circular line round the sides, as
the pods of Purslane, Plantain, &c. ; p. 133, fig. 298, 311.

Circumscription : the general outline of a thing.

Cirrhiferous, or Cirrhose : furnished with a tendril (Latin, cirrhus) ; as the Grape-
vine. Cirrhose also means resembling or coiling like tendrils, as the leaf-
stalks of Virgin's-bower ; p. 37.

Class, p. 175, 177.

Classification, p. 173.

18*

210 GLOSSARY.

Cldthrate : latticed ; same as canccllate.

Cldvate : club-shaped ; slender below and thickened upwards.

Claw: the narrow or stalk-like base of some petals, as of Pinks ; p. 102, fig. 200.

Climbing : rising by clinging to other objects ; p. 37.

Club-shaped: see da vate.

Clustered : leaves, flowers, &c. aggregated or collected into a bunch

Clypeate : buckler-shaped.

Coddunate : same as connate ; i. e. united.

Coale'scent : growing together.

Codrctate : contracted or brought close together.

Coated Bulbs, p. 46.

Cobwebby : same as arachnoid ; bearing hairs like cobwebs or gossamer.

Coccus (plural cocci) : anciently a berry ; now mostly used to denote the carpels

of a dry fruit which are separable from each other, as of Euphorbia.
Cochledriform : spoon-shaped.
Cdchleate : coiled or shaped like a snail-shell.

Ccelospe'rmous : applied to those fruits of Umbelliferae which have the seed hol-
lowed on the inner face, by the curving inwards of the top and bottom ; as in

Coriander.

Coherent, in Botany, is usually the same as connate; p. 104.
Collective fruits, p. 133.

Collum or Collar : the neck or line of junction between the stem and the root.
Columella : the axis to which the carpels of a compound pistil are often attached,

as in Geranium (fig. 278), or which is left when a pod opens, as in Azalea

and Rhododendron.
Column : the united stamens, as in Mallow, or the stamens and pistils united into

one body, as in the Orchis family, fig. 226.
Columnar : shaped like a column or pillar.

Coma : a tuft of any sort (literally, a head of hair) ; p. 135, fig. 317.
Cdmose: tufted ; bearing a tuft of hairs, as the seeds of Milkweed ; fig. 317.
Commissure : the line of junction of two carpels, as in the fruit of Umbelliferse,

such as Parsnip, Caraway, &c.
Common : used as " general," in contradistinction to " partial " ; o. g. " common

involucre/' p. 81.
Cdmplanate : flattened.

Compound leaf, p. 64. Compound pistil, p. 118. Compound umbel, &c., p. 81.
Complete (flower), p. 89.
Complicate : folded upon itself.
Compressed : flattened on two opposite sides.
Condiiplicate : folded upon itself lengthwise, as are the leaves of Magnolia in the

bud, p. 76.

Cone : the fruit of the Pine family ; p. 133, fig. 314.
Confluent : blor.'k-d together ; or the same as coherent.
Conformed : similar to another thing it is associated with or compared to ; or

closely fitted to it, as the skin to the kernel of a seed.
Congested, Congldmerate : crowded together.
Cdnjiigate : coupled ; in single pairs.
Connate : united or grown together from the first.

GLOSSARY. 211

Connective, Connectivum : the part of the anther connecting its two cells ; p. 113.

Connivent : converging, or brought close together.

Consolidated forms of vegetation, p. 47.

Continuous : the reverse of interrupted or articulated.

Contorted: twisted together. Contorted (estivation : same as convolute; p. 109.

Contortuplicate : twisted back upon itself.

Contracted: either narrowed or shortened.

Contrary : turned in an opposite direction to another organ or part with which
it is compared.

Convolute : rolled up lengthwise, as the leaves of the Plum in vernation ; p. 76,
fig. 151. In aestivation, same as contorted; p. 109.

Cordate : heart-shaped ; p. 58, fig. 90, 99.

Coriaceous : resembling leather in texture.

Corky: of the texture of cork. Corky layer of bark, p. 152.

Corm, Cormus : a solid bulb, like that of Crocus ; p. 44, fig. 71, 72.

Cdrneous : of the consistence or appearance of horn, as the albumen of the
seed of the Date, Coffee, &c.

Corniculate : furnished with a small horn or spur.

Cornute : horned ; bearing a horn-like projection or appendage.

Cordlla : the leaves of the flower within the calyx ; p. 86.

Corolldceous, CorolUne : like or belonging to a corolla.

Cordna : a coronet or crown ; an appendage at the top of the claw of some
petals, as Silene and Soapwort, fig. 200, or of the tube of the corolla of
Hound's-Tongue, &c.

Cordnate : crowned ; furnished with a crown.
Cortical: belonging to the bark (cortex).

Cdrymb: a sort of flat or convex flower-cluster ; p. 79, fig. 158.
Corymbdse : approaching the form of a corymb, or branched in that way ;

arranged in corymbs.

Costa : a rib ; the midrib of a leaf, &c. Costate : ribbed.
Cotyle'dons : the first leaves of the embryo ; p. 6, 137.
Crate'riform : goblet-shaped ; broadly cup-shaped.

Creeping (stems) : growing flat on or beneath the ground and rooting; p. 37.
Cre'mocarp : a half-fruit, or one of the two carpels of Umbellifera?.
Crenate, or Crenelled : the edge scalloped into rounded teeth; p. 62, fig. 114.
Crested, or Cristate : bearing any elevated appendage like a crest
Cribrose : pierced like a sieve with small apertures.
Crinite : bearded with long hairs, &c.
Crown : see corona.

Crowning : borne on the apex of anything.

Cruciate, or Cruciform : cross-shaped, as the four spreading petals of the Mus-
tard (fig. 187), and all the flowers of that family.
Crustaceous : hard, and brittle in texture ; crust-like.
Cryptdyamous, or Cryptogamic : relating to Cryptogamia; p. 172, 197.
Cucullate : hooded, or hood-shaped, rolled up like a cornet of paper, or a hood

(cuculhis), as the spathe of Indian Turnip, fig. 162.
Culm : a straw ; the stem of Grasses and Sedges.
Cuneate, Cuneiform : wedge-shaped ; p. 58, fig. 94.

212 GLOSSARY.

Cup-shaped: same as cyathiform, or near it.

Cupule : a little cup ; the cup to the acorn of the Oak, p. 130, fig. 299.

Cupulate : provided with a cupule.

Cuspidate : tipped with a sharp and stiff point.

Cut : same as incised, or applied generally to any sharp and deep division.

Cuticle : the skin of plants, or more strictly its external pellicle.

Cyathiform : in the shape of a cup, or particularly of a wine-glass.

Cycle: one complete turn of a spire, or a circle ; p. 73.

Cyclical; rolled up circularly, or coiled into a complete circle.

Cycldsis : the circulation in closed cells, p. 167.

Cylindraceous: approaching to the

Cylindrical form ; as that of stems, &c., which are round, and gradually if at all

tapering.

Cymheform, or Cymbiform : same as boat-shaped.
Cyme: a cluster of centrifugal inflorescence, p. 82, fig. 165, 167.
Cymose : furnished with cymes, or like a cyme.

Deca- (in composition of words of Greek derivation) : ten ; as
Decdgynous : with 10 pistils or styles. Decandrous : with 10 stamens.
Deciduous : falling off, or subject to fall , said of leaves which fall in autumn,

and of a calyx and corolla which fall before the fruit forms.
Declined : turned to one side, or downwards, as the stamens of Azalea nudiflora.
Decompound : several times compounded or divided ; p 67, fig. 138.
Decumbent: reclined on the ground, the summit tending to rise; p. 37.
Decurrent (leaves) : prolonged on the stem beneath the insertion, as in Thistles.
Decussate: arranged in pairs which successively cross each other; fig. 147.
Definite : when of a uniform number, and not above twelve or so.
Dejlexed: bent downwards.

Deflorate : past the flowering state, as an anther after it has discharged its pollen.
Dehiscence: the mode in which an anther or a pod regularly bursts or splits

open ; p. 132.

Dehiscent : opening by regular dehiscence.

Deliquescent: branching off so that the stem is lost in the branches, p. 25.
Deltoid: of a triangular shape, like the Greek capital A.
Demersed: growing below the surface of water.
Dendroid, Dendritic : tree-like in form or appearance.
Dentate: toothed (from the Latin dens, a tooth), p. 61, fig. 113.
Denticulate : furnished with dcnticulations, or very small teeth : diminutive of

the last.

Depauperate (impoverished or starved) : below the natural size.
Depressed : flattened, or as if pressed down from above ; flattened vertically.
Descending : tending gradually downwards.
Determinate Inflorescence, p. 81, 83.
Dextrorse : turned to the right hand.
Di- (in Greek compounds) : two, as

Diadtlphoits (stamens) : united by their filaments in two sets ; p. Ill, fig. 227.
Diiin < Im us : having two stamens, p. 112. 4^.

Diagnosis . a short distinguishing character, or descriptive phrase.

GLOSSARY. 213

Diaphanous : transparent or translucent.

Dichlamydeous (flower) : having both calyx and corolla.

Dichtitornons : two-forked.

Diclinous : having the stamens in one flower, the pistils in another j p. 89,

fig. 176, 177.

Dicdccous (fruit) : splitting into two cocci, or closed carpels.
Dicotyledonous (embryo) : having a pair of cotyledons ; p. 16, 137.
Dicotyledonous Plants, p. 150, 182.
Didi/mous: twin.
Didynamous (stamens) ; having four stamens in two pairs, one pair shorter than

the other, as in fig. 194, 195.
Diffuse : spreading widely and irregularly.
Digitate (fingered) : where the leaflets of a compound leaf are all borne on the

apex of the petiole; p. 65, fig. 129.
Digynous (flower) : having two pistils or styles, p. 116.
Dimerous : made up of two parts, or its organs in twos.
Dimidiate : halved ; as where a leaf or leaflet has only one side developed, or a

stamen has only one lobe or cell ; fig. 239.
Dimorphous : of two forms.
Dioecious, or Dioicous : where the stamens and pistils are in separate flowers on

different plants ; p. 89.

Dipetalous : of two petals. Diphyllous : two-leaved. Dipterous : two-winged.
Disciform or Disk-shaped : flat and circular, like a disk or quoit.
Disk : the face of any flat body ; the central part of a head of flowers, like the

Sunflower, or Coreopsis (fig. 224), as opposed to the ray or margin; a

fleshy expansion of the receptacle of a flower ; p. 125.
Dissected : cut deeply into many lobes or divisions.
Dissepiments : the partitions of an ovary or a fruit ; p. 119.
Distichous : two-ranked ; p. 73.
Distinct : uncombined with each other ; p. 102.
Divaricate : straddling ; very widely divergent.

Divided (leaves, &c.) : cut into divisions extending about to the base or the mid-
rib; p. 62, fig. 125.

Dodeca- (in Greek compounds) : twelve; as
Dodecdgynous : with twelve pistils or styles.
Dodecandrous : with twelve stamens.
Dolabriform : axe-shaped.

Dorsal: pertaining to the back (dorsum) of an organ.
Dorsal Suture, p. 117.
Dotted Ducts, p. 148.

Double Flowers, so called : where the petals are multiplied unduly ; p. 85, 98.
Downy : clothed with a coat of soft and short hairs.
Drupe: a stone-fruit; p. 128, fig. 285.
Drupaceous : like or pertaining to a drupe.
Ducts : the so-called vessels of plants ; p. 146, 148.
Dumose : bushy, or relating to bushes.
Duramen: the heart-wood, p. 153.
Dwarf: remarkably low in stature.

214 GLOSSARY.

E-, or Ex-, at the beginning of compound words, means destitute of ; as ecostate,
without a rib or midrib ; exalbuminous, without albumen, &c.

Eared: see auriculate; p. 59, fig. 96.

Ebrdcteate ; destitute of bracts.

Ecltinate : armed with prickles (like a hedgehog). Echinulate: a diminutive of it.

Edentate: toothless.

Effete : past bearing, &c. ; said of anthers which have discharged their pollen.

Eglandulose : destitute of glands.

Eldters : threads mixed with the spores of Liverworts. (Manual, p. 682.)

Ellipsoidal : approaching an elliptical figure.

Elliptical : oval or oblong, with the ends regularly rounded ; p. 58, fig. 88.

Emdrginate : notched at the summit ; p. 60, fig. 108.

Embryo: the rudimentary undeveloped plantlet in a seed; p. 6, fig. 9, 12, 26,
31 -37, &c., and p. 136. Embryo-sac, p. 139.

Emersed : raised out of water.

Endecdgynous : with eleven pistils or styles. Endecdndrous : with eleven stamens-

Endocarp : the inner layer of a pericarp or fruit ; p. 128.

Endochrome : the coloring matter of Algae and the like.

Endogenous Stems, p. 150. Endogenous Plants, p. 150.

Endosmose : p. 1 68.

Endosperm : another name for the albumen of a seed.

Endostome : the orifice in the inner coat of an ovule.

Ennea- : nine. Ennedyynous : with nine petals or styles.

Ennedndrous : with nine stamens.

Ensiform: sword-shaped ; as the leaves of Iris, fig. 1$4.

Entire: the margins not at all toothed, notched, or divided, but even ; p. 61.

Ephemeral : lasting for a day or less, as the corolla of Purslane, &c.

Epi-y in composition : upon ; as

Epicarp : the outermost layer of a fruit ; p. 128.

Epidermal: relating to the Epidermis, or the skin of a plant; p. 152, 155.

Epigceous : growing on the earth, or close to the ground.

Eptgynous: upon the ovary ; p. 105, 111.

Epip&alous: borne on the petals or the corolla.

Epiphyllous : borne on a leaf.

Epiphyte : a plant growing on another plant, but not nourished by it ; p. 34.

Epiphytic or Epiphytal : relating to Epiphytes ; p. 34.

Episperm : the skin or coat of a seed, especially the outer coat.

Equal: same as regular; or of the same number or length, as the case may be,
of the body it is compared with.

Equally pinnate : same as abruptly pinnate ; p. 65.

Equitnnt (riding straddle) ; p. 68, fig. 133, 134.

Erose: eroded, as if gnawed.

Ertistrate: not beaked.

Essential Organs of the flower, p. 85.

Estivation: see aestivation.

Etiolated: blanched by excluding the light, as the stalks of Celery.

Even/reen : holding the leaves over winter and until new ones appear, or longer.

Exalbuminous (seed) : destitute of albumen ; p. 136.

GLOSSARY. 215

Excdrrent : running out, as when a midrib projects beyond the apex of a leaf,

or a trunk is continued to the very top of a tree.
Exhalation, p. 156, 169.

Exogenous Stems, p. 150. Exogenous Plants, p. 182.
Exostome: the orifice in the outer coat of the ovule; p. 122.
Explanate : spread or flattened out.

Exserted: protruding out of, as the stamens out of the corolla of fig. 201.
Exstipulate : destitute of stipules.
Extra-axillary : said of a branch or bud a little out of the axil ; as the upper

accessory buds of the Butternut, p. 27, fig. 52.
Extrdrse : turned outwards ; the anther is extrorse when fastened to the filament

on the side next the pistil, and opening on the outer side, as in Iris ; p. 113.

Falcate : scythe-shaped ; a flat body curved, its edges parallel.

Family : p. 176.

Farinaceous : mealy in texture. Farinose : covered with a mealy powder.

Fdsciate: banded ; also applied to monstrous stems which grow flat.

Fascicle: a close cluster ; p. 83..

Fascicled, Fasciculated: growing in a bundle or tuft, as the leaves of Pine
and Larch (fig. 139, 140), the roots of Paeony and Dahlia, fig. 60.

Fastigiate : close, parallel, and upright, as the branches of Lombardy Poplar.

Faux (plural, fauces) : the throat of a calyx, corolla, &c.

Fave'olate, Fdvose : honeycombed ; same as alveolate.

Feather-veined : where the veins of a leaf spring from along the sides of a mid-
rib ; p. 57, fig. 86 - 94.

Female (flowers) : with pistils and no stamens.

Fen&trate : pierced with one or more large holes, like windows.

Ferrugineous, or Ferruginous : resembling iron-rust ; red-grayish.

Fertile : fruit-bearing, or capable of producing fruit ; also said of anthers when
theyproduce good pollen.

Fertilization : the process by which pollen causes the embryo to be formed.

Fibre, p. 145. Fibrous: containing much fibre, or composed of fibres.

Fibrillose : formed of small fibres.

Fibrine, p. 165.

Fiddle-shaped : obovate with a deep recess on each side.

Filament: the stalk of a stamen; p. 86, fig. 170, a; also any slender thread-
shaped appendage.

Filame'ntose, or Filamentous : bearing or formed of slender threads.

Filiform : thread-shaped ; long, slender, and cylindrical.

Fiiiibriate: fringed; furnished with fringes (Jimbriai),

Fistular or Fistulose : hollow and cylindrical, as the leaves of the Onion.

Flabelliform or Flab&llate : fan-shaped ; broad, rounded at the summit, and nar-
rowed at the base.

Flagellate, or Flageiliform < long, narrow, and flexible, like the thong of a whip ;
or like the runners (flagellai] of the Strawberry.

Flavescent : yellowish, or turning yellow.

Fleshy : composed of firm pulp or flesh.

Fleshy Plants, p. 47.

216 GLOSSARY.

Fl£ruose, or Fle'xuous: bending gently in opposite directions, in a zigzag way.

Floating: swimming on the surface of water.

Fldccose : composed, or bearing tufts, of woolly or long and soft hairs.

Flora (the goddess of flowers) : the plants of a country or district, taken

together, or a work systematically describing them ; p. 3.
Floral: relating to the blossom.
Floral Envelopes : the leaves of the flower ; p. 85, 99.
Floret : a diminutive flower ; one of the flowers of a head (or of the so-called

compound flower) of Composite, p. 100.

Flower : the whole organs of reproduction of Pha3nogamous plants ; p. 84.
Flower-bad: an unopened flower.

Flowering Plants, p. 177. Flowcrless Plants, p. 172, 177.
Folidceous: belonging to, or of the texture or nature of, a leaf (folium).
Fdliose : leafy ; abounding in leaves.
Fdliolate: relating to or bearing leaflets (foliold).

Follicle: a simple pod, opening down the inner suture ; p. 131, fig. 302.
Follfcular : resembling or belonging to a follicle.
Food of Plants, p. 160.

Foramen: a hole or orifice, as that of the ovule ; p. 122.
Fornix : little arched scales in the throat of some corollas, as of Comfrey.
Fornicate : over-arched, or arching over.
Fo'veate: deeply pitted. Fovcolate: diminutive of foveate.
Free: not united with any other parts of a different sort ; p. 103.
Fringed : the margin beset with slender appendages, bristles, £c.
Frond : what answers to leaves in Ferns ; the stem and leaves fused into one

body, as in Duckweed and many Liverworts, £c.
Frondescence : the bursting into leaf.

Frdndose : frond-bearing ; like a frond : or sometimes used for leafy.
Fructification : the state of fruiting. Organs of, p. 76.
Fruit: the matured ovary and all it contains or is connected with; p. 126.
Fntf escent: somewhat shrubby ; becoming a shrub (frutex).
Fruticulose: like a small shrub. Fniticose: shrubby; p. 36.
Fugacious : soon falling off or perishing.
Fulvous : tawny ; dull yellow with gray.
Funiculus: the stalk of a seed or ovule; p. 122.
Funnel-form, or Funnel-shaped: expanding gradually upwards, like a funnel

or tunnel; p. 102.
Flirt-ate : forked.

Furfurdceous : covered with bran-like fine scurf.
Furrowed: marked by longitudinal channels or grooves.
Fuscous: deep gray-brown.
Fusiform: spindle-shaped; p. 32.

Gdleate: shaped like a helmet (galca) ; as the upper sepal of the Monkshood,

fig. 185, and the upper lip of the corolla of Dcad-Ncttle, fig. 209.
Gamope'talous : of united petals ; same as monojtetalous, and a better word ; p. 102.
Gamophyllous : formed of united leaves. Gamosc'palous : formed of united sepals.
Gelatine, p. 165,

GLOSSARY. 217

Geminate : twin ; in pairs ; as the flowers of Linnsea.

Gemma : a bud.

Gemmation : the state of budding, or the arrangement of parts in the bud.

Gemmule : a small bud ; the buds of Mosses ; the plumule, p. 6.

Geniculate : beiit abruptly, like a knee (genu), as many stems.

Genus : a kind ; a rank above species ; p. 175, 176.

Generic Names, p. 178. Generic Character, p. 181.

Geographical Botany : the study of plants in their geographical relations, p. 3.

Germ : a growing point ; a young bud ; sometimes the same as embryo ; p. 136.

Germen : the old name for ovary.

Germination: the development of a plantlet from the seed; p. 5, 137.

Gibbous : more tumid at one place or on one side than the other.

Glabrate : becoming glabrous with age, or almost glabrous.

Glabrous : smooth, i. e. having no hairs, bristles, or other pubescence.

Gladiate: sword-shaped; as the leaves of Iris, fig. 134.

Glands: small cellular organs which secrete oily or aromatic or other products:
they are sometimes sunk in the leaves or rind, as in the Orange, Prickly
Ash, &c. ; sometimes on the surface as small projections ; sometimes raised

»on hairs or bristles (glandular hairs, frc.), as in the Sweetbricr and Sun-
dew. The name is also given to any small swellings, &c., whether they

secrete anything or not.

Glandular, Glandulose : furnished with glands, or gland-like.
Glans ( Gland) : the acorn or mast of Oak and similar fruits.
Glaucescent : slightly glaucous, or bluish-gray.
Glaucous : covered with a bloom, viz. with a fine white powder that rubs off, like

that on a fresh plum, or a cabbage-leaf.

Globose : spherical in form, or nearly so. Gldbular : nearly globose.
Glochidiate (hairs or bristles): barbed; tipped with barbs, or with a double

hooked point.

Gldmerate : closely aggregated into a dense cluster.
Gldmerule: a dense head-like cluster; p. 83.

Glossology : the department of Botany in which technical terms are explained.
Glumaceous : glume-like, or glume-bearing.
Glume : Glumes are the husks or floral coverings of Grasses, or, particularly,

the outer husks or bracts of each spikclct. (Manual, p. 535.)
Glumelles : the inner husks, or paleai, of Grasses.
Gluten: a vegetable product containing nitrogen; p. 165.
Granular: composed of grains. Granule: a small grain.
Growth, p. 138.

Grumous or Grumose : formed of coarse clustered grains.
Guttate : spotted, as if by drops of something colored.
Gymnocdrpous : naked-fruited.
Gymnospennous : naked-seeded; p. 121.

Gymnospe'nnce, or Gymnospennous Plants, p. 184 ; Manual, p. xxiii.
Gyndndrous : with stamens borne on, i. e. united with, the pistil; p. Ill, fig. 226.
Gynoicium : a name for the pistils of a flower taken altogether.
Gynobase : a particular receptacle or support of the pistils, or of the carpels of

a compound ovary, as in Geranium, fig. 277, 278,
19

218 GLOSSARY.

Gynophore : a stalk raising a pistil above the stamens, as in the Cleome Family,

p. 276.

Gyrate : coiled in a circle : same as circinate.
Gyrose: strongly bent to and fro.

Habit : the general aspect of a plant, or its mode of growth.

Habitat : the situation in which a plant grows in a wild state.

Hairs : hair-like projections or appendages of the surface of plants.

Hairy : beset with hairs, especially longish ones.

Halberd-shaped, or Halberd-headed: see hastate.

Halved: when appearing as if one half of the body were cut away.

Hamate or Hamose : hooked ; the end of a slender body bent round.

Hdmulose : bearing a small hook ; a diminutive of the last.

Hastate or Hastile : shaped like a halberd ; furnished with a spreading lobe on

each side at the base ; p. 59, fig. 97.

Heart-shaped: of the shape of a heart as commonly painted ; p. 58, fig. 90.
Heart-wood: the older or matured wood of exogenous trees; p. 153.
Helicoid : coiled like a helix or snail-shell.

Helmet: the upper sepal of Monkshood in this shape, fig. 185, &c.
Hemi- (in compounds from the Greek) : half; e. g. Hemispherical, &c.
He'micarp : half-fruit, or one carpel of an Umbelliferous plant.
Hemitropous or Hemitropal (ovule or seed): nearly same as amphitropous, p. 123.
Hepta- (in words of Greek origin) : seven; as,
Heptdgynous : with seven pistils or styles.

Heptdtnerous : its parts in sevens. Heptdndrous : having seven stamens.
Herb, p. 20.

Herbaceous: of the texture of common herbage; not woody; p. 36.
Herbarium: the botanist's arranged collection of dried plants; p. 201.
Hermaphrodite (flower) : having both stamens and pistils in the same blossom ;

same as perfect; p. 89.

Heterocdrpous : bearing fruit of two sorts or shapes, as in Amphicarprea.
Heterdgamous : bearing two or more sorts of flowers as to their stamens and

pistils ; as in Aster, Daisy, and Coreopsis.
Heteromdrphous : of two or more shapes.

Heterdtropous, or Heterdtropal (ovule) : the same as amphitropous; p. 123.
Hexa- (in Greek compounds) : six ; as

Hexdgonal: six-angled. Hexdgynous: with six pistils or styles.
Hexdmerom : its parts in sixes. Hexdndrous : with six stamens.
Hexdpterous : six-winged.
Hilar : belonging to the hilum.

If Hum : the scar of the seed; its place of attachment ; p. 122, 135.
IRppocrfpiform : horseshoe-shaped.
Hirsute: hairy with stiffish or beard-like hairs.

Hispid: bristly; beset with stiff hairs. Hispfdnhus is a diminutive of it.
Hoary : grayish-white ; see caHescoit, £o.

Homdgamous : a head or cluster with flowers all of one kind, as in Eupatorium.
HomoycueoHS : uniform in nature; all of one kind.
HomomdlloHs (leaves, &c.) : originating all round a stem, but all bent or curved

round to one side.

GLOSSARY. 219

Homomdrphous : all of one shape.

Homotropous or Homtitropal (embryo) : curved with the seed; curved one way.

Hood: same as helmet or galea. Hooded: hood-shaped ; see cucullate.

Hooked: same as hamate.

Horn : a spur or some similar appendage. Horny : of the texture of horn.

Hortus Siccus: an herbarium, or collection of dried plants ; p. 201.

Humifase : spread over the surface of the ground.

Hyaline : transparent, or partly so.

Ift/brid: a cross-breed between two allied species.

Hypocrate'riform : salver-shaped; p. 101, fig. 202, 208.

Hypogo&an : produced under ground.

Hypo'gynous: inserted under the pistil; p. 103, fig. 212.

Icosdndrous: having 12 or more stamens inserted on the calyx.

Imbricate, Imbricated, Imbricative : overlapping one another, like tiles, or shingles
on a roof, as the scales of the involucre of Zinnia, &c., or the bud-scales of
Horsechesnut (fig. 48) and Hickory (fig. 49). In aestivation, where some
leaves of the calyx or corolla are overlapped on both sides by others ; p. 109.

Immarginate : destitute of a rim or border.

Immersed: growing wholly under water.

Impari-pinnate : pinnate with a single leaflet at the apex; p. 65, fig. 126.

Imperfect flowers : wanting either stamens or pistils ; p. 89.

Inequilateral: unequal-sided, as the leaf of a Begonia.

Incanous: hoary with white pubescence.

Incised: cut rather deeply and irregularly ; p. 62.

Included: enclosed ; when the part in question does not project beyond another.

Incomplete Flower : wanting calyx or corolla ; p. 90.

Incrassated: thickened.

Incumbent : leaning or resting upon : the cotyledons are incumbent when the
back of one of them lies against the radicle; the anthers are incumbent
when turned or looking inwards, p. 113.

Incurved: gradually curving inwards.

Indefinite: not uniform in number, or too numerous to mention (over 12).

Indefinite or Indeterminate Inflorescence: p. 77.

Indehiscent : not splitting open ; i. e. not dehiscent ; p. 127.

Indigenous : native to the country.

Individuals: p. 173.

Indiiplicate : with the edges turned inwards; p. 109.

Indusium: the shield or covering of a fruit-dot of a Fern. (Manual, p ,588.)

Inferior: growing below some other organ; p. 104, 121.

Inflated: turgid and bladdery.

Inflexed: bent inwards.

Inflorescence: the arrangement of flowers on the stem; p. 76.

Infra-axillary : situated beneath the axil.

Infundibuliform or Infundibular: funnel-shaped; p. 102, fig. 199.

Innate (anther) : attached by its base to the very apex of the filament; p. 113.

Innovation : an incomplete young shoot, especially in Mosses.

Inorganic Constituents, p. 160.

220 GLOSSARY.

Insertion : the place or tho mode of attachment of an organ to its support ; p. 72.

Intercellular Passages or Spaces, p. 143, fig. 341.

Internode: the part of a stem between two nodes ; p. 42.

Interruptedly pinnate: pinnate with small leaflets intermixed with larger ones,

as in Water Avens.

Intrafoliaccous (stipules, &c.) : placed between the leaf or petiole and the stem.
lutmrse: turned or facing inwards, i. e. towards the axis of the flower; p. 113.
Inverse or Inverted: where the apex is in the direction opposite to that of tho

organ it is compared with.
Involucel : a partial or small involucre; p. 81.
lurohicellate : furnished with an involucel.
Involiicrate : furnished with an involucre.

involucre : a whorl or set of bracts around a flower, umbel, or head ; p. 79.
Involute, in vernation, p. 76 : rolled inwards from the edges.
Irregular flowers, p. 91.

Jointed: separate or separable at one or more places into pieces ; p. 64, &c.

Keel: a projecting ridge on a surface, like the keel of a boat; the two anterior

petals of a papilionaceous corolla; p. 105, fig. 217, 218, k.
Keeled: furnished with a keel or sharp longitudinal ridge.
Kernel of the ovule and seed, p. 122, 136.
Kidney-shaped: resembling the outline of a kidney ; p. 59, fig. 100.

LaMlum : the odd petal in the Orchis Family.

Labiate: same as bilabiate or two-lipped ; p. 105.

Laciniate: slashed; cut into deep narrow lobes (called Jaciuice).

Lactescent : producing milky juice, as does the Milkweed, &c.

Ldcunose : full of holes or gaps.

Levigate: smooth as if polished.

Lamellar or Lamellate : consisting of flat plates (lamellce).

Lamina : a plate or blade : the blade of a leaf, £c., p. 54.

Lanate : woolly ; clothed with long and soft entangled hairs.

Lanceolate: lance-shaped; p. 58, fig. 86.

LcMuginout: cottony or woolly.

Latent buds : concealed or undeveloped buds ; p. 26, 27.

Lateral: belonging to the side.

Latex: the milky juice, £c. of plants.

Lax : loose in texture, or sparse ; the opposite of crowded.

Leaf, p. 49. Lea fluids, p. 20, 27.

Leaflet: one of the divisions or blades of a compound leaf; p. 64.

Leaf-like: same as foliaccous.

L<di/i<n/: of about tho consistence of leather ; coriaceous.

Legume.: a simple pod, dehiscent into two pieces, like that of the Pea, p. 131,

fig. 303; the fruit of the Pea Family (Leyuminosw), of whatever shape.
Leyumine, p. 165.

Jsriinmnons: belonging to legumes, or to the Leguminous Family.
Lenticular: lens-shaped; i. c. flattish and convex on both sides.

GLOSSARY. 221

Lepidote : leprous ; covered with scurfy scales.

Liber: the inner, fibrous bark of Exogenous plants; p. 152.

Ligneous, or Lignose : woody in texture.

Liyulate: furnished with a ligule ; p. 106.

Ligule: the strap-shaped corolla in many Composite, p. 106, fig. 220; the

little membranous appendage at the summit of the leaf-sheaths of most

Grasses.

Limb: the blade ot a leaf, petal, &c. ; p. 54, 102.
Linear: narrow and flat, the margins parallel; p. 58, fig. 85.
Lineate: marked with parallel lines. Lineolate: marked with minute lines.
Lingulate, Lingiiiform : tongue-shaped.
Lip: the principal lobes of a bilabiate corolla or calyx, p. 105 ; the odd and

peculiar petal in the Orchis Family.

Lobe: any projection or division (especially a rounded one) of a leaf, £c.
Locettus (plural locetti) : a small cell, or compartment of a cell, of an ovary or

anther.

Ldcular : relating to the cell or compartment (loculus) of an ovary, &c.
Loculicidal (dehiscence) : splitting down through the middle of the back of each

cell ; p. 132, fig. 305.

Locusta : a name for the spikelet of Grasses.

Loment: a pod which separates transversely into joints; p. 131, fig. 304.
Lomentdceous : pertaining to or resembling a loment.
Ldrate : thong-shaped.

Lunate : crescent-shaped. Lunulate : diminutive of lunate.
Lyrate : lyre-shaped ; a pinnatifid leaf of an obovate or spatulate outline, the

end-lobe large and roundish, and the lower lobes small, as in Winter-
Cress and Radish, fig. 59.

Mace: the aril of the Nutmeg; p. 135.

Maculate : spotted or blotched.

Male (flowers) : having stamens but no pistil.

Mdmrnose : breast-shaped.

Marcescent : withering without falling off.

Marginal: belonging to the edge or margin.

Marginate : margined, with an edge different from the rest.

Masked: see personate.

Median : belonging to the middle.

Medullary: belonging to, or of the nature of pith (medulla) ; pithy.

Medullary Rays: the silver-grain of wood ; p. 151.

Medullary Sheath: a set of ducts just around the pith; p. 151.

membranaccous or Membranous : of the texture of membrane ; thin and more or

less translucent.
Meniscoid : crescent-shaped.

Me'ricarp : one carpel of the fruit of an Umbelliferous plant.
Merismatic: separating into parts by the formation of partitions within.
M.e~socarp: the middle part of a pericarp, when that is distinguishable into three

layers ; p. 128.
Mesophlceum : the middle or green bark.

19*

222 GLOSSARY.

Micropyle: the closed orifice of the seed ; p. 135.

Midrib: the middle or main rib of a leaf; p. 55.

Milk-Vessels: p. 148.

Miniate: vermilion-colored.

Mitriform : mitre-shaped ; in the form of a peaked cap.

Monade'lphous : stamens united by their filaments into one set; p. 111.

Mondndrous (flower) : having only one stamen; p. 112.

Moniliform : necklace-shaped ; a cylindrical body contracted at intervals.

Monochlamydcous : having only one floral envelope, i. e. calyx but no corolla, as

Anemone, fig. 179, and Castor-oil Plant, fig. 178.
Monocotyle'donous (embryo) : with only one cotyledon; p. 16, 137.
Monocotyledonous Plants, p. 150, 192.

Monoecious, or Monoicous (flower) : having stamens or pistils only ; p. 90.
Mondgynous (flower) : having only one pistil, or one style; p. 116.
Monopetalous (flower) : with the corolla of one piece; p. 101.
Monophyllous : one-leaved, or of one piece; p. 102.
Monose'palous : a calyx of one piece ; i. e. with the sepals united into one body ;

p. 101.

Monospe'rmous : one-seeded.

Monstrosity : an unnatural deviation from the usual structure or form.
Morphology : the department of botany which treats of the forms which an organ

(say a leaf) may assume ; p. 28.

Mucronate: tipped with an abrupt short point (mucro) ; p. 60, fig. 111.
Mucronulate : tipped with a minute abrupt point ; a diminutive of the last.
Multi-, in composition : many ; as

Multangular: many-angled. Multicipital : many-headed, &c.
Multifarious: in many rows or ranks. Multifid: many-cleft; p. 62.
Multildcular : many-celled. Multise'rial : in many rows.
Multiple Fruits, p. 133.
Muricate : beset with short and hard points.
Muriform : wall-like ; resembling courses of bricks in a wall.
Muscology : the part of descriptive botany which treats of Mosses (i. e. Musci).
Muticous : pointless ; beardless ; unarmed.
Mycelium : the spawn of Fungi ; i. e. the filaments from which Mushrooms, &c.

originate.

Ndpiform: turnip-shaped; p. 31, fig. 57.

Natural System: p. 195.

Naturalized: introduced from a foreign country, but growing perfectly wild and

propagating freely by seed.

Xiiri'-ilnr: bout-shaped, like the glumes of most Grasses.
Necklace-shaped: looking like a string of beads ; see monitiform.
Nectar : the honey, &c. secreted by glands, or by any part of the corolla.
Nectariferous : honey-bearing ; or having a nectary.
Nectary : the old name for petals and other parts of the flower when of unusual

shape, especially when honey-bearing. So the hollow spur-shaped petals of

Columbine were called nectaries; also the curious long-clawed petals of

Monkshood, fig. 186, &c.

GLOSSARY. 223

Needle-shaped: long, slender, and rigid, like the leaves of Pines ; p. 68, fig. 140.
Nerve: a name for the ribs or veins of leaves, when simple and parallel ; p. 56.
Nerved : furnished with nerves, or simple and parallel ribs or veins ; p. 56, fig. 84.
Netted-i-eined : furnished with branching veins forming network; p. 56, fig. 83.
Nodding (in Latin form, Nutant) : bending so that the summit hangs downward.
Node: a knot ; the "joints " of a stem, or the part whence a leaf or a pair of

leaves springs ; p. 40.

Nddose: knotty or knobby. Nddulose: furnished with little knobs or knots.
Normal : according to rule ; the pattern or natural way according to some law.
Notate : marked with spots or lines of a different color.
Nucamentaceous : relating to or resembling a small nut.
Nuciform : nut-shaped or nut-like. Nucule : a small nut.
Nucleus: the kernel of an ovule (p. 122) or seed (p. 136) of a cell; p. 140.
Nut : a hard, mostly one-seeded indehiscent fruit ; as a chestnut, butternut,

acorn; p. 130, fig. 299.
Nutlet : a little nut ; or the stone of a drupe.

Ob- (meaning over against) : when prefixed to words, signifies inversion ; as,

Obcompressed : flattened the opposite of the usual way.

Obcdrdate: heart-shaped with the broad and notched end at the apex instead of

the base; p. 60, fig. 109.

Obldnceolate : lancc-shapcd with the tapering point downwards ; p. 58, fig. 91.
Oblique : applied to leaves, &c. means unequal-sided.
Oblong : from two to four times as long as broad, and more or less elliptical

in outline ; p. 58, fig. 87.

Obduate: inversely ovate, the broad end upward ; p. 58, fig. 93.
Obtuse: blunt, or round at the end ; p. 60, fig. 105.
Obverse: same as inverse.
Obvoluie (in the bud) : when the margins of one leaf alternately overlap those of

the opposite one.
Ochreate: furnished with oclirece (boots), or stipules in the form of sheaths; as

in Polygonum, p. 69, fig. 137.
Ocliroleucous : yellowish-white; dull cream-color.
Octo-, eight, enters into the composition of
Octdgi/nous : with eight pistils or styles.

Octdmerous : its parts in eights. Octdndroits : with eight stamens, &c.
Offset: short branches next the ground which take root ; p. 38.
One-ribbed, One-nerved, &c. : furnished with only a single rib, &c., &c.
Opaque, applied to a surface, means dull, not shining.

Ope'rculate : furnished with a lid or cover (operculum), as the capsules of Mosses.
Opposite: said of leaves and branches when on opposite sides of the stem from

each other (i. e. in pairs) ; p. 23, 71. Stamens are opposite the petals, &c.

when they stand before them.

Orbicular, Orbiculate : circular in outline or nearly so ; p. 58.
Organ: any member of the plant, as a leaf, a stamen, &c.; p. 1.
Organs of Vegetation, p. 7 ; of Reproduction, p. 77.
Organized, Organic: p. 1, 158, 159, 162.
Organic Constituents, p. 160. Organic Structure, p. 142.

224 GLOSSARY.

Orthtftropous or Orthdtropal (ovule or seed) : p. 122, 135, fig. 270, 274.
Osseous : of a bony texture.
Oval: broadly elliptical; p. 88.

6vary: that part of the pistil containing the ovules or future seeds; p. 86, 116.
Ovate : shaped like an egg with the broader end downwards, or, in plane sur-
faces, such as leaves, like the section of an egg lengthwise ; p. 58, fig. 89.
Ovoid: ovate or oval in a solid form.
Ocule: the body which is destined to become a seed; p. 86, 116, 122.

Palea (plural palece) : chaff; the inner husks of Grasses ; the chaff or bracts on
the receptacle of many Compositoe, as Coreopsis, fig. 220, and Sunflower.

Paleaceous : furnished with chaff, or chaffy in texture.

Palmate : when leaflets or the divisions of a leaf all spread from the apex of the
petiole, like the hand with the outspread fingers ; p. 167, fig. 129, &c.

Palmately (veined, lobed, &c.) : in a palmate manner; p. 57, 63, 65.

Panduriform ; fiddle-shaped (which see).

Panicle: an open cluster; like a raceme, but more or less compound; p. 81,
fig. 163.

Pankled, Paniculate : arranged in panicles, or like a panicle.

Papery : of about the consistence of letter-paper.

Papilionaceous: butterfly-shaped; applied to such a corolla as that of the Pea
and the Locust-tree; p. 105, fig. 217.

Papilla (pluml papillce) : little nipple-shaped protuberances.

Papillate, Papillose : covered with papilla;.

Pappus: thistle-down. The down crowning the achenium of the Thistle, and
other Composite, represents the calyx ; so the scales, teeth, chaff, as well
as bristles, or whatever takes the place of the calyx in this family, are called
the pappus ; fig. 292-296, p. 130.

Parallel-veined, or nerved (leaves) : p. 55, 56.

Pardphyses : jointed filaments mixed with the antheridia of Mosses. (Manual,
p. G07.)

Parenchyma: soft cellular tissue of plants, like the green pulp of leaves.

Parietal (placenta, &c.) : attached to the walls (parietes) of the ovary or pen-
carp ; p. 119, 120.

Parted: separated or cleft into parts almost to the base; p. 62.

Partial involucre, same as an involucel : partial petiole, a division of a main leaf-
stalk or the stalk of a leaflet : partial peduncle, a branch of a peduncle : par-
tial umbel, an umbellet, p. 81.

Patent : spreading ; open. Patulous : moderately spreading.

Pane!-, in composition: few; as pauci/lorous, few-flowered, &c.

Pear-shdped : solid obovate, the shape of a pear.

Pectinate : pinnatifid or pinnately divided into narrow and close divisions, like
the teeth of a comb.

Pedate : like a bird's foot ; palmate or palmately cleft, with the side divisions
again cleft, as in Viola pedata, &c.

Prdittfli/ r/<//, lah'd, &c. : cut in a pcdate way.

Pcih'cf-f ; the stalk of each particular flower of a cluster; p. 78, fig. 156.

Pedicellate, Pe'dicellcd : furnished with a pedicel.

GLOSSARY. 225

Peduncle : a flower-stalk, whether of u single flower or of a flower-cluster ; p. 78.

Peduncled, Pedunculate : furnished with a peduncle.

Peltate : shield-shaped : said of a leaf, whatever its shape, when the petiole is

attached to the lower side, somewhere within the margin ; p. 59, fig. 102, 178.
Pendent : hanging. Pendulous : somewhat hanging or drooping.
Penicittate : tipped with a tuft of fine hairs, like a painter's pencil ; as the stig-
mas of some Grasses.

Penta- (in words of Greek composition) : five ; as
Pentdgynous : with five pistils or styles ; p. 116.
Pentdmerous : with its parts in fives, or on the plan of five.
Pentdndrous : having five stamens ; p. 112. Pentdstichous : in five ranks.
Pepo: a fruit like the Melon and Cucumber; p. 128.
Perennial: lasting from year to year; p. 21.
Perfect (flower) : having both stamens and pistils ; p. 89.
Perfdliate: passing through the leaf, in appearance ; p. 67, fig. 131, 132.
Perforate : pierced with holes, or with transparent dots resembling holes, as an

Orange-leaf.
Perianth' : the leaves of the flower generally, especially when we cannot readily

distinguish them into calyx and corolla ; p. 85.
Pericarp : the ripened ovary ; the walls of the fruit ; p. 127.
Pericdr/nc : belonging to the pericarp.

Pe'fi'cha-t/t : the cluster of peculiar leaves at the base of the fruit-stalk of Mosses.
Perichatial : belonging to the perichaeth.
Perigoiiium, Perifjdne: same as perianth.
Perif/yninm : bodies around the pistil ; applied to the closed cup or bottle-shaped

body which encloses the ovary of Sedges, and to the bristles, little scales,

&c. of the flowers of some other Cypcraccoc.

Perigijnous : the petals and stamens borne on the calyx ; p. 104, 111.
Peripherie : around the outside, or periphery, of any organ.
Perisperm: a name for the albumen of a seed (p. 136).
Pe'ristome : the fringe of teeth, £c. around the orifice of the capsule of Mosses.

(Manual, p. 607.)
Persistent : remaining bej^ond the period when such parts commonly fall, as the

leaves of evergreens, and the calyx, £c. of such flowers as remain during

the growth of the fruit. "~
Personate: masked ; a bilabiate corolla with a projection, or palate, in the throat,

as of the Snapdragon ; p. 106, fig. 210, 211.
Petal : a leaf of the corolla; p. 85.
Petaloid:~ petal-like ; resembling or colored like petals.
Pe'tiole : a footstalk of a leaf; a leaf-stalk, p. 54.
Petioled, Petiolate : furnished with a petiole.

Petidhdate : said of a leaflet when raised on its own partial leafstalk.
Phcenoyamous, or P/ianerdgamous : plants bearing flowers and producing seeds;

same as Flowering Plants ; p. 177, 182.
Phyllo'dium (plural phyllodia] : a leaf where the blade is a dilated petiole, as in

New Holland Acacias ; p. 69.

Phylloidxis, or Phyllotaxy : the arrangement of leaves on the stem ; p. 71.
Physiological Botany, Physiology, p. 3.

226 GLOSSARY.

Phyton : a name used to designate the pieces which by their repetition make up
a plant, theoretically, viz. a joint of stem with its leaf or pair of leaves.

Piliferous: bearing a slender bristle or hair (pilum), or beset with hairs.

Pilose : hairy ; clothed with soft slender hairs.

Pinna : a primary branch of the petiole of a bipinnate or tripinnate leaf, as fig.
130, p. 66.

Pinnule : a secondary branch of the petiole of a bipinnate or tripinnate leaf ; p. 66.

Pinnate (leaf) : when the leaflets are arranged along the sides of a common pe-
tiole ; p. 65, fig. 126-128.

Pinnately lobed, cleft, parted, divided, &c., p. 63.

Pinndtifid: same as pinnately cleft ; p. 63, fig. 119.

Pistil: the seed-bearing organ of the flower ; p. 86, 116.

Pistillidium : the body which in Mosses, Liverworts, &c. answers to the pistiL

Pitchers, p. 51, fig. 79, 80.

Pith : the cellular centre of an exogenous stem ; p. 150, 151.

Pitted : having small depressions or pits on the surface, as many seeds.

Placenta : the surface or part of the ovary to which the ovules are attached ;
p. 118.

Plaited (in the bud) ; p. 76, fig. 150; p. 110, fig. 225.

Plane : flat, outspread.

Plicate : same as plaited.

Plumose: feathery; when any slender body (such as a bristle of a pappus) is
beset with hairs along its sides, like the plumes or the beard on a feather.

Plumule : the little bud or first shoot of a germinating plantlet above the cotyle*
dons ; p. 6, fig. 5 ; p. 137.

Plitri-, in composition : many or several ; as

Plurifoliolate : with several leaflets ; p. 66.

Pod: specially a legume, p. 131 ; also applied to any sort of capsule.

Ptidosperm : the stalk of a seed.

Pointless: destitute of any pointed tip, such as a mucro, awn, acumination, &c.

Pollen: the fertilizing powder of the anther ; p. 86, 114.

Pollen-mass : applied to the pollen when the grains all cohere into a mass, as in
Milkweed and Orchis.

Poly- (in compound words of Greek origin) : same as multi- in those of Latin
origin, viz. many ; as

Polyadelphous: having the stamens united by their filaments into several bun.
dies; p. 112.

Polydndrous : with numerous (more than 20) stamens (inserted on the recep-
tacle) ; p. 112.

Polycotyle'donous : having many (more than two) cotyledons, as Pines; p. 17,
137, fig. 45, 46.

Polygamous : having some perfect and some separated flowers, on the same or on
different individuals, as the Red Maple.

Polygonal : many-angled.

Polycjynous : with many pistils or styles ; p. 116.

Polynia rous : formed of many parts of each set.

Polymorphous : of several or varying forms.

Pol i/pcf alous : when the petals are distinct or separate (whether few or many);
p. 103.

GLOSSARY. 227

Polyphyllous : many-leaved ; formed of several distinct pieces, as the calyx of

Sedum, fig. 168, Flax, fig. 174, &c.

Polysepalous : same as the last when applied to the calyx ; p. 103.
Poh/spcrmous : many-seeded.

Pome: the apple, pear, and similar fleshy fruits ; p. 128.
Porous : full of holes or pores.

Pouch : the silicic or short pod, a? of Shepherd's Purse ; p. 133.
Prccfloration : same as estivation; p. 108.
Pr defoliation : same as vernation; p. 75.
Prcemdrse .- ending abruptly, as if bitten off.

Prickles : sharp elevations of the bark, coming off with it, as of the Rose ; p. 39.
Prickly : bearing prickles, or sharp projections like them.
Primine : the outer coat of the covering of the ovule ; p. 124.
Primdrdial : earliest formed ; primordial leaves are the first after the cotyledons.
Prismatic : prism-shaped ; having three or more angles bounding flat or hollowed

sides.

Process : any projection from the surface or edge of a body.
Procumbent : trailing on the ground ; p. 37.
Produced : extended or projecting, as the upper sepal of a Larkspur is produced

above into a spur ; p. 91, fig. 183.
Proliferous (literally, bearing offspring) r where a new branch rises from an

older one, or one head or cluster of flowers out of another, as in Filago

Germanica, &c.

Prostrate : lying flat on the ground.

Prdteine: a vegetable product containing nitrogen ; p. 165.
Protoplasm : the soft nitrogenous lining or contents of cells ; p. 165.
Pniinosf, Pruinate : frosted ; covered with a powder like hoar-frost.
Pul)e'rulent : covered with fine and short, almost imperceptible down.
Pubescent : hairy or downy, especially with fine and soft hairs or pubescence.
Pulverulent, or Pulveraceous : dusted ; covered with fine powder, or what looks

like such.

Pulvinate : cushioned, or shaped like a cushion.
Punctate : dotted, either with minute holes or what look as such (as the leaves of

St. John's-wort arid the Orange), or with minute projecting dots.
Pungent : very hard, and sharp-pointed ; prickly-pointed.
Putdmen: the stone of a drupe, or the shell of a nut ; p. 128.
Pyramidal : shaped like a pyramid.

Pyre'ne, Pyrena : a seed-like nutlet or stone of a small drupe.
Pyxis, Pyxidium : a pod opening round horizontally by a lid ; p. 133, fig. 298, 31 1.

Quadri-, in words of Latin origin •. four ; as

Quadrangular: four-angled. Quadrifoliate : four-leaved.

Quddrifid: four-cleft; p 62.

Quaternate : in fours. Qninate : in fives.

Quincuncial : in a quincunx ; when the parts in aestivation are five, two of them

outside, two inside, and one half out and half in, as shown in the calyx,

fig. 224.
Quintuple: fire-fold.

228 GLOSSARY.

Race: a marked variety which may be perpetuated from seed ; p. 174.

Raceme : a flower-cluster, with one-flowered pedicels arranged along the sides of

a general peduncle ; p. 78, fig. 156.
Racemose : bearing racemes, or raceme-like.
Rac/tis : see rhacliis.
Radial : belonging to the ray.

Radiate, or Radiant: furnished with ray-flowers ; p. 107.
Radical: belonging to the root, or apparently coming from the root.
Rddicant : rooting, taking root on or above the ground, like the stems of Trum-
pet-Creeper and Poison-Ivy.
Rddicels : little roots or rootlets.
Radicle : the stem-part of the embryo, the lower end of which forms the root ; p.

6, fig. 4, &c. ; p. 137.

Rameal: belonging to a branch. Ramose: full of branches (rami).
Rdmitlose : full of branchlets (ramuli).
Raphe : sec rhaphe.
Ray : the marginal flowers of a head (as of Coreopsis, p. 107, fig. 219) or cluster

(as of Hydrangea, fig. 167), when different from the rest, especially when

ligulate, and diverging (like rays or sunbeams) ; the branches of an umbel,

which diverge from a centre ; p. 79.
Receptacle: the axis or support of a flower; p. 86, 124; the common axis or

support of a head of flowers ; fig. 230.
Reclined: turned or curved downwards; nearly recumbent.
Recurved: curved outwards or backwards.

Redvplicate (in estivation) : valvate with the margins turned outwards, p. 109.
Re flexed : bent outwards or backwards.
Refracted: bent suddenly, so as to appear broken at the bend.
Regular : all the parts similar; p. 89.
Re'niform: kidney-shaped ; p. 58, fig. 100.
Repdnd : wavy-margined ; p. 62, fig. 115,
Re'pent : creeping, i. e. prostrate and rooting underneath.
Re'plum : the persistent frame of some pods (as of Prickly Poppy and Cress),

after the valves fall away.

Reproduction, organs of: all that pertains to the flower and fruit; p. 76.
Re supinate : inverted, or appearing as if upside down, or reversed.
Retiai/atcd : the veins forming network, as in fig. 50, 83.
Retro flexed : bent backwards ; same as re flexed.
Refuse: blunted; the apex not only obtuse, but somewhat indented; p. 60,

fig. 107.

Re'i-olute : rolled backwards, as the margins of many leaves ; p. 76.
Rhachis (the backbone) : the axis of a spike, or other body ; p. 78.
Rliaphe : the continuation of the seed-stalk along the side of an anatropous ovule

(p. 123) or seed ; fig. 273, r, 319 and 320, 6.

Rhdpliides : crystals, especially needle-shaped ones, in the tissues of plants.
Rhizdma: ft rootstock ; p. 40, fig. 64-67.

Rhombic : in the shape of a rhomb. Rhomlmidal : approaching that shape.
Rib : the principal piece, or one of the principal pieces, of the framework of a

leaf, p. 55 ; or any similar elevated line along a body.

GLOSSARY. 229

Ring : an clastic band on the spore-cases of Ferns. (Manual, p. 587, plate 9r

fig. 2, 3.)

Ringent: grinning; gaping open; p. 102, fig. 209.
Root, p. 28.
Root-hairs, p. 31, 149.

Rootlets : small roots, or root-branches ; p. 29.

Rootstock : root-like trunks or portions of stems on or under ground ; p. 40.
Rosaceous : arranged like the petals of a rose.
Rostellate: bearing a small beak (rostellum).
Rdstrate : bearing a beak (rostrum) or a prolonged appendage.
Rdsulate : in a regular cluster of spreading leaves, resembling a full or double

rose, as the leaves of Houseleek, &c.
Rdtate: wheel-shaped : p. 101, fig. 204, 205.
Rotund : rounded or roundish in outline.

Rudimentary : imperfectly developed, or in an early state of development.
Rugose : wrinkled, roughened with wrinkles.
Ruminated (albumen) : penetrated with irregular channels or portions filled with

softer matter, as a nutmeg.
Runcinate : coarsely saw-toothed or cut, the pointed teeth turned towards the

base of the leaf, as the leaf of a Dandelion.
Runner : a slender and prostrate branch, rooting at the end, or at the joints, as

of a Strawberry, p. 38.

Sac : any closed membrane, or a deep purse-shaped cavity.

Sagittate : arrowlicad-shaped ; p. 59, fig. 95.

Salver-shaped, or Salver-form : with a border spreading at right angles to a slen-
der tube, as the corolla of Phlox, p. 101, fig. 208, 202.

Samara : a wing-fruit, or key, as of Maple, p. 5, fig. 1, Ash, p. 131, fig. 300, and
Elm, fig. 301.

Sdmaroid: like a samara or key-fruit.

Sap: the juices of plants generally. Ascending or crude sap; p. 161, 168.
Elaborated sap, that which has been digested or assimilated by the plant ;
p. 162, 169.

Sdrcocarp: the fleshy part of a stone-fruit, p. 128.

Sarmentdceous : bearing long and flexible twigs (sarments), either spreading or
procumbent.

Saw-toothed: see serrate.

Scabrous : rough or harsh to the touch.

Scaldriform : with cross-bands, resembling the steps of a ladder.

Scales : of buds, p. 22, 50 ; of bulbs, &c., p. 40, 46, 50.

Scaly : furnished with scales, or scale-like in texture ; p. 46, &c.

Scandent : climbing; p. 37.

Scape : a peduncle rising from the ground, or near it, as of the stemless Violeta,
the Bloodroot, £c.

Scdpiform : scape-like.

Scar of the seed, p. 135. Leaf-scars, p. 21.

Scdrious or Scariose : thin, dry, and membranous.

Scobiform : resembling sawdust.
20

230 GLOSSARY.

Scdrpioid or Scorpioidal : curved or oircinatc at the end, like the tail of a scor-
pion, as the inflorescence of Heliotrope.

Scrobiculate : pitted ; excavated into shallow pits.

Scurf, Scurfiness : minute scales oil the surface of many leaves, as of Goosefoot,
Buffalo-berry, &c.

Scutate : buckler-shaped.

Scutc'llate, or Scutellfform : saucer-shaped or platter-shaped.

Se'cund : one-sided ; i. e. where flowers, leaves, &c. are all turned to one side.

Secundine : the inner coat of the ovule ; p. 124.

Seed, p. 134. Seed-coats, p. 134. Seed-vessel, p. 127.

Segment : a subdivision or lobe of any cleft body.

Segregate : separated from each other.

Semi- (in compound words of Latin origin) : half; as

Semi-adherent, as the calyx or ovary of Purslane, fig. 214. Semicordate : half-
heart-shaped. Semilunar: like a half-moon. Semiovate : half-ovate, &c.

Seminal : relating to the seed. Seminiferous : seed-bearing.

Sempe'n'irent : evergreen.

Sepal : a leaf or division of the calyx ; p. 85.

Se'paloid : sepal-like. Sepaline : relating to the sepals.

Separated Flowers : those having stamens or pistils only ; p. 89.

Septate: divided by partitions (septa).

Se'ptenate : with parts in sevens.

Septicidal : where a pod in dehiscence splits through the partitions, dividing
each into two layers ; p. 132, fig. 306.

Septfferous : bearing the partition.

Septifragal : where the valves of a pod in dehiscence break away from the par-
titions ; p. 132.

Septum (plural septa) : a partition, as of a pod, &c.

Serial, or Seriate: in rows ; as biserial, in two rows, &c.

Sericeous : silky ; clothed with satiny pubescence.

Serdtinous : happening late in the season.

Serrate, or Serrated: the margin cut into teeth (serratures) pointing forwards;
p. 61, fig. 112.

Serrulate : same as the last, but with fine teeth.

Sessile. : sitting ; without any stalk, as a leaf destitute of petiole, or an anther
destitute of filament.

Seta : a bristle, or a slender body or appendage resembling a bristle.

Setaceous: bristle-like. Set i form : bristle-shaped.

Sctigerons : bearing bristles. Setose: beset with bristles or bristly hairs.

Sex: six ; in composition. Sexangular: six-angled, &c.

Sheath : the base of such loaves as those of Grasses, which are

Shcatliing : wrapped round the stem.

Shield-shaped: same as scutate, or as peltate, p. 59.

Shrub, p. 21.

Sfymoid: curved in two directions, like the letter S, or the Greek sigma.

Si/icttlosc. : bearing a silicic, or a fruit resembling it.

Sfh'cle: a pouch, or short pod of the Cress Family ; p. 133.

Silfque: a longer pod of the Cress Family ; p. 133, fig. 310.

GLOSSARY. 231

Siliquose : bearing siliques or pods which resemble siliques,
Silky: glossy with a coat of fine and soft, close-pressed, straight hairs.
Silver-grain of wood. ; p. 151.

Silvery : shining white or bluish-gray, usually from a silky pubescence.
Simple : of one piece ; opposed to compound.
Sinistrorse : turned to the left.

Sinuate : strongly wavy ; with the margin alternately bowed inwards and out-
wards; p. 62, fig. 116.

jSlfniw : a recess or bay ; the re-entering angle or space between two lobes or pro-
jections.

Sleep of Plants (so called), p. 170.
Soboltferous : bearing shoots from near the ground.
Solitary : single ; not associated with others.
Sorus (plural sori) : the proper name of a fruit-dot of Ferns.
Spadix: a fleshy spike of flowers ; p. 80, fig. 162.
Spatfiaceous : resembling or furnished with a
Spathe: a bract which inwraps an inflorescence; p. 80, fig. 162.
Spdtulate, or Spathulate: shaped like a spatula; p. 58, fig. 92.
Special Movements, p. 170.
Species, p. 173.

Specific Character, p. 181. Specific Names, p. 179.
Spicate: belonging to or disposed in a spike.
Spiciform : in shape resembling a spike.

Spike : an inflorescence like a raceme, only the flowers are sessile ; p. 80, fig. 160;
Spikelet: a small or a secondary spike; the inflorescence of Grasses.
Spine : a thorn ; p. 39.

Spindle-shaped- tapering to each end, like a radish ; p. 31, fig. 59k
Spinescent : tipped by or degenerating into a thorn.
Spinose, or Spiniftrous: thorny.
Spiral arrangement of leaves, p. 72. Spiral vessels or ducts, p. 148.

rdngia, or Spdrocarps : spore-cases of Ferns, Mosses, £c.

: a body resulting from the fructification of Cryptogamous plants, in them
taking the place of a seed.

'rule: same as a spore, or a small spore.

r: any projecting appendage of the flower, looking like a spur, as that of
Larkspur, fig. 183.

Stjuamate, Squamose, or Squamaceous : furnished with scales (squamce).
Squame'llate or Squdmulose : furnished with little scales (squamellce or squamulce).
Squdmiform : shaped like a scale.
Squarrose: where scales, leaves, or any appendages, are spreading widely from

the axis on which they are thickly set.
Squdrritlose : diminutive of squarrose; slightly squarrose.
Stalk : the stem, petiole, peduncle, £c., as the case may be.

men, p. 86, 111.

minate : furnished with stamens; p. 89. Stamineal: relating to the stamens.
Stamhiridium : an abortive stamen, or other body resembling a sterile stamen.
Standard: the upper petal of a papilionaceous corolla; p. 105, fig. 217, 218, *.
a well-known vegetable product ; p. 163.

Sta

\i

Sta
Starch

232 GLOSSARY.

Station : the particular place, or kind of situation, in which a plant naturally

occurs.
Stellate, Stellular: starry or star-like; where several similar parts spread oat

from a common centre, like a star.
Stem, p. 36, £c.

Stemless : destitute or apparently destitute of stem.
Sterile : barren or imperfect ; p. 89.

Stigma : the part of the pistil which receives the pollen ; p. 87.
Stiy mafic, or Sti'jmatose : belonging to the stigma.
Stipe (Latin stipes) • the stalk of a pistil, &c., when it has any ; the stem of a

Mushroom.

Stipel: a stipule of a leaflet, as of the Bean, £c.
Stipe'llate: furnished with stipels, as the Bean and some other Leguminous

plants.

Stipitate : furnished with a stipe, as the pistil of Cleome, fig. 276.
Stipulate : furnished with stipules.

Stipules : the appendages one each side of the base of certain leaves ; p. 69.
Stolons : trailing or reclined and rooting shoots ; p. 37.
Stoloniferous : producing stolons.

Stomate (Latin stoma, plural stomata) : the breathing-pores of leaves, &c. ; p. 156.
Strap-shaped: long, flat, and narrow; p. 106.
Striate, or Striated: marked with slender longitudinal grooves or channels-

(Latin strice).

Strict : close and narrow ; straight and narrow.

Str/yillose, Striyose : beset with stout and appresscd, scale-like or rigid bristles.
Strobildceous : relating to, or resembling a
Strdbile : a multiple fruit in the form of a cone or head, as that of the Hop and

of the Pine; fig. 314, p. 133.

Strdphiole: same as caruncle. Strophiolate : furnished with a strophiole.
Struma: a wen ; a swelling or protuberance of any organ.
Style: a part of the pistil which bears the stigma ; p. 86.
Sfylopo'dhim : an cpigynous disk, or an enlargement at the base of the style,

found in Umbelliferous and some other plants.

Sub-, as a prefix : about, nearly, somewhat ; as subcordate, slightly cordate : sub-
serrate, slightly sen-ate : subaxillary , just beneath the axil, &c., &c.
Suberose: corky or cork-like in texture.
Subclass, p. 177, 183. Suborder, p. 176. Subtribe, p. 177.
Subulate : awl-shaped ; tapering from a broadish or thickish base to a sharp

point ; p. 68.

Succulent: juicy or pulpy.

Suckers: shoots from subterranean branches; p. 37.
f>>(frrnttfsrent : slightly shrubby or woody at the base only ; p. 36.
Siifjar, p. 163.

Sulcnte: grooved longitudinally with deep furrows.
Supemuatewtry Buds: p. 26.

Sup&rrolntp: plaited and convolute in bud ; p. 110, fig. 225.
Sirpra-arHhiri/: borne above the axil, as some buds ; p. 26, fig. 52.
Supra-dccomjiound : many times compounded or divided.

Suspe
s

GLOSSAKY. 233

SurcuJose : producing suckers, or shoots resembling them.

nded: hanging down. Suspended ovules or seeds hang from the very
ummit of the cell which contains them; p. 122, fig. 269.
Sutured: belonging or relating to a suture.
Suture: the line of junction of contiguous parts grown together ; p. 117.
Sword-shaped: vertical leaves with acute parallel edges, tapering above to a

point; as those of Iris, fig. 133.

Symmetrical Flower: similar in the number of parts of each set; p. 89.
Syndntherous, or Syngenesious: where stamens are united by their anthers ; p. 112,

fig. 229.

Syncdrpous (fruit or pistil) : composed of several carpels consolidated into one.
System, p. 195.
Systematic Botany: the study of plants after their kinds; p. 3.

Taper-pointed: same as acuminate ; p. 60, fig. 103.

Tap-root : a root with a stout tapering body ; p. 32.

Tawny: dull yellowish, with a tinge of brown.

Taxonomy: the part of Botany which treats of classification.

Teg men : a name for the inner seed-coat.

Tendril: a thread-shaped body used for climbing, p. 38: it is either a branch,

as in Virginia Creeper, fig. 62 ; or a part of a leaf, as in Pea and Vetch,

fig. 127.

Terete : long and round ; same as cylindrical, only it may taper.
Terminal: borne at, or belonging to, the extremity or summit.
Terminology : the part of the science which treats of technical terms ; same as

glossology.

Ternate: in threes; p. 66. Ternately : in a tcrnate way.
Testa : the outer (and usually the harder) coat or shell of the seed ; p. 134.
Tetra- (in words of Greek composition) : four; as,
Tetracdccous : of four cocci or carpels.
Tetradijnamous : where a flower has six stamens, two of them shorter than tha^

other four, as in Mustard, p. 92, 112, fig. 188.

Tetragonal: four-angled. Tetrdgynous : with four pistils or styles ; p. 116.
Tetrdmerous : with its parts or sets in fours.
Tetrdndrous: with four stamens ; p. 112.
Theca : a case ; the cells or lobes of the anther.
Thorn : see spine ; p. 39.
Thread -shaped : slender and round, or roundish like a thread ; as the filament of

stamens generally.
Throat : the opening or gorge of a monopetalous corolla, &c., where the border

and the tube join, and a little below.

Thyrse or Thyrsus: a compact and pyramidal panicle; p. 81.
Tomentose : clothed with matted woolly hairs (tomentum).
Tongue-shaped: long, flat, but thickish, and blunt.
Toothed: furnished with teeth or short projections of any sort on the margin ;

used especially when these are sharp, like saw-teeth, and do not point for-
wards ; p. 61, fig. 113.
Top-shaped: shaped like a top, or a cone with its apex downwards.

.;

234 GLOSSARY.

Tdrose, Tdrulose : knobby ; where a cylindrical body is swollen at interrals.

Torus: the receptacle of the flower; p. 86, 124.

Tree, p. 21.

Tri-t in composition : three ; as

Triadelpftous : stamens united by their filaments into three bundles; p. 112.

Tridndrous : where the flower has three stamens ; p. 112.

Tribe, p. 176.

Trichdtomous : three-forked. Tricdccous : of three cocci or roundish carpels.

Tricolor: having three colors. Tricdstate: having three ribs.

Tricuspidate : three-pointed. Tride'ntate : three-toothed.

Triennial : lasting for three years.

Trifdrious : in three vertical rows ; looking three ways.

Trifid: three-cleft; p. 62.

Trifoliate : three-leaved. Trifdliolate : of three leaflets ; p. 66.

Trifurcate: three-forked. Trigonous: three-angled, or triangular.

Tnaunous: with three pistils or styles ; p. 116. Trfjvgate: in three pairs

Trildbed, or Trilobate : three-lobed ; p. 62.

Trildcular: three-celled, as the pistils or pods in fig. 225-227.

Trimerous : with its parts in threes, as Trillium, fig. 189.

Trine'rvate : three-nerved, or with three slender ribs.

Trioecious : where there are three sorts of flowers on the same or different indi-
viduals ; as in Red Maple.

Tripartite : separable into three pieces.- Tripartite : three-parted ; p. 62.

Tripe'talous : having three petals ; as in fig. 189.

Triphyllons : three-leaved ; composed of three pieces.

Tripinnate: thrice pinnate; p. 66. Tripinndtijid : thrice pinnately cleft; p. 64.

Triple-ribbed, Triple-nerved, &c. : where a midrib branches into three near the
base of the leaf, as in Sunflower.

Triquetrous : sharply three-angled ; and especially with the sides concave, like a
bayonet.

Triserial, or Triseriate: in three rows, under each other.

Tristichoiis : in three longitudinal or perpendicular ranks.

Tristigmdtic, or Trisfigmatose : having three stigmas.

Trisulcate : three-grooved.

Trite'rnate : three times temate ; p. 67.

Trivial Name : the specific name.

Trochlear : pulley-shaped.

TrumfKt-shaped : tubular, enlarged at or towards the summit, as the corolla of
Trumpet-Creeper.

Truncate : as if cut off at the top ; p. 60, fig. 106.

Tube, p. 102.

Trunk : the main stem or general body of a stem or tree.

Tuber: a thickened portion of a subterranean stem or branch, provided with eye*
(buds) on the sides ; as a potato, p. 43, fig. 68.

Tubercle: a small excrescence.

Tubcrcled, or Tuberculate : bearing excrescences or pimples.

Tuberous: resembling a tuber. Tuberiferotis : bearing tubers.

Tubular: hollow and of an elongated form ; hollowed like a pipe.

GLOSSARY. 235

Tumid : swollen ; somewhat inflated.

Tunicate : coated ; invested with layers, as an onion ; p. 46.

Turbinate: top-shaped. Turgid: thick as if swollen.

Turio (plural turanes) : young shoots or suckers springing out of the ground ; as

Asparagus-shoots.

Turnip-shaped: broader than high, and rnptly narrowed below; p. 32, fig. 57.
Twin: in pairs (see geminate) , as the flowers of Linnsea
Twining : ascending by coiling round a support, like the Hop ; p. 37.
Typical : well expressing the characteristics of a species, genus, &c.

Umbel: the umbrella-like form of inflorescence ; p. 79, fig. 159.

Umbeilate : in umbels. Umbelliferous : bearing umbels.

Umbellet: a secondary or partial umbel ; p. 81.

Umbilicate : depressed in the centre, like the ends of an apple.

Umbonate: bossed ; furnished with a low, rounded projection like a boss (umbo}-

Umbrdculfform ; umbrella-shaped, like a Mushroom, or the top of the style of

Sarracenia.

Unarmed : destitute of spines, prickles, and the like.
Uncinate : hook-shaped ; hooked over at the end.
Under-shrub : partially shrubby, or a very low shrub.
Undulate : wavy, or wavy-margined ; p. 62.

Unequally pinnate : pinnate with an odd number of leaflets; p. 65.
Unguiculale: furnished with a claw (unguis) ; p. 102, i. e. a narrow base, as the

petals of a Rose, where the claw is very short, and those of Pinks (fig. 200),

where the claw is very long.
Uni-, in compound words : one ; as
Uniftdrous : one-flowered. Unifoliate : one-leaved.
Unifdliolate : of one leaflet; p. 66. Unijugate: of one pair.
Unildbiate: one-lipped. Unilateral: one-sided.

Unildcular: one-celled, as the pistil in fig. 261, and the anther in fig. 238, 239.
Unidvulate: having only one ovule, as in fig. 213, and fig. 267-269.
Unise'rial : in one horizontal row.

Unisexual: having stamens or pistils only, as in Moonseed, fig. 176, 177, &c.
Univalved: a pod of only one piece after dehiscence, as fig. 253.
Urce'olate : urn-shaped.

Utricle: a small, thin-walled, one-seeded fruit, as of Goosefoot ; p. 130, fig. 350.
Utricular : like a small bladder.

Vdginate: sheathed, surrounded by a sheath (vagina).

Valve : one of the pieces (or doors) into which a dehiscent pod, or any similar

body, Bplits; p. 131, 114.

Valvate, Valvular : opening by valves. Valvate in aestivation, p. 109.
Variety, p. 174, 177.

Vascular: containing vessels, or consisting of vessels, such as ducts ; p. 146, 148.
Vaulted: arched; same &s fornicate.
Vegetable Physiology, p. 3.

Veil : the calyptra of Mosses. (Manual, p. 607 )
Veins: the small ribs or branches of the framework of leaves, &c.j .p. 55.

ZOb GLOSSARY.

Veined, Veiny: furnished with evident veins. Veinless: destitute of veini.

Veinlets : the smaller ramifications of veins.

Velate: furnished with a veil.

Velutinous : velvety to the touch.

Venation : the veining of leaves, &c. ; p. 55.

Venose : veiny ; furnished with conspicuous veins.

Ventral: belonging to that side of a simple pistil, or other organ, which looks

towards the axis or centre of the flower ; the opposite of dorsal ; as the
Ventral Suture, p. 117.

Ve'ntricose : inflated or swelled out on one side.
Ve'mdose : furnished with veinlets.
Vermicular : shaped like worms.

Vernation : the arrangement of the leaves in the bud ; p. 75.
Ve'rnicose : the surface appearing as if varnished.
V&rucose: warty; beset with little projections like warts.
Versatile : attached by one point, so that it may swing to and fro, as the anthers

of the Lily and Evening Primrose ; p. 113, fig. 234.
Vertex : same as the apex.

Ve'rtical : upright; perpendicular to the horizon, lengthwise.
Ve'rticil: a whorl ; p. 71. Verticillate: whorled; p. 71, 75, fig. 148.
Vesicle: a little bladder. Embryonal Vesicle, p. 139. Vesicular: bladdery.
Vessels: ducts, &c. ; p. 146, 148.
Ve'xillary, Vexillar: relating to the

Vexttlum: the standard of a papilionaceous flower; p. 105, fig. 218, *.
Villose: shaggy with long and soft hairs (villosity.)
Vimineoits: producing slender twigs, such as those used for wicker-work.
Vine: any trailing or climbing stem; as a Grape-vine.
Vire'scent, Viridescenl: greenish; turn ing green.
Vtrgate: wand-shaped, as a long, straight, and slender twig.
Viscous, Viscid: having a glutinous surface.
Vitta (plural vittce) : the oil-tubes of the fruit of Umbelliferae.
Vdluble: twining, as the stem of Hops and Beans ; p. 37.

Wary : the surface or margin alternately convex and concave ; p. 62.

Wary : resembling beeswax in texture or appearance.

Wedge-shaped: broad above, and tapering by straight lines to a narrow base*

p. 58, fig. 94.

WJieel-shaped : see rotate; p. 102, fig. 204, 205.
Whorl, Whorled: when leaves, &c. are arranged in a circle round the stem,

p. 71, 75, fig. 148.

Wing: any membranous expansion. Wings of papilionaceous flowers, p. 105.
Winged: furnished with a wing; as the fruit of Ash and Elm, fig. 300, 301.
Wood, p. 145. Woody : of the texture or consisting of wood.
Woody Fibre, or Wood-Celts, p. 146.
Woolly: clothed with long and entangled soft hairs; as the leaves of Mullein.

THE END,

School and College Edition.

MANUAL

BOTANY

NORTHERN UNITED STATES,

INCLUDING

VIRGINIA, KENTUCKY, AND ALL EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI;
ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE NATURAL SYSTEM.

Ifouttt) Hefafsefc IStJftfon,

WITH

GARDEN BOTANY, &c.
BY ASA GRAY,

FISHER PROFESSOR OF NATURAL BISTORT IN HARVARD DNITERSITT
WITH FOURTEEN PLATES.

ILLUSTRATING THE GRASSES, FERNS, BTO.

NEW YORK:
IVISON, PHINNEY, BLAKEMAN & CO.,

CHICAGO : S. C. GRIGGS & CO.

1 869.

ifriterod according to the Act of Congress, in the year i««J, by
PHINNET & COMPANY

It the Clert 3 Office of the District Court of th« United State* for tde !>oatben.
of New York.

TO

JOHN TORREY, LL. D.,

CORKESP. MEMBER OF THE LIXX.SAN SOCIETY, ETC..

THIS VOLUME IS DEDICATED,

IN GRATEFUL ACKNOWLEDGMENT

OF THB FRIENDSHIP WHICH HAS HONORED AND THB OOCBTSKL
WHICH HAS AIDED

THE AUTHOR

FROM THE COMMENCEMENT OF HIS BOTANICAL PURSUITS.

OAMBRIDOS January 1 1848.

CONTENTS.

Page
ADVERTISEMENT ... . . . . vi

PREFACE ........ vii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE WORK . . xiii

DIRECTIONS TO THE UNPRACTISED STUDENT . . . xv

ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE NATURAL ORDERS, ETC. . xvii

GARDEN BOTANY ....... xxix

ADDENDA TO THE BOTANY OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES xc

FLORA. — PH^ENOGAMOUS OR FLOWERING PLANTS . . 1

Dicotyledonous or Exogenous Plants . . 1

Angiospermous, Polypetalous . . .2

Monopetalous . . . 163

Apetalous . . .359

Gymnospermous Plants . . . 420

Monocotyledonous or Endogenous Plants . .426

CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS . 607

INDEX ... .... 705

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES ...» 731

ADVERTISEMENT

TO THE REVISED EDITION, 1863.

THE additions and alterations of the Revised Edition of this work, now
issued, are mainly the following.

k The addition of an entirely new part, entitled GARDEN BOTANY,
AN INTRODUCTION TO A KNOWLEDGE OF THE COMMON CULTIVATED
PLANTS : see pp. xxix. - Ixxxix.' By this, the common exotics, no less
than the wild plants, are made available for botanical classes, which will
be a great convenience in many cases. Most of these cultivated plants
are everywhere common, and generally at hand for botanical illustration ;
and it is desirable that they should be scientifically known and rightly
named. And there is no great difficulty in studying them, if double flow-
ers, and those which are otherwise in a monstrous or unnatural condition,
be avoided, at least by beginners. It is obviously absurd and highly in-
convenient to mix in the cultivated with the wild plants in such a work as
this. But a separate account of the common exotics, annexed and sub-
sidiary to the Botany of the Northern United States, especially in the School
Edition, will doubtless be popular and useful. Directions for the use of
the Garden Botany will be found on p. xvii. and p. xxix.

2. The ANALYTICAL KEY, p. xvii., upon which the pupil so greatly
depends, has been altogether revised, much simplified, adapted to the
Garden Botany as well as to the Botany of the Northern States, and printed
in a larger type.

3. Numerous corrections in particulars have been made throughout the
body of the work, whenever the required alterations could well be effected
upon the stereotype plates. Many others, suggested by acute and obliging
correspondents, or by my own observation, are necessarily deferred until
the work can be recomposed.

4. The plants which have been newly detected within our limits, and
one or two which were before accidentally omitted, are enumerated and
characterized in the ADDENDA, p. xc.

5. Eight plates have been added, crowded with figures, illustrating all
the genera (66 in number) of Grasses. They are wholly original, having
been drawn from nature and engraved by Mr. Sprague. They will be of
great assistance in the study of this large, difficult, and important family.

The flattering success which the Manual has met with stimulates the
author's endeavors towards its continued improvement; — in regard to
which he still solicits aid from his correspondents.

HARVARD UNITMSITT, CAMBRIDGE, March 10, 186a

PREFACE.

THIS work is designed as a compendious Flora of the .Northern portion
of the United States, arranged according to the Natural System, for the
use of students and of practical botanists.

The first edition was hastily prepared to supply a pressing want. Its
plan, having been generally approved, has not been altered, although the
work has been to a great extent rewritten. Its increased size is mainly
owing to the larger geographical area embraced in it, being here extended
southward so as to include Virginia and Kentucky, and westward to the
Mississippi River.

This southern boundary coincides better than any other geographical
line with the natural division between the cooler-temperate and the warm-
temperate vegetation of the United States; very few characteristically
Southern plants occurring north of it, and those only on the low coast of
Virginia, in the Dismal Swamp, &c. Our western limit, also, while it
includes a considerable prairie vegetation, excludes nearly all the plants
peculiar to the great Western woodless plains, which approach our borders
in Iowa and Missouri. Our northern boundary, being that of the United
States, varies through about five degrees of latitude, and nearly embraces
Canada proper on the east and on the west, so thaf nearly all the plants
of Canada East on this side of the St. Lawrence, as well as of the deep
peninsula of Canada West, will be found described in this volume.

The principal facts respecting the geographical distribution of the plants
which compose the flora of our district, will be presented in another
place. In this work I endeavor briefly to indicate the district in which
each species occurs, or in which it most abounds, in the following manner :
1. When the principal area of a species is northward rather than south-
ward, I generally give first its northern limit, so far as known to me, if
within the United States, and then its southern limit if within our boun-
daries, or add that it extends southicard, meaning thereby that the species

Vlll PREFACE.

in question occurs in the States south of Virginia or Kentucky. Thus
Magnolia glauca, p. 16, a prevailingly Southern species, but which is spar-
ingly found as far north as Massachusetts, is recorded as growing " near
Cape Ann and New York southward, near the coast"; M. acuminata,
" W. New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and southward " ; &c. While in
species of northern range, the southern limits are mentioned; as, Nupkar
Kalmiana, p. 23, "New England, New York, and northward"; Cardamine
pratentsist p. 33, " Vermont to Wisconsin, northward," &c. And so of
Western plants; e.g. hopyrum biternatum, p. 11, "Ohio, Kentucky, and
westward " ; Psoralea arynphylla, p. 94, " Wisconsin and westward " ;
Amorpha canesccns, p. 95, " Michigan to Wisconsin, and southwestward."
2. "Where no habitat or range is mentioned, the species is supposed to be
diffused over our whole area, or nearly so, and usually beyond it. 3. When
the species is of local or restricted occurrence, so far as known, the special
habitat is given ; e. g. Vesicaria Shortii and V. Lescurii, p. 38 ; Suttivantia
Ohionvt, p. 144, &c. Except in such cases, the want of space has generally
demanded the omission of particular localities, which are so appropriate
and so useful both in local Floras and in more detailed works, but for
which there is no room in a manual like this.

For the same reason, I could not here undertake to specify the range ol
those species which extend beyond the geographical limits of this work, or
beyond the United States. Nevertheless, to facilitate the comparison of
our flora with that of Europe, I have appended the mark (Eu.) to those
species which are indigenous to both.

Foreign plants which have become denizens of the soil are of course enu-
merated and described along with the genuine indigenous members of our
flora; but the introduced species are distinguished by the specific name be-
ing printed in a different type, namely, in small capitals (e. g. Ranunculus
ACKIS, p. 10), while the names of the indigenous species are in full-face
letter (e. g. IS. repciis). Moreover, the country from which they were
introduced is specified (mostly Europe), as well as the nature of the dcni-
zenship. That is, foUoAving the suggestions of M. Alphonse De Candolle,
I have classified our introduced plants as well as I could into two sorts, the
thoroughly naturalized, and the advcntive ; the first comprising those species
which have made themselves perfectly at home in this country, propagating
themselves freely by seed beyond the limits of cultivated grounds ; the sec-
ond, those which are only locally spontaneous, and perhaps precarious, 01
which are spontaneous only in cultivated fields, around dwellings, or in
manured soil, and which, still dependent upon civilized man, would prob-
ably soon disappear if he were to abandon the country. (I here rank with
the adccnticc plants those which De Candolle terms plants cultivate;! with
out or against man's will.) Accordingly the species naturalized from Europ.
are indicated, at the close of the paragraph, by the phrase " (Nat. froue

PREFACE. 1X

Eu.) " . those adventire, or imperfectly naturalized from Europe, by the
phrase " (Adv. from Eu.)," &c.

Such varieties as are marked and definite enough to require names are
distinguished in this edition into two sorts, according to their degree of ap-
parent distinctness: — 1. Those which, I thiuk, can hardly be doubted to
be varieties of the species they are referred to, at least by those who hold
sound views as to what a species is, have the name printed in small capi-
tals; e.g. Nasturtium palustre, var. HISPIDUM, p. 30 ; Vitis cordifolia,
var. RIPARIA, p. 78. '2. Those so peculiar that they have not only for the
most part been taken for species, but may still be so regarded by many
most excellent botanists ; some of them I may myself so regard hereafter,
on further and more critical examination of the apparently connecting
forms. The names of these are printed in the same full-face type as those
of the indigenous species (e. g. Ranunculus aquatilis, var. divai'icatiis,
p. 7; Actaea spicata, var. r&ibra, and var. alba, p. 14) ; and they usu-
ally stand at the head of a separate paragraph.

Another important feature of the present edition consists in the plates,
fourteen in number, crowded with figures, illustrating the genera of the six
Cryptogamous Orders (Mosses, Ferns, &c.) embraced in the work. The
eight most elaborate and admirable plates illustrating the Mosses and Liv-
erworts are furnished by my generous friend, MR. SULLIVANT, the author
of that portion of this work.* The remaining six plates, devoted to the
Ferns and their allies, were drawn from nature, and executed by MR,.
ISAAC SPRAGUE.

MR. SULLIVANT has included in this edition all the species of Musci
and flepaticce known to him as natives of any part of ffie United States east
of the Mississippi, and has sedulously elaborated the whole anew ; not only
laying a broad foundation for a knowledge of North American Muscology,
but furnishing botanical students with facilities for the study of these two
beautiful families of plants such as have never before anywhere been
afforded in a book of this kind, j

* The illustrations of forty of the genera, as indicated in the Explanation of the Plates at
the close of the volume, are entirely original productions of Mr. Sullivant's pencil. Seven of
them represent new species, and for most of the others those species were chosen which have
before been only imperfectly if at all figured. The rest of the genera were taken from Schim-
per, Bischoff, or Hooker, but amended or altered in accordance with the object in view, and
the suggestions of an actual examination of the plant, which was always made.

t The reference " Muse. Bor.-Amer.," appended to many new or rare Mosses, is made to an
almost complete arranged collection of the Musci and Hepatir.cp, east of the Mississippi, the
types in great measure of the present elaboration of these families, all critically studied b/
Messrs. Fullivant and Lesquereux, and published in sets of specimens by the latter.

The materials from which these s«ts have been prepared are chiefly Mr. Lesquereux's own
very extensive collections, the rosult of his numerous journeys made during the last six or
seven years, especially in the southern ranges of the Alleghany Mountains. To these have
been a'lde-1 Mr. SuLlivuut's ample accumulations, embracing :iio collections of the lamented

X PREFACE.

Probably the time is now not far distant when, as the result especially
of the labors anl investigations of PROF. TUCKERMAN upon our Licheneat
of the REV. DR. CURTIS upon our Funyi, and of PROF. HARVEY upon
our Alyfc, as well as of Messrs. SULLIVANT and LESQUEREUX upon our
Mosses, all our Cryptogamia may be in a similar manner presented to tho
student, in the form of a supplementary volume, separate from that com-
prising the Phaenogamous or Flowering Plants.

T have omitted from this edition the concise Introduction to Botany, and
the Glossary, prefixed to the first; supplying their place with a more
extended, familiar, and copiously illustrated elementary work, especially
intended for beginners {First Lessons in Botany), and which may, when
desired, be bound up with the present volume. Or the student may use
the author's Botanical Text-Book for the same purpose. In either of these,
all the technical terms employed in this volume are explained and illus-
trated. Having prepared this Manual for students rather than for learned
botanists, I have throughout endeavored to smooth the beginner's way by
discarding many an unnecessary technical word or phrase, and by casting
the language somewhat in a vernacular mould, — perhaps at some sacrifice
of brevity, but not, I trust, of the precision for which botanical language is
distinguished.

Botanists may find some reason to complain of the general omission of
synonymes ; but it should be considered that all synonymes are useless to
the beginner, — whose interests T have particularly kept in view, — while
the greater part are needless to the instructed botanist, who has access to
more elaborate works in which they are plentifully given. By discarding
them, except in case of some original or recent changes in nomenclature, 1
have been able to avoid abbreviations (excepting those of author's names,
and some few customary ones of States, &c.), to give greater fulness to the
characters of the species, and especially of the genera, (a point in which I
conceive most works of this class are deficient,) and also to add the deriva-
tion of the generic names.

The Natural Orders are disposed in a series which nearly corresponds,
in a general way, with De Candolle's arrangement, beginning with the
highest class and ending with the lowest; and commencing this first and
far the largest class (of Dicotyledonous or Exogenous Plants) with those
orders in which the flowers are mostly provided with double floral enve-

Mr. Oakes in the \Vhite Mountains, of Fendler in New Mexico, and of Wright in Texas The
title of the work ia " Musci Boreali-Auiericani, sire Specimina Exsiccate Muscorun in Ameri-
cae Kebuspublicis Foederatis detcctoruin, conjunctis studiis \V. S. SULLIVANT et L. LESQCERECX,
1856." Mr. Sullivunt's connection with the work extends no further than to a joint and equal
ri^|'«i)sibility in the determination of the species. This most extensive and valuable collec-
tion ever niale of American Mosses, which has cost much labor and expense, and comprised
nearly 400 species and umrked varieties, is published at £20 for each §«t and
> ««*gerly nought after by Bryologioal students.

PREFACE. XI

lopes, viz. with both calyx and corolla, and in which the corolla consists of
separate petals (the Polypetalous division) ; beginning this series with those
orders in which the several organs of the flower are most distinct and
separate (hypogynous), and proceeding to those which have the parts most
combined among themselves and consolidated with each other (periyynous
and epigynous) ; then follow those with the petals combined into a mono-
petalous corolla (the Monopetalous division) ; and, finally, those destitute of
a corolla or destitute of all floral envelopes (the Apetalous division). The
class of Monocotyledonous or Endogenous Plants opens with orders exhibit-
ing one form of simplified flowers, passes to those with the organs most
combined and consolidated, then to those most perfect and less combined,
and closes with other simplified and reduced forms. The present problem
in Botany is to group the numerous Natural Orders in each class into nat-
ural alliances. But this has not yet been done in such a manner as to be
available to the ordinary student.

I do not here attempt, therefore, to group the orders naturally, but let
them follow one another in what seems to be on the whole the most natu-
ral and practically convenient sequence. And, by means of an Analytical
Artificial Key to the Natural Orders* (p. xvii.), I enable the student very
readily to refer any of our plants to its proper Family. This Key is
entirely remodelled in the present edition, is founded on characters of
easy observation, and is so arranged as to provide for all the exceptional
instances and variant cases I could think of. I shall be disappointed if the
attentive student is not able by it to refer to its proper order any to him
unknown plant of the Northern States of which he has flowering speci-
mens. Referring to the Order indicated, the student will find its dis-
tinctive points, which he has chiefly to consider, brought together and
printed in italics in the first sentence of the description.

Then, to abridge the labor of further analysis as much as possible, 1
have given a synopsis of the genera under each order, whenever it com
prises three or more of them, enumerating some of their leading characters,
and grouping them under their respective tribes, suborders, &c., as the
case may be. I have also taken pains to dispose the species of every ex-
tensive genus under sections (§) or subgenera (§ with a name in capitals),
subsections ( * ), and subordinate divisions (•*-, ++, &c.) ; and whenevf/r
there are two or more species under a division, I have italicized some of
the principal distinctions (after the manner of Koch's Flora Germanica),
BO that they may at once catch the student's eye.

To aid in the pronunciation of the generic and specific names, &c., 1

* No Linnsean Artificial Arrangement Is here given, experience having shown that, as a Kej
to the Natural Orders or to the genera, it offers no clear advantage on the score of facility ovei
a well-devised Analytical Key ; which the learner will find equally certain, and much uw>n.
satisfactory in its results.

Xli PREFACE.

ha\ e not only marked the accented syllable, but have followed London's
mode of indicating what is called the long sound of the vowel by the
grave (v), and the short sound by the acute accent-mark ('). In respect
to this, my friend, MR. FOLSOM, has obligingly rendered most important
assistance throughout the pages of this volume.

The imperative necessity of economizing space to the utmost, alone has
debarred me from more largely recording my acknowledgments to nu-
merous obliging correspondents, in all parts of the country, who have con-
tributed to this work, either by notes of corrections, observations, or cata-
logues, or by communicating specimens of rare or local plants. In the
comparison of our ilora with that of Europe, I am greatly indebted to my
excellent friend and correspondent, M. GODET of Neuchatel, author of
the Flare du Jura, for a suite of authentically determined plants of that
district, and for a series of acute and very important critical notes upon
many of our own identical or related species.

As to special collaborators in the preparation of the work, in addition to
tlie acknowledgments made in the preface to the former edition, I have
again to express my particular indebtedness to my friends, JOHN CAREY,
ESQ., now cf London, for various emendations in the genus Carex, formerly
elaborated by him for this work ; and DR. ENGELMANN of St. Louis, for
full notes upon the botany of our Western borders, many critical obser-
vations upon various genera, and for contributing the articles upon Cus-
cuta, Euphorbia, and the three genera of Alismece. The renewed and
still more extensive contributions of MR. SULLIVANT have already been
referred to, — contributions which introduce a new era in the study of
American Muscology, and which justly claim, not only my warm per-
Eonal acknowledgments, but the gratitude of all the votaries of our science
in this country.

I renew the request, that those who use this book will kindly furnish
information of all corrections or additions that may appear to be necessary,
to that it may be made more accurate and complete in a future edition.

HARVARD UNIVERSITY, CAMBRIDGE,
June 301/t, 1856.

ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS USED IN THIS WORK.

I. PRINCIPAL ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NAMES OF AUTHORS

Adans, =

Adanson.

Hartm. =•

Hartmann.

Ait.

Aiton.

Hedio.

Hedwig.

Andr.

Andrews.

Hoffm.

IIoiFmann.

Arn.

Arnott.

Hook.

Hooker.

Aubl.

Aublet.

Hook.f. (films)

J. D. Hooker.

Ban.

Barton.

Hornsch.

Hornsehucb

Bartl.

Bartling.

Huds.

Hudson.

Beauv.

Palisot de Bcaurois.

Hub.

Hubencr.

Benth.

Benthara.

Jacq.

Jacquin.

Bernh.

Bernhardi.

Juss.

JDSSIEU.

Bieb.

Bieberstein.

L. or Linn.

LINN^US.

Bigel.

Bigelow.

Lag.

Lagasca.

Br. fr Sch.

Bruch and (W.P.) Schirapcr.

Lam.

Lamarck.

End.

Bridel.

Lamb.

Lambert.

Brongn.

Brongn iart.

Ledeb.

Lcdcbour.

Cass.

Cassini.

L'Her.

L'Heriticr.

Cav.

Cavanillcs.

Lchm.

Lchmann.

Cham.

Chamisso.

Lesqx.

Lesquereux.

Char.

Chavannes.

Lestib.

Lcstibudois.

DC.

De Candolle.

Lindenb.

Lindcnbcrg.

A. DC.

Alphonse De Candolle.

Lindl.

Lindley.

Desf.

Desfontaines.

Mich.

Micheli.

Dew.

Dewey.

Michx.

Michaux (tbe elder).

Dill.

Dillenius.

Alichx. f.

F. A. Michaux (the

Dumort.

Dumortier.

Mill.

Miller. [younger).

Ehrh.

Ehrhart.

Mitch.

Mitchell.

Ell.

Elliott.

Mont.

Montagne.

Endl.

Endlicher.

Muhl.

Muhlcnberg.

Enadm.

Engelmann.

Mull.

C. Muller.

Gcenn.

Gsertner.

Nees.

Nees von Escnbeck.

G. L. Sf N.

Gottsehe,Lindenberg, £ Nees

. Nutt.

Nuttall.

Gmel.

Gmelin.

Pav.

Pavon.

Good.

Goodenough.

Pen.,

Persoon.

Grev.

Greville.

Pluk.

Plukenet.

Griseb.

Griscbach.

Plum.

Plumier

Granov.

Gronovius.

Poir.

Poiret.

6

XIV

ABBREVIATIONS

AND SIO1

R. Br. =

ROBERT BROWN.

Steud. =

Raf.

Rafinesque.

Sulliv.

Rich.

Richard.

Tayl.

Richards.

Richardson.

Torr.

Rcem.

Roemcr.

'forr. $• Gr.

Salisb.

Salisbury.

Tourn.

Schimp.

W. P. Schimper.

Trin.

Schk.

Schkuhr.

7 nckerm

ScMccht.

Schlechtendal.

r+ill.

Sclrad.

Schrader.

Vent.

Schreb.

Schreber.

Vill.

Schult.

Schultes.

Wahl.

Schw. or Schwein.

Schweinitz.

Walt.

Schwiegr.

Schwaegrichen.

Web.

Scop.

Scopoli.

Willd.

Soland.

Solander.

Wils.

Spreng.

Sprengel.

Wulf.

Steudel.
Sullivanl.
J. Taylor.

ToiTey.

Torrey and Gray,

Tournefort.

Trinius.

Tuckerman.

Vaillant.

Ventenat.

Villars.

Wahlenberg.

Walter.

Weber.

Willdenow.

Wilson.

Wulfen.

n. SIGNS USED IN THIS WORK.

(1) An annual plant.

(2) A biennial plant.
U. A perennial plant.

? A mark of doubt.

! A mark of affirmation or authentication.

1°, 2', 3". To save space, the sign of degrees (°) is used for feet; of min-
utes; (0 for inches; of seconds ("); for lines, — the (English) line being the
twelfth part of an inch.

The dash - between two figures, as 5-10, moans from 5 to 10, &c.

DIRECTIONS TO THE UNPRACTISED STUDENT.

THE Student is supposed to have a general acquaintance with the rudiments
of Structural Botany, such as is readily to be acquired from the author's First
Lessons in Botany, or his Botanical Text-Book, or from any other similar trea-
tise. One of these will be needed for reference while using this Manual. The
former is much the simplest, and was expressly prepared for the beginner's use
To learn the meaning of all words he meets with, and which he does not precise
ly understand, he has only to refer, as occasion requires, to the Glossary or Dic-
tionary of Botanical Terms appended to either of these books, especially to that
in the Lessons on Botany.

To show the beginner how to proceed in using the Manual for the purpose of
ascertaining the name, and the place in the system, &c. of any of our wild plants,
we will f,ake an example. Suppose him to make his first trial with the common
Spidcrwort, which grows wild throughout the southern and western parts of our
country, is cultivated in most gardens, and blooms the whole summer long.

With a flowering specimen in hand, let the student turn to the following Arti-
ficial Key to the Natural Orders, p. xvii. Having flowers, it is evident the plant
belongs to the great series of Phtenogamous or Flowering Plants. To which of
its two classes is the first question. To answer this, let the student compare
the plant with the characters — that is, the enumeration of the principal distinc-
tions— of Class I. given on p. xviii., and of Class II. on p. xxviii.b Without the
seeds, which may not be ripe, — and if they were it might require more skill
than could be expected of the beginner to dissect them, — we cannot directly
ascertain whether the embryo is monocotylcdonous or dicotyledonous. But the
other characters are abundantly sufficient, and easy to verify. Take first the
stem ; is it formed on the exogenous or endogenous plan ? A slice across i«

linly shows, to the naked eye, or by the aid of a common magnifying-glass,

it .here is no distinction of parts into pith, bark, and a ring of wood or woody

sue between these two : but the woody part of the stem is here represented by
jparate bundles, or threads, whose cut ends, as seen in the cross-section in the

rm of dots, are scattered throughout the whole diameter, — just as in a stalk
>f Indian Corn, a rattan, or a Palm-stem, — leaving no central pith and showing
no tendency to form a ring or layer of wood. It is therefore endogenous. The
simple, parallel-veined leaves show the same thing, and so does the arrangement
of the flower with its parts in threes, — namely, three sepals, three petals, six
(twice 3) stamens ; and even the pistil, if the ovary be cut across, is found to
have three cells. So the plant plainly belongs to Class II. Monocotyledonous or
Endogenous Plants.

We have next to refer it to its proper Order under this Class, which is readily
done by following the successive subdivisions in the Artificial Key. The firs!

XVI DIRECTIONS TO THE UNPRACTISED STUDENT.

division is into three groups, marked A. B. and C. Our plant, having dis-
tinct floral envelopes and neither spadix nor glumes, must belong to B., the
PetaloiJeous Division. This is subdivided into three sections, designated by
stars. The parts of the flower being all separate from each other, our plant
evidently falls under the third section, with three stars, viz: "*** Perianth
wholly free from the ovary (inferior)." Next, as its perianth consists of three
green sepals and three colored petals, it belongs to the subdivision -i — *-.
Under this there arc four alternatives, based on differences in the pistil.
The numerous distinct pistils exclude the first , the many or several seeds iu
each cell exclude the second ; the one-celled ovary, &c., exclude the fourth ;
while the third, having a single pistil with a 2-3-celled ovary, and only one
or two ovules or seeds in each cell, agrees with our plant ; Avhich we are thus
brought to conclude must belong to the order Commelynacece. The number,
485, affixed to this name, refers to the page iu the body of the work where
this order is characterized.

After comparing the plant with the ordinal character, especially with that por-
tion of it in italic type, and noting the agreement, let the student proceed to de-
termine the Genus. We have only two genera in this order, viz. : 1. Commelyna,
which has irregular flowers, petals unlike and on long claws, and the stamens
Df two sorts, only three of them hearing perfect anthers, — all of which is very
different from the plant we arc studying; and 2. Tradescantia (p. 486), with the
characters of which our plant will be found perfectly to accord.

Let the student then proceed to ascertain the Species, of which three are de-
scribed under this genus. Of the two sections, marked with stars ( # ), our
plant belongs to the first, having a sessile umbel. And of its two species, a
comparison with the characters nf each fixes our plant as belonging to the first,
viz. T. Viiyinica.

The abbreviated name or letter after the name of the genus and that of the
species, denotes the founder of the genus or the species ; — in this instance Lin-
naeus, whose name is indicated by the abbreviation L.

Whenever an order comprises several genera, a synopsis of them is given, like
that of Ranuncplaceoe, p. 2, by the aid of which the student will readily deter-
mine the genus of the plant under examination. The number prefixed to tbs
name of the genus, in the synopsis, is that under which it stands, farther on, in
the full account. The genera in the synopsis are often ranked under their proper
Tribes, or Suborders, &c. ; and the student will first determine the Tribe, o?
other great group to which the plant he is examining belongs, and then the
Genus under that tribe, &e.

Sometimes a genus embraces two or more strongly marked sections, or Sub-
gerura, which arc designated by the mark § followed by a name. For example,
CiniicifiKja, p. 14, has two subgcnera, § 1. Mucrc-li/s, and i 2. Ciiin'cifui/a proper,
each with its own characters; and the genus films, p. 7G, has three subgcnera,
viz. § 1. Snmac, $ 2. Toxioodendron, and $ 3. Lobadimn. These names, how-
ever, do not make a part of the appellation of a plant, which is called by its
generic and its specific name only; as. Cimicifuga rdcttnosa , the IS/ack Snake-
root ; Ithus y/db"1, the Smooth Sumac, &c.

ANALYTICAL KEY

TO THE NATURAL ORDERS, ftc. OF ALL THE PLANTS DESCRIBED IN THIS
WORK. BOTH INDIGENOUS AND EXOTIC.

THIS Artificial Analytical Key is a contrivance to lead the pupil, with a plant
in his hand to him unknown, Dy a succession of easy steps, up to the name of
the natural order to which the plant under examination belongs.

The name at the end of the line, to which the student is brought, is that of the
natural order sought, for example : MAGNOLTACE^E.

The numbers prefixed to the name indicate the page upon which the order is
described or treated of, for example: 15 (31) MAGNOLIACE-E.

The numbers without parentheses refer to the body of the volume, the indige-
nous Botany of the Northern States. Those within parentheses refer to the
Garden Botany, which is paged in continuation of the Key.

If the plant under examination should be a wild one, the first or unenclosed
number is alone to be regarded, and the pupil will turn to that page in the body
of the volume. But if an exotic, or a plant here known only in cultivation, the
pupil, after reading over the description of the order in the body of the work, as
before, (for this description of course is not repeated,) will turn to the page in
the Garden Botany indicated by the number enclosed in parentheses. If the only
reference is to the Botany of the Northern States, follow that ; for many plants
In cultivation are also among our wild plants.

Although this Key is a purely artificial contrivance, it is a very necessary
one to beginners ; who, however, will very soon get to know the Classes, Sub-
classes, &c. at sight, and, after considerable practice, will by degrees be able to
recognize at a glance all the commonest natural orders in almost any examples
of them they take in hand. The Key is based on the easiest and most obvious
botanical characteristics that can be made to answer the purpose ; yet it will
bring out, one by one, the principal points, especially in the structure of the
flower, by whijh plants are classified and the natural orders distinguished.

2

ANALYTICAL KEY.

SERIES I. PILENOGAMOUS OR FLOWERING PLANTS, those
producing real flowers and seeds.

CLASS I. DICOTYLEDONOUS OR EXOGENOUS PLANTS.

Stems formed of bark, wood, and pith ; the wood forming a layer be-
tween the other two, and increasing, when the stem continues from year
to year, by the annual addition of a new layer to the outside, next the
bark. Leaves netted-veined. Embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons,
or in Subclass II. often 3 or more in a whorl. Parts of the flower mostly
in fours or fives.

SUBCLASS I. ANGIOSPER1VLE. Pistil consisting of a closed ovary
which contains the ovules and the seeds.

DIVISION I. POLYPETALOUS : the calyx and corolla both present;
the latter of separate petals.

A.. Stamens numerous, at least more than 10.

1. Calyx entirely free and separate from the pistil or pistils.

* Stamens unconnected either with the calyx or corolla, hypogynous.

Pistils numerous but cohering over each other in a solid

mass on an elongated receptacle. Page 15 (31) MAG NOLI ACEA
Pistils several, separately immersed in hollows of the up-
per surface of a top-shaped receptacle. 21 NELUMBIACE^B.
Pistils more than one, wholly separate.

Filaments scarcely any, much shorter than the anther: trees. 17 ANONACEJB.
Filaments longer than the anther.

Flowers dioscious : twiners with alternate leaves. 18 MENISPERMACEJB.
Flowers perfect : if climbers, the leaves opposite.

Leaves not peltate : petals deciduous. . 2 (30) RANUNCULACB^

Leaves peltate : petals persistent : aquatics. . . 22 CABOMBACEJE
Pistils 3 to 6 with their ovaries partly united, or one 3 - 6-lobed.

Ovules and seeds borne at the centre. Nigella, (30) RANUNCULACE.B

Ovules and seeds parietal 41 (34) RESEDACE^

Pistils strictly one as to the ovary : the styles or stigmas may be several.
Ovary 2-20-cellcd, or else one-celled with 2 or more parietal placentae.
Leaves punctate under a lens with transparent dots, and

Opposite: styles or its lobes or the stigmas 2-5. 48 HYPERICACB^C
Alternate : style and stigma one, undivided. (38) AURANTIACE^

Leaves not punctate with transparent dots.

Calyx caducous, of 2 or 3 sepals, or a narrow cap. 24 (32) PAPAVERACEJB
Calyx deciduous, of

Four sepals : ovary one-celled. . . 40 (34) CAPPARIDACE^S
Five sepals, valvate in the bud ; ovary 5-celled. 69 TILIACEJE.

ANALYTICAL KEY. XIX

Calyx persistent after flowering.

Ovary 8-1 8-celled : ovules many, on the partitions. 22 NYMPHJGA CE.fi.
Ovary 5-celled : ovules many: placentae in the axis. 23 SARRACENIACE.E;.
Ovary 1-celled or partly 3-celled : placentae parietal. 45 CISTACE^EJ.
Ovary 1-celled, compound (stigmas 3 or more) ; the

placenta central : sepals 2, deciduous. . 63 POBTULACAOE^B.
Ovary 1-celled, simple, with one parietal placenta.

Herb, with two peltate leaves and one large flower. 19 BERBERIDACEJE.
Herbs, with palmately dissected or twice or thrice ter-

nately compound leaves. ... 2 (30) RANUNCULACE.®.

Shrubs or trees, with twice or thrice pinnate leaves or

phyllodia in their place. Acacia, &c. (43) LEGUMINOSJB.

* * Stamens united with the base of the (hypogynous} petals.
Calyx valvate in the bud : stamens monadelphous : an-
thers kidney -shaped, 1 -celled. . . . 65 (36) MALVACEJB.
Calyx imbricated in the bud: anthers 2-celled. 70 (38) CAMELLIAOE^B.

* # # Stamens and petals inserted on the calyx (perigynous).
Stamens just twice as many as the petals, 12, 14, or 16.

Pistils as many as the petals, separate : leaves fleshy. (53) CRASSULACE^J.

Pistil only one, 1 -2-celled, many-seeded. . 127 (50) LYTHRACE.SS.

Stamens more than twice as many as the 5 petals (in

natural flowers) : leaves alternate, with stipules. 110 (45) ROSACES,
Stamens (short) and petals both indefinitely numerous:
leaves opposite : pistils many, enclosed in a hol-
low receptacle 116 (49) CALYCANTHACE.SJ.

2. Calyx more or less coherent with the surface of the (compound) ovary ; i. e. the
ovary inferior or partly so.

several-celled, the cells in two sets, one above the
other. Tree, with showy scarlet flowers. Punica. (49) MTRTACE^E.
Ovary 2 - 5-celled.

Leaves punctate with pellucid dots under a lens. (49) MYRTACEJE.

Leaves not punctate with pellucid dots,

With stipules, not unequal-sided : fruit fleshy. 110 (45) ROSACES.

With stipules, strikingly unequal-sided : ovary 3-angled. (53) BEGONIACE^;.
Without stipules,

Alternate, not fleshy : stamens adhering to the bases

of the petals. Shrubs 265 STYRACACEJB.

Opposite, not fleshy: stamens not on the petals.

Shrubs. Philadelphus. 141 (54) SAXIFRAGACEJE.

Opposite or alternate, thickened and fleshy : petals

numerous and narrow. . . (51) MESEMBRYANTHEMACEJB.
Ovary 10-30-celled: ovules many, covering the partitions :

petals v«.ry numerous ; aquatic. 22 NYMPH JRACEJC.

°"

XX ANALYTICAL KEY.

Ovary one-celled, with the ovules parietal.

Fleshy plants with no true foliage : petals many. . 136 (51) CACTACEJE.
Rough-leaved plants : petals 5 or 10. . . . 135 LOASACBJB.

Ovary one-celled, half free from the 2-cleft calyx ; ovules
on slender stalks from a central placenta rising
from the base of the cell 63 (36) PORTDLACACB^.

IS. Stamens of the same number as the petals and opposite them.

Pistils 3 - 6, separate. Flowers dioecious. Woody vines. ISMENISPERMACEJB,
Pistil only one.

Ovary one-celled : anthers opening by uplifted valves. 19 (32) BERBERIDACE^E.
Ovary one-celled : anthers not opening by uplifted valves.
Style and stigma one : ovules more than one. . . 270 PRIMOLACE.E.
Style one : stigmas 3 : sepals 2 : ovules several. 63 PORTULACACEJB.

Styles 5 : ovule and seed only one. . . 270 (62) PLUMBAGINACEJB.
Ovary 2 - 4-celled.

Calyx-lobes minute or obsolete : petals valvate. 77 (41) VITACE.E.

Calyx 4 - 5-cleft, valvate in the bud : petals involute. 78 RHAMNACE^B.

C» Stamens not more than 10, or at least not more than twice as many as the petals,
when of just the number of the petals then alternate with them.

1. Calyx free from the ovary, i. e. ovary wholly superior.

* Ovaries 2 or more, separate.
Stamens united with each other and with a large and

thick stigma common to the two ovaries. . . 350 ASCLEFIADACEJE.
Stamens unconnected,
Inserted on the receptacle, free from the calyx.

Leaves punctate with pellucid dots. ... 74 (40) RDTACEA

Leaves not pellucid-punctate.

Tree, with pinnate leaves : flowers polygamous

or dioecious. (40) SIMARUBACEJB.

Low shrub with pinnate leaves and perfect^

flowers in racemes. . Zaiithorhiza in £ 2 (30) RANUNCULACB^.
Herbs with the leaves not thickened.

Herbs with thickened succulent leaves. . 139 (53) CRASSULACB.*,
Inserted on the calyx,
Just twice as many as the pistils : leaves thick and

succulent. 139 (53) CRASSDLACEA

More than twice as many as the two, or occasionally

three, many-seeded pistils. . . . 141 (54) SAXIFRAQACEJK
Seldom just twice the number of the few-seeded pis
tils : leaves not succulent or thick, mostly fur-
nished with stipules. 110 (45) ROSACEJI

ANALYTICAL KEY. XXI

# # Ovaries 2 - 5, more or /ess united into one below, but at the apex separate, at

well as their styles.

Leaves strong-scented, punctate with pellucid dots. . . (40) RUTACE.K
Leaves scentless, not pellucid-punctate.

Herbs, without real stipules or stipels. . . 141 (54) SAXIFRAGACE^C.
Shrubs, with opposite compound (trifoliolate) leaves,

caducous stipules and stipels. . Staphyiea, 82 SAPINDACEJS.

*•• * * Ovaries or lobes of a compound ovary 2 to 5, united by a common single sty'e.
Stamens distinct : ovaries or lobes commonly 3.

Flower irregular, spurred : cress-scented plants. (40) TROPJEOLACE.E.

Flower regular. 74 LIMNANTHACE^E.

Stamens monadelphous at the base : ovary 5-lobed. 72 (38) GERANIACEJ-;.

* * * * Ovary only one.

Ovary simple (of one carpel), with only one parietal pla-
centa and a single perfectly undivided style and
stigma. Flowers mostly irregular, the corolla

papilionaceous, rarely regular or nearly so. . 88 (43) LEGUMINOSJB.
Ovary one-celled, but either the styles or the stigmas more
than one or lobed, or the placentae more than one,
showing the pistil to be compound.
! Corolla irregular,

Of 4 petals : stamens 6 in two sets. . . . 26 (32) FUMARIACEJE.
Of 5 petals : stamens 5, their anthers united. . . 41 (35) VIOLACE^B.
Corolla regular or nearly so.

Ovule solitary and hanging in the cell. . . Isatis, (33) CRUCIFEILE.
Ovule solitary at the base of the cell : stigmas 3. 76 (41) ANACARDIACEJS.
Ovules more than one, in the centre or bottom of the cell.

Petals not on the calyx 53 (35) CARYOPHYLLACE.®.

Petals on the throat of a bell-shaped or tubular calyx. 127 LYTHRACE-K.
Ovules several or many, on two or more parietal placentge.

Stamens inserted on the calyx 141 SAXIFRAGACE^E.

Stamens 5, borne on the long stalk of the ovary :

styles 3 : climbing plants with tendrils. 138 (52) PASSIFLORACE^E.
Stamens inserted on the receptacle.
Sepals deciduous after flowering,

Four, with 4 petals and 6 stamens. . . (34) CAPPARIDACEJB,
Five, with regular 5 petals and 5 stamens : style

one: shrub, with coriaceous leaves. . (35) PITTOSPORACEA
. Sepals persistent, 5, or rarely 3.

Leaves punctate with pellucid and dark dots,

all of them opposite and entire. . . 48 HYPEKICACEA
Leaves not pellucid-punctate, and
Not beset with gland-b taring bristles.

ANALYTICAL KEY.

Sterile filaments or some appendages resem-
bling them before each veiny petal. 48 PARXABSIACKJC
No sterile filaments : style 1 or none. 45 CISTAC&S.

Beset with strong bristles tipped with a clam-
my gland : styles divided so as to be
twice as many as the 3-5 placentae. 47 DROSERACE.S.

Ovary 2 - several-celled.
Flowers irregular.

Stamens diadelphous or monadelphous,

Six or eight, connected with the corolla : anthers

one-celled, opening at the top. ... 85 POLYGALACEJS.
Ten, free from the corolla : anthers 2-celled. (As-
tragalus, &c.) 88 LEQUMINOS^B.

Stamens 5, the anthers somewhat monadelphous or

united over the stigma 73 (40) BALSAMINACE^E.

Stamens distinct both as to the filaments and the anthers.
Anthers opening at the apex. . Rhodora, 245 ERICACE^

Anthers opening lengthwise.

Calyx spurless 82 (41) SAPINDACB^B.

Calyx with a spur (except Cuphea, p. 127). (40) TROP-EOLACEJB.
Flowers regular or nearly so.

Stamens (2 or 3) fewer than the 4 petals. . . . 356 (72) OLBACE^.
Stamens more numerous than the petals, but not twice as many,

Triadelphous : leaves opposite 48 HYPERICACB.B

Distinct, usually 6 or 8, of equal length. . . 84 (41) SAPINDACE^E.
Tetradynamous, i. e. 2 short and 4 long : petals 4. 28 (33) CRUCIFBKB.
Stamens just as many or twice as many as the petals.
Ovules and seeds only 1 or 2 in each cell.
Herbs : flowers monoecious : styles fewer than the

sepals, mostly 3. 385 EUPHORBI ACEJB.

Herbs : styles or stigmas as many as the petals or sepals.

Sepals, petals, and lobes of the ovary 3 : stamens 6. 74 LIMN ANTH ACE^E.
Sepals and petals 5 : ovary and pod 10-celled. 70 (38) LINAGES.

Sepals, petals, and cells or lobes of the ovary 5 :

stamens 5-10 72 (38) GERANIACE^E.

Shrubs or trees.

Leaves palmately veined and lobed: fruit two-
winged, a double samara. . . Acer, 84 (41) SAPINDACE.K.
Leaves pinnately veined, not lobed.

Calyx not minute : pod colored, dehiscent :

seeds enclosed in a pulpy aril. . . 81 CELASTRACEJE.
Calyx minute : stigmas sessile : fruit a berry-
like drupe. 263 AQUIFOLIACBJC,

Ovules (and usually seeds) several or many in each cell.
Stipules between the opposite and simple leaves. 52 E LATIN ACE «

ANALYTICAL KEY.

XX111

Stipules between the opposite and compound

leaves (but they are caducous). Staphylea, 82 SAPINDACEJE.

Stipules none when the leaves are opposite.

Stamens 5, monadelphous in a 10 -toothed tube

or cup : leaves simple, all radical. . . 262 GALACINEJE.
Stamens 10, monadelphous at the base. Leaf-
lets 3, obcordate. * OXALIDACE^E.

Stamens distinct, free from the calyx.

Style 1, undivided. 245 (61) ERICAOE-SS.

Styles 2 - 5, separate. . . . 52 (35) CARTOPHTLLACE^S.
Stamens distinct, inserted on the calyx.

Styles 2 (rarely 3), or splitting into 2 in fruit. 141 (54)SAXIFRAGACE^!.
Style 1 : pod enclosed in the calyx, becoming

1 -celled at maturity. . . . 127 (50) LYTHRAVE^B.

2. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, at least to its lower half.

Tendril-bearing and often succulent herbs. . . 138 ^32) CUCURBITACEJB.
Not tendril-bearing.

Ovules and seeds more than one in each cell.

Ovary 1-celled, many-ovuled from the base. . 63 (36) PORTULACACEJE.
Ovary 1-celled, with 2 or 3 parietal few - many-seeded placentae.

Herbs : fruit a capsule 141 SAXIFRAGACE.S.

Shrubs : fruit a berry. . . . . 136 (53) GROSSULACEJB,

Ovary 2 -several-celled.

Anthers opening by pores at the apex : style 1. 127 MELASTOMACE.E.
Anthers not opening by pores.

Stamens on a flat disk which covers the ovary. 81 CELASTRACEJE.
Stamens on the calyx.

Style 1 : petals 4, rarely 5. ... 129 (50) ONAGRACEJS.
Styles 2 or 3, or only one and 3 - 5-cleft. 141 (54) SAXIFRAGACE^E.
Ovules and seeds only one in each cell.

Stamens 10 (instead of many) accidentally and rarely in some 111
Stamens 2, 4, or 8.

Herbs : flowers not in an involucrate head.
Herb : flowers in a head, surrounded by a colored

involucre : stamens 4

Shrubs or trees : petals narrow.
Stamens 4 : style and stigma 1.

Stamens 8 : styles 2

Stamens 5 : flowers in umbels, or rarely in heads.
Fruit dry, splitting in two at maturity : styles 2 :

flowers mostly in compound umbels. 148 (54) UMBELLIFER.SB.

Fruit fleshy or berry-like : styles 2-5, separate, or

united into one 159 (55) ARALIACEJR

129 ONAGRACE^B.
161 CORKAGE JE.

161 CORK ACE JB

147 HAMAMELACE^E

XXIV ANALYTICAL KEY.

DIVISION U. MONOPETALOUS ; calyx and corolla both present ; the
latter with its petals united more or less into one piece.

A* Stamens more numerous than the lobes of the corolla.

Ovary 1-celled with one parietal placenta. (Trifolium and

some Mimoseae may be taken for monopetalous.) 88 (42) LEGUMINOS.E.
Ovary 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentae. Adlumia, &c. 26 FUMARIACE^J
Ovary 1-celled with the ovules at the centre or base. 265 STYRACACE^E.

Ovary 3 - many-celled.

Stamens free or nearly free from the corolla, distinct. 245 (61) ERICACEAE.
Stamens inserted on the base or tube of the corolla.

Filaments monadelphous : anthers 1-celled. . 65 (36) MALVACEAE.
Filaments somewhat monadelphous at the base or 5-

adelphous : anthers 2-celled.
Calyx free from the ovary. ..... 70 (38) CAMELLIACE.*,

Calyx adherent with the ovary or with its base. 265 STYRACACE.E

Filaments wholly distinct : calyx free, persistent. 266 EBENACEJJ

R. Stamens (fertile ones) as many as the lobes of the corolla and opposite them.*

Ovary 5-celled : corolla appendaged with scales inside. 267 SABOTAGED.

Ovary 1-celled: pod several - many-seeded : style 1. 270 (62) PRIMULACE^B.
Ovary 1-celled : utricle 1 -seeded : styles 5, or only one

and 5-cleft 270 (62) PLUMBAGINACE,*!,

C. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them, or fewer.*
# Ovary adherent to the calyx-tube (inferior).

-Tendril-bearing herbs : anthers often united. . 138 (52) CUCDRBITACB^B.
Tendrils none.

Stamens united by their anthers into a ring or tube.

Flowers capitate, the head involucrate. . . 177 (56) COMPOSITE.
Flowers separate, irregular ; the tube of the corolla

cleft down one side 241 (60) LOBELIACEJE.

Stamens separate, and
Free from the corolla or nearly so ; leaves alternate,

without stipules : juice of the stem milky. 243 (60) CAMPANULACE^S.
Inserted on the corolla,
Didynamous : ovary 1-celled, with two parietal

and many-ovuled placentas. . . . (63) GESNBRIACEJE.
Not didynamous.

One to three, always fewer than the lobes of the

corolla 174 (56) VALERIANACEJE.

" Beware here of Mirabihs ! which seem* to be monopetalous, with the ovary between the
calyx and corolla ; but it is really apetalous. See pp. Ixxiv, and 360.

ANALYTICAL KEY. XXV

Four or five, generally as many as the lobes of the corolla

Flowers in an involucrate head : stipules none. 176 (56) DIFSACE^B
Flowers if in heads not involucrate.

Leaves \vhorled without stipules. ^

Leaves opposite, or rarely whorled, with i- 168 (56) RUBIACEJS.

stipules.

Leaves opposite without stipules (or some-
times with appendages to the petioles
imitating them). ... 163 (55) CAFRIFOLIACE^.

* 4(= Ovary free from the calyx (superior).
v- Corolla irregular: stamens (icith anthers) 4 and didynamous, or only 2.

Ovules and seeds solitary in the (1-4) cells.

Ovary 4-lobed, the style rising from between the lobes. 300 (67) LABIATE.
Ovary not lobcd, the style from its apex. . . 298 (66) VERBENACE<E.
Ovules numerous or as many as 2 in each cell.
Ovary and pod 1 -celled,

With a free central placenta : stamens 2 : aquatics. 275 LENTIBULACE.®
With 2 or more parietal placentae : stamens 4.

Plants with ordinary foliage (63) GESNERIACE^E.

Plants leafless, root-parasitic. . . . 279 OHOBANCHACEJE.

Ovary and fruit more or less 4 - 5-cclled. Martynia.

. 278 (63) BIGNOMACEJE.
Ovary and pod 2-celled, but the 2 placentae parietal; )

Ovary and pod 2-celled : placentae in the axis.

Seeds numerous, rarely few, not on hooks, &c. 281 (64) SCROPHULARIACE^E.
Seeds few, borne on hook-like, or slender, or else cup-
shaped projections of the placentae. . 296 (66) ACANTIIACEJE.

•+-•*- Corolla somewhat irregular: stamens (with anthers) 5.

»amens free from the corolla or nearly so : anthers open-
ing by a hole at the top of each cell. . Azalea, 245 (61) ERICACE.B.
Slamens inserted on the corolla.

Filaments or some of them woolly. Verbascum, 281 SCROIMIULARIACK^.
Filaments not woolly. ...... 338 (71) SOLANACE.E.

H- -i- •«- Corolla regular.
+•*• Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla.

Ovaries 2, separate ; their

Styles and stigmas also wholly separate. Dichondra, 332 CONVOLVULACE^!.
Stigmas and sometimes styles united into one.

Filaments distinct: pollen in ordinary grains. 349 (73) APOCYNACE^.

Filaments commonly monadelphous : anthers united

with the stigma : pollen in masses. . 350 (72) ASCLEPIADACE;E.
Ovary one, but deeply 4-lobed around the style. 319 (69) BQKRAGINACEJE

XXVI ANALYTICAL KEY.

Ovary one : pod 2-lobed or 2-horned at the summit. Loganieae, 169 RDBI^CEJB.
Ovary one, not divided nor deeply lobed,

One-celled, simple : style and stigma 1, undivided. 88 (43) LEGUMIXOSJB.
One-celled, compound : styles, stigmas, or parietal placentae 2.
Leaves (or in Menyanthes 3 leaflets) entire. . . 341 GENTIANACE.E.
Leaves toothed, lobal or pinnately compound. ^
Imperfectly 2-cclled by two broad parietal pla- [-26 (69) HYDUOI'IIYLLACK^:.

centre meeting each other. . . J

Two- to ten-celled.

Leafless and parasitic twining plants. Cuscuta, 332 Cox VOLVU LACE x.
Plants with ordinary green leaves.

Style none : corolla deeply 4- 6-parted. . . 263 AQUIFOLIACE.«.
Style present.

Stamens free from the corolla or nearly so. 245 (61) ERICACE^K.

Stamens inserted on the corolla,
Four: corolla scarious : pod 2-celled, opening

transversely, the top falling as a lid. 268 PLANTAGINACE.«.
Four: ovary 2-4-celled, with one ovule in each. 299 VEUIJENACE^S.
Five or rarely more.

Leaves opposite, with stipules, or a transverse

line in their place. Gelsemium, p. 296, and 169 LOGANIE.E.
Leaves mostly opposite, no stipules, "j

Leaves alternate : style 3-cleft at apex.

^329 (70) POLEMONIACE.B.
Leaves alternate and opposite : an-
thers transversely 2-valved.

Leaves mostly alternate : style undivided or rarely 2-cleft.
Ovules and seeds very numerous.

Corolla imbricated in the bud. 281 SCKOPIIULARIACEJC.

Corolla either plaitcd,val vate, or twisted,

rarely imbricated, in the bud . 338 (71) SOLAXACE^E.
Ovules and seeds 1 or 2 in each cell.
Style short: fruit splitting into two or

four seed-like nutlets. . 319 (69) BOUKAGINACE.*.
Style long : flowers showy : fruit a

2-3-valvcd pod. . . 332 (70) COXVOLVUI.ACE^K

*•»• +•* Stamens fewer than the lobes of the corolla.
S'amcns 4, di.lynamous.

Ovary 2-celied ; the cells 2 -few-seeded. . . 296 (66) ACANTHACE*;.
Ovary 2-4-celled; the cells 1 -seeded. . . 298 (66) VERBENACE^E

Stamens 2, rarely 3 : ovary 2-celled.

Low herbs : corolla scarious, withering on the pod. 268 PLANTAGINACKJE.
Herbs (rarely shrubs) : corolla rotate, or somewhat funnelform,

slightly irregular, deciduous. Veronica, 281 (64) SCUOPHULARIACE.*.
Shrubs or trees.

ANALYTICAL KEY. XXV11

Lobes of the corolla 4,valvate in the bud : seeds suspended. 356 (73 ) OLEACE.E.
Lobes of the corolla 5 or more, convolute in the bud : seeds

erect from the base of the cells. . . . (73) JASMINACE.E.

[ DIVISION III. APETALOUS : corolla (and sometimes the calyx) wanting.

A» Flowers not in catkins.
# Ovary or its cells containing many ovules.
Ovary and pod inferior (i. e. calyx-tube adherent to the ovary),

Six-celled : stamens 6-12 359 ARISTOLOCHIACE.S.

Four-celled : stamens 4. .... Ludwigia, 129 ONAGRACE.E.
Three-celled : flowers monoecious : stamens many. (53) BEGONIACE,?C.

One-celled, with 2 parietal placentae. Chrysosplenium, 141 SAXIFRAGA€E.«.
Ovary and pod wholly naked (there being no calyx),

Two-celled, 2-beaked : flowers capitate, monoecious : tree. 147 HAMAMELACE^.
Two-celled, many-ribbed : aquatic herb. . . 384 PODO«TEMACEJB.
Ovary and pod, &c. superior, i. e. free from the calyx,
Five-celled and 5-beaked, opening across the beaks

which fall off at maturity : stamens 10. Penthorum, 139 CRASSDLAOE^E.
Three - 5-celled, opening round the middle. Sesuvium, 63 PORTULACACE^E.
Three-celled and 3-valved. . . Mollugo, 53 CARYoriiYLLACE.as.

Two-celled or 1-celled: placentae central.

Stamens inserted on the throat or tube of the calyx. 127 (50) LYTHRACE^S.
Stamens inserted on the receptacle or the base of the calyx,

Alternate with the 5 sepals. . . . Glaux, 270 PRIMULACEJE.
Opposite the sepals when of the same number.

Flowers with scarious or colored bracts. . 367 AMARANTACE^E.
Flowers without such bracts. ... 52 CARYOPHYLLACEJB.

One-celled, with one parietal placenta. )

} 2 KANUNCULACE^J.
Ovaries 2 or more, separate, simple )

* * Ovary or its cells containing only 1 or 2, rarely 3 or 4, ovules.

•*- Pistils more tlian one, and distinct or nearly so.

tamens inserted on the calyx. Leaves with stipules. 110 (45) ROSACES

lumens inserted in the receptacle.

Leaves punctate, with pellucid dots. . . Zanthoxylum, 74 RUTACE^E.
Leaves not dotted.

Calyx present, usually colored or petal-like. 2 (30) RANUNCULACE^S.

Calyx absent. Flowers entirely naked, perfect, spiked. 383 SADRURACEJB.

•«— -t— Pistil one, either simple or compound.
Ovary partly inferior, the calyx coherent to its lower half,

2-celled • styles 2 : stamens many. . . . 147 HAMAMELACE*

-

<

XXV.ll ANALYTICAL KEY.

Ovary wholly inferior in perfect or pistillate flowers.

Aquatic herbs : ovary" 3 - 4-celled, or (Hippuris) l-eclled. 129 HALORAOEA
Woody plants : style or stigma one, entire : ovary 1 -celled.

Stigma running down one side of the style. Nyssa, 160 CORNACE^E.

Stigma terminal, with or without a style.

Parasitic on the branches of trees : anthers sessile. 382 LORAXTIIACE^E.
Not parasitic above ground : anthers on filaments. 381 SANTALACE.*:.
Ovary really free from the calyx, but permanently invested

by its tube, or the base of it, so as to seem inferior.

Shrubs, with scurfy leaves : flowers mostly clio3cious. 380 EL^EAGNACEJE.
Herbs : calyx colored like a corolla.

Leaves opposite, simple. , . ... 360 (74) NYCTAGIN ACE.E.

Leaves alternate, pinnate Sanguisorba, 110, ROSACES.

O'ary plainly free from the calyx, which is sometimes wanting.
Stipules (ochrose) sheathing the stem at the nodes.

Tree : calyx none : flowers monoecious, in heads. 400 PLATANACK/E.

Herbs: calyx present and often colored. . 371 (75) POLYGON AC i-;.*.
Stipules not sheathing the stern, or none.
Aquatic herbs, submersed or nearly so.

Leaves whorled-dissected : style 1. . . 383 CERATOrriYLLACE^E.
Leaves opposite, entire : styles 2 : ovary 4-cclled 384 CALLITKJCHACE.I?.
Not aquatics, herbs.

Ovary 10-cclled: berry 10-seeded. . . 361 PIIYTOLACCACEJK.
Ovary 3-celled, rarely 1 - 2-ccllcd : juice milky. 385 (76) EUPIIOUBIACE.K.
Ovary one-celled : juice not milky.
Style, if any, and stigma only one : leaves simple:

no scarious bracts around the flowers. . . 394 URTICE*.

Style or stigmas 2 or 3 : embryo coiled or curved.
Stipules not scarious : leaves palmatcly cleft

or palmately compound. . . 395 (76) CANNABTNEJS.

Stipules scarious 54 ILLECEUKE,C.

Stipules and scarious bracts none : stamens

inserted high up on the tube of the calyx. 54 SCLERANTHE*:.
Stipules none : but scarious bracts crowded

around the flowers. . . . 367 (75) AMARANTACEA:.
Stipules and scarious bracts none. 361 (74) CUENOPODIACE.B.

Shrubs or trees.

Ovules a pair in each cell of the ovary.
Fruit a 3-cclled pod : leaves evergreen. Buxus, (76) EuriiORniACE^:.

Fruit 2-celled, a double samara 82 ACKRINEJG.

Fruit a 1-celled 1-seedcd samara or drupe. . 356 (73) OLEACE.E.
Ovules single in each cell of the

Three -9-celled ovary : leaves small and heath-l!kc. 393 EMPETRACEA
Three-celled ovary : leaves broad. ... 78 RHAMNACE.B.

ANALYTICAL KEY.

One - two-celled ovary : styles or stigmas 2-cleft. 394 (76) URTICACEJB.
One-celled ovary : style and stigma single and entire.

Anthers opening longitudinally. . 380 (75) THYMELEACEJB.

Anthers opening by uplifted valves like trap-doors. 373 LAURAOE.IS.

IS . Flowers (monoecious or dioecious] one or both sorts in catkins.
* Only one sort of flowers in catkins or catkin-like heads.

Fertile flowers in a short catkin, head, or strobile. . 394 (76) URTICACE^E.
fertile flowers single or clustered : sterile ones in slender catkins.

Leaves pinnate : fertile flowers and fruit naked. 401 (77) JUGLANDACE^E.

Leaves simple : fertile flowers 1-3 in an involucre or

cupule. 403 (77) CCTULIFER.S.

fc * Both sterile and fertile flowers in catkins or heads,

(Wary and pod 1 -celled, many-seeded : seeds furnished

with a downy tuft at one end. . . . 413 (78) SALICACEJK.

Ovary and* woody pod 2-cellcd, many-seeded. Liquidambar, 148 HAMAMELACE^.
Ovary 1 -2-celled, only one ovule in each cell : fruit 1-seeded.

Parasitic on trees : fruit a berry 382 LORANTHACE^:.

Trees or shrubs, not parasitic.

Calyx regular, conspicuous, that of the fertile flowers

succulent in fruit 394 (76) URTICACE^E.

Calyx none, or rudimentary and scale-like.

Style and stigma one, simple : flowers in heads. 400 PLATANACE^:.

Styles or long stigmas 2.
Fertile flowers 2 or 3 under each scale of the

catkin : nutlets naked, winged or woody. 410 BETULACE.E.

Fertile flowers single under each scale : nutlets
naked, globose, mostly waxy-coated or

drupe-like. 409 MYRICACE.E.

Fertile flowers single in a membranous sac. Ostrya, •>
Fe-tile flowers 2, subtended by a one-sided and M03 CUFULIFEIUB.
lobed leafy involucre. Carpinus, J

:

SUBCLASS IT. GYMNOSFEKM^E. Pistil an open scale or altered
af, bearing naked ovules on its margin or its upper surface, or in Taxus
ntirely wanting. Flowers monoecious or dioecious.

Leaves simple : stems branched 420 (78) CONIFERJE.

Leaves pinnate, rigid : stem or caudex simple : plants

therefore resembling Palms in aspect. . . . (80) CYCADACE^J,

XXVlll" ANALYTICAL KEY.

CLASS II. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS OR ENDOGENOUS PLANTS.

Steins with the wood collected into separate bundles or threads, which
are irregularly dispersed throughout the whole diameter, leaving no dis-
tinct pith in the centre; not forming annual layers. (A transverse slice
of the stem therefore exhibits the woody threads as dots scattered
throughout the cellular tissue.) Leaves mostly parallel-veined (occasion-
ally more or less reticulated). Embryo with a single cotyledon, and the
first leaves in germination alternate. Parts of the flower generally in
threes, never in fives.

A» SPADICEOUS DIVISION. Flowers aggregated on a spadix or fleshy axis, or
sometimes scattered, destitute of calyx and corolla (excepting some Araecae, where,
however, they are on a spadix) and also of glumes (husky scales). Leaves often
with netted veins.

Little floating aquatics, with no distinction of stem and foliage. 430 LEMNACE.S:.
Terrestrial or aquatic, with root, stem, and leaves. *

Immersed aquatics, with jointed stems and inconspicuous

flowers. 431 NAIADACB^.

Reed-like or Flag-like marsh or aquatic herhs, with linear
and sessile nerved leaves : flowers in spikes or heads.

Flowers monoecious : destitute of floral envelopes. . 429 TYFHACE^E.
Flowers perfect, on a lateral spadix : sepals 6. Acorus, ^
Terrestrial or marsh plants : leaves mostly with a distinct > 426 (80) ARACEJS.
netted-veined blade, petioled. J

B. PETALOIDEOUS DIVISION. Flowers not collected on a spadir, furnished with
floral envelopes (perianth) answering to calyx or to botJi calyx and corolla^ either
herbaceous or colored and petal-like.

# Perianth adherent to the whole surface of the ovary (superior).
Flowers dioecious or polygamous, regular.

Aquatics : ovules and seeds several or numerous. 440 HYDROCHARIDACE.E.
Twining plants : ovules and seeds one or two in each

cell : veinlcts of the leaves reticulated. . 460 (84) DIOSCOREACK/B.
Flowers perfect : ovules and seeds usually numerous or several.
Stamens (bearing anthers) only one or two : flower irregular.

Gynandrous : ovary 1-celled with 3 parietal placentae. 442 ORCIUDACE.*.

Not gynaudrous : ovary 3-celled (80) CANNACEA:.

Stamens 3.

Anthers introrse, opening transversely. . . 442 BURMANNIACE*.

Anthers introrse or versatile, opening lengthwise. 457 H^MODORACE^I:.

Anthers cxtrorsc, opening lengthwise. . . 459 (82) IRIDACE.B.

Stamens 6 : flowers usually on a scape from a bulb. 455 (80) AMARY LLIDACBJK.

ANALYTICAL KEY.

* # Perianth adherent only to the base or lower half of the ovary.
Stamens 6; the anthers turned inwards: perianth covered

with wool or scurf. 457

Stamens 6 ; the anthers turned outwards. . . . 472 MELAMUACE/E.

* * =fc Perianth wholly free from the ovary (Inferior) :

•*- Its 6 (or rarely 4) divisions similar, and colored alike.

Perianth glumaceous, i. e. chaffy or husky : rushes. . . 479 JuNCACE-as.
Perianth herbaceous : somewhat rush-like marsh plants :

anthers turned outwards. . . . . 436 JUNCAGIXEJS.

Perianth pctaloid, or at least somewhat colored and corolla-like
Stamens fewer than the lobes of the perianth, or unequal

and of two sorts : aquatic plants. . . . 483 PONTET^EUIACEJE,
Stamens as many as the divisions of the perianth and all alike.

Style 1, undivided (in Tulip no style: stigma 3-lobcd). 465 (84) LILIACE..E.
Style 1, but 3-parted or 3-lobed. UvularieiB, 472 (86) MELAKTIIACK^E.

Styles 3, or sessile stigmas 3, separate.

Leaves with tendril-bearing petioles : flowers dioecious. {

( 461 SMI LA OB JB
Leaves whorled : flowers perfect. . . . . )

Leaves not tendril-bearing nor whorled : anthers

turned outwards 472 (86) MELANTHACEJB.

+-*- Its divisions of two kinds, viz. 3 herbaceous or membranaceoiis sepals and 3 col'

ored petals ; not furnished with glumaceous bracts.

Pistils numerous and distinct; stamens from 6 to many. 436 ALISMACE^E.

Pistil (ovary) one, 3-cellcd, many- several-seeded.

Style 1. Thick or scurfy-leaved epiphytes. . . 458 BROMELIACE/E.

Styles or sessile stigmas 3. Leaves whorled. . . 461 TKILLIACE.K.
Pistil (ovary) one, 2-3-celled ; the cells 1-2-sceded. 485 (86) CoaiMELYXACEJS.
Pistil 1 : ovary 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentae. . . 487 XYRIDACE^S.

•*- •*- Its divisions of two kinds, or the inner (corolla) rarely wanting ; the outer
(calyx) mostly glumaceous or chaffy ; the flowers also furnished with ylumaccout
or chaff >j bracts. Rash-like herbs : flowers in dense heads.

Pod 1-celled, many-seeded, with 3 parietal placentae. . 487 XYRIDACEJC.
Pod 2 -3-cellcd, 2- 3-secdcd 488 ERIOCAULOXACKJS.

C. GLUMACEOUS DIVISION. Flowers destitute of any proper perianth, except
sometimes small scales or bristles, but covered by glumes, i. e. husk-like or scalc.-
like bracts.

Glume a single scale-like bract with a flower in its axil. 490 CYPERACE.E.

Glumes in pairs, of two sorts 535 (87) GUAM INKS.

X.XVJir ANALYTICAL KKT.

SERIES II. CRYVTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS:

tliose destitute of stamens and pistils, ill fructification producing spores
instead of seeds.

CLASS III. ACROGENOUS PLANTS.

Plants with a stem containing woody tissue and vessels, as does the
foliage when there is any (in the form of veins).

Fructification borne on the leaves (fronds), commonly on

their backs or margins 587 Fi LICKS.

Fructification of several spore-cases borne on the under

side of the shield-shaped stalked scales of a terminal

spike or cone. Leaves none, except a whorl of teeth

at each joint of the stem 585 EQUISETACE.SJ

Fructification of spore-cases in the axil of small simple

leaves or bracts. 602 LYCOPODIACE^B.

Fructification at the base of leaves or naked branches.

Aquatics. ....*... 605 IlYDRorxERiDKS.

CLASS IV. ANOPIIYTES. (MOSSES.)

Plants consisting of cellular tissue only, with stem and foliage distinct,
or sometimes the two confluent into a foliaceous body (frond).

Spore-cases mostly opening by a lid. Leaves distinct . . 607 Musci.
Spore-casep not opening by a lid. Leaves sometime? v*>*

fluent into a frond. 682 HKPATICBJI

GARDEN BOTANY:

AN INTRODUCTION TO A KNOWLEDGE OF THE

COMMON CULTIVATED PLANTS.

THIS simple Introduction to a knowledge of the plants commonly cultivated
in tliis country, whether for use or ornament, is prepared as a useful accom
paniment to the Botany of the Northern United States, and is made as
extensive as the needful limits of such a volume will allow. It will serve the
purpose of enabling pupils to study our ordinary exotic as well as indigenous
plants, to ascertain their names, and to refer them to their place in the system.

It is to be used wholly in connection with the foregoing Artificial Key, p. xv.,
which is arranged to lead the pupil, if he has an exotic or other cultivated plant
in hand, to this Garden Botany, — if a wild plant, to its order in the proper
Botany of the Northern. United States. If the cultivated plant be one which ia
described in the main body of the work, — as may frequently be the case, —
the analysis will conduct to a reference, " Man. p. . . ," where the plant in ques-
tion may be found described. It is needless to repeat the description of such
species.

For the same reason, the character or brief description of the orders and of
the genera already in the Botany of the Northern United States is not repeated
in the Garden Botany; but a reference, "Manual," or "Man.," followed by
the page, directs the student to the place where the order or the genus, &c. is
characterized.

Since by far the greater part of the names of the genera, &c. of our cultivated
plants occur in the body of the work, where they are duly accentuated to in-
dicate their proper pronunciation, the accents are not introduced here, except
the case of a few words, for the most part not already in the Manual, which
particularly liable to be mispronounced.

As this Garden Botany is intended to be used only for exercise in botanical
analysis, an Index of the names of the plants contained in it, for obvious rea-
sons, is purposely omitted.

XXX GARDEN BOTANY

OROER BANUNCULACE-ffiJ. CROWFOOT FAMILT.

See Manual, p. 2. — The cultivated sorts may be knowu by having many
stamens inserted on the receptacle, and from 2 to many separate pistils, except
that the annual Larkspurs have only one pistil, and in Fennel-Flower the five
pistils are partly united into one.

Climbers, with opposite and usually compound leaves. . . Genus 1. CLEMATIS.
Herbs, except the Tree Paeony, not climbing.
Pistils many in a head, one-seeded, in fruit resembling seeds.

Calyx like a corolla, no real petals 2. ANEMONE

Calyx and corolla present : the petals conspicuous,

With a little scale inside on the claw 8. RANUNCULUS.

Without any scale 4. ADONIS.

Pistils several -seeded, in fruit becoming pods.
Calyx like a corolla : petals small and stamen-like.

Pistils 5, partly united, making a 5-horned pod. ... 6. NIOELLA.

Pistils 9 or more, separate : flower yellow, globe-like. . , 6. TKOLLIUS.
Pistils 5 : flower white or greenish, open. .... 7. UELLEBORUS.

Calyx like a corolla, regular ; the petals large spurs. . . 8. AQUILEGIA.

Calyx like a corolla, irregular.

Upper sepal spurred behind : petals 1 to 4, small. . 9. DELPHINIUM.

Upper sepal helmet-shaped : petals 2, hammer-shaped. . . 10. ACONITUM.
Calyx green or greenish : petals large. 11. P^EONIA.

1. Clematis, VJRGIN'S-BOWER. Man. p. 3. No. 5 is sometimes cult. ; also
C. Viticella, VINE-BOWER. Flower solitary, long-peduncled, large,

blue or purple, in summer; styles naked.

C. Flammula, S\VEET VIRGIN'S-BOWER. Flowers panicled, white,
sweet-scented, in late summer; leaves pinnate; styles plumose in fruit.

2. Anemone COronaria, the original of most of the showy GARDEN
ANEMONIES, of various colors, single or double, fl. in spring.

3. Ranunculus, CROWFOOT or BUTTERCUPS. No. 14 and 15, in Man.
p. 10, furnish the hardy YELLOW DOUBLE BUTTERCUPS of our gardens, and

R. Asiaticus furnishes the DOUBLE RANUNCULUSES with large flowers,
white, red, and other colors, resembling Ancmonies.

4. Adonis. Like Ranunculus, but without any scale on the petals ; these
are usually 6 to 12. Leaves very finely divided.

A. vernalis, SPRING ADONIS. Low perennial; flowers large, yellow.
A. autumnalis, PHEASANT'S-EYE. Annual; petals small, red, dark at
the base, late in summer.

6. Nigella, FENNEL-FLOWER. Annuals, with finely divided leaves, petals
much smaller than the white or bluish sepals, and five pistils partly united
into one pod, containing rather large, dark-colored, spicy seeds.

N. Damascena, FENNEL-FLOWER, RAGGED-LADY. Flower overtopped
by a leafy involucre ; pod smooth and bladdery, the lining of the 5 cells
•epurating from the outer part, making 5 outer empty cells.

N. sativa, NUTMEG-FLOWER. Flower naked ; pod rough, less inflated.

6. TrolllUS Europseus, GLOBE-FLOWER. Flower golden-yellow, globe-
shaped (instead of wide open, as in our wild species, Man. p. 12), in early
spring. Resembles a large and show; Buttercup.

GARDEN BOTANY. XXXI

7. Helleborus niger, CHRISTMAS ROSE. Rare in gardens, should be
common, being very hardy, and handsome (not dull green, like II. viridis, Man.
p. 12); the large pedate leaf evergreen ; flower from the ground iu earliest
spring, 1^' across ; sepals white, persistent, and turning green.

8. Aquilegia vulgaris, COMMON COLUMBINE. Spurs of the variously
colored flower (single or double) hooked at the end ; the parent of all the
common garden Columbines.

9. Delphinium, LARKSPUR. Man. p. 12. Several are cult, for ornament.

# Annuals, with finely divided leaves, petals united in one body, and a sinyle

pistil : Jloivers blue, varying to pink or white.

D. Consolida, COMMON or FIELD LARKSPUR. Flowers scattered on
the spreading branches ; pod smooth.

D. Ajacis, ROCKET LARKSPUR. Flowers crowded in a close spike or
raceme ; spur shorter ; some marks on the base of the united petals were
fancied to read AIAI = Ajax.

# * Perennials, with 4 separate petals of 2 sorts, and 2 to 5 pistils : flowers

various shades of blue, rarely white*
•«- Low, branching species : lower petals not notched.

D. Sinense, CHINESK LARKSPUR. Cultivated only with double flowers,
of deep indigo-blue ; leaves bright green, rather rigid.

D. grandiflorum, GREAT-FLOWERED L. Leaves cut into distant
narrowly linear lobes ; flowers single or double, of various tints of blue.

D. cheilantllU.ni, with lanceolate or oblong lobes to the leaves, is the
parent of some of the choice varieties of the Great-flowered Larkspurs.

•»- Tall and single-stemmed: lower petals notched.

D. elatum, BEE LARKSPUR. Leaves cleft into 3 to 7 wedge-shaped,
gashed e,nd toothed lobes ; lower petals strongly bearded. Many varieties.

10. Aconitum ISTapellus, ACONITE, MONKSHOOD. An upright species,
with 5-parted leaves many-clefr, into narrow lobes ; the broad, erect helmet
short-pointed in front, is the parent of the common sorts of MONKSIIOOD in
the gardens.

11. Pseonia, PEONY. Perennials, with thick roots, compound and cleft
leaves, and vcrv large flowers : calyx leafy : petals 5 in the natural slate,
white or red. Pistils 2, 3, or more, becoming thick pods.

P. officinalis is the COMMON PEONY of all gardens, generally with full
double flowers ; pods downy.

P. albiflora, SWEET PEONY, has smaller, sweet-scented, mostly white
flowers, and smooth recurved pods.

P. Moutan, TREE PEONY, has shrubby stems, pale leaves, very large
flowers (white, purple, or variegated), and the pistils enclosed in a curious
urn-shaped cup (disk), which bursts as the pods grow.

ORDER MAGNOLIACEJE. MAGNOLIA FAMILY.

Manual, p. 15. — Besides the Magnolias described, p. 16, one from Japan and
two of the Southern States arc planted, viz. : —

1. Magnolia purpurea, PURPLE M., from Japan : a shrub with petals
about 3' long, erect, pink-purple outside, white inside, beginning to flower in
early spring before the obovate bright green leaves appear.

XXX11 GARDEN BOTANY.

M. grandiflora, GREAT LAUREL MAGNOLIA of the Southern States,
barely hardy in the Middle States : tree with evergreen coriaceous leaves,
oblong or obovate, shining above, rusty beneath ; flower like that of M. glauca
on a much larger scale and more fragrant.

M. COrdata. Like M. acuminata, but leaves ovate or slightly cordate,
darker green above ; flowers pure light yellow.

ORDER BEKBERIDACEJE. BARBERRY FAMILY.

Manual, p. 19. — Besides COMMON BARBERRY, described p. 19, the only
common cultivated plant of the order is

1. Berberis (or Mahonia) Aquifolium, of Rocky Mountains and
Oregon : leaves pinnate, evergreen ; leaflets spiny-toothed ; flowers in clus-
tered racemes in early spring ; berries blue.

V

ORDER PAP AVERAGES. POPPY FAMILY.

Manual, p. 24. — Besides three naturalized plants of the order, Poppies and
Eschscholtzias are common in the gardens.

Juice of the stem yellow or saffron-colored.

Pod short, prickly : leaves prickly and blotched : flowers yellow,

rarely white Man. p. 25. ARGEMONE.

Pod long and slender, smooth (flowers yellow, &c.),

One-celled, with 2 placenta; Man p. 25. CIIELTDONIUM.

Two-celled by a spongy partition. . . . Man. p. 2G. GLAUCIUM.

Juice of the stem white : pod partly many-celled by the several

strongly projecting placentae 1. PAPAVEIl.

Juice of the stem colorless, with the odor of muriatic acid : calyx
like a candle-extinguisher, falling off whole : peduncle inflated
under the flower : pod slender, striate : stigmas slender. 2. ESCIISCIIOLTZl A.

1. Papaver, POPPY. Man. p. 25. Cultivated for ornament, and one of
them for medical use.

P. SOmniferum, OPIDM POPPY. Annual, smooth, glaucous ; leaves
wavy and clasping ; flowers white, purple, &c., often double ; in summer.

P. RhCBas, CORN POPPY. Annual, low, bristly ; leaves nearly pinnate ;
flowers scarlet, in gardens double, colors various.

P. orientale, ORIENTAL POPPY. Perennial, rough-hairy ; leaves almost
pinnate; flowering stems tall, bearing a very large red flower, in June.

2. Eschscholtzia. Low annuals of California and Oregon, with finely
divided leaves and showy 4-petalled flowers, produced all summer.

E. Californica. Petals orange-yellow ; receptacle flat-bordered.
E. Douglasii. Petals pure yellow (and a white variety) ; no flat border
to the receptacle.

ORDER FUMARIAGE-2E. FUMITORY FAMILY.

Manual, p 26. — The only cultivated plant not in the Manual, and a very
handsome one, is the Chinese or Tartaivan

1. Dicentra spectabilis. Large, with leafy stems, Peony-like leaves,
and heart-shaped, pink-red flowers an inch long, in drooping one-sided
racemes ; blooming in spring.

GARDEN BOTANY. XXX11I

ORDER CRUCIFEIl^j. MUSTARD FAMII/I

Manual, p. 28. — Well known by the pungent taste, flowers of 4 sepals. 4
petals with claws, 6 tetradynamous stamens, and the kind of pod called a silique
or silicic. The following is a simple key to the cultivated species.

Flowers deep orange or brownish yellow, sweet-scented. . * 1. CIIEIRANTIICS.
Flowers pure yellow.

Pod long or longish, beak-pointed, several-seeded : seeds spherical.

Mostly biennials : sepals erect: upper leaves sessile or clasping. 2. BRASSICA.

Annuals : sepals loose or spreading : leaves cut. Man. p. 36. SINAPIS.

Pod slender, not beaked, several seeded : seeds flat. Man. p. 35. BAKBAREA.

Pod flat, wing-like, 1-celled, 1-seeded, hanging, not opening. . 3. ISATIS.

Pod very short, 2-celled, few-seeded : low plants. ... 10. ALYSSUM.

Flowers pale yellow, turning white or purple : pod jointed. . . 4. 11API1ANUS.
Flowers not yellow, white, pink, or purple.

Seeds spherical, several in a beak-pointed thick and indehiscent pod. 4. RAPIIANUS.
Seeds several or many in a long and narrow pod.

Leaves green, toothed : flowers fragrant chiefly at night. . . 6. IIESPEIITS.

Leaves hoary, entire: flowers fragrant in the day. ... 6. MATTI1IOLA.

Seeds many or few in a shortish pod : flowers white. Man. p SO. NASTURTIUM.
Seeds several in a broad and flat pod, having a broad and silvery

partition: flowers purple, large 7. LUNARIA.

Seeds one or sometimes two in each cell of a short pod. ,

Corolla irregular : 2 exterior petals larger than the other two. 8. IBERIS.
Corolla regular, as in all the rest of the order, white, small.

Leaves cut or toothed : partition of the pod very narrow. . 9. LEPIBIUM.
Leaves narrow, entire : partition oval. . . .10. ALYSSUM.

1. Cheiranthus Cheiri, WALLFLOWER. Perennial, with narrow and
entire pointed leaves ; cultivated everywhere for its deliciously fragrant orange
or red-yellow flowers.

2. Brassica. So much like Sinapis hotanically, that the two should form
only one genus. Cult, as biennials for food.

B. oleracea, CABBAGE, with roundish, thickish, strongly-veined, gla-
brous and glaucous fleshy leaves, in cultivation forming a head the first year.

Var. BROCCOLI has fleshy irregular branches bearing clusters of abortive
flower-buds, instead of a head.

Var. CAULIFLOWER has a depressed head, formed of short and fleshy flower-
branches changed into a dense fleshy mass.

Var. KOHLRABI has the main stem thickened below into a sort of turnip
above-ground.

Var. KALIS is more nearly the natural wild state, leaves not forming a head.

B. campestris, with lower leaves rough-hairy and pinnatilid, upper ones
clasping by an auricled base, and flowers brighter yellow, is the original of the

Var. TURNIP, with depressed fleshy (napiform) white root, and (probably)

Var. RUTABAGA or SWEDISH TURNIP, with a longer yellowish root.

Var. COLZA, or RAPE- SEED, is near the wild state, with the small root
annual ; cult, for the oil of the seeds.

3. Isatis tinctoria, DYER'S WOAD. Tall biennial, with branching racemes
of small yellow flowers, succeeded by hanging 1-seeded pods, not opening,
winged, like a small samara : formerly cultivated for a blue dye,

XXXIV GARDEN BOTANY.

4. Raphanus sativus, RADISH. Lower leaves lyratej fluwors purple and
whitish ; pods thick, knobby, pointed, never opening, the seeds separated by
pithy pariitions : cult, for the tender and fleshy pungent root.

R. Raphanistrum, WILD RADISH or JOINTED CHARLOCK, a trou

blesomc weed : see Man. p. 40.

6. Hesperis matronalis, ROCKET. A rather coarse ornamental peren-
nial of country gardens, tall, pubescent ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong,
toothed ; flowers light purple, iu summer, hardly fragrant except at evening.

6. Matthi'ola, STOCK, GILLIFLOWER. Garden or house plants, with hoary
leaves, cult, for their fresh fragrant, commonly pink or reddish, sometimes
white, often double flowers.

M. incana, COMMON STOCK. Perennial, almost woody : flowers mostly
full double.

M. annua, TEN-WEEK STOCK. Annual : flowers commonly single, pur-
ple or white.

7. Lunaria, HONESTY, SATIN-FLOWER. Hardy plants, with heart-shaped
leaves, and broad flat pods, which are raised out of the calyx on a stalk of their
own; their broad white partition, of satiny lustre, remaining after the valves
have fallen.

L. biennis, COMMON HONESTY, is occasionally met with in the country:
root biennial ; pods broadly oval and obtuse.

L. rediviva, the perennial kind, with lanceolate pods, is still more rare.

8. Ib'eris, CANDYTUFT. Well marked by the irregular corolla, the two petals
on the lower or outer side of the flower larger than the other two: leaves nar-
row. Low plants, cult, for ornament.

I. umbellata. Annual ; flowers purple, in summer^ ; pod deeply notched.
I. saxatilis. Almost shrubby, fleshy-leaved ; flowers white, in spring.

9. Lepidium sativum, GARDEN PEPPERGRASS. Annual, smooth; leaves
much cut; pods round-oval: rarely cult, as a Cress.

10. Alyssum saxatile, ROCK ALYSSUM, a low, hoary-leaved species, full
of bright yellow flowers, occasionally cultivated for ornament.

A. maritimum, SWEET A., of the submenus Koniya, with white flowers,
scarcely hoary linear-lanceolate leaves, and small white sweet-scented flowers,
blooming in long succession, is commonly cultivated for bouquets, &c.

ORDER CAPPARIDACE^E. CAPER FAMILY.
Manual, p. 40. •-••• Rather common as a garden annual is one species of

1. Cleome. Sepals and petals 4, spreading, the latter with long claws. Sta
mcns 6. Ovary long-stalked, becoming a many-seeded narrow pod.

C. pungens. Clammy-pubescent; leaves digitate; leaflets 5-9; stipules
spine-like ; flowers pink or purple.

ORDER RESEDACE^E. MIGNONETTE FAMILY.
Manual, p. 41. — A most common and favorite species in cultivation is

1. Reseda Odqrata, COMMON MIGNONETTE. Cult, as an annual, low
and spreading, with many of the leaves 3-cleft, and a raceme of greenish-white
very fragrant flowers; anthers orange.

GARDEN BOTANY. XXXV

ORDER VIOLACE-BE. VIOLET FAMILY.

Manual, p. 41. — Some of our Wild Violets arc occasionally cultivated in
gardens, and the following are common.

1. Viola odorata, SWEET VIOLET, of Europe. Stemless perennial, spread
ing by creeping shoots, the round-cordate leaves and scapes all from the root-
stock ; flowers blue, violet, and a white variety, single or double, produced
in early spring, often again in autumn.

V. tricolor, PANSY, HEARTSEASE. Biennial or annual, with leafy stems,
ovate or cordate leaves, and large pinnatin'd stipules ; flowers violet, whitish,
or yellow, or a mixture of the three, in many varieties, spring and summer.

CRDER PITTOSPORACEJE. PITTOSPORUM FAMILY.

Has to be included for the sake of a shrub or small tree from Japan, cultivated
as a house plant in winter, because of its sweet-scented flowers and coriaceous
evergreen leaves, which bear the dry air 6f our parlors better than most plants, viz. :

1. Pitto'sporum Tobi^ra. Sepals, petals (with connivcnt claws), and sta-
mens 5, regular. Style 1 : ovary I -celled, with 3 parietal plaeenue, in fruit
forming a thick-walled pod, with several pitchy-coated seeds. Flowers white.
Leaves obovate, retusc.

ORDER CARYOPHYLLACE^3. PINK FAMILY.

Manual, p. 52. — The common garden species arc all of the Pink Family
proper, viz. Pinks and the like.

Calyx-tube furnished with scaly bracts at its base : styles 2. . 1. DIANTHUS.
Calyx-tube uaked, i. e. without such bracts.
Styles 2.

Tube of the calyx not angled Man. p. 54. SAPONARTA.

Tube of the calyx strongly 5-angled Man. p. 55. VACCARIA.

Styles 3 Man. p. 55. SILENE.

Styles 5, or sometimes 4 2. LYCHNIS.

1. Dianthus, PINK. Man. p. 54. The common cultivated sorts belong to
the following species.

* Flowers solitary and peduncled or scattered : leaves narrow, glaucous.

D. Caryophyllus, CLOVE PINK, with the petals merely toothed, the
scales under the calyx very short and broad, is the original of all the varieties
of CARNATION, PICOTEE, &c.

D. Chinensis, CHINA PINK, with the petals merely toothed, is known
by its greener leaves, and the leaf-like scales as long as the calyx itself.

D. plumarius, PIIEASANT'S-EYE or PLUMED PINK, has short scale
under the calyx, the (white and pink-purple) petals deeply cut into a fringe,
and often fringe-bearded at the top of the claw.

•* * Flowers mam/, crowded in a close flat cluster.

D. Carthusianorum, CARTHUSIANS' PINK, has narrow leaves, black-
ish bracts (making the cluster dark-colored), and small crimson flowers.

D. barbatus, SWEET-WILLIAM or BUNCH PINK, has oblong-lanceolate
green leaves, and a very flat cluster of various-colored flowers.

Lychnis. The following are common and hardy garden perennials.
L. coronaria, MULLEIN-PINK or ROSE-CAMPION, with ovate-lanceolate
and whitc-tomentose leaves; flowers pink or red.

XXXT1 . GARDEN BOTANY.

L. Chalcedonica, SCARLET LYCHNIS, a tall herb, rather hairy, with
ovate-lanceolate slightly cordate and clasping green leaves, and a close flat-
topped cluster of many flowers ; the 2-lohed petals usually bright scarlet.

L. Flos-CUCUli, RAGGED-ROBIN, is somewhat clammy-pubescent ; leaves
lanceolate ; flowers paniclcd ; petals rose-red, and cut into 4 narrow lobes,
commonly double-flowered in the gardens.

ORDER PORTULACACEJE. PURSLANE FAMILY.
Manual, p. 63. — The common garden species wholly belong to the genus

L Portulaca, PURSLANE. The Common Purslane is a weed, rather than
a cultivated plant, although sometimes used as a pot-herb.

P. grandiflora, SHOWY P., has slender and cylindrical fleshy leaves,
with a beard in their axils, and large, brilliant red, scarlet, or purple flowers
(or in some varieties white or yellow), with a 5-angled white eye under the yel-
low stamens.

P. Gilliesii is like the last (probably a mere variety of it, or else they have
crossed freely), but has shorter leaves and no white eye to the flower. These
two are the handsome Portulacas so common in the gardens, blossoming all
summer, opening only in sunshine and but once.

ORDER MALVACEjSE. MALLOW FAMILY.

Manual, p. 65. — Known at once by the numerous monadelphous stamens,
with kidney-shaped anthers.

Ovaries many and heaped together in a head.
Involucel, like an outer calyx, 6- 9-leaved or cleft. ... 1. KTTA1RELIA.

Involucel of 3 heart-shaped leaves 2. MALOPE.

^varies or cells of the compound ovary 5 or more in a circle.
Each one-seeded : stigmas capitate, 5-10. . . . Man. p. 67- SID A.
Each one-seeded: stigmas running down the branches of the style:
fruit a circle of 9 to 30 carpels round a solid centre.

Petals truncate at the end, wedge-shaped 8. CALLIRRIIOK.

Petals obcordatc, or obovate with a notch at the end.

Involucel 3-leaved 4. MALTA.

Involucel 3-lobed 6. LAVATE11A.

Involucel of 6 or more lobes or leaves. .... 6. ALTIlvKA.

Each several-seeded : no involucel under the calyx. ... 7. ABUTILON.
Knoll of the 5 or only 3 cells many-seeded.
Involucel under the calyx of many narrow pieces.

Calyx 6 -cleft, not falling off. 8. HIBISCUS.

v;alyx splitting down one aide, and falling off early. . . 9. ABKLMOSCIICS.
Involucel of 3 broad toothed or cut leaves : seeds bearing long wool. 10. GOSSYPIUM.

1. Kitaibelia Vitifolia is a tall, leafy, hardy perennial, with heart-shaped,
5-lobed, toothed leaves, and white petals.

2. Malo'pe malacoides is a low annual, with ovate crcnate leaves, and
long-pcduncled purplish or white flowers : rare.

3. Callirrhoe, Man. p. 66. — The following from the South and West are
very ornamental in gardens, especially the first. Leaves palmately parted o«
cleft and cut.

C. pedata. Erect and smooth biennial or annual, with ricn mauve
crimson (lowers, no involucel, produced all summer. Texas.

GARDEN BOTANY. XXX vH

C. Papaver. Low perennial, with ascending stems, lathei hairy ; flowers
red-purple, very long-peduncled ; involucel none or small.

C. involucrata. Perennial, with root like a turnip ; the hairy stems
prostrate ; peduncle shortish ; flower red-purple ; involucre 3-leaved, large.

4. Malva sylvestris, HIGH MALLOW, is already described, Man. p. 66.

M. Mauritiana, TREE MALLOW. Taller than the last, 4° to 6°, with
5-lobcd leaves and deep purple flowers, in autumn.

M. moschata. Music MALLOW. Perennial, 2° high ; leaves dissected
into linear lobes, faintly musk-scented ; flowers rose-color.

M. crispa, CURLED MALLOW. Tall annual ; leaves rounded, toothed,
much crisped around the edge, with small white flowers in their axils.

6. Lava'tera trimestris, THREE-MONTH L. Annual, with smoothish,
round and heart-shaped leaves, scarcely lobed, and large rose-colored or
sometimes white flowers ; the fruit covered by a broad and flat umbrella-like
enlargement of the receptacle. Commoner in gardens than

L. Thliringiaca. Perennial, rather downy ; upper leaves 3-lohed ;
petals deeply obcordate, rose-purple, with darker stripes ; a conical projection
from the centre of the fruit.

6. AlthSBa rosea, HOLLYHOCK. A familiar tall biennial or annual, with
a simple hairy stem, round and cordate angled leaves ; the large flowers (of
various colors, single or double) forming a long spike.

A. ficifolia, FIG-LEAVED HOLLYHOCK, with deeply 7-lobcd leaves, is
a much rarer species.

7. Abutilon. Besides the common VELVET-LEAF, Man p. 67, there is
A. Striatum, STRIPED A. Cult, in all greenhouses, shrubby, nearly

smooth, the thin leaves with 5 taper-pointed lobes ; flowers graceful!** hfl'^im*
vu long peduncles ; petals orange, with darker stripes and veins.

8. Hibiscus, Man. p. 68. Besides No. 3 there described, the following are
more or less cultivated for ornament.

H. Syriacus, TREE HIBISCUS, called SHRUBBY ALTH^A. A hardy
shrub, 8° to 14° high, with smooth wedge-ovate and 3-lobed leaves, and short-
pedunclcd flowers, red-purple, white, &c., either single or double, in autumn.

H. Rosa-Sinensis, CHINA ROSE-MALLOW. Shrubby, smooth, with
ovate pointed and somewhat toothed leaves, an' I bright red flowers on slender

luncles ; a green-house plant.

H. COCCineus, GREAT RED R. A tall herb of the S. States, smooth,
with a perennial root ; leaves deeply cleft into 5 long and narrow lobes ;
wers red, 8' to 11' broad, iu autumn.

9. Abelmoschus esculentllS, OKRA. An annual, with round-cordate
more or less 5-lobed leaves, and greenish-yellow flowers, succeeded by narrow
and angled pods, 4 inches long, which when green are very mucilaginous, and
are eaten as a garden vegetable or in soups ; common at the South.

A. Manihot, sometimes cultivated for ornament, has a large and hand-
some sulphur-yellow flower, with a dark purple eye, and the leaves 5-parted
into long and narrow divisions.

Gossypium herbaceum, COTTON-PLANT. The genus differs from
Hibiscus in having an involucel of 3 toothed or incised green leaves, heart-
shaped and a little united at the base, and the seeds covered with the long and
soft wool which now makes so large a part of human clothing. The Common
Cotton is an lu'.rb. with broad 3 -5-lobed leaves, and p°'a yellow corolla with

XXXVlii GARDEN BOTANY.

a purple eye, often turning reddish ; the seeds green or brownish. SEA-ISLAND
COTTON is a variety with black seeds and longer wool ; the stem becoming
woodv at the bottom TREK COTTON (G. arborcuin), which it has been pro-
posed to cultivate (but which will not answer), grows to a shrub in wann
climates, and has narrower lobes to the leaves, the flower often reddish.

ORDER CAMELLIACE^. CAMELLIA FAMILY.

Manual, p. 70. — Two Chinese and Japanese showy-flowered shrubs of this
order are familiar, viz. the Tea-plant, which is rare in green-houses, and the
Camellia, which is very common. They arc so much alike that they ough« to
belong to the same genus.

1. ThBea Chinensis, TKA PLANT, has rather small white flowers, the pet-
als and the stamens nearly distinct; the anthers roundish.

2. Camellia Japonica, CAMELLIA, has large flowers (white, pink-red, &c.,
single or double), the base of the petals and of the stamens united together,
and the anthers oblong. The varieties arc many : the flowers, produced in
winter, are much prized.

ORDER AURANTIACE.ZE. ORANGE FAMILY.

The shrubs or trees of this order common in cultivation, in houses, &c., are
known by their evergreen alternate leaves, which are pellucid-punctate (i. e.
through a glass they appear as if riddled with small holes), sind with a joint
between the blade and the petiole, which last is generally leafy-winged or mar-
gined ; the flowers white and very fragrant ; the stamens rather many in a single
row, on an hypogynous disk. They are all of the genus CITRUS, and originally
perhaps of one species.

1. Citrus VUlgaris, BITTER ORANGE, with a broadly winged petiole, the
fruit with a bitter and acid pulp.

C. Aurantium, SVVEKT ORANGE, with a narrow wing or margin to the
petiole, and a sweet pulp.

C. Limonium, LEMON, with a narrow wing or margin to the petiole,
oblong and acute toothed leaves, and a very acid pulp.

C. Limetta, LIME, with wingless petiole, and roundish serrate leaves, h
harder rind, and sweetish pulp.

C. Medica, CITRON, with wingless petiole, oblong leaves, and a very
thick rind to the fruit, the pulp acid.

ORDER LINAGES. FLAX FAMILY.

Manual, p. 70. — Two or three species of Flax arc cultivated in gardens for
ornament, and one in the lields for its fibres and seeds.

1. Linum USitatissimum, COMMON FLAX. Annual, with narrow lan-
i.colate leaves, blue llowcrs, pointed sepals, and a 10-cellcd pod.

L. perenne, PERENNIAL FLAX. Sparingly cult, in gardens ; with blue
flowers and oval blunt sepals.

L. grandiflorum, with oval leaves and showy red or crimson flowers
produced all summer in gardens.

ORDER GEBANIACE-aU. GERANIUM FAMILY.

Manual, p. 72. — The common cultivated plants, especially house-plants,
prized for iheii scented leaves as well as handsome blossoms, are from the Cape

GARDEN BOTANY. XXX13

of Good Hope, ha-< <; the flowers a little irregular, with a hollow tube extending
from the base of one of the sepals some way down one side of the peduncle,
some of the 10 filaments without anthers; and so, although called Geraniums,
belong to the genus

1. Pelargonium. There are a great many varieties and hybrids in cultiva-
tion. Most of the common sorts come from the following botanical species;
but some of them are much mixed.

* Leaves peltate, flesliy : stems trailing.

P. peltatum, IVY-LEAVED P. Smooth or smoothish, the 5-angled 5-lobed
leavca fixed near the middle; the flowers pink.

* * Leaves rounded or round-cordate, crenate, toothed, or moderately lobed.

P. ZOnale, HORSE-SHOE P. Shrubby, with thick and juicy branches;
the roundish-cordate leaves marked on the tipper face with a dark semicircle;
flowers many in a close umbel ; petals narrow, scarlet, red, or sometimes
white.

P. in'quinans, STAINING or SCARLET P. Resembling the foregoing,
but velvety-pubescent and clammy, the leaves without the horse-shoe mark ;
petals broadly obovate, intense scarlet, also with pale varieties.

P. CUCUllatum, COWLED P. Shrubby, not juicy, softly villous ; leaves
round-reniform and cupped ; umbels panicled ; flowers rather large, pink-
purple.

P. cordatum, HEART-LEAVED P. Like the last, or smoother, with open
cordate-ovate leaves.

P. angulosum, MAPLE-LEAVED P. Shrubby, harsh-hairy; the leaves
not cordate at the base, sharply-toothed, angled, and more or less lobed ;
flowers much like the two last, pink-purple, with dark streaks.

P. capitatum, ROSE-SCENTED P. Scarcely shrubby, spreading^ softly
hairy, with the rose-scented leaves round-cordate and moderately lobed, the
lobes short and broad ; peduncle bearing many sessile flowers in a head ;
petals short, ro.se-purple.

P. Cdoratissimum, NUTMEG-SCENTED P. Low, witli herbaceous and
weak branches, and soft-velvety round and crenate leaves, which are sweetly
aromatic ; the flowers white and insignificant.

* * * Leaves conspicuously lobed, cleft, or compound.

P. grandifiorum, GREAT-FLOWERED P. Shrubby, smooth and glau-
cous ; leaves palrnately 5-7-cleft; peduncles bearing about 3 large flowers,
with white petals, the 2 upper larger and elegantly veined, sometimes varie

ted with pink or rose-color.

P. tricolor, THREE-COLORED P. Low, rather shrubby ; the long-
petioled small leaves silky-hoary, oblong, incised, and 3-lobed or pinnatifid ;
peduncles bearing 2 or 3 showy flowers ; the three lower petals white, the two
.pper crimson, with a dark spot at their base.

P. exstipulatum, PENNY-ROYAL P. Low, rather shrubby, with t.«
avcs small, A'elvcty, roundish-ovate, truncate at the base, 3-lobed, also
incised, with the scent of Penny-Royal or Bergamot ; stipules obsolete ; flow-
ers few, small, and white.

P. quercifolium, OAK-LEAVED P. Shrubby, hairy and glandular;

Kaves deeply sinuate-pinnatifid, with a cordate base and wavy-toothed blunt
bes, often spotted, strong-scented ; flowers rather few, purplish.
P. grave' olens. Leaves more deeply cleft into 5 or 7 obtuse lobes, mor«
liry, and the scent balsamic; peduncles many-flowered; otherwise resem
bling the last.

P. Ra'dula, ROUGH P. Very rough and hairy with short and rigid
bristles ; the balsamic or mint-scented leaves palmately parted, and the divis-

xl GARDEN BOTANY.

ions pinnatifid, lobes linear ; peduncles few-flowered ; petals small, pule pur
pie, with darker streaks. This and the two preceding are much mixed.

P. myrrhifolium. Stems slender, herbaceous or nearly so, hairy
leaves once or twice pinnatifid, with narrow linear lobes ; peduncles few
flowered ; petals often only 4, white, the two upper obovate and with purple
veins, the two lower linear and much smaller.

P. triste, SAD or NIGHT-SCKXTED 1J. Stem succulent and very short
from a tuberous rootstock, or none; leaves pinnatcly decompound, hairy, the
lobes unequal ; umbel many-flowered ; petals dull brownish-yellow with darker
spots, sweet-scented at night.

ORDER TROPJEOLACE.ZE. INDI AX-CRESS FAMILY.

South American twining or straggling herbs, with the pungent ta.ste and smell
nf cresses, and showy, irregular flowers, with a spur to the calyx, — all of the

1. Tropseolum, commonly called NASTURTIUM, which is the botanical
name of the true Cress.

T. majus, COMMON NASTURTIUM. Low annual; leaves rounded, an-
gled, peltate ; flowers yellow, varying towards red, the claws of three of the
petals fringed.

T. peregrinum, CANARY-BIRD FLOWER. Annual, climbing high;
leaves deeply lobed and cut ; petals pale yellow, all cut-fringed.

ORDER BALSAMINACE^E. BALSAM FAMILY.

Manual, p. 73. — Many varieties are common in gardens of the familiar

1. Impatiens Balsamina, GARDEX BALSAM or TOCCH-ME-NOT. A
low annual, with succulent stems, crowded lanceolate leaves, and very showy
(white, red, or purple, mostly double) flowers hi their axils ; spur short.

ORDER RITTACE.S3. RUE FAMILY.

Manual, p. 74. — Besides Ptelea, which is sometimes planted in grounds, the
following are cultivated, both very strong-scented plants.

1. Rlita graveolens, KUE. A very strong-scented and acrid-bitter pcren
nial of country gardens, almost woody at the base, with decompound coarsely
punctate leaves, and oblong or obovate leaflets ; flowers pale yellow, cymose ;
petals 4, concave; stamens 8, short; pod globular, 4-lobed.

2. Dictamnus Fraxinella, FRAX.INELLA, is a pleasantcr-scented percn
nial, with pinnate leaves, and a stout erect raceme of large, rather irregular
flowers; petals 5, either white or purple ; stamens 10; filaments long, de-
clined, glandular towards the summit; fruit of 5 compressed pods united with
each other in the axis.

ORDER SIMARUBACE^I, which we may call Rutaccae without
dotted leaves, is represented by the cultivated

1. Ailanthus glandulosus, TRKE-OF-UKAVKN. A shade tree of rapid

growth, with large pinnate f^aves of many pairs of leaflets, and small, polyga-
mous or dio'cious, greenish flowers. Lobes of the calyx and the petals 5.
Stamens 10 in the staminate, 2 or X in some of the fertile flowers. I'istils 2 to
5, with somewhat lateral styles. Fruit a samara, much like that of Aslu
Stumiuate flowers of very unpleasant smell.

<3ARDEN BOTANY. XU

ORDER ANACARDIACE^E. CASHEW FAMILY.

Manual, p. 76. — One foreign species is much planted as an ornamental shrub,

viz. : —

1. Bhus Co'tinus, VENETIAN SUMACH, or SMOKE-TREE. Smooth ;
leaves simple and entire, obovate ; flowers greenish-yellow, in a panicle, which
afterwards becomes a great feathery mass (looking like a cloud of smoke), by
a growth from its branches and pedicels into long, hair-like threads.

ORDER VITACE^I. VINE FAMILY.

Manual, p. 77. — The various cultivated varieties of Grape fall by their bo-
tanical characters under three of the American species described in the Manual,
and under

1. Vitis vinifera, EUROPEAN GRAPE. Leaves very soon glabrous ; flow-
ers all perfect.

ORDER SAPINDACE-ZE. SOAPBERRY FAMILY.

Manual, p. 82. — Besides those described, there are some foreign Maples
planted, a Buckeye or two, and a climbing annual in the gardens.

Herb, climbing by tendrils, with alternately compound leaves and

bladdery 3-celled pods. 1. CARDIOSPERMUM.

Trees or shrubs, with the leaves opposite and

Palinately compound : fruit a leathery or prickly few-seeded pod. 2. 2ESCULUS.
Simple, palmately lobed : fruit 2 samaras united at their base. 3. ACER.

1. Cardiospermum Halicacabum, HEART-SEED or BALLOON VINE.
A delicate annual, climbing by a pair of short tendrils on the peduncle, with
twice-tcrnate leaves, and small white flowers (sepals and petals 4, irregular
stamens 8), succeeded by an inflated 3-celled 3-seeded pod; seeds globular,
hard, marked with a heart-shaped spot.

2. -ZEsculus Hippocastanum, HORSE-CHESTNUT, and the common
"UCKEYES, are described in Man. p. 83.

JEl. parviflora, SMALL-FLOWERED BUCKEYE. Shrub 3° to 6° high,
with stalked and narrow leaflets, and a long and slender panicle of smallish
white flowers : stamens very long-; fruit smooth. Planted for ornament, from
the S. States.

3. Acer, MAPLE. Man. p. 84. Some of the wild Maples are much planted
for shade trees ; also

A. Pseudo-Platanus, SYCAMORE M. A fine tree, from Europe, with
large leaves having 5 strong and acuminate serrate lobes, and hanging racemes
of greenish flowers, appearing soon after the leaves : wings of the fruit rather
spreading.

A. platanoides, NORWAY M. A handsome tree, from Europe, with
bright-green and thin leaves, having rather small pointed lobes, and verv few
and coarse teeth ; yellowish flowers in an erect corymb, appearing with the
leaves ; the fruit with largo and divaricate wings.

A. macrophyllum, the LARGE-LEAVED M., from Oregon and Cali-
fornia,— a h'ne tree, with deeply 5-lobed leaves, 6' to 9' broad, and drooping
racemes of yellow flowers, — is beginning to be planted. So is

A. circinatum, ROUND-LEAVED M., from Oregon ; a tall shrnb, the
leaves round-cordate, moderately 7-9-lobed, plaited, serrate; flowers greenish,
in a corymb ; wings of the fruit divaricate.

llii

GARDEN BOTANY.

ORDER LEGUMINOS.3D. PULSE FAMILY.

Manual, p. 88. — Many are cultivated for food or ornament. Some of them
are in the Manual, and have only to be led up to by the following easy key.

1. Flowers papilionaceous ; the standard covering the other petals in tJie bud.
# Stamens monadelphnus or diadelphous.

L*aves digitate, of 5 to 15 leaflets; flowers in an erect raceme. . 1. LUPINUS.

J /eaves of 3 leaflets, or the uppermost sometimes simple.
Shrubs or undershrubs, with yellow and monadelphous flowers.
Flowers single or in pairs in the axils of small leaves aloug the

rigid, upright, angled, green branches : style long and coiled. 2. SAIIOTHAMNUS
Flowers in racemes : style subulate. ..... 3. CYT1SUS.

Shrubs or plants with a thick and woody base, with large red

flowers, the wing-petals wanting or minute. ... 4. ERYTIIRINA.

Herbs, not twining nor disposed to twine.

Leaves sweet-scented ; pods short and wrinkled. Man. p. 93. MELILOTUS.

Leaves not sweet-scented.

Flowers capitate : pod small, enclosed in the calyx. Man. p. 92. TRIFOTJUM.

Flowers in a raceme or spike, or few : pods curved or coiled. 6. MEDICAGO.

Herbs with the stems twining or disposed to twine.
Keel with the included stamens and style coiled. ... 6. PHASEOLU8.

Keel incurved, but not coiled ........ 7. DOLICIIOS.

Leaves pinnate : leaflets serrate. ....... 8. CICER.

Leaves pinnate : leaflets entire, as in almost all the order.
With a tendril, or a rudiment of one, at the end of the common petiole.
Style flattened, hairy on the upper side ...... 9. LATIIYRU3.

Style filiform : stignia villous or hairy. .... 10. VICIA.

Style filiform: stigma naked: pod 2 -seeded. . . 11. ERVUM.

Without any tendril.
Leaflets only 4, none at the end ..... .12. ARA.C1IIS.

Leaflets an odd number, one of them terminal.

Ovary and small indehiscent pod 1-seeded. Herb. . . 13. ONOBRYCH18.
Ovary apd pod 1 - 2-seeded : petal only one. Shrubs. Man. p. 95. AMORl'UA.

Ovary and pod several-seeded.
Flowers umbelled or capitate ; pod narrow. ... 14. COUONILLA.

Flowers raceined.
Herbs : keel spurred on each side ...... 15. IND1GOFE11A.

Shrubs or trees, with hanging or drooping racemes,
Of few yellow flowers: pod inflated

16.

COLUTKA.

Of many white or rose-colored flowers : pod fl:it. Man. p. 96. ROHIXIA.
Woody twining plants with lilac or purple flowers. . . 17. W 1ST ARIA.

# # Stamens distinct.

Tree, with pinnate leaves and hanging white flowers. Man. p. 107. CLADRASTIS.

Perennial herbs, with palmate leaves of only 8 leaflets. Man. p. 107. BAPTISIA.

2. Flowers not papilionaceous :

Appearing papilionaceous, but the standard covered by the other

petals : tree, with simple and cordate leaves. . Man. p. 108. CERC1S.

Nut at all papilionaceous.

Leaves simply pinnate : flowers yellow, perfect : stamens 10 or

sometimes fewer ....... Man. p. 108. CASSIA.

Leaves some simply, others twice pinnate: flowers polygamous,

greenish, in spikes : stamens 3 to 6 : a thorny tree. Man. p. 109. GLEDIT3CHIA.

GARDEN BOTANY. xliil

Leaves unequally twice pinnate : flowers dioecious, in a raceme or

corymb, dull white : a tree with rough bark. Man. p. 109 GYMNOCLADUft

Leaves twice or thrice pinnate, with small leaflets, or if simple
then vertical or edgesvise (phyllodia) : flowers small but many
in a head or spike, perfectly regular, often monopetalous.
Stamens 4 or 5, or 8 - 10, distinct : flowers rose-color ; pod break-
ing up into joints leaving a slender framework. . . .18. MIMOSA.
Stamens 10 - 15, monadelphous at the base, purplish. . . 19. ALBIZZIA.
Stamens very many, yellow or yellowish. • . . 20. ACACIA.

1. Lupinus, LUPINE. Man. p. 91 Handsome garden plants.

L. albus is the Lupine which the ancients cultivated as pulse, an annual,
with obovatc-oblong leaflets, hairy underneath but smooth above, and white
flowers alternate in the raceme.

L. piloSUS is an old garden annual Lupine, all over very villous with
white hairs, the flowers in loose whorls in the raceme, flesh-color, rose-color,
or light blue.

L. luteus is the old yellow annual Lupine, the flowers in whorls in a long
dense spike ; the leaves mostly radical.

L. mutabilis, cultivated as an annual, from S. America, is a large and
very smooth species, with broadish leaflets, and large pale bluish flowers with
some yellow.

L. Cruckshanksii is a fine variety of the last with bluer flowers.

L. polyphyllus, from Oregon, is the fine perennial Lupine of the gar-
dens, with 13 to 15 lanceolate leaflets, and a very long and dense raceme of
blue flowers ; there is also a white variety.

2. Sarothamnus scoparius, the COMMON BROOM of Europe, is a smooth
shrubby plant, 3° to 5° high, with rigid green branchlets, bearing small rouud-

Eh leaflets (upper leaves simple), and large, yellow, scattered flowers.
;

Cy'tisus Laburnum, COMMON LABURNUM or GOLDEN CHAIN; a
small tree with long hanging racemes of golden-yellow showy flowers ;
leaflets 3, oblong or oval.

4. Erythrina Crista-galli. A green-house shrubby plant, planted out
in summer, with large leaves of 3 leaflets, and a long race'me of very large red

owers : the genus is known by having the two wing petals so small that they
re concealed in the calyx.

5. MedicagO SCUtellata, SNAIL MKDICK. A low annual, spreading,
with small yellow flowers, but rather large and singular pods, coiled up like a
snail-shell or shaped like a bee-hive, smooth.

M. sativa, LUCERNE, Man. p. 93, is cultivated for fodder.

6. Phaseolus, KIDNET BEAN, &c. Man. p. 104. We cultivate the fol
lowing : —

P. COCCineus, SCARLET RUNNER, with bright scarlet flowers in long
racemes (rarely varying to white), for ornament.

P. vulgaris, COMMON STRING BEAN or POLE BEAN, with white flow-
ers and straight linear pods.

P. nanus, DWARF or FIELD BEAN, is a cultivated variety of the last,
growing low and bushy, not twining.

P. lunatus, LIMA BEAN, SIEVA BEAN, of several varieties, has rather
small white flowers, and broad, curved, or scy mi tar-shaped pods, with large
and %t seeds.

GARDEN BOTANY.

7. Dolichos Lablab, EGYPTIAN or BLACK BEAN, cultivated for orna-
ment, rarely for its h-'iiis, is a smooth twiner, with showy red-purple flowers
(also a white variety) an inch in diameter, and thick oblong pointed pods;
seeds black or tawny with a white scar.

D. Siliensis, CHINA BKAN, the var. melanophthalmus, BLACK-
EYED BEAN, with long peduncles bearing only 2 or 3 (white or pale) flowers
at the end, the beans (which are good) white with a black circle round the
scar, is occasionally met with.

8. Cicer arietinum, CHICK PEA, is like a Vetch, but has its obovate
leaflets serrate, and usually one at the end of the stalk instead of a tendril ;
flowers white, solitary ; pod turbid, containing 2 large seeds which are shaped
somewhat like the head of a sheep, and are used as a substitute for coffee

9. LathyrilS, PEA. Mau. p. 103. This genus must include Pisum.

L. Pisum, FIELD PEA. Lobes of the calyx leafy; seeds spherical; leaf-
lets mostly 2 pairs, broad ; corolla white, sometimes variegated with purple or
red ; cult, for food.

L. odoratus, SWEET PEA. Annual, pubescent, with the stems some-
what winged ; leaflets one pair ; the long peduncles bearing 2 or 3 sweet-
scented large flowers, white with the standard rose-color or mi-purple ; culti
vated for ornament.

L. latifolius, EVERLASTING PEA. Root perennial ; plant smooth,
wing-stemmed, with one pair of leaflets ; peduncle bearing several pink-purple
flowers, not fragrant, but ornamental.

10. Vicia, VETCH. This common Vetch or Tare, described Man. p. 102, is
a weed, but hardly cultivated here.

V. Faba, WINDSOR or HORSE BEAN, is a Vetch which grows upright
with hardly any tendrils, but bears one or two pairs of large leaflets, and a
small raceme of white flowers with a dark spot ; pod short and broad ; seeds
large, flattish, oval, with the scar at one end ; prized in England, but a poor
bean where better will grow.

11. Ervum Lens, LENTIL. A low annual, like a small Vetch, with broad
2-seeded pods ; rarely cultivated here for soup.

12. A'rachis hypogsea, PEANUT, also called GROUND-NUT, here occasion-
ally raised, but cult, at the South for its well-known fruit, which is a thick
reticulated pod, ripening under ground, containing one or two large eatable
seeds. Known by its even-pinnate leaves of 4 obovate leaflets ; flowers small,
yellow.

13. Ono'brychis sativa, SANFOIN. cult, for fodder, like Lucerne, in Eu-
rope, but rarely in this country, is a perennial, with pinnate leaves, and J-mg-
ped uncled spikes of handsome pink flowers; pod small, indchiscent, 1 -seeded,
prickly-toothed, and veiny.

14. Coronilla, CORONILLA. Two species cultivated for ornament, viz. : —
C. varia, COMMON CORONILLA. A hardy low perennial, with running

roots, numerous oblong leaflets, and long-peduncled heads or close umbels of
handsome rose-colored flowers.

C. E'merus, SCORPION SENNA. A hardy low shrub, with 7-9 obovate
small leaflets ami few-flowered peduncles ; petals yellow, with very long claws.

16. Indigo'fera tinctoria, INDIGO-PLANT, common at the South, now
rarely cult., is a rather hoary herb, with 9 or 1 1 oval or obovate leaflets, smiiU
flowers in racemes, and small deflcKe<l pods.

GARDEN BOTANY.

xlv

16. Colutea arborescens, BLADDER SENNA, is a Common ha dy shrub
in country gardens, with pinnate loaves, oval leaflets, fjad a raceme of 5 or €
yello\v flowers, succeeded by bladdery inflated pods.

C. cruenta has obovate leaflets, saffron-colored or blotched flowers, and
pods opening by a little slit at the top.

17. Wistaria. Man. p. 96. The handsome wild species is occasionally cul-
tivated for ornament ; but we more commonly meet with

W. Sinensis, the beautiful Chinese and Japanese species : this has
longer hanging racemes, of paler blue-purple flowers, in spring ; wing-petals
with only one auricle ; ovary pubescent.

18. Mimosa pudica, COMMON SENSITIVE-PLANT, well known for its
leaves closing at the touch, is a low or trailing plant, with bristly stems ;
petiole bearing 4 partial petioles on its apex, each with many linear-oblong
leaflets ; stamens 4 or 5, of the same number as the sepals or the petals, the
latter united in a cup.

19. Albizzia Julibrissin, planted at the South, a rare house-plant at the
North, is a tree with twice-pinnate leaves, of many obliquely oblong leaflets,
their midrib at one margin, and heads of rather large purple or rose-colored
flowers ; the siamens being the showy part.

20. Acacia. True Acacias are green-house plants, flowering in winter, known
by their yellow bunches of flowers, consisting almost entirely of stamens.

A. dealbata, with glaucous, almost hoary-white twice-pinnate leaves,
and very small leaflets, the flowers in heads which are loosely panicled, is the
commonest species of the kind with compound leaves.

A. linearis, with long and linear simple leaves and pale yellow flowers
in interrupted spikes, — and

A. longifolia, with broader, lanceolate leaves and deep yellow flowers, —
are the commonest of the Australian Acacias, having leaves turned edgewise,
or phyllodia, instead of true and compound leaves.

ORDER ROSACEJE. ROSE FAMILY.

Manual, p. 110. — Important for the fruits and the ornamental flowers it far-
nishes.

Pistil only 1. entirely free from the calyx, becoming a drupe or stone-fruit.

Stone wrinkled or rough on the surface : flowers pink or rose-color. 1. AMYGDALUS.

Stone smooth and even : flowers white 2. PRUNUS.

ils 1 or 2, becoming achenia, enclosed in the tube of the dry calyx :

flowers perfect : herb, with pinnate leaves. Man. p. 115. SANGUISORBA

ils from 2 to many, free from the calyx, which is never fleshy,
stils only 2 or even 1, in the fertile fl. : stamens many in the

sterile : flowers monoecious, spiked : petals none : leaves pinnate. 3. POTERJUM.
Plctlls about 5 (or 3 to 15) in a circle.

Shrub, with yellow flowers, usually full double. ... 4 KERRIA.

Shrubs or herbs, with an open caJyx and usually broad (white or

pink) petals 6. SPIR^A.

Perennial herbs, with a narrow tubular calyx and narrow

petals Man. p. 114. GILLENIA.

Pistils many, heaped on the receptacle, the ovaries

Becoming dry achenia on a dry receptacle 6. POT ENTILLA

Becoming dry achenia on an enlarged juicy receptacle. . . 7. FRAGAIIIA
Becoming juicy or berry-like 8. UUBUS

GARDEN BOTANY.

Piatils many (becoming bony achenia in fruit), enclosed in the hollow
tube or cup of the calyx, which is fleshy, and becomes thick

and pulpy in fruit. Prickly shrubs 9. ROSA.

Pistils 2 to 5 combined into one by their ovaries to make a compound
ovary, which is coherent with the thick tube of the calyx ; this
becomes fleshy or pulpy in fruit : all shrubs or trees.
Only one ovule and one seed in each cell, the latter stony in fruit.
One thick stone in the fruit, having 2 to 5 cells. Man. p. 123. CRATJSGUS.

Three to five small and 1-seeded stones in the fruit. . . 10. COTONEASTER.

Two or few ovules and seeds in each cell. 11. PYIIUS.

Many ovules or seeds in each cell 12. CYDONIA.

1. Amyg'dalus nana, DWARF ALMOND. The DOUBLE-FLOWERING va-
riety is common in uanlens (but not the single), its numerous rose-colored
flowers appearing early in the spring, before the narrow and lanceolate leaves.

A. Persica, the PEACH, with rose-pink-colorcd flowers, broadly lance-
olate leaves, and downy-coated fruit.

Var. laevis, the NECTARINE, has the fruit smooth, like a Plum, but came
originally from the Peach.

2. Prunus, PLUM, CHERRY. Besides Nos. 1, 7, and other species in the
Man. p. Ill, 1 13, the following are common in cultivation : —

P. Armeniaca, the APRICOT, with almost sessile white flowers appear-
ing much before the leaves, which are ovate and -somewhat cordate, the yel-
lowish fruit with a velvety surface. In this respect it is like the preceding
genus ; but the flowers, the smooth stone, &c. are as in the Plum.

P. Domestica, the GARDEN PLUM, of many varieties, has thornlcss
branches and lanceolate-ovate leaves ; it is thought to be a long-cultivated
production of P. instititia, the Bullace Plum, and this a variety of the SLOE,
Man. p. 112.

P. Cerasus, the GARDEN CHERRY, with ovate-lanceolate or oblong-
ovate smooth and veiny leaves, and flowers in sessile umbels, opening at the
same time as the leaves ; this is the original stock as well of the OXHEART
or DUKE CHERRY as of the SOUR CHERRY, MORELLO, &c.

3. Poterium Sanguisorba, GARDEN BURNET. A common low peren-
nial in country gardens, with small and ovate deeply-toothed leaflets, and a
head of greenish or purplish flowers, the lower ones staminatc, the upper ones
pistillate.

4. Xerria Japonica, is called CORCHORDS in the gardens, where it is a
Common shrub, with ovate and pointed coarsely toothed leaves, and full
double yellow flowers. The state with single or natural flowers has lately
been introduced from Japan.

5. SpirSBa. Man. p. 113. Several of our wild species and the following
exotics are cultivated for ornament.

* Shrubs or undershrults.

S. trilobata. Low shrub, with recurved branches ; leaves smooth, glau-
cous, rounded, and cut-lobed ; flowers very many in umbel-like corymbs,
white, showv.

S. hypericifolia, ITALIAN MAY, or ST. PETER'S WREATH. Shrub,
with long recurved brandies ; leaves small, cuncatc-oblong, a little crenate or
lobcd at the end ; flowers small, white, in snkall umbels.

S. Douglasii, of Oregon, is coming into the gardens : it resembles S.
tomentosa (Man. p. 114), but has longer, narrower, and blunter leaves, and
deeper rose-purple flowers.

GARDEN BOTANY.

3. sorbifolia, with pinnate leaves, oblong-lanceolate and acuminate
sharply serrate leaflets, and a large panicle of white flowers.
* * Herbs, perennial.

S. Ulmaria, ENGLISH MEADOW-SWEET. Leaves pinnate with a large
3-lobed leaflet at the end, and smaller lateral ones, also minute ones inter-
mixed, whitish-downy underneath ; flowers yellowish-white in a compound
cyme, sometimes double.

S. Filipendula, DROPWORT. Root fibrous, some of them swollen
below ; leaves mostly radical, smooth and green both sides, with very many
small pinnatifid or cut leaflets ; flowers fewer and larger than in the last, whito
often tipped with reddish ; both single and double-flowered.

, Potentilla, CINQUEFOIL. Man. p. 118. The three following red-f.ow-
ered, perennial, digitate-leaved species are rather common in gardens, where
they are much crossed and mixed. The first is from the Mexican, the two
others from the Himalajan Mountains.

P. hema'tochrus. Silky or velvety; leaflets 7 or 5 on the lower, 5 and
3 on the upper leaves ; flowers deep red or crimson.

P. Nepalensis. Leaflets green both sides, 5 or only 3 in the upper
leaves ; flowers rose-red.

P. atrosanguinea. Leaflets white-downy underneath, 3 in all the
leaves ; flowers dark purple-crimson or brown-red.

P. recta : a coarse, hirsute, erect, yellow-flowered species ; leaflets 5 or
7, digitate, narrowly cuneate-oblong, coarsely toothed.

. Fragaria, STRAWBERRY. Man. p. 119. The originals of the cultivated
varieties are mainly these : —

F. vesca yields the ALPINE STRAWBERRY, the PERPETUAL, &c., with
small, verv fragrant fruit.

F. elatior of Europe, the HAUTBOIS, a taller plant, with calyx strongly
reflexed away from the fruit, which is deep red with a peculiar musky odor.

F. Virginiana, the parent of the AMERICAN SCARLET, and similar
sorts; and its crosses with the next have given origin to the PINE-APPLE, and
the greater part of the large sorts now cultivated..

F. Chilensis, with thick leaves very silky underneath, and the large
fruit erect in ripening (instead of hanging as in the rest), is the parent of the
QUEEN VICTORIA and WILMOT varieties, &c.

F. Indica has creeping leafy stems, yellow flowers, and tasteless fruit.

Rubus Idseus, the GARDEN RASPBERRY, is very much like our wild
Red R. (Man. p. 121), but is taller, larger-leaved, the prickles hooked, and
the fruit larger and firmer, pale red, amber-colored, &c.

. Rosa, ROSE. Man. p. 122. Besides the SWEET-BRIER, and the varie-
ties of our wild PRAIRIE ROSE (already described), the common cultivated
Roses come from the following. But many of them, especially the tender
ones, are so mixed and altered by long cultivation, that it is difficult, if not
impossible, for the student to refer them to their true types.

* Styles not projecting out of the calyx-cup nor cohering.

R. Cinnamomea, CINNAMON ROSE. Tall, 5° to 8° high, with brownish-
red bark, and some straightish prickles, pale leaves downy underneath, and
small pale-red cinnamon-scented (double) flowers, not showy.

R. spinosissima, BURNET or SCOTCH ROSE. Low, 1° or 2° high,
exceedingly prickly with straight prickles, with 7 to 9 small and roundish
smooth leaflets, and small early flowers, single, double, and white, pink, and
even yellow.

GARDEN BOTANY.

R. SUlphurea, the old YELLOW ROSE. Tall, with scattered straight
prickles, glaucous or pale leaves, and sulphur-yellow (double) flowers.

R. Eglanteria, YELLOW EGLANTINE ROSE. Like a Sweet-Brier, but
lower, 3° -5° high, with straight prickles ; leaves deep-green (riot pale, as in
the last) ; flowers deep yellow, and sometimes variegated with red, either
single or double.

R. Damascena, DAMASK ROSE. Flowers white or red, single or
double ; the parent of many sorts, such as the Red and White Monthly, York
and Lancaster, &c. ; distinguished from the next by irs greener bark and larger
(curved) prickles, long reftexed sepals, and elongated hips.

R. centifolia, PROVENCE, CABBAGE, and HUNDRED-LEAVED ROSE.

Flowers drooping, large, white, blush, or red, mostly full double, and the pet-
als curved inwards ; calyx clammy ; the hips short or roundish ; prickles un-
equal, the larger ones curved.

Var. milSCOSa, the Moss-RosES of various sorts, have the clammy
glands of the calyx grown out into a moss-like covering.

R. Gallica, FRENCH ROSE. Flowers red or crimson (sometimes white) ;
of many varieties ; differs from the last by the rigid coriaceous leaflets, erect
flowers, and spherical hips ; less sweet-scented, and petals more astringent.

R. alba, WHITE ROSE. Flowers white or with a delicate blush, fragrant;
sepals pinnate, reflexed, but conniving and remaining on the oblong hip ;
prickles straightish ; leaflets glaucous. Many common varieties.

R. Indica, TEA ROSE. Came from China, and has furnished endless
sorts ; the leaflets are only 3 or 5, ovate, acuminate, thickish, smooth, and
shining. NOISETTE Roses are thought to have originated in a cross between
this and the Musk Rose.

R. semperflorens, PERPETUAL CHINA or BENGAL ROSE. Many
sorts, usually with red or crimson flowers, with very little fragrance; leaflets
as in the last, from which they probably originated, at least in part.

R. Lawrenceana, FAIRY ROSE. Dwarf, very small-flowered Chinese
Roses, often only 6 inches high, which came from the last.

R. BanksiSJ, BANKSIA ROSE. A slender, tall climbing species from
China, cult, in greenhouses, well marked by having no prickles, 3 to 5 lanceo-
late leaflets, and very smull (white or buff, violet-scented) flowers, many
together in an umbel-like corymb.

# * Styles cohering in a column which projects oulofthe calyx-cup.

R. multiflora, MANY-FLOWERED ROSE. A well-known climbing spe-
cies, from Japan and China, with 5 or 7 soft and somewhat rugose leaflets,
slender scattered prickles, and full corymbs of small flowers, white or pale
red, not sweet-scented. The BOURSALT ROSE is a more hardy, climbing, rod
Rose, said to come from the mu/tiflora, but probably from a cross with some
hardy European species.

R. moschata, MUSK ROSE. Rambling, but hardly climbing, with rc-
vurved prickles; the leaflets lanceolate, pointed, nearly smooth ; flowers white,
with a yellowish base to the petals, mostly simple, in umbel-like clusters, very
fragrant, especially at evening.

R. sempervirens, EVERGREEN ROSE. Climbing, hardy at the South,
with coriaceous bright-green leaves, curved prickles, and nearly solitary white
flowers, not double. The AYRSHIRE ROSE is a more hardy variety, the leaves
deciduous.

10. Cotoneaster VUlgaris is a low shrub, sparingly planted, with the small
oval leaves white-downy beneath, and small gremish-v/iiite flowers; the fruit
like that of Hawthorns, but including 3 or 4 little seed-like stones.

GARDEN BOTANY.

11. PyrilS, PEAR, APPLE. Man. p. 124. — Besides the American Crab, we
have in common cultivation, —

P. communis, PEAK. Leaves ovate, smooth ; flowers pure white ; fruit
tapering down to the peduncle.

P. Malus, APPLE. Leaves ovate, obtusely toothed, mostly downy be-
neath ; flowers tinged with pink ; fruit globular, sunk in at both ends.

P. prunifolia, SIBERIAN CRAB. Leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, ser-
rate, smooth; fruit smaller than that of the American Crab-Apple, and yellow-
ish ; cult, for the fruit. This is probably a mere variety of P. baccata, in
which the lobes of the calyx fall away from the fruit.

P. spectabilis, CHINESE FLOWERING-APPLE. Leaves oblong, finely
serrate, smooth ; flowers large and showy, rose-red, usually semi-double ; cult,
for ornament.

P. aucuparia, EUROPEAN ROWAN-TREE, or MOUNTAIN-ASH. A larger
tree than our wild Mountain-Ash, and more commonly planted, except in the
interior of the Northern States ; leaflets 9-15, narrowly oblong, not taper-
pointed.

12. Cydonia vulgaris, COMMON QUINCE. Flowers solitary at the tips
of the branches, white, appearing after the leaves ; leaves ovate and entire,
downy as well as the leaf-like lobes of the calyx ; fruit pear-shaped, and in one
variety apple-shaped.

C. Japonica, JAPAN QUINCE. Flowers on side spurs of the thorny
branches, with short and rounded lobes to the calyx, and large scarlet petals
(single or partly double, also a pale or white variety), appearing a little before
the smooth oval leaves ; fruit like a small apple, not eatable. A very orna-
mental shrub.

ORDER CALYCANTHACE-ZE. The Calycanthuses, although here
generally met with only as planted shrubs, are all natives of the United States,
aod are described in the Manual, p. 126.

ORDER MYRTACE.ZB. MYRTLE FAMILY.

Differs from the Pear Family, i. e. suborder Pomeoe of Rosaceae, by having
the leaves punctate with pellucid dots (under a ma^nifying-glass), and generally
opposite. But two of the three following are exceptions in Che latter particular,
and the Pomegranate in both.

Leaves not punctate, often alternate or whorled : ovary with two

tiers ofcdls, one above the other 1. PUNICA.

punctate, under a lens,

Alternate, turned edgewise by a twist : stamens very long and red. 2. CALL1STEMON.
jposite, horizontal, in the usual way : stamens not so long, white. 3. MYRTUS.

Punica Granatum, POMEGRANATE. Low tree, with smooth and thin
narrowly oblong leaves; flowers solitary at the end of the branchlets, large,
bright scarlet (often full double) ; fruit red, containing many seeds invested by
an edible pulp.

2. Calliste'mon lanceolatum, called BOTTLE-BRUSH, on account of
the appearance of the flowers (sessile all round the stem Lelow the latei
leaves) with their very long red stamens, is a greenhouse shrub from Austra-
lia, with the leaves turned edgewise by a twist.

3. Myrtus communis, MYRTLE. Shrub, with oblong-ovate smooth
leaves, and small white flowers, single or double.

1 GARDEN BOTANY.

ORDER LYTHRACE-3I. LOOSE-STRIFE FAMULI.

1. LagerstrCBmia Indica, CRAPE MYRTLE, a handsome greenhoaw
shrub, which stands the winter farther south, is known not to be a real Myrtle
by its dotless leaves, and the calyx free from the svary. Flowers showy, in
panicles, purple ; petals 6, on long claws, crisped.

2. Cuphea ignea (wrongly called platycentra] is a very handsome lo*
undershrub, with oval bright-green leaves, and vermilion-red flowers, with
their dark-colored tips bordered with white. The showy part is the calyx,
which is spurred, the petals minute or none : it flowers all winter in the green-
house, and all summer in the garden.

3. Lythrum Salicaria, Man. p. 128, is not uncommon in old gardens.

ORDER ONAGRACE^E. EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY.

Manual, p. 130. — Besides some of our wild Evening Primroses, the following
are cultivated for their showy flowers.

Shrubs (of the greenhouse, &c.) with hanging flowers, a calyx re-
sembling a corolla (red, or white in some varieties), and blue petals
convolute around the lower part of the 3 stamens : fruit a berry. 1. FUCHSIA.
Herbs : fruit a 4-celled pod.
Stamens 8 : scarlet flowers like those of Fuchsia, but with a pod

like that of Epilobium, having hairy-tufted seeds. . . 2. ZATJSCHNERIA.
Stamens only 4 : calyx prolonged above the ovary into a slender

tube : petals short-clawed and 3-lobed 3. EUCHARIDIUM.

Stamens 4 good ones, and 4 sterile with abortive anthers or none :

petals with long claws 4. GLAREIA.

Stamens 8 with anthers : petals with hardly any claws, entire or

notched at the end : seeds not tufted 6. (ENOTHERA.

I. Fuchsia, FUCHSIA or LADIES' EAR-DROP. The cultivated kinds, now
so common, are from the following, but much crossed and varied. They came
from Mexico, Chili, &c.

F. microphylla has small leaves as well as flowers, the latter globular
in the bud, and the stamens not protruded.

F. COCCinea is the parent of all the common Fuchsias with short flow-
ers, the lobes of the calyx longer than its tube, and the stamens long-exserted.

F. fulgens is the parent of the commonest long-flowered sorts (2^-3
inches long), the short lobes of the calyx often greenish-tipped, the stamens
little exserted.

2- Zauschneria California a, a very choice ornamental perennial, from
California, low, pubescent, with lanceolate or oblong leaves.

3. Eueharidium COncinnum : a low, California annual, like a Clarkia,
except in the particulars mentioned above ; flowers pink-purple.

4. Clarkia pulchella, from Oregon, a handsome garden annual, with
lanceolate leaves, large 3-lobed petals (rose-purple, and a white variety), with
a pair of teeth on the claw, and 4 dilated stigmas.

C. elegans, from Oregon and California, is taller, with ovate and serrate
leaves, the rhomboid rose-purple petals not lobed.

6. (Enothera, EVENING PRIMROSE. Nos. 1, 4, 5, of the Manual, p. 130,
occur in gardens.

GARDEN BOTANY. U

CE. MitSSOUriensis, from Missouri and Texas. Cinereous, very low ;
leaves broadly lanceolate ; corolla yellow, 4' to 6' across; pod 4 -winged ; root
perennial.

CE. speciosa, from Arkansas and Texas, with large white flowers fading
to rose-color, and club-shaped pods.

CE. acaulis, from Chili, with very large white flowers close to the ground ,
the stem short and creeping ; leaves pinnatifid.

CE. purpurea, from Oregon and California, a low annual with purple
flowers opening in the sunshine ; and some others of the same section (GouE-
TIA), with rose, lilac, or nearly white petals with a purple spot, are occasion-
ally raised.

ORDER CACTACEJE. CACTUS FAMILY.

Manual, p. 136. — Hundreds of species are cultivated by amateurs; the fol
Ijwing are the most generally met with.

Stem globular or melon-shaped : flowers immersed in a mass of wool. 1. CACTUS.

Stem cylindrical and ribbed, or triangular : flowers mostly ephemeral. 2. CEKEUS.
Stem or branches flat, leaf-like, smooth, and not prickly, often jointed :

flowers rose-colored, tubular, lasting day after day. ... 3. EPIPIIYLLUM.
Stem or branches jointed, flat or flatfish, bearing prickles or bristles :

not tubular, mostly ye! low. . . . Man. p. 186. 4. OPUNTIA.

1. Cactus Melocactus, TURK'S-CAP. Plant melon-shaped, a foot or
more high, many-ribbed, with star-like clusters of spines on the ribs, sur-
mounted, when about to flower, by a cylindrical woolly mass like a muff in
which the small red flowers are partly imbedded. Brought occasionally from
the West Indies.

2. Ce'reus grandiflorus, NIGHT-BLOOMING CEREUS, with very long and
rooting cylindrical stems, and producing a very large flower, with many narrow
yellow sepals and broader white petals, opening at night and shrivelling before
morning, — is only occasionally met with in conservatories.

C. flagelliformis is more common, as a house-plant, with long and
slender flexible stems, clothed with clusters of short and bristly prickles, bear-
ing rather small pink-red flowers.

C. speciosissimus, with erect and only 3 - 4-angled stems, very large
bright-red flowers with a tinge of violet inside, and white stamens, is one of the
most showy of all, and is common.

Epipkyllum phyllanthoides, known by the flat and leaf-like or
winged steins, with crenatc margins, from which spring the flowers ; these
4' long, narrow, tubular below, rose-colored, and lasting several days.

E. truncatlim, known by its flat and jointed recurved branches, which
are more or less toothed ; the flowers from the truncate apex of the joints,
only 2 or 3 inches long, rose-color, with a short tube, below bearing spreading
petaloid sepals, above very oblique ; continuing in bloom for several days.

ORDER MESEMBRYANTHEMACEJE. MESEMBRYANTHEMUM

FAMILY.

Mesembryanthemums are fleshy-leaved plants, with an adherent calyx . bear-
ing a great many petals and stamens ; the fruit dry and several-celled.

3. Mesembryantkemum spectabile is the commonest as a house
plant, with long triquetrous and acute opposite leaves, rather woot/y steins,
and large rod flowers.

Hi GARDEN BOTANY.

M. crystallinum, called ICE-PLANT, because the cval and wavy alter-
nate leaves and the branches look as if frosted over with white transparent
vesicles j flowers white, small.

ORDER GROSSTJLACE-ZE. CURRANT FAMILY.

Manual, p. 136. — The cultivated Currants and Gooseberries generally met
with are, —

1. Ribes Grossularia, GARDEN GOOSEBERRY. Prickly ; leaves obtusely
3-5-lobCvI ; flowers solitary or in pairs on short pedicels, green ; calyx cam-
panulate , berry large, prickly or smooth.

R. rubrum, COMMON CURRANT, with flat greenish flowers in hanging
racemes, and red berries, also a white variety. See Man. p. 137.

R. nigrum, GARDEN BLACK CURRANT, has black berries, like those of
our R. floridum, but the greenish flowers arc fewer in the racemes and shorter,
and the bracts minute.

R. aureum, BUFFALO or MISSOURI CURRANT, from the Far West, with
smooth 3-lobed leaves and a tubular calyx, is planted for its bright-yellow
spicy-scented flowers, appearing in early spring ; berries blackish, useless.

R.. sanguineum, RED-FLOWERED CURRANT, from Oregon and Cali
fornia, has rounded and 5-lobcd leaves, downy beneath, and hanging racemes
of red or rose-colored flowers ; cultivated for ornament.

R. speciosum, SHOWY GOOSEBERRY, from California, a prickly species,
with small and shining leaves, deep-red hanging flowers, and long-exscrted
red stamens ; when trained on a wall and protected is a beautiful species.

ORDER PASSIFLORACE-ZE. PASSION-FLOWER FAMILY.

Manual, p. 138. — Out of a number of Passion-Flowers of conservatories, the
following are commonest, and may be planted out in summer.

1. Passiflora cserulea. Leaves deeply 5-lobed, the lobes narrow and
not serrate; crown blue of varied tints, purple at the base, shorter than the
white corolla.

P. edulis, GRANADILLA. Leaves shining-green, large, 3-lobed, the
lobes and bracts serrate ; flower pale blue or whitish ; fruit eatable.

ORDER CUCURBITACE^l. GOURD FAMILY.

Manual, p. 138. — A few are cultivated for ornament, and others for theli
edible fruit.

Corolli 6-parted, small : fruit soft-prickly, 2-celled, 4-seeded. Man. p. 139. ECIITNOCYSTIS.

Corolla moderately 5-lobed, bell-shaped, large, yellow. ... 1. CUCURBIT A.

Corolla of 6 almost separate large and white petals. ... 2. LAGENAHTA.

Corolla 5-cleft beyond the middle, buff or sulphur-color. . ; 3. CITRULLUS.

Corolla 5-parted to the calyx, or nearly of 5 petals, yellow. . 4. CUCUMIS.

Corolla 5-parted, white, the divisions cut into a delicate fringe. 5. TRICI10SANTIIES.

1. Cucurbita. The common Pumpkin and the Squashes, in great variety,
are shown by a recent investigation to belong to only two botanical species
the fruit of each of which is immensely variable.

C. Pepo, PUMPKIN. WINTER SQUASH. &c. Stalks and veins of tho leaves
very rough with hispid hairs, almost prickly; leaves more or less 5 Jobed :

GARDEN BOTANY. EJJ

stalk of the fruit woody, strongly 5 - 8-ridgcd with deep intervening grooves.
The little ORANGE GOURD ( C. ovifera) is probably the original of this.

C. maxima, SQUASH, CYMLING, &c. Less rough leaf-stalks, and
rounder less lobed leaves than in the foregoing ; stalk of the fruit thick, not
deeply grooved, but many-striate.

2. Lagenaria vulgaris, BOTTLE GOURD, is well marked by its large
white flowers on long peduncles, and its hard-rinded fruit of diverse shapes,
used for bottles, dippers, &c.

3. Citrullus vulgaris, WATERMELON. Leaves deeply 3-5-lobed, and
the divisions again lobed or sinuate-pinnatifid, pale or bluish ; the edible pulp
of the fruit consists of the enlarged and juicy placentae (reddish or rarely
white) ; a variety with hard flesh is cultivated for preserving, under the name
of Citron.

4. Cll'cumis. The genus includes two familiar esculents, viz. the CUCUM-
BER and the True MELON.

C. Melo, MELON, MUSKMELON. Leaves round-cordate or reniform,
the lobes if any and sinuses rounded ; fruit with a smooth rind and sweet flesh,
the edible part being the inner portion of the pericarp, the thin and watery
placenta being discarded with the seeds. The SERPENT MELON, sometimes
called SERPENT-CUCUMBER, is a strange variety, occasionally met with, with
a long and snake-like fruit.

C. sativus, CUCUMBER. Leaves more or less lobed, the lobes acute,
the middle one more prominent, often pointed; fruit rough or muricate when
young, smooth when ripe, eaten unripe.

5. Trichosanthes COlubrina, SNAKE-PLANT. Cult, for ornament in
hot-houses, &c. ; the white flowers remarkable for having the petals cut into
slender fringes ; the fruit imitating a snake, green mottled with whitish and
yellowish, when ripe turning red, from 4° to 7° long.

ORDER BEGONIACEJE. BEGONIA FAMILT.

Begonia. Many species are cultivated in hot-houses, some for their curious
leaves, others for their pretty flowers. They are known by their leaves, which
are always inequilateral, one side being much larger than the other, and by
their monoecious flowers ; the staminate flowers having one large pair of
rounded petaloid sepals, and within a pair of smaller ones or petals, and many

t-tamens. The pistillate flowers have a triangular or 3-winged inferior ovary,
nd usually 5 less unequal sepals, resembling petals.

. ORDER CRASSULACE^k ORPINE FAMILY.

Manual, p. 140. — All the Scdums in the Manual, except No. 3, are more or
cultivated ; also

Sedum acre, Moss STONECROP, WALL-PEPPER. Spreading on the
ground and rooting, moss-like, with very small and thick ovate leaves and
scattered yellow flowers ; cult, for garden edgings, &c.

2. Sempervivum tectorum, HOUSELEKK. Spreading by offsets, the
leaves thick and broad, in bulb-like rosettes ; rarely flowering here; flower-stem
a foot high ; flowers cymose, with 6 or more sepals, petals, and pistils, and
twice as many purplish petals.

Uv GARDEN BOTANY.

ORDER SAXIFRAGACEJE. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.
Manual, p. 141. — Several are cult, for ornament, especially shrubby species.

Herbs : stamens 10 : pod 2-celted and 2-beaked, or else two pods. 1. SAXIFRAGA.
Shrubs, with opposite leaves : calyx coherent with the ovary.
Stamens twice as many as the petals : styles mostly 2.

Flowers in cymes, the marginal ones much larger and neutral. 2. HYDRANGEA.

Flowers panicled or racemed, and all alike : filaments dilated. 3. DEUTZIA.

Stamens very numerous : filaments slender : style 3-5-cleft. 4. PUILADELPHUS.

1. Saxifraga sarmentosa, BKEFSTEAK SAXIFRAGE, is an old-fashioned
house-plant, from Japan, with Strawberry-like runners ; the leaves round-
cordate, toothed, rather fleshy, on shaggy petioles, the lower surface reddish,
the upper green variegated with white ; flowers on a scape, panicled, three of
the petals pink and spotted, two of them much larger, paler, and hanging.

S. crassifolia is a showy hardy species, with large and thick roundish
leaves, and an ample cluster of large rose-colored flowers on a scape, from a
short creeping rootstock, in early spring.

£. Hydrangea Hortensia, the COMMON HYDRANGEA of house culture,
from Japan, is very smooth, with large and oval, coarselv toothed, bright-
green leaves, and the flowers of the cyme nearly all neutral and enlarged, blue,
purple, pink, or white.

EC. radiata, of the South, is hardy in our gardens, and differs from H.
nrborescens (Man. p. 146) in having the leaves white-downv beneath.

H. quercifolia, also of the Southern States, has the leaves sinuate-
\obed and pubescent underneath ; not quite so hardy.

3. Deutzia. Fine ornamental white-flowered shrubs, from Japan, now be.
coming common, and mostly hardy.

D. gracilis, the least hardy, is low and smooth, with ovate-lanceolate
pointed leaves, and bright white flowers.

D. SCabra is a tall shrub, with the leaves rough, veiny, nearly sessile,
oblong-ovate, and the filaments not toothed on each side, as they are in both
the others. The shrub generally cultivated under this name is

D. crenata, with the filaments toothed, leaves ovate, crenulate, rough,
short-petioled, flowering in summer.

4. Philadelphia coronarius, MOCK-ORANGE, also called SYRINGA.
Shrub with erect branches, oblong-ovate leaves having the taste and smell of
cucumbers, and crowded clusters of handsome and odorous cream-white flow-
ers ; styles distinct almost to the base. A common shrub, flowering rather
earlier and for a shorter time than

P. inodorus, var. grandfcorus, Man. p. 146 ; varieties of which are
often planted ; its flowers are pure white, larger but less numerous than in
the last, and nearly scentless.

ORDER UMBELLIFE 11.33. PARSLEY FAMILY.

Manual, p. 1-48. — The plants of this family are classified mainlv by the fruit.
It will not be difficult to make out the common cultivated species, with much
recourse to technical characters.

Flowers yellow : fruit flat, wing-margined : leaflets coarse, incised. Man. p. 162. PASTTNACA
flowers yellow: fruit terete, wingless: leaflet* filiform, aromatic. 1. FUiNKJULUM

Fw^re

GARDEN BOTANY. lv

g**enieb -yellow or whitish: fruit ovate, somewhat flattened

lerteiAlly : leaflets lobed and incised 2. PETROSELINUM.

Flotrars white : fruit prickly, in dense concave umbels. Man. p. 152. DAUCUS.

Flowwrs white : fruit smooth, not winged.

Cbnyx-teeth conspicuous on the globose strongly aromatic fruit. 3. C011IANDRUM.

Calyx-teeth none.

Leaflets filiform : fruit pleasantly aromatic 4. CARUM.

Lcwflats coarse and broad, wedge-shaped, incised: plant

heavy scented 6. APIUM.

1. FOBllieulum VUlgare, FENNEL, a tall perennial, with decompound
leaves, very slender leaflets, and large loose umbels of small yellow flowers,
is cultivated in country gardens for its sweet-aromatic leaves and fruits.

2. Petroselinum sativum, PARSLEY, a biennial, familiar in kitchen-
gardens, particularly the crisped-leaved or Curled Parsley.

3. Coriand3*?UH sativum, CORIANDER, a low annual, with pinnately
dissected strong-scented leaves and small umbels of few rays, occasionally
cultivated for its aromatic fruit, the Coriander-seed of the shops.

4. Carum Carui, CARAWAY, a familiar biennial or perennial, in all country
gardens, cultivated for its aromatic fruit. In some parts of New England it ii
beginning to run wild.

6. Apium graveolens, CELERY. A coarse and strong-scented biennial,
of which a cultivated state has enlarged and succulent petioles of the radical
leaves, which, after being blanched by covering with earth, become mild and
spicy, and are largely uaed for winter salad.

ORDER ABALIACE^I. GINSENG FAMILY.

Manual, p. 159. — The only cultivated plant to be added to those already

described is,

1. He'dera Helix, ENGLISH IVY, a woody vine, climbing by rootlets,
with evergreen, ovate, angled, or lobed leaves, and short umbels of "yellowish-
green flowers; styles united into a single short one.

ORDER CAPBIFOLIACEJE. HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.

Manual, p. 163. — The common species cultivated are the SNOWBERRY,
'in. p. 1G4, the SNOW-BALL or GUELDER ROSE, p. 168, and: —

Diervilla Japonica, called WEIGELA ROSEA ; a low shrub, loaded in
June with large rose-colored flowers.

Lonicera sempervirens, TRUMPET HONEYSUCKLE, with long and
tubular almost regular corolla, Man. p. 164.

L. Periclymenum, WOODBINE H., with the deeply 2-lipped corolla

purple red outside, sweet-scented ; leaves all separate.

L. Caprifolium, ITALIAN H. Flowers like the last, but paler outside;
leaves glaucous, the upper pairs connate- perfoliate.

L. Japonica, JAPAN HONEYSUCKLE. Twining, like the foregoing, but
flowers only a pair in the axil of the leaves (which are pubescent and all
separate), very sweet-scented at evening; corolla deeply 2-lipped, reddish
outside, white inside, turning yellowish.

iVl GARDKN BOTAXT.

L. Tartarica, TARTARIAN HONEYSUCKLE. An upright much branched
shrub, smooth, with cordate-ovate leaves ; flowers a single pair on an axillary
peduncle, rose or pink-colored, in spring, the two berries often united by their
bases as they grow.

ORDER RTJBIACEJE. MADDER FAMILY.
Manual, p. 168. — The useful plant which gives its name to the order is

1. Rubia tinctoria, MADDER. Like a Galium, but the parts of the
flower in fives, and the fruit a berry; leaves in whorls of 6, rough-edged;
flowers greenish or yellowish: cult, for its deep, perennial, red roots, which
furnish the well-known dye.

ORDER VALERIANACE-ZE. VALERIAN FAMILY.
Manual, p. 175. — Two are species common in gardens : —

1. Valeriana officinalis, COMMON VALERIAN. Stems tall and simple ;
leaves pinnate, with many lanceolate leaflets; flowers white or pinkish;
stamens 3. The strong-scented rootstoek furnishes the Valerian of the
druggist.

2. Centranthus ruber, KED VALERIAN. Smooth or glaucous, with
ovate-lanceolate entire leaves and light-red flowers (also a white variety), with
a spur, and only one stamen ; root perennial.

ORDER DIPSACE^EJ. TEASEL FAMILY.

Manual, p. 176. — Besides the Fuller's Teasel, p. 177, a Scabious is com
mon, viz. : —

1. Scabiosa atropurpurea, SWEET SCABIOUS, or MOURNING BRIDE.
The genus differs from iJipsacus in having round heads of flowers with soft
scales or bristles on the receptacle ; the corolla oblique, often 5-lobcd, but
only 4 stamens ; the limb of the calyx a little cup bearing 4 or 5 long and
naked bristles or awns Our cultivated species is an annual or biennial, with
pinnate leaves, a long-pedunc.led head of dark crimson-purple flowers, with
rose-colored and even white varieties.

ORDER COMPOSITE. COMPOSITE FAMILY.

Manual, p. 177. — There are many weeds, but not a great many commonly
cultivated plants of this order, considering that between an eighth or a tenth ot
nil flowering plants Itelong to it. There are, however, a good number of rarer
ornamental sorts, both of greenhouse and gardens, which we cannot here take
into account.

* Juice of the stem not milky : strap-shaped corollas, if any, not bearing gtamjn*.

Pappus consisting of numerous bristles or hairs,

With also a little bristly cup surrounding its base. . . 2. CALLISTEPHUS.

With no outer cup, scales, or the like.
Involucre a single row of equal scales, or with only some

very short ones at the base 16. SENECIO.

InTolucre imbricated.
A row of strap-sh:i|i<> .1 marginal flowers, which are

Purple, blue, white, & <-.. never yellow. Man. p. 190. ASTER.

Yellow, and very numerous and narrow. Man. p. 208. INULA.

GARDEN BOTANY.

Ivii

No strep-shaped flowers, but with a ray of enlarged and cleft

tubular flowers •

Flowers all tubular and alike : scales of the involucre fleshy.
IPappus of several, or more than 2, conspicuous chaffy scales,

which are often awned or bristle-pointed.
Rays none : flowers all alike, tubular, mostly blue. .
Rays or marginal strap-shaped flowers conspicuous, yellow, or

partly brown or purple.

Involucre of separate leafy scales : leaves not punctate. .
Involucre a solid cup : strong-scented herbage glandular-
punctate with coarse pellucid dots

Pappus none, or a small cup, or of only 2 teeth, scales, or awns.
Heads with rays or larger strap-shaped flowers round the mar-
gin, or in cultivation sometimes all the corollas changed
into such (double) flowers.

Achenia incurved, rough, not flattened : flowers yellow.
Achenia not incurved except in Coreopsis.
Involucre double, of few scales, the outer different from
the inner, each in one row or nearly : leaves opposite.
Ray-flowers many in the cultivated varieties. . .

Ray-flowers, 6 or 8, broad, neutral : achenia compressed.
Involucre not double, but usually imbricated.
Receptacle bearing chaffy scales among the flowers.
Rays persistent without fading, paper-like, pistillate.
Rays not persistent,

Neutral : pappus of 2 deciduous chaffy scales.
Neutral : pappus a little cup or none. Man. p. 214.

Pistillate, numerous, elongated

Pistillate, few, short and broad. . .

Receptacle naked, i. e. no chaff among the flowers.

Receptacle conical

Receptacle flat or convex.

Heads without any obvious rays,

Rose-colored or white : a quilled state of the Daisy. . .
Orange, large, with a leafy and spiny involucre. . .
Yellow or greenish, small,- not prickly : strong-scented plants.
Pappus a minute cup or none : heads hemispherical.
Pappus none : heads globular, very small. . . .

18. CENrADRKA.

19. CYNARA.

1. AGERATUM.

8. GAILLARDIA.

9. TAGETES.

10. CALENDULA.

6. DAHLIA.

7. COREOPSIS.

4. ZINNIA.

6. HELIANTHUS.
RUDBECKIA.

12. ANTIIEMIS.

13. ACIIILLEA.

3. B ELLIS.
11. CHRYSANTHEMUM

3. B ELLIS.
17. CARTIIAMUS.

14. TANACETUM.

15. ARTEMISIA.

# # Juice of the stem milky : flowers all perfect and with strap-shaped corollas.

Pappus a row of many short scales united into a cup or crown :

flowers 20 or less, blue, ephemeral. . Man. p. 235. CICHORIUM.

Pappus of 5 to 7 long and pointed scales : scales of the involucre

scarious, imbricated : flowers blue. . ... 20. CATANANCIIE.

Pappus of many strongly plumose stout bristles : acheuia long-
beaked : flowers purple or purplish 21. TRAGOPOGON.

Pappus a tuft of soft and white smooth hairs : achenia flat, with

a long and slender beak : flowers yellow. • . . 22. LACTUCA.

1. Ageratum COnyzoides, var. Mexicanum, is a tender annual, with
ovate and cordate pubescent and veiny opposite leaves, and loose corymbs of
small heads of sky-blue flowers ; the most prominent part of these consists
of the club-shaped styles.

Iviii GARDEN BOTANY.

2. CallistephuS CJhinensis, CHINA ASTER. An annual, with alternate
spatulatc and toothed leaves, and solitary large heads, the involucre leafy and
spreading : the showy rays of various colors : the choicer sorts are double-
flowered by the change of most of the disk-flowers into rays.

3. Bellis perennis, ENGLISH DAISY. Leaves all from the root, ohovate
and spatulate ; scape 3 or 4 inches high, hearing a single head, with a yellow
centre and white or pink rays : but the full double varieties are generally cul-
tivated, especially the quilled form, with the corollas all changed into tubes.

4. Zinnia. Showy garden annuals, with opposite entire and sessile leaves,
and a large head of flowers on a thick peduncle ; the broad and short rays
parchment-like, and lasting a long while without withering.

Z. multiflora has ovate-lanceolate leaves, and one-awned achenia ; the
rays red, yellow, &c. Not now common.

Z. elegans, with cordate-ovate leaves and large heads, of various-colored
flowers, is now the common garden ZINNIA.

6. Helianthus annuus, COMMON or ANNUAL SUNFLOWER, its great
head with a flat and brown disk, 4' to 10' in diameter.

H. tuberosus, JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE (see Man. p. 219), with well-
known edible tubers, has small heads with a yellow and convex disk, flower-
ing in autumn.

6. Dahlia variabilis, the COMMON DAHLIA, too familiar to need de-
scription, as usually cultivated has all the flowers changed into rays. In its
natural state it resembles a Coreopsis on a larger scale, but with rays pistillate.

7. Coreopsis, Man. p. 219. The perennial species Nos. 7, 8, 10, 11, there
described, are often in gardens : also the following more showy annuals and
biennials, from Texas, Arkansas, &c.

C. tinctoria. Leaves pinnate, with linear leaflets ; rays yellow with a
brown-purple base, or nearly all brown-purple ; achenia wingless. Common
in all gardens.

C. Drummondi. Leaflets 3 to 7, oblong or obovate ; rays broad,
golden-yellow with a black-purple spot at the base ; disk dark-colored ; ache-
ilia wingless.

C. COronata. Leaves simple and spatulate or oblong, or some of them
3-5-parted; rays broad, golden-yellow, crowned with dark-purple or brown
and tawny stripes or marks above the base ; di.sk yellow, achenia winged.

8. Gaillardia. Head, coarsely-toothed rays, &c. much like Coreopsis, bat
leaves alternate, and the pappus consisting of 5 or more thin and awned or
bristle- pointed scales.

G. pulchella, from Southwestern States, is the commonest species, an
annual or biennial, with nearlv glabrous leaves, and a large and showy head
of flowers, the rays 12 or more, reddish or brown-purple with yellow tips.

G. aristata, from Nebraska and Oregon, has a perennial root, pale ar*d
pul>eseent leaves, and pure yellow ravs.

9. Tagetes, FRENCH MARIGOLD. Strong-scented annuals, the herbage
dotted with pellucid glands; flowers yellow or orange, sometimes partly
brown or purple.

T. patula. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets linear-lanceolate, sharply serrate
peduncle hollo\v, cylindrical.

T. erecta. Larger in all parts and coarser than the other ; peduncle in-
flated and club-shaped. Flowers often full-double. Called African
but both this and the last came from South America.

GARDEN BOTANY. Kx

10. Calendula officinalis, COMMON MARIGOLD , a familiar low annual,
with simple alternate leaves, a leafy involucre, yellow flowers with many rays,
the disk-flowers sterile 5 found in all country gardens.

11. Chrysanthemum, including Pyrethrum, &c. The summer-flowering
CHRYSANTHEMUM of country gardens is

C. COronarium, an annual, with twice-pinnately-parted and sessile
alternate leaves, solitary heads with a very scarious involucre, and yellow
flowers, or the rays varying to white.

C. Parthenium, FEVERFEW, perennial, with corymbed heads and
white rays. Matricaria Parthenium, Man p. 226.

C. Indicum, a perennial with rather woody stems and ovate pinnatifid
and incised leaves, is the parent of the autumn-flowering CHINESE CHRYSAN-
THEMUMS, of various colors.

12. Anthemis, Man. p. 225. CHAMOMILE heads of the shops come from
A. nobilis, COMMON CHAMOMILE, a low creeping herb, with aromatic

scent, the leaves dissected into setaceous divisions ; heads solitary; white rays.
A. tinctoria, YELLOW C., is an erect rather tall perennial, the leaves
not so finely cut ; the heads larger ; rays yellow.

13. Achillea Ptarmica (Man p. 226), in gardens, both semi-double, and
with all the flowers changed into white rays.

A. Millefolium, YARROW (Man. p. 226) ; a rose-colored variety is
rather common in gardens.

14. Tanacetum vulgare, COMMON TANSY, a familiar strong-scented
and bitter herb ; see Man. p. 227.

T. Balsamita, COSTMARY, a low perennial, with a pleasant balsamic
scent, oblong and toothed leaves, and corymbed flower-heads.

15. Artemisia, Man. p. 227, where COMMON WORMWOOD and the MUG-
WORT are described. Besides, the gardens have

A. Dracunculus, TARRAGON. Perennial, green and glabrous; stem-
leaves linear lanceolate, mostly entire.

A. Abrotanum, SOUTHERNWOOD. Shrubby; leaves once or twice
pinnate, capillary, pleasant-scented.

16. Seneeio, Man. p. 230. The following species are commonly cultivated.

S. cruentus, from the Canaries, is the original of manifold arieties of
the common Cineraria of the greenhouses, a perennial, with very veiny leaves,
downy underneath, the lower ones round-cordate and angled or obscurely
lobed, their petiole winged, at least at the base, which is auricled and clasping
the upper leaves sessile, the base partly clasping ; heads corymbed, with nu
merous ray-flowers, purple, crimson, blue, white, &c.

S. populifolius resembles the last, but is less common, the stem a little
woody ; leaves whiter beneath, with nearly naked petioles ; ray-flowers fewer,
yellow or white.

S. Cineraria, an old-fashioned house-plant, ash- white all over (whence
the name Cineraria) with a woolly coating; leaves deeply pinnatifid; heads
corymbed, with ray flowers, yellow.

S. COCCineus, TASSEL-FLOWER (Emilia sagittata, DC.) : a common
garden annual, with the stem-leaves sagittate and clasping and minutely
toothed, the stem naked above, and bearing a corymb of a few head's of orange-
red flowers, without any rays.

IX GARDEN BOTANY.

17. Carthamus tinctorius, SAFFLOWER. A coarse annual of kitchen
gardens, with ovate-lanceolate prkklv-toothed leaves, those of the large invo-
lucre somewhat similar ; the orange-colored flowers used as a substitute for
saffron ; whence the plant is often called SAFFRON.

18. Centaurea Cyanus, BLUEBOTTLE, very common in country gardens,
is described in Man. p. 232.

C. Americana, from Arkansas, a showy annual, with oblong-lanceolate
leaves, and a very large flower-head on a stout peduncle; scales of the invo-
lucre with pectinate appendages ; flowers pale purple, the marginal ones much
larger and forming a ray.

19. Cynara ScolymUS is the true ARTICHOKE, a kind of Thistle with
large heads, the receptacle and the lower part of the ovate scales of the invo-
lucre thick and fleshy, forming the eatable portion. Not' widely cultivated io
this country.

20. Catananche CSerulea. An annual, cult, for its handsome blue flow
ers ; head solitary on a long peduncle, with a dry and scario-a« involucre ;
leaves linear, villous.

21. Tragopogon porrifolius, SALSIFY, OYSTER-PLANT. A smooth and
somewhat glaucous herb, with a biennial fusiform root, — for which the plant
is cultivated as an esculent, — long grass-like leaves which taper from a clasp
ing base to a slender apex ; the peduncle enlarged at the summit under thft
large head ; involucre about 8-ieaved ; corolla brownish-purple or violet.

22. Lactuca sativa, GARDEN LETTUCE. Cult, for the tender root-leaves
as a salad ; these broad and rounded, often wavy or crisped, and crowded into
a head ; leaves of the flowering stem cordate-clasping ; flowers yellow ; achenia
obovate.

ORDER LOBELIACE.ZE. LOBELIA FAMILY.

Manual, p. 241. — The Cardinal-Flower is often cultivated. The two follow-
ing Lobelias, from the Cape of Good Hope, with small blue flowers, blossom all
winter in greenhouses or all summer in gardens.

1. Lobelia Erinus. Annual, glabrous, with disuse filiform stems, small
lanceolate upper leaves, and small bright blue corolla not much longer thaii
the linear lobes of the calyx.

L. bicolor. Perennial, slightly pubescent; corolla larger (£ inch long)
and its tube longer than in the last, white in the throat.

ORDER CAMPANULACE^I. CAMPANULA FAMILY.

Manual, p. 243. — The following Campanulas are commonly cultivated foi
ornament, most of them both single and double-flowered, all blue and with white
varieties.

1. Campanula Medium, CANTERBURY BELLS. A hairy and tall bien-
nial, with vcrv large and erect flowers, the tube of the calyx covered by re
flexed appendages ; corolla oblong-cantpamilate and 2' or 3' long.

C. glomerata. A hairy perennial, a foot or so high ; the stem-leaves
oblong or lanceolate and sessile bv a cordate base ; flowers sessile in small
axillary clusters, ar the summit forming a leafy head ; corolla open-campanu
late, about an inch long.

C. Trachelium. A rough-leaved perennial ; stem-leaves ovate, short-
petioled, very coarsely tool lied ; flowers two or three together in the upper axils

GARDEN BOTANY. Lsd

or at the summit of the stem, drooping, on very short peduncles ; calyx
bristly ; corolla 1' or so long, campanulate.

C. rapunculoides. A slender smoothish perennial, with the stem-
leaves ovate-lanceolate and acuminate ; flowers single in the axils of small
bracts, forming a terminal raceme; corolla oblong-campanulate, about 1'long.

C. per sic 86 folia. A smooth perennial; slender stems 1° or 2° high;
root-leaves lance-obovate, stem-leaves lance-linear ; flowers few in a terminal
raceme ; corolla large, open-campanulate.

C. Carpatllica. Smooth perennial, forming a large tuft on the ground ;
slender stems branching, 6' to 10' high, leaves round-cordate or ovate, toothed,
petioled ; peduncles terminal and axillary, slender, 1-flovvered ; corolla broadly
campanulate, 1' long.

C. pyramidalis. Not quite hardy, cultivated as a biennial, smooth ;
lower leaves cordate, upper ones oblong-lanceolate ; stem producing a long
pyramidal panicle of very many flowers ; corolla widely expanded and
deeply 5-cleft.

C. grandiflora, a low, hardy, very smooth perennial, with ovate-lance-
olate coarsely serrate leaves, and few or solitary terminal flowers, the large
corolla balloon-shaped in bud, 5-lobed and widely expanded when it opens, —
makes the genus Platycodon, its pod opening at the top instead of on the
sides.

ORDER EBICACE^. HEATH FAMILY.

Manual, p. 245. — The cultivated species to be added all belong \n the
suborder Ericinece, the proper Heath Family. Many of our wild one* are
planted as ornamental shrubs.

Corolla withering on the receptacle instead of soon falling off,

Deeply 4-cleft, shorter than the calyx 1. CALLUNA.

Only 4-toothed or 4-lobed, of various shapes 2. ERICA.

Corolla deciduous after flowering. (Buds scaly.)

Leaves thin and deciduous : stamens commonly 5. ... 3. AZALEA.

Leaves coriaceous, persistent : stamens usually 10. ... 4. RHODODENDRON

1. Calluna vulgaris, SCOTCH HEATHER, is seldom cultivated except as
a greenhouse plant, along with true Heaths. A patch has recently been dis-
covered wild in Tewksbury, Mass.

2. Erfca, HEATH. The Heaths fa few of which are from Europe, but a
vast number from the Cape of Good Hope) belong not to common, but only
to choice cultivation : we cannot enumerate the many species which adorn

mservatories.

Azalea. Man. p 217. Besides the wild species, there is one tender and
one hardy ext jic.

A. Pontica. A hardy shrub, with large and clammy yellow flowers, pre-
ceding the pubescent leaves.

A. Indica, CHINESE AZALEA, A common greenhouse species, with the
• flowers (purple, red, rose, white, &c.) later than the leaves; sepals green in-
stead of scale-like, and the stamens ccromonly 10.

4. Rhododendron, Man. p. 257. Besides our wild ones, Nos. 1 and 2 :

R. punctatum, of the Southern Alleghanies : a much-branched shrub,
with slender and drooping branches, small leaves dotted wifh rusty globules
and fine rose-colored flowers, in June.

li GARDEN BOTANY.

R. Ponticum, from Armenia, hardy, but here growing low, with smooth
lance-obovatc leaves green on both sides, and large purple flowers.

R. arboreum is the commonest greenhouse species, with obovate-lanceo-
late leaves, either silvery-white or reddish-brown underneath ; and the ovary
of 8 or 10 cells ; flowers large, red, purple, or white.

ORDER PLUMB AGINACE.33. LEAD WORT FAMILY.

Manual, p. 270. — One hardy and one tender greenhouse plant represent the
order in cultivation.

Stems leafy, branching : flowers in a loose spike ; corolla monopetalous,

salver-shaped, with a slender tube : style one : stigmas 5. .1. PLUMBAGO

Caespitose perennials, with narrow and rigid radical leaves, and naked

scapes, bearing a head of nearly 5-petalous flowers : styles 5. 2. ARMERIA.

1. Plumbago Capensis, CAPE LEADAVORT ; has rather woody and an
gled stems, oblong-spatulate leaves, and handsome pale lilac-blue corollas,
the tube l£' long.

2. Armeria VUlgaris, COMMON THRIFT. Familiar in gardens, where it
is used for edging ; the densely tufted leaves narrow linear ; scape 3' to 6'
high ; flowers rose-color, intermixed with scarious bracts.

ORDER PRIMULACEJE. PRIMROSE FAMILY.

Manual, p. 270. — Several are familiar in gardens or greenhouses, cultivated
for ornament.

Corolla salver-shaped or narrowly funnel-shaped : leaves all radical. 1. PRIMULA.
Corolla deeply 5-parted, the divisions reflexed : leaves all radical,

From a fibrous root : scape many-flowered. . . Man. p. 272. DODECATHEON.

From a flat conn : scape 1-flowered. 2. CYCLAMEN.

Corolla deeply 5-parted, rotate : stems leafy.

Filaments beardless : pod not opening round the middle. . . 3. LYSIMACHTA.

Filaments bearded : pod opening round the middle. . . 4. ANAGALLJS.

1. Primula Sinensis, CHINESE PRIMROSE. A common house-plant,
pubescent ; leaves 7 - 9-lobed and toothed, rounded, with a cordate base ; umbel
many-flowered, often proliferous ; calyx conical-inflated, nearly as long as
the tube of the large and showy pink or white corolla. Some varieties have
double flowers.

P. veris, COMMON PRIMROSE. Leaves many in a tuft, wrinkled, pale-
gre«sn, denticulate, oblong, with the base contracted into a short-winged
petiole ; corolla straw-yellow, but varying in cultivation into many colors, the
lobes notched at the end. — The POLYANTHUSES are cultivated varieties. The
English COWSLIP is the form with the umbel of flowers raised on a peduncle
above the leaves, the corolla smaller and its limb concave. The true English
PRIMP.OSK is a variety with a large and flat limb to the corolla, and the com-
mon peduncle wanting, so that the umbel is sessile, and the flowers thus appear
• as if radical among the leaves. The OXLIP is between these two.

P. Auricula, AURICULA. Leaves obovaie-spatulate, sessile, thick, ana
very smooth, pale, often mealy. umb«-l raised on a scape; corolla funnel-
shaped, of many colors, single, double, &c.

2. Cyclamen Europaeum, COMMON CYCLAMKX, and occasionally one
or two other species, are prixed for house-culture; the broad and flat corm sends
UD thick and smooth round-cordate Ituves, often purple underneath, on slendei

GARDEN BOTANY.

stalks, and one-flowered scapes, on the apex of which the graceful flower is
recurved, so that the reflexed divisions of the corolla turn up ; this is rose-
colored or white with a pink base.

3. Lysimachia, LOOSESTRIFE. Man. p. 272. Two species are com-
monly met with in gardens : —

L. nummularia, MONEYWORT. Smooth, creeping over the ground
and rooting, with opposite small orbicular leaves, and solitary axillary light-
yellow flowers. It flourishes in moist places, and is often grown in hanging
pots.

L. vulgaris, ENGLISH LOOSESTRIFE. A stout perennial, more or less
downy, with whorls of ovate-lanceolate leaves and a leafy panicle of deep-
yellow flowers. In old gardens.

*4. Anagallis aryensis, PIMPERNEL. Man. p. 274. The common red
variety is frequent in gardens ; the larger blue one is choicer.

ORDER GESNERIACEJE. GESNERIA FAMILY.

Tropical plants with 2-lipped or somewhat irregular corollas, didynamous
stamens, a one-celled ovary with two parietal many-seeded placentse, — therefore
botanic-ally like Orobanchaceae, Man. p. 279, but with green herbage, and not
parasitic, — and the common cultivated species have the tube of the calyx co-
herent at least with the base of the ovary. Many, and some very showy, plants
of this order are in the conservatories ; the commonest are the following, all
perennials.

1. Gloxinia speciosa. An almost stemless herb, with ovate and crenately
toothed leaves and 1 -flowered scape-like peduncles; the corolla deflexed or hor-
izontal, "2' long, ventricose, between bell-shaped and funnel-form, gibbous, with
a short and spreading, somewhat unequal, 5-lobed border, pale violet with a
deeper-colored throat, in one variety altogether white.

2. Gesneria zebrina. Stem tall, leafy ; leaves petioled, cordate, velvety,
purple-mottled ; a terminal raceme of showy flowers nodding on erect pedicels ;
corolla tubular-ventricose, with a small 5-lobed and somewhat 2-lipped border,
glandular, scarlet, with the under side and inside yellow and dark-spotted. —
There are several other species.

Achime'nes longifl-ora. Stem leafy ; flowers in the axils of oblong or
rate hairy leaves, which they exceed ; tube of the obliquely salver-shaped
)rolla over an inch long, narrow, the very flat 5-lobed limb 2' or more broad,
violet-colored above, — also a white variety. Propagates by scaly bulblets
Dm the root.

•
ORDER BIGNONIACEJ3. BIGNONIA FAMILY.

Manual, p. 277. — The following are common ornamental exotics : —

1. Tecoma grandiflora, GREAT-FLOWERED TRUMPET-CREEPER. Like
our T. radicans, but less hardy, therefore less climbing, and with a larger but
proportionally shorter orange-red corolla, its proper tube scarcely exceeding
the calyx.

T. Capensis. A bushy greenhouse species, with the flowers crowded,
the red-orange corolla tubular and curved, the stamens exserted.

T. j asminoides. A fine greenhouse species, twining, very smooth,
with the leaflets pinnate, lance-ovate, entire, bright green ; corolla white, piuk-
purple in the throat

Ixiv

GARDEN BOTANY

ORDER SCROPHULARIACE^. FIGWORT FAMILY.
Manual, p. 281. — The following represent this order in the gardens.

3tamens 5, rather unlike : corolla nearly wheel-shaped. Man. p. 283. VERBASCUM.

Stamens 4 with anthers, and sometimes a fifth sterile filament.
Corolla with a very short tube and a large deeply 2-lippcd and

6-cleft spreading limb : leaves all opposite or whorled. 1. COLLINSIA.

Corolla with a more or less elongated tube or cup.
Personate, i. e. 2-lipped and the throat closed with a palate.

Spurred at the base on the lower side 2. LTNARIA.

Sacvate at the base on the lower side 3. ANTIRRHINUM.

Scarcely gibbous at the base : palate small 4. MAURANDIA

Open at the throat.
Herbs (climbing by the petioles and peduncles).

Seeds wingless 4. MAURANDIA.

Seeds winged 5. LOPHOSPERMIISL

Not climbing : a tree with opposite and cordate leaves. . 6. PAULO WNIA.

Not climbing, herbs or somewhat shrubby plants.
Leaves hardly any or minute : branches slender and rush-
like, drooping : corolla slender, tubular. . . 7. RUSSELLIA.
Leaves opposite.

Calyx 5-parted : a sterile filament conspicuous. . . 8. PENTSTEMON.

Calyx 5-toothed, 5-angled : sterile filament none. . . 9. MIMULUS.
Leaves alternate.

Calyx 5-parted : flowers nodding : sterile filament none. 10. DIGITALIS.
Calyx 5-toothed : sterile filament present. . . 11. SALPIGLOSSIS

Stanums only 2 with anthers.
Calyx 5-parted : corolla rotate, very irregular, its divisions once

or twice cleft or cut-lobed 12. SCHIZANTHUS

Calyx 4-parted : corolla 2-lobed, the larger or lower lobe inflated

into a sort of bag or slipper 13. CALCEOLARIA.

Calyx 4-parted, rarely 5-parted : corolla rotate or salver-shaped :
the limb mostly 4-parted, one or two of the lobes smaller
tlian the others 14. VERONICA.

1. Collinsia bicolor. A showy Californian annual, with many more
flowers than in C. verna (Man. p. 284) ; pedicels shorter than the calyx;
upper lip of corolla white, lower purple.

2. Linaria triornithophora. Perennial, tall, glaucous ; leaves 3 or 4 in
a whorl, ovate-lanceolate ; flowers 1^' long, on Blender peduncles, pale violet
with purple stripes, and a long spur. For other species see Man. p. 284.

3. Antirrhinum majus, GREAT SNAPDRAGON. Perennial, erect; leaves
linear-oblong ; raceme many-flowered ; corolla l£' to 2' long.

4. Maurandia. Perennials, cult, as annuals ; the leaves mostly alternate,
with long petioles and long 1 -flowered peduncles in their axils; by means of
both the plant climbs.

M. antirrhiniflora. Leaves hastate ; corolla 1' long, violet or white,

witli a hairy palate nearly closing the throat.

M. semperflorens. Corolla without a palate ; otherwise like tho last.
M. Bardayana. Like the last, but handsomer ; leaves broadly trian-
gular cordate.

GARDEN BOTANY. IxV

6. Lophospermum. Like Maurandia, but with a more leafy calyx and
open corolla. Leaves triangular-cordate, toothed, and slightly lobed.
L. scandens. Corolla 2' long, purple, smooth, as also the leaves.
L. erubescens. Corolla 3' long, rose-color, pubescent ; leaves downy.

6. Paulownia imperialis. Tree, from Japan, with leaves like those of
Catalpa, but white-downy when young, appearing a little after the flowers,
which are panic-led ; calyx and panicle rusty-downy ; corolla lilac or pale
violet, with a cylindrical tube and a large 5-lobed border. Seeds winged.

7. RllSSellia juncea. Cult, in greenhouses, with slender bright-scarlet
flowers, hanging on the rush-like drooping filiform branches.

8. Pentstemon. Besides those in the Manual, p. 286, the following are
commonest in the gardens, from Mexico, &c.

P. barbatus. "Wholly glabrous, pale, .^-4° high; leaves linear-lan-
ceolate; flowers in a loose elongated panicle ; corolla long and narrow, bright
red or scarlet ; upper lip erect, lower reflexed, and sterile filament usually
bearded.

P. Hartwegi. Glabrous ; leaves lanceolate, entire, the upper broader
at the base and clasping ; peduncles elongated, 3-flowered ; corolla 2' long, deep
red or red-purple, the border almost equally 5-cleft ; sterile filament naked.

P. campanillatllS. Glabrous ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, sharply
serrate, the base clasping ; flowers in a raceme-like one-sided panicle ; corolla
ventricose above, purple or rose-colored; sterile'filament bearded.

9. Mimulus, MONKEY-FLOWER. Man. p. 287. From W. America are, —

M. cardinalis. Erect, clammy-pubescent ; leaves wedge-oblong, partly
clasping ; flowers large, brick-red.

M. luteus. Erect, smooth ; leaves ovate or cordate-clasping; flowers
showy, yellow, often spotted with rose or brown.

M. moschatus, MUSK-PLANT. Weak and diffuse, rooting, clammy-
villous, smelling strong of musk ; flower small, pale yellow.

10. Digitalis purpurea, PURPLE FOXGLOVE. A very showy and hardy
rcnnial, with rugose pubescent leaves, and a long raceme of large and showy

rooping flowers, in summer, the corolla cylindrical-campanulate, 2' long,
ith the lobes hardly any, purple, or a white variety, spotted within.

Salpiglossis simiata. Cult, as an annual ; clammy-pubescent; leaves
sinuate-toothed or pinnatifid, with a tapering base ; flowers large and showy,

uch like those of a Petunia; corolla 1' or 2' long, funnel-form and inflated
above, purple, straw-color, or variegated, 4 fertile stamens.

12. SchizanthllS pinnatus. A handsome garden annual, from Chili,
with clammy-pubescent branches ; leaves alternate, once or twice pinnately
dissected ; corolla widely spreading, one lip small, 3-lobed, violet-colored, the
other paler, often blotched, much larger and 5-parted, its divisions 2-cleft, and
their lobes generally cleft again.

13. Calceolaria. Several species, from the Andes, are in greenhouses ;
but the common ones are too much crossed and varied to tell the species.

14. Veronica, SPEEDWELL. Man. p. 289. Be--*es our Y. Virginica, there
are in the gardens, —

V. spicata. Erect hardy perennial, 1° high ; with oblong-lanceolate
crenate-toothed leaves, and racemes or spikes of delicate blue flowers ; also
mixtures of this with two other European species.

GARDEN BOTANY.

V. speciosa, with oval or obovate leaves, and dense jpikes of violet*
blue flowers, and

V. salicifolia, with lanceolate leaves and large spikes of blue flowers,
are showy tall-shrubby species from New Zealand, cult, in conservatories.

ORDER ACANTHACjLLSS. ACANTHUS FAMILY.

Manual, p. 296. — Many adorn the richer conservatories; but the only com-
monly cultivated plants of the order belong to

1. Thunbergia. Differs from the rest of the order in having a cartilagi-
nous ring or cup, in place of a hook, supporting the seed. A pair of large
bracts cover the calyx ; tube of the corolla more or less inflated, the almost
equally 5-partcd border widely spreading : stamens 4, anthers bearded. Pod
2-4-seeded, globular, pointed with a long flat beak. They are cultivated
as annuals : the common sajts belong to

To alata. Twining, hairy; leaves cordate-sagittate, the petiole winged; co-
ivlla yellow, buff, or white, with a dark purple eye.

ORDER VERBENACEJE. VERVAIN FAMILY.

Manual, p. 298. — Comprises some familiar ornamental plants, such as Ver-
benas.

Flowers in heads, spikes, or racemes.

Calyx tubular, 5-angled or plaited : corolla salver-shaped : herbs. . . 1. VERBENA.

Calyx tubular, not plaited : corolla funnel-form, or somewhat 2-lipped. 2. LIPPIA.

Calyx very short : corolla salver-shaped or tubular-funnel-form : shrubs. 3. LANTANA.
flowers in cymes or cymules which are mostly panicled or spiked : corolla

2-lipped : shrubs with palmately-com pound leaves. . .4. VITEX.

1. "Vorbena. The handsome Verbenas which adorn the gardens and houses
mainly consist of the following botanical species and their mixtures : —

V. Aubletia, Man. p 299, known by the glandular appendage which
tips the larger stamens, and the deeply cleft or pinnatifid and incised leaves :
flowers purple, violet, and varying to white.

V. cham8Bdrifolia, the SCARLET V., with procumbent rooting stems,
oblong-lanceolate coarsely serrate leaves, nearly all sessile, and most intense
red or scarlet flowers, in a flat cluster.

V. phlogiflora, also named TWEEPIANA. "Resembles the last, but
nearly upright; the leaves decidedly petioled ; ttie flowers inclined to form an
oblong spike, and crimson, varying to rose, but not to scarlet.

V. incisa. Differs- from the last in the pinnatifid-incised leaves, the
petioled ones with a cqi^httc base ; flowers in flat clusters or spikes, rose-color
or purple.

V. teucroides. Erect or spreading, with ovate-oblong and incised ses-
sile leaves, and a lengthened spike of white or pale rosy flowers, which are
very sweet-scented, especially at nightfall. All but the tirst come from Buenos
Ayres and that region.

2. Lippia (or Aloysia) Citriodora is the name of the S. American
shrub, called LEMON-SCKNTKI> or SWEET VERBENA, from the fine fragrance
of its leaves : these are linear-lanceolate, rou<rhish with glandular dots, ani
whorlcd in threes or fours ; flowers small in slender spikes.

3. Lantana. Tropical shrubby plants, planted out in summer, when they
flower freely until frost comes ; stems often rough-prickly ; herbage and flour

GARDEN BOTANY.

Ixvii

ers odorous, in some pleasant, others not so, The fruit is a berry -like drape,
commonly sky-blue. Flowers in a depressed head or cluster.

TJ. Camara. Flowers deep yellow, turning first to orange, then to red.

L. mixta. Flowers opening white, turning yellow, orange, and then red.

L. nivea. Flowers white, pleasant-scented, unchanging.

L. odorata. Not prickly, smaM'Ieaved ; flowers lilac-purple.

i. Vitex Agnus-castus, CHASTE-TREE, with 5-7 lanceolate entire leaf-
lets, white underneath, and bluish flowers with the clusters spiked, stands only
at the South. ^

V. incisa, which stands at the North (a native of N. China), has the leaf-
lets pinnatitid or incised/aiid the cymules peduncled and corymbose.

ORDER LABIATE. MINT^AMILT.

^»

Manual, p. 300. — Most common Labiates in ffardens are already described in
the Manual. They have only to be indicated by a simpler key, and a few species
added.

Stamens only 2 with anthers.

Calyx 5-toothed : anther of 2 cells confluent end to end. Man. p. 309. MONARDA.

Calyx 2-lipped : anther halved, i. e. with only one good cell, and
that borne on one end of a long connective, the other end bear-
iug a rudiment of the other cell or none at all. Man. p. 309. 1. SALYIA.
Stamens 4 with anthers.

Filaments decurved towards the lower lip or side of the corolla.
Flowers in an interrupted raceme : calyx deflexed after flowering. 2. OCIMUM.
Flowers in a virgate spike : calyx not deflexed : leaves hoary. . 3. LAVANDULa..
Filaments erect or ascending towards the upper side of the flower.
Corolla almost equally 4-lobed, small : calyx erect. Man. p. 303. MENTIIA.

Corolla 5-lobed, hardly 2-lipped : calyx nodding in fruit. . . 4. PERILLA.
Corolla more or less strongly 2-lipped.

Upper or inner pair of stamens longer than the other pair.
Upper lip of corolla merely concave. . . Man. p. 311. NEPETA.

Upper lip of corolla arched or hooded. . . Man. p. 318. P1ILOM1S.

Upper or innev pair of stamens shorter than the other pair.
Stamens diverging or parallel and distant,

Long-exserted : calyx 15-nerved. • . Man. p. 304. HYSSOPU8.

Short-exserted or included : calyx 10 - 13-nerved.

Calyx naked in the throat : leaves linear. Man. p. 307. SATUREIA.

Calyx hairy in the throat.

Flowers surrounded by colored bracts. Man. p/306. 6. ORIGANUM.
Flowers without conspicuous colored bracts. Man. p.306. 6. THYMUS.
Stamens above incurved under the upper lip. Man. p. 308. MELISSA.

Stamens ascending parallel, approximate under the upper lip.

Flowers in simple spikes, one to each bract. Man. p. 313. PHYSOSTEGIA

Flowers several in each cluster or half-whorl.

Anthers included in the tube of the corolla Man. p. 315. MARRUBIUM

Anthers not included in the tube of the corolla, and
Opening transversely by 2 unequal valves, one of them

ciliate*, Man. p. 316. GALEOPSIS.

Opening lengthwise.

Corolla dilated at the throat : flowers not spiked,

and the calyx-teeth not spiny. Man. p. 318. LAMIUM.

tXVlll GARDEN BOTANY.

Corolla dilated in the throat : flowers densely spiked. 7. BETONICA.
Corolla not dilated in the throat.

Calyx-teeth shorter than the corolla. . . .7: BETONICA.
Leaves not cleft or incised. Man. p. 316. 8. STACIIYS.
Leaves 3 - 5-cleft and incised. Man. p. 317. LEONU11US
Calyx expanded into a membranaceous reticu-
lated open cup longer than the corolla. 9. MOLUCCELLA.

1. Salvia, SAGE. Man. p. 309. The common ones in gardens are, —

S. officinalis, GARDEN SAGE. Woody at the ba--e, hoary -to men tose ,

leaves elongated-oblong, crermlate, rugose; corolla light-blue' or purplish
Cultivated in kitchen gardens.

S. patens. Leaves hairy, triangular-ovate ; flowers very large and deep-
blue, the lips widely gaping. Cultivated for ornament.

S. splendens, the ^CARLET SAGE, so commonly cultivated and showy,
with corollas, calyx, and\floral leaves all bright scarlet; stem-leaves ovate,
acuminate, glabrous. A»

S. fulgens, the MEXICAN RED SAGE, has a green calyx, leaves cordate-
ovate and downy beneath, and deep scarlet and hairy corolla '2' long.

S. pseudO-COCCinea has red corollas about an inch long, more or less
pubescent, the lower lip twice the length of the upper ; the stems hairy ;
leaves mostly cordate.

S. COCCinea, which is wild in the Southern States, is much like the last,
but the corollas are glabrous, and the stem as well as the lower face of the
cordate leaves hoary -pubescent, not hairy.

2. O'cimum Basilicum, SWEET BASIL. A low kitchen-garden annual,
with ovate-oblong fragrant leaves, and small bluish flowers ; the calyx re-
flexed in fruit, and its upper lip enlarged.

3. Lavandllla vera, GARDEN LAVENDER. A low, undershrubby, hoary
plant, with linear-lanceolate leaves, and long-pcduncied naked and interrupted
spikes of small bluish flowers.

4. Perilla Nankinensis. An annual herb, prized in ornamental garden-
ing for its lustrous dark-purple foliage ; the leaves are broadly ovate, coarsely-
toothed and crisped; the purplish flowers insignificant.

5. Origanum Majorana, SWEET MARJORAM. One of the sweet herbs
of the kitchen garden, scarcely a foot high, downy and hoary, with small and
roundish leaves, and dense clusters of small whitish liowers. Cultivated along
with Savory, £c.

6. ThyniUS Vlllgaris, GARDEN THYME. Plant forming perennial larcre
tufts on the. ground, with small oblong-ovate leaves, and clusters of purplish
small flowers in the axil of the upper ones; cultivated as a siceet herb.

7 Betonica grandiflora, GREAT BKTONY. A handsome garden peren-
nial, with cordate-obtuse leaves, and 2 or 3 whorls of flowers forming a naked
spike; the showy purple corolla l£' long.

B. officinalis, WOOD BETONY, has far smaller flowers, the cordate
oblong leaves coarsely crenate and mostly radical ; spike dense.

8. Stachys COCCinea, SCARLET STACIIYS, of Mexico, with ovate-oblong
and cordate leaves, and bright red corollas 1' long, is becoming rather common.

9. Moluceella Isevis, MOLUCCA BALM or SHELL-FLOWER. A glahrou?
annual, much branched, with roundish leaves ; flowers in their axils with &
small whitish corolla in an immensely enlarged cup-shaped calyx, which has *
remarkable appearance.

GARDEN BOTANY.

Ixu

ORDER BDRRAGINACE^I. BORRAGE FAMILY.
Manual, p. 319. — A number of species are cultivated for ornament.

OTary deeply 4-lobed (the style rising from the centre between the

lobes), each in fruit forming a distinct nutlet.

Corolla rather irregular, blue: the stamens exserted. . Man. p. 319. ECHIUM.
Corolla regular, and

Trumpet-shaped, no scales in the throat: smooth plants. Man. p. 323. MERTENSIA.
Tabular, enlarged above, with long scales closing the throat:

rough and coarse plants. Man. p. 320. SYMPIIYTUM

Rotate, with scales closing the throat : rough-bristly plants. . 1. BORRAGO.
Short salver-form or very short funnel-form , throat partly closed

by short scales : delicate plants.
Nutlets or lobes of the ovary attached by their base only,

erect, smooth and even 2. MYOSOTIS.

Nutlets or lobes of the ovary fixed to the base of the style,

cupped when full grown 3. OMPIIALODES.

Ovary not lobed, the style or stigma borne on its summit. . . 4. IIELIOTHOPIUM.

.1. BorragO officinalis, BORRAGE. A rough, hairy annual or biennial
of country gardens, with oblong or lanceolate leaves, and rather large flowers j
corolla exactly rotate, 5-parted, blue, with dark projecting anthers.

2. Myosotis, FORGET-ME-NOT. The cultivated sorts are varieties of No. 1,
in Manual, p. 323, and of

M. sylvatica, with a rather stout perennial root, bright blue corolla,
and 5-parted calyx, erect when in fruit, its hairs spreading and minutely hooked.

3. Omphalodes verna, BLUE NAVELWORT. Flower? like those of a
Forget-me-not, but larger, produced in early spring, bright azure-blue ; leaves
ovate, the radical ones cordate and long-petiolecl ; plant spreading by runners
and creeping rootstocks.

4. Heliotropium Peruvianum, SWEET PERUVIAN HELIOTROPE. The

common shrubby species of house cultivation, with vanilla-scented pale blue-
)urple flowers, and ovate-lanceolate rugose-veiny leaves.

H. COi'ymbosum, cultivated with the other, has rougher leaves and
;pcr-colored and larger flowers, of much less fragrance.

ORDER HYDROPHYLLACE^E. WATERLEAF FAMILT.

The synopsis of the genera, Man. p. 326, will serve, adding the followJnc spe
cies, cultivated for ornament ; also Whitlavia, — nearly all Californian RUhValg,

1. Nemo'phila insignis. Flowers bright blue, 1 in diameter, very ?ong
ped uncled ; leaves deeply pinnatifid.

"N. atomaria. Flowers smaller, white, finely spotted with chocolate.
!N". macttlata. Flowers white, with a large violet blotch on each loin?

2. Phacelia congesta, from Texas ; pubescent, with irregular pinnrtf*
leaves, the leaflets ovate or oblong, incised ; flowers in a compact cyme, small,
blue ; stamen. j scarcely exserted.

P. tanacetifolia, from California, is taller, bristly-hairy ; the leaflets
linear-oblong and pinnatifid ; flowers larger, crowded ; stamens long-exscrteu.

P. (Eutoca) viscida, from California ; clammy-pubescent, leaves ovate,
serrate ; flowers large, deep blue, in a loose raceme ; pod many-seeded.

IXX GARDEN BOTANY.

3. Whitlavia grandiflora, a showy low Californian annual, with round-
ovate coarsely-toothed leaves, and a lax raceme of tubular-bdl-shapcd blue
flowers, over au inch long ; s aniens exsertcd ; seeds numerous.

OIIDER POLEMONIACE^Ej. POLEMONIUM FAMILY.

Manual, p. 329. — Furnishes many ornamental plants to the gardens, all hut
a few North American, many from California and Texas.

Herbs, not climbing.

Corolla salver-form with a long tube : stamens enclosed in tbe tube,
inserted at unequal heights : leaves entire, sessile, all but the

uppermost opposite. 1. PHLOX.

Coj >;ia of various shapes : stamens equally inserted, not declined :

leaves often cleft or compound 2. GIL1A.

Corolla between bell-shaped and wheel-shaped : stamens declined,

hairy appendagcd at the base: leaves pinnate. ... 3. POLEMONIUM
Climbing by tendrils at the end of the pinnate leaves : calyx of 5 large
and ovate foliaceous sepals: corolla campamtlate: staim-ns
declined : a large and fleshy 5-lobed disk around the base of the
ovary : seeds winged. 4. COB(EA.

1. Phlox. Man. p. 330, where the perennial species cult, in gardens are de-
scribed. The handsome annual Phloxes recently common all come from

P. DmniniOlldi. Low, widely branched, glhndular-pubeswnt : leaves
oblong and lanceolate, the upper cordate-clasping at ba.se; corolla crimson,
purple, varying to rose and white.

2. Gilia tricolor. Californian annual, with 2 -3-pinnately divided alternate
leavi-s, linear divisions, and a few loosely panicled flowers; corolla between
btili-shapcd and tunnel-form, bluish-lilac with a purple throat and yellow tube.

G. capitata. Annual from Oregon, twice-pinnate leaves, alternate, with
almost filiform divisions, and a head of light blue flowers.

G. androsacea. Californian annual, low and slender; leaves opposite,
p:\hnately 5 - 7-cleft, divisions narrowly linear; flowers capitate-clustered;
corolla salver-shaped, with a very long tube, lilac or whitish with a dark eye.

G. coronopifolia, CYPRESS GILT A. Biennial, from S States, 3° -5°
high, strict, very leafy ; leaves pinnately divided into filiform divisions; flow-
ers in H long and very narrow thyrsus; corolla 1^' long, tubular-funnel- '••an
light scarlet with whitish specks inside.

3. Polemonium CSerilleum, GREEK VALKHIAX. Stem erect, leafy;

•ts many, lanceolate ; corymbs many-flowered ; flowers deeper blue than
in P. rejitans, Man. p. 330.

4. Oobcea SCandens, from Mexico, cult, ns nn annual, climbing high,
corolla green turning dull violet, 2' or more in diameter.

ORDEU CONVOLVULACE^J. CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.

Manual, p. 332. — Most of those there described are cultivated for ornament,
also the following : —

1. Quainoclit VUlgaris, CYPRKSS-VINE. Annual twiner; leaves deli
cale, pectinate ; corolla trumpet-shaped with a spreading border, crimson »f
scarlet.

GARDEN BOTANY

2. IpomCBa Learii. Like the common I. purpurea (Man. p. 633), but
with violet- blue flowers 4' across, some of the leaves 3-lobed.

I. Bona-nox, of the section or genus Calonyction, the corolla salver-form,
limb 5 across, on a tube 3' or 4' long, opening at evening, white.

I. Batatas, SWEET POTATO. Low and spreading from the fleshy root
^for which the plant is cultivated) rarely twining; leaves angled, lobed, or
pedate ; corolla bell-shaped, rose-purple.

3. Convolvulus tricolor. A diffuse low annual, not twining, pubescent,
with oblong-spatulate leaves, the showy open-funnel-form flowers opening in
sunshine, blue, white in the throat, and yellow in the tube.

ORDER SOLANACE^I. NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.

Manual, p. 338. — Some cult, for ornament, others for food or medicine,
Parts of the flower in cultivated species often more than five.

Corolla wheel-shaped : anthers connivent and sometimes connate.
Anthers longer than their filaments, opening by a hole at the end. 1. SOLANUM.
Anthers longer than their filaments, united by a membrane at

their tips, opening lengthwise 2. LYCOPERSICUM.

Anthers shorter than their slender filaments, opening lengthwise. 3. CAPSICUM.
Corolla bell-shaped, funnel-shaped, &c. ; anthers separate.
• Calyx bladdery-inflated after flowering, enclosing the red or yel-
low berry : corolla short, and

Five-parted: berry dry, 3- 5-celled. . . . Man. p. 340. NICANDRA.

Five-cleft : berry juicy, red or yellow, eatable, 2-celled. . . 4. PHY3ALI3.
Calyx urn-shaped, with a spreading reticulated border, enclosing
the pod, which opens by a lid : corolla dull-colored, veiny,

short, open-funnel-form, rather irregular. . Man. p. 340. IIYOSCYAMU8
Calyx long and prismatic : corolla funnel-form : pod naked, usu-
ally prickly, more or less 4-celled 6. DATURA.

Calyx 5-parted nearly to the base, foliaceous.

Corolla bell-shaped, dull purple : berry black on the enlarged

and open calyx. 6. ATROPA.

Corolla funnel-form : fruit a dry pod 7. PETUNIA.

Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft, not prismatic, urn-shaped, nor inflated,
Covering the pod : annuals or cultivated as annuals j corolla

funnel-form or salver-form.

Tube of the corolla filiform : stigma kidney-shaped. 8. NIEREMBERGIA

Tube of the corolla not filiform : stigma capitate. 9. NICOTIANA.

Under or only partly covering the berry : shrubby plants.
Corolla short-funnel-form, 5-cleft : stamens exserted. 10. LYCTUM.

Corolla tubular or narrow-funnel- form : stamens included. 11. CESTRUM.

1. Solanum Dulcamara, BITTERSWEET, with ovate-cordate leaves, some
of them lobed at base, and purple-blue flowers: described in Man. p. 339.

S. tuberosum, POTATO. Cult, from the tubers ; leaves pubescent, pin-
nate, with several ovate leaflets and some minute ones intermixed; flowers
blue or white ; berries round and green.

IS. Melonge^na, EGG-PLANT. Annual, with ovate downy leaves, prickly
stems, violet-blue flowers, and an oblong fruit, violet-colored or white, 2' to 6'
long, eatable when cooked.
S. Pseudo-Capsicum, JERUSALEM CHERRY. Low, tree-like shrub.

GARDEN BOTANY.

with lance-oblong and smooth entire leaves, and small whiu flowers ; cult to
houses for the bright red berries, resembling cherries, ornamental in wintev ,

2. Lycopersicum esculentum, TOMATO. A hairy, rank-scented annual ;
"oaves interruptedly pinnate, their larger leaflets incised" or pinuatifid; flowers
yellowish ; berry red, by cultivation large, esculent.

3. Capsicum, annuum, CAYENNE or RED PEPPER. A smooth annual,
with ovate entire leaves, small white flowers with a truncate calyx, and a dry
berrv (for which the plant is cultivated) either globose or oblong, sometimes
very large, red or green, most pungent and acrid.

4. PhysallS Alkekengi, called STRAWBERRY TOMATO, is a cultivated
perennial GROUND CHERRY : stem not much branched; leaves deltoid-ovate,
tapering into a long petiole ; corolla yellowish ; fruiting calyx turning red.

6. Datura. Besides the common STRAMONIUM, Man. p. 341, which has
erect fruit, the following more showy ones are cult, for ornament.

D. Metel. Clammy -pubescent ; corolla white, limb 10-toothed, 4' broad,
fruit nodding.

D. metGloid.es. Pale, almost glabrous ; corolla white or purplish, limb
5-toothed, 0' or 6' broad ; fruit nodding. Itecently introduced from New
Mexico ; very handsome.

D. arborea is a greenhouse shrub or tree, with hanging white flowers 6'
or 7' long.

6. A'tropa Belladonna, DEADLY NIGHTSHADE, of Europe, a smoothish
perennial, with ovate entire leaves, one-flowered nodding peduncles ; berry
poisonous.

7. Petunia nyctaginiflora, the original PETUNIA of the gardens, with
clammy leaves and flowers ; the tuhc of the white corolla narrow and 3 or 4
times longer than the calyx. This is much crossed with

P. violacea, now more common, with weaker stems and a violet or pur-
ple corolla, its shorter and broader ventricose tube hardly twice the length of
the calyx.

8. Wierembergia gracilis. A low, slender, pubescent annual, with nar-
row spatulatc-linear leaves, and white corollas streaked with purple, violet iu
the throat, the almost thread-shape d tube 1' long.

N. filicaulis is similar, but diffuse and spreading, glabrous; tube of
corolla shorter, limb broader, l£' wide, lilac or white, with violet streaks and
yellow in the throat.

9. Nicotiana Tabacum, COMMON TOBACCO. Clammy-pubescent, 4° to
6° high ; leaves lance-ovate, the lower 1° or '2° long, the upper lanceolate,
pointed, sessile, decurrent; flowers paniculate; corolla funnel form, 2' long,
greenish, with the limb rose-colored. Cultivated in fields as far north as lat.
42° or 43°.

10. Lycium VTllgare, MATRIMONY-VINE. A smooth shrub with long
and lirhc branches, trained against walls and buildings; leaves small, ohbin-
ceolate or spatulate; peduncles slender; corolla greenish and purple, bearded
in the throat.

11. Oestrum nocturnum. A shrub of house-culture, with ovate-oblong
smooth leaves, and axillary clusters of yellowish green slender flowers, very
sweet-scented at night.

GARDEN BOTANY. _ IXXLU

ORDER APOCYNACEJE. DOGBANE FAMILY.

Manual, p. 349. — To the synopsis there given add the following exotics : —

Corolla salrer-form or the tube more or less funnel-form,

Rose-colored, crowned with appendages in the throat 1. NERIUM.

Blue, or sometimes pink or white, naked at the throat 2. VINCA.

1. Nerium Oleander, OLEANDER. Shrub, of common house culture,
with smooth and coriaceous lanceolate leaves, often in whorls, and clusters
of large and showy rose-colored flowers, single or double.

2. Vinca minor, COMMON PERIWINKLE. Stems prostrate, rooting more
or less, only the short flowering ones erect; leaves evergreen, ovate or oblong,
shining above ; flowers blue, in spring, also a white variety.

V. major, GREAT PERIWINKLE, is rarer and not quite hardy, with
larger and round-ovate leaves (often variegated with white), larger flowers,
and sterile stems not so prostrate.

V. herbacea is hardy; stems reclining; leaves lanceolate-oblong, not
evergreen ; lobes of the blue corolla oblong.

V. rosea is a tender low shrub, with oblong leaves, the showy corolla
piak-purple, or white with a pink eye.

ORDER ASCLEPIADACEJE. MILKWEED FAMILY.

Manual, p. 350. — No common hardy plants, excepting some of our wild spe-
cies, are found in the gardens. In house-culture the only common ones are, —

1. Hoya earnosa, WAX-PLANT ; a climbing plant, with opposite and
oval smooth leaves of very thick and firm texture, and an umbel of wheel-
shaped flowers, which look as if made of wax.

2. Stapelia. Two or three species, looking like Cactuses, having fleshy
and lumpy stems and no leaves ; flowers solitary, large, wheel-shaped, lurid,
of strange appearance and disgusting odor.

ORDER JASMIN ACE JE. JESSAMINE FAMILY.

Shrubs, often twiners, with compound leaves and fragrant flowers ; corolla
salver-form, convolute in the bud, usually 5-lobed ; the stamens only 2 ; ovary
2-celled, a single erect ovule in each cell. One or two Jessamines are common
house-plants.

1. Jasminum odoratissimum, YELLOW SWEET JESSAMINE. Leaves
alternate, with 3 or 5 leaflets ; corolla yellow, an inch long.

J. Officinale, WHITE JESSAMINE. Leaves opposite, with 7 leaflets;
corolla white ; teeth of the calyx slender.

ORDER OLEACE^J. OLIVE FAMILY.
Manual, p. 356. — This order furnishes some familiar flowering shrubs.

Corolla with a tube longer than its lobes and longer than the calyx,

Salver-form, the tube elongated : pod flattened 1. SYRINGA.

Funnel-form, small : fruit a berry. . . . Man. p. 356. LIGUSTRUM.

Corolla 4-parted or 4-petalai : leaves simple.

Leaves earlier than the flowers : petals long-linear, white. . . CHIONANTIIUS

_ GARDEN BOTANY.

Leaves evergreen, coriaceous : lobes of white corolla narrow. . 2. OLEA.
Leaves later than the showy yellow flowers, which appear in early

spring, along the last year's shoots : seeds numerous ! . . 8. FORSYTHIA.
Corolla of 2 or 4 greenish petals or none : flowers polygamous or

dioecious : leaves pinnate 4. FRAXINUS.

1. Syringa, LILAC. Hardy shrubs, everywhere familiar, with large and
dense panicles of fragrant flowers, in spring.

S. vulgaris, COMMON LILAC. Leaves ovate or cordate ; flowers in dense
panicles, lilac, and a white variety.

S. Persica, PERSIAN LILAC. Leaves lanceolate-oblong ; branches slen-
der ; panicles loose ; flowers of various shades of lilac, also a white variety.

2. Olea fragrans is a greenhouse shrub, with green and glabrous oblong
leaves, and small panicles of small white flowers, very sweet-scented.

3. Forsythia Viridissima, a Chinese shrub, recently introduced, perfectly
hardy, much prized for its handsome bright-yellow flowers on the naked long
shoots in early spring ; the leaves oblong and lanceolate, shining green.

4. Fraxinus, ASH. Besides our own species, Man. p. 357, two European
ones are planted, viz. : —

F. excelsior, ENGLISH ASH. Leaflets 9 to 13, bright green, lanceolate-
oblong, almost sessile, serrate ; petals none ; key broadly linear.

F. Ornus, FLOWERING ASH. Leaflets 7 or 9, lanceolate ; petals 4. Not

ORDER NYCTAGINACEJE. FOUR-O'-CLOCK FAMILY.
Manual, p. 360. — Two genera are in the gardens, one of them very common

Flower solitary, apparently with a green cup-shaped calyx and a mono-
petalous corolla ; but the calyx is really an involucre, which in
other cases surrounds several flowers, and the apparent corolla is
a colored calyx. Stamens 6 1. MIRABIL1S

Flowers capitate, with an involucre of small bracts : calyx colored like a

corolla, salver-form, plaited. Stamens 5 2. ABRONIA.

1. Mirabilis, MARVEL OF PERU, or FOUR-O'-CLOCK. Huge-rooted porcn-
nials, with opposite ovate or cordate leaves, and large showy flowers, opening
towards evening.

M. Jalapa, COMMON M. Flower tubular-bell-shaped, red, white, yel-
low, &c., also variegated.

M. longiflora, LONG-FLOWERED M. Flower with a very long and nar-
row tube, white or pinkish, fragrant.

2. Abronia umbellata, from California. Prostrate ; leaves oblong ; flow-
ers rose-purple, handsome.

ORDER CHENOPODIACE^J. GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.
Manual, p. 361. — Two exotic esculents and one ornamental plant, viz. : —

i. Beta VUlgaris, GARDEN BEET. Flowers perfect, nearly as in Cheno-
podium, but the fruit hardened or corky in the dry calyx ; leaves ovate-oblong
wavy, smooth, often purplUh ; root fleshy, biennial.

GARDEN BOTANY.

Spinacia Oleracea, SPINACH. Flowers dioecious ; calyx greenish,
4-5-parted in the sterile, ventricose-tubular and 2-3-toothed in the fertile
flowers ; styles 4, long and slender t achenium enclosed in the globular cap-
sule-like calyx, which is often 2 -4-horned on the back ; root annual ; leaves
sagittate or hastate and lanceolate, petioled : the best of potherbs.

3. Boussingaultia baselloides grows from tubers like potatoes ; these
send up twining stems, climbing high, bearing smooth and succulent cordate-
ovate leaves, and in autumn bear long racemes or spikes of small, white,
sweet-scented flowers ; sepals and stamens usually 6 ; style 1 : stigmas 3, thick.

ORDER AM All ANT ACE JE. AMARANTH FAMILY.

Manual, p. 367. — A few are cultivated ; their dry and scarious bracts, being
hrightly colored and persistent, render these plants lastingly ornamental, al-
though the flowers themselves are insignificant.

Utricle (little pod) many-seeded, opening transversely by a lid. . 1. CEL03IA.

Utricle one-seeded, opening transversely by a lid : anthers 2-celled. 2. AMAHANTUS.

Utricle one-seeded : anthers 1-celled : flowers in heads. ... 3. GOMP1IRENA.

1. Celosia cristata, COCKSCOMB. Annual : with coarse herbage and
dense crimson spikes, which are flattened, in the choicer sorts much dilated,
wavy and crested, resembling cocks' combs.

2. Amarantus hypochondriacus and A. paniculatus, Man. p. 368,
are the coarser sorts of PRINCE'S FEATHER in gardens.

A. caudatus, LONG-TAILED A. or PRINCE'S FEATHER. Annual, 3° or
4° high ; leaves ovate or lance-oblong, often purplish ; flowers in a panicle of
many slender drooping spikes, the terminal one very long, deep crimson ;
bracts short.

A. melanch.oli.CUS, LOVE-LIES BLEEDING. Cult, for the purple or
blood-red (oblong-ovate) leaves, the flower-clusters inconspicuous, being in
the axils and much shorter than the petioles. Var. tricolor; leaves green
or purplish, marked with red.

3. Gomphrena globosa, GLOBE AMARANTH. Low branching annual,
pubescent, with oblong entire leaves, hardly petioled, and round heads of
flowers, very compact, with firm unfading bracts, crimson, rosy, or white.

ORDER POLYGONACEJS. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.

Manual, p. 371. — BUCKWHEAT, cult, for its grain, Polvgonum orientale (also
called PRINCE'S FEATHER), for ornament, described in Man. p. 372, 375, and

1. Rheum Rhaponticum, GARDEN RHUBARB or PIE-PLANT. Flowers
panicled, with 6 white sepals and 9 stamens ; leaves round-cordate or kidney-
shaped, mostly radical, very large, the fleshy acid petioles cooked in spring.

ORDER THYMELACE^l. MEZEREUM FAMILY.
Manual, p. 380. — Cultivated for ornament are two species of the genus

Daphne. Calyx salver-form or somewhat funnel-form, 4-lobed ; the sla-
mens 8, included ; almost no filaments : berries red.

D. Mezereum, MEZEREUM. A hardy shrub, 1° to 3° high, frith bright
rose-colored flowers, in fascicles along the shoots of the previous year, in
earliest spring, the lanceolate leaves coming later.

GARDEN BOTANY.

D. Odora, SWEET DAPHNE. A house shrub, with evergreen smooth
oblong leaves, and a terminal eluster of sessile purple or whitish flowers, in
winter, very i'ra grant.

ORDER EUPHORBIACEJE. SPURGE FAMILY.
Manual, p. 385. — The following exotics of this order are to be noticed :•

1. Euphorbia, SPURGE. Man. p. 385. 'iiiree snowy shrubs of this genus
arc winter ornaments of most conservatories.

E. j acquiniflora. Smooth, with slender recurved branches and broadly
lanceolate leaves ; peduncles shorter than the petioles, few-flowered ; what
appears like a 5-cleft corolla are the bright red lobes of the cup or involucre
containing stamens and a pistil.

E. splendens, of the Mauritius, with thick and norridly prickly stems,
oblong-spatulate mucronate leaves, and slender peduncles bearing a cyme of
several deep-red apparently 2-petulous flowers ; but the seeming petals are
bracts around a cup which encloses stamens and pistil.

E. pulcherrima, or POINSETTIA, of Mexico. A wide-branched shrub,
with ovate or lanceolate-oblong angled or sinuate-toothed leaves, those next
the flowers (which are in globular green involucres, bearing one great gland
at the top on one side) mostly entire and of the brightest vermilion-red.

2. Ricinus communis, PALMA-CHRISTI, CASTOR-OIL PLANT. Cult.
as an annual for its magnificent foliage, also for the seeds, from which castor-
oil is expressed ; a stately plant, with large palmately 5 - 7-lobcd and glandu
lar serrate leaves, and greenish monoecious flowers in a terminal panicle ; the
staminate ones below and polyandrous ; the pistillate above, ovary bearing 3
plumose 2-parted stigmas, and becoming a prickly-pointed 3-lobed*pod.

b. BUXUS Sempervirens, Box. Cult, as a shrub, usually dwarf, and
for borders ; leaves evergreen, oval or obovate, with small and yellowish mo-
noaeious flowers in their axils.

ORDER UBTICACEJE. NETTLE FAMILY.
Manual, p. 394. — A few species are to be added, mostly trees.

Trees, without milky or colored juice : flowers not capitate.

Flowers polygamous : fruit a berry-like drupe. Man. p. 394. CELTI8.

Flowers often perfect : fruit winged (a samara). Man. p. 394. 1. ULMUS.
Trees, with milky or yellowish juice, monoecious or dioecious.

B;th kinds of flowers in spikes or catkins, usually monoecious,

the pistillate catkin becoming berry-like in fruit. . . 2. MORUS.
Staminate flowers in spikes : pistillate in close round heads which

become fleshy : dioecious 8. BROUSSONBT1A

Staminate flowers in racemes : pistillate in a large round head,

yellow and fle.shy in fruit : dioecious 4. MACLURA

Both kinds lining the inside; of a closed fleshy receptacle (like a

rose-hip), which becomes pulpy in fruit : stipules convolute,

caducous 5. FICUS.

Herbs, without milky juice,

Erect, annual : leaves palmately compound. Man. p. 400. CANNABI8

Twining : leaves palmately lobed. . . Man. p. 400. HUMULUS.

GARDEN BOTANY.

1. Ulmus montana, WYCH or SCOTCH ELM. Resembles our Slippery
Elm, but the buds not rusty -downy ; flowers short-pedicellcd, and fruits more
leaf-like : occasionally planted.

U. campestris, ENGLISH ELM. A large tree with the branches spread-
ing at right angles from the trunk ; leaves small and smoothish ; fruit obovate,
not cihate, with a deep notch at the apex reaching nearly to the cell: occa-
sionally planted as a shade-tree.

2. Morus nigra, BLACK MULBERRY, from W. Asia, to be added to those
described in Man. p. 397. Leaves heart-shaped, with shallow lobes or none,
rough ; fruit oblong, red or black, edible.

3. BroilSSOnetia papyrifera, PAPER MULBERRY. A shade-tree, from
Japan, &c., spreading by suckers, with a tough bark ; leaves rough above,
downy beneath, serrate, some of them ovate or slightly heart-shaped, others
3-cleft or variously lobed : flowering in spring.

4. Maclura aurantiaca, OSAGE ORANGE, BOW-WOOD (Boisd'arc). A
low bushy tree, from Arkansas, &c., multiplying rapidly by the root, used for
hedges ; branches slender, armed with slender spines ; leaves lance-ovate,
pointed, entire, smooth and shining above, roughish beneath ; fruit (consisting
of the coalescent pistillate flowers) when ripe of the size, shape, and color of
an orange. Tough wood, used for bows.

6. Picus Carica, FIG-TREE. Cult, as a shrub or small tree, a house-plant
at the North, with stout branches full of acrid milky juice ; leaves large, 3-5-
lobed, cordate at the base, rough above, pubescent beneath ; figs pear-shaped,
produced singly in the axils of the leaves, seemingly without any flower, the
flowers being minute and inside, lining the walls of the fig, which is a hollow
flower-stalk, becoming pulpy, sweet, and luscious.

F. elastica, the INDIA-RUBBER-TREE of East Indies (not that of South
America, which belongs to the Spurge Family) ; a handsome tree, of house
culture, full of milky juice (India-rubber or caoutchouc); with large, coria-
ceous, entire, elliptical or oblong, very smooth, bright green and shining leaves
having straight transverse veins ; figs small and sessile in the axils, not eatable,
seldom produced in cultivation.

ORDER JUGLANDACE-SI. WALNUT FAMILY.

Manual, p. 401. — To the wild species already described, add

1. Juglans regia, the true WALNUT, called ENGLISH WALNUT, because
we received it from the mother country, but it is a native of Asia ; a fine tree
in the Middle States ; leaflets oval, acutish, entire, smooth or nearly so ; fruit
round-oval, smoothish ; the nut with a nearly smooth surface, thin-shelled ;
seldom ripening well in this country, usually imported.

ORDER CUPTJLIFERJB. OAK FAMILY.

Manual, p. 403. — Several species are beginning to be introduced in orna
mental planting ; but only two are at all common, viz. : —

1. Quercus Robu.r, ENGLISH OAK. Belongs to the same section with
our White Oak ; but leaves smaller than in that species, not glaucous beneath,
sinuatc-lobed but hardly pinnatifid ; acorn oblong, over an inch long, — ono
or a few in a cluster nearly sessile in the axils in var. SESSILIFLORA, — raised
on a s'ender peduncle in var. PEDUNCULATA.

fXXviii GARDEN BOTANY.

2. Pagus sylvatica, EUROPEAN BEECH, with shorter and less toothed
leaves than ours, — a variety with copper or bronze-colored leaves is planted.

3. Corylus Avellana, EUROPEAN HAZEL-NUT or FILHERT. Shrub 6°
to 10° high ; leaves roundish-obovate, slightly heart-shaped ; involucre smooth-
ish, not much lacerate, not longer than the oval nut, which is larger than in

ORDER SALICACE-ffi. WILLOW FAMILY.
Manual, p. 413, where the cult. Willows are sufficiently described, except

1. Salix Babylonica, WEEPING-WILLOW ; a fine ornamental tree with
•lender hanging branches, and linear-lanceolate taper-pointed leaves; catkins
terminating short leafy branches of the season. Vnr. annularis, KINO-
LEAVED or HOOP WILLOW, is a singular variety, with the leaves curled into
a ring.

2. Populus, POPLAR, — BALM OF-GILEAD or BALSAM POPLAR, Man. p.
419, is common as a planted tree, but rarely seen indigenous.

P. dilatata, LOMBARDY POPLAR ; formerly much planted in avenues,
a tall stiff and slender tree with strictly erect branches ; leaves small, deltoid,
acuminate, smooth both sides. Supposed to be a remarkable variety of P.
nigra, the Black Poplar of Europe and Asia.

P. alba, WHITE POPLAR or ABELE. Tree with spreading branches, and
roundish heart-shaped leaves green above but white-tomentose beneath. The
contrast in hue makes the tree handsome in plantations ; but it becomes a
nuisance by spreading widely from the root.

ORDER CONIFERJS. PINE FAMILY.

Manual, p. 420. — The exotic Coniferous trees of the choicer kinds recently
introduced into ornamental planting are numerous, and are mostly from Califor-
nia, Japan, and the Himalaya Mountains. But only the following are now
at all common. The indigenous kinds are all included in the following key,
which is so simple that any one can at once make out the genus of any common
Coniferous tree by the most obvious marks.

Leaves all deciduous in the autumn, and

Dilated, fan-shaped or wedge-shaped, lobed or incised at the end, petiolcd. 9. SALISBURIA.
Linear and 2-ranked, except on flowering shoots. Man. p. 424. 6. TAXODIUM.

Needle-shaped, many in a cluster, but scattered on shoots of the season. 3 LARLX.
leaves persistent, evergreen,

Many in a cluster, as in Larix, but evergreen and rigid . . .10. CHDHUS.
Two to five in a cluster (no scattered ones), long and needle-shaped. 1. PINUS.

Not in cluster, linear or needle-shaped, spreading, none scale-like.
Bearing cones, and with two winged seeds under each scale. . 2. ABIES.

Bearing a nut-like seed in a berry-like cup 8. TAXUS.

Bearing a berry -like and few-seeded fruit, without a cup. . . 7. JUNIPKRU8

Not in clusters, a large part of them small and scale-like, imbricated

and adherent to the branch, those on other shoots subulate.

Fruit berry -like, the scales fleshy and coalescent, few-seeded. Man. p.42o. 7 JUNIPERUS.
Fruit a dry cone of few scales.

Scales overlapping, fixed by their base, 2-seedcd. ... 4 THUJA.

Scales not overlapping, peltate, several-seeded. . . &. CUPRKS8U8

GARDEN BOTANY.

1. Pinus, PINE. Man. p. 421. The commoner exotic species aie, —

P. sylvestris, SCOTCH PINE, wrongly called Scotch Fir, the common
Pine of'N. Europe ; with 'leaves in twos, bluish, seldom over 2' long, a reddish
bark on the trunk, and small cones, the scales armed with a short deciduous
point.

P. LariciO, especially the var. Austriaca, AUSTRIAN PINE, has dark
green leaves like those of our P. rigida, but in twos, 3' to 5' long, and ovate-
Conical cones 2' or 3' long.

P. Cembra, CEMIJRAN PINE, of the Alps, &c., is a handsome small
tree, with the leaves in fives and much crowded on the branches; the cones
ovtUe, erect, their scales not thickened on the back.

P. excelsa, HIMALAYAN WHITE PINE, resembles our White Pine, but
has longer and whiter drooping leaves, and the cones {never produced here)
much longer.

. Abies, SPRUCE, FIR. Man. p 422. One European Fir is occasionally,
and a Spruce very commonly planted.

A. pectinata, SILVER FIR. A handsome tree, not perfectly hardy in
the Northern States, resembling our Balsam Fir, but with leaves longer and
more decidedly two-ranked on the side branches, greener above ; cones 6' to 8'
long, with slender exserted points to the bracts.

A. excelsa, NORWAY SPRUCE. A fine, hardy tree, with compressed-
4-angled needle-shaped leaves, like those of our Black Spruce, but longer, the
growth more vigorous, and the cylindrical cones hanging at the end of the
branches 4' to 6' long.

3. Larix Europsea, EUROPEAN LARCH, is the species commonly planted,
a finer tree and of more rapid growth than the American, its leaves longer,
and its cones larger, 1^' long.

4. Thuja orientalis, ORIENTAL ARBOR- VIT^E, is less hardy than ours ;
leaves furrowed down the middle ;* cones roundish, the seeds crustaceous and
wingless, wherefore it has been separated as a genus, Biota.

5. Cupressus sempervirens, ORIENTAL or TRUE CYPRESS. Not

hardy at the North, in growth like our Red Cedar ; branchlcts 4-sidcd, slen-
der ; cone globose, 1' in diameter, resembling that of Taxodium.

6. 7. See the Manual, pp. 424, 425, for the species of these two genera.

B. Taxus baccata, EUROPEAN YEW. Like our Yew botanically. except
that it becomes an erect tree : rarely grows well in this country.

T. Hibernica, IRISH YEW, is a marked variety, with branches stiffly
erect, and the leaves equally spreading ail round the branchlet instead of
two-ranked.

B, Salisburia adiantifolia, GINKGO-TREE, of Japan, though htudy,
rarely flowers and does not fruit here. It is of the Yew Family, but of most
remarkable foliage, the leaves being wedge-shaped or fan-shaped, on a slender
petiole, with parallel simply forked veins in the manner of a Fern, the end or
margin erosely toothed or cleft.

Cedrus, CEDAR, i. e. True Cedar (what are. popularly called Cedars in
this country are Junipers, Cypresses, Arbor-Vitae, &c.) is botanicnlly between
Larch and Pine, but nearer the former, from which it mainly differs in the
leaves being evergreen, therefore more rigid, and pungent, and the cones large,
short, and thick, with br^ad and thin scales, closely packed. The type is the

I XXX GARDEN BOTANY.

C. Libani, CEDAR OF LEBANON, with dark green foliage, horizontal
aide-branches, and terminal shoot, erect. Not hardy northward.

C. Deodara, DEODAR, of the Himalayas, is a nearly related species or
marked variety, with pale glaucous folhige, lighter spray, and drooping lead-
ing shoots, unfortunately little if any more hardy here.

ORDER CYCADACE^E. CYCAS FAMILY.

1. Cycas revoluta, a plant with the aspect of a Palm, and wrongly called
S(iyo Palm, represents this singular order in our conservatories, but endures the
•winter on the coast of the Southern States. The pistillate plant only is met
with : the large obovate ovules are naked on the margins of reduced pinnate
leaves, where they take the place of leaflets, and grow into red drupe-like
seeds as large as hickory-nuts or larger.

ORDER ARACE-aC. ARUM FAMILY.
Manual, p. 426. — The familiar cultivated representative of the order is, —

1. Richardia Africana, called EGYPTIAN or ETHIOPIAN CALLA, but a
native of Cape of Good Hope, largely cultivated for its ample sagittate green
leaves and showy white one-leaved spathe, both on long radical stalks, the
latter convolute at its base around the cylindrical spadix, which is thickly
covered below with minute pistils, above with yellow anthers.

2. Colocasia antiqu.oru.in is a kind of huge Arum, raised in greenhouses,
or planted out in moist places in summer, for its immense sagittate-ovate and
peltate leaves, sometimes variegated in color. The flowers are uncommon
and insignificant; the spadix enclosed in a greenish spathe, pistillate at the
base, neutral for a small distance, thcn^ staminate, and the summit slender
and naked.

ORDER CANNACE.2E. CANNA or ARROWROOT FAMILY.

Known by its irregular flowers with an inferior 3-celled ovary, and only one
pood stamen (free from the style), its anther one-celled. Tropical plants ; two
are cultivated for ornament.

1. Canna Indica, INDIAN SHOT (so called from the round hard seeds) :
tuberous-rooted, planted out in summer; the stems sheathed with the bases
of the large oblong pointed leaves, the nerves of which spring from the mid-
rib ; flowers red, or yellow towards the base ; pod rough or warty, several-
seeded.

2. Maranta zebrina, rarely flowers, but is a magnificent leaf-plant in con-
servatories ; the oblong leaves 2 or 3 feet long being purple underneath, the
upper surface satiny and deep green with alternating pale stripes.

ORDER AMARYLLIDACEJE. .AMARYLLIS FAMILY.
Manual, p. 455. — Furnishes several common ornamental plants.

A cup or crown on the throat of the perianth ; its

Divisions short and broad : stamens included in the cup. . . 1. NARCISSUS.
Divisions long and slender : stamens exserted from the edije of the cup. 2. PANCRATIUM

GARDEN BOTANY.

No cup or crown within or on the perianth.
Anthers erect, not versatile or swinging free on the filament.

Stems leafy, branching, leaves twisted : flowera irregular. . 3. ALSTRCEMERIA.

Stems naked, simple, scape-like,

From a tuber: flowers numerous in a spike, fragrant. . . 4. POLIANTHES.
From a coated bulb : spathe 1-leaved, 1 - few-flowered.

The three petals notched and shorter : anthers long-pointed. 5. QALANTIIUS.
The three petals and three sepals alike : anthers blunt. 6. LEUCOIUM.

Anthers versatile , fixed by their middle and swinging free on the

long filament.

Leaves herbaceous and 1 - few-flowered scape from a coated bulb. 7. AMARYLLIS.
Leaves thick and fleshy, with hard rind : no bulb : flowers pani-

cled or racemose, greenish 8. AGAVE.

1. Narcissus, NARCISSUS. Fine ornamental plants, flowering in spring,
or as house-plants in winter, from coated bulbs. All but the Daffodil have a
slender tube and a short crown or cup to the sweet-scented flower.

"N. poeticus, POET'S N. Leaves nearly flat ; scape 1 -flowered; crown
of the white flower edged with pink, hardly at all projecting from the yellow-
ish throat : in double-flowered varieties the crown disappears.

"N. biflorus, TWO-FLOWERED N., or PRIMROSE PEERLESS of the old
gardeners, has two white or pale straw-colored flowers, and the crown in the
form of a short yellow cup.

"N. polyanthos is the parent of the choicer sorts of POLYANTHUS N. ;
flowers numerous, white, the cup also white.

N. Tazetta, POLYANTHUS N. Leaves as of the preceding linear and
nearly flat, glaucous ; flowers numerous in an umbel, yellow or sometimes
•white, with the crown a golden or orange-colored cup one third or almost one
half the length of the divisions.

N. Jonquilla, JONQUIL. Leaves narrow, rush-like or half-cylindrical ;
flowers 2 to 5, yellow, as also the short cup, very fragrant.

"N. Pseudo-Narcissus, DAFFODIL. Leaves flat, and 1 -flowered scape
short ; flower large, yellow, with a short and broad tube, and a large bell-
shaped cup, having a wavy-toothed or crisped margin, equalling or longer than
the divisions : common double-flowered in country gardens.

2. Pancratium rotatum, Man. p. 456, the bulbs brought from the South,
with very handsome flowers, is sometimes cultivated, and more rarely some
exotic species.

3. AlstrODmeria. Lily-like plants from South America, with leafy stems
often disposed to climb, twisted leaves, tuberous roots, and large, rather irregu-
lar, usually party-colored or spotted flowers, cultivated in conservatories. The
commonest are, —

A. Pelegrina. Flowers few or solitary at the end of the branches, open,
rose-colored or whitish, blotched with pink and spotted with purple, with some
yellow towards the base of the inner divisions.

A. psittacina. Flowers umbelled, funnel-form in shape, the spatulato
divisions more erect and close, red, tipped with green and brown-spotted.

4. Polianth.es tuberosa, TUBEROSE. A choice house-plant, with linear
leaves and a many-flowered scape, rising from a bulbous tuber ; the flowers
spiked, funnel-form, white, very sweet-scented.

6. Galanthus nivalis, SNOWDROP, the earliest harbinger of spring ; its
bulb sending up a pair of linear leaves and a scape, bearing usually only one

GARDEN BOTANY.

nodding white flower, the 3 proper petals shorter than the sepals, obcordat*
and tipped with green : sometimes double-flowered.

6. LeilCOium vernum, SPKIXG SNOWFLAKE. Like the 'Snowdrop on
a larger scale, but the six pieces of the perianth all alike, ovate and entire, white,
with a green spot outside near the apex ; anthers blunt.

L. 86StivVU.m, SUMMER SNOWFLAKE, is commoner than the last in gar-
dens, taller (the 2-edged scape and leaves 1° or 2° high) ; flowers several and
smaller, in June.

7. Amaryllis, AMARYLLIS. Man. p 455. Plants with strap-shaped leaves
and a simple scape from a coated bulb ; flowers one or more, generally red or
pink, large and showy, lily-like, regular or considerably irregular. Many hy-
btids are cultivated.

A. Belladonna. Flowers several in an umbel, 4' long, between funnel-
form and bell-shaped, with hardly any tube, rose-colored, almost regular; sta-
mens and style declined ; leaves appearing after the flowering season.

A. Reginse, with 2-4 equally large deep-red flowers ; leaves two-ranked.

A. formosissima, JACOH.SA LILT, or ST. JAMES'S CROSS. Scape
bearing one large rioh crimson-red flower, which is declined, with hardly any
tube, and as it were 2-lipped, three of its divisions upwardly recurved-spread
ing, the other 3 turned down, their lower portion involute around the base
of the dc flexed stamens and style.

8. Agave. Man. p. 456. To this belongs that very striking plant of con-
servatories, the Mexican

A. Americana, CENTURY-PLANT, AMERICAN ALOE, with very thick
and large spiny-pointed and spinulosc-margined leaves in a close cluster
at the root: it propagates freely by offsets from the root: when it blossoms
(which it does in its native tropics in 7 or 8 years, but in the colder northern
countries after so many years that it has obtained the name of Century- Ptant),
it rapidly sends up a scape as thick as a man's leg, 15 to 30 feet high, bearing
an immense panicle of yellowish-green flowers ; and the plant dies as the pods
ripen their seeds. A variety has the leaves striped with yellowish or white.

ORDER IIIIDACEJE. IRIS FAMILY.

Manual, p. 459. — Furnishes several common ornamental plants of the gar-
dens.

Filaments monadelphous in a long and slender tube sheathing the
style : stigmas 3 each 2-parted, slender : perianth widely spread-
ing, spotted, the 8 outer divisions very large, the 3 inner divis-
ions small. 1. TIGRIDIA

Filaments distinct and separate: stigmas more or less dilated.

Perianth irregular, more or less bilabiate : flowers in a 1-sided spike. 2. GLADIOLUS.
Perianth with the divisions unlike, the 3 outer (or sepals) recurved,
the 3 inner alternate with them (or petals) erect : stigmas petal-
like, arching over the stamens 8. IRIS.

• Perianth regular and the 6 divisions alike or nearly «o,

Widely spreading, spotted, without any tube above the ovary :

stem leafy, branching above 4. PARDANTHUB

Leas spreading, broad, with a slender tube between them and the
ovary, which is underground ; no proper stem : leaves all
radical, not equitant. 6. CROCUS.

64.RDEN BOTANY.

1. Tigridia pavonia, TIGER-FLOWER, from Mexico : the scaly-coated
bulb, planted out in summer, scuds tip a simple or branching stem 2° high,
bearing broaiish ensifbrm and plaited leaves, and 1 to 3 very showy large
flowers (5' or 6' across) crimson-red with a yellow middle and violet-tinged
centre, spotted with purple or crimson, opening in sunshine, but only once
and for a few hours.

2. Gladfolus, GLADIOLUS or CORN-FLAG. Familiar garden plants, raised
from solid bulbs or corms, sending up tall and simple leafy stems, terminating
in a spike of flowers all turned to one side, very showy late in summer, the
6-cleft perianth more or less oblique, or as it were 2-lipped ; filaments slender.

G. COXnmunis is the old-fashioned hardy species, with rather few rose-
red (rarely white) flowers; the filaments longer than the anthers.

G. Byzantinus is larger in all its parts, with more flowers in the spike
and more showy; filaments shorter than the linear anthers.

G. blandus, of the Cape of Good Hope, is the parent of the tender white
or pale rose-colored varieties.

G. psittacinus is a tall and robust species, its numerous large flowers
with very broad divisions, yellow, mixed or bordered with scarlet. This is the
parent of G. GANUAVENSIS, now so much cultivated, and from which so many
fine varieties have been produced, with scarlet, red and yellow, orange, and
other colors.

3. Iris, IRIS, FLOWER-DE-LUCE. Man. p. 459. The CRESTED DWARF IRIS,
.No. 4, is in some gardens.

* A bearded crest on the base of the three outer divisions of the perianth.

I. pumila, DWARF IRIS. Stem very short ; the violet and purple flower
close to the ground, with obovate divisions, hardly exceeding the short sword-
shaped leaves, in early spring.

I. Germanica, COMMON FLOWER-DE-LUCE of the gardens ; stems 2°
high, several-flowered ; flowers scentless, very large, the outer reflexed divis-
ions deep violet, the inner erect ones about as large, obovate, lighter-colored
and bluer; anthers as long as the filament.

I. sambucina, ELDER-SCENTED F., is 'taller, 3° or 4° high, and longer-
leaved ; the flower not so large and later in the summer, the outer divisions
less reflexed, violet, but whitish and yellowish toward the base, painted with
deeper-colored lines or veins ; upper divisions pale or dull blue ; anthers shortei
than the filament.

I. Florentina, FLORENCE or SWEET F. Less tall than the Common
F., with broader leaves and white or bluish faintly sweet-scented flowers.

I. variegata, VARIEGATED F. Stem several-flowered; divisions of the
perianth oblong-obovate, the inner ones yellow, the outer white or whitish with
dark-purple veins, and usually purple toward the extremity.

* # No beard or crest to the flower.

I. graminea, GRASS-LEAVED F. Leaves and 1 - 3-flowcrcd stem slen
der; flower small, with narrow divisions, violet-purple, with yellow stripes on
the outer ones.

I. Persica, PERSIAN IRIS. Dwarf, nearly stemless from a kind of bulb,
from which the flower rises on a long tube, earlier than the leaves ; this is del-
icately fragrant, bluish, with a deep-purple spot at the tip of the outer divis-
ions, the inner divisions very small and spreading. A choice house-plans.

4. Pardanthus Chinensis, BLACKBERRY LILT, — so called because the
cluster of black berry-like seeds after the valves of the pod fall looks like a
blackberry; — a common olant in gardens, the foliage; &c. resembling an

Ixxxiv

GARDEN BOTANY.

Iris ; perianth 6-parted down to the ovary, the divisions all alike, buff-yellow
or orange, with darker spots.

5. Crocus vernus, SPRING CROCUS. Corm or solid bulb sending up its
flower (yellow and of various other colors) in early spring, and soon after-
wards producing the short leaves. To this belong all our common and hardy
Crocuses of the gardens.

C. sativus, FALL CROCUS, with violet purple and more fragrant flowers,
in autumn, is hardly ever seen in this country. Its orange-red stigmas are
saffron.

ORDER DIOSCOREACEJE. YAM FAMILY.
Manual, p. 460. — Recently introduced into cultivation as an esculent is

1. Dioscorea Batatas, a glabrous species from China, with cordate-3-lobed
or cordate-hastate leaves, and long and deep farinaceous roots ; proposed as a
substitute for the potato ; of not much account.

ORDER LILIACE2E. LILY FAMILY.

Manual, p. 465. — Furnishes some esculent and many well-known ornamental
plants.

Bulbous plants, the simple stem or scape rising from a bulb.
Stem few-leaved toward the base, terminated by a large and
Bhowy erect flower, of bell-shaped form* ; perianth 6-leayed :
style none : stigma sessile : ovary 3-sided : bulb coated. . 1. TULIP A.
Stem many-leaved : flowers large, 6-leaved : style elongated.
A pearly nectariferous gland at the base of each piece of the
perianth : a crown of green leaves above the whorl of nod-
ding flowers : bulb coated 2. PETILIUM.

No conspicuous glands to the perianth : bulb scaly. . . 3. L1LIUM.

Scape leafless, from a coated bulb : flowers not very large.
Perianth divided to the base or 6-leaved.
Flowers corymbed ; style 3-sided. . . Man. p. 468. ORNJTIIOGALUM

Flowers um belled, from a spathe. 4. ALLIUM.

Perianth 6-toothed, globular or ovoid : flowers racemed. • 6. MUSCARI.

Perianth 6-cleft, short funnel-form : flowers racemed. . . 6. HYACINTHUS.
Not bulbous, but with rootstocks, tubers, or fibrous roots.
Perianth tubular at the base : stamens more or less declined and

curved : flowers large, and

Blu«, in a many-flowered umbel : leaves linear. ... 7. AGAPANTUUS.
Blue or white, in a raceme : leaves ovate or heart-shaped. . 8. FUNKIA.

Yellow or orange, few ; leaves linear, keeled 9. IIEMEROCALLIfl

Perianth bell-shaped, 6-lobed : flowers small, white, in a raceme. 10. COW1 ALL ARIA.
Perianth 6-parted or 6-leaved, greenish : flowers small, axillary :
fruit a berry : stems (from matted rootstocks) much branched :
leaves (which are strictly speaking leaf like branchlets) spring-
ing from the axil of a small scale.

Stem erect : leaves bristle-shaped or thread-like, fascicled. . 11. ASPARAGUS.
Stem twining and climbing: leaves ovate, single. . . 12. MYKSIPHYLLUM

Perianth 6 leaved, white, large, tulip-like: flowers in a large
panicle terminating a woody stem : leaves persistent, rigid,
•piny-pointed . .... Man. p. 471. YUCCA.

GARDEN BOTANY. LXXXt

1. Tulipa Gesiieriana. COMMON TULIP. Leaves oblong, glaucous ;
flower of various colors, its divisions broad and very obtuse ; in spring.

T. suaveolens, SXVEET TULIP. Low, the short scape somewhat pu-
bescent ; leaves oblong-lanceolate ; ttower sweet-scented, its divisions acutish,
scarlet bordered with yellow ; often double.

T. sylvestris, a rarer species in gardens, has lanceolate leaves, a tall
scape-like stem, the yellow flower nodding in the bud, its divisions lance-ovate
and acute.

2. Petilium imperiale, CROWN IMPERIAL : a stately ornament of the
gardens in spring, with a circle of showy reddish-orange or yellow flowers hang-
ing under the tuft of leaves which crowns the summit of the stem.

3. Lilium, LILT. Man. p. 470. Our splendid wild species, no. 1 and 4,
are sometimes cultivated.

L. candidum, COMMON WHITE LILY. Tall, with scattered lanceolate
leaves, and several hardly nodding white flowers, of bell-shaped form.

L. Japonicum, JAPAN WHITE L. Flower only one, horizontal, twice
the length of the common White Lily, and more funnel-shaped, often pur-
plish outside towards the base ; leaves on the stem somewhat petioled.

L. longiflorum, LONG-FLOWERED WHITE L. Like the last, but the
stem short, and the flower 5' or 6' long.

L. speciosum, another showy species from Japan, becoming common ;
stem 2° or 3° high ; leaves scattered, ovate or oblong, pointed ; flowers few,
nodding, the divisions revolute, white or rose-colored, marked inside with
purple warty projections.

L. tigri'num, TIGER BULBLET-BEARING L. Stem tall, woolly, bearing
bulblets in the axils of the scattered lanceolate leaves, and at the summit a
considerable number of large orange-red nodding flowers, the divisions re-
curved, strongly dark-spotted inside.

L. bulbiferum, COMMON BULBLET-BEARING L. Not so showy as the
last, but more common in country gardens ; stem not woolly ; flowers erect,
more bell-shaped, reddish-orange, with brownish spots inside and rough pro-
jections towards the base.

4. Allium, ONION, GARLIC, LEEK, &c. Man. p. 469.

A. Moly, GOLDEN GARLIC. Leaves flat, lanceolate; scape a foot high,

bearing an umbel of large yellow flowers ; ornamental.

A. sativum, GARDEN GARLIC. Bulbs clustered ; leaves nearly flat,
lance-linear ; flowers pale purple, or bulblets in their place.

A. Porrum, GARDEN LEEK. Bulb single ; leaves linear-oblong, keeled
or folded ; flowers violet-purple, crowded.

A. Schcenoprasum, CHIVES, with slender terete leaves and rose-
colored flowers : see Man. p. 470.

A. Cepa, ONION. Both leaves and scape terete and hollow, the latter
usually inflated in the middle, bearing a large umbel of whitish flowers, or in
TOP ONION a set of bulbs in their place.

6. Muscari, GRAPE-HYACINTH. The flowers — which appear in early
spring, in a raceme or spike on a low scape — in the common species resemble
small blue berries.

M. racemosum, which is the commonest, has flaccid leaves, and the
deep-blue flowers ovoid, densely racemed.

M. botryoides has stiiFer leaves and almost globular blue flowers.

5

1XXXV1 GARDEN BOTANY.

M. moschatum has dull purplish ovate-oblong flowers, musky-scented
of no beauty ; but a monstrous variety, later in the season, produces from the
scape a larg-; panic-led mass of abortive, contorted, bright blue branchlets, of a
striking and handsome appearance.

6. HyacinthllS orientalis, HYACINTH, most familiar in cultivation ;
the fray rant flowers, originally blue, have sported into many colors, are single,
double, &c.

7. AgapanthllS umbellatus. A showy house-plant, from the Cape of
Good Hope ; the tall scape bearing an urnbef of pretty large blue flowers, the
six divisions as long as the tube and widely spreading.

8. Funkia. — The blue and white DAY LILIES, so called, arc very different
from Hemerocallis, having long-petioled leaves, with an ovate or cordate blade
and a midrib, from which most of the ribs or main nerves spring (these con-
nected by some netted veins) ; the dowel's numerous in a raceme, nodding or
urooping; stamens on the receptacle; seeds winged and flat.

F. SUbCOrdata is the species with long, white, and tubular-funnel-form
flowers.

P. ovata, with smaller, more nodding, blue or violet flowers, abruptly
expanded above the narrow tube.

9. Hemerocallis flava, YELLOW DAY-LILY. Less large than H.fulva
(described in Man. p. 468) and not so common in country gardens; flowers
light yellow, the inner divisions acute.

10. Convallaria majalis, LILY-OF-THE- VALLEY. Described in Man. p.
467, because wild in the Alleghany Mountains ; but students ordinarily will
meet with it only in gardens, where it everywhere abounds.

11. Asparagus officinalis, GARDEN ASPARAGUS, having run wild in a
few places, is described in Man. p. 4C6.

12. Myrsiphyllum asparagoides is a rather common, small, climbing
plant, of house and conservatory culture, with slender angled branches, and
small flowers like those of Asparagus ; the leaves bright groen, narrowlv
ovate, acute, often obscurelv heart-shaped at the base, nearly sessile, commonly
curved, many-nerved, each proceeding from the axil of a little scale which
represents the true leaf; the apparent leaves being (here and in Asparagus)
of the nature of brauchlets.

ORDER MELANTHACEJE. COLCIIICUM FAMILY.
Manual, p. 472. — The only cultivated exotic of this group to be noticed is

1. Colchicum autumnale, FALL COLCIIICUM. Flower purple, some-
times \\hite or variegated, of 6 similar divisions on a long and slender tube
which rises from the corm underground, like a Crocus, in autumn, withoiu
green leaves, which appear the next spring. The free ovary, 3 separate styles,
and 6 stamens, distinguish Colchicum from Crocus.

ORDER COMMELYNACE^J. SPIDERWORT FAMILY.

Manual, p. 485. — The common cultivated Spiderworts, &c. are nativer of the
United States, and are described in the Manual.

GARDEN BOTANY.

Ixxxvii

ORMER GRAMINE^E. GRASS FAMILY.

Manual, p. 535. — The cultivated meadow Grasses are all described in the
Manual. The following very simple key leads up to them, and also to the few
ornamental Grasses, and the cereal grains, &c.

Flowers of two very distinct sorts and sexes ; the staminate in a
terminal cluster of spike-like racemes ; the pistillate in
2 or 3 great axillary spikes covered with husks, from
the lower part of the same stem.

Flowers of two kinds, one staminate, the other pistillate, on differ-
ent plants, in a very large compound panicle, the pis-
tillate flowers (only cultivated) beset with long white

silky hairs 2.

Flowers in only one kind of inflorescence, viz. :
In two or more one-sided spikes at the top of the culm.
Spikelets several-flowered, densely crowded in the spike,
Awn-pointed and very much flattened. . Man. p. 554.

Awnless and blunt. Man. p. 554.

Spikelets with only one perfect flower.

Glumes nearly equal : a creeping perennial. Man. p. 554.
Glumes very unequal, the lower minute : annual. Man p. 577.
In many racemed or panicled spikes, awned or more or less
pointed, . . Man. p. 580. Echinochloa, § of
In a single terminal spike or contracted panicle looking like a spike.
Spikelets or flowers on all sides of the joiutless axis or rhachis,
in clusters on very short side-branches, so that it is not
a simple spike : only one perfect flower to a spikelet.
Awns rough, springing from the short pedicels. Man. p. 581.
Awns short, one terminating each glume. Man. p. 541.

Awn low down on the back of the single palea. Man. p. 540.
Awns none : glumes winged : an abortive flower each side of
the base of the perfect one. . . Man. p. 574.
Spikelets borne directly on the rhachis, at the joints, alter-
nately on opposite sides, each spikelet

Several-flowered, edgewise : only one glume. Man. p. 569.
Several-flowered, flatwise, with a pair of glumes. . . 3.

Two-flowered, only one spikelet at each joint of the rhachis,

nearly as in the last, long-awned. . .
Two - three-flowered, two or three Spikelets on each joint of
the rhachis, awned, . . Man p. 579.

One perfect flower only to each spikelet, long-awned. . . 6.
In a panicle.
Spikelets strictly 1-flowered and with only two paleae, i. e. no

empty paleae or rudiments of a second flower.
Paleae indurated, much flattened laterally : stamens 6. 6.

Paleae indurated, rolled up in a cylinder : one long awn. 7.

Paleae thin and delicate, smaller than the glumes. Man. p. 543.
Spikelets 1-flowered, and with a single patea, or a pair of empty
paleae between the perfect flower and the lower glume.
Paleae of the perfect flower chartaceous or coriaceous. Man. p. 576.
Paleae all delicate ; glumes coriaceous. . . . .8.

Spikelets with a short rudiment, or abortive pedicel, at each side
of the base of the chartaceous perfect flower. Man. p. 574.

1. ZEA.

GYNERIUM.

DACTYLOCTENIUM
ELEUS1NE.

CYNODON.
DIGITARIA.

PANICUM.

SETARIA.
PULEUM.
ALOPECURU8.

PHALARiS.

LOLIUM.
TR1T1CUM

4. SECALE.

ELYMUS.
HORDEUM

ORYZA.
STIPA.
AGROSTIS.

PANICUM.
SORGHUM-

PHALARIS-

Ixxxvm

GARDEN BOTANY.

Spikelete 1-flowered, with an awned palea on each side of the

chartaceous perfectflower and larger than it. Man. p. 574. ANTHOXANT1IUM.
Spikelets with one perfect flower and a staminate flower on

each side of it Man. p. 574. HIEROCHLOA.

Spikelets with one (or rarely 2) perfect and one staminate flower.
Lower flower perfect and awnless ; the upper staminate and

awned on the back Man. p 573. HOLCU3.

Lower flower imperfect (its pistil more or less abortive) and
merely pointed, the next one awned on the back, the

uppermost a rudiment. . . . Man. p. 573. ARRHENATHERUM,

Spikelets with two or more perfect flowers.
One of the two or three large flowers awnless, the others

bearing a twisted awn on the back 9. AVENA.

All the flowers alike, or an uppermost abortive one, and
Awned from towards the base of the lower palea ; flowers

in the spikelet only 2. ... Man. p. 671. AIRA.

Awned or bristle-pointed from just below the tip of the

lower palea : flowers many in the spikelet. Man. p. 666. BROMUS.

Awned or sharp-pointed from the tip of the lower palea, this
Keeled or laterally compressed. . . Man. p. 557. DACTYLIS.

Convex or rounded on the back. }

Awnless and pointless. > Man. p. 565. FESTUCA.

Narrow, rounded on the back, few-nerved. ^
Ovate or heart-shaped, ventricose on the back, dry and

papery when old without falling, obscurely nerved. 10. BRIZA.
Rounded on the back, strongly 6- 7-nerved, falling away

when old, the axis breaking into joints. Man. p. 558. OLYCERIA.

Keeled on the back, scarious-margined. Man. p. 661. POA.

1. Zea Mays, MAIZE, INDIAN CORN. Culm solid (not hollow as in most
Grasses), terminated by the clustered racemes of staminate flowers (the tassel),
in 2-flowered spikelets ; the pistillate flowers in a dense and many-rowed
spike borne on a short axillary branch, 2 flowers within each pair of glumes,
but the lower one neutral, the upper pistillate, with an extremely long style,
the silk.

2. Gynerium argenteum, PAMPAS GRASS. A reed-like grass, from
S. America, planted out for ornament, with a large tuft of rigid linear and
tapering recurved-spreading leaves, several feet in length, the flowering stem
6 to 12 feet high, in autumn bearing an ample silvery-silky panicle of (pistil-
late) flowers.

3. Triticum, WHEAT. Produces the troublesome COUCH GRASS, described
in Man. p. 569, and the most valuable cereal or bread plant, viz.

T. VUlgare, COMMON WHEAT. Annual (Spring Wheat), or more com
monly by autumn-sowing raised as a sort of biennial (Winter Wheat) ; spike
dense, somewhat four-sided ; the spikelets imbricated, turgid, 4 - 5-flowered ;
lower palea either awned or merely mucronate : many varieties.

4. Secale cereale, RYE. Similar to Wheat in structure, but taller and
earlier, with bluish glaucous foliage, the ppikelets decidedly two-ranked, only
two-flowered, always long awned ; grain oblong, brown, hairy at the summit.

6. Hordeum, BARLEY. Differs from Wheat and Rye in having three
spikelets side by side on each joint of the rhachis (although the lateral ones
are sometimes small and sterile), perfecting only one flower : annual.

GARDEN BOj ANY.

H. vulgare, COMMON BARLEY. All three spikelets producing a fer-
tile awned flower and a subulate rudiment, the spike therefore six-rowed or
four-rowed.

H. distichum, TWO-ROWED BARLEY. Lateral spikelets at each joint
sterile and awnless, the middle one alone fertile and awned.

6. Oryza sativa, RICE. Annual, rough-leaved ; spikelets in an open pani-
cle, one-flowered, very much flattened contrary to the short glumes and hard
and rough paleas, which are conduplicate ; the latter firmly enclosing the
grain, the lower one awned or awnless. Cult, southward.

7. Stipa pennata, FEATHER GRASS, of Europe, is occasionalfy raised in
gardens for ornament, the awn of the flower being several inches long and
beautifully plumose, instead of naked, as in the wild species, Man. p. 549.

7. Sorghum vulgare, SORGHO, DOURRA, GUINEA CORN, &c. Stem
solid, tall; leaves broadly linear-lanceolate; flowers in an ample terminal
panicle, short-awned or awnless. BROOM CORN is a variety of this specieSj
with long branches to the large and open panicle, which is made into brooms.
SUGAR SORGHUM is a form of the same with sweeter stems, a northern sub-
stitute for Sugar-Cane. GUINEA CORN, or DOURRA, the original cereal grain
of tropical Africa, has the panicle densely contracted and the grain larger.

9. Avena sativa, COMMON OAT. Annual, with a loose panicle of very
large and drooping two-flowered spikelets ; palese enclosing the grain, that of
one flower with a long and twisted awn on the back, the other awnless.

10. Briza maxima, GREAT QUAKING-GRASS. Annual, resembles B. media
of Man. p. 565, but the spikelets are larger, over half an inch long, and very
turgid : occasionally cultivated in gardens for ornament.

AD D E N DA

TO THE

BOTANY OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES.

MARCH, 1863.

Pnge 5.

iv Anemone Caroliniana, Walt. Stem 3' to 6' high from a small
tuber, hairy above, simple, one-flowered, bearing a 3-parted sessile involucre at
or below the middle ; its divisions wedge-shaped and 3-cleft ; root-leaves 3-partcd
or divided with the divisions incised, or again 3-cleft and incised ; sepals 11-20,
linear-oblong, purplish; head of fruit oblong. — N. and W. Illinois (0. J^n-ntt,
J. W. Powell, M. S. Bebb, E. Hall, T. J. Hale, &c.) and southward. May.

P. 38.

ALYSSUM CALYCINUM, L. (For the genus, see Card. Bot. p. xxiii. Like
Vesicaria, but the pod flat.) A low annual, hoary, with linear-spatulate leaves, and
racemes of small flowers ; petals pale yellow turning white ; pod orbicular. —
Amherst, Mass., Prof. Tuclcerman; in grass-lands. (Adv. from En.)

4. LEPIDIUM DRABA, L. Perennial; steins 1° high, leafy to the top; leaves
oval or oblong, mostly entire, pale, very minutely hoary, the upper partly
clasping; flowers corymbose ; pods heart-shaped, turgid, wingless ; style promi
nent. — Shore of Long Island, N. Y., at Astoria, &c., D. C. Eaton. (Adv
from Eu.)

P. 39.

TiiLAsn AUVENSE, L. (PicNNYCRKS.s.) (Genus much like Capsella, but the
pod winged and the cotyledons accumbent.) Annual, smooth; leaves olilong,
roothed, the upper ones sagittate-lanceolate and clasping; pods half «n inch
hroad including the wings, orbieular-obcordate. — Mackinaw, Michigan, Ar»//<;//,
//. J/a/i/j, and common m Canada. (Nat. from Eu.)

P. 57.

LYCIIXIS VESPERT'INA, Sibth. Resembles Silene nootiflora, p 56, but has 5
styles, therefore belonging to Lychnis, and is usually dioecious; a coarse, hairy
biennial, more or less viscid, loosely branched above ; leaves oblong or ovate-
lanceolate ; flowers opening in the evening; petals white or pinkish, 2-elcft,
crowned; fertile calyx ovoid in fruit, with long lance-linear teeth. — Waste
places, &c. Elmira, N. Y., Philadelphia, and Wilmington, Delaware, E. Tt it-
null. (Adv. from Eu.)

ADDENDA TO THE BOTANY OF THE NORTHERN STATES. XCl

P. 59.

2*. Stcllaria Imniifiisa, Rottbcell. A low, glabrous, perennial species,
Spreading on the ground, with the leaves oblong (2" -3" long), fleshy, sessile ;
petals 2-parted, longer than the calyx; stamens 10. — N. Maine, on the upper
part of St. John's River ( G. L. Goodale), and northward. (Eu.)

P. 73.

3a. GERANIUM COLUMBINUM, L. Somewhat hairy, decumbent ; leaves 5 - 7-
parted and the divisions once or twice 3-cleft into linear lobes ; peduncles and
pedicels long and slender; sepals awn-pointed, about as long as the entire or
barely notched purple petals ; seeds strongly reticulated. — Lancaster, &c., Penn.,
Prof. Porter. (Adv. from Eu.)

P. 94.
6. Psoralca csculcnta, Pursh. (POMME BLANCHE, or POMME DE

PRAIRIE.) Hirsute with rough hairs; stem 3' to 12' high from a farinaceous
tuberous root ; leaflets 5, lance-oblong ; peduncles elongated ; spike short and
dense ; lobes of the calyx lanceolate, about equalling the blue corolla. — On the
Wisconsin River (Mr. Spears, T. ./. Hale, &c.) ami northwestward. June.

P. 97.

Glycyrlilza Icpulota, Nutt. (WILD LIQUORICE.) (The genus may
be known from Astragalus, which it considerably resembles in foliage and in
flower, by the pods usually beset with prickles, few-seeded, and one-celled.)
Roots long, perennial, sweet; stern 2° -3° high; leaflets 7 to 9 pairs and an
odd one, oblong-lanceolate, mueronate-pointed, sprinkled with little scales when
young, and with corresponding dots when old ; spikes peduncled in the axils of
the leaves, short ; flowers whitish ; pods oblong, scarcely dehiscent, beset all over
with hooked prickles, so as to resemble the fruit of Xanthium on a smaller scale.
— Vicinity of Buffalo, New York, on the sands of the shore, probably drifted
from the northwest, but perfectly established, G. \V. Clinton,

P. 97. '

2a. Astragalus PlattcnsiS, Nutt. Villous ; stems decumbent or as
cending, 6'- 18' long ; stipules conspicuous, ovate-lanceolate or triangular-lanceo-
late and pointed; leaflets 10- 17 pairs, oblong, often glabrous above; flowers
crowded in a short spike or oblong head ; calyx villous , corolla cream-color or
yellowish, often tinged with purple ; fruit oblong, somewhat incurved, nearly an
inch long, fleshy and thick-walled (but less so than in no. 1 and 2), villons with
white hairs. (A. Tcnncsseensis, Gray in Chapm. S. Fl) — Illinois, on the gravelly
banks of Illinois River or on sand-ridges (Vasey, Slosson, Bebb), and southward
and westward. May.

P. 98.

4a. A. alpinHS, L. Stem diffuse, 6' to 12' high ; leaflets 13 -25 ; corolla 5"
or 6" long, violet-purple or at least the keel tipped with violet or blue ; teeth of the
calyx nearly the length of the tube; pods black-hairy, narrowly oblong, with the
dorsal suture decidedly introflcxcd and projecting internally, nii-cd on :i stalk

XC11 ADDENDA TO THE

longer than the calyx ; otherwise much like A. Robbinsii. (A. secundus,
A. Labradoricus, DC. Phaca astragalina, DC.) — Willoughby Mountain, Ver-
mont, Rev. J. Blake; a form with rather elongated racemes of smallish
flowers. Coast of Maine, Dr. Scammon, &c. On the Aroostook and St. John's
Rivers, Maine, G. L Goodale, and northward. June, July. — In the former
edition specimens of this were confused with A. Robbinsii, which has smaller
white flowers, a broad and flatter pod, with very slight dorsal introflexion, and
is nearer the European Phaca australis, L. (Eu.J

Oxytropis Lamberti, Pursh. (Genus next to Astragalus, known by
the mucronate tip or beak to the keel of the corolla, to which the generic name
refers. The seed-bearing suture of the pod is introflexed.) Flowers blue, purple,
or sometimes white ; pod 2-celled or nearly so by the introflexion of the seed-
bearing suture, the dorsal suture not at all projecting inwards (as it does in O.
campestris, DC.). The common forms of this species, which abound on our
northwestern plains, may roach our borders. A form with thinner pods, fewer
flowers, and loose dark hairs on the calyx, long ago found near Quebec, has re-
cently been detected on the St. John's River in Maine, by G. L. Goodale. It Is
one of the forms which connect O. Lambert! with O. Uralensis.

P. 108.

2». Cassia ObtUSifdlia, L. Leaflets 3 or rarely 2 pairs, obovate,
obtuse, with an elongated gland between those of the lower pairs or lowest pair ;
pods slender, 6' long, curved ; root annual. — Banks of the Ohio River, Illinois
(Dr. Vasey), and southward.

P. 116.

1*. Geum 11 rim 11 u Ell, L. Petals yellow; otherwise nearly as in G
album. — E. Fairficld, Ohio, S. B. McMillan. — I have seen only incomplete
specimens ; the petals very small.

P. 120.

3. FRAGARIA INDICA, L., or DUCHESNEA FRAGARIOIDES, Smith, — which
diilV'is from the true Strawberries in having leafv runners, a calyx with incised
leafy bractlets larger than the sepals, yellow petals, and an insipid fruit, — has
established itself in copses around Philadelphia (diaries E. Smith), and in the
Southern States. (Adv. from Ind., &c.)

P. 128.

3. Ainmannia Nutt&llii. Submersed aquatic, or sometimes terres-
trial, rooting in the mud ; leaves linear, when immersed elongated, thin, and
closely sessile by a broad base, when out of water shorter and contracted at the
base; flowers mostly solitary in the axils, sessile, small; calyx with broad tri-
angular lobes, the appendages at the sinuses obsolete or wanting ; petals none ;
sU-le very short ; ovary 2-celled. (Peplis diandra, Nutt., but stamens usually 4.
llypobriehia Xuttallii, M. A. Curtis.) — Wisconsin and Minnesota (T. J. Half),
Illinois (Buckley, Vasey, Hall, &e.), and southward. June -Aug. — When in
water, stems l°-3° long, very leafy.

BOTANY OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES. SOU

P. 130.

6. EPILOBIDM IIIRSUTCM, L. — a branching, soft-villous species, of our sec-
ond division^ only the flowers are large, the rose-purple petals £' long — is estab-
lished as a wild plant at New Bedford, Mass., T. A. Greene. (Adv. from Eu.)

P. 132.

10. {Eiiothcra, serrul&ta, Nutt. Stems low, slightly woody at the
base ; leaves lance-linear, oblunceolate or linear-spatulate, sharply serrulate or
toothed ; flowers axillary ; tube of the calyx funnel-form, shorter than the ovary,
with 4 strong nerves which are continued as keels to the lobes ; petals yellow,
obovate, wavy-crenulate, much longer than the stamens ; anthers oblong ; stigma
discoid, merely crenulate ; pods cylindrical, puberulent. — Falls of St. Antlumy,
Wisconsin (Lcsquereux), and westward.

2. JllSSisea repeals, L. Glabrous or nearly so ; stem creeping, or
floating and rooting ; leaves oblong, tapering into a slender petiole ; flowers
large, long-peduncled ; calyx-lobes and slightly obcordate petals 5 ; pod cylin-
drical, with a tapering base, ty — In water, Illinois, Kentucky, and southward.

P. 136.

2. Optliitia MiSSOtariensiS, DC. Prostrate, with narrow and obo-
vate tuberculate joints ; the axils bristly and all armed with 5 to 10 slender
radiating prickles, some of them stronger ; flowers yellow ; berry prickly. —
Borders of Wisconsin and westward.

P. 143

9. Saxifraga stellavis, L. var. comosa, Wiild. Leaves wedge-
shaped, more or less toothed ; scape a span high, bearing a small contracted
panicle ; many or most of the flowers changed into little tufts of green leaves,
the perfect flowers with a free reflexed calyx ; petals unequal, lanceolate, white,
with two yellowish spots on the base, which is narrowed into a distinct claw. —
Mount Katahdin, Maine, Rev. J. Blake.

10. S. IcucailtllClilifdlia, Lapeyrouse, Michx. Leaves oblong,
wedge-shaped or spatulate, coarsely toothed or incised, tapering into a petiole ;
scape a span to a foot and a half high, bearing one or more leaves or leafv
bracts, and a loose and spreading corymbose or paniculate cyme; calyx free and
reflexed; petals unequal, with claws, white, the three larger ones cordate-lanceo-
late and with a pair of yellow spots, the two smaller ones lanceolate with a
tapering base and no spots. — Salt-Pond Mountain, Virginia (Wm. M. Canby),
and southward in the Alleghanies.

P. 156. To Discopleura capillacea add : —

Var. ? COStfita. Larger ; rays of the umbel and divisions of the involucre
luinerous ; ribs of the fruit stronger. — S. Illinois, Vasey.

Helosciadiuni nodifloriim, Koch. A remarkable aquatic form
of this European species, or perhaps an allied new species, was discovered in
brooks on the Pocono Mountain, Pennsylvania, by Pro/! TraiU Cr&n. For
lack of mature fruit the determination is still uncertain.

XCIV ADDENDA TO THE

P. 169, after line 13 from bottom, add to the Synopsis : —

9. POLYPREMUM. Corolla (white) and single style very short. Pod ovoid, many-seeded,

lorulicidal. Leaves slightly connected at the base, very narrow.

10. GELS KM I I'M. Corolla yellow: style slender: stigmas 2, each 2-parted. Pod flat,

several seeded. Seeds winged. Leaves ovate or lanceolate : stipules obsolete. See p. 296.

P. 174. ». POLYPREITIUUI, L. POLYPREMUM.

Calyx 4-parted, persistent ; the divisions awl-shaped from a broad scarious-
margincd base. Corolla not longer than the calyx, almost wheel-shaped, bearded
i:; the throat; the 4 lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4, very short: anthers
globular. Style 1, very short: stigma ovoid, entire. Pod ovoid, a little flat-
rrned, notched at the apex, loculicidally 2-valved, many-seeded. — A smooth,
diffuse, much-branched, small annual, with narrowly linear or awl-shaped leaves,
connected at their base across the stem by a slight stipular line ; the small
flowers solitary and sessile in the forks and at the ends of the branches; corolla
inconspicuous, white. (Name altered from TroXvnpfp-vos, iiHintj-stciimu'd.)

1. P. |>roCHlllto«'lls, L. — Dry fields, mostly in sandy soil, Virginia and
southward. June - Sept.

P. 196.

30a. Aster amethystilllis, Nutt. Differs from A. oblongifolius in its
more upright growth, more hirsute and cinereous pubescence (that of the stem
widely spreading), which is not at all glandular or viscid, more racemose heads
of smaller size, the scales of the involucre erect or less spreading, the rays of a
light clear blue. — E. Massachusetts, Dr. Robbins, W. Boott ; and meadows near
Amherst, Prof. Tuckerman. Athens, Illinois, Mr. E. Bull.

P. 200.

3. ISoItonia diflflisa, L'Her. Stem diffusely branched : leaves lance-
linear, those on the branchlets very small and awl-shaped ; heads paniclcd, verv
small ; pappus of several very short bristles and 2 short awns. — Prairies near
Centralia, Illinois, Vasey. Common south westward.

P 205.

27 l. Soliflago R;adiala, Nutt Stem and oblong or obovate-spatulate
leaves rigid and very rough, not hoary, the upper sessile ; scales of the involucre
oblong, rigid ; rays 3-6: otherwise much as in S. nemoralis, of which it is prob-
ably a greener and rough variety. — Dry Hills, W. Illinois and southwestward.

P. 227.

3». Artemisia dracimcilloides, Pursh. —a perennial species, com-
mon west of the Mississippi, with leaves linear and entire, or the lower 3-clcft,
cinereous or nearly glabrous, and small panicled heads — has been found in S.
W. Illinois by Dr. Vascy.

7a. A. frigida, L., of the third section (p. 228), — alow species, slightly
woody at the base, white all over with a soft silky wool, the leaves pinnately
parted, their divisions 3-5-cleft and linear, — was found at the Falls of St. An-
thony by L. L-sifuereiLc and T. J. Hah. It is common then.ce northwestward.

BOTANY OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES. XCV

P. 231.

5. Senecio pala'isti is. Hook. Root biennial ; stem stout, £°-3° high,
woolly when young, glabrous with age ; leaves laciniate or irregularly cut-
toothed, the upper with a cordate-clasping base ; heads many in a corymb, with
20 or more short rays, the pappus becoming very long. — N. W. Wisconsin ( T.
J. Hale] and northward. (Eu.)

6. S. lobatUS, Pers. (BUTTER-WEED.) Annual, glabrous, or loosely
woolly at first ; leaves rather fleshy, lyraie or pinnately divided ; the divisions
eremite or cut-lobed, variable; heads many in a corymb, small ; rays about 12.

— Low banks of the Ohio and Mississippi, Illinois and southward.

P. 237.

L<ygodcsilBia jfincea, Don. Flowers nearly as in Nabalus (only 5 in
the head), purple or rose-colored, the heads erect and solitary ; pappus copious,
soft and whitish; stems branched, rush-like, 1° high, striate, with few lanceolate
or subulate rigid leaves. — St. Croix River, Wisconsin, T. J. Hale, and common
northward.

P. 250.

CALLUNA VULGARIS, Salisb., the HEATHER of Europe, was recently dis-
covered by Mr. Jackson Dawson well established in Tewksbury, Massachu-
setts, in low grounds, whether indigenous or in some way introduced is still in
question.

P. 268.

2ft. Plantago sparsiflora, Michx. Belongs to § 1, except that the
seeds are only one in each cell and somewhat boat-shaped ; leaves lanceolate or
oblong, acute, entire or denticulate, 3-5-nerved, tapering into a margined pe-
tiole, hairy or smooth; scape long and slender (6'- 18' high) ; spike filiform,
sparsely flowered ; bracts ovate ; lobes of the corolla acute ; pod oblong, 2-seeded.

— Mound City, S. Illinois (Dr. Vasey), and southward.

P. 273.

6a. LYSIMACIIIA NUMMUIARIA, L., described in Garden Botany, p. Ixiii., — a
creeping species, with round leaves and solitary flowers from their axils, — has
escaped from the gardens and run wild in some places. (Adv. from Eu.)

P. 293.

. 8a. Gerardia grandifiora, Benth. Intermediate in appearance and

in the size of the corolla between no 6 and no. 9, minutely downy ; stem 3° - 4°

high, much branched ; leaves mostly pinnatifid and cut. (Dasystoma Drum-

mondi, Bcnth.) — Oak-openings, &c., Wisconsin, Lapham, Illinois, Vasey, and

southward.

318.

LAMIUM ALBUM, L, a perennial species, with rather large white flowers,
d petioled coarsely crenate leaves, is found in waste grounds around Boston
by D. Murray. (Adv. from Eu.)

XCV1 ADDENDA TO THE

P. 326.

liydrolea quad rival vis, Walt. The genus differs from most
Ilydrophyllaeeae in having the ovary and pod 2-celled or nearly so, by the pla-
centae united in the axis, and the numerous seeds : the species is a pubescent
perennial ; the stem ascending from a creeping base, with a slender spine in the
axil of most of the broadly lanceolate leaves ; flowers axillary; corolla blue. —
In water or wet places. S. Illinois ( Vasey) and southward.

P. 330.

2. Polcmonium caerulciim, L. Stem erect (l°-3° high) ; leaflets
9-21, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate; flowers numerous, blue; stamens and
style mostly exserted ; pod rather many-seeded. — Borders of a marsh, 3 miles
east of Charlottcsville, Schoharie County, New York, Dr. E. C. Howe. July -
Aug. Otherwise found in this country only high north, and in the Kocky
Mountains and westward, but common in gardens. (Eu.)

P. 352.

2a. AscflcpiaS Mcffidii, n. sp. Torr. Very smooth, pale ; stem simple
(1° high), bearing a single terminal umbel (on a peduncle 3' long) ; kuccs all
opposite, sessile, oblong, the upper ovate-oblong or somewhat heart-shaped, ob-
tuse, mucronate, the plane (not wavy) margins and the numerous rather slender
pedicels downy when young ; divisions of the greenish-white corolla oblong-->vite
(4" long), half the length of the pedicel ; hoods of the sl.ii//illi/ stipltate crutcn jl .•>%
below, rounded-truncate at the summit, longer than the tliickish incurved horn, fur-
nished with a small sharp tooth at the inner mnrgin on each side towards tlm
summit. — Augusta, Illinois, Mead. — Leaves about 4 pairs, li'-L'V long.
Fruit not seen ; so that it is uncertain whether the species should stand next to
A. Sullivantii or A. obtusifolia.
P. 354.

1*. Accrates monoccpliala, n. sp. Lapham in herb. Low (G'-12'
high), rather stout, hirsute; leaves lanceolate, almost sessile (about 2' long and
£' wide) ; umbel solitary and terminal, pedunded, very many-flowered; divis<
ions of the greenish corolla oblong (2.V long), more than twice the length of the
calyx, several times shorter than the pedicels ; hoods of the crown sessile at the
base of the tube of filaments, strongly concave, oblong, erect, with the obtuse
a;<e\ somewhat spreading, equalling the anthers. — Prairies of Wisconsin, Lap-
/tain. .!//-. Corne'l. July. — Intermediate in several respects between A. viridiflora
and A longifolia: having the sessile crown of the former, and flowers not larger
than those of the latter. Hoods more cucullate than those of A. viridiflora; the
two small appendages within each (and the still smaller pairs of appendages
alternate with the hoods) more conspicuous than in the last-named species ;
otherwise verv similar. Pollen-masses also thicker and less club-shaped. — A.
longifolia is well distinguished by the raised crown, of broader hoods, much
shorter than the anthers and by the thick and short pollen-masses. — Should
Dr. Engelmann's surmise prove correct (as is most likely), this species will bear
the name of A. lanuginosa, Decalsne.

BOTANY OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES. XCvii

2*. A. pailicilluta, Decaisne. Almost glabrous; stems short, about %
foot high ; leaves alternate, short-petioled, elongated-oblong, l'-2' wide ; umbel*
several in a cluster, short-pcduncled ; flowers large (I' in diameter), green, with
a short purplish crown ; pods oblong-ovate, often bearing some soft spinous pro<
jections. — Prairies, Illinois ( Vasey, Bebb), and southward. June.
P. 362.

Corispermum tiyssopifoliuin, L. An annual, smooth or some-
what hairy, branching herb, with slender striate branches, narrowly linear thick-
ish leaves, the upper ones small and short, ovate-lanceolate, scarious-margined,
and forming the bracts of the slender spikes, a solitary and perfect flower sessile
under each one ; fruit round-oval, convex on the back, wing-margined, resem-
bling a small bug, whence the name of the genus. — Sandy shore of Lake Mich-
igan, near Chicago, Dr. Scammon, and of Lake Erie, at Buffalo, G. W. Clinton,
(Adv. from the Northwest.)

P. 378.

11. Rumex Engclniaiiili, Ledeb. (R. hastulatus, Baldw., not of
Campd.), — a dioecious species, with narrow and hastate leaves, or the lowermost
cordate, distinguished from no. 10 by its very simple panicle, and the valves of
the fruit enlarging and samara-like, — occurs in S. W. borders of Illinois, thence
southward and westward.

Bruniiichia cirrhosa, Banks, a Southern plant of this family, climb-
ing by tendrils, and with the fruiting calyx and its pedicel winged on one side,
is said by Dr. Bruendd to occur in S. Illinois. I have seen no specimen.

P. 435.

8a. PotamogCton crispus, L. Leaves lance-oblong or oblong-linear,
wavy-crisped, obtuse, sessile, serrate, 3-nerved ; stems much branched ; spike*
long-ped uncled, few-flowered. — Streams, Wilmington, Delaware, E. Tatnalt,
&c. Lchigh River, Pennsylvania, T. Meehan, and at Lancaster, Prof. Porter.
Abundant where it occurs ; probably indigenous ; flowering in May and June,
earlier than the others. (The remarks on p. 436 to be erased.) (Eu.)
P. 439.

Sagittaria calycina, Engelm. Pedicels of the two kinds of flowers
of equal length, the fruit-bearing ones recurved; flowers polygamous, the sterile
es with a few rudimentary pistils and numerous stamens, their filaments
oothish, and about the length of the broadly ovate anthers, the fertile ones
ith 7 to 12 stamens ; style longer than the ovary and erect, but horizontal on
lunate or obovate narrowly-winged achenium ; sepals orbicular, strictly ap-
to the head of fruit. — Kennebunk, Maine, Mr. Swan, growing under
ter, with no blade to the leaves, the petioles stout, subulate. Hackcnsack
marshes, New Jersey, C. F. Austin ; mostly with a small and halberd-shaped
emersed blade to the leaves. Wilmington, Delaware, E. Tatnall; the blade
rudimentary, or oblong and entire, or halberd-form or sagittate, short, obtuse.
Athens, Illinois, E. Hall, with well-developed sagittate acute leaves. Probably
not uncommon.

XCV111 ADDENDA TO THE

P. 448.

Spiranthes graniinea, Lindl. ? has been detected in New York and
New Jersey by C. F. Austin, and some other species or forms are apparently con-
fused with *S". cernua. They must be studied hereafter with fresh materials, and
identified with Lindley's various species.
P. 459.

2». Iris cftprea, Pursh. Stem tall and slender; leaves linear-sword-
shaped (£' wide) ; flowers copper-colored, or dull yellow tinged with blue, the
tube longer than the ovary. — Cairo, S. Illinois, growing with I. versicolor, Dr.
Vasey. Common in the Southern States.

P. 460.

PARDA.NTHDS CHINENSIS, Ker, described in Garden Botany, p. Ixxxii.,
Ixxxiii., has escaped from gardens in some places, and is established along road-
sides in Delaware, Wm. M. Canby.
P. 461, 465, 472.

The anthers are so attached to the filament as to be really extrorse in Medeola
(as ascertained by Prof. H. G. Clark), and in Lilium (as shown by Dr. Chap-
man), Hemerocallis, &c. Other distinctions having also given way, it becomes
apparent that Smilaceae and Melanthacea? will hereafter be merged in the great
order Liliacese.

P. 488.

4. Xyris tdrta, Smith. Scape terete and one-edged, slender, 9' -20'
high, from a bulbous base, and with the linear-filiform rigid leaves becoming
spirally twisted ; lateral sepals winged on the keel and fringed above the mid-
dle.— Pine barrens of New Jersey (near Batsto, D. C. Eaton) and in the S.
States ; in dry sand.

P. 497.

10. Eleocliaris compressa, Sulliv. This is common in Illinois and
westward, in a taller form, with elongated and many-flowered spikes (£'-f
long) : the style is 2-cleft, the achenium when well formed is smooth, or nearly so,
with a rather large tubercle ; the hypogynous bristles generally present, shorter
than or surpassing the achenium, and retrorsely barbed. The species should
stand after no. 6.

P. 498, 500.

IV Scirpus pancifl6nis, Lightfoot. Culms striate-angled, 3' - 9' high ;
the sheaths leafless ; spike ovate, chestnut-colored ; glumes nearly 2-ranked,
blunt, the lower and larger ones not equalling the uppermost ; bristles 3 - 6, re-
trorsely barbed, about the length of the conspicuously beak-pointed triangular
achenium. — Watertown, near Lake Ontario, New York, Dr. Crawe (mistaken
for S. planifolius) ; Point de Tour, Lake Michigan (State coll.) ; Ringwood, N.
Illinois, on the borders of a pond, Dr. G. Vasey. Also in the Rocky Mountains.
This and Eleocharis no. 7, with other species, serve to combine Eleochans
vith Scirpus. (Eu.)

BOTANY OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES. XC^X

8a. S. (Isdlepis) Hallii, n. sp. Like S. debilis in general appearance,
but stems more slender (5'- 12' high), sometimes 1-leaved above the middle;
spikes 1 -5, ovate-fusiform, becoming cylindrical (4" or 5" long, hardly 1^"
thick), some of them occasionally short-stalked ; scales ovate, the greenish cen-
tre strongly keeled, sharp-pointed ; stamens 2 ; bristles none ; achcnium strongly
rugose transversely, plano-convex or (especially in Texan specimens, coll. C.
Wriyht) triangular. — Along ponds, Mason Co., Illinois, with S. debilis, E.
Hall, and near St. Louis, Dr. Engelmann, and southwestward. Varies, like
no. 8, with a 2-cleft or 3-cleft style. I refer it to Scirpus, as the Scirpeous genera
will probably have to be reduced.

P. 519.

32\ Carex Norvegica, Schk. Pale; stem 1° or less high, angled;
spikes 2 - 5, rather approximate, oblong, short-bracted, with a few staminate
flowers at their base, or the terminal one all staminate ; perigynia oval or ob-
long, lenticular, many-nerved, with a short entire beak, equalling the obtuse
scale. — Salt Marsh, Wells, Maine, Rev. J. Blake. (Eu.)
P. 519.

53a. C. rariflora, Smith. Resembles C. limosa (of which it was formerly
thought to be a variety), but smaller, 4' -9' high; the leaves flatter and rather
broader ; pistillate spikes with only 5 — 10 flowers, which are usually less crowded ;
perigynia very short-pointed or bluntish, rather shorter than and involved in the
broadly-ovate blackish scale. — Mt. Katahdin, Maine (G. L. Goodale), aud
northward. (Eu.)

P. 530.

106a. C. pallldosa, Good. More slender, spikes smaller and leaves
narrower than in no. 107 ; perigynia ovate, very strongly nerved, smooth, with
a 2-toothed orifice, about the length of the lanceolate awned scale. — Border of a
salt marsh at Dorchester, Mass., near Savin Hill, W. Boott. (Nat. from Eu. ?)

P. 534.

130a. C, Oliieyi, Boott. Near C. bullata, but with stouter stems, broader
leaves, and more numerous (4 - 6, usually 5) spikes, the fertile ones longer and
narrower (so as to appear more like those of C. vesicaria), more approximate,
the perigynia smaller, and with a shorter beak. — In swamps, Rhode Island,
Olney.
P. 541.

CRYPSIS SCHOENOIDES, Lam. (See Plate 1.) A dwarf grass, with decumbent
branched culms, short and rather rigid pointed leaves, and somewhat inflated
sheaths hairy at the throat, the uppermost partly enclosing the condensed spike-
like panicle ; the structure of the spikelets nearly as in Vilfa. (C. Virginica,
Nutt.) — Streets of Philadelphia and vicinity. (Adv. from Eu.)

542.

2*. Vilfa Clispidata, Torr. Root perennial ; culms and leaves more
slender than in no. 2 ; panicle exserted, very simple and narrow ; spikelets

C ADDENDA TO THE

smaller, the glumes very acute, and the lower palea cuspidate. — Borders of
Maine (on the St. John's River, G. L. Goodtle), and northwestward.

T. 547.

la. CalamaKrostis ffjSiiigsdorflii, Trin. Resembles no. 1, but the

spikelets are larger, the oblong-ianceolate taper-pointed glumes 2^" to 3" long,
and more strigose- scabrous ; the awn stouter. This and C. Canadensis are the
only species in this country which have the panicle loose and open after flowering.
— White Mountains of New Hampshire (W. Boott) and northward. (Eu.)

lb. C. Stricta, Trin. Panicle glomerate and lobed, strict, its branches
erect or appresscd after flowering; glumes l^"-2" long, ovate-oblong, not
acuminate ; hairs scarcely or little shorter than the flower, and as long as those
of the rudiment; awn straight, from the middle of the thin palea or lower, and
barely exceeding it; leaves narrow, soon involute. — Ledges at Willoughby
Lake, Vermont ( W, Boott), and northward. (Eu).

3. C. Ityutfallifaiia, Stcud. This name must take the place of C. coarc-
tata, Ybrr., as there is an older one of the latter name in South America.

3a. C. Portcri, Gray, Proceed. Amer. Acad. 6, p. 79. Panicle long and
narrow, with the branches appressed ; glumes lanceolate, acute, pale, 2" to 2},"
long; hairs of the flower and of the short rudiment scanty, and both reaching
about to the middle of the flower behind the upper palea, but very short or none
at the base of the firm-membraceous lower palea, which bears near its base a
twisted awn of its own length ; stem 2° -4° high ; leaves flat, hearing a woolly-
bearded ring at the junction with the sheath. — Dry woods, Pulpit Rocks and
vicinity, Huntingdon Co., Pennsylvania, Prof. T. C. Porter.

P. 556.

{•raplif pSiorum Iliclicoilles, Bcauv., is to replace Dupontia Coo-
ley!. See Gray in Ann. Bot. Soc. Canad., and Proceed. Amer. Acad. 5, p. 190.

P. 565.

1\ FKSTUCA MYtinus, L. Panicle narrow and simple, one-sided (2' to 6'
long), strict; spikelets about 5-flowcred ; lower glume setaceous; flowers awl-
sliapvd, rough, long-awned, the awn longer than the palea; leaves as in no. 2.
Annual, 6'- 12' high. — Pine-harrens of New Jersey, and Delaware Co., Penn.
( \\r. M~. Caul/I/), and southward. (Nat from Eu.)
P. 569.

1. Traticum rcpens, L. : add var. JTJNCKUM, Bcnth. (T. jnnceum, L.)
A marked maritime variety, glaucous, rigid, awnloss ; the glumes obtuse; the
leaves involute and sharp-pointed. — Cape Elizabeth, Maine, Prof. Tuckerman.
(Nat. from Eu. ? )

P. 572.

2. DailtliOlfiia serScea, Nutt. Larger than no. 1 ; culms not tufted ,
leaves broader; glumes thm- quarters of an inch long; lower palea densely vil-
lous with long silky-white hairs. — Pine-barrens of New Jersey, near Philadel-
phia (C. /v. Smith), and southward.

BOTANY OF TIIE NORTHERN UNITED STATES. Cl

P. 573.

(rather than Arena) CARYOPHYLLEA, L., —resembling A. praecox,but
taller, and with a very diffuse panicle of purplish and at length silvery scarious
spikelets, — was detected in abandoned fields reverting to forest, near Newcastle,
Delaware, by Wm. M. Canby. (Nat. from Eu.)

P. 576.

la. Paspalunt Walteriaiium, Schult. Spikes few (3-7), the
lowest scarcely emerging from the sheath, the membranaceous rhachis blunt
and not projecting; spikelets glabrous. — Delaware (E. Tatnall, Wm. M. Canby)
and southward, in very wet places.

P. 586.

5a. Eqtlisetuttl palustre, L. Stems 6'- 18' high, much more slender
than those of no. 5, and with numerous branches, roughish, with only 5-9 broad
and deep grooves separated by prominent narrow ridges ; sheaths with as many
elongated lance-subulate teeth, pale. — In wet places, Buffalo, New York (G.
W- Clinton), and northward. (Eu.)

P. 592.

3. Clieilanthcs lamigindsa, Nutt. in herb. Hook. Stalks slender,
at first hairy, black or brown, shining ; fronds (3' -8' high) delicate, lanceolate
in outline, woolly with soft whitish hairs, becoming smoother above, 3-pinnate ;
pinnae ovate, the lower ones distant ; pinnules crenately pinnatifid, or mostly
divided into minute roundish segments, the herbaceous margin recurved, forming
an almost continuous involucre. (C. vcstita, Hook, &c. C. gracilis, Metten.) —
In dense tufts on dry rocks and cliffs, Wisconsin ( T. J. Hale), Iowa, and west-
ward. — Ultimate pinnules exceedingly small and crowded.

»606. 3. MARSILEA, L.

Submersed or emersed aquatic plants, with slender creeping rootstocks, send-
ing up elongated petioles, which bear at their apex a whorl of 4 nervose-veined
leaflets, and at or near their base, or sometimes on the rootstock, one or more
globular but somewhat excentric sporocarps. These sporocarps or fruit are 2-
cclled vertically, and with many transverse partitions, and split or burst into 2
lobes at maturity. On the partitions are inserted numerous short-stalked spo-
rangia, of two sorts intermixed ; the larger ones containing a single oval or ob-
long spore, the smaller containing many very minute spores.

1. ITI. qiiadrifoBia, L. Leaflets broadly obovate-cuneate, glabrous; spo-
rocarps usually 2 or 3 on a short peduncle from near the base of the petioles,
pedicelled, glabrous or somewhat hairy. — In water, the leaflets commonly float-
ing on the suiface, Bantam Lake, Litchfield, Connecticut, Dr. T. F. Allen. The
only known habitat in America ! (Eu.)

2. ITI. vestita, Hook and Grev., with hairy leaflets and villous short-stalked
or sessile sporocarps, will doubtless be found in the western part of Wisconsin.

BOTANY

OF THB

NORTHERN UNITED STATES

SERIES I.

PH^ENOGAMOUS on FLOWERING PLANTS.

VEGETABLES bearing proper flowers, that is, having sta-
mens and pistils, and producing seeds, which contain an
embryo.

CLA^ I. DICOTYLEDONOUS OR EXOGE
NOUS PLANTS.

Sterns formed of bark, wood, and pith ; the wood form-
ing a layer between the other two, increasing, when the
stem continues from year to year, by the annual addition
of a new layer to the outside, next the bark. Leaves net-
ted-veined. Embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons,
or rarely several in a whorl. Flowers having their parts
usually in fivea or fours.

SUBCLASS I. ANGIOSPERIVLE.

Pistil consisting of a closed ovary, which contains the ovules and
forms the fruit. Cotyledons only two.
1

2 RANUNCULACEJE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

* DIVISION I. POLYP^TALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS.

Floral envelopes double, that is, consisting of both calyx and co-
rolla ; the petals not united with each other.*

ORDER 1. RANUNCUL,lCE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

Herbs (or woody vines) with a col&rless acrid juice, polypetalous, or ape'a-
lous with the calyx often colored like a corolla, hypogynous ; the sepals, jietals,
numerous stamens, and many or few (rarely single) pistils all distinct and
unconnected. — Flowers regular or irregular. Sepals 3-15. Petals 3-
15, or wanting. Stamens indefinite, rarely few: anthers short Fruits
either dry pods, or seed-like (achenia), or berries, 1 - several-seeded.
Seeds anatropous, with fleshy albumen and a minute embryo. — Stipules
none. Leaves mostly dissected, their stalks dilated at the base. (A large
family, mostly of acrid plants, some of them acrid-narcotic poisons.)

Synopsis of the Genera.

TRIBE I. CL.EMATIDE.ffi. Sepals valvate In the bud, or with the edges bent inwards
Petals none, or small and stamen-like. Achenia numerous, tailed with the feathery or
hairy styles. Seed solitary, suspended. — Vines : leaves all opposite.

1 ATRAGENE. Petals several, small, and resembling sterile stamens.

2. CLEMATIS. Petals none.

TRIBE H. ANEMONE.3E. Sepals imbricated in the bud. Petals none, or very small
and stamen-like. Achenia numerous or several. Seed solitary. — Stem-leaves often op-
posite or whorled, forming an involucre.

# Seed suspended.

S PULSATILLA. Achenia bearing long plumose tails. Petals resembling sterile stamens.
4. ANEMONE. Achenia merely pointed, numerous, not ribbed nor inflated. Involucre re-
mote from the flower, and resembling the other leaves.

6. IIEPATICA. Acheuia several, not ribbed. Involucre close to the flower, of 3 simple leaves,
and resembling a calyx

6. TIIAL1CTRUM. Achenia 4 - 10, ribbed, grooved, or inflated. Involucre none, or leaf-like.

# * Seed erect.

7. TUAUTVETTERIA. Achenia inflated and 4-angled. Involucre none.

TRIBE III. RAlVIT]VCUL.EjE. Sepals imbricated in the bud. Petals evident, often
with a scale or pore inside. Achenia numerous. Seed soli Uiry.

8. RANUNCULUS. Sepals not appendaged. Achenia in a head. Seed erect.

9. MYOSURUS. Sepals spurred at the base. Achenia in a long spike. Seed suspended.

TRIBE IV. HEL,L,EBOKI]XEJE. Sepals imbricated in the bud, deciduous, rarely
persistent, petal-like. Petals (nectaries of the earlier botanists) tubular, irregular, or
2-lipped, often none. Pods (follicles) few, rarely single, few -Be feral-seeded. — Leave*
all alternate.

* Flower regular. Pods several -seeded. Herbs.

10. ISOPYRUM. Petals none (in our species). Pods few. Leaves compound.

11. CALTHA. Petals none. Pods several. Leaves kidney-shaped.

* In many exceptional canes some species or some genera belonging to polypetalous order!
are destitute of petals , as Clematis, Anemone, our iBOpyrum, and other plants of the Crow
foot Family.

RANUNCULACEJE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 8

1>. TROLLIUS. Petals many, minute and stamen-like, h jllowed near the base Pods 8 - 16,
sessile. Leaves divided.

18. COPT1S. Petals 5-6, small, hollowed at the apex. Tods 3-7, long-stalked. Sepals decid-
uous. Leaves divided.

14. I1ELLEBORUS. Petals 8 - 10, small, tubular, 2-lipped. Pods several, sessile. Sepala 6

persistent, turning green with age.

15. AQUILEGIA. Petals 5, spur-shaped, longer than the 5 deciduous sepals. Pods 5.

* * Flower unsymmetrical and irregular. Pods several-seeded.

16. DELPHINIUM. Upper sepal spurred. Petals 4, of two forms ; the upper pair with long

spurs, enclosed in the spur of the calyx.

17. ACONITUM. Upper sepal hooded, covering the 2 long-clawed petals.

* * * Flower symmetrical. Pods ripening only one seed. Shrubby.

18. ZANTIIORHIZA. Petals 5, small, 2-lobed, with claws. Stamens 5-10. Flowers in droop.

ing compound racemes, polygamous.

TRIBE V. CIMICIFUGE^E. Sepals imbricated, falling off as the flower opens. Petals
small and flat, or none. Pistils 1 - several. Fruit a 2 - several-seeded pod or berry.
Leaves all alternate.

19. HYDJIASTIS. Flower solitary. Pistils several in a head, becoming berries in fruit, 2-

seeded. Leaves simple, lobed. Petals none.
90. ACT^EA. Flowers in a single short raceme. Pistil single, forming a many-seeded berry.

Leaves 2 - 3-ternately compound. Petals manifest.
21. C1MIOIFUGA. Flowers in long spiked racemes. Pistils 1-8, in fruit forming dry seYend-

seeded pods. Leaves 2 - 3-ternately compound.

1. ATRAGENE, L. ATRAGENE.

Sepals 4, colored, their valvate margins slightly turned inwards in the bud.
Petals several, much smaller than the sepals, passing gradually into stamens.
Achcnia numerous in a head, bearing the persistent styles in the form of long
plumose tails. — Perennial vines, climbing by the leafstalks ; stems a little
woody. Buds scaly. Leaves opposite, compound. Peduncles 1 -flowered. (A
name of obscure derivation, given to a climbing plant by Thcophrastus.)

1. A. Americana, Sims. (AMERICAN ATRAGENE.) Leaflets stalked,
ovate, pointed, entire or a little toothed, sometimes slightly heart-shaped. ( Clem-
atis verticiilaris, DC.) — Shady rocky hills, Maine and Western N. England to
Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, and mountains of Virginia. April, May. — From
each of the opposite buds in spring arise two termite leaves with long-stalked
leaflets, and a peduncle which bears a bluish-purple flower, 2-3 inches across.

2. CLEMATIS, L. VIRGIN'S-BOWER.

Sepals 4, colored, the valvate margins turned inwards in the bu-1. Petals
none. Achenia numerous in a head, bearing the persistent styles as miked,
hairy, or plumose tails. — Perennial herbs or vines, a little woody, and climbing
by the twisting of the leafstalks. Leaves opposite (KX^/ian's, a name of Di-
oscorides for a climbing plant with long and lithe brarches.)
* Peduncles bearing single large nodding flowers : calyx leathery: anthers hneai.

•*- Stem erect and mostly simple : calyx silky outside.

1. C, ochrolciica, Ait. Leaves simple and entire, ovate, almost sessile,
•ilky beneath, reticulated and soon smooth above; tails of the fruit verv plu-

4 RANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILT.)

raose. — Copses near Brooklyn, New York ; Pennsylvania and Virginia rare
May. — A foot high. Calyx yellowish within.
•*-•«- Stems climbing : leaves pinnate : calyx (and foliage) glabrous or puberulent.

2. C. VHM iia, L. (LEATHKK-FLOWER.) Calyx ovate and at length
bell-shaped ; the purplish sejKils very thick and leathery, with abrupt edges, tipped
with short recurved points ; the long tails of the fruit very plumose; leaflets 3-7,
ovate or oblong, sometimes slightly cordate, 2- 3-lobcd or entire; uppermost
leaves often simple. — Rich soil, Penn., Ohio, and southward. May -Aug.

3. C. Pftclierl, Torr. & Gray. Calyx bell-shaped; the dull purplish
tepals with narrow and slightly margined recurved points; tails of the fruit filiform
and barely pubescent ; leaflets 3-9, ovate or somewhat cordate, entire or 3-lobed,
much reticulated ; uppermost leaves often simple. — Illinois, on the Mississippi,
and southward. June.

4. C. cylindrical, Sims. Calyx cylindraceous below, the upper half of
the bluish-purple sejxils dilated and widely spreading, with broad and waiy thin
maryins ; tails of the fruit silky; leaflets 5-9, thin, varying from oblong-ovate
to lanceolate, entire or 3 — 5-parted. — Virginia near Norfolk, and southward.
May - Aug.

* * Flowers in panic! ed clusters : sepals thin : anthers oblonq.

5. C. Virgiiiiana, L. (COMMON VIRGIN'S-BOWER.) Smooth ; leaves
oearing 3 ovate acute leaflets, which are cut or lobcd, and somewhat heart-shaped
at the base; tails of the fruit plumose. — River-banks, £c., common; climbing
over shrubs. July, August. — The axillary peduncles bear clusters of numerous
white flowers (sepals obovate, spreading), which are polygamous or dioecious ;
the fertile are succeeded in autumn by the conspicuous feathery tails of the fruit.

3. PUL.SATIJLL.A, Tourn. PASQUE-FLOWER.

Sepals 4-6, colored. Petals none, or like abortive gland-like stamens.
Achenia with long feathery tails. Otherwise as Anemone ; from which the
genus does not sufficiently differ. (Derivation obscure. The popular name
was given because the plant is in blossom at Easter.)

1. P. IV 11 Ha I lift 11:1. Villous with long silky hairs ; flower erect, devel-
oped before the leaves ; which are ternately divided, the lateral divisions 2-part-
ed, the middle one stalked and 3-partcd, the segments deeply once or twice cleft
into narrowly linear and acute lobes ; lobes of tbe involucre like those of the
leaves, at the base all united into a shallow cup; sepals 5 — 7, purplish, spread-
ing. (P. patens, ed. 1. Anemone patens, Hook, frc. not of L. A. Nuttal liana,
DC. A. Ludoviciana, Nutt.) — Prairies, Wisconsin (Lapham) and westward.
April. — A span high. Sepals !'-!£' long. Tails of the fruit 2' long. More
like P. vulgaris than P. patens of Europe.

4. AAENI6NE, L. ANEMONE. WIND-FLOWER.

JSepals 5-15, petal-like. Petals none. Achenia short-beaked or blunt. Seed
responded. — Perennial herbs with radical leaves; those of the stem 2 or 3 to-

RANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 5

gether, opposite or whorled, and forming an involucre remote from the flower.
(Name from ai/e/*os, the wind, because the flower was thought to open only when
the wind blows.) See Addend.

* Pistils many, crowded in a very dense head, clothed with long matted wool in fruit:
sepals downy or silky underneath.

1. A. pawiflora, Michx. (SMALL ANEMONE.) Somewhat pubescent ;
stem slender and simple, one-flowered; leaves roundish, 3-parted, their divisions
wedye-shaped, crenate-lobed ; involucre of 2 almost sessile leaves ; sepals 6, oval,
whitish; head of fruit globular. — Lake Superior; thence northward. Plant
2' -12' high.

2. A. millfifida, DC. (MANY-CLEFT ANEMONE.) Silky-hairy; prin-
cipal involucre 2-3-lcaved, bearing one naked and one or two 2-leaved pedun-
cles ; leaves of the involucre short-petioled, similar to the root-leaves, twice or
thrice 3-parted and cleft, their divisions linear ; sepals 5-8, obtuse, red, sometimes
greenish-yellow or whitish; head of fruit spherical or oval. — Rocks, Western
Vermont and Northern New York, Lake Superior, &c. : rare. June. — Plant
6' -12' high ; sepals ^' long.

3. A. cyliiidrica, Gray. (LONG-FRUITED ANEMONE.) Slender,
clothed with silky hairs; flowers 2-6, on very long and upright naked pedun-
cles ; leaves of the involucre long-petioled, twice or thrice as many as the flower-
sralks, 3-divided ; their divisions wedge-shaped, the lateral 2-parted, the middle
one 3-cleft ; lobes cut and toothed at the apex ; sepals 5, obtuse, greenish-white ;
head of fruit cylindrical (!' long). — Sandy or dry woods, Massachusetts and
Rhode Island to Wisconsin and Illinois. May. — Plant l°-2° high. Pedun-
cles 7' -12' long, all appearing together from the same involucre, and naked
throughout, or sometimes part of them with involucels, as in No. 4.

4. A. Virginmiia, L. (TALL ANEMONE.) Hairy; principal involucre
3-leaved ; the leaves long-petioled, 3-parted ; their divisions ovate-lanceolate, pointed,
cut-serrate, the lateral 2-parted, the middle 3-clcft; peduncles elongated, th<?
earliest naked, the others with a 2-leavcd involucel at the middle ; sepals 5, acute.
greenish (in one variety white and obtuse) ; head of fruit oval or oblonrj. — Woods
and meadows; common. June -August. — Plant 2° -3° high; the upright pe
duncles 6' -12' long. In this and the next species the first flower-stalk is leaf
less; 'but from the same involucre soon proceed one or two lateral ones, which
are 2-leaved at the middle ; these partial involucres in turn giving rise to similai
peduncles, thus producing a succession of flowers through the whole summer.

* * Pistils fewer, in a rather loose head, hairy or pubescent.

5. A. Pennsylvailica, L. (PENNSYLVANIAN ANEMONE.) Hairy,
involucres (or stem-leaves) sessile; the primary ones 3-leaved, bearing a naked
peduncle, and soon a pair of branches or peduncles with a 2-leaved involucre
at the middle, which branch similarly in turn ; leaves broadly wedge-shaped, 3-
cleft, cut and toothed ; radical leaves 5-7-parted or cleft ; sepals obovate, white ;
head of fruit spherical; the carpels flat, orbicular, hairy. — W. New England
to Ohio and Wisconsin. June -Aug. — Plant rather hairy, 6' high when it be-
gins to blossom, but continuing to produce branches, each terminated by H naked

K uncle, through the summer; flowers \\' broad, handsome.
"

6 RANUMCULACEJE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

6. A. neinorosa, L. (WIND-FLOWER. WOOD ANEMONH ) Low,

smoothish; stem perfectly simple ; flower single on a naked peduncle ; leaves of
the involucre 3, long-petioled, 3-divided, toothed and cut ; the lateral divisions
often (var. QUINQUEFOLIA) 2-parted; radical leaf single; sepals 4-7, oval, white,
sometimes tinged with purple outside; carpels only 15-20, oblong, with a
hooked beak. — Margin of woods. April, May. — A delicate and pretty vernal
species; the spreading flower 1' broad. (Eu.)

5. HEPATICA, Dill. LIVER-LEAF. HEPATICA.

Involucre simple and 3-leaved, very close to the flower, so as to resemble a
calyx ; otherwise as in Anemone (of which this genus may be viewed as only a
section). — Leaves all radical, heart-shaped and 3-lobed, thickish and persistent
through the winter, the new ones appearing later than the flowers. Flowers
single, on hairy scapes. (Name from a fancied resemblance to the liver in the
shape of the leaves.)

1. H» trilobn, Chaix. (ROUND-LOBED HEPATICA.) Leaves with 3
ovate obtuse or rounded lobes ; those of the involucre also obtuse. — Woods ;
common; flowering soon after the snow leaves the ground in spring. Sepals
6-9, blue, purplish, or nearly white. Achenia several, in a small loose head,
ovate-oblong, pointed, hairy. Lobes of the leaves usually very obtuse, or
rounded. (Eu.)

2. H. acutiloba, DC. (SHARP-LOBED HEPATICA.) Leaves with 3
ovate and pointed lobes, or sometimes 5-lobed ; those of the involucre acute or
acutish. — Woods, Vennont and New York to Wisconsin. Sepals 7-12, pale
purple, pink, or nearly white. Perhaps runs into No. 1.

6. TIIAL.I CTRUJJI, Toura. MEADOW-RUE.

Sepals 4 or more, petal-like or greenish. Petals none. Arhenia 4-15, tipped
by the stigma or short style, grooved or ribbed, or else inflated. Seed suspend-
ed.— Perennials, with 2-3-ternately compound leaves, the divisions and the
leaflets stalked. Flowers in corymbs or panicles, often polygamous. (Deriva-
tion obscure.)

* Stem-leaves forming an involucre at the summit, as in Anemone: root tuberous*

tliickened and clustered: Jlowers perfect : fruits sessile, grooved.
1. T. aneinonoides, Michx. (RUE-ANEMONE.) Low; root-leaves
twice or thrice 3-divided ; the leaflets and the long-stalked leaflets of the invo-
lucre obtusely 3-lobcd at the apex ; flowers few in a simple umbel. (Anemone
thalictroidcs, L., Bigel.) — Woods: common. April, May. — A pretty plant,
more like Anemone than Thalictrum in aspect. The stem bears 2 or 3 leaves
•t the very summit, like those from the root, but without the common petiole,
BO that they seem like a whorl of long-stalked simple leaves. Sepals 5-10,
half an inch long, not falling off before the stamens, white, or tinged with pink.
Pistils several in a little head, tipped with a flat stigma,
if * Stem-leaves scattered, 3 - 4 times compound: root fibrous : Jlowers dioecious ot

RANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.; 7

polygamous : sepals 4 — 5, falling away early : fruits sessile, tipped with long stig-
mas, ribbed-anqled.

2. T. dioicillfil, L. (EARLY MEADOW-RUE.) Leaves all with general
petioles; leaflets rounded and 5-7-lobed; flowers in compound panicles, green-
ish. — Rocky woods and hill-sides : common northward. April, May. — A foot
or so high, with very pale and delicate foliage, and slender yellowish anthers on
capillary filaments.

3. T. Cornwti, L. (MEADOW-RUE.) Stem-leaves without general peti-
oles ; leaflets 3-lobed at the apex, the lobes acutish ; flowers in very compound
large panicles, white. — Meadows and along streams. June, July. — Stem
30-90 high, furrowed. Leaves whitish and glandular, or downy beneath. Fila-
ments slightly club-shaped ; anthers oblong.

7. TRATJTVETTERIA, Fischer & Meyer. FALSE BUGBANB.

Sepals 4 or 5, concave, petal-like, very caducous. Petals none. Achenia
numerous, in a head, mcmbranaceous, compressed-4-anglcd and inflated. Seed
erect. — A perennial herb, with palmately-lobed leaves, all alternate, and corym-
bose (white) flowers. (Dedicated to Prof. Trautvctter, a Russian botanist.)

1. T. pa E 911 at a, Fischer & Meyer. (Cimicifuga palmata, Michx.)
Woods, along streams, Virginia and Kentucky along the mountains : also spar-
ingly in Ohio and Illinois. July, Aug. — Root-leaves large, 5 - 9-lobcd ; the
lobes toothed and cut. Stems 2° -3° high.

8. RAWil]VCUL,U§, L. CROWFOOT. BUTTERCUP.

Sepals 5'. Petals 5, flat, with a little pit or scale at the base inside. Ache-
nia numerous, in a head, mostly flattened, pointed ; the seed erect. — Annuals
or perennials : stem-leaves alternate. Flowers solitary or somewhat corymbcd,
yellow, rarely white. (Sepals and petals rarely only 3, the latter often more
than 5. Stamens occasionally few in number.) — (A Latin name for a little
frog ; also applied by Pliny to these plants, the aquatic species growing where
those animals abound.)

Kl. BATRACHIUM, DC. — Petals with a pore or nakal pit at the base, white,
the claw yellow: achenia tun/id, i.ansversely wrinkled: aquatic perennials, with
fte immersed foliage dissected into capillary lobes.
1. R. aqiuitilis, L., var. divaricatus. (WHITE WATER-CROW-
>OT.) Floating; leaves all immersed and similar, comnoundiy dissected intr
many capillary lobes, which are rather rigid, and all widely spreading in a hori-
zontal plane, making an orbicular outline ; petals obovate, much longer than
the calyx ; receptacle of fruit hispid. (R. divaricatus, Schrank. R. circinatus,
Sibthorp.) — Ponds and slow streams : common. June- Aug. (Eu.)
§ 2. Petals ivith a little scale at the base (yelloiv in all our species).

-* Achenia smooth.
•*- Aquatic, perennial : immersed leaves filiforndy dissected.

2. R. Piirsliis, Richards. (YELLOW WATISK-CROWFOOT.J Stem
floating, with the leaves all dissected into several times forked capillary divia

6

RANTJNCULACE^E. (CRU\VFOOT FAMILY.)

ions ; or sometimes rooting in the mud, with the emersed leaves kidnc v -shaped
or round and variously lobcd or cleft; petals 5-8, much larger than the calyx ,
carpels in a spherical head, pointed with a straight beak. (II. multilidus, Pursh,
Bigel. R. lacustris, Beck. ) — Stagnant water ; most common northward. May -
July. — Stems 2° -4° long, round and tubular. Petals bright yellow, mostly as
large as in the common Buttercup.
«- •«- Terrestrial : perennial, except Nos. 6 and 9, which are at least sometime*

annual.
** Leaves all undivided : plants glabrous.

3. R. alisniBBfolius, Geycr, Bcnth. (WATER-PLANTAIN SPEA*
WORT.) Stems hollow, ascending, often rooting from the lower joints; leaves
lanceolate, mostly denticulate, the lowest oblong, all contracted into a margined
petiole with a membranaceous dilated and half-sheathing base ; petals 5-7,
much longer than the calyx, bright yellow; carpels flattened, pointed with a long
and straight subulate sharp beak, collected in a globular head. (R. Flammula &
11. Lingua, Amer. authors.) — Wet or inundated places; common northward.
June -Aug. Stems 1°- 2° high. Leaves 3' -5' long. Flower 5" - 6", in Ore-
gon and California 7" -9", broad. Cm-pels much larger than in the next.

4. R. Fist ill mil la, L. (SPEARWORT.) Stem reclining or ascending,
rooting below ; leaves lanceolate or linear, or the lowest oblong-lanceolate, en-
tire or nearly so, mostly pctioled; petals 5-7, much longer than the calyx,
bright yellow; camels turgid, mncronate icith a very short and usually curved blunt
point, forming a small globular head. — Shore of L. Ontario (a small form) ,
thence northward. June -Aug. Corolla 4" - 6" broad. (Eu.)

Var. reptaiis. (CREEPING SPEARWORT.) Much smaller and slenderer ;
the filiform prostrate stems rooting at all the joints. (R. reptans, L. R. fili
formis, Michx.) — Gravelly or sandy banks of streams, &c. New England and
Penn. to Wisconsin, northward. Stems 4' -6' long. (Eu.)

5. R. pusillllS, Poir. Stem slender, ascending ; root-leaves ovate or round-
ish, obtuse, entire, often rather heart-shaped, on long petioles ; the lower stem-
leaves similar ; the uppermost becoming linear-lanceolate, obscurely toothed,
scarcely pctioled ; petals 1-5, commonly 3, about as long as the cahj.r, yell/auaf'sh ;
stninc.ns few (5-10) ; carpels slightly pointed or blunt, in a globular head. — Wet
places, S. New York, New Jersey, and southward near the coast. July. —
Stems 5' -12' high.

6. R. Cyiiibalaria, Pursh. (SEA-SIDE CROWFOOT.) Stem sending
off long runners from the base which are rooting and leafy at the joints ; linn*
all roundish, most 1 1/ heart-shaped at the base, coarsely crenate-toothcd, rather fleshy,
on long petioles ; flower-stalks (scaj*s) leafless, 1 -7-flowcrcd ; petals 5-8, bright
yellow ; mr/W.v in Monn heads, very numerous, short-beaked, striate-veined on the
sides. — Sea-shore, Maine to New Jersey. Salt springs, Salina, New York, to
Illinois and westward. June-Aug. — Scapes 3'-6' high.

•w •*-«• Root-leaves undivided, often cleft, but not to the base.

7. R. rhomboideilS, Goldie. Dwarf, hairy; root-leaver roundish, or
rhombic-ovate, rarely subcordate, toothed or eremite; lowest stem-leaves similar
or 3-5-lobed; the upper 3-5-parted, almost sessile, the lobes linear; carpel*

RANtJNCULACE.fi. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.;

orbicdar with a minute beak, in a spherical head • petals large, exceeding ike calyx
(Also R. brevicaulis & ovalis, Hook.) — Prairies, Michigan to Illinois, April
May. — Stems 3'-6' high, sometimes not longer than the root-leaves. Flower
deep yellow, as large as in No. 12.

8. 11. abort! vus, L. (SMALL-FLOWERED CROWFOOT.) Glabrous and
very smooth ; primary root-leaves round heart-shaped or kidney-form, barely crenate,
the succeeding ones often 3-lobed or 3-parted ; those of the stem and branches
8-5-parted or divided, subsessile; their divisions oblong or narrowly wedge-
form, mostly toothed ; carpels in a globular head, mucronate with a minute curved
beak ; petals shorter than the reflexed calyx. — Shady hill-sides and along brooks,
common. April -June. — Stem erect, 6' -2° high, at length branched above,
the pale yellow flowers very small in proportion.

Yar. micrantllllS. Pubescent; root-leaves seldom at all heart-shaped,
some of them 3-parted or 3-divided ; divisions of the upper stem-leaves more
linear and entire; peduncles more slender. (R. micranthus, Nutt.) — Massa-
chusetts (near Boston, C. J. Sprague), Michigan, Illinois, and westward.

9. R. SCClcratliS, L. (CURSED CROWFOOT.) Smooth and glabrous ;
root-leaves 3-lobed, rounded ; lower stem-leaves 3-parted, the lobes obtusely cut
and toothed, the uppermost almost sessile, with the lobes oblong-linear and near-
ly entire ; carpels barely mucronulate, very numerous, in oblong or cylindrical heads ;
petals scarcely exceeding the calyx. — Wet ditches : appearing as if introduced.
June -Aug. — Stem thick and hollow, 1° high. Leaves thickish. Juice acrid
and blistering. Flowers small, pale yellow. (Eu.)

10. R. rcciirvatUS, Poir. (HOOKED CROWFOOT.) Hirsute; leaves
of the root and stem nearly alike, long-peiioltd, deeply 3-cleft, large, the lobes broad-
ly wedge-shaped, 2 - 3-cleft, cut and toothed towards the apex ; carpels in a glob-
ular head, flat and margined, conspicuously beaked by the long and recurved hooked
styles ; petals shorter than the reflexed calyx, pale. — Woods, common. May, June.
— Stem l°-2°high.

•«• -M. •»-«• Leaves all ternatdy parted, or compound, the divisions cleft : achenia flat.
a. Head of carpels oblong : petals pale, not exceeding the calyx.

11. R. Pennsylvanicus, L. (BRISTLY CROWFOOT.) Hirsute with
rough spreading bristly hairs ; stem stout, erect ; divisions of the leaves stalked,
somewhat ovate, unequally 3-cleft, sharply cut and toothed, acute ; carpels
pointed with a sharp straight beak. — Wet places, common. June - Aug. — A
coarse plant, 2° -3° high, with inconspicuous flowers.

b. Head of carpels globular: petals bright yellow, much larger than the calyx.

12. R. fascicularis, Muhl. (EARLY CROWFOOT.) Low, pubescent
with close-pressed silky hairs; root a cluster of thickened fleshy fibres ; radical
leaves appearing pinnate, the long-stalked terminal division remote from the ses-
sile lateral ones, itself 3 - 5-divided or parted and 3 - 5-cleft, the lobes oblong or
linear ; stems ascending ; petals spatulate-oblong, twice the length of the spread-
ing calyx ; carpels scarcely margined, tipped with a slender straight or rather
curved beak. — Rocky hills. April, May. — Plant 5' -9' high; the bright yel
low flower 1' broad; petals rather distant, the base scarcely broader than she
scale, often 6 or 7.

10 RANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

13. It. repens, L. (CREEPING CROWFOOT.) Low, hairy or nearly
glabrous ; stems ascending, and some of them forming long runners; leaves 3-divid-
ed ; the divisions all stalked (or at least the terminal one), broadly wedge-shaped
or ovate, unequally 3-clcft or parted and variously cut; peduncles furrowed;
petals obovate, much larger than the spreading calyx ; carpels strongly margined,
pointed by a stout straightish beak. — Moist or shady places, wet meadows, £c.,
May -Aug. — Extremely variable in size and foliage, commencing to flower by
upright steins in spring before the long runners are formed. Flowers as large
as those of No. 12, or often larger. (Eu.)

14. R. BULB6sus, L. (BULBOUS CROWFOOT, BUTTERCUPS.) Hairy,
stem erect from a bulb-like base ; radical leaves 3-divided ; the lateral divisions ses-
sile, the terminal stalked and 3-parted, all wedge-shaped, cleft and toothed ; pedun-
cles furrowed ; petals round, wedge-shaped at the base, much longer than the
reflexed calyx ; carpels tipped with a very short beak. — Meadows and pas-
tures ; very abundant only in E. New England ; seldom found in the interior.
May -July. — A foot high. Leaves appearing as if pinnate. Petals often G tr
7, deep glossy yellow, the corolla more than an inch broad. (Nat. from Eu.)

15. K. ACRIS, L. (TALL CROWFOOT, BUTTERCUPS.) Hairy; stem
erect ; leaves 3-diviued ; the divisions all sessile and 3-cleft or parted, their seg-
ments cut into lanceolate or linear crowded lobes; peduncles not furrowed;
petals obovate, much longer than the spreading calyx. — Meadows and fields.
June -Aug. — Plant twice the height of No. 14, the flower nearly as large, but
not so deep yellow. — The Buttercups are avoided by cattle, on account of their
very acrid juice, which, however, being volatile, is dissipated in drying, when
these plants are cut with hay. (Nat. from Eu.)

# # Achenia beset with rough points or small prickles : annuals.

16. R. MURICATUS, L. Nearly glabrous; lower leaves roundish or reni-
form, 3-lobed, coarsely crcnate ; the upper 3-cleft, wedge-form at the base ;
ix tuls longer than the calyx; carpels flat, spiny-tuberculate on the sides, strongly
bonked, surrounded with a wide and sharp smooth margin. — Eastern Virginia
and southward. (Nat. from Eu.)

17. SI. PARVIFL6RUS, L. Hairy, slender, and diffuse ; lower leaves round-
ish-cordate, 3-cleft, coarsely toothed or cut ; the upper 3 - 5-parted ; petals not
longer than the calyx ; carpels minutely hispid and rough, beaked, narrowly mar
gincd. — Norfolk, Virginia, and southward. (Nat. from Eu.)

0. MYOS1JRUS, Dill. MOUSE-TAIL.

Sepals 5, spurred at the base. Petals 5, small and narrow, raised on a slen-
der claw, at the summit of which is a nectariferous hollow. Stamens 5 - 20.
Aclu-nia numerous, somewhat 3-sidcd, crowded on a very long and slender
spike-like receptacle (whence the name, from /xCr, a mouse, and ot<pa, a tail) ,
the seed suspended. — Little annuals, with tufted narrowly linear-spatulate root-
leaves, and naked 1 -flowered scapes. Flowers small, greenish.

1. UI. ill I ill in us, L. Carpels blunt. — Alluvial ground, Illinois and
Kentucky, thence south and west. (Ea.)

RANUNCULACEJS. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 1!

1O. ISOPYRUM, L. (ENEMION. Raf.)

Sepals 5, petal-like, deciduous. Petals 5, minute, wanting in the American
species. Stamens 10-40. Pistils 3-6 or more, pointed with the styles. Pods
ovate or oblong, 2 -several-seeded. — Slender smooth herbs, with 2-3-tcrmxtely
compound leaves ; the leaflets 2-3-lobed. Flowers axillary and terminal,
white. (Name from iVoy, equal, and irvpvs, wheat; of no obvious application.)

1. I. biternatum, Torr. & Gray. Petals none; pistils 3-6 (com.
nionly 4), divaricate in fruit, 2-3-seeded ; seeds even, ty — Moist shady pla-
ces, Ohio, Kentucky, and westward. May. — Fibres of the root thickened here
and there into little tubers. Aspect and size of the plant much like Thalictrum
anemonoides.

11. € ALT HA, L. MARSH MARIGOLD.

Sepals 6-9, petal-like. Petals none. Pistils 5-10, with scarcely any styles.
Pods (follicles) compressed, spreading, many-seeded. Glabrous perennials, with
round and heart-shaped, or kidney-form, large, undivided leaves. (Name from
KaXa#oy, a goblet, in allusion to the golden flower-cup or calyx.)

1. C. palustris, L. (MARSH MARIGOLD.) Stem hollow, furrowed;
leaves round or kidney-shaped, either crenate or nearly entire ; sepals about 6,
broadly oval (bright yellow). — Swamps and wet meadows, common north-
ward. April, May. — This well-known plant is used as a pot-herb in spring,
when coming into flower, under the name of COWSLIPS ; but the Cowslip is a
totally Different plant, namely, a species of Primrose. The Caltha should bear
with us, as in England, the popular name of Marsh Marigold. (Eu.)

12. TROLL, I US, L. GLOBE-FLOWER.

Sepals 5-15, petal-like. Petals numerous, small, 1 -lipped, the concavity
near the base. Stamens and pistils numerous. Pods 9 or more, sessile, many-
seeded. — Smooth perennials with palmately parted and cut leaves, like Ranun-
culus, and large solitary terminal flowers. (Name thought to be derived from
the old German word troll, a globe, or something round.)

1. T. laxus, Salisb. (SPREADING GLOBE-FLOWER.) Sepals 5-6,
spreading; petals 15-25, inconspicuous, much shorter than the stamens. — •
Deep swamps, New Hampshire to Delaware and Michigan. May. — Flowers
twice the size of the common Buttercup ; the sepals spreading, so that the name
is not appropriate, as it is to the European Globe-flower of the gardens, nor is the
blossom showy, being pale greenish-yellow.

13. COPTIS, Salisb. GOLDTHREAD.

Sepals 5-7, petaf-like, deciduous. Petals 5-7, small, club-shaped, hollow at
ft.e apex. Stamens .5-25. Pistils 3-7, on slender stalks. Pods divergent,
membranaccous, pointed with the style, 4-8-seedcd. — Low smooth perennials,
with tcrnatcly divided root-lcjives, and small white (lowers on scapes. (Name
from K'forroi}, to cut alluding to the divided leaves.)

12 RANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

1. C. trifolia, Salisb. (TUREE-LEAVED GOLDTHREAD.) Leaflets 3,
ol>ovute-wedge-form, sharply toothed, obscurely 3-lobed; scape I -flowered. —
Bcv^s, abundant northward ; extending south to Maryland along the mountains.
May. — Root of long, bright yellow, bitter fibres. Leaves evergreen, shining.
Scape naked, slender, 3' -5' high. (Eu.)

14. HELL^BORUS, L. HELLEBORK.

Sepals 5, petal-like or greenish, persistent. Petals 8-10, very small, tuba-
Jar, 2-lippcd. Pistils 3 - 10, sessile, forming coriaceous many -seeded pods. —
Perennial herbs of the Old World, with ample palmate or peclate leaves, and
large, solitary, nodding, early vernal flowers. (Name from tXflv, to injure, and
pfopd, food, from their well-known poisonous properties.)

1. II* vfRiDis, L. (GREEN HELLEBORE.) Root-leaves glabrous, pedate ,
calyx spreading, greenish. — Near Brooklyn and Jamaica, Long Island. (Adv.
from Eu.)

15. AQUILECIA, Tourn. COLUMBINE.

Sepals 5, regular, colored like the petals. Petals 5, all alike, with a short
spreading lip, produced backwards into large hollow spurs, much longer than
the calyx. Pistils 5, with slender styles. Pods erect, many-seeded. — Peren-
nials, with 2 - 3-tcrnatcly compound leaves, the leaflets lobed. Flowers large
and showy, terminating the branches. (Name from aijuila, an eagle, from some
fancied resemblance of the spurs to talons.)

1. A. Canadensis, L. (WILD COLUMBINE.) Spurs inflated, sud-
denly contracted towards the tip, nca-ly straight; stamens and styles longer
than the ovate sepals. — Rocks, common. April -June. — Flowers 2' long,
scarlet, yellow inside, nodding, so that the spurs turn upward, but thu stalk be-
comes upright in fruit. — More delicate and graceful than the

A. VULGXRIS, L., the common GARDEN COLUMBINE, from the Old World,
which is beginning to escape from cultivation in some places.

16. DELPHINIUM, Tourn. LARKSPUR.

Sefals 5, irregular, petal-like; the upper one prolonged into a spur at the
base. Petals 4, irregular, the upper pair continued backwards into long spura
which arc enclosed in the spur of the calyx; the lower pair with short claws:
rarely only 2 united into one. Pistils 1-5, forming many-seeded pods in
fruit. — Leaves pal mately divided or cut. Flowers in terminal racemes. (Name
from Del phi ii, in allusion to the shape of the flower, which is sometimes not un-
like the classical figures of the dolphin.)

1. D. cxaltittum, Ait. (TALL LARKSPUR.) Leaves deeply 3-5-
cli'ft ; the divisions narrow wedge-form, diverging, 3-clcft at the apex, acute;
nicunts mnul-likc, panicled, masy-flavxred ; spur straight; jxxls 3, f/rr/. 1J. —
Rich soil, Ponn. to Michigan, and southward. July. — Stem 2C -5° high Low-
er leaves 4' - ft ' broad. Flowers purplish-blue, downy.

RANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT -FAMILY.) 13

2. D. trictirne, Michx. (DWARP LARKSPUR.) Leaves deeply 5-pan-
ed. their divisions unequally 3-5-cleft; the lobes linear, acutish ; raceme fete-
flowered, loose; spur straightish, ascending; pods strongly diverging. ~]\. — W.
Pcnn. to Illinois and southward. April, May. — Root a tuberous cluster. Stem
simple, 6'- 12' high. Flowers bright blue, sometimes white.

3. I>. azitreuill, Michx. (AZURE LARKSPUR.) Leaves deeply 3-5-
parted, the divisions 2-3 times cleft; the lobes all narrowly linear; raceme
strict; spur ascending, usually curved upwards ; pods 3-5, erect. 1J. — Wiscon-
sin, Illinois, and southward. May, June. — Stem l°-2° high, slender, often
softly pubescent. Flowers sky-blue or whitish.

4. I>. COXSOLIDA, L. (FIELD LARKSPUR.) Leaves dissected into nar-
row linear lobes ; racemes rather few-flowered, loose ; pedicels shorter than the
bracts; petals all combined into one body; pod one, glabrous. (T) — Penn. (Mcr-
rersburg, Porter] and Virginia, escaped from grain-fields : and sparingly along
voad-sides farther north. (Nat. from Eu.)

17. AtJONITTUIfl, Tourn. ACONITE. MONKSHOOD. WOLFSBANE.

Sepals 5, petal-like, very irregular; the upper one (helmet) hooded or helmet-
shnped, larger than the others. Petals 2 (the 3 lower wanting entirely, or very
minute rudiments among the stamens), consisting of small spur-shaped bodies
raised on long claws and concealed under the helmet. Pistils 3-5. Pods sev-
eral-seeded. Seed-coat usually wrinkled or scaly. — Perennials, with palmately
cleft or dissected leaves, and showy flowers in racemes or panicles. (The an-
cient Greek and Latin name, said to be derived from Acone, in Bitbynia.)

1. A. nilCillfttum, L. (WiLD MONKSHOOD.) Glabrous; stem slen-
der, et-KCt, but weak and disposed to climb ; leaves deeply 3-5-lobed, petioled ; the
lobes ovate-lanceolate, coarsely toothed ; flowers blue ; helmet erect, obtusely conical,
compressed, slightly pointed or beaked in front. — Rich shady soil along stream*.
S. W. New York, and southward along the mountains. June - Aug.

2. A. rcclinatiim, Gray. (TRAILING WOLFSBANE.) Glabrous ,
stems trailing (3° -8° long) ; leaves deeply 3-7 '-cleft, petioled, the lower orbicu-
lar ic outline ; the divisions wedge-form, incised, often 2-3-lobed ; flowers idiite,
in very loose panicles ; helmet soon horizontal, elongated-conical, with a straight
beak in front. — Cheat Mountain, Virginia, and southward in the Alleghanies
Aug. — Lower leaves 5' — 6' wide. Flowers 9" long, nearly glabrous.

1§. ZANTIIORHIZA, Marshall. SHRUB YELLOW-HOOT.

Sepals 5, regular, spreading, deciduous. Petals 5, much smaller than the
sepals, concave and obscurely 2-lobed, raised on a claw. Stamens 5 to 10
Pistils 5-15, bearing 2 or 3 pendulous ovules. Pods 1-seeded, oblong, the
short style becoming dorsal in its growth. — A low shrubby plant; the bark
and the long roots deep yellow and bitter. Flowers polygamous, dull purple,
in compound drooping racemes, appearing, along with the 1 - 2-pinnate leaves,
from large terminal buds in early spring. (Name compounded of £av66s , yellow
and pt£a, root.)

H RANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILT.)

1. Z. apiifolia, L'Her. — Shady banks of streams, in the moo tains ot

Pennsylvania and southward. Shcrburne, New York, Dr. Douglass. Stems
clustered, l°-2° high. Leaflets cleft and toothed. — The roots jf this, and also
of the next plant, were used as a yellow dye by the aborigines.

19. II YD HAS TBS, L. ORANGE-ROOT. YELLOW PUCCOON.

Sepals 3, petal-like, falling away when the flower opens. Petals none. Pistils
12 or more in a head, 2-ovulcd : stigma flat, 2-lipped. Ovaries becoming a head
of crimson 1 -2-secded berries in fruit. — A low perennial herb, sending up in
early spring, from a thick and knotted yellow rootstoek, a single radical leaf,
and a simple hairy stem, which is 2-leaved near the summit, and terminated by
a single greenish- white flower. (Name perhaps from i/^co/j, water, and Spdo>,
to act, alluding to the active properties of the juice.)

1. H. CanadcilSlS, L. — Rich woods, New York to Wisconsin and
southward. — Leaves rounded, heart-shaped at the base, 5-7-lobed, doubly
serrate, veiny, when full grown in summer 4' -9' wide.

2O. ACT A! A, L. BANEBERRY. COHOSH.

Sepals 4 or 5, falling off when the flower expands. Petals 4-10, small, flat,
Rpatnlate, on slender claws. Stamens numerous, with slender white filaments.
Pistil single : stigma sessile, depressed, 2-lobed. Fruit a many-seeded berry.
Seeds smooth, flattened and packed horizontally in 2 rows. — Perennials, with
ample 2-3-tcrnatcly compound leaves, the ovate leaflets sharply cleft and
toothed, and a short and thick terminal raceme of white flowers. (Name from
ditTr), the Elder, from some resemblance in the leaves.)

1. A. spicata, L. (A. Americana, Pursli. A. brachypetala, DC.)
Called HERB CHRISTOPHER in Europe.

Var. rubra, Michx. (RED BANEBERRY.) Petals about half the length
of the stamens; pedicels slender ; Imrics c/tcrrtj-rcd, oval. (A. rubra, IT ///(/.,
Biycl. <jr. Rich woods, New England to Penn. and Wisconsin, and northward.
April, May. Plant 2° high. (Eu.)

Var. silba, Michx. (WHITE B.YNKMKKKV or Coiiosn.) Petals rather
longer and narrower; j>cdircls tliicknitd both in flower and fruit; (Vr/vVs milk'
white, short-oval or globular. (A. alba, Bujcl. A. pachypoda, Ell.) — Rich
woods, more common southward, extending to Virginia and Kentucky. May. —
Plant 2° -3° high. Pedicels in fruit often almost as thick as the main peduncle.
Berries sometimes tinged with red or purple, very rarely deep red (Dr. Kni<s-
kern) ; while in some districts white berries occur abundantly on slender pedi-
cels (Mr. Oakes, Prof. Chadbourne) ; also in Siberia. Nor docs the length of the
petals afford marked distinctions. So that all probably belong to one species.

21. CIMICIFUGA, L. BI-GBANE.

Sepals 4 or 5, falling off soon after the flower expands. Petals, or rather
transformed stamens, 1 -8, small, on claws, 2-horncd at the apex. Stamens as

MAGNOLIACE.E. (MAGNOLIA FAMILI ) 15

in Actasa. Pistils 1-8, forming dry dehiscent pods in fruit. — Perennials, with
2 - 3-ternately-divided leaves, the leaflets cut-serrate, and white flowers in elon-
gated wand-like racemes. (Name from cimex, a bug, and fiyp, to drive away,
the Siberian species being used as a bugbane.)

§ 1. MACROTYS, Raf. — Pistil 1, sometimes 2-3: seeds smwth, flattened and
packed -horizontally in the pod in two rows, as in Actasa: stigma broad and flat.

1. C. raccmosa, Ell. (BLACK SNAKEROOT.) Racemes very long;
pods ovoid, sessile. — Rich woods, Maine and Vermont to Michigan, and south-
ward. July. — Plant 3° - 8° high, from a thick knotted root-stock : the racemes
in fruit becoming l°-2° long.

\ 2. CIMICIFUGA, L. — Pistils 3 - 8 : seeds flattened laterally, covered with
chaffy scales, and occupying one row in the membranaceous pods : style awl-shaped:
st'.jma minute.

2. C. Americana, Michx. (AMERICAN BUGBANE.) Racemes slen-
der, pauiclcd ; ovaries mostly 5, glabrous; pods stalked, flattened, veiny, 6-8-
seeded. — Mountains of S.Pennsylvania and southward throughout the Alle-
ghanies. Aug. — Plant 2° -4° high, more slender than No. 1.

ADONIS AUTUMNALIS, L., the PHEASANT'S EYE of Europe, has been found
growing spontaneously in Western New York, and in Kentucky, but barely es-
caped from gardens.

NIGELLA DAMASCENA, L., the FENNEL-FLOWER, which offers a remark-
able exception, in having the pistils partly united into a compound ovary, so as
to form a several-celled pod, grows nearly spontaneously around gardens.
'PyE(')NiA, the P^EONY, of which P. OFFICINALIS is familiar in gardens, forms
a sixth tribe of this order, distinguished by a leafy persistent calyx, and a fleshy
disk surrounding the base of the follicular pistils.

ORDER 2. MAGNOLIACE^E. (MAGNOLIA FAMILY.)

Trees or shrubs, loith the leaf-buds sheathed by membranous stipules, poly-
petalous, liypogynous, polyandrous, polygynous ; the calyx and corolla colored
alike, in three or more rows of three, and imbricated in the bud. — Sepa'a
and petals deciduous. Stamens in several rows at the base of the recep-
tacle : anthers adnate. Pistils many, mostly packed together and covering
the prolonged receptacle, cohering with each other, and in fruit forming a
sort of fleshy or dry cone. Seeds 1 or 2 in each carpel, anatropous : albu-
men fleshy : embryo minute. — Leaves alternate, not toothed, marked with
minute transparent dots, feather-veined. Flowers single, large. Bark
aromatic and bitter. — There are only two Northern genera, Magnolia anj
Liriodcndron.

1. 9IAGN6LIA, L. MAGNOLIA.

Sepals 3. Petals 6-9. Stamens with very short filaments, and long an there
opening inwards. Pistils aggregated on the long receptacle and coherent in a
mass, together forming a fleshy and rather woody cone-like red fruit. • cm.n Car-

16 MAGNOLIACEJE. (MAGNOLIA FAMILY.)

pel at maturity opening on the back, from wliich the 1 or 2 berry-like seeds hang
by an extensile thread composed of unrolled spiral vessels. Inner seed-eoat
bony. — Buds conical, the coverings formed of the successive pairs of stipules,
each pair enveloping the leaf next above, which is folded lengthwise, and ap-
plied straight against the side of the next stipular sheath, and so on. (Named
after Magnol, Professor of Botany at Montpcllier in the 17th century.)

* Leaves all scattered along the branches: buds silky.

1 ]?!• glauca, L. (SMALL or LAUREL MAGNOLIA. SWEET BAY.)
Leaves oblong or oval, obtuse, white beneath; petals wltite, rouruled-obovate ; cone
of fruit small, oblong. — Swamps, from near Cape Ann and New York south-
ward, near the coast ; in Pennsylvania as fur west as Cumberland Co. June —
Aug. — Shrub 4° -20° high, with thickish leaves, which farther south arc ever
green, and sometimes oblong-lanceolate. Flower very fragrant, 2' - 3' broad.

2. M» acilininftta, L. (CUCUMBER-TRICE.) Leaves oblong, pointed,
green and a little pubescent beneath ; petals glaucous-green tinged with yellow,
oblong ; cone of fruit small, cylindrical. — Rich woods, W. New York, Penn.,
Ohio, and southward. May, June. — Tree 60-90 feet high. Leaves thin, 5'-
10' long. Flower 3' broad. Fruit 2' -3' long, when young slightly resembling
a small cucumber, whence the common name.

3. UI. macrophylla, Michx. (GREAT-LEAVED MAGNOLIA.) Leaves
obocate-oblong , cordate at the narrowed base, pubescent and white beneath ; petals
white, with a purple spot inside at the base, ovate ; cone of fruit ovoid. — Kock-
castle and Kentucky Kivcrs, S. E. Kentucky. Occasionally planted further
north. May, June. — Tree 20° -40° high. Leaves 2£° -3° long. Flower
8' -10' broad when outspread.

# # Leaves croicdcd on the summit of the flowering branches in an utnbnUa-ltftt
circle : buds glabrous.

4. I?I. Umbrella, Lam. (UMBRELLA-TREE.) Leaves olovate-lanceolate,
pointed at both ends, soon glabrous, petals obovatc-oblong. (M. tripetala, L.)
—York and Lancaster counties, Penn. (Prof. Porter,) to Virginia and Kentucky
along the Alleghanies. May. — A small tree. Leaves l°-3° long. Flowers
white, 7'— S' broad. Fruit rose-color, 4'— 5' long, ovoid-oblong.

5. JH. Frascri, Walt. (£AR-LEAVED UMBRELLA-TREE.) Leaves ol>-
lo»g-ol>ovate or spaldlate, auriculate at the base, glabrous ; petals obovate-spatulate,
with narrow claws. (M. auriculata, IMIH.) — Virginia and Kentucky along the
Alleghanies, and southward. April, May. — Tree 30° -50° high. Leaves 8'-
12' long. Flower (white) and fruit smaller than in the preceding.

M. CORD\TA, Michx., the YELLOW CUCUMBER-TREE, of Georgia, and

M. GRANDIFL&RA, L., the GREAT LAUREL MAGNOLIA, of the Southern

States (a noble tree, remarkable for its ddiciously fragrant llowers, and thick
evergreen leaves, which arc shining and deep green above and rusty-colored be-
neath), are the only remaining North American species. Tlio former is hardy
as far north as Cambridge. One tree of the latter bears the winter and blos-
soms near Philadelphia. The Umbrella-tree attains only a small size in New
England, where M. macrophylla is precarious.

ANONACE^E. (CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY.) 17

a. L.IRIOD£]VI>RO1V, L. TULIP-TREE.

Sepals 3, reflexed. Petals 6, in two rows, making a bell-shaped corolla. Aii«
thers linear, opening outwards. Pistils flat and scale-form, long and narrow,
imbricated and cohering together in an elongated cone, dry, separating from
each other and from the long and slender axis in fruit, and falling away whole,
like a samara or key, indehiscent, 1 - 2-seeded in the small cavity at the base.
Buds flat, sheathed by the successive pairs of flat and broad stipules joined
iU their edges, the folded leaves bent down on the petiole so that their apex
points to the base of the bud. (Name from Xipioz/, lily or tulip, and ScvSpov,
tree.)

1. L. Tlllipifera, L. — Rich soil, S. New England to Michigan, IllU
nois, and southward. May, June. — A most beautiful tree, sometimes 140°
high and 8° - 9° in diameter in the Western States, where it is called wrongly
POPLAR. Leaves very smooth, with 2 lateral lobes near the base, and 2 at the
apex, which appears as if cut off abruptly by a broad shallow notch. Corolla
2' broad, greenish-yellow marked with orange.

ORDER 3. ANONACE^E. (CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY.)

Trees or shrubs, with naked buds and no stipules, a calyx of 3 sepals, and
a corolla ofQ petals in two rows, valvate in the bud, hi/pogynous, polyandrous.
— Petals tbickisb. Anthers adnate, opening outwards: filaments very
short. Pistils several or many, separate or cohering in a mass, flesliy or
pulpy in fruit. Seeds anatropous, large, witb a crustaceous seed-coat, and
a minute embryo at the base of the ruminated albumen. — Leaves alter-
nate, entire, feather-veined. Flowers axillary, solitary. Bark, &c. acrid-
aromatic or fetid. — A tropical family, except one genus in the United
States, viz. :

1. AS I MI W A, Adans. NORTH AMERICAN PAPAW.

Petals 6, increasing after the bud opens ; the outer set larger than the inne*.
Stamens numerous in a globular mass. Pistils few, ripening 1-3 large and
oblong pulpy several-seeded fruits. Seeds horizontal, flat, enclosed in a flesliy
aril, — Shrubs or small trees, with unpleasant odor when bruised ; the lurid
flowers axillary and solitary. (Name from A&iminier, of the French colo-
nists.)

1. A. trilolm, Dunal. (COMMON PAPAW.) Leaves thin, obovate-lan-
ceolate, pointed; petals dull-purple, veiny, round-ovate, the outer ones 3-4
times as long as the calyx. (Uvaria, A. DC., Torr. fr Gray.} — Banks of
streams in rich soil, W. New York and Penn. to III and southward. April,
May. — Tree 10° -20° high; the young shoots and expanding leaves clothed
with a rusty down, soon glabrous. Flowers appearing with the leaves, 1 £•' wide.
Fruits 2' - 3' long, yellowish, sweet and edible in autumn.

A. PARVIFLORA., a smaller-flowered and small-fruited low species, probably
floes not g-ow so ar north as" Virginia

18 MENISPERMAC*LE. (MOONSEED FAMILY.)

ORDER 4. MENISPERMACE^E. (MOONSEED FAMILY.)

Woody climbers, with palmate or peltate alternate leaves, no stipules ; tht
eepals and petals similar, in three or more rows, imbricated in the bud ; hvpo-
gynous, dioecious, 3 - Q-gynous ; fruit a 1-seeded drupe, with a large ot long
curved embryo in scanty albumen. — Flowers small. Stamens several.
Ovaries nearly straight, with the stigma at the apex, but often incurved
in fruiting, so that the seed and embryo are bent into a crescent or ring.
Properties bitter-tonic and narcotic. — Chiefly a tropical family: there are
only three species, belonging to as many genera, in the United States.

Synopsis.

1 COCCULDS. Stamens, petals, and sepals each 6. Anthers 4-celled.

2. MENISPERMUM. Stamens 12-24, slender. Petals 6 -8. Sepals 4 -8. Anthers 4-celled.
8. CALYCOCARPUM. Stamens in the sterile flowers 12, short ; in the fertile flowers 6, abor-
tive. Petals none. Anthers 2-celled.

1. COC CULTS, DC. CoccuLrs.

Sepals, petals, and stamens 6, the two latter short. Anthers 4-celled. Pistm
8-6 in the fertile flowers: style pointed. Drupe and seed as in Moonseed.
Cotyledons narrowly linear and flat. — Flowers in axillary racemes or panicles.
(An old name, from coccum, a berry.)

1. C. CarolillUS, DC. Minutely pubescent; leaves downy beneath,
ovate or cordate, entire or sinuate-lobed, variable in shape ; flowers greenish ;
the petals in the sterile ones auricula te-inflexed below around the filaments ;
drupe red (as large as a small pea). — River-banks, S. Illinois, Virginia, and
southward. July.

2. raENISPERMUM, L. MOONSEED.

Sepals 4 -8. Petals 6-8, short. Stamens 12-20 in the sterile flowers, aa
long as the sepals : anthers 4-cellcd. Pistils 2-4 in the fertile flowers, raised
on a short common receptacle : stigma broad and flat. Drupe globular, the
mark of the stigma near the base, the ovary in its growth after flowering being
strongly incurved, so that the (wrinkled and grooved) laterally flattened stone-
(putamen) takes the form of a large crescent or a ring. The slender embryo
therefore is horseshoe-shaped: cotyledons filiform. — Flowers white, in axillary
panicles. (Name from pr)i>T], moon, and airtppa, seed.)

1. M« Canadeiisc, L. (CANADIAN MOONSEED.) Leaves peltate near
the edge, 3-7-anglcd or lobcd. — Banks of streams ; common. June, July.
Drupes black with a bloom, ripe in September, looking like frost grapes.

3. CAL-YCOCARPUfll, Nutt. CCPSEED.

Sepals 6. Petals none. Stamens 12 in the sterile flowers, short : anthers
t-cellcd. Pistils 3, spindle-shaped, tipped with a radiate many-cleft stigma
not incurved ; but the thin crustaccous putamen hollowed out like a cup

BERBERIDACE-fi. (BARBERRY FAMILY.) 19

on one side. Embryo foliaceous, heart-shaped. — Flowers greenish- white, in
long racemose panicles. (Name composed of *aXu£, a cup, and Kaprros, fruit,
from the shape of the shell.)

1. C, I>yom, Nutt. (Menispermum Lyoni, Pursh.) — Rich soil, S. Ken-
tucky. May. — Stems climbing to the tops of trees. Leaves large, thin, deeplj
S - 5-lobed, cordate at the base ; the lobes acuminate. Drupe an inch long,
globular, greenish ; the shell crested-toothed on the edge of the cavity.

ORDER 5. BERBERIDACE^E. (BARBERRY FAMILY.)

Shrubs or herbs, with the sepals and petals both imbricated in the bud in 2
or more rows of 2-4 each ; the Tiypogynous stamens as many as the petals
and opposite them : anthers opening by 2 valves or lids hinged at the top.
(Podophyllum is an exception, and Jefiersonia as respects the sepals in one
row.) Pistil single. Filaments short. Style short or none. Fruit a ber-
ry or a pod. Seeds few or several, anatropous, with albumen. Leaves
alternate.

Synopsis.

TRIBE I. KERBERIDE^GE. Shrubs. Embryo large : cotyledons flat. (Berries acW
and innocent. Bark astringent ; the wood yellow.)

1. BERBEKIS. Petals 6, each 2-glandular at the base.

TRIBE II. NANDINE^E. Herbs. Embryo short or minute. (Roots and foliage some-
times drastic or poisonous.)

# Anthers opening by uplifted valves.

2. CAULOPHYDLUM. Petals 6, thick and gland-like, short. Ovules 2, soon naked

3. DIPH^LLEIA. Petals 6, flat, much longer than the calyx. Berry 2 -4-seeded.

4. JEFFERSONIA. Petals 8. Pod many-seeded, opening on one side by a lid.

* * Anthers not opening by uplifted valves.
6. PODOPUYLLUM. Petals 6 -9. Stamens 6 -18! Fruit pulpy, many -seeded.

1. BERBERIS, L. BARBERRY.

Sepals 6, roundish, with 2 or 6 bractlets outside. Petals 6, obovate, concave,
with 2 glandular spots inside above the short claw. • Stamens 6. Sfigma cir-
cular, depressed. Fruit a 1 -few-seeded berry. Seeds erect, with a crustaceous
integument. — Shrubs, with yellow wood and inner bark, yellow flowers in
drooping racemes, and sour berries and leaves. Stamens irritable. (Derived
from Berbery s, the Arabic name of the fruit.)

1. B. vuLGXRis, L. (COMMON BARBERRY.) Leaves scattered on the
fresh shoots of the season, mostly small and with sharp-lobed margins, or re-
duced to sharp triple or branched spines ; from which the next season proceed
rosettes or fascicles of obovate-oblong closely bristly-toothed leaves, and droop-
ing many-flowered racemes ; petals entire ; berries oblong, scarlet. — Thickets and
waste grounds, in E. New England, where it has become thoroughly wild : else-
where rarely spontaneous. May, June. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. B. Canadensis, Pursh. (AMERICAN BARBERRY.) Leaves re-
pandly-toothcd, the teeth less bristly-pointed ; racemes few-flowered ; petals

20 BERBERIDACE^E. (BARBERRY FAMILY.)

notched at the apex ; buries oval (otherwise as in No. 1, of which Dr. Hooker
deems it a variety, perhaps with reason). — Allcghaiiies of Virginia and south-
ward: not in Canada. June. — Shrub l°-3° high.

B. (MAIHKVIA) AQU1F6LIUM, Pursh, of Western N. America, — belonging
to a section of the genus with mostly evergreen pinnate leaves and blue ber-
ries, — is not rare in cultivation, as an ornamental shrub.

2. CAUI,OPIIYL,L,UM, Michx. BLUE COHOSH.

Sepals 6, with 3 small bractlets at the base, ovate-oblong. Petals 6 thick and
gland-like somewhat kidney-shaped or hooded bodies, with short claws, much
smaller than the sepals, one at the base of each of them. Stamens 6 : anthers
oblong. Pistil gibbous : style short : stigma minute and unilateral : ovary
bursting soon after flowering by the pressure of the 2 erect, enlarging seeds,
and withering away ; the spherical seeds naked on their thick seed-stalks, 'look-
ing like drupes ; the fleshy integument turning blue : albumen of the texture of
horn. — A perennial glabrous herb, with matted knotty rootstocks, sending up
hi early spring a simple and naked stem, terminated by a small raceme or pani-
cle of yellowish-green flowers, and a little below bearing a large triternately
compound leaf without any common petiole (whence the name, from KauAos,
stem, and $uAAoi/, leaf; the stem seeming to form a stalk for the great leaf).
Leaflets obovate-wedge-form, 2 - 3-lobed.

1. C. thalictroides, Michx. (Also called PAFPOOSE-ROOT.) Leon-
tice thalictroides, L. — Deep rich woods. April, May. — Steins l°-2£° high.
Flowers appearing while the leaf is yet small. A smaller biternate leaf often
at the base of the panicle. Whole plant glaucous when young, klso the seeds,
which are of the size of large peas.

3. DIPIIYLLEIA, Michx. UMBRELLA-LEAF.

Sepals 6, fugacious. Petals 6, oval, flat, larger than the sepals. Stamens 6 :
anthers oblong. Ovary oblong : style hardly any : stigma depressed. Ovules 5
or 6, attached to one side of the cell below the middle. Berry few-seeded.
Seeds oblong, with no aril. — A perennial glabrous herb, with thick horizontal
rootstocks, sending up eacli year cither a huge, centrally peltate and cut-lobed,
rounded, umbrella-like radical leaf on a stout stalk, or a flowering stem bearing
two similar (but smaller and more 2-cleft) alternate leaves which are peltate near
one margin, and terminated by a cyme of white flowers. (Name composed of
fli's, twice, and (f)v\\ov, leaf.)

1. D. cyiliosa, Michx. Wet or springy places, mountains of Virginia
and southward. May. — Hoot-leaves l°-2° in diameter, 2-cleft, each division
5-7-lobcd; lobes toothed. Berries blue.

4. JEFFERS6NIA, Barton TWIN-LEAF.

Sepals 4, fugacious. Petals 8, oblong, flat. Stamens 8 : anthers oblong-
linear, on slender filaments. Ovary ovoid, soon gibbous, pointed : stigma 2-
•obed. Pod pear-shaped, opening half-way round horizontally, the upper part

NELUMBIACE^E. (NELUMBO FAMILY.) 21

making a lid. Seeds many in several rows on the lateral placenta, with a flesh)'
lacerate aril on one side. — A perennial glabrous herb, with matted fibrous roots,
long-petioled root-leaves, parted into 2 half-ovate leaflets, and simple naked 1-
flowered scapos. (Named in honor of Thomas Jefferson.)

1. J. «iig»liylla, Pers. — Woods, W. New York to Wisconsin and south-
ward. April, May. — Low. Flower white, 1' broad : the parts rarely in threes
or fives. — Called Rheumatism-root in some places.

5. PODOPHYLLUM, L. MAY-APPLE. MANDRAKE.

Flower-bud with 3 green bractlets, which early fall away. Sepals 6, fuga-
cious. Petals 6 or 9, obovatc. Stamens as many as the petals in the Hima-
layan species, twice as many in ours : anthers linear-oblong, not opening by up-
lifted valves. Ovary ovoid •. stigma sessile, large, thick, and undulate. Fruit a
large fleshy berry. Seeds covering the veiy large lateral placenta, in many rows,
each seed enclosed in a pulpy aril, all forming a mass which fills the cavity of
the fruit. — Perennial herbs, with creeping rootstocks and thick fibrous roots.
Stems 2-lcavcd, 1 -flowered. (Xnme from TTOVS, a foot, and <£uXXoi/, a leaf, from
a fancied resemblance of the f> - 7-parted leaf to the foot of some web-footed
animal.)

1. P. peUatlim, L. Stamens 12-18; leaves 5-9-parted; the lobes
oblong, rather wedge-shaped, somewhat lobcd and toothed at the apex. — Rich
woods, common. May. — Flowerless steins terminated by a large, round, 7-9-
lobed leaf, peltate in the middle, like an umbrella. Flowering stems bearing 2
one-sided leaves, with the stalk fixed near the inner edge; the nodding white
flower from the fork, nearly 2' broad. Fruit ovoid, 1'- 2' long, ripe in July,
slightly acid, mawkish, eaten by pigs and boys. Leaves and roots drastic and
poisonous !

ORDER 6. NELUMBIACE^E. (NELUMBO FAMILY.)

Huge aquatics, like Water-Lilies, but the pistils distinct, forming acorn-
shaped nuts, and separately imbedded in cavities of the enlarged top-sliaped
receptacle. Seeds solitary, filled with the large and highly developed embryo :
albumen none. — Sepals and petals colored alike, in several rows, hypogy-
nous, as well as the numerous stamens, and deciduous. Leaves orbicular,
centrally peltate and cup-shaped. — Embraces only the singular genus

1. NEL.UUIBIUM, Juss. NELUMBO. SACRED BEAN.

Character same as of the order. (Name Latinized from Nelumbo, the Cty
lonese name of the East Indian species.)

1. N. liitciini, Willd. (YELLOW NELUMBO, or WATER CHINQUEPIN.)
Corolla pale yellow : anthers tipped with a slender hooked appendage. — Wa-
ters of the Western and Southern States; rare in the Middle States : introduced
into the Delaware below Philadelphia. Big Sodus Bay, L Ontario, and in the
Connecticut near Lyme ; perhaps introduced by the aborigines. June, July

22 NYMPII^EACE^E. (WATER-LILY FAMILY.)

— Leaves l°-2° broad. Flower 5' -8' in diameter. TuberS farinaceous
Seeds also eatable. Embryo like that of Nymphaea on a large scale. Cotyle-
dons thick and fleshy, enclosing a plumule of 1 or 2 well-formed young leaves,
enclosed in a delicate stipule-like sheath.

ORDER 7 CABOMBACEJE. (WATER-SHIELD FAMILY.)

Aquatics, like Water-Lilies ; but the hypogynous sepals, petals, stamens (in
threes, persistent), and pistils much fewer (definite) in number, all distinct
and separate. Seeds very few. — Really no more than a simple state of
Nympbaeaceffl : embraces Cabomba, of the Southern States, and the follow-
ing trenus.

1. BRASENIA, Schreber. WATER-SHIELD.

Sepals 3 or 4. Petals 3-4, linear, sessile. Stamens 12-18 : filaments fili
form: anthers innate. Pistils 4-18, forming little club-shaped indehiscent
pods. Seeds 1-2, pendulous on the dorsal suture! Embryo enclosed in a
peculiar bag, at the end of the albumen next the hilum. — Rootstock creeping.
Leaves alternate, long-petioled, centrally peltate, oval, floating on the water.
Flowers axillary, small, dull-purple. (Name of uncertain origin.)

1. B. peltata, Pursh. (Hydropcltis purpurea, Michx.) — Ponds and
slow streama June - Aug. — Stalks coated with clear jelly. Leaves entire,
2'-3/ across. (Also a native of Puget Sound, Japan, Australia, and Eastern
India!)

ORDER 8. NYMPH^EACE^E. (WATER-LILY FAMILY.)

Aquatic herbs, with round or peltate floating leaves, and solitary showy
flowers from a prostrate rootstock; the partly colored sepals and numerous
petals and stamens imbricated in several rows ; the numerous pistils combined
into a many-celled compound ovary. Embryo small, enclosed in a little bag
at the end of the albumen, next the hilum, with a distinct plumule, en-
closed by the 2 fleshy cotyledons. — Sepals and petals persistent, hypogy-
nous or perigynous; the latter passing into stamens: anthers adnate,
opening inwards. Fruit a pod-like berry, ripening under water, crowned
with the radiate stigmas, 14-30-celled ; the many anatropous seeds at-
tached lo the sides and back of the cells. — Rootstocks imitating the endo-
genous, structure (astringent, with some milky juice, often farinaceous).

1. NYMPHJEA, Tourn. WATER-NYMPH. WATER-LILI.

Sepals 4, green outside. Petals numerous, in many rows, the inner narrower
and gradually passing into stamens, imbricately inserted all over the surface of
the ovary. Stamens iuseried on the top of the receptacle, the outer with petal-
like filaments. Fruit depreased-gloi>olar, covered with the bases of the decayed
petals. Seeds enveloped by a sac-like aril. — Flowers white rose-color, or bhie,
rery showy. (Dedicated by the Greeks to the Water-Nymphs.)

SAKRACENIACE^E. (PITCHER-PLANTS.) 23

I. N. Oflorata, Ait. (SWEET-SCENTED WATER-LILY.) Leaves orbic-
ular, sometimes almost kidney-shaped, cordate-cleft at the base to the petiole,
the margin entire ; flower white, fragrant ; petals obtuse ; anthers blunt. — Va-
ries occasionally with the flowers rose-color. — Ponds, common; the trunks im-
bedded in the mud at the bottom, often as large as a man's arm. June - Sept.

— Flower closing in the afternoon.

9. rVlJPHAR, Smith. YELLOW POND-LILT. SPATTER-DOCK.

Sepals 5 or 6, partly coloi'ed, roundish. Petals numerous, small and glandu«
lar, inserted with the stamens into an enlargement of the receptacle under the
ovary, shorter than the circular and sessile many-rayed peltate stigma. Fruit
ovoid, naked. Aril none. — Flowers yellow. Leaves roundish, sagittate-cor-
date. (Name from Neufar, the Arabic name for the Pond-Lily.)

1. I\. adveiiii, Ait. Leaves floating, or oftener emersed and erect, on
etout half-cylindrical petioles ; sepals mostly 6, very unequal ; petals narrowly
oblong, very thick and fleshy, truncate, resembling the very numerous stamens
and shorter than they; anthers much longer than the Jilaments ; stigma 12* -24-
rayed ; the margin entire or repand ; fruit strongly furrowed, ovoid-oblong, trun-
cate, its summit not contracted into a beak. — In still or stagnant water ; com-
mon. May -Sept. — Leaves 8' — 12' long, thick, rounded or oblong-ovate in
outline. Flower 2' broad.

2. N. Kalmiaiia, Pursh. Leaves floating, on slender or filiform peti-
oles ; sepals 5 ; petals spatulate, as long as the moderately numerous stamens ;
anthers shorter than the Jilaments ; stigma 8- 14-rayed, the margin eremite, ; fruit
not furroived, ovoid-globose, contracted under the stigma into a narrow and angled
beak. (N. lutea, var. Kalmiana, Torr. Sf Gray, and ed. 1. N. intermedium,
Ledeb. ?) — Ponds, &c., New England, New York, and northward. July, Aug.

— Leaves l£'-4' long, roundish, the veins beneath much fewer and more
branched than in the last. Flower 1' - !£ broad. (Eu. 1)

N. LTJTEA, Smith, I have not seen anywhere in the United States.

ORDER 9. SARRACENIACE^G. (PITCHER-PLANTS.)

Polyandrous and hypogynous bog-plants, with hollow pitcher-form or Lrun+
pei-shaped leaves, — comprising one plant in the mountains of Guiana, an*
other (Darlingtonia, 7 brr.) in those of California, and the following genua
in the Atlantic United States

1. SARRACENIA, Tourn. SIDE-SADDLE FLOWER.

Sepals 5, with 3 bractlets at the base, colored, persistent. Petals 5, oblong
or obovate, incurved, deciduous. Stamens numerous, hypogynous. Ovary
compound, 5-celled, globose, crowned with a short style, which is expanded at
the summit into a very broad and petal-like 5-angled, 5-raycd, umbrella-shaped
body ; the 5 delicate rays terminating under the angles in as many little hooked
Btigmas. Capsule with a granular surface, 5-celled, with many-seeded placentae

24 PAPAVEHACE^E. (POPPY FAMILY.)

in the axis, 5-valvcd. Seeds anatropous, with a small embryo at the base of
fleshy albumen. — Perennials, yellowish-green and purplish ; the hollow leaves
all radical, with a wing on one side, and a rounded arching hood at the apex.
Scape naked, 1 -flowered : flower nodding. (Named by Tonmefoit in honor
of Dr. Surra zin of Quebec, who first sent our Northern species, and a botanical
account of it, to Europe.)

1. S. purpiircn, L. (SIDE-SADDLE FLOWER. PITCHER-PLANT.
HUNTSMAN'S CUP.) leaves pitcher-shaped, ascending, curved, broadly winged,
the hood erect, open, round heart-shaped ; flower deep purple ; the fiddle-shaped
petals arched over the (greenish-yellow) style. — Varies rarely with greemsh-
yellow flowers, and without purple veins in the foliage. (S. heterophylla,
Eaton.} — Peat-bogs; common from N. England to Wisconsin, and southward
east of the Alleghanics. June. — The curious leaves are usually half filled
with water and drowned insects : the inner face of the hood is clothed with stiff
bristles pointing downward. Flower globose, nodding on a scape a foot high :
it is difficult to fancy any resemblance between its shape and a side-saddle, but
it is not very unlike a pillion. (Illinois, Dr. Vasey.)

2. S. flitva, L. (TRUMPETS.) Leaves long (l°-3°) and trumpet-shaped,
erect, with an open mouth, the erect hood rounded, narrow at the base ; wing
almost none ; flower yellow, the petals becoming long and drooping. — Bogs,
Virginia and southward. April.

ORDER 10. PAPAVERACE^E. (PorpY FAMILY.)

Herbs with milky or colored juice, regular flowers with the parts in twos or
fours, fugacious sepals, polyandrous, hypooynous, the ovary I -celled with 2 or
more parietal placentce. — Sepals 2, somef'mes 3, falling when the flower
expands. Petals 4-12, spreading, imbricated in the bud, early deciduous.
Stamens 16 -many, distinct. Fruit a dry 1-celled pod (in the Poppy im-
perfectly many-celled, in Glaucium 2-celled). Seeds numerous, anatro-
pous, often crested, with a minute embryo at the base of fleshy and oily
albumen. — Leaves alternate, without stipule0 Peduncles mostly 1-tiow-
ered. Juice narcotic or acrid.

Synopsis.

* Petals more or less crumpled or corrugate in the bud.
•»- Pod partly many-celled by the projecting placentae, not valved.
1 PAPAVER. Stigmas united in a radiate crown : style none.
+- «- P&d strictly 1-celled, 2 -6- valved ; the valves separating by their edges from the thread.

like placentae, which remain as a framework.

2. ARGKMONE. Stigmas (sessile) and placentae 4-6. Pod and leaves prickly.
& STYLOP1IORUM. Stigmas and placentas 3 -4. Style distinct, columnar. Pod brietly.

4. CIIELIDONIUM. Stigmas and placentae 2. Pod linear, smooth. Petals 4.

•«- •*- ••- Pod 2-celled by a spongy partition between the placentas, 2-valved.

5. GLAUCIUM. Stigma 2-lobed. Pod linear. Petals 4.

* * Petals not crumpled in the bud.
6 SANQUINARIA. Petals 8 -12. Pod obkmg, turgid, 1-celled, 2-valved.

PAPAVERACE.E. (POPPY FAMILY.) 25

1. PA PAVER, L. POPPY.

Sepals mostly 2. Petals mostly 4. Stigmas united in a flat 4-20 rayed
crown, resting on the summit of the ovary and capsule ; the latter shoit and
turgid, with 4-20 many-seeded placentae projecting like imperfect partitions,
opening by as many pores or chinks under the edge of the stigma. — Herbs
with a white juice ; the flower-buds nodding. (Derivation obscure.) — Two
species of the Old World are sparingly adventive ; viz.

1. P. soMNfFERUM, L. (COMMON POPPY.) ® Smooth, glaucous ; leaves
clasping, wavy, incised and toothed ; pod globose ; corolla mostly white or pur-
ple. — Near dwellings in some places. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. P. DtmcM, L. (SMOOTH-FRUITED CORN-POPPY.) ® Pinnatind leaves
and the long stalks bristly ; pods club-shaped, smooth ; corolla light scarlet. — •
Cult, grounds, Westchester, Pcnn. and southward : rare. (Adv. from En.)

2. Alt GEM ONE, L. PRICKLY POPPY.

Sepals 2 or 3. Petals 4-6. Style almost none : stigmas 3-6, radiate. Pod
oblong, prickly, opening by 3 - 6 valves at the top Seeds crested. — Herbs,
with prickly bristles and yellow juice. Leaves sessile, sinuate-lobed, and with
prickly teeth, blotched with white. Flower-buds erect, short-peduncled. (Name
from dp-ye/xa, a disease of the eye, for which the juice was a supposed remedy.)

1. A. MEXIC\NA, L. (MEXICAN PRICKLY POPPY.) © <f) Flowers sol-
Itary (pale yellow or white); calyx prickly. — Waste places; not common.
July -Oct. (Adv. from trop. Amer.)

3. STYJLOP HOKUM, Nutt. CELANDINE POPPY.

Sepals 2, hairy. Petals 4. Style distinct, columnar: stigma 3-4-lobed.
Pod ovoid, bristly, 3-4-valved to the base. Seeds conspicuously crested. —
Perennial herb, with pinnatifid or pinnately divided leaves like Celandine, the
uppermost in pairs, subtending one or more slender 1 -flowered peduncles ; the
buds and pods nodding. Juice yellow. Corolla yellow. (Name from orvXo?,
o style, and </>epo>, to bear ; indicating one of its characters.)

1. S. dipJiylluiii, Nutt. (Meconopsis diphylla, DC.) — Woods, W.
Penn. to Wisconsin and Kentucky. May. — Divisions of the leaves "»-7, sinu-
ate-lobed. Flower 2' broad.

4. CHEEIDONIUM, L. CELANDINE.

Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens 16-24. Style nearly none : stigma 2-lobcd.
Pod linear, slender, smooth, 2-valved, the valves opening from the bottom up-
wards. Seeds crested. — Perennial herbs, with brittle stems, saffron-colored acrid
juice, pinnately divided or 2-pinnatifid and toothed or cut leaves, and small yel-
low flowers. (Name from ^eXtSwv, the Swallow, because, according to Dios-
coridcs.. it begins to flower at the time the swallows appear.)

1. C. MAJUS, L. (CELANDINE.) Flowers several, in umbel-like clusters —
Waste grounds near dwellings. May -Aug. (Adv. from Eu.)

Jfi FUMARIACE2E. (FUMITORY FAMILY.)

5. GL.AIICIUM, Tourn. HORN-POPPY.

Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens indefinite. Style none : stigma 2-lobed or 2-
horned. Pod very long and linear, completely 2-eelled by a spongy false par-
tition, in which the crcstless seeds are partly immersed. — Annuals or biennials,
with saffron-colored juice, clasping leaves, and solitary yellow flowers. (The
Greek name, yXavKiov, from the glaucous foliage.)

1. i*. LfrrEUM, Scop. Glaucous; lower leaves pinnatifid ; upper ones sin-
uatc-lobed and toothed, cordate-clasping ; pods rough (6' -10' long). — Waste
placet- Maryland and Virginia; not common. (Adv. from Eu.)

C. SANG UIN ARIA, Dill. BLOOD-ROOT.

Sepals 2. Petals 8-12, spatulate-oblong, the inner narrower. Stamens
about 24. Style short: stigma 2-groovcd. Pod oblong, turgid, 1-celled, 2-
valved. Seeds with a large crest. — A low perennial, with thick prostrate root-
stocks, surcharged with red-orange acrid juice, sending up in earliest spring a
rounded palmate-lobed leaf, and a 1 -flowered naked scape. Flower white, hand-
some. (Name from the color of the juice.)

1 . S. CsinsuleilSiS, L. — Open rich woods ; common. April, May.

ESCHSCHOLTZIA CALiFORNiCA, and E. DouGLAsn, now common orna-
mental annuals in the gardens, are curious Papaveraceous plants from Califor-
nia and Oregon. Their juice is colorless, but with the odor of muriatic acid.

ORDER 11. FUMARIACE^E. (FUMITORY FAMILY.)

Delicate smooth herbs, with watery juice, compound dissected leaves, irregu
lar flowers, with 4 somewhat united peta1.s, 6 diadelphous stamens, and pod*
and seeds Wee those of the Poppy Family. — Sepals 2, small and scale-like.
Corolla flattened, closed ; the 4 petals in two pairs ; the outer with spread-
ing tips, and one or both of them spurred or saccate at the base ; the inner
pair narrower, and with their callous crested tips united over the stigma.
Stamens in two sets of 3 each, placed opposite the larger petals, hypogy-
nous ; their filaments often united; the middle anther of each set 2-celled,
the lateral ones 1-celled. Stigma flattened at right angles with the ovary.
rod 1-celled, either 1 seeded and indehiscent, or several-seeded with '2 pa-
rietal placentae. — Leaves usually alternate, without stipules. (Slightly
bitter, innocent plants.)

Synopsis.

* Pod slend&r : the 2 valves separating from the persistent filiform placcnlse.
1. ADLUM1A. Corolla heart-shaped, persistent : pctalc united. ?<'<-<ls <T.
'£. DK'KNTUA. Coroli.i heart-shaped or 2-spurred at the base. Seeds crested.
«. COHVDAL1S. Corolla l-spurn-d at the base. Seeds crested.

* * I'm! lli-shy, iinli'hisoent, globular, 1-seeded.
«. PUMAUIA. Corolla 1-spurwd <it the baae Soad croetiesa.

(FUMITORY FAMILY.) 27

1. ADL.UMIA, Raf. CLIMBING FUMITORY.

Petals all permanently united in an ovate corolla, 2-saccate at the base, be-
coming dry and persistent, enclosing the small few-seeded pod. Seeds not
crested. Stigma 2-crested. Stamens diadelphous. — A climbing biennial vine,
with thrice-pinnate leaves, cut-lobed delicate leaflets, and ample panicles of
drooping whitish flowers. (Dedicated by Rafinesque to Major Adlum.)

1. A. cirrliosa, Raf. (Corydalis fungosa, Vent.) — Wet woods; com-
mon westward. July - Oct. — A handsome vine, with delicate foliage and pale
flesh-colored blossoms, climbing by the tendril-like young leafstalks over high
bushes ; cultivated for festoons and bowers in shaded places.

2. DICENTRA, Bork. DUTCHMAN'S BREECHES.

Petals slightly united into a heart-shaped or 2-spuned corolla, either decidu-
ous or withering. Stigma 2-«rested and sometimes 2-horned. Filaments slightly
united in two sets. Pod 10-20-seeded. Seeds crested. — Low, mostly stem-
less perennials, with ternately compound and dissected leaves, and racemose
nodding flowers. Pedicels 2-bracted. (Name from fit's, twice, and Ke'i/rpov, a
sjyur.)

1. D. Cucullaria, DC. (DUTCHMAN'S BREECHES.) Granulate-bulbous;
lobes of the leaves linear ; raceme simple, few-floAvered ; corolla, with 2 divergent
spurs longer than the pedicel ; crest of the inner petals minute. — Rich woods, es-
pecially westward. April, May. — >A very delicate plant, sending up in early
spring, from the cluster of little grain-like tubers crowded together in the form
of a scaly bulb, the finely cut long-stalked leaves and slender scape, the latter
bearing 4-10 pretty, but odd, white flowers tipped with cream-color.

2. D. Canadensis, DC. (SQUIRREL-CORN.) Subterranean shoots
tuberijeroHS ; leaves and raceme as in No. 1 ; corolla merely heart-shaped, the
spurs very short and rounded ; crest of the inner petals conspicuous, projecting. —
Rich woods, Maine to Wisconsin and Kentucky, especially northward. April,
May. — Tubers scattered, round, flattened, as large as peas or grains of Indian
Corn, yellow. Calyx minute. Flowers greenish-white tinged with red, with the
fragrance of Hyacinths.

3. D. exsmia, DC. Subterranean shoots seal//; divisions and lobes of
the leaves broadly oblong; raceme compound, clustered ; corolla oblong, 2-saccate
at the base ; crest of the inner petals projecting. — Rocks, W. New York, rare
( Thomas, Sartwell), and Alleghanies of Virginia. May - Aug. — A larger plant
than the others. Flowers reddish-purple.

3. CORY»AI,IS, Vent. CORYDALIS.

Corolla 1 -spurred at the base (on the upper side), deciduous. Style persist-
ent. Pod many-seeded. Seeds crested. Flowers in racemes. Our species
are biennial and leafy-stemmed. (The ancient Greek name for the Fumitory.)

1. C. aiirea, Willd. (GOLDEN CORYDAIJS.) Stems low, spreading • ra-
cemes simple ; spur incurved ; pods pendent ; seeds with a scalloped crest. —

(MUSTARD FAMILY.)

Rocks bj streams, Vermont to Wisconsin and Kentucky. April - July. — Glau-
cous : flowers golden-yellow and showy, or paler aud less handsome. Pods
1' long, uneven.

2. C. gluiBCR, Pursh. (PALE COKYDALIS.) Stem tpriyht ; racemes
panic-led ; spur short and rounded ; pods erect, slender, elongated ; seeds with a
small entire crest. — Rocky places; common. May -July. — Corolla whitish,
shaded with yellow and reddish.

4. FUMARIA, L. FUMITORY.

Corolla 1 -spurred at the base. Style deciduous. Fruit indehiscent, small,
globular, 1-seeded. Seeds crestless. — Branched annuals, with finely dissected
compound leaves, and small flowers in dense racemes or spikes. (Name from
fuinus, smoke.)

1. F. oFFici>TXLis, L. (COMMON FUMITORY,.) Sepals ovate-lanceolate,
acute, sharply toothed, narrower and shorter than the corolla (which is flesh-
color tipped with crimson) ; fruit slightly notched. — Waste places, about dwell-
ings. (Adv. from Eu.)

ORDER 12. CRUCIFEfLE. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)

Herbs with a pungent watery juice and cruciform telradynamous flowers :
fruit a s'dique or silicte. — Sepals 4, deciduous. Petals 4, hypogynous, reg-
ular, placed opposite each other in pairs, their spreading limbs forming a
cross. Stamens 6, two of them inserted lower down and shorter. Pod
2-celled by a thin partition stretched between the 2 marginal placentae,
from which when ripe the valves separate, either much longer than broad
(a -s-///V/we), or short (a silicle or pouch), sometimes indehiscent and nut-like
(nuc amentaceous), or separating across into 1-seeded joints (lomenlaceous).
Seeds campylotropous, without albumen, filled -by the large embryo, which
is curved or folded in various ways: i. e. the cotyledons accutubcnt, viz
their margins on one side applied to the radicle, so that the cross-section of
the seed appears thus oQ ; or else incumbent, viz. the back of one cotyle-
don applied to the radicle, thus oQ). In these cases the cotyledons are
plane ; but they may be folded upon themselves, as in Mustard, where they
are conduplicatc, thus cgj). In Leavenworthia alone the whole embryo is
straight. — Leaves alternate, no stipules. Flowers in terminal racemes or
corymbs: pedicels not bracted. — A large and very natural family, -of
pungent or acrid, but not poisonous plants. (Characters taken from the
|>ods and seeds ; the flowers being nearly alike in all.)

Synopsis.
I. SILIQUOSuE. Pod long, a s'dique, opening by valves.

Tans I. ARABIDEJE. Pod elongated (except in Nasturtium) Seeds flattened. Oo-
tyleduus aocwnbent, plane.

(MUSTARD FAMILY.; 2£

* Pod terete, or slightly flattened ; the valves nerveless.
1 N iSTURTIUM. Pod linear, oblong, or even globular, turgid. Seeds irregularly In two

rows in each cell, small.
2. IODANTIIUS. Pod linear, elongated. Seeds in a single row in each cell.

* Pod flat ; the valves nerveless. Seeds in one row hi each cell.

8. LEAVENWORTUIA. Pod oblong. Seeds winged. Embryo straight ! Leaves all radical
4, DENTAIUA. Pod lanceolate. Seeds wingless, on broad seed-stalks. Stem few-leaved.
6. CARDAM1NE. Pod linear or linear-lanceolate. Seeds wingless, on slender seed-stalks

Stems leafy below.
* * * Pod flattened or 4-angled, linear ; the valves one-nerved in the middle, or veiny.

6. ARAB1S. Pods flat or flattish. Seeds in one row in eaoh cell. Flowers white or purple.

7. TU11R1T1S. Pods and flowers as in Arabis, but the seeds occupying two rows in each cell.

8. BARBA11EA. Pod somewhat 4-sided. Seeds ia one row in each celL Flowers yellow

TRIBE II. SISYMBRIE.E. Pod elongated. Seeds thickish. Cotyledons incumbent,
narrow, plane.

9. ERYSIMUM. Pod sharply 4-angled, linear. Flowers yellow.

10. S1SYMBRIUM. Pods terete, or obtusely 4 - 6-angled, or flattish. Flowers white or yellow.

TUIBE III. BRASSICE7E. Pod elongated. Seeds globular. Cotyledons incumbeut
and conduplicate, folded round the radicle.

11. SINAPIS. Pod terete ; the valves 1 - 5-nerved. Calyx spreading.

II. SILICULOSjiE. Pod short, a siticle or pouch, opening by valves.

TRIBE IV. AL.YSSINE.E. Pod oval or oblong, flattened parallel to the broad parti-
tion, if at all. Cotyledons accumbent, plane.

12. DRABA. Pod flat, many -seeded : valves 1 - 3-nerved or nerveless.

13. VESICARIA. Pod globular, inflated, 4 - several -seeded : valves nerveless.
1. NASTURTIUM. Pod turgid, many-seeded : valves nerveless.

TRIBE V. CAMEIjIlVE^E. Pod ovoid or oblong, flattened parallel to the broad parti
tion. Cotyledons incumbent, plane.

14. CAMELINA. Pod obovoid, turgid : valves 1-nerved. Style slender.

TRIBE VI. LEPIDINE^E. Pod short, the boat-shaped valves flattened contrary to
the narrow partition. Cotyledons incumbent (accumbent in one instance), plane.

15. LEPIDIUM. Pod two-seeded.

16. CAPSELLA. Pod many-seeded, inversely heart-shaped-triangular.

TRIBE VII. SUBULARIE.E. Pod oval, turgid, somewhat flattened contrary to the
broad partition. Cotyledons long and narrow, transversely folded on themselves and
incumbent.

17. SUBULARIA. Pod several-seeded : the valves convex-boat-shaped.

TRIBE VHI. SEBTEBIEREuE. Pod compressed contrary to the very narrow parti-
tion ; the cells separating from the partition at maturity as two closed one-seeded nut-
lets. Cotyledons as in Tribe 1.

18. SENEBIEKA. Nutlets or closed cells roundish, reticulated.

III. LOMENTACEvE. Pod articulated, i. e. separating across into two

or more closed joints.
TRIBE IX. CAKILINE^E. Cotyledons plane and accumbent, as in Tribe 1.

19. CAKILE. Pod short, 2-jointed : the joints 1-celled and 1-seeded.

TRIBB X. RAPHAJVE^E. Cotyledons conduplicate and incumbent, as in Tribe &

20. HAPIIANUS. Pod elongated se~eral-8eeded, transversely intercepted.

30 CRUCIFER.E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)

1. NASTURTIUM, R. Br. WATER-CUESS.

Pod a short silique or a silicic, varying from oblong-linear to globular, terete
or nearly so, often curved upwards : valves nerveless. Seeds small, turgid,
marginless, in 2 irregular rows in each cell. Cotyledons accumbcnt. — Aquat-
ic- or marsh plants, with yellow or white flowers, and pinnate or pinnatifid
h-aves, usually glabrous. (Name from Nasus tortus, a convulsed nose, alluding
t«> the effect of its pungent qualities.)

§ 1. Petals white, tw'.ce the length of the calyx : pods linear: leaves pinnate.

1. IV. OFFICINALE, R. Br. (WATER-CRESS.) Stems spreading and root-
ing; leaflets 3- 11, roundish or oblong, nearly entire; pods (6" -8" long) on
slender widely spreading pedicels. 1J. — Brooks and ditches; rare: escaped
from cultivation. (Nat. from Eu.)

$ 2. Petals ydlow or yellowish, seldom much exceeding the calyx : pods linear, oblong,
ovoid, or ylobular: leaves mostly pinnatijid.

# Perennial from creeping or subterranean shoots: flowers rather large, bright yellow.

2. IV. SYI.VESTRE. R. Br. (YELLOW CRESS.) Stems ascending; Itaves
pinnate/y parted, the divisions toothed or cut, lanceolate or linear ; pods linear
(4" -6" long), on slender pedicels; style very short. — Wet meadows, near Phila-
delphia ; and Newton, Massachusetts, C. J. Sprague. (Adv. from Eu.)

3. IV. SiiBiiatlim, Nutt. Stems low, diffuse ; l-avcs pimmtdy cleft, the
short lobes nearly entire, linear-oblong ; pods linear-oblong (4"-6" long), on
slender pedicels ; style slender. — Banks of the Mississippi and westward. J.uue.

* * Annual or biennial, rarely perennial? ivrth simple fibrous roots : flowers small

or minute, greenish or yellowish : leaves somewhat It/rate.

4. TV. Mvssiliflormii, Nutt. Stems erect, rather simple; leaves obtusely
incised or toothed, obovatc or oblong ; Jlowers minute., nearly sessile ; pods elon-
gated-oblong (5" -6" long), thick; style very short. — With No. 3 and south-
ward. April -'June.

5. IV. ohtiismn, Nutt. Stems much branched, diffusely spreading ;
/«/".s /n'lUKiti'/i/ purttd or dicidi-.d, the divisions roundish and obtusely toothed or
rcpaiid ; Jlowers minute, short -pr dicelled ; pods longer than the jxd/i'L-Ls, varying
from linear-oblong to short-oval; style short. — With No. 3 and 4.

6. IV. p.iliistre, DC. (MARSH CRESS.) Stem erect; lent PS pinnatcly
cleft or ported, or the upper laciniate ; the lobes oblong, cut-toothed ; pedicels
(ilunt <is lout] as thi' si/mil fimrcrs and mostly longer than the oblong, ellipsoid, or
ovoid /**/.>>• ; style short. — Wei ditches and borders of streams, common. June
-Sept. — Flowers only l"-lj" long. Stems l°-3° high. — The typical form
with oblong pods is rare (W. New York, l)r. Sartirell). Short pods and hirsute
stems and leaves are common. Var. iiisrlouM (N. hispidum, DC.) is this,
with ovoid or globular pods. (Eu.)

t 3. Pi tula ti'hite, mnrh lonucr than the calyr : pods oroid or globular : bares undi-

mtid, or tin', hirer ones pinmitijid. ( Armoracia.)

*. IV. Inn'istrr, Gray, Gen. 111. 1, p. 132. (LAKK CHESS.) Aquatic,
immersed leaves 1 -3-pinnately dissected into iitinieroiis caj>illary <livi>ions ;
emersed leaves oblong, entire, serrate, or pianatitid ; j>edicels widelj spreading ;

CRUOIFER^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 31

p<xjs ovoid, one-celled, a little longer than the style. 1|. (N. natans, ed. 1. N. natans,
var. Aruericanum, Grciy. Armoracia Americana, Am.) — Lakes and rivers
N. New Y"ork to Illinois and Kentucky. July.

8. IV. ARMOKACIA, Fries. (HORSERADISH.) Root-leaves very large, ob-
long, crenate, rarely pinnatifid ; those of the stem lanceolate ; fruiting pedicels
ascending; pods globular (seldom formed) ; style very short. 1J. (Cochletma
Armoracia, L.) — Boots large and long; — a well-known condiment. Escaped
from cultivation into moist ground/ (Adv. from Eu.)

». IOI>ANTHUS, Torr. & Gray. FALSE ROCKET.

Pod linear, elongated, terete ; the valves nerveless. Seeds in a single row in
each cell, not margined. Cotyledons accumbent. Claws of the violet-purple
petals longer than the calyx. — A smooth perennial, with ovate-oblong pointed
and toothed leaves, the lowest sometimes lyrate-pinnatifid, and showy flowers in
pauicled racemes. (Name from 10)8775, violet-colored, and avBos, flower.)

1. I. liesperidoitles, Ton-. & Gray. (Hesperis piuuatifida, Michx.) —
Banks of rivers, west of the Alleghanies. May, June. — Stem l°-3° high.
Petals 5" long, spatulate. Pods 1' to nearly 2' long, somewhat curved upwards.

3. LEAVENWORTHIA, Torr. LEAVENWORTIIIA.

Pod linear or oblong, flat ; the valves nerveless, but minutely reticulate-
veined. Seeds in a single row in each cell, flat, surrounded by a wing. Em-
bryo straight ! or the short radicle only slightly bent in the direction which if
continued would make the orbicular cotyledons accumbent. — Little biennials or
hyemal annuals, glabrous and stemless, with lyrate root-leaves and short one-
few-flowered scapes. (Named in honor of Dr. M. C. Leavenworth, the discoverer
of one species.)

1. li» ITficllUlixii, Torr. Scapes one-flowered; petals white or purplish,
yellowish towards the base. (Cardamine uniflora, Michx.) — On flat rocks,
Southeastern Kentucky (also Tennessee and Alabama, whence Prof. Hatch sends
it with purple flowers). March, April.

2. Jit. aiircsi, Torr. Scapes 1 -^-flowered; petals yellow, larger than in the
other (perhaps not distinct). — With No. 1, and southwestward.

4. DENTARIA, L. TOOTHWORT. PEPPER-ROOT.

Pod lanceolate, flat, as in Cardamine, but broader. Seed-stalks broad and
flat. — Perennials ,/vith long, horizontal, fleshy, sometimes interrupted, toothed
rootstocks of a pleasant pungent taste ; the low simple stems bearing 2 or 3
petioled compound leaves about the middle, arid terminated by a single raccmo
of large white or purple flowers. (Name from dens, a tooth.)

1. D. flipliyllcl, L. RootstocJc long and continuous, toothed ; stem-leaves 2,
simitar to the radical ones, close together, of 3 rhombic-ovate coarsely toothed
leaflets. — Rich woods, Maine to Kentucky. May. — Rootstocks 5'- If)' long,
crisp, tasting like Water-Cress. Flowers white.

7

;-52 CRUCIFERJL. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)

2. O. UBi'a \iisia, Nutt. Rootstock interrupted, forming a string of tootlitd
titl«rs ; shin-leaves (2-7) mostly 3 and alternate; leaflets 3, ovate, obtuse, coarsely
toothed and incised, often 2-3-cleft. (I), laciniata, var. 3., Torr. $• Gr.) — W.
New York, and Pcnn., Nuttall! Watertown, New York, Dr. Crawel May.—
Stem 10' -2° (Nutt.) high: raceme elongated. Flowers larger than in No. 1,
purple. Joints of the rootstock l'-2' long, £' thick, starchy. The leaves are
intermediate between No. 1 and No. 3.

8. D. laciiliata, Muhl. Rootstock necklace-form, consisting of a chain
of 3 or 4 nearly toothless oblong tubers ; stem-leaves 3 in a whorl, 3-parted ; the
biijlets linear or lanceolate, obtuse, irregularly cut or cleft into narrow teeth, the
lateral ones deeply 2-lobed. — Rich soil along streams, W. New England to
Wisconsin and Kentucky. May. — A span high: raceme scarcely longer than
the leaves. Flowers pale purple. Root-leaves much dissected.

4. I>. lieteroptiylla, Nutt. Rootstock necklace-form, obscurely toothed ,
stt -Hi-leaves 2 or 3, small, alternate, 3-parted, the leaflets lanceolate and nearly entire ,
root-leaves of 3 round-ovate obtuse somewhat toothed and lobed leaflets. — West-
ern Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Kentucky. May. — &. span high, slender:
stem-leaves 1' long. Flowers few, purple.

5 CARD A MINE, L. BITTER CRESS.

Pod linear, flattened, usually opening elastically from the base ; the valves
nerveless and veinless, or nearly so. Seeds in a single row in each cell, wing-
less ; their stalks slender. Cotyledons accumbent. — Flowers white or purple.
(From Kd/>§a/iov, an ancient Greek name for Cress.) — Runs into Dentaria on
the one hand, into Arabis on the other.

# Root perennial : leaves simple or 3-folioIate.

1. C. rlioniboidca, DC. (SPRING CRESS.) Stems upright, tuberifer-
ons at the base; stems simple; root-leaves round and rather heart-shaped; lower
stem-leaves ovate or rhombic-oblong, somewhat petioled, the upper almost lan-
ceolate, all somewhat angled or sparingly toothed ; pods linear-lanceolate, point-
ed with a slender style tipped with a conspicuous stigma ; seeds rotind-ocal. —
Wet meadows and springs ; common. Flowers large, white. April -June.

Var. purpiirca, Ton-. Lower (4'- 6' high) and slightly pubescent;
leaves rounder ; flowers rose-purple, appearing earlier. — Along streams in rich
soil, W. New York to Wisconsin.

2. €. rotimclifolia, Michx. (AMERICAN WATER-CRESS.) Stem*
brandling, inn I,- or i/<cnnibtnt, vith cm ping runners; root flbrous ; leaves all much
alike, roundish, somewhat angled, often heart-shaped at the base, petioled, the
lowest frequently .'j-lobod or of 3 leaflets; pods linear-awl-shaped, pointed with
the style; stigma minute; seeds oval-oblong. (Sill. Journal, 42. p. 30.) — Cool,
shaded springs, Penn., and southward along the mountains. May, June. —
Leaves with just the taste of the English Water-Cress. Runners in summe-
l°-:,u long. Flowers wliite, smaller than in No. 1.

3. C. bcllidifolia, L. Z>imr/(2'-3' high), tufted; leaves ovate-, a*
tire, r sometimes 3-lobcd (4" long), on long petioles ; pods upr'ght, linear; styk

CRUCIFER2E. ^MUSTARD FAMILY.) 33

nec*ity none. — Alpine summit of the White Mountains, New Hampshire. July.
— Flowers 1-5, white. Pods 1' long, turgid, the convex valves 1-nerved: so
that the plant might as well be an Arabis ! (Eu.)

* * Root perennial : leaves pinnate : flowers showy.

4. C. prateitsis, L. (CUCKOO-FLOWER.) Stem ascending ; leaflets 7-
13, those of the lower leaves rounded and stalked; of the upper ones oblong or
linear, entire, or slightly angled-toothed ; petals (white or rose-color) thrice the
length of the calyx ; style short but distinct. — Wet places and bogs, Vermont
to Ne\v Jersey, Wisconsin, and northward ; rare. May. (Eu.)

* * * Root biennial or annual : leaves pinnate : flowers small.

5. C. liii'SUta, L. (COMMON BITTER CRESS.) Mostly smooth in the
United States, sometimes hairy; leaves pinnate with 5-13 leaflets, or lyrate-
pinnatifid ; leaflets of the lower leaves rounded, angled or toothed ; of the upper
oblong or linear, often entire ; petals twice as long as the calyx (white) ; the
narrow pods and the pedicels upright : style shorter than the width of the pod.
(C. Pennsylvanica, Muhl.) — Moist places, everywhere : a small delicate variety,
with narrow leaflets, growing on dry rocks, is C. VIRGINICA, Michx. (not of
Hb. Linn. ) May - July. (Eu. )

6. ARABIS, L. ROCK CRESS.

Pod linear, flattened,- the valves plane or convex, 1-nerved in the middle, 01
longitudinally veiny. Seeds in a single row in each cell, usually margined or
winged. Cotyledons accumbent. — Flowers white or rose-color. (Name from
the country, Arabia. See Linn. Phil. Bot., § 235.)

* Leaves all pinnately parted : root annual or biennial. (Aspect of Cardamine.)

1. A. JLiulovicifma, Meyer. Nearly glabrous, diffusely branched
from the base (5' -10' high) ; divisions of the almost pinnate leaves numerous,
oblong or linear, few-toothed or incised ; flowers very small ; pods erect-spread-
ing, flat (9" -12" long, 1" wide), the valves longitudinally veiny (not elastic);
seeds wing-margined. (Cardamine Ludoviciana, Hook. Sisymbrium, Nutt.) —
Open fields, &c., Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. April.

# # Stem-leaves, if not the root-leaves, undivided : annuals or doubtful perennials.

•*- Seeds wingless or slightly margined.

2. A. lyrata, L. Diffusely branched, low (4' -10' high), glabrous ex-
cept the lyrate-pinnatijid radical leaves ; stem-leaves spatulate or lanceolate, tapering
to the base, the upper entire; petals (white) twice the length of the calyx ; pods
spreading, long and slender, pointed with a short style. — Rocks. April - June. —
Radicle sometimes oblique. — A variety ? from Upper Michigan and northward.
(Sisymbrium arabidoides, Hook.} has erect pods, and the cotyledons often ivhol-
ly incumbent.

3. A. clniitata, Torr. & Gray. Roughish-pubescent, diffusely branched
(l°-2° high), leaves oblong, very obtuse, unequally and sharply toothed ; those
of the stem half-clasping and eared at the base, of the root broader and tapering
into a short petiole ; petals (whitish) scarcely exceeding the calyx, pods spread*
intj, straight, short-stalked ; style scarcely any. — New York and Illinois to Virgin-

34 CRUCIFEKJE. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)

ia and Kentucky May. — About 1° high, slender. Pods 1 long, almost fili-
form ; the valves obscurely nerved.

4. A. patens, Sulliv. Downy with spreading hairs, eiect (l°-2° high);
tti-m-li'aees oblong-ovate, acntish, coarsely toothed or the uppermost entire, half-
clasping by the heart-shaped base ; petals (bright white) twice the length of the
calyx ; pedicels slendtr, spreading ; pods spreading and curving upwards, tipped
with a distinct style. — Rocky banks of the Scioto, Ohio, Sulla-ant. Penti., Prof.
Porter. May. — Flowers thrice as large as in No. 5. Pods 1^'- 2' long

5. A. Iiirsiit.il) Scop. Rough-hairy, sometimes smoothish, strictly erect
(l°-2° high) ; stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire or toothed, partly clasp-
ing by a somewhat arrow-shaped or heart-shaped base; petals (greenish-white)
small, but longer than the calyx ; pedicels and pods strictly upright ; style scarcely
any. — Rocks, common, especially northward. May, June. — Stem 1° - 2° high,
simple or branched from the base. Root-leaves spatulate-oblong, sessile or near-
ly so. Flowers small. (Eu.)

t- •«- Seeds winged; their stalks adherent to the partition : petals narrow, whitish.

6. A. laevigata, DC. Smooth and glaucous, upright; stem-leaves partly
clasping by the arrow-shaped base, lanceolate or linear, sparingly cut-toothed or
entire ; petals scarcely longer than the calyx ; pods long and narrow, recurved-
spreading. — Rocky places, Maine to Wisconsin and Kentucky. May. — Stem
l°-3° high. Pods 3' long, on short merely spreading pedicels. (This is also
A. hetcrophylla, Nutt.)

7. A. CaiiadensiS, L. (SICKLE-POD.) Stem upright, smooth above ;
stem-leaves pubescent, pointed at both ends, oblong-lanceolate, sessile, the lower
toothed ; petals twice the length of the calyx, oblong-linear ; pods drooping, flat,
scythe-shaped. (A. falcata, Michx. ) — Woods. June - Aug. — Stem 2° - 3° high
Pods 3' long and 2" broad, veiny, hanging on rough-hairy pedicels, curved like
a scymitar.

7. TURRITIS, Dill. TOWER MUSTARD.

Pod and flowers, &c., as in Arabis ; but the seeds occupying 2 longitudinal
rows in each cell. — Biennials or rarely annuals. Flowers white or rose-color.
(Name from turris, a tower.)

1. T. glabra, L. Stem-leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, smooth and glau-.
cous, entire, half-clasping by the arrow-shaped base ; the yellowish white petalf
little longer than the calyx ; flowers and the long and narrow (3; long) straight
pods strictly erect. — Rocks and fields ; common northward. June. (Eu.)

2. T. Stricta, Graham. Smooth (l°-2° high); strm-lnms lanceolate «
linear, half-clasping by the arrow-shaped base, entire or nearly so; petals twice
the length of l/n> calyx ; pedicels erect in flower ; the linear elongated flat pods up-
ri-ht or s| it-cad ing nt maturity. Jefferson and Chenango Counties, New York,
North Illinois, and noithward. May. — Root-leaves small. Petals white,
tinged with purple. l\ipe pods 2\'-4' long, 1" wide.

3. T. bracliycarpa, Torr. & Gray. Smooth, and glaucous ; sfem-f^avet
linear-l(i/icc<>lut<, acute, arrow-shaded ; /«<//o/.s <••/' the JJoiars nodding, of the short

CRUCIFER^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 35

and broadish pods spreading or ascending. — Fort Gratiot, &c., Michigan.
Boot-leaves hairy. Pod 1' long. Flowers pale purple.

8. BARB A RE A, R. Br. WINTER CRESS.

Pod linear, terete or somewhat 4-sided ; the valves being keeled by a mid-
nerve. Seeds in a single row in each cell, marginlcss. Cotyledons accumbent.

— Mostly biennials: flowers yellow. (Anciently called The Herb of St. Bar-
bara.)

1. B. viilgftris, R. Br. (COMMON WINTER CRESS. YELLOW ROCK
ET.) Smooth ; lower leaves lyrate, the terminal division round ; upper leaves
obovate, cut-toothed, or pinnatifid at the base; pods convex-4-angled, much
thicker than the pedicel, erect, pointed with a manifest style; — or, in the var.
STRfcTA, rather flatter, tipped with a thicker and very short style (B. prsecox.
Hook. FL Bor.-Am., &c.) ; — or, in var. ARCUATA, ascending on spreading ped-
icels when young. — Low grounds and road-sides. May. — Probably naturalized
from Europe. But the varieties here indicated are indigenous from Lake Supe-
rior northward and westward. (Eu.)

B. PRJECOX, R. Br. (B. patula, Fries), — occasionally cultivated for salad
in the Middle States, under the name of Scurvy -Grass, — is becoming spon-
taneous farther south. It is readily known by its longer and less erect pods,
scarcely thicker than their pedicels, and by the linear-oblong lobes of most of
the stem-leaves.

9. ERYSOIUUI, L. TREACLE MUSTARD.

Pod linear, 4-sided ; the -valves keeled with a strong midrib. Seeds in a single
row in each cell, oblong, marginlcss. Cotyledons (often obliquely) incumbent.
Calyx erect. — Chiefly biennials, with yellow flowers ; the leaves not clasping.
(Name from e'pvco, to draw blisters.)

I.E. clieirajritlioides, L. (WORM-SEED MUSTARD.) Minutely
roughish, branching, slender ; leaves lanceolate, scarcely toothed ; flowers small ;
pods small and short (7" -12" long), very obtusely angled, ascending on slender
divergent pedicels. — Banks of streams, New York, Perm., Illinois, and north-
ward : apparently truly indigenous. July. (Eu.)

2. E. Arkansamun, Nutt. (WESTERN WALL-FLOWER.) Minutely
roughish-hoary ; stem simple ; leaves lanceolate, somewhat toothed ; pods nearly
erect on very short pedicels, elongated (3' -4' long), exactly 4-sided ; stigma 2-lobed.

— Ohio (on limestone cliffs) to Illinois, and southwestward. June, July. —
Plant stout, 1 ° - 2° high ; the crowded bright orange-yellow flowers as large as
those of the Wall-flower.

10. SISYMBRIUM, L. HEDGE MUSTARD.

Pod terete, flattish, or 4 - 6-sided ; the valves 1 - 3-nerved. Seeds oblong,
marginlcss. Cotyledons incumbent. Calyx open. — Flowers small, white or
yellow. (An ancient Greek name for some plant of this family. )

36 CRuCiFER^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)

1. S. DFFICIN\LE, Scop. (HEDGE MUSTARD.) Leaves runcinate ; flow-
ers very small, pale yellow ; pods close pressed to the stem, aid-shaped, scarcely
stalked. Qp — Waste places. May -Sept. — An unsightly, branched weed,
2° -3° high. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. S. THALI.XXUM, Gaud. (MOUSE-EAR CRESS.) Leaves obovate or oblong,
entire or barely toothed ; flowers white ; pods linear, somewhat 4-sided, longer
than the sU-uder spreading pedicels. ® — Old fields and rocks, Massachusetts
ro Kentucky, &e. April, May. — A span high, slender, branched, hairy at the
base. (Nat. from Eu.)

3. S. caiiescCHS, Niitt. (TANSY MUSTARD.) Leaves 2-pinnatifid, the
divisions small and toothed ; flowers whitish or yellowish, very small ; pods in
V>ng racemes, oblong or rather club-shaped, not longer than the spreading pedi-
cels ; seeds irregularly in 2 rows in each cell. (J) — Penn. and Ohio to Wiscon-
sin, and southward and westward. — Slender, 1° high, often hoary-pubescent.

11. SIN A PIS, Tourn. MUSTARD.

Pod nearly terete, with a stout beak (which is either empty or 1-secdcd) ; the
valves 3-5- (rarely 1-) nerved. Seeds globose, one-rowed. Cotyledons incum-
bent, folded around the radicle. Calyx open. — Annuals or biennials, with yel-
low flowers. Lower leaves lyrate, incised, or pinnatifid. (Greek name Sown,
which is said to come from the Celtic nap, a turnip.)

1. S. ALBA, L. (WHITE MUSTARD.) Pods bristly, turgid, on spreading
pedicels, shorter than the sword-shaped one-seeded beak; leaves all pinnatifid. —
(Cult, and adv. from Eu.)

2. §• ARVENSIS, L. (FIELD MUSTARD. CHARLOCK.) Pods smooth, knot-
ty, about thrice the length of the conical 2-edyed usually empty beak ; upper leaves
merely toothed. — A noxious weed in cultivated fields, New York and Wiscon-
sin. (Adv. from Eu.)

3. S. N!GRA, L. (BLACK MUSTARD.) Pods smooth, \-comered (the valves
l-nervcd only], oppressed, tipped with a slender persistent style (rather than beak) ;
leaves lyrate or lobed, the upper narrow and entire. — Fields and waste places.
The acrid seeds furnish the mustard of our tables, £c. (Adv. from Eu.)

12. DRAB A, L. WHITLOW-GRASS.

Pouch oval, oblong, or even linear, flat ; the valves plane or slightly convex,
l-3-nerved: partition broad. Seeds several or numerous, in 2 rows in each
tell, marginlcss. Cotyledons accumbcnt. Calyx equal. Filaments not toothed.
— Low herbs, with entire or toothed leaves, and white or yellow flowers. Pu-
bescence mostly stellate. (Name from 8pa/3^, acrid, in allusion to the pungency
of the leaves.)

§ 1. DRABA, DC. — Petals w,<lirid,.-d.

* Perennial, tufted, Intfy-stem med : forcers white : pods twisted when ripe.
1. D. raillOSissiliaa, Desv. Diffusely much branched (5'- 8' high),
pubescent; leaves laciniate-toothed, linear-lanceolate, the lower oblanccolate ; ra-

(MUSTARD FAMILY.) 3?

cemes corymbose-branched ; pods hairy, oval-oblong or lanceolate (2f;- 5" long),
on slender pedicels, tipped with a lung style. — Cliffs, Harper's Ferry, Natural
Bridge, &c., Virginia, to Kentucky River, and southward. April, May.

2 E>. araMsatiS, Michx. Slightly pubescent : flowering stems (6' -10
high) erect and mostly simple; leaves oblong-lanceolate, linear, or the lower spatu-
late, sparingly toothed; racemes short, usually simple ; pods glabrous, oblong-
lanceolate (5" -6" long), on rather short pedicels, tipped with a very short style,
— Rocky banks, Vermont, Northern New York, Upper Michigan, and north-
ward. May, June. — Petals large.

* * Annual or biennial : leafy stems short : flowers white or in No. 4 yellow : style
none. (Leaves oblong or obovate, hairy, sessile.)

3. I>. bracliycarpa, Nutt. Low (2' -4' high), minutely pubescent,
stems leafy to the base of the dense, at length elongated raceme ; leaves narrowly
oblong or the lowest ovate (2^"-4" long), few-toothed or entire; flowers small;
pods smooth, narrowly oblong, acutish (2" long), about the length of the ascending
pedicels. — Dry hills, Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. April.

4. I>. lici&iorosa, L. Leaves oblong or somewhat lanceolate, moro
or less toothed ; racemes elongated (4' -8' long in fruit) ; petals emarginate, small ;
pods elliptical-oblong, half the length of the horizontally spreading pedicels, pubescent
(D. nemoralis, Ehrh.), or smooth (D. lutea, DC.). — Eort Gratiot, Michigan,
and northward. (Eu.)

5. I>. cuneifolia, Nutt. Leaves obovate, wedge-shaped, or the lowest
spatulate, toothed; raceme somewhat elongated in fruit (l'-3'), at length equal-
ling the naked peduncle ; petals emarginate, much longer than the calyx ; jwds
oblong -linear, minutely hairy, longer than the horizontal pedicels. — Grassy places,
Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. March, April.

6. D. Caroliniaiia, Walt. Small (l'-4' high); leaves obovate, most-
ly entire ; peduncles scape-like ; petals twice the length of the calyx ; raceme
short or corymbose in fruit (£'-!' long) ; pods broadly linear, smooth, much longer
than the ascending pedicels. — Sandy fields, Rhode Island to Illinois, and
southward. March - June.

7. D. niicrilntBia, Nutt. Pods minutely hairy ; flowers swall or minute;
raceme sometimes elongated ; otherwise as in No. 6, of which Mr. Bebb proves
it to be a variety. — From "Wisconsin south\vesfrward.

{ 2. ER6PIIILA, DC. — Petals 2-cleft. (Annual or biennial : flowers tvhite.)

8 D. vei'iia, L. (WHITLOW-GRASS.) Small (scapes l'-3' high) ; leaves
all radical, oblor.g or lanceolate ; racemes elongated in fruit ; pods varying from
round-oval to oblong-lanceolate, smooth, shorter than the pedicels. — Sandy
waste places and road-sides : not common. April, May. — Not found north of
Lower Canada. The same as the plant of Europe, and perhaps introduced.
(Eu.)

13. VESICARIA, Lam. BLADDER-POD.

Pouch globular and inflated, or more or less flattened parallel to the orbicular
partition ; the hemispherical or convex thin valves nerveless. Seed? few or 5* v-

38 CRUCIFER^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)

eral, flat. Cotyledons uciumbent. Filaments toothless. — Low herbs, pubes-
cent or hoary with stellate hairs. Flowers mostly yellow. (Name from vesica,
a bladder, from the inflate 1 pods.)

1. V. Siiortii, Torr. & Gray. Annual, decumbent, slender, sonuwhat
hoary; leaves oblong, entire or repand ; raeeme loose; style filiform, longer than
the (immature) small and canescent spherical pod ; seeds not margined, 1 -2 in each-
cell. — Rocky banks of Elkhorn Creek, near Lexington, Kentucky, Short.

2. V.? Lcscurii, n. sp. Somewhat pubescent, but green ; stems diffusely
ascending from a biennial root : leaves oblong or oval, sparingly toothed, those
of the stem half-clasping by a sagittate base; racemes elongated, many-flowered ;
pedicels ascending; filaments inflated at the base ; style half the lait/th of the his-
pid orbicular or broadly oval flattened pod; seeds wing-margin fd, 1 -4 in each
cell. — Hills near Nashville. Tennessee, Leo Lest/uerenx. April, May. — Flow-
ers golden yellow. Pods so flat that, as far as they are concerned, the species
should rather belong to Alyssum. Plant to be sought in Southern Kentucky.

14. CAMEL.INA, Crantz. FALSE FLAX.

Pouch obovoid or pear-shaped, pointed, turgid, flattish parallel to the broad
partition : valves 1-nerved. Seeds numerous, oblong. Cotyledons incumbent.
Style slender. Flowers small, yellow. (Name from x0^0^ dwarf, and AiVoi>,
flax. It has been fancied to be a sort of degenerate flax.)

1. C. SAT!VA, Crantz. Leaves lanceolate, arrow-shaped; pods margined,
large. © — Flax-fields, &c. A noxious weed. (Adv. from Eu.)

15, L<E PIDIUM, L. PEPPERWORT. PEPPERGRASS.

Pouch roundish, much flattened contrary to the narrow partition, usually
notched at the apex; the valves boat-shaped and keeled. Seeds 1 in each cell.
pendulous. Cotyledons incumbent or in No. 1 accumbcnt ! Flowers small,
white. Stamens often only two ! (Name from Xenioiov, a little scale, alluding
to the small flat pods.) Ours are annuals or biennials.

i- 1" Virgiiiicum, L. (WILD PEPPERGUASS.) Pods orbicular, vnnn-
kss, notched ; cotyledons acctaribcnt ; upper leaves lanceolate, toothed or incised-
the lowest pinnatilid ; prials 4; stamens 2. Road-sides. June -Sept. — A
weed which has immigrated from farther South.

2. Li. intermedium, Gray. Cotyledons incumbent ; upper leaves linear
or lanceolate, entire: otherwise like No. 1. — From Michigan northward and
south west ward. — 1'ctals often thrice the length of the calyx.

3. L. RUDKI:.\I.K, L. Pods oral and smaller; cotyledons hcnmbcnt ; p<1ah
none; stems diffusely much branched: otherwise much as in No. 1. — Road-
sides, near towns ; sparingly. (Adv. from Eu.)

4. I.. CAMPESTRE, L. Pods ovate, n-in<ja1, rough with minute scales, notched
leaves arrow-shaped, toothed, downy ; stumer.* 6. Fields, sparing from Massa
chusetts to Delaware. (Adv. from Eu.)

CBUCIFER.E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 39

16. CAPS EL. LA, Vent. SHEPHERD'S PUKSE.

Pouch inversely heart-shaped-triangular, flattened contrary to the narrow par-
tition ; the valves boat-shaped, wingless. Seeds numerous. Cotyledons incum-
bent.— Annuals : flowers small, white. (Name a diminutive of capsula, a pod.)

1. C. BURSA-PASTORIS, Mceuch. Hoot-leaves clustered, pinnatifid or
toothed ; stem-leaves arrow-shaped, sessile. — Waste places ; the commonest of
weeds. April -Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)

•

17. SUBUL.ARIA, L. AWLWORT.

Pouch oval, turgid, somewhat flattened contrary to the broad partition. Seeds
several. Cotyledons long and narrow, incumbently folded transversely, i. e.
the cleft extending to the radicular side of the curvature. Style none. — A
dwarf stemless perennial, aquatic ; the tufted leaves awl-shaped (whence the
name). Scape naked, few-flowered, l'-3' high. Flowers minute, white.

1. S. aquiltica, L. — Lakes; Maine, N. Hamp. (Tuckerman.) (Eu.)

1§. SENEBIERA, DC. WART-CRESS. SWINE-CRESS.

Pouch flattened contrary to the narrow partition ; the two cells indehisccnt,
but falling away at maturity from the partition as closed nutlets, strongly wrin-
kled or tubcrculate, 1 -seeded. Cotyledons as in the last. — Low and diffuse or
prostrate annuals or biennials, with minute whitish flowers. Stamens often only
2. (Dedicated to Senebier, a distinguished vegetable physiologist.)

1. S. didyisaa, Pers. Leaves 1 - 2-pinnately parted; pods notched at the
apex, rough-urrinkled. (S. pinnatifida, DC. Lepidium didymum, L.) — Waste
places, at ports, £c., Virginia and Carolina : an immigrant from farther South.

2. S. CoRON6pus, DC. Leaves less divided, with narrower lobes; pods not
notched at the apex, tubercled, Virginia, Pursh. Rhode Island, Rabbins. (Adv.
from Eu.)

19. CAK.1JLE, Tourn. SEA-ROCKET.

Pod short, 2-jointed across, angular, fleshy, the upper joint flattened at the
apex, separating at maturity; each indehiscent and 1-cellcd, 1-seedcd; the lower
sometimes seedless. Seed erect in the upper, suspended in the lower join'
Cotyledons rather obliquely accumbent. — Sea-side, branching, fleshy annuals.
Flowers purplish. (An old Arabic name.)

". C. Anierica.ua, Nutt. (AMERICAN SEA-ROCKET.) Loaves J>o-
vate sinuate and toothed ; lower joint of the fruit obovoid, emarginate ; the
upper ovate, flattish at the apex. — Coast of the Northern States and of the
Great Lakes. July -Sept. — Joints nearly even and fleshy when fresh; the
tipper one 4-angled and appearing more beaked when dry.

20. RAPHANUS, L. RADISH.

Pods linear or oblong, tapering upwards, 2-jointed; the lower joint often seed-
less and stalk-like ; the upper necklace-form by constriction between the seeds,

40 CAPPARIDACE^E. (CAPER FAMILY.)

with ao proper partition. Style long. Seeds as in the Mustard Tribe. — Aiv
Duals or oicnmals. (The ancient Greek name from pa, quickly, and $cuW, to
appear, alluding to the rapid germination.)

1. B. RAPHANfSTRUM, L. (WlLD RADISH. JOINTED CHARLOCK.) Podfl

necklace-form, long-beaked ; leaves lyre-shaped, rough ; petals yellow, turning
whitish or purplish, veiny. — A troublesome weed in fields, in E. New England
and New York. (Adv. from Eu.)

The most familiar representatives of this order in cultivation, not already
mentioned, are

CHEIRANTHUS CHE^RI, the well-known WALL-FLOWER.

MATTHfoLA ANNUA, and other sorts of STOCK.

HESPERIS MATRONALIS, the ROCKET, which .begins to escape from gardens.

BRASSICA OLERACEA, of which the CABBAGE, KOHL-RABI, CAULIFLOWER,
and BROCCOLI are forms : B. CAMPESTRIS, which furnishes the SWEDISH TUR-
NIP or RUTABAGA : and B. R\PA, the COMMON TURNIP. The latter become*
spontaneous for a year or two in fields where it has been raised.

RAPHANUS SATlvus, the RADISH ; inclines sometimes to be spontaneous.

LUNARIA BIJSNNIS, the MOONWORT or HONESTY, with its broad flat pods.

IBERIS UMBELLATA, the CANDY-TUFT, and ALYSSUM MARITIMUM, the
SWEET ALYSSUM.

LspfDiUM SATivuM, the cultivated PEPPERGRASS.

ISATIS TINCTORIA, the "WoAD, of the division Nucumentacece, having inde-
hiscent l-celled fmit.

ORDER 13. CAPPARIDACETE. (CAPER FAMILY.)

Herbs (when in northern regions), with cruciform flowers, but G or more
not tetradynamous stamens, a l-celled pod with 2 parietal placenta;, and kid-
ney-shaped seeds. — Pod as in Cruciferae, but with no partition, often
stalked : seeds similar, but the embryo coiled rather than folded. — Leaves
alternate, mostly palmately compound. — Often witli the acrid or pungent
qualities of Cruciferae (as is familiar in capers, the flower-buds of Cappa-
ris spinosa) ; also commonly bitter and nauseous. Represented within OJT
limits only by the following plant.

1. POL AN I SI A, Raf. POLANISIA.

Sepals 4. Petals 4, with claws, notched at the apex. Stamens 8-32, une-
qual. Receptacle not elongated, bearing a gland behind the base of the ovary.
Pod stalkless or nearly so, linear or oblong, veiny, turgid, many-seeded. —
Fetid annuals, with glandular or clammy hairs. Flowers in leafy racemes.
(Name from iro\vs , mam/, and avuros, unequal, points in which the genus differs
in its stamens from Clcome.)

1. P. graveolcns, Raf. Leaves with 3 oblong leaflets ; stamens about
11, scarcely exceeding the petals; style short, pod slightly stalked. — Gravelly

VIOLACEJE. (VIOLET FAMILY.) 41

shores, from Connecticut and Vermont to Wisconsin and Kentucky. June -
Aug. — Flowers small: calyx and filaments purplish: petals yellowish-
white.

ORDER 14. RESEDACE^E. (MIGNONETTE FAMILY.)

Herbs, ivith unsymmetrical 4 - 7-merous small jlowers, with a jfteshy one-
sided hypogynous disk between the petals and the (3-40) stamens, bearing
the latter. Calyx not closed in the bud. Pod 3 - G-lobed, 3 - Q-horned, 1-
celled with 3-6 parietal placentas, opening at the top before the seeds (which
are as in Order 1 3) are full grown. — Leaves alternate. Flowers in ter-
minal spikes or racemes. — A small and unimportant family, of the Old
World, represented by the Mignonette {Reseda odorata} and the Dyer'a
Weed.

1. RESEDA, L. MIGNONETTE. DYER'S KOCKET.

Petals 4-7, often cleft, unequal. Stamens 12-40, turned to one side. (De-
riv. from reseda, to calm or assuage, in allusion to supposed sedative properties.)

1. R. LUTEOLA, L. (DYER'S WEED or WELD.) Leaves lanceolate; ca-
lyx 4-partecl ; petals 4, greenish-yellow ; the upper one 3 - 5-cleft, the two lateral
8-cleft, the lower one linear and entire ; pods depressed, d) — Road-sides in W.
New York, &c. — Plant 2° high. Used for dyeing yellow. (Adv. from Eu.)

ORDER 15. YIOL.ACEJS. (VIOLET FAMILY.)

Herbs, with a somewhat irregular \-spurred corolla of 5 petals, 5 hypogy-
nous stamens with adnate introrse anthers conniving over the pistil, and a 1-
celled 3-valvedpod with 3 parietal placentce. — Sepals 5, persistent. Petals
imbricated in the bud. Stamens with their short and broad filaments con-
tinued beyond the anther-cells, and often coherent with each other. Style
usually club-shaped, with the simple stigma turned to one side and hol-
low. Valves of the capsule bearing the several-seeded placentas on their
middle. Seeds anatropous, rather large, with a hard seed-coat, and a large
and straight embryo nearly as long as the albumen : cotyledons flat. —
Leaves alternate, with stipules. Flowers axillary, nodding. (Roots slight-
ly acrid, or emetic.) — Two genera in the Northern United States.

1. SO LEA, Ging., DC. IJREEN VIOLET.

Sepals not prolonged at the base. Petals nearly equal in length, but the low-
er one larger and gibbous or saccate at the base, more notched than the others
at the apex. Stamens completely united into a sheath enclosing the ovary, and
bearing a broad gland on the lower side. Style hooked at the summit. — A
homely perennial herb, with stems leafy to the top, and 1-3 small greenish-
white flowers in the axils, on short recurved pedicels. (Named in honor of W
Sole, author of an essay on the British Mints.)

42 VIOLACEJS. (VIOLET FAMILY.)

1. S. c6ncolor, Ging. (Viola concolor, Pursk, &c.) — Woods, Nevi
York to Illinois and southward. June. — Plant l°-2° high. Leaves oblong,
pointed at both ends, entire. Pod 1' long : after opening, each valve as it dries
folds together lengthwise firmly, projecting the large round seeds to a consider-
able distance. The samo thing occurs in many Violets.

2. VIOL. A, L. VIOLET. HEAUT'S-EASE.

Sepals extended or earei at the base. Petals somewhat unequal, the lower
one spurred at the base. Stamens closely surrounding the ovary, often slightly
cohering with each other ; the two lower ones bearing spurs which project into
the spur of the corolla. (The ancient Latin name of the genus.)
* Stcmless ; the leaves and scapes all from subterranean or prostrate rootstocks ; peren

nial. ( Commonly producing apetalous Jlowers all summer long, on shorter peduncles

concealed under the leaves, or on runners : these ripen seed much more freely titan

the ordinary blossoms.)

•*- Flowers light yellow (small ; spur very short).

1. V. rotuildifolia, Michx. (ROUND-LEAVED VIOLET.) Leaves
ronnd-ovate, heart -shaped, slightly crenate ; lateral petals bearded and marked
with brown lines. — Cold woods, Maine to Michigan, and south along the Alle-
ghanies. April, May. — Smoothish: leaves 1' broad at flowering, increasing to
3' or 4' in the summer, then close pressed to the ground, shining above.

•*- •»- Flowers white ; the lower petals veined with lilac : spur short.

2. V. laiiceolata, L. (LANCE-LEAVED VIOLET.) Smooth; leave*
lanceolate, erect, blunt, tapering into a long petiole, almost entire ; petals beardless.
— Damp soil, Maine to Illinois, Kentucky, and southward ; common near the
coast. May.

3. V. primiilaDfolia, L. (PRIMROSE-LEAVED VIOLET.) Smooth or
a little pubescent ; leaves oblong or ovate, abrupt or somewhat heart-shaped at the
base; petals often acute, the lateral ones usually sparingly bearded. (V. acuta,
Bigelow.) — Damp soil ; with No. 2 : intermediate between it and No. 4.

4. V. blunda, Willd. (SWEET WHITE VIOLET.) Leaves round-heart-
shaped or kidney-form, minutely pubescent; petals beardless. — Damp places,
Maine to Wisconsin and Kentucky. April, May. — Flowers small, faintly
sweet-scented.

•*r •*-•*- Flowers violet or blue.

5. V. paliistris, iL- (MARSH VIOLET.) Smooth ; leaves round-heart-
shaped and kidney-form, slightly crenate; Jlowers (small) pale lilac with purple
streaks, nearly beardless ; apnr vert/ short, and obtuse. — Alpine summits of the
White Mountains, New Hampshire; June?1 (Eu.)

6. V. Sclkirkii, Goldie. (GREAT-SPURRED VIOLET.) Leaves round-
heart-shaped with a deep narrowed sinus, hairy abov-% lying flat on the ground;
tpur near!'/ rc.s Ion;/ as the beardless petals, thickened at the end; anther-spurs very
long. — Shaded hills, W. Massachusetts and the adjacent parts of New York,
thence northward. May. — A rare and delicate species, 2' high; the flowers

in proportion.

VIOLACILfi. (VIOLET FAMILY.)

7. V. cucullata, Ait. (j COMMON BLUB VIOLET.) Leaves all It
pctioled and upright, heart-shaped with a broad sinus, varying to kidney-shaped and
dilated-triangular, smooth, or more or less pubescent, the sides at the base rolled
inwards when young, obtusely serrate ; lateral and often the lower petals bearded;
spur short and thick; stigma obscurely beaked or beakless. — Low grounds,
common everywhere. April -June. — Very variable in size, &c. and in the
color and size of the (usually large) flowers, which are deep or pale violet-blue
or purple, sometimes nearly white, or variegated with white. Scapes 3' -10'
high. Passes by intermediate forms of all sorts into

Var. palmata. (HAND-LEAF VIOLET.) Leaves variously 3-7-cleft or
parted, or the earlier ones entire on the same individual. (V. palmata, L.} —
Common, especially southward.

8. V. villdsa, Walt., Nutt. (HAIRY VIOLET.) Leaves mostly short-
petioled and lying fiat on the ground, orbicular or round-heart-shaped with a narrow
or closed sinus, hairy especially above, or nearly smooth, thickish ; lateral and
mostly the lower petals bearded; spur short and thick; stigma beaked. (V.
cordifolia, Schwein. V. sororia, Le Conte, &c., scarcely of Willd.) — Dry hills
and woods, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, and southward. April, May. — Smaller
than the last, 2' -4' high: "corolla reddish-blue." Probably only a round-
leaved variety of the next.

9. V. sagittata, Ait. (ARROW-LEAVED VIOLET.) Smoothish or
hairy ; leaves on short and margined, or the later often on long and naked petiolest
varying from oblong-heart-shaped to halberd-shaped, arrow-shaped, oblong-lanceolate
or ovate, denticulate, sometimes cut-toothed near the base, the lateral or occasion-
ally all the (purple-blue) petals bearded; spur short and thick; stigma beaked.
(V. ovata, Nutt., & V emarginata, Le Conte, are states of this variable species.)

— Dry or moist open places, New Eugland to Illinois and southward. April,
May. — Flowers rather large.

10. V. delpliinifolia, Nutt. (LARKSPUR VIOLET.) Leaves all pal-
mately or pedatelij 5 - 7 '-parted, the divisions 2 - 3-cleft ; lobes linear ; lateral petals
bearded; stigma short-beaked. — Kich prairie soil, Illinois and westward. April.

— Much resembles the next.

11. V. pedi&ta, L. (BIRD-FOOT VIOLET.) Nearly smooth; leaves all
3-5-divided, or the earliest only parted, the lateral divisions 2-3-parted, all
linear or narrowly spatulate, sometimes 2-3-toothed or cut at the apex; petals
beardless; stigma nearly beakless. — Sandy or gravelly soil, New England to
Illinois and southward May. — Flower large and handsome, 1' broad, pale or
deep lilac-purple or blue; the two upper petals sometimes deep violet and vel-
vety like a Pansy.

* * Leafy-stemmed, from subterranean perennial rootstocks.

-»- Stems leafy from the base to the summit, branching ; flowers not yellow, sometimes
produced all summer long.

12. V. restrain, Pursh. (LONG-SPURRED VIOLET.) Stems ascending
(3' -6' high); leaves roundish-heart-shaped, serrate, the upper acute; stipules
lanceolate, fi inge-toothed, large ; spur slender, longer than the pale violet beardless
petals ; style straight and slender ; stigma terminal, beakless. — Shaded lull-

44 VIOLACE^E. (VIOLFT FAMILY.)

sides, Maine to Ohio and Kentucky ; rare. June, July. — Spur £' long. An-
ther-spurs also very long.

13 V. Mulilcnbergii, Torr. (AMERICAN DOG VIOLET.) Stems

ascending (3' - 7' long), at length with creeping branches ; leaves round-heart-
shaped, or the lowest kidney-form, crenate, the uppermost slightly pointed;
stipules lanceolate, fringe-toothed ; spur cylindrical, about half the length of the
pale violet petals, the lateral ones slightly bearded ; stigma beaked. — Shaded wet
places ; common. May, June.

14. V. Striata, Ait. (PALE VIOLET.) Stems anguiar, ascending,
branching (6 -10' high); leaves heart-shaped, finely serrate, often acute; sti-
pules oblong-lanceolate, large, strongly fringe-toothed ; spur thickish, much shorter
than the cream-colored petals, the lateral ones bearded, the lower striped with
purplish lines; stigma beaked. — Low grounds ; common, especially westward.
April - Oct.

15. V. Canadensis, L. (CANADA VIOLET.) Upright (l°- 2° high);
leaves heart-shaped, pointed, serrate ; stipules ovate-lanceolate, entire ; petals white
or whitish inside, the upper ones tinged with violet beneath, the lateral bearded ;
spur vert/ short ; stigma beakless, hairy on each side. — Rich woods ; common
northward and along the Alleghanies. May -Aug.

v- •*- Stems mostly simple, erect, naked below, and 2 - ^-leaved above : stipules nearly
entire : flowers yellow : stigma not beaked, but bearded on each side.

16. V. pubescens, Ait. (DOWNY YELLOW VIOLET.) Softly pubes-
cent (6' -12' high) ; haves very broadly heai-t-shaped, toothed, somewhat pointed;
stipules ovate or ovate-lanceolate, large ; spur extremely short ; lower petals
veined with purple. — Woods ; common. May - Aug.

Var. eriocarpa, Nutt. More pubescent, stout, l°-2° high; pods wool-
ly. (V. criocarpa, Schwein.) — Common westward.

Var. ScabrillSCllla, Torr. & Gray. Smaller and greener, slightly
pubescent; stems often decumbent (4' -10' high). — Khode Island to Ohio and
Kentucky.

17. V. hastata, Michx. (HALBERD-LEAVED VIOLET.) Nearly gla-
brous, slender (4' -10' high) ; stem-leaves halbei-d-shaped, slightly serrate, acute ;
§tipulcs ovate, small; spur very short. — Mountains of Pennsylvania and south-
ward. June.

* * * Leafy-stemmed annuals or biennials : the 4 upper petals ascending.

18. V. TRfcoLOR, L. (PANSY. HEART'S-EASE.) Stem angled and
branched; leaves roundish, or the upper oval and the lowest heart-shaped, cre-
nate or entire ; stiptiles very large and leaf-like, lyrate-pinnatifid ; petals vari-
able in color or variegated (yellow, whitish, violet-blue and purple) ; — in var.
ARVENSIS shorter or rather longer than the calyx. — Dry or sandy soil, New
York to Kentucky and southward : doubtless only a small state of the Garden
Pansy run wild. (Nat. from Eu.)

V. OI*OR\TV, the SWEET VIOLET of Europe, which far excels all the Amer-
ican species in fragrance, sometimes grows spontaneously near dwellings.

CISTACE^E. (ROCK-ROSE FAMIL*.) 45

ORDER 16. CISTACE^E. (ROOK-ROSE FAMILY.)

Low shrubs or herbs, with regular flowers, distinct and liypogynous mostly
indefinite stamens, a persistent calyx, a l-celled 3 - 5-valved pod with as many
parietal placenta; borne on the middle of the valves, and orthotropous albu-
minous seeds. — Sepals 5 ; the two external small, like bracts, or sometime!
wanting ; the three others a little twisted in the bud. Petals 3 or 5, usu-
ally fugacious, convolute in the opposite direction from the calyx in the
bud. Antlers short, innate, on slender filaments. Style single or none.
Ovules few or many, on slender stalks, with the orifice at their apex. Em-
bryo long and slender, straightish or curved, in mealy albumen : cotyledons
narrow. — Leaves simple and mostly entire, the lower usually opposite, and
the upper alternate. (Inert plants. A small family : mostly of the Medi-
terranean region.)

Synopsis.

1. HELIANTIIEMUM. Petals 5, crumpled in the bud, fugacious. Stamens and ovules nc-

merous in the petal-bearing dowers. Style none.

2. HUDSONIA. Petals 5, fugacious. Stamens 9-30. Style long and slender. Pod strictly

l-celled, 2 - 6-seeded.

8 LECIIEA. Petals 3, persistent. Stamens 3-12. Style none. Pod partly 3-celled, the
imperfect partitions bearing broad 2-seeded placentae.

1. HELIANTHEMUM, Toura. ROCK-ROSE.

Petals 5, crumpled in the bud, fugacious. Style short or none : stigma 3-
lobed. Capsule strictly l-celled. Embryo curved in the form of a hook or
ring. — Flowers in most N. American species of two soils, viz., 1. the primary,
or earliest ones, with large petals, indefinitely numerous stamens, and many-
seeded pods : 2. secondary, or later ones, which are much smaller and in clus-
ters, with small petals or none, 3-10 stamens, and much smaller 3 -few-seeded
pods. The yellow flowers open only once, in sunshine, and cast their petals by
the next day. (Name from 77X10?, the sun, and ai>0e/xoi/, flower.)

1. II. Caimdcnse, Michx. (FROST-WEED.) Petal-bearing flowers soli-
tary ; the small secondary flowers clustered in the axils of the leaves, nearly sessile ;
calyx of the large flowers hairy-pubescent ; of the small ones hoary, like the stem
and lower side of the lanceolate-oblong leaves. — A variety is more hoary, and
with a stronger tendency to multiply the minute clustered flowers. — Sandy or
gravelly dry soil, Maine to Wisconsin and southward, but rare west of the Alle-
ghanies. June -Aug. — Stems at first simple. Corolla of the large flowers 1'
wide, producing pods 3" long : pods of the smaller flowers not larger than a
pin's head. — Late in autumn, crystals of ice shoot from the cracked bark at the
root, whence the popular name.

2. II. corymbosuni, Michx. Flowers all clustered at the summit of the
stem or branches, the petal-bearing ones at length on slender stalks ; calyx
woolly. — Pine barrens, New Jersey and southward along the coast.

46 cisTACE.fi. (ROCK-ROSE FAMILY.)

•2. HUDSON I A, L. HUDSOXIA.

Petals 5, fugacious (lasting but a clay), much larger than the calyx Stamens
9 - 30. Style long and slender : stigma minute. Pod oblong, enclosed iu the
calyx, strictly 1 -celled, with 1 or 2 seeds attached near the base of each nerve-
like placenta. Embryo coiled into the form of a closed hook. — Bushy heath-
like little shrubs (seldom a foot high), covered all over with the small awl-
shaped or scale-like persistent downy leaves, producing numerous (small but
showy) bright yellow flowers crowded along the upper part of the branches-
(Named in honor of Hudson, an English botanist contemporary with Lin-

1 . II . eriCOldes, L. Downy but greenish ; leaves awl-shaped, loose ;
flowers on slender naked stalks. — Dry sandy soil near the coast, Maine to Vir-
ginia : extending interior as far as Conway, New Hampshire. May.

2. II. tomentosa, Nutt. Hoary with down ; leaves oval or oblong,
close-pressed and imbricated; flowers sessile. — Sandy coasts from Maine to
Maryland, and on the Great Lakes from Champlain to Superior. May, June.
— Flowers 5" broad.

3. LECIIEA, L. PINWEED.

Petals 3, narrow, flat in the bud : not longer than the calyx, withering-persist-
ent. Stamens 3-12. Style scarcely any : stigmas 3, plumose. Pod globular,
appearing partly 3-cclled ; the 3 broad and thin placenta; borne on imperfect
partitions, each bearing 2 seeds on the face towards the valve : in our species,
the placentae curve backwards and partly enclose the seeds. Embryo straight-
ish. — Homely perennial herbs, with very small greenish or purplish flowers.
(Named in honor of Leche, a Swedish botanist.)

1. L«. major, Michx. Hairy; stem upright, simple, producing slender
prostrate branches from the base; leaves elliptical, mucronate-pointed, alternate
and opposite or sometimes whorled ; flowers densely crowded in panic-led clusters ;
pedicels shorter than the globose-depressed (very small) pods. — Sterile wool-
lands ; Maine to Kentucky and southward, chiefly eastward. July -Sept —
Plant 1 ° - 2° high, stout.

2. Ij. tliymifolia, Pursh. Hoary with appressed hairs, especially the
decumbent stout leafy shoots from the base ; flowering stems ascending,
loosely branched, with the leaves linear or oblanceolate ; those of the shoots <////>-
tiraf, whorled, crowded ; flowers scattered in small and loose clusters ; pedicels
as long as the globose pods. — Sandy coast, Maine to New Jersey and south-
ward. July - Sept. — Scarcely a foot high, tufted, rigid ; the pods larger than
ir No. 1.

3. Ij. minor, Lam. Minutely hairy; stems slender, upright or diffuse;

leafy shoots densely tufted at the base; l<ures linear; flowers loosely rnraiied on
the slender branchk-ts; pedicels mostly longer than the globose pods. — Dry
open soil; common. June -Sept. — Plant 5' -15' high, slender, running into
numberless variations according to the soil, season, and exposure Pods small*
•r than in No. 2.

DROSERACE.fi. (SUNDEW FAMILY.) 47

ORDEK 17. DROSERACE^E. (SUNDEW FAMILY.)

Bog-herbs, mostly glandular-haired ', with regular hypogynous flowers, pen-
tamerous and withering-persistent calyx, corolla, and stamens, the anthers
fixed by their middle and turned outwards, and a l-cetted pod with twice as
many separate styles or stigmas as there are parietal placentae. — Calyx im-
bricated. Petals convolute. Seeds numerous, anatropous, with a short
and minute embryo at the base of the albumen. — Leaves circmate in the
bud, i. e. rolled up from the apex to the base as in Ferns. (A small fam-
ily, of no known qualities, except a slight bitterness, &c. ; the Sundews
impart a purple stain to paper in which they are dried.) Only one genus
within our limits, viz.

1. DROSERA, L. SUNDEW.

Stamens 5. Styles 3, or sometimes 5, deeply 2-parted so that they are taken
for 6 or 10, slender; stigmatose above on the inner face. Pod globular or ob-
long, 3- (rarely 5-) valved, the valves bearing the numerous seeds on their mid-
dle for the whole length. — Low perennials; the leaves clothed with i eddish
gland-bearing bristles, in our species all in a tuft at the base ; the naked scape
bearing the flowers in a 1 -sided raceme-like inflorescence, which nods at the un-
developed apex, so that the fresh-blown flower (which opens only in sunshine)
is always highest. (The glands of the leaves exude drops of a clear fluid, glit-
tering like dew-drops, whence the name, from dpoaepos, dewy.)

1. D. rotuiidifolKi, L. (ROUND-LEAVED SUNDEW.) Leaves orbicu-
lar, abruptly narrowed into the spreading hairy petioles; seeds spindle-shaped,
the coat loose and chaff-like ; flowers white, the parts sometimes in sixes. —
Peat-bogs, common, especially northward. July -Aug. (Eu.)

2. I>. longifolia, L. Leaves spatulate-oblong, tapering into the long rather
erect naked petioles ; seeds oblong, with a rough close coat ; flowers white.
(D. intermedia, Hai/ne.) — Bogs, chiefly northward and eastward. June- Aug.
— Plant raised on its prolonged caudex when growing in water. (Eu.)

3. D. linear!*, Goldie. (SLENDER SUNDEW.) Leaves linear, obtuse,
the blade (2' -3' long, scarcely 2" wide) on naked erect . petioles about the same
length ; seeds oblong, with a smooth and perfectly close coat ; flowers white. —
Shore of Lake Superior. July.

4. I>. filiformis, Raf. (THREAD-LEAVED SUNDEW.) Leaves very long
and filiform, erect, with no distinction between the blade and« the stalk ; seeds
spindle-shaped; flowers numerous, purple rose-color (£' broad). — Wet sand,
near the coast, Plymouth, Massachusetts, to New Jersey, Delaware, and south-
ward. Aug. — Scapes 6' - 12' high ; and the singular leaves nearly as long.

DIONJEA MUScfpULA, Ellis, the VENUS'S FLY-TRAP, — so noted for the ex-
traordinary irritability of its leaves, closing forcibly at the touch, — is a native
of the sandy savannas of the eastern part of North Carolina. It differs in sev-
eral respects from the character of the order given above; the stamens being 15,
the styles united into one, and the seeds all at the base of the pod.

fl8 HYPERICACE^E. (ST. JOHN's-WORT FAMILY.)

ORDER 18. PARIVASSIACE^E. (PARNASSIA FAMILY.)

Character that of the single genus Parnassia, technically most like
Hyperieacese, but the leaves alternate and dotless, — sometimes clearly
perigynous, and therefore perhaps nearer Saxifragaceae, — the 4 sessile
stigmas situated directly over the parietal placentae !

1. PARNASSIA, Tourn. GRASS or PARNASSUS.

Sepals 5, imbricated ill the bud, persistent. Petals 5, veiny, spreading, at
length deciduous, imbricated in the bud : a cluster of somewhat united gland-
tipped sterile filaments at the base of each. Proper stamens 5, alternate with
the petals : filaments persistent : anthers opening inwards. Ovaiy 1-celled, with
4 projecting parietal placentae : stigmas 4, sessile, directly over the placentae.
Pod 4-valved) the valves bearing the placentae on their middle. Seeds very nu-
merous, anatropous, with a thick wing-like seed-coat and no albumen. Embryo
straight : cotyledons veiy short. — Perennial smooth herbs, with the entire leaves
chiefly radical, and the solitary flowers terminating the long naked stems.
Petals white, with greenish or yellowish veins. (Named from Mount Parnassus :
called Grass of Parnassus by Dioscorides.)

1. P. palilStriS, L. Petals sessile; rather longer than the calyx, few-
veined ; sterile filaments 9-15 in each set, slender. — Shore of Lake Superior,
Upper Michigan, and northward. Aug. — Stalks 3' -10' high. Leaves all
heart-shaped. Flower nearly 1 ' broad. (Eu.)

2. P. Carolilliana, Michx. Petals sessile, more than twice the length
of the calyx, many-veined ; sterile filaments 3 in each set, stout, distinct almost to
the base. — Wet banks, New England to Wisconsin and southward, especially
along the mountains. July -Sept. — Leaves thickish, ovate or rounded, often
heart-shaped, usually but one on the stalk, and that low down and clasping.
Stalk l°-2° high. Flower !'-!£' broad.

3. P. asari folia, Vent. Petals abruptly contracted into a claw at tho
base; sterile filaments 3 in each set ; leaves rounded kidney-shaped : otherwise as in
No. 2. — High Alleghanics of Virginia, and southward.

ORDER 19. HYPERICACESE. (ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY.)

Herbs or xJirubx, u-ith opposite entire dotted leaves and no stipules, regular
hypogynous flowers, the petals mostly oblique and convolute in the bud, and
many or f( ir sfnmc.ns commonly collected in 3 or more clusters or bundles.
Pod 1-rJW iriflt 2 - 5 parietal placentae, and as many styles, or 3-5-celled
by the union of the placentae, in the centre: dehiscewe wnticidul. — Sepals 4
or 5, iinl'i-iraieil in the bud, herbaceous, persistent. Petals 4 or 5, mostly
deciduous. Pod 2-5- (rarely 6 - 7-) lobed, with as many persistent
styles, which are at fir<t sometimes united. Seeds very numerous, small,
auatropous, with no albumen. Embryo cylindrical : the cotyledons very

HYPERICACE^E. (ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY.) 49

short. — Plants with a resinous juice (of acrid and balsamic qualities),
dotted with pellucid or dark glands, usually smooth. Leaves mostly ses-
sile. Flowers solitary or cymose,

Synopsis.

1. ASCYRUM. Sepals 4, very unequal. Petals 4, oblique, convolute, yellow.

2. HYPERICUM. Sepals 5. Petals 5, oblique, convolute, yellow.

8. ELODEA. Sepals 5. Petals 5, equal-sided, imbricated, naked, purplish. Glands 3.

1. ASCYRUM, L. ST. PETER'S-WORT.

Sepals 4 ; the 2 outer very broad and leaf-like ; the inner much smaller. Petr
als 4, oblique, very deciduous, convolute in the bud. Stamens numerous ; the
filaments distinct and scarcely in clusters. Pod strictly 1-celled, 2-4-valved. —
Low, rather shrubby plants, with pale black-dotted leaves, and nearly solitary
pale yellow flowers. (Name from a, without, and aicvpos, roughness, being very
smooth plants.)

1. A. Stalls, Michx. (Sx. PETER'S-WORT.) Stem simple or branched
above, 2-edged, 1° — 2° high, stout; leaves oval or oblong, somewhat clasping, thick
ish ; petals obovate; styles 3 — 4. — Pine barrens, Long Island, New Jersey, and
southward. July, Aug. — Flowers showy, almost sessile: outer sepals round-
heart-shaped.

2. A. Crux-Andreae, L. (ST. ANDREW'S CROSS.) Low, much
branched and decumbent ; leaves narrowly obovate-oblong, contracted at the base,
thin ; petals linear-oblong ; styles 2, very short ; pod flat. — Pine barrens, New
Jersey to Illinois, and southward. July - Sept. — Petals scarcely exceeding
the ouior sepals, approaching each other in pairs over them, in the form of a St.
Andrew's cross.

2. HYPERICUM, L. ST. JOHN'S-WORT.

Sepals 5, somewhat equal. Petals 5, oblique, convolute in the bud. Stamens
numerous or few, united or clustered in 3 - 5 parcels : no interposed glands.
Pod 1- or 3-5-celled. Seeds usually cylindrical. — Herbs or shrubs, with
cymose yellow flowers. (An ancient name, of obscure origin.)

§ 1. Stamens very numerous, 5-adelphous : pod 5- (rarely 6 - 7-) celled, with the pla-
cenlai turned Jar back into the cells : herbaceous, perennial : flowers very large.
I. H. pyramid it til in, Ait. (GREAT ST. JOHN'S-WORT.) Branches

2 - 4-angled ; leaves ovate-oblong, partly clasping ; petals narrowly obovate. not.

deciduous until after they wither; stigmas capitate. — Banks of rivers, rare, \V.

New England to Wisconsin and Illinois. July. — Plant 3° -5° high. Leave?

2' -3' long. Petals 1' long. Pod f ' long, conical.

\ 9. Stamens very numerous : pod 3 - 5-celled by the union of the placentce, which are

seed-bearing on the outer face.

« Shrubs, leafy to the top : styles (at first united] and cells of the pod 3 or 5 : calyx
leafy, spreading : stamens scarcely at all clustt red.

50 fl rrKRiCACEJE. (ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY )

•-'. II. Kal ill Kill ll m, L. Bushy, l°-3° high; branches 4-an«k-d :
branchleis 2-odged ; leaves crowded, glaucous, oblanceolate ; flowers few in a
cluster; yrWs- orate 5-celled. — Wet rocks, Niagara Falls and Northern lakes.
An-. — Leaves 1' - 2 ' long. Flowers 1' wide.

3. II. proliliciiiii, L. (SHRUBBY ST. JOHX'S-WORT.) Branchlets 2-
edired ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, mostly obtuse, narrowed at the base; flowers
nuiii runs, in simple or compound clusters; pods oblong, 3-celUd. — New Jersey
k> Michigan, Illinois, and southward. July- Sept. — Shrub l°-4° high, with
long rather simple shoots, leaves 2' long and ^' or more wide, and flowers $'- 1
in diameter. Varies greatly in size, &c.

Var. densiflorillll. Exceedingly branched above, l°-6° high, the
branches slender and crowded with smaller leaves; flowers smaller (^'-§'in
diameter) and more numerous, in crowded compound cymes. (II. densiflorum,
& H. galioides, Pursh.) — Pine ban-ens of New Jersey, and glades of "Western
Maryland, Kentucky, and southward.

* * Perennial herbs: styles (diverging) and cells of the pod 3: petals and anthers
with black dots : calyx erect : stamens distinctly in 3 or 5 clusters.

4. II. PERFORATUM, L. (COMMON ST. Joiix's-wouT.) Stem much
branched and corymbed, somewhat 2-edged (producing runners from the base) ;
leaves elliptical-oblong or linear-oblong, with pellucid dots ; petals (deep yellow)
twice the length of the lanceolate acute sepals • flowers numerous, in open leafy
cymes. — Pastures and meadows, £c. June -Sept. — Too well known every-
where as a pernicious weed, which it is difficult to extirpate. Its juices are very
acrid. (Nat. from Eu.)

5. II. coryml>6siiin, Muhl. Conspicuously marked with both black
and pellucid dots; stem terete, sparingly branched; leaves oblong, somewhat
clasping ; flowers crowded (small) ; petals pale yellow, much longer than the
oblong sepals. — Damp places; common. July -Sept. — Leaves larger and
flowers much smaller than in No. 4; the petals 2" -3" long, marked with black
lines as well as dots.

$ 3. Stamens very numerous, obscurely clustered : pod l-celled, or incompletely 3-celled,
lite .'3 ji/iiceiittK sometimes borne on short partitions, but not joined in the centre :
I" nnnial herbs or low shrubs.
* SqxtUJbUaceout and spreading, unequal : styles more or less united into one.

6. II. Cllipticum, Hook. Stem simple, herbaceous (l°high), obscure-
ly Wangled; Icur,* spreading, clliptical-ol)lon;/, obtuse, thin ; cyme nearly naked,
'•MIIKT few-flowered; srpals oblong ; pods ovoid, very obtuse, purple, 1-cellcd.-
\V--i places New England and Pennsylvania to Lake Superior and northward
,J'ih, Aug. — Petals light yellow, 3" long.

7. II. iKlprt'SSllin, Barton. Stem simple, herbaceous, or slightly woody
at th»l base (l°-2° high), obscurely 4-angled below and 2-edged above; leaves

>:!n/, /inino/iiti' or linear-oblong, often acute, thin ; cyme leafy at the base,
'i-vv ll'iutTed ; sffiils liiirar-liuirrolate. ; j/ods Ovoid-oblong, inrumpletrly 3 - 4-rfflxL —
Moist places Rlnxle Hand (Olney), Now Jersey, Pennsylvania, un.l southwest-
ward. July, Aug. — Leaves l£' long. Petals bright yellow, 3" -

HYPERICACEjE. (ST. JOHN's-WORT FAMILY.) 51

8. II. <lolabrif6rme, Vent. Stems branched from the decumbent
base, woody below (6' -20' high), terete; leaves linear-lanceolate, widely spread-
ing, veinless ; cyme leafy, few-flowered ; sepals oblony- or ovate-lanceolate, about
the length of the very oblique petals (5" -6" long) ; pods ovate-conical, pointed,,
strictly l-celied, the walls very thick and hard. (H. procumbens, Michx.) — Dry
hills and rocks, barrens of Kentucky and westward. June - Aug.

9. II. spliaerocarpoil, Michx. Stem simple or branched above, her-
baceous, scarcely angular (l°-2° high); leaves widely spreading, obtony-lineat
or lanceolate, very obtuse, thickish, nearly veinless ; cyme compound and many-
flowered, flat, naked; sepals ovate; pods depressed-globular, strictly I -celled, rather
thin. — Rocky banks of the Ohio and Kentucky Rivers. July, Aug. — Petals
about 3" long.

10. H. niidiflorum, Michx. Stems branched, woody at the base,
sharply 4-anglcd or almost winged above (l°-4° high); leaves oblong or oval-
lanceolate, obtuse, obscurely veined, pale ; cyme compound, many-flowered,
naked; sepals oblong ; pods ovate-conical, pointed, almost 3-celled. — Low grounds,
Pennsylvania to Illinois and southward. July. — Petals 3" -4" long.

# * Sepals herbaceous, erect, equal : styles 3, separate.

11. II. ailgtllosiim, Michx. Stem slender, strict, simple, sharply 4-
angled, herbaceous (l°-2° high); leaves opaque, ovate or oblong-lanceolate,
acute (£'-!' long), ascending, closely sessile by a broad base ; cyme compound,
naked, the branches prolonged and ascending, with the scattered flowers raceme-
like ; sepals enclosing the ovoid 1 -celled pod. — Wet pine barrens of New Jersey
and southward. Only- Sept. — Petals copper-yellow, 4"- 5" long, much longer
than the calyx, furnished with a tooth on one side.

$ 4. Stamens 5 - 12, distinct or in 3 clusters : pod (broivn-pnrple) I -celled, with 3
strictly parietal placentce : styles short, distinct : petals oblong or linear, small : sepal
narrow, erect : slender annuals, with 4-angidar branches.

12. H. mfltilinit, L. Stem flaccid, widely branching (6' -10' high);
leaves ovate or oblong, obtuse, partly clasping, 5-nerved ; cymes leafy ; pods ovate*
conical, rather longer than the calyx. (H. parviflorum, Mtilii.) — Low grounds,
everywhere. — Flowers 2" broad.

13. H. CaiiadeilSC, L. Stem strict (6' -20' high), with the branches
erect : haves linear or lanceolate, 3-nerved at the base ; cynics naked ; pods conical-
nhlor.'j, usually muck longer than the calyx. — Wet, sandy soil: common. June
Oct. — Flowers copper-yellow, 2" -3" broad when expanded.

14 H. Drilllllliotlflii, Torr. & Gray. Stem and the mostly alternate
bushy branches rigid, erect (10' -18' high); leaves linear-subulate, nearly erect^
\-nerced (3" -9'' long) ; flowers scatter<d along the upper part of the leafy
branches, s/toit-pedicelled; pods ovoid, not longer than the calyx. (Sarothra Drum-
mondii, Grev. ^ Hook.) — W. Illinois and southward, in dry soil. July -Oct.

•Sepals 2" -3" long, mostly exceeding the petals.

15. II. Sarothra, Michx. (ORANGE-GRASS. PINE-WEED.} Stem and
bushy branches thread-like, wiry (4' -9' high); leaves minute awl-shaped scales,
oppressed ; floioers mmute, mostly sessile and scattered along the erect branches ;

52 ELATIN ICE^E. (WATER-WORT FAMILY.)

pods ovate-lanceolate, acute, much longer than the calyx. (Sarothra gentianoidea,
L.) — Sandy fields ; common. June - Oct.

II. QRAVEOLENS, Buckley, a species with foliage like No. 5, but with large
flowers, & II. BUCKLEYI, Curtis, a low suffruticose species with large flowers,
both natives of the mountains of Carolina, may be expected in those of Vir-
ginia.

3. EL. ODE A, Pursh. MARSH ST. JOHN'S-WORT.

Sepals 5, equal, erect. Petals 5, equal-sided, ublong, naked, imbricated in
the bud. Stamens 9 (rarely 12 or 15), united in 3 sets; the sets separated by
af many large and ovate orange-colored glands. Pod 3-celled, oblong : styles
distinct. — Perennial herbs, growing in marshes or shallow water, with small
close (-lusters of flesh-colored flowers in the axils of the leaves and at the sum-
mit of the stem. (Name from eAtoSr/y, growing in marshes.)

{ . E. Virg"illica, Nutt. Leaves closely sessile or clasping by a broad base,
oblong or ovate, very obtuse; filaments united below the middle. (Hypericum
Virginicum, L.) — Common in swamps. July, Aug.

2. E. |M't iolatu, Pursh. Leaves tapering into a short petiok, oblong : fila-
ments united beyond the middle. — From New Jersey southward and west-
ward.

ORDER 20. ELATINACE^E. (WATER-WORT FAMILY.;

Little marsh annuals, with opposite dotless leaves and memlranaceous stip-
ules, minute Kxillary flowers like Chickweeds, but the pod 2 - b-celled, and
ihe seeds as in St. John's- wort. — The principal genus is

1. EL, A TINE, L. WATER-WORT.

Sepals 2-5, persistent. Petals 2-5, hypogynous. Stamens as many, rarely
twice as many, as the petals. Styles, or sessile capitate stigmas, 2-5. Pod
2-5-ccllcd, several -many -seeded, 2-5-valved; the partitions left attached to
the axis, or evanescent. Seeds cylindrical, straightish or curved. {A Greek
name for some obscure herb. )

1. E. Americnna, Arnott. Dwarf (!' high), creeping, rooting in the
mud, tufted ; leaves obovate; flowers sessile; sepals, petals, stamens, and stig-
mas 2, rarely 3 ; seeds 5 or 6 in each cell, rising from the base. (Peplis Amer-
icana, /'iirxli. Crypta minima, Nutt.) — Margin of ponds, &c., N. Hampshire,
to Kentucky. Pod very thin and delicate; the seeds large in proportion,
itnughtfeh.

ORDER 21. CARYOPHYL.L.ACE.*:. (PINK FAMILY.;

lit rbs, with opposite entire leaves, symmetrical 4 - 5-merou8 flowers^ with m
iritlmut petals ', the distinct stamens no more than twice the number of tht
j either hyjtogynous or perigynous ; styles 2 --5; seeds attached to Ou

CARYOPHYLLACE^E. (PINK FAMILY.) 53

base or th6 central column of the 1-celled {rarely 3 - b-celled) pod, with a
slender embryo coiled or curved around the outside of mealy albumen.—
Bland herbs ; the stems usually swollen at the joints ; uppermost leaves
rarely alternate. Leaves often united at the base. Calyx imbricated or
valvate, persistent. Styles stigmatic along the inside. Seeds amphitro-
pous or campy lotropous. — There are several suborders, of which the first
three are the principal.

Synopsis.
SUBORDER I. SILENE/E. THE PROPER PINK FAMILY.

oepals united into a tubular calyx. Petals and stamens borne on the
stalk of the many-seeded pod, the former with long claws included in the
calyx-tube, mostly convolute in aestivation. Seeds numerous. — Stipuley
none. Flowers mostly showy.

* Calyx with scaly bractlets at the base. Seeds flattened : embryo nearly straight.
1 DIANTIIUS. Calyx terete, mostly cylindrical. Styles 2.

* * Calyx naked. Seeds globular or kidney-shaped : embryo curved or coiled.
2. SAPONARIA. Calyx terete. Styles 2.

8. VACCARIA. Calyx 5-angled and in fruit 6-winged. Styles 2.
4. SILENE. Calyx 5-toothed. Styles 3, rarely 4.

6. AGROSTEMMA. Calyx with 5 narrow leafy lobes. Styles 5.

SUBORDER II. ALSINEJS. THE CHICEWEED FAMILY.

Sepals distinct or nearly so. Petals without claws (sometimes none),
mostly imbricated in aestivation, and with the stamens inserted at the base
of the sessile ovary, or into a little disk which often coheres with the
base of the calyx. Pod splitting into valves, few - many-seeded. Stamens
opposite the sepals, when not more numerous than they. — Low herbs.
Stipules none.

* Styles opposite the sepals, or, when fewer, opposite those which are exterior in the bud.

•t- Valves of the pod as many as the styles (usually 3), and entire.

6 IIONKENYA. Seeds few, at the base of the pod. Stamens borne on a thick and glandu
lar 10-lobed disk.

7. ALS1NE. Seeds many, attached to a central column, naked.

••- -t- Valves or teeth into which the pod splits twice as many as there are styles.

«• Pod splitting to the middle or farther into valves.

J>. ARENARIA. Petals 5, entire. Styles 3. Pods at first 3-valved, the valves soon 2-cleft,
making 6. Seeds rough, naked.

9. MCEIIRINGIA. Petals 4 - 5, entire. Styles 2-4. Pods 4-8-valved. Seeds smooth and

shining, appendagel at the hilum.

10. STELLARI A. Petals 4-5, mostly 2-cleft, sometimes minute or none. Styles (2 - 5) most.

ly 8. Pods splitting into twice as many valves. Seeds not appendaged.
o -H- Pod opening only at the top by teeth.

11. HOLOSTEUM. Petals 5, denticulate at the end. Stamens and styles mostly 3.

12. CEKASTIUM. Petals 4-5, usually 2-cleft. Styles as many as the petals.

* t Styles alternate with the sepals : stamens as many as they, sometimes twice as many,
18 SAGINA. Petals 4-5. undivided, or none. Styles 45. Pod 4 - 5-valved

54 CARYOrHYLLACE^E. (PIXK FAMILY.)

SUBORDER III. ILLECEBREJ3. TIIE KNOT WORT FAMILY.

Character same as of the duckweed Family, but with dry scale-like
stipules, the uppermost leaves rarely alternate, and the 1-celled pods some-
times 1 -seeded.

» Pod (capsule) many-seeded. Styles 3 -5. Petals usually conspicuous.
14. SPERGULAltlA. Styles 8-6. Leaves opposite.

16. SPKRtiULA. Styles 5. Valves of the pod opposite the sepels. Leaves whorled.
t • Pod (utricle) 1-seeded Styles 2, often united. Petals bristle-form or none. Stamens
plainly inserted on the base of the calyx.

16. ANYCII1A. Petals none. Sepals flattish, unarmed.

17. PAKONYCU1A. Petals minute or bristle-form. Sepals concave, awned.

SUBORDER IV. SCLERANTHE^E. THE KNAWEL FAMILY.

Characters of the preceding, but no stipules, and the sepals more united
below into an indurated tube surrounding the utricle; the stamens inserted
at the throat.

18. SCLERANTUUS. Petals none. Stamens 5 or 10.

SUBORDER V. MOLLUGINEJE. INDIAN-CIIICKWKED FAMILY.

Stamens alternate with the sepals when of the same number, when fewer
alternate with the cells of the 3-celled ovary : — otherwise as in Suborders
2 and 3.

19. MO L LUGO. Petals none. Stamens 3 -6. Stigmas 3. Pod 3-celled. many-seeded.

SUBORDER I. SI LEXEME. THE PROPER PINK FAMILY.

1. I> I AN Til US, L. PINK. CARNATION.

Calyx cylindrical, 5-toothed, supported at the base by 2 or more imbricated
bractlcts. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Pod long-stalked, 1 -colled, 4-valvcd at the
%]>cx. Seeds flattish : embryo scarcely curved. — Ornamental plants, of well-
known aspect and value in cultivation, none natives of this country. (Name
from Aioy, of Jupiter, and ai>6os,flou-er, i. e. Jove's own flower.)

1. I>. ARM&RIA, L. (DEI>TFORI> PINK.) Flowers in close dusters ; bract-
lets of the calyx and bracts lance-awl-fonn, downy, as hm<; as the tube; leaves
linear, hairy ; flowers small, scentless, rose-color with white dots, crcuate. ®
— Fields, £.(-., Pennsylvania and E. Massachusetts. July. — (Adv. from Eu.)

D- CARVOIMIVLLUS, L., is the original of the CLOVK-PIXK or CAHNATION,
&c. of the gardens D. BAitnXTL's is the SWEET-WILLIAM or BUNCH PINK

ii. S A PON ARIA, L. SOAIMVORT.

Calyx tubular, terete nnd even, 5-toothcd, naked at the base. Stamens 10
Styles ti. Pod short-stalked, 1-celled, or partly '2-cellcd "at the base, 4-toothed at
the npex. Embryo coiled into a rimr. — Flowers cvmose-clustcred. (Nanifl

CARTOPHYLLACE^E. (PINK FAMILY.) 55

from sapo, soap, the mucilaginous juice of the common species forming a lather
with water.)

l. S. OFFICINA.LIS, L. (COMMON SOAPWORT. BOUNCING BET.) (/lus-
ters corymbcd ; calyx cylindrical, slightly downy ; petals crowned with an ap-
pendage at the top of the claw; leaves oval-lanceolate. 1|. — Road-sides, &c.
July -Sept. — A stout plant with large rose-colored flowers, which are com-
monly double. (Adv. from Eu.)

3. VACCARIA, Medik. COW-HERB.

Calyx naked at the base, ovoid-pyramidal, 5-angled, 5-toothed, enlarged and
wing-angled in fruit. Petals not crowned. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Pod in
completely 4-celled at the base. — A smooth annual herb, with pale red flowers
in corymbed cymes, and ovate-lanceolate leaves. (Name from Vacca, a cow.)

1. V. VULGA.RIS, Host. (Saponaria Vaccaria, L.) — Escaped from garder s
and becoming spontaneous in some places. (Adv. from Eu.)

4. SILiENE, L. CATCHFLY. CAMPION.

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, naked at the base. Stamens 10. Styles 3, rarely 4.
Pod 1-celled, or 3-celled at least at the base, opening by 6 teeth at the apex.
Embryo coiled. — Flowers solitary or in clustered cymes. Petals mostly
crowned with a scale at the base of the blade. (Name from triaXoi/, saliva,
in allusion to the viscid secretion on the stems and calyx of many species.
The English name Catchfly alludes to the same peculiarity.)

-* Calyx bladdery-inflated : perennial : flowers panicled, white.

1. S. Sl el I « til, Ait. (STARRY CAMPION.) Leaves in whorls of 4, ovate-
lanceolate, taper-pointed; calyx bell-shaped; petals cut into a fringe, crownless. —
Wooded banks, Rhode Island to Wisconsin, Kentucky, and southward. July.
— Stem 3° high, minutely pubescent, with a large and open pyramidal panicle.
Corolla t7 broad. (Cucubalus stellatus, L.)

2. S. llivoa, DC. Leaves opposite, lanceolate or oblong, taper-pointed ; ca-
lyx oblong ; petals wedge-form, 2-cIefl, minutely crowned. — Columbia, Pennsyl-
vania, to Ohio and Illinois : rare. July. — Stem l°-2° high, almost smooth;
Flowers few, larger than in No. 1. »

3. S. INFLA.TA, Smith. (BLADDER CAMPION.) Glaucous; leaves opposite
ovate-lanceolate ; calyx globular, much inflated, elegantly veined ; petals 2-cleft,
nearly crownless. — Fields and road-sides, E. New England. July. — A fool
high. Flowers loosely cymose. (Nat. from Eu.)

# * Calyx elongated or club-shaped, not inflated except by the enlarging pod : floivers
cymose or clustered : perennial, pubescent with viscid hairs, especially the calyx .
petals crowned, red or rose-color.

* S. Peimsylvaiiica, Michx. (WILD PINK.) Stems low (4' -8.
hign) ; root-leaves narrowly spatulate, nearly glabrous, tapering into hairy peti-
oles; stem-leaves (2-3 pairs) lanceolate; flowers clustered, shoit-stalked ; oalyt
club-s Aaped ; petals wedge-form, slightly notched and eroded at the end, jnmtlc rose

8

56 CARYOPHYLLACE^E. (PINK FAMILY.)

color. — Rocky or gravelly places, Eastern New England to Pennsyh aiiia, Ken-
tucky, and southward. April -June.

5. S. Virginica, L. (FiKE PINK. CATCHFLT.) Stems slender (1°-
2° high) ; leaves thin, spatulate, or the upper oblong-lanceolate ; flowers few and loose-
ly cymose, pcduncled ; calyx oblong-cylindrical, soon obconical ; petals oblong, 2-
cieft, deep crimson; the limb 1' long. — Open woods, W. New York (Sartwell) to
Illinois and southward. June -Aug.

G. S. regra, Sims. (ROYAL CATCHFLY.) Stem roughish, erect (3° -4°
higli) ; leaves thickish, ovate-lanceolate, acute ; flowers numerous, short-stalked, in
clusters, forming a strict panicle ; calyx ovoid-club-shaped in fruit ; petals spatu-
la it-lanceolate, mostly undivided, deep scarlet. — Prairies, Ohio, Kentucky, and
southward. July.

7. S. rotimdifolia, Nutt. (ROUND-LEAVED CATCHFLY.) Viscid-
hairv ; stems weak, branched, decumbent (2° long) ; leaves thin, round, abruptly
pointed, the lower obovate ; flowers few and loosely cymose, stalked ; calyx elon-
gated ; petals 2-cleft and cut-toothed, deep scarlet. — Shaded banks of the Ohio, and
in Kentucky. June -Aug. — Leaves and flowers large. This and No. 6 may
pass into No. 5.

* * * Calyx not inflated, except by the enlarging pod : annual : flowers rose, flesh-
color, or white, opening only at night or in cloudy weather (except No. 8).
— (,'labrous throughout : a portion of each joint of the stem mostly glutinous.

8 S. ARMERIA, L. (SWEET-WILLIAM CATCHFLY.) Glaucous; leaver
O'Xit&Jfinceolate ; flowers cymose-clustered ; calyx club-shaped, purplish, as well as
the petals, which are notched, and crowned with awl-shaped scales. — Fscaped
from gardens to waste places ; rare. (Adv. from Eu.)

y S. ailtirrhiiia, L. (SLEEPY CATCHFLY.) Stem slender (8' -30'
high); leaves lanceolate or linear ; flowers small, paniculate ; calyx ovoid; petals
obcordate, crowned, small or inconspicuous, rarely seen expanded. — Dry soil ;
common in waste places. June-Sept.

•«- «- Viscid-pubescent : flowers white or nearly so, sweet-scented at night.

10. S. NOCTURNA, L. (NIGIIT-CATCHFLY.) Leaves short, the lower spam-
late, the upper linear; flowers small, alternate in a strict I -sided spike ; petals 2-
] >arted. — Introduced sparingly in Pennsylvania, according to Schwdnitz, (Adv.
from Eu.)

11. S. NOCTIFL6RA, L. (NlGHT-FLOWERINO CATCHFLY.) Viscid-hairy,

tall (l°-3° high); lower leaves large and spatulatc; the upper lanceolate,
taper-pointed ; flowers loosely cymose, pcduncled; calyx cylindrical, soon ovoid
with long awl-shaped teeth ; petals rather large, 2-parted, crowned. (S. noc-
turna, Bigelow.} — Cultivated grounds. (Nat. from Eu.)

* * * * Dwarf, tufted, smooth : perennial, \-flowered.

12. S. acaillis, L. (Moss CAMPION.) Tufted like a moss (!'- 2' high) ,
leaves linear, crowded to the summit of the short stems; flowers almost sessile,
calyx slightly inflated; petals purple or rarely white, inversely heart-shaped
crowned. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains, New Hampshire. July
(Ea.)

OARYOPHYLLACK^l. (PINK FAMILY.; 57

5. ACROSTEMUIA, L. CORN-COCKL*.

Cal/x naked, tubular, coriaceous, its limb of 5 long and linear foliaceous
teeth or lobes, longer than the corolla, which fall off in fruiting. Petals not
crowned, entire. Stamens 10, those opposite the petals adhering to the base of
their claws. Styles 5, alternate with the calyx-teeth. Pod 1 -celled, opening at
the top by 5 tc«th. Embryo coiled. — Annual or biennial, erect and branching,
pubescent, with long linear leaves, and large purple flowers on long peduncles.
(Name dypov crre/ifta, crown of the field, being a handsome corn- weed.)

1. A. GITHA.GO, L. (Lychnis Githago, Lam.) Wheat-fields; too common,
the black seeds of Cockle being injurious to the appearance of the flour. (Adv.
from Eu.)

LYCHNIS, Toum., to which the Cockle was once referred, is represented in
our gardens by L. CORONARIA, the MULLEIN PINK ; L. CHALCEDONICA, the
SCARLET LYCHNIS ; and L. FLOS-CTJCULI, the RAGGED ROBIN.

SUBORDER II. AL.SINEJE. THE CHICKWEED FAMILY.

6. HONK^NYA, Ehrhart. SEA-SANDWORT.

Sepals 5, fleshy. Disk at the base of the ovary conspicuous and glandular,
10-notchcd. Petals 5, obovate- wedge-shaped, tapering into a short claw. Sta-
mens 10, inserted on the edge of the disk. Styles 3-5, short, opposite as many
of the sepals. Ovary more or less 3 - 5-celled. Pod fleshy, opening by as many
valves as styles, few-seeded at the base. Seeds smooth, short-beaked next the
naked hilum. A very fleshy maritime perennial, forked, with ovate or oblong
leaves, and solitary axillary flowers, more or less polygamo-dicecious. Petals
white. (Named in honor of Honckeny, a German botanist.)

1. H» peploides, Ehrhart. (Arenaria peploides, L.) — Sea-beach,
Maine to New Jersey. May, June. — Grows in large tufts in the sands, 6' - 10'
high. Leaves f long, partly clasping, very thick. (Eu.)

7. A L, SINE, (Tourn.) Wahl. GROVE SANDWORT.

Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire, or rarely notched «at the apex. Stamens 10, in-
serted on a small disk. Styles 3. Ovary 1 -celled. Pod many-seeded, 3 valved
to the base ; the valves entire, opposite the inner sepals. Seeds usually rough,
naked at the hilum. — Small tufted herbs, with narrow leaves, and mostly white
flowers, which are solitary and terminal or cymose. (Name from oXo-os, a
grove.) — This and No. 9 are comprised in Arenaria by many botanists.
* Leaves rigid, awl-shaped or bristle-shaped.

1. A. sqiiarrosa, Fenzl. (PINE-BARREN SANDWORT.) Densely tuft-
ed from a deep perpendicular root ; leaves closely imbricated, but spreading, awl*
shaped, short, channelled; branches naked and minutely glandular above, several-
flowered; sepals obtuse, ovate, shorter than the pod. 1J. (Arenaria squarrosa,
Michx.) — In pure sand, Long L-land, New Jersey, and southward along tho
coast. May - July

58 CARTOPHTLLACE^. (PINK FAMILY.)

2. A. IVIicllclUXii, Fenzl. Erect, or usually diffusely spreading from a
email root, smooth ; leaves slender, between awl-shaped and bristle-farm, with many
others clustered in the axils ; cyme diffuse, naked, many-flowered ; sejxtls pointed,
3-ribbed, ovate, as long as the pod. 1J. (Arenaria stricta, Michx.) — Hocks and
dry wooded banks, Vermont to Wisconsin and Kentucky. July.

* * Leaves soft and herbaceous, filiform-linear : petals rctuse or notched.

3. A. patula. Diffusely branched from the slender root ; stems filiform
(6' -10' long) ; branches of the cyme diverging; peduncles long; sepals lanceo-
late, acuminate, 3-nerved, petals spatulate, emarginate. (Arenaria patula, Michx.)
— Cliffs of Kentucky River, and mountains of Western Virginia. July. —
Smoothish: leaves £'-!' long.

4. A. Croenlaildica, Fenzl. (MOUNTAIN SANDWORT.) Densely
tufted from slender roots, smooth; stems filiform, erect (2' -4' high), few-flow-
ered ; sepals oblong, obtuse, nerveless ; petals obovatc, somewhat notched. 1|.
(Stellaria Groenlandica, Retz. Arenaria Gro3nlandica, Spreng.) — Summit of
the Shawangunk, Catskill, and Adirondack Mountains, New York, and of all
the higher mountains of New England, and northward ; alpine or subalpinc .
At Bath, Maine, on river-banks near the sea. June - Aug. — Leaves and pedun-
cles 3" - 6" long ; flowers large in proportion.

A. o LAURA, of the mountain-tops in Carolina, may occur on those of Virginia.

8. .ARENARIA, L. SANDWORT.

Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire, rarely wanting. Stamens 10. Styles 3, rarely 2
or 4. Ovary 1 -celled. Pod many-seeded, opening above by as many valves us
there are styles, each valve soon splitting into two. Seeds naked at the hilum.
(Name from arena, sand, in which many of the species love to grow.)

1. A. 8ERPYLLIF6LIA, L. (TlIYME-LEAVED SANDWORT.) Diffusely

branched, rougliish (2' -6' high) ; leaves ovate, acute (small) ; sepals lanceolate,
pointed, 3 - 5-nerved, about as long as the petals and the 6-toothcd pod. (J) —
Sandy waste places. June -Aug. (Nat. from Eu.)
A. DiFFtsA, Ell., will probably be found in Southern Virginia.

9. IfKEIIItlNGIA, L. MOSHRINGIA.

Seeds strophiolate, i. e. with a thickish appendage at the hilum, smooth.
Young ovary 3-celled. Otherwise nearly as in Arenaria. — Flaccid herbs; the
parts of the flower sometimes in fours. (Named for MuJiriug, a German botanist.)

1. HI. lateriflora, L. Sparingly branched, erect, minutely pubescent;
leaves oval or oblong, obtuse; peduncles 2- (rarely 3-4-) flowered, becoming
lateral; sepals oblong, obtuse, shorter than the petals. U (Arenaria latcri-
flora, L.) — Shady gravelly banks, Maine to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, an!
northward. May, June. — Leaves £' to 1' long : corolla £' broad, white. (Eu.x

1C. STELLARIA, L. CHICK WEED. STAR WORT.

Sepals 4-5. Petals 4-5, deeply 2-cleft, sometimes none. Stamens 8, 1C,
or fewer. Styles 3 - 4, rarely 5, opposite as many sepals. 0> jiry 1 -celled. Pod

CAilYOrHYLLACE^E. (P1XK FAMILY.) 5£

avoid, opening by twice as many valves as styles, several - many-seeded. Seeds
naked. — Flowers (white) terminal, or appearing lateral by the prolongation of
the stem from the upper axils. (Name from stella, a star, in allusion to the
star -shaped flowers.)

* Stamens usually fewer than 10 : leaves broad.

1. S. MEDIA, Smith. (COMMON CHICKWEED.) Stems spreading, marfead
with an alternate pubescent line; leaves ovate, the lower on hairy petioles ; peters
2-parted, shorter than the calyx; stamens 3-10. Q (2) —Fields and around
dwellings, everywhere. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. S. pubera, Michx. (GREAT CHICKWEED.) Stems spreading,
marked with 2 opposite hairy lines; leaves all sessile, oblong or ovate (2' long) ;
petals deeply 2-cleft, longer than the calyx, ty — Shaded rocks, Penn. to Kentucky
and southward. May.

* * Stamens mostly 10: manifestly perigynous : perennial: leaves narroio, sessile:

plants glabrous throughout.
•<- Scaly-bracted : petals ^.-parted, equalling or surpassing the calyx.

3. S. loiigifolia, Muhl. (STITCIIWORT.) Stem branching above;
weak, often with rough angles (8' -18' high) ; leaves linear, acutish at both ends,
spreading ; cymes naked and at length lateral, peduncled, many-flowered, the slen-
der pedicels spreading ; petals 2-parted, soon longer than the calyx ; seeds smooth.
— Grassy places, common, especially northward. June, July. (Eu.)

4. S. loiigipcs, Goldie. (LONG-STALKED STITCHWORT.) Shining or
somewhat glaucous, very smooth ; leaves ascending, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate,
acute, broadest at the base, rather rigid ; cyme terminal, few-flowered, the long
pedicels strictly erect ; petals longer than the calyx ; seeds smooth. — Maine to
Wisconsin, rare : common farther north. (Eu.)

5. S. liligiiiosa, Murr. ( SWAMP STITCHWORT.) Stems weak, de-
cumbent or diffuse, at length prolonged, leaving the naked and usually sessile
cymes lateral ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, veiny ; petals and ripe pods as long as the
calyx; seeds roughened. (S. aquatica, Pollich, $*c.) — Swamps and rills, Phila-
delphia and Westchester, Pennsylvania (Darlington, &c.), New Hampshire
(Blake), and northward in British America. (Eu.)

•*- •*- Leafy-bracted, the flowers in the forks of the stem or of leafy branches, even
the latest loith foliaceous bracts ; petals 2-parted, small, or often none ; styles 3 - 4 ;
pcd longer than the calyx.

6. S. crassifolia, Ehrhart. Stems diffuse or erect, flaccid ; leaves rather
fleshy, varying from linear-lanceolate to oblong ; petals longer than the calyx, or
wanting ; seeds rugose-roughened. — An apetalous 4 - 6-androus state is Sagina
fontinalis, Short $- Piter. Cliffs of Kentucky River and Elkhorn Creek, form-
ing broad mats in springy places, Short. Ringwood, Illinois, Vasey. April,
May. — Also in British America. (Eu.)

7. S. 1>oreialis, Bigelow. (NORTHERN STITCHWORT.) Stems erect or
spreading, flaccid, many times forked, at length resolved into a leafy cyme ;
leayes varying from broadly lanceolate to ovate-oblong ; petals 2-5, shorter than
th/e calyx, or oftener none ; sepals acute ; styles usually 4 ; seed? smooth, ^- Shaded

CO CARYOPnYLL4CE^E. (PINK FAMILY.)

swamps, &c., Rhode Island to Wisconsin northward, and north to the arctic re
pions June -Aug. (Eu.)

11. IIOL.6STEUM, L. JAGGED CHICKWKED.

Sepals 5. Petals 5, usually jagged or denticulate at the point. Stamens 3-
5, rarely 10. Styles 3. Pod ovoid, 1-celled, many-seeded, opening at the top
by 6 teeth. Seeds rough. — Annuals or biennials, with several (white) flowers
in an umbel, borne on a long terminal peduncle. (Name composed of 6Xos, all,
and o<TTfov, bone, by antiphrasis, these plants being soft anC tender.)

1 II. U31BELLA.TUM, L. Leaves oblong ; peduncle and upper part of the
stem glandular-pubescent; pedicels reflexed after flowering. — Hills around
Lancaster, Pennsylvania, abundant, Prof. Porter. (Adv. from Eu.)

12. CERASTIUM, L. MOUSE-BAR CHICKWEED.

Sepals 5, rarely 4. Petals as many, 2-lobed or cleft, rarely entire. Stamens
twice as many, or fewer. Styles equal in number to the sepals, and opposite
them. Pod 1-celled, usually elongated, membranaceous, opening at the apex by
twice as many teeth as there were styles, many-seeded. Seeds rough. — Flow-
ers white, in terminal cymes. (Name from /ce'pas, a horn, alluding to the shape
of the pods in many species.)

{ 1. Petals 2-cleJl or obfordate : parts of the flower in fives : pods (except in No. 9 )
longer than the calyx, and usually more or less curved.

* Petals hardly longer than the calyx, often shorter, sometimes altogether
wanting : stamens occasionally only 5.

1. C. VULGATUM, L. (MOUSE-EAR CHICKWEED.) Very hairy and rather
clammy, nearly erect (4' -9' high) ; leaves ovate or obovate ; bracts herbaceous;
flowers (small) in very close clusters at first; pedicels even in fruit not longer
than the acute sepals. (D @ — Grassy banks. May - July. — The names of this
and the next were transposed by Linnaeus himself, and have consequently been
differently applied by different authors ever since. This is the C. vulgatum of
English botanists, and of the Linnsean herbarium : but the next is so called la
Sweden and. on the Continent generally. (Nat. from Eu.)

2 C. visc6suM, L. (LARGER MOUSE-EAR CHICKWEED.) Stems clam
my hairy, spreading (6' - 15' long) ; leaves oblong, greener ; upper bracts scarious-
mary-ined ; flowers at first clustered ; pedicels longer than the obtuse sepals, the
ea-iier ones in fruit much longer. i^:> 4. — Grassy fields and copses. May -July
— A. larger and coarser plant than No. 1, the flowers larger. (Nat. from Eu.)

# * Petals longer than the calyx.

1 C. niifuiis Kaf. Clammy-pubescent; stems erect, slender, grooved,
diffusely branched (G'-20f high); cyme loose and open, many-flowered ; leave*
oblvny-lanccolate, acute, the lowest spatulate ; peduncles mostly elongated ; petals
longer than the calyx ; ;>w/s nodding on the stalks, curved uj wards, rhrice the length
of fJie calyx, (l) (2) — Moist places, Vermont to Kentucky and southward
M ; y - July.

CARrOPHYLLACEJE. (PINK FAMILY.)

4. C. Oblongfifdlium, Torr. Stems ascending, villous (6' -12

winy -flowered ; leases oblong-Ian ceolate and ovate ; peduncles clamwiy-hairy ; pet-
als (2-lobcd) and ripe pods about twice the length of the calyx. 1J. — Rocky places,
New York and Pennsylvania to Illinois ; rare. May. — Stouter and larger
flowered than the following species.

5. C. arvt'lise, L. (FIELD CHICKWEED.) Stems ascending or erect,
niftcd, downy, slender (4' -8' high), naked and few-flowered at the summit;
'eaves linear; petals obcordate, more than twice the length of the calyx; pods
icarceli/ longer than the calyx. 1J. -1- Dry or rocky places, Northeastern S**»
vnd riuitlnvard, where it is indigenous. May, June. (Eu.J

$ 2. MOENCHIA, Ehrhart. — Petals entire or merely retuse: parts of the flowe?
commonly in fours : pod ovate, not longer than the calyx.

6. C. QUATERNELLUM, Fenzl. Smooth and glaucous ; stem simple, erect
(2' -4' high), 1 -2-flowcred; leaves lanceolate, acute ; petals not exceeding the
calyx ; stamens 4. (|) ( Sagina erecta, L. Moenchia quaternella, Ehrhart.
M. erecta, Smith.) — Near Baltimore, in dry ground. (Adv. from Eu.)

13. SAGINA, L. PEARLWORT.

Sepals 4 or 5. Petals 4 or 5, undivided, often obsolete or none. Stamens as
many as the sepals, rarely twice their number. Styles as many as the sepals
and alternate with them. Pod many-seeded, 4 - 5-valved ; the valves opposite
the sepals. Seeds smooth. — Little, matted herbs, with thread-like or awl-shaped
leaves, and small flowers. (Name from sagina, fattening ; of no obvious appli-
cation to these minute weeds.)

* Parts of the flower all in fours, or sometimes in Jives.

1. S. procumfoeilS, L. Perennial, depressed ; leaves thread-form or nar-
rowly linear ; peduncles ascending in fruit ; stamens 4 - 5 ; petals shorter than the
broadly ovate sepals, sometimes none. — Springy places, Maine to Pennsylvania.
May -Aug. (Eu.)

2. S. APETALA, L. Annual, erect; leaves almost bristle-form; stamens 4 ; pet-
obsolete or none. — Sandy fields, New York to HI.; rare. (Adv. from Eu.)

* * Sepals, petals, styles, and valves 5 or 4 stamens 10.

3. S. iso<l4>s:«, Eenzl. Perennial, tufted; stems ascending (3'-- 5' high),
branching; leaves thread-form, the upper short and awl-shaped, with minute
ones fascicled in their axils sc that the branchlets appear knotty ; petals much
lonaer than the calyx. ( Spergula nodosa, L. ) — Wet sandy soil, Isle of Shoals;
coast of Maine near Portland ; shore of Lake Superior, and northward
July. (Eu.)

S. ELLIOTTII, Fenzl (Spergula decumbens, EU.) may occur in S. Virginia,

SUBORDER III. IL.L.ECEBREJE. THE KNOTWORT FAMILY

14. SPEROTJL.ARIA, Pers. SPURRET-SANDWORT.
Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 2-10. S\ vies and valves of tlic many-
seeded pod 3-5, when 5 the valves alternate with the sepals! Enilryo no!

CARYOPHYLLACEJE (PINK FAMILY.)

coiled into a complete ring. — Low herbs, growing on or near the sea-coast, with
fleshy opposite leaves, and smaller ones often clustered in the axils : stipules
scaly-membranaceous. (Name altered from Speryula.)

1. S. rilbra, IVrs. Much branched, upright or spreading, smooth or vis-
cid-pubescent ; leaves filiform-linear, rather fleshy ; petals purple-rose-color ;
seeds marginless. (D (Arenaria rubra, L.) — Sandy soil, often considerably re-
mote from suit water, Maine to Virginia and southward. June- Sept — Leaves
mostly shorter than the joints. Flowers about 2" broad. (Eu.)

Var. lliai'ina. Larger; the leaves longer and more fleshy; flowers 2-4
times larger ; pods equalling or exceeding the calyx ; seeds marginless (Arena-
ria rubra, var. marina, L.), or wing-margined (A. media, L.). Q) }\.l — Sea-
coast; common. (Eu.)

15. SPERGULA, L. SI-URIJKY.

Stamens 5 or 10. Styles 5. The 5 valves of the pod opposite the sepals
Embryo spirally annular. Leaves in whorls. Ovhenvi.se as in Spergularia
(Name from spargo, to scatter, from the seeds.)

1. S. ARVENSIS, L. (CORN SPURREY.) Leaves numerous in the whorls,
linear-thread-shaped (l'-2' long); stipules minute; flowers white, in a stalked
panic-led cyme ; seeds rough, with a narrow and sharp edge. (D — Giain-field/
&c. (Adv. from Eu.)

16. ANYCHIA, Michx. FORKED CHICK WEED.

Sepals 5, scarcely concave, indistinctly mucronate on the back, greenish.
Petals none. Stamens 2-3, rarely 5. Stigmas 2, sessile. Utricle 1 -seeded,
larger than the calyx. Radicle turned downwards. — Small, many times forked
annuals, with small stipules and minute flowers in the forks. (Same derivation
as the next genus.)

1. A. <licll6t01Iia, Michx. Erect or spreading; leaves varying from
lanceolate to elliptical, somewhat pctiolcd. Varies much ; in woods or rich
soil being very smooth, erect (6'- 10' high) and capillary, with long joints, the
leaves broader and thinner (5" -10" long), and the flowers more stalked (A.
capillajca, Nittt , £ Qucria Canadensis, L.) : in sterile or parched soil it is some-
what pubescent, low and spreading, short-jointed, narrower-leaved, and the flow
ere nearly sessile and more clustered (A. dichotoma, DC.). — Common through
out. June - Aug.

17. PAKONYCHIA, Tourn. WHITLOW-WORT.

Sepals 5, linear or oblong concave, awned at the apex. Petals bristle-form,
or minute teeth, or i one. Stamens 5. Style 2-clcft at the apex. Utricle 1-
•eedcv!, enclosed in the i-silyx. K article ascending. — Tufted herbs, with dry and
silvery stipules, and clustered flowers. (A Greek name for a whitlow, and for a
plant thought to cure it.)

1. P. arj?yr6conia, Nutt. (SILVER CHICK WKKD.) Den- ely matted,
much branched, spreading ; leaves linear ; flowers capitate, clustered, surrounded

PORTULACACEJJ:. (PURSLANE FAMILY.) G3

Dy conspicuous large silvery bracts ; calyx hairy, short-awned ; petals mei'C teeth
between the stamens. 1J. — Slides in the Notch of the White Mountains, New
Hampshire, and bare summits above : a recent discovery. Alleghany Moun-
tains from Virginia southward. July.

2. P. clictaotoma, Nutt. Smooth, tufted ; stems (6'- 12' high) ascend-
ing from a rather woody base ; leaves and bracts awl-shaped ; cymes open, many-
times forked; sepals short-pointed; minute bristles in place of petals. 1J. --
Rocks, Harper's Ferry, Virginia, and southwestward. July -Sept.

SUBORDER IV. SCL.ERANTHEJE. THE KXAWEL FAMILY.

1§. SCLERANTIIUS, L. KNAWEL.

Sepals 5, united below in an indurated cup, enclosing the 1 -seeded utricle.
Petals none. Stamens 10 or 5. Styles 2, distinct. — Homely little weeds, with
awl-shaped leaves, obscure greenish clustered flowers, and no stipules. (Name
from ovcX^pos, hard, and avdos, flower, from the hardened calyx-tube.)

1. S. ANNUDS, L. Much branched and spreading (3' -5' high) ; flowers ses-
sile in the forks; calyx-lobes scarcely margined, (i) — Sandy waste places.
(Nat. from Eu.)

SUBORDER V. MO.Li/UOIJVEJE. LNDIAN-CUICKWEED FAMILY.

19. MOL,L,IT€JO, L. INDIAN-CHICKWEED.

Sepals 5, white inside. Petals none. Stamens hypogynous, 5 and alternate
with the sepals, or 3 and alternate with the 3 cells of the ovary. Stigmas 3.
Pod 3-cellcd, 3-valvcd, loculicidal, the partitions breaking away from the many-
seeded axis. — Low homely annuals, much branched; the stipules obsolete.
(An old Latin name for some soft plant.)

1. M. verticil l{i til, L. (CARPET-WEED.) Prostrate, forming patches;
leaves spatulate, clustered in whorls at the joints, where the 1 -flowered pedicels
form a sort of sessile umbel ; stamens usually 3. — Sandy river-banks, and cul
tivated grounds. June -Sept. (An immigrant from farther south.)

ORDER 22. PORTULACACEJE. (PURSLANE FAMILY.;

Herbs, wllJi succulent leaves, and regular but unsymmelrical flowers ; viz.,
sepals usually fetver than the petals; the stamens opposite the petals when of
the same number, but often indefinite : otherwise nearly as Cliickweeds. —
Sepals 2, rarely 3 or 5. Petals 5, or sometimes none. Stamens mostly
5-20. Styles 3-8, united below, or distinct, stigrnatie along the inside.
Pod 1-5-celled, with few or many campylotropous seeds rising on slender
Btalks from the base, or from a certral placenta. Embryo curved around
mealy albumen. — Insipid and innocent herbs, with opposite or alternate
entire leaves. Corolla opening only in sunshine, mostly ephemeral, then
fihri veiling.

64 PORTULACACE.fi. (PURSLANE FAMIL1 )

Synopsis.

* Sepals 5. Petals none. Pod 3-6-celled. opening by a lid.
L 9KSU FIUM. Stamens 5-60, inserted on the free calyx.

* * Sepals 2. Petals 5. Pod 1-celled.

2. POUTULAC A. Stamens 7 - 20, on the partly adherent calyx. Pod opening by a Lid.

3. TALINUM. Stamens more numerous than the petals, hypogynous. Pod many-seeded.

4. C LA YTONI A. Stamens as many as the hypogynous petals, and attached to their base. Pod

8-6-seeded.

1. SESUVIUM, L. SEA PURSLANE.

Calyx 5-parted, purplish inside, persistent, free. Petals none. Stamens 5
60, inserted on the calyx. Styles 3-5, separate. Pod 3-5-celled, many-seed-
ed, opening transversely (circumscissile), the upper part falling off as a lid. —
Prostrate maritime herbs, with succulent stems and (opposite) leaves, and axil-
lary or terminal flowers. (An unexplained name.)

1. S. Portlllaciistrimi, L. Leaves lanceolate-oblong, flatfish ; flow-
ers sessile or short-peduncled ; stamens many. y. — Coast of New Jersey and
southward. July - Sept.

2. POKTULACA, Tourn. PURSLANE.

Calyx 2-cleft ; the tube cohering with the ovary below. Petals 5, rarely b,
with the 7-20 stamens inserted on the calyx, fugacious. Style mostly 3-8-
parted. Pod 1-celled, globular, many-seeded, opening transversely, the upper
part (with the upper part of the calyx) separating like a lid. — Fleshy annuals,
witli scattered leaves. (An old Latin name, of unknown meaning.)

1. P. OLERACEA, L. (COMMON PURSLANE.) Prostrate, very smooth ;
leaves obovate or wedge-form; flowers sessile (opening only in sunny morn-
ings); sepals keeled; petals pale yellow; stamens 7-12; style deeply 5-6-
parted ; flower-bud flat and acute. — Cultivated and waste grounds; common.
(Nat. from Eu.)

P. RE-rt'SA, Engelm., too closely resembling the common Purslane, is indi-
genous west of the Mississippi.

1'. OILLIESII, P. GRANDIFL&RA, &c. are species, or varieties, with terete
leaves, hairy axils, and showy red or purple flowers, cultivated in gardens for
ornament.

3. TAL.INUM, Adans. TALINUM.

Sepals 2, distinct and free, deciduous. Petals 5, ephemeral. Stamens 10
30. Stylo 3-lobcd at the apex. Pod 3-celled at the base when young, longitu-
dinally 3-valvcd, with many seeds on a globular stalked placenta. (Derivation
of the name oiisrmv.)

1. T. tcrctifolium, Pursh. Leafy stems low, tuberous at the base;
leaves linear, cylindrical ; peduncle long and naked, bearing an open cyme of
purple flowers (§' broad) ; stamens 15-20. U — Serpentine rocks, Westchester,
Pennsylvania, Falls of St. Croix River, Wisconsin, and southward. June - Aug
— Peduncles 3' -6' long.

MALVACEAE. (MALLOW FAMILY.) S£

4. CL.AYT6NIA, L. SPRING-BEAUTY.

Sepals 2, ovate, free, green and persistent. Stamens 5, adhering to the short
claws of the petals. Style 3-lobed at the apex. Pod 1-celled, 3-valved, 3-6-
seeded. — Our two species are perennials, sending up simple stems in early
spring from a small deep tuber, bearing a pair of opposite leaves, and a loose
raceme of pretty flowers. Corolla pale rose-color with deeper veins, opening
for more than one day ! (Named in honor of Clayton, one of the earliest bot-
anists of this country, who contributed to Gronovius the materials for the Plora
Virginica.)

1. C. Virginica, L. Leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated (3' -6' long).
— Moist open woods ; common, especially westward and southward.

2. C. Caroliiiiaiia, Michx. Leaves spatulate-oblong or oval-lanceo-
late (l/-2/ long.) — Vermont to "Wisconsin, and southward along the Alleghanies

ORDER 23. MALVACEAE. (MALLOW FAMILY.)

Herbs or shrubs, with alternate stipulate leaves and regular flowers, the
calyx valvate and the corolla convolute in the bud, numerous stamens mono-
delphous in a column, which is united at the base with the short claws of the
petals, \-celled anthers, and kidney-shaped seeds. — Sepals 5, united at the
base, persistent, often involucellate with a whorl of bractlets outside, form-
ing a sort of exterior calyx. Petals 5. Anthers kidney-shaped, opening
along the top. Pistils several, with the ovaries united in a ring, or forming
a several-celled pod. Seeds with little albumen : embryo large, curved,
the leafy cotyledons variously doubled up. — Mucilaginous, innocent plants,
with tough bark, and palmately- veined leaves. Flower stalks with a joint,
axillary.

Synopsis.

TRIBE I. MA LVE^E. Column of stamens anther-bearing at the top. Ovaries and pods
(carpels) 5-20 or more, closely united in a ring around a central axis, from which they
separate after ripening.

* Stigmas occupying the inner face of the styles : carpels 1-seeded, falling away separately.

1. ALTIL3EA. Involucel of 6 to 9 bractlets.

2. MALVA. Involucel of 3 bractlets. Petals obcordate. Carpels rounded, beaklcss.

8. CALLIRIUIOE. Involucel of 3 bractlets or none. Petals truncate. Carpels beaked.

4. NAPJEA. Involucel none. Flowers dioecious. Stamens few.

* * Stigmas terminal, capitate : carpels 1 - few-seeded, opening before they fall away.

5. SIDA. Involucel none. Carpels or cells 1-seeded. Seed pendulous.

6. ABUTILON. Involucel none. Carpels or cells 3 - several-seeded.

7. MOD10LA. Involucel of 3 bractlets. Carpels 2-seeded, and with a transverse partition

between the seeds.

TRIBE IT. HIBISCEjE. Column of stamens anther-bearing tor a considerable part of
its length, naked and 5-toothed at the very apex. Pod mostly 5-celle'l, loculicidal, leav-
ing scarcely any axis in the centre after opening.

8. KOSTELETZKYA. Involucel of several bractlets Pod 5-celled, 5-seeded.

0. HIBISCUS Involucel of many bractlets Calyx persistent. Pod 5-celled, many -seede*

66 MALVACEJE. (MALLOW FAMILY.)

1. AL.THJ1HA, L. MARSH-MALLOW.

Calyx surrounded by a 6- 9-clcft involuccl. Othcnvisc as in Malva. (Name
from oX#a>, to cure, in allusion to its healing properties.)

1. A. OFFICIN\LIS, L. (COMMON MARSH-MALLOW.) Stem erect; leaves
ovate or slightly heart-shaped, toothed, sometimes 3-lobed, velvety-downy : pe-
duncles axillary, many-flowered. 1J. — Salt marshes, coast of New England and
New York. Aug., Sept. — Flowers pale rose-color. Root thick, abounding in
mucilage, the basis of the Pdtes de Guimauve. (Nat. from Eu.)

A. R6SEA, and A. FiciFdLiA, are the well-known garden HOLLYHOCKS.

2. MAJLVA, L. MALLOW.

Calyx with a 3-leaved involuccl at the base, like an outer calyx. Petals ub-
cordatc. Styles numerous, stigmatic down the inner side. Fruit depressed,
separating at maturity into as many 1 -seeded and indehiscent round kidney-
shapcd blunt carpels as there are styles. Radicle pointing downwards. (An
old Latin name, from p-oKa^r), soft, alluding to the emollient leaves.)

1. M. KOTUNDIF6LIA, L. (COMMON MALLOW.) Stems short, simple, de-
cumbent from a deep biennial or perennial root ; leaves round- heart-shaped, on
very long petioles, crenate, obscurely lobed ; petals twice the length of the calyx,
whitish; carpels pubescent, even. — Way-sides and cultivated grounds; com-
mon. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. M. BYLVESTKIS, L. (HIGH MALLOW.) Stem erect, branched (2° -3°
high); leaves rather sharply 5-7 '-lobed; petals thrice the length of the calyx,
large, purple and rose-color; carpels wrinkled- veiny. ]\. — Way-sides. (Adv.
from Eu.)

M. cufsi'A, the CCRLED MALLOW, and M. MOSCH\TA, the Music MALLOW,
are occasionally spontaneous around gardens.

3. CALLIRRIIOE, Nutt. CALLIUUIIOE.

Calyx either naked or with a 3-leaved involucel at its base. Petals wedge-
shaped and truncate (usually red-purple). Styles, £c. as in Malva. Carpels
10-20, straightisli, with a short empty beak, separated within from the 1 -seeded
cell by a narrow projection, indehiscent or partly 2-valved. Radicle pointing
downwards. — Flowers perfect.

1. C. triangulata, Gray. Hairy-pubescent; stems nearly erect (2°
high) from a tuberous root ; leaves triangular or halberd-shaped, or the lowest
rather h'-art-shapcd, coarsely crenate; the upper incised or 3 - 5-clcft ; flowers
panicleil, short-pedicellcd (purple) ; involuccl as long as tie m/y.r ; carpets slioh-
fointed, crest I • N.V. (Malva triangulata, Leai-cn worth. M. Iloughtonii, Torr. &
Gray.) — Dry prairies, Wisconsin, Illinois, and southward. July.

2. C. alcacoitles, Gray. Strigose-pubesccnt ; stems slender (1° high) ;
iuwer leaves triangular-heart-shaped, incised ; the upper 5-7-parted, laciniate,
Uie uppermost divided into linear segments ; flowers corymbose, on slender pe-

MALVACEAE. (MALLOW FAMILY.) 67

dtmcles (rose-color or white) , involved none; carpels obtusely beaked, crested and
strongly wrinkled on the back. 1J. (Sida alcseoidcs, Michx.} — Barren oak -lands,
S. Kentucky and Tennessee.

4. NAP^EA, Clayt. GLADE MALLOW.

Calyx naked at the base, 5-toothcd. Floivers dioecious ; the stamim.te flowera
entirely destitute of pistils, with 15-20 anthers ; the fertile with a short column
of filaments but no anthers. Styles 8-10, stigmatic along the inside. Fruit
depressed-globular, separating when . ripe into as many kidney-shaped 1-seeded
beakless and scarcely dehiscent carpels as there are styles. Radicle pointing
downwards. — A tall and roughish perennial herb, with very large 9- 11-partcd
lower leaves, the pointed lobes pinnatifid-cut and toothed, and small white flow-
ers in paniclcd clustered corymbs. (Named by Clayton from vairr], a wooded
valley or glade, or, poetically, the nymph of the groves, alluding to the place
where he discovered the plant.)

1. N. dioica, L. (Sida dioica, Cav.) — Limestone valleys, Penn. and
southward to the Valley of Virginia, west to Ohio and Illinois ; rare. July.

5. Sfl>A, L. SIDA.

Calyx naked at the base, 5-cleft. Petals entire, usually oblique. Styles 5 or
more : the ripe fruit separating into as many 1-seeded carpels, which remain
closed, or commonly become 2-valved at the top, and tardily separate from the
axis. Embryo abruptly bent ; the radicle pointing upwards. Stigmas termi-
nal, capitate. — Flowers perfect. (A name used by Theophrastus.)

1. S. Napifea, Cav. Nearly glabrous, tall (2° -4° high), erect; leaves 5-
cA;/?, the lobes oblong and pointed, toothed ; flowers (ichitc) umbellatc-corymbcd,
large; carpels 10, pointed, 1J. (Napaea laevis & hermaphrodita, L.) — Rocky
river-banks, Pcnn., Muhlenberg. Kanawha Co., Virginia, Rev. J. M. Brown,
(Cultivated in old gardens.)

2. S. EHiOttii, Torr. & Gray. Nearly glabrous (l°-4° high); leaves
linear, serrate, short-petioled ; peduncles axillary, 1 -flowered, short; flowers (t/tl-
low) rather large ; carpels 9 - 10, slightly and abruptly pointed, forming a depressed
fruit. 1J. — Sandy soil, Virginia (near Petersburg) and southward. May- Aug.

3. S. SPINOSA, L. Minutely and softly pubescent, low (10' -20' high), much
branched ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, serrate, rather long-petioled ; pedun-
cles axillary, 1-flowered, shorter than the petiole; flowers (yellow) small; carpeh
5, combined into an ovate fruit, each splitting at the top into 2 beaks. A little tu-
bercle at the base of the leaves on the stronger plants gives the specific name,
but it cannot be called a spine. ® — Waste places, common southward and
eastward. (Nat. from Trop. Amer. or Afr.)

6. ABtlTlL-ON, Tourn. INDIAN MALLOW.

Carpels 2 - 9-seeded, at length 2-valred. Radicle ascending or pointing in-
wards. Otherwise as in Sida. (Name of unknown origin.)

68 MALVACEAE. (MALLOW FAMILY.)

1. A. AviCENNvE, Gaertn. (VELVET-LEAF.) Tall (4° high) ; leaves round-
ish-heart-shnped, taper-pointed, velvety ; peduncles shorter than the leaf-stalks ;
corolla yellow; pods 12-15, hairy, beaked. ® — Waste places, escaped from
gardens. (Adv. from India.)

7. MOI>iOL,A, Mcench. MODI OLA.

Calyx with a 3-leaved involuccl. Petals obovate. Stamens 10-20. Stig-
mas capitate. Carpels 14-20, kidney-shaped, pointed and at length 2-valved
at the top ; the cavity divided into two by a cross partition, with a single seed
in each cell. — Humble, procumbent or creeping annuals or biennials, with cut
leaves and small purplish flowers solitary in the axils. (Name from modiolus,
the broad and depressed fruit of combined carpels resembling in shape the Ro
man measure of that name.)

1. M. multifida, Moench. Hairy; leaves 3-5-cleft and incised; sta
mens 15-20 ; fruit hispid at the top. — Low grounds, Virginia and southward.

8. KOSTEL.ETZKYA, Presl. KOSTELETZKTA.

Pod depressed, with a single seed in each cell. Otherwise as Hibiscus
(Named after Kosteletzky, a Bohemian botanist.)

1. K. Virginica, Presl. Roughish-hairy (2° -4° high); leaves hal-
berd-shaped and heart-shaped; the lower 3-lobed. U (Hibiscus Virginicus, L.)
— Marshes on the coast, Long Island, New Jersey, and southward. Aug. —
Corolla 2 wide, rose-color. Column slender.

9. HIBISCUS, L. ROSE-MALLOW.

Calyx involu collate at the base by a row of numerous bractlets, persistent, 5-
clcft. Column of stamens long, bearing anthers for much of its length. Styles
united : stigmas 5, capitate. Fruit a 5-celled pod, opening into 5 valves which
bear the partition on their middle (loculicidal). Seeds several or many in each
cell. — Herbs or shrubs, usually with large and showy flowers. (An old Greek
and Latin name of unknown meaning.)

1. If. CTosclieiltoS, L. ( SWAMP ROSE-MALLOW.) Leaves ovate,
pointed, toothed, the lower 3-lobed, whitened underneath with a fine soft down ;
the 1 -flowered peduncles often united at the base with the petioles ; calyx not in-
Jlotid; seeds smooth. 1J. — Borders of marshes along and near the coast, and
banks of large, rivers. Salt springs, New York to Illinois. Aug., Sept. — Plant
stout, 5° high. Corolla 5' in diameter, pale rose-purple, or white with a crim-
son eye, showy.

2. IT. militaris, Cav. (HALBERD-LEAVED MALLOW.) Smooth through-
out ; lower leaves ovate-heart-shaped, toothed, 3-lobed ; upper li-tuvs halberd-form,
the short lateral lobes spreading at the base, the middle one prolonged and taper-
pointed : peduncles slender; fruiting calyx inflated; seeds hairy. 1J. — River
oanks, Penn. to 111., and southward. Aug. — More slender and smaller-flow
ered than tho last: corolla pale rose-color.

TILIACE.E. (LINDEN FAMILY.) 69

3. H. Tni6NUM, L. (BLADDER KETMIA.) Somewhat hairy ; uj per leaves
deeply 3-parted, with lanceolate divisions, the middle one much the longest ;
fruiting calyx inflated, membranaceous, with bristly ribs, 5-winyed at the summit ;
seeds rough. (T) — Escaped from gardens into cultivated grounds. Corolla
pale greenish-yellow with a dark eye, ephemeral ; hence the name F lower-of-an*
hour. (Adv. from Eu.)

II. SYRIACUS, the SHRUBBY ALTH^A of the old gardeners, is cultivated
about houses.

ABEOIOSCHUS ESCULENTUS, the OKRA, and A. MAxmoT (the genus
characterized by the spathaceous calyx, bursting on one side and deciduous),
are common in gardens southward.

GOSSYPIUM HERBACEUM, the COTTON-PLANT, is the most important plant of
this family.

ORDER 24. TILJACE^. (LINDEN FAMILY.)

Trees (rarely herbs), ivith the mucilaginous properties, fibrous bark, and
valvate calyx, fyc. of the Mallow Family ; but the sepals deciduous, petals
imbricated in the bud, the stamens usually polyadelphous, and the anthers
2-celled ; — represented in Northern regions only by the genus

1. TIL I A, L. LINDEN. BASSWOOD.

Sepals 5. Petals 5, spatulate-oblong. Stamens numerous : filaments coher-
ing in 5 clusters with each other (in European species), or with the base of a
spatulate petal-like body placed opposite each of the real petals. Pistil with a
5-celled ovary and 2 half-anatropous ovules in each, a single style, and a 5-
toothed stigma. Fruit a sort of woody globular nut, becoming 1 -celled and 1 -
2-sceded. Embryo with a taper radicle, and a pair of leaf-like somewhat heart-
shaped and lobed cotyledons, which are a little folded. — Fine trees, with soft
and white wood, more or less heart-shaped and serrate leaves, oblique and often
truncate at the base, deciduous stipules, and small cymes of flowers, hanging on
an axillary peduncle which is united to a leaf-like bract. Flowers cream-color,
honey-bearing, fragrant. (The classical name of the genus.)

1. X. Americana, L. (BASSWOOD.) Leaves green and glabrous or
nearly so, thickish. — Rich woods. May, June. — This familiar tree is rarely
called Lime-tree, oftener White-wood, commonly Basswood; the name (now obso-
lete in England) alluding to the use of the inner bark for mats and cordage.

Yar. putoesceiis. Leaves softly pubescent underneath, often thin. (T.
pubescens, Ait. T. laxiflora, Michx.) — Common from Maryland southward
and westward.

2. T. hctcrophylla, Vent. (WHITE BASSWOOD ) Leaves smooth
and bright green above, silvery -whitened with a fine down underneath. (T.
alba, Michx.) — Mountains of Penn. to Kentucky and southward. — Leaves
larger than in No. 1, often 8' broad.

T. EDROPJEA, the EUROPEAN LINDEN, which is planted in and near our
cities as an ornamental tree, is at once distinguished from any native species by

70 CAMELLIACEJK. (CAMELLIA FAMILT.)

the absence of the petal-like scales among the stamens. This tree (the Z.in)
gave the family name to Linmtus.

ORDER 25. CAMELLJACE/E. (CAMELLIA FAMILY.)

Trees or shrub*, with alternate simple feather-veined leaves, and no stipules,
the regular floircrs hypogyiwus and polyandrous, the sepals and petals both
iinhricdti'd in (Estivation, the stamens more or less united at the base icith each
other (monadelphoup or 3 - 5-adclphous) and with the base of the petals.-—
AnHiers 2-celled, introrse. Fruit a woody 3-5-ceIled loculicidal pod
Seeds few, with little or no albumen. Embryo larg-e, with broad cotyle-
dons. — A family with showy flowers, the types of which are the well-known
Camellia and the more important Tea Plant, — represented in this country
by the two following genera.

1. STUAKTIA, Catcsby. STUARTIA.

Sepals 5, rarely 6, ovate or lanceolate. Petals 5, rarely G, obovatc, crenulate.
Stamens monadelphous at the base. Pod 5-celled. Seeds 1-2 in each cell,
crustaeeous, anatropous, ascending. Embryo straight, nearly as long as the
albumen: radicle longer than the cotyledons. — Shrubs with membranaceojjs
deciduous oblong-ovate serrulate leaves, soft-downy beneath, and large short-
pcduncled flowers solitary in their axils. (Named for Jo/in Stuart, the well-
kuown Lord Bute.)

1. S. Virgillica, Cav. Petals 5 white (!' long) ; sepals ovate; style 1 ;
stigma 5-toothed ; pod globular, blunt ; seeds not margined. (S. Malachoden-
dron, L.) — Woods, Virginia and southward.

S. PENTAGYNA, L'ller., with cream-colored flowers, 5 styles, and an angled
and pointed pod, may be found in the Alleghanies of S. Virginia.

2. GORI>6NIA, Ellis. LOBLOLLY BAT.

Sepals 5, rounded, concave. Petals 5, obovatc. Stamens 5-adclphous, one

fluster adhering to the base of each petal. Style 1. Pod ovoid, 5-valvcd ; the
valves separating from the persistent axis; cells 2-8-sceded. Seeds pendulous.
Embryo straightish, with a short radicle, and thin longitudinally plaited cotyle-
dons.— Shrubs or small trees, with lartre and showy white flowers on axillary
pedunelrs. (Dedicated by Dr. Garden to his "old master, Dr. James (Jordou
of Aberdeen," and by Ellis to a London nurseryman of the same name.)

1. O. L.nsi:ititllllS, L. (LORLOLLY B.VY.1 Leaves coriaceous and
persistent, InnccolatC-ODlong, narrowed at the base, minutely serrate, smooth and
shining; pod pointed; seeds winged above. Swamps near the coast, Virginia
and southward. May- July. — Petals H' long.

ORDER 26. LINAGES. (FLAX FAMILY.;

Herbs, with regular and symmetrical Jiypogynous flowers, 4 - 5-rnerous
throughout, strongly imbricated calyx and convolute petals, Hie 5 stamens

OXALIDACE^E. (WOOD-SOKREL FAMILY.) 71

monadelphous at the base, and an S-W-seeded pod, having twice as many
cells (complete or incomplete) as there are styles ; — consisting chiefly ol the
genus

1. LINUM, L. FLAX.

Sepals (persistent), petals, stamens, and styles 5, regularly alternate with each
other. Pod of 5 united carpels {into which it splits in dchisccncc) and 5-cclled,
with 2 seeds hanging from the summit of each ; but each cell is partly or com-
pletely divided into two by a false partith n which projects from the hack of tho
carpel, thus becoming 10-cellcd. Seeds anatropous, mucilaginous, flattened,
containing a large embryo with plano-convex cotyledons. — Herbs, with a tough
fibrous bark, simple and sessile entire leaves (alternate or often opposite), with-
out stipules, but often with glands in their place, and with corymbose or pani-*
cled flowers. Corolla usually ephemeral. (The classical name of the Flax.)

1 It. Virginia Bill ail, L. (WILD FLAX.) Leaces Moiiy-lanceolate, the
upper acute ; flowers small, scattered on the corymbose or panic-led branches, on
very short peduncles turned to one side ; sepals ovate, pointed, smooth ; petals
yellow; styles distinct. — Dry woods. June -Aug. ty — Stem l°-2° high.
Pods depressed-globose, 10-celled, splitting at length into 10 closed pieces.

2. JL. ISoolfii, Planchon. (LARGER YELLOW FLAX.) Leaves linear
pointed ; flowers racemose-scattered on the cymosc branches ; sepals ovate-lan-
ceolate, sharp-pointed, 3-nerved, with rough glandular margins, scarcely longer
than the globular imperfectly 10-ccllcd pod; petals sulphur ye/loiv; styles united
for J -£ their length. (T) (L. rigidum, Torr. §~ Gray, in part.) — Dry soil, Rhode
Island, Connecticut, Michigan to Wisconsin, and southward. June -Aug. —
Stem slender, l°-2° high. This is L. sulcatum, Riddel, an earlier name.

L. RIGIDUM, Pursh, may possibly occur in the western part of Wisconsin.

L. usiTATfssiMUM, L., the COMMON FLAX, is occasionally spontaneous in
cultivated grounds.

ORDER 27. OXALIDACE7E. (WOOD-SORRKL FAMILY.)

Plants icith sour juice, compound leaves, and regular, symmetrical, hypo-
gynous, b-merous, IQ-androns, somewhat monadelphous flowers, the calyx im-
bricated and the petals convolute in the bad, 5 separate styles, and a b-celled
several-seeded pod. — The principal genus is

1. OXAL.1S, L. WOOD-SORREL.

Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, withering after expansion. Stamens 10,
monadelphous at the base, alternately shorter. Pod membranaccous, deeply 5-
lobcd, 5-cellcd, each cell opening on the back. Seeds few in each cell, pendu-
lous from the axis, anatropous, their outer coat loose and separating. Embryo
large and straight in fleshy albumen: cotyledons flat. — Herbs, with alternate or
radical stipulate leaves, mostly of 3 obcordate leaflets, which close and droop at
nightfall. (Name from o£vs, sour.)

72 GERANIACEJ5. (GERANIUM FAMILY.)

# Stemless: leaves and scapes from a notstoc/c or bulb: cells Jew-seeded.

1. O. Acetoscllsi, L. (COMMON WOOD-SORREL.) Rootstock creeping
and scaly-toothed ; scape \-flowered; petals white with reddish veins, often
notched. — Deep cold woods, Massachusetts to L. Superior and northward:
also southward in the Allcghanies. June. — Plant 2' -5' high, sparsely hairy:
the flower I' broad. Leaflets broadly obcordate. (Eu.)

2. O. violacea, L. (VIOLET WOOD-SORREL.) Bulb scaly; scapes urn-
bt'ilutfly several-flowered, longer than the leaves ; petals violet. — Rocky places :
most common southward. May, June. — Nearly smooth, 5' -9' high. Leaves
v?ry broadly obcordate. Sepals tipped with a gland. Corolla 1' broad.

* * Stems leafy : peduncles axillary : cells sevf-nil-s^-d'-d.

3. O. strict:*, L. (YELLOW WOOD-SORREL.) Annual or perennial?
by running subterranean shoots ; stems at first erect, branching ; peduncles 2-
6-flowcred, longer than the leaves ; petals yellow ; pods elongated, erect in fruit.
— Borders of woods, fields, and cultivated grounds common. May -Sept. —
Varies greatly in appearance and in the size of its flowers, according to

and situation. O. comiculata, L. is probably the same species. (Eu. ?)

ORDER 28. GERANIACE^S. (GERANIUM FAMILY.)

Plants ivith mostly regular and symmetrical hypogynous 5-merous flowers,
imbricated sepals and convolute petals, 10 stamens slightly monad elphous at
the base, the alternate ones shorter and sometimes sterile, and 5 pistils coher-
ing to a central prolonged axis, from which they separate at maturity by the
curling back of the styles elastically, carrying with them the small 1-seeded
pods. — Calyx persistent. Ovules 2 in each carpel, pendulous, anatropous,
usually but one ripening. Pods small and membranaceous, cohering to 5
shallow excavations in the base of the prolonged axis, usually torn open
on the inner face when they are carried away by the recurving styles.
Seed without albumen : cotyledons folded together and bent down on the
short radicle. — Strong-scented herbs (or the Pelargoniums, which have
somewhat irregular flowers, shrubby plants), with opposite or alternate
tapulate leaves, and bitter astringent roots.

1. GERAN1UUI, L. CRANESBILL.

Stamens 10, all with perfect anthers, the 5 longer with glands at their base
(alternate with the petals). Styles not twisted in fruit when they separate from
the axis, smooth inside. — Stems forking. Peduncles 1 - 3-flowcred. (An old
Greek name, from ytpavos, a crane; the long fruit-bearing beak thought to ro-
•emble the bill of that bird.) See addend.

# Root perennial.

1. O. mar II I a til ill, L. (WILD CRANESBILL.) Stem erect, hmrj ,
leaves about 5-parted, the wedge-shaped divisions lobed nnd cut at the end ;
•epals slender-pointed ; petals entire, light purple, bearded on the claw ($' long).

BALSAMINACE^E. (BALSAM FAMILT.) 73

— Open woods and fields. April -July. — Leaves somewhat blotched yith
whitish as they grow old.

* * Root biennial or annual,

2. O. Csiroiiiiifa mi m, L. (CAROLINA CRANESBILL.) Stems dif-
fusely branched from the base, hairy ; leaves about 5-parted, the divisions cleft
and cut into numerous oblong-linear lobes ; sepals awn-pointed, as long us the
emarginate (pale rose-color) petals; seeds very minutely reticulated (under a lens).

— Barren soil and waste places. May -July. — Flowers small: the peduncles
and pedicels short. — A state with more notched petals and more reticulated
seeds passes sometimes for G. dissectum, L.

3. G. pusfLLUM, L. (SMALL-FLOWERED CRANESBILL.) Stems procum-
bent, slender, minutely pubescent ; leaves rounded kidney-form, 5 - 7 -parted, the
divisions mostly 3-cleft ; sepals awnless, about as long as the 2-cleft (bluish-pur-
ple) petals ; seeds smooth. — Waste places, New York <fe Mass. (Nat. from Eu.)

4. O, Robert! aiium, L. (HERB ROBERT.) Sparsely hairy, diffuse;
leaves 3-divided, the divisions 2-pinnatifid ; sepals awned, shorter than the (purple)
petals ; pods wrinkled; seeds smooth. — Moist woods and shaded ravines. June-
Oct. — Plant strongly odorous. (Eu.)

2. ER ODIUM, I/Her. STORKSBILL.

The 5 shorter stamens sterile. Styles in fruit twisting spirally, bearded in-
side. Otherwise as Geranium. (Name from epooSios, a heron.)

1. E. CICUT\RIUM, L'Her. Annual, hairy; stems low, spreading; leaves
pinnate; the leaflets sessile, 1 -2-pinnatifid ; peduncles several-flowered. — Shore
of Oneida Lake, New York, Knieskern. (Adv. from Eu.)

ORDER 29. BALSAMINACE^E. (BALSAM FAMILY.)

Annuals, with succulent stems gorged with a bland watery juice, and ver§
irregular hypogynous Jlowers, the 5 stamens somewhat united, and the pod
bursting elastic-ally. — Characters as in the principal genus,

1. IMP ATIENS, L. BALSAM. JEWEL-WEED.

Calyx and corolla colored alike and confounded, imbricated in the bud. Se-
pals apparently only 4 ; the anterior one, which is notched at the apex, probably
consisting of two combined ; the posterior one (appearing anterior as the flower
hangs on its stalk) largest, and forming a spurred sac. Petals 2, unequal-sided
and 2-lobed (each^ consisting of a pair united). Stamens 5, short : filaments
appendagcd with a scale on the inner side, the 5 scales connivent and united
over the stigma : anthers opening on the inner face. Ovary 5-cclled : stigma
sessile. Pod with evanescent partitions, and a thick axis bearing the several
anatropous seeds, 5-valved, the valves coiling elastically arid projecting the
seeds in bursting. Embryo straight: albumen none. — Leaves simple, alter-
nate, without stipules. Flowers axillary or paniclcd ; often of two sorts, viz.

74 LIMNANTHACE^E. (LIMNANTHES FAMILY.)

ths larger ones, as described above, which seldom ripen seeds, and very small
ones, which are fertilized early in the bud, when the floral envelopes never ex-
pand, nor grow to their full size, but are forced off by the growing pod and car
rii (1 upwards on its apex. (Name from the sudden bursting of the pods when
touched, whence also the popular appellation, Touch-me-not, or Snap-weed.)

1. I. pslllida, Nutt. (PALE TOUCH-ME-XOT.) Flowers pah. yellow, spar-
/»'//// dotted with brownish-red ; sac dilated and very obtuse, broader than long,
tipped with a short incurved spur. — Moist shady places and along rills, in rich
soil; most common northwestward. July -Sept. — Larger and greener than
the next, with larger flowers. Leaves ovate, petioled, toothed.

2. I. fiilva, Nutt. (SPOTTED TOUCH-ME-NOT.) Flowers orange-color,
thickly spotted with reddish-brown ; sac longer than broad, acutely conical, taper-
ing into a strongly inflexed spur. — Rills and shady moist places ; common,
especially southward. June -Sept. — Plant 2° -4° high: the flowers loosely
panic-led at the ends of the branches, hanging gracefully on their slender nod-
ding stalks, the open mouth of the comucopioe-shaped sepal upward. A varkty
is occasionally found with spotless flowers, which differs from the I. Noli-tangere
of Europe chiefly in the more inflcxcd spur and smaller petals.

I. BALSAMINA, L., is the BALSAM or Ladies' slipper of the garden.
TROP^OLUM MAJUS, the familiar NASTURTIUM of gardens, is the type of a
group intermediate between the Balsam and Geranium families and the next.

ORDER 30. LJMNANTHACE^E. (LIMNANTHES FAMILY.)

Annual low herbs, with pinnated alternate leaves without stipules, and reg-
ular S-5-merous flowers : calyx valvate in the bud : stamens twice as many
as the petals: the one-seeded little fleshy fruits separate, In/ their styles united.
— Consists of one 5-merous Californian genus (Limnanthes) with hand-
some flowers, sometimes cultivated in gardens, arid the insignificant

1. F I, <i; Kit FA, Willd. FALSE MERMAID.

Sepals 3. Petals 3, shorter than the calyx, oblong. Stamens 6, nearly hy-
pogynous. Ovaries 3, opposite the sepals, united only at the bast- ; the style
rising in the centre: stigmas 3. Fruit of 3 (or 1-2) roughish fleshy acheni'ji.
Seed anatropous, erect, filled by the large embryo with its hemispherical fleshy
cotyledons. — A small and inconspicuous annual, with minute solitary flowers
on axillary peduncles. (Named after Floerke, a German botanist.)

1. F. proscrpiliacoidCS, Willd. — Marshes and river-banks, W. New
England to Wisconsin and Kentucky. April -June. — Leaflets 3-5, lanceo-
late, sometimes 2 - 3-eleft. Taste slightly pungent.

OKDKR 31. RUTACE^E. (RuE FAMILY.)

&nte with simple or compound leaves, dotted with pellucid glands, abound-

*g trifh a puniffnf or bitter-aromatic acrid volatile oil, h?/f)<>(/i/)tou? ranJar

•S - ft-mf rons jl wcrttj the stamens as many or twice as many as the sepals; thf

RUTACE.fi. (RUE FAMILY.) 75

2-6 pistils separate or combined into a compound ovary of as many ccllss
raised on a prolongation of the receptacle (gynophore') or glandular disk. —
Embryo large, curved or straight, usually in fleshy albumen. Styles com-
monly united or cohering, even when the ovaries are distinct. Fruit usu-
ally capsular. Leaves alternate or opposite. Stipules none. — A large
family, chiefly of the Old World and the Southern hemisphere ; the Proper
Rutacece, represented in gardens by the Rue (Ruta graveolens, Z.), are
mostly herbs ; while our two genera, of trees or shrubs, belong to what
has been called the order Zanthoxylacece, but are not distinct from the
Diosmece.

1. ZANTIIOXYLUM, Golden. PRICKLY ASH.

Flowers dioecious. Sepals 4 or 5, obsolete in one species. Petals 4 or 5, im-
bricated in the bud. Stamens 4 or 5 in the sterile flowers, alternate Avith the
petals. Pistils 2-5, separate, but their styles conniving or slightly unked.
Pods thick and fleshy, 2-valved when ripe, 1 - 2-seeded. Seed-coat cmstaccous,
black, smooth and shining. Embryo straight, with broad cotyledons. — Shrubs
or trees, with mostly pinnate leaves, the stems and often the leafstalks prickly.
Flowers small, greenish or whitish. (Name from £av&os, yellow, and £vAo»>,
wood.)

1. 5K. Americamim, Mill. (NORTHERN PRICKLY ASH. TOOTH-
ACHE-TREE.) Leaves and flowers in axillary clusters; leaflets 4-5 pairs and an
odd one, ovate-oblong, downy when young ; calyx none ; petals 5 ; pistils 3-5,
with slender styles; pods short-stalked. — Rocky woods and river-banks; com-
mon northward. April, May. — A prickly shrub, with yellowish-green flowers
appearing with the leaves. Bark, leaves, and pods very pungent and aromatic.

2. Z. Caroliiifaniim, Lam. (SOUTHERN PRICKLY ASH.) Glabrous;
leaflets 3 -5 pairs and an odd one, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, oblique, shining
abom ; flowers in a terminal cyme, appearing after the leaves ; sepals and petals
5 ; pistils 3, with short styles ; pods sessile. — Sandy coast of Virginia, and south-
ward. June. — A small tree, with very sharp prickles.

2. PTEL.EA, L. SHRUBBY TREFOIL. HOP-TREE.

Flowers polygamous. Sepals 3-5. Petals 3-5, imbricated in the bud..
Stamens as many. Ovary 2-celled : style short : stigmas 2. Fruit a 2-cclled
and 2-sccded samara, winged all round, nearly orbicular. — Shrubs, with 3-foli-
olate leaves, and greenish-white small flowers in compound tormina! cymes,
(The Greek name of the Elm, applied to a genus with a somewhat similar fruit.)

1. P. tlifoliata, L. Leaflets ovate, pointed, downy when young. —
Rocky places, Penn. to Wisconsin and southward. June. — A tall shrub. Fruit
bitter, used as a substitute for hops. Odor of the flowers disagreeable ; but not
BO much so as those of the

AILANTHUS GLANDUL6sus, or TREE-OF-HEAVEN, — a cultivated tree allied
to this family, — whose flowers, especially the staminate ones, redolent of any-

76 ANACARDIACEJE. (CASHEW FAMILY.)

thing but "airs from heaven," offer a serious objection to the planting of this
ornamental tree near dwellings.

ORDER 32. ANACARDIACE.E. (CASHEW FAMILY.)

Trees or shrubs, with a resinous or milky acrid juice, dotless alternate
leaves, and small, often polyyajnons, regular pentandrous flowers, with a 1-
celled and 1-ovuled ovary, but with 3 styles or stigmas. — Petals imbricated
in the bud. Seed borne on a curved stalk that rises from the base of the
cell, without albumen. Stipules none. Often poisonous. — Represented
only by the genus

1. RHITS, L. SUMACH.

Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens 5, inserted under the edge or between the lobes
of a flattened disk in the bottom of the calyx. Fruit small and indehiscent, a
sort of dry drupe. — Leaves (simple in R. Cotinus, the Smoke-Plant of gardens)
usually compound. Flowers greenish-white or yellowish. (The old Greek and
Latin name of the genus.)

$ 1. SlllMAC, DC. — Flowers polygamous, in a terminal thyrsoid panicle : fruit
globular, clothed with acid crimson hairs ; the stone smooth : leaves odd-pinnate.
(Not poisonous.)

1. R. typllina, L. (STAGHORN SUMACH.) Branches and stalks densely
velvety-hairy; leaflets 11-31, pale beneath, oblong-lanceolate, pointed, serrate.
— Hill-sides. June. — Shrub or tree 10° -30° high, with orange-colored wood.

2. R. glabra, L. (SMOOTH SUMACH.) Smooth, somewhat glaucous;
leaflets 11-31, whitened beneath, lanceolate-oblong, pointed, serrate. — Rocky
or ban-en soil. June, July. — Shrub 2° - 12° high.

3. R. COimlliim, L. (DWARF SUMACH.) Branches and stalks dou-ny;
r»iinlcs wing-margined between the 9-21 oblong or ovate-lanceolate leaflotH,
which are oblique or unequal at the base, smooth and shining above. — Rocky
hills. July. — Shrub 1°- 7° high, with running roots. Leaflets variable, en-
tire or sparingly toothed.

{ 2. TOXICODF^NDRON, Tourn. — Flowers polygamous, in loose and sender
axillary panicles: fruit globular, glabrous, whitish 01- dim-colored; the stone stri'Me:
leaves odd-pinnate or 3-foliolate, thin. (Poisonous to the touch : even the effluvium
in swish the nj/'irting some persons.)

4. R. veiienata, DC. (POISON SUMACH or DOGWOOD.) Smooth,
or nearly so; leaflets! -13, obovate-obloug , entire. (R. Vernix, L., partly.) —
Swamps. June. — Shrub 6° -18° high. The most poisonous species. Also
called, inappropriately, Poison Elder and Poison Dogwood.

5. R. Toxicodendron, L. (POISON IVY. POISON OAK.) Climb-
ing by rootlets over rocks, &c., or ascending trees ; leaflets 3, rhombic-mate^
mostly pointed, and rather downy beneath, variously notched or cut-lobed, 01
entire — When climbing trees, it is R. radicans, L. — Thickets, &c. June.

VITACE^E. (VINE FAMILY.) 77

§3. LOBA.DIUM, Raf. — Flowers polygamo-dioxiom, in clustered scaly-briefed
spikes like catkins, preceding the leaves: disk b-parted, large: j. uit as in § 1, but
Jlaltish: leaves 3-Jbliolate. (Not poisonous.)

6. It. aromatica, Ait. (FRAGRANT SUMACH.) Leaves pubescent
wlien young, thickish when old ; leaflets 3, rhombic-ovate, unequally cut-toothed,
the middle one wedge-shaped at the base ; flowers pale yellow. — Dry rocky
soil, Vermont to Michigan, Kentucky, and westward. April. — A low strag
gling bush, the crushed leaves sweet-scented.

ORDER 33. VITACE^. (VINE FAMILY.)

Shwibs with watery juice, usually climbing by tendrils, with small regular
f.owers, a minute truncated calyx, its limb mostly obsolete, and the stamens as
many as the valvate petals and opposite them! Berry t-cellcd, usually 4-
seeded. — Petals 4-5, very deciduous, hypogynous or perigynous. Fila-
ments slender: anthers introrse. Pistil with a short style or none, and a
slightly 2-lobed stigma : ovary 2-celled, with 2 erect anatropous ovules
from the base of each. Seeds bony, with a minute embryo at the base of
the hard albumen, which is grooved on one side. — Stipules deciduous.
Leaves palmately veined or compound : tendrils and flower-clusters oppo-
site the leaves. Flowers small, greenish. (Young shoots, foliage, &c
acid.) — Consists of Vitis and one or two nearly allied genera.

1. VITIS, Toura. GRAPE.

Calyx very short, usually with a nearly entire border or none at all, filled
with a fleshy disk which bears the petals and stamens. — Flowers in a com-
pound fehyrsus ; pedicels mostly umbellate-clustered. (The classical Latin
name of the Vine.)

$ 1. VITIS proper. — Petals 5, cohering at the top while they separate at the base,
and so the corolla usually falls off without expanding : 5 thick glands or lolies of the
disk alternating with the stamens, between them and the base of the ovary : fotvcrs
dioecious-polygamous in all the American species, exhaling a fragrance like that of
Mignonette : leaves simple, rounded and heart-shaped, often variously and variaUy
lobed.

* Leaves woolly beneath, when lotted having obtuse or rounded sinuses.

1. V. Labrusca, L. (NORTHERN FOX-GRAPE.) Branchlets and uottnr)
leaves very woolly; leaves continuing rusty-woolly beneath; fertile panicles compact;
berries large (^'-| in diameter). — Moist thickets, common. Juuc. — Berries
ripe in Sept., dark purple or amber-color, with a tough musky puln. Improved
by cultivation, it has given rise to the Isabella Grape, &c.

2. V. sestivaliS, Michx. (SUMMER GRAPE.) Young leches downy with
loose cobwebby hairs beneath, snioothish when old, green above ; fertile rtanicles com-
pound, long and slender : berries small ( J' or £' in diameter), black with a bloom.
— Thickets, common; climbing high. May, June. — Berries pleasant, ripe in
Oct

78 RHAMNACK.fi. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.)

ft * Leaves smooth or nearly so and green both sides, commonly pubescent on the veins
beneath, eittiet inciseJy lobed or undivided.

3. V. cordi folia, Michx. (WINTER or FROST GRAPE.) Leaves thin,
not shining, heart-shaped, acuminate, sharply and coarsely toothed, often ob-
scurely 3-lobcd ; panicles comjwund, large and loose; berries small (^' broad), blae
or black with a bloom, very acerb, ripening after frosts. — Var. RIPARIA : with
the leaves broader and somewhat incisely toothed and cut-lobcd. (V. riparia,
Mirhx.) — Thickets and river-banks; common. May, June. — Flowers very
gwcct-scented.

4. V. vulpiiira, L. (MUSCADINE or SOUTHERN FOX-GRAPE.) Leave*
shining both sides, small, rounded with a heart-shaped base, very coarsely toothed
with broad and bluntish teeth, seldom lobed; panicles small, densely flowered ,
beiries large (£'-|' in diameter), musky, purplish without a bloom, ripe early in
autumn. — Kiver-banks, Maryland to Kentucky and southward. May. —
Bark of stem close, not separating, as hi the other species. Branchlets mi-
nutely warty. Fruit -with a thick and tough skin. This yields the Catawba
and the Scuppcrnong Grape, &o.

t 2. ClSSUS, L. — Petals 4 or 5, usually expanding before or when they fall: disk
thick and broad, usually 4 - 5-lobed, often somewhat periyynous : flowers commonly
p<rfcct.

5. V. illdivisa, Willd. Nearly glabrous ; tendrils few and small ; leave*
heart-shaped or truncate at the base, coarsely and sharply toothed, acuminate,
not lobed ; panicle small and loose ; petals and stamens 5 ; style slender ; her
ries small (of the size of a pea), 1-3-seeded. — Kiver-hanks, W. Virginia,
banks of the Ohio, and southward. June.

fi. V. bipillllfita, Torr. & Gray. Nearly glabrous, bushy and rather
upright ; leaves twice pinnate or ternate, the leaflets cut-toothed ; tendrils none ;
panicle small, cymosc; petals and stamens 5 ; calyx 5-toothed ; disk very thick,
adherent to the ovary; berries black, obovate when young. (Ampelopsis bipin-
nata, J//C/UT.) — Rich soils, Virginia, Kentucky, and southward.

2. AUIPELOPSIS, Michx. VIRGINIAN CREEPER.

Calyx slightly 5-toothcd. Petals concave, thick, expanding before they fall.
Disk none. — Leaves digitate, with 5 oblong-lanceolate leaflets. Flower-clusters
cymose. Tendrils fixing themselves by dilated sucker-like disks at their tips.
(Name from a^tTrtXoj, a vine, and 5>|rir, apjMtrance.)

1. A. qiiiiiqiicfolia, Michx. — A common woody vine, growing in
low or rich grounds, climbing extensively, blossoming in July, ripening its small
blackish berries in October. Also called American Icy. Leaves turning bright
criimon in autumn.

ORDER 34. RIIAMNACE^E. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.)

Shrubs or sjnall tires, with simple leaves, small and regular flowers

ttta/oux), with the 4 or 5 jterigynous stamens as warn/ ax the cat rate
sepals ami alternate irilh them, and accordingly opposite the petals ! Drupe

RHAMNACE.fi. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.) 79

or pod with only one seed in each cell, not drilled. — Petals f elded inwards
in the bud, hooded or concave, inserted along with the stamens into the
edge of the fleshy disk which lines the short tube of the calyx and often
unites it to the lower part of the 2-5-celled ovary. Ovules solitary,
anatropous, erect. Stigmas 2-5. Embryo large, with broad cotyledons,
in sparing fleshy albumen. — Flowers often polygamous. Leaves mostly
alternate: stipules small or obsolete. Branches often thorny. (Slightly
bitter and astringent : the fruit often mucilaginous, commonly rather nau-
seous or drastic.)

Synopsis.

* Calyx and disk free from the ovary.

1. BERCHEMIA. Petals Pessile, entire, as long as the calyx. Drupe with thin flesh and a

2-celled bony putamen.

2. RHAMNUS. Petals small, short-clawed, notched, or none. Drupe berry-like, with the

2-4 separate seed-like nutlets concave on the back : cotyledons leaf-like, revolute.

3. FRANGULA. Petals, &c. as in No. 2. Seed-like nutlets convex on the back : cotyledons

plane, fleshy.

* * Calyx with the disk coherent with the base of the ovary.
f . CEANOTIIUS. Petals long-clawed, hooded. Fruit dry, at length dehiscent.

1. BERCHEMIA, Neckcr. SUPPLE-JACK.

Calyx with a very short and roundish tube; its lobes equalling the 5 oblong
sessile acute petals, longer than the stamens. Disk very thick and flat, filling
the calyx-tube and covering the ovary. Drupe oblong, with thin flesh and a
bony 2-cclled putamen. — Woody twining and climbing vines, with the pinnate
veins of the leaves straight and parallel, the small greenish-white flowers ii>
small panicles. (Name unexplained.)

1. B. volllbilis, DC. Glabrous; leaves oblong-ovate, acute, scarcely
serrulate ; style short, 2-toothcd at the apex. — Damp soils, Virginia, and
southward. June. — Ascending tall trees. Stems tough and very lithe, whence
the popular name.

2. RHAMNUS, Tourn. BUCKTHORN.

Calyx 4 - 5-cleft ; the tube campnnulatc, lined with the disk. Petals small,
snort-clawed, notched at the end, wrapped around the short stamens, or sometimes
none. Ovary free, 2-4-celled. Drupe berry-like (black), containing 2-4 sep-
arate seed-like nutlets, of cartilaginous texture, which are grooved on the back,
as is the contained seed. Cotyledons foliaceous, the margins revolute. — Shrubs
or small trees, with loosely pinnately veined leaves, and greenish polygamous or
dioecious flowers in axillary clusters. (The ancient Greek name, from the nu-
merous branchlets.)

* Tjribes of the calijx, petal's, and stamens 4.

1. B. CATH^KTICUS, L. (COMMON BUCKTHORN.) Leaves ovnte, minutely
serrate ; fruit 3 - 4-sm/«7 ,- branchlets thorny. — Cultivated for hedges; spon-
taneous on the Hudson River, New York. (Adv. from Eu.)

80 RHAMNACE.fi. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.)

2. It. lanceolatUS, Pursh. Leaves oblong-lanceolate and acute, 01 on
flowering shoots oblong and obtuse, finely serrulate, smooth or minutely downj
beneath ; petals deeply notched ; fruit ^-seeded. Hills and river-banks, Penn
(Merccrsburg, Prof. Green) to Illinois, and southward. May. — Shrub tall,
not thorny ; the yellowish-green flowers occurring under two forms, both com-
monly perfect : one with the short pedicels clustered in the axils and with long
styles ; the other, and more fruitful, with the pedicels oftener solitary, and thr
style very short.

* * Lobes of the calyx and stamens 5 : petals wanting.

3. R. aliiifolillS, L'Her. Leaves oval, acute, serrate, nearly straight
veined : fruit 3-seeded. — Swamps, Maine to Penn. and Illinois, northward.
June. — Shrub l°-4° high.

3. FRANGUL.A, Tourn. ALDER-BUCKTHORN.

Seeds not grooved or concave (but convex) on the back. Cotyledons plane,
large and thick. Flowers perfect ; the lobes of the calyx, petals, and stamens
almost always 5. Leaves with nearly straight and parallel veins. Otherwise as
in Rhamnus. (Name from frango, to break, in allusion to the brittleness of the
stems.)

1. F. Caroliliiana, Gray. Thomless; leaves (3'-4' long) oblong,
obscurely serrulate, nearly glabrous, deciduous ; peduncle of the small umbel of
flowers very short; drupe spherical, 3-seeded. — River-banks, Virginia, Ken-
tucky, and southward. June. — A tall shrub.

4. CE A NO XII US, L. NEW JERSEY TEA. RED-ROOT.

Calyx 5-lobed ; the lobes colored and incurved ; the lower part with the thick
disk cohering with the ovary, the upper separating across in fruit. Petals hood-
form, spreading, on slender claws longer than the calyx. Filaments also elon-
gated. Fruit 3-lobed, dry and splitting into its 3 carpels when ripe. Seed as in
Frangula.— Shrubby plants ; the flowers in little umbel-like clusters, which are
crowded in dense panicles or corymbs at the summit of naked flower-brant lies :
calyx and pedicels colored like the petals. (A name of Theophrastus, of un-
known meaning and application.)

1. C. Amcricaniis, L. (Nnw JERSEY TEA.) Leaves ovate or ob
long-ovate, 3-ribbed, serrate, downy beneath, often heart-shaped at the base ;
common peduncles elongated. — Dry woodlands. July. — An undershrub, 1° -
3° high from a dark red root, varying exceedingly : branches downy. Flowers
in pretty white dusters. — The leaves were used as a substitute for tea during
the American Revolution.

2. C. oval is, Bigelow. Leaves narrowly oval or elliptical-lanceolate,
finely glandular-serrate, glabrous or nearly so, as well as the short common pe-
duncles.— Dry rocks, W. Vermont to Wisconsin, and westward. May. — A
handsome low shrub, with the white flowers larger than in No. 1, more
corymbed, and narrower smooth leaves, mostly acute at both ends. It also
varies greatly.

CELASTRACE^E. (STAFF-TREE FAMILY.) 81

ORDER 35. CELASTRACE^E. (STAFF-TREE FAMILY.)

Shrubs with simple leaves, and small regular flowers, the sepals and the
petals both imbricated in the bud, the 4 or 5 perigynous stamens as many as
the petals and alternate with them, inserted on a disk which Jills the bottom of
the calyx. Seeds arilled. — Ovary 2 - 5-celled, with one or few anatropous
(erect or pendulous) ovules in each cell: styles united into one. Fruit 2-
5-celled, free from the calyx. Embryo large, in fleshy albumen : cotyledons
broad and thin. Stipules minute and fugacious. Pedicels jointed. — Rep-
resented in the Northern States by two genera.

1. CEL,ASTRUS,L. STAFF-TREE. SHRUBBY BITTER-SWEET.

Flowers polygamo-dicecious. Petals (crenulate) and stamens 5, inserted on
the margin of a cup-shaped disk which lines the tube of the calyx. Pod glo-
bose (orange-color and berry-like), 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal. Seeds 1-2
in each cell, erect, enclosed by a pulpy scarlet aril. — Leaves alternate. Flow-
ers small, greenish, in raceme-like clusters terminating the branches. (An
ancient Greek name for some evergreen, which our plant is not.)

1. C. scandens, L. (WAX-WORK. CLIMBING BITTER-SWEET.)
Woody, sarmentose and twining ; leaves ovate-oblong, finely serrate, pointed.—
Along streams and thickets. June. — The opening orange-colored pods, dis-
playing the scarlet covering of the seeds, are very ornamental in autumn.

2. EUONYMUS, Tourn. SPINDLE-TREE.

Flowers perfect. Sepals 4 or 5, united at the base, forming a short and flat
salyx. Petals 4-5, rounded, spreading. Stamens very short, inserted on the
«jdge or face of a broad and flat 4 - 5-angled disk, which coheres with the calyx
and is stretched over the ovary, adhering to it more or less. Style short or
none. Pod 3 - 5-lobed, 3 - 5-valved, loculicidal. Seeds 1 - 3 in each cell, en-
closed in a red aril. — Shrubs, with 4-sided branchlcts, opposite serrate leaves,
and loose cymes of small flowers on axillary peduncles. (Deriv. from tv, good,
and ovofia, name, because it has the bad reputation of poisoning cattle. Tourn.)

1. E. atropiirpilrcus, Jacq. (BURNING-BUSH. WAAHOO.) Shrub
tall (6° -14° high) and upright; leaves petioled, oval-oblong, pointed ; parts of
the (dark purple) flower commonly in fours; pods smooth, deeply lobed. — New
York to Wisconsin and southward : also cultivated. June. — Ornamental in
autumn, by its copious crimson fruit, drooping on long peduncles.

2. E. Americanus, L. (STRAAVBERRY BUSH.) Shrub low, upright
or straggling (2° -5° high) ; leaves almost sessile, thickish, bright green, varying
from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute or pointed ; parts of the greenish-purple
flowers mostly in fives ; pods rough-warty, depressed, crimson when ripe, the aril
scarlet. — Wooded river-hanks, W. New York to Illinois and southward. June.

Var. obovatus, Ton'. £ Gray. Trailing, with rooting branches ; flower-
ing stems l°-2° high ; leaves thin and dull, obovate or oblong. (E. ^bovatus
Nutt \ — Low or wet places.

82 8APINDACE<£. (SOAPBERRY FAMILY.)

ORDER 30. SAPINDACE^E. (SOAPBERRY FAMILY.)

Trees, shrubs, or rarely herbs, with simple or compound leaves, mostly wn-
symmetrical and often irregular flowers, the 4-5 sepals and petal* both im-
bricated in (estivation, the 5-10 stamens inserted on a fleshy (perigynou* or
lii/poyynous) dink, a 2 - 3-celled and lobed ovary, with 1-2 (or rarely more)
ovules in each cell, and the embryo (except Staphylea) curved or convolute,
without albumen. — A large order, the true Sapindaceaa principally tropi-
cal, none of them indigenous in the Northern States, except the Buckeyes :
— to it may be appended the Bladder-nut and Maple Families.

SUBORDER I. STAPHYLEACE^E. THE BLADDER-NUT FAMILY

Flowers (perfect) regular; stamens as many as the petals. Ovules 1-8
in each cell. Seeds bony, with a straight embryo in scanty albumen. —
Shrubs with opposite pinnately compound leaves, stipulate and stipellate.

1. STAPHYLEA. Lobes of the colored calyx and petals 5, erect. Stamens 5. Fruit a 3-cellei

bladdery-inflated pod.

SUBORDER II. SAPINDACEJE proper (including HIPPOC AST AN E.E).
Flowers (often polygamous) mostly unsymmetrical and irregular ; the
stamens commonly more numerous than the petals or sepals, but rarely
twice as many. Ovules 1-2 in each cell. Albumen none. Embryo
curved or convolute, rarely straight: cotyledons thick and fleshy. — Leaves
alternate or sometimes opposite, destitute of stipules, mostly compound.

2. 2ESCULUS. Calyx 5-lobed. Petals 4 or 5. Stamens commonly 7. Fruit a leathery pod.

Leaves opposite, digitate.

SUBORDER III. ACEHINE^. THE MAPLE FAMILY.

Flowers (polygamous or dioecious) regular, but usually unsymmetrical.
Petals sometimes wanting. Ovary 2-lobed and 2-celled, with a pair of
ovules in each cell. Winged fruits 1-seeded. Albumen none. Embryo
coiled or folded ; the cotyledons long and thin. — Leaves opposite, simple
or compound.

3- ACKH. Flowers polygamous. Leaves simple, or rarely digitately compound.
4. NEC UNDO. Flowers dioecious. Leaves pinnate, with 3-5 leaflets.

SUBORDER I. STAPHIHLEACEJE. THE BLADDER-NUT FAMILY.

1. STAPHYL.EA, L. BLADDER-NUT.

Calyx deeply 5-parted, the lobes erect, whitish. Petals 5, erect, spatulate,
inserted on the margin of the thick perigynous disk which lines the base of the
calyx. Stamens f), alternate, with the petals. Pistil of 3 severnl-ovuled carpels,
united in the axis, their long styles cohering at first. Pod large, membnuui-
oeons, inflated, .'3-lohed, 3-celled, at length bursting at the summit; the cells
containing 1 -4 bony anatropous seeds. Aril none. Embryo large and straight,
in scanty albumen; cotyledons broad and thin. — Upright shrubs, with opposite
pinnate leaves of 3 or 5 serrate leaflets, and white flowers in drooping raceme-

SAPINDACE^E. (SOAJPBERRY FAMILF.J 83

like clusters, terminating the branchlets. Stipules and stipels deciduous. (Name
from <rra<j)v\r), a cluster.)

1. S. trifolia, L. (AMERICAN BLADDER-NUT.) Leaflets 3, ovate,
pointed. — Thickets, in moist soil. May. — Shrub 10° high, with greenish
striped Branches.

SUBORDER II. SAPINDACEJE PROPER.

2. .JESCU1<US, L. HORSE-CHESTNOT. BUCKEYE.

Calyx tubular, 5-lobed, often rather oblique or gibbous at the base. Petals 4,
sometimes 5, more or less unequal, with claws, nearly hypogynous. Stamens
7 (rarely 6 or 8) : filaments long and slender, often unequal. Style 1 : ovary
3-cclled, with 2 ovules in each, only one of which, or one in each cell, forms
a seed. Seed very large, with a thick and shining coat, and a large and round
pale scar, without albumen. Cotyledons very thick and fleshy, their contiguous
vaces more or less united, remaining under ground in germination : plumule
2-leaved : radicle curved. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, digitate : leaf-
lets serrate, straight-veined, like a Chestnut-leaf. Flowers in a terminal thyrsus
or dense panicle, often polygamous, the greater portion with imperfect pistils
and sterile. Pedicels jointed. Seeds farinaceous, but imbued with an intensely
bitter and narcotic principle. (The ancient name of some Oak or other mast
bearing tree.)

§ 1. ^ESCULUS PROPER. — Fruit covered with prickles when young.

1. JE. HippocAsTANUM, L. (COMMON HORSE-CHESTNUT.) Corolla
spreading, white spotted with purple and yellow, of 5 petals ; stamens declined ;
leaflets 7. — Commonly planted. (Adv. from Asia via Eu.)

2. 2E. glabra, Willd. (FETID or OHIO BUCKEYE.) Stamens curved,
much longer than the pale yellow corolla of 4 upright petals ; fruit prickly when
young; leaflets 5. — River-banks, W. Penn. and Virginia to Michigan an1
Kentucky. June. — A large tree; the bark exhaling an unpleasant odor, as
in the rest of the genus. Flowers small, not shcwy.

$ 2. PA VIA, Boerh. — Fruit smooth : petals 4, erect and conniving ; the 2 uppet
smaller and longer than the others, consisting of a small and rounded blade on a
wry long claw.

3. JE. fl&va, Ait. ( SWEET BUCKEYE.) Stamens included in the yellow
corolla ; calyx oblong -campanulate ; leaflets 5, sometimes 7, glabrous, or often
minutely downy underneath. — Rich woods, Virginia to Ohio, Indiana, and
southward. May. A large tree, or a shrub.

Var. piirpili'asceBiS. Flowers (both calyx and corolla) tinged with
flesh-color or dull purple; leaflets commonly downy beneath. (JE. discolor,
Pursh, <j~c.) — From W. Virginia southward and westward.

4. JE. Pa via, L. (RED BUCKEYE.) Stamens not longer than the
corolla, which is bright red, as well as the tubular calyx; leaflets glabrous or
Boft-downy beneath. — Fertile valleys, Virginia, Kentucky, and southward
Mav. — A s! rub or small tree

84 8APINDACEJE. (SOAPBERRY FAMILY.)

SUBORDER LTL ACERIWE^E. THE MAPLE FAMILY.

3. ACER, Tourn. MAPLE.

Flowers polygamous. Calyx colored, 5- (rarely 4 - 12-) lobed or parted. Pet-
als either none, or as many as the lobes of the calyx, equal, with short claws
if any, inserted on the margin of the lobed disk, which is either perigynous or
hypogynous. Stamens 4-12. Ovary 2-celled, with a pair of ovules in each:
styles 2, long and slender, united only below, stigmatie down the inside. From
the back of each ovary grows a wing, converting the fruit into two 1 -seeded, at
length separable, closed samaras or keys. Seed without albumen. Embryo
variously coiled or folded, with large and thin cotyledons. — Trees, or some
times shrubs, with opposite palmately-lobed leaves, and small flowers. Pedi-
cels not jointed. (The classical name, from the Celtic ac, hard.)
* Flowers in terminal racemes, greenish, appearing after the leaves : stamens 6-8.

1. A. Pcmisylvaiiicum, L. (STRIPED MAPLE.) Leaves 3-lobcd
at the apex, finely and sharply doubly serrate ; the short lobes taper-pointed,
and also serrate ; racemes drooping, loose ; petals obovate ; fruit with large diverg-
ing wings. (A. striatum, Lam.) — Rich woods, Maine to Wisconsin, and north
ward along the Alleghanies to Virginia and Kentucky. June. — A small and
slender tree, with light-green bark striped with dark lines, and greenish flowers
and fruit. Also called Striped Dogwood, and Moose* Wood.

2. A. spicatllill, Lam. (MOUNTAIN MAPLE.) Leaves downy under-
neath, 3- (or slightly 5-) lobed, coarsely serrate, the lobes taper-pointed ; racemes
upright, dense, somewhat compound ; petals linear-spatulate ; fruit with small very
divergent wings. (A. montanum, Ait.) — Moist woods, with the same range
as No. 1 . June. — A tall shrub, forming clumps.

# # Flowers umbellate-corymbed, greenish-yellow, appearing with the leaves.

3. A. saccharin inn, Wang. (SUGAR MAPLE. ROCK MAPLE.)
Leaves 3 - 5-lobed, with rounded sinuses and pointed sparingly sinuate-toothed
lobes, either heart-shaped or nearly truncate at the base, whitish and smooth or
a little downy along the veins beneath; flowers from terminal leaf-bearing and
lateral leafless buds, drooping on very slender hairy pedicels ; calyx hairy at the
apex ; petals none; wings of the fruit broad, slightly diverging. — Kich woods,
especially northward and along the mountains southward. April, May. — A
large, handsome tree.

Var. Iligriim. (BLACK SUGAR-MAPLE.) Leaves scarcely paler beneath,
but often minutely downy, the lobes wider, the sinus at the base often closed.
(A. nigrum, Michx.) — With the ordinary form.

# # * Flowers in umbel-like clusters arising from lateral leojlt-ss buds, preceding (he
leaves : staiiK-ns 3 - 6.

4. A. (lasycarpiiiii, Ehrhart. (WHITE or SILVER MAPLE.) Lai res
very dec i >l ;i 't-loh/d with the sinuses rather acute, silvery-white (and when young
downy) underneath, the division* narrow, cut-lobed and toothed ; flowers
(greenish-yellow) on short pedicels , pt-tals none ; fruit u-oo/ly when young, with
large divergent wings. — River-banks, most common southwaid and

March, April. — A fine ornamental tree.

POLYGALACE.fi. (MILKWORT FAMILY.) 85

6. A. rQYbrmii, L. (RED or SWAMP MAPLE.) Leaves 3 - 5 loled with
ihe sinuses acute, whitish underneath ; the lobes irregularly serrate and notched,
acute, the middle one usually longest; petals linear-oblong ; flowers on very short
pedicels (scarlet, crimson, or sometimes yellowish) ; but th& fruit smooth, on pro-
longed drooping pedicels. — Swamps and wet woods ; everywhere. March,
April. — A small tree, with reddish twigs ; the leaves varying greatly in shape,
turning bright crimson in early autumn.

A. PSEUDO-PLATANUS, L., the FALSE SYCAMORE, and A. PLATANOIDES,
L,, called NORWAY MAPLE, are two European species occasionally planted.

4.. NEC»1JNI>O, Mceneh. ASH-LEAVED MAPLE. BOX-ELDER.

Flowers dioecious. Calyx minute, 4 - 5-cleft. Petals none. Stamens 4-5,

— Sterile flowers in clusters on capillary pedicels ; the fertile in drooping ra
cemes, from lateral buds. Leaves pinnate, with 3 or 5 leaflets. (Name ui
meaning. The genus, apparently of only a single species, is too near Ac p
itself.)

1. IV. RCeroides, Mceneh. (Acer Negundo, L.) Leaflets smoothish
when old, very veiny, ovate, pointed, toothed ; fruit smooth, with large rather
incurved wings. — River-banks. Penn. to Wisconsin, and southward. .April.

— A small but handsome tree, with light-green twigs, and very delicate droop-
ing clusters of small greenish flowers, rather preceding the leaves.

ORDER 37. POLYGALACE^G. (MILKWORT FAMILY.)

Plants with irregular, as if papilionaceous, hypogynous flowers, 4-8 dia-
delphous or monad elplious stamens, their \-celled anthers opening at the top
by a pore or chink ; the fruit a ^-celled and ^-seeded pod. • — Represented
bv the typical genus

1. POL.YGAL.A, Tourn. MILKWORT.

Flower very irregular. Calyx persistent, of 5 sepals, of which 3 (the uppei
and the 2 lower) are small and often greenish, while the two lateral or inner
(called wings) are much larger, and colored like the petals. Petals 3, hypogy-
nous, connected with each other and with the stamen-tube, the middle (lower)
one keel-shaped and often crested on the back. Stamens 6 or 8 : their filaments
united below into a split sheath, or into 2 sets, cohering more or less with the
petals, free above : anthers 1 -eel led, often cup-shaped, opening bv a hole or
broad chink at the apex. Ovaiy 2-cclled, with a single anatropotis ovule pen-
dulous in each cell : style prolonged and curved : stigma various. Fruit a
small, loculicidal 2-sceded pod, usually rounded and notched at the apex, much
flattened contrary to the very narrow partition. Seeds with a caruncle, or vari-
ously shaped appendage, at the hilum. Embryo large, straight, with flat and
broad cotyledons, surrounded by a spai-ing albumen. — Bitter plants (low herbs
in temperate regions), with simple entire leaves, often dotted, and no stipules:
sometimes beaiing concealed fertile flowers also next the ground. (An old

8G FOLYGALACI-LE. (MILK WORT FAMILY.)

came, from TroXvs, much, and -ydXa, milk, from a fancied property of its in-
creasing this secretion.)

* Biennial (6'- 12' high) : flowers yellow: crest of the keel small.

1. I*. liat<'H, L. flowers in solitary ovate or oblong heads, terminating the
stem or simple branches (bright orange-yellow) ; leaves (!' — 2' long) ohovate or
spatulate ; lobes of the caruncle nearly as long as the seed. — Sandy swamps, New
Jersey and southward, near the eoast. June -Sept. — Stems at first simple.
Head of flowers \' in diameter, showy.

2. P. railiossi, Ell. Flowers (citron-yellow) in numerous short and dense
spike-like racemes collected in a flat-topped compound cyme ; leaves oblong-linear,
the lowest spatulate or obovate ; seeds ovoid, minutely hairy, twice the length of
the caruncle. (P. eyrnosa, Poir., not of Walt. P. corymbosa, Nul.t.) — Damp
pine-barrens, New Jersey? Delaware, and southward. — Flowers turning green
in drying. (The allied P. CYSi6sA, Walt., which is P. graminifolia, Poir., P.
attenaata, Nutt., P. aeutifolia, Torr. $* Cray, — known by its simpler cymes,
etcni naked above, narrower leaves, and globular seeds with no caruncle, —
probably occurs in S. Virginia.)

# # Annual : flowers purple or while, in spikes ; no tubterranean blossoms : crest of

the keel minute, except in Nos. 3, 9, and 10.
•»- Leaves all alternate or scattered : floivers purple or flesh-color.

3. P. iilCeiriiata, L. Glaucous ; stem slender, simple or sparingly
branched (l°high); leaves small, linear-awl-shaped ; spike oblong or cylindri-
cal; wings much shorter than the conspicuously crested corolla; claica of the petals
united in a very long and slender cleft tube ; caruncle 2-lobed, longer than the stalk
of the hairy seed. — Dry soil, Maryland and Ohio to Wisconsin and southward.
July.

4. P. sailgllinca, L. Stem branched at the top (&' - 10' high) ; leaves
oblong-linear ; spikes roundish or oblong, dense, very obtuse ; wings broadly ovate,
obtuse; caruncle almost as long as tJie seed. (P. purpurca, Nutt.) — Sandy and
inoist ground; common. July- Sept. — Spikes £' thick, reddish-purple: the
axis, as in Xos. 5 and 6, beset with the persistent awl-shaped scaly bracts after
the flowers have fallen.

5. P. fastigiatSl, Nutt. Stem slender, at length much branched above;
leaves linear ; spikes short; icings ovate-oblong, tapering at tlie Ims'- into distinct
claws; caruncle as long as, and nearly <->tr</<tpiiii/, l/ic stalk-like bate of t/ie minutely
hitiry seal. (P. sanguinea, Torr. $ 6V., cxcl. syn. ; not of Nutt., nor L.) —
Pine barrens of New Jersey (Nultall) to Kentucky and southward. — Spikes
looser, and the rose-purple flowers much smaller, than in No. 4. brighter-colored
than in the next, which it most resembles.

6. P. \nft:illii, Torr. & Gr. (/•'/. 1, p. 070, excl. syn., & deser.) Stem
branched above (4' -9' high) ; leaves linear; spikes oblong, dense ; it'iii'js d/ip-
ticnl, on or// short rlnirs ; caruncle small and aj>j>lied to one sidr of tin- stalk-like base
of the very hairy seed, (P. sanguinea, Nutt., not of L. P. Mariana, &e., Pink.,
t. 437. 1*. amhigua, '/('//'. >S' *'''•> J''/-, 11(->t of Nutl.) — Dry sandy soil, coast of
Massaebusetts to Penn. and southward. Aug. — Spikes y in diameter; the
flowers light purple and greenish, duller-colored than in the last, with thicker

POLYGALACE^E. (MILKWOKT FAMILY.) 87

wings on shortei claws ; and the narrow caruncle not longer than the stalk-like
base of the pear-shaped seed.

•«— •*- Leaves, at least tJie lower ones, in whorls.
++ Flowers middle-sized, in thick spikes, rose-color or greenish-purple,

7. P. cruciutcft, L. Low, with spreading opposite branches ; leaves
nearly all in fours (rarely fives), linear and somewhat spatulate or oblanceolate ;
spikes sessile or nearly so, dense, oblong becoming cylindrical ; bracts persistent ;
wings broadly deltoid-ovate, slightly heart-shaped, tapering to a bristly jwint ; caruncle
nearly as long as the seed. — Margin of swamps, Maine to Virginia and south-
ward near the coast, and along the Great Lakes. Aug. - Sept. — Stems 3' - 10'
high, with almost winged angles. Spikes fully £' in diameter.

8. 1*. l>revi folia, Nutt. Rather slender, branched above ; leaves in fours,
or scattered on the branches, narrowly spatulate-oblong ; spikes peduncled, ob-
long, rather loose ; icings lanceolate-ovate, pointless or barely mucronate. — Margin
of sandy bogs, Rhode Island (Olney), New Jersey and southward. Sept. —
Closely allied to the last, probably only a marked variety of it.

*•* ++ Flowers small, in slender elongated spikes, greenish-white, rarely tinged with
purple : the crest rather large in proportion.

9. P. verticillata, L. Slender (6' -10' high), much branched; stem-
leaves in fours or Jives, those of the branches scattered, linear, acute , spikes pedun-
cled, dense, acute; bracts falling with the flowers; wings round, clawed: the
2-lobcd caruncle half the length of the seed. — Dry soil ; common. June - Oct.

10. P. asial>igmi, Nutt. Very slender, loosely branched; lowest stem-
leaves in fours, the rest scattered, narrowly linear ; spikes long-pcdnndcd , very slen-
der, the flowers often scattered ; wings oval ; caruncle shorter ; otherwise nearly
as in No. 9 (of which it is probably a mere variety). — Dry woods, from New-
York southward.

* * * Perennial : flowers white, spiked; no subterranean blossoms.

11. P. S£iicga, L. (SENECA SXAKEROOT.) Stems several from a
thick and hard knotty root, simple (6' -12' high) ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, with rough margins, alternate; spike cylindrical, the flowers on
extremely short pedicels ; wings round-obovate, concave ; crest short; caruncle
nearly as long as the seed. — Rocky open woods or plains, W. New England
to Wisconsin, Kentucky, and Virginia. May, June.

Var. latifoBia, Torr. & Gray. Taller (9' -16' high), sometimes branched;
leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, very large (2' — 4' long), tapering to each end.
Kentucky, Short.
* * * * Biennial or perennial: flowers rose-purple, showy, crested; also bearing

whitish and inconspicuous more fertile ones, with imperfect corollas, on subterranean

branches,

12. P. polygama, Walt. Stems numerous from the biennial root,
mostly simple, ascending, very leafy (G' to 9' high) ; leaves oblanccohue or ol>long,
alternate; terminal raceme many-Jlowered, the broadly obovate wings longer than
the keel; stamens 8; radical flowers racemed on short runners on or beneath
the ground ; lobes of the caruncle 2, scale-like, shorter than the seed. (P.
rubella, MM.} — Dry sand} soil; common eastward. — July.

88 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.)

13. P. pauci folia, Willd. Perennial; flowering stems short (3 -V
high), and Icwfy chiefly at the summit, rising from long and slender prostrate or
subterranean shoots, which also bear concealed fertile llowers ; lower leaves
small and scale-like, scattered; the upper leaves ovate, petioled, crowded ; Jioice rs
1-3, large, pcduncled ; wings obovatc, rather shorter than the conspicuously
fringe-crested keel ; stamens 6; caruncle of 2 - 3 awl-shaped lobes longer than
the seed. — Woods in light soil ; not rare northward, extending southward
along the Alleghanies. May. — A delicate plant, with large and very hand-
some flowers, I' long, rose-purple, or rarely pure white. Sometimes called
Flowering Winteryreen, but more appropriately FUIXGED POLYGALA.

ORDER 38. LEGUMINOS^. (PULSE FAMILY.)

Plants with papilionaceous or sometimes regular flowers, 10 (rarely 5, and
sometimes many) monadelplious, diadelphous, or rarely distinct stamens, and
a single simple free pistil, becoming a legume in fruit. Seed* without
albumen. Leaves alternate, with stipules, usually compound. One of the
sepals inferior (i. e. next the bract) ; one of the petals superior (i. e.
next the axis of the inflorescence). — A very large order (nearly free from
noxious qualities), of which the principal representatives in this and
other northern temperate regions belong to the first of the three sub-
orders it comprises.

SUBORDER I. PAPILIONACE^E. THE PROPER PULSE FAMILY.

Calyx of 5 sepals, more or less united, often unequally so. Corolla pe-
rigynous (inserted into the base of the calyx), of 5 irregular petals (or very
rarely fewer), imbricated in the bud, more or less distinctly papilionaceous^
i. e. with the upper or odd petal, called tho wxilluin or skunlurd, larger
than the others and enclosing them in the bud, usually turned backward or
spreading; the two lateral ones, called the wings, oblique and exterior to
the two lower petals, which last are connivent and commonly more or less
coherent by their anterior edges, forming a body named the carnui or keel,
from its resemblance to the keel or prow of a boat, and which usually en-
ein<es the stamens and pistil. Stamens 10, very rarely 5, inserted with the
corolla, monaclel|)hous, diadelphous (mostly with U united iu one set in a
tube which is cleft on the upper side, i. e. next the standard, and the tenih
or upper one separate), or occasionally distinct. Ovary 1-celled. sometimes
2-celled by an infolding of one of the sutures, or transversely many-colletl
by cross-division into joints: style simple: ovules arnphitropous, very rare-
ly anatropous. Cotyledons large, thick or thiekish : radicle, almost always
incurved. — Leaves simple or simply compound, the earliest ones in gei mi-
nation usually opposite, the rest alternate : leaflets almost always quite en-
tire. Flowers perfect, solitary and axillary, or in spikes, raceme, or pan-
icles.

LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILT.) 89

Synopsis.

TRIBE I. LOTE.33. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous (9 & 1) Pod tOMinuous
and 1-celled, or sometimes 2-celled lengthwise. Cotyledons becoming green leaves in
germination. — Not twining, climbing, nor tendril-bearing. (Wistaria is an exception in
its climbing stems.)

Subtribe 1. GENISTE^E. Stamens monadelphous : anthers of 2 forms. Leaves simple or

paliuately compound.

I LUP1NUS. Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Keel scythe-shaped. Pod flattish. Leaves palmate
S CROTALARIA. Calyx 5-lobed. Keel scythe-shaped. Pod inflated.

8. GENISTA. Calyx somewhat 2-lipped. Keel straight. Pod flat. Leaves simple.

Subtribe 2. TRIFOLIE^E. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1) : anthers uniform. Leaves pahnately
or rarely pinnately 3 - 5-foliolate ; the earliest ones in germination after the cotyledon*
alternate ! — Herbs or scarcely shrubby plants.

4. TRIFOLTUM. Flowers capitate. Pods membranaceous, 1 - 6-seeded.

6. MELILOTUS. Flowers racemed. Pods coriaceous, wrinkled, 1 - 2-seeded.

6. MEDICAGO. Flowers racemed or spiked. Pods curved or coiled.

Subt'ibe 3. PSORALE^E. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous. Pod 1-seeded and inde-
hiscent, mostly included in the calyx, rarely 2-seeded. Plants sprinkled with dark dots
or glands. Earliest true leaves opposite.

7. PSORALF-A. Corolla truly papilionaceous. Stamens 10, more or less diadelphous, half of

the anthers often imperfect.

V DALEA. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous. Stamens 9 or 10, monadelphous ; the cleft
ti».bo of filaments bearing 4 of the petals about its middle.

9. PETALOSTEMON. Corolla scarcely at all papilionaceous. Stamens 5, monadelphous*

the cleft tube of filaments bearing 4 of the petals on its summit.

10. AMOHPHA. Corolla consisting of only one petal ! the standard. Stamens 10, monadel-

phous at the base.

Subtribe 4. GALEGE.S:. Stamens mostly diadelphous. Pod several-seeded, at length 2-valved.,
1-celled. Leaves pinnate.

11. ROBINIA. Wings of the corolla free from the keel. Pod flat and thin, margined on one

edge. Trees or shrubs : leaflets stipellate.

12. WISTARIA. Wings free from the falcate keel. Fod tumid, rnarginless. Woody twiners .

leaflets not stipellate.

13. TEPUKOSTA. Wings cohering with the keel. Pod flat, marginless. Herbs.

Subtribe 5. ASTRAOALE^. Stamens diadelphous. Pod 2-celled lengthwise by the iutro-
flexiou of the dorsal suture, or 1-celled with one or the other suture somewhat turned
inward. Leaves pinnate.

14. ASTRAGALUS. Keel not pointed. Herbs, or low scarcely woody plants.

TRIBE II. HEOYSARE^E. Stamens monadelpnous or diadelphous. Pod (lomep.t,
transversely 2 -several-jointed, the reticulated 1 -seeded joints remaining closed, or some-
times reduced to one such joint.

* Leaves pinnate, with several leaflets.

15. ^SCHYNOMENE. Stamens equally diadelphous (5 & 5). Calyx 2-lipped. Pod several-

jointed.
16 HEDYSARUM. Stamens unequally diadelphcus (9 & 1). Calyx 5-cleft Pod several

jointed.

* * Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate.
17. DESMODIUM. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1) or monadelphous below. Calyx 2-lipped.

Pod several -jointed. Flowers all of one sort and complete. Le;i<leli (stipellate.

90 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.)

18. LESPETEZA. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1) : anthers uniform. Pod 1 - 2-jolnted. Flow
era often of 2 sorts, the more fertile ones apetalous. Leaflets not sti} ellate.

fl. STYLOS AN THES. Stamens monadolphous : anthers of 2 forms. Pod 1 - 2-jointed. Flcit
ers of 2 sorts intermixed, the fertile apetalous. Leaflets not stipellute.

TRIBE III. VICIEJE. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Pod continuous, 1-celled. Coty-
ledons very thick and fleshy (as in a pea), not rising to the surface, but remaining undei
ground in germination. — Herbs, with abruptly pinnate leaves, the common leafstalk
produced into a tendril or bristle. Peduncles axillary.

20. VTCIA. Style filiform, bearded round the apex, or down the side next the keel-petals.

11. LATHYKUS. Style flattened, bearded on the side towards the standard.

TRIBE IV. PHASEOLE^R. Stamens more or less diadelphous (9 & 1). Pod contin
uous, not jointed, nor more than 1-celled, except by cellular matter sometimes deposited
between the seeds, 2-valved. Cotyledons thick and fleshy, usually rising to the surface,
but remaining nearly unchanged (as in a bean, seldom foliaceous) in germination. —
Twining or trailing plants, with pinnately 3-foliolate, rarely 5 - 7-foliolate leaves, mostly
stipellate, destitute of tendrils. Flowers often clustered in the racemes.
* Keel spirally twisted. Cotyledons thick, nearly unchanged in germination.

22. PIIASEOLUS. Keel spiral. Leaves 3-foliolate, stipellate.

23. APIOS. Keel incurved, at length twisted. Leaves 5 - 7-foliolate, not stipellate.

* * Keel straight Cotyledons not so thick

•i- Ovary 1 - 2-ovuled. Leaflets not stipellate. Flowers yellow.
34. RHYNCIIOSIA. Calyx 4-cleft, somewhat 2-lipped, or 4-parted. Pod 1 - 2-seeded.

•»- •(- Ovary several ovuled. Leaflets usually stipellate. Flowers not yellow.
26 GALACTIA, Calyx 2-bracteolate, 4-cleft, the upper lobe broadest and entire. Bracti

deciduous.

26. AMP1HCARP/EA Calyx not bracteolate, 4 - 5-toothed. Peduncles many -flowered.

Bracts persistent

27. CLITORIA Calyx 2-bracteolate, tubular, 5-cleft Peduncles 1 - 3-flowered.

28. CENTKOSEMA. Calyx 2-bracteolate, short 6-cleft. Peduncles lew-flowered Standard

with a spur at its base.

TRIBE V. SOPHORE/E and PODALYRIEjE. Stamens 10, distinct.

29. RAPTISIA. Calyx4-5-lobedL Keel-petals distinct. Pod inflated. Herbs. Leaves pal -

mately 3-foliolate or simple.

80. CLADKASTIS. Calyx 6-toothed. . Keel-petals distinct. Pod very flat. Tree, with pin-

nate leaves.

SunoKDEK IT. C^SALPINIEyE. THE BRASILETTO FAMILY.

Corolla imperfectly or not at all papilionaceous, sometimes nearly regu-
lar, imbricated in the bud, the upper or odd petal inside and enclosed by
be others. Stamens 10 or fewer, commonly distinct, inserted on the .nlyx.
Seeds anatropous. Embryo usually straight.

* Flowers imperfectly papilionaceous, perfect.

81. OERCIS. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Pod flat, wing-margined. Leaves simple

* * Flowers not papilionaceous, perfect.

82. CASSIA. Calyx of 6 nearly distinct sepals. Leaves simply pinnate.

* * * Flowers not at all papilionaceous, not perfect.

83. QYMXOCLADUS. Flowers dioecious. Petals 6, regular, inserted on the summit of the

tubular-funnel-form calyx. Stamens 10. Leaves doubly pinnate.

84 QLEDITSCHIA. Flowers polygamous. Petals, divisions of the opeu calyx, and atamenb
8-6. Leaves 1 - 2 -pinnate.

LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAUILT.j 91

SUBORDER III. MIMOSEJg. THE MIMOSA FAMILT.

Corolla valvate in aestivation, often united into a 4 - 5-lobed cup, hypogy-
nous, as are the (often very numerous) stamens, regular. Embryo straight
Leaves twice or thrice pinnate.

85. DESMANTHUS. Petals distinct. Stamens 5 - 10. Pod smooth.

86. SCIIIIANKIA. Petals united below into a cup. Stamens 8 or 10. Pod covered with

small prickles or rough projections.

SUBORDER I. PAPIL.IONACEJE. THE PROPER PULSE FAMILY.

1. i,UPINUS, Tourn. LUPINE.

Calyx very deeply 2-lipped. Sides of the standard reflexed : keel scythe-
shaped, pointed. Sheath of the monadelphous stamens entire : anthers alter-
nately oblong and roundish. Pod oblong, flattened, often knotty by constric-
tions between the seeds. Cotyledons thick and fleshy. Herbs, with palmately
1 - 15-foliolate leaves, and showy flowers in ..terminal racemes or spikes. (Name
from Lupus, a wolf, because these plants were thought to devour the fertility of
the soil.)

1. 1^. pcrennis, L. (WILD LUPINE.) Somewhat hairy; stem erect
(l°-2°); leaflets 7-11, oblanceolatc ; flowers in a long and loose raceme,
pods very hairy. 1J. — Sandy soil, common. June. — Flowers showy, purplish-
blue, rarely pale or white. — Some S. European Lupines in gardens, and others
from Oregon have recently been introduced, especially L. polyphyllus.

2. CROTAL.ARIA, L. RATTLE-BOX.

Calyx 5-cleft, scarcely 2-lipped. Standard large, heart-shaped : keel scythe-
shaped. Sheath of the monadelphous stamens cleft on the upper side : 5 of the
anthers smaller and roundish. Pod inflated, oblong, many-seeded. — Herbs
with simple leaves. Flowers racemed, yellow. (Name from /cporaXoi/, a rattle /
the loose seeds rattling in the coriaceous inflated pods.)

1. C. sagittalis, L. Annual, hairy (3' -6' high) ; leaves oval or oblong
lanceolate, scarcely petioled ; stipules united and decurrent on the stem, so as
to be inversely arrow-shaped ; peduncles few-flowered ; corolla not longer than
the calyx. — Sandy soil, Massachusetts to Virginia near the coast, Illinois and
southward. July.

3. GENISTA, L. WOAD- WAXEN. WHIN.

Calyx 2-lipped. Standard oblong-oval, spreading : keel oblong, straight,
scarcely enclosing the stamens and style. Stamens monadelphous, the sheath
entire; 5 alternate anthers shorter. Pod flat, several-seeded. — Shrubby plants,
with simple leaves, and yellow flowers (Name from the Celtic gen, a bush.)

1. O. TINCT6RIA., L. (DYER'S GREEN-WEED.) Low, not thorny, with
Btriate-angled erect branches ; leaves lanceolate ; flowers in spiked racemes.—

92 LEGUMINOS.E. (PULSE FAMILY.)

Peekskill, New York, and E. Massachusetts, where it is thoroughly established
on stciile hills in Essex County. June. (Adv. from Eu.)

4. TKIF6LIUM, L. CLOVER. TUKFOIL.

Calyx persistent, 5-cleft, the teeth bristle-form. Corolla withering or persist-
ent: standard longer than the wings, these mostly longer than the keel, and
united with it by their slender claws. Stamens more or less united with the
corolla. Pods small and membranous, often included in the calyx, 1 — 6-seeded,
indehiscent, or opening by one of the sutures. — Tufted or diffuse herbs. Leaves
mostly palmatcly 3-foliolate : leaflets often toothed. Stipules united with the
petioles. Flowers chiefly in heads or spikes. (Name from tres, three, and
folium, a leaf.)

# Flowers sessile in dense heads : corolla purple or purplish, withering away after

flowering, tubular below, the petals more or less coherent with each other,
•»- Calyx-teeth silky-plumose, longer tJian the whitish corolla.

1. T. ARVENSE, L. (RABBIT-FOOT CLOVER. STONE CLOVER.) Silky,
branching (5' -10' high) ; leaflets oblanceolatc ; heads becoming very soft-silky
and grayish, oblong or cylindrical. ® — Old fields, &c. (Nat. from Eu.)

+- •«- Calyx almost glabrous, except a bearded ring in the throat, shorter than the rose-
red or -purple elongated-tubular corolla. (Flowers sweet-scent nl. )

2. T. PRATENSE; L. (RED CLOVER.) Stems ascending, somewhat hairy;
leaflets oval or obovate, often notched at the end and marked on the upper side
with a pale spot ; stipules broad, bristle-pointed; heads ovate, sessile. (£; It — Ficldf
and meadows; largely cultivated. (Adv. from Eu.)

3. T. MEDIUM, L. (ZIGZAG CLOVER.) Stems zigzag, smoothish ; leaflets
oblong, entire, and spotless ; heads mostly stalked; flowers deeper purple and larger :
othenvise like the last. 1J. — Dry hills, Essex Co., Massachusetts. (Adv.
from Eu.)

# # Flowers pcdicelled in umbel-like round heads on a naked peduncle, their short
pedicels reflexed when old: corolla white or rose-color, witlieriny-persistent and turn-
ing brownish in fading ; the tubular portion short.

4. T. rcflexuill, L. (BUFFALO CLOVER.) Stems ascending, downy;
leaflets obovate-oMong, finely toothed ; stipules thin, ovate ; calyx-teeth hairy ;
pods 3-5-secdcd. ® @ — Western New York (rare) to Kentucky and south-
ward. — Heads and flowers larger than in No. 2 : standard rose-red ; wings and
keel whitish.

5. T. stolon ifcrum, Muhl. (RUNNING BUFFALO-CLOVER.) Smooth,
steins with Ivrifj runners from the base ; leaflets broadly obovate or obcordate, minutely
toothed; heads loose; pods 2-sccdcd. 1|. — Open woodlands and prairies,
Ohio to Illinois, Kenturky, and westward. — Flowers white, tinged with purple,
as large as No. 4, which this too closely resembles.

6. T. repciis, L. (WHITE CLOVER.) Smooth; the slender stems
tpreading and creeping ; Iwflets inversely heart-sluijted or merely notched, obscurely
toothed ; stipules scale-like, narrow ; petioles and especially the peduncles very
long; heads small and loose; poda about 4-seedcd. 1J.— Pastures, wast*

LEGUMINOS^C. (PULSE FAMILY.) 93

places, and even in woodlands. Appearing like a naturalized plant ; but mani

festly indigenous northward. (Eu.)

* * * Flowers skort-peduxUed in close heads, reflexed when old: corolla yctlvw,
persistent, turning dry and chestnut-brown with aye, the standard becomir.y hood-
shaped.

7. T* AGRARIUM, L. (YELLOW or HOP-CLOVER.) Smoothish, somewhat
op right (6 -12' high); leaflets obovate-oblong, all three from the sama point (pal-
mate) and nearly sessile; stipules narrow, cohering with the petiole for more than
half its lencf.h. (D — Sandy fields, Massachusetts to Penn. (Nat. from Eu.)

8. T. PROCUMBE^S. L. (Low HOP-CLOVER.) Stems spreading or as-
cending, pubescent (5 -6' high) ; leaflets wedge-obovate, notched at the end ; the,
lateral at a small distance from the other (pinnatcly 3-foliolate) ; stipules ovate, short.
(D — Sandy fields and road-sides, N. England to Virginia. Also var. MINUS
(T. minus, Rdh.}, with smaller heads, the standard not much striate with age.
With the other, and Kentucky, in cultivated grounds. (Nat. from Eu.)

5. MEL.IL.OTUS, Tourn. MELILOT. SWEET CLOVER.

Flowers much as in Clover, but in spiked racemes, small : corolla deciduous,
the wings not united with the keel. Pod ovoid, coriaceous, wrinkled, longer
than the calyx, scarcely dehiscent, 1-2-seeded. — Herbs, fragrant in drying,
with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves ; leaflets toothed. (Name from jxe'At, honey, and
AO>TOS, some leguminous plant.)

1. HI. OFFICINXLIS, Willd. (YELLOW MELILOT.) Upright (2° -4°
high) ; leaflets obovate-oblong, obtuse; corolla yellow ; the petals nearly of equal
length. (2) — Waste or cultivated grounds. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. M. ALBA, Lam. (WHITE MELILOT.) Leaflets truncate; corolla white,
the standard longer than the other petals. (3) (M. leucantha, Koch.) — In simi-
lar places to the last, and much like it. (Adv. from Eu.)

6. JttEDICAGO, L. MEDICK.

Flowers nearly as in Melilotus. Pod 1 -several-seeded, soythe-shaped,
curved, or variously coiled. — Leaves pinnatcly 3-foliolate. Stipules often cut.
(Dcriv. from M/jSi/tj), the name applied to Lucerne, because it came to the Greeks
from Media.)

1. Jfl. SATIVA, L. (LUCERNE.) Upright, smooth; leaflets obovate-oblong,
toothed ; flowers (purple) racemed ; pods spirally twisted. 1J. — Cultivated for
green fodder, rarely spontaneous. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. M. LUPULINA, L. (BLACK MEDICK. NONESUCH.) Procumbent, pu-
bescent ; leaflets wedge-obovate, toothed at the apex ; Jlowers in short spike*
(yellow); pods kidney-form, 1-seedcd. (g) — Waste places; sparingly. (Adv.
from Eu.)

3. M. MACUL\TA, Willl. (SPOTTED MEDICK.) Spreading or procum-
bent, somewhat pubescent; leaflets obcordate, with a purple spot, minutely

94 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.)

toothed; pcduttcks 3 - 5-Jlowered ; flowers yellow; pods compactly sji/al, of 2 or 3
uirns, compressed, farrowed on the thick edye, and fringed with a double row of
curved prickles. (J) — Introduced with wool into waste grounds in some places.
(Auv. from Eu.)

4. M. DENTicuiAxA, Willd. Nearly glabrous; pods loosely spiral, deeply
reticulated, and with a t/tin keeled c-dye: otherwise like the last. — Sparingly in-
troduced into New England, £e. (Adv. from Eu.)

•7. PSORAL.EA, L. PSORALEA.

Calyx 5-cleft, persistent, the lower lobe longest. Stamens diadelphous or
sometimes monadelphous : the 5 alternate anthers often imperfect. Pod seldom
Conger than the calyx, thick, often wrinkled, indehiscent, 1 -seeded. — Perennial
herbs, usually sprinkled all over or roughened (especially the calyx, pods, &c.)
with glandular dots or points. Leaves mostly 3 - 5-foliolate. Stipules cohering
with the petiole. Flowers spiked or racemcd, white or mostly blue-purplish.
Root sometimes tuberous and farinaceous. (Name from ^copaXeos, scurfy, from
the glands or dots.)

# Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate.

1. P. OnobrydliS, Nutt. Nearly smooth and free from glands, erect
(3° -5° high); leaflets lana.vlate~ovate, t&per+pointed (3' long); stipules and bracts
awl-shaped ; racemes axillary, elongated ; peduncle shorter than the leaves ;
pods roughened and wrinkled. — River-banks, Ohio to 111. and southward. July.

— Flowers very small.

2. P. Stipulata, Torr. & Gray. Nearly smooth and glandless ; stems dif-
fuse ; leaflets ovate-elliptical, reticulated ; stipules ovate ; flowers in heads on axil-
lary rather short peduncles; bracts broadly ovate, sharp-pointed. — Rocks, Falls
of the Ohio, Kentucky. June.

3. P. mclilotoides, Michx. Somewhat pubescent, more or less glan-
dular; stems erect (l°-2°high), slender; leaflets lanceolate or narrowly oblong;
spilces oblong, long-peduncled ; stipules a ui-sh ay *d ; bracts ovate or lanceolate,
taper-pointed ; pods strongly wrinkled transversely. (Also P. eglandulosa, EU.)

— Dry soil, Ohio to Illinois, Virginia, and southward. June.

* * Leaves pahnoitdy 3 - 5-foliolate.

4. P. Ho rift is ml 21, Nutt. Slender, erect, much branched and bushy
(Sc -4° high), minutdy hoary-pnbcscent when young ; leaflets varying from linear
to obovate-oblong (£'-!£' long), glandular-dotted; nu+mts pa>uc/«l : lol

the calyx and bracts ovate, acute; pod glandular. — Prairies of Illinois and
southwestwanl. June - Sept. — Flowers 2" or 3" long.

5. P. argopliylla, Pursh. Silvery si/ky-ichitc all over, erect, divergently
branched (l°-3° high); leaflets elliptical-lanceolate; sjn'/ccs iiitirrn/itid ; lobes
of the calyx and brads lanceolate. — High plains, Falls of St. Anthony, Wis-
consin, and westward. June. — Flowers 4"- 5'' long.

P. ESCUL£NTA, Pursh., of the same region as the last, — the INDIAN TUR-
NIP, POM ME BLANCHE, or POMMK DE PKAIKIE, used as food by the aborigi
oes, — may possibly occur on the Wisconsin side of the Mississippi. See add.

LEGUMLNOSJ3".. (PULSE FAMILY.) 95

§. »l.EA, L. DALEA.

Calyx 5-clcft or toothed. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous : petals aU on
claws : the standard heart-shaped, inserted in the bottom of the calyx : the keel
and wings borne on the middle of the monadelphous sheath of filaments, which
is cleft doTvn one side. Stamens 10, rarely 9. Pod membranaceous, 1 -seeded,
indehiscent, enclosed in the persistent calyx. — Mostly herbs, more or less dotted
with glands, with minute stipules, the flowers in terminal spikes or heads.
(Named for Thomas Dale, an English botanist.)

1. D. alopecuroiclcs, Willd. Erect (l°-2°high), glabrous, except
the dense and cylindrical silky-villous spike; leaves pinnate, of many linear-
oblong leaflets ; corolla small, whitish. (J) — Alluvial soil, Illinois and south-
ward. July. (Numerous species occur farther southwest.)

9. PETACOSTEMON, Michx. PRAIRIE CLOVER.

Calyx 5-toothcd. Corolla indistinctly papilionaceous : petals all on thread-
shaped claws, 4 of them nearly similar and spreading, borne on the top of the
monadelphous and cleft sheath of filaments, alternate with the 5 anthers ; the
fifth (standard) inserted in the bottom of the calyx, heart-shaped or oblong.
Pod membranaceous, enclosed in the calyx, indehiscent, 1 -seeded. — Chiefly-
perennial herbs, upright, dotted with glands, with crowded odd-pinnate leaves,
minute stipules, and small flowers in very dense terminal and peduncled heads
or spikes. (Name combined of the two Greek words for petal and stamen,
alluding to the peculiar union of these organs in this genus.)

1. P. violuccus, Michx. Smoothish; leaflets 5, narrowly linear,
heads globose-ovate, or oblong-cylindrical when old ; bracts pointed, not longer
than the silky-hoary calyx ; corolla rose-purple. — Dry prairies, Michigan, Wis-
consin, and southward. July.

2. P. candid US, Michx. Smooth; leaflets 7-9, lanceolate or linear-
oblong; heads oblong, when old cylindrical; bracts awned, longer than the
nearly glabrous calyx ; corolla white. — Wisconsin to Kentucky and westward.
July.

1O. AUIORPHA, L.. FALSE INDIGO.

Calyx inversely conical, 5-toothed, persistent. Standard concave, erect : the
other petals entirely wanting! Stamens 10, monadelphous at the veiy base,
otherwise distinct. Pod oblong, longer than the calyx, 1 - 2-seeded, roughened,
tardily dehiscent. — Shrubs, with odd-pinnate leaves ; the leaflets marked with
minute dots, usually stipellate. Flowers violet, crowded in clustered terminal
spikes. (Name, a^op^y, wanting form, from the absence of 4 of the petals.)

1. A. fruticosa, L. (FALSE INDIGO.) Rather pubescent or smoothish;
leaflets 8-12 pairs, oval, scattered; pods 2-seeded. — River-banks, S. Penn. to
Wisconsin and southward. June. — A tall shrub : very variable.

2. A. canescens, Nutt. (.LEAD-PLANT.) Low (l°-3° high), lohitened
with hoary down; leaflets 15-25 nairs, elliptical, crowded, small, the upper

96 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.)

•urface smoothish with age; pods 1 -seeded.' — Prairies and crevices of rocks,
Michigan to Wisconsin and southwestward. July. — Supposed to indicate
the presence of lead-ore.

11. ROB IN I A, L. LOCUST-TREE.

Calyx short, 5-toothcd, slightly 2-lipped. Standard large and rounded,
turned back, scarcely longer than the wings and keel. Stamens diadelphous.
Pod linear, flat, several-seeded, margined on the seed-bearing edge, at length 2-
valved. — Trees or shrubs, often with prickly spines for stipules. Leaves odd-
pinnate, the ovate or oblong leaflets stipellate. Flowers showy, in hanging
axillary racemes. Base of the leaf-stalks covering the buds of the next year.
(Named in honor of John Robin, herbalist to Henry IV. of France, and his sou
Vespasian Robin, who first cultivated the Locust-tree in Europe.)

1. K. Pscudacacia, L. (COMMON LOCUST, or FALSE ACACIA.)
Branches naked ; racemes slender, loose ; flowers white, fragrant ; pod smooth. —
S. Pennsylvania to S. Illinois and southward. Commonly cultivated as an orna-
mental tree, and for its invaluable timber : naturalized in some places. June.

2. It. viscosa, Vent. (CLAMMY LOCUST.) Dranchlets and leafstalks
dammy ; flowers crowded in oblong racemes, tinged with rose-color, nearly inodor-
ous ; pod glandular-hispid. — S. W. Virginia and southward. Cultivated, like
tte last, a smaller tree. June.

3. II. ilispida, L. (BRISTLY or ROSE ACACIA.) BrancUcts and stalk*
bristly ; flowers large and deep rose-color, inodorous ; pods glandular-hispid. —
Varies with less bristly or nearly naked branchlets ; also with smaller flowers,
&c. — Mountains of S. Virginia and southward: commonly cultivated. May,
June. — Shrubs 3° - 8° high.

12 WISTARIA, Nutt. WISTARIA.

Calyx campanulate, somewhat 2-lipped ; upper lip of 2 short teeth, the lower
ot 3 longer ones. Standard roundish, large, turned back, with 2 callosities at
its base: keel scythe-shaped : wings doubly auriclcd at the base. Stamens
diadelphous. Pod elongated, thickish, nearly terete, knobby, stipitate, many-
seeded, at length 2-valved. Seeds kidney-shaped, large. A twining shrubby
plant, with minute stipules, pinnate leaves of 9-13 ovate-lanceolate leaflets, not
stipcllate, and dense racemes of large and showy lilac-purple flowers. (Dedi-
cated to the late Professor Wistar, of Philadelphia.)

1. AV. fruteSCCllS, DC. — Rich alluvial soil, Virginia to Illinois and
southward. Sometimes cultivated for ornament. May.

13. TEPIIROSIA, Pcrs. HOARY PEA.

Calyx about equally 5-clcft. Standard roundish, usually silky outside,
turned back, scarcely longer than the coherent wings and keel. Stamens
monadelphous or diadelphous. Pod linear, flat, several-seeded, 2-valvcd. —
Hoary perennial herbs, with odd-pinnate leaves, and white or purplish raccmed
flowers. Leaflets mucronate, veiny. (Name from rtdjpos^ ash-cofaral or hoary,]

LEGUMINOS^S. (PULSE FAMILY.) 97

1. T. Virgimaiia, Pers. (GOAT'S RUE. CATGUT.) Silky -villous with
whitish hairs when young; stem erect and simple (l°-2° high), leafy to the top;
leaflets 17-29, linear-oblong; flowers large and numerous, clustered in a termi-
nal oblong dense raceme or panicle, yellowish-white marked with purple. — Dry
sandy soil. June, July. — Roots long and slender, very tough. Flower almost
as large as a pea-blossom.

2. T. spicuSa, Torr. £ Gray. Villous with rusty hairs ; stems branched
below, straggling or ascending (2° long), few-leaved; leaflets 9-15, obovate or
oblong-wedge-shaped, often notched at the end ; flowers few, in a loose inter-
rupted spike raised ou a very long peduncle, reddish. — Dry soil, E. Virginia and
southward. July.

3. X. tlispidllla, Pursh. Hairy with some long and rusty or only
minute and appressed pubescence; stems slender (9' -24' long), divergently
branched, straggling; leaflets 5-15, oblong, varying to obovate-wcdge-shaped
and oblanceolate ; peduncles longer than the leaves, 2- 4 flowered; flowers reddish-
purple. — Dry sandy soil, Virginia and southward.

14. ASTRAGALUS, L. MILK- VETCH.

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla usually long and narrow : standard small, equal-
ling or exceeding the wings and blunt keel, its sides reflexed or spreading.
Stamens diadelphous. Pod several - many-seeded, various, mostly turgid, one
or both sutures usually projecting into the cell, either slightly or to such a de-
gree as to divide the cavity lengthwise into two. Seed-stalks slender. — Chiefly
herbs, with odd-pinnate leaves and spiked or racemed flowers. (The ancient
Greek name of a leguminous plant, as also of the ankle-bone ; but the connec-
tion between the two is past all guess.)

$ 1. Pod very thick and juicy when fresh, globular, resembling a plum, 2-celled, hide-
hiscent, or tardily separable through the partition into 2 closed portions.

1. A. caryocarpus, Ker. (GROUND PLUM.) Pale and minutely
oppressed-pubescent ; stems low, decumbent ; leaflets numerous, narrowly ob-
long ; flowers in a short spike-like raceme ; corolla violet-purple ; fruit glabrous,
ovate-globular, more or less pointed, about f in diameter. 1J. — Dry soil, on the
Mississippi River, at the junction of the St. Peter's, and westward and south-
ward. May.

2. A. McxicailllS, A. DC. Smoother, or pubescent with looser hairs,
larger ; stems usually ascending ; leaflets roundish, obovate, or obloug ; flowers
larger (10" -12" long) ; calyx softly hairy; corolla cream-cohr, bluish only at tLe
tip ; fruit globular, very obtuse and pointless, 1 or more ia diameter : otherwu-e
like the last : — the unripe fruits of both are edible, .and are eaten, raw or cooked,
by travellers. (A. trichocalyx, Nutt.) — Prairies and open plains, from Illinois
opposite St. Louis westward and southward.

$ 2. Pod dry and dehiscent, partly or completely ^-celled by the turning inward of the

dorsal suture.

3. A. Canadcnsis, L. Tall and erect (1°- 4° high), somewhat pubes«
cent; leaflets 21 -27, oblong; flowers greenish cream-color, very numemus, is

98 IEGUMIXOS4C. (PULSE FAMILY.)

long and close spikes (4'- 9'); pods ovoid-oblong, coriaceous,, completely 2-
celled. 11 — River-banks, common from N. New York westward July -Aug.

4. A. distdl'tus, Torr. & Gray. Low and spreading, branched from the
base, smoothish ; leaflets 1 1 - 23, oblong or obovatc ; flowers purplish or violet,
10-20 in a short spike, the standard deeply notched at the summit; pods ob-
long, turgid, incurved (§' long), coriaceous, incompletely 2-cellcd. 1J. — Mason
Co., Illinois, Dr. Mead. May. (Also in Arkansas and Texas.)

$ 3. Pod dry and dehiscent, l-celled, or incompletely 2-cel!ed by the projection of the
ventral (seed-bearing) suture. (Phaca, L., DC.)

5. A. Cooperi. Nearly smooth, erect; leaflets 11-21, elliptical or ob-
long, somewhat notched at the end, minutely hoary underneath ; peduncles atwit
the length of the leaves ; flowers white ; }>ods not stalked in the calyx, globose-ovoid,
inflated, thinnish (%' long), pointed , grooved at the two sutures, which are both turned
inwards, but especially the inner, ty (Phaca neglecta, Torr. <J* Gray.) — Grav-
elly banks of rivers, £c., W. New York to Wisconsin. June, July. — Plant
l°-2° high, greener and less coarse than A. Canadensis, with pure white flowers
in shorter and more open spikes : calyx shorter. (Named for William Cooper,
Esq., the discoverer: there being an A. neglectus.)

6. A. Robbilisii. Nearly smooth and erect (1° high) ; slender; leaflets
7-11, elliptical, often notched; peduncles much longer than the leaves; raceme
loose, nearly 1-sided in fruit; flowers white (4" long) ; pods hanging, stalkf-d in
the calyx, oblong, boat-shaped, obtuse, the seed-bearing suture convex, the other
nearly straight. (Phaca Robbinsii, Oakes.) — Rocky ledges of the Onion River,
near Burlington, Vermont, Dr. Robbins (1829). (Allied to Phaca austrntis, u
&c.) June. — Pods 6" -7" long, l-celled, papery and veiny, smooth, the
outer suture often slightly turned inwards. See addend.

15. JESCHYNOMENE, L. SENSITIVE JOINT VETCH.

•Calyx 2-lipped ; the upper lip 2-, the lower 3-clcft. Standard roundish : keel
- Kit-shaped. Stamens diadclphous in two sets of 5 each. Pod flattened, com-
posed of several square easily separable joints. — Leaves odd-pinnate, with sev-
eral pairs of leaflets, sometimes sensitive, as if shrinking from the touch (whence
the name, from alo~xyvoiJ.€vri, being aslianud).

I. JE. Iiispida, Willd. Erect, rough-bristly; leaflets 37-51, linear,
•*eemes 3 - 5-flowcred ; pod stalked, 6-10-jointed. (i> — Along rivers, S.
» enn., Virginia, and southward. Aug. — Flowers yellow, reddish cxtarnally.

16. IIEDYSARUM, Tourn. HEDYSAKOI.

•»lyx 5-cleft, the lobes awl-shaped and nearly equal. Keel nearly straight,
. .iiiquely truncate, not appendaged, longer than the wings. Stamens diade.1-
phous, 9 & 1. Pod flattened, composed of several equal-sided separable round-
ish joints connected in the middle. — Leaves odd-pinnate. (Name composed of
if&vs, sweet, and «pco/ia, snuU.

1. II. borcale, Nut*. Leaflets 13-21, oblong or lane.-olate, nearly
glabrous; stipules scaly, united opposite the petiole, raceme of many drflex- d

LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 99

purple flowers ; standard shorter than the keel ; joints of the pod 3 or 4, smooth,
reticulated. 1J. — Mountain above Willoughby Lake, Vermont, Woqd; and St.
Johus's River, Maine, G-oodale. Also northward.

17. DESMODIUJTI, DC. TICK-TREFOIL.

Calyx usually more or less 2-lipped. Standard obovate : wings adherent to
the straight or straightish and usually truncate keel, by means of a little trans-
verse appendage on each side of the hatter. Stamens diadelphous, 9 & 1, or
monadelphous below. Pod flat, deeply lobed on the lower margin, separating
into few or many flat reticulated joints (mostly roughened with minute hooked
hairs by which they adhere to the fleece of animals or to clothing). — Perennial
herbs, with pinnately 3-foliolate (rarely 1-foliolate) leaves, stipellate. Flowers in
axillary or terminal racemes, often panicled, and 2 or 3 from each bract, purple
or purplish, often turning green in withering. Stipules and bracts scale-like,
often striate. (Name from Setr/ioy, a bond or chain, from the connected joints of
the pods.)

$ 1 . Pod raised on a stalk (stipe) many times longer than the slightly toothed calyx
and nearly as long as the pedicel, straightish on the upper margin, deeply sinuate on
the lower; the 1 -4 joints mostly ha/f-obovate, concave on the back : stamens mona-
delphous below : plants nearly glabrous : stems erect or ascending : raceme terminal,
panicled: stipules bristle-form, deciduous.

1. D. iilldifloriizii, DC. Leaves all crowded at the summit of the sterile
stems ; leaflets broadly ovate, bluntish, whitish beneath ; raceme elongated, on a

prolonged ascending leafless stalk or scape from the root, 2° long. — Dry woods ;
common. Aug.

2. I>. acil Illi II sktll 111, DC. Leaves all crowded at the summit vf the stem,
from which arises the elongated naked raceme or panicle ; leaflets round-ovate, taper-
pointed, green both sides, the end one round (4' - 5' long). — Rich woods. July.

3. D. pailCifldrum, DC. Leaves scattered along the low (81- 15' high)
ascending stems ; leaflets rhombic-ovate, bluntish, pale beneath ; raceme few-
flowered, terminal. — Woods, W. New York and Penn. to Illinois and south-
westward. Aug.

§ 2. Pod short-stalked, of 3-5 joints : calyx-teeth longer than the tube : stipule i
ovate, striate, pointed, persistent : stems prostrate : racemes axillary and terminal,
small, scarcely panicled.

4. I>. Immifusum, Beck. Smoothish; leaflets ovate or oval; stipule*
ovate-lanceolate ; pods slightly sinuate along the upper margin, the joints obtusely
triangular. — Woods, E. Massachusetts and Pennsylvania, rare. Aug. — Re-
sembles the next.

5. D. rotunclifolilim, DC. Hairy all over; leaflets orbicular, or the
odd one slightly rhomboid ; stipules large, broadly ovate ; pods almost equally
sinuate on both edges ; the joints rhomboid-oval. — Dry rocky woods. Aug.

4 S. Pod slightly if at all stalked in the calyx ; the teeth of the latter longer than tht
tube : racemes panicled.

100 LEGUMINOSiE. (PULSE F AM FLY.)

w Stums tall and erect ; the persistent stipules ami (deciduous) bracts large and con-
tpicuou8,1tvixte or ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed: pods of 4- 7 unequal-sided rhom-
bic joints, which are considerably longer than broad, about $' long. (Flower*
ratlier large.)

6. D. caiiescens, DC. Stem loosely branched (3° -5° high), hairy;
leaflets ovate, bluntish, about the length of the petioles, whitish and reticulated beneath,
both sides roughish with a close-pressed fine pubescence ; joints of the pod very
adhesive. — Moist grounds, Vermont to Michigan, Illinois, and southward.
Aug. — Branches clothed with minute and hooked, and long spreading rathei
glutinous hairs.

7. D. CUSpidatum, Ton-. & Gray. Very smooth throughout; stem
straight ; leaflets lanceolate-ovate and taper-pointed, green both sides ; longer than
the petiole (3' -5') ; joints of the pod rhomboid-oblong, smoothish. — Thickets
July. — The conspicuous bracts and stipules |' long.

* # Stems (2° -5° high) erect: stipules as well as the bracts mostly deciduous, smaR
and inconspicuous : pods of 3-5 triangular or half-rhombic or very unenual-sidea
rhomboidal joints, which are longer than broad, £' or less in length. (Flowers mid-

8. D. krviKatiim, DC. Smooth or nearly so throughout ; stem straight ;
leaflets ovate, bluntish, pale beneath (2' -3' long); panicles minutuly rough-
pubescent. — Pine woods, New Jersey and southward.

9. D. Viridiflorilin, Beck. Stem very downy, rough at the summit,
leaflets broadly ovate, very obtuse, rough above, whitened with a soft velvty doum
underneath (2' -3' long). — .S. New York and southward. Aug.

10. D. Dilleilii, Darlingt. Stem pubescent; leaflets oblong or ol>lcng-orafet
commonly bluntish, pale beneath, softly and finely pubescent (mostly thin, 2' -3
long). — Open woodlands, common. Aug.

11. D. panicillatUHl, DC. Nearly smooth throughout; stem slender ,
leaflets oblong-lanceolate, or narrowly lanceolate, tapering to a blunt point, thin (3'-L
long) ; racemes much panic-led. — Copses, common. July.

12. I>. Strictlim, DC. Smooth; stem very straight and slender, simple,
leaflets linear, blunt, strongly reticulated, thicki&k (l'-2'long, tf wide) ; panicle
wand-like ; joints of the pod 1-3, scmi-obovatc or very gibbous (only 2" long)
— Pine woods of New Jersey, and southward. Aug.

* * * Sti/niles small and inconspicuous, mostly deciduous : pods of few roundish or
oMiqualy oral or sometimes roundish-rhomboidal joints, l$" to 2£" lono.
Stems erect: bracts before flowering conspicuous: racemes densely flowered.

',3. D. Caiiadcnse, DC. Stem hairy (3° -6° high); l«ifl<ts oblong-
Itincwkite, or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, with numerous Btraightuh vrius, much
lunger than the petiole (l£'-3' long) ; flowers sJiowy, larger than in any other
species (£' - 1' long). — Dry, rich woods, common, especially northward. Aug.

14. I), srssilifoliuiii, Torr. & Gray. Stem pubescent (2° -4° high);
leaves n <•< irly .srW/r ,• It-nflrts lhi«ir or linear-oblong, blunt, thickish, reticulated,
rough above, downy bi-ncath ; branches of the panicle long , Jh'trrs small. —
Copses Pcnn.and Michigan to Illinois and southward. Aug.

LEGtJMINOS^E. (TULSK FAMILY.) 101

••-•*- Stems ascending (l°-3° high): bracts small; racemes or panicles elongate*
and loosely flowered : flowers small.

15. D. rigifllllll, DC. Stem branching, somewhat hoary, like the lowei
surface of the leaves, with a close roughish pubescence ; leaflets ovate-oblong,
blunt, thickish, reticulated-veiny, rather rough above, the lateral ones longer rtan
the petiole. — Dry hill-sides, Mass, to Michigan, Illinois, and southward. Aug.
— Intermediate, as it were, between No. 16 and No. 10.

16. D. Cilittrc, DC. Stem slender, • hairy or rough-pubescent ; haves crowded,
en very short hairy petioles ; leaflets round-ovate or oval, thickish, more or less hairy
on the margins and underneath (|-'-l' long). — Dry hills arid sandy fields;
common, especially southward. Aug.

17. D. Mariliilldicillll, Boott. Nearly smooth throughout, slender;
leaflets ovate or roundish, very obtuse, thin, the lateral ones about the length of the
slender petiole^: otherwise as No. 16. (D. obtusum, DC.) — Copses, common.
July - Sept.

-»--i--t- Steins reclining or prostrate; racemes loosely flowered.

18. D. lincatuin, DC. Stem minutely pubescent, striate-angled ; leaflets
orbicular, smoothish (£'-!' long), much longer than the petiole; pod not
stalked. — Virginia and southward.

18. L.ESPEBEZA, Michx. BUSH-CLOVER.

<Jalyx 5-cleft, the lobes nearly equal, slender. Stamens diadclphous (9 & 1) :
anthers all alike. Pods of a single 1 -seeded joint (sometimes 2-jointed, with
the lower joint empty and stalk-like), oval or roundish, flat, reticulated. —
Perennials with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves, not stipcllate. Stipules and bracts
minute. Flowers often polygamous (Dedicated to Lespedez, the Spanish
governor of Florida when Michaux visited it.)
•fc Flowers of two sorts, the larger (violet-purple) perfect, but seldom fniitful, panicled

or clustered; with smaller pistillate and fertile but mostly apetalous ones intermixed}

or in subsessile little clusters.

1. !<• procuifilfoeilS, Michx. Soft-doivny, except the upper surface of
the leaves, trailing, slender; leaflets oval or elliptical ; peduncles slender, mostly
simple, few-flowered. — Sandy soil, commonest southward. Aug. — The apet-
alous fertile flowers, as in the rest, have short hooked styles.

2. E. re peilS, Torr. & Gray. Smooth, except minute close-pressed scattered
hairs, prostrate, spreading, very slender; leaflets oval or obovate-elliptical (£'
long); peduncles slender and few-flowered; pods roundish. — Dry sandy soil,
S. New York to Kentucky and southward. — Much like the last.

3. It. violiYcea, Pers. Stems upright or spreading, branched ; leaflets
varying from oval-oblong to linear, whitish-downy beneath with close-pressed
pubescence; peduncles or clusters few-flowered ; pods ovate. — The principal vari-
eties are, 1. DIVERGENS, with oval or oblong leaflets and loosely panicled
flowers; this runs into, 2. SESSILIFLORA, with the flowers principally on pe-
duncles much shorter than the leaves, and clustered ; and a more distinct form
ie, 3. ANQDSTiFtiLiA. with closely clustered flowers on straight branches

102 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.)

crowJcd leaves, and narrowly oblong or linear leaflets, which are often silky. —
Dry copses, common. Aug. - Sept. — Pods ripening from both sorts of flowers.

4. L,. Stlkvei, Nutt. Stems upright-spreading, bushy, downy ; leaflets oval
or roundish, longer than the petiole, silky or white-woolly beneath (and sonu^
times above); clusters many -flowered, crowded; pods ovate, downy. — Dry lulls,
and sand, Plymouth, Mass, to Virginia, Michigan, and southward. — Appear-
ing intermediate between No. 3 and No. 5.

* * Flowers all alike and perfect, in close spikes or heads: corolla whitish or cream-
color with a purple spot on the standard, about the length of the downy calyx: stems
upright, wand-like (2° -4° high).

5. L. liil'f a, Ell. Peduncles longer than the leaves ; petioles slender : leaflets
roundish or oval, hairy ; spikes cylindrical, rather hose ; pods nearly as long as
the calyx. (L. polystachia, Michx.} — Dry hill-sides. Aug., Sept.

6. L.. capftata, Michx. Peduncles and petioles short; leaflets elliptical
or oblong, thickish, reticulated and mostly smooth above, silky beneath ; sjrike*
or heads short ; pods much shorter than the calyx. — Varies greatly, most of
all in var. ANGUSTIF6LIA : slender; leaflets linear ; peduncles sometimes elon-
gated. — Dry and sandy soil ; the narrow variety only found near the coast and
southward. Sept. — Stems woolly, rigid.

19. STYLOSANTHES, Swartz. PENCIL-FLOWER.

Flowers of two kinds intermixed in the clusters ; one sort complete but un-
fruitful ; the other fertile, and consisting only of a pistil between 2 bractlets. —
Culyx with a slender tube like a stalk, 2-lipped at the summit ; upper lip 2-, the
lower 3-cleft. Stamens monadelphous : 5 of the anthers linear, the 5 alternate
ones ovate. Fertile flowers with a hooked style. Pod reticulated, 1 -2-jointed ;
the lower joint when present empty and stalk-like, the upper ovate. — Low
perennials, branched from the base, with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves ; the stipules
united with the petiole. (Name composed of orvAos, a column, and avdos. a
flower, from the stalk-like calyx-tube.)

1. S. Clatior, Swartz. Tufted, low, often bristly, wiry ; leaflets lancco
late, strongly straight-veined; heads or clusters small and few-flowered. — Pine
barrens, Long Island to Virginia and southward. Also Illinois. Vasey. July-
Oct. — Flowers small, yellow.

2O. YICIA, Tourn. VETCH. TARE.

Calyx 5-cleft or 5-toothed, the 2 upper teeth often shorter. Style threaa-
ghaped, hairy all round the apex or down the outer side (next the keel). Pod
2-valved, 2 - several-seeded. Stamens diadelphous, 9 & 1. Seeds globular.
Cotyledons very thick, remaining under ground in germination. — Climbing
herbs. Leaves abruptly pinnate, the petiole terminating in a tendril. Stipules
usually half arrow-shaped. (The old Latin name.)

* Annual : flowers 1 - 2 in the axils, nearly sessile, large, violet-purple.

\. V. SAtlvA, L. (COMMON VETCH or TARE.) Somewhat pubescent;
f**nr Dimple ; leaflets 5 -7 pairs, varying from obovatc-oblong to linear, notched

LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 103

ftnd mucronate at the apex ; pod linear, several-seeded. — Cultivated fields an J
waste places; both the common form, and the var. ANGUSTIF6LIA, with longer
and narrow leaflets. (Adv. from Eu.)

# # Annual: peduncles elongated: flowers small. (Species of Ervum, L.)

2. V. TETRASPERMA, L. Peduncles 1 - 2-flowered ; leaflets 4-6 pairs,
linear-oblong, obtuse ; calyx-teeth unequal ; pods narrowly oblong, ^-seeded, smooth.

— Waste or open places, near the coast. — An insignificant plant, 6' -12' high,
with whitish flowers. (Nat. from Eu.)

3. V. HiRstiTA, Koch. Peduncles 3 - S-flowered ; leaflets 6-8 pairs, trun-
cate ; calyx-teeth equal ; pods oblong, 2-seeded, hairy. (Ervum hirsutum, L.) —
•Massachusetts to Virginia. — A slender straggling plant, with small purplish-
blue flowers. (Nat. from Eu.)

* * * Perennial: peduncles elongated; calyx-teeth very unequal: pod several-seeded.

4. V. Crtacca, L. Downy-pubescent; leaflets 20-24, oblong-lanceolate,
strongly mucronate; peduncles densely many-flowered; calyx-teeth shorter than the
tube. Borders of thickets, New England to Kentucky and northward. July.

— Flowers blue, turning purple, £' long, one-sided in the spike, reflexed. (Eu.)

5. V. Caroliniana, Walt. Nearly smooth; leaflets 8-12, oblong, ob-
tuse, scarcely mucronate ; peduncles loosely flowei'ed ; calyx-teeth very short. - •
Kiver-banks, &c. May. — Flowers more scattered than in No. 4, whitish, the
keel tipped with blue.

6. V. AmericilBia, Muhl. Glabrous; leaflets 10-14, elliptical or ovate-
oblong, very obtuse, many-veined; peduncles 4 - 8-flowered. — Moist thickets,
New York to Kentucky and northward. June. — Flowers purplish-blue, 1'
long.

21. L. A THY KITS, L. VETCHLING. EVERLASTING PEA.

Style flattish, not grooved above, hairy along the inner side (next the free sta-
men). Otherwise nearly as in Vicia. (Aatfvpos, a leguminous plant of Theo-
phrastus.) — Our wild species are perennial and mostly smooth plants.

1. JL. marifinius, Bigelow. (BEACH PEA.) Stem stout (1° high);
leaflets 4-8 pairs, crowded, oval or obovate ; stipules broadly halberd-shaped,
noirly as large as the leaflets; peduncles 6 - 10-flowered. — Sea-coast, from New
Jersey northward, and shore of the Great Lakes. June - Aug. — Flowers large,
purple. Leaflets very veiny, as also are those of the other species. (Eu.)

2 L.. veildsus, Muhl. Stem climbing (2° -5° high); leaflets 5 - 7 pairs,
scattered, oblong-ovate, often downy beneath ; stipules very small and usually slen
der, half arroiv-shaped ; peduncles many-flowered; corolla purple. — Shady banks,
Michigan, Wisconsin, and southward. June.

3. 1.. ocliroleucus, Hook. Stem slender (1°- 3° high); leaflets 3-4
pairs, ovate or oval, smooth, glaucous, thin ; stipules half heart-shaped, about half
asla.rg- as the leaflets; peduncles 7 - 10-flowered; corolla yellowish-white. — Hill-
sides, W. Vermont to Penn., and westward and northward. July.

4. l<. palttstris, L. (MARSH VETCHLING.) Stem slender (l°-2°
high), often wing-margined ; leaflets 2-4 pairs, lanceolate, linear, or narrowly

10

104 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.)

oblong, muoronate-pointed ; stipules small, lanceolate, half amnv-sh ape 1, sharp
pointed at both ends ; peduncles 3 - 5-flowered ; corolla blue-purple. — Aloisl
places, N. England to Perm., Illinois, and northward. July. (Eu.)

Var. myrtifoliiis. Taller, climbing 2c-4° high; leaves oblong or
ovate-elliptical ; upper stipules larger: corolla pale purple. (L. myrtifolius,
3/M/i/.) — W. New England to Penn., and northward.

L. LATir6Lius (EVERLASTING PEA) and L. ODORATUS ( SWEET PEA)
arc commonly cultivated species.

PISDM SATivuji, the PEA ; FAuA vuLG\Ris, the HORSE-BEAN , and ClcER
ARIETINUM, the CHICK-PEA, are other cultivated representatives of the same
tribe.

22. PIIASEOLUS, L. KIDNEY BEAN.

Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft, the 2 upper teeth often higher united. Keel of the
corolla, with the included stamens and style, spirally coiled or twisted, or curved
into a ring. Stamens diadelphous. Pod linear or scythe-shaped, several -
many-seeded, tipped with the hardened base of the style. Cotyledons thick
and fleshy, rising out of the ground nearly unchanged in germination. — Twin-
ing or prostrate herbs, with pinnately 3-foliolate stipellate leaves. Flowers
often clustered on the knotty joints of the raceme. (The ancient name of the
Kidney Bean.)

# Pods scymetar-shaped : racemes long and loose, panicled.

1. P. pereiinis, Walt. (WILD BEAN.) Stem climbing high; leaflets
roundish-ovate, short-pointed ; pods drooping, strongly curved, 4-5-seedcd. \\.

— Copses, Connecticut to Illinois, and southward. Aug. — Flowers purple,
handsome, but small.

* # Pods long and straight, linear, rather terete : flowers few in a short clustered ra-

ceme like a head. (Strophostyles, Ell.)

2. P. divci'Sif Olilis, Pcrs. Annual ; stem prostrate, spreading, roagh-
hairy ; leaflets ovate-3-lol>ed, or angled towards the base, or some of them oblong-
ovate and entire ; peduncles at length twice the length of the leaves. — Sandy
fields and banks, Massachusetts to Illinois and southward. July, Aug. — Corol-
la greenish-white tinged with red or purple. Pod thickish.

3. P. lie I vo I US, L. Perennial, hairy ; stems diffuse, slender ; leaflets
orate or ol>long, entire or obscurely angh-d ; peduncles 3-6 times the length of the leaves

— Sandy fields, S. New York to Illinois and southward. Aug. — More slender
than the last: pods narrower: flowers as large and similar.

* * Pods straight and linear, flat: peduncles 1 -fnc-flowered at (Jte summit : flowers

small : keel slight 1 1/ twisted.

4. P. pauciflorus, Bcnth. Annual ; stems diffuse, but twining, slen-
der, pubescent; leaflets varying from oblong-lanceoJate or ovate-oblong to linear.
^1'. lri<»]>ermus, Torr. fr Gr.) — River-banks, Illinois (^fcad) and sonthwoso
ward. July -Sept. — Flowers 3" long, purple. Pod 1' long, pubescent.

P. VULOXRIS is the common KIDNEY BEAN or HARICOT.
P. I.UNATOS is the LIMA BEAN of our gardens.

LEGUMINOS^. (PULSE FAMILY.^ 105

23. A P I O S , Boerh. GROUND-NUT. WILD BEAN.

Calyx somewhat 2-lippcd, the 2 lateral teeth being nearly obsolete, the lower
ime longest. Standard very broad, reflexed : the incurved scythe-shaped keel
at length coiled. Stamens diadelphous. Pod straight or slightly curved,
linear, elongated, thickish, many-seeded. — A perennial herb, bearing edible
tubers on underground shoots, twining and climbing over bushes. Leaflet*
5-7, ovate-lanceolate, not stipellate. Flowers in dense and short, often branch-
ing racemes, clustered. (Name from ainov, a pear, from the shape of tho
tubers.)

1. A. tutoerosa, Moench. (Glycine Apios, L.) — Moist thickets, com-
mon. Aug. — Flowers brown-purple, fragrant.

24. RIIYNCHOSIA, Lour., DC. RHYNCHOSIA.

Calyx somewhat 2-lipped, or deeply 4 - 5-parfed. Keel scythe-shaped, not
twisted. Stamens diadelphous. Ovules 2. Pod 1 - 2-seeded, short and flat,
2-valved. — Usually twining or trailing perennial herbs, pinnately 3-foliolate, or
with a single leaflet, not stipellate. Flowers yellow, racemose or clustered.
(Name from pvvxos, a beak, from the shape of the keel.)

1 . It. tomciitosa, Torr. & Gray. More or less downy ; leaflets round-
ish ; racemes short or capitate ; calyx about as long as the corolla, 4-parted,
the upper lobe 2-cleft ; pod oblong. — Very variable.

Var. monopliylla, Torr. & Gray. Dwarf and upright (3' -6' high);
leaves mostly of a single round leaflet (l'-2' wide). — S. Virginia and south-
ward, in dry sandy soil.

Var. volllbilis, TOIT. & Gray. Trailing and twining, less downy; leaf-
lets 3, roundish ; racemes few-flowered, almost sessile in the axils. — S. Virginia
and southward.

Var. c recta, Torr. & Gray. Upright (l°-2° high), soft-downy; leaflets
3. oval or oblong. — Maryland and southward.

25. GAL.ACTIA, P.Browne. MILK PEA.

Cal/x 4-cleft; the lobes acute, the upper one broadest. Keel scarcely in-
curved. Stamens diadelphous. Pod linear, flat, several-seeded (some few of
them are occasionally partly subterranean and fleshy or deformed). — Low.
mostly prostrate or twining perennial herbs. Leaflets usually 3, stipellate
Flowers in somewhat interrupted or knotty racemes, purplish. (Name from
yaXc, -OKTOS, milk ; some species being said to yield a milky juice, which is un-
likely.)

1. O. glabella, Michx. Stems nearly smooth, prostrate ; leaflets elliptical
or ovate-oblong, sometimes slightly hairy beneath ; racemes short, 4 - 8-flowered ;
pods somewhat hairy. — Sandy woods, S. New York and New Jersey to Virginia
near the coast, and southward. July -Sept. — Flowers large for the genus,
rose-purple.

2. G. mtillis, Michx. Stems (decumbent and somewhat twining) and

106 LEGUMINOSJE. (PULSE FAMILY.)

leaves beneath soft-downy and hoary ; leaflets oval; racemes mauy-flcweied ; pod»
very downy. — S. Pennsylvania, Maryland, and southward. July.

26. AOTPIIICARPJEA, Ell. HOG PEA-NUT.

Flowers of 2 kinds, those of the racemes from the upper branches perfect, but
seldom ripening fruit ; those near the base and on creeping branches imperfect,
with the corolla none or rudimentary, and few free stamens, but fruitful. Calyx
about equally 4- (rarely 5-) toothed, with no bractlets. Keel and wing-petals
similar, nearly straight ; the standard partly folded round them. Stamens dia-
delphous. Pods of the upper flowers, when formed, somewhat scymctar-shaped,
3 - 4-seeded ; of the lower, obovate or pear-shaped, fleshy, ripening usually but
one large seed, commonly subterranean, or concealed by decaying leaves. —
Low and slender perennials; the twining stems clothed with brownish hairs.
Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate : leaflets rhombic-ovate, stipellatc. Flowers small,
hi clustered or compound racemes, purplish. Bracts persistent, round, partly
clasping, striatc, as well as the stipules. (Name from a/x^>t, at both ends, and
<ap7ros, fruit, in allusion to the two kinds of fruit, one at the summit, the other
at the base of the plant.)

1. A. inoiiolca, Nutt. Racemes nodding; bracts each supporting 2 or
more flowers, shorter than the pedicels ; subterranean pods hairy. — Rich wood-
lands. Aug., Sept. — A delicate vine.

27. CL-ITORIA, L. BUTTERFLY PEA.

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Standard much larger than the rest of the flower,
i«unded, notched at the top, not spurred on the back : keel small, shorter than
the wings. Stamens monadclphous below. Pod linear-oblong, flattisli, knotty,
several-seeded, pointed with the base of the style, the valves nerveless. — Erect
or twining perennials, with mostly pinnately 3-foliolate stipcllate leaves, and
very large flowers. Peduncles 1 - 3-flowered : bractlets opposite, striate. (Deri-
vation obscure.)

1. C. Mtiruma, L. Smooth; leaflets oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate ;
stipules and bracts awl-shaped; peduncles short; 1 -3-flowcrcd. — Dry banks,
Long Island to Virginia and southward. ruly. — Low, ascending or twining ;
the showy pale-blue flowers 2' long.

28. CENTROS^UIA, DC. SPURRED BUTTERFLY PEA.

Calyx short, 5-cleft. Corolla, &c. much as in Criteria, but the standard with
a spur-shaped projection on the back. Pod long and linear, flat, pointed with
the awl-shaped style, many-seeded, thickened at the edges, the valves marked
with a raised line on each side next the margin. — Twining perennials, with 3-
foliolato stipellate leaves and large showy flowers. Stipules, bracts, and bract-
lets striate, the lat*r longer than the calyx. (Name from Ktvrpov, a spur, and
i the standard.)

1. C. Virgiiimiiiini, Benth. Rather rough with minute hairs ; leaflet*

LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 107

varying from oblong-ovate to lanceolate and linear, very veiny, shining
peduncles 1 - 4-flowered ; calyx-teeth liuear-awl-shaped. — Sandy dry woods,
Virginia and southward. July. — Corolla 1' long, violet. Pods straight, nar-
row, 4' -5' long.

29. BAPTIS1A, Vent. FALSE INDIGO.

Calyx 4 - 5-toothed. Standard not longer than the wings, its sides reflexed :
keel-petals nearly separate, and, like the wings, straight. Stamens 10, distinct.
Pod stalked in the persistent calyx, roundish or oblong, inflated, pointed, many-
seeded. — Perennial herbs, with palmately 3-foliolate (rarely simple) leaves,
which generally blacken in drying, and racemed flowers. (Named from /3a7rri£a>,
to dye, from the economical use of some species, which yield a sort of indigo.)

1. B. tinctoria, R. Brown. (WILD INDIGO.) Smooth and slender
(2° -3° high), rather glaucous; leaves almost sessile; leaflets rounded wedge-
obovate (f long); stipules and bracts minute and deciduous ; racemes few-flowered,
terminating the bushy branches ; pods oval-globose, on a stalk longer than the
calyx. — Sandy dry soil, common. June - Aug. — Corolla yellow, %' long.

2. 15. australis, R. Brown. (BLUE FALSE-!NDIGO.) Smooth, tall
and stout (4° -5°); leaflets oblong-wedge-form, obtuse; stipules lanceolate, as
fang as the petioles, rather persistent ; raceme elongated (l°-2°) and many-flowered^
erect ; bracts deciduous ; stalk of the oval-oblong pods about the length of the calyx.

— Alluvial soil, from Penn. westward and southward: often cultivated. June
— Flowers 1' long, indigo-blue. Pods 2' -3' long.

3. B. leilCHlltlm, Ton*. & Gr. Smooth ; stems, leaves, and racemes as
in No. 2 ; stipules early deciduous ; pods oval-oblong, raised on a stalk fully twice tht
length of the calyx. — Alluvial soil, Ohio to Wisconsin and south westward. July.

— Flowers white; the standard short. Pods 2' long.

4. B. ;sla>:i, R. Brown. Smooth (l°-3°high); the branches slender and
widely spreading ; petioles slender, stipules and bracts minute and deciduous; leaf-
lets oblong or oblanceolate ; racemes slender on a long naked peduncle ; pods
linear-oblong (!'-!£' long), short-stalked. — Dry soil, Virginia and southward.
May, June. — Flowers white, £'-§' long.

5. B. lciicopll£ea, Nutt. Hairy, low (1° high), with divergent branches,
leaves almost sessile; leaflets narrowly oblong-obovate or spatulate ; stipules and
bracts large and leafy, persistent ; racemes long, reclined ; flowers on elongated pedicels ;
pods ovoid, ftoary. — Michigan to Wisconsin and southward. April, May. — •
Raceme often 1° long: pedicels l'-2', the cream-colored corolla 1', in length,

3O. CJLADRASTIS, Raf. YELLOW-WOOD.

Calyx 5-toothed. Standard large, roundish, reflexed: the distinct keel-petals
and wings straight, oblong. Stamens 10, distinct: filaments slender, incurved
above. Pod short-stalked above the calyx, linear, flat, thin, marginless, 4-6-
seeded, at length 2-valved. — A small tree, with yellow wood, nearly smooth,
with pinnate leaves of 7-11 oval or ovate leaflets, and ample panic-led racemes
of show} white flowers droopng from the end of the branches. Stipules obso- .

108 LEGUMINOS2E. (PULSE FAMILY.)

lete. Base of the petioles hollow, and enclosing the leaf-buds of the next year.
Bracts minute and fugacious. (Name of obscure derivation.)

1. C. tinctoria, Raf. (Virgilia lutea, Mlclix. /) Rich hill-sides, E.
Kentucky and Tennessee. May. — Racemes 10' -20' long. Flowers 1' long.

SUBORDER II. C^ESALPINIE^. THF BRASILETTO FAMILY.

31. CERCIS, L. RED-BUD. JUDAS-TREE.

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous : standard smaller than
the wings, and enclosed by them in the bud : the keel-petals larger and not
united. Stamens 10, distinct, rather unequal. Pod oblong, flat, many-seeded,
the upper suture wifh a winged margin. Embryo straight. — Trees, with
rounded-heart-shaped simple leaves, deciduous stipules, and red-purple flowers
in little umbel-like clusters along the branches, appearing before the leaves, nrid
to the taste. (The ancient name of the Oriental Judas-tree.)

1. C. Canad£nsis, L. (RED-BUD.) Leaves pointed; pods nearly
sessile above the calyx. — Rich soil, New York to Ohio, Kentucky, and south-
ward. March -May. — A small ornamental tree, often cultivated : the blossoms
smaller than in the European species.

32. CASSIA, L. SENNA.

Sepals 5, scarcely united. Petals 5, unequal, not papilionaceous, spreading.
Stamens 5-10, unequal, and some of them often imperfect, spreading: anthers
opening by 2 pores or chinks at the apex. Pod many-seeded, often with cross
partitions. — Herbs (in the United States), with simply and abruptly pinnate
leaves, and mostly yellow flowers. (An ancient name, of obscure derivation.)

* Leaflets larye: stipules deciduous: the 3 upper anthers deformed and imp< rf,ct:

flowers crowded in short axillary racemes, the upper ones pam'chd.

1. C. UlariltilftdiCa, L. (WlLD SENNA.) leaflets 6-9 pairs, lancro-
tate-oMony, obtuse ; petiole with a club-shaped gland near the base; pod* linear,
slightly curved, flat, at h'rst hairy (2' -4'). U — Alluvial soil, common. July.
•—Stem 3° -4° high. Leaves used as a substitute for the o'licinal S< i,,/(t.

2. C. OCCIDENTALS, L. Leaflets 4 - 6 pairs, ovate-lanceolate, acute or point-
ed; an ovate gland at the base of the petiole; jmds elongated-linear (5' long)
with a tumid liordcr, glabrous. (1) 1J. ? — Virginia and southward. Auir.
(Adv. from Trop. Amer.) Se£ addend.

* * Luifli'ts small, somewhat sensitive to the touch : stipules stn'ate, persistent : a cup-
shap'-d (//and IK in nth the lowest pair of leaflets : antlters all perfect: Jhwct* in
tiiuill clusters above the axils : pods flat.

3. C. Cliamsecrista, L. (PARTRIDGE PEA.) Leaflets 10-15 puirs,

linear-oblong, oblique at the base ; fluicrrs (larye) on s/ciidt-r pidirds; anthers 10,
elonyatcd, uuct/ual (4 of them yellow, the others purple.); style slender, (i, —
Sandy fields; common, especially southward. Aug. — Stems spreading, 1°
lontf 9. or 3 of the showy yellow petals often with a purple spot at the base.

LEGUMINOS.E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 109

4. C. nictitans, L. (WILD SENSITIVE-PLANT.) Leaflets 10-20
pairs, oblong-linear; flowers (very small) on very short pedicels; anthers 5, nearly
equal; style very short. © — Sandy fields, New England, near the coast, to
Illinois and southward. Aug.

33. GYM]V6CL,ADUS, Lam. KENTUCKY COFFEE-TREE.

Flowers dioecious, regular. Calyx tubular below, 5-cleft. Petals 5, oblong,
equal, inserted on the summit of the calyx-tube. Stamens 10, distinct, short,
inserted with the petals. Pod oblong, flattened, hard, pulpy inside, several-
seeded. Seeds flattish. — A tall large tree, with rough bark, stout branchlets,
not thorny, and very large unequally twice-pinnate leaves. Flowers whitish, i.n
axillary racemes. (Name from ytyxi/oy, naked, and JcXdoor, a branch, alluding
Jo the stout branches destitute of spray.)

1. G. Canadensis, Lam. Rich woods, by rivers, W. New York and
Penn. to Illinois and southwestward. June. — Cultivated as an ornamental
tree : timber valuable. Leaves 2° -3° long, with several large partial leafstalks
bearing 7-13 ovate stalked leaflets, the lowest pair with single leaflets. Pod
6'- 10' long, 2' broad; the seeds over £' across.

34. GLEDITSCHIA, L. HONEY-LOCUST.

Flowers polygamous. Calyx of 3 -5 spreading sopals, united at the base.
Petals as many as the sepals, and equalling them, the 2 lower sometimes united
Stamens as many, distinct ; inserted with the petals on the base of the calyx.
Pod flat, i - many-seeded. Seeds flat. — Thorny trees, with abruptly once or
twice pinnate leaves, and inconspicuous greenish flowers in small spikes.
Thorns above the axils. (Named in honor of Gleditsch, a botanist contem-
porary with Linnaeus.)

1. G. triacsiiitlios, L. (THREE-THORNED AOACIA, or HONEY-LO-
CUST.) Thorns stout, often triple or compound; leaflets lanceolate-oblong, some-
what serrate; pods linear, elongated (l°-l£° long), oftea twisted, filled with
*weet pulp between the seeds. — Rich woods, Penn. to Illinois and southwest-
•<ard. June. — Common in cultivation as an ornamental tree, and for hedges.

2. G. liionosperma, Walt. (WATER-LOCUST.) Thorns slender;
uostly flmple ; leaflets ovate or oblong; pods oval, \-seedtd, pulpless. — Swamps,

and southwestward. July. — A small tree.

SUBORDER III. MIMOSEJE. THE MIMOSA FAMILY.

35, DESMAN THUS, Willd. DESMANTHUS.

Flowers perfect or polygamous. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Petals !>,
distinct. Stamens 5 or 10. Pod flat, membranaceous or somewhat coriaceous,
several-seeded, 2-valved, smooth. — Herbs with twicc-pinnn^e leaves of numer-
ous small leaflets, and with one or more glands on the petiole, setaceous stipules,
and axillary pedunc'es bearing a head of small greenish-white flowero. (Name
composed of StV/ia i bond, and avGos, flower.}

110 ROSACE^E. (ROSE FAMILY.)

1. 1>. foracliylobus, Bcnth. Nearly glabrous, erect (l°-4° high);
partial petioles 6-15 pairs; leaflets 20-30 pairs; stamens 5; pods oblong or
lanceolate, curved, scarcely 1 long, 2-6-seedcd. 1|. (Darlingtonia brachyloba
& glandulosa, DC.) — Prairies and alluvial banks, Illinois and southwestward.

36. SCHRiNKIA, Willd. SENSITIVE BRIAR.

Flowers polygamous. Calyx minute, 5-toothed. Petals united into a funnel-
form 5-clcft corolla. Stamens 10-12, distinct, or the filaments united at the
base. Pods long and narrow, rough-prickly, several-seeded, 4-valved, i. e. the
two narrow valves separating on each side from a thickened margin. — Peren-
nial herbs, the procumbent stems and petioles prickly, with twice-pinnate sensi-
tive leaves of many small leaflets, and axillary peduncles bearing round heads
of small rose-colored flowers. (Named for Schrank, a German botanist.)

1. S. 1 1 Ji rin Til a, Willd. Prickles hooked; partial petioles 4 -6 pairs;
tea/lets elliptical, reticulated with strong veins beneath ; pods oblong-linear, nearly
terete, short-pointed, densely prickly (2' long). — Dry sandy soil, Virginiav
Illinois ? and southward. June -Aug.

2. S. angUStflta, Torr. & Gray. Leaflets oblong-linear, scarcely veined
pods slender, taper-pointed, sparingly prickly (about 4' lonp;). — With the pro-
ceding.

ORDER 39. ROSACE^E. (Ross FAMILY.)

Plants with regular flowers, numerous (rarely few) distinct stamens insert-
ed on the calyx, and 1 - many pistils, which are quite distinct, or (in the Peat
tribe') united and combined with the calyx-tube. Seeds (anatropous) 1 -few
in each ovary, without albumen. Embryo straight, with large and thick coty-
ledons. Leaves alternate, with stipules. — Calyx of 5 or rarely 3-4-8
sepals (the odd one superior), united at the base, often appearing double
by a row of bractlets outside. Petals as many as the sepals (rarely want-
ing), mostly imbricated in the bud, and -inserted with the stamens on the
edge of a disk that lines the calyx-tube. Trees, shrubs, or herbs. This
important family comprises three principal suborders, viz. : —

SUBORDER I. AMYGDALE^E. THE ALMOND FAMILY.

Calyx entirely free from the solitary ovary, deciduous. Style terminal.
Fruit a drupe (stone-fruit). — Trees or shrubs, with simple leaves, the bark
exuding gum, and the bark, leaves, and kernels yielding the peculiar flavor
of prussic acid. Stipules free.

1. PRUNUS. Stone of the drupe smooth, or merely furrowed on the edges.

SUBORDER II. ROSACES PROPER.

Calyx free from the ovaries, but sometimes enclosing them in its tube.
Pistils few or many (occasionally single). Stipules commonly united with
the petiole.

KOSACEJL. (ROSE FAMILY.) Ill

Att£ I. SPIRJIiiEjE. Pistils mostly 5, forming follicles in f m-t : styles terminal.

2. SPIRAEA. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals oboyate, equal, imbricated iu the bud.

3. GILLENIA. Calyx elongated, 5-toothed. Petals slender, unequal, convolute in the bu2

TRIBE II. DRYADEJE. Pistils numerous (rarely 1-2), forming seed-like achenia oi
little drupes in fruit. Calyx-tube dry in fruit ; the lobes commonly valvate in the bucL

Subtribe 1. SANGUISORBEJE. Calyx-tube constricted at the throat. Petals often wanting.
Stamens 4 - 15. Pistils 1-4, dry in fruit, enclosed in the calyx.

4. AGR1MONIA. Petals 5. Stamens 12 - 15. Pistils 2 : style terminal.
6. SANGUISORBA. Petals none. Stamens 4. • Pistil 1 : style terminal.
6. ALCHEMILLA. Petals none. Stamens and pistils 1 - 4 : style lateral.

Subtribe 2. CHAM^RHODEJS. Calyx open. Stamens & pistils 5 -10: styles lateial. Fruit dry.
. SIBBALDIA. Stamens 5, alternate with the minute petals.

Subtribe 3. EUDRYADE.E. Calyx open. Stamens and pistils few — many. Fruit of dry

achenia, tipped with terminal styles. Seed erect. (Radicle inferior.)
8 DRY AS. Calyx8-9-parted. Petals 8 -9. Styles persistent, plumose.
9. GEUM. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5. Achenia numerous : styles persistent.

10. WALDSTEINIA. Calyx 5-cleft. Achenia few : styles deciduous from the base.

Subtribe 4 FRAGARIE.E. Calyx open and flattish, bracteolate. Stamens and pistil* numer-
ous : styles often lateral, deciduous Fruit of dry achenia. Seed suspended or ascend-
ing, inserted next the base of the style. (Radicle always superior.)

11. POTENTILLA. Receptacle dry, flat, convex, or oblong.

12. FRAGARIA. Receptacle conical, enlarged and succulent in fruit, edible.

Subtribe 5. DALIBARDE^E. Calyx open, not bracteolate. Stamens and usually the pistils
numerous : styles terminal, deciduous. Achenia mostly fleshy, or becoming little drupe*
Seed suspended (oyules 2, collateral : radicle superior).

13. DALIBARDA. Fruit of 5 - 10 almost dry achenia, in the bottom of the calyx.

14 KUBUS. Fruit of numerous (rarely few) pulpy drupaceous achenia, aggregated on a flat-
tish or elongated receptacle.

TRIBE III. ROSE.ZE. Pistils numerous, forming achenia, inserted on the hollow recep-
tacle which lines the urn-shaped and fleshy calyx-tube. Calyx-segments imbricated.

15. ROSA. Leaves pinnate : stipules cohering with the petiole.

SUBORDER III. POMEJE. THE PEAR FAMILY.

Calyx-tube thick and fleshy in fruit (forming a pome), including and co-
hering with the 2-5 ovaries. Stipules free.

16. CRAT&GUS. Carpels bony in fruit, 1-seeded.

17. PYRUS. Carpels papery or cartilaginous in fruit, 2-seeded.

18. AMELANCHIER. Carpels cartilaginous, each divided into 2 cells by a partition : cell* I-

seeded.

SUBORDER I. AMYODAL.E^E. THE ALMOND FAMILY
1. P RUN US, L. PLUM & CHERRY.

Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 15-30. Ovary with 2 pen-
dulous ovules. Drupe fleshy; the stone smooth and even. — Small trees or
shrubs. Flowers commonly white. (The ancient classical name of the
Plurr )

112 ROSACE^E. (ROSE FAMILY.")

» 1. PlitFNUS, Tourn. (PLUM.) — Drupe usually with a bloom, the stone flab

tened, or at least wider than thick: leaves convolute in the bud,flcwers more or lest
preceding the leaves, from lateral buds ; the pedicels few or several, in simple umbel-
like clusters.

1. P. Americana, Marsh. (WILD YELLOW or RED PLUM.) Leaves
ovate or somewhat obovate, conspicuously pointed, coarsely or doubly serrate, very
veiny, glabrous when mature ; fruit nearly destitute of bloom, roundish-oval, yel-
low, orange, or red, £' - f ' in diameter, with the turgid stone more or less acute
on both margins, or fti cultivated states 1' or more in diameter, having a flat-
tened stone with broader margins (pleasant-tasted, but with a tough and acerb
skin). — Open ground,common. May. — Tree or bush thorny, 8° - 20° high.

2. P. maritima, Wang. (BEACH PLUM.) Low and straggling (2°-
5°) ; leaves ovate or aval, finely serrate, softly pubescent underneath ; pedicels short,
pubescent; fruit globular, purple or crimson with a bloom (£'-!' in diameter),
the stone very turgid, acute on one edge, rounded and minutely grooved on the
other. (P. littoralis, Bigelow.) — Varies, when at some distance from the coast,
with the leaves smoother and thinner, and the fruit smaller. (P. pygmaea,
WiUd.) — Sea-beach and the vicinity, Massachusetts to New Jersey and Vir-
ginia. April, May.

3. P. Chicasa, Michx. (CHICKASAW PLUM.) Stem scarcely thorny
(8°- 15° high) ; leaves nearly lanceolate, finely serrulate, glabrous, little veiny,
fruit globular, red, nearly destitute of bloom (£'-§' in diameter^; the ovoid
stone almost as thick as wide, rounded at both sutures, one of them minutely
grooved. — Kentucky and Illinois (probably not indigenous) and southwestward :
naturalized in some places. April.

4. P. 8PIN6SA, L. (SLOE. BLACK THORN.) Branches thorny; leaves
obovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, sharply serrate, at length glabrous ; pedicels gla-
brous ; fruit small, globular, black with a bloom, the stone turgid, acute on
one edge. — Var. INSIT^TIA (BULLACE-PLUM), is less spiny, the pedicels
and lower side of the leaves pubescent. (P. insititia, L.) — Road-sides and
waste places, E. New England, Penn., &c. (Adv. from Eu.)

$2. C&RASUS, Tourn. (CHERRY.) — Drupe destitute of bloom; the stone
globular and marginless; leaves folded (conduplicate) in the bud: inflorescence at
in § 1.

5. P. pumila, L. (DWARF CHERRY.) Smooth, depressed and trail
ing (6'- 18' high) ; leaves obovate-lanceolate, tapering to the base, somewhat toothed
near the apex, pale underneath ; flowers 2-4 together ; fruit ovoid, dark red. —
Rocks or sandy banks, Massachusetts northward to Wisconsin, and south to
Virginia along the mountains. May.

6. P. Pcillisylvanica, L. (WiLD RED CHERRY.) Leaves oblong-
lanceolate, pointed, finely and sharply serrate, shining, green and smooth both sides ;
flowers many in a cluster, on long pedicels ; fruit globose, light red. — Rocky
woods; common, especially northward. May. — Tree 20°-3C° high, with
light red-brown bark, and very small fruit with thin and sour flesh.

ROSACEJE. (HOSE FAMILY.) 113

^8. PAD ITS, Mill. (CHERRY.) — Drupe, frc. as in §2: floivers in racemes
terminating the branches, developed after the leaves.

7. P. Vil giiimira, L. (CHOKE-CHERRY.) Leaves oval, oblong, or obo-
vote, abruptly pointed, very sharply (often doubly) serrate with slenaer teeth, thin ;
racemes short and close ; petals roundish ; fruit red turning to dark crimson. —
River-banks; common, especially northward. May. — A tall shrub, seldom a
tree, with grayish bark ; the fruit very austere and astringent till perfectly ripe.
(P. obovata, Bigelow. P. serotina, of many authors.)

8. P. serotina, Ehrhart. (WILD BLACK CHERRY.) Leaves oblong w
lanceolate-oblong, taper-pointed, serrate with incurved short and callous teeth, thick ish,
shining above ; racemes elongated ; petals obovate ; fruit purplish-black. —
Woods, common. — A fine large tree, with reddish-brown branches, furnishing
valuable timber to the cabinet-maker. Fruit slightly bitter, but with a pleasant
vinous flavor.

P. DOMESTICA, L., the CULTIVATED PLUM, is now deemed by the best
botanists to have sprung from the Sloe.

P. ARMENIACA, L., the APRICOT, represents another subgenus of Prunus.
The PEACH belongs to a very closely related genus.

P. AVIUM and P. CERASUS, L., of Europe, are the originals of the cultivated
Cherries.

SUBORDER II. ROSACE^E PROPER. THE TRUE ROSE FAMILY.

2. SPIRAEA, L. MEADOW-SWEET.

Calyx 5-cleft, persistent. Petals 5, obovate, equal, imbricated in the bud.
Stamens 10-50. Pods (follicles) 3-12, several- (2 -15-) seeded. — Flowers
white or rose-color, sometimes dioecious : rarely the parts are 4 instead of 5.
(Name probably from o-Treipdw, to wind, alluding to the fitness of the plants to
be formed into garlands.)

$ 1. PHYSOCARPOS, Camb. — Shrubs, with simple palmately-lobed leaves and
umbel-like corymbs : pods inflated and diverging when grown, 2 - 4-seeded.

1. S. opulifolia, L. (NINE-BARK.) Leaves roundish, somewhat S-
lobed and heart-shaped ; pods 3-5. — Rocky river-banks. June. — Shrub
4° -10° high, with recurved branches and white flowers, succeeded by mem-
branaccous purplish pods : the old Dark loose and separating hi thin layers.

$2. SPIRAEA PROPER. — SJirubs, with simple leaves, the stipules obsolete: pods
(mostly 5) not inflated, several-seeded.

2. S. corymbdsa, Raf. Nearly smooth (l°-2°high); lenves oval or
ovate, cut-toothed towards the apex ; corymbs large, flat, several times compound.
— Allcghanies of Penn., to Virginia and Kentucky. June. — Flowers white.

3. S. salicifolia, L. (COMMON MEADOW-SWEET.) Nearly smooth
(2° -3° high) ; leaves wedge-lanceolate, simply or doubly serrate; flowers in a
croicded panicle; pods smooth. — Wet grounds: also cultivated. July —
Flowers white or flesh -color. (Eu.)

114 ROSACE.^. (ROSE FAMILY.)

4. S. tOllteiitdsa, L. (HARDBACK. STEEPLE-BUSH.) Stems a.u/ louxa
turface of the ovate or oblong serrate leaves very woolly ; flowers in short racemes
crowded in a dense panicle; pods woolly. — Low grounds; commonest in New
England, July. — Flowers rose-color.

$3. ULMARIA, Mxench. — Perennial herbs, with pinnate leaves and panided
cymose flowers : calyx reflexed : pods 5-8 in number, 1 - ^-seeded.

5. S. lobata, Murr. (QUEEN OF THE PRAIRIE.) Glabrous (2° -8°
high) ; leaves interruptedly pinnate ; the terminal leaflet very large, 7 -9-parted,
the lobes incised and tooihed ; stipules kidney-form ; panicle compound-clus-
tered, on a long naked peduncle. — Meadows and prairies, Pcnn. to Michigan,
Illinois, and Kentucky. June. — Flowers deep peach-blossom color, handsome,
the petals and scpnls often in fours !

$4. ARtJNCUS, Scringe. — Perennial herbs, with dioecious whitish flowers, in
slender spikes disposed in a long compound panicle; leases thrice-pinnate; the
stipules obsolete: pods 3-5, several-seeded: pedicels reflexed i* fruit.

6. S. Aruiicus, L. (GOAT'S-BEARD.) Smooth, tall : leaflets thin,
lanceolate-oblong, or the terminal ones ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, sharply
cut and serrate. — Rich woods, Catskill and Alleghany Mountaw and west-
ward. June. (Eu.)

S. FILIPENDULA, the DROPWORT ; S. ULMXRIA, the MEADOW-O'YPFT t>*
Europe; S. HYPERicir6LiA (ITALIAN MAY); and S. soRuirdLiA, aw TT-
mon in gardens.

3. GILL.ENIA, Mcench. INDIAN PHYSIC.

Calyx narrow, constricted at the throat, 5-toothed ; teeth erect. Petals ft
somewhat unequal, linear-lanceolate, inserted in the throat of the calyx ; convo
lute in the bud. Stamens 10-20, included. Pods 5, included, 2-4-sceded.—
Perennial herbs, with almost sessile 3-foliolate leaves, the thin leaflets doublf
serrate and incised. Flowers loosely paniculate-corymbcd, pale rose-color o>
white. (Dedicated to an obscure botanist or gardener, A. Gille, or Gille.nius.)

1. O. I ri foli fata, Moench. (BOWMAN'S ROOT.) Leaflets ovate-oblong
pointed, cut-serrate ; stipules small, awl-shaped, entire. — Rich woods, fron
W. New York southward, and sparingly in the Western States. July.

2. O. stipulacca, Nutt. (AMERICAN IPECAC.) Leaflets lanceolate,
deeply incised ; stipules large and leaf-like, doubly incised. — From "W. Penn-
sylvania and New York to Illinois and Kentucky. June.

4. AGRIftlONIA, *Tourn. AGRIMONY.

Calyx-tube top-shaped, contracted at the throat, armed with hooked bristles
above, indurated and enclosing the fruit ; the limb 5-cleft, closed after flowering.
Petals 5. Stamens 12-15. Achenia 2 : styles terminal. Seed suspended.—
Perennial herbs, with interruptedly pinnate leaves and yellow flowers in slender
spiked racemes : bracts 3-cleft. (A corruption of Argemonia, of the same deri
vation as Argemone.)

ROSACES. (KOSE FAMILY.) 115

L A. Eupatdl'ia, L. (COMMON AGRIMONY.) Leaflets 5-7 with mi-
nute ones intermixedj oblong-obovate, coarsely toothed ; petals twice the length of
the calyx. — Borders of woods, common. July - Sept. (Eu.)

2. A. parvifldra, Ait. Lea/lets crowded, 11-19, with smaller ones inter-
mixed, lanceolate, acute, deeply and regularly cut-serrate, as well as the stipules ;
petals small. — Woods and glades, Pennsylvania and southwestward. July.

5. SANOU1SORBA, L. GREAT BURNEI.

Calyx colored, 3-bracted, the tube 4-angled, constricted ; the lobes 4, spread-
tag. Petals none. Stamens 4 ; the filaments usually enlarging upwards. Pis-
tils 1 or rarely 2 : style slender, terminal : stigma pencil-form, tufted. Acheniura
included in the indurated 4-winged calyx-tube. Seed suspended. — Herbs, with
unequally pinnate leaves, and small flowers, sometimes polygamous, in close
spikes or heads. (Name from sanguis, blood, and sorbeo, to absorb ; the plants
having been esteemed as vulneraries.)

1. S. Canadciisis, L. (CANADIAN BURNET.) Stamens much longer
than the calyx; spikes cylindrical and elongated in fruit; leaflets numerous,
ovate or oblong-lanceolate, serrate, obtuse, heart-shaped at the base, stipellate ;
stipules serrate. 1J. — Bogs and wet meadows ; chiefly northward. Aug. -Ocu
— A tall herb : flowers white, sometimes purple.

POTERIUM SANGUISORBA, the COMMON BURNET of the gardens, has mo-
noecious polyandrous flowers.

6. A L.C HE MIL. Li A, Tourn. LADY'S MANTLE.

Calyx-tube inversely conical, contracted at the top ; limb 4-partcd, with as
many alternate bractlcts. Petals none. Stamens 1-4. Pistils 1 - 4 ; the slen-
der style arising from near the base of the ovary ; the achenia included in the
persistent calyx. — Low herbs, with palmately lobed or compound "eaves, and
small corymbed greenish flowers. (From Alkemelyeh, the Arabic name.)

1. A. ARVENSIS, L. (PARSLEY PIERT.) Stems (3' -8' high) leafy.; leaves
3-parted, with the wedge-shaped lobes 2 - 3-cleft, pubescent ; flowers sessile in the
axils. (J) — Eastern Virginia. (Adv. from Eu.)

A. ALPINA, L,, is said by Pursh to grow on the Green and White Mountains,
New England : but there is most probably some mistake about it.

7. SIBBALDIA, L. SIBBALDIA.

Calyx flattish, 5-cleft, with 5 bractlets. Petals 5, linear-oblong, minute. Sta-
mens 5, inserted alternate with the petals into the margin of the woolly disk
which lines the base of the calyx. Achenia 5-10; styles lateral. — Low and
depressed mountain perennials. (Dedicated to Dr. Sibbald, Prof, at Edinburgh
at the close of the 17th century.)

1. S. procumbens, L. Leaflets 3, wedge-shaped, 3-toothed at the
apex; petals yellow. Alpine summits of the White Mountains of New
ihire, and northward. (Eu )

116 KOSACEJE. (ROSE FAMILY.)

8. DRY AS, L. DBYAS.

Calyx flattish, 8-9-parted. Petals 8-9, large. Otherwise like Geum $ Sie-
vorsia. — Dwarf and matted slightly shrubby plants, with simple toothed leaves,
and solitary large flowers. (Name from Dryades, the nymphs of the Oaks, the
foliage of some species resembling oak-leaves in miniature.)

1. I>. integfrifdlia, Vahl. Leaves oblong-ovate, slightly heart-shaped,
with revolute margins, nearly entire, white-downy beneath, flowers white. —
White Mountains, New Hampshire, Prof. Peck, according to Pursh ; but not
since met with : therefore very doubtful. (Eu.)

9. GI^UM, L. AVENS.

Calyx bell-shaped or flattish, deeply Srcleft, usually with 5 small bractlets at
the sinuses. Petals 5. Stamens many. Achenia numerous, heaped on a coni-
cal or cylindrical dry receptacle, the long persistent styles forming hairy or
naked and straight or jointed tails. Seed erect. — Perennial herbs, with pin-
nate or lyrate leaves. (Name from ytvo, to give an agreeable flavor, the roots
being rather aromatic.) See addend.

§ 1. GEUM PROPER. — Styles jointed and bent near the middle, the lower portion
smooth and persistent, naked, hooked at the end after the deflexed and mostly hairy
upper joint falls away : head of fruit sessile : calyx-lobes reflexed. (Flowers sdine-
what panicled at the summit of the leafy stem.)

1. G. album, Gmelin. Smoothish or softly pubescent ; stem slender
(2° high) ; root-leaves of 3 - 5 leaflets, or simple and rounded, with a few minute
leaflets on the petiole below ; those of the stem 3-divided, lobed, or only toothed ;
stipules small ; petals white (3" long), obovate or oblong, fully as long as the
calyx ; receptacle and ovaries bristly-hairy ; upper joint of the style a little hairy.
Borders of woods, common. May -Aug. — Near the European G. urbanum.

2. G. Virginianum, L. Bristly-hairy, especially the stout stem;
lower and root-leaves pinnate, very various, the upper mostly 3-parted or
divided, incised ; stipules small ; petals greenish-white, shorter than tlie calyx ; re-
ceptacle and ovaries glabrous. — Woods and low grounds ; common northward. —
Clearly different from the last.

3. G. macropliylliiiil, Willd. Bristly-hairy, stout (l°-3° high),
root-leaves lyratcly and interruptedly pinnate, with the terminal leaflet very large
and round-heart-shaped ; lateral leaflets of the stem-leaves 2-4, minute, the ter-
minal roundish, 3-cleft, the lobes wedge-form and rounded; petals yellow, obovate,
longer titan the calyx ; receptacle of fruit nearly naked; achenia bristly above. —
Around the base of the White Mountains, New Hampshire : also North Illinois
and northward. June. (Eu.)

4. G. Stricttim, Ait, Somewhat hairy (3° -5° high) ; root-leaves inter
ruptcdly pinnate, the leaflets wedge-obovate ; leaflets of the stem-hares 3-5,
rhombic-ovate or O!>/U>H/, acute; petals yellow, roundish, longer than the calyx ; recep>
taclc downy; achenia bristly abc-e. — Moist meadows; common, especially
northward. July. (Eu.)

§

ROSACE^E. (ROSE FAMILY.) 117

2. STYLIPUS, Raf. — Styles smooth: head of fruit conspicuously shdked in tht
calyx : bracllets of Hie calyx none : otherwise as § 1 .

5. O. vermim, Torr. £ Gr. Somewhat pubescent; steins ascending,
few-leaved, sleuder ; root-leaves roundish-heart-shaped, 3-5-lobcd, or some of
them pinnate, with the lobes cut; petals yellow, about the length of the calyx;
receptacle smooth. — Thickets, Ohio to Illinois and Kentucky. April - June.

§ 3. CARYOPHYLLlTA, Tourn. — Style jointed and bent in the middle, the
upper joint plumose : flowers large : calyx erect or spreading : petals erect.

6. O. rivale, L. (WATER or PURPLE AVENS.) Stems nearly simple,
several-flowered (2° high) ; root-leaves lyrate and interruptedly pinnate ; those
of the stem few, 3-foliolate or 3-lobed ; petals dilated-obovate retuse, contracted
into a claw, purplish-orange ; head of fruit stalked. — Bogs and wet meadows,
N. England to Wisconsin and northward. May. — Blossoms nodding, but the
feathery fruiting heads upright. Calyx brown-purple. (Eu.)

H- SIEVERSIA, Wiild. — Style not jointed, wholl y persistent and straight : head
of fruit sessile : flowers large : calyx erect or spreading. ( Flowering stems simple,
and bearing only bracts or small leaves.)

7. O. triflortim, Pursh. Low, softly hairy; root-leaves interruptedly
pinnate ; the kaflets very numerous and crowded, oblong- wedge-form, deeply
cut-toothed ; flowers 3 or more on long peduncles ; bractlets linear, longer than the
purple calyx, as long as the oblong purplish erect petals ; styles very long (2'), strongly
plumose in fruit. — Rocks, New Hampshire and N. New York northward to
Wisconsin ; rare. April - June.

8. O. radiatlim, Michx. Hirsutely hairy or smoothish ; root-leaves
rounded-kidney-shaped, radiate-veined (2' -5' broad), doubly or irregularly cut-
toothed and obscurely 5 - 7-lobcd, also a set of minute leaflets down the long
petiole ; stems (8' - 18' high) 1 - 5-flowered ; bractlets minute ; petals yellow, round-
obovate and more or less obcordate, exceeding the calyx (^' long), spreading;
styles naked except the base. (High mountains of Carolina.)

Var. Peckii. Nearly glabrous, or the stalks and veins of the leaves
sparsely hirsute. (G. Peckii, Pursh.) — Alpine tops of the White Mountains of
New Hampshire. July - Sept.

1O. WAL.DSTEINIA, Willd. (COMAROPSIS, DC.)

Calyx-tube inversely conical ; the limb 5-cleft, with 5 often minute and decid-
uous bractlets. Petals 5. Stamens many, inserted into the throat of the calyx.
Achenia 2-6, minutely hairy ; the terminal slender styles deciduous from the
base by a joint. Seed erect. — Low perennial herbs, with chiefly radical 3-5-
lobed or divided leaves, and small yellow flowers on bracted scapes. (Named
in honor of Francis von Waldstein, a German botanist.)

1. W. fragnrioides, Tratt. (BARREN STRAWBERRY.) Low; leaf-
lets 3, broadly wedge-form, cut-toothed ; scapes several-flowered ; petals longer
than the calyx. ^Dalibarda fragarioides, Michx.) — Wooded hill-sides common
northward, and southward along the Alleghanies.

118 ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.)

11. POTENTlLiLiA, L. CINQUE-FOIL. FIVE- FINGER.

Calyx flat, deeply 5-clcft, with as many bractlets at the sinuses, thus appear-
ing 10-cleft. Petals 4 - 5, usually roundish. Stamens many. Achenia many,
collected in a head on the dry mostly pubescent or hairy receptacle : styles
lateral or terminal, deciduous. — Herbs, or rarely shrubs, with compound leaves,
and solitary or cymose flowers. (Name a kind of diminutive from patens, pow
erful, alluding to the reputed medicinal power, of which in fact these plants
possess very little, being merely mild astringents, like the rest of the tribe.)

$ 1. Style terminal, or attached above the middle of the ovary : achenia glabrous.

* Annuals or biennials : petals pale yellow, small, not exceeding the calyx : receptacle

globular, ovoid, or even oblong in fruit.

1. P. Norvcgrica, L. Hairy, erect, branched above; leaves palmately &
foliolate ; leaflets obovate-oblong, cut-toothed. — Fields : common, especially
northward. A homely weed. (Eu.)

2. P. paradoxa, Nutt. Somewhat pubescent, spreading or decumbent,
branched ; leaves pinnate ; leaflets 5-9, obovate-oblong, cut-toothed ; achenia
with a thick appendage at the base. — Banks of the Ohio and Mississippi.

* * Perennial herbs : petals yellow, commonly longer than the calyx.
•<- Low: leaves palmate, of 3 or 5 leaflets.

3. P. frigicla, Vill. Dwarf (V- 3' high), tufted, villous when young,
stems or scapes mostly 1 -flowered ; leaflets 3, broadly wedge-obouate, deeply cut into
5-7 oblong approximate teeth. (P. Robbinsiana, Oakes.) — Less villous with
age and smaller-flowered than P. frigida of the Alps, but agreeing closer with it
than with P. minima, which probably is only another form of the same species.
Alpine summits of the high mountains of New Hampshire. (Eu.)

4. P. Canadcnsis, L. (COMMON CINQUE-FOIL or FIVE-FINGER.;
Hairy or pubescent, procumbent and ascending, producing runners ; peduncles axil
lary, elongated, \-flowered; leaflets 5, oblong or obovate-wedge form, cut-toothed
towards the apex. (P. sarmentosa, Muhl.) — Var. 1. PUMILA is a dwarf, early-
flowering state, in sterile soil. Var. 2. SIMPLEX is a taller and greener state,
with slender ascending stems. (P. simplex, MicJix.) — Abounds among grass
in dry fields, &c. April - Oct.

5. P. argentca, L. (SILVERY CINQUE-FOIL.) Stems ascending
cymose at the summit, many-flowered, white-woolly; leaflets 5, wedgo oblong, al-
mos*t pinmitifid, entire towards the base, with revolute margins, green above,
while with silvery wool beneath. — Dry barren fields, &c. June - Sept. (Eu.)

•*- •*- Taller : leaves pinnate, of 3 — 9 leaflets.

6. P. Pcmisylv:illica, L. Stems erect, hairy or woolly ; cymose at
the summit, many-flowered ; leaflets 5-9, oblong, obtuse, pinnatifid, silky-wool-
ly with white hairs, especially beneath, the upper ones larger and crowded;
petals scarcely longer than the calyx. — Pennsylvania ? New Hampshire (Isle of
Shoals, Jtolibiinf), Maine (Cape Eli/abeth, C. ./. Sprague), and northward July.

§ 2. Style defjtfy lateral, (illarhnl. ut or beneath the middle of the ovary : petals yellow
or white, deciduous.

HGSACEJS. (HOSE FAMILY.) 119

* Achenia glabrous : style thickened above: receptacle tonical in fruit.

7. P. argilta, Pursh. Stem erect and stout (2° -4° high), brownish
hairy, clammy above ; leaves pinnate, of 3 - 9 oval or ovate cut-serrate leaflets,
downy underneath ; flowers cyrnose-clustered ; petals yellowish or whitish ; disk
thick and glandular. — Rocky hills ; common northward and westward. July.

•% * Achenia (at least below) and the convex receptacle villous.

8. P. AllSCl'ina, L.' (SILVER- WEED.) Herbaceous, creeping by slen*
der rooting runners; leaves all radical, pinnate; leaflets 9-19, with minute paira
interposed, oblong, pinnatifid-serrate, green and nearly smooth above, silvery-
white with silky down underneath; stipules many-cleft; flowers solitary (yellow], on
long scape-like peduncles. Brackish marshes, river-banks, &c., New England
to Penu., Wisconsin, and northward. June -Sept. (Eu.)

9. P. JTruticosa, L. (SHRUBBY CINQUE-FOIL.) Stem erect, shrubby
(2° -4° high), very much branched; leaves pinnate ; leaflets 5-7, closely crowd-
ed, oblong-lanceolate, entire, silky, especially beneath ; stipules scale-like;
Jhivers numerous (yellow], terminating the branchlets. — Bog-meadows; same
range as the last. June - Sept. (Eu.)

10. P. tridciitata, Ait. (MOUNTAIN CINQUE-FOIL.) Stems low
(4' -6' high), rather woody at the base, tufted, ascending, cymosely several-
flowered ; leaves palmate ; leaflets 3, wedge-oblong, nearly smooth, thick, coarsely
3-loothed at the apex ; petals white ; achenia and receptacle very hairy. — Rocks,
on mountains ; Cape Cod, Cape Ann, and in Maine at the level of the sea ;
shore of Lake Superior and northward. June.

§ 3. Styles moderately lateral : petals (shorter than the calyx, ovate-lanceolate] and
filaments more or less persistent : disk thick and hairy : achenia glabrous : recepta-
cle hairy, convex, at length large and spongy. (Comarum, L.)

11. P. palaistris, Scop. (MARSH FIVE-FINGER.) Stems ascending
from a creeping base (1° - 2° high) ; leaves pinnate, of 5 - 7 lanceolate or oblong
crowded serrate leaflets, whitish beneath; flowers somewhat cymose; calyx (lf
broad) dark purple inside; petals purple. 1J. (Comarum palustre, L.) — Bogs,
N.England to Penn., Illinois, and northward. June -Aug. (Eu.)

12. FRAGARIA, Tourn. STRAWBERRY.

Flowers nearly as in Potentilla. Styles deeply lateral. Receptacle in fruit
much enlarged and conical, becoming pulpy and scarlet, bearing the minute dry
achenia scattered over its surface. — Stemless perennials, with runners, and with
white cymose flowers on scapes. Leaves radical : leaflets 3, obovate-wedge-
form, coarsely serrate. Stipules cohering with the base of the petiole, which
with the scapes are usually hairy. (Name from the fragrance of the fruit.) —
The two species are indiscriminately called WILD STRAWBERRY.)

1. F. Virginiaiia, Ehrhart. Achenia embedded in the deeply pitted recep-
tacle.— Fields and rocky places ; common April -June. — Scapes commonly
shorter than the leaves, which are of a rather coriaceous or linn texture Fruit
roundish-ovoid

120 ROSACE^E. (ROSE FAMILY.)

2. 1\ VeSCa, L. Achenia superficial on the conical or hemispherical fruiting
receptacle (not sunk in pits). — Fields and rocks, common : indigenous, especial-
ly northward. — Leaves thin; the wild fruit often long and slender. (Eu.)

13. DAL.IBARDA, L. DALIBARDA.

Calyx deeply 5 - 6-parted, 3 of the divisions larger and toothed. Petals 5,
sessile, deciduous. Stamens many. Ovaries 5-10, becoming nearly dry seed-
like drupes : styles terminal, deciduous. — Low perennials, with creeping and
densely tufted stems or rootstocks, and roundish-heart-shaped crenate leaves on
slender petioles. Flpwers 1-2, white, on scape-like peduncles. (Named in
honor of Dalibard, a French botanist.)

1. I>. repeilS, L. Downy; sepals spreading in the flower, converging
and enclosing the fruit. — Wooded banks; common northward. June -Aug.

— Leaves much like those of a stemless Violet.

14. RUB US, L. BRAMBLE.

Calyx 5-parted, without bractlets. Petals 5, deciduous. Stamens numerous.
Achenia usually many, collected on a spongy or succulent receptacle, becoming
small drupes: styles nearly terminal. — Perennial herbs, or somewhat shrubby
plants, with white (rarely reddish) flowers, and edible fruit. (Name from the
Celtic rub, red.)

§ 1. Fruit, or collective mass of drupes, falling off whole from the dry receptacle, when.

ripe, or of few grains which fall separately. (RASPBERRY.)
* Leaves simple : flowers large : prickles none : fruit and receptacle flat
1. R. OcloratUS, L. (PURPLE FLOWERING-RASPBERRY.) Stem shrub-
by (3° -5° high) ; branches, stalks, and calyx bristly with glandular clammy hairs;
leaves 3-5-lbbed, the. lobes pointed and minutely toothed, the middle one pro-
longed ; peduncles many-flowered ; calyx-lobes tipped with a long narrow ap-
pendage ; petals rounded, purple rose-color ; fruit ripening several reddish grains.

— Rocky banks, common northward. June- Aug. — Flowers showy, 2' broad.
2. R. Nutkaiius, Mo^ino. (WHITE FLOWERING-RASPBERRY.)

Glandular, scarcely bristly; leaves almost equally 5-lobcd, coarsely toothed;
peduncles few-flowered; petals oval, white. (R. parviflorus, Nutt.) — Upper
Michigan, and northwestward along the Lakes. Much like No. 1 ; but smaller.

3 R. Cliamrciliorus, L. (CLOUD-BERRY.) Herbaceous, low, dioecious ;
stem simple, 2-3-leaved, 1 -flowered ; leaves roundish-kidney-form, somewhat 5-
lobed, serrate, wrinkled ; calyx-lobes pointless ; petals obovate, white ; fruit of
few grains, amber-color. — White Mountains of New Hampshire at the limit of
trees : also Lubcck, Maine, and northward. (Eu.)

# * Leaflets (pinnatcly) 3 - 5 : petals small, erect, white.
•«- Stems annual, herbaceous, not prickly : fruit of few sejKirate grains,

4. R. triflorus, Richardson. (])WARF RASPBERRY.) Stems ascending
(6'- 12' high) or trailing; leaflets 3 (or pcdately ;">), rhombic-ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, acute at both ends, coarsely doubly serrate, thin smooth ; peduncle

ROSACE^E. (ROSE FA \IILY.J 121

1-3 flowered. — Wooded hill-sides, Rhode Island to Penn., Wisconsin, and
northward. June. — Sepals and petals often 6 or 7.

H--I- Stems biennial and woody, prickly : receptacle oblong: fruit hemispherical.

5. R. StrigosilS, Michx. (WILD RED RASPBERRY*.) Stems upright,
and with the stalks, &c. beset with stiff straight bristles (some of them becoming
weak hooked prickles), glandular when young, somewhat glaucous ; leaflets 3-
5, oblong-ovate, pointed, cut-serrate, whitish-downy underneath ; the lateral ses-
sile ; petals as long as the sepals ; fruit light red. — Thickets and hills ; common,
especially northward. — Fruit ripening from June to Aug., finely flavored, but
more tender and watery than the Garden or European Raspberry (R. Idccus),
which it too closely resembles.

6. R. occideiitiklis, L. (BLACK RASPBERRY. THIMBLEBERRY.)

Glaucous all over ; stems recurved, armed like the stalks, &c. with hooked prickles,
not bristly ; leaflets 3 (rarely 5), ovate, pointed, coarsely doubly sen-ate, whitened-
downy underneath ; the lateral ones somewhat stalked ; petals shorter than the
sepals ; fruit purple-black. — Thickets and fields, especially where the ground has
been burned over. May. — Fruit ripe early in July, pleasant. (Some curious
forms are known, with fruit intermediate between this and the last.)

} 2. Fruit, or collective drupes, not separating from the juicy receptacle, mostly ovals
or oblong, blackish. (BLACKBERRY.)

7. R. villdsus, Ait. (COMMON or HIGH BLACKBERRY.) Shrubby
(l°-6°high), fun-owed, upright or reclining, armed with stout curved prickles;
branchlets, stalks, and lower surface of the leaves hairy and glandular ; leaflets 3
(or pedately 5), ovate, pointed, unequally sen-ate ; the terminal one somewhat
heart-shaped, conspicuously stalked; flowers racemed, numerous, bracts short;
sepals linear-pointed, much shorter than the obovate-oblong spreading petals. —
Var. 1. FRONo6sus : smoother and much less glandular; flowers more corym-
bose, with leafy bracts; petals roundish. Var. 2. HUMIFTJSUS : trailing, small-
er ; peduncles few-flowered. — Borders of thickets, £c., common. May, June :
the pleasant large fruit ripe in Aug. and Sept. — Plant very variable in size,
aspect, and shape of the fruit.

8. R. Call side II Sis, L. (Low BLACKBERRY. DEWBERRY.) Shrubby,
extensively trailing, slightly prickly; leaflets 3 (or pedately 5-7), oval or ovate-
lanceolate, mostly pointed, thin, nearly smooth, sharply cut-sen-ate ; flowers ra-
cemed, with leaf-like bracts. (R. trivialis, Pursh, Bigel., frc. ; not of Michx.) —
Rocky or gravelly hills, common. May ; ripening its large and sweet fruit
earlier than No. 7.

9. R. liispidllS, L. (RUNNING SWAMP-BLACKBERRY.) Stems slender,
somewhat shrubby, extensively procumbent, beset with small reflexed prickles ; leaflets 3
(or rarely pedately 5), smooth, thickish, mostly persistent, obovate, obtuse, coarsely
serrate, entire towards the base ; peduncles leafless, several-flowered, often bristly ;
floivers small. (R. obovalis, Michx. R. sempervirens and R. sctosus, Bigelow.)
— Low woods, common northward. June. — Flowering shoots short, ascend-
ing, the sterile forming long runners. Fruit of a few large grains, red or pur
pie, sour

122 ROSACE^E. (ROSE FAMILY.)

10. R. Clincifolius, Pursh. (SAND BLACKBERRY.) Shrubby (1° -3*
high), ii/iright, ar/nid with stout recurved prickles ; branchlets and lower surface of
the leaves whitish-woolly; leaflets 3-5, wedgc-obovate, thickish, seirate above;
peduncles 2-4-flowcred ; petals large. — Sandy woods, S. New York to Virginia
and southward. May- July ; ripening its well-flavored black fruit in August.

11. R. trivia lis, Michx. (Low BUSH-BLACKBKRIIY.) Shrubby, pnxum-
Ix-nt, bristly and prickly ; leaves evergreen, coriaceous, nearly glabrous ; leaflets 3 (or
pedately 5), ovate-oblong or lanceolate, sharply serrate; peduncles 1-3-flow-
ered ; petals large. — Sandy soil, Virginia and southward. March - May.

15. ROSA, Tourn. ROSE.

Calyx -tube Ttrn-shaped, contracted at the mouth, becoming fleshy in fruit.
Petals 5, obovate or obcordate, inserted, with the many stamens, into the edge
of the hollow thin disk that lines the calyx-tube and bears the numerous pistils
over its inner surface. Ovaries hairy, becoming bony achcnia in fruit. — Shrub-
by and prickly, with odd-pinnate leaves, and stipules cohering with the petiole:
stalks, foliage, &c. often bearing aromatic glands. (The ancient Latin name.)
* Styles cohering in a column, as long as the stamens.

1. R. setigcra, Michx. (CLIMBING or PRAIRIE ROSE.) Stems climb-
ing, armed with stout nearly straight prickles, not bristly ; leaflets 3 - 5, orate, acute,
sharply serrate, smooth or downy beneath ; stalks and calyx glandular ; flowers
corymbed ; sepals pointed ; petals deep rose-color changing to white; fruit (hip)
globular. — Borders of prairies and thickets, Ohio to Illinois and southward.
July. — A fine species, the only American climbing Rose ; the strong shoots
growing 10° -20° in a season.

# * Styles separate, nearly included in the calyx-tube : petals rose-color.

2. R. Carolina, L. (SWAMP ROSE.) Stems tall (4° -7° high), armed
with stout hooked prickles, not bristly; leaflets 5 -9, elliptical, often acute, dull
cdtove and pale beneath ; stipules narrow ; flowers numerous, in corymbs; calyx and
peduncles glandular-bristly, the former with leaf-like appendages; fruit (hip)
depressed-globular, somewhat bristly. — Low grounds, common. June - Sept.

3. R. I in ida, Ehrhart. (DWARF WILD-ROSE ) Stems (l°-2° high),
armed with unequal bristly prickles, which are mostly deciduous, the stouter per-
sistent ones nearli/ straight, slender; leajlets 5 — 9, elliptical or oblong-lanceolate,
shining above, sharply serrate; stipules broad; peduncles 1 -3-flou~er«l, and -with
the appcndaged calyx-lobes glandular-bristly; fruit depressed -globular, smooth
when ripe. — Common in dry soil, or along the borders of swamps. May —
July. — R. nitida, \\~illd., is a smooth and narrow-leaved form.

4. R. bl.iiidii, Ait. (EARLY WILD-ROSE.) Nearly un.inned, or with
pcatti-red straight deciduous prickles (l°-3° high) ; leaflets 5-7, oval or oblong,
olitiw, [Kile on both sidm ami minutely downy or hoary Ixneath, son-ate; stipules
large; flowers 1 -3, the pulnm-lm and caly.r-t.nbe smooth and glaucous; fruit glo-
bose, crowned with the persistent erect and counivcnt entire calyx-lobes.—
Hocks and banks, Vermont to Penn. and Wisconsin, chiefly northward. May,
June. — Petals light rose-color.

ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.) 123

5. R. RUBIGIN£SA, L. (TRUE SWEET-BRIER.) Climbing high; prickles
numerous, the larger ones strong and hooked, and the smaller aivl-shaped ; leaflets
doubly serrate, rounded at the base ; downy and clothed with fragrant russet
glands beneath ; fruit pear-shaped or obovate, crowned with the persistent calyx-lobes.
— Road-sides and thickets. June -Aug. (Nat. from Eu.)

b. R. MICRANTHA, Smith. (SMALLER-FL. SWEET-BRIER.) Prickles uni-
form and hooked ; fruit elliptical and ovate ; calyx-lobes deciduous ; flowers smaller :
otherwise as No. 5. — E. New England. (Nat. from Eu.)

SUBORDER HI. POI?IEJE. THE PEAR FAMILY.
16. CRATJECcUS, L. HAWTHORN. WHITE THORN.

Calyx-tube urn-shaped, the limb 5-cleft. Petals 5, roundish. Stamens many,
or only 10-5. Styles 1-5. Fruit (calyx-tube) fleshy, containing 1 - 5 bony
1 -seeded carpels. — Thorny shrubs or small trees, with simple and mostly lobed
leaves, and white (rarely rose-colored) blossoms. (Name from Kpdros, strength^
on account of the hardness of the wood.)

# Corymbs many-flowered.
•«- Fruit very smtxll, depressed-globose (not larger than peas], bright red: flowers small:

calyx-teeth short and broad: styles 5 : plants glabrous and (/landless throughout.

1. C. Spallllllata, Michx. Leaves thickish and shining, spatulateor oblan-
ceolate, with a long tapering base, crenate above, rarely cut-lobed, nearly sessile. —
Virginia and southward. May. — Shrub 10° - 15° high.

2. C. coi'dftta, Ait. (WASHINGTON THORN.) Leaves broadly ovate or
triangular, mostly truncate or a little heart-shaped at the base, on a slender petiole,
variously 3 - 5-clefl or cui, and serrate. — Virginia, Kentucky, and southward.
June. — Trunk 1 5° - 25° high.

t- •<— Fruit small (%' — i' lon'j), ovoid, deep red : flowers rather large : styles 1—3.

3. C. OXYACANTHA, L. (ENGLISH HAWTHORN.) Smooth ; leaves obovate,
cut-lobcd and toothed, wedge-form at the base; calyx not glandular. Mav. —
More or less spontaneous as well as cultivated. (Adv. from Eu.)

4. C. apiif'oli.i, Michx. Softly pubescent when young, becoming gla-
brous ; leaves roundish, with a broad truncate or slightly heart-shaped base/ pin-
nately 5 - 7-cleft, with the crowded divisions cut-lobed and sharply serrate ;
petioles slender; calyx-lobes glandular-toothed, slender. — Virginia and south-
ward. March, April.

•»-•«-•«- Fruit large (^'-f long), red; flowers large: styles and stones of the fruit
even in the same species 1-3 (when the fruit is ovoid or pear-shaped) or 4-5 (when
the fruit is globular) : stipules, calyx-teeth, bracts, <^c. often beset with glands.

5. C. coccsnesi, L. (SCARLET-FRUITED THORN.) Glabrous through-
out; leaves thin, roundish-ovate, sharply toothed and cut, or somewhat cut-lobed,
usually abrupt at the base, on slender petioles ; flowers white, often with a rosy
tinge (§' broad) ; fruit bright scarlet-red, ovoid (£' broad), scarcely edible. — •
Thickets and rockv banks ; common. May. — A low tree

124 ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.)

6. C. toui« lit >s:i, L. (BLACK or PEAR THORN.) Downy at vittous-
vubescent, at least when young, on the peduncles, calyx, *iul lower side of the
leaves ; kacf-.s t/tickis/t, rather large, oval or ovate-oblong, sharply toothed and
often cut, abruptly narrowed at the base into a somewhat margined petiole, the up-
per surface more or less furrowed along the veins ; flowers large (often 1' broad),
white ; fruit crimson or orange-red, usually large (|;-|' broad), globular or some-
what pear-shaped, edible. — Thickets ; common. May, June. — A tall shrub or
low tree, of many varieties, of which the following are the most marked.

Var. pyrifolia. Leaves sparingly pubescent beneath when young, soon
glabrous, smooth and shining above, often slightly cut-lobcd ; fruit large, bright-
colored, sparingly dotted, of a pleasant flavor. (C. pyrifolia, Ait.)

Var. puiictiita.. Leaves rather small, mostly wedge-obovate, with a
longer tapering and entire base, unequally toothed above, rarely cut, vilious
pubescent when young, smooth but dull when old, the numerous veins more
strongly impressed on the upper surface and prominent underneath ; fruit glo-
bose, usually dull red and yellowish with whitish dots. (C. punctata, Jacq.)

Var. Iliollis* Leaves rounded, abrupt or somewhat heart-shaped at the
base, soft-downy both sides, or at least beneath, very sharply doubly-toothed and
cut; fruit often downy. (C. subvillosa, Schrader. C. coccinea, var. 1 molli**,
Torr. Sf Gray.) — Michigan, Illinois, and southwcstward.

7. C. CrilS-giulli, L. (COCKSPUR THORN.) Glabrous ; leaves thick,
shining above, wedge-obovate and oblanceolate, tapering into a very short petiole,
serrate above the middle; fruit globular, bright-red (£' broad). — Thickets.
June. — Shrub or tree 10° -20° high, with firm dark green leaves very shining
above, and slender sharp thorns often 2' long. This is our best species for hedges.

* Corymbs simple few- (1 — 6-) flowered: calyx, bracts, Sfc. glandular.

8. C. flava, Ait. (SUMMER HAW.) Somewhat pubescent or glabrous ;
leaves wedge-obovate or rhombic-obovate, narrowed at the base into a glandular
petiole, unequally toothed and somewliat cut above the middle, rather thin, the teeth,
&c. glandular; styles 4- 5; fruit somewhat pear-shaped, yellowish, greenish, or
reddish (£' -§' broad). — Sandy soil, Virginia and southward. May. — Tree
1 5° -20° high, with rather large flowers, 2-6 in a corymb.

Var. pubcscciis. Downy or villous-pubeseent when young ; leases
thickish, usually obtuse or rounded at the summit. (C. elliptica, Ait. C. glan-
dulosa, Michx. C. Virginica, Lodd.) — Virginia and southward.

9. C. parvifolia, Ait. (DWARF THORN.) Downy ; leaixx thick, obovato
tpatulate, crcnate-toothed ($' - l£' long), almost sessile, the upper surface at length
shining; flowers solitary or 2-3 together, on very short peduncles; calyx-lolies as
long as the petals ; styles 5; fruit globular or pear-shaped^ greenish-yellow. —
Saiuly soil, New Jersey to Virginia and southward. May. — Shrub 3° - 6° high

17. PYRTJS, L. PEAR. APPLE.

Calyx-to-be urn-shaped, the limb 5-cleft. Petals roundish or obovate. Sla
mens nuim-rous. Stvles 2-5. Fruit (pome) fleshy or berry-like; ihe 2-5 car-
pels of a papery or cartilaginous texture, 2-seedi-d. — Trees or shrubs, with
nandsome flowers in corymbed cymes. (The classical name of the 1'car-tiee.)

ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.) 125

5 1 JVlALUS, Tourn. — Leaves simple : cymes simple and umbel-like : fruit fleshy,
ghibular, sunk in at the attachment of the stalk. ( APPLE.)

1. P. coroiiuria, L. (AMERICAN GRAB-APPLE.) Leaves ovate, often
rather heart-shaped, cut-serrate or lobed, soon glabrous ; styles woolly and united at
the base. — Glades, W. New York to Wisconsin and southward. May. — Tree
20° high, with few, but very large, rose-eolored fragrant blossoms, and translu-
cent, fragrant, greenish fruit.

2. P. aiigiistifolia, Ait. (NARROW-LEAVED CRAB-APPLE.) Leaves
oblong or lanceolate, often acute at the base, mostly toothed, glabrous ; styles dis-
tinct. — Glades, from Pennsylvania southward. April.

P. MALUS, the APPLE-TREE, is often found in deserted fields and copses.
P. COMMENTS, the PEAR-TREE, represents the typical section of the genus.

$2. ADENORACHIS, DC. — Leaves simple, the midrib beset with glands along
the upper side: cymes compound: sty'es united at the base: fruit berry -like, small.

3. P. arlmlifolia, L. (CHOKE-BERRY.) Leaves oblong or obovate,
finely serrate ; fruit pear-shaped, or when ripe globular. — Var. 1. ERYTHRO-
CARPA has the cyme and leaves beneath woolly, and red or purple fruit. Var.
2. MELANOCARJ'A is nearly smooth, with black fruit. — Damp thickets, common.
May, June. — Shrub 2° - 10° high. Flowers white, or tinged with purple.

§3. S6RBUS, Tourn. — Leaves odd-pinnate: cymes compound: styles separate:
fruit berry-like, small.

4. P. Americana, DC. (AMERICAN MOUNTAIN-ASH.) Leaflets
13-15, lanceolate, taper-pointed, sharply serrate with pointed teeth, smooth ;
cymes large and flat. — Swamps and mountain woods, N. England to Wiscon-
sin northward, and along the Alleghanics southward. June. — A slender shrub
or low tree, with white blossoms ; greatly prized in cultivation for its ornamen-
tal clusters of scarlet fruit (not larger than large peas) in autumn and winter.

P. AUCUP\RIA, Gartn., the cultivated EUROPEAN MOUNTAIN-ASH or Row
AN TREE, is known by its paler, shorter, and blunt leaflets, and larger fruit.

18. AHIELANCIIIER, Medic. JUNE-BERRY.

Calyx 5-clcft. Petals oblong, elongated. Stamens numerous, short. Styles
5, united below. Fruit (pome) berry-like, the 5 cartilaginous carpels each di-
vided into 2 cells by a partition from the back; the divisions 1-seeded. — Small
trees or shrubs, with simple sharply serrated leaves, and white flowers in ra-
cemes. (Amelancier is the popular name of A. vulgaris in Savoy.)

1. A. Canadciisis, Torr. & Gray. (SHAD-BUSH. SERVICE-BERRY.)

Calyx-lobes triangular-lance-form ; fruit globular, purplish, edible (sweet, ripe
in June). — Along streams, &c. : common, especially northward. April, May.
— Varias exceedingly; the leading forms are, —

Var. Bofryapiuili ; a tree 10° -30° high, nearly or soon glabrous;
leaves ovate-oblong, sometimes heart-shaped at the base, pointed, very sharply
§e«mte ; flowers in long drooping racemes ; the oblong petals 4 times the length
of the calyx. (Pyrus Botryapium, Wittd.)

126 CALYCANTIIACEJi. (CAROLINA-ALLSPICE FAMILY.;

Yar. obloilgifolkl ; a smaller tree or shrub ; leaves oblong, beneath, like
the branehlet-s, white-downy when young ; racemes and petals shorter.

Var. ro til lldi folia; with broader leaves and smaller petals than in the
first variety ; racemes 6 - 10-flowered.

Var. aliiifoliii; shrub, with the roundish leaves blunt or notched at both
ends, serrate towards the summit; racemes dense and many-flowered. — Chiefly
in the Western States, and westward.

Var. oligOCcirpu; shrub, with thin and smooth narrowly oblong leaves,
2-4-flowcrcd racemes, the broader petals scarcely thrice the length of the calyx.

— Cold and deep mountain swamps, northward.

CYD&NIA vuLGAKis, the QUINCE, and C. JAI-6NICA, the ornamental JAPAH
QUINCE, differ from the order generally in their many-seeded carpels.

ORDER 40. CALYCANTHACE^E. (CAROLINA-ALLSPICE

FAMILY.)

Shrubs ivith opposite entire leaves, no stipules, the sepals and petals similar
and indefinite, the anthers adnate and extrorse, and the cotyledons convolute :

— otherwise like Rosaceae. Chiefly represented by the genus

1. CA LY CAN THUS, L. CAROLINA ALLSPICE. SWEET
SCENTED SHRUB.

Calyx of many sepals, united below into a fleshy inversely conical cup (witu
some leaf-like bracelets growing from it) ; the lobes lanceolate, mostly colored
like the petals ; which are similar, in many rows, thickish, inserted on the top
of the closed calyx-tube. Stamens numerous, inserted just within the petals,
short; some of the inner ones sterile (destitute of anthers). Pistils several or
many, enclosed in the calyx-tube, inserted on its base and inner face, resembling
those of the Rose. Fruit like a rose-hip, but dry when ripe, and larger, en-
closing the large achcnia. — Shrubs, with opposite entire leaves, and largo lurid-
purple flowers terminating the leafy branches. Bark and foliage aromatic ; the
crushed flowers exhaling more or less the fragrance of strawberries. (Name
composed of »caXv|, a cup or calyx, and avdos, jloicer, from the closed cup which
contains the pistils.)

1. C. florid MS, L. Lr.nws oral, s<>fl-d»iniy uiithrtiHilh. — Virginia? and
southward, on hill-sides in rich soil. Common in gardens. April -Aug.

2. C. ItfttVigsitllS, Willd. Leaves oblong, thin, cither blunt or taper
pointed, brit/lit (/m-n <nnl i/lal>rnns or nearly so on both sides, or rather pale be-
neath; flowers .smaller. — Mountains of Franklin Co., Penn. (/V»/". 1'ortcr)^
and southward along the Alleghanies. May -Aug.

3. C» glailCUS, Willd. Loaves oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate ; rons/ric-
uously tapcr-jHiintcil, >//<n«-<>ux-ir/<itr h-ncath, roughish above, glabrous, larger than
in the others (4'- 7' long) ; the flowers also larger. —Virginia ? near the moun-
tains and southward. May - Aug.

MELASTOMACJSE. (MELASTOMA FAMILY.) 127

ORDER 41. MELASTOMACE^E. (MELASTOMA FAMILY.)

Myrtle-like plants, with opposite ribbed leaves, and anthers opening by
pores at the apex ; otherwise much as in the Evening-Primrose Family. —
All tropical, except the genus

1. RUE XI A, L. DEER-GRASS. MEADOW-BEAUTY.

Calyx-tube urn-shaped, coherent with the ovary below, and continued above
it, persistent, 4-cleft at the apex. Petals 4, convolute in the bud, oblique, in-
serted, along with the 8 stamens, on the summit of the calyx-tube. Anthers
long, 1-celled, inverted in the bud. Style 1 : stigma 1. Pod invested by the
permanent calyx, 4-celled, with 4 many-seeded placentae projecting from the
central axis. Seeds coiled like a snail-shell, without albumen. — Low perennial
herbs, often bristly, with sessile 3 - 5-nerved and bristle-edged leaves, and large
showy cymose flowers ; the petals falling early. (Name from pf)£is, a rupture.
applied to this genus for no obvious reason.)

* Anthers linear, curved, with a minute spur on the back at the attachment of tht
Jilament above its base : Jloicers cymose, peduncled.

1 . B. Virgilftica, L. Stem square, with wing-like angles ; leaves oval-
lanceolate, acute ; petals bright purple. — Sandy swamps, Massachusetts along
the coast, to Virginia, Illinois, and southward. July.

2. K. Ularifilia, L. Stems cylindrical; leaves linear-oblong, narrowed
below ; petals paler. — Sandy swamps, N. Jersey, Kentucky, and southward.

* * Anthers oblong, straight, without any spur: Jlowers few, sessile.

3. R. ciliosa, Michx. Stem square, glabrous ; leaves broadly ovate,
ciliate with long bristles ; calyx glabrous. — Maryland and southward.

ORDER 42. LYTHRACE^E. (LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY.)

Herbs, ivith mostly opposite entire leaves, no stipules, the calyx enclosing,
out free from, the 1 - 1-celled many-seeded ovary and membranous pod. and
bearing the 4-7 deciduous petals and 4-14 stamens on its throat; the latter
lower down. Style 1 : stigma capitate, or rarely 2-lobed. — Flowers axillary
or whorled, rarely irregular. Petals sometimes wanting. Pod often 1-
celled by the early breaking away of the thin partitions : placentae in the
axis. Seeds anatropous, without albumen. — Branches usually 4-sided.

Synopsis.

* Flowers regular, or very nearly so.

1. AMMANNIA Calyx short, 4-angled, not striate. Petals 1, ox none. Stamens 4.
3. LYTHRUM. Calyx tubular-cylindrical, striate. Petals 4 -7. Stamens 5 - 14.
3. NES2EA Calyx short-campanulate. Stamens 10 - 14, exserted, mostly unequal.

* * Flowers irregular : petals unequal.
i, CUPHEA. Calyx spurred or enlarged on one side at the base. Stamens 1'2.

11 See addend

128 LYTHRACE^E. (LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY.)

1. AMMANNIA, Houston. AMMANNI A.

Calyx globular or bell-shaped, 4-angled, 4-toothed, with a little hern-shaped
appendage at each sinus. Petals 4 (purplish), small and deciduous, sometimes
wanting. Stamens 4, short. Pod globular, 4-celled. — Low and inconspicuous
smooth herbs, with opposite narrow leaves, and small greenish flowers in their
axils. (Named after Ammann, a Russian botanist anterior to Linnaeus.)

1. A. Ii II ill ills, Michx. Leaves lanceolate or linear-oblong, tapering into a
slit/lit petiole, or the base somewhat arrow-shaped ; flowers solitary or 3 together
in the axils of the leaves, sessile; style very short. (I) — Low and wet places,
from Massachusetts and Michigan southward. July - Sept.

2. A. latifolii*, L. Leaves linear-lanceolate (2' -3' long), with a broad
aurickd sessile base; style mostly slender. © — Ohio, Illinois, and southward.

2. LY THRUM, L. LOOSESTRIFE.

Calyx cylindrical, striate, 4-7-toothcd, with as many little processes in the
sinuses. Petals 4-7. Stamens as many as the petals or twice the number, in-
serted low down on the calyx, commonly nearly equal. Pod oblong, 2-celled.
— Slender herbs, with opposite or scattered mostly sessile leaves, and purple
(rarely white) flowers. (Name from Av0poi/, blood ; perhaps from the crimson
blossoms of some species.)

* Stamens and petals 5-7 : flowers small, solitary and nearly sessile in the axils of
the mostly scattered tipper leaves : proper calyx-teeth off en shorter than the interme-
diate processes : plants smooth.

1. L<. HYSSOPIF6LIA, L. Low (6' -10' high), pale; leaves oblong-linear, ob-
tuse, longer than the inconspicuous flowers; petals (pale purple) 5-6. © —
Marshes, coast of Massachusetts, £c. (Nat. from Eu. ?)

2. JL, aliVtlim, Pursh. Tall and wand-like ; branches with marginfd
angles ; leaves varying from oblong-ovate to lanceolate, the upper not longer than the
flowers ; petals (deep purple) 6. 1J. — Michigan, Wisconsin, and southward.

3. L.. lineare, L. Stem slender and tall, bushy at the top, tiro of the
angles margined ; leaves linear, short, chiefly opposite, obtuse, or the upper acute
and scarcely exceeding the flowers; calyx obscurely striate ; petals (whitish) 6.
1|. — Brackish marshes, N. Jersey and southward. Aug. — Stem 3° -4° high.

# # Stamens 12-14, twice the number of the petals, half of them sometimes much

shorter: flowers large, crowded and ivhorled in an interrupted wand-like spike.

4. l<. Salicni'ia, L. (SPIKED LOOSESTRIFE.) Leaves lanceolate,
heart-shaped at tin- lose, sometimes whorled in threes. — Wet meadows, Eastern
New England, and Orange County, New York : also cultivated. July. — Plant
more or less downy, tall : flowers large, purple. (Eu.)

3. MES^EA, Commorson, Juss. SWAMP LOOSESTRIFE.

Calyx short, broadly bell-shaped or hemispherical, with 5-7 er ct tetth and
AS many longer and spreading horn-like processes at the sinuses. Petals 5.
Stamens 10-14, exserted. Pod globose, 3-5-celled. — Perennial herbs or
slightly shrubby plants, with opposite or whorled leaves, and axillary flowers.

ONAGRACE^E (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 129

1 . W. verticillata, H. B. K. Smooth or downy ; stems recurved (2°
8° long), 4 - 6-sided ; leaves lanceolate, nearly sessile, opposite or whorl ed, the
Upper with clustered flowers in their axils on short pedicels ; petals 5, wedge-
lanceolate, rose-purple (^ long) ; stamens 10, half of them shorter. (Decodon
verticillatum, Gmdin.) — Swampy grounds, common eastward. July-Sept.

4. CUP HE A, Jacq. CCPHEA.

Calyx tubular, 12-ribbed, somewhat inflated below, gibbous or spurred at the
base on the upper side, 6-toothcd at the apex, and usually with as many little
processes in the sinuses. Petals 6, very unequal. Stamens mostly 12, approxi-
mate in 2 sets, included, unequal. Ovary with a curved gland at the base next
the spur of the calyx, 1 - 2-celled : style slender : stigma 2-lobed. Pod oblong,
few-seeded, early ruptured through one side. — Flowers solitary, stalked. (Namo
from KiK^oy, gibbous, from the shape of the calyx, &c.)

1. C. viscosissima, Jacq. (CLAMMY CUPHEA.) Annual, very vis-
cid-hairy, branching ; leaves ovate-lanceolate ; petals ovate, short-clawed, purple.
— Dry fields, from Connecticut to Illinois, and southward. Aug. — Seeds
flat, borne on one side of the placenta, which is early forced out the pod.

ORDER 43. ONAGRACE^E. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.)

Hej'bs, with ^-merous (sometimes 2 -3-mmms) flowers; the tube of the
calyx cohering with the 2 - 4-celled ovary, its lobes valvate in the bud, or obso-
lete, the petals convolute in the bud, and the stamens as many or twice as
many as the petals or calyx-lobes. — There are two suborders, viz. : —

SUBORDER I. ONAGRACE^E PROPER.

Calyx-tube often prolonged beyond the ovary ; the petals (rarely want-
ing) and stamens inserted on its summit. Pollen-grains connected by cob-
webby threads. Style single, slender: stigma 2 -4-lobed or capitate. Pod
loculicidally 4-celled and 4-valved, or indehiscent : placentae in the axis.
Seeds anatropous, no albumen.

1 EPILOBIUM. Stamens 8. Petals 4. Seeds with a large downy tuft at the apex.

2. OENOTIIERA Stamens 8. Petals 4. Calyx-tube prolonged. Seeds naked, numerous.

3. G AURA Stamens 8. Petals 4 Calyx-tube prolonged. Pod 1 - 4-seeded, indehiscent.

4. JUSSIJEA Stamens 8 12. Petals 4 - 6. Calyx-tube not prolonged. Pod many-seeded.
6 LUDWIGIA. Stamens 4 Petals 4, or none. Calyx and pod as in No 4.

6 CIRC2EA. Stamens 2 Petals 2. Calyx slightly prolonged. Pod 1 - 2-celled. 1 - 2 seeded .

SUBORDER II. HALORAGE^E.

Calyx-tube not at all prolonged beyond the ovary, the lobes obsolete.
Petals often none. Stamens 1-8. Fruit indehiscent, 1- 4-celled, with a
solitary suspended seed in each cell. Albumen thin. — Aquatic plants,
with very small axillary sessile flowers, often monoecious or dioecious.

7. PROSERPINACA. Stamens 3. Fruit 3-sided, 3-celled. Flowers perfect.

8. MYRIOPHYLLUM. Stamens 4 8. Fruit 4-augled, 4-celled. Flowers monoecious.
9 &IPPURIS. Stamen 1. Fruh 1- celled. Style slender. Flowers perfect

180 ONAttRACE.fi. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.)

SUIIORDER I. OIVAGRACEvE PROPER.

1. EP1L.6BIUM, L. WILLOW-HERB.

Cal} x-tube not prolonged beyond the ovary ; limb 4-cleft, deciduous. Petali
4. Stamens 8 : anthers short. Pod linear, many-seeded. Seeds with a tuft of
long hairs at the end. — Perennials, with nearly sessile leaves, and violet, j urple,
or white flowers. (Name composed of cVi Ao/3o{) iW, viz. a violet on a pod.)

* Flowers large in a long spike or raceme : petals widely spreading, on claws : sta-

mens c,f)d style turned to one side: stir/ma ivith 4 long lobes: b.arts scattered,
1. E. Uilgustifolium, L. GREAT WILLOW-HERB.) Stem simple,
tall(4°-7e); leaves lanceolate. — Low grounds, especially in newly cleared
land; common northward. July. — Flowers pink-purple, very showy. (Eu.)

* * Flowers small, corymbed or panicled: petals, stamens, and style erect: stigma

club-shaped: lower leaves opposite, entire or denticulate.

•2. E. alpinum, L. Low (2' -6' high); nearly glabrous; stems ascmdirg
from a stoloniferous base, simple; leaves elliptical or ovate-oblong, obtuse,
nearly entire, on short petioles ; flowers few or solitary, drooping in the bud ;
petals purple; pods long, glabrous. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains
of New Hampshire, and Adirondack Mountains, New York. (Eu.)

Var. ilia jus, Wahl. Taller ; upper leaves more or less acute and toothed ;
pod glabrous or somewhat pubescent. (E. alsinifolium, Vill. E. origan ifoli-
um, Lam.) — With the typical form. (Eu.)

3. E. paliiStre, L., var. lineare. Erect and slender (l°-2° high),
branched above, minutely hoary-pubescent; stem roundish; leaves narrowly-lanceo-
late or linear, nearly entire ; flower-buds somewhat nodding ; petals purplish or
white; pods hoary. (E. lineare, Muld. E. squamatum, Nutt.) — Bogs, N.Eng-
land to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. There is also a small and simple
1 - few-flowered form (4' -9' high), less hoary or nearly glabrous, with shorter
leaves (E. oliganthum, Michx.), found in N. New York, White Mountains of
New Hampshire and northward. This is E. nutans, .Sommerf. & E. lineare, /'>/<.«?,
but the pods are usually a little hoary. (Eu.)

4. E. HioEIc, Torr. Soft-downy al( over, strictly erect (l°-2j° high), at
length branching; leaves crowded; linear-oblong or lanceolate, blunt, mostly pcti-
oled ; petals rose-color, notched (2" -3" long). — Bogs, Rhode Island and Penn,
to Michigan, and northward. Sept.

5. E. coloratlim, Muhl. Glabrous or nearly so; stem roundish, not
angled, much branched (l°-3° high), nany-flowered ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-
vblong, acute, denticulate, often petioled, *ot at all decurrent, thin, usm.'ly purple-
veined ; flower-buds erect; petals purplish, 2-cleft at the summit (!£' 2" long),

Wet places ; common. July -Sept. See addend.

2. <E NO Til ERA, L. EVENING PRIMROSE.

Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous ; the lobes 4, reflexed,
Petals 4. Stamens 8 : anthers mostly linear. Pod 4-valvcd, many-seeded.

ONAGltAOEJfi (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 131

Seeds naked. — Leaves alternate. (Name from oii/os, ivine, and (%xx, a cnase:
xthe application uncertain.)

t 1. Annuals or biennials : floicers nocturnal, odorous, withering the next day: pcxh
cylindrical, closely sessile.

1. CE. biennis, L. (COMMON EVENING-PRIMROSE.) Erect, mostly
hairy ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, obscurely toothed ; flowers in a terminal
rather leafy spike ; calyx-tube much prolonged ; petals inversely heart-shaped
(light yellow) ; pods oblong, somewhat tapering above. — Varies greatly; as
Var. 1. MURICATA, with rough-bristly stem and pods, and petals rather longer
than the stamens. Var. 2. GRANDIFLORA, with larger and more showy petals
Var. 3. PARVIFLORA, with petals about the length of the stamens. Var. 4
CRUCIATA, with singularly small and narrow linear-oblong petals, shorter than
the stamens, and smooth pods. — Common everywhere. June - Sept.

2. CE. rllOIIlbipetala, Nutt. Petals rhombic-ovate, acute; calyx-tube
very slender ; pods short, cylindrical : otherwise resembling a smoothish and
narrow-leaved state of No. 1. — Wisconsin, Illinois, and southwestward.

3. CE. Simiata, L. Hairy, low, ascending, or at length procumbent;
leaves oblong or lanceolate, sinuate-toothed, often pinnatifid, the lower petioled ;
flowers (small) axillary; petals not longer than the stamens (pale yellow, rose-
color in fading) ; pods cylindrical, elongated. — Sandy fields, New Jersey and
southward, principally a dwarf state. June.

$ 2. Biennials or perennials : flowers diurnal (opening in sunshine], yellow : pods
club-shaped, with 4 strong or winged angles and 4 inteiinediate ribs.

4. CE. glaiica, Michx. Very glabrous, glaucous; leaves ovate or ovate-
lanceolate; pods obovoid-oblong, 4-winged, almost sessile. 1J. — Mountains of
Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. May - July. — Leaves broader and flow-
ers larger than in the next.

5. CE. fruticosa, L. (SUNDROPS.) Hairy or nearly smooth; leaves
lanceolate or oblong ; raceme corymbed, naked beloAV ; petals broadly obcordate,
longer than the calyx-lobes and stamens ; pods oblong-club-shaped, 4-winged, longer
than the pedicels. 1J. — Open places, from New York southward and westward.
June- Aug. — Plant l°-3° high, with several varieties. Corolla 1^ broad.

6. CE. riparia, Nutt. Scarcely pubescent; leaves linear-lanceolate, ekn-
yated, tapering below and somewhat stalked; flowers (large) in a rather leafy at
length elongated raceme ; petals slightly obcordate ; pods oblong-club-shaped, slcn-
der-pedicelled, scarcely ^-winged. @ — Kiver-banks and swamps; Quaker Bridge,
New Jersey, to Virginia and southward.

7. CE. linearis, Michx. Slender, minutely hoary -pubescent ; leaves
^inear ; flowers (rather large) somewhat corymbed at the end of the branches,
pods obovate, hoary, scarcely 4-winged at the summit, tapering into a slender pedicel
— Montauk Point, Long Island, to Virginia and southward. June. — Plant 1°
high, bushy-branched? flowers 1' wide.

8. CE. clirysailtlia, Michx. Slender, smooth or pubescent; leaves lan-
ceolate, rather blunt ; flowers crowded or at first corymbed ; petals obovate, notched
at the end (ora^e-yelloiv], longer than the stamens ; pods all pedi celled, oblong club-

132 ONAGRACEJC. (EVENING-PRIMROSE

tliaped, scarcely wing-angled. (2,? — Banks, Oswego, New York, to Michigan
and northward. July. — Stem 12' -15' high; flowers larger than in No. 9,
from which it may not be distinct.

9. CK. puillila, L. Almost smooth, small ; leaves lanceolate or oblanceohtit:,
mostly obtuse ; flowers in a loose and prolonged leafy raceme ; petals obcordate
(pule yellow), scarcely longer than the stamens ; pods almost sessile, oblong-club-
shaped, strongly wing-angled. @ or 1J. ? — Dry fields, common northward,
and southward along the Alleghanies. June. — Stems mostly simple, 5' -12
high : the corolla i' broad.

3. GAtlRA, L. GAURA.

Calyx-tube much prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous ; the lobes 4 (rarely
3), reflexed. Petals clawed, unequal or turned to the upper side. Stamens
mostly 8, often turned down, as also the long style. Stigma 4-lobed. Emit
hard and nut-like, 3 - 4-ribbed or angled, indehiscent or nearly so, usually be-
coming 1-celled and 1-4-seeded. Seeds naked. — Leaves alternate, sessile.
'Flowers rose-color or white, changing to reddish in fading, in wand-like spikes
or racemes ; in our species quite small (so that the name, from -yavpos, superb,
does not appear very appropriate).

1. G. bieiiniS, L. SoJI-Iiairy or downy (3° -8° high); leaves oblonrj-lance-
)late, acute, denticulate ; fruit oval or oblong, nearly sessile, ribbed. @ — Dry
banks, from New York westward and southward; common. Aug.

2. G. filipes, Spach. Nearly smooth ; stem slender (2° -4° high) ; leave*
linear, mostly toothed, tapering at the base ; branches of the panicle very slen-
der, naked ; fruit obovate-club-shaped, 4-angled at the summit, slender-pedicelled.

— Open places, from Ohio westward and southward. Aug.

4. JUSSIJEA, L. JUSSI^A.

Calyx-tube elongated, not at all prolonged beyond the ovary ; the lobes 4-6,
herbaceous and persistent. Petals 4-6. Stamens twice as many as the petals.
Pod 4-6-celled, usually long, opening between the ribs. Seeds very numerous.

— Herbs with mostly entire and alternate leaves, and axillary yellow flowers.
(Dedicated to Bernard de Jussieu, the founder of the Natural System of Botany
as further developed by his illustrious nephew.)

1. J. decurrens, DC. Glabrous; stem erect (1°- 2° high), branching,
winged by the decurrent lanceolate leaves; calyx -lobes 4, as long as the petals ;
stamens 8; pod oblong-club-shaped, wing-angled. 1J. — Wet places, Virginia,
Illinois, and 'southward. June -Aug. See addend.

5. LTJDWIGIA, L. FALSE LOOSESTRIFE.

Calyx-tube not at all prolonged beyond the ovary ; the lobes 4, usually per
sistcnt. Petals 4, often small or wanting. Stamens 4. Pod short or cylindri-
cal, many-seeded. Seeds minute, naked. — Perennial herbs, with axillary
(rarely capitate) flowers. (Named in honor of Ludwig, Professor of Botany at
Leipsic, contemporary with Linnaeus.)

ONAGRACE^E. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 133

« Leaves alternate, sessile : flowers peduncled : petals yellow, about equalling the calyx

1. Li. alternifolia, L. (SEED-BOX.) Smooth or nearly so, branched
(3° high) ; leaves lanceolate, acute or pointed at both ends; pods cubical, rounded
at the base, wing-angied. — Swamps ; common southward and near the coast.
Aug. — Pods opening first by a hole at the end where the style falls off, after-
wards splitting in pieces.

2. L,. liirt£Ila, Raf. Hairy all over ; stems nearly simple (1°- 2° high) ;
leaves ovate-oblong, or the upper lanceolate, blunt at both ends ; pods nearly as in
the last, but scarcely wing-angled. — Moist pine barrens, New Jersey to Virginia,
and southward. June - Sept.

* * Leaves alternate, sessile : flowers sessile : petals minute or none.

3. L,. spliserocarpa, Ell. Nearly smooth, much branched (l°-3°
high); leaves lanceolate, acute, tapering at the base; flowers solitary, ivithout
bractlets ; petals mostly wanting ; pods globular, not longer than the calyx-lobes, very
small. — Wet swamps, Massachusetts (Tewksbury, Greene), New York (Peeks-
kill, R. L Browne), New Jersey, and thence southward: also Illinois.

4. L<. polycarpa, Short & Peter. Smooth, much branched ; leaves
narrowly lanceolate, acute at both ends ; flowers oflen clustered in the axils, with-
out petals ; bractlets on the base of the 4-sided top-shaped pod, which is longer than
the calyx-lobes. — Swamps, Michigan to Illinois and Kentucky. Aug. — Stem
! ° - 3° high, sometimes with runners.

5. L<. lincaris, Walt. Smooth, slender (1° high), often branched, with
narrow lanceolate or linear leaves ; bearing short runners with obovate leaves ;
flowers solitary, usually with (greenish-yellow) petals ; bractlets minute ; pods elon-
gated top-shaped, 4-sided, much longer than the calyx. — Bogs, pine barrens of New
Jersey and southward. Aug.

* * * L eaves opposite, petioled: flowei's sessile : petals none or small. (Isnardia, L.)

6. It. paluslris, Eli. (WATER PURSLANE.) Smooth, low ; stems pro-
cumbent, rooting or floating ; leaves ovate or oval, tapering into a slender peti-
ole ; calyx-lobes very short ; pods oblong, 4-sided, not tapering at the base.
(Isnardia palustris, L.) — Ditches, common. July- Oct. — Petals rarely pres
ent, small and reddish when the plant grows out of water. (Eu.)

* ^ ^ -* Leaves opposite, sessile : flowers long-peduncled : petals exceeding the calyx.

7. Li. arciu\ta, Walt. Smooth, small and creeping ; leaves oblanceo-
vat-e ; flowers solitary, yellow (^' broad); peduncles 2'-!' long; pods oblong-
club-shaped somewhat curved (£' long). — Swamps, Eastern Virginia and south-
ward. May.

6. CIRCLE A, Toura. ENCHANTER'S NIGHTSHADE.

Calyx-tube slightly prolonged, the end filled by a cup-shaped disk, deciduous ;
lobes 2, reflexed. Petals 2, inversely heart-shaped. Stamens 2. Pod obovate,
. -2-celled, bristly with hooked hairs : cells 1-seeded. — Low and inconspicuous
perennials, with opposite thin leaves on slender petioles, ami smaU wmtish
flowers in racemes. (Named from Circe, the enchantress. \

134 oNACiUACE^. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.)

1. C. LiUtctiiina, L. Stem mostly pubescent (lc-2° high); leaves ovate^
pointed, shindy toothed ; bracts none; hairs of the roundish 2-celltd fruit bristly.
• — Mois: woodlands. July. (Eu.)

2. C. :il |>Itia, L. Low (3' - 8' high), smooth and weak ; leaves heart-shape^
tliin, shining, coarsely toothed; bracts minute; hairs of the obovate-oblong l-tW/&i
fruit soft and slender. — Cold woods; common northward. July. (Eu.)

SUJIORDER II. 1IAL.ORACEJC. THE WATER-MILFOIL FAMILY.

7. PKOSERPINACA, L. MERMAID-WEED.

Calyx-tube 3-sided, the limb 3-parted. Petals none. Stamens 3. Stigmas
3, cylindrical. Fruit bony, 3-angled, 3-celled, 3-seeded, nut-like. — Low, peren-
nial herbs, with the stems creeping at the base (whence the name, from proserpo,
to creep), alternate leaves, and small perfect flowers sessile in the axils, solitary
or 3 - 4 together.

1. P. paliisfriS, L. Leaves lanceolate, sharply serrate, the lower pecti-
nate when under water; fruit sharply angled. — Wet swamps. June -Aug.

2. P. pectiliacca, Lam. Leaves all pectinate, the divisions linear-awl-
shaped ; fruit rather obtusely angled. — Sandy swamps, near the coast.

8. NIYRIOPIIYL,LUM, Vaill. WATER-MILFOIL.

Flowers monoecious or polygamous. Calyx of the sterile flowers 4-parted, of
the fertile 4-toothed. Petals 4, or none. Stamens 4-8. Fruit nut-like, 4-
celled, deeply 4-lobed : stigmas 4, recurved. — Perennial aquatics. Leaves
crowded, often whorled; those under water pinnately parted into capillary
divisions. Flowers sessile in the axils of the upper leaves, produced above
water; the uppermost staminate. (Name from fiupi'os, a thousand, and<£vXAoi/,
a leaf, i. e. Milfoil.)
* Stamens 8: petals deciduous : carpels even : leaves whorled i:i threes orfourt.

1. HI. Spicatlllli, L. Leaves all pinnately parted and capillary, except
the floral ones or bracts; these are ovate, entire or toothed, and chiefly shorter than
the flowers, which thus appear to form an interrupted leafless spike. — Deep
water, common. July, Aug. (Eu.)

2. M. VCrticilliitUIIl, L. Floral leaves much lon/jtr than the flou'ers. r-e;-
tinate-pinnatifld: otherwise nearly as No. 1. — Ponds, &c. northward. (Eu.)

# * Stamens 4 : petals rather persistent : carpels 1 - 2-ridyed and roughened on the
back : leaves whorled in fours and Jives, the lower with capillary divisions.

3. HI. tietcropliylllim, Michx. Stem stout ; floral l«ir<s orate ana
lanceolate, thick, crowded, sharply serrate, the lowest pinnatifid ; fruit obscurely
roughened. — Lakes and rivers, from N. New York westward and southward.

4. HI. SCabra turn, Michx. Stem rather slender ; lower leaves pinnately
parted with few capillary divisions ; floral leaves linear (rarely scattered), pectinate
toothed or cut-serralc : carpels strongly Z-ridgcd and roughened on the back. — Shal
low ponds, from Rhode Island and Ohio southward.

LOASACE^E. {JLOASA FAMILY.) 135

# * * Stamens 4: petals rather persistent : carpels even on the lack: leaves chiefly
scattered, or wanting on the flowering stems.

5. in. mtlhi^lllim, Nutt. Immersed leaves pinnately parted into about
10 very delicate capillary divisions; the emerging ones pectinate, or the upper floral
linear and sparingly toothed or entire ; flowers mostly perfect; fruit (minute)
smooth. — Var. 1. NATANS : stems floating, prolonged. Var. 2. CAPILL\
CEUM: stems floating, long and very slender ; leaves all immersed and capil-
lary. Var. 3. LIMOSUM: small, rooting in the mud ; leaves all linear, incise«||
toothed, or entire. — Ponds and ditches, Massachusetts to New Jersey, Penu.,
and southward, near the coast. July - Sept.

6. M. tClielluill, Bigelow. Flowering stems nearly leafless and scape-like,
(3' -10' high), erect, simple; the sterile shoots creeping and tufted; bracts
small, entire; flowers alternate, monoecious; fruit smooth. — Borders of ponds, N.
Now York, New England, and northward. July.

9. IIIPPIJRIS, L. MARE'S-TAIL.

Calyx entire. Petals none. Stamen 1, inserted on the edge of the calyx.
Style single, thread-shaped, stigmatic down one side, received in the groove be-
tween the lobes of the large anther. Fruit nut-like, 1-celle.d, 1-sceded. — Peren-
nial aquatics, with simple entire leaves in whorls, and minute flowers sessile in
the axils, perfect or polygamous. (Name from ITTTTOS, a horse, and ovpd, a tail.)

I. Iff. Vlilg&ris, L. Leaves in whorls of 8 or 12, linear, acute. — Por.ds
and springs, New York to Kentucky and northward: rare. Stems simple, 1° —
2° high. Flowers very inconspicuous. (Eu.)

ORDER 44. L,OASACE^E. (LOASA FAMILY.)

Herbs, with a rough or stinging pubescence, no stipules, the calyx-tube ad-
}..ff'°nt to a \-cellcd ovary with 2 or 3 parietal placentas: — represented only
by the genus

1. 9IENTZEL.IA, Plum. (BARTOXIA, Nutt.)

Calyx-tube cylindrical or club-shaped ; the limb 5-parted, persistent. Petals
5 or 10, regular, spreading, flat, convolute in the bud, deciduous. Stamens m-
detinitc, rarely few, inserted with the petals on the .throat of the calyx. Styk'S
3, more or less united into one : stigmas terminal, minute. Pod at length dry
and opening irregularly, few - many-seeded. Seeds flat, anatropous, with little
albumen. — Stems erect. Leaves alternate. Flowers terminal, solitary or
C} mose-clustcred. (Dedicated to C. Mentzel, an early German botanist.)

1 RI. OljgO$p£riaBH, Nutt. Rough and adhesive (1° -3° high), much
branched, the brittle branches spreading; leaves ovate and oblong, cut-toothed
or angled ; flowers yellow (7M- 10" broad), opening in sunshine ; petals wed go-
oblong, pointed ; stamens 20 or more: filaments filiform: pod small, about 9-
seeded. (J) U —Prairies and plains, Illinois and southwestward.

136 CACTACE^E. (CACTUS FAMILY.)

ORDER 45. CACTACE^E. (CACTUS FAMILY.;

Fleshy and thickened mostly leafless plants, of peculiar aspect, ylo* ular,
or columnar and many-anylcd, or flattened and jointed, wutiUy with. )>rickies.
Flowers solitary, sessile ; the sepals and petals numerous, imbricated in sev-
eral rows, adherent to the 1-celled ovary. — Stamens numerous, •with long
and slender filaments, inserted on the inside of the tube or cup formed by
he union of the sepals and petals. Style 1 : stigmas numerous. Fruit a
1-celled berry, with numerous campylotropous seeds on several parietal
placentae. Albumen little or none. — Represented east of the Mississippi
only by

1. OPtJNTIA, Tourn. PRICKLY PEAR. INDIAN TIG.

Sepals and petals not united into a prolonged tube, spreading, regular, the inner
roundish. Berry often prickly. Seeds with albumen. Cotyledons large, folia-
ceous in germination. — Stem composed of joints, bearing very small awl-shaped
and usually deciduous leaves arranged in a spiral order, with clusters of barbed
bristles and often spines also in their axils. Flowers yellow, opening in sun-
shine for more than one day. (A name of Theophrastus, originally belonging
to some different plant.)

1. O. VlllgariS, Mill. (Cactus Opuntia, L.) Low, prostrate-spreading,
pale, with flat and broadly obovate joints ; the minute leaves ovate-subulate and
oppressed ; the axils bristly, rarely with a few small spines ; flowers sulphur-
yellow ; berry nearly smooth, eatable. — Sandy fields and dry rocks, from Nan
tucket, Mass, southward, usually near the coast. June.

Var. ? Rclfiiiesqilii. Larger, dark green, mostly spiny, with spreading
and awl-shaped leaves. 0. Rafinesquii, Engelm. — Wisconsin to Kentucky,
and westward. See Addend.

ORDER 46. GROSSUL,ACE-flE. (CURRANT FAMILY.)

Lt)w *Jirnlst sometimes prickly, with alternate and puhnutdti-lHwl leaver,
a 5-lobed calyx cohering with the l-celled ovary, and Jtrariiir/ f> stamens alter-
rmtiiif/ trit/t us /mint/ xmall petals. Fruit a \-c<ll<d l><.rr>i, trilh '2 parietal
p!.acen tee, crowned with the shrivelled remains of the calyx. Seeds numer-
ous, anatropous, with a gelatinous outer coat, and a minute embryo at the
base of hard albumen. Styles 2, distinct or united. — Leaves mostly
plaited in the bud, often clustered in the axils, the small flowers from the
same clusters, or from separate lateral buds. — Comprises only the genus

1. RIB 128, L. CURRANT. GOOSI.BEHUY.
Character same as of the order. (Name of Arabic origin.)

f 1. GROSSULAlMA, Tourn. (GOOSEBERRY.) — Stews mas//// b-arhuj thonu
at the base of the btifxtalks or clusters of lewcs, and ojt<-n with m-afared bristly
prickles : berries prickly or smooth.

GROSSULACE^. (CURRANT FAMILY.) 13?

# Peduncles 1 - 3-flowered ': leaves roundish-heart-shaped, 3 - 5-/o?;< d

1. R» Cyiioslmti, L. (WILD GOOSEBERRY.) Leaves pubescent; po-
dunchs slender, 2 - 3-flowered ; stamens and undivided style not longer than the broad
calyx. — Rocky woods ; common, especially northward. May. — Spines slender
Berry large, armed with long prickles like a burr, or rarely smooth.

2. K. liirtelluiii* Michx. (SMOOTH WILD GOOSEBERRY.) Leaves
somewhat pubescent beneath ; peduncles very short, 1 — 2-flowered, deflexed ; s/a-
wie-is and 2-cleft style scarcely longer than the bell-shaped (purplish) calyx.; fruit
smooth, small, purple, sweet. — Moist grounds, N. England to Wisconsin, com-
mon. May. — Stems either smooth or prickly, and with very short thorns, cr
none. — This yields the commonest smooth gooseberry of New England, &c.,
and usually passes for R. triflorum, Willd., which name belongs to the next.

3. R. rotuaulifolimn, Michx. (SMOOTH WILD GOOSEBERRY.)
Leaves nearly smooth ; peduncles slender, 1 - 3-flowered ; stamens and 2-parted
style slender , longer than the narrow cylindrical calyx; fruit smooth, pleasant. —
Rocks, W. Massachusetts to Wisconsin, and southward along the mountains to
Virginia, £c. June. — Leaves rounded, with very short and blunt lobes.

* % Racemes 5 - 9-flowered, loose, slender, nodding,

4. R. I Sic list re, Poir. (SWAMP GOOSEBERRY.) Young stems clothed
with bristly prickles, and with weak thorns; leaves heart-shaped, 3 - 5-parted,
•\\ith the lobes deeply cut; calyx broad and flat; stamens and style not longer
than the petals ; fruit bristly (small, unpleasant). — Cold woods and swamps,
N. England to Wisconsin and northward. June.

$2. R1BESIA, Bcrl. (CURRANT.) — Stems neither prickly nor thorny : flowers
(greenish] in racemes: berries never prickly .

5. R. prostratum, L'Her. (FETID CURRANT.) Stems reclined;
leaves deeply heart-shaped, 5 - 7-lobed, smooth ; the lobes ovate, acute, doubly
serrate ; racemes erect, slender ; calyx flattish ; pedicels and the (pale-red) fruit
tfltindular-b istly. — Cold damp woods and rocks, from N. England and Penn.
northward. May. — The bruised plant and berries exhale an unpleasant odor.

6. R. floriflum, L. (WILD BLACK CURRANT.) Leaves sprinkled with
resinous dots, slightly heart-shaped, sharply 3- 5-lobed, doubly serrate ; racemes
drooping, downy ; bracts longer than the pedicels ; calyx tubulur-bell-sbnped,
smooth ; fruit round-ovoid, black, smooth. — Woods ; common. May. — Much
like the Black Currant of the gardens, which the berries resemble in smdl and
flavor. Flowers large.

7. R. riibriuii, L. (RED CURRANT.) Stems straggling or reclined;
leaves somewhat heart-shaped, obtusely 3 -5-lobed, sen-ate, downy beneath when
young ; racemes from lateral buds distinct from the leaf-buds, drooping ; calyx flat
(green or purplish) ; fruit globose, smooth, red. — Cold damp woods and bogs,
New Hampshire to Wisconsin and northward. Same as the Red Currant of the
gardens. (Eu.)

R. ATJREUM, Pursh, the BUFFALO or MISSOURI CURRANT, remarkable for
the spicy fragrance of its early yellow blossoms, is cultivated for ornament. Its
•eaves are convolute (instead of plaited) in the bud.

138 PASSIFLORACE^E. (PASSION-FLOWER FAMILY.)

ORDER 47. PASSIFLORACE^E. (PASSION-FLOWER

Vines, climbing by tendrils, with perfect /lowers, 5 monadelphous stamen*,
and a stalked 1-celled ovary free from the calyx, with 3 or 4 parietal placen-
ta, and as many club-shaped styles ; — represented by the typical genus

1. PASSIFtORA, L. PASSION-FLOWER.

Calyx of 5 sepals united at the base, imbricated in the bud, the throat crowned
with a double or triple fringe. Petals 5, arising from the throat of the calyx.
Stamens 5 : filaments united in a tube which sheathes the long stalk of the ovary,
separate above: anthers large, fixed by the middle. Berry (often edible) many-
seeded; the anatropous albuminous seeds invested by a pulpy covering. Seed-
coat brittle, grooved. — Leaves alternate, palmately lobcd, generally with stip-
ules. Peduncles axillary, jointed. (Name, from pasm'o, passion, and flos, a
flower, given by the early missionaries in South America to these flowers, in
which they fancied a representation of the implements of the crucifixion.)

1. P. liitca, L. Smooth, slender; leaces obtusely 3-lobed at the summit, the
lobes entire; petioles glandless; flowers greenish-yellow (!' broad). U — Damp
thickets, S. Penn. to 111., and southward. July -Sept. — Fruit £' in diameter.

2. P. ilicai'llflta, L. Nearly smooth; leaces 3-cl^Jl ; tli<> MHS m-rrate ,
petiole bearing 2 glands ; flower large (2' broad), nearly white, with a triple pur-
ple and flesh-colored crown ; involucre 3-leaved. — Dry soil, Virginia, Kentucky,
and southward. May -July. — Fruit of the size of a hen's egg, oval, called
Maypops.

ORDER 48. CUCURBITACE^E. (GOURD FAMILY.)

Herbaceous mostly succulent vines, with tendrils, diiccious or monceciowt
(often monopetalous) Jlowers, the calyx-tube cohering with the 1 - 3-ceUed
ovary, and the 3-5 stamens commonly more or less untied by their often tor-
tuous anthers as well an by the filaments. Fruit (pepo) fleshy, or sometime*
niembranaceous. — Limb of the calyx and corolla usually more or less com-
bined. Stigmas 2-3. Seeds large, usually flat, anatropous, with no albu-
men. Cotyledons leaf-like. Leaves alternate, palmately lobed or veined
(Mostly tropical or subtropical.)

Synopsis.

1. SICYOS. Corolla of the sterile flowers flat and spreading, 5-lobed. Fruit prickly, inde

hiscent, 1-ceUed, 1 redded.

2. EC-Ill XOCYSTIS. Corolla of the sterile flowers flat and spreading, G-p:irted. 1'od prickly

2-celled, 4 -seeded, bursting at the top.

8. MELOTHUIA. Corolla of the sterile flowers somewhat campamilatc, 5-cleft. Berrj
smooth, many-seeded.

1. S1CVOS, L. ONE-SEEDED STAR-CUCUMBER.

Flowers monucl ms. Petals 5, united below into a bell-shaped or flauish
corolla. Stamens 3-5 all cohering Ovary 1-celled, with a single suspended

CUCURBITACEJE. (GOURD FAMILY.) 139

ovule : style slender : stigmas 3. Fruit ovate, dry and indehiscent, filled by
the single seed, covered with barbed prickly bristles which are readily detached.

— Climbing annuals, with small whitish flowers ; the sterile and fertile mostly
from the same axils, the former corymbed, the latter in a capitate cluster, long-
peduncled. (The Greek name for the Cucumber.)

1 S. angulatilS, L. Leaves roundish-heart-shaped and 5-angled or
lobed, the lobes pointed ; plant beset with clammy hairs. — River-banks. July -
Sept.

2. ECHIIVOCirSTIS, Torr. & Gray. Wi LD B ALS AM-APPLJS.

Flowers monoecious. Petals 6, lanceolate, united at the base into an open
spreading corolla. Stamens 3, separable into 2 sets. Ovary 2-celled, with 2
erect ovules in each cell : stigma broad. Fruit large, ovoid, fleshy, at length
dry, clothed with weak prickles, bursting at the summit, 2-celled, 4-seeded, the
inner part fibrous-netted. Seeds large, obovate-oblong. — An annual, rank, and
tall-climbing plant, nearly smooth, with deeply and sharply 5-lobcd thin leaves,
and very numerous small greenish-white flowers ; the sterile in compound ra-
cemes often 1° long, the fruitful in small clusters or solitary, from the same
axils. (Name composed of fxLVOSi a hedgehog, and KV<TTLS, a bladder, from the
prickly covering of the at length bladdery fruit.)

1. E. lofoata, Torr. & Gr. (Sicyos, Michx. Momdrdica cchinata, Muhl.)

— Rich soil along rivers, W. New England to Wisconsin and Kentucky. July -
Oct. — Fruit 2' long.

3. MEI^OTHRIA, L. MBLOTHRIA.

Flowers polygamous or monoecious ; the sterile campanulate, the corolla 5-
lobcd ; the fertile with the calyx-tube constricted above the ovary, then campan-
ulate. Anthers 3 or 5, more or less united. Berry fleshy, filled with many flat
and horizontal seeds. — Tendrils simple. Flowers very small. (Altered from
M^Acd^poy, an ancient name for a sort of white grape.)

1. M. pe Bid u la, L. Slender, climbing ; leaves small, roundish and
heart-shaped, 5-angled or lobed, roughish; sterile flowers few in small racemes;
the fertile solitary, greenish, or yellowish; berry oval {£ -1' long), green. \

— Copses, Virginia and southward. June -Aug.

CfrCUMIS SATIVUS, the CUCUMBER J C. MELO the MuSKMELON, C. Cl-

TRULLUS, the WATERMELON; CUCURBITA PEPO, the PUMPKIN, C. MELO-
PEPO, the ROUND SQUASH; C. VERRUC6SA, the LONG SQUASH; C. AURAN-
TIA, the ORANGE GOURD; and LAGENARIA VULGARIS, the BOTTLE GOURD,
are the most familiar cultivated representatives of this family.

ORDER 49. CRASSUlACE^E. (ORPINE FAMILY.)

Succulent herbs, with perfectly symmetrical flowers ; viz. tJie petals and
pistils equalling the sepals in number (3-20), and the stamens \Jie same or
double their numltr. — Sepals persistent, more or less united at tho base

140 CRASSULACEJS. (ORPINE FAMILY.)

Petals imbricated in the bud (rarely wanting), inserted, with the distinct
stamens, on the base of the calyx. Pistils distinct (united r.<elow in Pen-
thorum), usually with a little scale at the base of each, forming pods (folli-
cles) whu h open along the inner suture. Seeds anatropous : the straight
embryo surrounded by thin albumen. Flowers usually cymose, small.
Leaves chiefly sessile.

Synopsis.

* Pistils entirely separate. (True Crassulacese.)

1. TILL^EA. Sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils 3 or 4, distinct.

2. SEDUM. Sepals, petals, and pistils 4 or 6, distinct. Stamens 10-8.

* * Pistils united below into a 5-celled many-seeded pod.
8 PENTIIORUM. Sepals 5. Petals commonly none. Stamens 10. Pod 5-beaked.

1. TILI^A, L. TILL^A.

Sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils 3 or 4. Pods 2 - many-seeded. — Very
small tuft.xl annuals, with opposite entire leaves and axillary flowers. (Named
in honor of Tilli, an early Italian botanist.)

1. T. Simplex, Nutt. Rooting at the base (l'-2' high); leaves linear
oblong ; flowers solitary, nearly sessile ; calyx half the length of the (greenish-
white) petals and the narrow 8-10-seedcd pods, the latter with a scale at the
base of each. (T. ascendens, Eaton.) — Muddy river-banks, Nun tucket to E.
Penn. July - Sept.

2. SEDUm, L. STONE-CROP. ORPINE.

Sepals and petals 4 or 5. Stamens 8 or 10. Pods many-seeded ; a little
scale at the base of each. — Chiefly perennial, smooth, and thick-leaved herbs,
with the flowers cymose or one-sided. (Name from sedeo, to sit, alluding to the
manner in which these plants fix themselves upon rocks and walls.)
It Flowers one-sided on the spreading brandies of the cyme, forming a sort of spike,

mostly with 4 petals, frc. and 8 stamens, ichile the central flwer commonly Itas 5

petals, $-c. ami 10 stamens.

1. S. plllcliclllllll, Michx. Stems ascending (4' -12' high) ; leaves lin-
ear, nearly terete, scattered; spikes of the cyme several, densely flowered; pt-tais
rose-purple, lanceolate. — Virgina to S. Illinois, ^Kentucky, and southward.

2. S. tcrilfitlllll. (TIIHEE-LEAVED STONE-CROP.) Stems spreading
(3' -6 high); leaves jlat, the lower whorled in threes, wedyc-obocute., the upper
scattered, oblong; cyme 3-spiked, leafy ; petals u-hite, linear-lanceolate. Rocky
woods, Penn., to Illinois and southward. May, June. Also in gardens.

# * Flowers in close cymes, uniformly IQ-androus: leaves flat.

3. S. tclcpliioldcs, Michx. (WILD ORPINE or LIVE-FOR-RVEK.;
Stems ascending (6' -12' high), stout, leafy to the top; leaves oblong or oval,
entire or sparingly toothed, scattered; cyme small; j&tab Jtesh-cotor, ovate-lan-
ceolate, taper-pointed ; ;wx/s tapering into a slender style, — Dry rocks, Alleghany
Mountains, from Maryland southward, and sparingly in New Jersey 1 W. New
Vork 1 and Indiana. June.

SAXIFRAGACE^E. (SAXIFRAUE FAMILY.) 141

4. S. TELEPHIUM, L. (GAKDEN OUPINE or LIVB-FOR-EVUB.) Stems
erect (2C high), stout; leaves oval, serrate, obtuse, toothed; cymes compound ;
petals purple, oblong-lanceolate ; pods abruptly iwintud with a short style.. — Rocks
and banks, escaped from cultivation, and spontaneous in some r. laces. (Adv.
from Eu.)

5. ACRE, L., the MOSSY STONE-CROP or WALL-PEPPER, of Europe, — cul-
tivated for edgings, — has become spontaneous in a few places near Boston.

S. RHODIOLA, a dioecious species, is indigenous in New Brunswick and
northward ; and therefore may grow in Maine.

3. Pt NT HO RUM, Gronov. DITCH STONE-CROP.

Sepals 5. Petals rare, if any. Stamens 10. Pistils 5, united below, forming
a 5-angled, 5-horncd, and 5-celled pod, which opens by the falling off of the
beaks, many-seeded. — Upright weed-like perennials {not fleshy like the rest of
the family), with scattered leaves, and yellowish-green flowers loosely spiked
along the upper side of the naked branches of the cyme. (Name from TrtVre,
five, and opoy, a rule or mode, probably from the quinary order of the flower.)

1. P. sctloides, L. Leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends. — Wet places,
everywhere. July -Oct. — About 1° high, homely.

SEMPEKVIVUM TECTORUM, L., is the cultivated HOUSE-LEEK.

ORDER 50. SAXIFRAGACE.E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.)

Herbs or shrubs, uith the pistils mostly fewer than the petals or divisions of
the calyx (usually 2, united below and separate or separating at the top) ;
and the petals with the (mostly 4-10) stamens inserted on the calyx, which it
either free or more or less adherent to 'he 1 -^-celled ovary. — Calyx witlv-
ering-persistent. Petals rarely none. Stamens sometimes indefinitely
numerous. Pods several -many-seeded. Seeds small, anatropous, with a
slender embryo in fleshy albumen. — A large family, of which we have
three of the suborders.

SUBORDER I. SAXIFRAGES. THE TRUE SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.

Herbs ; the petals imbricated or rarely convolute in the bud. Calyx
free or partly adherent. Stipules none or adherent to the petiole.

* Pod 2-celled, 2-beaked, rarely 3- 4-cellec",. and beaked or pods 2 or 3.
•*- Stamens twice as many as the petals or sepals. 10, rarely 8.

1. ASTTLBE. Flowers polygamous. Seeds few, and with a loose coat Leaves decompound.

2. SAXIFUAGA. Flowers perfect. Pod or follicles many -seeded Soed-coat close.

•i- H- Stamens as many as the petals or sepals, namely 5.

8. BOYK1NIA. Calyx-tube top-shaped, coherent with the ovary. Seed-coat close, rough.

4. SULL1VANTIA. Calyx bell-shaped, nearly free from the avary. Seeds wing-inargiued

* * Pod one-celled with 2 parietal placentae.

t- Stamens as many as the lobes of the calyx, namely 5.
ft. HEUCHERA. Calyx bell-shaped, coherent with the ovary below. Petals small, entire.

142 SAXIFRAGACK.i:. (SAXIFKAGK FAMILY.)

<- •*- Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the calyx, namely 8 or 10.
8. M1TELLA. Calyx partly cohering with the depressed ovary. Petals small, pim^atifid.

7. TIAKELLA. Calyx nearly free from the slender ovary. Petals entire.

8. CIlKYSOisPLKXIUM. Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary. Petal* none.

SUDORDKR II. ESCALLONIE^E. THE ESCALLONIA FAMILY.

Shrubs, with alternate simple leaves and no stipules. Petals usually
valvate in the bud.

9. ITEA. Calyx free from the 2-celled ovary. Pod many-seeded. Stamens 5

SUBORDER III. HYDRANGIE^E. THE HYDRANGEA FAMILY.

Shrubs, with opposite simple leaves and no stipules.

1C HYDRANGEA. Calyx 4-5-toothed, the tube adherent to the imperfectly 2-celled ovary
Petals valvate in the bud. Stamens 8 or 10. Styles 2, diverging

11. PHILADELPHIA Calyx 4-5-parted; the tube adhering to the 3 - 5-celled ovary. Pet-
als convolute in the bud. Stamens 20-40. Styles united below.

SUBORDER I. SAXIFRAGACE^E. TRUE SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.

1. AST If, BE, Don. FALSE GOATSREARD.

Flowers diouciously polygamous. Calyx 4-5-parted, small. Petals 4-5,
spatulate, small, withering-persistent. Stamens 8 or 10. Ovary 2-eellcd, almost
free, many ovttled : styles 2, short. Pod 2-celled, separating into 2 follicles,
each ripening few seeds. Seed-coat loose and thin, tapering at each end. —
Perennial herbs, with twice or thrice tcmately compound ample leaves, cut-lohed
and toothed leaflets, and small white or yellowish flowers in spikes or racemes,
which are disposed in a compound panicle. (Name composed of d privative and
OT&firji a briyht surface, because the foliage is not shining.)

1. A. decdndra, Don. Somewhat pubescent; leaflets mostly heart-
shaped; petals minute or wanting in the fertile flowers; stamens 10. — Ktch
woods, Alleghanics of S. W. Virginia and southward. July. — Plant imitating
Spiraea Aruncus, but coarser, 3° -5° high.

2. S AX 1 FRAG A, L. SAXIFRAGE.

Calyx free from, or cohering with, the base of the ovary. 5 -cleft cr parted
IVtuls 5, entire, commonly deciduous. Stamens 10. Styles 2. l'.>d 2-h:-;.ked.
2-cellod, opening down or between the beaks ; or sometimes 2 almost separate
follicles. Seeds numerous, with a close coat. — Chiefly perennial herbs, with
tiic root-leaves clustered, those of the stem mostly alternate. (Name from
vaxiiiH,' a rock, and fratign, to break ; many species rooting in the clefts of rocks.)
# Stems jjrostrate, leafy* haves opposite : calyx free from the pod.

1. S. oppositifolia, L. (MOUNTAIN SAXIFKAGK.) Leaves thick
and fleshy, ovate, keeled, ciliate, imbricated on the sterile branches (l"-2'
long); flowers solitary, large; petals purple, obovate, much lonjjor than tho
5-cleft free calyx. — Rocks, Willoughby Mountain, Vermont ( Wood), and north-
ward. (Eu.)

SAXIFRAGACE<E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILi.) 143

* if StcT.s ascending, leafy : stem-leaves alternate: calyx coherent below with the pod.
'2. S. I'ivuliil'is, L. (ALPINE BROOK SAXIFRAGE.) Small ; stems
weak, 8 - 5-flowered ; lower leaves rounded, 3 - 5-lobed, on slender petioles, the
upper lanceolate; petals white, ovate. — Alpine region of Mount Washington,
New Hampshire, Oakes. Very rare. (Eu.)

3. S. aizoicles, L. (YELLOW MOUNTAIN SAXIFRAGE.) Low (3'- 5'
high), in tufts, with few or several corymhose flowers; leaves linear-lanceolate*
satire, fiesliy, spinulose-ciliate ; petals yellow, spotted with orange, oblong. — Wil-
loughby Mountain, Vermont; near Oneida Lake, New York; N. Michigan;
and northward. June. (Eu.)

4. S. tl'icuspidata, Retz. Stems tufted (4' -8' high), naked above;
flowers corymbose ; leaves oblong or spatulate, with 3 rigid pointed teeth at the sum-
mit; petals obovate-oblong , yellow. — Shore of L. Superior and northward. (Eu.)

* * Leaves clustered at the root : scape many -flowered, erect, clammy-pubescent.

5. S. AlZOOIl, Jacq. Leaves persistent, thick, spatulate, with white cartilagi-
nous toothed margins ; calyx partly adherent ; petals obovate, cream-color, often
spotted at the base. — Moist rocks, Upper Michigan and Wisconsin; Wil-
loughby Mountain (A/r. Blake], and northward. — Scape 5' — 10' high. (Eu.)

6. S. Virgiiiicnsis, Michx. (EARLY SAXIFRAGE.) Low (4' -9
high) ; leaves obovate or oval-spatulate, narrowed into a broad petiole, crenate-
toothed, thickish ; flowers in a clustered cyme, which is at length open and loose-
ly panicled ; lobes of the nearly free calyx erect, not half the length of the ohlony
obtuse (white) petals ; pods 2, united merely at the base, divergent, purplish. —
Exposed rocks ; common, especially northward. April- June.

7. S. Peiinsylvanica, L. (SWAMP SAXIFRAGE.) Large (l°-2°
high); leaves oblanceolate, obscurely toothed (4' -8' long), narrowed at the base
into a short and broad petiole; cymes in a large oblong panicle, at first clus-
tered ; lobes of the nearly free calyx recurved, about the length of the linear-lanceo-
late (greenish) s>»fdl petals; filaments aid-shaped: pods at length divergent. —
Bogs, common, especially northward. May, June. — A homely species.

8. S. erosa, Pin-sh. (LETTUCE SAXIFRAGE.) Leaves oblong or oblanceo-
late, obtuse, sharply toothed, tapering into a margined petiole (8' -12' long) ; scape
slender (l°-3° high); pani'-le elongated, loosely flowered, pedicels slender;
calyx reflexed, entirely free, nearly as long as the oval d>tuse (white) petals; filaments
club-shaped; pods 2, nearly separate, diverging. — Cold mountain brooks, Penn.
(jylvania (near Bethlehem, Mr. \Volle), and throughout the Alleghanies south-
ward. June. See Addend.

S. LEUCANTHEMIFOLIA, Michx., S. CAREY\NA, Gray, and S. CAROLIM-
ANA, Gray, of the mountains of Carolina, may occur in those of Virginia.

3. BOYKINIA, Nutt. BOYKINIA.

Calyx-tube top-shaped, coherent with the 2-cellcd and 2-beaked pod. Sta,-
mcns 5, as many as the deciduous petals. Otherwise as in Saxifraga. — Peren-
nial herbs, with alternate palmately 5-7-lobed or cut petiolcd leaves, and wbivc
flowers in cymes. (Dedicated to the late Dr. Boy/cm of Georgia.)

144 SAXIFRAGACE.E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.)

1. 15. ilCOiaitifolia, Nutt. Stem glandular (6' -20' high) ; leaves deep-
ly 3 - 7-lobed. — Mountains of S. W. Virginia, and southward. July.

4. SUL.L.IVANTIA, Torr. & Gray. SULUVANTIA.

Calyx bell-shaped, cohering below only with the base of the ovary, 5 -cleft
Petals 5, entire, acutish, withering-persistent. Stamens 5, shorter than the pet-
als. Pod 2-celled, 2-beaked, many-seeded, opening between the beaks : th/»
seeds wing-margined, imbricated upwards. — A low and reclincd-spreadjp^, pe-
rennial herb, with rounded and cut-toothed, or slightly lobed, smooth leaves, on
slender petioles, and small white flowers in a branched loosely cymose panicle,
raised on a nearly leafless slender scape (6' -12' long). Peduncles and calyx
glandular : pedicels recurved in fruit. (Dedicated to the distinguished botanist
who discovered the only species.

1. S. OhioiliS, Torr. & Gr. (Gray, ChknsBor.-Am., pi. 6.)— Limestone
cliffs, Highland County, Ohio, Sullivant ; Wisconsin River, Lapham. June.

5. HCIJCIIERA, L. ALL-M-ROOT.

Calyx bell-shaped ; the tube cohering at the base with the ovary, 5-cleft. Pet-
als 5, spatulate, small, entire. Stamens 5. Styles 2, slender. Pod 1 -celled,
with 2 parietal many-seeded placenta;, 2-bcaked, opening between the beaks.
Seeds oval, with a rough and close seed-coat. — Perennials, with the round
heart-shaped leaves principally from the rootstock ; tlio.se on the scapes, if any,
alternate. Petioles with dilated margins or adherent stipules at their base.
Flowers in small clusters disposed in a prolonged and narrow panicle, greenish
or purplish. (Named in honor of Heucher, an early German botanist.)

* Flowers small, loosely panicled: stamens and styles exserted : calyx regular.

\. II. villoNSi, Michx. Scapes (1°- 3° high), petioles, and veins of the
acutely 7-9-lobcd leaves beneath villoits with rusty hairs; calyx l£" long; petals
s/Hitnlate-linear, about as long as the stamens, soon twisted. — Rocks, Maryland,
Kentucky, and southward, in and near the mountains. July, Aug.

2. H. Americana, L. (COMMON ALUM-HOOT.) Scapes (2° -3° high)
&c. glandular and more or less hirsute with short hairs; leaves roundish, with
short rounded lobes and crcnatc teeth ; calyx broad, 2" long, the spatulate petals
not longer than its lobes. — Rocky woodlands, Connecticut to Wisconsin and
southward. June.

* * Flowers larger: calyx (3" -4" long) more or less oblique: stamen* short : panidt
very narroiv : leaves rounded, slightly 5 - S-loljcd.

3. II. llispida, Pursh. Hispid or hirsute with long spreading hairs (oc
casionally almost glabrous), scarcely glandular ; stamens soon exseited, longer than
the $}KLtulate petals. (H. Richardsonii, 72. Dr.] — Mountains of Virginia. Also
Illinois (Dr. Mead) and northwestward. May -July. — Scapes 2° -4° high.

4. Iff. pllbeSCCItS, Pursh. Scape (l°-3° high), &c. granular-pubescent
yr glandular above, not hairy, below often glabrous, as are usually the rounded
leaves ; stann-.ns shorter than the lobes of the caly.c and the spatulatc petals. —
Mountains of Penn. to Virginia and Kentucky. June, July.

SAXiFliAGACEJC. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 145

6. JU I TELL A, Tourn. MITRE-WOKT. BISHOP'S-CAP.

Calyx short, coherent with the base of the ovary, 5-cleft. Petals 5, slender,
pinnatifid. Stamens 10, included. Styles 2, very short. Pod short, 2-heaked,
l-cellcd, with 2 parietal or rather basal several-seeded placentas, 2-valved at the
summit. Seeds smooth and shining. — Low and slender perennials, with round
heart-shaped alternate leaves on the rootstock or nmners, on slender petioles ;
those on the scapes opposite, if any. Flowers small, in a simple slender raceme
or spike. (Name a diminutive from /*iYpa, a mitre, or cap, alluding to the form
of the young pod.)

1. I?I» di;>i&yllll, L. Hairy, leaves heart-si 'taped, acute, somewhat 3-5
lobcd, toothed, those on the many -flowered-scape 2, opposite, nearly sessile. — Hill
sides in rich woods, W. N. England to Wisconsin and Kentucky. May. —
Flowers white, in a raceme 6' - 8' long.

2. JJI. maila, L. Small and slender; leaves rounded or kidney-form, deeply
and doubly crenate; scape usually leafless, few-flowered, very slender (4' -6' high).
(M. cordifolia, Lam. M. prostrata, Michx.) — Deep moist woods with mosses,
Maine to Wisconsin and northward. May -July. — A delicate little plant,
shooting forth runners in summer. Blossoms greenish.

7. TIARELL.A, L. FALSE MITRE-WORT.

Calyx bell-shaped, nearly free from the ovary, 5-partcd. Petals 5, with claws,
entire. Stamens 10, long and slender. Styles 2. Pod mernbranaceous, 1-
celled, 2-valved, the valves unequal. Seeds few, at the base of each parietal
placenta, globular, smooth. — Perennials: flowers white. (Name a diminutive
from Ttapn, a tiara, or turban, from the form of the pod, or rather pistil, which
is like that of Mitella, to which the name of Mitre-wort properly belongs.)

1. T. cordifolia, L. Leaves from the rootstock or summer runners
heart-shaped, sharply lobed and toothed, sparsely hairy above, downy beneath ;
scape leafless (5' - 12' high) ; raceme simple; petals oblong. — Rich rocky woods ;
common from Maine to Wisconsin, northward, and southward along the moun
tains. April, May.

8. CttRYSOSPL^NIUM, Tourn. GOLDEN SAX i FRAG h

Calyx -tube coherent with the ovary ; the blunt lobes 4 - 5, yellow within
Petals none. Stamens 8-10, very short, inserted on a conspicuous disk.
Styles 2. Pod inversely heart shaped or 2-lobed, flattened, vcrv short, 1 -celled,
with 2 parietal placenta;, 2-valved at the top, many-seeded. — Low and small
smooth herbs, with tender succulent leaves, and small solitary or leafy-cymed
flowers. (Name compounded of xpvcroy, golden, and O-TT\T]V. the spleen, probabl .
from some reputed medicinal qualities.)

1. C. Americanum, Schwein. Stems slender, diffusely spreading,
lorking ; leaves principally opposite, roundish or somewhat heart-shaped, ob-
scurely crenatc-lobed ; flowers distant, inconspicuous, nearly sessile (greenish
tinged with yellow or purple). 1J. — Cold wet places ; common, especially north-
ward. April, May.

H6 SAXIFRAGACE^E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.)

SUBORDER II. ESCAJLLONIEJE. THE ESCALLOXIA FAMILY.

9. I TEA, L. ITEA.

Oalyx 5-clcft, free from the ovary. Petals 5, lanceolate, much longer than
the calyx and longer than the 5 stamens. Pod oblong, 2-grooved, 2-celled,
tipped with the 2 united styles, 2-parted (septieidal) when mature, several-seeded

— A shrub, with simple alternate and minutely serrate oblong pointed leaves,
*-:thout stipules, and white flowers in simple dense racemes. (The Greek name
^i*the Willow.)

1. I. Virgioftica, L. — Wet places, New Jersey and southward, near the
coast. June. — Shrub 3° - 8° high.

SUBORDER III. IIYDRAIVGI^^E. THE HYDRANGEA FAMILY.

IO. HYDRANGEA, Gronov. HYDRANGEA.

Calyx-tube hemispherical, 8-10-ribbed, coherent with the ovary; the limb
4-5-toothed. Petals ovate, valvate in the bud. Stamens 8-10, slender. Pod
crowned with the 2 diverging styles, 2-celled below, many-seeded, opening by a
he le between the styles. — Shrubs, with opposite petioled leaves, no stipules,
nnd numerous flowers in compound cymes. The marginal flowers are usually
sterile and radiant, consisting merely of a membranaeeous and colored flat an 1
dilated calyx, and showy. (Name from vScop, water, and dyyoff, a vase.)

1. H.'lirborescens, L. (WILD HYDRANGEA.) Glabrous or nearly
so ; leaves ovate, rarely heart-shaped, pointed, serrate, green both sides ; cynics
flat. — Rocky banks, N. Penn., to 1)1. and southward, chiefly along the moun-
tains. July. — Flowers often all fertile, rarely all radiant, like the Garden
Hydrangea.

li. PHBLADELPHJJS, L. MOCK ORANGE or SYRINGA

Calyx-tube top-shaped, coherent with the ovary; the limb 4 -5-partcd, spread-
ing, persistent, valvate in the bud. Petals rounded or obovate, large, convolute
in the bud. Stamens 20-40. Styles 3-5, united below or nearly to the top.
S'l-rmas oblong or linear. Pod 3-5-ccllcd, splitting at length into as man)
pi'-cps. Seeds very numerous, on thick placenta projecting from the axis, j.en-
dHous, with a loose membranaeeous coat prolonged at both ends. — Shrubs,
with opposite often toothed leaves, no stipules, and solitary or eyniose-elusn-ivd
showy white flowers. (An ancient name applied by Limucus to this genus i'oi
no particular reason.)

1. P. inoclorilS, L. Glabrous; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, pointed,
entire or with some spreading teeth; flowers single or few at the ends of the
diverging branches, scentless; calyx-lobes acute, scarcely longer than the tube,

— Mountains of Virginia and southward.

Var. frrsiiUliflorilS. Somewhat pubescent; flowers buyer ; fsilyx-iobus
longer and tap'-r pointed —Virginia and southward, near the mountains

HAMAMELACEJ3. (WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY). 147

May-July. — A tall shrub, with long and recurved branches : often cultivated.
P. COKONARIUS, L., the common MOCK OB.ANGE or SYRINOA of the gardens,
has cream-coloreJ, odoroua flowers in full clusters: the crushed leaves have
the odor and taste of cucumbers.

ORDER 51. HAMAMELACE^E. (WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY.)

Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves and deciduous stipules ; flowers
in heads or spikes, often polygamous or monoecious ; the calyx cohering with
the base of the ovary ; which consists of 2 pistils united below, and jorini; a
%-beaked 2-cetted woody pod opening at the summit, with a single bony seed
in each cell, or several, only one or two of them ripening, — Petals inserted
on the calyx, narrow, valvate or involute in the bud, or often none at all.
Stamens twice as jnany as the petals, and half of them sterile and changed
into scales, or numerous Seeds anatropous. Embryo large and straight,
in sparing albumen : cotyledons broad and flat. — We have a single repre-
wentative of the 3 tribes, two of them apetalous.

Synopsis.

TKIBE I. HAMAMEL.EJE. Flowers with a manifest calyx and corolla, and a single

ovule suspended from the summit of each cell.
1 IIAMAMELIS. Petals 4, strap-shaped. Stamens and scales each 4, short.

TRIBE II. FOTHERGrlLLE^E. Flowers with a manifest calyx and no corolla. Fruit
and seed as in Tribe I.

2. FOTIIEKGILLA. Stamens about 24, long : filaments thickened upwards. Flowers spiked.

TRIBE III. BAL.SAMIFL.UJE. Flowers naked, with barely rudiments of a calyx, and
no corolla, crowded in catkin-like heads. Ovules several or many in each cell.

3. LIQUIDAMBAll. Monoecious or polygamous. Stamens very numerous. Pods consoli-

dated by their bases in a dense head.

1. HAUIAMEL.IS, L. WITCH-HAZEL.

Flowers in little axillaiy clusters or heads, usually surrounded by a scale-like
j-lcaved involucre. Calyx 4-parted, and with 2 or 3 bractlets at its base. Pet-
als 4, strap-shaped, long and narrow, spirally involute in the bud. Stamens 8,
very short ; the 4 alternate with the petals anther-bearing, the others imperfect
and scale-like. Styles 2, short. Pod opening loculicidally from the top ; the
outer coat separating from the inner, which encloses the single large and bony
seed in each cell, but soon bursts elastically into two pieces. — Tall shrubs, with
straight-veined leaves, and yellow, perfect or polygamous flowers. (From ap.a,
like to, and pr/Xt's, an apple-tree ; a name anciently applied to the Medlar, or
some other tree resembling the Appb, which the Witch-Hazel does not.)

1. H. Vii'giiiica, L. Leaves obovate or oval, wavy-toothed, somewhat
downy when young. — Damp woods : blossoming late in autumn, when the
leaves are falling, and maturing its seeds the next summer.

'48 UAIBKJ LIFEU^E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.)

2. FOTIIERG JI.L.A, L. f. FOTIIERGILLA.

Flowers in a terminal catl:«r -like spike, mostly perfect. Calyx bell shaped,
rhe summit truncate, slightly 5-7-toothed. Petals none. Stamens about 24,
borne on the margin of the calyx in one row, all alike : filaments very long,
thickened at the top (white). Styles 2, slender. Pod cohering with the base
of the calyx, 2-lobcd, 2-ccllcd, with a single bony seed in each cell. — A low
shrub ; the oval or obovate leaves smooth, or hoary underneath, toothed at the
summit ; the flowers appearing rather before the leaves, each partly covered by
a scale-like bract. (Dedicated to the distinguished Dr. Fothergill.)

1. F. alfllifolia, L. f. — Low grounds, Virginia and southward. April

3. L.IQ9JIDAIVIBAR, L. SWEET-GUM TREE.

Flowers usually monoecious, in globular heads or catkins ; the sterile arranged
in a conical cluster, naked : stamens very numerous, intermixed with minute
scales : filaments short. Fertile flowers consisting of many 2-celled 2-beaked
ovaries, subtended by minute scales in place of a calyx, all more or less coher-
ing and hardening in fruit, forming a spherical catkin or head ; the pods open-
ing between the 2 awl-shaped beaks. Styles 2, stigmatic down the inner side.
Ovules many, but only one or two perfecting. Seeds with a wing-angled seed-
coat. — Catkins racemcd, nodding, in the bud enclosed by a 4-leaved deciduous
involucre. (A mongrel name, from lii/nidtis, fluid, and the Arabic uinbar, am-
ber; in allusion to the fragrant terebinthinc juice which exudes from the tree.)

1. L. Styracifllia, L. (SWEET GUM. BILSTED.) Leaves rounded,
deeply 5 - 7-lobed, smooth and shining, glandular-serrate, the lobes pointed. —
Moist woods, Connecticut to Illinois, and southward. April. — A large and
beautiful tree, with fine-grained wood, the gray bark with corky ridges on the
branchlcts. Leaves fragrant when bruised, turning deep crimson in autumn.
The woody pods filled mostly with abortive seeds, resembling sawdust.

ORDER 52. UMBELLIFER^K. (PARSLEY FAMILY.)

x, m'rh the jlowers in umbels, the calyx entirely adhering fo (fie ovary,
the 5 petals and 5 stamens inserted on the disk that crowns lite ovary and sur-
rounds the base of the 2 styles. Fruit consisting of 2 seed-like dr// carpels.
Limb of the calyx obsolete, or a mere o-toothed border. Petals mostly
with the point inflexed. Fruit of 2 carpels (called mtricarp*) cohering by
their inner face (the commissure), when ripe separating from each other
and usually suspended from the summit of a slender prolongation of the
axis (carpophore} : each carpel marked lengthwise with 5 primary ribs,
and often with 5 intermediate (secondary) ones ; in the interstices or inter-
vals between them are commonly lodged the oil-tubes (r///<7>), which are
longitudinal canals in the substance of the fruit, containing aromatic oil
(These are best seen in slices made across the fruit.) Seeds solitary siwl
suspended from the summit of ea'-h cell, unatropous, with a minute embrvo

UMBELLIFER^E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 149

in hard, horn-like albumen. — Stems usually hollow. Leaves alternate,
mostly compound, the petioles expanded or sheathing at the base. Um-
bels usually compound; when the secondary ones are termed umhcttcts :
each often subtended by a whorl of bracts (involucre and involucels). —
A large family, some of the plants innocent and aromatic, others with
very poisonous (acrid-narcotic) properties ; the flowers much alike in all,
— therefore to be studied by their fruits, inflorescence, £c., which like-
wise exhibit comparatively small diversity. The family is therefore a
diflicult one for the young student. See Addend.

Synopsis.

I. Inner face of each seed flat or nearly so (not hollowed out).

* Umbels simple or imperfect, sometimes one growing from the summit of another.
\. HYDJtOCOTYLE. Fruit orbicular, flat. Leaves orbicular or rounded.
2. CRANTZIA. Fruit globular. Leaves thread-shaped, fleshy and hollow.

* * Umbels or umbellets capitate, imperfect : i. e. the flowers sessile in heads.
a SANICULA. Fruit clothed with hooked prickles. Flowers polygamous.
4. ERYNGIUM. Fruit clothed with scales. Flowers in thick heads, perfect.

# * * Umbels compound and perfect ; i. e. its rays bearing umbellets.

t- Fruit beset with bristly prickles, not flat.

.». DAUCUS. Fruit beset with weak prickles in single rows on the ribs.
«- «- Fruit smooth, strongly flattened on the back, and single-winged or margined at the June,
tion of the 2 carpels (next to the commissure).

6. POLYTJKNIA. Fruit surrounded with a broad and tumid corky margin thicker th;tn th«

fruit itself, which is nearly ribless on the back.

7. IIERACLEUM. Fruit broadly wing-margined : the carpels minutely 5-ribbed on the back :

lateral ribs close to the margin. Flowers white, the marginal ones radiant.

8. PASTINACA. Fruit wing-margined : ribs of the carpels as in No. 7. Flowers yellow, the

marginal ones perfect, not radiant

9. ARCHEMORA. Fruit broadly winged : the 5 ribs on the back equidistant ; the 2 lateral

ones close to the wing. Flowers white. Leaves pinnate or 3-foliolate

10. TIEDEMANNIA. Fruit winged, much as in No. 9. Leaves simple, long and cylindrical,

hollow, with some cross partitions

+•«-•«- Fruit smooth, flat or flattish on the back, and double-winged or margined at the edge,
each carpel also 3-ribbed or sometimes 3-winged on the back.

11. ANGELICA. Carpels with 3 slender ribs on the back ; a single oil-tube in each interval

Seed not loose.

12. ARCIIANGELICA. Carpels with 3 rather stout jibs on the back, and 2-3 or more oil-

tubes in each interval, adhering to the loose seed.

13. CONIOSELINUM. Carpels with 3 wings on the lack narrower than those of the margins
•»- •»- -i- •«- Fruit smooth, not flattened either way, or slightly so, the cross-section nearly orbic

ular or quadrate ; the carpels each with 5 wings or strong ribs.

14. JETHUSA. Fruit ovate-globose : carpels with 5 sharply keeled ridges and with single oil-

tubes in the intervals.

16. LIGUSTICUM. Fruit elliptical : carpels with 5 sharp almost winged ridges, and with

several oil-tubes in each interval.

16 THASPIUM. Fruit elliptical or ovoid : carpels 5-winged or 5-ribbed, and with single oil-
tubes in each interval. Flowers yellow or dark purple.
•»- «- •*- «- •»- Fruit smooth, flattened laterally or contracted at the sides, wingless.

17. ZIZIA. Flowers yellow. Fruit oval, somewhat twin : the carpels narrowly 5-ribbed : oil

tubes ft in each interval. Leaves compound.

150 UMBELLIFER^E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.)

18. 'BOTLEURUM. Flowers yellow. Fruit oroid-oblong : the carpels somewhat
Leaves all simple.

19. D1SCOPLEURA. Flowers white. Fruit ovoid : the lateral ribs united with a thick corkj

margin. Leaves cut into capillary divisions.

20. CICUTA. Flowers white. Fruit subglobose, twin : the carpels strongly and equally 6-

ribbed. Leaves twice or thrice ternate.

21. SIUM. Flowers white. Fruit ovate-globose: the carpels 5-ribbed. Leaves all simply

pinnate. ^

22. CRYl'TOT^ENIA. Flowers white. Fruit oblong. Leaves 3-parted. Umbel irregular

IL Inner face of the seed hollowed out lengthwise, or the margins involute,
so that the cross-section is semilunar. (Umbels compound.)

28. CH2EROPIIYLLUM. Fruit linear-oblong, narrowed at the apex : ribs broad.

24. OSMORR1I1ZA. Fruit li near-club-shaped, tapering below : ribs bristly.

25. CONIUM. Fruit ovate, flattened at the sides : ribs prominent, wavy.
20. EULOPUUS. Fruit ovoid, somewhat twin, nearly destitute of ribs.

III. Inner face of the seed hollowed in the middle, or curved inwards at
the top and bottom, so that the section lengthwise is semilunar.

27. BRIOENIA. Fruit twin ; carpels nearly kidney-form. Umbellets few-flowered.

1. HYDKOCOTYLE, Tuurn. WATER PENNYWORT.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit flattened laterally, orbicular or shield-shaped ,
the carpels 5-ribbcd, two of the ribs enlarged and often forming n thickened
margin: oil-tubes none. — Low and smooth marsh perennials, with slender
Btcins creeping or rooting in the mud, and round shield-shaped or kidney-form
leaves. Flowers small, white, in simple umbels or clusters, which are either
single or proliferous, appearing all summer. (Name from v8<i>p, water, and
KoriXq, a flat cup, the peltate leaves of several species being somewlm cup-
shaped.)

* Stems procumbent and branching : flowers 3-5 in a sessile cluster.

1. II. Americana, L. Leaves rounded kidney-form, doubly eremite,
somewhat lobed, short-pctiolcd ; fruit orbicular. — Shady springy places ; com-
mon northward.

w * Umbels on scape-like naked peduncles, arising, with the long-petioled lea res, from
the joints of creeping and rooting stems.

2. II. ranuilCllIoides, L, Leaves round-renifonn, 3 - 5-rlrft, the lobes
crenate; peduncles much shorter than the petioles; umbel 5- 10-flowered; ped-
icels very short; fruit orbicular, scarcely ril^bcd. — Petm. and southward.

3. II. iiltcrriipta, Muhl. Leaves peltate in the middle, orbicular cre-
nate ; peduncles about the length of the leaves, bearing clusters of few and .sv.w'/e
flowers interruptedly along its length ; fruit broader than long, notched at the
base. — New Bedford, Massachusetts, and southward along the coast.

4. II. lllllbellftta, L. Leaves peltate in the middle, orbicular, notched
at the base, doubly crenate; peduncle elongated (3' -9' hi<;h), bearing a many-
flowered umbel (sometimes proliferous with 2 or 3 umbels); pedicels slender;
*ruit notched at the base and apex. Massachusetts and southward near the
coast

UMBELLIFEB^E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 151

2. CRlNTZIA, Nutt. CRANTZIA.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit globose ; the carpels corky, 5-ribbed : an oil-tube
in each interval. — Minute plants, creeping and rooting in the mud, like Hydro-
cotyle, but with fleshy and hollow cylindrical or awl-shaped petioles, in place of
leaves, marked with cross divisions. Umbels few-flowered, simple. Flowers
white. (Named for Prof. Crantz, an Austrian botanist of the 18th century.)

1. C. Siaiciita, Nutt. (Hydrocotyle lineata, Michx.} Leaves somewhat
club-shaped, very obtuse (l'-2* long) ; lateral ribs of the fruit projecting, form-
ing a corky margin. 1|. — Brackish marshes, from Massachusetts southward
along the coast. July.

3. SAN1CUL.A, Tourn. SANICLE. BLACK SNAKEROOT.

Calyx-teeth manifest, persistent. Fruit globular ; the carpels not separating
spontaneously, ribless, thickly clothed with hooked prickles, each with 5 oil-
tubes. — Perennial herbs, with palmately-lobed or parted leaves, those from the
root long-petioled. Umbels irregular or compound, the flowers (greenish or
yellowish) capitate in the umbellets, perfect, and with staminate ones intermixed.
Involucre and involucels few-leaved. (Name from sano, to heal.)

1. S. Caiiadensis, L. Leaves 3 -5- (the upper only 3-) parted; star 8*
flowers few, scarcely pedicelled, shorter than the fertile ones ; styles shorter than the
prickles of the fruit. — Copses. June -Aug. — Plant l°-2° high, with thin
leaves ; their divisions wedge-obovate or oblong, sharply cut and serrate, the
lateral mostly 2-lobed. Fruits few in each umbellct.

2. S. Mart lei ndica, L. Leaves all 5 - 7-partcd ; sterile flowers numerous,
vn slender pedicels, about the length of the fertile ; styles elongated and conspicuous,
recurred. — Woods and copses, common. — Stem 2° -3° high; the leaves more
rigid and with narrower divisions than in the former, with almost cartilaginous
teeth. Fruits several in each umbellet.

4. ERYNGIUM, Tourn. BUTTON SNAKEROOT.

Calyx-teeth manifest, persistent. Styles slender. Fruit top-shaped, covered
with little scales or tubercles, with no ribs, and scarcely any oil-tubes. — Chiefly
perennials, with coriaceous, toothed, cut, or prickly leaves, and blue or white
bracted flowers closely sessile in dense heads. (A name used by Dioscorides,
of uncertain origin.)

1. E. yuccsjc folium, Michx. (RATTLESNAKE-MASTER. BUTTON
SNAKEROOT.) Leaves linear, taper-pointed, rigid, grass-like, nerved, bristlu-
fringed ; leaflets of the involucre mostly entire and shorter than the heads. 1J.
(E. aquaticum, L. in part; but it never grows in water.) — Drv or damp pine-
barrens or prairies, New Jersey to Wisconsin, and southward. July.

2. E. Virgilimmim, Lam. Leaves linear-lanceolate, sen-ate with hooked
or somewhat spiny teeth, veiny ; leaflets of the involucre cleft or spiny-toothed,
longer than the cymose whitish or bluish heads, (g) — Swamps, New Jersey
and southward near the coast. July.

12

152 UMHELLIFER.E. (PARSLEY FAMILY )

5. DA tlC US, Tourn. CARROT.

Calyx 5-toothcd. Corolla irregular. Fruit ovoid or oblong; the carpels
scarcely flattened on the back, with 5 primary slender bristly ribs, two of tin m
on the inner face, also with 4 equal and more or less winged secondary ones,
each bearing a single row of slender bristly prickles : an oil-tube under each of
these ribs. — Biennials, with finely 2-3-pinnatc or pinnatifid leaves, cleft invo-
lucres, and concave umbels, dense in fruit. (The ancient Greek name.)

1. I>. CAR&TA, L. (COMMON CARROT.) Stem bristly ; involucre pinimti-
fid, nearly the length of the umbel. — Spontaneous in old fields in certain places.
July -Sept. — Flowers white or cream-color, the central one of each umbellet
abortive and dark purple. Umbel in fruit dense and concave, resembling a
bird's nest. (Adv. from Eu.)

6. POLYT^ENIA, DC. POLYTASNIA.

Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit oval, very flat, with an entire broad and thick corky
margin, the impressed back very obscurely ribbed : oil-tubes 2 in each inter-
val, and many in the corky margin. — A smooth herb, resembling a Parsnip,
with twice-pinnate leaves, the uppermost opposite and 3-cleft, no involucres,
bristly involuccls, and bright yellow flowers. (Name from TroXvs, many, and
raivia, a Jillet, alluding to the numerous oil-tubes.)

1. P. NiitUillii, DC. — Barrens, Michigan, Wisconsin, and southwest-
ward. May. — Stem 2° - 3° high.

7. IIEK ACI.EUM, L. COW-PARSNIP.

Calyx-teeth minute. Fruit as in Pastinaca, but the oil-tubes shorter than the
carpels (reaching from the summit to the middle). Petals (white) inversely
neart-shapcd, those of the outer flowers commonly larger and radiant, appearing
2-clcft. — Stout perennials, with broad sheathing petioles and large flat umbels.
Involucre deciduous : involucels many-leaved. (Dedicated to Hercules.)

1. H. Imintlim, Michx. Woolly; stem grooved ; leaves 1 -2-tcrnatoly
compound; leaflets somewhat heart-shaped; fruit obovatc or orbicular. — Moist
rich ground ; most common northward. June. — A very large, strong-scented
plant, 4° -8° high, in some places wrongly called Master icort.

8. PASTINACA, Tourn. PARSNIP.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oval, flat, with a thin single-winged margin ; the
carpels minutely 5-ribbcd ; three of the ribs equidistant on the back, the lateral
ones distant from them and contiguous to the margin : an oil-tube in each inter-
val running the whole length of the fruit. Petals yellow, roundish, entire; none
of the flowers radiant. — Chiefly biennials, with spindle-shaped roots, and pin-
na tdv-coinpound leaves. Involucre and involucels small or none. (The Latin
name, from pastus, food.)

1. P. SAT!VA, L. (COMMON PARSNIP.) Stenr. grooved, smooth; leaflets
ovate or oblong, obtuse, cut-toothed, somewhat shining above. — Fields, &c
July. (Adv fromEu.)

TMBELLIFEILfi. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 155

9. ARCI1EMORA, DC. COWBANE.

Calyx 5-tootlicd. Fruit with a broad single-winged margin, oval, flattish;
die carpels with 5 obtuse and approximated equidistant ribs on the convex
buck: oil-tubes one in each interval, and 4-6 on the inner face. — Smooth
perennials, with rather rigid leaves of 3 — 9 lanceolate or linear leaflets. Invo-
lucre nearly none : involucels of numerous small leaflets. Flowers white.
(Name applied to this poisonous umbelliferous plant in fanciful allusion to
Archemorus, who is said to have died from eating parsley. DC.)

1. A. rigid a, DC. Leaves simply pinnate; leaflets 3-9, varying from
lanceolate to ovate-oblong, entire or remotely toothed, or, in Var. AMnfauA,
linear, long and narrow. — Sandy swamps, N. Jersey and W. New York to
Michigan, Illinois, and southward. Aug. — Stem 2° -5° high.

10. TIEDEITCASnVIA, DC. FALSE WATER-DKOPWORT.

Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit with a single winged margin, obovatc, flattish ; the
carpels with 5 equidistant slender ribs on the convex back : oil-tubes one in each
interval, and 2 on the inner face. — A smooth and erect aquatic herb, with a
hollow stem (2° -6° high), and cylindrical pointed and hollow petioles (the
cavity divided by cross partitions) in place of leaves. Involucre and involucels
of few subulate leaflets. Flowers white. (Dedicated to the anatomist, Prof.
Tiedemann, of Heidelberg.)

1 T. tcrctifolia, DC. — Virginia (Harper's Ferry) and southward. Aug.

11. ANGELICA, L. ANGELICA.

Calyx -teeth obsolete. Fruit flattened, with a double-winged margin at the
commissure ; i. e. the lateral rib of each oval carpel expanded into a wing, their
flattish backs each strongly 3-ribbed : an oil-tube in each interval, and 2-4 on
the inner face. Seed adherent to the pericarp. — Stout herbs, more or less aro-
matic, with first tcmatcly, then once or twice pinnately or ternately divided
leaves, toothed and cut ovate or oblong leaflets, large terminal umbels, scanty
or no involucre, and small many-leaved involucels. Flowers white or greenish.
Petioles membranaceous at the base. (Named angelic, from its cordial ana
medicinal properties.)

1. A. Curtisii, Buckley. Nearly glabrous; leaves twice ternate or the
divisions quinate ; leaflets thin, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed, sharply cut
and toothed ; involucels of small subulate leaflets ; wings of the fruit broad.
2{ — Mountains of Perm. (Prof. Porter), Virginia, and southward in the Alle-
ghanies. Aug.

12. ARCHANCtEL-ICA, Hoffm. ARCHANGELICA.

Calyx-teeth short. Seed becoming loose in the pericarp, coated with numer-
ous oil-tubes which adhere to its surface. Otherwise as in Angelica, from which
the species have been separated.

1. A. llirsufa, Torr. & Gr. Woolly or downy at the top (2° -5° high),
rather slender; leaves twice pinnately or ternately divided; leaflets tluckisU.

154 UMBELLIFER.E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.)

ovate-oblong, often blunt, serrate; involucels as long as the umbellets; pedun-
cles and fruit downy, broadly winged. 1|. (Angelica triquinata, Null.) — Dry
open woods, New York to Michigan, and southward. July. — Flowers white.

2. A. atropiirpurca, Hoffin. (GREAT ANGELICA.) Smooth; stem
dark purple, very stout (4°-G° high), hollow; leaves 2-3-ternately compound;
the leaflets pinnate, 5-7, sharply cut sermte, acute, pale beneath ; petioles much
inflated ; involucels very short ; fruit smooth, winged. 1J. (Angelica triquinata,
Michx.) — Low river-banks, N. England to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward-
June. — Flowers greenish-white. Plant strong-scented; a popular aromatic.

3. A. peregrina, Nutt. Stem a little downy at the summit (1°- 3°
high) ; leaves 2-3-ternately divided, the leaflets ovate, acute, cut-serrate,
glabrous; involucels about as long as the umbellets ; fruit oblcng with 5 thick
and corky winy-tike ribs to each carpel, the marginal ones little broader than the
others. 1J. — Rocky coast of Massachusetts Bay and northward. July. —
Flowers greenish-white. Plant little aromatic. Fruit so thick and so equally
ribbed, rather than winged, that it might be taken for a Ligusticuui. It is A.
Gmelini, of N. W. America.

13. CONIOSELTtlVUM, Fischer. HEMLOCK PARSLEY

Calyx-f/jeth obsolete^ Fruit oval ; the carpels convex-flattish and narrowly
8-winged on the back, and each more broadly winged at the margins : oil-tubes
in the substance of the pericarp, 1 -3 in each of the intervals, and several on the
inner face. — Smooth herbs, with finely 2- 3-pinnately compound thin leaves,
inflated petioles, and white flowers. Involucre scarcely any : leaflets of the
involucels awl-shaped. (Name compounded of Conium, the Hemlock, and
Selimun, Milk-Parsley, from its resemblance to these two genera.)

1 . C. Canadciise, Torr. & Gr. Leaflets pinnatifid ; fruit longer than
the pedicels. 1J. — Swamps, Vermont to Wisconsin northward, and southward
in the Allcghanies. Aug. — Herbage resembling the Poison Hemlock

14. JETIITtiSA, L. FOOL'S PARSLEY.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate-globose ; the carpels each with 5 thick
iharply-keeled ridges : intervals with single oil-tubes. — Annual, poisonous
-lerbs, with 2 - 3-tematcly compound and many-cleft leaves, the divisions pin-
oate, and white flowers. (Name from cu0a>, to burn, from the acrid taste.)

i. JE» CYNAPICM, L. Divisions of the leaves wcdge-larccolate ; involucre
none ; involucels 3-leaved, long and narrow. — About cultivated grounds, New
Finland, &c. July. — A fetid, poisonous herb, with much the aspect of Poison
Hemlock, but with dark-green foliage, long hanging involucels, and unspotted
<*tcm. (Adv. from Eu.)

15. LICIISTICUUI, L. LOVAGB.

Calyx-teeth small or minute. Fruit elliptical, round on the cro>s-section, or
slightly flattened on the sides; the carpels each with 5 sharp and projecting or
narrowly winged ridges : intervals and inner face with many oil-fubes. — Peren-

UMBELLIFER^E. (PARSLEY FAMILY,) 155

nials, with aromatic roots and fruit, 2 - 3-ternately compound leaves, and white
flowers. (Named from the country Liguria, where the officinal Lovage of the
gardens, L. Levisticurn, abounds.)

1 L., Scoticum, L. (SCOTCH LOVAGE.) Very smooth; stem (V*
high) nearly simple; leaves 2-ternate; leaflets rhombic-ovate, coarsely toothed
or cut; leaflets of the involucre and involucels linear; calyx-teeth distinct;
fruit narrowly oblong. — Salt marshes, from Rhode Island northward. Aug. —
Root acrid but aromatic. (Eu.)

2. JL. actueifdliiiin, Michx. (NOXDO. ANGELICO.) Smooth; stem
(3° -6° high) branched above; the numerous umbels forming a loose ami naked
somewhat whorled panicle, the lateral ones mostly barren ; leaves 3-ternate ; leaf-
lets broadly ovate, equally serrate, the end ones often 3-partcd; calyx-teeth
minute; ribs of the sfiort fruit wing-like. — Rich woods, Virginia, Kentucky,
and southward along the mountains. July, Aug. — Root large, with the strong
aromatic odor and taste of Angelica. (Michaux's habitat, " Banks of the St.
Lawrence," is probably a mistake.)

16. THASPIUM, Nutt. MEADOW-PARSNIP.

Calyx-teeth obsolete or short. Fruit ovoid or oblong, somewhat flattish or
contracted at tho sides (the cross-section of each seed orbicular and somewhat
angled or 5-angular) ; the carpels each with 5 strong and equal ribs or wings,
the lateral ones marginal : oil-tubes single in each interval. — Perennial herbs,
with 1 - 2-temately divided leaves (or the root leaves simple), umbels with no
involucre, minute few-leaved involucels, and yellow or sometimes dark -purple
flowers. (Name a play upon Thapsia, a genus so called from the island of
Thapsus.) — I include in this genus Zizia, Koch, — because what is apparently
the same species has the fruit either ribbed or winged, — and retain the name
of Zizia for Z. intcgerrima, DC.

* Stems loosely branched, 2° -5° high, mostly pubescent on the joints: calyx short but
manifest : corolla liglit yellow : leaves all tcrnately compound.

1. Tf. l>ai*l>iiiodc, Nutt. Leaves 1- 3-ternate; leaflets ovate or lance-
ovate and acute, mostli/ with a wedge-shaped base, above deeply cut-serrate, often
2-3-cleft or parted, the terminal one long-stalked (l'-2' long) ; fruit oblong,
6-lQ-winged (3" long), some of the dorsal wings often narrow or obsolete. -
River-banks, W. New York to Wisconsin, and southward. July.

2. T. pimiatiifidlim. Branchlets, umbels, &c. roughish-pubcrufent ;
leaves 1 - 3-ternate ; leaflets 1 - 2-pinnatifid, the lobes linear or oblong ; fruit oblong,
narrowly 8- 10-winged (1^' long), the intervals minutely scabrous. (Zi/ia pin-
natifida, Buckley. Thaspium Walteri, Shuttlew., excl. syn. Walt.) — Barrens
of Kentucky (Short), and southward in the mountains.

* if Steins somewhat branched; the whole plant glabrous : cahjx-teeth obscure.

3. TL\ aurcillll, Nutt. Leaves all \ -2-ternately divided or parted (or rarely
gome of the root-leaves simple and heart-shaped) ; the divisions or leaflet? oblorg-
lanceolate, v<ry sharply cut-serrate, witli a wedge-shaped entire base ; flowers deep
yellow ; fruit oblong-oval, with 10 winged ridges. Moist rivei -banks, &e., not
rare. June. — Leaves of a rather fin \ texture.

156 CMBELLIFEHJE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.)

Var. tfpteriim. Fruit with strong and sharp ribs in place of wings.
{Smyrnium auream, L. Zizia aurca, Koch.} — With the winged form.

4. T. frifoliatllltl. Root-leaves or some of them round and heart-shaped ;
stein-leaves simply ternate or quinate, or ^-parted ; the divisions or leaflets ova 'e-lance-
otate or roundish, mostly abrupt or heart-shaped at the base, crenately toothed ;
flowers deep yellow ; fruit glolwse-ovoid, with 1 ) winged ridges. Rocky thickets,
Vermont to Wisconsin, and southward ; rare eastward. June.

Var. atropurpiireiini, Torr. & Gr. Petals deep dark-purple. (Thap-
sia trifoliata, L. Smyrnium cordatum, Walt. Thaspium atropurpureum, Nuft. )
— From New York westward and southward.

Var. siptcrillll. Petals yellow : fruit with sharp ribs in place of wings.
(Zizia cordata, Koch, Torr.) With the preceding form.

17. ZIZIA, DC. partly. (ZiziA § T.BNIDIA, Torr. & Gr.)

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovoid-oblong, contracted at the junction of the
carpels so as to become twin, the cross-section of each seed nearly orbicular :
carpels somewhat fleshy when fresh, with 5 slender ribs (which are more con-
spicuous when dry) : oil-tubes 3 in each interval and 4 on the inner face. — A
perennial smooth and glaucous slender herb (2° -3° high), with 2-3-ternafly
compound leaves, the leaflets with entire margins ; umbels with long and slen-
der rays, no involucre, and hardly any involuccls. Flowers yellow. (Named
for /. B. Ziz, a Khenish botanist.)

1. Z. integerrima, DC. — Rocky hill-sides ; not rare. May, June.

18. BUPJLE1JRUM, Toum. THOKOUGII-WAX

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate-oblong, flattened laterally or somewh/u
twin, the carpels 5-ribbed, with or without oil-tubes. Plants with simple entire
leaves and yellow flowers. (Name from fiovs , an ox, and TrXeupoi/, a rib ; it i&
uncertain why so called.)

1. B. ROTUNDir6LiUM, L. Leaves broadly ovate, pcrfoliatc ; involucre,
none; involuccls of 5 large ovate leaflets. — Fields, New York, Perm., and Vir-
ginia; rare. (Adv. from Eu.)

19. I>ISCOPL,EUKA, DC. MOCK BISIIOI'-WKKD.

Calyx-toeth awl-shaped. Fruit ovoid ; the carpels each with 3 strong ribs on
the back, and 2 broad lateral ones united with a thickened corky margin : inter-
vals with single oil-tubes. — Smooth and slender branched annuals, with the
leaves finely dissected into bristle-form divisions, and white flowers. Involucre
and involucels conspicuous. (Name from SiWos-, a disk, and n\fvpov, a rid.)

1. D. Capillficra, DC. Umbel few-rayed; leaf.ets of the involucre
3-5-cleft; iuvolnccls longer than the umhellets ; fruit ovate in outline. —
Brackish swamps, Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward. July -Oct.

2. 1>. \llll;cl!ii. DC. Umbel many-rayed ; leaflets of the involucre
mostly entire and shorter; fruit globular. — Wet prairies, Kentucky am' south
muni.

TJMBELLIFERJE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 157

20. CICUTA, L. WATER HEMLOCK.

Calyx minutely 5 -toothed. Fruit subglobose, a little contracted at the s'deg,
the carpels with 5 flattish and strong ribs : intervals with single oil-tubes. —
Marsh perennials, very poisonous, smooth, with thrice pinnately or ternately
compound leaves, the veins of the lanceolate or oblong leaflets terminating in
the notches. Involucre few-leaved : involuccls many-leaved. Flowers white.
(T.'ie ancient Latin name of the Hemlock.)

1. C. iiiaculala, L. (SPOTTED COWBANE. MUSQUASH-ROOT. BEA-
VER-POISON.) Stem streaked with purple, stout ; leaflets oblong-lanceolate,
coarsely serrate, sometimes lobed, pointed. — Swamps, common. Aug. — Plant
3° - 6° high, coarse ; the root a deadly poison.

2. C. bulbst'cra., L. Leaflets linear, remotely toothed or cut-lobed ; upper
axils bearing clusters of bulblets. — Swamps ; common northward : seldom ripen
ing fruit.

21. SiUM, L. WATER PARSNIP.

Calyx-teeth small or obsolete. Fruit ovate or globular, flattish or contracted
at the sides; the carpels with 5 rather obtuse ribs: intervals with 1- several
oil-tubes. — Marsh or aquatic perennials, smooth, poisonous, with grooved
stems, simply pinnate leaves, and lanceolate serrate leaflets, or the immersed
ones cut into capillary divisions. Involucre several-leaved. Flowers white.
(Name supposed to be from the Celtic siu, water, from their habitation.)
* Pericarp thin between the strong projecting ribs : lateral ribs marginal.

1. S. liiicare, Michx. Leaflets linear, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
tapering gradually to a sharp point, closely and very sharply serrate; calyx-
teeth scarcely any ; fruit globular, with corky and very salient ribs, or rather
wings; oil-tubes 1 - 3 in each interval. — Swamps and brooks; common. July

- Sept.

S. LATIFOLIUM, L., of Europe, I have never seen in this region.

* Pericarp of a thick texture, concealing the oil -tubes : ribs not strong, the lateral no!

quite marginal. (Berula, Koch.}

2. S. angaiStifolilllll, L. Low (9' -20' high); leaflets varying from
oblong to linear, mostly cut-toothed and cleft; fruit somewhat twin. — Michigan
and westward. (Eu.)

22. CRYPTOTJSfeNIA, DC. HONE WORT.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong, contracted at the sides ; the carpels
equally and obtusely 5-ribbed : oil-tubes very slender, one in each interval and
one under each rib. Seed slightly concave on the inner face. — A perennial
smooth herb, with thin 3-foliolate leaves, the umbels and umbellcts with very
unequal rays, no involucre, arid few-leaved involucels. Flowers white. (Name
composed of KpvTrros, hidden, and ram'a, a Jiliet, from the concealed oil-tubes.)

1. C. Caimdeiisis, DC. — Rich woods, common. June -Sept. — Plant
2° high. Leaflets large, ovate, pointed, doubly serrate, the lower ones lobed.

158 TJMBELLIFER^E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.)

23 CH^KOPIIYr,L,U]TI, L. CHERVIL.

Culyx-tceth obsolete. Fruit linear or oblong, pointed but not beaked, con-
tracted at the sides ; tbc carpels 5-ribbcd : inner face of the seed deeply furrowed
lengthwise: intervals with single oil-tubes. — Leaves ternatcly decompound,
the leaflets lobed or toothed : involucre scarcely any : involucels many-leaved.
Flowers chiefly white. (Name from x^P^i to gludden, and (frvXXov, a leaf,
alluding to the agreeable aromatic odor of the foliage.)

1. C. proctinibCBiS, Lam. Stems slender (6' -18'), spreading, a little
hairy ; lobes of the pinnatih'd leaflets obtuse, oblong ; umbels few-rayed (sessile
or peduncled); fruit narrowly oblong, with narrow ribs. — Moist copses, New
Jersey to Illinois and southward. May, June.

24. OSIHORRIltZA, Raf. SWEET CICELY.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit linear-oblong, angled, tapering downwards kito
a stalk-like base, contracted at the sides, crowned with the styles ; the carpels
with sharp upwardly bristly ribs : inner face of the nearly terete seed with a deep
longitudinal channel: oil-tubes none. — Perennials, with thick very aromatic
roots, and large 2 - 3-ternatcly compound leaves; the leaflets ovate, pinnatifid-
toothed. Involucre and involucels few-leaved. Flowers white. (Name from
007x17, a scent, and pi'£a, a root, in allusion to the anise-like flavor of the latter.;

1. O. longistylis, DC. (SMOOTHER SWEET CICELY.) Styles slender,
nearly as long as the ovary ; leaflets qxarmgfif pubescent or smooth when old, short-
pointed, cut-toothed, sometimes lobed. — Rich moist woods, commonest north-
ward. Msir , June. — Plant 3° high, branching : stein red.

2. O. brevistylis, DC. (HAIRY SWEET CICELY.) Styles conical, «of
lonyer than the breadth of the ovary ; fruit somewhat tapering at the summit ; leaf-
let? downy-hairy t taper-pointed, pinnatijid-cui. — Common. Root less sweet.

25. CONilTJtt, L. POISON HKMLOCK.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate, flattened at the sides, the carpels with 5
prominent wavy ribs, and no oil-tubes : inner face of the seed with a deep nar-
row longitudinal groove. — Biennial poisonous herb?, with large decompound
leaves. Involucre and involucels 3-5-lcavcd, the latter 1 -sided. Flowers
white. (Kooi/eioj/, the Greek name of the Hemlock, by which criminals and
philosophers were put to death at Athens.)

1. C. MACUL\TUM, L. Smooth; stem spotted; leaflets lanceolate, pinnati-
fid; involucels shorter than the umbcllets. — Waste places. July. — A large
branch 'nig herb : the pule green leaves exhale a disagreeable odor when bruised
A virulent narcotico-acrid poison, used in medicine. (Nat. from Eu.)

26. E IT L, OP II US, Nutt. EULOI-HUS.

Calyx-teeth small. Fruit ovoid, contracted at the sides and somewhat twin ,
the carpels smooth, indistinctly ribbed, and with a close row of oil-tubes : innei
face of the seed longitudinally channelled, the cross-section scmilunar. — A

ARALIACE.E. (GINSENG FAMILY.) 159

Blender and smooth tall perennial, with the leaves 2-tcrnately divide! into nar-
row linear leaflets or lobes. Involucre scarcely any : involucels short and bristle-
form. Flowers white. (Name from eu, well, and Xo$oy, a crut, not well
applied to a plant which has no crest at all.)

1. E. ABU eric aims, Nutt. — Darby Plains, near Columbus, Ohio (Sut,
livant], Illinois, and southwestward. July. — Root a cluster of small tubers.

27. ERIGfcWIA,. Nutt. HARBIXGER-OF-SFRING.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals obovate or spatulate, flat, entire. Fruit twin;
the carpels incurved at top and bottom, nearly kidney-form, with 5 very slender
ribs, and several small oil-tubes in the interstices : inner face of the seed hol-
lowed into a broad deep cavity. — A small and smooth vernal plant, producing
from a deep round tuber a simple stem, bearing one or two 2 - 3-tcrnately divided
leaves, and a somewhat imperfect and leafy bracted compound umbel. Flowers
few, white. (Name from rjpiyfvfjs, born in the spring.)

1. E. Imlbosa, Nutt. — Alluvial soil, Western New York and Penn., to
Wisconsin, Kentucky, £c. March, April. — Stem 3' -9' high.

The cultivated representatives of this family are chiefly the PARSLEY (Jlpium
Petroselinuui] , CELERY (A. graveolens), DILL (Anethum graveolens}, FENNEL ( A.
Fwniculum), CARAWAY (Carum Cdrui), and CORIANDER (Coridndrum satwum).

ORDER 53. ARALIACE7E. (GINSENG FAMILY.)

Herbs, shrubs, or trees ; with, much the same characters as Umbelliferae, but
with usually more than 2 styles, and the fruit a 3 - several-celled drupe.
(Albumen mostly fleshy. Petals flat.) — Represented only by the genus.

1. ARAL.IA, Tourn. GINSENG. WILD SARSAPARILLA.

Flowers more or less polygamous. Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary, tha
teeth very short or almost obsolete. Petals 5, epigynous, oblong or obovate,
imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Stamens 5, epigynous, alternate with the
petals. Styles 2-5, mostly distinct and slender, or in the sterile flowers short
and united. Ovary 2 - 5-celled, with a single anatropous ovule suspended from
the top of each cell, ripening into a berry-like drupe, with as many seeds as
cells. Embryo minute. — Leaves compound or decompound. Flowers white
or greenish, in umbels. Roots (perennial), bark, fruit, &c. warm and aromatic.
(!>rivation obscure.)

4 1 . ARALIA, L. — Flowers monaxiously polygamous or perfect, the umbels usually
in corymbs or panicles: styles and cells of the (black or dark purple) fruit 5 : stems
herbaceous or woody : ultimate divisions of the leaves pinnate.

* Umbels very numerous in a large compound panicle: leaves very large, quinatdy or

pinnately decompound.
1. A. spill osa, L. (ANGELICA-TREE. HERCULES' CLUB ) SJirub, or

a low tree; the stout stem and stalks prickly ; leaflets ovate, pointed, serrate, pale

160 CORNACE.fi. (DOGWOOD FAMILY.)

Heneath. — River-banks, Pennsylvania to Kentucky and southward : common in
cultivation. July, August.

2. A. racemosa, L. (SPIKENARD.) Herbaceous; stem widely branched;
leaflets heart-ovate, pointed, doubly serrate, slightly downy ; umbels racemose*
panicled; styles united below. — Rich woodlands. July. — Well known for its
spicy-aromatic large roots. There are traces of stipules at the dilated base of
the leafstalks.

•Hf * Umbels 2 — 7, corymbed : stem short, somewhat woody.

3. A. liispida, Michx. (BRISTLY SARSAPARILLA. WILD ELDER.)
/Stew (l°-2° high) bristly, leafy, terminating in a peduncle bearing several um-
bels; leaves twice pinnate; leaflets oblong-ovate, acute, cut-serrate. — Rocky
places ; common northward, arid southward along the mountains. June.

4. A. nudi< aiilis, L. (WiLD SARSAPARILLA.) Stem scarcely rising
out of the (/round, smooth, bearing a single long-stalked leaf and a shorter naked scape,
with 2-7 umbels ; leaflets oblong-ovate or oval, pointed, serrate, 5 on each of
the 3 divisions. — Moist woodlands ; with the same range as No. 3. May, June.
— The aromatic horizontal roots, which arc several feet long, are employed as
a substitute for the officinal Sarsaparilla. Leafstalks 1° high.

$2. GtNSENG, Decaisne & Planchon. (Panax, L.) — Flowers diceciffttsly po-
lygamous : styles and cells oft/ie (red or reddish) fruit 2 or 3 : stern herbaceous, low,
simple, bearing at its summit a whorl of 3 palmately 3 - 7-foliolafe leaves (or per'
flaps rather a single and sessile twice-compound leaf), and a single umbel on a slen-
der naked peduncle.

5. A. qilinquefolia. (GINSENG.) Root large and tpinJle-shaped, often
forked (4' - 9' long, aromatic) ; stem 1° high ; leaflets long-stalked, mostly 5, large
and thin, obovate-oblong, pointed ; styles mostly 2 ; fruit bright red. (Pnnax
quinquefolium, L.) — Rich and cool woods; becoming rare. July.

6. A. tri folia. (DWARF GINSENG. GROUND-NUT.) Root or tuber glob-
ular, deep in the ground (pungent to the taste, not aromatic) ; stems 4-8' high;
leaflets 3-5, sessile at the summit of the leafstalk, narrowly oblong, obtuse ; styles
usually 3 ; fruit yellowish. — Rich woods, common northward, April, May.

HEDERA HELIX, the European IVY, is almost the only other representative
of this family in the northern temj erate zone.

ORDER 54. CORN^ CE7E. (DOGWOOD FAMILY.;

Shrubs or trees (rarely herbaceous), irith opposite or alternate simple leaves,
the calyx-tube coherent with the 1 - 2-cellcd ovary its limb minute, the petal*
(valvate in the bud) and as many stamens borne on the margin of an ep'njn-
nous disk in the perfect flowers ; style one; a sinnle antttropous ornle hang-
ing from Hie top of the cell; the fruit a 1 - 1-seeded drupe ; embryo nearly
the length of the albvmen, with large and foliaceous cotyletfans. — A small
family, represented by Comus, and by a partly apetalous genus, Nyssa
(Bark bitter and tonic.)

CORNACEJC. (DOGWOOD FAMILY.) 161

]. C6RJVUS, Tourn. CORNEL. DOGWOOD.

Flowers perfect (or in some foreign species dioecious). Calyx minutely 4-
toothed. Petals 4, oblong, spreading. Stamens 4 : filaments slender. .Style
slender : stigma terminal, flat or capitate. Drupe small, Avith a 2-cclled and 2
seeded stone. — Leaves opposite (except in one species), entire. Flowers small,
in open naked cymes, or in close heads which are surrounded by a corolla-like
involucre. (Name from cornu, a horn; alluding to the hardness of the wood.)

§ 1 . Flowers greenish, collected in a head or close cluster, ivhich is surrounded by a
large and showy, ^-leaved, corolla-like, white involucre : fruit bright red.

1. C. CanadensiS, L. (DWARF CORNEL. BUNCH-BERRY.) Stems
low and simple (5' -7' high) from a slender creeping and subterranean rather
woody trunk ; leaves scarcely petioled, the lower scale-like, the upper crowded
into an apparent whorl in sixes or fours, ovate or oval, pointed ; leaves of the
involucre ovate: fruit globuiar. — Damp cold woods, common northward. June.

2. C, florida, L. (FLOWERING DOGWOOD.) Leaves ovate, pointed,
acutish at the base; leaves of the involucre inversely heart-shaped or notched (1^'
long) ; fruit oval. — Rocky woods ; more common southward. May, June. —
Tree 12° -30° high, very showy in flower, scarcely less so in fruit.

{ 2. Flowers white, in open and fiat spreading cymes : involucre none: fruit spherical.
* Leaves all opposite : shrubs.

3. C. circiiiata, L'Her. (ROUND-LEAVED CORNEL or DOGWOOD.)

Branches greenish, warty-dotted ; leaves round-oval, abruptly pointed, woolly under-
neath (4' -5' broad) ; cymes flat ; fruit light blue. — Copses; in rich soil. June.
— Shrub 6°- 10° high. Leaves larger than in any other species.

4. C. SCi'icea, L. (SILKY CORNEL. KINNIKINNIK.) Branches pur-
vlish ; the branchlets, stalks, and lower surface of the narrowly ovate or elliptical
pointed leaves silky -downy (often rusty), pale and dull ; cymes flat, close ; calyx-
teeth lanceolate ; fruit pale blue. — Wet places ; common. June. — Shrub 3° -
10° high. Flowers yellowish- white.

5. C. Stolonefcra, Michx. (RED-OSIER DOGWOOD.) Brandies, espe-
cially tlie osier-like annual shoots, bright red-purple, smooth ; leaves ovate, rounded at
the base, abruptly short-pointed, roughish with a minute close pubescence on
both sides, whitish underneath ; cymes small and flat, rather few-flowered, nearly
smooth ; fruit white or lead-color. — Wet banks of streams ; common, especially
northward. It multiplies by prostrate or subterranean suckers, and forms large
dense clumps, 3° - 6° high. June.

6. C. aspcri folia, Michx. (ROUGH-LEAVED DOGWOOD.) Branche*
brownish; the branchlets, $°c. rough-pubescent; leaves oblong or ovate, on very short
petioles, pointed, rough with a harsh pubescence above, and owny beneath ; calyx-
teeth minute. — Dry or sandy soil, Illinois and southward. May, June.

7. C. strict a, Lam. (STIFF CORNEL.) Branches brownish or reddish,
smooth ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, acutish at the base, glabrous^
of nearly the same hue both sides ; cymes loose, fiatf.ish ; anthers and fruit pale blue.

Swamps, &c. Virginia and southward. April, May. — Shrub 8° - 15° high

1G2 CORN A.CE.-E. (DOGWOOD FAMILY.)

8. C. paiiiculuta, L'Her. (PANICLED CORNEL.) Branches
Smooth ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, acute at the base, whitish beneath but
not downy ; cymes convex, loose, often panicled ; fruit white, depressed-globose. —
Thickets and river-banks. June. — Shrub 4° - 8° high, very much branched,
bearing a profusion of pure white blossoms.

# *= Leaves mostly alternate, crowded at the ends of the branches.

9. C. alterilifolia, L. (ALTERNATE-LEAVED CORNEL.) Branches
greenish streaked with white, alternate ; leaves ovate or oval, long-pointed, acute at
the base, whitish and minutely pubescent underneath ; fruit deep blue. — Hill-
sides in copses. May, June. — Shrub or tree 8° - 20° high, generally throwing
its branches to one side in a flattish top, and with broad, very open cymes.

2- NYSSA, L. TUPELO. PEPPERIDGK. SOUR GUM-TREE.

Flowers diceciausly polygamous, clustered or rarely solitary at the summit
of axillary peduncles. Stam. FL numerous in a simple or compound dense
cluster of fascicles. Calyx small, 5-parted. Stamens 5-12, oftener 10, inserted
on the outside of a convex disk : filaments slender : anthers short. No pistil.
Pist. FL solitary or 2-8, sessile in a bracted cluster, much larger than the stam-
inate flowers. Calyx with a very short repand-truncate or minutely 5-toothed
limb. Petals very small and fleshy, deciduous, or often wanting. Stamens 5 -
10, with perfect anthers, or imperfect. Style elongated, revolute, stigmatic
down one side. Ovary one-celled. Drupe ovoid or oblong, with a bony and
grooved or striate 1-celled and 1-seedcd stone. — Trees, with entire or some-
times angulate-toothed leaves, which are alternate, but mostly crowded at the end
of the branchlets, and greenish flowers appearing with the leaves. (The name
of a Nymph: "so called because it [the original species] grows in the water.")

1. N. multiflora, Wang. (TUPELO. PEPPERIDGE. BLACK or SOUR
GUM.) Leaves oval or obovate, commonly acuminate, glabrous or villous-pubes-
cent when young, at least on the margins and midrib, shining above when old
(2' -5' long) ; fertile flowers 3 - 8, at the summit of a slender peduncle ; fruit
9void, bluish-black (about £' long). (N. aquatica, L., at least in part; but tho
tree is not aquatic. N. sylvatica, Marsh. N. villosa, Willd, £c., &c.) — Rich
soil, either moist or nearly dry, Massachusetts to Illinois, and southward. April,
May. — A middle-sized tree, with horizontal branches and a light Hat spray,
like the Beech : the wood firm, close-grained, and very unwedgeable, on account
of the oblique direction and crossing of the fibre of different layers. Leaves
turning bright crimson in autumn.

2. N. imiflora, Walt. (LARGE TUPELO.) Leaves oblong or ovate,
sometimes slightly cordate at the base, long-petioled, entire or aogulate-tootbed,
pale and downj-puhefeent beneath, at least when young (4' -12' long) ; fertile
flower solitary on a slender peduncle; fruit oldong, blae (!' or more in length).
'N. dcntieuKita, Ait. N. tomcntosa and angulisans, Michx. N". grandidentata,
Michx. f.) — In water or wet swamps, Virginia, Kentucky, and southward
April. — Wood soft : that of the roots verj light and spongy, used foi corks

CAPRIFOLIACE.fi. (HONETSUCKLE FAMILY.) 168

DIVISION II. MONOPETALOUS EX6GENOUS PLANTS.

Floral envelopes consisting of both calyx and corolla, the lattet
composed of more or less united petals, that is, monopetalous.*

ORDER 55. CAPRIFOLJACEJE. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.)

Shrubs, or rarely herbs, with opposite leaves, no (genuine) stipules, the
calyx-tube coherent with the 2 - 5-celled ovary, the stamens as many as
for one feiver than) the lobes of the tubular or wheel-shaped corolla, and
inserted on its tube. — Fruit a berry, drupe, or pod, 1 - several-seeded.
Seeds anatropous, with a small embryo in fleshy albumen.

Synopsis.

TKIBB I. L.ONICERE.E. Corolla tubular, often irregular, sometimes 2-lipped. Style
slender : stigma capitate.

1. LINN.EA. Stamens 4, one fewer than the lobes of the corolla. Fruit dry, 3-celled, but

only 1-seeded.

2. SYMPIIORICARPUS. Stamens 4 or 5, aa many as the lobes of the bell-shaped regular

corolla. Berry 4-celled, but only 2-seeded.
8. LONICERA. Stamens 5. as many as the lobes of the tubular and more or less irregular

corolla Berry several-seeded.
i. DIERVILLA. Stamens 5. Corolla funnel-form, nearly regular. Pod 2-celled, 2-valved,

many-seeded.
6. TRIOSTEUM. Stamens 5. Corolla gibbous at the base. Fruit a 3 - 5-celled bony drupe.

TBIUE II. SAMBUCE.ZE. Corolla wheel-shaped or urn-shaped, regular, deeply 5-lobed.

Stigmas 1-3, rarely 5, sessile. Flowers in broad cymes.

6. SAMBUCUS. Fruit berry-like, containing 3 seed-like nutlets. Leaves pinnate.
7 VIBURNUM. Fruit a 1-celled 1-seeded drupe, with a c impressed stone. Leaves simple.

1. LJ I NTV JE A , Gronov. LINN^EA. TWIN-FLOWER.

Calyx-teeth 5, awl-shaped, deciduous. Corolla narrow bell-shaped, almost
equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4, two of them shorter, inserted toward the base of
tha corolla. Ovary and the small dry pod 3-cclled, but only 1-seedcd, two of
the cells being empty. — A slender creeping and trailing little evergreen, some-
what hairy, with rounded-oval sparingly crenate leaves contracted at the base
into short petioles, and thread-like upright peduncles forking into 2 pedicels at
the top, each bearing a delicate and fragrant nodding flower. Corolla purple
and whitish, hairy inside. (Dedicated to the immortal Linnaeus, who first point-

* In certain families, such as Ericaceae, &c. the petals in some genera are nearly or quite
separate. In Compositse and some others, the calyx is mostly reduced to a pappus, or to scales,
or a mere border, or even to nothing more than a covering of the surface of the ovary. Th«
itudent might look for these in the first or the third division. But the artificial analysis DTO-
fixed to the volume provides for all these anomalies, and will lead the student to the 0-4*1
where they belong.

164 CAPR1FOL1ACEJC. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY »

ed out its characters, and with whom this humble but charming plant war an
especial favorite.)

1. lt» toorealis, Gronov. — Moist mossy woods and cold bogs; common
northward, but towards the south of rare occurrence as far as New Jersey, and
along the mountains to Maryland. June (Eu.)

2. SYMPHORICARPUS, Dill. SNOWBERRY.

Calyx-teeth short, persistent on the fruit. Corolla bell-shaped, regularly 4-5
lobcd, with as many short stamens inserted into its throat. Ovary 4-cclIed, only
2 of the cells with a fertile ovule ; the berry therefore 4-cellcd but only 2-seeded.
Seeds bony. — Low and branching upright shrubs, with oval short-petioled
leaves, which are downy underneath and entire, or wavy-toothed or lobed on the
young shoots. Flowers white, tinged with rose-color, in -close short spikes or
clusters. (Name composed of tn>/i</>ope'<», to bear together, and Kaprros, fruit ;
from the clustered berries.)

1. S. OCCidenta lis, R. Brown. (WOLFBERRY.) Flowers in denso
terminal and axillary spikes ; corolla much bearded within ; the stamens and styia
protruded; berries white, — Northern Michigan to Wisconsin and westward.—
Flowers larger and more funnel-form, and stamens longer, than in the next,
which it too closely resembles.

2. S. raceillOSUS, Michx. (SNOWBERRY.) Flowers in a loose and
somewhat leafy interrupted spike at the end of the branches ; corolla bearded in«
side ; berries large, bright white. — Rocky banks, from W. Vermont to Penn
sylvania and Wisconsin : common in cultivation. June - Sept. Berries re-
maining until winter.

3. §• Vlllgaris, Michx. (INDIAN CURRANT. CORAL-BERRY.) Flowers
in small close clusters in the axils of nearly all the leaves ; corolla sparingly
bearded ; berries small, dark red. — Rocky banks, W. New York and Penn. to
Illinois, and southward : also cultivated. July.

3. LONICERA, L. HONEYSUCKLE. WOODBINE.

Calyx-teeth very short. Corolla tubular or funnel-form, often gibbous at the
base, irregularly or almost regularly 5-lobcd. Stamens 5. Ovary 2 - 3-celled.
Berry several-seeded. — Leaves entire. Flowers often showy and fragrant.
(Named in honor of Lonicer, a German botanist of the 16th century.)

§ 1. CAPRIFOLIUM, Juss. — Twining shrubs, with the flowers in sessile whorled
dusters from the axils of the (often connate] upper leaves, and forming interrupted
terminal spikes : calyx-teeth persistent on tfie (red or orange] berry.

# Corolla trumpet-sJiaped, almost regularly and equally 5-lobcd.
1. I*, scmpervircns, Ait. (TRUMPET HONEYSUCKLE.) Flowers in
somewhat distant whorls ; leaves oblong, smooth ; the lower petioled, the upper-
most pairs united round the stem. — Copses, New York (near the city) to Vir-
ginia, and southward: common also in cultivation. May -Oct. — Leaves
deciduous at the Noith. Corolla scentless, nearly 2' long, scarlet or deep red

CAPRiFOLIACE^K. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.J 165

outside, yellowish within : a cultivated and less showy variety has pale yellow
blossoms.

* * Corolla ringent : the lower lip narrow, the upper broad and 4-lobed.

2. L.. grr&ta, -Aik (AMERICAN WOODBINE.) Leaves smooth, glaucous
beneath, obovate, the 2 or 3 upper pairs united; flowers whorl ed in the axils of
the uppermost leaves or leaf-like connate bracts ; corolla smooth (ivhitish with a
purple tube, fading yellowish), not gihbous at the base, fragrant. — Rocky wood
lands. New York, Penn., and westward: also cultivated. May.

3. L.. fliiva, Sims. (YELLOW HONEYSUCKLE.) Leaves smooth, vety jmle
and glaucous botli sides, thickish, obovate or oval, the 2-4 upper pairs united into
a round cup-like disk ; flowers in closely approximate whorls ; tube of the
smooth (light yellow) corolla slender, somewhat gibbous ; filaments almost or
quite smooth. — Rocky banks. Catskill Mountains (Pursh\ Ohio to Wisconsin
(a variety with rather short flowers), and southward along the Alleghany
Mountains. June.

4. Li. piarvi flora, Lam. (SMALL HONEYSUCKLE.) Leaves smooth, ob-
\3$g,ffreen above, very glaucous beneath, the upper pairs united, all closely sessile;
flowers in 2 or 3 closely approximate whorls raised on a peduncle ; corolla gib-
bous at the base, smooth outside (greenish-yelloiv tinged with dull purple), short (f
long) ; filaments rather hairy below. — Rocky banks, mostly northward. May,
June. — Stem commonly bushy, only 2° -4° high.

Var. DoilgScisii. Leaves greener, more or less downy underneath when
young; corolla crimson or deep dull purple. (L. Douglasii, DC.) — Ohio to
Wisconsin northward.

5. L.. Ilirsilta, Eaton. (HAIRY HONEYSUCKLE.) Leaves not glaucous,
downy-hairy beneath, as well as the branches, and slightly so above, veiny, dull,
broadly oval; the uppermost united, the lower short-petioled ; flowers in ap-
proximate whorls ; tube of the (orange-yellow) clammy-pubescent corolla gibbous at
the base, slender. — Damp copses and rocks, Maine to Wisconsin northward.
July. — A coarse, large-leaved species.

$ 2. XYL6STEON, Juss. — Upright bushy shrubs : leaves all distinct at tJie base :
peduncles axillary, single, 2-bracted and ^-flowered at the summit ; the tico beriie*
sometimes united into one : calyx-teeth not persistent.

6. L«. cili;\ta, Muhl. (FLY-HONEYSUCKLE.) Branches straggling (3°
5° high); leaves oblong-ovate, often heart-shaped, petioled, thin, downy beneath;
peduncles shorter than the leaves ; bracts minute ; corolla funnel-form, gibbous at
the base (greenish-yellow, f ' long), the lobes almost equal ; berries separate
(red). — Rocky woods; New England to Pennsylvania and Wisconsin, north-
ward. May.

7. JL.. caerulca, L. (MOUNTAIN FLY-HONEYSUCKLE.) Low (l°-2°
high); branches upright; leaves oval, downy when young; peduncles very short',
bracts awl-shaped, longer than the ovaries of the tico flowers, which are united into one
(blue) berry. (Xylosteum villqsum, Michx.) — Mountain woods and bogs, Mas
sachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, and northward : also Wisconsin May
— Flowers yellowish, smaller than in No. 8. (Eu.)

166 CAPRIFOLIACEJE. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.)

8. Li. oblongifolia, Muhl. (SWAMP FLY-HONEYSUCKLE.) Branches
upright ; l&ives oblony, downy when young, smooth when old ; peduncles long and
slender; bracts almost none; corolla deeply 2-lipped ; berries (purple) formed by the
union of the two ovaries. — Bogs, N. New York to Wisconsin. June. — Shrub
2° -4° high. Leaves 2' -3' long. Corolla |' long, yellowish-white.

L. TATARICA, the TARTARIAN HONEYSUCKLE ; L. CArRiF6LiuM, tLe
COMMON HONEYSUCKLE; and L. PERICLYMENUM, the true WOODBINE, are
the commonly cultivated species.

4. DIERVIL,L,A, Tourn. BUSH HONEYSUCKLE.

Calyx-tube tapering at the summit ; the lobes slender, awl-shaped, persistent
Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed, almost regular. Stamens 5. Pod ovoid-oblong,
pointed, 2-celled, 2-valved, septicidal, many-seeded. — Low, upright shrubs, with
ovate or oblong pointed serrate leaves, and cymosely 3 - several-flowered pedun-
cles, from the upper axils, or terminal. (Named in compliment to M. Dierville,
who sent it from Canada to Tournefort.)

1. D. trifida, Mcench. Leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, pctioled ;
peduncles mostly 3-flowercd ; pod long-beaked. (D. Canadensis, Muhl.) —
Rocks ; common, especially northward. June - Aug. — Flowers honey-color,
not showy.

D. SESSILIF6LIA, Buckley, of the mountains of North Carolina, may occur
in those of S. W. Virginia.

5. TRIOSTJEUM, L. FEVER-WORT. HORSE-GENTIAN.

Calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, leaf-like, persistent. Corolla tubular, gibbous
at the base, somewhat equally 5-lobed, scarcely longer than the calyx. Stamens
5. Ovary mostly 3-celled, in fruit forming a rather dry drupe, containing aa
many angled and ribbed 1-sceded bony nutlets. — Coarse, hairy, perennial herbs,
leafy to the top ; with the ample entire pointed leaves tapering to the base, but
connate round the simple stem. Flowers sessile, and solitary or clustered in
the axils. (Name from rpets, three, and ooWof, a bone, alluding to three bony
seeds, or rather nutlets.)

1. T. perfoliatUIBI, L. Softly hairy (2° -4° high) ; leaves oval, abruptly
narrowed below, downy beneath ; flowers dull brownish-purple, mostly dustm-d.
— Rich woodlands; not rare. June. — Fruit orange-color, £' long.

2. T. ailgllSti folium, L. Smaller; bristly-hairy; leaves lanceolate,
tapering to the base ; flowers grecnish-cream-color, mostly single in the axils. —
8. Pennsylvania to Illinois, and southward. May.

6. SAMBtlCUS, Tourn. ELDER.

Calyx-lobes minute or obsolete. Corolla urn-shaped, with a broadly spread-
ing 5-cleft limb. Stamens 5. Stigmas 3. Fruit a berry-like juicy drupe, con
taining 3 small seed-like nutlets. — Shrubby plants, with a rank smell when
oruJscd, pinnate leaves, serrate pointed leaflets, and numerous small and white

CAPRIFOLIACE.fi. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 167

flowers in compound cymes. (Name from (rap.[3vKr), an ancient musical instru-
ment, supposed to have been made of Elder-wood.)

1. S. CaimdcilSis, L. (COMMON ELDER.) Stems scarcely woody
(5° -10° high) ; leaflets 7-11, oblong, smooth, the lower often 3-parted ; cymes
flat ; fruit black-purple. — Rich soil, in open places. June. — Pith white.

2. S. pubeiis, Michx. (RED-BERRIED ELDER.) Stems woody (2° -
18° high), the bark warty; lea/lets 5-7, ovate-lanceolate, doicny underneath; cyme*
panided, convex or pyramidal ; fruit bright red (rarely white). — Rocky woods ;
chiefly northward, and southward in the mountains. May : the fruit ripening
in June. — Pith brown.

7. VIBURNUM, L. ARROW-WOOD. LADRESTINUS.

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla spreading, deeply 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Stigmas
1 '-S. Fruit a 1 -celled, 1 -seeded drupe, with soft pulp and a crustaceous flat-
tened stone. — Shrubs, with simple leaves, and white flowers in flat compound
cymes. Petioles sometimes bearing little appendages like stipules. Leaf-budfi
naked, or in No. 9 scaly. (The classical Latin name, of unknown meaning.)

§ 1. Flowers all alike and perfect. (Fruit blue or black, glaucous.)
* Leaves entire, or toothed, not lobed.

1. V. liudinn, L. (WITHE-ROD.) Leaves thickish, oval, oblong or
lanceolate, dotted beneath, like the short petioles and cymes, irith small brownish scales,
smooth above, not shining, the margins entire or wavy-crenate ; cyme short-peduncled ;
fruit round-ovoid. — Var. 1. CLAYTONI has the leaves nearly entire, the veins
somewhat prominent underneath, and grows in swamps from Massachusetts
near the coast to Virginia and southward. Var. 2. CASSINOIDES (V. pyrifo-
lium, Pursh, frc. ) has more opaque and often toothed leaves ; and grows in cold
swamps from Pennsylvania northward. May, June. — Shrub 6° - 10° high.

2. V. pruiiifoliuni, L. (BLACK HAW.) Leaves broadly oval, obtuse
at both ends, finely and sharply serrate, shining above, smooth ; petioles naked ;
cymes sessile; fruit ovoid-oblong. — Dry copses, S. New York to Ohio, and
southward. May. — A tree-like shrub, very handsome in flower and foliage.

3. V. IjCiitskg'O, L. (SWEET VIBURNUM. SHEEP-BERRY.) Leaves
ovate, strongly pointed, closely and very sharply serrate, smooth, the long margined
petioles with the midrib and branches of the sessile cyme sprinkled with rusty
glands when young ; fruit oval. — Copses, common. May, June. — Tree
15° -20° high, handsome; the fruit £' long, turning from red to blue-black,
and edible in autumn.

4. V. obovatlim, Walt. Leaves obovate, obtuse, entire or denticulate, gla-
brous, thickish, small (1 -1^' long), shining; cymes sessile, small. — River-banks,
Virginia and southward. May. — Shrub 2° - 8° high.

5. V. dfiltatum, L. (ARROW-WOOD.) Smooth; leaves broadly ovate,
coarsely and sharply toothed, strongly straight-veined, on slender petioles ; cymes pe-
duncled ; fruit (small) ovoid-globose, blue. — Wet places; common. June. —
Shrub 5° - 10° high, with ash-colored bark; the pale leaves often with hairy tufts
in the axils of the strong veins.

68 RUBIACE^E. ^MADDER FAMILY.)

ft. V. piilM'sccns, Pursh. (DOWNY ARROW-WOOD.) Leaves ovate or
ri>long-orate, acute or pointed, coarsely toothed, rather strongly straight-veined,
the lower surface and the very short petioles velvety -dou-ny ; cymes pcduncled ; fruit
ovoid. — Rocks, W. Vermont to Wisconsin and Kentucky. June. — Shrub
straggling, 2° -4° high. (V. molle,, Miclix. is probably a form of this.)
* * Leaves 3-lobed, roundish ; the lobes pointed.

7. V. acerifoliiiiil, L. (MAPLE-LEAVED ARROW-WOOD. DOCK-
MAC K IE. j Lenses 3-ribbed and roundish or heart-shaped at the base, downy under-
neath, coarsely and unequally toothed, the veins and stalks hairy ; cymes long-
pcduncled, many-flowered ; fruit oval ; Jllaments long. — Rocky woods, common.
May, June. — Shrub 3° - 5° high.

8. V. pmiciflorimi, Pylaie. Smooth, or nearly so ; leaves mostly trun-
cate and 5-ribbed at the base, with 3 short lobes at the summit, unequally serrate
throughout ; cymes small and simple, pedunclcd ; Jilaments shorter titan the corolla. —
Cold woods, mountains of N. Hampshire and New York ; Wisconsin and north-
ward. (V. Oxycoccus, var. eradiatum, Oakes.) — A low straggling shrub, with
larger leaves than No. 7, serrate all round, and less deeply Inbed than in No. 9.

$2. 6PULUS, Toum. — Marginal Jlowers of the cyme destitute of stamens and
pistils, and with corollas many times larger than the others, forming a kind of
ray, as in Hydrangea.

9. V. OpulllS, L. (CRANBERRY-TREE.) Nearly smooth, upright; leaves
strongly 3-lobcd, broadly wedge-shaped or truncate at the base, the spreading lobes
pointed, toothed on the sides, entire in the sinuses ; petioles bearing stalked
glands at the base; cymes peduncled; fruit ovoid, red. (V. Oxycoccus and V
edule, Pursh.) — Shrub 5° -10° high, showy in flower. The acid fruit is used
as a (poor) substitute for cranberries, whence the name High Cranberry-bush, &c.

— The well-known SNOW-BALL TREE, or GUELDER-ROSE, is a cultivated state,
with the whole cyme turned into large sterile flowers. (Eu.)

10. V. Itintanoides, Michx. (HOBBLE-BUSH. AMERICAN WATFAR-
ING-TREE.) Leaves round-ovate, abruptly pointed, heart-shaped at the base, closely
serrate, many-veined ; the veins and veinlets underneath, along with the stalks
and branchlets, very scurfy with rusty-colored tujls of minute down; cymes sessile,
very broad and flat ; fruit ovoid, crimson turning blackish. — Cold moist woods,
New England to Penn. and northward, and southward in the Alleghanies. May.

— A sti aggling shrub ; the long, procumbent branches often taking root. Flow-
ers handsome. Leaves 4' - 8' across.

ORDER 56. RUBIACEvE. (MADDER FAMILY.;

Shrubs or herbs, with opposite entire leaves connected by interposed stipules,
or rarely in irliorls without apparent stipules, the calyx coherent with the 2-4-
celled ovary, the stamens c/.s1 many as the lobes of the reyular corolla (3-5),
and inserted on its tube. — Fruit various. Seeds anatropous or amphitro-
pous. Emliryo commonly pretty large, in copious hard albumen. — A very
large family, *he greater part, and all its most important plants (such as

RUBIACE^E. (MADDER FAMILY.) 169

the Coffee and Peruvian-Bark trees), tropical, divided into two suborders.
To these, in our Flora, it is convenient to append a third for a few plants
which are exactly Kubiacese except that the calyx is free from the ovary.

SUBORDER I. STELLAT^E. THE TRUE MADDER FAMILY.

Leaves whorled, with no apparent stipules. Ovary entirely coherent
with the calyx-tube. Coralla valvate in the bud. — Chiefly herbs.

1. GALIUM. Corolla wheel -shaped, 4- (or rarely 3-) parted. Fruit twin, 2 seeded, separating

into 2 iudehiseeut carpels.

SUBORDER II. CINCH ONE.E. THE CINCHONA FAMILY.

Leaves opposite, or sometimes in whorls, with stipules between them.
Ovary coherent with the calyx-tube, or its summit rarely free.

* Ovules and seeds solitary in each cell.
•i- Flowers axillary, separate. Fruit dry when ripe. Herbs.

2. SPERMACOCE. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form : lobes 4. Fruit separating when ripe

into 2 carpels, one of them closed, the other open.
8. DIODIA. Fruit separating into 2 or 3 closed and indehiscent carpels.

•»- -t- Flowers in a close and round long-peduncled head. Fruit dry. Shrubs.
4. CEPUALANTIIUS. Corolla tubular : lobes 4. Fruit inversely pyramidal, 2-4-eeeded.

•*-•!-•»- Flowers twin ; their ovaries united into one. Fruit a berry.
6 MITCIIELLA. Corolla funnel-form ; its lobes 4. — A creeping herb.

* * Ovules and seeds many or several in each cell of the pod.

6. OLDENLANDIA. Lobes of the corolla and stamens 4, or rarely 5. Pod loculicidal.

SUBORDER III. LOGANIE^. THE LOGANIA FAMILY.

Leaves opposite, with stipules between them. Ovary free from the ca-
lyx. Corolla valvate or imbricated in the bud.

7. MITREOLA. Corolla short. Ovary and pod mitre-shaped or 2-beaked ; the 2 short stylei

separate below, but at first united at the top. Seeds many.

8. SP1GELIA. Corolla tubular-funnel-form. Style 1. Pod twin, the 2 cells few-seeded.

9. POLYPKEMUM. See Addend.

SUBORDER I. STELlJlTJE. THE TRUE MADDER FAMILY

1. GAL.IUUI, L. BEDSTRAW. CLEAVERS.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Corolla 4-parted, rarely 3-parted, wheel-shaped. Sta-
mens 4, rarely 3, short. Styles 2. Fruit diy or fleshy, globular, twin, separat-
ing when ripe into the 2 seed -like, indehiscent, 1-sceded carpels. — Slender
herbs, with small cymose flowers, square stems, and whorled leaves : the roots
often containing a red coloring matter. (Name from yd\a, milk, which some
species are used to curdle.)

* Annual : leaves about 8 in a ivhorl : peduncles 1 - 2-JIowered, axillary.
1. O. Aparifie, L. (CLEAVERS. GOOSE-GRASS.) Stem weak and
reclining, bristle-prickly backwards, hairy at the joints ; leaves lanceolate, taper-
ing to the base, short-ooiuted, rough on the margins and midrib (l'-2' long I •

170 RUBIACE^K. ^MADDER FAMILY.)

flowers white ; fruit (large) bristly with hooked prickles. — Moist thickets. Doubt-
ful if truly indigenous in our district. (Eu.)

* * Perennial: leaves 4-6 (in the last species 8) in a wliorl.
*- Peduncles axillary and terminal, few-flowered: flowers white or greenish.

2. O. asprcIIiiiH, Michx. (ROUGH BKDSTKAW.) Stem weak, much
branched, rough buck wards with hooked prickles, leaning on bushes (3° -5°
high) ; leaves in whorls of 6, or 4 - 5 on the brancldets, oval-lanceolate, pointed, with
almost prickly margins and midrib; peduncles many, short, 2-3 times forked;
fivit usually smooth. — Low thickets, common northward. July. — Branchlets
covered with numerous but verv small white flowers.

3. O. COnciliillllll, Torr. & Gr. Stems low, diffuse, with minutely
roughened angles ; leaves all in whorls of 6, linear, sliy/ttly pointed, veinless, the
margins upwardly roughened ; peduncles slender, 2-3 times forked, somewhat
panic-led at the summit; pedicels short; fruit smooth. — Penn. and Michigan to
Kentucky. June. — Plant 6' -12' high, slender, but rather rigid, not turning
blackish in drying, like the rest.

4. O. trifiduin, L. (SMALL BEDSTRAW.) Stems weak, ascending
(5' -20' high), branching, roughened backwards on the angles; leaves in whorls
of 4 to 6, linear or nb/anccolate, obtuse, the margins and midrib rough ; peduncles
I - 3-floivered ; pedicels slender; corolla-lobes and stamens often 3; fruit smooth.
— Var. I. TINCTORIUM : stem stouter, with nearly smooth angles, and the parts
of the flower usually in fours. Var. 2. LATIF6LIUM (G. obtusum, Biyel.} :
stem smooth, widely branched ; leaves oblong, quite rough on the midrib and
margins. — Swamps; common, and very variable. June -Aug. (Eu.)

5. G. triilorum, Michx. (SWEET-SCENTED BEDSTRAW.) Stem weak,
reclining or prostrate (l°-3° long), bristly-roughened backwards on the angles,
shining ; leaves 6 in a whorl, elliptical-lanceolate, bristle-pointed, with slightly
roughened margins (l'-2' long) ; peduncles 3-Jlowered,thQ flowers all pcdicelled;
fntit bristly with hooked hair?. — Rich woodlands, common. July. — Lobes of
the greenish corolla pointed. (Eu.)

•*- •»- Peduncles several-flowered : flowers dull purple or brownish {rarely cream-color) ;
petal* jiiucronate or bristle-pointed : fruit densely hooked-bristly.

6. G. I»il6sillll, Ait. Stem ascending, somewhat simple, hairy ; leaves in
fours, oval, dotted, hairy (1'long), scarcely 3-nenvd ; p«hun'l<<s twice or thrice
2-3-forked, the flowers all pedicelled. — Dry copses, Rhode Island and Vermont
to Illinois and southward. Juno -Aug. — Var. PIINCTICULOSUM is a nearly
smooth form (G. puncticulosum, Michx.) : Virginia and southward.

7. G. circrczans, Michx. (WILD LIQUORICE.) Smooth or downy,
erect or ascending (1° high) ; leaves in fours, oval, varying to ovate-oblong,
mostly ohtnsc, 3-iicrrcd, ciliate (!'-!£' long); peduncles usually once forked, the
branches //oi/i/n/tt! and widely diverging in fruit, b-arin;/ teooral ninote floivers
on nn/ short lati ral petKoeU, reflcxed in fruit; lobes of the corolla hairy outside
above the middle. — Rich woods; common. June- Aug. — The var. MOXT\
MUM is a dwarf, broad-leaved form, from mountain woods.

8. G. laaiccolfttlllfl, Torr. (WiLD LIQUORICE.) Leaves in fmirf

KUBIACE.fi. (MADDER FAMILY.) 171

o? ovate lanceolate, tapering to the apex (2' long); corolla glabrous:
otherwise like the last. — Woodlands; common northward.
•»-••--*- Peduncles many-flowered : flowers in open cymes, dull purple : fruit smooth.
9. O. latifolimn, Michx. Stems erect (l°-2° high), smooth; leaves
in fours, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 3-nerved, the midrib and margins rough ;
flowers all on long and slender spreading pedicels ; corolla-lobes bristle -pointed
— Dry woodlands, Alleghany Mountains from Maryland southward, July.
S. Penn.

•»-•*-•«- -i- Peduncles many-flowered, in close terminal panicles.

10. O. boreale, L. (NORTHERN BEDSTRAW.) Stem upright (l°-2°
high), smooth ; leaves in fours, linear-lanceolate, 3-nerved ; panicle elongated ;
flowers white ; fruit minutely bristly, sometimes smooth. — Rocky banks of
streams ; common, especially northward. June -Aug. (Eu.)

11. O. VERUM, L. (YELLOW BEDSTRAW.) Stem upright, slender; leave*
in eights, linear, grooved above, roughish, deflexed ; flowers yellow, crowded; fruit
smooth. — Dry fields, E. Massachusetts. July. (Adv. from Eu.)

TINCTORIA, L., the cultivated MADDER, — from which the order is
named, — has a berry-like fruit; the parts of the flower 5.

SUBORDER II. CmCHONEJE. THE CINCHONA FAMILY.*

2. SPERMAC6CE, L. BUTTON-AVEED.

Calyx-tube short ; the limb parted into 4 teeth. Corolla funnel-form or
salver-form ; the lobes valvate in the bud. Stamens 4. Stigma or style 2-cleft.
Fruit small and dry, 2-celled, 2-seedcd, splitting when ripe into 2 carpels, one
of them carrying with it the partition, and therefore closed, the other open on
the inner face. — Small herbs, the bases of the leaves or petioles connected by a
bristle-bearing stipular membrane. Flowers small, crowded into sessile axillary
whorled clusters or heads. Corolla whitish. (Name compounded of o-rrep/ia,
seed find UKCOK^, a point, probably from the pointed calyx-teeth on the fruit.)

1. S. glabra, Michx. Glabrous; stems spreading (9' -20' long) ; leaves
oblong -lanceolate ; whorled heads many-flowered; corolla little exceeding the
calyx, bearded in the throat, bearing the anthers at its base ; filaments and style
hardly any. 1J. — River-banks, S. Ohio, Illinois, and southward. Aug

3. DIODIA, L. BUTTON-WEED.

Calyx-teeth 2-5, often unequal. Fruit 2- (rarely 3-) celled ; the cmstaceous
ca» pels into which it splits all closed and indehiscent. Otherwise nearly as in
Spermacoce. (Name from SioSos, a thoroughfare; the species often growing by
the way -side.)

* In several genera, such as Mitchella, Oldenlandia, &c., the flowers, although perfect, are of
two sorts in different individuals ; — one sort having exserted stamens, borne in the throat of
foe corolla, and short included styles ; the other having included stamens inserted low iown IB
the corolla, and lung, usually exserted styles. Such we call dicuifouHy dimorphous.

172 RUBIACE^E. (MADDEI. FAMILY.)

1. I>. Virgiiiica, L. Either smooth or hairy; stemr spreading (l°-2°
long) ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sessile; flowers 1 -3 in each axil;
corolla white (£' long), the slender tube abruptly expanded into the large limb; style
'2-parted ; fruit obhny, strongly furrowed, crowned mostly with 2 slender calyx-
teeth. 1]. — River-hanks, Virginia and southward. May- Oct.

2. I>. teres, Walt. Hairy or minutely pubescent ; stem spreading (3' -9'
long), nearly terete ; leaves linear-lanceolate, closely sessile, rigid; flowers 1-3
in each axil; corolla funnel-form (2" -3" long, whitish), with short lobes, not
exceeding the long bristles of the stipules ; style undivided ; fruit obovate-turb;
nate, not fun owed, crowned with 4 short calyx-teeth. © — Sandv fields, from
New Jersey and Illinois southward. Aug.

4. CJEP II ACANTHUS, L. BUTTON-BUSH.

Calyx-tube inversely pyramidal, the limb 4-toothed. Corolla tubular, 4-
loothed ; the tcetli imbricated in the bud. Style thread-form, much protruded.
Stigma capitate. Fruit dry and hard, small, inversely pyramidal, 2-4-cellcd,
separating from the base upward into 2-4 closed 1 -seeded portions. — Shrubs,
With the flowers densely aggregated in spherical pedunded heads. Flowers
white. (Name composed of <cd)a\r), a head, and avflos, a jftower.)

1. C. occideiitalis, L. Smooth or pubescent; leaves petioled, ovate-
oblong, pointed, opposite or whorlcd in threes, with short intervening stipaeg.
— Wet places; common. July -Aug.

5. MITCHELL. A, L. PARTRIDGE-HEHRY.

Flowers in pairs, with their ovaries united. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla fun-
nel-form, 4-lobed ; the lobes spreading, densely bearded inside, valvate in the
bud. Stamens 4. Style 1 : stigmas 4. Fruit a berry-like double drupe,
crowned with the calyx-teeth of the two flowers, each containing 4 small and
seed-like bony nutlets. — A smooth and trailing small evergreen herb, with
round-ovate and shining petioled leaves, minute stipules, white fragrant flowers
often tinged with purple, and scarlet edible (but nearlv tasteless) dry berries,
which remain over winter. Parts of the flower occasionally in threes, fives, or
sixes. (This very pretty plant commemorates Dr. John Mitchell, an early cor-
respondent of Linnreus, and an excellent botanist, who resided in Virginia.)

1. I?I. repciis, L. — Dry woods, creeping about the foot of trees: com
mon. June, July. — Leaves often variegated with whitish lines.

6. OL.DENL.ANDIA, Plum., L. BLUETS.

Calyx 4- (rarely 5-)lobed, persistent. Corolla funnel-form, salver-form-
or nearly wheel-shaped ; the limb 4- (rarely 5-) parted, valvate in the bud.
Stamens 4 (rarely 5). Style 1 or none: stigmas 2. Pod globular, ovoid, or
obcordate, above often free and rising above the calyx, 2-cclled, many-seeded,
opening loeulieidally across the summit. Seeds concave on the inner face. —
Low herbs, with small stipules united to the petioles. Flowers white, inirplc, oi
blue. (J)edicated, In 1703, to the memory of Oldcnland, a German physician

RI3BIACEJE (MADDER FAMILY.) 173

and botanist, who died early at the Cape of Good Hope. HOUSTONIA., made
a section of this genus, was much later dedicated to Dr. Houston, an English
botanist of the days of Linnaeus who collected in Central America.)

$ 1. OLDENLANDIA, L. Corolla whed-shaped (or funnel-form) , shorter or
scarcely longer than the calyx-lobes: anthers short : pod wholly enclosed, in and co-
herent with the calyx-tube : seeds very numerous, minute and angular. (Flowers
lateral or terminal.}

\. O. glomcrata, Michx. Pubescent or smoothish ; stems branched
and spreading (2' -12' high); leaves oblong (£'-§' long); flowers in sessile
clusters in the axils; corolla nearly wheel-shaped (white), much shorter than
the calyx. (J) (0. uniflora, L. Hedyotis glomerata, Ell.} — Wet places, S.
New York to Virginia near the coast, and southward.

§ 2. HOUST6NIA, L. Corolla salver-form or funnel-form, with the tube longer
than the calyx-lobes: anthers linear: upper half or the summit of the pod free and
projecting beyond the tube of the calyx : the teeth of the latter distant : seeds rather
Jew (4 - 20) in each cell, saucer-shaped, with a ridge doicn the middle of the hol-
lowed inner face. (Flowers of two forms, diceciously dimorphous ; p. 171, note.i

* Corolla funnel-form, often hairy inside: stems erect: stem-leaves sessile: flowers
mostly in terminal small cymes or hose clusters, publish. (Connects Houstonia
and Oldenlandia.)

2. O. purpitrca. Pubescent or smooth (8' -15' high); leaves varying
from roundish-ovate to lanceolate, 3 - 5-ribbed ; calyx-lobes longer than the half free
globular pod. 1J. (Houstonia purpurea, L. H. varians, Michx.} — Woodlands,
W. Penn. to Illinois and southward. May - July. — Varying wonderfully,
into : —

Var. loiigiiolia. Leaves varying from oblong-lanceolate to linear, nar-
rowed at the base, 1 -ribbed ; calyx-lobes scarcely as long as the pod : stems 5'-
12' high. (Houstonia longifolia, Willd.) — Maine to Wisconsin and southward.
— A narrow-leaved, slender form is II. tenuifolia, Nutt.

Var. ciliolata. More tufted stems 3' -6' high; root-leaves in rosettes,
thickish and ciliate; calyx-lobes as long as the pod. (Houstonia ciliolata,
Torr. ) — Along the Great Lakes and rivers, from N. New York to Wisconsin.

3. O. angllStifolia, Gray. Stems tufted from a hard or woody root
(6' -20' high); leaves narrowly linear, acute, 1 -ribbed, many of them fascicled;
flowers crowded, short-pedicclled ; lobes of the corolla densely bearded inside j
pod obovoid and acute at the base, only its summit free from the calyx, opening first
across the top, at length splitting through the partition. 1J. (Houstonia angus-
tifolia, Michx. Hedyotis stenophylla, Torr. fr Gray.) — Plains and banks, from
Illinois southward. June -Aug.

* * Corolla salver-form, mostly blue : pod flatfish laterally and notched at the broaA

summit, or somewhat twin : plants commonly small and slender.

4. O. minima. Scabrous, at length branched and spreading (£'-3'
high ) ; peduncles not longer than the linear-spatulate leaves ; jjod barely J free ; seeds
•moothish. (i) (2) (Houstonia minima, Beck.) — Dry hills, <fcc. Illinois and
louth ward . March - May .

174 VALERIANACE.fi. (VALERIAN FAMILY.)

5. O. crerillea. (BLUETS.) Glabrous; stems erect, slender, sparingly
branched (3r-5' high); leaves oblong-spatulate (3" -4" long) ; peduncles Jili-
form, l'-2$' long; pod free to the middle; seeds rough-dotted. @ (Ilousto-
niu can-ulea, L. Hcdyotis, Hook.) — Moist and grassy places; common. May -
Aug. — A delicate little herb, producing in spring a profusion of light-blue
flowers fading to white, with a yellowish eye.

0. SERPYLLIFOLIA (Iloustonia scrpyllifoHa, Michx.) may probably be found
in the high mountains of Virginia; and 0. ROTUNDiF6LiA in the southeastern
part of the same State.

SUBORDER III. L-OGANIE^E. THE LOGANIA FAMILY.

7. HI I Til KOLA, L. MITRE-WORT.

Calyx 5-partcd. Corolla little longer than the calyx, somewhat funnel-form,
5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens 5, included. Ovary free from the calyx,
except at the base, 2-celled : styles 2, short, converging and united above ; the
stigmas also united. Pod projecting beyond the calyx, strongly 2-horned or
mitre-shaped, opening down the inner side of each horn, many-seeded. — Annual
smooth herbs, with opposite leaves, small stipules between the leaves, and small
white flowers spiked along one side of the branches of a terminal petioled cyme.
(Name, a little mitre, from the shape of the pod.)

1. HI. petiolata, Torr. & Gray. Leaves thin, oblong-lanceolate, peti-
oled.— Damp soil, from Eastern Virginia southward. — Plant l°-2° high.

8. S PIG I] LI A, L. PINK-ROOT. WORM-GRASS.

Calyx 5-parted, persistent; the lobes slender. Corolla tubular-funncl-form,
5-lobcd at the summit, valvate in the bud. Stamens 5 : anthers linear. Style
slender, hairy above, jointed near the middle. Pod short, twin, laterally flat-
tened, separating at maturity from the base into 2 carpels, which open loculici-
dally, few-seeded. — Chiefly herbs, with the opposite leaves united by means of
the stipules, and the (lowers spiked in one-sided cymes. (Named for Prof.
Sfiiydius, who wrote on botany at the beginning of the 17th century.)

1. S. IVfarilandica, L. Stems upright, simple (6'- 15' high); leaves
Rcssilc, ovate-lanceoliite, acute; spike 3-8-flowcred; tube of the corolla 4 times
the length of the calyx, the lobes lanceolate ; anthers and style oxserted. 1| —
Kich woods, Pennsylvania to Wisconsin and southward. June, July. — Corolla
1^' long, crimson outside, yellowish within. — A well-known officinal antliel-
mintic, and a showy plant.

ODER 57. VALERIAN AC EvE. (VALERIAN FAMILY.)

Herbs, with ojtposite leaves awl t/o stipule* ; ihe calyx-tube coherent with
the ovary, which has one fertile 1-ovulcd cell and tiro nhor/ice. or empty ones ;
the stamens distinct, 1-3, fewer than irte lobes of the corolla, and inserted
»n it* '<ube. — Corolla tubular or funnel-forra} often irregular, mostly 5-

VALERIANACE.E. (VAXERIAN FAMIl T.) 175

lobed, the lobes Imbricated in the bud. Style slender : stigmas 1 - o. Fruit '
indehiscent, 1-celled (the two empty cells of the ovary disappearing),
or 3-celled, two of them empty, the other 1-seeded. Seed suspended,
anatropous, with a large embryo and no albumen. — Flowers in panicled
or clustered cymes. (Roots often odorous and antispasmodic.) — Repre-
sented by only two genera.

1. VAL.ERIANA, Tourn. VALERIAN.

Limb of the calyx of several plumose bristles (like a pappus) which are rolled
up inwards in flower, but unroll and spread as the seed-like 1-celled fruit ma-
tures. Corolla commonly gibbous at or above the base, the 5-lobed limb nearlj
regular. Stamens 3. — Perennial herbs, with thickened strong-scented roots,
and simple or pinnate leaves. Flowers in many species imperfectly dioacious,
or dimorphous. (Name from valere, to have efficacy, alluding to the medicinal
qualities.)

* Root fibrous : leaves thin. (Stems l°-3° high.)

1. V. i>«ii£€i flora, Michx. Smooth, slender ; root-leaves ovate, heart-
shaped, toothed, pointed, sometimes with 2 small lateral divisions ; stem-leaves
pinnate, with 3-7 ovate toothed leaflets ; branches &f the panicled cyme few-
flowered ; tube of the (pale pink) corolla long and slender (^' long). — Woodlands,
Ohio and W. Virginia, Kentucky, S. Illinois, (fee. June.

2. V. sylv:ttica, Richards. Smooth or minutely pubescent; root-leaves
ovate or oblong, entire, rarely with 2 small lobes ; stem-leaves pinnate, with 5-11
oblong-ovate or lanceolate nearly entire leaflets; cyme at first close, many'
flowered; corolla inversely conical (3" long, rose-color). — Cedar swamps, W.
Vermont and New York to Michigan, and northward. June.

* Root spindle-shaped, large and deep (6'- 12' long) : leaves thickish.

3. V. ecluliS, Nutt. Smooth, or minutely downy when very young; stem
straight (l°-4° high), few-leaved; leaves commonly minutely and densely
ciliate, those of the root mostly spatulate and lanceolate, of the stem pinnately
parted into 3-7 long and narrow divisions ; flowers in a long and narrow in-
terrupted panicle, nearly dioecious; corolla, whitish, obconical (2" long). (V.
ciliata, Ton: fr Gr. ) — Alluvial ground, Ohio to Wisconsin, and westward.
June. — Root with the strong smell and taste of Valerian : it is cooked and
eaten by the Oregon Indians.

2. FEI>IA, Gaertn. CORN SALAD. LAMB-LETTUCE.

Limb of the calyx obsolete or merely toothed. Corolla funnel-form, equally
or unequally 5-lobed. Stamens 3, rarely 2. Fruit 3-celled, two of the cells
empty and sometimes confluent into one, the other 1 seeded. — Annuals and
biennials, usually smooth, with forking stems, tender and rather succulent leavea
(entire or cut-lobed towards the base), and white or whitish cymose-clustered
and bracted small flowers. (Name of uncertain derivation.) — Our species all
have the limb of the calyx obsolete, and are so much alike in aspect, flowers,
&c., that good characters are only to be taken from the fruit. They 'all have

13

176 DIPSACEJC. (TEASEL FAMILY.)

*> rather short tube to the corolla, the limb of wk'ch is nejj-ly regular,
and therefore belong to the section (by many botanists taken as a genus)
VALERIANELLA. *

1. F. OLIT6RIA, Vahl. Fruit compressed, oblique, at length broader than
long, with a corky or spongy mass at the back of the fertile cell nearly as large as the
(often confluent) empty cells ; flowers bluish. — Fields, Penu. to Virginia : rare.
(Adv. from Eu.)

2. F. Fagopyrillll, Torr. & Gr. Fruit ovate-triangular, smooth, not grooved
between the (at length confluent) empty cells, which form the anterior angle, and are.
<nuch smaller than the broad and flat fertile one; flowers white. — Low grounds,
from Western New York to Wisconsin and Kentucky. May, June. — Plant
l°-2°high.

3. F. radi&tcl, Mi<-hx. Fruit ovoid, downy (rarely smooth), obtusely and
unequally somewhat 4-angled; the empty cells parallel and contiguous, but with a
deep groove between them, rather narrower than the flatfish fertile cell. — Low
grounds, Penn. to Michigan, and southward. — Plant 6' -15' high.

4. F. limbilicuta, Sulliv. Fruit globular-ovate, smooth ; the much inflated
sterile cells wider and many times thicker than the flatfish fertile one, contiguous, and
when young with a common partition, when grown, indented with a deep circulai
depression in the middle, opening into the confluent sterile cells ; bracts not cili-
ate. — Moist grounds, Columbus, Ohio, SulUvant. (Sill. Jour., Jan. 1842.)

5. F» patcllaria, Sulliv. Fruit smooth, circular, platter-shaped or disk-
like, slightly notched at both ends, the flattened-concave sterile cells widely diver-
gent, much broader than the fertile one, and forming a kind of wing around it
when ripe. — Low grounds, Columbus, Ohio, SulUvant. — Plant l°-2° high,
resembling the last, but with a very different fruit.

ORDER 58. DIPSACE^S. (TEASEL FAMILY.)

Herbs, with opposite or whorled leaves, no stipules, and the flowers in
dense heads, surrounded by an involucre, as in the Composite Family ; but
the stamens are distinct, and the suspended seed has albumen. — Represented
by the Scabious (cultivated) and the genus

1. DIPSACUS, Tonrn. TEASEL.

Involucre many-leaved, longer than the chaffy leafy-tipped and pointed bract*
among the densely capitate flowers: each flower with a 4-leavcd calyx-like in-
volucel investing the ovary and fruit (achenium). Calyx-tube coherent with
the ovary, the limb cup-shaped, without a pappus. Corolla nearly regular,
4-clcft. Stamens 4, inserted on the corolla. Style slender. — Stout and coarse
biennials, hairy or prickly, with large oblong heads. (Name from 5t\^da>,
to thirst, probably because the united cup-shaped bases of the leaves in some
species hold water.)

1. D. SYLVESTRIS, Mill. (WILD TEASEL.) Prickly ; loiivs lance-oblong;
leaves of -the involucre slender, longer than the head; bracts (chaff) tapering

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 177

into a long flexible awn with a straight point. — Road-sides : rathtr rare. (Nafr
from Eu.) Suspected to be the original of

D. FULLONUM, the cultivated FULLER'S TEASEL, which has a shorter invo-
lucre, and stiff chaff to the heads, with hooked points, — used for raising a nap
upon woollen cloth.

ORDER 59. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

Flowers in a close head (the compound flower of the older botanists), upon
a common receptacle, surrounded by an involucre, with 5 (rarely 4) stamens
inserted on the corolla, their anthers united in a tube (syngenesious). — Calyx-
tube united with the 1 -celled ovary, the limb (called a pappus} crowning
its summit in the form of bristles, awns, scales, teeth, &c., or cup-shaped, or
else entirely absent. Corolla either strap-shaped or tubular ; in the latter
chiefly 5-lobed, valvate in the bud, the veins bordering the margins of the
lobes. Style 2-cleft at the apex. Fruit seed-like (acheniuni), dry, con-
taining a single erect anatropous seed, with no albumen. — An immense
family, chiefly herbs in temperate regions, without stipules, with perfect,
polygamous, monoecious or dioecious flowers. The flowers with a strap-
shaped (ligulate) corolla are called rays or ray-Jlowers : the head which
presents such flowers, either throughout or at the margin, is radiate. The
tubular flowers compose the disk ; and a head which has no ray-flowers ia
said to be discoid. The leaves of the involucre, of whatever form or tex-
ture, are termed scales. The bracts or scales, which often grow on the re-
ceptacle among the flowers, are called the chaff: when these are wanting,
the receptacle is naked. — The largest order of Phaenogarnous plants,
divided by the corolla into three suborders, only two of which are repre-
sented in the Northern United States.

SUBORDER I. TUBULIFLOR^.

Corolla tubulfr in all the perfect flowers, regularly 5- (rarely 3 - 4-)
lobed, ligulate only in the marginal or ray-flowers, which when present are
either pistillate only, or neutral (with neither stamens nor pistil) .

The technical characters of the five tribes of the vast suborder Tubuliftonr,
taken from the styles, require a magnify ing-glass to make them out, and will
not always be clear to the student. The following artificial analysis, founded
upon other and more obvious distinctions, will be useful to the beginner. (The
numbers are those of the genera.)

Artificial Key to the Genera of this Suborder.

§ 1. Rays or ligulate flowers none: corollas all tubular.
* Flowers of the head all perfect and alike.

•»- Pappus composed of bristles.

Pappus double ; the outer composed of very short, the inner of longer bristles. . Ho. 1
Pappus simple ; the bristles all rf the same sor*

178 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

few-flowered, themselves aggregated Into a compound or dense c.u&ter. . No 2.
Heads separate, few-flowered or many-flowered.

Receptacle (when the flowers are pulled off) bristly hairy 67,68,70.

Receptacle deeply honeycomb-like. . 69.

Receptacle naked.

Pappus of plumose or bearded stiff bristles. Flowers purple 4.

Pappus of very plumose bristles. Flowers whitish. 6.

Pappus of slender but rather stiff rough bristles. . . . . 6, 7, 8, 20.

Pappus of very soft and weak naked bristles. . . . . . . 62, 63.

i- t- Pappus composed of scales or chaff.

Receptacle naked. Leaves in whorls. . 3.

Receptacle naked. Leaves alternate. . . 45.

Receptacle bearing chaff among the flowers 49.

•»-•(-•«- Pappus of 2 or few barbed awns or teeth, . . -41, 42.
« •»-•«- i- Pappus none, or a mere crown-like margin to the fruit. . 6£.

* * Flowers of two kinds in the same head.

Marginal flowers neutral and sterile, either conspicuous or inconspicuous. . . 66, 66.
Marginal flowers pistillate and fertile.

Receptacle elongated and bearing broad chaff among the flowers. . . . .60.

Receptacle naked or bearing no conspicuous chaff.

Pappus of capillary bristles. Involucre imbricated 23, 58, 59.

Pappus of capillary bristks. Involucre merely one row of scales. . 14, 61.

Pappus obsolete or none.

Achenia becoming much longer than the involucre 11.

Achenia not exceeding the involucre 29, 56, 57.

* * * Flowers of two kinds in separate heads ; one pistillate, the other staminate.

Heads dioecious ; both kinds many-flowered. Pappus capillary 24, 59.

Heads monoecious ; the fertile 1 - 2-flowered and closed. Pappus none. . . . 30, 3L

$ 2. Rays present ; i. e. the marginal flowers or some of them with ligulate corollas.
* Pappus of capillary bristles. (Rays all pistillate.)

Rays occupying several rows, ... 9, 10, 14

Rays in one marginal row, and

White, purple or blue, never yellow. 12-15.

Yellow, of the same color as the disk.

Pappus double, the outer short and minute. 21.

Pappus simple. •

Scales of the involucre equal and all in one row. Leaves alternate. . . 63.

Scales of the involucre in 2 rows. Leaves opposite 64.

Scales of the involucre imbricated. Leaves alternate 19, 22.

* * Pappus a circle of chaffy scales, dissected into bristles. ... 44.
* * » Pappus a circle of thin chaffy scales or short chaffy bristles.

Ueedfl several-flowered. Receptacle chaffy 50.

Heads 8 - 10-flowered. Receptacle naked 13.

Heads many-flowered. Receptacle deeply honeycombed. ..*... 48.

Heads many -flowrrnl. Un .-ptuclc naked. . 46,47.

* * * Pappus none, or a cup or crown, or of 2 or 3 awns, teeth, or chaffy scales corresponding
with the edges or angles of the achenium, often with intervening minute bristles or scales.

•«- Receptacle naked.
Achenia flat, wing margined. Pappus of separate little bristles or awns. 16

Achenia flat, margiulcss. Pappus none. Receptacle conicaL 17.

Acheuia terete or angled. Pappus none. Receptacle flattish. . 64.

Achenia angled Pappus a little cup or crown. Receptacle conicaL . 66.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 1*79

•«- -i- Receptacle chaffy.

Bays neutral (rarely pistillate but sterile) ; the disk -flowers perfect and fartile.
Receptacle elevated (varying from strongly convex to columnar), and

Chaffy only aj; the summit ; the chaff deciduous. Pappus none. . No. 61.

Chaffy throughout. Achenia flattened laterally if at all. . .36-40.

Receptacle flat. Achenia flattened parallel with the scales or chaff. . 41, 42.

Rays pistillate and fertile ; the disk-flowers also perfect and fertile.

Achenia much flattened laterally, 1 - 2-awned. 48.

Achenia flattened parallel with the scales and chaff. Pappus none. ... 58.

Achenia 3 - 4-angular, terete or laterally flattish, awnless.

Receptacle convex or conical. Leaves alternate, dissected 62.

Receptacle conical. Leaves opposite, simple.

Achenia obovoid. Involucre a leafy cup. 32.

Achenia 4-angular. Involucre of separate scales 86.

Receptacle flat. Leaves opposite and simple. 83, 34.

Roys pistillate and fertile : the disk-flowers staminate and sterile (pistil imperfect).

Receptacle chaffy 25-28.

Systematic Synopsis.

TEIBK I. VERZVONIACE.3E. Heads discoid ; the flowers all alike, perfect and tubu-
lar. Branches of the style long and slender, terete, thread-shaped, minutely bristly-
hairy all over. — Leaves alternate or scattered.

1. VERNONIA. Heads several - many -flowered, separate. Involucre of many scales. Pap-

pus of many capillary bristles.

2. ELEPHANTOPUS. Heads 3-5-flowered, crowded into a compound head. Involucre of

8 scales. Pappus of several chaffy bristles.

TaiBB II. ETJP ATORIACEJE. Heads discoid, the flowers all alike, perfect and tu-
bular ; or in a few cases dissimilar, and the outer ones ligulate. Branches of the style
thickened upwards or club-shaped, obtuse, flattish, uniformly minutely pubescent ; the
Btigmatic lines indistinct.

Subtribe 1. EUPATORIE.E. Flowers all perfect and tubular, never truly yellow.

* Pappus a row of hard scales.

8. SCLEROLEPIS. Head many-flowered. Scales of the involucre equal. Leaves whorled.

* * Pappus of slender bristles.

4. LIATRIS. Achenia many-ribbed. Bristles of the pappus plumose or barbellate. Cord-
las' red-pnrple, 5-lobed.

6. KUHNIA. Achenia many-ribbed. Bristles of the pappus very strongly plumose. Corollas
whitish, 5-toothed.

6. EUPATORIUM. Achenia 5-angled. Bristles of the pappus roughish. Scales of the invo

lucre many or several. Receptacle of the flowers flat.

7. MIKANIA Achenia and pappus as No. 6. Scales of the involucre and flowers only 4.

8. CONOCLINIUM. Achenia, pappus, &c. as No. 6. Receptacle conical.

"

zbtribe 2. TUSSILAGINE^B. Flowers (sometimes yellow) more or less monoecious or dioecious
at least of 2 sorts in the same head.

* Outer flowers of each (many-flowered) head pistillate and ligulate. Scape leafless.
9. NARDOSMIA. Heads corymbed. Flowers somewhat dioecious. Pappus capillary.
10 TUSS1LAGO. Head single ; the outer pistillate flowers in many rows. Pappus capillary.

* * Flowers all tubular. Stem leafy.
11. ADENOCAULON. Head few-flowered ; the outer flowers pistillate. Pappus none.

TRIBK III. A STEROIDE^E. Heads discoid, with the flowers all alike and tubuiar ; or
radiate, the outer ones ligulate and pistillate Branches of the style in the peitect flow^

180 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

era flat, smooth up to where the conspicuous marginal stigmatic lines abruptly termi-
nate, and prolonged above this into a flattened lance-shaped or triangular appendagt
which is evenly hairy or pubescent outside. — Leaves alternate. Receptacle naked (des-
titute of chaff) in all our species.

Bubtribe 1. ASTERINE.B. Flowers of the head all alike and perfect, or the marginal ones
ligulate and pistillate. Anthers without tails at the base.

* Kay-flowers white, blue, or purple, never yellow.

•<- Pappus of numerous long and capillary bristles : receptacle flat.

12. SERICOCARPUS. Ileads 12 - 15-flowered : rays 4 or 5. Involucre oblong or club-shaped,

imbricated, cartilaginous. Acheuia short, narrowed downwards, silky.
18 ASTER. I loads many flowered. Involucre loosely or closely imbricated. Achenia flattish.

Pappus simple.
14. ERIGERON. Heads many-flowered. Involucre of nearly equal narrow scales, almost in

one row. Achenia flattened. Pappus simple, or with an outer set of minute scales.
16. DIPLOPAPPUS. Heads many-flowered. Involucre imbricated. Pappus double ; the

outer obscure, of minute stiff bristles.
«- «- Pappus of very short rigid bristles, or none : receptacle conical or hemispherical.

16. BOLTONIA. Achenia flat and wing-margined. Pappus very short.

17. BELLIS. Achenia marginless. Pappus none. Receptacle conical.

* * Ray-flowers yellow (in one species of Solidago whitish), or sometimes none at all

18. BRACHYCHJETA. Heads 8 - 10-liowered, clustered: rays 4 or 5. Pappus a row of minute

bristles shorter than the achenium.

19. SOLIDAGO. Heads few - many-flowered : rays 1-16. Pappus simple, of numerous slen-

der and equal capillary bristles.

20. BIGELO VIA. Ileads 3 - 4-flowered : rays none. Receptacle awl-shaped. Pappus simple,

a single row of capillary bristles.

21. CIIRYSOPS1S. Heads many -flowered : rays numerous. Pappus double ; the outer of

very small chaffy bristles, much shorter than the inner of capillary bristles.

Subtribe 2. INULEJB. Anthers with tails at their base : otherwise as Subtfibe 1.

22. INULA. Ileads many-flowered. Rays many. Pappus capillary.

Subtribe 3. BACCHARIDEJE & TARCHONANTHEJB. Flowers of the head all tubular, either
dioecious or monoecious, namely, the staminate and pistillate flowers either in different
heads on distinct plants, or in the same head. Corolla of the pistillate fertile flowers a
very slender tube sheathing the style, and truncate at the summit.

23. PLUCIIEA. Ileads containing a few perfect but sterile flowers in the centre, and many

pistillate fertile ones around them. Anthers tailed at the base. Pappus capillary.
24 BACCHAR1S. Ileads dioecious, some all pistillate, others all stamrlate, on different plants.
Anthers tailless. Pappus capillary.

TRIBE IV. SEIVECIOXIDEjE. Heads various. Branches of the style in the fertile
flowers linear, thickish or convex externally, flat internally, hairy or pencil-tufted at the
apex (where the stigmatic lines terminate abruptly), and either truncate, or continued
beyond into a bristly -hairy appendage. — Leaves either opposite or alternate.

Subtribe 1 MELAMPODINE^E. Flowers none of them perfect, but cither staminate or pistil-
late ; the two sorts either in the same or in different heads. Anthers tailless. PappuA,
if any. never of bristles.

' Heads containing two kinds of flowers, radiate ; the ray-flowers pistillate, the central and
tubular stamina!*- llo\v<>rs having a pistil, but always sterile. Receptacle chaffy.

25. POLYMN1A. AHicnia thi.-k and turp.l, roundish. Pappus none.

26. CHRYSOGONU.M. Achonia flattened. Pappus a one-sided 2 - 3-toothed chaffy crown.

27. SILPHIUM Achenia very flat, wing-margined, numerous in several rows : rays deciduous
«a PARTHEN1UM. Achenia flat, slightly margined, bearing a pappus of 2 chaffy scales and

the vory short persistent ray -corolla.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 181

* * Heads with two kinds of flowers, discoid ; pistillate flowers with a small tubular lorolla.
29 IV A. Pistillate flowers 1 - 5 iu the margin. Achenia thickish. Pappus none.

* * * Heads of two sorts, one containing staminate, the other pistillate flowers, both borne on
the same plant ; the pistillate only 1-2, in a closed involucre resembling an achenium oi
a bur ; the staminate several, in an open cup-shaped involucre.

80. AMBROSIA. Fertile involucre (fruit) small, 1-flowered, pointed and often tubercled.

81. XANTIUUM. fertile involucre (fruit) an oblong prickly bur, 2 -celled, 2-flowered.

Subtribe 2. HELIANTHE*. Heads radiate, or rarely discoid ; the ray* ligulate, the disk-
flowers all perfect and fertile. Receptacle chaffy . Anthers blackish, tailless. Pappui
none, or a cfown or cup, or of one or two chaffy awns, never capillary, nor of several
uniform chaffy scales. — Leaves more commonly opposite.

* Rays pistillate and fertile : achenia 3 - 4-sided, slightly if at all flattened.
•«- Involucre double ; the outer forming a cup.

82. TETRAGONOTHECA. Outer involucre 4- leaved. Achenia obovoid. Pappus none.

••- -i- Involucre of one or more rows of separate scales.

83. ECLIPTA. Receptacle flat ; its chaff bristle-shaped. Pappus obsolete or none.

84 BORR1CHIA. Receptacle flat, its chaff scale-like and rigid. Pappus an obscure crown.
35. HEL10PSIS Receptacle conical ; its chaff linear. Pappus none or a mere border.

* * Rays sterile (either entirely neutral or with an imperfect style), or occasionally none;
achenia 4-angular or flattened laterally, i. e. their edges directed inwards and outwards, the
chaff of the receptacle embracing their outer edge.

t- Receptacle elevated, conical or columnar. Pappus none or a short crown.
86 ECIIINACEA. Rays (very long) pistillate, but sterile. Achenia short, 4-sided.

87. RUDBECKIA. Rays neutral. Achenia 4-sided, flat at the top, marginless.

88. LEPAC1IYS. Rays few, neutral. Achenia flattened laterally and margined.

••- •*- Receptacle flattish or conical Pappus chaffy or awned.

89. HELIANTIIUS Rays neutral. Achenia flattened, marginless. Pappus of 2 very decid-

uous chaffy scales.

40. ACTINOMERIS. Rays neutral, or sometimes none. Achenia flat, wing-margined, bearing

2 persistent awns.

* * * Rays sterile, neutral : achenia obcompressed, i e flattened paralj^l with the scales of the
involucre, the faces looking inwards and outwards. Involucre double ; the outer spreading
and often foliaceous. Receptacle flat.

41. COREOPSIS. Pappus of 2 (or rarely more) scales, teeth, or awns, which are naked or

barbed upwards, sometimes obsolete or a crown.

42. BILENS. Pappus of 2 or more rigid and persistent downwardly barbed awns.

* * * * Rays pistillate or fertile (rarely none) : achenia laterally flattened, 2-awned.

43. VERBESINA. Rays few and small. Receptacle convex. Achenia sometimes winged.

Subtribe 3. TAGETINILE. Heads commonly radiate ; the rays ligulate ; the disk-flowers all
perfect and fertile Receptacle naked, flat. Scales of the involucre united into a cup
Pappus various' — Herbage strong-scented (as in Tagetes of the gardens), being dotted
•with large pellucid glands containing a volatile oil.

44 DYSODIA. Pappus a row of chaffy scales dissected into many bristles.

Subtribe 4. HELEN-IE,*:. Heads radiate or sometimes discoid ; the disk-flowers perf«v,t
Pappus of several chaffy scales. Anthers tailless.

* Receptacle naked (not chaffy nor honeycombed).

45 IIYMENOPAPPUS. Rays none. Receptacle flat. Scales of the involucre colored

46. HELENIUM. Rays pistillate, 3-6-cleft. Receptacle elevated. Involucre small, toflexed

47. LEPTOPODA. Rays neutral or sterile : otherwise as No 46.

* * Receptacle deeply pitted, like honeycomb.
18. BALDW1NIA Rays numerous, neutral. Involucre imbricated.

182 COMPOSITE, (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

* * * Receptacle chaffy.

49. MARSHALIJA. Rays none. Involucre of many narrow chaffy scales.
£0. GALINSOGA. Rays 4 or 6, short, pistillate. Involucre of 4 or 5 ovate chaffy scales.

Subtribe 5. ANTHEMIDHLE. Heads radiate or discoid ; the perfect flowers sometime* infes-
tile, and the pistillate flowers rarely tubular. Pappus a short crown or none. Other-
wise nearly as Subtribe 4.

* Receptacle chaffy, at least in part : rays ligulate.

61. MARUTA. Rays neutral. Achenia obovoid, ribbed. Pappus none.

62. ANTIIKMIS. Rays pistillate. Achenia terete or 4-angular. Pappus minute or none.
6a ACIIILLEA. Rays pistillate, short. Acheuia flattened and margined,

* * Receptacle naked.

54. LEUCANTHEMUM. Rays numerous, pistillate. Receptacle flattish. Achenia striate 01
ribbed Pappus none.

65. MATRICARIA. Rays pistillate or none ; then all the flowers perfect. Receptacle conical

Pappus crown-like or none.

66. TANACETUM. Rays none, but the marginal flowers pistiUate. Achenia broad at the top.

Pappus a short crown.

B7. ARTEMISIA. Rays none ; some of the outer flowers often pistillate Achenia narrow at
the top. Pappus none.

Subtribe 6. GNAPHALINE.JE. Heads all discoid, with tubular corollas; those of the fertile
flowers filiform. Anthers with tails at their base Pappus of capillary bristles. Floc-
culent-woolly herbs : leaves alternate.

68. GNAPHALIUM. Receptacle naked, flat. Heads containing both perfect and pistillate

flowers Bristles of the pappus all slender.
69 ANTENNARIA. Receptacle naked, flat. Heads dioecious, or nearly so. Pappus of the

staminate flowers thickened or club-shaped at the summit.

60. FILAGO. Receptacle columnar or top-shaped, chaffy. Pappus of the inner flowers capil-

lary, of the outer often none.

Subtribe 7. SENECIONE.S. Heads radiate or discoid ; the central flowers perfect. Anthers
tailless. Pappus capillary. Receptacle naked (Scales of the involucre commonly in a
single row.) ^
* Heads discoid, with two kinds of flowers, the outer pistillate and with filiform corollas.

61. EREOIITIIITES. Pappus copious, very fine and soft. Flowers whitish.

* * Heads radiate, or discoid and then with perfect flowers only.
••- Leaves alternate.

62. CACALIA. Heads 5 - many-flowered. Rays none. Flowers white or cream-color.

03. SENEC10. Heads many-flowered, with or without rays. Flowers yellow. Pappus soft

•»- -i- Leaves opposite.
64. ARNICA. Heads many-flowered, radiate. Pappus of rough denticulate bristles.

TRIBE V. CYNARE^E. Heads (in our species) discoid, with the flowers tubular, or
Borne of the outer corollas enlarged and appearing like rays, but not ligulate. Style
thickened or thickish near the summit ; the branches stigmatic to the apex, without
any appendage, often united below. (Heads large.)

* Marginal flowers mostly neutral or sterile Pappus not plumose.

66. CENTAUREA. Achenia flat. Pappus of short naked bristles, or none. Marginal neutnu
flowers commonly enlarged.

66. CNICUS. Achenia terete, bearing 10 horny teeth and a pappus of 10 long and 10 shortei

rigid naked bristles. Marginal flowers inconspicuous.

* * Flowers all alike in the ovoid or globular head.

67. CIRSIUM. Achenia smooth. Pappus of plumose bristles. Receptacle clothed wno

long and soft bristles.

68. CARDUUS. Pappus of naked bristles : otherwise aa No 67.

(COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 183

89. ONOPORDOX. Achenia wrinkled transversely, 4-angled. Pappus not pli'.mose. Rcoep-

tacle honeycombed
70. LAPPA. Achenia wrinkled, flattened. Pappus of short and. rough bristles, llecep-

tarle bristly.

SUBORDER II. LIGULIFLOR^E.

Corolla ligulate in all the flowers of the head, and all the flowers per-
fect. — Herbs with milky juice. Leaves alternate.

* Pappus none.
71 LAM PS AN A. Involucre cylindrical, of 8 scales in a single row, 8 - 12-flowered.

* * Pappus chaffy, or of both chaff and bristles.

72. CICIIORIUM. Pappus a small crown of little bristle-form scales. Involucre double.
78. KRIQIA. Pappus of 5 broad chaffy scales, and 5 bristles.

74- CYNTHIA. Pappus double ; the outer short, of many minute chaffy scales, the inner of
numerous long capillary bristles.

* * * Pappus plumose.
76. LEONTODON. Bristles of the pappus several, chaffy-dilated at the base.

* * * * Pappus composed entirely of capillary bristles^ not plumose.
•<- Pappus tawny or dirty white : achenia not flattened or beaked.

76. IIIERACIUM. Acheuia oblong : pappus a single series. Flowers yellow. Scales of the

involucre unequal.

77. NABALUS. Achenia cylindrical : pappus copious. Flowers whitish or purplish. Scales

of the involucre equal. See Addend.

•t- •*- Pappus bright white, except in No. 80 and in one Mulgedium.

78. TROXIMON. Achenia linear-oblong, not beaked. Pappus of copious and unequal bris-

tles, some of them rigid.

79. TARAXACUM. Achenia long-beaked, terete, ribbed. Pappus soft and white.

80. PYRUIIOPAPPUS. Achenia long-beaked, nearly terete. Pappus soft, reddish or tawny

81. LACTUCA Acheuia abruptly long-beaked, flat. Pappus soft and white.

8& MULGEDIUM. Achenia flattish, with a short thick beak. Pappus soft Flowers blue.
83 SOXC1IUS. Achenia flattisli, beakless. Pappus very soft and fine. Flowers yellow.

1. VERNONIA, Schreb. IRON-WEED.

Heads 15 -many-flowered, in corymbose cymes; flowers all perfect. Invo-
lucre shorter than the flowers, of many appressed closely imbricated scales.
Receptacle naked. Achenia cylindrical, ribbed. Pappus double ; tho outer
of minute scale-like bristles; the inner of copious capillary bristles. — Peren-
nial herbs, with alternate leaves and mostly purple flowers. (Named in honor
of Mr. Vei'non, an early English botanist who travelled in this country.)

1. V. NovelM>raceilsis, Willd. Scales of the involucre tipped with a
long bristle-form or awl-shaped spreading appendaf/e or awn ; in some varieties
•merely pointed. — Low grounds near the coast, Maine to Virginia; and river-
banks in the Western States, from Wisconsin southward. Aug. — A tall
coarse weed with lanceolate or oblong leaves.

2. V. fasciClllata, Michx. Scales of the involucre (all but the lowest)
rounded and obtuse, without appendage. — Prairies aud river-banks, Ohio to Wis-
consin and southward. Aug. — Leaves narrowly or broadly lanceolate : heads
mostly crowded. Very variable, and passing into No. 1.

184 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

2. EEEPHANTOPUS, L. ELEPHANT VFOOT.

Heads 3 - 5-flowcred, clustered into a compound head : flowers perfect. Invo-
lucre narrow, flattened, of 8 oblong dry scales. Achenia many-ribbed. Pappus
of stout bristles, chaffy-dilated at the base. — Perennials, with alternate leaves
and purplish flowers. (Name composed of eAe<£ar, tb-phant, and Trots, foot.)

1. E. Carolinianus, Wiild. Somewhat hairy, corymbose, leafy ;
leaves ovate-oblong, thin. — Dry soil, Pennsylvania to Illinois and southward.

3. SCLEROLEPIS, Cass. SCLEROLKI-IS.

Head many-flowered: flowers perfect. Scales of the involucre linear, equal,
in 1-2 rows. Corolla 5-toothcd. Achenia 5-angled. Pappus a single row of
almost horny oval and obtuse scales. — A smooth aquatic perennial, with simple
etcms, rooting at the base, bearing linear entire leaves in whorls of 5 or 6, and
terminated by a head of flesh-colored flowers. (Name from oxX^pos, hard, and
XfTTiSi a scale, alluding to the pappus.)

1. S. verticillata, Cass. — Pine barrens, New Jersey and southward.
Aug.

4. HAT R IS, Schreb. BUTTON SNAKEROOT. BLAZING-STAR.

Head several - many-flowered : flowers perfect. Scales of the involucre im-
bricated, appressed. Ileceptacle naked. Corolla 5-lobed. Achenia slender,
tapering to the base, about 10-ribbed. Pappus of 15-40 capillary bristles,
which are manifestly plumose, or only barbellate. — Perennial herbs, often
resinous-dotted, with rigid alternate entire leaves, and heads of handsome rose-
purplc flowers, spicatc, racemose, or paniclcd-cymosc, appearing late in summer
or in autumn. (Derivation of the name unknown.)

§ 1 . Stem usually wand-like and simple, from a globular or roundish corm or tuber
(which is impregnated with resinous matter), very leafy : leans narrow or grass-like
\-5-nervcd: heads spicate or racemed: involucre well iinl>rical<d: lobes of the
corolla long and slender.

* Pappus very plumose ; scales of the 5-Jlowered involucre with ovate or lanceolate

spread in; i jietal-like (purple or sometimes white) tips, e.ranUng tin jlmcirs.

1. L.. clematis, Willd. Stem (3° -5° high) and involuore hairy; leaves
short and spreading; spike or raceme compact (1° long). — Barren soil, Vir-
ginia and southward.

# # Pappus very plumose : scales of the. cylindrical niamj-floirerfd iiirolnnv. imbri-

cated in many rows, the tips rigid, not petal-like: corolla hairy within.

2. L. squarrosa, Willd. (BLAZING-STAR, &c.) Often hairy (l°-3u
high) ; leaves linear, elongated ; heads few (!' long) ; scales of the involucre mostly
with elongated and leaf-like spreading tips. — Dry soil, Pennsylvania to Illinois
and southward.

3. L. cylindracea, Michx. Commonly smooth (6'- 18' high) ; leaves
linear; heads few (£'-§' long) ; scales of the involucre all with short and rounded
ap]Yressedtip$. — Dry open places, Niagara Falls to Wisconsin, and southeastward.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 185

# * # Pappus not plumose to the naked eye : corolla smooth inside.

4. It. scai'iosa, Willd. Stem stout (2° -5° high) pubescent or hoary ;
leaves (smooth, rough, or pubescent) lanceolate; the lowest oblong -lanceolate or
obovate-oblong , tapering into a petiole; heads few or many, large, 30 - 40-flowered ;
scales of the broad or depressed involucre obovate or spatulate, very numerous, with dry
and scarious often colored tips or margins. — Dry sandy soil, New England to
Wisconsin, and southward. — A widely variable species : heads 1 ' or less in
diameter.

5. JL. pilosa, Willd. Beset with long scattered hairs ; stem stout; leaver
linear or linear-lanceolate, elongated; heads few, 10-15-flowcred; scales of tht
top-shaped or bell-shaped involucre slightly margined, Hie outer narrowly oblong, very
obtuse, the innermost linear. — Mountains of Virginia and southward. Rare and
obscure. Perhaps a remarkable state of L. spicata; but the Mowers themselves
as large as in No. 4.

6. Ii. spicfita, Willd. Smooth or somewhat hairy; stems very leafx
(2° -5° high) ; leaves linear, the lower 3 - 5-nerved ; heads 8-12 flowered (£'-
£' long), crowded in a long spike; scales of the cylindrical-bell-shaped involucrf
oblong or oval, obtuse, appressed, with slight margins ; achenia pubescent or smoothish

— Moist grounds, common from S. New York to Wisconsin and southward. -
Involucre somewhat resinous, very smooth.

7. L,. grauiiilifolia, Willd. Hairy or smoothish; stem (l°-3°high;
slender, leafy; leaves linear, elongated, 1 -nerved; heads several or numerous,
in a spike or raceme, 7 - 1 2-flowered ; scales of the obconical or obovoid involucre
spatulate or oblong, obtuse or somewhat pointed, rigid, appressed ; achenia hair//. —
Virginia and southward. — Inflorescence sometimes panicled, especially in

Var. diibia. Scales of the involucre narrower and less rigid, oblong, often
ciliate. (L. dubia, Barton.) — Wet pine ban-ens, New Jersey and southward.

8. L-. pyciiost;\diya, Michx. Hairy or smoothish : stem stout (3° -5°
high), very leafy; leaves linear-lanceolate, the upper very narrowly linear; spike
very thick and dense (6' -20' long) ; heads about 5-flowered (^' long) ; scales of the
cylindrical involucre oblong or lanceolate, with recurved or spreading colored tips. —
Prairies, from Indiana southward and westward.

4 2. Stem simple or branched above, not from a tuber : heads small, corymbed or jian-
icled, 4 - IQ-flouiered : involucre little imbricated: lobes of the corolla ovate: papput
n?t plumose.

9 L. odoratissima, Willd. (VANILLA-PLANT.) Very smooth; leaves
pale, thickish, obovate-spatulate, or the upper oval and clasping ; heads corymbed.

— Low pine barrens, Virginia and southward. — Leaves exhaling the odor of
Vanilla when bruised.

10. li. patlicillata, Willd. Viscid-hairy; leaves narrowly oblong ci
lanceolate, smoothish, those of the stem partly clasping, heads panicled. — Vir-
ginia and southward.

3, Oass., differs from Liatris in having some chaff among the

flowers ; and 0. TOMENT6sus perhaps grows in S. Virginia.

186 COMPOSITE. (CO3IPOSITE FAMILY.)

5. KIJIIIVIA, L. KUHNIA.

Heads 10~25-flowcred : flowers perfect. Scales of the involucre few and
loosely imbricated, lanceolate. Corolla slender, 5-toothcd. Achenia cylindrical,
manj-striate. Pappus a single row of very plumose (white) bristles. — A peren-
nial herb, resinous-dotted, with mostly alternate lanceolate leaves, and panicu-
late-corymbose heads of cream-colored flowers. (Dedicated to Dr. Kuhn, of
Pennsylvania, who brought the living plant to Linnaeus.)

1. K.. eupatorioides, L. Leaves varying from broadly lanceolate and
toothed, to linear and entire. — Dry soil, New Jersey to Wisconsin and south-
ward. Sept.

6. EUPATORIUUI, Tourn. TIIOUOCOIIWORT.

Heads 3 - many-flowered : flowers perfect. Involucre cylindrical or bell-
shapcd. Receptacle flat. Corolla 5-toothcd. Achenia 5-angIed. Pappus a
single row of slender capillary barely roughish bristles. — Perennial herbs, often
sprinkled with bitter resinous dots, with generally corymbose heads of white,
bluish, or purple blossoms, appearing near the close of summer. (Dedicated to
Eupator Mithridates, who is said to have used a species of the genus in medicine.)

* Heads cylindrical, 5- \Q-flowered; the purplish scales numerous, closely imbricated
in several roics, of vnerjual length, slightly striate : stoat herbs, with ample mostly
whorled leaves, and Jlesh-colored flowers.

1. E. purpiireum, L. (JoE-PvE WEED. TRUMPET-WEED.) Stems
tall and stout, simple ; leaves 3-6 in a whorl, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, point-
ed, very veiny, roughish, toothed; corymbs very dense and compound. — Varies
greatly in siza (2°- 12° high), &c., and with spotted or unspotted, often dotted
stems, £c., — including many nominal species. — Low grounds, common.

* * [leads 3 - 2Q-Jlowered : involucre of 8- 15 more or few imbricated and unequal

scales, the outer ones shorter: flowers u-hite.
•*- leaves all alternate, mostly dissected: heads panicled, very small, 3 - 5-Jlutiwed.

2. E. fCRnicillftceillll, Willd. Smooth or nearly so, paniculately
much-branched (3° -10° high); leaves 1 -2-pinnatcly parted, filiform. — Vir-
ginia, near the coast, and southward.

•»- •»- Leaves mostly opposite and sessile: heads 5-8-jloicerai, coryrnbecf.

3. E. liyssopifolillin, L. Minutely pubescent (l°-2° high); It-urn
narrow, lin&ir or lanceolate, elongated, obtuse, 1-3-nerved, entire, or the lower
sparingly toothed, often crowded in the axils or whorled, acute at the base ; scales
of the involucre obtuse. — Sterile soil, Massachusetts to Virginia, E. Kentucky
and southward.

4. E. Iciicdlepis, Torr. & Gr. Minutely pubescent, simple (l°-2°
high) ; leaves linear-lanceolate, closely sessile, l-nemcd, obtuse, serrate, nritffk both
siilcs ; corymb hoary ; scales of the involucre with while and scarious acute tips. —
Sandy bogs, Long Island, New Jersey, and southward.

•r> E. parviflorum, Ell. Minutely velvety-pubescent, branching (2°
8° hiu-h) ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, triple-ribbed and veiny, serrate above tlie

COMPOSURE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.; 187

middle, tapering to the base, the lower slightly petioled ; scales of the short invo-
lucre obtuse. (Leaves sometimes 3 in a whorl, or the upper alternate ) — Damp
soil, Virginia and southward.

6. E. ailissisimm, L. Stem stout and tall (3° -7° high), downy; leaves
lanceolate, tapering at both ends, conspicuously 3-nerved, entire, or toothed above the
middle, the uppermost alternate; corymbs dense; scales of the involucre obtuse,
shorter than the flowers. — Dry soil, Penn. to Illinois, and Kentucky. —
Leaves 3' -4' long, somewhat like those of a Solidago.

7. E. ;ilf>U&ll, L. Roitghish-hairy (2° high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, coarse-
ly-toothed, veiny ; heads clustered in the corymb ; scales of the involucre closely
imbricated, rigid, narrowly lanceolate, pointed, white and scarious above, longer
than the /lowers. — Sandy and barren places, pine barrens of New Jersey to Vir-
ginia and southward.

8. E. tciicrifdlium, Willd. Roughish-pubescent (2° -3° high); leaves
ovate-oblong and ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or truncate at the base, slightly triple-
nerved, veiny, coarsely toothed towards the base, the upper ones alternate ; branches
of the corymb few, unequal ; scales of the involucre oblong -lanceolate, rather obtuse,
at length shorter than the flowers. (E. verbenxfolium, Michx.} — Low grounds,
Massachusetts to Virginia and southward, near the coast. — Leaves sometimes
cut into a few veiy deep teeth.

9. E. rotuildifolium, L. Downy-pubescent (2° high); leaves round-
ish-ovate, obtuse, truncate or slightly heart-shaped at the base, deeply crenate-
toothed, triple-nerved, veiny, roughish (I'- 2' long); corymb large and dense;
scales of the (5 flowered) involucre linear-lanceolate, slightly pointed. — Dry soil,
Rhode Island to Virginia, near the coast, and southward.

10. E. pubesccns, Muhl. Pubescent; leaves ovate, mostly acute, slightly
truncate at the base, serrate-toothed, somewhat triple-nerved, veiny; scales of the
7 - 8 flowered involucre lanceolate, acute. (E. ovatum, BigeL) — Massachusetts to
New Jersey, near the coast, and Kentucky. — Like the last, but larger.

11. E. scssilifolillin, L. (UPLAND BONESET.) Stem tall (4° -6°
high), smooth, branching; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, tapering from near the
rounded sessile base to the sharp point, serrate, veiny, smooth (3' -6' long) ; corymb
very compound, pubescent; scales of the 5- (or 5 -12-?) flowered involucre oval
and oblong, obtuse. — Copses and banks, Massachusetts to 111., and southward
along the mountains.

*-«-•*-- Leaves opposite, clasping or united at the base, long and widely spreading :
heads 10 -15 flowered: corymbs very compound and large.

12. E. resin osnm, Torr. Minutely velvety-downy (2° -3° high); leaves
linear-lanceolate, elongated, serrate, partly clasping at the base, tapering to the
point, slightly veiny beneath (4' -6' long) ; scales of the involucre oval, obtuse.
— Wet pine barrens, New Jersey. — Name from the copious resinous globules
of the leaves.

13. E. perfoliatuin, L. (THOROUGHWORT. BONESET.) Stem stout
(2° -4° high), hairy ; leaves lanceolate, united at the base wound the stem (connate-
perfoliate), tapering to a slender point, serrate, very veiny, wrinkled, downy

188 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

beneath (5'- 8' long) ; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate. — Low grounds ,
common, and well known. — Varies with the heads 30 - 40-flowered.
«-•*-•»- •»- Leaves opposite, the upper alternate, long-pedaled : heads \2-\5-Jlowered,
in compound corymbs.

14. E. scr6tiillilil, Michx. Stem pulverulent-pubescent, bushy-branched
(3° -6° high); leaves ovate-lanceolate, tapering to a point, triple-nerved and
veiny, coarsely serrate (5' -6' long); involucre very pubescent. — Alluvial
ground, Illinois and southward.

# # * Heads 8 - 30-Jlowered ; the scales of the involucre nearly equal and in on«
row: leaves opposite, ovate, petioled, triple-nerved and veiny, not resinous-dotted:
Jlowcrs white.

15. E. agcratoitlcs, L. (WHITE SNA^E-ROOT.) Smooth, branching
(3° high) ; leaves broadly ovate, pointed, coarsely and sharply toothed, long-pelioled,
thin (4' -5' long); corymbs compound. — Rich woods and copses; common,
especially northward.

16. E. aromaticum, L. Smooth or slightly downy; stems nearly
simple ; leaves on short petioles, ovate, rather obtusely toothed, not pointed, thickish.
— Copses, Massachusetts to Virginia and southward, near the coast. Lower
and more slender than No. 15, with fewer, but usually larger heads.

7. HI IRANI A, Willd. CLIMBING HEMP-WEED.

Heads 4-flowered. Involucre of 4 scales. Receptacle small. Flowers and
achcnia, &c., as in Eupatorium. — Climbing perennials, with opposite com-
monly heart-shaped and petioled leaves, and corymbose-panieled flesh-colored
flowers. (Named for Prof. Mikan, of Prague.)

1. M. SCaildens, L. Nearly smooth, twining; leaves somewhat trian
gular-heart-shapcd or halberd-form, pointed, toothed at the base. — Copses along
streams, Massachusetts to Kentucky and southward. July - Sept.

8. CONDOMINIUM, DC. MIST-FLOW*!*.

Heads many-flowered. Involucre bell-shaped, the nearly oqtiul linear-awl-
ghapcd scales somewhat imbricated. Receptacle conical ! Otherwise as in
Eupatorium. — Perennial erect herbs, with opposite petioled leaves, and violet-
purple or blue flowers in crowded terminal corymbs. (Name formed of KCOJ/OS,
a cone, and K\II»;, a bed, from the conical receptacle.)

1. C. Ctt1 lost i mi III, DC. Somewhat pubescent (l°-2° high); leaves
triangular-ovate and slightly heart-shaped, coarsely and bluntly toothed. — Rich
soil, Penn. to Michigan, Illinois, and southward. Sept.

9. NARDCS1HIA, Cass. SWEET COLTSFOOT.

Heads many-flowered, somewhat dioecious : in the sterile plant with a single
row of ligulatc pistillate ray-flowers, and many tubular ones in the disk ; in the
fertile plant with many rows of minutely ligulate ray-flowers, and a few tubular
perfect ones in the centre. Scales of the involucre in one row. Receptacle flat.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 189

terete. Pappus of soft capillary bristles, longer anc copious in the
fertile flowers. — Perennial woolly herbs, with the leaves all fro .21 the rootstock,
the scape with sheathing scaly bracts, bearing heads of purplish or whitish
Vagrant flowers in a corymb. (Name from vapdos, spikenard, and oo/xjj, odor.)

1. IV. p.ilBSifata, Hook. Leaves rounded, somewhat kidney-form, white-
woolly beneath, palmately and deeply 5 - 7-lobed, the lobes toothed and cut.
(Tuasilago palmata, Ait. T. frigida, Bicjd.} — Swamps, Maine and Mass, to
Michigan and northward: rare. May. — Full-grown leaves 6' -10' broad.

1O. TUSS11-AGO, Tourn. COLTSFOOT.

Head many-flowered ; the ray-flowers narrowly ligulate, pistillate, fertile, in
many rows ; the tubular disk-flowers few, staminate. Scales of the involucre
nearly in a single row. Receptacle flat. Fertile achenia cylindrical-oblong.
Pappus capillary, copious in the fertile flowers. — A low perennial, with hori-
zontal creeping rootstocks, sending up scaly simple scapes in early spring,
bearing a single head, and producing rounded-heart-shaped angled or toothed
leaves later in the season, woolly when young. Flowers }'ellow. (Name from
tussis, a cough, for which the plant is a reputed remedy.)

1. T. FARFARA, L. — Wet places, and along brooks, northern parts of New
England and New York. (Nat. from Eu.)

11. ABEIVOCAtlLOW, Hook. ADENOCADI.ON.

Heads 5-10-fiowered; the flowers all tubular and with similar corollas ; the
marginal ones pistillate, fertile ; the others staminate. Scales of the involucre
equal, in a single row. Achenia elongated at maturity, club-shaped, beset with
stalked glands above. Pappus none. — Slender perennials, with the alternate
thin and petioled leaves smooth and green above, white woolly beneath, and few
small (whitish) heads in a loose panicle, beset with glands (whence the name,
from ddrjv, a gland, and /tavXos, a stem).

1. A. l>icolor, Hook. Leaves triangular, rather heart-shaped, with angu-
lar-toothed margins ; petioles margined. — Moist woods, shore of L. Superior,

and northwestward.

•

12. SERICOCAKPUS, Nces. WHITE-TOPPED ASTER.

Heads 1 2 - 1 5-flowcred, radiate; the rays about 5, fertile (white). Involucre
Bomewhat cylindrical or club-shaped ; the scales closely imbricated in several
rows, cartilaginous and whitish, appressed, Avith short and abrupt often spread-
ing green tips. Ilcceptacle alveolate-toothed. Achenia short, inversely py-
ramidal, very silky. Pappus simple, of numerous capillary bristles. — Peren-
nial tufted herbs (l°-2° high), with sessile somewhat 3-nerved leaves, and
small heads mostly in little clusters, disposed in a fiat corymb Disk-flowers
pale yellow. (Name from cnjpiKos, silky, and icapTros, fruit.)

1. S. SOlitlagillCllS, Nees. Smooth, slender; leaves linear, rigid, ob-
tuse, entire, with rough margins, tapering to the base ; heads narrow (3" long),

190 COMPOSITE. "(C'OAI1>OSITK FAMILY.)

tn close dusters, few-flowered; papjnis white. — Thickets, S. New England to
Virginia, neur the coast. July.

2. S. COIiyxoides, Necs. Somewhat pubescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate
or the lower spatulate, month/ serrate towards the apex, ciliate, veiny ; heads rather
loosely coryinbed, obconical (4" -6" long); pappus rusty-color. — Dry ground ;
common. July.

3. S. tortifolillS, Nces. Hoary-pubescent; leaves olovate or oblong-spatu-
litp, short (£'-!' long), turned edgewise, both sides alike, nearly veinless ; heads
rather loosely coryinbed, obovoid (4" -5" long) ; pappus white. — Pine woodi
Virginia and southward. Aug.

GAJ,ATELLA HYSSorirdLiA, Nccs, is omitted, because it has not been found
in our district, and probably is not an American plant.

13. ASTER, L. STARWORT. ASTER.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the ray -flowers in a single series, fertile.
Scales of the involucre more or less imbricated, usually with herbaceous or leaf-
like tips. Receptacle flat, alveolate. Achenia generally more or less flattened.
Pappus simple, of capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs (or annual in § 6), with
corymbed, panieled, or racemose heads. Rays white, purple, or blue : the disk
yellow, often changing to purple. (Name dornp, a star, from the appearance
of the radiate heads of flowers.)

$ 1. BIOTIA, DC. — Involucre obovoid-bell-shapcd ; the scales regularly imbricated
in several rows, oppressed, nearly destitute of herbaceous tijis: rays 6-15 (white or
nearly so) : achenia slender : lower leaves large, heart-shaped, petioled, coarsely ser-
rate : heads in open corymbs.

1. A. COrymboSUS, Ait. Stem slender, somewhat zigzag; leaves thin,
smoothish, coarsely and unequally serrate with sharp spreading teeth, sharp-pointed,
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, all but the uppermost heart-shaped at the base and on
slender naked petioles; rays 6-9. — Woodlands; common, especially north-
ward. July -Aug. — Plant 1°- 2° high, with smaller heads, looser corymbs,
rounder and less rigid exterior involncral scales, and thinner leaves, than the
next; not rough, but sometimes pubescent.

2. A. macropliyllllS, L. Stem stout and rigid (2° -3° high); l«uvs
thickiuli, roui/h, cloudy wrratf., .somewhat pointed ; the lower heart-shaped \4' - 10
long, .•{'-(>' wi(k'), long-petioled ; the upper ovate or oblong, sessile or on mar-
gined petioles; heads in ample rigid corymbs; ray* 12-25 (white or bluish). —
Moist woods; common northward, and southward along the mountains. Aug.,
Sept. — Involucre /£' broad ; the outer scales rigid, oblong or ovate-oblong, tho
innermost much larger and thinner.

| 2. CALLlASTRUM, Torr. & Gr. — Scales of the, involucre imlrlctitnl in .* nmt
rows, c(iri,irtoi/s, iril/i herbaceous sprraditif/ tt'jis: rays 12-30, vio/ct : achenia war-
row (smoothish): pappus' of rigid bristles of unequal thicknt'ss : .s-/r///-/V.,-/Tx all
tessile; lower ones not. heart-shaped: heads few, large and xhuiry. (Allied M
i 1, and to Serieocarpus.)

COMPOSURE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 191

3. A. Riidkll.l, Ait. Stem simple or corymbose at the summit, smooth,
many-leaved (l°-3° high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate in the,
middle, very rough both sides and rugose-veined, closely sessile (2' -3' long), nearly
equal ; scales of the bell-shaped involucre oblong, oppressed, with very short and
siiyhdy spreading herbaceous tips; aehenia smooth. — Bogs and low grounds,
Delaware to Maine and northward, near the coast. Aug. — Rays light violet
Involucre nearly smooth, except the ciliate margins.

4. A. SlircillosilS, Michx. Stems slender (j°-l° high), from long and
slender, or here and there tuberous-thickened, creeping snbteiranean shoots or suck-
ers, roughish-pubescent above, 1-2- or corymbosely several-flowered; leaves
roughish, obscurely toothed, lanceolate or the lower oblong-spatulate ; involucre
obconical or bell-shaped (£'-£' long), the whitish and coriaceous scales with sJtort
herbaceous tips, the outer ones shorter; achcnia slightly pubescent. — Var. GK\CI-
LIS (A. gracilis, Nutt.) is a form with the scales of the narrower obconical invo-
lucre successively shorter and with very short and scarcely spreading green tips,
resembling a Sericocarpus. — Moist grounds, pine barrens of New Jersey and
southward. Sept. — Rays about 12, violet, £' long. — Perhaps runs into the
next.

5. A. spectiibilis, Ait. Stems (l°-2° high) minutely rough and glan-
dular-pubescent at the summit; leaves oblong-lanceolate, roughish, obscurely toothed,
tapering to the base; scales of the short and almost hemispherical involucre linear-
oblong, rvith conspicuous spatulate glandular-downy tips, the outermost scarcely shorter ;
achcnia slightly pubescent. — Sandy soil, Massachusetts to New Jersey, near
the coast, and southward. Sept. -Nov. — One of the handsomest of the genus,
though the heads arc few. The rays, about 20, are narrowly lanceolate, nearly
1' long, very deep violet-blue. Involucre £' long and wide.

$ 3. ASTER PROPER. — Scales of the involucre imbricated in various degrees, with
herbaceous or leaf-like summits, or the outer ones entirely foliaceous : rays numerous:
pappus soft and nearly uniform : aehenia flattened. (All flowering late in sum-
mer or in autumn.)

* Leaves silvery-silky both sides, all sessile and entire, mucronulate .* involucre imbri-
cated in 3 to sei'eral rows : rays showy, purple-violet.

6. A. serieeilS, Vent. Stems slender, branched ; leaves lanceolate or
oblong; heads mostly solitary, terminating the short silvery branchiate; scales of
the globular involucre similar to the leaves, spreading, except the short coriaceous
base, silvery; aehenia smooth, many-ribbed. — Prairies and dry banks, Wisconsin
to Kentucky and southward. — An elegant silvery species; the large heads with
20-30 rays of £' or more in length.

7. A. COllCOlor, L. Stems wand-like, nearly simple; leaves crowded, ob-
long or lanceolate, appressed, the upper reduced to little bracts ; heads in a simple or
compound wand-like raceme; scales of the obovoid involucre closely imbricated iu
several rows, appressed, rather rigid, silky, lanceolate; aehenia silky. — Dry sandy
soil, pine barrens of New Jersey and southward. — A handsome plant, l°-3°
high, with the short leaves 1 ' or less in length, grayish-silky and of the sanre
hue both sidesi. Rays bright violet-purple.

192 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

* * Lower leaves not heart-shaped ; the upper all sessile and more or less clasping fry
a heart-shaped or auricled base: heads showy : scales of the inversely conical or bell-
shaped involucre regularly imbricated in several rows, the outer successively shorter,
oppressed, coriaceous, whitish, with short herbaceous tips : rays large, purple or blue.

8. A. patens, Ait. Rough-pubescent; stem loosely paniclcd above (1°- 3°
high), with widely spreading branches, the heads mostly solitary, terminating
the slender branchlets ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate-oblong, often contracted
below the middle, all clasping by a deep auricled-heart-sfiaped base, rough, especially
above and on the margins, entire ; scales of the minutely roughish involucre
with spreading pointed tips; achenia silky. — Var. PHLOGIFOLIUS is a form
which the plant assumes in shady moist places, with larger and elongated thin
scarcely rough leaves, downy underneath, sometimes a little toothed above,
mostly much contracted below the middle. — Dry ground, common, especially
southward. Heads £' broad, and with showy deep blue-purple rays.

9. *A. lil'Vis, L. Very smooth t/iroughout ; heads in a close panicle ; leaves
thickish, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, chiefly entire, the upper more or less
clasping by an auricled or heart-shaped base ; scales of the short-devoid or hemi-
8})herical involucre with appressed green points ; rays sky-blue ; achenia smooth. A
variable species, of which the two best-marked forms arc : —

Var. laevigutllS. Scarcely if at all glaucous ; leaves lanceolate or ob-
long ; involucre nearly hemispherical ; the scales lanceolate or linear, with nar-
row and acute green tips tapering down on the midnervc. (A. lavis, L. A.
laevigatus, Willd.) — Dry woodlands ; rather common.

Var. cy aliens. Very smooth, but pale or glaucous ; leaves thicker ; the
upper often oblong or ovate-lanceolate, clasping by a heart-shaped base ; invo-
lucre narrowed at the base, of broader and more coriaceous scales with shorter
and abrupt tips. (A. cyaneus, Ilojfm., frc.) — Border of woodlands ; common,
especially northward. — A very elegant species, with showy flowers.

10. A. tlirbinellllS, Lindl. Very smooth ; stem slender, paniculatcly
b/ inched; leaves lanceolate, tapering to each end, entire, with rough margins ; in-
volucre elongated-obconical or 'almost club-shaped (£' long) ; the scales linear, with
very short and blunt green tips ; rays violet-blue ; athtnia nearly smooth. — Dry
hills, &c., Illinois and southwestward.

* * * iMU'er leaves all heart-shaped and pctiokd, the upper sessile or petiolcd: invo-
lucre imbricated much as in the last division, but the heads smaller, very numerous,
racemose or panicled.

•»- leaves entire or slightly serrate : heads middle-sized : rays bright-Uue,

11. A. siziireus, Lindl. Stem rather rough, erect, racemose-compound
at the summit, the branches slender and rigid; leaves rough; tfie lower ovate-lance-
olate or oblong, heart -si uiped, on long often hairy petioles ; the others lanceolatr, or lin-
ear, sessile, on the branches awl-shaped ; involucre inversely conical. — Copses
and prairies, Ohio to Wisconsin and southward. — A handsome species; the in-
volucre much as in No. 9, but much smaller, and slightly pubescent; the rays
bright blue.

12. A. Sliortii, Boott. Stem slender, spreading, nearly smooth, bearing
very numerous heads in racemose panicles ; leaves smooth above, minutely pubescent

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 193

underneath, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, elongated, tapering gradually to a sharp
point, all but the uppermost more or less heart-shaped at the base and on naked peti-
oles; involucre bell-shaped. — Cliffs and banks, Ohio to Wisconsin and south-
ward.— A pretty species, 2° -4° high; the leaves 3-5' long.

13. A. limlulatus, L. Pale or somewhat hoary with close pubescence;
stem spreading, bearing numerous heads in racemose panicles; leaves ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, with wavy or slightly toothed margins, roughish above, downy under-
neath, the lowest heart-shaped on margined petioles, the others abruptly contracted
into short broadly winged petioles which are dilated and clasping at the base, or direct-
ly sessile by a heart-shaped base; involucre obovoid. (A. diversifulius, Michx.)
— Dry copses, common.

H- -^Leaves conspicuously serrate: heads small: rays pale blue or nearly ivhite.

14. A. C4>rdii~6litIS, L. Stem much branched above, the spreading or
diverging branches bearing very numerous panicled heads; lower leaves all heart-
shaped, on slender and mostly naked ciliate petioles ; scales of the inversely coni-
cal involucre all appressed and tipped with short green points, obtuse or acutish. —
Woodlands ; very common. Varies with the stem and leaves either smooth,
roughish, or sometimes hairy underneath. Heads produced in great profusion,
but quite small.

15. A. SclgittifolillS, Willd. Stem rigid, erect, with ascending branches
bearing numerous racemose heads; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed; the lower
heart-shaped at the base, on margined petioles ; the upper lanceolate or linear,
pointed at both ends ; scales of the oblong involucre linear, tapering into awl-shaped
slender and loose tips. — Dry ground, New York and Penn. to Wisconsin and
Kentucky. — Usually more or less hairy or downy; the heads rather larger
than in the last, almost sessile. — A. Drummondii, Lindl., which probably
grows on the Illinois side of the Mississippi, is apparently only a downy-leaved
variety of this.

* •% * * Leaves none of them heart-shaped; those of the stem sessile, narroiv, rigid,
entire: involucre imbricated in several rows: the coriaceous scales apprised and
whitish at the base, with abrupt and conspicuous spreading herbaceous tips : heads
small and very numerous, paniculate-racemose : rays ivhite.

. 16. A. eriCOldes, L. Smooth or sparingly hairy (l°-l£° high); the
simple branchlcts or peduncles racemose along the upper side of the wand-like
spreading branches ; lowest leaves oblong-spatulate, sometimes toothed ; the others
linear-lanceolate or linear-awl-shaped, acute at both ends ; scales of the involucre
broadest at the base, with acute or awl-shaped green tips. — Var. VILL6SUS is a
hairy form, often with broader leaves; chiefly in the Western States. — Dry
open places, S. New England to Wisconsin and southward.

17. A. multiflorilS, Ait. Pale or hoary with minute close pubescence (1°
high), much branched and bushy; the heads much crowded on the spreading
racemose branches ; leaves crowded, linear, spreading, with rough or ciliate mar-
gins, the upper somewhat dilated and partly clasping at the base ; scales of the invo»
lucre with spatulate spreading green tips broader than the lower pvrtion, the outer
obtuse. — Dry gravelly or sandy soil ; common.

194 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

***** Leaves none of them heart-shaped ; those of the sterr* tappnw/ at
sessile; involucre imbricated ; the scales of unequal length, ivith sliorl and narrow
appressed or rather loose greenish tips : heads small or middle-sized : rays white or
pale bluish-purple.

•«- Heads small. (Involucre \' - % long.)

18. A. dlimosilS, L. Smooth or nearly so, raccmoscly compound, the
Kattered heads mostly solitary at the end of the tpreuding branchlets ; leaves linear
or the upper oblong, crowded, entire or slightly serrate, with rough margins ;
scales of the closely imbricated involucre linear-spatulate, obtuse, in 4-6 rows. —
Thickets, in dry or moist soil; common. — A variable species, l°-3° high,
loosely branched, with small leaves, especially the upper, and an inversely con-
ical or bell-shaped involucre, with more abrupt green tips than any of the sue
cecding. Kays pale purple or blue, larger than in the next. Runs into several
peculiar forms.

19. A« Trsiclcscitnti, L. Smooth or smooth ish ; the numerous heads dosdy
racemcd along one side of the erect-spreading or diverging branches ; loaves
lanceolate-linear, elongated, the larger ones remotely serrate in the middle with
fine sharp teeth; scales of the involucre narrowly linear, acute or acutish, imbricated
in 3 or 4 rows. — Var. FRAoiLis has the leaves entire or nearly so, except the
lowest, and the heads more scattered. — Moist banks, &c., very common. —
Stems 2° -4° high, bushy: heads very numerous, smaller than in the last.
Rays white or nearly so.

20. A. miser, L., Ait. More or less hairy, much branched; the branches
usually diverging, bearing racemose often scattered heads; leaves lanceolate or ob-
long-lanceolate, tapering or pointed at each end, sharply su-nitc in the middle;
ft •d'es of the involucre linear, acute or rather obtuse, imbricated in 3 or 4 rows. —
Thickets, fields, &c., very common, and extensively variable. — Leaves larger
than in cither of the preceding (2' — 5') ; the involucre intermediate between them,
us to the form of the scales. Rays mostly short, pale bluish-purple or white.

•»- •»— Heads middle-sized. (Involucre y~ £' lomj.)

21. A. Simplex, Willd. Smooth or nearly so (3° -6° high), much
branched; the branches and scattered heads somewhat corymbose at the summit;
It a rex lanceolate, pointed, the lower serrate ; scales of the /;?roA ••'•/>< linear-awl-shaped,
loosely and sparingly imbricated. — Shady moist banks, common. — Pi ay* pale.
Approaches in its different forms the preceding and the two following.

22. A. tenilifoliffS, L. Nearly smooth ; stem much branched (2° -3°
high) ; the heads somewhat paniclcd or racemcd ; lea res narroirly lanceolate,
taperiny into a lon<j slender point (2' -6' long), with rough margins, tin- l<><r<r xuinc-
what serrate in the middle ; scales of the hemispherical involucre linear-un-1-slic.ind,
ivry slender-pointed, numerous, closely imbricated. — Low grounds, New York to
Wisconsin, and southward. Rays short and narrow, pale purple or whitish.

23. A. cdrncus, Nees. Smooth, or the branches rougher pubescent;
lanceolate, somewhat pointed, or the upper short and partly clasping;

heads racemose along the ascending leafy branches ; scn/<* <>f d«- obovate moo*
lucre, lauctuldti , abruptly ai.nte, <7o.sWy imbricatttd, — Moist soil ; common. Leaven
firm in texture, smooth, or rough above. Rays rather large, bluish, purplish

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY 194

violet-purple, or almost white. — On a thorough revision of the genus, older
names will be found and verified for this and No. 21, which here cover a mul-
titude of forms. A. mutahilis, L., is probably one of them.
* * * % -s/f * Stem-leaves sessile, the upper more or less clasping : scales of the Jiem-
ispherical involucre loosely more or less imbricated, somewhat equal, with herbaceous
tips, or the outer often entirely herbaceous : heads middle-sized or large : rays blue
or purple. (The species of this group are still perplexing.)

24. A. SBStlVUS, Ait. Stem slender, rouyh, bushy-branched ; leaves nar-
rowly lanceolate-linear, elongated, taper-pointed, entire, with rough margins ; heads
corymbose, loose; scales of the involucre linear, loose; rays large, apparently light
blue. (A. laxifolius, Nees.) — Var. L2ETIFL6RUS has very slender branches
and leaves, and the scales 'of the involucre unequal and more appressed. —
Moist shady places, Ohio to Wisconsin and northward. Heads about as large
as in A. puniceus, in some forms appearing more like A. carneus. Leaves
4' -7' long, \> to £' wide.

25. A. Novi-Belgii, L. Nearly smooth; stem stout; leaves oblong-lanceo-
late, pale, or somewhat glaucous, serrate in the middle, acute, tapering to each end ;
scales of the involucre rather closely imbricated, with broadish acute herbaceous tij)s ,
rays pale blue or purplish. — Low grounds, not clearly known in a wild state.
The plant here in view is intermediate between No. 23 and No. 26. — Heads
smaller and less showy than in the next.

26. A. loiigifolillS, Lam. Smooth or nearly so ; stem branched, corym-
bose-panicled at the summit ; leaves lanceolate or linear, or the lower ovate-lance-
olate, entire or sparingly serrate in the middle, taper-pointed, shining above ; scales
of the involucre imbricated in 3 — 5 rows, linear, ivith acute or aid-shaped spreading or
recurved green tips ; rays large and numerous, bright purplish-blue. — Moist
places, along streams, &c., common eastward. — Plant l°-5° high, with large
and showy heads ; very variable in the foliage, involucre, &c. ; its multiform
varieties including A. thyrsiflorus, Iloffm., A. laxus, Willd. (a form with more
leafy involucres), A. praraltus, Poir., A. clodes, Torr. $* Gr., £c.

27. A. plimccilS, L. Stem tall and stout, rough-hairy all over or in lines,
usually purple below, panicled above; leaves oblong-lanceolate, clasping by an auri-
cled base, sparingly serrate in the middle with appressed teeth, rough above, nearly
smooth underneath, pointed ; scales of the involucre narrowly linear, acute, loose,
equal, in about 2 rows ; rays long and showy (lilac-blue, paler or whitish in
shade). — Low thickets and swamps, very common. — Stems 3° -6° high, ir
open grounds rough with rigid bristly hairs.

Var. vimineus (A. vimineus, Willd.) is a variety nearly smooth through-
out ; growing in shade.

28. A, prenanthoides, Muhl. Stem low (l°-3° high), corymbose-
paniclcd., hairy above in lines ; leaves rough above, very smooth underneath, ovate-lan-
ceolate, sharply cut-toothed in the middle, conspicuously taper-pointed, and tapering
below in a long contracted entire portion, which is abruptly dilated into an auricled-
heart-shaped clasping base; scales of the involucre narrowly linear, with recurved-
spreading tips ; rays light blue. — • Borders of rich woods, W. New York and
Penn. to Wisconsin.

196 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

******* Leave,', entire, those of the stem sessile, the base ificn clasping: head*
solitary terminating the branches or somewhat corymbcd, large or middle-sized, showy ;
scales of the involucre very numerous, with loose and spreading or recurved mostly
fdiatxous tips, usually more or less glandular or viscid, as are the branchlets, Sfc.
•*- Involucre imbricated, the scales in several or many ranks.

29. A. grailtliflorus, L. Rough with minute hispid hairs ; stems slender,
loosely much-branched (l°-3° high); leaves very small (£' -1' long), oblong-
linear, obtuse, rigid ; the uppermost passing into scales of the hemispherical
Bquarrose many-ranked involucre; rays bright violet (!' long) ; achem'a hairy. —
Dry open places, Virginia and southward. — Heads large and very showy.

30. A. Obloaigifolilis, Nutt. Minutely glandular-puberulent, much
branched above, rigid, paniculate-corymbose (1°- 2° high) ; leaves narrowly ob-
long or lanceolate, mucronate-poimed, partly clasping, thickish (l'-2'long by
2" -5" wide); scales of the involucre broadly linear, appressed at the base,
ra/s violet-purple; achcnia canescent. — Banks of rivers, from Penn. (Hunting-
do a County, Porter!} and Virginia to Wisconsin and Kentucky. — Flowers not
half as large as those of the next.

A. ABIETIIYSTINUS, Nutt., of Eastern Massachusetts, is a still wholly obscure
species.

•«- •»- Involucre of many very slender equal scales appearing like a single row.

31. A. Novro-Angli£C, L. Stem stout, hairy (3° -8° high), corymbeu
at the summit ; leaves very numerous, lanceolate, entire, acute, auriculaterdasping,
clothed with minute pubescence: scales of the involucre linear-aui-shapcd, loose, glan-
dular-viscid, as well as the branchlets ; rays violet-purple, sometimes rose-purple
(A. roseus, Desf.), very numerous; achcnia hairy. — Moist grounds ; common.
— Heads large, corymbed.

******** Head and imbricated involucre with leafy tips as in the preceding
group ; but the foliage as in * * *.

32. A. mioimiliis, Engelm. Somewhat hoary-pubescent ; stems slendei
(oo -40 high), simple or racemose-branched above; leaves ovate or ovate-lance-
olate, pointed, entire or nearly so, the lower cordate and long-petiolcd, the upper
small and almost sessile; scales of the hemispherical involucre imbricated in
several rows, oppressed, with linear spreading leafy tips; achenia smooth. —
Limestone dill's, W. Illinois (and Missouri), Engdmann. — Heads as large as
those of No. 30 : rays violet-purple.

f 4. ORITR6PHIUM, Kunth. — Scales of the involucre narrow, nearly equal and
almost in a single row, more or less herbaceous : pappus of soft and uniform capil-
lary bristles : inaxtlij loir perennials, bearing solitary or few h«ids.

33. A. gramillifolillS, Pursh. Slightly pubescent, slender (6'-12'
high) ; leaves very numerous, narrowly linear; branches prolonged into slendei
naked peduncles, bearing solitary small heads; rays rose-purple or whitish. —
New Hampshire, about the White Mountains (Mr. Eddy in herb. Titckerman'i
L. Superior, and northward.

$ 5. ORTH6MEKIS, TOIT. & Gr. — Scales of the incohcre regularly imbricated,
unequal, often carinate, with membra naccvus margins, entirily destitute oj herbaceous
tips •' pappu* -)f soft and \\nequal capillary bristles.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 187

84. A. acuilfiiliatllS, Michx. Somewhat hairy ; stem (about 1° high)
simple, zigzag, panicled-corymbose at the summit ; peduncles slender ; leavet
oblong '-lanceolate, conspicuously pointed, coarsely toothed above, wedge-form and en-
tire at the base; scales of the involucre few and loosely imbricated, linear-lan-
ceolate, pointed, thin (3"- 5" long) ; heads few or several; rays 12-18, white,
or slightly purple. — Cool rich woods, common northward and southward along
the Alleghanies, Aug. — There is a depauperate narrow-leaved variety on the
White Mountains of New Hampshire.

35. A. ncmoralis, Ait. Minutely roughish-pubosccnt ; stern slender,
simple or corymbose at the summit, very leafy (l°-2° high) ; leaves small (!'
l£' long), rather rigid, lanceolate, nearly entire, with revolute margins; scales of the
inversely conical involucre narrowly linear-lanceolate, the outer passing into
awl-shaped bracts ; rays lilac-purple, elongated. — Bogs, pine barrens of New
Jersey to Maine along the coast, and northward. Also White Mountains of
New Hampshire ; a small form, with solitary heads. Sept.

36. A, ptarmicoidcs, Torn & Gr. Smooth or roughish ; stems clus-
tered (6' -15' high), simple; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, rigid, entire, tapering
to the base, I -3-ncrvcd, with rough margins (2' -4' long) ; heads small, in a fiat
corymb; scales of the involucre imbricated in 3 or 4 rows, short; rays white
(2" -3" long). — Dry rocks, W. Vermont to Wisconsin along the Great Lakes,
Illinois, and northward. Aug.

$ 6. OXYT1UP6LIUM, DC. — ScaJ.es of the involucre imbricated, without tierba-
ceous tips, usually very acute, the outer passing into scale-like bracts : pappus soft
and capillary: achenia striate.

37. A. flexilOSUS, Nutt. Stem zigzag, rigid, forked (6' -20' high) ; the
branches bearing large solitary heads ; leaves linear, thick andjleshy, pointed, entire ;
scales of the bell-shaped involucre imbricated in many rows, ovate-lanceolate with
awl-shnped points ; rays numerous, large, pale purple. — Salt marshes, on the
coast, Maine to Virginia. Sept.

38. A. linifolins, L. Stem much branched (6' -24' high), the brandies
bearing numerous racemose or panicled small heads; leaves linear-lanceolate, pointed,
entire, flat, on the branches awl-shaped ; scales of the oblong involucre linear-awl-
shaped, in Jew rows ; rays somewhat in two rows, short, not projecting beyond the disk,
more numerous than the disk-flowers, purplish. (A. subulatus, Michx.) — l^alt
marshes, on the coast, Maine to Virginia.

14. ERICERON, L. FLEABANE.

Heads many-flowered, radiate, mostly flat or hemispherical ; the narrow rays
very numerous, pistillate. Scales of the involucre narrow, nearly equal and
almost in a single row. Receptacle flat, naked. Achenia flattened, usually
pubescent and 2-nerved. Pappus a single row of capillary bristles, with minuter
ones intermixed, or with a distinct short outer pappus of little bristles or chaffy
scales. — Herbs, with entire or toothed and generally sessile leaves, and solitary
or corymbed heads. Disk yellow: ray white or purple. (Name from fa

108 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

spring, and •) /paw, an old man, suggested by the hoary appeaitJice of some of
the venial species.)

§ 1. C^ENOTUS, Nutt. — Rays inconspicuous, in several rows, sccrcely longer than
the pappus: disk-corollas 4-toothed : pappus simple : annuals and biennials: head*
very small, cylindrical.

1. E. Canatlense, L. (HORSE-WEED. BUTTER-WEED.) Bristly-
hairy; stem erect, wand-like (5' -5° high); leaves linear, mostly entire; those
from the root cut-lobed ; heads very numerous, panicled. — Waste places ; a com-
mon weed, now widely diffused over the world. July -Oct. — Lieules much
shorter than their tube, white.

2. E. divaricatum, Michx. Diffuse and decumbent (3' -6' high) ; leaves
linear or awl-shaped; heads loosely corymbed; rays purple: otherwise like No. I.
— Illinois, Kentucky, and southward.

$ 2. EUERfGEHON, Torr. & Gr. — Rays elongated, crowded in one or more
rows : pappus simple. {Erect perennials : heads somewhat corymbed. )

3. E. bcllidifoliillll, Muhl. (ROBIN'S PLANTAIN.) Hairy, producing
offsets from the Itase ; stem simple, rather naked above, bearing few (1-9) large
heads on slender peduncles, root-leaves obovate and spatulate, sparingly
toothed ; those of the stem distant, lanceolate-oblong, partly clasping, entire ;
rays (about 50) rather broadly linear, liyht bluish-purple. — Copses and moist
banks ; common. May.

4. E. PlliladclpIliClim, L. (FLEABANE.) Hairy ; stem leafy, cor
ymbcd, bearing several small heads ; leaves thin, with a broad midrib, oblong ;
the upper smoothish, clasping by a heart-shaped base, mostly entire ; the lowest
spatulate, toothed; rays innumerable and very narrow, rose-purple or flesh-color.
(E. purpureum, Ait.) — Moist ground; common. June -Aug.

$ 3. STENACTIS, Cass. — Some of the outer bristles of the pappus short and
minute, or rather chaffy: otherwise as § 2.

5. E. glabclllllll, Nutt. Stem (6'- 15' high) stout, hairy above, the
leafless summit bearing 1-7 large heads ; leaves nearly glabrous, except the
margins, entire, the upper oblong-lanceolate and pointed, closely .sessile or
partly clasping, the lower sp.ttulatc and pctioled ; rays (more than 100, purple)
more than twice the length of the hoary-hispid involucre. — Plains, St. Croix
River, Wisconsin, and northward. June.

§ 4. PIIALACROLOMA, Cass. — Rays numerous, but nearly in a sinr/le rota,
conspicuous : pappus plainly double, the outer a crown of minute c/Hiffy-bristlf-form
fcales ; the inner of scanty capillary bristles which are deciduous, or entirely n-ant-
iny in the r<ty : annuals and biennials.

6. E. aiiBiuiini, Pcrs. (DAISY FLEABANE. SWEET SCABIOUS.) Stem
stout (3° -5° high), branched, teset with spreading hairs: leaves coarsely and
sharply toothed; the loivest orate, tapering into a margined petiole; the upper
ovate-lanceolate, acute and entire at both ends ; beads corymbed ; rays white,
tinged with purple, not twiec the length of the bristly imoluere. (E. lietero-
phvllum, Muhf. E. dtrigosum, Bif/cl.) — Fields and waste places; a very
con non weed. (Nat. in Europe.) June -Aug.

;ry

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 199

7. E. strigdsum, Muhl. (DAISY FLEABANE.) Stem paniclcd-corym-
bose at the summit, ronghish like the leaves with minute oppressed hairs, or almost
smooth ; leaves entire or nearly so, the upper lanceolate, scattered, the lowest
oblong or spatulate, tapering into a slender petiole ; rays white, twice the length
of the minutely hairy involucre. (E. integrifolium, Bigel.} — Fields, &c. ; com-
mon. June- Aug. — Stem smaller and more simple than the last, with smaller
heads but longer rays.

§ 5. ERIGERfDIUM, Torr. & Gr. — Rays about 30, in a single row, rather
broad: pappus simple : achenia mostly ^-nerved : not perennial.

8. E. verimm, Torr. & Gr. Glabrous; leaves clustered at the root,
oval or spatulate; scape leafless, slender (l°-2° high), bearing 5-12 small
corymbed heads ; rays white. (E. nudicauie, Michx. Aster vemus, L.) — Low
grounds, E. Virginia and southward. May.

15. DIPJLOPAPPUS, Cass. DOUBLE-BRISTLED ASTER.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays 8-12, pistillate. Scales of the invo-
lucre imbricated, approved, narrow, 1-nerved or keeled, destitute of hei-baceous
tips. Receptacle flat, alveolate. Achenia flattish. Pappus double ; the outer
of very short and small stiff bristles, the inner of capillary bristles as long as
the disk-corolla. — Perennials with corymbose or simple heads : disk-flowers yel-
low; rays white or violet. (Name composed of SwrXoos, double, and TTUTTTJ-OS,
pappus, the character which distinguishes the genus from Aster.)

§ 1. Rays violet, showy: head solitary, pretty large: involucre much imbricated,
achenia silky: bristles of the inner pappus all alike.

1. ». liiutriifolius, Hook. Stems (6' -20' high), several from the
same woody root, mostly simple, very leafy; leaves rigid, spreading, linear,
strongly 1-nerved, smooth, with very rough margins. — Dry soil; common.
Sept., Oct.

$ 2. Rays white: heads small, corymbed: involucre shorter than the disk, imbricated
in about 3 rows : achenia smooth ish : bristles of the inner pappus unequal, some oj
them thickened at the tip : leaves large, scattered, membranaceous, veiny, entire.

2. D. iiillbcllatus, Torr. & Gr. Smooth, leafy to the top (2° -6°
high); leaves lanceolate, elongated, taper-pointed and tapering at the base (3' -6
long) ; heads very numerous in compound flat corymbs ; scales of the involucre
rather closely imbricated, obtusish. — Moist thickets ; common, especially north-
ward. Aug.

3. I>. amygd&linus, Torr. & Gr. Smooth or roughish above, leafy;
leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, abruptly narrowed at the base ; scales of the involu-
cre loosely imbricated, obtuse. — Low grounds, New Jersey, Penn., and south
ward. Aug. — Very near the last, usually lower, rougher, and with broader and
shorter leaves.

4. D. COrnifolillS, Darl. Stem (l°-2° high) pubescent, bearing few
heads on divergent peduncles ; leaves elliptical or ovate-lanceolate, conspicuously point'
ed at both ends, ciliatc, hairy on the veins underneath. — Woodlands, E. Masssv
chusetts to Kentucky, and southward along the mountains. July- Sept.

14

200 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

16. BOLTOIVIA, L'Hci. BOLTONIA.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays numeious, pistillate. Scales of ihe
hemispherical involucre imbricated -somewhat in '2 rows, appressed, with narrow
incmbranaccous margins. Receptacle conical or hemispherical, naked. Ache-
nia flat, ohovate or inversely heart-shaped, margined with a callous wing, or ID
the ray 3-winged, crowned with a pappus of several minute bristles and fre-
quently with 2-4 longer awns. — Perennial and bushy-branched smooth herbs,
pale green, with the aspect of Aster : the thickish leaves chiefly entire. Heads
loosely corymbose or paniclcd : disk yellow: rays white or purplish. (Dedi-
cated to /. Bolton, an English botanist.) See Addend.

1. B. astei'OldcS, L'Her. Leaves lanceolate; achenia broadly oval;
pappus of few minute bristles and no awns. — Moist places along streams.
Pennsylvania (Bart rain] and southward along the Allcghanies : rare. Oct.—
Plant usually 6° high.

2. B. glastifolia, L'Her. Leaves lanceolate, ascending, often turnel
edgewise by a twist ; achenia obovate, broadly winged ; pappus of several short
bristles and, especially in the disk, of 2 or 3 short awns. — Rich moist soil.
Pennsylvania to Illinois and southward. Sept. — Plant 2° - 4° high.

17. B ELLIS, Toura. DAISY.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; tlie rays numerous, pistillate. Scales of tlu
involucre herbaceous, equal, in about 2 rows. Receptacle conical, naked.
Achenia obovate, flattened, wingless, and without any pappus. — Low herbs
(all but one species natives of the Old World), either stemless, like the tiae
Daisy, B. percnnis, or leafy-stemmed, as is our species. (The Latin naiue,
from bellus, pretty.)

1. B. ifitegrifolia, Michx. (WESTERN DAISY.) Diffusely brancUeJ
and spreading (4'- 9' high), smoothish ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, the lo /er
spatulatc-obovatc ; heads on slender peduncles ; rays pale violet-purple. Q q£)
— Prairies and banks, Kentucky and south westward. March -June.

18. BRACHYCII.ETA, Torr. & Gr. FALSE GOLDKN-I..JD.

Heads and flowers nearly as in Solidago, except the pappus, which is a row
of minute rather scale-like bristles shorter than the achenia. — A perennial borb,
with rounded or ovate serrate leaves, all the lower ones heart-shaped ; the suiall
yellow heads in sessile clusters raccmcd or spiked on the branches. (Name cjm
posed of ftpaxus, short, and xai'T7?> bristle, from the pappus.)

1. B. COrdata, Torr. & Gr. (Solidago cordata, Short.) Wooded hills,
E. Kentucky and southward. Oct. — Plant 2° -4° high, slender, more or Irss
pubescent.

19. SOLIDAGO, L. GOLDEN-ROD.

Heads few -many-flowered, radiate; the rays 1 to 16, pistillate. Scales of
the oblong involucre appressed, destitute of herbaceous tips (except. No. 1).
Receptacle small, not chaffy Achenia many-ribbed, nearly terete. PappuJ

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 201

simple, of equal capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs, with mostly wand-like
stems and nearly sessile stem-leaves, never heart-shaped. Heads small, racemed
or clustered: flowers both of the disk and ray (except No. 2) yellow. (Name
from solido, to join, or make whole, in allusion to its reputed vulnerary quali-
ties.) Flowering Aug. - Oct. See Addend.

§ 1. CHRYSASTRUM, Torr. & Gr. — Scales of the much imbricated rigid in-
volucre with abruptly spreading herbaceous tips : heads in clusters or glomerate ra-
cemes disposed in a dense somewhat leafy and interrupted wand-like compound spike.

1. S. squarrosa, Muhl. Stem stout (2° -5° high), hairy above; leaves
large, oblong, or the lower sputulate-oval and tapering into a margined petiole,
serrate, veiny; disk-flowers 16-24, the rays 12-16. — Rocky wooded hills,
Maine and W. Vermont to Pcnn., and the mountains of Virginia.

§ 2. VIRGAtfREA, Tourn. Scales of the involucre destitute of herbaceous tips :
rays mostly f?.wer than the disk-Jlowers : heads all more or less pedicelled.

* Heads in close clusters or short clustered racemes in the axils of the feather-veined

leaves. (Rays 3 -6.)

2. S. l>icolOI*9 L. Hoary or grayish with soft hairs ; stem mostly simple ;
leaves oblong or elliptical-lanceolate, acute at both ends, or the lower oval and
tapering into a petiole, slightly serrate ; clusters or short racemes from the axils of
the upper leaves, forming an interrupted spike or crowded panicle ; rays small,
cream-color or nearly white. — Var. CONCOLOK has the rays yellow. — Dry copses
and banks, common : the var. in Pennsylvania and westward.

3. S. latifolia, L. Smooth or nearly so, stem angled, zigzag, simple or
paniculate-branched (l°-3° high) ; leaves broadly ovate or oval, vei-y strongly and
sfiarply serrate, conspicuously pointed at both ends (thin, 3' -6' long); heads in
very short axillary sessile clusters, or somewhat prolonged at the end of the
branches. — Moist shaded banks, in rich soil ; common northward, and along
the mountains.

4. S. cjesiia, L. Smooth; stem terete, mostly glaucous, at length much
branched and diffuse; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, serrate, pointed,
sessile ; heads in very short axillary clusters, or somewhat racemosc-panicled
on the branches. — Moist rich woodlands ; common. Heads rather smaller than
in the last,

* # Racemes terminal, erect, either somewhat simple and wand-like, or compound and

panicled, not one-sided: leaves feather-veined. (Not maritime.)
•*- Heads small : leaves nearly entire, except the lowermost.

5. S. virgitta, Michx. Very smooth throughout; stem strict and simple,
viand-like (2° -4° high), slender, beset with small and entire appressed lanceo-
late-oblong leaves, which are gradually reduced upwards to mere bracts ; the
lowest oblong-spatulate, all thickish and smooth ; heads crowded in a very narrow
compound spicate raceme ; rays 5 — 7. — Damp pine barrens, New Jersey to Vir-
ginia and southward.

6. S. puberula, Nutt. Stem (l°-3° high, simple or branched) and
jtanicle very minutely hoary ; stem-leaves lanceolate, ac tie, tapering to the base
smooth ish; the lowe* wedge -lanceolate and sixiringly toothed; heads very nu

202 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

merous, crowded in compact erect-spreading sliort racemes, forming a prolonged and
flense narrow or pyramidal panicle ; scales of the involucre linear-awl-shaped, ap-
prcsscd ; rays about 10. — Sandy soil, Maine to Virginia and southward, near
the coast.

7. S. Strict«l, Ait. Very smooth throughout; stem simple, strict (2° -3°
high) ; leaves lanceolate, pointed, the lower tapering gradually into winged peti-
oles, partly sheathing at the base, minutely serrate above with appresscd teeth;
racemes much crowded and oppressed in a dense wand-like panicle ; scales of tbo
involucre linear-oblong, obtuse; rays 5-6, small. — Peat-bogs, Maine to Wis-
consin and northward. Root-leaves 6'- 10' long. It flowers earlier than ita
allies, beginning in July.

H- «- Heads rather large, at least for the size of the plant,

8. S. spcciosa, Nutt. Stem stout (3° -6° high), smooth; leaves thickish
smooth with rough margins, oval or ovate, slightly serrate, the uppermost oblong-
lanceolate, the lower contracted into a margined petiole ; heads somewhat
crowded in numerous erect racemes, forming an ample pyramidal or thi/rsfform jtan-
tele; peduncles and pedicels rough-hairy; scales of the cylindrical involucre
oblong, obtuse; rays about 5, large. — Var. ANGUSTATA is a dwarf form, with
the racemes short and clustered, forming a dense interrupted or compound
spike. — Copses, Massachusetts to Wisconsin and southward. — A very hand-
some species ; the lower leaves 4' -6' long and 2' -4' wide in the larger forms.

9. S. Virga-aiirea, L. Pubescent or nearly glabrous ; stem low (6'- 18'
high) and simple; leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, or the lowest spainlate or elliptical-
obovate and petiolcd, serrate with small oppressed teeth or nearly entire ; racemes
thyrsoid or simple, narrow; scales of the involucre lanceolate or linear, acute ;
rays 8-12. — An extremely variable species in the Old World and in our north-
em regions. (Eu.)

Var. alpiata, Bigcl. Dwarf (l'-8' high), with few (1-12) pretty large
heads (3" -4" long, becoming smaller as they increase in number); leaves
thickish, mostly smooth ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acute or acutish ;
rays about 12. — Alpine region of the mountains of Maine, New Hampshire,
and Now York ; and shore of Lake Superior.

Var. till mill*. Low (6' -12' high) and smooth, bearing several or nu-
merous loosely thyrsoid smaller heads, which, with the peduncles, &c., aro
mostly somewhat glutinous ; scales of the involucre obtuse; rays 6-8, short;
leaves varying from narrowly lanceolate and nearly entire to oblanceolate and
Semite. (S. humilis, Pursh, Torr. $- Gr.) — Rocky banks, W. Vermont, Lakes
Huron and Superior, and northward. At the base of the White Mountains of
New Hampshire, on gravelly banks of streams, occurs a form, with the mi-
nutely pubescent stout stem l°-2° high, the leaves larger and broader, and
the heads very numerous in an ample compound raceme ; the rays occasionally
almost white.

10. S. tliyrsoidca, E. Meyer. Stem stout (l°-4° high), n-xnd-like, pu-
bescent near the summit, simple ; leaves thin, ovate, irregularly and coarsely ser>
rate with sharp salient teeth, large (l'-4' long), all but the uppermost abruptly
contracted into long and margined petiole* heads large (5" -6" long), many

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 203

flowered, crowded in an oblong or wand-like raceme or contracted panicle
(2' -18' long); scales of the involucre loose and thin, long, lanceolate, taper-
pointed; rays 8-10, elongated; achenia smooth. (S. Virga-aurca, Pursh. S.
leiocarpa, DC.) — Wooded sides of high mountains of Maine to New York (south
to the Catskills), shore of Lake Superior, and northward.

* * * Heads in a compound corymb terminating the simple stem, showy : leaver thick-
ish, mostly feather-veined from a strong midrib.

11. S. rigidity L. Rough and somewhat hoary with a minute pubescence;
stem stout (3° -5° high), very leafy; the short compact clusters densely cor-
ymbed at the summit; leaves oval or oblong, the upper closely sessile by a broad
base, slightly serrate, the uppermost entire, veiny, thick and rigid ; heads large,
about 34-flowered; the rays 7-10. — Dry soil, Connecticut to Wisconsin and
southward.

12. S. Oliioensis, Riddell. Very smooth throughout; stem wand-like,
slender, leafy (2° -3° high); stern-leaves oblong-lanceolate, flat, entire, closely
sessile, the lower and radical ones elongated, slightly sen-ate towards the apex,
somewhat veiny, tapering into long margined petioles ; heads numerous in a
flat-topped compound corymb, on smooth pedicels, 1 6 - 20-flo wered ; the rays
6 or 7. — Moist meadows or prairies, W. New York to Ohio and Wisconsin. —
Root-leaves 1° long; the upper reduced to l'-2', with rough margins, like the
rest. Heads smaller than in any other of this section, scarcely one third the
bize of those of No. 11.

13. S. Riddcllii, Frank. Smooth and stout (2° -4° high), very leafy, the
branches of the dense corymb and pedicels rough-pubescent ; leaves linear-lane^
date, elongated (4' -6' long), entire, acute, partly clasping or sheathing, condupli-
cate and mostly recurved, the lowest elongated-lanceolate and tapering into a long
keeled petiole, obscurely 3-nerved ; heads very numerous in close clusters, aggre-
gated in a spreading flat-topped compound corymb, 20 - 24-flowered ; the rays
7-9. — Wet grassy prairies, Ohio to Wisconsin, and Illinois. — Heads larger
than in the last, 2" -3" long. Stem-leaves upright and partly sheathing at the
base, then gradually recurved-spreading.

14. S. Hoilglltoilii, Torr. & Gray, ined. Smooth; stem rather low and
slender (1°-1^° high); leaves scattered, linear-lanceolate, acutish, flat, entire
tapering into a narrowed slightly clasping base, or the lower into margined peti-
oles ; heads several, crowded in a small nearly simple corymb, 20 -30-flowered;
the rays 9 or 10. — North shore of Lake Michigan; collected in the Michigan
State Survey. Aug. — Leaves smooth, but not shining, rough-margined, 3'-5-
long, 1 -nerved, or the lower very obscurely 3-nerved above. Corymb minutely
pubescent. Heads large, nearly %' long. Scales of the involucre obtuse, mi-
nutely ciliate.

* * * * Heads in one-sided more or less spreading or recurved racemes : leaves

veiny, not 3-ribb 'd, but sometimes obscurely triple- nerved.
• Leaves thickish, very smooth, entire, elongated, obscurely veiny : heads rather large.

15. S. SCinpervireilS L. Smooth and stout (l°-8° high); leaves
fleshy, lanceolate, slightly clasping, or the lower lanceolate oblong, obscurely
triple-nerved ; racemes short, in an open or contracted panicle. — Varcs, in less

204 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.;

brackish swamps, with thinner and elongated linear- lanceolate leaves,
to each end, with more erect racemes in a narrower panicle. — Salt marshes, or
rocks on the shore, Maine to Virginia. — Heads showy: the golden rays 8-10.
«- •*- Leaves usually ample, serrate, loosely feather-veined, or rarely slightly trifle-
nerved; heads middle-sized.

16. S. elliptic:!, Ait. Smooth; stem stout (l°-3° high), very leafy;
leaves elliptical or oblong-lanceolate, acute (2' -3' long), closely sessile, slightly
serrate, strongly veined, thick, smooth both sides, shining above; heads in dense
y>miding racemes which are crowded in a close pyramidal panicle ; peduncles and
Hehenia strigose-pubescent. — Swamps (fresh or brackish) near'the coast, New
Jersey, Carey. Rhode Island, Olney. Sept., Oct. — Heads showy, 3" long ; the
rays 8 -12.

17. S. Iieglccta, Torr. & Gray. Smooth; stem stout (2° -3° high);
leaves thickish, smooth both sides, opaque ; the upper oblong-tanceolate, mostly acute
and nearly entire ; the lower ovate-lanceolate or oblong, sharply serrate, tapering
into a petiole ; racemes shoi't and dense, at length spreading, disposed in an elon-
gated or pyramidal close panicle ; peduncles and achcnia nearly glabrous. —
Swamps, Maine to Penn. and Wisconsin. — Heads rather large, crowded; the
racemes at first erect and scarcely one-sided.

18. S. patllla, Muhl. Stem, strongly angled, smooth (3° -5° high); leaves
(4' -8' long) ovate, acute, serrate, pale, very smooth and veiny underneath, but the
upper surface very rough, like shagreen ; racemes rather short and numerous on
the spreading branches. — Swamps ; common.

19. S. argilta, Ait. Smooth throughout (l°-4° high) ; radical and hirer
stem-leaves elliptical or lanceolate-oval, sharply serrate with spreading teeth, pointed,
tapering into winged and ciliate petioles; the. others lanceolate or oblong, slightly
triple-nerved, tapering to each end, the uppermost entire ; racemes dense, nuked, at
length elongated and recurved, forming a crowded and Jlat ccrymb-like panicle ; rat/s
8- 12, small. — Var. 1. JUNCEA has the leaves narrower and less serrate, or
all the upper entire. — Var. 2. SCAKRELLA is somewhat roughish-pnhoscent
(Wisconsin, &c.). — Copses and banks, common, especially the first variety. —
Well distinguished by its long or drooping racemes, and the closely apprcssed
rigid scales of the involucre, small »-ays, &c. But the name is a bad one, as
even the root-leaves are seldom very sharply toothed.

20. S. MlllllCll1>ergii, Torr. & Gr. Smooth; stem ang/id; leaves (large
and thin) ovate, and the upper elliptical-lanceolate, my/ sharply and strongly ser-
rate, pointed at both ends, the lowest on margined petioles; racemes piibtwnit,
tprcatliiH/. disjKHied in an elongated open panicle; rays 6-7, large. — Copses jind
moist woods, N. Hampshire to Fenn. — Racemes much shorter and looser than
in the last ; the involucral scales thin and more slender.

21. S. lillOldcS, Solander. Smooth; stem slender, simple (10' -20' high)-
leaves lanceolate, serrate with small appressed teeth, narrowed at the base, the
lower tapering into margined eiliate petioles, the uppermost oblong; racemes
shoi't, crotnled in one. or 3-4 small one-nidi d panicle* (.')'- 4' long) ; heads small
and few-flowered; rays 1-3. — Bogs, New England (near Boston and Provi-
dence), to the pine barrens of New Jersey.

COMPOSITES. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 205

t- H- + Lccrei broad, not large, sessile or shori-petioled, coarsely and sliarply serrate^
copiously feather-veined ; veinlets conspicuously reticulated : heads small: rays short.

22. S. altlSSima, L. Rough-hairy, especially the stem (2° -7° high) ; leave*
ovate-lanceolate, elliptical or oblong, often thickish and very rugose ; racemes pani-
clecl, spreading ; scales of the involucre linear ; rays 6 - 9 ; the disk-flowers 4-7.
— Bonlers of fields and copses ; very common, presenting a great variety of
forms : but instead of the tallest, as its name denotes, it is usually one of the
lowest of the common Golden-rods.

23. S. ill Ilii folia, Muhl. Stem smooth, the branches hairy; leaves thin,
el' iptical -orate or oblong-lanceolate, pointed, tapering to the base, loosely veined, be-
set with soft hairs beneath ; racemes panicled, recurved-spreading ; scales of the
involucre lanceolate-oblong; rays about 4. — Low copses; common. — To<
near the last; distinguished only by its smooth stem and thin larger leaves.

24. S. Drum ill Olldii, Torr. & Gr. Stem (l°-3° high) and lower sur-
face of the broadly ovate or oval somewhat triple-ribbed leaves minutely velvety -pubes-
cent, some of the leaves almost entire ; racemes panicled, short ; scales of the
involucre oblong, obtuse; rays 4 or 5. — Kocks, Illinois opposite St. Louis, and
southwestward.

•«--»-•*-•»- Leaves entire or nearly so, thickish, reticulate-veiny, but the veins obscure.

25. S. pilossi, Walt. Stem stout, upright (3° -7° high), clothed with spread-
ing hairs, often panicled at the summit ; leai>es oblong-lanceolate, roughish, hairy
beneath, at least on the midrib, serrulate, the upper ovate-lanceolate or oblong
and entire, closely sessile ; racemes many, recurved, crowded in a dense pyram-
idal panicle: rays 7-10, very short. — Low grounds, pine barrens of New
Jersey to Virginia, and southward.

26. S. odora, Ait. (SWEET GOLDEN-ROD.) Smooth or nearly so through-
out: stem slender (2° -3° high), often reclined ; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, shin-
inir, pellucid-dotted; racemes spreading in a small one-sided panicle; rays 3-4,
rather large. — Border of thickets in dry or sandy soil, Vermont and Maine to
Kentucky, and southward. — The crushed leaves yield a pleasant anisate odor.
•«• •«- -t- •*- -i— Leaves grayish or hoary, thickish, feather-veined and slightly triple-
nerved, obscurely serrate or entire; heads middle-sized.

27. S. liemorislis, Ait. Clothed with a minute and close grayish-hoari
(soft or roughish) pubescence; stem simple or corymbed at the summit (^°-2.^'
high) ; leaves oblanceolate or spatulate-oblong, the lower somewhat crenate-
toothed and tapering into a petiole; racemes numerous, dense, at length re-
curved, forming a large and crowded compound raceme or panicle which is
usually turned to one side; scales of the involucre linear-oblong, appressed1
rays 6-9. — Dry sterile fields; veiy common. In the West occur less hoary
and rougher forms.

***** Heads in one-sided spreading or recurved racemes, forming an amplt

h panicle : leaves plainly 3-ribbed, or triple-ribbed.

Scales of- the involucre thickish and rigid, closely imbricated, with somewhat green-
ish tips or midrib : leaves rigid, smooth and shining.
28. S. S 5s 6r(ii, Torr. & Gr. Stem slender, simple (I0*- 3° high), minute-
roughish-pubescent ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, the lower sharply serrate

tfG6 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

above the middle with scattered fine teeth; racemes mostly short in a crowded
panicle ; acheiiia silky-pubescent. — Rocks, at the Falls of the Ohio, &c. — A
kumdsr.aie species : heads 3" long, narrow.

29. S. ftlissourieiisis, Nutt. Smooth throughout '1°- 3° high) ; haves
linear-lanceolate, or the lower broadly lanceolate, tapering to both ends, with very
••oitgh margins, the lower very sharply serrate ; heads and dense crowded racemes
learly as in No. 19 ; achenia nearly glabrous. — Dry prairies, from Illinois south-
ward and westward. — Heads l£"-2" long.

•- •*- Scales of the involucre narrow, thin and membranaceous : racemes mostly elon-
gated and numerous, forming a crowded ample panicle, (These all p resent inter-
mediate forms, and perhaps may be reduced to one polymorphous species.)

30. S. mpestris, Raf. Stem smooth and slender (2° -3° high); lcave»
linear-lanceolate, tapering to both ends, smooth and glabrous, entire, or nearly so ;
panicle narrow; heads very small; rays very short. — Rocky river-banks, Ken-
tacky and Indiana.

31. S. CanadcilSiS, L. Stem rough-hairy, tall and stout (3° -6° high) ;
leaves lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate (sometimes almost entire), more or less
vubescent beticath and rough above ; heads small ; rays very short. — Borders of thick-
ets and fields ; very common. — Varies greatly in the roughness and hairiness of
the stem and leaves, the latter oblong-lanceolate or elongated linear-lanceolate;
— in var. PR6CERA, whitish-woolly underneath; and in var. sc.XiniA also very
rough above, often entire, and rugose-veined.

32. S. SCrotilia, Ait. Stem very smooth, tall and stout (4° -8° high),
often glaucous ; leaves lanceolate, pointed, serrate, roughish above, smooth except
the veins underneath, which are more or less hairy; rays short. — Thickets and low
grounds ; common. — Intermediate in character, and in the si/e of the heads and
rays, between the last and the next.

33. S. gig; ft 11 tea, Ait. Stem stout (3° -7° high), smooth, often glaucous,
leaves quite smooth both sides, lanceolate, taper-pointed, very sharply serrate, ex-
cept the narrowed base, rough-ciliate ; the ample panicle pubescent ; rays rather
long. — Copses and fence-rows ; common : — presenting many varieties, hut with
decidedly larger heads and rays than in the preceding. Seldom very tall.

§ 3. EUTIlAMIA, Nutt. — Corymboscly much branched: h(-ads small, sessile, in
little clusters which are crowded in Jlat-toppcd corymbs ; the closely apnre&ed sralc*
of the involucre somewhat glutinous : receptacle Jimbrillate : rays 6 - 20, short, more
numerous than the disk-Jlowers : leaves narrow, entire, sessile, croinh d.

34. S. lanceolata, L. Leaves lanceolate-linear, 3-5-ncrved, the nerves,
margins, and angles of the branches minutely rough-pubescent ; heads obovoid-
cylindrical, in dense corymbcd clusters; rays 15-20. — River-banks, &c. in
moist soil ; common. — Stem 2° - 4° high : leaves 3' - 5' long.

35. S. teimifolia, Pursh. Smooth, slender ; AV//W vn-</ narrowly linear,
mostly \-nerved, dulled; heads obovoid-i-luh-shaped, in numerous clusters of 2 or
3. disposed in a Urose corymb; rays G-12. — Sandy fields, M:u-.sad inset Is \f
Illinois, and southward ; common near the coast.

COMPOSITJE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 207

2O. BECJEE.OVIA, DC. BAYLESS GOLDEN- ROD.

Heads 3 -4-flowered, the flowers all perfect and tubular : rays none. Invo-
lucre club-shaped, yellowish ; the rigid somewhat glutinous scales linear, closely
imbricated and appressed. Receptacle narrow, with an awl-shaped prolongation
in the centre. Achenia somewhat obconical, hairy. Pappus a single row of
capillary bristles. — A perennial smooth herb; the slender stem (l°-2° high)
simple or branched from the base, naked above, corymbose at the summit, bear-
ing small heads in a flat-topped corymb. Flowers yellow. Leaves scattered,
oblanceolate or linear, 1 - 3-nerved. (Dedicated by De Candolle to Dr. Jacob
Bigelow, author of the Morula Bostoniensis, and of the American Medical
Botany.)

1. 15. lllldata, DC. — Low pine barrens, New Jersey and southward.
Sept.

21. CHRYSdPSIS, Nutt. GOLDEN ASTER.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays numerous, pistillate. Scales of tko
involucre linear, imbricated, without herbaceous tips. Receptacle flat. Achenia
obovate or linear oblong, flattened, hairy. Pappus of all the flowers double,
the outer a set of very short and somewhat chaffy bristles, the inner of elongated
capillary bristles. — Chiefly perennial low herbs, woolly or hairy, with rather
large often corymbose heads terminating the branches. Disk and ray-flowers
yellow. (Name composed of xPva°£> Q°^i an(i &/uf, aspect, from . the golden
blossoms.)

* Leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear : adienia linear.

1. C. gPoififliaiifolia, Nutt. Silvery-silky, with long close-pressed hairs ;
stem slender, naked above, the few heads closely corymbed ; leaves lanceolate or
linear, elongated, grass-like, nerved, shining, entire. — Dry sandy soil, Delaware to
Virginia, and southward. July - Oct.

2. C. fealca.ta, Ell. Stems (4' - 10' high) very woolly; leaves crowded,
linear, rigid, about 3-nerved, entire, somewhat recurved or scythe-shaped, hairy, or
smooth when old, sessile ; heads (small) corymbed. — Dry sandy soil on tha
coast, pine barrens of New Jersey to Nantucket, Massachusetts. Aug.

* % Leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire or slightly serrate, mostly sessile, veined, not
nerved ; achenia obovate, flattened.

3. <C. Cross^pisia,, Nutt. Densely woolly all over ; leaves oblong, obtuse,
(l'-2; long); heads larger than in the next. — Pine barrens, Virginia and
southward. Aug. - Oct.

4. C. ]TIa.via,aia, Nutt. Silky with long and weaJc hairs, or when old
smooth isli; leaves oblong ; heads corymbed, on glandular penduricles. — Dry bar-
rens, from New York and Lancaster, Perm., southward, near the coast. Aug.-
Oct.

5. C. vilSosa, Nutt. Hirsute and villous-pubescent : stem corymbosely
branched, the branches terminated by single short-peduncled heads; leaves nar-
rowly oblong, hoary with rough pubescence (as also the involucre), bristly-ciliate
toward the base. — Dry plains and prairies, Wisconsin to Kentucky, and west-
ward. July - Sept.

208 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

22. tfULA, L. ELECAMPANE.

Outer scales of the involucre sometimes leaf-like. Aeht-nia terete or 4-sided.
Pappus simple, of capillary bristles. Anthers with 2 tails at their base. Oth-
erwise much as in the last genus. (The ancient Latin name.)

1. I. HELENIUM, L. (COMMON ELECAMI-AXE.) Stout (3°-5° high);
leaves large, woolly beneath ; those from the thick root ovate, petioled, the
others partly clasping ; rays very many, narrow. 1J. — Koad-sides, escaped from
cultivation. Aug. — Heads very large. Root mucilaginous. (Adv. from Eu.)

23. PL, tlC HE A, Cass. MARSH FLEABANE.

Heads many-flowered; the flowers all tubular; the central perfect, but sterile,
few, with a 5-cleft corolla ; all the others with a thread-shaped truncate corolla,
pistillate and fertile. Involucre imbricated. Anthers with tails. Achenia
grooved. Pappus capillary, in a single row. — Herbs, somewhat glandular,
emitting a strong and disagreeable or camphoric o<lor, the heads in close com-
pound corymbs. Flowers purplish. (Dedicated to the Abbe Pluche.)

1. P. camptiorata, DC. (SALT-MARSH FLEABANE.) Minuh-ly vis-
cid, pale (l°-2° high) ; leaves scarcely petioled, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, thiek-
ish, obscurely veiny, serrate ; corymb flat; involucre viscid-downy. (5) (Coti)'-
za camphorata, SigeL C. Maryhindica, Pursh.) — Salt marshes, Massachusett8
to Virginia and southward. Aug.

2. P. fwtitla, DC. Almost smooth (2° -4° high) ; haves distinctly petioled,
veiny, oval-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, serrate; corymbs panic-led; invo-
lucre smooth. 1J. — llivcr-bauks, Ohio to Illinois, and southward. Aug.

24. BACCIIARIS, L. GROUNDSEL-TREE.

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular, dioecious, viz. the pistillate and
staminate ilovvers in separate heads borne by different plants. Involucre imbri-
cated. Corolla of the pistillate flowers very slender and thread-like; of the
Btaminate, larger and 5-lobed. Anthers tailless. Achenia ribbed. Pappus of
slender capillary bristles, in the sterile plant scanty and tortuous ; in the fertile
plant very long and copious.- — Shrubs, commonly smooth and resinous or glu-
tinous. Flowers whitish or yellow. (The name of some shrub anciently dedi-
cated to Jl'icr/nis.)

1. B. lialimifolia, L. (SEA GROUNDSEL-TREE.) Smooth nnd some-
what scurfy ; branches angled ; leaves obovate and wedge-form, coarsely
toothed, or the upper entire; heads scattered or in leafy panicles; scales of the
involucre acutieh. — S.-.i l>e:ich, Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward.
Sept.-Oct. — Shrub 6°-li>° hi.^h; the fertile plant conspicuous in autumn by
its very long and white pappus.

2. B. glonicreilifiora, JYrs. Leaves spatulate-oblong ; heads large;,
sessile in the axils or in clusters; scales of the bell-shaped involucre broader
and very obtuse: otherwise like the last. — Pine barrens, Virginia near the
coast, and southward.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 202

25. POI^MIVIA, L. LEAP-CUP.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays several, pistillate and fertile ; the
disk-flowers perfect, but sterile. Scales of the involucre in two rows ; the o.;ter
about 5, leaf-like, large and spreading ; the inner small and membranaceous,
partly embracing the thickened round-obovoid achenia. Receptacle ilat, with a
membranaceous chaff to each flower. Psrppus none. — Tall branching peren-
nial herbs, viscid-hairy, exhaling a heavy odor. Leaves large and thin, oppo-
site, or the uppermost alternate, lobed, and with dilated appendages like stipules
at the base. Heads in panicled corymbs. Flowers light yellow. (Dedi-
cated to one of the Muses, for no imaginable reason, as the plants are coarse
and inelegant.)

1. P. CaiKlde llSiS, L. Clammy-hairy; lower leaves deeply pinnatifid,
the uppermost triangular-ovate and 3-5-lobed or angled, petioled; rays fru,
ofjovate or wedye-form, shorter than the involucre, whitish-yellow. — Moist shaded
ravines, W. New York to Wisconsin, and southward along the mountains.
July - Sept.

2. P. UvcdiUia, L. Roughish-hairy, stout (4° -10° high) ; leaves broadly
ovate, angled and toothed, nearly sessile ; the lower palmately lobed, abruptly
narrowed into a winged petiole ; outes involucral scales very large ; rays 10-15,
linear-oblong, much longer than the inner scales of the involucre, yellow. — Rich soil,
W. New York to 'Illinois and southward. Aug.

26. CHRYSOGONUM, L. CHRYSOGONDM.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays about 5, pistillate and fertile ; the
disk-flowers perfect but sterile. Involucre of about 5 exterior leaf-like oblong
scales, which exceed the disk, and as many interior shorter and chaff-like concave
scales. Receptacle flat, with a linear chaff to each disk-flower. Achenia all
in the ray, obovate, obcompressed, 4-angled, each one partly enclosed by the
short scale of the involucre behind it ; those of the disk-flowers abortive. Pap-
pus a small chaffy crown, 2-3-toothed, and split down the inner side. — A low
(2' -6' high), hairy, perennial herb, nearly stemless when it begins to flower, the
flowerless shoots forming runners. Leaves opposite, ovate or spatulate, crenate,
long-petioled. Heads single, long-peduncled. Flowers yellow. (Name com-
posed of xpvaos, golden, and yovv, knee.)

1. C. VirgilliiYllUin, L. Dry soil, from Pennsylvania (Mcrceisburg,
Porto-) and Illinois southward. May -Aug. — Rays £' long.

27. SILPHIUM, L. RC^N

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays numerous, pistillate and fertile, their
broad flat ovaries imbricated in 2 or 3 rows ; the disk-flowers perfect, but sterile.
Scales of the broad and flattish involucre imbricated in several rows, broad and
with loose leaf-like summits, except the innermost, which are small and rescrn
ble the linear chaff of the flat receptacle. Achenia broad and flat, obcompressert,
surrounded by a wing which is notched at the top, destitute of pappus, or with
2 teeth confluent with th« winged margin : achenia of th<>. disk sterile and stalk

210 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

like. — Coarse and tall rough perennial herbs, with a copious resinous juice,
and large corymbose-pauicled yellow-flowered heads. (2tX<£noi/, the ancient
name of a plant which produced some gum-resin (assafcetida?), was transferred
by Linnaeus to this American genus.)

# Stem terete, naked above, alternate-leaved near the base (root very large and thick).

1. S. laciniiYtlini, L. (ROSIN-WEED. COMPASS-PLANT.) Very rough-
bristly throughout ; stem stout (3° - 6° Tiigh.) ; leaves pinnately parted, petioled but
dilated and clasping at the base ; their divisions lanceolate or linear, acute, cut-
lobed or pinnatifid, rarely entire; heads few (l'-2' broad), somewhat racemed ;
scales of the involucre ovate, tapering into long and spreading rigid points ; achenia
broadly winged and deeply notched. — Prairies, Michigan and Wisconsin, thenc«
southward and westward. July. Lower leaves 12' -30' long, ovate in outline;
on the wide open prairies, said to present their edges uniformly north and south,
and hence called Compass-Plant.

2. S. terebiiitliinaccain, L. (PRAIRIE DOCK.) Stem smooth, slen-
tier (4°- 10° high), panicled at the summit and bearing many (small) heads,
leafless except towards the. base; leaves ovate and ovate-oblong, somewhat heart-
shaped, serrate-toothed, thick, rough, especially beneath (l°-2° long, and on
slender petioles) ; scales of the involucre roundish, obtuse, smooth ; achenia nar-
rowly winged, slightly notched and 2-toothed. — Var. riNNAT.fFi.DUJi has the
leaves deeply cut or pinnatifid, but varies into the ordinary form. — Prairies
and oak-openings, Ohio to Wisconsin and southward. July - Sept.

* •%• Stem terete 01 slightly 4-angled, leafy : leaves undivided (not. large).

3. S. trifolifitum, L. Stem smooth, often glaucous, rather slender (4° -6°
high), branched above, stenWeayes lanceolate, pointed, entire or scarcely serrate,
rough, short-petioled, in whorls of 3 or 4, the uppermost opposite ; heads loosed
panicled ; achenia rather broadly winged, and sharply 2-toothed at the top. —
Dry plains and banks, W. New York to Wisconsin and southward. Aug.

4. S. AstCl'iSCUS, L. Stem hispid (2° -4° high); leaves opposite, or the
hwer in whorls of 3, the upper alternate, oblong or oval-lanceolate, coarsely toothed,
rarely entire, rough-hairy, the upper sessile ; heads nearly solitary (large) ; ache-
uia obovate, winged and 2-toothed. — Dry sandy soil, Virginia and southward.

5. S. int<>gri folium, Michx. Stem rough, rather stout (2° -4° high),
rigid, 4-angular and grooved ; leaves all opposite, rigid, lanreolute-orate, entire
tapering to a sharp point from a roundish lu-art-x/m/w:! and partly dnsping 6asr,
rough-pubescent or nearly smooth, thick (3' -5' long) ; heads in a close forking
corymb, short-pcdunclcd ; achenia broadly winged and deeply notched. — Var.
OKVE has the stem and leaves smooth or nearly so. — Prairies, Michigan to
Wisconsin, and southward. Aug.

# * * Stem square: leaves opposite, connate (thin and large, G'- 15' long).

6. S. peiToEiatUin, L. (Cup-PLANT.) Stem stout, often branched
above (4° -8° high) ; leaves ovate, coarsely toothed, the upper united by their
bases and forming a cup-shaped disk, the lower abruptly narrowed into winged
petioles which are connate by their bases; heads corymbose; achentti winged
and variously notched. — Rich soil along streams, Michigan to Wisconsin, and
southward ; common. July.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 2il

28. PARTIIENIUM, L. PARTHENIDM.

Heads many-flowered, inconspicuously radiate ; the 5 ray-flowers with very
short and broad obcordate ligules not projecting beyond the woolly disk, pistil-
late and fertile ; the disk-flowers starainate with imperfect styles, sterile. Invo-
lute hemispherical, of 2 ranks of short ovate or roundish scales. Receptacle
conical, chaffy. Achenia only in the ray, obcompressed, surrounded by a slen-
der callous margin, crowned with the persistent ray-corolla and a pappus of 2
small chaffy scales. — Leaves alternate. Heads small, corymbed ; the flowers
whitish. (An ancient name of some plant, from TrapOevos, virgin.)

1. P. iiitegi'i folium, L. Rough-pubescent (l°-3°high); leaves ob-
long or ovate, crenate-toothed, or the lower (3' -6' long) cut-lobed below the
middle ; heads many, in a dense flat corymb. 1J. — Dry soil, Maryland to Wis-
consin, and southward.

2O. IV A, L. MARSH ELDER. HIGHWATER-SHRUB.

Heads several-flowered, not radiate; the pistillate fertile and the staminate
sterile flowers in the same heads, the former few (1-5) and marginal, with a
small tubular corolla ; the latter with a funnel-form 5-toothed corolla. Scales
of the involucre few, roundish. Receptacle small, with narrow chaff among
the flowers. Achenia obovoid or lenticular. Pappus none. — Herbaceous or
shrubby coarse plants, with thickish leaves, the lower opposite, and small
greenish-white heads on short recurved peduncles in the axils of the leaves or
of bracts. (Derivation unknown.)

1. I. frutescens, L. Shrubby at the base, nearly smooth (3° -8° high);
leaves oval or lanceolate, coarsely and sharply toothed, rather fleshy, the upper
reduced to linear bracts, in the axils of which the heads are disposed, forming
leafy panicled racemes ; fertile flowers and scales of the involucre 5. — Salt
marshes, coast of Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward. Aug.

2. I. CilifBta, Willd. Annual (2° -8° high), rough and hairy; leaves ovate,
pointed, coarsely toothed, downy beneath, on slender ciliate petioles ; heads in dense
panicled spikes, with conspicuous ovate-lanceolate rough-ciliate bracts ; scales
of the involucre and fertile flowers 3-5. — Moist ground, from Illinois south-
ward. Aug. - Oct.

'

30. AMBROSIA, Tourn. RAGWEED.

Sterile and fertile flowers occupying different heads on the same plant ; tho
fertile 1-3 together and sessile in the axil of leaves or bracts, at the base of tho
racemes or spikes of sterile heads. Sterile involucres flattish or top-shaped,
composed of 7 - 12 scales united into a cup, containing 5-20 funnel form stami-
nate flowers ; with slender chaff intermixed, or none. Fertile involucre (fruit)
oblong or top-shaped, closed, pointed, and usually with 4-8 tubercles or horns
near the top in one row, enclosing a single flower which is composed of a pistil
only ; the elongated branches of the style protruding. Achenia ovoid : pappua
none. — Chiefly annual coarse weeds, with opposite or alternate U he«l cv dis

(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

sected leaves, and inconspicuous greenish or whitish flowers. ('A/i/3po<r«z, the
food of tlie gods, an ill-chosen name for these worthless and coarse weeds.)

$ 1 . Sterile heads sessile, crowded in a dense cylindrical spike, the top-shaped involucre
with the truncate margin extended on one side into a large, lanceolate, hooded,
recurved, bristly-hairy tooth or appendage ; fertile involucre oblong and ^-angled.

1. A. bideiltata, Michx. Hairy (1° -3° high), very leafy; leaves al-
ternate, lanceolate, partly clasping, nearly entire, except a short lobe or tooth
on each side near the hase. Q) — Prairies of Illinois and southward. Aug.

§ 2. Sterile heads in single or panicled racemes or spikes, the involucre regular.
* Leaves opposite, only lobetl: sterile involucre 3-ribbcd on one side.

2. A. trifida, L. (GREAT RAGWEED.) Stem square, stout (4°-12°
high), rough-hairy, as are the large deeply 3-lobed leaves, the lobes oval-lanceo-
late and serrate ; petioles margined ; fruit obovate, 6-ribbcd and tubercled. (D
— Var. iNTEGRir6LiA is only a smaller form, with the upper leaves or all of
them undivided, ovate or oval. — Moist river-banks ; common. Aug.

* # Leaves many of them alternate, once or twice pinnatifid.

3. A. arteniisirefolia, L. (ROMAN WORMWOOD. HOG-WEED. BIT-
TER-WEED.) Much branched (l°-3° high), hairy or roughish-pubesccnt ;
leaves thin, twice-pinnatijid, smoothish above, paler or hoary beneath ; fruit obo-
void or globular, armed with about 6 short acute teeth or spines. ® — Waste
places everywhere. July - Sept. — An extremely variable weed, with finely
cut leaves, embracing several nominal species.

4. A. psilOStacliya, DC. Paniculate-branched (2° -5° high), rough
and somewhat hoary with short hispid hairs; leaves once pinnatifid, tlnckiah, the
lobes acute, those of the lower leaves often incised ; fruit obovoid, without tuber-
cles or with very small ones, pubescent, (l) (A. coronopifolia, Torr. $* Gr.) —
Prairies and plains, Illinois and south westward. Aug.

31. XANTIIIUITI, Tourn. COCKLEBCR. CLOTHUR.

Sterile and fertile flowers occupying different heads on the same plant ; the
latter clustered below, the former in short spikes or racemes above. Sterile
involucres and flowers as in Ambrosia, but the scales separate. Fertile invo-
lucre closed, coriaceous, ovoid or oblong, clothed with hooked prickles so as to
form a rough bur, 2-celled, 2-flowered ; the floors consisting of a pistil with a
slender thread-form corolla. Achenia oblong, flat; destitute of pappus.-—
Coarse and vile weeds, with annual roots, low and branching stout steins, and
alternate toothed or lobed petioled leaves. (Name from £dv6os, yellow, in allu
sion to the color the plants are said to yield.)

1. X. striuiiariinii, L. (COMMON COCKLEBUR.) Rough; stems un-
armed; leaves dilated-triangular and more or less heart-shaped, on long petioles,
toothed and cut or obscurely lobed; fruit oval or oblong (£ -§' long), pubes
cent on the lower part of and between the hooked prickles, and with two strong
and usually straight beaks at the summit. — Barn-yards, &c. (Nat. from Eu ) —
Varies inlo forms -vith more spotted stems, and often larger fruit (%'-!' long),

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY., 213

which is cither glabrous, glandular, or glandular hairy, the prickles longci and
the beaks often incurved. (X. Canadcnse, Mill., £c.) — River-hanks, &<_•., com
rnon westward ; apparently indigenous. And tkis passes into

Var. CCllilltatum. (X. echinatum, Man-., &c.) Fruit turgid (!' long),
thickly clothed with long prickles, glandular-hispid, the beaks commonly in-
curved. — Sandy sea-shore, and along the Great Lakes and rivers. Perhaps an
immigrant from farther south. Now scattered over the warm parts of die world.

li. X. SPINOSUM, L. (THORNY CLOTBUR.) Iloary-pubeseent ; stems slen-
der, with slender yellow '^-parted spines at the base of the lanceolate or ovate*
lanceolate leaves ; these taper into a short petiole, are white-downy beneath, often
2-3-lobed or cut; fruit (£' long) pointed with a single short beak. — Waste places
oil the sea-b<5ard. Sept. -Nov. (Nat. from Trop. Amer. ?}

32. TETRAGOTCOTHECA, Dill. TETRAGONOTHKCA.

Heads many -flowered, radiate ; the rays 6-9, fertile. Involucre double ; the
outer of 4 large and leafy ovate scales, which are united below by their margins
into a 4-angled or winged cup ; the inner of as many small and chaffy scales as
there are ray-flowers, and partly clasping their achenia. Receptacle convex or
conical, with narrow and membranaccous chaff between the flowers. Achenia
roundish and obovoid, flat at the top. Pappus none. — An erect perennial herb,
viscidly hairy when young, with opposite and coarsely toothed oval or oblong
leaves, their sessile bases sometimes connate, and large single heads of pale
yellow flowers, on terminal peduncles. (Name compounded of TeTpdywos,
four-angled, and OrjKrj, a case, from the shape of the involucre.)

1. T. lieliantSloides, L. — Sandy soil, Virginia and southward. June

33. ECLIPTA, L. ECLIPTA.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays short, fertile ; the disk-flowers per
feet, 4-toothed. Scales of the involucre 10-12, in 2 rows, leaf-like, oVate-lan-
ceolate. Receptacle flat, with almost bristle-form chaff between the flowers.
Achenia short, 3-4-sided, or in the disk laterally flattened, roughened on the
sides, hairy at the summit; the pappus none, or an obscure denticulate crown. —
Annual or biennial rough herbs, with slender stems and opposite lanceolate or
oblong leaves. Heads solitary, small. Flowers whitish : anthers brown. (Name
from cVcXtarv, to be deficient, alluding to the absence of pappus.)

1. E. procumbens, Michx. Rough with close appressed hairs ; stems
procumbent, creeping, or ascending; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute at each
end, sessile, slightly serrate; peduncles many times longer than the head. -
Var. BRACHYPODA has the peduncles not more than twice the length of the
heads. — Wet river-banks, Penn. to Illinois, arid southward. June - Oct.

34. BO It RICH I A, Adans. SEA OX-EYE.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays fertile. Scales of the hemispherical
involucre imbricated. Receptacle flat, covered with lanceolate rigid and per-
sistent chaff. Achenia somewhat wedge-shaped, 3- 4-anglcd. Pappus a short

214: COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.^

4-toothcd crown. — Shrubby low maritime plants, coriaceous or fleshy, with
opposite nearly entire leaves, and solitary peduncled terminal heads of yellow
Sowers : anthers blackish. (Named for Olof Borrich, a Danish botanist.)

1. B. frutcsceiiS, DC. Whitened with a minute silky pubescence
(6'- 12' high) ; leaves spatulate-oblong or lanceolate, often toothed near the
base; chaff rigidly pointed. — Virginia and southward.

35. IIEL.IOPSIS, Pers. OX-EYE.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays 10 or more, fertile. Scales of the
involucre in 2 or 3 rows ; the outer leaf-like and somewhat spreading, the inner
shorter than the disk. Receptacle conical : chaff linear. Achenia smooth, 4-
angular. Pappus none, or a mere border. — Perennial herbs, like Helianthus.
Heads showy, peduncled, terminating the stem or branches Leaves opposite,
petiolcd, triple-ribed, serrate. Flowers yellow. (Name composed of 17X10$,
the sun, and etyas, appearance, from a resemblance to the Sunflower.)

1. II. lie vis, Pers. Nearly smooth (l°-4° high) ; leaves ovate-lanceo-
late or oblong-ovate. — Var. scABRA has roughish foliage, and the involucre
somewhat hoaiy . — Banks and copses ; common. Aug.

36. ECIIINACEA, Mcench. PURPLE CONE-FLOWER.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays very long, drooping, pistillate but
sterile. Scales of the involucre imbricated, lanceolate, spreading. Receptacle
conical ; the lanceolate chaff tipped with a cartilaginous point, longer than the
disk-flowers. Achenia thick and short, 4-sided. Pappus a small toothed border.
— Perennial herbs, with the stout and nearly simple stems naked above and ter-
minated by a single large head ; the leaves chiefly alternate, 3-5-nerved. Rays
rose-purple, rather persistent ; disk purplish. (Name formed from 'E^u/os, the
Hedgehog, or Sea-urchin, in allusion to the spiny chaff of the disk.)

1. E. purptlrea, Mcench. Leaves rough, often serrate ; the lowos*
ovate, 5-nerved, veiny, long-petioled ; the others ocate-lanceolate ; involucre imbri-
cated in 3-5 rows; stem smooth, or in one variety (E. scrotum, DC.) rough
bristly, as well as the leaves. — Prairies and banks, from W. Penn. and Ohio
southward and westward. July. — Rays 15 -20, dull purple (rarely whitish).
l'-2' long. Root thick, black, very pungent to the taste, used in popular med
icine under the name of Blade Sampson.

2. E. angtistifolia, DC. Leaves, as well as the slender simple stem,
bristly-hairy, lanceolate and linear-lanceolate, 3-nerved, entire; involucre less imbri-
cated ; rays 12-15 (2' long), rose-color or red. — Plains, from Illinois and Wis-
consin southwestward. Jane -Aug.

37. RUDBECKIA, L. CONE-FLOWER.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays neutral. Scales of the involucre
leaf-like, in about 2 rows, spreading. Receptacle conical or eolumrai , the short
chaff concave, not rigid. Achenia 4-angular, smooJi, not margined, flat at the

(COMPOSITE FAMILT.) 215

top, with no pappus, or a minute crown-like border. — Chiefly perennial herbs,
with alternate leaves, and showy heads terminating the stem or branches ; iho
rays generally long and drooping, yellow. (Named in honor of the Professors
Rudbeck, father and son, predecessors of Linnasus at Upsal. )

* Disk columnar in fruit, dull greenish-yellow : leaves divided and cut.

1. R. laciniata, L. Stem smooth, branching (3° -7° high); leaves
smooth or roughish, the lowest pinnate, with 5-7 cut or 3-lobed leaflets ; upper
leaves irregularly 3 - 5-parted ; the lobes ovate-lanceolate, pointed, or the upper-
most undivided ; heads long-peduncled ; chaff truncate and downy at the tip ;
rays linear (l'-2' long), drooping. — Low thickets; common. July- Sept.

* # Disk globular, pale brownish : lower leaves 3-parted : receptacle sweet-scented.

2. R. Sllbtomcntosa, Pursh. Stem branching above (3° -4° high),
downy, as well as the lower side of the ovate or ovate-lanceolate serrate leaves ;
heads short-peduncled ; chaff downy at the blunt apex. — Prairies, Wisconsin,
Illinois, and southward.

* * * Disk broadly conical, dark purple or brown : leaves undivided, except No. 3.

3. R. triloba, L. Hairy, much branched (2° -5° high), the branches
Blender and spreading ; upper leaves ovate-lanceolate, sparingly toothed, the lower
3-lobed, tapering at the base, coarsely serrate (those from the root pinnately parted
or undivided) ; rays 8, oval or oblong ; chaff of the black-purple disk smooth,
awned. (2) — Dry soil, Penn. to Illinois, and southward. Aug. — Heads small,
but numerous and showy.

4. R. Speciosa, Wender. Roughish-hairy (l°-2° high), branched; the
branches upright, elongated and naked above, terminated by single large heads ;
leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, petioled, 3 - 5-nerved, coarsely
and unequally toothed or incised ; involucre much shorter than the numerous elon-
gated (!'- 1^') rays ; chaff of the dark purple disk acutish, smooth. — Dry soil,
W. Penn. to Ohio and Virginia. July.

5. R. fulgida, Ait. Hairy, the branches naked at the summit and bear-
ing single heads ; leaves spatulate-oblong or lanceolate, partly clasping, triple-nerved,
the upper entire, mostly obtuse ; rays about 12, equalling or exceeding the involucre ;
chaff of the dark purple disk nearly smooth and blunt. — Dry soil, Penn. to
Kentucky and southward. — Variable, l°-3° high : the rays orange-yellow.

6. R. llirta, L. Very rough and bristly-hairy throughout ; stems simple
or branched near the base, stout (l°-2° high), naked above, bearing single
large heads ; leaves nearly entire ; the upper oblong or lanceolate, sessile ; the lower
spatulate, triple-nerved, petioled ; rays (about 14) more or less exceeding the
involucre; chaff of the dull brown disk hairy at the tip, acutish. — Dry soil, \V.
New York to Wisconsin and southward. Wow common eastward, in meadows,
of recent introduction, with grass-seed from the West. June — Aug. Coarser
and less showy than the preceding, variable in the size of the rays.

38. LEPACIIYS, Raf. (OBELISCARIA, DO.)

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays few, neutral. Scales of the involucre
few and small, spreading. Reoeptacle oblong or columnar: the chaff truncate.

216 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

thickened, and bearded at the tip, partly embracing the flattened and margined
adicnia. Pappus none, or 2 teeth. — Perennial, herbs, with alternate pinnate
leaves ; the grooved stems or branches naked above, and terminated by single
showy heads. Rays yellow or party-colored, large and drooping ; the disk gray-
ish. (Name from AeTri'r, a scale, and ira\vs, thick, referring to the thickened tips
of the chaff.)

1. L,. pinnflta., Torr. & Gr. Hoary with minute appressed hairs, slen-
der (4° high), brandling; leaflets 3-7, lanceolate, acute; disk oblong, much
shorter than the large and drooping light-yellow rays (which are 2' long). —
Dry soil, from Chatauque County, New York (Sartwell), to Wisconsin and
southward. July. — The receptacle exhales an anisate odor when bruised.
Achenia slightly margined on the inner edge, obscurely 2-toothed at the top.

39. HE LI AN XII US, L. SUNFLOWER

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays several or many, neutral. Involucre
Imbricated. Receptacle flattish or convex ; the persistent chaft' embracing the
4-sidcd and laterally compressed achenia, which arc neither winged nor mar-
gined. Pappus very deciduous, of 2 thin chaffy-awned scales on the principal
angles of the achenium, and often 2 or more little intermediate scales. — Coarse
and stout herbs (often exuding a resin), with solitary or corymbed heads, and
yellow rays : flowering towards autumn. (Name from i^Xtoy, the sun, and av6os,
a flower.) — All our wild species are perennial.

# Disk convex, dark purple : leaves opjwsite, or the upper alternate.
•*- Scales of the involucre tapering into narrow and spreading herbaceous tips.

1. II. ailgrustifolillS, L. Stem slender (2° -6° high); leaves long and
linear, sessile, entire, with revolute margins, 1 -nerved, pale beneath ; heads
(small) loosely corymbed, long-pcduncled. — Low pine barrens, New Jersey to
Kentucky and southward.

•*- •*- Scales of the. involucre regularly imbricated and appressed, ovate or broadly
lanceolate, obtuse, cilidte, destitute of herbaceous tij)s. (Leaves nearly all opposite.)

2. H. atroi'llbCIlS, L. Rough-hairy; stem slender (2°- 5° high), smooth,
and naked and forking above ; leaves thin, ovate or oval, or the lowest heart-shaped
(3'-6' long), sen-ate, abruptly conti-acted into a margined petiole; heads small,
corymbed; rays 10-16; pappus of 2 fringed scales. — Dry soil, Virginia, Illi-
nois, and southward.

3. II. rigidllS, Desf. Stem stout (l°-3° high), simple or sparingly
biandied, rough; leaves very thick and ri(/id, rough both sides, oblong-lanceolate,
usually pointed at both ends, nearly sessile, slightly serrate, the lowest oval ;
\ia\(\< nearly solitary, pretty large; rays 20-25; pappus of 2 large and often
several small scales. — Dry prairies, Michigan to Illinois, and westward.

* # Disk convex, yellow : scales of tlie involucre regularly imbricated and appressed,
with sonicu'hat spretiih'ng and acute (but not foliaceous) tips : leaves chiefly oppetttt*

4. II. laitiflorus, Pers. Stout and rough (3° -4° high), brandling above;
leaves oval-lanceolate, very rough both sides, narrowed into short petioles, serrate, taper-
pointed, the iiMpc'-uiost alternate and nearly er ire; heads single or corymbed,

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 217

ou naked peduncles ; scales of the involucre ovatr -lanceolate, pointed, ciliale. —
Dry open places, Ohio to Illinois, and southward — Leaves almost as thick aa
in No. 3. Ruys showy, l'-2' long.

5. II. OCCidciitiiliS, Riddell. Somewhat hairy; stem slender, simple,
naked above (i°-3° high, and sending out runners from the base), beam:.; 1-5
small heads on long peduncles ; lowest leaves oval or lanceolate-ovate, 3-nerved,
obscurely serrate, roughish-pubescent beneath, abruptly contracted into fang hairy peti-
oles; the upper small and remote (all opposite), entire; scales of the involucre
oval-lanceolate, pointed, ciliate. — Dry barrens, Ohio to Wisconsin, Kentucky,
and southward.

6. II. ciliereus, var. Sullivan His, Torr. & Gr. Gray with a dose
roughish pubescence ; stem branching above, hairy ; leaves ovate-oblong, sessile by a
narrowed base, acute, obscurely serrate ; the upper small and remote ; peduncles
nlender; scales of the involucre lanceolate, hoary. — Darby Plains, Ohio, Sulli-
vant. Stem 2° -3° high, bearing few heads as large as those of the next.

7. H. Iliollis, Lam. Stem clothed with soft white hairs, simple, leafy to
the top (2° -4° high); leaves ovate, with a broad heart-shaped and clasping base,
pointed, nearly entire, hoary above, very soft white-woolly and reticulated under-
neath ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, downy. — Barrens and prairies, Ohio
to Illinois, and westward.

* * * Heads small : scales of the involucre few, shorter than the yellow disk, irregu-
larly imbricated, appressed, the outer with spreading foliaceous pointed tips : rays
5 - 8 : leaves all but the uppermost opposite.

8. II. niicroc£i>lia!u§, Torr. & Gr. Stem smooth (3° -8° high), with
numerous slender branches above ; leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, some-
what serrate, veiny, pctioled, rough above, downy or hairy underneath ; pedun-
cles slender, rough ; scales of the involucre ovate and ovate-lanceolate, ciliate.
— Thickets, W. Pcnn. to Illinois, and southward. — Heads J' broad, the rays
nearly 1' long.

9. II. IcCVigatus, Torr. & Gr. Stem slender (l°-4° high), simple or
sparingly branched, very smooth and glabrous throughout, as well as the slightly
serrate lanceolate leaves. — Dry soil, Allcghany Mountains, west of the Warm
Springs of Virginia, and southward.

# * * * Pleads middle-sized or large : scales of the ini'olucre irregularly imbricated,

loose, with spreading foliaceous tips, as long as the yelloic disk or longer.
f Leaves chiefly alternate or scattered, feather-veined, sometimes obscure/// triple-ribbed,

10. II. grigiintCUS, L. Stem hairy or rough (3° - 10° high), branched
above ; leaves lanceolate, pointed, serrate, very rough above, rough-hairy beneath,
narrowed and ciliate at the base, but nearly sessile; scales of the involucre long,
linear-lanceolate, pointed, hairy, or strongly ciliate. — Var. AMiifouus has most
of the leaves opposite and closely sessile by an obtuse base, and approaches No.

— Low thickets and swamps; common. Heads somewhat corymbccl : the
yellow rays 1 5 - 20.

11. H. gTOSSe-SCrrsttUS, Martens. Stem smooth and ghncons, at least
fxdow (5° 10° high) ; leaves elongated-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, tapes

£;

218 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

pointed, serrate, rough above, rounded or acute at the base, petioted, rough
above, lioary and downy beneath; scales of the involucre lance-awl-shaped, slight-
ly ciliate. — Dry plains, Ohio to Illinois, and southwestward — Probably runs
into the last.

12. H. tOIlientOSUS, Michx. Stem hairy, stout (4° -8° high); leaves
oblong-lanceolate, or the lowest ovate, taper-pointed, obscurely serrate, large (5'- 12
long), somewhat petioled, very rough above, soft-downy beneath; scales of the in-
volucre with very long and spreading tips, hairy, the chuff and tips of the disk-
flowers pubescent. (Disk 1' broad; rays 12-16, 1' long.) — Rich woods, Illi-
nois 1 Virginia and southward along the mountains.

•*- •*- Leaves opposite, or the uppermost alternate, 3-nerved or triple-ribbed.

13. II. StruniOSUS, L. Stem rather simple (3° -4° high), smooth bo
low ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, tapering gradually to a point, serrate with small appressed
teeth, abruptly contracted into short margined petioles, rough above, whitish and
naked or minutely downy underneath ; scales of the involucre broadly lanceolate
with spreading tips, equalling the disk; rays mostly 10. — Var. MOLL is has the
leaves softly downy underneath. — River-banks and low copses ; common, espe-
cially westward.

14. H. divaricfrtlis, L. Stem simple or forked and corymbed at the
top (l°-4° high) smooth; leaves all opposite and divaricate, ovate-lanceolate, 3-
nervedjrom the rounded or truncate sessile base, tapering gradually to a sharp point
(3' -6' long), serrate, thickish, rough both sides; scales of the involucre lanceolate
from a broad base, pointed, equalling the disk ; rays 8-12. — Thickets and bar-
rens; common. — Disk £' wide; rays 1' long.

15. H. llirsiltllS, Raf. Stem simple or forked above, stout (1°- 2° high),
bristly-hairy ; leaves more or less petioled, ovate-lanceolate, gradually pointed, slightly
serrate, rounded or obtuse at the base, very rough above, rough-hairy underneath;
scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, pointed, equalling the disk ; rays about
12. — Dry plains, &c., Ohio to Illinois, and southward. — Too near the last.

16. II. traclicliifolius, Willd. Stem loosely branched, tall, hairy;
leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, sharply serrate,
smootkish or roughish-pubescent both sides, contracted into sln>rt petioles; scales of
the involucre lanceolate-linear, elongated and very taper-pointed, loose, exceed-
ing the disk ; rays 12-15. — Copses, Penn. 1 Ohio to Illinois, and southward. —
Probably runs into the next.

17. II. dccapetalllS, L. Stem branching (3° -6° high), smocth be-
low; leaves thin and green both sides, smooth or rough! sh, orate, coarsely serrate,
pointed, abruptly contracted into margined petioles; scales of the involucre
lanceolate-linear, elongated, loosely spreading, the outer longer than the disk ;
rays a/>out 10. — Var. FROND6sus has the outer involucral scales foliaceous or
changing to leaves. — Copses and low banks of streams; common, especially
northward. (11. multiflorus, L., is probably a cultivated stale of this.)

18. II. doroiiiCOldes, Lam. Stem stout (5°-!)° high), branching,
rough-Jiainj ubor<- : hares ovate or oblong-lanceolate, pointed, sem//<., stmnyfy triple
vdnt-d, rough above, smoothish or doumy underneath, the lower often heart-shaped

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 219

and on margined petioles; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, pointed,
scarcely exceeding the disk; rays 12-15. — River-bottoms, Ohio to Illinois and
southward. — A coarse species, with showy heads, and ample thickish leaves
(the lower often 1° long) ; the upper ones frequently alternate. This is most
probably the original of

H. TUBER6sus, L., the JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE, (i. e. Girasole of the Ital-
ians, meaning the same as sunflower, and corrupted in England into Jerusalem),
which has all the upper leaves alternate. It has escaped from old gardens into
fence-rows in some places.

H. A.NNUUS, L., the COMMON SUNFLOWER, which sometimes sows itself
around dwellings, belongs to the annual section of the genus, with large flat
heads and a brownish disk. It probably belongs to the warmer parts of North
America.

4O. ACTINOMERIS, Nutt. ACTINOMERIS.

Heads many-flowered ; the rays few or several, neutral, or rarely none. In-
volucre foliaceous, nearly equal, in 1 to 3 rows. Receptacle convex or conical,
shaffy ; the chaff embracing the outer margin of the flat (laterally compressed)
»nd winged achenia. Pappus of 2 smooth persistent awns. — Tall and branch-
ing perennial herbs, with serrate feather-veined leaves, tapering to the base and
mostly decurrent on the stem. Heads corymbed : flowers chiefly yellow. (Name
from aKTiV, a ray, and p-cpis) a part ; alluding to the fewness or irregularity of
the rays.)

1. A. squarrosa, Nutt. Stem somewhat hairy and winged above (4° -8°
high) ; leaves alternate or the lower opposite, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, point-
ed at both ends ; heads in an open corymbed panicle ; scales of the involucre in
2 rows, the outer linear-spatulate, reflexed ; rays 4-10, irregular ; achenia broad-
ly winged; receptacle globular. — Rich soil, W. New York (Sartwell) to Michi-
gan, Illinois, and southward. Sept.

2. A. lieliailtlftOldes, Nutt. Stem hairy (l°-3° high), widely winged
by the ovate-lanceolate sessile alternate leaves, which are rough above and soft-
hairy beneath ; heads few ; scales of the involucre not spreading ; rai/s 8-15,
regular, narrow ; achenia oval, slightly winged, tipped with 2 fragile brisLy
awns; receptacle conical. — Prairies and copses, Ohio to Illinois, and south-
ward. July.

41. COREOPSIS, L. TICKSEED.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays mostly 8, neutral, rarely wanting.
Involucre double ; each of about 8 scales, the outer rather foliaceous and some-
what spreading; the inner broader and appressed, nearly membranaceous.
Receptacle flat, with membranaceous chaff deciduous with the fruit. Achenia
flat (compressed parallel with the scales of the involucre), often winged, not
beaked or narrowed at the top, 2-toothed, 2-awned, or sometimes naked at tne
summit, the awns never barbed downwardly. — Herbs, generally with opposite
leaves, and yellow or party-colored, rarely purple, rays. (Name from *of>.y,
a bug, and o^ris, resemblance; from the form of the fruit.) See Addend.

220 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

$ 1. Corolla of the ray and disk yellow : branches of the style tipped with a poinfa*

or acute appendage.

Achenia wingless, wedge-oblong, flat, 2-awned or Z-toothed : scales of the cuter invif
lucre leafy, re flexed: leaves opjnsile, petioled, generally pinnately or ternately com-
pound, the leaflets serrate : biennials? (Plants with the aspect of Bidens, bur
the uwns barbed upwardly.)

+-Rays wanting.

1. C. discoidea, Torr. & Gr. Smooth, diffusely branched; leaves ter-
nately divided; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, pointed, coarsely serrate; heads panicu-
late-corymbed ; outer involucre of 3 - 5 foliaceous bracts usually much longer than
tlie heads ; achenia hairy ; the awns or teeth as long as the corolla, barbed upward.
Swamps, III, Ohio and southward. July -Sept. — Plant 1°- 2° high.

2. C. bidcntoides, Nutt. Dwarf, diffusely branched, smoothish ; kaves
lanceolate-linear, cut-toothed, tapering into a petiole ; aivns slender, upwardly
barbed, much longer than the corolla or the bristly young achenium. - -2scar Phil-
adelphia, NuttaU. — A very obscure species.

•»- •*- Rays conspicuous (golden-yellow and shorn/ ) .

3. C. trictiospcrma, Miclix. (TICKSEED SUNFLOWBR.) Smooth,
branched; leaves short-petioled, 5-7-divided; leaflets lanceolate or linear, cut-
toothed, or the upper leaves only 3 - 5-cleft and almost sessile ; heads panicled-
corymbose ; achenia narrowly wedge-oblong, bristly-ciliate above, croicncd with 2
triangular or awl-shaped stout teeth. — Swamps, Massachusetts to Virginia pear
the coast. Sept.

4. C. aristosa, Michx. Somewhat pubescent ; leaves 1 - 2-pinnatdy
5 - 7 -divided, petioled ; leaflets lanceolate, cut-toothed or pinnatilid ; heads pani-
cled-corymbose ; outer involucre of 10-12 leafy bracts; achenia oblong-obovaie,
obscurely margined, bristly-ciiiate, with 2 — 4 long and slender diverging awns (in
one variety awn less). — Swamps, Michigan to Wisconsin, and southward. Aug.

# * Achenia elliptical, narrowly winged, the narroivly notched summit of the wing
minutely lacerate-toothed : scales of the outer involucre foliaceous, much smaller than
the inner, all united at the base: rays obtuse, entire: leaves opposite, petioled, 3-
5-*iw,'dvd : perennial.

5. C. tripteris, L. (TALL COREOPSIS.) Smooth; stem simple (4°-
•J° high), corymbed at the top; leaflets lanceolate, acute, entire. (Chrysostem-
ma. Less.) — Penn, and Michigan to Illinois and southward. Aug. — Heads
exhaling the odor of anise when bruised : disk turning brownish.

# # # Achenia oblong, narrowly winged, minutely or obscurely 2-toothed at (he sum-
mit : scales of the oilier involucre narrow, about the length of the inner, all united at
the. base: rays iiioxt/y entire and acute: leai-es opjwsite, sessile, mostly 3-divided,
therefore appearing as if whorlcd : perennial (l°-3° high).

6. C. SCllifolia, Michx. Leaves each divided into 3 sessile ovate-lanceo-
late entire Intjlta, therefore appearing like 6 in a whorl : plant minutely soft
pubescent. — Sandy woods, Virginia and southward. July.

Var. Stellata, Torr. & Gr. Glabrous ; the leaves narrower. (C. stellate,
Nutt.) Virginia, Kentucky, and southward.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 221

7. C. <lol plsiaiifolia, Lam. Glabrous or nearly so ; leaves divided in-
to 3 sessile leaflets which are 2 - 5-parted, their divisions lance-linear ( 1 " - 3" broad),
rather rigid ; disk brownish. — Fine woods, Virginia and southward. July.

8. C. verticillata, L. Glabrous; leaves divided into 3 sessile lea/lets
which are 1 - 2-frinnatcly parted into narrowly linear or filiform divisions. — Damp
Boil, from Maryland and Michigan southward. Also in gardens. July- Sept.

9. C. |KlllSliita, Nutt. Nearly smooth, simple; Ic.aves broadly <vedg&~
shaped, deep!// 3-cleft, rigid ; the lobes broadly linear, entire, or the middle one 3-
lobed. — Prairies, Michigan to Wisconsin, and south westward. July.

# * # * Achenia nearly orbicular, broadly winged, incurved, furnished with a calf OHM
tubercle on the inside at the top and bottom, crowned with 2 small chaff-like denticu-
late teeth : outer involucre about the length of the inner : rays large, coarsely 3-5-
tooUted: leaves opposite or the uppermost alternate: heads on long naked peduncles.

10. C. auriculata. Linn. Pubescent or glabrous; steins l°-4° high,
branching, sometimes with runners ; leaves mostly petiolcd, the upper oblong or oval-
lanceolate, entire ; the lower oval or roundish, some of tliem variously 3 - 5-lobed or
divided ; scales of the outer involucre oblong-linear or lanceolate, y. — Ivich
woods and banks, Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. June -Sept.

11. C. lailCCOluta, L. Smooth or hairy (l°-2°high); stems short,
tufted, branched only at the base; leaves all entire, lanceolate, sessile, the lowest
oblanceolate or spatulate, tapering into petioles; scales of the outer involucre
ovate-lanceolate. ]\. — Kich or damp soil, Michigan to Virginia, Illinois,
and southward. July. Also cultivated. — Heads showy : rays 1 ' long.

§ 2. Branches of tfie style truncate: rays rose-color : disk yellow.

12. C. rdsea, Nutt. (ROSE-FLOWERED CORKOI>SIS.) Stem branching,
leafy, smooth (6'-20' high) ; leaves opposite, linear, entire ; heads small, some-
what corymbed, on short peduncles ; outer involucre very short ; rays 3-toothed ;
achcnia oblong, wingless; pappus an obscure crown-like border. 1J. — Sandy
and grassy swamps, Plymouth, Massachusetts, to New Jersey, and southward :
rare. Aug.

C. TINCTORIA, Nutt., a native of the plains beyond the Mississippi, with
the rays yellow above, and brown-purple towards the base, is now everywhere
common in gardens.

42. B I DENS, L. BUR-MARIGOLD.

Heads many-flowered; the rays when present 3-8, neutral. Involucre dou-
ble, the outer commonly large and foliaceous. Receptacle flattish, the chaflf
deciduous with the fruit. Achenia flattened parallel with the scales of the invo-
lucre, or slender and 4-sided, crowned with 2 or more" rigid and persistent awns
which are downwardly barbed. — Annual or perennial herbs, with opposite van
ous leaves, and mostly yellow flcwers. (Latin bidens, two-toothed.)
=fc Achenia flat, not tapering at the summit. (All annuals?)

1. JB. frond osa, L. (COMMON BEGGAR-TICKS.) Smooth or rathei
hairy, tall (2° -6° higM and branching; leaves 3-5-divided; the leaflets lanceo

222 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

late, pointed, coarsely toothed, mostly stalked; outer leafy involucre much longer
than the head, ciliate below; rays none; achenia wedge-obovate, 2-awned, the mar*
gins ciliate with upward bristles, except near the summit. — Moist waste places, a
common coarse weed, very troublesome ; the achenia, as in the other species,
adhering by their retrorscly barbed awns to the dress, and to the fleece of ani-
mals. July -Sept. — In Western New York, Dr. Sartwell has found it with
one or two small rays !

2. B. coimafa, MuLl. (SWAMP BEGGAR-TICKS.) Smooth (l°-2°
high) ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate, tapering
into margined petioles which are slightly united at the base ; t/te lower often 3-
divided; the lateral divisions united at the base and decurrent on the petiole ; scales of
the outer involucre longer than the head, mostly obtuse, scarcely ciliate ; rays
none; achenia narrowly wedge-form, 3- (2-4-) awned, and with downwardly barbed
margins. (B. tripartita, Bigel.) — A thin-leaved more petioled form is B. petio-
lata, Nutt. — Wet grounds, New York to Illinois, and southward.

3. B. cOrnua, L. (BUR-MARIGOLD.) Nearly smooth (5'- 10' high);
leaves all undivided, lanceolate, unequally serrate, scarcely connate ; heads nodding,
with or without (light yellow) rays; outer involucre longer than the head ; ache-
nia wedge-obqvatc, 4-awned, the margins downwardly barbed. — Wet places,
New England to Wisconsin, and northward. — Rays, when present, smaller than
in the next, the leaves irregularly toothed, and the outer involucre more leaf-
like. (Eu.)

4. B. clirysantliemoidcs, Mic-hx. (BUR-MARIGOLD.) Smooth,
erect or reclining at the base (6' -30' high) ; leaves lanceolate, tapering at both
ends, more or less connate, regularly serrate; heads erect or nodding, conspicuously
radiate; outer involucre mostly shorter than the golden-yellow (!' long) rays;
achenia wedge-shaped, with almost prickly downwardly barbed margins ; awns
2, 3, or 4. — Swamps ; common. Aug. - Oct. — Probably runs into No. 3.

* * Achenia linear-4-sided, slender, tapping at the summit.

5. B. Bcckii, Torn (WATER MARIGOLD.) At/uatic, smooth; sterna
long and slender, bearing crowded immersed leaves many times dissected into Jine
capillary divisions ; the few emerging leaves lanceolate, slightly connate, toothed ;
heads single, short-pcduucled ; involucre much shorter than the showy ((/olden-yel-
low) rays; achenia linear, thickish, smooth (£' long), bearing 4-6 stout diver-
gent awns which are 1' long, barbed only towards the apex. y. — 1'onds and
Blow deep streams, Massachusetts (rare) to Illinois and Wisconsin.

6. B. bipiiinata, L. (SPANISH NEEDLES.) Smooth, branched (l°-
4° high) ; leaves \-3-pinnatcly parted, petioled; leaflet* ovate-lanceolate, mostly
wedge-shaped at the base ; heads small, on slender peduncles ; outer involute of
linear scales, nearly as long as the short pale yellow rays ; achenia long and slender,
4-groovcd and angled, nearly smooth, 3 -4-awned. ® — Dry soil, Connecticut
to Illinois, and southward.

43. VERBESINA, L. CROWNBEARD.

Heads several - many-flowered ; the rays pistillate, few, or sometimes none.
Scales of the erect involucre few, imbricated in 2 or more rows. Receptacle

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 223

rather convex, the chaff concave. Achenia flat (compressed laterally), winged
or -wingless, 2-awned. — Perennial herbs; the toothed or lobed leaves decurrent
on the stem. ("Name altered from Verbena.")

1. V. Sicgesbeckia, Michx. Stem tall, 4-winged ; haves opposite, ovate,
triple-nerved, serrate, pointed at both ends, often pubescent beneath (large and
thin) ; heads in compound corymbs ; flowers yellow ; rays 1-5, lanceolate; aehe>
ma wingless. — Rich soil, W. Penn. to Illinois, and southward. July.

2. V. Vil'gilliCcl, L. Stem narrowly or interruptedly winged, downy-
pubescent, like the lower surface of the ovate-lanceolate feather- veined alternate leaves;
heads in compound corymbs; flowers white; rays 3-4, oval; achenia narrowly
winged. — Dry soil, Pennsylvania ? Illinois, and southward. Aug.

44. BYSODIA, Cav. FETID MARIGOLD.

•

Heads many-flowered, usually radiate ; the rays pistillate. Involucre of one
row of scales united into a firm cup, at the base some loose bractlets. Recep-
tacle flat, not chaffy, but beset with short chaffy bristles. Achenia slender, 4-
angled. Pappus a row of chaffy scales dissected into numerous rough bristles.
— Herbs, dotted witli large pellucid glands, which give a strong odor ; the heads
terminating the benches : flowers yellow. (Name Sv<ro>Si'a, an ill smell, which
the plants possess.)

1. I>. Clirysantliemoidcs, Lag. Nearly smooth, diffusely branched
(6' -18' high); leaves opposite, pinnately parted, the narrow lobes bristly-
toothed or cut ; rays few, scarcely exceeding the involucre. (T) — Road sides,
batiks of rivers, from Illinois southward : a common weed. Aug. -Oct.

TAGETES PATULA, L., the FRENCH MARIGOLD of the gardens, belongs to
the same group as the foregoing.

45. IIYMENOPAPPUS, L'Her. HYMENOPAPPUS.

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect. Scales of the in-
volucre 6-12, loose and broad, thin, the upper part- petal-like (usually white).
Receptacle small, naked. Corolla with large resolute lobes. Achenia top-
shaped, with a slender base, striate. Pappus of 1 5 - 20 small and blunt scales
in a single row, very thin (whence the name of the genus, from vprjv, membrane,
and TraTTTTus, pappus). — Biennial or perennial herbs, with alternate mostly dis-
sected leaves, and corymbcd small heads of usually whitish flowers.

1. II. SC<i1>iOScicilS, L'Her. Somewhat flocculcnt-woolly when young
(1° — 3° high) ; leaves 1 -2-pinnately parted into linear or oblong lobes ; scales
of the involucre roundish, nearly all whitish. — Sandy barrens, Illinois and
southward. May, June.

46. HEL.ENIUM, L. FALSE SUNFLOWER.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the spreading wedge-shaped rays several, 3 -
5-cleft at the summit, fertile. Involucre small, reflexed, the scales linear or awl-
shaped. Receptacle globose or oblong, naked. Achenia top-shaped, ribbed
Pappus of 5-8 thin and 1 -nerved chaffy scales, the nerve extended into a bristle

15

224 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

or point. — Erect, branching herbs, with alternate leaves decurrent on the angled
stem and branches, which are terminated by single or corymbed (yellow, rarely
purple) heads; often sprinkled with bitter and aromatic resinous globules.
(Named after Ilden, the wife of Mcuelaus.)

1. H. ailtlllimiile, L. (SNEEZE-WEED.) Nearly smooth ; leaves lan-
ceolate, toothed ; rays longer than the globular disk. 1J. — Alluvrul river-banks ;
common (except in New England). Sept. — Plant l°-3° high, bitter: the
corymbed heads showy.

47. LEPTOPODA, Nutt. LEPTOPODA.

Kays neutral. Otherwise nearly as in Helcnium. — In the true species (of
which L. pvberula and L, brevifolia may be found in S. Virginia) the stems are
simple, naked above, like a long peduncle, and bearing a single head (whence
the name, from X«rroy, slender, and Trovs,foot) ; but the following is leafy to the
top, and branched.

1. L. bracliypoda, Torr. & Gray. Stem corymbed at the summit (1°
-4° high); leaves oblong-lanceolate, decurrent on the stem; disk globular,
brownish; rays pretty large (£'-§' long), yellow, or in one variety brownish-
purple, sometimes with an imperfect style. 1J. — Damp soil, from Illinois south-
ward. June - Aug.

48. BALD WIN I A, Nutt. BALDWINIA.

Heads globular, many-flowered, radiate; the long and narrowly wedge-shaped
rays neutral. Involucre short, of many thickish small scales imbricated in 3 or
4 rows, the outer obovate and obtuse. Receptacle strongly convex, with deep
honeycomb-like cells containing the obconical or oblong silky-villous achenia.
Pappus of 7-9 lance-oblong erect chaffy scales. — A perennial herb, smoothi,>h,
with slender simple stems (2° -3° high), bearing alternate oblanccolate leaves,
and the long naked summit terminated by a showy large head. Kays yellow
(!' long) ; the disk-flowers often turning dark purple. (Named for the late Dr.
William Baldwin.)

1. B. Uliiflora, Nutt. — Borders of swamps, Virginia and southward
Aug.

49. OTA ItS HAL LI A, Schreb. MARSHALLIA.

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect. Scales of '.ho
involucre linear-lanceolate, foliaceous, erect, in one or two rows, nearly equal.
Receptacle convex or conical, with narrowly linear rigid chaff among the flowers.
Lobes of the corolla slender* spreading. Achenia top-shaped, 5-angled. Pap-
pus of 5 or 6 mcmbranaccous and pointed chaffy scales. — Smooth and low
perennials, with alternate and entire 3-nerved leaves, and solitary heads (re-
sembling those of a Scabious) terminating the naked summit of the simple stem
or branches. Flowers purplish ; the anthers blue. (Named for Humphry
MarsJiall, of Pennsylvania, author of one of the earliest works on the trees and
Bhruba of this country.)

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 225

1. Ul. latifolia, Pursh. Stems leafy; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed,
sessile.— Dry soil, Virginia and southward. (M. LANCEOLATA and M. AN-
GUSTIFOLIA may occur in S. Virginia.)

50. GALINSOGA, Ruiz&Pav. GALINSOGA.

Heads sevei-al-flowered, radiate ; the rays 4-5, small, roundish, pistillate.
Involucre of 4 or 5 ovate thin scales. Receptacle conical, with narrow chaff
among the flowers. Achenia angled. Pappus of small oblong cut-fringed
chaffy scales (sometimes wanting). — Annual herbs, with opposite triple-nerved
thin leaves, and small heads: disk-flowers yellow: rays whitish. (Named for
Galinsoga, a Spanish botanist.)

1. G. PARVIFL6RA, Cav. Smoothish (l°high); leaves ovate, acute, some-
what toothed ; scales of the pappus 8- 16. — Waste places ; Cambridge, Mass.,
New York, and Philadelphia. (Adv. from S. Amer.)

51. MARITTA, Cass. MAY-WEED.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays neutral. Involucre of many small
somewhat imbricated scales, shorter than the disk. Receptacle conical, bearing
slender chaff, at least near the summit. Achenia obovoid, ribbed, smooth.
Pappus none. — Annual acrid herbs, with a strong odor, finely thrice-pinnately
divided leaves, and single heads terminating the branches. Rays white, soon
reflexed; the disk yellow. (Derivation unknown.)

1. M. COTULA, DC. (COMMON MAY-WEED.) Scales of the involucre
with whitish margins. — Road-sides ; very common. (Nat. from Eu.)

52. A NT HE MIS, L. CHAMOMILE.

Heads and flowers as in Maruta, but the rays pistillate. Achenia terete, stri
ate or smooth. Pappus none, or a minute crown. — Herbs with aromatic of
strong odor, 1 - 2-pinnately divided leaves, the branches terminated by single
heads. Rays white, the disk yellow. ('Aj>0e/iis, the ancient name, given in
allusion to the profusion of the flowers.)

1. A. ARVENSIS, L. (CORN CHAMOMILE.) Pubescent ; leaflets or divisions
linear-lanceolate, toothed, very acute ; branchlets leafless at the summit ; chaff
lanceolate, pointed, membranaceous ; achenia crowned with a very short some-
what toothed margin ; those of the ray sometimes sterile. @ — Fields, N. Eng-
land and New York, sparingly introduced. — Much resembles the May-weed.
(Adv. from Eu.)

A. NOBILIS, L., the officinal CHAMOMILE, is said to be somewhat natural-
ized in Delaware.

53. ACHILLEA, L. YARROW.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays few, fertile. Involucre imbricated.
Keceptacle chaffy, flattish. Achenia oblong, flattened, margined. Pappus
none. — Perennial herbs, with small corymbose heads. (So named because its
virtues are said to have been discovered by Achilles.)

226 COMPOSITE. ^COMPOSITE FAMILT.)

1. A. illillefoliiiin, L. (COMMON YARROW or MILFOIL.) Stems
simple; leaves twice-p innately parted; the divisions linear, 3-5-cleft, crowded;
corymb compound, flat-topped; involucre oblong; rays 4-5, shoi-t, white (somo-
times rose-color). — Fields and hills ; common northward. Aug. (Eu.)

2. A. PTARMICA, L. (SNEEZEWORT.) Leaves simple, lance-linear, sharply
serrate with appressed teeth; corymb loose; rays 8- 12, much longer than the
involucre; flowers white. — Danvers, Massachusetts, &c. (Adv. from Eu.)

54. LEUCANTIIEMUM, Tourn. OX-EYE DAISY.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays numerous, fertile. Scales of the
broad and flat involucre imbricated, with scarions margins. Receptacle flattish,
naked. Disk-corollas with a flattened tube. Achenia of the disk and ray sim-
ilar, striate, destitute of pappus. — Perennial herbs, with toothed or pinnatifid
leaves, and large single heads terminating the stem or branches. Rays white ;
disk yellow. (Name composed of Xeuxor, white, and avfepoV) a flower, from
the white rays.)

1. L. VULGARE, Lam. (OX-EYE or WHITE DAISY. WHITE-WEED.)
Stem erect, nearly simple, naked above; root-leaves spatulate, petioled, the
others partly clasping, all cut or pinnatifid-toothed ; scales of the involucre with
rusty brown margins. (Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum, L.) — Fields and
meadows ; too abundant. June, July. A pernicious weed, with large and
showy heads : in Connecticut is a variety with short rays. (Nat. from Eu.)

55. MATRICARIA, Tourn. WILD' CHAMOMILE. FEVERFEW.

Heads many-flowered ; the rays pistillate, or wanting. Scales of the invo-
lucre imbricated, with scarious margins. Receptacle conical or only convex,
naked. Disk-flowers flattened or terete. Achcuia angular, wingless. Pappus
a membranaceous crown or border, or none. — Smooth and branching herbs,
with divided leaves and single or corymbed heads. Rays white : disk yelic ^v.
(Named for reputed medicinal virtues.)

1. M. PARTHENIUM, L. (FEVERFEW.) Leaves twice-pinnately divided;
the divisions ovate, cut; heads corymbed, with rays. 1|. (Pyrethrum Parttenium,
Smith.) — Escaped from gardens in some places. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. HI. discoidea, DC. Low ( 6' -9' high); leaves 2 - 3-pinnatel} parted
into short linear lobes ; heads rayless; scales of the involucre oval, with broad
margins, much shorter than the conical disk ; pappus obsolete. (D (D — Illi-
nois, opposite St. Louis. An immigrant from Oregon? (Eu. ?)

56. TANACETUHI, L. TANSY.

Heads many-flowered, nearly discoid, all fertile ; the marginal flowers chiefly
pistillate and 3 - 5-loothcd. Scales of the involucre imbricated, dry. Recepta-
cle convex, naked. Achenia angled or ribbed, with a large flat top. Pappus a
short crown. — Bitter and acrid strong-scented herbs, with 1 -2-pinnately dis-
sected leaves and rather large corymbed heads. Flowers yellow. (Name said
U) be a corruption of aCavatria, undying, from its durable flowers.)

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 227

1. T. VULG\RE, L. (COMMON TANSY.) Stem erect, smooth; leaves
twicc-pinnately parted, the leaflets and the margined petiole cut-toothed ; cor-
ymb dense ; pistillate flowers terete ; pappus 5-lobed. — Var. cufspuar has the
leaves more cut and crisped, ty — Escaped from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. T. Huroiiense, Nutt. Hairy or woolly when young, stout (1°-.1°
high) ; leaves 2 -3-pinnately dissected, the lobes oblong; heads large (j'-f
wide) and usually few; pistillate flowers flattened, 3- 5-cleft; pappus toothed
Jl — Shores of L. Huron, St. John's River, Maine, and northwestward.

57. ARTEMISIA, L. WORMWOOD.

Heads discoid, few - many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular, the marginal
:>nes pistillate, or sometimes all similar and perfect. Scales of the involucre
imbricated, with dry and scarious margins. Receptacle small and flatfish, na-
ked. Achenia obovoid, with a small summit and no pappus. — Herbs or shrubby
plants, bitter and aromatic, with small heads in panicled spikes or racemes.
Corolla yellow or purplish. (Dedicated to Artemis, the Greek Diana.)

$ 1. Receptacle smooth : marginal flowers pistillate and fertile : disk-flowers sterile.

1. A. borcfilis, Pallas. IMW (3r -6' high), tufted, silky-villous or nearly
smooth ; lower leaves 3 - 5-cleft at the apex, or like the others 1 - 2-pinnately parted,
the lobts lanceolate or linear ; heads few, hemispherical, pretty large, spiked or
raoemed. 1J. — Shore of Lake Superior and northward. (Eu.)

2. A. Canadensis, Michx. (CANADA WORMWOOD.) Smooth, or
hoary with silky down (l°-2° high) ; lower leaves twice-pinriately divided, the
upper 3 -7-divided ; the divisions linear, rather rigid; heads rather large in pani-
cled racemes. 1J. — Shore of all the Great Lakes, and northward. (Eu.)

3. A. caudata, Michx. (SLENDER WORMWOOD.) Smooth (2° -5°
high); upper leaves pinnately, the lower 2 -3-pinnatcly divided; the division
thread-form, spreading ; heads small, the racemes in a wand-like elongated panicle. —
Sandy soil, coast of New Hampshire to New Jersey ; and in Illinois.

§ 2. Receptacle smooth : flowers all fertile, a few pistillate, the others perfect.

4. A. Llidoviciana, Nutt. (WESTERN MUGWORT.) Whitened-ivool~
!y throughout, branched (l°-5° high) ; leaves lanceolate, the lower mostly cut-
toothed or pinnatifid, the upper mostly entire, the upper surface often becoming
naked and smooth with age ; heads ovoid, mostly sessile, disposed in narrow
leafy panicles. 1J. — Dry banks, Lakes Huron and Michigan, and westward;
especially the var. GNAFHALODES, which has the elongated nearly entire leaves
very woolly both sides.

5. A» VULGARIS, L. (COMMON MUGWORT.) Branches and lower sur-
face of the leaves whitish-woolly ; stem-leaves pinnatifid, with the lobes variously cu\
or entire, linear-lanceolate ; heads ovoid, in open leafy panicles. .1J. — Waste places,
near dwellings. (Adv. from Eu.)

6. A. bii'imis, Willd. (BIENNIAL, WORMWOOD.) Smooth, simple (lc
3° liigh) ; lower leaves twice-pinnately parted, the upper pinnatifld ; lobes linear,

acute, in the lower leaves cut-toothed ; heads in short axillary spikes, whirh are

228 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

crowded in a narrow and clustered leafy panicle. @ — River-banks, Ohio to
Illinois, and northward. Aug.

§ 3. Receptack hairy : flowers all fertile, the marginal ones pistillate.
7. A. ABSINTHIUM. L. (COMMON WORMWOOD.) Rather shrubby, fiilky-
hoaiy; leaves 2- 3-pinnatcly parted ; the lobes lanceolate ; heads panic-led, nod-
ding.— Road-sides, sparingly escaped from gardens. (Adv from Eu.)

Re« Addoncl.

58. G WAP II A LI TIM, L. CUDWEED.

Pleads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular; the outer pistillate and very
slender, the central perfect. Scales of the involucre dry and scarious, \rhite or
colored, imbricated in several rows. Receptacle flat, nuked. Pappus a single
row of capillary rough bristles. — Woolly herbs, with sessile or decurrent leaves,
and clustered or corymbcd heads. Corolla whitish or yellowish. (Name from
yva(}>a\ov, a lock of wool, in allusion to the floccose down of the leaves.)

# Acheiiia nearly terete: pistillate flowers occupying several rows.

1. O. deciirrens, Ives. (EVERLASTING.) Stem stout, erect (2° high),
branched at the top, clammy-pubescent, white-woolly on the branches, bearing
numerous heads in dense corymbed clusters ; leaves linear-lanceolate, partly claapina,
decurrent; scales of the (yellowish-white) involucre oval, acutish. 1J. — Hill-
sides, New Jersey and Penn. to Maine and northward. Aug. - Sept.

2. O. polycepliSllimi, Michx. (COMMON EVERLASTING.) Stem
erect, woolly; leaves lanceolate, tapering at the base, with undulate margins, not
decurrent, smoothish above ; heads clustered at the summit of the panicled-coryniboM
branches, ovate-conical before expansion, then obovate ; scales of the (whitish)
involucre ovate and oblong, rather obtuse ; perfect flowers few. (i) — Old fields
and woods; common. — Plant fragrant, 1° — 2° high.

3. G. uligiiiosum, L. (Low CUDWEED.) Diffnsdij branched, woolly
all over (3' -6' high) ; leaves lanceolate or linear, not decurrent; heads (smalt)
in terminal sessile capitate clusters subtended by leaves ; scales of the involucre ob-
long. (1) — Low grounds, and ditches by the road-side ; introduced ? ( Eu.)

4. G. piirpurcum, L. (PURPLISH CUDWEED.) >'/-•//< s>m/>le, or
branched from the base, ascending (6' - 20' hi^h), woolly; leaves oblong-sputa
late, mostly obtuse, not decurrent, green above, very white wirh close wool un-
derneath ; fi«i<k in sessile clusters in the axils of the. upper b-act-s, and spiked at the
wand-like summit of the stem ; scales of the involucre lance-oblong, tawny-whito,
the inner often marked with purple. — Sandy or gravelly soil, coast of Maine to
Virginia, and southward.

# # Achenia flatfish : pistillate flouws in a siwjle Htcuytnal rctr.

5. G. Sllpioililll, Villars. (MOUNTAIN CUDWEED.) Dwarf and tufted;
leaves linear, woolly ; heads solitary or few and spiked on the slender simple
flowering stems ; scales of the involucre brown, lanceolate, acu:e. \\. — Alpine
summit of Mount Washington, New Hampshire : rare. (Eu.)

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 229

59. ANTENNARIA, Gsertn. EVERLASTING.

Heads many-flowered, dioecious or nearly so ; the flowers all tubular : pistil*
late corollas very slender. Scales of the involucre dry and scarious, white or col-
ored, imbricated. Keccptacle convex or flat, not chaffy. Pappus a single row
of bristles, which in the fertile flowers are capillary, and in the sterile thickened
and club-shaped or barbellate at the summit. — Perennial white-woolly herbs,
with entire leaves and corymbed (rarely single) heads. Corolla yellowish.
(So named from the resemblance of the sterile pappus to the antennce of many
insects.)

1. A. iiiargaritAcea, R. Brown. (PEARLY EVERLASTING.) Stem
erect (1° -2° high), corymbose at the summit, with many heads, leafy; leaves
linear-lanceolate, taper-pointed, sessile ; fertile heads often with a few imperfect
etaminate flowers in the centre ; scales of the pearly-white involucre obtuse o;*
rounded. — Dry hills and woods ; common northward. Aug.

2. A. plaiitaginifdlisi, Hook. (PLANTAIN-LEAVED EVERLASTING.;
Spreading by offsets and runners, low (4;- 10' high) ; leaves silky-woolly when
young, at length green above and hoary beneath ; those of the simple and scape-
like flowering stems small, lanceolate, appressed ; the radical obovate or oval-
spatulate, petioled, ample. 3-nerved ; heads in a small crowded corymb ; scales
of the (mostly white) involucre obtuse in the sterile, and acutish and narrower
in the fertile plant. — Var. MONOCEPHALA has a single larger head. (Phila-
delphia, Mr. Lea.) — Sterile knolls and banks, common. March -May.

GO. FIL.AGO, Toura. COTTON-ROSE.

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers aH tubular, the central ones perfect, bul
often infertile ; the others pistillate, very slender and thread-form. Scales of the
involucre few and woolly. Receptacle elongated or top-shaped, naked at the
summit, but chaffy at the margins or toward the base ; the chaff resembling the
proper involucral scales, each covering a single pistillate flower. — Pappus of the
central flowers capillary, of the outer ones chiefly none. — Annual, low, branch-
inn woolly herbs, with entire leaves and small heads in capitate clusters. (Name
froJi.Jilum, a thread, in allusion to the cottony hairs of these plants.)

1. F. GERMANICA, L. (!!ERBA IMPIA.) Stem erect, short, clothed with
lanceolate and upright crowded leaves, producing a capitate cluster of woolly
heads, from which rise one or more branches, each terminated by a similar head,
and so on : — hence the common name applied to it by the old botanists, as if
the offspring were undutifully exalting themselves above the parent. — Dry
fields, New York to Virginia. July -Oct. (Nat. from Eu.)

61. ERECIITIIITES, Raf. FIREWEED.

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and fertile ; the marginal ph
tillate, with a slender corolla. Scales of the cylindrical involucre in a single
row, linear, acute, with a few small bractlcts at the base. Receptacle naked.
Achenia oblong, tapering at the end. Pappus copious, of very fine and white

230 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

soft hairs. — Erect and coarse annuals, of a rank smell, with altc-nate simple
leaves, and paniculate-corymbcd heads of whitish flowers. (The aiicient name
of some species of Groundsel, probably called after Erechtheus.)

1. E. liierac'iflolia, Rat'. (FIREWEED.) Often hairy ; stem grooved ;
leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute, cut -toothed, sessile ; the upper often with an
auric-led clasping base. (Senecio hicracifulius, Z.) — Moist woods; common,
especially northward, and in recent clearings, where the ground has been burned
over ; whence the popular name. July - Sept. — Plant 1° - 5° high, with some-
what the aspect of a Sow-thistle.

62. CACAL.IA, L. INDIAN PLANTAIN.

Heads 5 - many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect. Scales of the
involucre in a single row, with a few bractlcts at the base. Receptacle naked.
Corolla deeply 5-cleft. Achenia oblong, smooth. Pappus of numerous capil-
lary bristles. — Smooth and tall perennial herbs, with alternate often petioled
leaves, and rather large heads in flat corymbs. Flowers white or whitish. (An
ancient name, of uncertain meaning.)

# Involucre 25-3Q-Jloivered, with several bracts at its base: receptacle flat.

1. C. SliaveolcilS, L. Stem grooved (3° -5° high); leaves triangular-
lanceolate, halberd-shaped, pointed, serrate, those of the stem on winged petioles.
— Rich woods, Connecticut to Wisconsin and Kentucky. Sept.

# * Involucre 5-leavcd and 5-Jloicercd, its bracts minute or none : receptacle bearing i
, more or less evident scale-like pointed appendage in the centre.

2. C. re ii I for mis, Muhl. (GREAT INDIAN PLANTAIN.) Stem (4°-
9° high) grooved and angled ; leaves ar^en both sides, dilated fan-shaped, or the low
est kidney-form (1°- 2° broad), repand-toothed and angled, palmately veined, peti-
oled ; the teeth pointed ; corymbs large. — Rich damp woods, Perm, to Illinois,
and southward along the mountains. Aug.

3. C. atriplicifolia, L. (PALE INDIAN PLANTAIN.) Stem tcrcto
(3° -6° high), and with the palmately veined and angvlateJobed leaves aluucons ;
lower leaves triangular-kidney-form or slightly heart-shaped ; the upper rhom-
boid or wedge-form, toothed. — Rich woodlands, W. New York to Wisconsin, and
southward. Aug.

4. C. tiiberosa, Nutt. (TUBEROUS INDIAN PLANTAIN.) Stem angled
and grooved (2° -6° high), from a thick or tuberous root ; leaves nreen both sides,
thick, strongly 5-7-nerved; the lower lance-ovate, or oral, nearly entire, tapering
into long petioles; the upper on short margined petioles, sometimes toothed
at the apex. — Wet prairies, &c., Ohio to Wisconsin, and southward. June.

63. SENECIO, L. GROUNDSEL.

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all perfect and tubular, or mostly with the
marginal ones radiate ; the rays pistillate. Scales of the involucre in a single
row, or with a few bructlets at the base. Receptacle flat, naked. Pappus of
numerous very soft and slender capillary bristles — Herbs, in the United States,

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 231

with alternate leaves and solitary or corymbed heads. Flowers chiefly yellow.

I Name from senex, an old man, alluding to the hoary hairs which cover many

species, or to the white hairs of the pappus.) See Addend.

* Rays none : root annual.

1. S. TULGA.RIS, L. (COMMON GROUNDSEL.) Nearly smooth (6'-i2'
high) ; leaves pinnatifid and toothed, clasping ; heads loosely corymbed. —
Waste grounds, E. New England and New York. (Adv. from Eu.)

* * Rays present : root perennial : heads corymbed.

2. S. aiiretis, L. (GOLDEN RAGWORT. SQUAW-WEED.) Smooth, at
floceose-woolly when young (10' -30' high) ; root-leaves simple and rounded, the lar-
ger mostly heart-shaped, crenate-toothed, long-petioled ; the lower stem-leaves lyre-
shaped, upper ones lanceolate, cut-pinnatifid, sessile or partly clasping ; corymb
umbel-like; rays 8-12. — Varies greatly, the leading forms being, — Var. 1.
OBOVATUS, with the root-leaves round-obovate (growing in drier places). —
Var. 2. BALSAMITJS, with the root-leaves oblong, spatulate, or lanceolate,
sometimes cut-toothed, tapering into the petiole. Rocky places. — Var. 3. LAN-
CEOL\TUS, Oakes, with the leaves all lanceolate-oblong, thin, sharply and un-
equally toothed, either wedge-shaped or somewhat heart-shaped at the base, the
upper merely pinnatifid-cut towards the base. (Cedar swamps, Vermont, Rob-
bins.) — Common everywhere ; the primary form in swamps. May, June.

3. S. Elliottii, Torr. & Gr. Soon smooth, stem simple (1° high), often
nearly leafless, bearing a small corymb ; root-leaves thickish, obovate or roundish,
narrowed into a short and winged petiole, or sessile, crenate-toothed, sometimes ly-
rate ; stem-leaves small, cut-pinnatifid. — Rich soil, Virginia and southward
along the mountains. May.

4. S. tomentosus, Michx. (WOOLLY RAGWORT.) Clothed with scarc&-
ly deciduous hoary wool (l°-2° high) ; root-leaves oblong, obtuse, crenate-toothed,
on slender petioles; the upper sessile; corymb flat-topped; rays 12-15. —
Mountains of Penn. (Pursh), Virginia and southward. May.

5. CANUS, Hook., which too closely resembles the last, probably occurs
within our Northwestern borders.

64. ARNICA, L. ARNICA.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays pistillate. Scales of the bell-shaped
involucre lanceolate, equal, somewhat in 2 rows. Receptacle flat, fimbrillate.
Achenia spindle-shaped. Pappus a single TOAV of rather rigid and strongly
roughened^-denticulate bristles. — Perennial herbs, chiefly of the mountains and
cold northern regions, with simple stems, bearing single or corymbed large
heads and opposite leaves. Flowers yellow. (Name thought to be a corruption
of Ptarmica.)

L A. mollis, Hook. Soft-hairy; stem leafy (l°-2° high), bearing 1 to 5
heads ; leaves thin, veiny, smoothish when old, toothed ; the upper ovate-lanceolate,
closely sessile ; the lower narrower, tapering into a margined petiole ; scales of
the involucre p>ointed ; pappus almost plumose. — Alpine rivulets, &c., White
Mountains of N. Hampshire and mountains of N. New York : Lake Superior,
Prof. Whitney ; raid thence northwestward. July.

282 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

2. A. nildicatlliS, Ell. Hairy and rather glandular (1° -3° high)
ieaves thickisk, 3-5-nerved, ovate or oblong, all sessile, mostly entire; those of th«
•uiked stem small and only 1 or 2 pairs ; heads several, corymbed, showy. —
Damp pine barrens, Virginia and southward. April, May.

65. CENT A UREA, L. STAR-THISTLE.

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular, the marginal mostly falsely
radiate and larger, sterile. Receptacle bristly. Involucre imbricated, the scales
margined or appendaged. Achenia compressed. Pappus wanting, or of a few
bristles. — Herbs with alternate leaves and single heads. (Named from the
Centaur, Chiron.)

1. C. CYANUS, L. (BLUEBOTTLE.) Scales of the globular involucre
fringe-margined ; false rays large, pappus very short ; leaves linear, entire, or
toothed at the base. CD — Road-sides, escaped from gardens. July. — Flowers
blue, varying to purplish or white. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. C. NIGRA, L. (KNAPWEED.) Scales of the globular involucre appen-
daged, and with a stiff black fringe ; rays wanting ; pappus very short ; leaves
lanceolate, or the lower lyrate-angled, rough. 1J. — Waste places, E. New Eng-
land. Aug. — Flowers purple. (Adv. from Eu.)

3. C. CALcfTRAPA, L. (STAR THISTLE.) Stem diffusely much branched ;
leaves, pinnately lobed or spinulose-toothed ; heads sessile, the middle scales of the
ovoid involucre spiny ; pappus none ; flowers purple. ® — Norfolk, Virginia.
(Adv. from Eu.)

C. AMERICANA, Nutt., a showy species of the Southwestern States, — the
only one which belongs to this country, — is cultivated in gardens.

66. CNICUS, Vaill. BLESSED THISTLE.

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers tubular and sterile, shorter than flic
rest, which are all tubular and perfect. Scales of the ovoid involucre coriaceous,
appressed, extended into a long and rigid pinnately spinose appendage. Re-
ceptacle clothed with capillary bristles. Achenia terete, short, strongly striate,
crowned with 10 short and horny teeth, and bearing a pappus of 10 elongated
rigid bristles, and 10 short bristles alternate with the last in an inner row. — An
annual smoothish herb, with clasping scarcely pinnatifid-cut leaves and large
bractcd heads. Flowers yellow. (Name from Ki>i'£<a, to prick.)

1. C. BENEDfcTUB, L. — Road-sides ; scarcely naturalized. (Adv. from En.)

67. CIRS1TJUI, Tourn. COMMON or PLUMED THISTLE.

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular, perfect and similar, or rarely
imperfectly dioecious. Scales of the ovoid or spherical involucre imbricated in
many rows, tipped with a point or prickle. Receptacle thickly clothed with
goft bristles or hairs. Achenia oblong, flattish, not ribbed. Papp is of numer-
ous bristles united into a ring at the base, plunrose to the middle, deciduous. —

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 233

Herbs, with sessile alternate leaves, often pinnatifid, and prickly. Heads large,
terminal. Flowers reddish-purple or cream-color. (Name from Kipcros, a swelled
vein, for which the Thistle was a reputed remedy.)

* Scales of the involucre all tipped with spreading prickles.

1. C. LANCEOL\TUM, Scop. (COMMON THISTLE.) Leaves dccurrcnt on
the stem, forming prickly lobed wings, pinnatifid, rough and bristly above,
woolly with decidous webby hairs beneath, prickly; flowers purple, (f) —Pas
tures and road-sides, everywhere, at the North. (Nat. from Eu.)

* * Scales of the involucre appressed ; the inner ones not prickly : filaments hairy.

•»- Leaves white-woolly beneath, and sometimes also above : outer scales of the involucre

successively shorter, and tipped with short prickles.

2. C. Pitcheri, Torr. & Gr. White-woolly throughout, low; stem stout,
very leafy ; leaves all pinnately parted into rigid narrowly linear and elongated divis*
ions, with revolute margins ; flowers cream-color. 1J. — Sandy shores of Lakes
Michigan, Huron, and Superior.

3. C. imdilUituni, Spreng. White-woolly throughout, low and stout,
leafy ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, partly clasping, undulate-pinnatifid, with prickly
lobes ; flowers reddish-purple. (2) — Islands of L. Huron and Michigan ;
thence westward. July.

4. C. discolor, Spreng. Stem grooved, hairy, branched, leafy ; leaves
all deeply pinnatifid, sparingly hairy and green above, ichitened with close wool be-
neath ; the diverging lobes 2 — 3-cleJl, linear-lanceolate, prickly-pointed ; flowers pale
purple. (2) — Meadows and copses; not uncommon. Aug. — Plant 3° -6°
high : heads 1 ' or more in width.

5. C. altissimimi, Spreng. Stem downy, branching, leafy to the heads:
leaves roughish-hairy above, whitened with close wool beneath, oblong-lanceolate,
sinuate-toothed, undnlate-pimuitifid, or undivided, the lobes or teeth prickly, those
from the base pinnatifid; lobes short, dfang or triangular; flowers chiefly purple,
y.? — Fields and copses, Penn.. to Ohio, Illinois, and southward. Aug. —
Plant 3°- 10° high : leaves variable : the heads much as in the last.

G. C. Virgiiliffi,num, Michx. Stem woolly, slender, simple or sparingly
branched, the branches or long peduncles naked; leaves lanceolate, green above,
whitened with close wool beneath, ciliate with prickly bristles, entire or sparingly
sinuate-lobed, sometimes the lower deeply sinuate-pinnatifid ; outer scales of the
involucre scarcely prickly ; flowers purple. — Woods and plains, Virginia, Ohio,
and southward. July. — Plant l°-3° high; the heads seldom more than half
as large as in the last.

Var. filipcndullllti. Stem stouter, more leafy, corymbosely branched
above ; the heads on shorter peduncles ; leaves pinnatifid ; roots tuberous, en-
larged below. (C. filipendulum, Engelm.) — Illinois and south westward.
*- *- Leaves green both sides, or only with loose webby hairs underneath : scales of the
involucre scarcely prickly -pointed.

7. C. muticum, Michx. (SWAMP THISTLE.) Stem tall (3° - 8° high),
angled, smoothish, panicled at the summit, the branches sparingly leafy and
bearing- single or few rather large naked heads • leaves somewhat hairy above.

234 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

whitened with hose ivebby hairs beneath when young, deeply pinnatifid, the uinsions
lanceolate, acute, cut-lobed, prickly-pointed ; scales of the webby and glutinous invo-
lucre closely appressed, pointless or barely mucronate; flowers purple. ]&—
Swamps and low woods ; common. Aug.

8. C. piiiiiiluiii, Spreng. (PASTURE THISTLE.) Stem low and stouf

l°-3° high), hairy, bearing 1 -3 very large heads (!£' broad), which are some-
what leafy-bract*^1, at the base; leaves lanceolate-oblong, partly clasping, green,
tomeichat hairy, pinnatijid, vrith short and cut very prickly-margined lobes; outer
scales of the involucre prickly-pointed, the inner very slender ; flowers purple or
rarely white (fragrant, 2' long). © — Dry fields, Maine to Penn., near th?
coast. Also Illinois and westward ; common. July.

9. C. horrid ulum, Michx. (YELLOW THISTLE.) Stem stout (\° - 4P
high), webby-hmred when young; leaves partly clasping, green, soon smooth,
lanceolate, pinnatifid, the short toothed and cut lobes very spiny witli yellowish
prickles ; heads large ( 1 ' - 1 £•' broad ) , surrounded at the base by an involuci'ate ivhorl
of leaf-like and very prickly bracts, which equal or exceed the narrow and unarmed
scales of the involucre ; flowers pale yellow, often turning purple iu fading. —
Sandy fields, &c., Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward, near the coast.
June - Aug.

* # * Outer scales of the appressed involucre barely prickly-pointed : filaments nearly
smooth: heads imperfectly dioecious.

10. C. ARVENSE, Scop. (CANADA THISTLE.) Low, branched ; roots ex
tensively creeping; leaves oblong or lanceolate, smooth, or slightly wooll)
beneath, siriuate-pinnatifid, prickly-margined ; heads small and numerous ; flow-
ers rose-purple. \ — Cultivated fields and pastures; common at the North: a
most troublesome weed, which it is extremely difficult to eradicate. July, Aug.
(Nat. from Eu.)

68. CARDUUS, Tourn. PLDMELESS THISTLE.

Bristles of the pappus naked (not plumose), merely rough or denticulate.
Otherwise as in Cirsium. (The ancient Latin name.)

1. C. NtiTANS, L. (MosK THISTLE.) Leaves decurrent, sinuate, spiny;
heads solitary, drooping ; flowers purple, (g) — Fields near Harrisburg, Penn.,
Prof. Porter. (Adv. from Eu.)

69. ONOPdRDON, Vaill. COTTON THISTLE.

Heads and flowers nearly as in Cirsium. Scales of the involucre coriaceous,
tipped with a lanceolate prickly appendage. Receptacle deeply honeycombed.
Achenia 4-an.^led, wrinkled transversely. Bristles of the pappus numerous,
elender^not plumose, united at the base into a horny ring. — Coarse, branching
herbs, with (1 <• stems winged by the dccurrent base of the lobcd and toothed
somewhat prickly leaves. Heads large : flowers purple.

1. O. ACANTHI UM, L. Stem (2° -4° high) and leaves cotton-woolly; scalei
linear-awl-shapod. ® —Road-sides. New England. (Adv. from Eu.)

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 235

TO. L.APPA, Tourn. BURDOCK.

Heads many-flowered, the flowers all perfect and similar. Involucre globular;
the imbricated scales coriaceous and appressed at the base, tipped with an abrupt
and spreading awl-shaped hook-pointed appendage. Receptacle bristly. Ache-
nia oblong, flattened, wrinkled transversely. Pappus short, of numerous rough
bristles, not united at the base, deciduous. — Coarse biennial weeds, with very
large unarmed heart-shaped and petioled leaves, the lower surface somewhat
woolly. Heads small, solitary or clustered : flowers purple, rarely white.
(Name from Aa/3eii>, to lay hold, the involucre forming a hooked bur which hold8
tenaciously to the dress, or the fleece of animals.)

1. L. MAJOR, Ga3rtn. (COMMON BURDOCK.) Upper leaves ovate, tho
lower heart-shaped ; involucre smoothish. (Arctium Lappa, L.) — Wastu
places in rich soil and around dwellings. — A variety with woolly heads (L.
tomentosa, Lam.), rarely with pinnatifid leaves, is occasionally seen. (Nat.
from Eu.)

SUBORDER II. LICJUHFJLORJE. (CICHORACE^E.)

71. L.AMPSANA, Tourn. NIPPLE-WORT.

ileads 8-12-flowered. Scales of the cylindrical involucre 8, erect, in one
row. Receptacle naked. Achenia oblong. Pappus none. — Slender branch-
ing herbs, with angled or toothed leaves, and loosely panicled small heads :
flowers yellow. (Name from XOTTTO), to purge. It should rather be Lapsana, as
written by Linnaeus.)

1. It. COMMUNIS, L. Nearly smooth ; lower leaves ovate, sometimes lyre-
shaped. (J) — Road-sides, near Boston. (Adv. from Eu.)

72. CICHORIUM, Tourn. SUCCORY or CICHORT.

Heads several-flowered. Involucre double ; the outer of 5 short spreading
scales, the inner of 8-10 scales. Achenia striate. Pappus of numerous very
small chaffy scales, forming a short crown. — Branching perennials, with deep
roots ; the sessile heads 2 or 3 together, axillary and terminal. Flowers bright
blue, showy. f Altered from the Arabian name of the plant.)

1, C. INTYBUS, L. Stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, partly clasping, the
lowest runcinate, those of the rigid flowering branches minute. — Road-sides ;
common near the coast, especially in Mass. July -Oct. (Nat. from Eu.)

73. K.BIOIA, Schreber. DWARF DANDELION.

Heads 15-20-flowered. Scales of the involucre several, in about 2 rows.
Achenia top-shaped, many-striate or angled. Pappus double ; the outer of 5
broad and rounded chaffy scales ; the inner of as many alternate slender bris-
tles. — Small annuals or biennials, branched from the base ; the leaves chiefly
radical, lyrate or toothed, the small heads terminating the naked scapes of
branches. Flowers yellow. (Named after D. Krieg, an early German botani
cal collector in this country.)

286 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

1. K.. Virgiiiica, Willd. Stems or scapes several, forking duriag tha
season (!' - 10' high) ; earlier leaves roundish, entire, the others narrower, often
pinnatifid. — Var. Dicu6TOMA is a branched and leafy summer state. — New
England to Illinois and southward, mostly near the coast. April - Aug.

•74. CYNTHIA, Don. CYNTHIA.

Heads many-flowered. Scales of the involucre several, somewhat in 2 rows.
Achcnia short, striate. Pappus double; the outer of numerous very small
chaffy bristles ; the inner of numerous capillary elongated bristles. — Low pe-
rennial herbs, nearly smooth and glaucous, with scattered or radical leaves;
the scapes or naked peduncles (often bristly at the apex) bearing rather showy
single heads. Flowers yellow. (Probably named after Mount Cynthus.)

1. C. Virgiilica, Don. Roots Jibrous ; stem-leaves 1 - 2, oblong or lance-
olate-spatulate, clasping, mostly entire ; the radical ones on short winged peti-
oles, often toothed, rarely pinnatifid ; peduncles 2-5. — Moist banks, New York
to Michigan and southward. June. — Stem 1° high, or more.

2. C. Dandelion, DC. Scapes leafless, from a tuberous root (6' -IS'
high) ; leaves varying from spatulate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, entire or few-
lobed. — Moist ground, Maryland to Kentucky, and southward. March -July.

V5. L.EOINTODO1V, L., Juss. HAWKBIT. FALL DANDELION.

Heads many-flowered. Involucre scarcely imbricated, but with several bract-
lets at the base. Achenia spindle-shaped, striate, all alike. Pappus persistent,
composed of plumose bristles which are enlarged and flattened towards the base.
— Low and stemless perennials, with toothed or pinnatifid root-leaves, the scapes
bearing one or more yellow heads. (Name from Xt'cov, a lion, and oSous, a tooth,
in allusion to the toothed leaves.) — The following belongs to the subgenus
OrORfNiA, with a tawny pappus of a single row of equal bristles.

1. L. AUTUMN\LE, L. (FALL DANDELION.) Leaves more or less pin-
natifid ; scape branched ; peduncles thickened at the summit and furnished with
small scaly bracts. Meadows and road-sides; common in E. New England.
Aug. - Oct. (Nat. from Eu. )

76. IIIEUACIUM, Tourn. HAWKWEED.

Heads many-flowered. Involucre more or less imbricated. Achenia oblong
or columnar, striatc, not beaked. Pappus a single row of tawny fragile capil-
lary bristles. — Perennial herbs, with entire or toothed leaves, and single or pan-
icled heads of yellow flowers. (Name from iepag, a hawk.)

* Heads large and broad: involucre imbricated: achenia tapering towards the base.

1. II. Caiiafl<>iBSe, Michx. (CANADA HAWKWEED.) Stems simple,
leafy, corymbcd at the summit (l°-3° high); leaves sessile, lanceolate or
ovate-oblong, acute, remotely and very coarsely toothed, somewhat hairy, the
uppermost slightly clasping. — Dry woods, Massachusetts to Michigan, and
northward. Aug.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 237

* * Heads small : involucre cylindrical, scarcely imbricated.

2. II. scabrum, Michx. (ROUGH HAWKWEED.) Stem rather stout
(l°-3°high), leafy, rough-hairy; the stiff flexuous panicle at first racemose,
at length ratlin- corymbose; the thickish peduncles and the hoary 40 - 50-llow-
ered involucre densely clothed with dark glandular bristles ; achenia columnar, not
tapering at the summit ; leaves obovate or oval, nearly entire, hairy. — Dry open
woods ; common, especially northward. Aug.

3. II. loiigipilum, Torr. (LONG-BEARDED HAWKWEED.) Stem wand
like, simple, stout (2° -3° high), very leafy toivards the base, naked above, and
bearing a small racemed panicle ; the lower portion and both sides of the ob-
long-lanceolate or spatulate entire leaves thickly clothed with very long and upright
bristles; peduncles with the 20 - 30-flowered involucre glandular-bristly; achenia
spindle-shaped, narrowed at the apex. — Prairies, Michigan to Illinois, and west-
ward. Aug. — Heads intermediate between the last and the next. Bristles
straight and even, as if combed, often 1' long !

4. II. Gronovii, L. (HAIRY HAWKWEED.) Stem wand-like, mostly
simple, leafy and very hairy beloiv, naked above and forming a long and narrow
panicle; leaves oblong or obovate, nearly entire, hairy ; the slender peduncles
and the 20 - 30-flowercd involucre sparingly glandular-bristly ; achenia spindle-
shaped, with a very taper summit. — Dry sterile soil ; common, especially south-
ward. Aug. — Varies from 1° — 4° high; with small heads and almost beaked
fruit, which well distinguishes the largest forms from No. 2, and the smallest
naked-stemmed states from the next.

5. II. venosuin, L. (RATTLESNAKE-WEED.) Stem or scape naked or
with a single leaf, smooth and slender, forking above into a spreading loose corymb ;
root-leaves obovate or oblong, nearly entire, scarcely petioled, thin and pale,
purplish and glaucous underneath (often hairy along the midrib), marked with
purple veins ; peduncles very slender ; involucre 20-flowered ; achenia linear, not
tapering above. — Var. SUBCAULESCENS has the stem more or less leafy next
the base. — Dry plains and pine woods ; common. — Plant 1° - 2° high.

6. II. pailiculatlini, L. (PANICLED HAWKWEED.) Stem slender,
leafy, diffusely branched, hairy below (2° -3° high) ; leaves lanceolate, acute at
both ends, slightly toothed, smooth ; heads (very small) in a loose panicle, on slen-
der diverging peduncles, 12 - 20-JJowered ; achenia short, not tapering at the sum-
mit. — Open woods ; rather common.

7"7. NABALUS, Cass. RATTLESNAKE-ROOT.

. Heads few - many-flowered. Involucre cylindrical, of 5 to 14 linear scales in
a single row, and a few small bractlets at the base. Achenia linear-oblong, stri-
ate or grooved, not contracted at the apex. Pappus of copious straw-color or
brownish roughish capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs, with upright leafy stems
arising from spindle-shaped (extremely bitter) tubers, very variable leaves, and
racemose-panicled mostly nodding heads. Flowers greenish-white or cream-
color, often tinged with purple. (Name probably from vafiXa, a harp, in allu-
sion to the lyrate leaves which these plants sometimes present.) Species of
Preuauthes, L. See Addend.

238 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE PAMILY.)

# Involucre smooth or nearly so, 5 - 1 2-flowered.

1. IV. aibus, llook. (WHITE LETTUCE. KATTLEBNAKE-ROOT.)

Smooth and glaucous (2° -4° high); stein coryinbose-panicltd at the summit:
leaves ungulate or triangular-halberd-form, sinuate-toothed, 01 3-5-cleft; the
uppermost oblong and undivided; involucre (purplish) of about 8 scales, 8-12-
flowered; pappus deep cinnamon-color. — Var. SERPENTARIA is a form with deep-
ly divided leaves, their margins often rough-ciliate. — Borders of woods, in rich
soil ; common, especially northward. Aug. — Stouter and more corymbed than
the next, with thickish leaves and often purplish branches. Heads £' long.

2. W. altissimus, Hook. (TALL WHITE LETTUCE.) Smooth; stem
tall and slender (3° -6° high); the heads in small axillary and terminal loose
clusters forming a long and wand-like leafy panicle ; leaves membranaceous, all
petioled, ovate, heart-shaped or triangular, and merely toothed or cleft, with
naked or winged petioles, or frequently 3 - 5-parted, with the divisions entire or
again cleft; involucre slender (greenish), of 5 scales, 5 - S-Jlowered ; pappus dirty
white, or pale straw-color. — Rich moist woods ; common, especially northward.
Aug., Sept.

3. IV. Fraseri, DC. (LION'S-FOOT. GALL-OF-THE-EARTH.) Nearly
smooth; stem corymbose-panicled at the summit (l°-4° high) ; leaves mostly del-
toid, roujjiish ; the lower variously 3-7-lobed, on margined petioles ; the upper
oblong-lanceolate, mostly undivided, nearly sessile; involucre (greenish or pur-
plish, sometimes slightly bristly) of about 8 scales, 8 - IZ-Jloicercd ; pappus dull
straw-color. — Varies greatly in foliage: the var. INTEGRIFC^LIUS has the thick-
ish leaves all undivided and merely toothed. — Dry sandy or sterile soil, S. New
England to Virginia and southward. Sept.

4. IV. nfillUS, DC. Smooth; stem low and simple (5' -10' high); the
heads in axillary clusters forming a narrow racemed panicle ; leaves triangular-
halberd-shaped and very variously lobed or cleft, on slender petioles ; involucre
(livid) 10- 13-Jtowen.d, of about 8 proper scales and several very short bract-like ones,
which are triangular-ovate and oppressed; pappus dark straw-color. — Alpine
summits of the White Mountains of New Hampshire, and Mount Marcy, New
York. Aug. - Oct.

5. IV. Bo6ttii, DC. Stem simple, dwarf (5'- 6' high), pubescent at the
summit; the beads in an almost simple raceme ; lowest leaves halberd-shaped
or heart-shaped, the middle oblong, the upper lanceolate, nearly entire, tapering
into a margined petiole; involucre (livid) 10- IS-Jlowered, of 10- 15 very obtuse
proper scales, and several linear and loose exterior ones nearly half the length of the
former; pappus straw-color. — Higher alpine summits of the mountains of
Maine, New Hampshire, and N. New York. Aug.

6. IV. virgalus, DC. (SLENDER RATTLESNAKE-ROOT.) Smootn,
slightly glaucous; stem very simple (2° -4° high) ; produced above into a naked
and nli')nli-r .«/'//.• «l raceme (l£°-2° long), the heads clustered and mostly unilat-
eral; leaves lanceolate, acute, closely sessile, the upper reduced to bracts, the
lower toothed or pinnatifid; involucre (purplish) of about 8 scales, 8- 11-Jloicered;
pappus straw-color. — Sandy pine barrens, New Jersey to Virg:nia, and souti-
ward Sept.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 239

* # Involucre 12 - 40-jlowered, hairy, as well as the peduncles.

7. W racemdSKS, Hook. Stem wand-like, simple (2° -5° high), smooth,
as well as the oval or oblong-lanceolate denticulate leaves ; the lower tapering
into winged petioles (rarely cut-pinnatifid), the upper partly clasping; heads in
clusters crowded in a long and narrow interruptedly spiked panicle ; involucre about
\2-flowered; pappus straw-color. — Plains, Ohio to Wisconsin, and northward.
Also Hackensack marshes, New Jersey. Sept. — Flowers flesh-color.

8. N. sis per, Torr. & Gr. Stem wand-like, simple (2° -4° high), rough-
pubescent, as well as the oval-oblong or broadly lanceolate toothed leaves ; heads
in small clusters (mostly erect) disposed in a'long and narrow compound raceme ;
involucre 12 - 14-flowered ; pappus straw-color. — Dry prairies and barrens, Ohio
to Illinois, and southward. Sept. — Flowers larger than No. 7, cream-color.

9. W. crepidlneus, DC. Somewhat smooth; stem stout (5° -8° high),
bearing numerous nodding heads in loose clusters on the corymbose-panicled
branches; leaves large (6' -12' long), broadly triangular-ovate or halberd-form,
strongly toothed, contracted into winged petioles ; involucre 20 - 40-Jlowered ;
pappus brown. — Rich soil, Ohio to Illinois and southward. Sept. — Involucre
blackish ; flowers cream-color.

78. T BO XI HI ON, Nutt. TROXIMON.

Head many-flowered. Scales of the bell-shaped involucre ovate or lanceo-
late, pointed, loosely imbricated in ^ or 3 rows. Achenia smooth, 10-ribbed,
not beaked. Pappus longer than the achenium, white, of copious and unequal
rather rigid capillary bristles, some of the larger gradually thickened towards
the base. — Perennial herbs, with linear elongated tufted root-leaves, and a sim-
ple naked scape. Heads solitary, large : flowers yellow. (Name from Tpo>|o/iai,
to eat, first applied to a plant with an edible root.)

1. X. cuspid Aitum, Pursh. Leaves lanceolate, elongated, tapering to
a sharp point, woolly on the margins ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, sharp-
pointed. — Prairies, Wisconsin, N", 111., and westward. April, May.

?9. TARAXACUM, Haller. DANDELION.

Head many-flowered. Involucre double, the outer of short scales ; the innei
of long linear scales, erect in a single row. Achenia oblong, ribbed, and rough-
ened on the ribs, the apex prolonged into a very slender thread-like beak, bear-
ing the pappus of copious soft and white capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs,
producing a tuft of pinuatifid or runcinate radical leaves, and slender naked
hollow scapes, bearing a single large head of yellow flowers. (Name from
ra/mo-o-ci), to disquiet or disorder, in allusion to its medicinal properties.)

1. T. Dens-Ieonis, Dcsf. (COMMON DANDELION.) Smooth, or at
first pubescent; outer involucre reflexed. — Pastures and fields everywhere:
probably indigenous in the North. April -Sept. — After blossoming, the inner
involucre closes, the slender beak elongates and raises up the pappus while the
fruit is forming, the whole involucre is then reflexed, exposing to the wind the
naked fruits, v.'ith the pappus displayed in an open globular head. (Eu.)

240 COMPOSITE, (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

8O. PYRRHOPAPPUS, DC. FALSE DANDELION.

Heads, &c. nearly as in Taraxacum ; the soft pappus reddish or rusty-color,
and with a villous ring at the top of the long beak. — Mostly annual or biennial
herbs, often branching and leafy-stemmed. Heads solitary, pretty large, termi-
nating the naked summit of the stem or branches. Flowers deep yellow.
(Name composed of nvppos, flame-colored, and Tramros, pappus.)

1. P. Cardiiiif&iius, DC. Stem branching below (l°-2° high),
leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire, cut, or pinnatifid, the stem-leaves partly
clasping. — Sandy fields, from Maryland southward. April -July.

81. L.ACTUCA, Toura. LETTUCE.

Heads several-flowered. Scales of the involucre imbricated in 2 or more sets
of unequal lengths. Achenia flat (compressed parallel to the scales of the invo-
lucre), abruptly contracted into a long thread-form beak, bearing a copious and
fugacious pappus of very soft and white capillary bristles. — Leafy -stemmed
herbs, with panic-led heads; the flowers of variable color. (The ancient name
of the Lettuce, L. saliva; from lac, milk, in allusion to the milky juice.)

1. If eloiigala, Muhl. (WiLD LETTUCE.) Stem tall and stout (2°-
9° high, hollow) ; leaves partly clasping, pale beneath ; the upper lanceolate
«ind entire ; the lower runcinate-pinnatifid ; heads in a long and narrow naked
panicle ; achenia oval ; flowers pale yellow, varying to purple. — Varies greatly ;
*he leading form smooth or nearly so, with long leaves: — the var. INTEGRI-
F6LIA is mostly smooth, with the leaves nearly all entire, and the flowers yel-
low or bluish (L. integrifolia, BiyeL) : — the var. SANGufNEA is smaller, mostly
hairy, and with runcinate leaves, and the flowers very variously colored (L. san-
guinea, BiyeL}. — Rich damp soil, borders of thickets, &c. July -Sept.

82. ITIULOEDIUM, Cass. FALSE or BLUE LETTUCE.

Heads many-flowered. Involucre, &c. as in Lactuca. Achenia laterally
compressed, striate or ribbed, the summit contracted into a short and thick beak
or neck, of the same texture, expanded at the apex into a ciliatc disk, which
bears a copious rather deciduous pappus of soft capillary bristles. — Leafy-
Btemmed herbs, with the general aspect and foliage of Lactuca. Heads racemed
or panic-led; the flowers chiefly blue. (Name from mulgeo, to milk.)
* Pappus bright white : flowers blue.

1. Iff. acilllliimtum, PC. Smooth, panicled above (3°-e» high);
ttem-Iciiri's omit- and ovate-lanceolate, pointed, merdij toothed, sometimes hairy on
&e midrib beneath, contracted at the base into a winged petiole; the lowest
often sinuate; heads loosely panicled. @ — Borders of thickets, New York to
Illinois, and southward. — Probably only a state of the next.

2. ITI. Florid si mini, DC. Nearly smooth (3° -6° high) ; leaves aUly-
rate or rin.rhinfe, the divisions sharply toothed ; heads in a loose compound pan-
icle. (3) — Varies with the upper leaves clasping by a heart-shaped base, &c. —
Rich soil, S. Peon., an \ Ohio to Illinois, and southward. Aug.

LOBELIACE^E. (LOBELIA FAMILY.) 241

* * Pappus tawny : corolla pale blue, or cream-color turning bluish.

3. M. Iciicopli&imi, DC. Nearly smooth ; stem tall (3° -12° high),
very leafy ; leaves irregularly pinnatifid, sometimes runcinate, coarsely toothed,
the uppermost often undivided ; heads in a large and dense compound panicle
@ — Low grounds ; common. Aug. — Lower leaves often 1° long.

M. PULCHELLUM, Nutt., of the plains of the Northwest, is to be expected in
Wisconsin.

83. SO NC II US, L. SOW-THISTLE.

Heads many-flowered, becoming tumid at the base. Involucre more or less
imbricated. Achenia flattened laterally, ribbed or striate, not beaked. Pappua
copious, of very white exceedingly soft and fine capillary bristles. — Leafy-
stemmed weeds, chiefly smooth and glaucous, with corymbed or umbellate
heads of yellow flowers. (The ancient Greek name.)

* Annual : flowers pale yellow.

1. S. OLERACEUS, L. (COMMON SOW-THISTLE.) Stem-leaves runcinate-
pinnatitid, or rarely undivided, slightly toothed with soft spiny teeth, clasping
by a heart-shaped base, the auricles acute ; involucre downy when young ; ache-
nia striate, wrinkled transversely. — Waste places in manured soil and around
dwellings. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. S. ASTER, Vill. (SPINY-LEAVED SOW-THISTLE.) Stem-leaves mostly
undivided, conspicuously spiny-toothed, the auricles of the clasping base round-
ed ; achenia margined, 3-nerved on each side, smooth. — Waste places, like the last,
and much resembling it. (Nat. from Eu.)

* * Perennial: flowers bright yellow. (Heads large.)

3. S. ARVENSIS, L. (CORN SOW-THISTLE.) Leaves runcinate-pinnatifid,
spiny-toothed, clasping by a heart-shaped base, the auricles obtuse ; peduncles
and involucre bristly ; achenia transversely wrinkled on the ribs. — Essex
County, Massachusetts, Staten Island, and New Jersey : rare. Sept. (Adv.
from Eu.) Cayuga Lake, &?. New York, //. B. Lord.

ORDKR 60. LOBELIACE^E. (LOBELIA FAMILY.)

Herbs, with milky juice, alternate leaves, and scattered flowers, an irregular
monopetalous 5-lobed corolla split down to the base on one side : the 5 stamens
free from the corolla, and united into a tube commonly by their filaments and
always by their anthers. — Calyx-tube adherent to the many-seeded pod.
Style 1 : stigma fringed. Seeds anatropous, with a small straight embryo,
in copious albumen. — A family of acrid poisonous plants, represented only
by the genus

1. LOBELIA, L. LOBELIA.

Calyx 5-cleft, with a short tube. Corolla with a straight tube, split down on
the upper side, somewhat 2-lipped ; the upper lip of 2 rather erect lobes, the
lower spreading and 3-cleft. Two of the anthers in our species bearded at the

242 LOBELIACE2B. (LOBELIA FAMILY.)

top. Pod 2-cellcd, many-seeded, opening at the top. — Flowers axillary or
chieflv in bracted racemes. (Dedicated to Label, an early Flemish herbalist.)
* Flowers deep red, large : stem simple.

1. L. cardinalis, L. (CARDINAL-FLOWER.) Tall (2°-4° high),
smoothish; leaves oblong-lanceolate, slightly toothed; raceme elongated, rather
1-sided; the pedicels much shorter than the leaf-like bracts. — Low grounds;
common. July -Oct. — Perennial by offsets, with large and very showy in-
tensely red flowers, — rarely varying to rose-color! (Plymouth, Mr. Gilberj),
or even to white !

# * Flowers blue, or blue var legated with white.

*- Stems leafy to the top, simple (l°-3° high) : leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate:
sinuses of the calyx with conspicuous dejlexed auricles : Jlowers crowded in a long
spike or dense raceme.

2. li. syplliliticn. L (GREAT LOBELIA.) Somewhat hairy ; leaves thin,
acute at both ends (2' -6' long), irregularly serrate; flowers (nearly 1' long) pedi-
celled, longer than the leafy bracts ; calyx hirsute, the lobes half the length of
the corolla, the short tube hemispherical, ty — Low grounds; common. Aug.,
Sept. — Flowers light blue, rarely white.

3. L. pllbcrilla, Michx. Finely soft-pubescent ; leaves thickish, obtuse (!'-
2' long), with small glandular teeth; spike rather 1-sided; calyx-lobes (and ovate
oracts) little shorter than the corolla, the hairy tube top-shaped. 1J. — Moist grounds,
New Jerse) to Ohio and southward. Aug. — Corolla bright blue, £' long.

4. fj. I<'|>fO*tilcliy*, A. DC. Smooth above; leaves obtuse, denticulate,
oblong-lanceolate, the upper gradually reduced to awl-shaped bracts ; raceme
spike-like, long and dense ; lobes of the calyx nearly equalling the corolla, the
auricles in the form of 10 awl-shaped appendages as long as the hemispherical tube.
\\. — Sandy soil, Illinois and southward. July, Aug. — Corolla 3" -4" long.
t- •»- Stems leafy, mostly simple (l°-2£° high) : leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceo-
late : calyx-tube hemispherical, the sinuses destitute of auricles : Jlowers pretty la/ye
(§'—!' long) and showy, in a loose nearly l-sided raceme: anthers sometimes beard-
ed on the back.

5. L.. glaildulo§a, Walt. Sparingly hairy or pubescent ; leaves, bracts,
and usually the lobes of the calyx strongly glandular-toothed ; anyx-tube densely
hixpid, rarely sparsely so, or smoothish. ty — Moist places, Virginia and south-
ward. Aug., Sept.

6. L. aillWiia, Michx. Glabrous (rarely minutely pubescent) ; leaves
and bracts scared v ulandular-toothcd ; calyx-lobes entire and slender. 1J. — Shady
moist places, Virginia and southward. Sept.

•»- •*-•*- Stems leafy : calyx-tube ovoid or tapering to an acute base, no auricles or ap-
pendages at the sinuses: Jlowers small (4'-£' long), rore.W.
*•»• P<inirn/(if</y much branched: racemes leafy : root annual or biennial.

7. L. iiiflata, L. (INDIAN TOBACCO.) Somewhat pubescent (9'- 18'
high) ; leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, toothed; lobes of the calyx equalling
the corolla ("1" -3" long), the tube and the inflated pod ovoid. — Dry open soil;
common. July -Sept. — A virulent poison and quack medicine.

Ml;

CAMPANULACEA. (CAMPANULA FAMILY.) 243

*+• *•« Simple or sparingly panicled, slender: leaves entire, or nearly so, the upper
reduced to linear or awl-shaped bracts : root perennial or biennial.

8. Li. Spicata, Lam. Minutely pubescent; stem wand-like, simple (1°-
3° high) ; stem-leaves obovate- or lanceolate-oblong ; raceme long and spike-like, com-
monly dense. (L. Claytoniana, Michx.} — Dry grounds, Massachusetts to Wis-
consin, and southward. Aug. — Flowers pale blue.

9. L.. Nuttallii, Roem. & Sch. Stem very slender (l°-2° high), minute
ly roughened, mostly simple ; root-leaves obovate ; those of the stem oblong-linear ;
flowers loosely scattered in a small wand-like raceme ; the thread-form pedicels
longer than the bract, shorter than the /lower, usually with minute bractlets near the
base; lobes of the calyx short, awl-shaped. — Sandy swamps, Long Island, New
Jersey, and southward. July - Sept. Much resembles the next.

10. L. Kalniii, L. Stem slender, branching (4'- 18' high), smooth : root-
leaves oblong-spatulate ; those of the stem linear ; raceme loose, few-flowered ; pedi-
cels shorter than the linear leaf-like bracts, longer than the flower, with 2 minute bract-
lets above the middle. — Damp limestone rocks and banks, W. New England to
Wisconsin along the Great Lakes. Also Penn, Pcrter. July -Sept.

•4- -»— -i— -4— Stem simple and nearly leafless, except at or near the base : flowers in a
simple loose raceme : leaves fleshy : calyx-tube acute at the base ; auricles none.

11. JL. paliulosa, Nutt. Nearly smooth ; stem slender (l°-2^° high);
leaves thickish but flat, scattered near the base, linear-spatulate or oblong-linear, den-
ticulate, mostly tapering into a petiole ; lower lip of the corolla bearded in the
middle. 1J. — Bogs, Delaware and southward. — Flowers ^' long, light blue.

12. L,. Uortlliaiina, L. (WATER LOBELIA.) Very smooth; scape
thickish (5' - 12' high) , few-flowered ; leaves all tufted at the root, linear, terete, hollow,
with a partition lengthwise, sessile ; lower lip of the pale-blue corolla slightly
hairy. 1|. — Borders of ponds, New York, New England, and northward. July
- Sept. — Flowers £' - 1' long. Summit of the pod free from the calyx. (Eu.)

ORDER Gl. CAMPANULACE/E. (CAMPANULA FAMILY.)

Herbs, with milky juice, alternate leaves, and scattered flowers ; the calyx
adherent to the ovary ; the regular 5-lobed corolla bell-shaped, valvate in tlie
bud ; the 5 stamens free from the corolla and usually distinct. — Style 1, be-
set with collecting hairs above : stigmas 2 of more. Pod 2 - several-celled,
many-seeded. Seed small, anatropous, with a straight embryo in fleshy
albumen. — Flowers generally blue and showy — Sparingly represented
in America, in the Northern States by only two genera.

1. CAMPANULA, Tourn. BELLFLOWER.

Calyx 5-clcft. Corolla generally bell-shaped, 5-lobcd. Stamens 5, separate,
the filaments broad and membranaceous at the base. Stigmas and cells of the
pod 3 in our species, the short pod opening on the sides by as many valves oi
holes. — Herbs with terminal or%xillary flowers. (A diminutive (>f the Italian
campana, a bell, from the shape of the corolla.)

244 CAMPANULACEjE. (CAMPANULA FAMILY.)

* f lowers panicled (or rarely solitary), long-pednncled : pods nodding.

1. C. rotund ifolia, L. (HAREBELL.) Slender, branching (5'- 12
nigh), 1 - 1 0-flowcred ; root-leaves round-Jieart-shaped or' ovate, mostly toothed oi
crenate, long-petioled, early withering away ; stem-leaves- numerous, linear or nar~
rowly lanceolate, entire, smooth ; calyx-lobes awl-shaped, varying from $ to § the
length of the bright-blue corolla. ]\. — Rocky shaded banks; common north-
ward, and along the mountains. July. — A delicate and pretty, but variable
§pecies, with a most inappropriate name, since the round root-leaves are rarely
conspicuous. Corolla ^'-f long. (Eu.)

Var. liiii folia. Stems more upright and rather rigid ; the lowest leaves
varying from heart-shaped to ovate-lanceolate ; corolla §'-!' long. (C. linifo-
lia, Lam.) — Shore of Lake Huron, Lake Superior, and northwestward. (Eu.)

2. C. apariiioides, Pursh. (MARSH BELLFLOWER.) Stem simple
w d slender, weak (8' -20' hign), few-flowered, somewhat 3-angled, rough back-
wards on the angles, as are the slightly toothed edges and midrib of the linear-lance-
olate leaves ; peduncles diverging, slender ; lobes of the calyx triangular, half the
length of the bell-shaped (nearly white) corolla. 1J.? (C. erinoides, Muhl.) —
Bogs and wet meadows, among high grass. July. — Plant with somewhat the
habit of a Galium ; the corolla barely $' long.

3. C. divaricata, Michx. Very smooth; stem loosely branched (1°-
3° high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, coarsely end sharply toothed;
flowers numerous on the branches of the large compound panicle, calyx-lobes awl-
shaped, about half the length of the pale-blue small (£') corolla; style protruded.
Ij. — Dry woods and rocks, mountains of Virginia, Kentucky, and southward
July - Sept.

# * Ftowers numerous, nearly sessile, crowded in a long more or less leafy spike,
corolla almost wheel-shaped, deeply 5-lobed : pods erect.

4. C. Americana, L. (TALL BELLFLOWER.) Stem mostly simple
(3° -6° high) ; leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, serrate, mostly
on margined petioles, thin, somewhat hairy (2£' -6' long) ; the slender style
protruded and curved. 1J. — Moist rich soil, New York to Wisconsin, and
southward. July. — Spike l°-2° long. Corolla blue, 1' broad.

C. MEDIUM, L., the CANTERBURY BELLS, and some other species, are com-
mon in gardens. C. GLOMERA.TA, L., has escaped from gardens at Dauvers,
Mass.

2. SPECUL.ARIA, Heist. VENUS'S LOOKING -o LASS.

Calyx 5- (or 3 -4-) lobed. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-lobcd. Stamens 5, sep
arate ; the membranaceous hairy filaments shorter than the anthers. Stigmas
3. Pod prismatic or elongated-oblong, 3-celled, opening by 3 small lateral
valves. — Low annuals ; the lower flowers in the American species (§ TRIODAL-
LU8, Raf.) fruiting precociously in the bud, without expanding their imperfect
corolla. (Name from Speculum Veneris, the early name of the common Euro-
pean species.)

ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 245

1. S. perfoliiita, A. DC. Somewhat hairy ; leaves roundish or ovate,
clasping bj the heart-shaped base, toothed ; flowers sessile, solitary or 2 - 3 to-
gether in the axils ; the upper and later ones only with a conspicuous expanding
(purple-blue) corolla; pod oblong, opening rather below the middle. — Dry \ulla
or open fields ; common. May -

ORDER 62. ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.)

Shrubs, sometimes herbs, with the flowers regular or nearly so: the stamens
as many or twice as many as the 4 - 5-lobed or 4 - b-petalled corolla, free
from but inserted with it: anthers 2-celled, commonly appendaged or open-
ing by terminal chinks or pores: style 1: ovary 3 -10-celled. Seeds small,
anatropous. Embryo small, or sometimes minute, in fleshy albumen. — A
large family, very various in many of the characters, comprising four well-
marked suborders, as follows : —

SUBORDER I. VACCINIEJ2. THE WHORTLEBERRY FAMILY.

Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, which forms an edible berry or berry-
like fruit, crowned with the short calyx-teeth. Anthers 2-parted. Pollen
compound (of 4 united grains). — Shrubs or somewhat woody plants, with
acaly buds.

1. GAYLUSSACIA. Ovary 8 - 10-celled, with a single ovule in each cell. Fruit a berried

drupe with 8-10 small nutlets.

2. VACCINIUM Berry 4 - 5-celled (or imperfectly 8 -10-celled by false partitions), many-

seeded. Anther-cells tapering upward into a tube.

8. CHIOGENES. Berry 4-celled, many-seeded, its summit free. Anther-cells not prolonged
into a tube, but each 2-pointed.

SUBORDER II. ERICINEJi. THE PROPER HEATH FAMILY.

Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla monopetalous, or rarely nearly or
quite polypetalous, hypogynous. Pollen of 4 united grains. — Shrubs or
small trees.

TRIBE I. ARBUTE^E. Fruit indehiscent, a berry or drupe. Corolla deciduous.
4. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS. Corolla urn -shaped Drupe berry-like, 6 - 10-seeded.
TRIBE II. A1VDROMEDE.3E. Fruit a pod opening loculicidally. Corolla deciducna.

* Anthers upright in the bnd, the cells opening lengthwise. Corolla salver-shaped.

6. EPIGJEA. Calyx of 5 separate dry and pointed sepals. Anthers not appendaged.

* * Anthers upright in the bud, opening only at the top. Corolla monopetalous, either glob-

ular, urn-shaped, bell-shaped, or cylindrical.

•»- Calyx enlarged and berry-like in fruit.

6. GAULTIIERIA. Calyx 5-cleft, in fruit enclosing the small many -seeded pod. Anthers 4-

awned at the top.

•»- •*- Calyx dry, not becoming fleshy after flowering.

7. LKUCOTHOE. Calyx imbricated in the bud. Corolla cj lindraceous. 5-toothed. Pod de-

pressed, 5-lobed, tbe valves entire.

B. CASSANDRA. Calyx imbricated. Corolla cy lindraceous, 5-toothed. Pod splitting whaa
ripe into an outer and inner layer, the inner of 10 raJves.

246 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.)

9. CASSUOPE. Caljx imbricated. Corolla broadly campanulate, deeply 4 6-cleft. Pod
globular-ovoid, 4 -5-valv«d, the valves 2-cleft

10. AND ROM E DA. Calya vacate and very early open in the bud. Pod globular. Seed*

mostly hanging

11. OXYDENDRUM. Calyx valvate and opening early in the bud. Pod oblong-pyramidal

Seeds all ascending.

• • * Anthers turned over outwardly in the bud, afterwards upright ; the cells opening onlt
by a hole at the top. Corolla of 5 separate petals.

12. CLETHRA. Sepals 6. Stamens 10. Style 3-cleft at the apex. Pod 3-valved.

TRIB« III. RI1ODORE JE. Fruit a pod opening septicidally. Corolla deciduous.

* Anther-cells opening by a pore at the top.

«- Flowers not from scaly buds ; the bracts leaf-like or coriaceous.

13. 1'HYLLODOCE. Corolla ovate or urn-shaped Leaves narrow and heath-like.

14. KALMIA. Corolla broadly bell-shaped or wheel-shaped, with 10 pouches. Leaves brc L

•»- «- Flowers developed from large scaly buds, the scales or bracts caducous.

15. MENZIESIA. Corolla globular-bell-shaped, 4r-toothed. Stamina 8. Leaves deciduoui

16. AZALEA. Corolla open funnel-form, 6-lobed. Stamens 5. Leaves deciduous.

17. RHODODENDRON. Corolla bell-shaped or short funnel-form, 5-lobed. Stamens >.

Leaves evergreen.

18. RIIODORA. Corolla irregular, ringent, two of the petals nearly separate from the n I

Stamens 10. Leaves deciduous.

19. LEDUM. Corolla regular, of 6 nearly distinct petals. Leaves evergreen.

* * Anther cells opening lengthwise. Buds not scaly. Leaves evergreen.

20. LOTSELEURIA. Corolla deeply 5-cleft. Stamens 5, included.

21. LEIOPIIYLLUM. Corolla of 5 separate petals. Stamens 10, exserted.

SUBORDER HI. PYROLE^E. TILE PYROLA FAMILY.

Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla of 5 distinct petals. Pollen, &c.
as in the preceding. Seeds with a very loose and translucent cellular cov-
ering much larger than the nucleus. — Nearly herbaceous ; with evergreen
foliage.

22. PYROLA. Flowers in a raceme. Petals not spreading. Filaments awl-shaped : anthers

scarcely 2-horned. Style long. Valves of the pod cobwebby on the edges.

23. MONESES. Flower single. Petals widely spreading. Filaments not dilated in the mid-

dle : anthers conspicuously 2-horned. Style straight, exserted : stigiuas 5, radiate.
Valves of the pod smooth on the edges.

34. CHIMAPIIILA. Flowers corymbed or umbelled. Petals widely spreading. Filaments
dilated in the middle. Style very short and top-shaped, covered by a broad and or-
bicular stigma. Valves of the pod smooih on the edges.

SUBORDKR IV. MONOTROPEyE. THE INDIAN-PIPE FAMILY.

Flowers nearly as in Suborders II. or III., but the plants herbaceous and
entirely destitute of green foliage, and with the aspect of Bcechdrops.
Seeds as in Suborder III. Pollen simple.

* Corolla monopetalous : anthers 2-cellfd.

26. PTEROSP01A. Corolla ovate, 6-toothed, withering-persistent. Anthers 2-horned on too

back, opening lengthwise.
26. SCinVElNlTZlA. Corolla broadly bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Anthers opening at the top.

* * Corolla of 4 or 6 separate petals : calyx imperfect ->r bract-like.
VS. MONOTROPA. Petal* narrow. Anthers kidney-soaped, opening across Uio too.

ERICACEAE. (H^ATH FAMILY.) 247

buBORDER I. VACCINI&X. THE WHORTLEBEHKY FAMILY.

1. GAYJLUSSACIA, H. B. K. HUCKLEBERRY.

Corolla tubular, ovoid, or bell-shaped ; the border 5-cleft. Stamens 10 : an-
thers awnless ; the cells tapering upward into more or less of a tube, opening
by a chink at the end. Fruit a berry-like drupe containing 10 seed-like nutlets.
— Branching shrubs, with the aspect of Vaccinium, commonly sprinkled with
resinous dots ; the flowers (white tinged with purple or red) in lateral and bracted
racemes. (Named for the distinguished chemist, Gay-Lussac.)
* Leaves thick and evergreen, not resinous-doited.

1. G. foracliycera, Gray. (BOX-LEAVED HUCKLEBERRY.) Very
-smooth (1° high) ; leaves oval, finely crenate-toothed ; racemes short and nearly
sessile; pedicels very short ; corolla cylindrical-bell -shaped. — Dry woods, Per-
ry County, Penn., near Bloomficld (Prof. Baird), and mountains of Virginia,
May. — Leaves in shape and aspect like those of the Box.

* * Leaves deciduous, entire, sprinkled more or less with resinous or waxy atoms.

2. G. dllinosn, Torr. & Gr. (DWARF HUCKLEBERRY.) Somewhat hairy
and glandular, low (1° high from a creeping base), bushy; leaves obovate-ob-
long, mucronate, green both sides, rather thick and shining when old ; racemes
elongated ; bracts leaf-like, oval, persistent, as long as the pedicels ; ovary bristly of
glandular; corolla bell-shaped ; fruit black (insipid). — Var. HIRTELLA has tho
young branchlets, racemes, and often the leaves hairy. — Sandy low soil, Maine
to Virginia, near the coast, and southward. June.

3. G. frondosa, Torr. & Gr. (BLUE TANGLE. DANGLEBERRY.)
Smooth (3° -6° high) ; branches slender and divergent; leaves obovate-oblong,
blunt, pale, glaucous beneath ; racemes slender, loose ; bracts oblong or linear, decid-
uous, shorter than the slender drooping pedicels ; corolla globular-bell-shaped ; fruit
dark blue with aVhite bloom (sweet and edible). — Low copses, coast of New
England to Kentucky, and southward. May, June.

4. G. resJnosa, Torr. & Gr. (BLACK HUCKLEBERRY.) Much branched,
rigid, slightly pubescent when young (l°-3° high); leaves oval, oblong-ovate, or
oblong, thickly clothed and at first clammy, as well as the flowers, with shining
resinous globules ; racemes short, clustered, one-pided ; pedicels about the length
of the flowers; bracts and bractlets (reddish] small and deciduous; corolla ovoid-
conical, or ^t length cylindrical with an open mouth ; fruit black, without bloom
(pleasant;. — Woodlands and swamps ; common. May, June. — The common
Huckleberry of the North. It sometimes occurs with white fruit.

3. VACCIIVIUM, L. CRANBERRY. BLUEBERRY. BILBERRY.

Corolla bell-shaped, urn-shaped, or cylindrical; the limb 4 -5-cleft, revolute.
Stamens 8 :>r 10: anthers sometimes 2-awned on the back; the cells separate
and prolonged into a tube, opening by a hole at the apex. Berry 4 - 5-celled,
many-seeded, or sometimes 8-10-celIed by a false partition stretching from the
back of each cell to the placenta. — Shrubs wiiti solitary, clustered, or racemed
flowers : the corolla white or reddish. (An ancient Latin name, c-f obscure
derivation.)

10

248 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.)

* 1. OXYC6CCUS, Tourn. — Ovary 4-cdled: con.Ua 4-panid, the long and nar
row divisions revolute : anthers 8, awnless, tapering upwards into very long kibes
pedicels slender.

* Stems very slender, creeping or trailing ; leaves small, entire, whitened beneath, ever
green : pedicels erect, with the pale rose-colored flower nodding on their summit ;
corolla deeply 4-parted : berries red, acid.

1. V. Oxyc6cctlS, L. (SMALL CRANBERRY.) Stems very slender
(4' -9' long); leaves ovate, acute, with strongly revolute margins (2* -3" long);
pedicels 1-4, terminal ; filaments more than half the length of the anthers.
(Oxycoccus vulgaris, Pursh.) — Peat-bogs, New England and Penn. to Wis-
consin, and northward. June. — Berry 3" -4" broad, spotted when young, sel-
dom sufficiently abundant to be gathered for the market. (Eu.)

2. V. macrocarpoii, Ait. (COMMON AMERICAN CRANBERRY.)
Stems elongated ( 1 ° - 3° long), the flowering branches ascending ; leaves oblong,
obtuse, glaucous underneath, less revolute (4" -6" long); pedicels several, be-
coming lateral ; filaments scarcely one third the length of the anthers. (0. ma-
crocarpus, Pers.) — Peat-bogs, Virginia to Wisconsin, and everywhere north-
ward. June. — Berry £' - 1' long.

* # Stem upright and leaves deciduous, as in common Blueberries : flowers axillary

and solitary : corolla deeply 4-cle/l : berries turning purple, insipid.

3. V. erythrocarpon, Michx. Smooth, divergently branched (1°
4° high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, bristly sen-ate, thin. - — Wooded
hills, mountains of Virginia and southward. July.

$ 2. VITIS-ID^A, Tourn.— Ovary 4-5-celled: corolla bell-shaped, 4-5-lobed:
anthers 8-10, awnless ; filaments hairy : flowers in short and bracted nodding ra-
cemes : leaves evergreen : berries red or purple.

4. V. VHiS-Id&a,' L. (COWBERRY.) Low (6' -10' 'high) ; branches
erect from tufted creeping stems ; leaves obovate, with revolute margins, dark
green, smooth and shining above, dotted with blackish bristly points under-
neath; corolla bell-shaped, 4-cleft. — Higher mountains of New England, also
on the coast of Maine, and at Danvers, Massachusetts (Oakcs), and northward.
June. — Berries dark red, acid and rather bitter, mealy, barely edible. (Eu.)

$ 3. BATOD^NDRON. — Ovary more or less completely W-celled by false parti-
tions : corolla spreading -campanulate, 5-k>bed : anthers 2-awned on th&back: fila-
ments hairy : berries mawkish and scarcely edible, ripening few seeds : flowers soli-
tary on slender pedicels in the axils if the upper leaves, formimj a sort of leafy
racemes.

5. V. stamincum, L. (DEIRBERRY. SQUAW HUCKLEBERRY.)
Diffusely branched (2° -3° high), somewhat pubescent; leaves ovate or oval,
pale, whitish underneath, deciduous; tubes of the anthers much longer than the
corolla, short-awncd ; berries globular or oear-shaped, greenish. — Dry woods,
Maine to Michigan, and southward. May, June.

(V. ARBOREUM, Michx., the FARKLE-BEr.uY, a tall species of this section,
•with coriaceous and shining oval lc;iv«-^. anth.-rs included in the white corolla,
and black berries, is found ia S. Illinois by Dr. Vascy.)

ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 2^9

§ 4. EUVACCf NIUM. — Ovary 4 - 5-celled, with no trace oj false partitions : co-
rolla urn-shaped or globular, 4 - 5-toothed: anthers 2-awned on the back : filaments
smooth : flowers axillary, solitary, or 2-3 together : berries blt.e or black : northern
alpine plants, with deciduous leaves.

6. V. caespitdsuiil, Michx. (DWARF BILBERRY.) Dwarf (3' -5'
high), tufted; leaves obovate, narrowed at the base, membranaceous, smooth
and shining, serrate ; flowers solitary on short peduncles ; corolla oblong, slightly
urn-shaped : stamens 10. — Alpine region of the White Mountains, New Hamp
shire ; and high northward.

7. V. uligiiiosuiii, L. (Boa BILBERRY.) Low and spreading (4' - 8'
high), tufted ; leaves entire, dull, obovate or oblong, pale and slightly pubes-
cent underneath; flowers single or 2-3 together from a scaly bud, almost
sessile; corolla short, urn-shaped; stamens chiejly 8. — Alpine tops of the high
mountains of New England and New York, and northward. (Eu.)

§ 5. CYANOC6CCUS.— Ovary more or less completely 10-celled by false parti-
tions: corolla oblong-cylindrical or slightly urn-shaped, 5-toothed: anthers 10,
awnless : filaments hairy : berries blue or black with a bloom (sweet} : Jlowers in
dusters or very short racemes from scaly buds separate from and rather preceding
the leaves, on short pedicels, appearing in early spring. (Leaves deciduous in the
Northern species or proper Blueberries.)

8. V. Pennsylvaniciliii, Lam. (DWARF BLUEBERRY.) Dwarf
(G'- 15' high), smooth ; leaves lanceolate or oblong , distinctly serrulate with bristle-
pointed teeth, smooth and shining both sides (or sometimes downy on the midrib
underneath) ; corolla short, cylindrical-bell-shaped. — Var. ANGUSTirdLiUM is
a high mountain or boreal form, 3' -6' high, with narrower lanceolate leaves.
(V. angustifolium, Ait.) — Dry hills and woods ; common from Penn. far north-
ward.— Branches green, angled, warty. Berries abundant, large and sweet,
ripening early in July : the earliest blueberry or blue huckleberry in the market.

9. V. Canadciise, Kalm. (CANADA BLUEBERRY.) Low (l°-2°
high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or elliptical, entire, downy both sides, as well as the
crowded branchlets ; corolla shorter : otherwise as No. 8. — Swamps or moist
woods, Maine to Wisconsin, and northward.

10. V. vacillans, Solander. (Low BLUEBERRY.) Low (1°- 2|-° high),
glabrous ; leaves obovate or oval, pale or dull, glaucous, at least underneath, minute-
ly ciliolate-serrulate or entire ; corolla between bell-shaped and cylindraccous ,
th'3 mouth somewhat contracted. — Dry woodlands, especially in sandy soil,
common from Massachusetts and Vermont to Pennsylvania. — Branches yellow-
ish-green. Berries ripening later than those of No. 8.

11. V. corymbosiifn, L. (COMMON SWAMP-BLUEBERRY.) Tall
( 5° -10° high) ; leaves ovate, oval, oblong, or elliptical-lanceolate; corolla varying
from turgid-ovate and cylindrical-urn-shaped to oblong-cylindrical. — Swamps
and low thickets, everywhere common. — This yields the common blueberry or
Uue huckleberry at the latter part of the season. The typical form has the leaves
entire and more or less pubescent, at least when young, as also the branchlets.
The species exhibits the greatest variety of forms, - - of which the last here men-

250 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.)

tioncd is the most remarkable, and the only one which has any claims to ba
regarded us a species

Var. giabrum. Wholly or nearly glabrous throughout; leaves entire.

Var. miiuetlimio Leaves bristly-ciliate, shining above, green both sides,
beneath somewhat pubescent on the veins. (V. amo3imm, Ait., &c.)

Var. pallid u in. Leaves mostly glabrous, pale or whitish-glaucous, eapa
cially underneath, serrulate with bristly teeth. (V. pallidum, Ait.)

Var. cllrocOCClim. Leaves entire, downy or woolly underneath evtn
When old, as also the branchlets; berries smaller, black, without bloom. (V.
fuscatum, Ait. ? Sf Ed. 1.)

3. CHI 6 GENES, Salisb. CREEPING SNOWBERRY.

Calyx-tube adherent to the lower part of the ovary; the limb 4-parted.
Corolla bell-shaped, deeply 4-cleft. Stamens 8, included, inserted on an 8-
toothed epigynous disk : filaments very short and broad : anther-cells ovate-
oblong, quite separate, not awned on the back, but each minutely 2-pointed at
the apex, and opening by a large chink down to the middle. Berry white, glob-
ular, crowned with the 4-toothed calyx, rather dry, 4-cclled, many-seeded. — A
trailing and creeping evergreen, with very slender and scarcely woody stems,
and small Thyme-like ovate and pointed leaves on short petioles, with revolute
margins, smooth above, the lower surface and the branches beset with rigid
rusty bristles. Flowers very small, solitary in the axils, on short nodding pe-
duncles, with 2 large bractlets under the calyx. (Name from xi<^v^ sn<>w, and
yews, offspring, in allusion to the snow-white berries.)

1. C. llispidllla, Torr. & Gr. (Vaccinium hispidulum, L. Gaultheria
Bcrpyllifolia, Pursh. G. hispidula, Muhl.) Peat-bogs and mossy mountain
woods, in the shade of evergreens ; common northward, extending southward in
the Allcghanies. May. — Plant with the aromatic flavor of the Boxbcrry, Win-
tergreen, or Birch. Leaves J' long. Berries \' broad, bright white.

SUBORDER II. EUICINEJE. THE PROPER HEATH FAMILY.
4. ARCTOSTAPIIYL.OS, Adans. BEARBERRY.

Corolla ovate and urn-shaped, with a short revolute 5-toothed limb. Stamens
10, included : anthers with 2 reflexed awns on the back near the apex, opening
by terminal pores. Drupe berry-like, with 5 seed-like nutlets. — Shrubs with
alternate leaves, and scaly-bracted nearly white flowers in terminal racemes or
clusters. Fruit austere. (Name composed of apmos, a bear and ora(£vA»j,
* grape or berry, the Greek of the popular name.)

1. A. Uva-iirsi, Sprcng. (BEARBERRY.) Trailing; leaves thick and
evergreen, obovate or spatulate, entire, smooth; fruit red. (Arbutus Uva-ursi, L.)
— Rocks and bare hills ; New Jersey to Wisconsin, and northward. May. (Eu.)

2. A. alpina, Spivng. (ALPINE BEARBERRY.) Dwarf, tufted and de-
pressed; leans (I'cidiioiiK, Kirrate, irrinklid with strong netted veins, obovate ;
fruit black. — Alpine region of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, Meant
Katahdin, Maine, and high northward. (Eu.)

ERICACE.S. (HEATH FAMILY.) 251

9. EPIGJEA, L. GROUND LAUREL. TRAILING A IBUTUS.

Corolla salver-form ; the tube hairy inside, as long as the ovatc-lanceolata
pointed and scale-like nearly distinct sepals. Stanuns 10, with slender fila-
ments : anthers oblong, awnless, opening lengthwise. Pod depresscd-glot alar,
5-lobed, 5-celled, many-seeded. — A prostrate or trailing scarcely shrubby plant,
bristly with rusty hairs, with evergreen and reticulated rounded and heart-shaped
alternate leaves, on slender petioles, and with rose-colored flowers in small axil-
lary clusters, from scaly bracts. (Name composed of eVt, upon, and 7/7, the earth,
from the trailing growth.)

1. E. repcns, L. — Sandy woods, or sometimes in rocky soil, especially
in the shade of pines, common in many places. — Flowers appearing in early
spring, and exhaling a rich spicy fragrance. In New England called MAT-
FLOWER.

6. GAUL.THERIA, Kalm. AROMATIC WINTERGREEN.

Corolla cylindrical-ovoid or a little urn-shaped, 5 toothed. Stamens 10, in-
cluded : anther-cells each 2-awned at the summit, opening by a terminal pore.
Pod depressed, 5-lobed, 5-r,elled, 5-valved, many-seeded, enclosed when ripe by
the calyx, which thickens and turns fleshy, so as to appear as a globular red
berry ! — Shrubs, or almost herbaceous plants, with alternate evergreen leaves
and axillary (nearly white) flowers : pedicels with 2 bractiets. (Dedicated by
Kalm to "Dr. Gaulthier," of Quebec; Linn, Amoen. Acad. 3, p. 15 ; very likely
the same person as the M. Gautier who contributed a paper on the Sugar-Maple
to the Memoirs of the French Academy ; but it is too late to alter the original
orthography of the genus.)

1. O. prociinibens, L. (CREEPING WINTERGREEN.) Stems slender
and extensively creeping on or below the surface ; the flowering branches as-
cending, leafy at the summit (3' -5' high); leaves obovate or oval, obscurely
serrate ; flowers few, mostly single in the axils, nodding. — Cool damp woods,
mostly in the shade of evergreens : common northward, and southward along
the Alleghanies. July. — The bright red berries (formed of the calyx) and the
foliage have the well-known spicy-aromatic flavor of the Sweet Birch. In the
interior of the country it is called Wintergreen, or sometimes Tea-berry. East-
ward it is called Checkerberry or Partridge-berry (names also applied to M-Vtrhella,
the latter especially so), and Boxberry.

7. L.EUC6THOE, Don. LEUCOTHOE.

Calyx of 5 nearly distinct sepals, imbricated in the bud, not enlarged nor
fleshy in" fruit. Corolla ovate or cylindraccous, 5-toothed. Stamens 10: an-
thers naked, or the cells with 1 or 2 erect awns at the apex, opening by a pore.
Pod depressed, more or less 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved, the sutures not thick-
ened ; valves entire : the many-seeded placentas borne on the summit of the short
columella, mostly pendulous. — Shrubs, with petioled and serrulate leaves, and
white scaly-bracted flowers crowded in axillary or terminal spiked racemes,
f A mythological name.)

252 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.)

$ 1. LEUCOTHOE PROPER. — Anthers awnless; the cells sometimes obscurely 2-
pointed: stigma depressed-capitate, 5-rayed: racemes sessile (dense), produced at
the tin>? of flowering from scaly buds in the axils of the coriaceous and shining per-
sistent leaves of tJie preceding year, shorter than they : bracts persistent : bractlet*
at the base of the short pedicels. (Seed-coat loose and cellular, wing-like.)

1. 1*. axillaris, Don. Leaves lanceolate-oblong or oval, abruptly pointed at
acute, somewhat spinulose-scrrulatc, on very short petioles; sepals broadly ovate.
(Andromeda axillaris, Lam.) — Banks of streams, Virginia, in the low coun-
try, and southward. Feb. - April. — Shrub 2° - 4° high.

2. li. GatCSl>£ei. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, serrulate with cili-
ate-spinu!ose appressed teeth, conspicuously petioled (3' -6' long); sepals ovate-
oblong, often acute. (Andr. Catcsbsei, Walt. A. axillaris, Michx. A. spinu-
losa, Pursh. L. spinulosa, Don. ) — Moist banks of streams, Virginia along the
mountains, and southward. May. — Shrub 2° -4° high, with long spreading
or recurved branches. Flowers unpleasantly scented.

$ 2. EtlBOTRYS, Nutt. — Anthers awned: stigma simple: bractlets close to the
calyx, and, like the sepals, of a rigid texture, ovate or lanceolate, pointed: placentce
merely spreading : flowers very short-pedicelled, in long one-sided racemes, which
mostly terminate the branches, formed with them in the summer, but the flower-buds
not completing their growth and expanding till the following spring : bracts awl-
shaped, deciduous : leaves membranaceous and deciduous, serrulate, the midrib and
veins beneath pubescent.

^. lt» reci'irva. Branches and racemes recurved-spreading ; lea res lanceo-
late or ovate, taper-pointed ; sepals ovate; anther-cells 1 -awned ; pod 5-lobed; seed*
fiat and cellular-winged. (Andr. recurva, Buckley.) — Dry hills, Aleghanies of
Virginia and southward. April. - - Lower and more straggling than t{ e next

4. It. race III 6sa. Branches and racemes mostly erect; leaves oblong or
oval-lanceolate, acute ; sepals ovate-lanceolate ; anther-cells each 2-awned ; pod not
lobed ; seeds angled and wingless. (Andr. racemosa & A. paniculata, L.) — Moist
thickets, Massachusetts to Virginia near the coast, and southward. May, June
— Shrub 4° - 6° high. Corolla cylindrical.

8. CASSANDRA, Don. LEATHER-LEAF.

Calyx of 5 distinct rigid ovate and acute sepals, imbricated in the bud, ana
with a pair of similar bractlets. Corolla cylindrical-oblong, 5-toothed. Sta-
mens 10 : anther-cells tapering into a tubular beak, and opening by a pore at the
apex, awnless. Pod depressed, 5-celled, many-seeded ; the pericarp of 2 layers,
the outer 5-valved, and later the cartilaginous inner layer 10-valved. Seeds
flattened, wingless. — Low and much-branched shrubs, with nearly evergreen
and coriaceous leaves, which are scurfy, especially underneath. Flowers white,
in the axils of the upper small leaves, forming small 1-sided leafy racemes; the
flower-buds formed in the summer and expanding early the next spring. (Cos-
tandra, a daughter of Priam and Hecuba.)

1. C. calycillata, Don. Leaves oblong, obtuse, flat. (.Andromeda
calyculata, L.) —Bogs, common northward. (Eu.)

i

ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 258

9. CASSIOPE, Don. CASSIOPB.

Calyx without bractlets, of 4 or 5 nearly distinct ovate sepals, imbricated in
the bud Corolla broadly campanulate, deeply 4 - 5-cleft. Stamens 8 or 10 :
anthers fixed by their apex ; the ovoid cells each opening by a large terminal
core, and bearing a long recurved awn behind. Pod ovoid or globular, 4-5-
celled, 4 - 5-valved ; the valves 2-cleft : placentae many-seeded, pendulous from
the summit of the columella. Seeds smooth and wingless. — Small, arctic or
alpine evergreen plants, resembling Club-Mosses or Heaths. Flowers solitary,
nodding on slender erect peduncles, white or rose-color. (Cassiope was the
mother of Andromeda.)

1. C. hypnoides, Don. Tufted and procumbent, moss-like (l'-4'
high); leaves needle-shaped, imbricated ; corolla 5-cleft; style short and coni-
cal. (Andromeda hypnoides, L.) — Alpine summits of the Adirondack Moun-
tains, New York (Dr. Parry), White Mountains, N. Hampshire, and Mount
Katahdin, Maine ( Mr. Young), and high northward. (Eu.)

1 0. A IV I> R O I?I E I> A , L. (in part. ) (Andromeda, Zenobia, Lyonia,
Nutt., & Pieris, Don.)

Calyx without bractlets, of 5 nearly or partly distinct sepals, valvate in the
early bud, but very eai'ly separate or open. Corolla 5-toothed. Stamens 10 :
anthers fixed near the middle, the cells opening by a terminal pore. Pod glob-
ular, 5-celled, 5-valved ; the many-seeded placentas borne on the summit or
middle of the columella. — Shrubs, with umbelled, clustered, or paniclcd and
racemed (mostly white) flowers. (Fancifully named by Linnaeus for A. poli-
folia, in allusion to the fable of Andromeda.)

§ 1. ANDROMEDA PROPER. — Corolla glob ular -urn-shaped : filaments bearded f
not appendaged : anthers short, the cells each surmounted by a slender ascending
awn : seeds turned in all directions, oval, with a close and hard smooth coat : flow-
ers in a terminal umbel : pedicels from the axils of ovate persistent scaly bracts :
leaves evergreen.

1. A. polifolia, L. Smooth and glaucous (6' -18' high) ; leaves thick,
lanceolate or oblong-linear, with strongly revolute margins, white beneath. —
Cold bogs, from Pennsylvania northward. May. (Eu.)

k 2. PORTtlNA, Nutt. — Corolla ovoid-urn-shaped and ^-angled: filaments not
appendaged: anthers oblong, the cells each bearing a long refiexed awn near the in-
sertion : seeds mostly pendulous, and with a loose cellular coat : flowers in axillary
and tei-minal racemes, which are formed in summer, but the blossoms expanding the
following spring : pedicels \-sided, bracted and with minute bractfets : leaves thick
and evergreen.

2. A. ilorilmmln, Pursh. Branches bristly when young ; leaves lance-
oblong, acute or pointed (2' long), petioled, serrulate and bristly-ciliate ; racemea
dense, crowded in panicles. — Moist hills, in the Alleghanies from Virginia
southward. April. — A very leafy shrub, 2° -10° high, bearing abundance of
handsome flowers.

254 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.)

4 3. PIERIS, Don. — Corolla ovoid-oblong or cylindraceous : j -.laments slender and
awl -shaped, appendaged with a spreading or recurved bristle on each side at or below
the apex: anthers oblong, awnless : sutures of the b-anc/ular pod with a more or less
tluckentd line or ridge, which often falls away srf)anii<-ly u:/tat the pod opens : seeds
turned in all directions, oblong, with a thin and rather loose reticulated coat : flowers
in umbel-like clusters variously arranged.

3. A. Mariana, L. (STAGGER-BUSH.) Nearly glabrous ; leaves decid-
uous, but rather coriaceous, oval or oblong, veiny ; flowers large and nodding,
in clusters from axillary scaly buds, which are crowded on naked branches of
the preceding year; sepals pretty large, leaf-like, deciduous with the leaves. —
Sandy low places, Rhode Island to Virginia near the coast, and southward.
May, June. — Shrub 2° -4° high : foliage said to poison lambs and calves.

(A. NfriDA, Bartram, the FETTERBUSH, belongs to this group, and may
grow in S. Virginia.)

t 4. LY6NIA, Nutt. — Calyx 5-cle/l: corolla globular, pubescent: filaments and
anthers destitute of awns or appendages: pods prominently ribbed at the sutures, the
ribs at length separating or separable: seeds slender, all pendulous, with a hose and
thin cellular coat : flowers small, mostly in clusters which are racemose-panicled:
Bracts minute and deciduous : leaves pubescent or scurfy beneath.

4. A, ligTUStrilia, Muhl. Leaves deciduous, not scurfy, smoothish when
old, obovate-oblong varying to oblong-lanceolate ; flowers racemose-panicled on
branchlets of the preceding year. — Swamps and low thickets, N. England along
the coast to Virginia, and southward. June, July. — Shrub 4° - 10° high.

11. OXYDENDRUM, DC. SOHREL-TREE. SOUK WOOD.

Calyx without bractlets, of 5 almost distinct sepals, valvate in the bud. CV>rol-
la ovate, 5-toothed, puberulcnt. Stamens 10 : anthers fixed near the base, linear,
awnless, the cells tapering upwards, and opening by a long chink. Pod oblong-
pyramidal, 5-ccllcd, 5-valvcd ; the many-seeded placenta; at the base of the cells.
Seeds all ascending, slender, the thin and loose reticulated coat extended at both
ends into awl-shaped appendages. — A tree with deciduous, oblong-lanceolate
and pointed, soon smooth, serrulate leaves, on slender petioles, and white flowers
in long one-sided racemes clustered in an open panicle, which terminates the
branches of the season. Bracts and bractlets minute, deciduous. Foliage sou;1
to the taste (whence the name, from o^us1, sour, and SsVSpoi/, tr«).

1. O. arborcillll, DC. (Andromeda arhorca, L.) — Rich woods, from
Penn. and Ohio southward, mostly along the Alleghanies. June, July. — Tree
40° -60° high. Leaves in size and shape like those of the Peach.

12. CL.ETIIRA, L. WHITE ALDER. SWKET PKITKRIH-SH.

Calyx of 5 sepals, imbricated in the bud. Corolla of 5 distinct obovate-oblong
petals. Stamens 10, often exserted : anthers inversely arrow-shaped, inverted
and reflsxed in the bud, opening by terminal pores or short slits. Style slender,
8-clcft at the npcx. Pod 3-valved, 3-celled, many-seeded, enclosed in the calyx.
Shrubs, with alternate and serrate deciduous leaves, and white flowers in termi

ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 255

nal hoary racemes. Bracts deciduous. (KX^pa, the ancient Greek name of the
Alder, which this genus somewhat resembles in foliage.)

1. O. alaiilolia.} L. Leaves wedge-obovate, sharply serrate, entire towards
the hase; prominently straight-veined, smooth, green both sides ; racemes upright,
panic-led; bracts shorter than the flowers; filaments smooth. — Wet copses, Maine
to Virginia near the coast, and southward. — Shrub 3° -10° high, covered in
July and August with handsome fragrant blossoms. — In the South are varieties
with the leaves rather scabrous, and pubescent or white-downy beneath.

2. €. acmniiisatsi, Michx. Leaves oval or oblong, pointed, thin, finely
serrate (5' -7' long), pale beneath; racemes solitary, drooping; bracts longer than
the flowers ; filaments and pods hairy. — Woods in the Allcghauies, Virginia
and southward. July. — A tall shrub or small tree.

13. PHYLLODOCE, Salisb. PIIYLLODOCE.

Corolla urn-shaped or bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Stamens 10 : anthers pointless,
shorter than the filaments, opening by terminal pores. Pjd 5-celled, scptic.i-
dally 5-valved (as are all the succeeding), many-seeded. — Low alpine Heath-
like evergreens, clothed with scattered linear and obtuse rough-margined leaves.
Flowers usually nodding on solitary or umbelled peduncles at the summit of the
branches. ("A mythological name.")

1. P. taxiioliu, Salisb. Corolla oblong-urn-shaped, purplish, smooth;
style included. (Mcnziesia carulea, Smith.) — Alpine summits of the White
Mountains, New Hampshire, and Mount Katahdin, Maine (Youny). July
Shrub 4' - G' high, tufted. (Eu.)

14. K.AL.UIIA, L. AMERICAN LAUREL.

Calyx 5-partcd. Corolla between wheel-shaped and bell-shaped, 5-lobed,
furnished with 10 depressions in which the 10 anthers are severally lodged until
they begin to shed their pollen : filaments thread-form. Pod globose, 5-celled,
many-seeded. — Evergreen mostly smooth shrubs, with alternate or opposite
entire coriaceous leaves, and showy flowers. Pedicels bracted. Flower-buds
naked. (Dedicated to Peter Kalm, a pupil of Linnseus who travelled in this
country about the middle of the last century, afterwards Professor at Abo.)

§ 1 Flowers in simple or clustered umbel-like corymbs : calyx smaller than the pod,
. persistent : leaves glabrous.

1. K.. lafifolin, L. (CALICO-BUSH. MOUNTAIN LAUREL. SPOON
WOOD.) Leaves mostly alternate, bright qreen both sides, ovate-lanceolate or ellipti
cal, tap?.ring to each end, pctioled; corymbs terminal, many-flowered, clammy
pubescent; pod depressed, glandular. — Rocky hills and damp soil, rathei
common from Maine to Ohio and Kentucky, as a shrub 4° — 8° high; but in the
mountains from Penn. southward forming dense thickets, and often tree-liko
(10° - 20° high). May, June. — Flowers profuse, and very showy, light or deep
rose-color, clammy.

2. K. angiistifolm, L. (SHEEP LAUREL. LAMBKILL.) Leaves com-
monly opposite or in th°£S,)Yile or whitish underneath, liyht green above, narrowly

256 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.)

oblong, obtuse, petioled ; corymbs lateral (appearing later than tin branches of thfl
season), slightly glandular, many-flowered; pod depressed, nearly smooth. —
Hill-sides, common. May -July. — Shrub 2° -3° high, upright: the flowers
more crimson, and two thirds smaller than in the last.

3. K. glauca, Ait. (PALE LAUREL.) Branchlets 2-edaed ; leaves o;>;w-
site, nearly sessile, oblong, white-glaucous underneath, with rcvofute mart/ins ; corymbs
terminal, few-flowered, smooth ; bracts large ; pod ovoid, smooth. — Var. ROB-
MARINIF6LIA has linear and strongly revolute leaves. — Cold peat-bogs and
mountains, from Pennsylvania northward. July. — Straggling, about 1° high.
Flowers £' broad, lilac-purple.

§ 2. Flowers scattered, solitary in the axils of the leaves of the season : calyx leafy,
larger than the pod, nearly equalling the corolla, at length deciduous : leaves (alter-
nate and opposite) and branches bristly-hairy.

4. K. llii'Sllta, Walt. Branches terete; leaves oblong > r lanceolate (4"
long), becoming glabrous. — Sandy pine-barren swamps, K. Virg nia and south-
ward. May — Sept. — Shrub 1° high. Corolla rose-color.

15. MENZIESIA, Smith. MENZIESIA.

Calyx very small and fle*ti«h, 4-toothed or 4-lobed. Corolla cylindraocous-
urn-shapcd and soon bell-shaped, obtusely 4-lobed. Stamens 8, included :
anther-cells opening at the top by an oblique pore. Pod ovoid, woody, 4-celled.
4-valved, manv-sccded. Seeds narrow, with a loose coat. — A low shrub, with
the straggling branches and the oblong-obovate alternate deciduous leaves (like
those of Azalea) hairy and ciliate, with rusty rather chair-like bristles. Flowers
small, developed with the leaves, in terminal clusters from scaly buds, greenish-
white and purplish, nodding. (Named for A. Menzies, who in Vancouver's
voyage brought the species from the Northwest Coast.)

1. M. ferruginea, Smith: var. globulferis. Corolla rather shorter
and broader perhaps than" in the Oregon plant. — Alleghany Mountains, S.
Pennsylvania to Virginia, &c. June. — Leaves tipped with a gland.

16. AZALEA, L. FALSE HONEYSUCKLE. A/ALKA.

Calyx 5-parted, often minute. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed, slightly irregu-
lar; the lobes spreading. Stamens 5, with long exserted lilamems, usually
declined, as well as the similar style: anthers short, opening by terminal pores,
pointless. Pod 5-cclled, 5-valved, many-seeded. Seeds s< ale-like. — Upright
shrubs, with alternate and obovatc or oblong deciduous leaves, which arc entire,
ciliate, and mncronate with a glandular point. Flowers large and showy, often
glandular and glutinous outside, in umbellcd clusters from large sealy-imhri-
cated terminal buds. (Name from dfoXcbf, arid, — most inappropriate as ap-
plied to our species, which grow in swamps.)

* Mowers appearing after the leaves.

1 A. arborcsoeiis, Pursh. (SMOOTH AZALEA.) Tlntm-Mcts smooth
teaves obovate, obtuse, very smooth both sides, shntni;/ aboce, glaucous beneath, the
margins bristly -ciliate ; calyx-lobes long and conspicuous ; corolla slightly clammy;

ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY., 257

stamens and style very much exserted. — Mountains of Penn. to Virginia, and
southward. June. — Shrub 3° -10° high, with thickish leaves, and very fr?
grant rose-colored blossoms larger than in No. 3.

2. A. viscosa, L. (CLAMMY AZALEA. WHITE SAVAMP-HONEYSUC
KLE.) Branchlets bristly, as well as the margins and midrib of the oblong-obo-
vate otherwise smooth leaves ; calyx-lobes minute ; corolla clammy, the tube much

longer than the lobes ; stamens moderately, the style conspicuously, exserted

Vur. GLAUCA has the leaves paler and often white-glaucous underneath or both
sides, sometimes rough-hairy. Var. N^TIDA is dwarf, with oblanceolate leaves
green both sides. — Swamps, Maine to E. Kentucky, mostly near the coast.
June, July. — Shrub 4° - 10° high, very variable, with clammy fragrant flowers,
white or tinged with rose-color.

* # Flowers appearing before or with the leaves.

3. A. ?iiu1iflor:i, L. (PURPLE AZALEA. PINXTER-FLOWER.) Branch-
lets rather hairy ; leaves obovate or oblong, downy underneath ; calyx very short ;
tube of the corolla scarcely lonyer than the ample lobes, slight lij glandular; stamens
and style much exserted. — Swamps, Massachusetts and New York to Virginia,
and southward. April, May. — Shrub 2° — 6° high, with very showy flowers
varying from flesh-color to pink and purple. There are numberless varieties,
some of them exhibiting 10 or more stamens.

4. A. calcndulftcea, Michx. (FLAME-COLORED AZALEA.) Branch-
lets and obovate or oblong leaves hairy ; calyx-lobes oblong, rather conspicuous ;
tribe of the corolla shorter than the lobes, hairy ; stamens and style much exserted,
— Woods, mountains of Penn. to Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. May. —
Shrub 3° -10° high, covered just when the leaves appear with a profusion ol
large orange blossoms, usually turning to flame-color, not fragrant.

17. RHODODENDRON, L. KOSE-BAY.

Calyx 5-parted, minute in our species. Corolla bell-shaped or partly funnel-
form, sometimes slightly irregular, 5-lobed. Stamens 10 (rarely fewer), com-
monly declined : anthers, pods, &c. as in Azalea. — Shrubs or low trees, with
evergreen entire alternate leaves, and large showy flowers in compact terminal
corymbs or clusters from large scaly-bracted buds. ('PoSodeySpoz/, rose-tree; the
ancient name.)

1. R. maximum, L. (GREAT LAUREL.) Leaves elliptical-oblong or
lance-oblong, acute, narrowed towards the base, very smooth, with somewhat revo-
htte margins ; corolla bell-shaped. — Damp deep woods, sparingly in New Eng-
land, New York, and Ohio, but very common along shaded water-courses in the
mountains of Penn. and southward. July. — Shrub or tree 6° - 20° high. Leaves
4' - 10' long, very thick. Corolla 1' broad, pale rose-color or nearly white, green-
ish in the throat on the upper side, and spotted with yellow or reddish.

2. 11. Catawbieiise, Michx. Leaves oval or oblong, rounded at both ends,
smooth, pale beneath (3' -5' long); corolla broadly bell-shaped, lilac-purple;
pedicels rusty-downy. — High summits of the Alleghanies, Virginia and south-
ward. June. — Shrub 3° - 6° high.

3. R. Lapptiisicuni, Wahl. (LAPLAND ROSE-BAY/ Dwarf, pros-

258 ERIOACE^K. (HEATH FAMILY.)

trate ; leaves elliptical, obtuse, dotted both sides (like the branches) with rusty scales,
umbels few-flowered ; corolla open bell-shaped, clotted ; stamens 5 - 10. — Alpine
summits of the high mountains of Maine, New Hampshire, and New York.
July. — Shrub 6' high, forming broad matted tufts ; the leaves £' long. Corolla
violet-purple. (Eu.)

18. RIIODORA, Duham. RHODORA.

Ca!yx minute, 5-toothcy1. Corolla Irregular and 2-lipped; the upper lip usu
ally 3-lobed or 3-cleft, and the lower 2-parted or of 2 distinct spreading petals.
Scamcns 10, and with the slender style declined. Otherwise as in Azalea.
(Name from podov, a rose, from the color of the showy flowers.)

1. It. C<liiad£nsis, L. — Damp cold woods and swamps, New England
to Penn. and northward, or on mountains. May. — A handsome low shrub,
with the oblong deciduous leaves whitish and downy underneath ; the showy
rose-purple (rarely white) flowers in clusters on short peduncles, rather earlier
than the leaves.

19. L.EDUJVI, L. LABRADOR TEA.

Calyx 5-toothed, very small. Corolla of 5 obovatc and spreading distinct
petals. Stamens 5-10: anthers opening by terminal pores. Pod 5-cclled,
splitting from the base upwards, many-seeded : placenta; borne on the summit
of the columella. — Low evergreen shrubs, with the alternate entire leaves
clothed witli rusty wool underneath, the margins re volute : slightly fragrant
when bruised. Flowers white, handsome, in terminal umbel-like clusters from
large scaly buds, bracts caducous. (AJjSoi/, the ancient Greek name of the Cis-
. tus, transferred by Linnaeus to this genus.)

1. L.. liltifolilini, Ait. Leaves elliptical or oblong; stamens 5, sometimes
6 or 7 ; pod oblong. — Cold bogs and damp mountain woods, New England
to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and northward. June. — Shrub 2° -5° high. —
(L. I'AI.USTUK, L., grows in British America, but is not known to occur in th«
United States. It is distinguished by its linear leaves, uniformly ID stamens,
and w.a//K7/s.) (Eu.)

20. I.OISnLElJRI A, Dcsv. ALI-INE AZALEA.

Calyx 5-partcd, nearly as long as the rather bell-shaped and deeply 5-cleft
regular corolla. Stamens 5, not declined, included: anthers opening length-
wise. Style short. Pod ovoid, 2 -3-cclled, many-seeded, 2 - .'J-valvc-d ; the valves
2-deft from the apex: placenta: borne on the middle of the columella. — A
dwarf and prostrate evergreen shrubby plant, much branched and tufted, smooth,
with small and coriaceous opposite elliptical leaves, on short petioles, with re vo-
lute margins. Flowers small, white or rose-color, 2-5 in a cluster, from a ter-
minal scaly bud ; the scales or bracts thick and persistent. Named for Loiseleui
lJ(/uiii;c!i(iiiipfi,ii French botanist.)

1. L.. prociillibcns, Desv. (Azalea procumbens, L.) — Aipine sum
mits of the White Mountains, Ne'v Hampshire, on rocks. June. (Eu.)

ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 259

91. LEIOPIll'LLUKE, Pers. SAND MYRTLE.

Calyx 5-partcd. Corolla of 5 distinct obovatc-oblong petals, spreading. Sta-
mens 10, exserted : anthers opening lengthwise. Pod 2-3-celled, splitting from
the apex downward, many-seeded. — A low much-branched evergreen, with the
aspect, foliage, &c. of the preceding genus, but the crowded leaves often alter-
nate, scarcely petioled. Flowers small, white, in terminal umbel-like clusters.
(Name from Aetos, smooth, and <frv\\ov, foliage, in allusion to the smooth and
shining leaves.)

1. JL. ImxiftMimn, Ell. — Sandy pine ban-ens of New Jersey, and
mountain-tops in Virginia? and southward. May. — Shrub 6' -10' high, with
the oval or oblong leaves y - £' long.

SUBORDER in. PYROL.EJE. THE PYROLA FAMILY.

22. PYBOLA, L. FALSE WINTERGREEN.

Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5, concave and more or less converging,
deciduous. Stamens 10 : filaments awl-shaped, naked : anthers turned out-
wards and inverted in the bud, soon erect, opening by 2 pores at the scarcely
(if at all) 2-homed apex, more or less 4-cellcd. Style long and generally turned
to one side : stigmas 5, either projecting or confluent with the ring or collar
which surrounds them. Pod depressed-globose, 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valvcd from
the base upwards (loculicidal) ; the valves cobwebby on the edges. Seeds mi-
nute, innumerable, resembling saw-dust, with a very loose cellular-reticulated
coat. — Low and smooth perennial herbs, with running subterranean shoots,
bearing a cluster of rounded and petioled evergreen root-leaves, and a simple
raceme of nodding flowers, on an upright scaly-bractcd scape. (Name a dimin-
utive of Pyrus, the Pear-tree, from some fancied resemblance in the foliage,
which is not obvious.)

* Stamens ascending : style declining and curved, at length longer than the petals :
stigmas narrow, soon exserted beyond the ring: leaves denticulate or entire.

1. P. B'OtlllldifoiiSl, L. (ROUND-LEAVED PYROLA.) Leaves orbicu-
lar, thick, shining, usually shorter than the petiole; raceme elongated, many-
flowered ; calt/x-lobes lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acutish, with somewhat spread-
ing tips, one half or one third the length of the roundish-obovatc nearly spreading
(chiefly white) petals; anther-cells scarcely pointed at the apex. — Damp or sandy
woods; common, especially northward. June, July. — Scape 6' -12' high,
many-bracted : flowers f ' broad. — Exhibits many varieties, such as Var.
INCARN\TA, with flesh-colored flowers ; calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate. —
Var. ASARIF6LIA, with oblate or round-reniform leaves, and triangular-ovate
calyx-lobes of about J the length of the white or flesh-colored petals. (P. asari-
folia, Michx.) Common northward. — Var. ULioiN6sA, with roundish-oval or
somewhat kidney-shaped smaller leaves (I'-l^' wide), and ovate acute calyx-
lobes 4 the length of the reddish or purple petals ; flowers rather smaller, few or
several. (P. uliginosa, Torr. $ Gr.) Cold bogs, N. New England to Wiscon-
sin, and northward. (Eu.)

260 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.)

2. P. elliptica, Nutt. (SHIN-LEAF.) Leaves thin and dull, elliptical or
Rotate-oval, usually longer than the margined petiole ; raceme many-flowered ; ca/yx-
lobes ovate, acute, not one fourth the length of the obovate rather spreading (green-
ish-white) petals; anther-cells scarcely pointed at the apex. — Rich woods,
New England to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and northward ; common. June.
— Scupe and flowers nearly as large as in No. 1.

3. P. chlorailtha, Swartz. (SMALL PYROLA.) Leaves smatt (!' long),
roundish, thick, dull, shorter than the petiole; scape few-jloivered, naked (5' -8' high),
calyx-lobes roundish-ovate, very short; the elliptical petals converging (greenish-
white); anther-cells pointed ; style strongly deflcxed, scarcely exserted. (P.
asarifulia, Biyel., Sfc.) — Open woods, New England to Pennsylvania, and north-
ward. June. (Eu.)

* # Stamens and style straight: stigmas thick, united vrith the expanded ring: i. e.
stigma peltate, 5-rayed.

4. P. seciinda, L. (ONE-SIDED PYROLA.) Leaves ovate, thin, longer
than the petiole, scattered, finely serrate; racemes dense and spike-like, with the
numerous small (greenish- white) fiowers att turned to one side; calyx-lobes ovate,
very much shorter than the oblong and erect petals ; style long and exserted. —
Rich woods ; common eastward and northward. July, Aug. — Scape 3' - 67
high. (Eu.)

5. P. minor, L. (LESSER PYROLA.) Leaves roundish, slightly crcnu-
late, thickish, mostly longer than the margined petiole ; raceme spiked ; calyx-
lobes triangular-ovate, very much shorter than the nearly glol>ose corolla ; style
short and included. — Woods, at the base of the White Mountains, New Hamp-
shire. July, Aug. — Scape 5' -10' high. Flowers small, crowded, wlute or
rose-color. (Eu.)

23. MONESES, Salisb. ONE-FLOWERED PYROLA.

Petals 5, widely spreading, orbicular. Stamens 10 : filaments awl-shaped,
naked : anthers as in Pyrola, but conspicuously 2-horned at the apex, 2-cclled.
Style straight, exserted : the 5 stigmas long and radiating. Valves of the pod
naked. Otherwise as in Pyrola. — A small perennial, with the rounded and
veiny sen-ate thin leaves clustered at the ascending apex of creeping subterra-
nean shoots ; the 1 -2-bractcd scape bearing a single terminal flower. Parts of
the flower sometimes in fours. (Name povos, single, and fjo~is, desire, probably
in allusion to the handsome solitary flower.)

1. 91. HUB flora. (Pyrola uniflora, L.) — Deep cold woods, Pennsyl-
vania to Maine, Lake Superior, and northward. June. — Plant 2' -4' high,
smooth; the corolla £' broad, white or slightly rose-color. (Eu.)

24. C II I 31 A PHI LA, Pursh. PIPSISSEWA.

Petals 5, concave, orbicular, widely spreading. Stamens 10 : filaments en
largcd and hairy in the middle : anthers as in Pyrola, but nearly 2-cellcd, some-
what 2-horncd at the apex. Style very short, inversely conical, nearly immersed
In the depressed summit of the globular ovary : stigma broad and orbicular,

ERICACEJE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 261

disk -shaped, the border 5-crenate. Pod, &c. as in Pyrola, but splitting from the
apex downwards, the edges of the valves not woolly. — Low, nearly herbaceous
plants, with long running underground shoots, and evergreen thick and shining
leaves somewhat whorlcd or scattered along the short ascending stems : the
fragrant (white or purplish) flowers corymbed or umbelled on a terminal pe-
duncle. (Name from x<^ia, winter, and ^>iXe'&>, to love, in allusion to one of the
popular names, viz. Wintergreen.)

1. C. unibellfita, Nutt. (PRINCE'S PINE. PIPSISSEWA.) Leaves
wedge-lanceolate, acute at the base, sharply serrate, not spotted; peduncles 4-7-
flowercd. — Dry woods; common. June. — Plant 4' -10' high, leafy: petals
flesh-color: anthers violet. (Eu.)

2. C. lliacnlata, Pursh. (SPOTTED WINTERGREEN.) Leaves ovate-
lanceolate, obtuse at the base, remotely toothed, the upper surface variegated with
white ; peduncles 1 - 5-flowcred. — Dry woods, most common in the Middle
States. June, July. — Plant 3' - 6' high.

SUBORDER IV. MONOTROPEJE. THE INDIAN-PIPE FAMILY.

25. FTEROSPORA, Nutt. PINE-DROPS.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla ovate, urn-shaped, 5-toothed, persistent. Stamens
10 : anthers 2-celled, awned on the back, opening lengthwise. Style short :
stigma 5-lobed. Pod globose, depressed, 5-lobed, 5-celled, loculicidal, but the
valves cohering with the columella. Seeds very numerous, ovoid, tapering to
each end, the apex expanded into a broad reticulated wing many times larger
than the body of the seed. — A stout and simple purplish-brown clammy-pubes-
cent herb (l° — 2° high) ; the wand-like stem furnished towards the base with
scattered lanceolate scales in place of leaves, above bearing many nodding
(white) flowers, like those of Andromeda, in a long bracted raceme. (Name
from irrfpov, a wing, and <nropd, seed, alluding to the singular wing borne by
the seeds.)

1. P. Amlromcclea, Nutt. — Hard clay soil, parasitic on the roots
apparently of pines, from Vermont, Peekskill and Albany, N. Y., and N. Penn-
sylvania northward and westward : rare.

26. SCHWEINITZIA, Ell. SWEET PINE-SAP.

Calyx of 5 oblong-lanceolate acute scale-like sepals, erect, persistent. Corolla
persistent, bell-shaped, rather fleshy, 5-lobed, slightly 5-gibbous at the base.
Stamens 10 : anthers much shorter than the filamerts, fixed near the summit
awnless ; the 2 sac-shaped cells opening at the top. Pod ovoid, 5-celled, with
a short and thick style, and a large 5-angular stigma. Seeds innumerable. — A
low and smooth brownish plant, 3' -4' high, with the aspect of Monotropa,
scaly -bracted, the flowers several in a terminal spike, at first nodding, flesh-color,
exhaling the fragrance of violets. (Named for the late L. D. von Schweinitz.)

1. S. odorata, Ell. — Woods, parasitic on the roots of herbs, Maryland
and southward : rare. April.

262 GALACINEJE. (GAL AX FAMILY.)

27. ITIONOTROPA, L. INDIAN PIPE. PINE-SAF.

Calyx of 2-5 lanceolate bract-like scales, deciduous. Corolla of 4 or 5
separate erect spatulate or wedge-shaped scale-like petals, which are gibbous or
saccate at the base, and tardily deciduous. Stamens 8 or 10 : filaments awl-
shaped: anthers kidney-shaped, becoming 1-celled, opening across the top.
Style columnar : stigma disk-like, 4 — 5-rayed. Pod ovoid, 8- 10-groovcd, 4-5-
celled, loculicidal : vhe very thick placentas covered with innumerable minute
s/ed-:, which have a very loose coat. — Low and flesh v herbs, tawnv, reddic-h, or
white, parasitic on roots, or growing on decomposing vegetable matter like a
Fungus; the clustered stems springing from a ball of matted fibrous r >otlet3,
furnished with scales or bracts in place of leaves, 1 -sevr-ral-llowered ; the flow-
ering summit at first nodding, in fruit erect. (Name composed of /^cWi9 one,
and T/JOTTO., turn, from the summit of the stem turned to one side.)

§ 1. MONOTROPA, Nutt. — Plant inodorous, vith a aiwjle 5-petalM and 10-
androns flower at tne summit ; the calyx of 2-4 iircc/ulur scales or brads: aiit/'.trs
transverse, opening by 2 chinks ; style short and thick.

1. RI. liiiifldra, L. (INDIAN PIPE. CORPSE-PLANT.) Smooth, waxy-
white (turning blackish in drying, .3' -8' high) ; stigma naked. — Dark and rich
woods: common. June- Aug. (Also in the Himalayas !)

§ 2. HYP6PITYS, Dill. — Plant commonly fmtjmnt : Jloicers sfvtral in a scaly
raceme; the terminal one usually 5-j>eJu//td and \0-androns, while the rest are 4-
petalled and 8-andious; the bract-like sepals mostly as many as the petals: anthers
opening by a continuous line into 2 very i<ii«jnul vat res, the smaller one erect and ap-
pearing like a continuation of the filament: style longer than the ovary, hollow.

2. M. Ilypopitys, L. (PINE-SAP. FALSE BKECII-DROPS.) Some-
what pubescent or downy, tawny, whitish, or reddish (4'- 12' high) ; pod globu-
lar-ovoid or oval; stigma ciliate underneath. — The more pubescent form is M.
lanuginusa, Afichx. — Oak and pine woods ; common. June-Aug. (Ku.)

ORDER 63. GAL.ACINE^E. (GALAX FAMILY.)

Character that of the following genus ; the true relationship of whicL ta
still unknown.

1. GALAX, L. GALAX.

Calyx of 5 small and separate sepals, persistent. Petals 5, hypogynous, obo
vate-spatulate, rather erect, deciduous. Stamens hypogynous : filaments united
m a 10-toothed tube, slightly cohering with the base of the petals, the 5 teeth
opposite the petals naked, the 5 alternate ones shorter and bearing each a round-
ish 1-celled anther, which Opens across the top. Pollen simple. Style short:
Ftigma .'Mobed. Pod ovoid, 3-celled, loeuliHdally 3-valved : eoiiunella none.
Seeds numerous, the cellular loose coat tapering to each end. Embryo straight
in fleshy albnmcn, more than half its length. — ^\ smooth herb, Avith a thick
matted tuft of scaly creeping root-stocks, btset with fibrous red routs, sending up

AQUIFOLIACE^E. (HOLLY FAMILY.) 263

round-heart-shaped crenate-toothed and veiny shining leaves (about 2' \nde) on
slender petioles, and a slender naked scape, l°-2° high, bearing a wand-like
spike or raceme of small and minutely-bracted white flowers. (Name from
yaXa, milk, — of no application to this plant.)

1. O. clpliyila., L. — Open woods, Virginia and southward. June.

ORDER 64 AQUIFOLIACE^. (HOLLY FAMILY.)

Trees or shrubs, with small axillary 4 — G-merous flowers, a minute calyx
free from the 4 - ^-celled ovary and the 4 - ^-seeded berry-like drupe, the
stamens as many as the divisions of the almost or quite 4 - G-petallcd corolla
and alternate with them, attached to their very base. — Corolla imbricated
in the bud. Anthers opening lengthwise. Stigmas 4-6, or united into
one, nearly sessile. Seeds suspended and solitary in each cell, anatropous,
with a minute embryo in fleshy albumen. Leaves simple, mostly alternate.
Flowers white or greenish. — A small family, here represented by only two
genera, since we include Prinos under Hex.

1. IL.EX, L. (Ilex & Prinos, L.) HOLLY.

Flowers more or less diceciously polygamous, but many of them perfect.
Calyx 4-6-toothed. Petals 4-6, separate, or united only at the base, oval or
obovate, obtuse, spreading. Stamens 4-6. The berry-like drupe containing
4 - 8 little nutlets. — Leaves alternate. Fertile flowers inclined to be solitary,
and the partly sterile flowers to be clustered in the axils. (The ancient Latin
name of the Holly-Oak rather than of the Holly.)

V 1. AQUIF6LIUM, Tourn. — Parts of the flowers commonly in fours, sometimes
in fives or sixes, most of them perfect : drupe red, its nutlets ribbed, veiny, or one-
grooved on the back : leaves (mostly smooth) coriaceous and every reen.
•HI? Leaves armed with spiny teeth : trees.

1. I. Opfaca, Ait. (AMERICAN HOLLY.) Leaves oval, flat, the wavy
margins with scattered spiny teeth ; flowers in loose clusters along the base of
the young branches and in the axils; calyx-teeth acute. — Moist woodlands,
Maine to Perm, near the coast, and more common from Virginia southward.
June. — Tree 20° -40° high; the deep green foliage less glossy, the berries not
so bright red, and their nutlets not so veiny, as in the European Holly.

* * Leaves serrate or entire, not spiny : shrubs.

2. I. CclSSliie, L. (CASSENA. YAUI-ON.) Leaves lance-ovate or elliptical
ite (!'-!£' long) ; flower-clusters nearly sessile, smooth; calyx-teeth obtuse,

•Virginia and southward along the coast. May. — Leaves used for tea, as
they were to make the celebrated black drink of the North Carolina Indians.

3. I. niyrtifolia, Walt. Leaves linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong, sparingly
and sharply serrate or entire (1'long); peduncles slender and 3-9-flowcred, or
the more fertile shorter and 1 -flowered, smooth ; calyx-teeth acute. — Coast o/
Virginia and southward. May.

264 AQUIFOLIACE.fi. (HOLLY FAMILY.)

4. I. Dalioon, Walt. (DAHOON HOLLY.) Leaves oUanceolate or oblong,
entire, or shar])ly sen-ate towards the apex, with revolute margins (2' -3' long),
tiie midrib and peduncles pubescent ; calyx-teeth acute. — Swamps, coast of Virginia
and southward. June.

i 2. PRINOlDES. — Parts of the (polygamous) flowers in fours or Jives (rarely in
sixes) : drupe red or purple, the nutlets striate-ribbed (t/ie dorsal ribs nearly simple) :
leaves membranaceous and deciduous : shrubs.

5. I. decidlia, Walt. leaves wedge-oblong or lance-obovate, obtusely serrate,
downy on the midrib beneath ; peduncles of the sterile flowers longer than the
petioles, of the fertile short ; calyx-teeth smooth, acute. — Wet grounds, Vir-
ginia, Illinois, and southward. May.

6. I. UlOllficola. Leaves ovate or lance-oblong, ample (3' -5' long), sworrfft,
iharjily serrate ; fertile flowers very short-pcduncled ; calyx ciliate. (I. ambigua,
Torr. I. montana, ed. 1, not Prinos montanus, Sw.) — Damp woods, Taconic
and Catskill Mountains, New York, and Alleghanies from Penn. southward.

$ 3. PRiNOS, L. — Parts of the sterile flmvers in fours, Jives, or sixes, those of the
fertile flowers commonly in sixes (rarely in Jives, sevens, or eig/its) : nutlets smooth
and even : shrubs.

# Leaves deciduous : flowers in sessile clusters or solitary : fruit scarlet.

7. I. verticillata. (BLACK ALDER. WINTERBERRY.) Leaves obo-
vate, oval, or wedge-lanceolate, pointed, acute at the base, serrate, downy on the
veins beneath ; flowers all very short-pad 'uncled. (Prinos verticillatus, L.) — Low
grounds ; common, especially northward. May, June.

8. I. laBVig'ata. (SMOOTH WINTERBERRY.) Leaves lanceolate or
oblong-lanrcolate, pointed at both ends, appresscd-scrrulate, shining above, be-
neath mostly glabrous ; sterile flowers hny-pedunded. (Prinos Icevigatus, Pursh.)
— Wet grounds, Maine to the mountains of Virginia. June. — Fruit larger
than in No. 7, ripening earlier in the autumn.

* * Leaves coriaceous and everyreen, tftining above, often black-dotted beneath : fnut
black. (Winterlia, Mwh.)

9. I. glalira. (INKBERUY.) Leaves wedge-lanceolate or oblong, spar-
ingly toothed towards the apex, smooth; peduncles (£' long) of the sterile
flowers 3-6-flowered, of the fertile 1 -flowered; calyx-teeth rather blunt. (Pri
DOS glaber, L.) — Sandy grounds, Cape Ann, Massachusetts, to Virginia and
southward near the coast. June. — Shrub 2° -3° high.

2. NEMOPANTIIES, Raf. MOUNTAIN HOLLY.

Flowers polygamo-diojcious. Calyx in the sterile flowers of 4-5 minute (Te-
rtduous teeth ; in the fertile ones obsolete. Petals 4-5, oblong-linear, widely
spreading, distinct. Stamens 4-5: filaments slender. Drupe with 4- 5 bony
nutlets, light red. — A much-branched shrub, with ash-gray bark, alternate and
oblong deciduous leaves on slender petioles, entire, or slightly toothed, smooth
Flowers on long and slender axillary peduncles, solitary, or sparingly clustered,
(Name said by \he author of the genus to mean " flower with a filiform pedun-

STYRACACEJ5. (STORAX FAMILY.^ 265

cle," therefore probably composed of vrjp-a, a thread, TroCs, a foot, and av0os,
a Jlower.)

1. IV. Caiiadc lists, DC. (Ilex Canadensis, Michx.) — Damp cold
woods, from the mountains of Virginia to Maine, Wisconsin, &c., chienv. north-
ward. May.

ORDER 65. STFRACACE^. (STORAX FAMILY.)

Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves destitute of stipules, and per-
fect regular flowers ; the calyx either free or adherent -to the 2 - ^-celled ova-
ry ; the corolla of 4 - 8 petals, commonly more or less united at the base ; the
stamens twice as many as the petals or more numerous, monadelphous or poly-
adelphous at the base ; style 1 ; fruit dry or drupe-like, 1 - ^-celled, the cells
commonly \-seeded. — Seeds anatropons. Embryo nearly the length of the
albumen : radicle slender, as long as or longer than the flat cotyledons.
Corolla hypogynous when the calyx is free : the stamens adherent to its
base. Ovules 2 or more in each cell. — A small family, mostly of warm
countries, comprising two very distinct groups or tribes.

TRIBE I. STYRACE^E. Calyx 4 - 8-toothed or entire. Stamens 2-4 times as many as
the petals : anthers linear or oblong, adnate, introrse. Ovules or part of them ascend-
ing. — Flowers white, handsome. Pubescence soft and stellate.

1. STYKAX. Calyx coherent only with the base of the 3-celled ovary. Corolla mostly 5-

parted. Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded.

2. UALES1A. Calyx coherent with the whole surface of the 2 - 4-celled ovary, which is 2 - 4-

wiugod and 2 - 4-celled in fruit. Corolla 4-lobed

TRIBE II. SYMPIiOCINE^E. Calyx 5 cleft. Stamens usually very numerous: an-
thers short, innate Ovules pendulous. — Flowers yellow. Pubescence simple.
3 SYMP LOCOS. Calyx coherent. Petals 5, united merely at the base.

1. STYRAX, Tourn. STORAX.

Calyx truncate, somewhat 5-toothed, the base (in our species) coherent with
the base of the 3-celled many-ovuled ovary. Corolla 5-parted (rarely 4-8-
partcd), large; the lobes mostly soft-downy, various in the bud. Stamens twice
as many as the lobes of the corolla : filaments fiat, united at the base into a short
tube : anthers linear, adnate. Fruit globular, its base surrounded by the per-
sistent calyx, 1 -celled, mostly 1 -seeded, dry, often 3-valved. Seed globular,
erect, with a hard coat. — Shrubs or small trees, with commonly deciduous
leaves, and axillary or leafy-racemed white and showy flowers on drooping
peduncles. Pubescence scurfy or stellate. (17 2rvpa£, the ancient Greek name
of the tree which produces storax.)

1. S. gra 11 <li folia, Ait. Leaves obovate, acute or pointed, n-hite-tomen-
tose beneath (3' -6' long) ; flowers mostly in elongated racemes; corolla (J' long)
convolute-imbricated in the bud. — Light soils, Virginia and southward. April.

2. S. pulverulenta, Michx. Leaves oval or obovato (about 1' longj,
above sparingly puherulent, and scurfy -tomentose beneath ; flow® s (^ long) 1 -3 to-

266 EBENACEJE. ^EBONY FAMILY.)

arther in the axils and at the tips of the branches — Low pine barrens, Virginia
(Pursh) and southward. — Shrub l°-4° high.

3. S. Americana, Lam. Leaves oblong, acute at both ends (V -3'
long), smooth, or barely pulverulent beneath; flowers axillary or in 3-4-flowered
racemes (J' long) ; corolla valvate in the bud. (S. glabrum and S. laeve, Ell.) —
Margin of swamps, Virginia and southward. May. — Shrub 4° - 8° high.

2. II ALE SI A, Ellis. SNOWDROP or SILVKJI-IJELL-TRKE.

Calyx inversely conical, 4-loothed ; the tube 4-ribbcd, coherent with the 2-4-
cclled ovary. Petals 4, united at the base, or oftener to the middle, into an open
bell-shaped corolla, convolute or imbricated in the bud. Stamens 8- 16 : til a
ments united into a ring at the base, and usually a little coherent with the ba.se
of the corolla : anthers linear-oblong. Ovules 4 in each cell. Fruit large and
dry, 2-4-winged, within bony and 1 -4-cclled. Seeds single in each cell, cylin-
drical.— Shrubs or small trees, with large and veiny pointed deciduous leaves,
and showy white flowers, drooping on slender pedicels, in clusters or short ra-
cemes, from axillary buds of the preceding year. Pubescence partly stellate.
(Named for S. Hales, author of Vegetable Statics, &c.)

1. II. tetraptCB"!, L. Leaves oblong-ovate; fruit 4-wingcd. — Banks
of streams, upper part of Virginia, also on the Ohio River at Evansvillc (Short),
and southward. Fruit 1^' long.

3. SYUIPLOCOS, Jacq. § HOPEA, L. SWEET-LEAF.

Calyx 5-cleft, the tube coherent with the lower part of the 3-celled ovary.
Petals 5, imbricated in the bud, lightly united at the base. Stamens very nu-
merous, in 5 clusters, one cohering with the base of each petal : filaments slen-
der: anthers very short. Fruit drupe-like or dry, mostly 1 -celled and 1 -seeded.
— Shrubs or small trees ; the leaves commonly turning yellowish in drying, and
furnishing a yellow dye. Flowers in axillary clusters or racemes, yellow.
(Name O-I>P.TT\OKOS, connected, from the union of the stamens. Ilopca was dedi-
cated to Dr. Hope, of Edinburgh.)

1. S. tilictoria, L'Hcr. (HORSE-SUGAR, &c.) Leaves clongatcd-ob-
long, acute, obscurely toothed, thickish, almost persistent, minutely pubescent
and pale beneath (3'-5' long); flowers 6-14, in close and bracted clusters,
odorous. — Kich ground, Virginia and southward. April. — Leaves sweet,
greedily eaten by cattle.

ORDER 66. EBEIVACE^. (EBONY FAMILY.)

Trees or shrubs, with alternate entire leaves, and polygamous regular flow
ers which have a calyx free from the 3 - 12-celled ovary : ihe stamens 2-4
times as many as the, lobes of the corolla, often in pairs before them, their
anthers turn of itnrtinfs, and the fruit a several-celled berry. Ovules 1 or 2,
suspended from the summit of each cell. Seeds anatropcus, inoslly single in
each cell, large and flat, with a smooth coriaceous integument ; the embryo

SAPOTACEJ5. (SAPPODILLA FAMILY.) 2C7

shorter than the hard albumen, with a long radicle ind flat cotyledons.
Styles wholly or partly separate. — Wood hard and dark-colored. No
milky juice. — A small family, chiefly subtropical, represented here by

1. DIOSPYKOS, L. DATE-PLUM. PERSIMMON.

Calyx 4 - 6-lobed. Corolla 4 - 6-lobcd, convolute in the bad. Stamens com-
monly 16 in the sterile flowers, and 8 in the fertile, in the latter imperfect.
Berry large, globular, surrounded at the base by the thick ish culyx, 4-8-ccllecl,
4-8-secded. — Flowers dioeciously polygamous, the fertile axillary and solitary,
the sterile smaller and often clustered. (Name, Ator, ofJow, and irvpos, grain.)

1. I>. Virgisiifiim, L. (COMMON PERSIMMON.) Leaves ovate-oblong,
smooth or nearly so; peduncles very short; calyx 4-parted; corolla between
bell-shaped and urn-shaped; styles 4, two-lobed at the apex; ovary 8-celled. —
Woods and old fields, Rhode Island and New York to Illinois, and southward.
June. — A small tree with thickish leaves, a greenish-yellow leathery corolla,
and a plum-like fruit, 1' in diameter, which is exceedingly astringent when
green, yellow when ripe, and sweet and edible after exposure to frost.

ORDER 67. SAPOTACE.E. (SAPPODILLA FAMILY.)

Trees or shrubs, mostly with a milky juice, simple and entire alternate
leaves (often rusty-downy beneath), small and perfect regular flowers usually
in axillary clusters; the calyx free and persistent ; the fertile stamens com-
monly as many as the lobes of the hypogynous short corolla and opposite
them, inserted on its tube, along with one or more rows of appendages and
scales, or sterile stamens ; anthers turned outwards ; oianj 4 - 1'2-celled, with
a single anatropous ovule in each cell ; seeds large. -— Albumen mostly none ;
but the large embryo with thickened cotyledons. Style single, pointed. —
A small, mostly tropical order, producing the Sappodilla or Star-apple, and
some other edible fruits, represented in our district only by the genus

1. •BUMEL.IA, Swartz. BUMELIA.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-cleft, with a pair of intr-mal appendages at each
dims. Fertile stamens 5 : anthers arrow-shaped. Sterile stamens 5, petal-like,
alternate with the lobes of the corolla. Ovary 5-ceIled. Fruit small, resem-
bling a cherry, black, containing a large ovoid and erect seed, with a roundish
scar at its base.' — Flowers small, white, in fascicles from the axil of the leaves.
Branches often spiny. Leaves often fascicled on short spurs. Wood very hard.
(The ancient name of a kind of Ash.)

1. B. lycioides, Gaertn. (SOUTHERN BUCKTHORN.) Spiny (10°-
25° high) ; leaves wedge-oblong varying to oval-lanceolate, with a tapering base, often
acute, reticulated, nearly glabrous both sides (2' -4' long; ; clusters densely many*
flowered; fruit ovoid. — Moist ground, S. Illinois and southward. May, June.

2. 15. lailUgillOSa, Pers. Spiny (10° -40° high); leaves oblong-obovatt
or v°dgc-ol)ovate, rusty-wootty beneath, obtuse (l^'-3' long) ; clusters 6- 12-Jlowered

268 PLANTAQINACE^E. (PLANTAIN FAMILY.)

fruit globular. (B. lanuginosa & tomcntosa, A. DC.) — Woods, Illinois, oppo
Bite St. Louis, and southward, — a variety with the leaves less woolly aud rusty
beiieuth (B. oblongifolia, Nutt.), passing towards No. 1. July.

ORDER 68. PLANTAGINACE^E. (PLANTAIN FAMILY.;

Chiefly stemless herbs, with regular A-merous spiked flowers, the staniem
inserted on the tube of the dry and meiubraruiceous vtinless monopelalom
corolla, alternate with its lobes ; — chiefly represented by the genus

I. PL, ANT AGO, L. PLANTAIN. KIBGRASS.

Calyx of 4 imbricated persistent sepals, with dry membranaccous margins.
Corolla salver-form, withering on the pod, the border 4-parted. Stamens 4, or
rarely 2, in all or some flowers with long and weak exscrted filaments, and fuga-
cious 2-celled anthers. Ovary 2- (or falsely 3-4-) celled, with 1- several ovules
in each cell. Pod 2-cclled, 2 - several-seeded, opening all round by a transverse
line, so that the top falls off like a lid, and the loose partition (which bears the
peltate seeds) falls away. Embryo straight, in fleshy albumen. — Leaves ribbed.
Flowers whitish, small, in a bracted spike or head, raised on a naked scape.
(The Latin name of the Plantain.)

$ 1 . F Lowers all perfect and alike : corolla glabrous, the lobes reflexed or spreading :
stamens 4, with long capillary fllaments : pod 2-cclled, 2- 18-secded : sods not hoi-
lowed out on the inner face: perennials, with several-ribbed (broad) leaves.

1. P. M\JOR, L. (COMMON PLANTAIN.) Smooth or hairy; leaves ovate,
oval, or slightly heart-shaped, often toothed, abruptly narrowed into a chan-
nelled petiole; spike cylindrical ; pod 7 - IB-seeded. — Moist grounds, especially
near dwellings. June -Sept. Very much varying in size. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. P. COl'dfita, Lam. Very glabrous; leaves heart-shaped or round-orate
(3' -8' long), long-petiolcd, the ribs rising from the midrib; spike at length loose-
ly flowered; bracts round-ovate, fleshy ; pod 2-4-seeded. — Along rivulets, New
York to Wisconsin (rare), and southward. April- June.

§ 2. Floicers all perfect and alike : corolla pubescent below : stamens 4, with long
Jilaiiienta : jxxlif 2-ceilcd and 2-seeded, or incompletely 3 - 4-celled and 3 - 4-seeled :
seed* not hollo teed on the face: perennials, with linear //</<•/• and fleshy leaves.

3. P. maritiina, L. (SEASIDE PLANTAIN.) Leaves flat or fl:itti,-h
rliiiiinrlliMl, (MI tin' or rarely few-toothed, glabrous; spikes cylindrical or oblong;
bracts ovate, convex, about the length of the broadly ovate or oval scarious se-
pals, which have a thick keel, that of the posterior sepals crested. — Var. JUN-
COIDES is usually more slender, the flowers often sparser, and the keel crestless.
— Salt marshes on the coast from New Jersey northward ; the var. only north-
ward. Our plant is an annual. (Eu).

| 3. Flowers all perfect and alike ; the. 2 anterior icarious sepals generally united into
one: corolla, stamens, $-c. as in the . first group: seeds (and ovules) 2, hollowed on
ttie face: leaves flat, lanceolate, 3- 5-ribbed.

PL ANT AGIN AC E^K. (PLANTAIN FAMILY.) 2C9

4. P. lANCEOLXTA, L. (RlBGRASS. RlPPLEGRASS. ENGLISH Pl.AN

TAIN.) Mostly hairy; scape grooved-angled, slender (l°-2° high), much
longer than the leaves; spike short and thick. 1J. — Dry fields, mostly east-
ward. (Nat. from Eu.)

$ 4. Flowers all perfect and commonly fertile, but of 2 sorts on different plants, some
with small anthers on short Jilaments, others with large anthers on long-exserted Jila-
ments : corolla glabrous, t/ie broad round lobes widely spreading : seeds 2 (one in
each cell), boat-shaped, deef)ly hollowed on the face: mostly annuals, with narrow
woolly or hairy leaves.

5. P. PutagOBlica, Jacq. Silky-woolly, or becoming naked ; leaves
1-3-nervcd; spike cylindrical or oblong, dense; sepals very obtuse, scarious,
with a thick centre. (Found through almost the whole length of America.)

Var. gimpiiillioiclcs. White with silky wool; leaves varying from
oblong-linear to filiform; spike very dense (i1-^1 long), woolly; bracts not
exceeding the calyx. (P. Lagopus, Pursh. P. gnaphalioidcs, Nutt.) — Dry
plains, W. Wisconsin? and southwestward. — Runs through var. spinulosa and
var. nuda into

Var. ciristatn. Loosely hairy and green, or becoming glabrous ; bracts
awned, 2-3 times the length of the flowers. (P. aristata, Michx., £c.) — Illinois
and southward.

§ 5. Flowers dioeciously polygamous, or of 2 sorts ; the mostly sterile ones ivith the usual
large anthers on long capillary filaments, and the lobes of the corolla reftexed or
spi-eading ; the truly fertile with minute anthers on short included filaments and the
corolla closed over the fruit in the form of a beak: stamens 4 : pod 2-celled: seeds 1
or rarely 2 in each cell, nearly flat on the face: annuals or biennials, with ratlier
obscurely and few-ribbed leaves.

6. P. Virginica, L. Hairy or hoary-pubescent (2' -9' high); leaves
oblong, varying to obovate and spatulate-lanceolatc, 3-5-nerved, slightly or
coarsely and sparingly toothed ; spike dense, often interrupted or loose below ;
sepals ovate or oblong. (Includes many nominal species.) — Sandy grounds,
Rhode Island to Illinois and southward. M iy - Sept.

$ 6. Flowers of 2 sorts as in § 5, but the stamens only 2, and the corolla of the truly
fertile not so much closed: pod 2-celled: seeds 2-19 in each cell, not hollow&l
on t/ie face : small annuals or biennials, with narrowly linear or awl-shaped and
obscurely l-ribbed leaves.

7. P. pusillcl, Nutt. Minutely pubescent (l'-4' high); leaves entire;
flowers crowded or scattered ; pod short-ovoid, 4-seeded, little exceeding the calyx
and bract. — Dry hills, New York to Illinois, and southward. April - Aug.

8. P. heteropliylla, Nutt. Leaves rather fleshy, acute, entire, or den
ticulate, or some of them below 2-4-lobed or toothed ; scapes 2' -8' high, in-
cluding the long and slender spike of often scattered flowers ; pod oblong-conoids,
10-28-seecfW, nearly twice the length of the calyx and bract. (P. pusilla,
Dec.aic,ne, in DC.) — Low or sandy grounds, from Maryland southward. April -
June.

270 PLUMBAGINACE.fi. (LEADWORT FAMILY.)

ORDER 69. PLUMB AGIN AC E^E. (LEADWORT FAMILY.}

Maritime herbs, chiefly stemless, with regular 5-mcrous flowers, a plaited
calyx, the 5 stamens opposite the separate petals or the lobes of the corolla,
and the free ovary one-celled, with a solitary ovule hanging from a long cord
which rises from the base of tJie cell. — The STATIC^^E or MARSH- ROSE-
MARY TRIBE alone is represented in our region by the genus

1. STATICE, Tourn. SEA-LAVENDER. MARSH-ROSEMARY.

Flowers scattered or loosely spiked and 1-sided on the branches, 2-3-bracted.
Calyx funnel-form, dry and mcmhranaceous, persistent. Corolla of 5 nearly or
quite distinct petals, with long claws, the 5 stamens attached to their bases.
Styles 5, rarely 3, separate. Fruit membranous and indehiscent, 1 -seeded, in
the bottom of the calyx. Embryo straight, in mealy albumen. — Sea-side peren
nials, with thick and stalked leaves ; the flowering stems or scapes branched
into panicles. (SrariKiJ, an ancient name given to this or some other herb, ou
account of its astringency.)

1. S» L.I III 6 11 ill ill, L. Leaves oblong, spatulate, or obovate-lanccolate,
1 -ribbed, tipped with a deciduous bristly point, petiolcd; scape much-branched,
corymbose-paniclcd (l°-2°high); spikelets 1-3-flowercd; calyx-tube hairy
on the angles, the lobes ovate-triangular, with as many teeth in the sinuses. —
Root thick and woody, very astringent. Flowers lavender-color. (En.)

Var. Carolinian a (S. Caroliniana, Walt., &c.), the plant of the North-
ern States, has a hollow scape, with more erect branches, at length scattered
flowers, and sharper calyx-lobes. — Salt marshes along the coast, extending
northward (where it passes into S. Bahusicnsis, Fries). Aug., Sept. (Eu.)

ARMERIA VDLG\RIS, the THRIFT of the gardens, is a native of Northern
Canada as well as of Europe, but not of the United States proper.

ORDER 70. PRIMULACE/E. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.)

Herbs, with opposite or alternate simple leaves, and reyular perfect flowers,
the stamens as many as the lobes of the nwnopelalous (rarely polypetalom)
corolla and inserted opposite them on the tube, and a \-cclled ovary with a
central free placenta rising from the base, bearing several or many seeds. —
Calyx free from the ovary, or in Samolus partly coherent. (Corolla none
in Glaux.) Stamens 4-5, rarely 6-8. Style and stigma one. Seeds
with a small embryo in fleshy albumen, amphitropous and fixed by the
middle, except in Tribe 4.

Synopsis.
TRIBE I. PRIMUL.EJE. Pod entirely free from the calyx, opening by valves or Uvth.

* Stemlesa : leaves all in a cluster from the root.

1. PRIMULA. Ccrolla funnel-form or salver-«haped, open at the throat. Stamens inclu led.
X AN DUOS ACE Zorolla short, constricted at th« throat. Stamens included.

PRIMULACE^E. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 271

a DODECATHEON. Corolla reflexed, 5-parted. Stamens exserted ; filaments tin ted.

* * Steins leafy : corolla wheel-shaped (or in Glaux none).
4 TRIENTALIS. Corolla mostly 7-parted. Stem leafy at the summit.

5. LYS1MAC1IIA. Corolla 5-parted, without intermediate teeth. Stems leafy.

6. NAUMBUUGIA Corolla of 6 or 6 petals, with intermediate teeth.

7. GLAUX. Corolla none : the calyx petal-like.

TEIBE II. AIVAGAI^LiIDE^E. Tod free from the calyx, opening all round )y a tran»
Terse line, the top falling off like a lid.

8 ANAGALLIS. Corolla longer than the calyx. 5 parted Leaves opposite.

9. CENTUNCULUS. Corolla shorter than the calyx, 4 -5-cleft. Leaves alternate.

TRIBE III. SAMOL.EJE. Pod partly adherent to the calyx, opening by valves.

10. SAMOLUS. Corolla bell-shaped and with 5 sterile filaments in the sinuses.

TRIBE IV. HOTTO1VIEJE. Pod entirely free from the calyx, opening by valves.
Seeds fixed by the base, anatropous.

11. HOTTONIA. Corolla salver-shaped. Immersed leaves pectinately dissected.

1. PRIMULA, L. PRIMROSE. COWSLIP.

Calyx tubular, angled, 5-cleft. Corolla salver-shaped, enlarging above the
insertion of the stamens ; the 5 lobes often notched cr inversely heart-shaped.
Stamens 5, included. Pod many-seeded, splitting at the top into 5 valves or 10
teeth. — Low perennial herbs, producing a tuft of veiny leaves at the root, and
simple scapes, bearing the flowers iu an umbel. (Name a diminutive of primus,
from the flowering of the true Primrose in early spring.)

1. P. fariiiosa, L. (BIRD'S-EYE PRIMROSE. ) Leaves elliptical or
obovate-lanceolate, the lower surface and the 3-20-flowercd involucre, frc. covered
with a ivhite mealiness : corolla pale lilac with a yellow eye. — Shores of Lakes
St. Clair, Huron, and northward. June, July. — Scape 3'- 10' high. (Eu.)

2. P. ITIiStclSSiiiica, Michx. Leaves spatulate or wedge-oblong, thin
and veiny, not mealy ; involucre 1 -8-flowcrcd ; lobes of the flesh-colored corolla
broadly and deeply obcordate. — Shores of the Upper Lakes : also Crooked
Lake (Sartivell) and Annsvillc, Oneida County, New York (Knieskern and
\rasey), Willoughby Mountain, Vermont ( Wood, frc.), and northward. May. —
A pretty species, 2' - 6' high. (Eu.)

P. VERIS and P. VULG\RIS are the COWSLIP and PRIMROSE of Europe,
from which various cultivated varieties arc derived.

2. ANDROSACE, Toum. AXDROSACE.

Caljx 5-cleft , the tube short. Corolla salver-shaped or funnel-form, the tube
shorter than the calyx, contracted at the throat ; the limb 5-parted. Stamens
and style included. Pod 5-valved. — Small herbs, with clustered root-leaves
and very small solitary or umbelled flowers. (An old name, composed ol
oj/5j)os, of man, and aaKOf, a shield: unmeaning.)

1. A. ©CCicleiltialiS, Pursh. Smoothish; scapes diffuse (2'-4' high),
many-flowered ; leaves and leaflets of the involucre oblong-ovate, entire, sessile ;
cniyx-lobes leafy, triangular-lanceolate, longer than the (white) corc.lla. © —
Hills on the Mississippi, Illinois, and northwestward,

17

272 pniMULACE.fi. (PRIMROSE .FAMILY.)

3. DODECAXHEOJV, L. AMERICAN COV.-SLIP,

Calyx deeply 5-clcft ; the divisions lanceolate, reflcxcd. Corolla with u very
short tube, a thickened throat, and a 5-partcd reflexed limb; the divisions long
and narrow. Filaments short, monadelphous at the base : anthers long and
linear, approximate in a slender cone. — Perennial smooth herbs, with fibrous
roots, a eluster of oblong or spatulate leaves, and a simple naked scape, invola-
crate at the summit, bearing an ample umbel of showy flowers, usually nodding
3n slender peduncles. Corolla purple-rose-color, or sometimes white. (Name
fancifully assumed from ScoSeKa, twelve, and 6foL, yods.)

1. D. IVIcadia, L. — Rich woods, Penn. and Maryland to Wisconsin, and
southwcstward. May, June. — Very handsome in cultivation. In the West
called SHOOTING-STAR.

4. TRIENTAL.IS, L. CIIICKWEED-WINTERGREEN.

Calyx mostly 7-parted ; the divisions linear-lanceolate, pointed. Corolla
mostly 7-parted, spreading, flat, without any tube. Filaments slender, united in
a ring at the base : anthers oblong, revolute after flowering. Pod few-seeded.

— Low and smooth perennials, with simple erect stems, bearing a few alternate
usually minute and scale-like leaves below, and a whorl of very delicate veiny
leaves at the summit. Peduncles one or more, very slender, bearing a delicate
white and Star-shaped flower. (A Latin name, meaning the third part of a foot,
alluding to the size of the plant.)

1. T. Americana, Pursh. (STAR-FLOWER.) Leaves elongated-lan-
ceolate, tapering to both ends ; petals finely pointed. — Damp cold woods ;
common northward, and southward in the mountains. May.

5. LYSIlflACIIIA, L. LOOSESTRIFE.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla with a very short tube, and a spreading 5 -parted
limb. Stamens 5 : filaments often united in a ring at the base. Pod globose,
5- 10-valved, few - many-seeded. (Parts of the flower rarely in fours or sixes.)

— Perennial herbs, with entire leaves, and axillary or racemed flowers: corolla
mostly yellow. (Named in honor of King Lysimachiis, or from Xutriy, a release
from, P"Mi strife.)

t 1. TRIPYNIA, Raf. — Leaves opposite or whorled, sessile, dotted: calyx and
</(>/<lcn-i/f//ow corolla streaked with dark lines : Jilaments mostly unequal, plainly
monadf-lf >ltntis at the base, with no interposed sterile ones : anthers short : pod 5-
vitlrtd, rijxniiKj only 2-5 seeds.

1. L. StrtCta, Ait, Smooth, at length branched, very leafy ; leaves oppo-
site or rarely alternate, lanceolate, acute at each end ; flowers on slender pedi-
cels in a long raceme (5'- 12'), which is leafy at the base ; or, in var. PRODUCT A,
leafy for fully half its length : lobes of the corolla lance-oblong. Low grounds ;
common. Junc-^rg. — Stems l°-2° high, often bearing oblong or monili-
fc-m bulblets in the axils.

PRIMULACE.<E. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 273

2. Li. quadrifolia, L. Somewhat hairy; stem simple (1° - 2° high) ;
leaves whorled in fours or fives (rarely in threes or sixes) ovate-lanceolate ; flowers
on long capillary peduncles from the axils of the leaves ; lobes of the corolla
ovate-oblong. — Moist or sandy soil; common. June. — A variety has the
leaves varying to opposite and partly alternate, some of the upper reduced to
bracts shorter than the peduncles. (Near New York, Washington, &c.)

$ 2. STEIRONEMA, Raf. — Leaves opposite, not dotted, glabrous, mostly ciliate at
the base : flowers nodding on slender peduncles from the axils of the upper leaves :
corolla light yellow, not streaked or dotted ; the lobes broadly ovate, pointed, with
undulate or denticulate margins, little exceeding the sepals: filaments nearly
equal, scarcely monaddphous, with the rudiments of a sterile set interposed at the
base in the form of slender teeth or processes : anthers linear, at length curved: pod
5- \Q-valved, or bursting irregularly, 10-20-seeded.

3. Li. Ciliata, L. Stem erect (2° -3° high), leaves lanceolate-ovate (3' -6'
long), tapering to an acute point, rounded or heart-shaped at the base, all on long
and fringed petioles ; corolla longer than tlie calyx. — Low ground and thickets ;
common. July.

4. Li. radicailS, Hook. Stem slender, soon reclined, the elongated branch-
es often rooting in the mud ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, mostly rounded at the base, on
slender petioles : corolla about the length of the calyx. — Swampy river-banks,
W. Virginia (Aikin) and southward. — Leaves and flowers nearly one half
smaller than in the last.

5. L.. lanceoluta, Walt. Stem erect (10' -20' high); leaves lanceolate,
varying to oblong and to linear, narrowed into a short margined petiole or tapering
base, or the lowest short and broad on long petioles. — Var. I-IYBKIDA is the
broader-leaved form. Var. ANGUSTir6LiA (L. angustifolia, Lam.), a slender
branching form, with the upper leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear, and acute
at both ends. — Low grounds ; common, especially westward. June - Aug.

6. Li. longifolia, Pursh. Stem erect, 4-angled, slender (l°-3° high),
often branched below; stcnv/eares sessile, narrowly linear, elongated (2' -4' long
2" -3" wide), smooth and shining, rather rigid, obtuse, the margins often a little
revolute, the veins obscure; the lowest oblong or spatulate; corolla (|'-|'
broad) longer than the calyx, the lobes conspicuously pointed. (L. revoluta,
Nutt.) — Wet banks', W. New York and Penn. to Wisconsin. July- Sept.

6. NAUMBLJROIA, Mcench. TUFTED LOOSESTRIFE.

Calyx 6- (5-7-) parted. Corolla 6- (5-7-) parted almost or quite to the
base ; the spreading divisions lance-linear, with a small tooth interposed between
each. Filaments exserted, distinct. Pod few-seeded. — Perennial, with a sim-
ple stem, and opposite lanceolate entire leaves, which are dotted, like the yellow
flower, &*.., with purplish glands. Flowers small, densely crowded in stalked
spikes or close racemes, from the axils of the middle leaves. (Named for J. S.
Naumburg, an early German botanist.)

1. W. tiiyrsiflora, Reichenb. (Lysimachia thyrsiflora, L. L. capitata,
Pursh ) — Cold swamps ; common northward. June. (Eu.)

274 PRIMULACE.fi. (pRIMROdE FAMILY.)

7. GLAtlX, L. SEA-MILK WORT.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft; the lohcs ovate, petal-like. Corolla wanting Bta.
mcns 5, on the base of the calyx, alternate with its lobes. Pod 5-valved, few-
seeded. — A low and leafy fleshy perennial, with opposite oblong and entire ses-
sile leaves, and solitary nearly sessile (purplish and white) flowers in their axils,
(An ancient Greek name, from yAavKoy, sea-green.)

1. O. marfitinia, L.— Sea-shore of New England from Cape Cod
northward. June. (Eu.)

8. AN A GALL 18, Tourn. PIMPERNEL.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, with almost no tube, 5-parted, longer
than the calyx ; the divisions broad. Stamens 5 : filaments bearded. Pod mem-
branaccous, circumcissile, the top falling off like a lid, many-seeded. — Low,
spreading or procumbent herbs, with opposite or whorled entire leaves, and soli-
tary flowers on axillary peduncles.

1 A. ARVENSIS, L. (COMMON PIMPERNEL.) Leaves ovate, sessile, short-
er than the peduncles ; petals obovate, obtuse, fringed with minute teeth. (T)
— Waste sandy fields. June -Aug. — Flowers variable in size, scarlet, some-
times purple, blue, or white, quickly closing at the approach of bad weather;
whence the popular name of " Poor Man's Weather-glass." (Nat. from Eu.)

9. CENTUNCUL-US, L. CHAFFWEED.

Calyx 4 -5-parted. Corolla shorter than the calyx, 4 -5-cleft, wheel-shaped,
with an um-shaped short tube, usually withering on the summit of the pod
(which is like that of Anagallis). Stamens 4-5: filaments beardless. — Very
small annuals, with alternate entire leaves, and solitary inconspicuous flowers in
their axils. (Derivation obscure.)

1. C. minimus, L. Stems ascending (2'- 5' long); leaves ovate, obo-
vate, or spatulate-oblong ; flowers nearly sessile, the parts mostly in fours. (C.
lanccolatus, Midix.) — Low grounds, Illinois and southward. (Eu.)

1O. SAJTIOL.US, L. WATER PIMPERNEL. BROOK-WEED.

Calyx 5-cleft; the tube adherent to the base of the ovary. Corolhi somewhat
bell-shaped, 5-cleft, commonly with 5 sterile filaments in the sinuses. Stamens
5, on the tube of the corolla, included. Pod 5-valved at the summit, many-
seedcd. — Smooth herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and small white flowers in
racemes. (" According to Pliny, an ancient Druidical name, probably same as
slanlus in Celtic, the healing-herb")

1. S. Valeriindi, L. Stem erect (6' -12' high), leafy; leaves obovate;
bracts none; bractlcts on the middle of the slender ascending pedicels; calyx-
lobes ovate, shorter than the corolla. (Eu.)

Var. America mis. More slender, becoming diffusely branched; ra-
cemes often panicled, the pedicels longer and spreading ; bractlcts, flowers, and
pods smaller. (S. florib(;ndus, H. B. K.) — Wet places ; common. June- Sept

LENTIBULACE^. (BLADDERWORT FAMILY.) 275

11. IIOTT&WIA, L. FEATHERFOIL. WATER VIOLEI.

Calyx 5-parted, the divisions linear. Corolla salver-shaped, with a short
tube ; the limb 5-parted. Stamens 5, included. Pod many-seeded, 5 valved ;
ihe valves cohering at the base and summit. Seeds attached by their base,
anatropous. — Aquatic perennials, with the immersed leaves pectinate, and the
erect hollow flower-stems almost leafless. Flowers white or whitish, whorlcd at
the joints, forming a sort of interrupted raceme. (Named for Prof. Ilotton, a
botanist of Leyden, in the 17th century.)

1. II. iiiflitUi, Ell. Leaves dissected into thread-like divisions, scattered
on the floating and rooting stems, and crowded at the base of the cluster of pe-
duncles, which are strongly inflated between the joints ; pedicels, corolla, an-
thers, and style short. — Pools and ditches, New England to Kentucky, and
southward. June. — The singularly inflated peduncles are often as thick as
one's finger.

ORDER 71. LENTIBULACEJE. (BLADDERWORT FAMILY.)

Small herbs (growing in water or wet places), with a 2-lipped calyx, and a
2-lipped personate corolla, 2 stamens with (cenfiuentlg) one-celled anthers,
and a one-celled ovary with a free central placenta, bearing several anatro-
pous seeds, ivitli a thick straight embryo, and no albumen. — Corolla deeply
2-lipped, spurred at the base in front ; the palate usually bearded. Ovary
free : style very short or none : stigma 1 - 2-lipped, the lower lip larger
and revolute over the approximate anthers. Pod often bursting irregular-
ly. Scapes 1 - few-flowered. — A .small family, consisting mostly of the
two following genera : —

1. UTRICULARIA, L. BLADDERWORT.

Lips of the 2-parted calyx entire, or nearly so. Corolla personate, the palate
on the lower lip projecting, and often closing the throat. — Aquatic and im-
mersed, witli capillary dissected leaves bearing little bladders, which are filled
with air and float the plant at the time of flowering ; or rooting in the mud, and
sometimes with few or no leaves or bladders. Scapes 1 - few-flowered. (Name
from utriculns, a little bladder.)
# Upper leaves in a whorl on the otherwise naked scape, floating by means of large

bladders formed of the inflated petioles ; the lower dissected and capillary, bearing

little bladders : rootlets few or none.

1. U. infliata, • Walt. (INFLATED BLADDERWORT.) Swimming free;
bladder-like petioles oblong, pointed at the ends, and branched near the apex,
bearing fine thread-like divisions; flowers 5-10 (large, yellow); the oppressed
spur half the length of the corolla; style distinct. — Ponds, Maine to Virginia,
and southward, near the coast. Aug.
fe # Scapes naked (except some small scaly bracts), from immersed Iranching stews,

whidt commonly swrn free, ar, i bear capillary dissected Icai t>s furnished icilh smaH

27C LENTIBULACE.E. (BLADDERWORT FAMILY.)

air-bladders on their lobes : roots few and not affixed, or none. (Mostly
propagated from year to year by a sort of buds.)

t- Flowers all alike, yellow, several in a raceme : pedicels nodding in fruit.
2. TJ. Vlllgaris, L. (GREATER BLADDERWORT.) Immersed stems
(l°-3° long) crowded with 2 - 3-pinnately many-parted capillary leaves, bearing
many bladders; scapes 5 - 12-flowered (6'- 12' long) ; lips of the corolla closed, the
sides rcflexed ; spur conical, stretched out towards the lower lip, shorter than it.
— Ponds and slow streams ; common. June - Aug. — Corolla £' - §' broad ;
the spur rather less broad and blunt than in the European plant. (Eu.)

3 U. minor, L. (SMALLER BLADDERWORT.) Leaves scattered on the
thread-like immersed stems, 2-4 times forked, short; scapes weak, 3 - 7-flow-
ered (3' -7 high) ; upper lip of the gaping corolla not longer than the depressed pal-
ate ; spur very short, blunt, turned down, or almost none. — Shallow water, N. New
York to Wisconsin, and northward. July. — Corolla 2" - 3" broad. (Eu.)
- •«- Flowers of 2 sorts ; viz. the usual sort (3-7) in a raceme, their pedicels ascend-
ing, the corolla yellow ; and more fertile ones solitary and scattered along the leafy
steins, on short soon reflexed peduncles, fruiting in the bud, the corolla minute and
never expanding.

4. U. claildestlna, Nutt. Leaves numerous on the slender immersed
stems, several times forked, capillary, copiously bladder-bearing ; scapes slen-
der (3' -5' high) ; lips of the corolla nearly equal in length, the lower broader
and 3-lobed, somewhat longer than the approximate thick and blunt spur. —
Ponds, E. Massachusetts, Rhode Island, W. New York, and New Jersey.
July. — Flowers as large as in No. 7.

•*-•»-•»- Floivers all alike, few (1-5) : pedicels erect in fruit.
•»-«• Corolla yellow : scape and pedicels Jiliform.

5. U. intermedia, Hayne. Leaves crowded on the immersed stems,
^-ranked, 4-5 times forked, rigid; the divisions linear-awl-shaped, minutely
bristle-toothed along the margins, not bladder-bearing, the bladders being on sep-
arate leafless branches ; upper lip of the corolla much longer than t/« /><il</ti< : spur
conical -oblong, acute, oppressed to the lower lip and nearly as long as it. — Shallow
pools, New England to Ohio, Wisconsin, and northward : ran-. June, July. —
Leafy stems 3' -6' long. Scapes 3' -7' high. Flowers £' broad. (Eu.)

6. U. Stl'iata, Lc Conte. Leaves crowded or whorled on the small im-
mersed stems, srrcnil times forked, capillary, bladder-beaming ; flowers 2-5, on lor.g
pedicels; lips of the corolla nearly equal, broad and expanded, the upper undu-
late, concave, plaited-striatc in the middle ; spur marly linctn; obtuse, approaching
and almost equalling the lower Up. — Shallow pools in pine barrens, Long Island,
New Jersey, and southward. July, Aug. — Scape 8'- 12' high. Flowers Abroad.

7. U. gibba, L. Scape (l'-3' high), 1 -2-fowred, at the base- furnished
with very slender short branches, hearing sparingly dissected capillary root-like

, with scattered bladders; lips of the corolla broad and rounded, nearly
equal ; the Inuvr with the sides reflexcd (4" -5" long), tjr,-«lin</ the (ip/imniiuth
thick mid blunt gibbous spur. — Shallow water, Massachusetts to lllinoi.-, and south
\vai\l al;: g the mountains. Julio - Aug.

BIGNOIVIACE^E. (BIGNONIA FAMILY.) 277

•*-*• +•»• Corolla violet-purple.

8 U. ptirpurea, Walt. (PURPLE BLADDERWORT.) Leaves whorled
along the long immersed free floating stems, petioled, decompound, capillary,
bearing many bladders; flowers 2-4 (£' wide) ; spur apprcssed to the lower
3-lobed 2-saecate lip of ths corolla and about half its length. — Ponds, Maine to
Virginia, and soutlnvard. Aug., Sept. — Scape 3' - 6' high, not scaly below.
* * * Scape solitary, slender and naked, or with a few small scales, the base rooting in
the mud or soil: leaves small, awl-shaped or grass-like, often raised out of the water,
commonly few or fugacious: air-bladders few on the leaves or rootlets, or none.
H- Flower purple, solitary : leaves bearing a few delicate lobes.

9. U. rcstlpimita, Greene. Scape (2' - 8' high) 2-bracted above ; leaves
thread-like, on delicate creeping branches ; corolla (4" - 5" long) deeply 2-parted ;
spur oblong-conical, very obtuse, shorter than the dilated lower lip and remote
from it, both ascending, the flower resting transversely on the summit of the scape.
— Sandy margins of ponds, Maine (Mr. Chute), E. Massachusetts, and Rhode
Island. Aug.

•»- -»- Flowei's 2-10, yellow : leaves entire, rarely seen.

10. U. SiilHilata, L. (TiNY BLADDERWORT.) Stem capillary (3'-
5' high) ; pedicels capillary ; lower lip of the corolla fiat or with its margins re-
curved, equally 3-lobed, much larger than the ovate upper one ; spur oblong, acute,
straight, appressed to the lower lip, which it nearly equals in length. — Sandy
swamps, pine-barrens of New Jersey, Virginia, and southward. June. — Co-
rolla 3" -4" broad.

11. U. corntita, Michx. (HORNED BLADDERWORT.) Stem strict
(^°-l° high), 2 - 10-flowercd ; pedicels not longer than the calyx ; lower lip of the
corolla large and helmet-shaped, its centre very convex and projecting, while the
sides are strongly reflexcd ; upper lip obovate and much smaller ; spur awl-shaped,
turned downward and outward, about as long as the lower lip. — Peat-bogs, or
r.andy swamps ; common. June -Aug. — Flowers close together, large.

2. PINOUICUl.A, L. BUTTERWORT.

Upper lip of the calyx 3-cleft, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla with an open hairy
or spotted palate. — Small and stcmless perennials, growing on damp rocks,
with 1 -flowered scapes, and broad and entire leaves, all clustered at the root,
soft-fleshy, mostly greasy to the touch (whence the name, from pinguis, fat).

1 P. vtilgfiris, L. Leaves ovate or elliptical ; scape and calyx a little
pubescent ; lips of the violet corolla very unequal, the tube funnel-form ; spur
straightish. — Wet rocks, W. New York to Lake Superior, and northward
July.' (Eu.)

ORDER 72. BIGNONIACE^E. (BIGNONTA FAMILY.)

Woody or rarely herbaceous plants, monopetcdous, didynamous or dian-
drous, with the ovary commonly ^.-celled by the meeting of the t wo placentae, or
of a projection from them, many-seeded : the large seeds with a jlat embryo
and no albumen. — Calyx 2-lipped, 5-cleft, or entire. Corolla tubular or

278 BIGNONIACE^E. (BIGNONIA FAM.LT.)

bell-shaped, 5- obed, somewhat irregular and 2-lipped, decid ious ; the low-
er lobs largest. Stamens inserted on the corolla ; the fifth or posterior one,
and sometimes the shorter pair also, sterile or rudimentary : anthers of 2
diverging cells. Ovary free, bearing a long style, with a 2-lipped stigma.
— Leaves compound or simple, opposite, rarely alternate. Flowers large
and showy. — Chiefly a tropical family ; only two species indigenous within
our limits. It includes two suborders, viz : —

SUBORDER I. BIGNONIE^E. THE TRUE BIGNONIA FAMILY.

Woody plants, with 1 - 2-celled and 2-valved pods, the valves separating
from the partition when there is any. Seeds transverse, very flat, winged ;
the broad and leaf-like cotyledons notched at both ends.

1. BIGNONIA. Pod flattened "parallel with the partition. Leaves compound.

2 TECO.MA. Pod with the convex valves contrary to the partition Leaves compound

8. CATALPA. Pod as in No. 2. Leaves simple. Fertile stamens only 2.

SUBORDER II. SESAME^E. THE SESAMUM FAMILY.

Herbs, with the fruit more or less 4 - 5-celled. Seeds attached by one
end, not winged ; the cotyledons thick and entire.

4. MARTYNIA. Fertile stamens 2 or 4. Fruit fleshy without and woody within, beaked.

1. BIGNONIA, Tourn. BIGNONIA.

Calyx truncate, or slightly 5-toothed. Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, 5-lob((d
and rather 2-lipped. Stamens 4, often showing a rudiment of the h'fth. Pod
long and narrow, 2-celled, flattened parallel with the valves and partition. Seeds
transversely winged. — Woody vines, with chiefly compound leaves, climbing bj
tendrils. (Named for the Abbe Biynon.)

1. B. caprcolata, L. Smooth; leaves of 2 ovate or oblong leaflets
and a branched tendril, often with a pair of accessory leaves in the axil resem-
bling stipules; peduncles few and clustered, 1 -flowered. •*— Rich soil, Virginia,
Kentucky, Illinois, and southward. April. — Stems climbing tall trees ; a trans-
verse section of the word showing a cross. Corolla orange, 2' long. Tod 6'
long. Seeds with the wing 1|' long.

2. TECOUIA, Juss. TRUMPET-FLOWER.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothcd. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobcd, a little irregular.
Stamens 4. Pod long and narrow, 2-celled, the partition contrary to the convex
valves. Seeds transversely winged. — Woody vines, with compound leaves.
(Abridged from the Mexican name.)

1. T. radtaaiis, Juss. (TRUMPET CREEPER.) Climbing by rootlets ,
leaves pinnate; leaflets 5 - 11, ovate, pointed, toothed; flowers coryrubcd ; sta-
mens not protruded beyond the tulmlar-funncl-fonn corolla. (Bi^nonia radi
cans, A.) — Kich soil, Pennsylvania to Illinois and southward; but cultivated
farther north. July. — Corolla 2' -3' long, orange and scarlet, showy.

OROBANCHACE.fi. (BROOM-RAPE FAMIL f.) 279

3. CATAL.PA, Scop., Walt. CATALPA. INDIAN BEAN.

Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Corolla bell-shaped, swelling ; the undulate 5-lobed
spreading border irregular and 2-lipped. Fertile stamens 2, or sometimes 4 ;
the 1 or 3 others sterile and rudimentary. Pod very long and slender, nearly
cylindrical, 2-celled ; the partition contrary to the valves. Seeds broadly winged
on each side, the wings cut into a fringe. (The aboriginal name.)

1. C, BIGNONIOIDES, Walt. Leaves heart-shaped, pointed, downy beneath;
flowers in open compound panicles. — Cultivated in the Northern State? : a well-
known ornamental tree, with large leaves, and showy flowers, which are white,
slightly tinged with violet, and dotted with purple and yellow in the throat,
opening in July. Pods hanging till the next spring, often 1° long. (Adv.
fiooi S. W. States'?)

4. MARTYNIA, L. UNICORN-PLANT.

Calyx 5-cleft, mostly unequal. Corolla gibbous, bell-shaped, 5-lobed and
somewhat 2-lipped. Fertile stamens 4, or only 2, Pod fleshy, and with the
inner part soon woody, terminated by a long beak, which at length splits into
2 hooked horns, and opens at the apex between the beaks, imperfectly 5-celled,
owing to the divergence of the two plates of each of the two partitions or pla-
centae, leaving a space in the centre, while by reaching and cohering with the
walls of the fruit they form 4 other cells. Seeds several, wingless, with a
thick and roughened coat. — Low branching annuals, clammy-pubescent, exhal-
ing a heavy odor : stems thickish : leaves simple, rounded. Flowers racemed,
large. (Dedicated to Prof. Martyn, of Cambridge, a well-known botanist of
the last century.)

1. M. PHOBOscfDEA, Glox. Leaves heart-shaped, oblique, entire, or undu-
late, the upper alternate ; the woody endocarp crested on one side, long-horned.
— Escaped from gardens in some places. Corolla dull white, tinged or spotted
with yellow and purplish. (Adv. from S. W. States. Native on the Mississippi.)

ORDER 73. OROBANCHACE^E. (BROOM-RAPE FAMILY.)

Herbs destitute of green foliage (root-parasites), monopetalous, didyria-
wiw.s, the ovary one-celled with 2 or 4 parietal placentce ; pod very many-
needed: seed* minute, with albumen, and a very minute embryo. — Calyx pe. -
BJstent, 4-5-toothed or parted. Corolla tubular, more or less 2-lipped,
ringent, persistent and withering; the upper lip entire or 2-lobed, the lo^-
er 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, inserted on the tube of the corolla:
anthers 2-celled, persistent. Ovary free, ovoid, pointed with a long style
which is curved at the apex : stigma large. Pod 1 -celled, 2-valved; the
valves each bearing on their face one placenta or a pair. Seeds very nu-
merous, minute, anatropous, with a minute embryo at the base of transpar-
ent albumen. — Low thick or fleshy herbs, bearing scales in place of lea^ es,
lurid vellowish, or brownish throughout. Flowers solitary or spiked.

280 OROBANCHACEJE. (BROOM- RAPE FAMILY.)

Synopsis.

* Flowers of two sorts.

1. ET JPHEGUS Upper flowers sterile, with a tubular corolla ; the lower fertile, with tha

corolla minute and not expanding Bracts inconspicuous.
« * Flowers all alike and perfect.

2. CONOPHOLIS. Flowers spiked. Calyx with 2 bractlets, split on the lower side. Stamen*

protruded. Corolla 2-lipped.

8. PHELIP^A. Flowers spiked or panicled. Calyx with 2 bractlets, regularly 5-cleft. Co.
rolla 2-lipped. Stamens included.

4. APHYLLON. Flowers solitary, without bractlete. Calyx regularly 5-cleft Corolla al-
most regular. Stamens included.

1. EPIPIIEGUS, Nutt. BEECH-DROPS. CANCER-ROOT.

Flowers racemose or spiked, scattered on the branches ; the upper sterile, with
a long tubular corolla ^nd long filaments and style ; the lower fertile, with a
very short corolla which seldom opens, but is forced off from the base by the
growth of the pod ; the stamens and style very short. Calyx 5-toothed. Stigma
capitate, a little 2-lobed. Pod 2-valved at the apex, with 2 approximate placentas
on each valve. — Herbs slender, purplish or yellowish-brown, much branched,
with small and scattered scales, 6' -12' high. (Name composed of eVi, upon,
and <£nvo£» the Beech, because it grows on the roots of that tree.)

1. FU "irgini ana, Bart. (E. Americanus, Nutt.) — Common under the
shade of Beech-trees, parasitic on their roots. Aug. - Oct. — Corolla of the
upper (sterile) flowers whitish and purple, 6' -8" long, curved, 4-toothed.

2. CON6PIIOL.IS, Wallr. SQUAW-ROOT. CANCER-ROOT.

Flowers in a thick scaly spike, perfect, with 2 bractlets at the base of the irreg-
ularly 4 -5-toothed calyx ; the tube split down on the lower side. Corolla tubu-
lar, swollen at the base, strongly 2-lippcd ; the upper lip arched, notched at the
summit ; the lower shorter, 3-parted, spreading. Stamens protruded. Stigma
depressed. Pod with 4 placentae, approximate in pairs on the middle of each
valve. — Upper scales forming bracts to the flowers ; the lower covering each
other in regular order, not unlike those of a fir-cone (whence the name, from
Kupor, a cone, and <£>oXt's, a scale).

1. C. Americana, Wallroth. ( OroWnche Americana, L.) — Oak woods;
aet rare, growing in clusters among fallen leaves. May, June. — A singular
plant, chestnut-colored or yellowish throughout, as thick as a man's thumb,
3-6' long, covered with scales which are at first fleshy, then dry and hard.

3. PHELIPJEA, Tourn. BROOM-RAPE.

Flowers perfect, crowded in a spike, raceme, or clustered panicle, with a pair
of bractlets at the base of the regular 4 -5-cleft calyx. Corolla 2-lipped; the
upper lip 2-lobcd or notched ; the lower 3-parted. Stamens included. Ovary
with a gland at the base on the upper side. Pod with 4 placentae, two on the
middle of each valve. — Stems rather thick, scaly. (Named for L. $ J.
peaux, patrons of science in the time of Tournefort. )

SCROPHULARIACE^E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 281

1. P. laidoviciana, Don. Glandular-pubescent, branched (3' -12-
high) ; the flowers spiked in close clusters ; corolla somewhat curved, 1 «rice the
length of the narrow lanceolate calyx-lobes; the lips equal in length. — Illinois
(Mr. E. Hall) and westward. Oct.

4. APHYL.L.O1V, Mitchell. NAKED BROOM-RAPE.

Flowers perfect, solitary on long naked scapes or peduncles, without bractlers.
Calyx 5-cleft, regular. Corolla with a long curved tube and a spreading bor-
der, somewhat 2-lipped ; the upper lip deeply 2-cleft, its lobes similar to the 3
of the lower lip. Stamens included. Stigma broadly 2-lipped. Capsule with
4 equidistant placentae, 2 borne on each valve half-way between the midrib and
the margin. Plants brownish or yellowish. Flowers purplish, and scapes mi-
nutely glandular-pubescent. (Name from a privative and (£vAXoi/, foliage, allud-
ing to the naked stalks.) — Perhaps rather a section of Phelipaa.

1. A. lliiifloriuii, Torr. & Gr. (ONE-FLOWERED CANCER-ROOT.) Stem
subterranean or nearly so, very short, scaly, often branched, each branch sending
up 1 -3 slender one-flowered scapes (3' -5' high) ; divisions of the calyx lance-awl-
shaped, half the length of the corolla. (Orobanche uniflora, L.) — Woods;
rather common. April, May. — Corolla 1 ' long, with 2 yellow bearded folds in
the throat, the lobes obovate.

2. A. fas< M nl jtmii, Torr. & Gr. Scaly stem erect and rising 3' -4'
out of ground, mostly longer than the crowded peduncles ; divisions of the calyx
triangular, very much shorter than the corolla, which has rounded short lobes.
(Orobanche fascicrf; / a, Nutt.) — Islands ia Lake Mlelii ,a.i (Engelmannj) N.
Illinois. (Vasey.} an i "erthward. May.

ORDER 74. SCROPHULARIACE^E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.)

Chiefly herbs, ivith didynamous or diandrous (or very rarely 5 perfect) sta-
mens inserted on the tube of the ^-lipped or more or less irregular corolla, the
lobes of which are imbricated in the bud : fruit a 2-celled and usually many-
seeded pod mtli the placentce in the axis : seeds anatropous with a small em-
bryo in copious albumen. — Style single : stigma entire or 2-lobed. Leaves
and inflorescence various ; but the flowers not terminal in any genuine rep-
resentatives of the order. — A large order of bitterish, some of them nar-
cotic-poisonous plants, represented by two great groups (which are not differ-
ent enough to be classed as suborders *) ; — to which an anomalous genus
(Gelsemium) is appended : but that belongs to Loganieao, p. 169.

* The technical distinction between the so-called suborders is principally in the aestivation
of the corolla, which is not likely to be entirely constant. Some years ago, my former pupil,
Mr. Henry James Clark, showed me that in Mimulus one or both of the lateral lobes of the
lower lip are occasionally exterior in the bud, and I have since noticed a similar exception in
species of Pentstemon.

The plants of Tribes 8, 9, and 10 (which incline to turn blackish in drying), are most, if not all,
of them partial root-parasites. This has been for some time known in Tribe 10 ; and has lately
been shown to b« the cas« in Gerardia also, by Mr. Jacob Stauffer, of Mount Joy, Pennsylvania

282 SCROPHULAfclACE^E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.)

Synopsis.

I. ANTIRRHINIDE^:. Upper Up of the corolla covering the lower in

the bud (\vith occasional exceptions in Mimulus, &c.). Pod usually
septicidal.

TRIBE I. VERJ1ASCE.K. Corolla nearly wheel-shaped. Flowers in a simple spike or

raceme. Leaves all alternate.
1. VERBASCUM. Stamens 6, all with anthers, and 3 or all of them with bearded laments.

TRIBE H. ANTIRRHINE.E. Corolla tubular, with a spur or sac at the base below,
the throat usually with a palate. Pod opening by chinks or holes. Flowers in simple
racemes or axillary. Lower leaves usually opposite or whorled.
8. LINARIA. Corolla spurred at the base ; the palate seldom closing the throat.

3. ANTIRRHINUM Corolla merely saccate at the base ; the palate closing the thro&e.

TRIBE m. CIIELOA'E^E. Corolla tubular, or deeply 2-lipped, not spurred nor saccate
below. Pod 2-4-valved. Leaves opposite. Inflorescence compound; the flowers in
small clusters or cymes in the axils of the leaves or bracts ; the ciiustew spiked or
racemed. (Stamens 4, and the rudiment of the fifth.)

4. SCROPHULARIA. Corolla inflated, globular or oblong, with four erect lobes atd one

spreading one. Rudiment of the sterile stamen a scale.

6. COLLINSIA. Corolla 2-cleft, the short tube saccate on the upper side ; tho middle lobe of
the lower lip sac-like and enclosing the declined stamens.

6. CHELONE. Corolla tubular, inflated above. Sterile stamen shorter than the others

Seeds winged.

7. PENTSTEMON. Corolla tubular. Sterile stamen about as lo_jg as the rest. Seeds wingless.

TRIBE IV. GRATIOLiEJE. Corolla tubular, not saccate nor spurred. Pod 2-valved.
Inflorescence simple ; the flowers single in the axil of the bracts or Jeaves, the peduncles
bractless. Leaves all or the lower opposite.

# Stamens 4, all anther-bearing and oimilar.

8. MIMULUS. Calyx prismatic, 6-angled, 5-toothed. Corolla elongated.
9 CONOBEA. Calyx 5-parted, the divisions equal. Corolla short.

10. IIERPESTIS. Calyx 5-parted, unequal, the upper division largest. Corolla shor..

* * Anther-bearing stamens 2 : sometimes also a pair of sterile filaments.

II. GRATIOLA. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens included ; the sterile pair short or none.

12 ILYSANTHES. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens included ; the sterile filaments protruded.

13. HEMIANTIIUS. Calyx 4-toothed. Sterile filaments none. Corolla irregular.

11. RHINANTHIDE^E. Under lip or the lateral lobes of the corolla

covering the upper in the bud. Pod commonly loculicidal.

TRIBE V. SIBTHORPIE.K. Corolla wheel-shaped or bell-shaped. Leaves alternate,
or (with the axillary flowers) fascicled in clusters

14. LIMOSELLA. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla 5-cleft. Stamens 4. Leaves fleshy.

TRIBE YI. IMGlTALEjE * Corolla tubular or somewhat bell-shaped. Leaves altwr
nate. Flowers in a spike or raceme

15. 8YNTIIYR1S. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla irregular Stamens 2, rarely 4.

TRIBE VII. VERONICE^E. Corolla wheel-shaped or salver-shaped. Stamens not ap-
proaching each other. Leaves mostly opposite. Flowers in racemes.

16. VERONIC V. Calyx 4- (rarely 3-5-) parted Corolla son ewhat irregular. Stamens 2.

TRIBE VIII. BUCHNEREJE. Corolla salver-shaped. Stamens 4, approximate in
pairs : anthers 1-ceHed Upper leaves alternate. Flowers in a spike.

SCROPHULARIACE^E. (FIGVTOST FAMILY.) 283

17. BUOHNERA. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Limb of th» salver-shaped elongated corolla 6-

cleft.

TEIBE IX. GER ARDIEJE. Corolla inflated or tubular, with a spreading and slightly
unequal 5-lobed limb. Stamens 4, approximate in pairs : anthers 2-celled. T>-aves op-
posite, or the uppermost alternate.

18. SEYMERIA. Calyx deeply 5-cleft Tube of th« corolla broad, not longer than the lobea.

Stamens nearly equal.
19 GERARDIA. Calyx 5-toothed or cleft. Stamens strongly unequal.

TBIBE X. EUPHRASIE-flS. Corolla tubular, 2-lipped j the upper lip narrow, erect or
arched, enclosing the 4 strongly didynamous stamens.

* Anther-cells unequal and separated. Pod many -seeded.
20. CASTILLEIA. Calyx cleft down the lower, and often also on the upper, side.

* * Anther-cells equal. Pod niauy - several-seeded.

21 SCHWALBEA. Calyx 5-toothed, very oblique, the upper tooth smallest.
22. EUPHRASIA. Calyx 4-cleft. Upper lip of the corolla 2-lobed. Pod oblong.
28. RHINANTHUS. Calyx inflated, ovate. Pod orbicular : seeds winged.
W. PEDICULARIS. Calyx not inflated. Pod ovate or sword-shaped : seeds wingless.

* * * Anther-cells equal. Pod 1 - 4-seeded.
25. MELAMPYRUM. Calyx 4-cleft. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled. Pod flat, oblique.

V* GELSEMINE/E.

96. GELSEMIUM. Corolla equally 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Stigmas 2, two-parted.

1. VERBASCUItt, L. MULLEIN.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-lobed, open or concave, wheel-shaped ; the lobes
broad and rounded, a little unequal. Stamens 5 ; all the filaments, or the 3
upper, woolly. Style flattened at the apex. Pod globular, many-seeded. —
Tall and usually woolly biennial herbs, with alternate leaves, those of the stem
sessile or decurront. Flowers in large terminal racemes, ephemeral. (The
ancient Latin name, altered from Barbascum.)

1. V. TnApsus, L. (COMMON MULLEIN.) Densdy woolly throughout ; stem
tall and stout, simple, winged by the decurrent bases of the oblong acute leaves ;
flowers (yellow) in a prolonged and very dense cylindrical spike ; lower stamens
usually beardless. — Fields, &c. ; common. (A white-flowered variety was gath-
ered at Montrose, Penn., Mr. Riley.) (Nat. from Eu.)

2. V. BLATTARIA, L. (MOTH MULLEIN.) Green and smoothish, slender;
lower leaves petioled, oblong, doubly serrate, sometimes lyre-shaped, the upper
partly clasping; raceme loose; filaments all bearded with violet wool. — Road-
sides ; rather common. Corolla either yellow, or white with a tinge of purple.
(Nat. from Eu.)

3. V. LYCHNtxis, L. (WHITE MULLEIN.) Clothed with a thin powdery
woolliness ; stem and branches angled above ; leaves ovate, acute, not decurrent,
greenish above; Jlowers (yellow, rarely white) in a pyramidal panicle; filaments
with whitish wool. — Road-sides, Penn v rare, and sandy fields at the head of
Oneida Lake, New York ; — where it hybridizes freely with the common Mullein.
(Adv. from Eu.)

284 SCROPHULAItlACEJE. (FIGWORT FAMILY.)

2. L. IN ARIA, Tourn. TOAD-FLAX.

Calyx 5-pai ted. Corolla personate, with the prominent palate often niarly
closing the throat, spurred at the base on the lower side. Stamens 4. Pod
thin, opening below the summit by one or two pores or chinks, toothed. Seeds
many. — Herbs, with at least all the upper leaves alternate. (Name from
Linum, the Flax, which the leaves of some species resemble.)
# Leaves sessile, narrow.

1. L.. Canadcnsis, Spreng. (WILD TOAD-FLAX.) Smooth; stem slen
der, erect, mostly simple, with scattered linear leaves ; those from prostrate shoots
oblong, crowded, and mostly opposite or whorled ; flowers blue (very small), in
a slender raceme, short-pedicelled ; spur thread-shaped (occasionally wanting).
© (D — Sandy soil ; common, especially southward. June - Aug.

2. L. VULGARIS, Mill. (TOAD-FLAX. BUTTER-AND-EGGS. RAMSTED.)
Smooth and pale, erect (1° — 3° high) ; leaves alternate, crowded, linear or lance
olate, acutish ; flowers crowded in a. dense raceme, yellow, pretty large (!' long) ;
spur awl-shaped; seeds flattened and margined. 1J. — Old fields and road-sides ;
common eastward : a showy but pernicious weed. Aug. — The Pdoria state,
with a regular 5-cleft border to the corolla, 5 spurs, and 5 stamens, has been ob-
served in Pennsylvania by Dr. Darlinyton. (Nat. from Eu.)

3. L. GENISTIF6LIA, Mill. Very smooth and glaucous, paniculate-branched ;
leaves lanceolate, acute, often partly clasping ; flowers scattered, yellow (smaller
than in No. 2); seeds am/led and wrinkled. ]\. — Road-sides, New York, near
the city (H. J. Clark, Lesquereux). (Adv. from Eu.)

* # Leaves petioled, broad, veiny.

4. L. ELATINE, Mill. Hairy, branched, procumbent ; leaves alternate, ovate
and halberd-shaped, mostly shorter than the slender axillary peduncles ; flowers
small, yellow and purplish; sepals lanceolate, very acute. Q) — Fields and
banks, E. Massachusetts to Virginia; scarce. (Adv. from Eu.)

3. ANTIRRHINUM, L. SNAPDRAGON.

Corolla saccate at the base, the throat closed by the large bearded palate.
Seeds oblong-truncate. Otherwise nearly as Linaria. Corolla commonly
showy, resembling the face of an animal or a mask ; whence the name (from
airi, in comparison with, and piVj a snout).

1. A. OR^NTIUM, L. Stem erect (6' -12' high) ; leaves lance-linear; spikes
loosely few-flowered ; sepals longer than the purplish corolla. (5) — Fields,
Virginia, &c. ; scarce. (Adv. from Eu.)

A. MAJDS, L., is the common cultivated SNAPDRAGON.

4. SCROPHULiARIA, Tourn. FIGWORT.

Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla with a somewhat globular tube ; the 4 upper
lobes of the short border erect (the two upper longer), the lower spreading.
Stamens 4, declined, with the anther-cells transverse and confluent into one; the
restipe of the fifth stamen forms a scale-like rudiment at the summit of the tube

SCROPHULARIACE^E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 285

of the corolla. Pod many-seeded. — Rank herbs, with mostly opposite leaves
and small greenish-purple or lurid flowers in loose cymes, forming a tfiminal
narrow panicle. (So called because a reputed remedy for scrofula.)

1. S. nodosa, L. Smooth (3° -4° high); stem 4-sided; leaves ovate,
oblong, or the upper lanceolate, cut-serrate, rounded or heart-shaped at the base.
1|. (S. Marilandica, L., and S. lanceolata, Pursh.) — Damp copses and banks.
July. (Eu.)

5. COL.L.INSIA, Nutt. COLLINSIA.

Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla declined, with the tube saccate or bulging at
the base on the upper side, deeply 2-lipped ; the upper lip 2-clcft, its lobes partly
folded backwards ; the lower 3-cleft, its middle lobe keeled and sac-like, enclos-
ing the 4 declined stamens and style. Fifth stamen a slender rudiment. Pod
many-seeded. — Slender branching annuals, with opposite leaves, and handsome
party-coloi-ed flowers in umbel-like clusters, appearing whorled in the axils of
the upper leaves. (Dedicated to the late Zaccheus Collins, of Philadelphia, an
accurate botanist.)

1. C. verna, Nutt. Slender (6' -20' high) ; leaves ovate; the lower peti-
oled ; the upper ovate- lanceolate, clasping by the heart-shaped base, toothed ;
whork about ^-flowered ; flowers long-peduncled ; corolla (blue and white) twice the
length of the calyx. — Rich shady places, W. New York to Wisconsin and Ken-
tucky. May, June.

2. C. parviflora, Dougl. Small ; lower leaves ovate or rounded, peti-
oled ; the upper oblong-lanceolate, mostly entire ; whorls 2 - ^-flowered ; flowers
short-pedunded ; the small (blue) corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx. — South
shore of Lake Superior (Pitcher) ; thence westward.

C. BfcoLOR, Benth., a showy Californian species, has become common in
cultivation.

6. C SI EL. ONE, Toura. TURTLE-HEAD. SNAKE-HEAD.

Calyx of 5 distinct imbricated sepals. Corolla inflated-tubular, with the
EtDUth a little open; the upper lip broad and arched, keeled in the middle,
notched at the apex ; the lower woolly -bearded in the throat, 3-lobed at the apex,
the middle lobe smallest. Stamens 4, with woolly filaments and very woolly
heart-shaped anthers ; and a fifth sterile filament smaller than the others. Seeds
many, wing-margined. — Smooth perennials, with upright branching stems, op-
posite serrate leaves, and large white or purple flowers, which are nearly sessile
in spikes or clusters, and closely imbricated with round-ovate concave bracts
and bractlets. (Name from ^eXtoi/i/, a tortoise, the corolla resembling in shape
the head of a reptile.)

1. C. glabra, L. Leaves very short-petioled, lanceolate or lance-oblong,
pointed, variable in width, &c. : the flowers white, rose-color, or purple. Also
C. obliqua, L., &c. — Wet places ; common. July - Sept. — Called ajar SHEM/-
FLOWER, BALMONT, &c.

286 SCROPHULARIACE^E. (F1GWORT FAMILY.)

7. PfiJNTSTEJttOlV, Mitchell. BEARD-TONGUE. PENTBTEMOW

Calyx 5-partcd. Corolla tubular and more or less inflated, either decidedly
or slightly 2-lipped ; the upper lip 2-lobed, and the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 4,
declined at the base, ascending above ; and a fifth sterile filament usually as
long as the others, either naked or bearded. Seeds numerous, wingless. —Pe-
rennials, branched from the base, simple above, with opposite leaves, the upper
sessile and mostly clasping. Flowers showy, thyrsoid-panicled. (Name from.
TTfvrc , five, and <rr^/io)i>, stamen; the fifth stamen being present and conspicu-
ous, although sterile.)

* Sterile filament bearded down one side : flowers in a loose panicle, somewhat clam-
my, white or bluish ; peduncles slender.

1. P. pllbcisccns, Solander. More or less pubescent (l°-3° high) ;
stem-leaves lanceolate from a clasping base, serrate or sometimes entire ; corolla
Z-lipped, gradually widened upwards, fattened and one-ridged on the upper side,
and with 2 infolded lines on the lower which are bearded inside ; lower lip longer
than the upper. — Varies greatly in the foliage, sometimes nearly glabrous,
when it is P. laevigatus, Soland., &c. — Dry banks, Connecticut to Wisconsin,
and southward. June - Sept.

2. P. Digitalis, Nutt. Nearly glabrous (2° -4° high); stem-leaves ob-
long- or ovate-lanceolate, clasping, serrulate or entire; corolla slightly 2-lij>j»d,
abruptly inflated and almost bell-shaped from a narrow base, beardless. — Moist
ground, Illinois and southward. — Flowers larger than in the last, showy.

* * Sterile filament nearly smooth : flowers purple, racemose.

3. P. grandiflorilS, Fraser. Very smooth and glaucous ; stems sim-
ple (l°-3° high); 1 saves thick, ovate or rounded, the upper clasping; flowers
(showy, 2' long) on short pedicels, in a long and narrow raceme rather than
panicle ; corolla oblong-bell-shaped, almost regular. — Prairies, W. Wisconsin ?
(Falls of St. Anthony, Lapham. Dubuque, Iowa, Dr. Hor.)

8. iriimiTLUS, L. MONKEY-FLOWER.

Calyx prismatic, Wangled, 5-toothed, the upper tooth largest. Corolla tubu-
lar; the upper lip erect or rcflexed-spreading, 2-lobed; the lower spreading,
3-lobed. Stamens 4. Stigma 2-lipped, the lips ovate. Seeds numerous. —
Herbs, with opposite leaves, and mostly handsome flowers on solitary axillary
peduncles. (Name from fufia>, an ape, on account of the gaping corolla.)
* Erect, glabrous : leaves feather-veined : corolla violet- pur file.

1. HI. ringens, L. Stem square (l°-2° high) ; leaves oblong or lanceolate,
pointed, clasping by a heart-shaped base, serrate ; peduncles longer than the
flower; calyx-teeth taper-pointed. 1|. — Wet places; common. July -Sept.
— Flower !'-!£' long.

•2. Iff. a I at US, Ait. Stem somewhat winged at the angles; leayuoMoty-
ovate, taperiny into a petiole ; peduncles shorter than the calyx, which has verj
short and abruptly pointed teeth : otherwise like the last. — Low grounds, Con-
necticut to Illinois, and southward.

SCROPHULARIACE^E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 287

# * Diffusely spreading : leaves several-nerved and veiny : corolla yellow.

3. BI. Janiesii, Torr. Smooth, stems creeping at the base ; stem-leaves
lound or kidney-shaped, nearly sessile, equalling the peduncles ; calyx ovate,
inflated in fruit, the upper tooth much the largest. — In cool springs, Mackinaw,
Wisconsin, Illinois, and westward. — Flowers small.

M. LtiTEUS, with its varieties, and M. MOSCHATUS, the MUSK-PLANT, from
Oregon, are common in cultivation.

9. CONG BE A, Aublet. (CAPRARIA, Michx.)

Calyx 5-parted, equal. Upper lip of the corolla 3-lobed, the lower 3-parted.
Stamens 4, fertile : anthers approximate. Style 2-lobed at the apex, the lobes
wedge-form. Seeds numerous. — Low branching herbs, with opposite leaves, and
small solitary flowers on axillary 2-bractleted peduncles. (Name unexplained.)

1. C. lllllltificla, Benth. Diffusely spreading, much branched, minutely
pubescent ; leaves petiolcd, pinnately parted, the divisions linear-wedge-shaped ;
corolla (greenish-white) scarcely longer than the calyx. (5) — Sandy river-
banks, Ohio to Illinois, and southward. July - Sept

10. IIERPESTIS, Gsertn. HERPESTIS.

Calyx 5-parted ; the upper division broadest, the innermost frequently very
narrow. Upper lip of the corolla entire, notched, or 2-cleft ; the lower 3-lobed.
Stamens 4, all fertile. Style dilated or 2-lobcd at the apex. Seeds numerous.
Low herbs with opposite leaves and solitary axillary flowers. (Name from
fpTrrjo~Tr)s, a creeping thing, the species being chiefly procumbent.)

* Upper lip of the blue corolla merely notched : leaves many-nerved.

1. H. rotimdifolia, Pursh. Nearly smooth, creeping; leaves round-
obovate, half clasping (^'- 1' long) ; peduncles twice or thrice the length of -the calyx,
the upper sepal ovate. 1J. — Wet places, Illinois and southward. Aug.

2. H. amplcxicaulis, Pursh. Stems hairy, creeping at the base;
leaves ovate, clasping ; peduncles shorter than the calyx ; upper sepal heart-shaped.
1J. — Wet places, New Jersey and southward. Aug. — Aromatic when bruised.
* # Corolla (bluish) almost equally 5-cleft, the upper lip being 2-parted: stamens

almost equal : leaves nearly nerveless.

3. II. Monniera, H. B. K. Smooth, somewhat creeping; leaves obo-
vate or wedge-shaped ; peduncles rather long, 2-bracted at the apex. 1J. —
River-banks, Maryland and southward along the coast.

11. GRATIOL.A, L. HEDGE-HYSSOP.

Calyx 5-parted, the divisions narrow and nearly equal. Upper lip of the
corolla entire or 2-cleft, the lower 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2, included, poste-
rior ; the anterior mere sterile filaments, or wanting. Style dilated or 2-lipped
at the apex. Pod 4-valved, many-seeded. — Low herbs, mostly perennial, with
opposite sessile leaves, and axillary 1 -flowered peduncles, usually with 2 bract-
lets at the base of the calyx. (Name from gratia, grace or favor, on account of
its supposed excellent medicinal properties.)

288 SCROPHULARIACE^E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.)

| 1. Anthers with a broad connective: the cells transverse: stems mostly diffusely

branched, sojl viscid-pubescent or smooth.
* Sterile filaments minute or none : corolla whitish, with the tube yellowish.

1. O. Virginiana, L. Stem rather clammy-pubescent above, loosely
branched (4' -6' high); leaves lanceolate, narrowed at the base, sparingly
toothed ; peduncles almost equalling the leaves (£' - 1' long) ; pod ovoid (2'' long).
— Wet places ; very common. June - Aug.

2. G. spliacrociirpa, Ell. Smooth, rather stout (5' -10' high); leaves
lance-ovate or oblong, toothed, peduncles scarcely lonyer than the calyx and the
large ( # ) globular pod. — Wet places, Virginia ? Illinois, and southward.

* Sterile filaments slender, tipped with a little head: leaves short (£'-!' long).

3. O. Yiscosa, Schweinitz. Clammy -pubescent or glandular; leaves ovate-
lanceolate or oblong, acute, toothed, mostly shorter than the peduncles ; corolla
whitish, yellow within. — Wet places, Kentucky and southward. July. — Stems
4'- 10' high from a rooting base, as in the next.

4. O. aiirea, Muhl. Nearly glabrous; leaves lanceolate or oblong-linear,
entire, equalling the peduncles; corolla golden yellow (£' long). — Sandy swamps,
Vermont 1 New Hampshire, to Virginia, and southward. June - Sept.

§ 2. Anthers with no broad connective; the celh vertical: hairy plants, with, erect rigid
stems: sterile filaments tipped with a bead.

5. O. pilosa, Michx. Leaves ovate or oblong, sparingly toothed, sessile
(£'-§' long) ; flowers nearly sessile ; corolla white, scarcely exceeding the calyx

— Low ground, Maryland and southward.

12. IL.YSANTHES, Raf. (LINDERNIA, Muhl.)

Calyx J>-parted, nearly equal. Upper lip of the corolla short, erect, 2-lobed ;
the lower larger and spreading, 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2, included, posterior ;
the anterior pair sterile, inserted in the throat of the corolla, 2-lobed, without
anthers ; one of the lobes glandular ; the other smooth, usually short and tooth-
like. Style 2-lipped at the apex. Pod ovate or oblong, many-seeded. — Small
smooth herbs, with opposite leaves, and small axillary (purplish) flowers, or the
upper racemed. (Name from tXws, mud or mire, and av6os,fiower.)

1. 1. gratiololdes, Benth. (FALSE PIMPERNEL.) Much branched,
diffusely spreading (4 '-8' high); leaves ovate, rounded, or oblong, sparingly
toothed or entire, the upper partly clasping; pod ovoid-oblong. ® (Capraria
gratioloides, L. Lindernia dilatata, & L. attenuata, Muhl.) — Low grounds,
and along rivulets ; common. June - Sept.

13. I II? HI Aft Til US, Nutt. HEMIANTHUS.

Calyx 4-toothed, equal. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip very short, entire ,
the lower 3-lobed, with the middle lobe elongated and spreading. Stamens 2,
anterior, with a scale at the base of the filaments : sterile filaments none. Style
short. Pod globular, membranaceous, the thin partition vanishing. Seeds
rather numerous. — A very small and inconspicuous annual, creeping and root

SCROPHULARIACE^E. (FIG WORT FAMILY.) 289

lug on the wet muddy banks of rivers, with crowded opposite round lea\es, and
minute solitary flowers sessile in their axils. ^ Name from ^ju, half, and avtfoy,
flower, in reference to the unequally divided ccrolla.)

1. H. micraiitliemoides, Nutt. — Low banks of the Delaware below
Philadelphia. (Perhaps only Micranthemum.)

14. I.IRIOSEL.L.A, L. MUDWORT.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla short, widely bell-shaped, 5-cleft,
nearly regular. Stamens 4 : anthers confluently 1 -celled. Style short, club-
shaped. Pod globular, many-seeded ; the partition thin and vanishing. — Small
annuals, growing in mud, usually near the sea-shore, creeping by slender run*
uers. without ascending stems; the entire fleshy leaves in dense clusters around
the simple 1 -flowered peduncles. Flowers small, white or purplish. (Name a
diminutive of limus, mud, in which these little plants delight to grow.)

1. It. aqiu'itica, L. : var. teiiui folia, Hoffm. Leaves (with no
blade distinct from the petiole) awl-shaped or thread-form. (L. tenuifolia, J^utt.
L. subulata, Ives.) — In brackish mud, from New Jersey northward. Aug. —
Plant 1'- 2' high. (Eu.)

15. SYNTHYRIS, Benth. STNTHTRIS.

Calyx 4-parted. Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, variously 2 - 4-lobed or cleft.
Stamens 2, inserted just below the sinuses on each side of the upper lobe of the
corolla, occasionally with another pair from the other sinuses, exserted : anther-
cells not confluent into one. Style slender: stigma simple. Pod flattened,
rounded, obtuse or notched, 2-grooved, 2-celled (rarely 3-lobed and 3-celled),
many-seeded, loculicidal ; the valves cohering below with the columella. —
Perennial herbs, with the simple scape-like stems beset with partly-clasping bract-
like alternate leaves, the root-leaves rounded and petioled, crenate. Flowers in
a raceme or spike, with bracted pedicels. (Name composed'of (rvv, together, and
Gvpis, a little door; evidently in allusion to the closed valves of the pod.)

1. S. Hoilghtoniana, Benth. Hairy; root-leaves round-ovate, heart-
shaped ; raceme spiked, dense (5' -12') ; corolla not longer than the calyx, usu-
ally 2-3-parted. — High prairies and hills, Wisconsin, Houghton, Lapham.
Michigan, Wright. Illinois, Mead. May. — Corolla greenish-white, for the
most part deeply 2-parted, with the upper lip entire, a little longer and narrower
than the lower, which is 3-toothed ; often 3-parted, with the upper lip notched
or 2-lobed. When there are 4 stamens the lower are later than the others.

16. VERONICA, L. SPEEDWELL.

Calyx 4-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped or salver-shaped, the border 4-parted
(rarely 5-parted) ; the lateral lobes or the lower one commonly narrower than
the others. Stamens 2, one each side of the upper lobe ol the corolla, exserted :
anther-cells confluent at the apex. Style entire : stigma single. Pod flattered,
usually obtuse or notched at the apex, 2-celled, few - many-seeded. — Chi if1y

290 SCROPHULARIACE^E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.)

herbs, with the leaves mostly opposite or whorled ; the flowers blue, flesh-color,
or white. (Name of doubtful derivation; perhaps the flower of St. Veronica.)

§ 1. Tall perennials, with mostly whorled leaves: racemes terminal, dense, spiked:
bracts very small : tube of the corolla longer than its limb and much longer than the
calyx. (Leptandra, Xittt.)

1. V. Virgiiiica, L. (CULVER'S-ROOT. CULVER'S PHYSIC.) Smooth
or rather downy; stem simple, straight (2° -6° high) ; leaves whorled in fours
to sevens, short-pctioled, lanceolate, pointed, finely serrate ; spikes panicled ;
stamens much exserted. — Rich woods, Vermont to Wisconsin, and southward:
often cultivated. July. — Corolla small, nearly white. Pod oblong-ovate, not
notched, opening by 4 teeth at the apex, many-seeded.

§ 2. Perennials with opposite usually serrate haves : flowers in axillary opposite ra-
cemes : corolla wheel-shaped (pale blue) : pod rounded, notched, rather many-seeded

2. V. Aiiagtfllis, L. (WATER SPEEDWELL.) Smooth, creeping and
rooting at the base, then erect ; leaves sessile, most of them clasping by a hmrt-s/urped
base, ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate or entire (2' -3 long); pedicels spreading;
pod slightly notched. — Brooks and ditches, especially northward; not so com-
mon as the next. June - Aug. — Corolla pale blue with purple stripes. (Eu.)

3. V» Americana, Schweinitz. (AMERICAN BROOKLIME.) Smooth,
decumbent at the base, then erect ( 8' -15' high) ; leaves mostly petioled, ovate or
oblong, acutish, serrate, thickish, truncate or slightly heart-shaped at the base ;
the slender pedicels spreading; pod turgid. (V. Beccabunga, Amer. authors.)

— Brooks and ditches ; common northward. June - Aug. — Flowers as in the
last ; the leaves shorter and broader.

$ 3. Perennials, with diffuse or ascending branches from a decumbent base : leaves
opposite: racemes axillary, from alternate axils : corolla wheel-shaped: pod strongly
flattened, several-seeded.

4. V. scutclliita, L. (MARSH SPEEDWELL.) Smooth, slender and
weak (6'- 12' high) ; leaves sessile, linear', acute, remotely denticulate. ; racemes 1 or
2, very slender and zigzag ; flowers few and scattered, on elongated spreading or
retlexed pedicels ; pod very flat, much broader than long, notched at both ends.

— Bogs; common northward. June -Aug. (Eu.)

5. V. officiiialis, L. (COMMON SPEEDWELL.) Pubescent; stem pro*.
irate, rooting at the base ; leaves short-petioled, obovate-elliptical or wedge-oblong, ob-
{,<*•', su-rati' ; rummx ih-nsely many-flowered ; pedicels shorter than the calyx ; pod
obovatc-triangular, broadly notched. — Dry hills and open woods; certainly in-
digenous in many places, especially in the Alleghanies. July. (Eu.)

$ 4. fjcaves opposite : flowers in a terminal raceme, the lower bracts resembling tie

stem-leaves: corolla wheel-shaped: pods flat, several-seeded.

# Perennials (mo&hj turning blackish in drying).

6. V. alplna, L. (ALPINE SPEEDWELL.) Stem branched from tne
base, erect, simple (2' -6' high) ; lea res dliptintl, or the lowest rounded, entire
or toothed, nearly sessile ; ran nn' hairy, f<-ir-Jh»rcml, rrmrdfd ; pod obovate,
notched. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains, New Hampshire. (Eu.}

BCROPHULARIACEuE. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 291

7. V. serpyllifolia, L. (THYME-LEAVED SPEEDWELL. PA PL'S

BETONY.) Much branched at the creeping base, nearly smooth ; branches as-
cending and simple (2' -4' high); leaves ovate or oblong, obscurely crenate, the
lowest petioled and rounded, the upper passing into lanceolate bracts ; raceme
loose.; pod rounded, broader than long, obtusely notched. — Road-sides and
fields; common: introduced and indigenous. May -July. — Corolla whitish,
or pale blue, with deeper stripes. (Eu.)

-* * Annuals : floral leaves like those of the stem, so that the flowers appear axillary
and solitary : corolla shorter than the calyx,

8. V. peregrina, L. (NECKWEED. PURSLANE SPEEDWELL.) Near-
ly smooth, erect (4' -9' high), branched; lowest leaves petioled, oval-oblong, toothed,
thickish ; the others sessile, obtuse ; the upper oblong-linear and entire, longer
than the almost sessile (whitish) flowers; pod orbicular, sligMy notched, many-
seeded. — Waste and cultivated grounds ; common : appearing like an intro-
duced weed. April - June.

9. V. ARVENSIS, L. (CORN SPEEDWELL.) Simple or diffusely branched
(3' -8' high), hairy; lower leaves petioled, ovate, crenate; the uppermost sessile,
lanceolate, entire ; peduncles shorter than the calyx; pod inversely heart-shaped,
the lobes rounded. — Cultivated grounds ; rather common. (Nat. from Eu.)

$ 5. Annuals (prostrate-spreading, hairy] : stem-leaves opposite (all petioled), the
upper alternate and bearing solitary peduncled flowers in their axils : corolla wheel-
shaped : pod flat : se-eds cup-sJiaped.

10. V. AGRESTIS, L. (FIELD SPEEDWELL.) Leaves round or ovate, cre-
nate-toothed ; the floral somewhat similar, about the length of the recurved pedun-
cles ; calyx-lobes oblong ; flower small ; ovary many-ovuled, but the nearly orbicu-
lor and sharply notched pod 1 - 2-seeded. — Sandy fields ; rare. (Adv. from Eu. )

11. V. BUXBAUMII, Tenore. Leaves round or heart-ovate, crenately cut-
toothed (§'-!' long), shorter than the peduncles; flower large (nearly %' wide,
blue) ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, widely spreading in fruit.; pod obcordate-triangular,
broadly notched, 16 - 24-secded. — Waste grounds, Philadelphia : rare. Milton,
Massachusetts, D. Murray. (Adv. from Eu.)

12. V. HEDERJEF6LIA, L. (IVY-LEAVED SPEEDWELL.) Leaves rounded

or heart-shaped, 3 - 7 '-toothed or ld)ed, shorter than the peduncles ; calyx-lobes some-
what heart-shaped ; flowers small ; pod turgid, 2-lobed, 2 - ^-seeded. — Shaded
places, Long Island to Pennsylvania; scarce. April- June. (Adv. from Eu,)

17. BUCHNERA, L. BLUE-HEARTS.

Calyx tubular, obscurely nerved, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-form, with a
straight or curved tube, and an almost equally 5-cleft limb : the lobes oblong or
wedge-obovate, flat. Stamens 4, included, approximate in pairs : anthers one-
celled (the other cell wanting). Style club-shaped and entire at the apex. Pod
2-valved, many-seeded. — Perennial rough-hairy herbs (doubtless root-parasites),
turning blackish in drying, with opposite leaves, or the uppermost alternate ; the
flowers opposite in a terminal spike, bracted and with 2 bractlets (Named io
honor of J. G. Buchner, an early German botanist.)

292 SCROPHULARIACE.E. (FIGWO1.T 1AMILT )

1. B. Americana, L. Rough-hairy; stem wand-like (1° 2° high1) ,
lower leaves obovate-oblong, obtuse, the others oblong and lanceolate, sparingly
and coarsely toothed, veiny ; the uppermost linear-lanceolate, entire ; spike in.
terrupted ; calyx longer than the bracts, one third the length of the deep-purple
pubescent corolla. — Moist places, W. New York to Illinois, Kentucky, and
southward. June - Aug.

18. SEYITIEKIA, Pursh. SEYMERIA.

Calyx bell-shaped, deeply 5-cleft. Corolla with a short and broad tube, noi
longer than the 5 ovate or oblong nearly equal and spreading lobes. Stamens
4, somewhat equal : anthers approximate by pairs, oblong, 2-celled ; the cells
equal and pointless. Pod many-seeded. — Erect.branching herbs, with the leaves
mostly opposite and dissected or pinnatifid, the uppermost alternate and bract-
like. Flowers yellow, interruptedly racemed or spiked. (Named by Pursh af-
ter Henry Seymer, an English naturalist.)

1. S. macropliylla, Nutt. (MULLEIN-FOXGLOVE.) Rather pubes-
cent (4° -5° high) ; leaves large, the lower pinnately divided, with the broadly
lanceolate divisions pinnatifid and incised ; the upper lanceolate ; tube of the
corolla incurved, very woolly inside, as are the filaments except their apex ;
style short, dilated and notched at the point ; pod ovate, pointed. — Shady river-
banks, Ohio, Illinois, and southwestward. July.

19. GERARDIA, L. GERARDIA.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Corolla bell-shaped - funnel-form, or
somewhat tubular, swelling above, with 5 more or less unequal spreading lobes,
the 2 upper usually rather smaller and more united. Stamens 4, strongly di-
dynamous, included, hairy : anthers approaching by pairs, 2-cellcd ; the cells par-
allel, often pointed at the base. Style elongated, mostly enlarged and flattened
at the apex. Pod ovate, pointed, many-seeded. — Erect branching herbs (clan-
destine root-parasites), with the stem-leaves opposite, or the upper alternate,
the uppermost reduced td bracts and subtending 1 -flowered peduncles, which
often form a raceme or spike. Flowers showy, purple or yellow. (Dedicated
to the celebrated herbalist, Gerard.)

i 1. GERARDIA PROPER. — Calyx-teeth short: corolla purjtle or rose-color: an-
thers all alike, nearly pointless : leaves linear, entire. (Our species are all branch-
ing annuals.)
* Peduncles shorter (or in No. 3 only twice longer) than the calyx : stem erect.

1. G. purpiirca, L. (PURPLE GERARDIA.) Stern (8' -20' high) with
long and rigid widely spreading branches ; leaves linear, acute, rough-margined ;
flowers large (!' long), bright purple, often downy); cabfx-teelh sharp-pointed,
shorter than the tube. — Low grounds ; most common eastward and near the
Coast. July, AH;;.

2. G. inaritima, llaf. (SEA-SIDE GERARDIA.) Low (4' - 12' high),
wi'.h shorter brandies ; leaves rather fleshy and obtuse, as are the short calyx -tetfh ;
wrolla £' long. — Salt marshes along the coast. Aug.

SCKOPHULARIACE^:. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 293

8. G, ;lspcra, Dougl. Sparingly branched (l°-2°high); leaves long
and narrowly linear, rough ; pedicels once or twice the length of the calyx, which
has lanceolate acute teeth nearly as long as the tube ; corolla larger than in No. 1.
— Damp grounds, Illinois and northwestward. Aug.

* * Peduncles long and filiform, commonly exceeding the leaves : stems diffusely
branched, slender (8f-20' high) : corolla light purple, 5" -7" long.

4. O. teilllifolia, Vahl. (SLENDER GERARDIA.) Leaves nairowly lin-
ear, acute, the floral ones mostly like the others ; calyx-teeth very short, acute ;
pod globular, not exceeding the calyx. — Dry woods ; common. Aug.

5. O. setacea, Walt. Leaves bristle-shaped, as are the branchlets, or the
lower linear ; pod ovate, mostly longer than the calyx, which has short setaceous
teeth. (G. Skinneriana, Wood.) — Dry grounds, Pennsylvania to Wisconsin,
and southward. Aug.

$ 2. DASYSTOMA, Raf.— Calyx 5-cleJl, the lobes often toothed: corolla yellow;
the tube elongated, woolly inside, as well as the anthers and filaments : anthers all
alike, scarcely included, the cells awn-pointed at the base : leaves rather large, all oj
them or the lower pinnatifid or toothed. (Perennial.)

6. O. flava, L. partly. (DOWNY FALSE FOXGLOVE.) Pubescent with a
fine close down ; stem (3° -4° high) mostly simple; leaves ovate-lanceolate or ob-
long, obtuse, entire, or the lower usually sinuate-toothed or pinnatifid ; peduncles very
short ; calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse, rather shorter than the tube. — Open woods ;
common, especially in the Middle States. Aug. — Corolla 1^' long.

7. G. qnercifolia, Pursh. (SMOOTH FALSE FOXGLOVE.) Smooth and
glaucous (3° -6° high), usually branching ; lower leaves twice-pinnatifid ; the upper
oblong -lanceolate, pinnatifid or entire ; peduncles nearly as long as the calyx, the lance-
linear acute lobes of which are as long as the at length inflated tube. — Rich
woods; common, especially southward. Aug. — Corolla 2' long.

8. G. integrifolia. Smooth, not glaucous; stem (l°-2° high) mostly
simple ; leaves lanceolate, acute, entire, or the lowest obscurely toothed ; peduncles
shorter than the calyx. (Dasysto'ma quercifolia, var. ? integrifolia, Benth.) —
Woods and ban-ens, Ohio to Illinois, and southward along the mountains.
Aug. — Corolla 1 ' long.

9. G. pedicularia, L. Smoothish or pubescent, much branched (2°-
3° high, very leafy); leaves ovate-lanceolate, pinnatifid, the lobes cut and toothed;
pedicels longer than the hairy calyx. — Dry copses ; common. Aug. — Corolla 1'
or more in length.

§ 3. OTOPHYLLA, Benth. — Calyx deeply 5-clefl, the lobes unequal : corolla pur-
ple (rarely white), sparingly hairy inside, as well as the very unequal stamens:
anthers pointless, those of the shorter pair much smaller than the others. (Annual?)

10. G. auriculata, Michx. Rough-hairy; stem erect, nearly simple
(9' -20' high) ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, sessile ; the lower entire ;
the others with an oblong-lanceolate lobe on each side at the base ; flowers
nearly sessile in the axils. — Low grounds, Penn. to Michigan, Illinois, and
southward. Aug. — Corolla nearly 1' long.

294 SCROPHULARIACE/iC. (FIGWORT FAMILY.)

20. CASTILTEIA. Mutis. PAINTED-CUP.

Calyx tubular, flattened, cleft at the summit on the anterior, and usually u«
the posterior side also ; the divisions entire or 2-lobed. Tube of the corolla in-
cluded in the calyx ; upper lip long and narrow, arched and keeled, flattened
laterally,- enclosing the 4 unequal stamens; the lower short, 3-lobed. Anther-
cells oblong-linear, unequal, the outer fixed by the middle, the inner pendulous.
Pod many-pcedcd. — Herbs (parasitic on roots), with alternate entire or cut-
lobed leaves ; the floral ones dilated, colored, and usually more showy than the
pale yellow or purplish spiked flowers. (Dedicated to Castillejo, a Spanish
botanist.)

1. C. COCCinea, Spreng. (SCARLET PAINTED-COP.) Hairy; stem
simple ; root-leaves clustered ; those of the stem lanceolate, mostly incised ; the
floral 3-cleft, briyht scarlet towards the summit ; calyx almost equally 2-cleft, the
lobes nearly entire, about the length of the greenish-yellow corolla, (l) (2)
(Euchroma coccinea, Nutt. ) — Low grounds ; not uncommon. May -July. —
A variety is occasionally found with the bracts dull yellow instead of scarlet.

2. C. pall Ida, Kunth. (MOUNTAIN PAINTED-CUP.) Smooth or sparingly
hairy, the stern woolly ; leaves lanceolate, often incised ; the flower oblong or
obovate, incised or toothed, whitish, rarely tinned with purple; calyx cleft
•more deeply in front, the dh'iaS.ons '2-clcft. the ovnte-oblong lobes mostly shorter
than the whitish corolla , lower lip of the corolla not vcr y nhort. 11 (Burtsia
pallida. Bifid.) — Alpine region of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, and
Green Mountains, Vermont ; also northward. August. (Eu.)

3. C. SCSSiliflora, Pursh. Hairy, low (6' -9' high); leaves mostly 3-
cleft, with narrow diverging lobes ; the floral broader and tcarulij colored: spike
many-flowered, crowded ; calyx deeper clejl in front, t/ie divisions 2-cleft, shorter
than tho tube of the long and narrow greenish-yellow corolla ; which has the
lobes of the lower lip slender, pointed, half the length of the upper. — Prairies,
Wisconsin (Lapham), Illinois, and westward. — Corolla 2' long.

21. SCIIWALBEA, Gronov. CHAFF-SEED.

Calyx oblique, tubular, 1 0 - 1 2-ribbed, 5-toothed : the posterior tooth much
smallest, the 2 anterior united much higher than the others. Upper lip of tho
corolla arched, oblong, entire; tho lower rather shorter, erect, 2-plaited, with 3
very short and broad obtuse lobes. Stamens 4, included in the upper lip : an
ther-cclls equal and parallel, obscurely pointed at the base. Pod ovate, many-
seeded. Seeds linear, with a loose chaff-like coat. — A perennial minutely pu-
bescent upright herb, with leafy simple stems, terminated by a loose spike of
rather large dull purplish-yellow flowers ; the leaves alternate, sessile, 3-ncrved,
entire, ovate or oblong, the upper gradually reduced into narrow bracts. Pedi-
cels very short, with 2 bractlets under the calyx. (Dedicated to C. G. Schwalbe,
an obscarft Outch botanist.)

I. S. Americana, L. — Wet sandy soil, from Sandwich, Massachusetts,
wul Sew Jersey, southward, near the coast : rare. , May - July. — Plant 1° - 2°
high.

SCROPHULARIACE.E. (FIGWORT FAMILf) 295

22. EUPHRASIA, Tourn. EYEBRIGHT.

CaJyx tubular or bell-shaped, 4-cleft. Upper lip of the corolla scarcely arched,
2-lobed, the lobes broad and spreading ; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft, the lobes
obtuse or notched. Stamens 4, under the upper lip : anther-cells equal, pointed
at the base. Pod oblong, flattened. Seeds numerous. — Herbs with branching
stems, and opposite toothed or cut leaves. Flowers small, spiked. (Name
tvcftpaa-ia, cheerfulness, in allusion to its reputed medicinal properties.)

1. IS. ofiiciuiilis, L. Low; leaves ovate, oblong, or lanceolate, the
lowest crenate, the floral bristly-toothed ; lobes of the lower lip of the (whitish,
yellowish, or bluish) corolla notched. (i) — Alpine summits of the White
Mountains, New Hampshire (Oakes), L. Superior, and northward. A dwarf
variety, l'-5' high, with very small flowers. (E. pusilla, Godet, mss.) (Eu.)

23. It II IN A NT II US, L. YELLOW-RATTLE.

Calyx membranaceous, flattened, much inflated in fruit, 4-toothed. Upper
lip of the corolla arched, ovate, obtuse, flattened, entire at the summit, but fur-
nished with a minute tooth on each side below the apex ; lower lip 3-lobed.
Stamens 4, under the upper lip : anthers approximate, hairy, transverse ; the
cells equal, pointless. Pod orbicular, flattened. Seeds many, orbicular, winged.
— Annual upright herbs, with opposite leaves ; the lower oblong or linear ; the
upper lanceolate, toothed ; the. floral rounded and cut-serrate with bristly teeth ;
the solitary yellow flowers nearly sessile in their axils, and crowded in a one-
sided spike. (Name composed of piV, a snout, and avOos, a flower, from the
beaked upper lip of the corolla in some species formerly of this genus.)

1. R. C,-rista-gitlIi, L. (COMMON YELLOW-RATTLE.) Leaves oblong
or lanceolate ; seeds broadly winged (when ripe they rattle in the large inflated
calyx, whence the English popular name). — Moist meadows, Plymouth, Mass,
(introduced'?), White Mountains, N. Hampshire, and northward. (Eu.)

24. PEDICULARIS, Tourn. LOUSEWORT.

Calyx tubular or bell-shaped, variously 2 - 5-toothed, and more or less cleft
in front. Corolla strongly 2-lipped; the upper lip arched, flattened, often
beaked at the apex ; the lower erect at the base, 2-crested above, 3-lobed ; the
lobes commonly spreading, the lateral ones rounded and larger. Stamens 4,
under the upper lip : anthers transverse; the cells equal, pointless. Pod ovate
or lanceolate, mostly oblique, several-seeded. — Perennial herbs, with chiefly
pinnatifid leaves, the floral bract-like, and rather large flowers in a spike.
(Name from pediculus, a louse ; of no obvious application.)

1. P. Canadensis, L. (COMMON LOUSEWORT. WOOD BETONY.)
Hairy; stems simple, clustered (5' -12' high) ; leaves scattered; the lowest pin*
nately parted; the others half-pinnatifid ; spike short and dense; calvx split in
front, otherwise almost entire, oblique ; upper lip of the (dull greenish-yellow
and purplish) corolla hooded, incurved, 2-toothed under the apex; pod flat, some-
idiot sword-shaped.- — Copses and banks ; common. May -July.

18

296 ACANTHACE2E. (ACANTHUS FAMILY.)

2. P. lanceolata, Michx. Stem upright (l°-3° high), nearly simple,
mostly smooth : leaves partly opposite, oblong-lanceolate, doubly cut-toothed ; spike
crowded ; calyx 2-lobcd, leafy-crested ; upper lip of the (pale yellow) corolla
incurved, and bearing a short truncate beak at the apex ; the lower erect, so as
nearly to close the throat; pod ovate, scarcely lonqer than the calyx. (P. pallida,
Pursh.) — Swamps, Connecticut to Virginia and Wisconsin. Aug., Sept.

25. MELAMPYRUJH, Tourn. COW-WHEAT.

Calyx bell-shaped, 4-cleft ; the taper lobes sharp-pointed. Tube of the corol-
la cylindrical, enlarging above; upper lip arched, compressed, straight in front;
the lower erect-spreading, biconvex, 3-lobed at the apex. Stamens 4, under the
upper lip : anthers approximate, oblong, nearly vertical, hairy ; the equal cells
minutely pointed at the base. Ovary with 2 ovules in each cell. Pod flat-
tened, oblique, 1-4-seeded. — Erect branching annuals, with opposite leaves,
the lower entire, the upper mostly larger and fringed with bristly teeth at the
base. Flowers scattered and solitary in the axils of the upper leaves in our
species. (Name composed of /AtXay, black, and rrupoy, wheat; from the color
of the seeds of field species in Europe, as they appear mixed with grain.)

1. ME. Americanum, Michx. Leaves lanceolate, short-petioled, the
lower entire ; the floral ones similar, or abrupt at the base and beset with a few
bristly teeth ; calyx-teeth linear-awl-shaped, not half the length of the slender
tube of the pale greenish-yellow corolla. (M. pratense, var. Americanum,
Benth.) — Open woods ; common. June-Sept. — Plant 6'-12' high. Corolla- 5"
long, more slender than in M. pratense, sometimes tinged with purple.

26? GEL.SEMIUM, Juss. YELLOW (FALSE) JESSAMINE.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla open-funnel-form, 5-lobed, somewhat oblique ; the
lobes almost equal, the posterior outermost in the bud. Stamens 5, with oblong
sagittate anthers. Style long and slender. Stigmas 2, each 2-parted ; the di-
visions linear. Pod elliptical, flattened contrary to the narrow partition, 2-cellcd,
septicidally 2-valvcd, the valves keeled : cells each ripening 5 or 6 large flat and
winged seeds. Embryo straight in fleshy albumen ; the ovate flat cotyledons
much shorter than the slender radicle. — A smooth and twining shrubby plant,
with opposite and entire ovate or lanceolate shining nearly persistent leaves,
on very short petioles, and large and showy very fragrant yellow flowers, 1-5
together in the axils. (Gelsemino, the Italian name of the Jessamine.)

1. G. scmpcrvirens, Ait. (G. nitidum, Michx.) — Rich moist soil
along the coast, Virginia and southward. March.

ORDER 76. ACANTHACEJE. (ACANTHUS FAMILY.)

Chiefly herbs, with opposite simple leaves, didynamous or diandrous stamen* ,
inserted on the tube of the more or less 2-lipped corolla, the lobes of which
are convolute in the bud ; fruit a 2-ceUed, 4 - 1 2-seedcd pod ; seeds anatro-
pous, without albumen, usually flat, supported ly hooked projections of the

ACANTHACE^E. (ACANTHUS FAMILY.) 297

placenta. — Flowers much bracted. Calyx 5-cleft. Style thread- form:
stigma simple or 2-cleft. Pod loculicidal, usually flattened contrary to the
valves and partition. Cotyledons broad and flat. — Mucilaginous and
slightly bitter, not noxious. A large family in the tropics, represented in
the Northern States only by two genera.

1. DIANTHERA, Gronov. WATEK- WILLOW.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla deeply 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, notched ; the
lower spreading, 3-partcd. Stamens 2 : anthers 2-celled, the cells placed one
lower down than the other. Pod obovate, flattened, contracted at the base into
a short stalk, 4-seeded. — Perennial herbs, growing in water, with narrow and
entire leaves, and purplish flowers in axillary peduncled spikes or heads. (Name
from fit's, double, and dvQrjpd, anther; the separated cells giving the appearance
of two anthers on each filament.)

1. D. Americana, L. Leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated ; spikes ob-
ong, dense, long-peduncled. (Justicia peduneulosa, Michx.) — Borders of
streams and ponds, N. W. Vermont to Wisconsin, Virginia, and southward.
July -Sept.

2. DIPTERACANTHUS, Nees. ( RUELLI A partly, L.)

Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form, the spreading ample limb almost
equally and regularly 5-cleft. Stamens 4, included, didynamous : cells of the
somewhat arrow-shaped anthers parallel and nearly equal. Pod somewhat flat-
tened, and stalked at the base, 8 - 12-seeded. Seeds with a mucilaginous coat-
ing. — Perennial herbs, not aquatic, with ovate or elliptical nearly entire leaves
and large and showy blue or purple flowers, solitary, few, or clustered in the axils,
with a pair of leafy bracts (whence the name, from SiTrrepos, two-winged, and
axavdos, the Acanthus).

1. D. ciliosilS, Nees. Hirsute with soft whitish hairs (l°-3°high);
leaves nearly sessile, oval or ovate-oblong (l^'-2' long) ; flowers 1-3 and almost
sessile in the axils ; tube of the corolla (!'- 1^' long) fully twice the length of th«
setaceous calyx-lobes; the throat short. (Ruellia ciliosa, Pursh. R. hybridus,
Pursh., is only a Southern variety of this.) — Dry soil, Michigan to Illinois, and
southward. June - Sept.

2. 1>. StrepeilS, Nees. Glabrous or sparingly pubescent (l°-4°high);
leaves narrowed at the base into a petiole, ovate, obovate, or mostly oblong (2^' - 5'
long); tube of the corolla (about 1' long) little longer than the dilated portion,
$lightly exceeding the lanceolate or linear calyx-lobes. — Fl<>tvers 1-5 fn each axil,
rarely on a slender peduncle, usually almost sessile ; sometimes many and closely
crowded, and mostly fruiting in the bud, the corolla small and not expanding
(when it is D. micranthus, Engelm. Sf Gr.). — Rich soil, Pennsylvania to Wis-
consin, and southward. July - Sept.

Dici/fi'TERA BRAcmXxA, Spreng. (Justicia brachiata Pursh), probably
jpxrvs in the southern part of Virginia.

298 VERBENACE^E. (VERVAIN FAMILY.)

ORDER 76. VERBENACEJE. (VERVAIN FAMILY.)

Herbs or shrubs, with opposite leaves, more or less 2-lipped or irregular
corolla, and didynamous stamens, the 2 - ^-celled fruit dry or drupaceous,
usually splitting when ripe into as many \-seeded indehiscent nutlets ; differ-
ing from the following order in the ovary not being 4-lobed, the style there-
fore terminal, and the plants seldom aromatic or furnishing a volatile oil. —
Seeds with little or no albumen ; the radicle of the straight embryo point-
ing to the base of the fruit. — Mostly tropical or nearly so ; represented
here only by some Vervains, a Lippia, and a Callicarpa ; to which we may
still append Phryma, which has been promoted into an order (of a single
species), because its ovary and fruit are 1 -celled and 1 -seeded, and the
radicle points to the apex of the fruit

1. VERBENA, L. VERVAIN.

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, one of the teeth often shorter than the others. Co-
rolla tubular, often curved, salver-form ; the border somewhat unequally 5-cleft.
Stamens included ; the upper pair occasionally without anthers. Style slender :
stigma capitate. Fruit splitting into 4 seed-like nutlets. — Flowers sessile, in
single or often panicled spikes, bracted. (The Latin name for any sacred herb :
derivation obscure.) — The species present numerous spontaneous hybrids.

6 1. Anthers not appendaged : erect herbs, with slender spikes.
•* Leaves undivided : root perennial.

1. V. angustifolia, Michx. Low (6'- 1 8' high), often simple; leaves
narrowly lanceolate, tapering to the base, sessile, rougliish, slightly toothed ;
spikes few or single ; the purple flowers crowded, larger than in the next. — Dry
soil, Penn. to Wisconsin and southward. July - Sept.

2. V. liastata, L. (BLUE VERVAIN.) Tall (4° -6° high); leaves lanceo-
late or oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, cut-serrate, peiioled, the lower often lobed and
sometimes halberd-shaped at the base ; spikes linear, erect, densely flowered, corymbed
or panicled. (V. paniculata, Lam,, when the leaves are not lobcd.) — Low and
waste grounds, common. July -Sept.

3. V. urticifolia, L. (NETTLE-LEAVED or WHITE VERVAIN.) Rather
tall ; leaves oval or oblong-ovate, acute, coarsely serrate, pttioled ; spikes very slender, at
length much elongated, with the flowers remote, loosely panicled, very small, white.
— Old fields and road-sides.

4. V. strict a, Vent. (HOARY VERVAIN.) Downy with sojl whitish hairs ,
stem nearly simple (l°-2° high) ; leaves sessile, obovate or oblong, serrate; spikes
thick and wry <A-«.W// flowered, somewhat clustered, hairy. — Bin-runs, Ohio to
Wisconsin, and southward. Aug. — Flowers blue, pretty large.

* * L((ii'(* cl<ft or jtinnntifld, narrowed at the base : root perennial?

5. V. OFFICIX.XLIS, L. (COMMON VERVAIN.) Erect, loosely branched
(l°-3° high) ; l<-<irrs fiiunatijid or 3-cleft, oblong-lannulult , sessile, smooth above,
ihe lobes cut and toothed ; spikes panicled, very slender ; bracts siii'dl, much

VEP.BENAOtLE. (VERVAIN FAMILY.) 299

shorter than the very small purplish flowers. (V. spuria, L.) — Road-sides;
scarce. (Nat. from Eu.)

6. V. bracteosa, Michx. Widely spreading or procumbent, hairy; leaves
wedge-lanceolate, cut-pinnatifid or 3-cleft, short-petioled ; spikes single, remotely
flowered ; bracts large and leafy, the lower pinnatifid, longer than the small purple
flowers. — "Waste places Wisconsin to Kentucky. Ang.

$ 2. Anthers of the longer stamens tipped with a glandular appendage.

7. V. Allbletia, L. Rather hairy, spreading or ascending; leaves obo-
vate-oblong with a wedge-shaped base, 3-cleft and cut or pinnatifid ; spikes
peduncled, flat-topped in flower ; bracts shorter than the calyx ; flowers showy,
light purple. (j) — Prairies, from Illinois southward. Also cultivated. July.

2. tlP PI A, L. (ZAPANJA, Juss.)

Calyx often flattened, 2 - 4-toothed, or 2-lipped. Corolla strongly 2-lipped :
upper lip notched ; the lower much larger, 3-lobed. Stamens included. Style
slender : stigma obliquely capitate. Fruit 2-celled, 2-seeded. (Dedicated to
Lippi, an Italian naturalist and traveller. )

1. It. lasiceolffita, Michx. (FOG-FRUIT.) Procumbent or creeping,
Dughish, green ; leaves oblanceolate or wedge-spatulate, serrate above ; pedun-
cles axillary, slender, bearing solitary closely bracted heads of bluish-white
flowers; calyx 2-cleft, the divisions sharply keeled. • (Zapania lanceolata, & Z.
nodiflora, N. Amer. authors.) — River-banks, W. Pennsylvania to Illinois, and
southward. July - Sept.

3. CAL.LICARPA, L. CALLICARPA.

Calyx 4-5-toothed, short. Corolla tubular-bell-shaped, 4-5-lobed, nearly
regular. Stamens 4, nearly equal, exserted : anthers opening at the apex.
Style slender, thickened upwards. Fruit a SB >all drape, with 4 nutlets. — Shrubs,
with scurfy pubescence and small flowers in axillary cymes. (Name formed of
raXXos, beauty, and Kappas, fruit.)

1. C. Americana, L. (FRENCH MULBERRY.) Leaves ovate-oblong
with a tapering base, toothed, whitish beneath ; calyx obscurely 4-toothed ;
fruits small, violet-color. — Rich soil, Virginia and southward. May - July. —
Shrub 3° high.

4. PHRVMA, L. LOPSEED.

Calyx cylindrical, 2-lipped ; the upper lip of 3 bristle-awl-shaped teeth ; the
lower shorter, 2-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped ; upper lip notched ; the lower much
larger, 3-lobed. Stamens included. Style slender : stigma 2-lobed. Fruit ob-
long, 1-celled and 1 -seeded ! Seed orthotropous. Radicle pointing upwards:
cotyledons convolute round their axis. — A perennial herb, with slender branch-
ing stems, and coarsely toothed ovate leaves, the lower long-pctioled ; the small
opposite flowers in elongated and slender terminal spikes, reflexed in fruit, and
bent close against the common peduncle. Corolla purplish or pale rose-color
(Derivation of the name unknown.)

300 LABIAT^E. (HINT FAMlLf.)

1. P. Leptostacliya, L.— Rich copses, common July — Plant 2° -
3° high : leaves 3' -5' long, thin. (Also in the Himalaya Mountains !)

ORDER 77. LABIAT^E. (MINT FAMILY.)

Chiefly herbs, with square stems, opposite aromatic leaves, more or less 2«
lipped corolla, didynamous or diandrous stamens, and a deeply ±-lobed ovary,
which forms in fruit 4 little seed-like nutlets, or achenia, surrounding the base
of the single style in the bottom of the persistent calyx, each Jilled with a sin-
gle erect seed. — Albumen mostly none. Embryo straight (except in Scu-
tellaria) : radicle at the base of the fruit. Upper lip of the corolla 2-
lobed or sometimes entire ; the lower 3-lobed. Stamens, as in all the al-
lied families, inserted on the tube of the corolla. Style 2-lobed at the
apex. Flowers axillary, chiefly in cymose clusters, which are often aggre-
gated in terminal spikes or racemes. Foliage mostly dotted with small
gJands containing a volatile oil, upon which depends the warmth and aro-
ma of most of the plants of this large and well-known family. (More abun-
dant in the Old World than the New. One third of our genera and many
of the species are DILI -ly introduced plants.)

Synopsis.

TRIBE I. AJUGOIDE.flE. Stamens 4, ascending (curved upwards) and parallel, usually
projecting from the notch of the upper aide of the (not evidently 2-lipped) 5-lobed coroll*.
Nutlets reticulated and pitted, obliquely attached by the inside near the base
* Lobes of the corolla all declined (turned forwards) : stamens exserted.

1. TEUCRIUM. Lower lobe of the corolla much larger than the others. Calyx 5-toothed.

2. TRICHOSTEMA. Lobes of the corolla scarcely unequal. Calyx 5-cleft, oblique.

* # Lobea of the corolla almost equally spreading : stamens nearly included.

3. ISANTHUS. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft, almost equalling the small corolla.

TKIBE II. SATUREIE.3E. Stamens 4, the inferior pair longer, or only 2, distant,
straight, diverging, or converging under the upper lip : anthers 2-celled Lobes of the
corolla flat and spreading Nutlets smooth or minutely roughened, fixed by the base.
» Corolla not evidently 2-lipped, but almost equally 4-lobed. Stamens erect, distant.
4 MENTHA. Fertile stamens 4, nearly equal.

6. LYCOPUS. Fertile stamens 2 ; and often 2 sterile filaments without anthera.

» * Corolla more or less 2-lipped ; the tube naked within.
i- Stamens only 2, distant : no rudiments of the upper pair.
6 CUNILA. Calyx very hairy in the throat, equally 6-toothed. Corolla small.
•*- •«- Stamens 4, all with anthers.

7. HYSSOPUS. Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, naked in the throat, equally 6-toothed. Stamen.

exserted, diverging.

8. PYCNANTIIEMUM Calyx ovate or short-tubular, 10- 13-nerved, naked in the throac,

equally 5-toothed or somewhat 2-lipped. Flowers in dense heads or clusters

9. ORIGANUM. Calyx ovate-bell-shaped, hairy in the throat, 13-nerved, 5-toothed. Stamens

diverging. Flowers spiked, and with large colored bracts.

10 THYMUS. Calyx ovate, nodding in fruit, hairy in tho throat, 10 - 13 nerved, 2-lipped
Stamens distant. Bracts minute Leaves very small

LABIATE. ^MINT FAMILY.) 301

1L 8ATUREIA. Calys bell-shaped, naked in the throat, 10-nerved, equally 5-toothed. Sta-
mens somewhat, ascending.

12. CALAMINTHA. Calyx tubular, often hairy in the throat, 13-nerved, 2-lipped. Tube of
the corolla straight. Stamens connivent at the summit in pairs under the upper lip.

18. MELISSA. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 2-lipped, flaUish on the upper side. Tube of the
corolla curved upwards. Stamens curved above, connivent under the erect upper lip.
4- 4- *- Stamens only 2 with anthers, ascending, and a pair of small sterile filaments.

14. HEDEOMA. Calyx gibbous on the lower side, hairy in the throat. Flowers loose.

* * * Corolla 2-lipped, with a bearded ring inside at the bottom of the enlarged throat. Sta-
mens 2 or 4, long, diverging.

16. COLLINSONIA. Calyx enlarged and declined in fruit, 2-lipped Low«r lobe of the coroll*
much larger than the other four.

TRIBE HI. MONAR.Df3.33. Stamens 2 (sometimes with mere rudiments of the upper
pair), ascending and parallel : anthers apparently or really 1-celled. Corolla 2-lipped.
Nutlets as in Tribe II.

16. SAL VIA. Calyx 2-lipped Anthers with a long connective astride the filament, bearing

a linear cell at the upper end, and none or an imperfect one on the lower.

17. MONARDA. Calyx tubular and elongated, equally 5-toothed. Anthers of 2 cella conflu-

ent into one : connective inconspicuous.

18. BLEPHILIA. Calyx ovate-tubular, 2-lipped. Anthers as in No 17.

TRIBE IV. NEPETE^E. Stamens 4, the superior (inner) pair longer than the inferior !
ascending or diverging. Corolla 2-lipped : the upper lip concave or arched, tha lower
spreading. Calyx mostly 15-nerved. Nutlets as in Tribes II. and III.

19. LOPHANTHUS. Stamens divergent ; the upper pair curved downwards ; the lower as-

cending: anther-eel's nearly parallel.

20. NEPETA. Stamens aii ascending; the anthers approximate in pairs ; the cells at length

widely diverging Calyx curved.

21. DRACOCEPHALTJ \r ^aiuens nearly as in No. 20. Calyx straight, the upper lip or tooth

commonly larger.

22. CEDRONELLA. Stamens all ascending. Anther-cells parallel

TKIBE V. STACHYDE^E. Stamens 4, ascending and parallel ; the inferior (outer)
pair longer than the superior, except in No. 33 Anthers usually approximate in pairs.
Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip concave or arched. Calyx 6-10 nerved. Nutlets as ill
the preceding.

* Calyx not 2-lipped, thin and membranaceous, inflated-bell -shaped in fruit.

23. SYNANDRA. Calyx 4-lobed ! Anther-cells widely diverging from each other.

24. PHYSOSTEG1A. Calyx 5-toothed. Anther-cells parallel.

* * Calyx 2-lipped, closed in fruit.

25 BRUNELLA. Calyx nerved and veiny ; upper lip flat, 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft

26 SCUTELLARIA. Calyx with a' helmet-like projection on the upper side ; the lips entire.

* * * Calyx not 2-lipped, nor the tube inflated, 5 - 10-toothed
•t- Stamens included in the tube of the corolla.

27. MARRUB1UM. Calyx tubular, 5 - 10-nerved, and with 5 or 10 awl-shaped teeth

•»- •«- Stamens projecting beyond the tube of the corolla.
•M- Anthers opening transversely by 2 unequal valves ; the smaller valve ciliate.

28. GALEOPS1S. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped ; the 5 teeth spiny-pointed.

++ -H- Anthers opening lengthwise.

29. STACHYS Calyx tubular-bell-shaped. Nutlets rounded at the top. Stamens after shed-

ding the pollen often turned downward.

80. LEONURUS. Calyx top-shaped, the rigid and spiny-pointed teeth soon spreading Nut-
lets truncate and acutely 3-angled at the top.

Bl. LAMTUM. Calyx-teeth not spiny pointed. Nutlets sharply 3-angled, truncate at the top.

302

LABIATE. (MINT

2. BALLOTA. Calyx somewhat funnel-form, the 6 -10-teeth united at the base into a spread-
ing border. Nutlets roundish at the top. Upper lip of the corolla erect.

J. PIILOMIS. Calyx tubular, the 6 short and broad teeth abruptly awned Upper lip of the
corolla arched.

1. TEUCRIUM, L. GERMANDER.

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla with the 4 upper lobes nearly equal, cblong, turned
forward, so that there seems to be no upper lip ; the lower one much larger.
Stamens 4, exserted from the deep cleft between the 2 upper lobes of the corolla :
anther-cells confluent. (Named for Teucer, king of Troy.)

1. T. Caiiadeiise, L. (AMERICAN GERMANDER. WOOD SAGE.)
Herbaceous, downy; stem erect (l°-3° high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrate,
rounded at the base, short-petioled, hoary underneath ; the floral scarcely longer
than the oblique unequally-toothed calyx ; whorls about 6-flowered, crowded in
a long and simple wand-like spike, ty — Low grounds; not rare. July. —
Corolla pale purple, rarely white.

AJOGA CHAMJEPITHYS, L., the YELLOW BUGLE of Europe, gathered in
Virginia by Clayton, has not been noticed since.

2. TRICHOSTEMA, L. Bn E CURLS.

Calyx bell-shaped, oblique, deeply 5-cleft ; the 3 upper teeth elongated and
partly united, the 2 lower very short. Corolla 5-lobed ; the lobes narrowly ob-
long, declined, nearly equal in length ; the 3 lower more or less united. Sta-
mens 4, with very long capillary filaments, exserted much beyond the corolla,
carved : anther-cells divergent and at length confluent. — Low annuals, some-
what clammy-glandular and balsamic, branched, with entire leaves, and mostly
solitary 1 -flowered pedicels terminating the branches, becoming lateral by the
production of axillary branchlets, and the flower appearing to be reversed,
namely, the short teeth of the calyx upward, £c. Corolla blue, varying to pur-
ple, rarely white, small. (Name composed of 6pi£, hair, and orr^a, stamen,
from the capillary filaments.)

1. T. <ii< liotomtllll, L, (BA.STARD PENNYROYAL.) Leaves lance-
oblong or rhombic-lanceolate, rarely lance-linear, short-petioled — Sandy fields,
New England to Kentucky, and southward, chiefly eastward. July -Sept. —
The curved stamens £' long.

2. T. lineare, Nutt. Leaves linear, nearly smooth. — Sandy pine ban-ens
of New Jersey, and southward. — Rather taller and less forked than the last
(8' - 12 high), the corolla larger.

3. IS A ft Til US, Michx. FALSE PENNYROYAL.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-lobcd, equal, enlarged in fruit, Corolla little longer th*a
the calyx ; the border bell-shaped, with 5 nearly equal and obovate spreading
lobes. Stamens 4, slightly didynamous, incurved-ascending, scarcely exceeding
the corolla. — A low, much branched, annual herb, clammy-pubescent, with
nearly entire lance-oblong 3-nerved leaves, and small pale blue flowers on ehorl

(MINT FAMILY.) . 303

axillary 1 - 3-flowered peduncles. (Name from tcrof, equal, and civdos, ^flower,
referring to the almost regular corolla.)

1. I. caerilleilS, Michx. — Gravelly banks, Maine to Illinois, and south-
ward. July, Aug. — Corolla 2" long.

4. MENTIIA, L. MINT.

Calyx bell-shaped or tubular, 5-toothed, equal or nearly so. Corolla with a
short included tube ; the bell-shaped border somewhat equally 4-cleft ; the upper
lobe broadest, entire or notched at the apex. Stamens 4, equal, erect, distant
(either exserted or included in different individuals of the same species). — Odor-
ous herbs, with the small flowers mostly in close clusters, forming axillary capi-
tate whorls, sometimes approximated in interrupted spikes. Corolla pale purpl^
or whitish. (MtvQrj of Theophrastus, from a Nymph of that name, fabled to
have been changed into Mint by the jealous Proserpine.)

1. I?I. vfuiDis, L. (SPEARMINT.) Nearly smooth ; leaves almost sessile,
ovate-lancwlate, unequally serrate ; whorls of flowers approximate in loose pani-
cled spikes, ty — Wet places; common. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. ITI. PIPERITA, L. (PEPPERMINT.) Smooth leaves petioled, ovate-oblong,
acute, serrate ; whorls crowded in short obtuse spikes, interrupted at the base. 1J.
— Low grounds, and along brooks : less naturalized than the last. Aug. — Mul-
tiplying, like the Spearmint, by running under-ground shoots. (Nat. from Eu.)

,3. I?I. ARVENSIS, L. (CORN MINT.) Stem hairy dowmuards ; leaves peti-
oled, ovate or oblong, serrate ; the floral similar and longer than the globose
remote whorls of flowers. 1[ — Fields, Perm, and Ohio : rare. — Odor like
that of decayed cheese. (Adv. from Eu.)

4. M. CanaclcnsiS, L. (WILD MINT.) Stems ascending (l°-2a
high), whitish-hairy ; leaves petioled, oblong, tapering to both ends, the upper-
most lanceolate ; flowers crowded in globular axillary whorls. ( Odor like Penny-
royal). Var. GLAHRATA, Bcnth,, is smoothish, the leaves usually less tapering
at the base, "the smell pleasauter, more like that of Monarda" (Porter). (M.
jorealis, Michx.) 1}. — Wet banks of brooks, New England to Kentucky, and
northward. July - Sept.

5. L,i.rCOPU§, L. WATER HOREIIOUND.

Calyx bell-shaped, 4 - 5-toothcd, naked in the throat. Corolla bell-shaped,
scarcely longer than the calyx, nearly equally 4-lobed. Stamens 2, distant ; tho
upper pair either sterile rudiments or wanting. Nutlets with thickened mar-
gins.— Perennial low herbs, resembling Mints, with sharplv toothed or pin-
natifid leaves, the floral ones similar and much longer than the dense axillary
whorls of small mostly white flowers. (Name compounded of \VKOS, a wolf, and
irovs, fool, from some fancied likeness in the leaves.)

1. L.. Virgiiiicus, L. (BUGLE-WEED.) Stem obtusely 4-anglcd (6'-
18' high), producing long and slender runners from the base, leaves oblong or
ovate-lam relate, tootaed, entire towards the base, short-petioled ; calyx-teeth 4,

304 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.)

ovate, bluntish and pointless. — Shady moist places ; common, especially north'
ward. Aug. — Smooth, often purplish, with small capitate clusters of very
small flowers.

2. L.. Europ&llS, L. Stem sharply 4-angled (l°-3° high;, with or
without runners from the base ; leaves ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, MUU-
ate-toothcd or pinnatifid, more or less petioled ; whorls many-flowered ; calyx-
teeth 5, triangular-lanceolate, tapering too riyid very sharp point ; nutlets (smooth or
glandular-roughened at the top) equalling or exceeding the calyx-tube. (Eu.)
— Includes sdveral nominal species, among them in our district is

Var. simialHS. {L. sinuatus, Benth. L. cxaltatus & L, sinuatus, Ell.}
Much branched, smooth or smoothish ; runners short or none ; leaves mostly
more tapering to both ends than in the European form, varying from cut-toothed
'to pinnatifid. — Common in wet grounds. July, Aug..

Var. intcgrifolilis. Stems more simple, often producing slender run-
ners; leaves oblong-lanceolate, varying to narrowly lanceolate (L. angustifolius,
Nutt, &c.), much acuminate at both ends (2' -4' long), sharply serrate. —
Common westward.

6. CUNILA, L. DITTANY.

Calyx ovate-tubular, equally 5-toothcd, very hairy in the throat. Corolla 2-
lipped ; upper lip erect, flattish, mostly notched ; the lower spreading, 3-cleft.
Stamens 2, erect, exserted, distant: no sterile filaments. — Perennials, with
small white or purplish flowers, in corymbed cymes or clusters. (An ancient
Latin name, of unknown origin.)

1. C. Mariana, L. (COMMON DITTANY.) Stems tufted, corymbosely
much branched (1° high); leaves smooth, ovate, serrate, rounded or cordate
at the base, nearly sessile, dotted (!' long) ; cymes peduncled ; calyx striate. —
Dry hills, S. New York to Ohio, Illinois, and southward. July - Sept.

•7. HYSSOPUS, L. HYSSOP.

Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, equally 5-toothed, naked in the throat. Corolla
short, 2-lipped ; upper lip erect, flat, obscurely notched ; the lower 3-clt ft, with
the middle lobe larger and 2-cleft. Stamens 4, exserted, diverging. — A peren-
nial herb, with wand-like simple branches, lanceolate or linear entire leaves, uud
Lluc-purple flowers in small clusters, crowded in a spike. (The ancient name.)

1. II. OFFICINALIS, L. — lioad-sides, Michigan, &c. ; escaped from garden*,
(Adv. from Eu.)

8. PYCNANTHEUIUUI, Michx. MOUNTAIN MINT. BASIL

Calyx ovate-oblong or tubular, about 13-nerved, equally 5-toothcd, or the
three upper teeth more or less united, nuked in the throat. Corolla short, more
or less 2-lipped ; the upper lip straight, nearly flat, entire or slightly notched;
the lower 3-elcft, its lobes all ovate and obtuse. Stamens 4, distant, the lower
pair rather longer: anther-cells parallel. — Perennial upright herbs, wilh a pun-
gent mint-like flavor, corymbosely branched above; the floral lea\es often

LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 805

whitened; the many-flowered wKoils dense, crowded with bracts, and usually
forming terminal heads or close cymes. Corolla whitish or purplish, the lipa
mostly dotted with purple. Varies, like the Mints, with the stamens cxserted
or included in different flowers. (Name composed of TTVKVOS, dense, and cMe/ioc,
a blossom ; from the inflorescence.)

* Calyx scarcely at all 2-lipped, the teeth and bracts awl-shaped and awn-pointed'
rigid, naked, as long as the corolla : flowers in rather dense mostly terminal heads :
kai^es rigid, slightly petioled.

1. P. atistatuni, Michx. Minutely hoary-puberulent (l°-2° high);
leaves ovate-oblong and oblong-lanceolate, acute, sparingly denticulate-serrate
(1 '- 2' long), roundish at the base. — Fine ban-ens, from New Jersey southward.

Var. liyssopifoliuni. Leaves narrowly oblong or broadly linear, nearly
tatire and obtuse. (P. hyssopifolium, Benth.) — Virginia and southward.

* * Calyx 2-lipped from the greater union more or less of the 3 upper teeth, which f
with the bracts, are subulate and bearded with some spreading hairs : flowers in
dense and compound flattened cymes, which become considerably expanded in fruit :
leaves membranaceous, petioled.

2. P. i lie fin lint, Michx. Leaves ovate-oblong, acute, remotely toothed,
downy above and mostly hoary with whitish wool underneath, the uppermost whitened
both sides ; cymes open ; bracts linear-awl-shaped and, with the calyx-teeth, more
or less awn-pointed. — Rocky woods and hills, New England to Michigan, and
southward. Aug. — Plant 2° - 4° high, the taste intermediate between that of
Pennyroyal and Spearmint, as in most of the following species. Very variable.

3. P. Clinopodioid.es, Torr. & Gr. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, scarcely
toothed, short-petioled, not whitened ; the upper surface often smooth, the lower
as well as the stem downy; cymes contracted; bracts and calyx-teeth short subu-
late, the latter nearly one half shorter than the tube. — Dry copses Penn. & New
York. Aug., Sept. — Perhaps an extreme state of No. 2.

# * * Calyx usually almost equally 5-toothed: flotvers crowded in loose heads or dense
clv-sters at the end of the brandies and in the uppermost axils ; the bracts shorter
than the 2-lipped corollas : leaves almost sessile.

4. P. Torreyi, Benth. Somewhat pubescent; stem strict and nearly
simple (2° -3° high) ; leaves thin, linear-lanceolate, tapering to both ends (mostly
2' long and 2" -3" wide), nearly entire; the awl-shaped calyx-teeth and bracts
canescent. — Dry soil, S. New York and New Jersey. Aug. — Intermediate in
aspect between No. 3 and No. 7.

5. P» pilosum, Nutt. More or less downy with long and soft whitish hairs,
much branched above ; leaves lanceolate, acute rJ both ends, or the lower ovate-
fanceolate, nearly entire, tlie floral not whitened; calyx-teeth ovate-lanceolate,
•acute, and with the bracts hoary-haired. — Dry hills and plains, W. Penn.,
Ohio, to Illinois, and southward in the Allcghanies. July- Sept. — A smoother
form of this, approaching the next, is, if I mistake not, Brachystemum verticil-
latum, Michx. (Mountains of Penn. and southward.)

6. P. Illllticiim, Pers. Minutely hoary throughout, or almost smooth,
corymbosely m ich branched (l°-2^° high) ; leaves ovate or broadly ovate-lanceo

306 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.)

hie, varying to lanceolate, rather rigid, acute,' rounded or sligfdly hean shaped at
ihe base, mostly sessile and minutely sharp-toothed, prominently veined, green
when old ; tlie floral ones, bracts, and triangular-ovate calyx-teeth, hoary with
a fine dose down. — Dry hills, Maine to Ohio, Kentucky, and southward. Aug.
— Flowers in very dense clusters ; the outer bracts ovate-lanceolate and pointed,
the others pointless.

* * * * Calyx equally 5-toothed: flowers collected in dense and globular, often fasci-
cled, small and numerous heads, which are crowded in terminal corymbs: bract*
rigid, closely oppressed, shorter t/tan the flowers : lips of the corolla very short .-
leaves narrow, sessile, entire, rigid, crowded and clustered in the axils.

7. P. laiiceoliitllin, Pursh. Smoothish or minutely pubescent (2° high);
leaves lanceolate or lance-linear, obtuse at the base ; heads downy ; calyx-teeth sltoit
and triangular. — Dry thickets ; common. July - Sept.

8. P. lillifolilim, Pursh. Smooth or nearly so (l°-2° high); leaves
narrower and heads less downy than in the last ; the narrower bracts and lance-
ani-shaped calyx-teeth pungently pointed. — Thickets, S. New England to Illinois,
and southward. July - Sept.

***** Calyx equally 5-toothed: flowers collected in few and solitary large and
globular heads (terminal, and in the upper axils of the membranaceous petiole^
leaves) ; the bracts loose, ciliate-beardcd.

9. P. moiltanmil, Michx. Stem (1° -3° high) and ovate- or oblong
lanceolate serrate leaves glabrous; bracts very acute or awl-pointed, the outer-
most ovate and leaf-like, the inner linear ; teeth of the tubular calyx short and
acute. — Alleghanies, from S. Virginia southward. July. — Flavor warm and
pleasant. Foliage and heads like a Monarda.

9. ORIGANUM, L. WILD MARJORAM.

Calyx ovate-bell-shaped, hairy in the throat, striate, 5-toothed. Tube of the
corolla about the length of the calyx, 2-lippcd; the upper lip rather erect ana
slightly notched ; the lower longer, of 3 nearly equal spreading lobes. Stations
4, cxseitcd, diverging. — Perennials, with nearly entire leaves, and pur; lish
flowers crowded in cylindrical or oblong spikes, which arc imbricated with col-
crcJ bracts. (An ancient Greek name, said to be from opoj, a mountain, and
•yuror, delight.)

1. O. VULOA.RE, L. Upright, hairy, corymbose at .the summit ; leaves peti-
oleil, round-ovate ; bracts ovate, obtuse, purplish — Dry banks, sparingly intro-
duced eastward. June -Oct. (Nat. from Eu.)

10. THinUUS, L. THYME.

Calyx ovate, 2-lipped, 13-nerved, hairy in the throat; the upper lip 3-toothed,
spreading ; the lower 2-cleft, with the awl-shaped divisions ciliate. Corolla
short, slightly 2-lipped ; the upper lip straight and flattish, notched at the apex ;
the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 4, straight and distant, usually exscrtcd. — Low pe-
rennials, with small and entire strongly-veined leaves, and purplish or whitish

LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.; 807

flowers, (The ancient Greek name of the Thyme, probably from 0u«, to burr
perfume, because it was used for incense.)

1. T. SJSRPYLLUM, L. (CREEPING THYME.) Prostrate ; leaves green,
fiat, ovate, entire, short-petioled, flowers crowded at the end of the branches. —
Old fields, E. New England and Penn. : rare. (Adv. from Eu.)

T. VULGARIS, L., is the GARDEN THYME, or STANDING THYME.

11. SATUREIA, L. SAVORY.

Calyx bell-shaped, 10-nerved, equally 5-toothed, naked in the throat. Corolla
2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, flat, nearly entire, the lower nearly equally 3-cleft.
Stamens 4, somewhat ascending. — Aromatic plants, with narrow entire leaves,
often clustered in the axils, and somewhat spiked purplish flowers. (The an-
cient Latin name.)

1. S. HORTENSIS, L. (SUMMER SAVORY.) Pubescent; clusters few-flow-
ered ; bracts small or none. ® — Prairies of Illinois, and rocky islands at the
Falls of the Ohio, Short: escaped from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.)

12. CALAMINTHA, Mcench. CALAMINTH.

Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, mostly hairy in the throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip
3-cleft, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla with a straight tube and an inflated throat,
distinctly 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, flattish, entire ; the lower spreading, 3-
parted, the middle lobe usually largest. Stamens 4, mostly ascending; the
anthers usually approximate in pairs. — Perennials, with mostly purplish or
whitish flowers : inflorescence various. (Name composed of /caXoy, beautiful,
and fiivda, Mint.)

§ 1. CALAMtNTHA PROPER, Benth.— Calyx striate, scarcely gibbous at the
base : clusters of flowers loose and peduncled in the axils of the leaves, and forming
a raceme at the summit : bracts minute.

1. C. NEPETA, Link. (BASIL-THYME.) Soft hairy ; stem ascending ( 1 ° -
3° high); leaves petioled, broadly ovate, obtuse, creuate; corolla (3" long)
about twice the length of the calyx. — Dry hills, Virginia, &c. (Nat. from Eu.)

$ 2. CALOMELtSSA, Benth. — Calyx nearly as § 1 : whorls few-several-ftoio-
ered,. sessile; flowers on slender naked pedicels ; the bracts at their base linear or
oblong, leafiike.

2. C. glabella, Benth. Smooth; stems diffuse or spreading (l°-2°
long) ; leaves slightly petioled, oblong or oblong-linear, nan-owed at the base
(§'-!' long, or the largest l£'-2' long), sparingly toothed, or nearly entire;
clusters 6 - 10-flowered; corolla (purplish, 5" -6" long) fully twice the length
of the calyx, the teeth of the latter awl-pointed. (Cunila glabella, Michx. Mi-
cromeria, Benth.) — Limestone banks, near Frankfort, Kentucky (Short), and
southward. June.

Var. Nllttallii* Smaller; the flowering stems more upright (5' -9' high),
with narrower mostly entire leaves and fewer-flowered clusters ; while sterile
the runners from the base bear ovate tnickish leaves only 2' - 5" long. (C. Nut>

808 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.)

tallii, Benth. M%romeria glabella, var. angustifolia, Torr.) — Wet limestona
rocks, Niagara Falls to Wisconsin, Central Ohio (Sullivant], and southwestward.
July- Sept. — Appearing very distinct, but united by Soutnwestcm forms. &c.

i 3. CLINOPODIUM, L. — Calyx more or less gibbous below: clusters sessile and

many-Jloivered, crowded with awl-sSiaped bracts.

3. C. CLINOPODIUM, Bcnth. (BASIL.) Hairy, erect (1°- 2° high) ; leaves
ovate, petioled, nearly entire ; flowers (pale purple) in globular clusters ; hairy-
bracts as long as the calyx. (Clinopodium vulgare, L.) — Borders of thicketo
and fields. July. (Nat. from Eu.)

13. MELISSA, L. BALM.

Calyx with the upper lip flattened and 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla
with a recurvcd-ascending tube. Stamens 4, curved and conniving under the
upper lip. Otherwise nearly as Calamintha. — Clusters few-flowered, loose,
one-sided, with few and mostly ovate bracts resembling the leaves. (Name from
/meX«r<ra, a bee; the flowers yielding abundance of honey.)

1. UI. OFFICINALIS, L. (COMMON BALM.) Upright, branching; leaves
broadly ovate, crenate-toothed, exhaling the odor of lemons ; the corolla whito
or cream-color. — Sparingly escaped from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.)

14. HEDEOMA, Pers. MOCK PENNYROYAL.

Calyx ovoid or tubular, gibbous on the lower side near the base, 13-ncrved.
bearded in the throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Co-
rolla 2-lippcd ; the upper lip erect, flat, notched at the apex ; the lower spread-
ing, 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2 ; the upper pair reduced to sterile ii laments or
wanting. — Low, odorous plants, with small leaves, and loose axillary clusters
of flowers, often forming terminal leafy racemes. (Altered from 'HSuooyioi/,
an ancient name of Mint, from its sweet scent.)

1. II. pulegioidcs, Pcrs. (AMERI CAN PENNYROYAL.) Erect, branch-
ing, hairy ; leaves petioled, oblong-ovate, obscurely serrate, the floral similar; whorls
few-flowered ; corolla (bluish, pubescent) scarcely exceeding the calyx ; sterile
filaments tipped with a little head. ® — Open ban-en woods and fields ; com-
mon. July - Sept. — Plant 6'- 10' high, with nearly the taste and odor of the
trne Pennyroyal (Mcntha Pulegium) of Europe.

2. II. llispida, Pursh. Erect hairy (2;-5' high); leaves sessile, kraai,
entirv the floral similar and exceeding the flowers ; corolla scarcely longer than
the ciliate hispid calyx. (J) — Illinois, opposite St. Louis, and southwestward.

15. COLL.INSONIA, L. HORSE-BALM.

Calyx ovate, enlarged and declined in fruit, 2-lipped; upper lip truncate and
flattened, 3-toothcd, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla elongated, expanded at the
throat, somewhat 2-lipped; the 4 upper lobes nearly equal, but the lower much
larger and longer, pendent, toothed or lacerate-fringed. Stamens 2 (sometimes
4, the upper pair shorter), much exserted, diverging: anther-cells divergent. —

nes

LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 309

Strong-scented perennial?, with large ovate leaves, and yellowish flowers on
slender pedicels, in loose and panicled terminal racemes. (Named in honor of
Peter Col/inson, a well-known patron of science and correspondent of Limujeus,
and who introduced this plant into England.)

1. C. Csiimdeiisis, L. (RICH-WEED. STONE-ROOT.) Nearly smooth
(l°-3° high); leaves serrate, pointed, petioled (3' -9 long); panicle loose,
many-flowered; stamens 2. — Rich moipt woods, New England to Michigan,
Kentucky, and southward. July - Sept. - Corolla f ' long, exhaling the odor
of lemons.

16. SAI^VIA, L. SAGE.

Calyx naked in the throat, 2-lipped; the upper lip 3-tcothed or entire, the
lower 2-cleft. Corolla deeply 2-lippcd, ringent ; the upper lip straight or scythe-
phaped, entire or harely notched; the lower spreading or pendent, 3-lobed, the
middle lobe larger. Stamens 2, on short filaments, jointed with the elongated
transverse connective, one end of which ascending under the upper lip bears a
linear 1-celled (half-) anther, the other usually descending and bearing an im-
perfect or deformed (half-) anther. — Flowers mostly large and showy, in spiked,
racemed, or panicled whorls. (Name from salvo, to save, in allusion to the
reputed healing qualities of Sage.)

1. S. lyrata, L. (LYRE-LEAVED SAGE.) Low (10'-20' high), someirhat
hairy ; stem nearly simple and naked ; root-leaves olwate, lyre-shaped or sinuate-
pinnatifid, sometimes almost entire ; those of the stem mostly a single pair, smaller
and narrower; the floral oblong-linear, not longer than the calyx; whorls loose
and distant, forming an interrupted raceme ; upper lip of the blue-purple pubes-
cent corolla short, straight, not vaulted. 1J. — Woodlands and meadows, New
Jersey to Ohio, Illinois, and southward. June.

2. S. lirticifolia, L. (NETTLE-LEAVED SAGE.) Downy with clammy
hairs, leafy ; leaves rhombic-ovate, pointed, crenate, rounded or slightly heart-
shaped at the base, narrowed into a short petiole, the floral nearly similar;
whorls remote, many-flowered ; upper lip of the blue corolla erect, one third tho
length of the lower ; style bearded. 1J. — Woodlands, from Maryland south-
ward.— Corolla £' long; the lateral lobes dcflexed, the middle notched.

S. OFFICIN\LIS, L., is the well-known GARDEN SAGE. * Several scarlet
species from Tropical America are cultivated for ornament.

17. JT10NARDA, L. HORSE-MINT.

Calyx tubular, elongated, 15-nerved, nearly equally 5-toothed, usually hairy
in the throat. Corolla elongated with a slightly expanded throat, and a strongly
2-lipped limb ; the lips linear or oblong, somewhat equal ; the upper erect, en-
tire or slightly notched ; the lower spreading, 3-lobed at the apex, the lateral
lobes ovate and obtuse, the middle one narrower and slightly notched. Sta-
mens 2. elongated, ascending, inserted in the throat of the corolla : anthers 1m
ear (the divaricate cells confluent at the junction). — Odorous erect herbs, with
entire or toothed leaves, and pretty large flowers in a few whorled heads, closely
aurrounded with bracts. (Dedicated to Monardez, an earty Spanish botanist.)

310 LABIAL:. (MINT FAMILY.)

* Stamens and tfyh exsciicd beyond the very narrow aid acut6 upper Up of the corol-
la : root perennial.

\. 1?I. dirfyma, L. (OSWKGO TEA.) Somewhat hairy ; loaves petiolcd.
ovate-lanceolate, pointed, rounded or slightly heart-shaped at the base; the floral
ones and the large outer bracts tinned with red ; calyx smooth, incurved, nearly
it«!:«l in the throat; corolla smooth, much elont/atrd (-2' long), briaht red. — Moist
woods by streams, N. England to Wisconsin northward, and southward in the
AlieghahHM : often cultivated (under the name of Balm or Bee-Balm). July. —
Plant 2° high, with very showy ilowers.

2. Mf. fistlllosa, L. (WiLD BERGAMOT.) Smoothish or downy ; leave*
pctioled, ovate-lanceolate from a rounded or slightly heart-shaped base ; the upper-
most and outer bracts somewhat colored (whitish or purplish) ; calyx slightly
curved, very hairy in the throat ; corolla purplish, rose-color or almost white, smooth
or hairy. — Woods and rocky banks, W. Vermont to Wisconsin, and south-
ward, principally westward. July -Sept. — Very variable in appearance, 2°-
5° high ; the pale corolla smaller than in the last.

3. 1?I. Bradbliriana, Beck. Leaves nearly sessile , orate-lanccolate, round-
ed at the bane, clothed with long soft hairs, especially underneath; the floral and the
outer bracts somewhat heart-shaped, purplish ; calyx smoothish, contracted above.,
very hairy in the throat, ivith ttv&skaped aimed teeth ; corolla smoothish, bearded
at the tip of the upper lip, scarcely twice the length of the calyx, pale purplish,
the lower lip dotted with purple. — Oak -openings and woods, Ohio to Illinois,
and westward. May — July.

* * Stamens not exceeding the notched upper lip of the short corolla.

4. M. pllllCtata, L. (IIoR8E-MiNT.) Minutely downy (2° -3° high)
leaves petioled, lanceolate, narrowed at the base ; bracts lanceolate, obtuse at
the base, sessile, yellowish and purple ; teeth of the downy calyx short and
rigid, awn less ; corolla nearly smooth, yellowish, the upper lip spotted with pur
pie, the tube scarcely exceeding the calyx. — Sandy fields and dry banks, New
York to Virginia, and southward. Aug., Sept. — Very odorous and pungent.

18. BLEPHILIA, Kaf. BLEI-IIILIA.

Calyx ovoid-tubular, 13-ncrved, 2-lipped, naked in the throat; upper lip with
3 awned teeth, the lower with 2 nearly awnless teeth. Corolla inflated in tire
throat, strongly and nearly equally 2-lipped; the upper lip erect, entire; tho
lower spreading, 3-cleft, with the lateral lobes ovate and rounded, larger than
the oblong and notched middle one. Stamens 2, ascending, cxscrn d (the rudi-
ments of the upper pair minute or none): anthers. &e. as in Monarda. — Pe-
rennial herbs, with nearly the foliage, &c. of Monarda: the small pale bluish
purple, flowers crowded in axillary and terminal globose capitate whorls
(Name from /3Xe<£ap/s, tlie. u/tlanh, in reference to the hairy-fringed bracts and
calyx-teeth.)

1. B» Ciliata, Kaf. Somewhat downy; Iran-* almost s«-ssi/et <>l>l<»/:/
narrowed at^the base, whitish-downy underneath; outer bracls orate, acute, col-
ored, ciliate, as long As the calyx. (Monarda eiliata, />.) — Dry open places,

LAPIAT^E. (MINT FAMILY.) 311

Perm, to Kentucky and Wisconsin. July. — Plant 1°- 2° high, less brnn :h«l
than the next, the hairy corolla shorter.

2. B. llii'Slila, Benth. Hairy throughout ; leaves long-pctioled, ovate, polntetL,
rounded or heart-shaped at the base ; the lower floral ones similar, the uppermost
and the bracts linear-awl-stiaped, shorter than the long-haired calyx. (B. nepe-
toides, Raf. Monarda hirstita, Pursh.) — Damp rich woods, N. New York to
Wisconsin and Kentucky. July. — Plant 2° - 3° high, with spreading branches,
and numerous close whorls, the lower remote. Corolla smoothish, pale, with
darker purple spots.

19. L.OPHANTIIUS, Benth. GIANT HYSSOP.

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 15-nerved, oblique, 5-toothcd, the upper teeth rather
longer than the others. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip nearly erect, 2-lobed ;
the lower somewhat spreading, 3-cleft, with the middle lobe crenate. Stamens 4,
exserted ; the upper pair declined ; the lower and shorter pair ascending, so that
the pairs cross. Anther-cells nearly parallel. — Perennial tall herbs, with pctioled
serrate leaves, and small flowers crowded in interrupted terminal spikes. (Name
from X(X/>os, a crest, and avdos, a /lower.}

1. Li. nepetoicles, Benth. Smooth, or nearly so; leaves ovate, some-
what pointed, coarsely crenate-toothed (2' -4' long) ; calyx-teeth ovate, rather ob-
tuse, little shorter than the pale greenish-yellow corolla. — Borders of woods, W.
Vermont to Wisconsin, and southward. Aug. — Stem stout, 4° -6° high,
sharply 4-angled. Spikes 2' -6' long, crowded with the ovate pointed bracts.

2. L,. SCroplllllariacfolillS, Benth. Stem (obtusely 4-anglcd) and
lower surface of the ovate or somewhat heart-shaped acute leaves more or
less pubescent ; calf] x-teeth lanceolate, acute, shorter than the purptith corolla (spikes
4' — 15 long) : otherwise like the last. — Same geographical range.

3. Li. anisatus, Benth. (ANISE HYSSOP.) Smooth, but the ovate
acute leaves glaucous-white underneath with minute down ; calyx-teeth lanceolate,
acute. — Plains, Wisconsin? and northwestward. — Foliage with the taste and
smell of anise.

20. NEPETA, L. CAT-MINT.

Calyx tubular, often incurved, obliquely 5-toothed. Corolla dilated in the
throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, rather concave, notched or 2-cleft; the low-
er spreading, 3-cleft, the middle lobe largest, either 2-lobed or entire. Stamens
4, ascending under the upper lip, the lower pair shorter. Anthers approximate
in pairs; the cells divergent. — Perennial herbs. (The Latin name, thought to
be derived from Nepete, an Etrurian city.)

§ 1. Cyrnose clusters rather dense and mam/- flowered, forming interrupted spikes or

racemes: upper floral leaves small and bract-like.

1. IV. CAT\RIA, L. (CATNIP.) Downy, erect, branched; leaves heart-
shaped, oblong, deeplv crenate, whitish-downy underneath ; corolla whitish, dot-
ted with purple. — Manured and cultivated grounds, a very common weed
July, Aug. (Adv. from Eu.)

312 LABIATE. (MIXT FAMILY.)

$ 2. GLECHC-MA, L. — Leaves all alike ; the axillanj dusters

2. N. GLECH6MA, Benth. (GROUND IVY. GILL.) Creeping and trailing ;
leaves petioled, round kidney-shaped, crenate, green both sides ; corolla thrice
the length of the calyx, light blue. (Glcchoma hedcracca, L.) — Shaded, waste
grounds near dwellings. May -Aug. — Anthers with the cells diverging at a
right angle, each pair approximate and forming a cross. (Adv. from Eu.)

21. DRACOCEPHALUM, L. DRAGON-HEAD.

Calyx tubular, 13- 15-ncrved, straight, 5-toothcd ; the upper tooth usually
much largest. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip slightly arched and notched ; the
lower spreading, 3-cleft, with its middle lobe largest and 2-cleft or notched at the
end. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip ; the lower pair shorter. An-
thers approximate by pairs, the cells divergent. — Whorls many-flowered, mostly
spiked or capitate, and with awn-toothed or fringed leafy bracts. (Name from
Sputtoi/, a dnu/vn, and Ke0aA^, head, alluding to the form of the corolla.)

1. D. pnrviflorilin, Nutt. Stem erect, leafy (8' -20' high); leaves
ovate-lanceolate, sharply cut-toothed, petioled ; whorls crowded in a terminal
head or spike ; upper tooth of the calyx ovate, nearly equalling the bluish small
slender corolla. (2^ — Koeky places, Jefferson and St. Lawrence Counties,
New York ; shore of Lake Superior, and northwestward. May -Aug.

22. CEDRONEL.LA, Mceych. CEDROXELLA.

Calyx rather obliquely 5-toothed, many-nerved. Corolla ample, expanded at
the throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip flattish or concave, 2-lobed ; the lower 3-
cleft, spreading, the middle lobe largest. Stamens 4, ascending; the lower pair
shorter. Anther-cells parallel. — Sweet-scented perennials, with pale purplish
flowers. (Name a diminutive of /ce'8/noi/, oil of Cedar, from the aromatic leaves
of the originial species, C. triphylla, the Balm-of-GUead of English gardens.)

1. C. CO I'diita, Benth. Low, with slender runners, hairy ; leaves broadly
heart-shaped, crenate, petioled, the floral shorter than the calyx ; whorls fe-w-
flowcrcd, approximate at the summit of short ascending stems ; corolla hairy
inside (H; long) ; stamens shorter than the upper lip. (Draeoccphalum corda-
tum, Nutt.) — Low shady banks of streams, W. Pcnn. to Kentucky, and south-
ward along the mountains. June.

23. SYNANDRA, Nutt. SYNANDRA.

Calyx bell-shaped, inflated, membranaccous, irregularly veiny, almost equally
4-toothed ! Corolla with a long tube, much expanded above and at the throat ;
the upper lip slightly arched, entire ; the lower spreading and 3-cleft, with ovate
lobes, the middle one broadest and notched at the end. Stamens 4, ascending
filaments hairy : anthers approximate in pairs under the upper lip ; the two
upper each with one fertile and one smaller sterile cell, the latter cohering with
each other (whence the name; from <rvi/, toyetJier, and avrjp, for anth<-r).

1. S. gramliflora, Nutt. — Shaded banks, Ohio, Kentucky, ami south-
ward. June. — A perennial? hairy herb, 1° high. Lower leaves long-petioietl,

LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 333

broadly avate, heart-shaped, crenatc, thin ; the floral sessile, gradually reduced
to bracts, each with a single sessile flower. Corolla l£; long, yellowish-white.

24. PHYSOSTEGIA, Benth. FALSE DRAGON-HEAD.

Calyx nearly equally 5-toothcd, obscurely 10-nerved, short-tubular or bell-
shaped, enlarged, and more or less inflated in fruit. Corolla funnel-form with a
much inflated throat, 2-lipped ; th£ upper lip rather erect, concave, nearly
entire ; the lower 3-parted, spreading, small : its middle lobe larger, broad and
rounded, notched. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip : anthers approxi-
mate; the cells parallel. — Perennial smooth hu-bs, with upright wand-like
stems, and sessile lanceolate or oblong mostly serrate leaves. Flowers large
and showy, rose or flesh-color variegated with purple, opposite, crowded in sim-
ple or panicled terminal leafless spikes. (Name from (pvaa, a bladder, and ore-yco,
to cover, on account of the inflated corolla and fruiting calyx.)

1. P. Virginiaiia, Benth. (Dracocephalum Virginianum, L., &c.) —
Low or wet banks of streams, W. New York to Wisconsin and southward.
July — Sept. — Varies from l°-4° high, stout or slender; the leaves from ob-
long-obovate (the lower) to narrowly lanceolate, and from very sharply toothed
to nearly entire ; the flowers either crowded, imbricated, or scattered ; the in-
flated fruiting calyx varying from obovate or ovate to globular ; the corolla from
6" or 7" to 12" long : no definite marks are yet found for distinguishing two or
more species.

25. BRimELL-A, Tourn. (Prunella, L.) SULF-HEAL.

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, somewhat 10-nerved and reticulated-veiny, flattened
on the upper side, naked in the throat, closed in fruit, 2-lipped ; the upper lip
broad and flat, truncate, with 3 short teeth ; the lower 2-cleft. Corolla ascend-
ing, slightly contracted at the throat, and dilated at the lower side just beneath it,
2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, arched, entire ; the lower reflexcd-spreading, 3-clcft ;
its lateral lobes oblong ; the middle one rounded, concave, crenulate. Stamens
4, ascending under the upper lip: filaments 2-toothed-at the apex, the lower
tooth bearing the anther. Anthers approximate in pairs, their cells diverging.
— Low perennials, with nearly simple stems, and 3-flowered clusters of flowers
sessile in the axils of round and bract-like mcmbranaceous floral leaves, imbri-
cated in a close spike or head. (Name said to be taken from the German braune,
a disease of the throat, for which this plant was a reputed remedy.)

1. 15. vulgaris, L. (COMMON SELF-HEAL or HEAL-ALL.) Leaves
ovate-oblong, entire or toothed, petioled, hairy or srnoothish : corolla (violet or
flesh-color) not twice the length of the purplish calyx. — Woods and fields •
common. June — Sept. (Eu.)

26. SCUTELLARIA, L. SKULLCAP.

Calyx bell-shaped in flower, 2-lipped ; the lips entire, closed in fruit, the upper
with a helmet-like at length concave and enlarged appendage on the back (the
upper sepal) ; calyx splitting to the base at maturity, the upper lip usually fali-

314. LABIAT/E. (MINT FAMILY.)

ing away. Corolla with an elongated curved ascending tube, dilated at (lie
throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip arched, entire or barely notched ; the lateral Ic.hes
mostly connected with the upper rather than the lower lip ; the lower lobe or lip
spreading and convex, notched at the apex. Stamens 4, ascending under tho
tipper lip : anthers approximate in pairs, ciliate or bearded ; those of the lover
stamens 1-celled (halved), of the upper 2-celled and heart-shaped. — Bitter pe-
rennial herbs, not aromatic, with axillary excise spiked or racemed flowers ; the
short peduncles chiefly opposite, 1-flowcred, often 1-sided. (Name from scutella,
a dish, in allusion to the form of the appendage to the fruiting calyx.)
* Flowers (blue) in terminal racemes; the floral leaves, except the lower ones, l*ing

small, and reduced to bracts.

•»- Lips short, nearly equal in lenath ; the lateral lobes rather distinct, and almost as
long as the strai(jhtlsh or scarcely incurved upper Up : leaves on slender petioles.

1. S. vcrsicolor, Nutt. Soft hairy, the hairs of the inflorescence, £c.
partly viscid-glandular; stem mostly erect (l°-3°high); leaves orate or round-
ovate, chiefly heart-shaped, crenate-toothed, very veiny, ruyose, the floral reduced
to broadly ovate entire bracts about equalling the glandular-hairy calyx ; ra-
cemes mostly simple. — River-banks, &c., Penn. to Wisconsin and southward.
July. — Corolla |' long, with a slender tube, below whitish, the lower lip purple-
spotted ; the upper deep blue ; the lateral lobes belonging as much to the lower
as to the upper lip. — S. saxatilis, var. ? pilosior, Benth., is probably a smaller
form of this, as is S. rugosa, Wood. (Harper's Ferry, Allan, Wood.)

2. S. savfitilis, Riddcll. Smoothish or sll'jhtl;/ hainj ; stem weak, ascend-
ing (6'- 18' long), often producing runners, branched ; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong
and mostly heart-shaped, coarsely crenate-toothed (l'-2' long), ///?'», obtuse; upper
bracts oblong or ovate, small; racemes loose. — Moist shaded banks, 8. Ohio,
Virginia, and Kentucky, and southward in the mountains. June, July. — Co-
rolla f long, the lateral lobes connected with the straightish upper lip.

«- •«- Lateral lobes of the corolla small, much shorter than the decidedly arched or
incurved up] xr lip, and connected with it: stem erect: leaves moderately pctloled,
except in No. 6.

3. S. CillieSCCIlS, Nutt. Stem branched (2° -4° high), above, with the
panicled many-flowered racemes, JJoiccrs, and the, foirer surface of ikf. nratr or lanrc-
ovate acute (at the base acute, obtuse, or cordate) crcinit>- /><tr,s, irhifish ?rft/i jinc
s»fl {f(»ni, often becoming rather glabrous ; bracts oblong or lanceolate; upper
lip of the corolla shorter than the lower. — Rich ground, Penn. to Illhnis and
southward. July. — Corolla %' long.

4. S. scrrsita, Andrew?. Grim atid nearly f/htJirwis ; stem rather simple
(l°-30 high), with single loosely-flowered racemes; leaves serrate, acuminate at
both ends, ovate or ovate-oblong ; calyx, £c. somewhat hairy ; '//« of the corolla
t.ijna1 in length (corolla 1' long, the tube more tapering below than in the last
which this resembles). — Woods, Maryland, Illinois, and southward. July.

5. S. pilosa, Michx. Pubescent trifh sprcadi'iiy hairs; stem nearly sim-
ple (1° -3° high) ; leaves rather distant, crenate, of>l>n(/-or<iti>, obtuse, varying to
roundish-ovate, the lower abrupt or heart-shaped at the base and long-petloled
the upper on short margined petioles, veiny ; bracts oblong spat ulate; racemes

ed,

'

LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 315

short, often branched; corolla (£'-§' long) rather narrow, the lower lip a little
shorter. (S. hirsuta, Short, is a large form.) — Dry open woods, &c., S. New
York to Michigan and southward. June -Aug.

6. S. integrifolia, L. Downy all over with a minute hoariness : stem com-
monly simple (l°-2° high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or linear, mostly entire, obtuse,
very short -petioled ; raceme often branched ; corolla (!' long) much enlarged above,
the ample lips equal in length. — Borders of thickets, &c. from Bridgewater,
Mass. (Mr. Howard), to Pennsylvania and southward. June -Aug.

* # Flowers (blue or violet, short-pedunclcd) solitary in the axils of the upper mostly

sessile leaves, which are similar to the lower ones.

•+- Corolla (2" -3" long) seldom thrice the length of the calyx; the short lips nearly
equal in length, the upper Up concave.

7. S. nervosa, Pursh. Smooth, simple or branched, slender (10' -20'
high ) ; lower leaves roundish ; the middle ones ovate, toothed, somewhat heart-shaped
(1'long); the upper floral ovate-lanceolate, entire ; the nerve-like veins promi-
nent underneath. (S. gracilis, Nutt.) — Moist thickets, New York to Illinois
and Kentucky. June.

8. S. parvilla, Michx. Minutely downy, dwarf (3' -6' high), branched
and spreading ; lowest leaves round-ovate ; the others ocate or lance-ovate, obtuse, all
entire or nearly so, slightly heart-shaped {£'-§' long). (S. ambigua, Nutt.) —
Dry banks, W. New England to Wisconsin and southward. May, June.

H- •*- Corolla (f ' - $' long), with a slender tube : lower lip large and rattier longer than
the somewhat arched upper lip.

9. S. galericulata, L. Smooth or a little downy, erect (l°-2° high) ;
leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate, roundish and slightly heart-shaped at the
base (!' — 2' long). — Wet shady places; common everywhere northward.
Aug. (Eu.)

* * ^ Flowers small (blue, 3" long), in axillary, and often also in terminal one-sided

racemes ; the lower floral leaves like the others, the upper small and bract-like.

10. S. latcriflora, L. Smooth; stem upright, much branched (l°-2°
high) ; leaves lanceolate-ovate or ovate-oblong, pointed, coarsely serrate, round-
ed at the base, petioled (2' -3' long). — Wet shaded places; common. Aug.

— A quack having formerly vaunted its virtues as a remedy for hydrophobia,
this species bears the name of Mad-dog Skullcap.

27. MARRUBIUM, L. HOHEHOUXD.

Calyx tubular, 5 - 10-nerved, nearly equally 5 - 10-toothed ; the teeth more or
less spiny-pointed and spreading at maturity. Upper lip of the corolla erect,
notched ; the lower spreading, 3-cleft, its middle lobe broadest. Stamens 4,
included in the tube of the corolla. Nutlets not truncate. — Whitish-woolly bitter-
aromatic perennials, branched at the base, with rugose and crenate or cut leaves,
and many-flowered axillary whorls. (A name of Pliny, said to be derived from
the Hebrew mar rob, a bitter juice.)

1. M. VULGA.RE, L. (COMMON HOREHOUND.) Stems ascending; leaves
round-ovate, petioled, crenate-toothed ; whorls capitate; calyx with 10 recurved

316 LABIATJS. (MINT FAMILY.)

teeth, the alternate ones shorter; corolla small, white. — Es<apcd from gardens
into waste places. (Nut. from Eu.)

28. GALEOPSIS, L. HEMP-NETTLE.

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, about 5-ncrvCvl, with 5 somewhat equal and spiny-
tipped teeth. Corolla diluted at the throat; the upper lip ovate, arched, entire;
the lower 3-cleft, spreading ; the lateral lobes ovate, the middle one inversely
heart-shaped; palate with 2 teeth at the sinuses. Stamens 4, ascending under
the upper lip : anther-cells transversely 2-valved; the inner valve of each cell bristly-
fringed, the outer one larger and naked. — Annuals, with spreading branches,
and several - many-flowered whorls in the axils of floral leaves which are nearly
like the lower ones. (Name composed of yaXe^, a weasel, and o\Jas, resem-
blance, from some likeness of the corolla to the head of a weasel.)

1. O. TETRAHIT, L. (COMMON HEMP-NETTLE.) Stem swollen Mow the
joints, bristly-hairy ; leaves orate, coarsely serrate ; corolla purplish, or variegated,
about twice the length of the calyx; or, in var. GUANDIFLORA, 3-4 times the
length of the calyx, often yellowish with a purple spot on the lower lip. —
Waste places, rather common. Aug. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. G» LADANUM, L. (RED HEMP-NETTLE.) Stem smooth or pubescent ;
leaves oblony-lanccolate, more or less downy; corolla red or rose-color (the throat
often spotted with yellow), usually much exceeding the calyx. — Chelsea Beach,
near Boston, Bigetow. Aug. (Adv. from Eu.)

29. STACHYS, L. HEDGE-NETTLE.

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5-10-nerved, equally 5-toothed, or the upper teeth
united to form, an upper lip. Corolla not dilated at the throat; die upper lip
erect or rather spreading, often arched, entire or nearly so; the lower usually
longer and spreading, 3-lobed, with the middle lobe largest and nearly entire.
Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip (often reflcxed on the throat after
doweling): anthers approximate in pairs. Nutlets obtuse, not truncate. —
Whorls 2 - many-flowered, approximate in a terminal raceme or spike (whence
tin.- name, from ara^vy, a spike).

# Root annual: stems decumbent, low.

1. S, ARVEXSIS, L. (WOUNDWORT.) Hairy; leaves petioled, ovate, ob
tuse, crenate, heart-shaped at the base; axillary whorls 4 - 6-flowered, distant,
corolla (purplish) scarcely longer than the soon declined unarmed calyx. —
Waste places, E. Massachusetts; scarce. (Adv. from Eu.)

* * Root perennial : stem erect.

2. S. pillustris, L. Stem 4-anglcd (2° -3° high), leafy, hirsute with
spread in-r or rcflexed hairs, especially on the angles ; leaves sessile, or the lower
r^liort-pctiolod, oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, crcnately serrate, rounded or heart-
phapcd at the base, dovny or hairy-pubescent, obtusish (2' -4' !ong), the upper
floral ones shorter than the nearly sessile calyx ; whorls 6- 10-llowered. the up-
per crowded into an interrupted spike; calyx hispid, the lance-subulate teeth

LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 317

somewhat spiny, half the length of the purple corolla, diverging in fruit. — Wet
hanks of streams, &c., mostly northward. June -Aug. (Eu.) — To this, for
»,he present, we must refer all the following as varieties, different as some of them
*re : —

Var. iispcra. (S. aspera, Michx.) Stem more commonly smooth on the
sides, the angles beset with stiff reflcxcd bristles ; leaves hairy or smoothish,
pointed, the lower petioled, the lower floral as long as the flowers ; spike often
slender and more interrupted ; calyx-tube rather narrower and the teeth more
awl-shaped and spiny. — Common in wet grounds. — This passes into

Var. grlfibra. (S. glabra, Riddell, suppl cat. Ohio pi. 1836.) More slen-
der, smooth and ylabrous throng/tout, or with few bristlv hairs ; leaves oblong- or
ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, more sharply toothed, mostly rounded or trun-
cate at the base, all petioled. — W. New York (Sartwell) to Michigan and south-
westward.

Var. COI'data. (S. cordata, Riddell, 1. c. S. Nuttallii, Shnttkiv.) Stem
beset with spreading or refiexed bristly hairs ; leaves hairy or smoothish, oblong,
keart-sliaped at the narrowed base, all more or less petioled ; calyx-teeth some-
times shorter. — Common westward and southward.

3. S. Iiyssopifolia, Michx. Smooth and glabrous, or nearly so ; stems
slender (1° high), the angles sometimes reflexed bristly ; leaves linear-oblong, 01
•utrrou'ly linear, sessi/e, obscurely toothed towards the apex ; whorls 4 - G-flowered,
rather distant ; corolla (light purple) twice or thrice the length of the triangu-
lar-awl-shapcd spreading calyx-teeth, ty — Wet sandy places, Massachusetts to
Michigan, and southward : rather rare. July.

BETONICA OFFICIN\LIS, the WOOD BETOXY of Europe, — of a genus hard-
ly distinct from Stachys, — was found by C. J. Sprague in a thicket at Newton,
Massachusetts.

30. L-EOIVIIRUS, L. MOTHERWORT.

Calyx top-shaped, 5-nerved, with 5 nearly equal teeth which are awl-shaped,
and when old rather spiny-pointed and spreading. Upper lip of the corolla
oblong and entire, somewhat arched ; the lower spreading, 3-lobed ; its mid-
dle lobe larger, broad and inversely heart-shaped, the lateral ones oblong.
Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip : anthers approximate in pairs, the
valves naked. Nutlets truncate and sharply 3-anglcd. — Upright herbs, with
cut-lobed leaves, and close whorls of flowers in their axils. (Name from Xeo>i>,
a lion, and oupa, tail, i. e. Lion's-tail.)

1. li» CARD^ACA, L. (COMMON MOTHERWORT.) Tall; leaves long-peti-
oled ; the lower rounded, palmately lobed ; the floral wedge-shaped at the base.
3-cleft, the lobes lanceolate ; upper lip of the pale purple corolla bearded. 1|.
— Waste places, around dwellings, &c. July- Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. Li. MARRUBIASTRUM, L. Tall, with elongated branches; stem-leaves
oblong-ovate, coarsely toothed ; corolla (whitish) shorter than the calyx -teeth;
the tube naked within ; lower lip rather erect. © — R&in sides, Pennsylvania :
rare. (Adv. from Eu.i

318 LABIATES. (MINT FAMILY.)

31. L A jtl I II HI , L. DEAD-NETTLE.

Calyx tubular-bell- shaped, about 5-nervcd, with 5 nearly equal awl-pointed
teeth. Corolla dilated at the throat; the upper lip ovate or oblong, arched,
narrowed at the base ; the middle lobe of the spreading lower lip broad, notched
at the apex, contracted as if stalked at the base ; the lateral ones small, at the
margin of the throat. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip : anthers ap-
proximate in pairs, 2-celled, the cells divergent. Nutlets truncate at the apex.
— Herbs, decumbent at the base, the lowest leaves small and long-petiolcd, the
middle ones heart-shaped and doubly toothed, the floral similar but nearly ses-
sile, subtending the axillary wliorlcd clusters of flowers. (Name from Aai/«»r,
the throat, in allusion to the ringent corolla.) See Addend.

1. I--. AMPLEXICAULE, L. Leaves rounded, deeply crenatc-toothed or cut,
the upper ones clasping ; corolla (purple) elongated, upper lip bearded, the lower
spotted; lateral lobes truncate, (l) — Cultivated grounds. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. L. FURTUREUM, L. Leaves roundish or oblong, heart-shaped, crcnate-
toothcd, all pet ioled, — Cult, grounds, Pennsylvania. (Adv. from Eu.)

32. BALLOT A, L. FETID HOREHOUND.

Calyx nearly funnel-form, the 10-ribbed tube expanded above into a spreading
regular border, with 5-10 teeth. Anthers exserted beyond the tube of the co-
rolla, approximate in pairs. Otherwise much as in Marrubium. (The Greek
name, of uncertain origin.)

1. B. NIGRA, L. (BLACK HOREHOUND.) More or less hairy, but green,
erect ; leaves ovate, toothed ; whorls many-flowered, dense ; calyx-teeth 5, long-
er than the tube of the purplish corolla. 1J. — Waste places, Massachusetts
and Connecticut: scarce. (Adv. from Eu.)

33. PIILONIIS, L. JERUSALEM SAGE.

Calyx tubular, 5 -10-ribbed, truncate or equally 5-toothed. Upper lip of the
corolla arched ; the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 4, use-ending and approx-
imate in pairs under the upper lip ; the filaments of the upper pair with an awl-
shaped appendage at the base, longer than the others in P. tuberosa, &c. : anther-
cells divergent and confluent. — Leaves rugose. Whorls dense and many-flow-
ered, axillary, remote, bracted. (An old Greek name of a woolly species,
of obscure derivation.)

1. P. TUBEROSA, L. Tall (3° -5° high), nearly smooth; leaves ovate-
hoart-shaped, crcnate, petioled ; the floral oblong-lanceolate; bracts awl-shaped,
hairy; upper lip of the purple corolla densely bearded with white hairs on the
inside. 1J. — Shore of Lake Ontario near Rochester, Prof. Had/e//, Prof. Dciucy.
(Adv. from Eu.)

The familiar cultivated plants of this family, not mentioned above, are the
SWEET BASIL (Oci/mutH Basilicum) ; the LAVENDER (Lavdndula vera); and
the SWEET MARJORAM (<Jri<janum Majorana).

BORRAGINACE2E. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 319

OKDER 78. BORRAGINACE^E. (BORAGE FAMILY.)

Chiefly rf>u,gh-hal"ti herbs (not aromatic), with alternate entire leaves, and
t^-jimetrical flowers -tuiJi a b-parted calyx, a regular 5-lobed corolla (except
ir» No. 1), 5 stamens inserted on its tube, a single style and a deeply 4-lobed
ovary (aft in Labiatse), which forms in fruit 4 seed-like nutlets, each ivith a
single seed. — Albumen none. Cotyledons plano-convex : radicle pointing
to the apex of the fruit. Stigmas 1 or 2. Calyx valvate, the corolla im-
bricated (in Myosotis convolute) in the bud. Flowers axillary, or on one
side of the branches of a reduced cyme,* which is rolled up from the end,
and straightens as the blossoms expand, often bractless. (Innocent, muci-
laginous, and slightly bitter plants ; the roots of many species yielding a
red dye.) A rather large family.

Synopsis.

TRIBE I. BORRAGE^E. Ovary devply 4-parted, forming as many separate 1-seeded
nutlets in fruit ; the style rising from the Centre between them. (Root frequently red.)
» Corolla naked and open (without scales) in tn« throat, somewhat irregular ! Nutlets fixed
by their base (separate froui «ne style) ; the scar flat.

1. ECHTUM. Corolla funnel-form, unequally C-k^ed Stamens protruded.

» * Corolla with 5 scales closing the throat Nutlets not prickly, fixed hy their base (separate
from the style) ; the scar bio^u and hollowed out.

2. LYCOPSIS. Corolla funnel-form, slightly curve** «ud oblique : scales blunt and hairy.

8. SYMPIIYTUM. Corolla tubular, and enlarged al ,Ae summit : scales awl-shaped.

* * * Corolla naked and open, or with folds rather than scales in the throat, regular Nutlets
not prickly, fixed by their base (separate from the style) ; the scar very small and flat.

•*- Lobes of the tubular corolla imbricated in the bud.

4. ONOSMODIUM. Nutlets stony, smooth. Lobes 01 the corolla acute, and erect.
6. LITIIOSPEUMUM. Nutlets stony, smooth. Lobes of the corolla spreading, rounded-

6. MEKTENSIA. Nutlets rather fleshy, oblique. Lobes of the corolla rounded.

•t- -i- Lobes of the short salver-shaped corolla convolute in the bud.

7. MYOSOTIS. Nutlets hard and smooth. Flowers all of them, or all but the lowest, bract-

less.
« * # * Corolla with 5 scales closing the throat. Nutlets prickly, laterally fixed to the central

column or the base of the style.
a ECIIINOSPERMUM. Corolla salver-shaped Nutlets erect, prickly on the margin.

9. CYNOGLOSSUM. Corolla funnel-form. Nutlets oblique or depressed, prickly all over.

TRIBE lx. HELIOTROPES. Ovary not lobed, tipped with the simple style : ltd
fruit separating when ripe into 2 or 4 nutlets

10. IIEL10TROPIUM. Throat of the short salver-shaped corolla open. Nutlets 1-celled.

11. HEL10PIIYTUM. Throat of the corolla contracted. Nutlets 2, each 2-celled.

1. ECH1UUI, Toum. VIPER'S BUGLOSS

Corolla with a cylindraccous or funnel-form tube, and a more or less unequal
spreading 5-lobed border; the lobes rounded, the expanded throat naked. Sta-

* In the descriptions we call these clusters raceme* or spikes, for convenience, since they
so closely imitate them. But the flowers are not in the axils of the bracks when these an
present.

19

820 BORRAGINACE^. (BORAGE FAMILY.)

mcns mostly exserted, unequal. Style thread-form. Nutlets roughened or
wrinkled, fixed by a flat base. (A name of Dioscorides, from e^is, a viper.)

1. E. VULG\RE, L. (BLUE-WEED.) Rough-bristly ; stem erect (2° high),
mostly simple ; stem-leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile ; flowers showy, in short
lateral spikes, disposed in a long and narrow raceme ; corolla reddish-purple
changing to brilliant blue (rarely pale). (2) — lioad-sides and meadows : rather
rare northward; a troublesome weed in Virginia. June. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. JLYCOPSIS, L. BUGLOSS.

Corolla funnel-shaped, with a curved tube and a slightly unequal limb ; the
throat closed with 5 convex obtuse bristly scales placed opposite the lobes.
Stamens and style included. Nutlets rough-wrinkled, hollowed out at the base.
— Annuals. (Name from XVKOS, a wolf, and ctyiy, face.)

1. Jit. ARVENSIS, L. (SMALL BUGLOSS.) Very rough-bristly (Thigh);
leaves lanceolate ; flowers in leafy racemes ; calyx as long as the tube of the
small blue corolla. — Dry or sandy fields, New England to Virginia: scarce.
(Adv. from Eu.)

3. SYUIPHYTUM, Toura. COMFREY.

Corolla oblong-tubular, inflated above, 5-toothed ; the short teeth spreading ;
the throat closed with 5 converging linear-awl-shaped scales. Stamens in-
cluded : anthers elongated. Style thread form. Nutlets smooth, ovate, fixed
by a large hollowed base. — Coarse perennial herbs, with thickened mucilagi-
nous roots ; the nodding racemes either single or in pairs. (Name from <ru/^>etp,
to grow together, probably in allusion to its reputed healing virtues.)

1. S. OFFICINALE, L. (COMMON COMFREY.) Hairy, branched, winged
above by the decurrent leaves ; the lower ones ovate-lanceolate, tapering into a
petiole, the upper narrower; corolla yellowish-white, rarely purplish. — Moist
places; sparingly escaped from gardens. June. (Adv. from Eu.)

4. ONOSIttOWIUITI, Michx. FALSE CROMWELL.

Calyx 5-parted ; the divisions linear and erect. Corolla tubular or tubular*
funnel-form, naked in the throat (the sinuses minutely hooded-inflcxed) ; the 5
acute lobes converging or somewhat spreading. Anthers oblong-linear or arrow-
shaped, mucronate, inserted in the throat of the corolla. Style thread-form, much
exserted. Nutlets bony, ovoid, smooth, fixed by the base ; the scar minute, not
hollowed out. — Chiefly perennial herbs, coarse and hispid, with oblong and
sessile ribbed-veined leaves, and white, greenish, or - ellowish flowers, in at length
elongated and erect leafy racemes. — Our species all belong to ONOSMODI c M
PKOPKU, having the anthers all included, smooth, and on very short filaments;
the corolla. only once or twice the length of the calyx. (Named from the re-
semblance to the genus Onosma.)

1. O. Virgilliaillini, DC. Clothed all over with har*h and rigid oppressed
bristles; stems rather slender (l°-2° high); leaves nairowlt/ oblong, or oblong-

BORRAGINACE.E. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 321

lanceolate (1 -2^' long), the lower narrowed at the base; corolla rather longer
than the calyx (3'' long) ; the lobes lanceolate-awl-shaped, bearded with long bristles
outside; anthers oblong-arrow-shaped, on very short flattened filaments. (O.
hispidum, Michx. Lithospermum Virginianum, L.!) — Banks and hill-sides,
S. New England to Virginia and southward. June -Aug.

2. O. Cai'OliBliitilUBll, DC. (excl. syn. Michx.) Clothed all over with
long and spreading bristly hairs ; stem stout, upright (3° -4° high); leaves ovate'
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute; corolla twice the -length of the calyx; the lobes
deltoid-ovate, obtusish; anthers oblong, longer than the narrow filaments. (0.
molle, Deck, &c. Lithosp. Cai olinianum, Lam.) — River-banks, W. New York,
Wisconsin, Virginia, and southward. June, July. — Stouter and larger-leaved
than the last, thickly clothed with less rigid but long and shaggy whitish hairs.
Lobes of the corolla more or less hairy on the back, appearing slightly heart-
shaped by the inflexion of the sinuses. This has been confounded by some
authors with No. 1 ; by others with No. 3, which it most resembles.

3. O. molle, Michx. Hoary with fine and close strictly oppressed hairs;
leaves oblong-ovate, obtusish, soft -downy underneath; corolla longer than the calyx, the
lobes lance-ovate or triangular, acute ; anthers linear, much longer than the verti-
cally dilated filaments. — Dry grounds, Illinois and southward. Corolla rathei
larger than in the last ; the lobes more or less hairy along the middle.

5. I^ITIIOSPERMUM, Tourn. GROMWELL. PUCCOOJT.

Corolla funnel-form, or sometimes salver-shaped ; .the open throat naked, or
with a more or less evident transverse fold or scale-like appendage opposite each
lobe ; the spreading limb 5-cleft ; its lobes rounded. Anthers oblong, almost
sessile, included. Nutlets ovate, smooth or roughened, mostly bony or stony,
fixed by the base; the scar nearly flat. — Herbs, with thickish and commonly
red roots, sessile leaves, and axillary or often spiked or racemed leafy -bracted
flowers (occasionally of 2 forms as to stamens and style, as in Oldenlandia, p.
171, &c.). (Name compounded of Xi#os, stone, and o-Trep/za, seed, from the hard
nutlets.)

$ 1. Nutlets tubercled or rough-wrinkled and pitted, gray and dull: throat of tfa
(nearly white) corolla destitute of evident folds or appendages.

1. 1,. ARVENSE, L. (CORN GROMWELL.) Minutely rough-hoary; sterna
erect (6' - 12' high) ; leaves lanceolate or linear, veinless ; corolla scarcely longer
than the calyx. (J) — Sandy banks and road-sides, New England to Pennsyl-
vania and Michigan. May -Aug. (Nat. from Eu.)

$ 2. Nutlets smooth and shining, mostly white like ivory, occasionally dotted with pores:
corolla in our species greenish-white or cream-color, small, with 5 small but distinct
pubescent scales in the throat. (Root j)erennial.)

2. .L. aiigustifolillill, Michx. Minutely and slightly hoary, roughish,
much branched, erect or spreading (6' -15' high) ; leaves linear, rigid, 1 -nerved ,
corolla not longer than the calyx ; the short peduncles in fruit mostly recurved ;
nutlets more or less pitted when young, rarely bright white but smooth and shin
ing. — River-bunks, from Illinois southward und westward. May.

322 BORRAGINACE.E. (BORAGE FAMILY.)

3. I*. OFFICIN\LE, L. (COMMON CROMWELL.) Much branched above,
erect (l°-2° high) ; leaves thlnnish, broadly lanceolate, acute, with a few distinct
veins, rough above, soft-pubescent beneath; corolla exceeding the calyx; nutlet*
very smooth and even. — Road-sides, &c. : rather rare. (Nat. from Eu.)

4. 1.. latifoliuill, Miehx. Stem loosely branched, erect (2° -3° high),
rough; haves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, mostly taper-pointed (even the floral onea
2' -4' long), ribbed-veined, roughish above, finely soft-pubescent beneath, the
root-leaves large and rounded; corolla shorter than the calyx; nutlets very smooth
or s]>ar/n(//y impre-ssed-punctate, shining, turgid (2" long). — Borders of woods,
Michigan to Kentucky. June.

\ 3. Nutlets smooth and shining: corolla large, salver-shaped or nearly so, deep orange-
yellow, somewhat pubescent outside : the tube 2-4 times longer than the calyx, the
throat more or less appcndagcd. (Hoots perennial, long and deep, yielding a red
dye.) (Batschia, Gmel.)

* Tube of the corolla, from one half to twice longer than the calyx, not much longer
than its ample limb, the lobes entire ; the appendages glandular and adherent (espe-
cially in the state with the stamens at the base of the tube), or slightly arched.

5. It. llil'tllUl, Lehm. (HAIRY PUCCOON.) Hispid with bristly hairs
(l°-2° high) ; stem-leaves lanceolate or linear, those of the flowering branches
ovate-oblong, bristly-ciliate ; corolla woolly-bearded at the base inside ; Jlowers dis-
tinctly p<dunded; fruiting calyx (£' long) 3-4 times longer than the nutlets.
(Also L. sericeum, Lehm. Batschia Carolinicnsis, Gmd. B. Gmelini, Michx.)
— Dry woods, Michigan to Wisconsin, Virginia, and southward and northwest-
ward. April - June. — Flowers crowded, showy : limb of the corolla f '- 1 broad.

6! L. cani'SCeilS, Lehm. (HOARY PUCCOON or ALKANET.) Softly
hairi/ and more or less hoary (6'— 15' high); leaves obtuse, linear-oblong, or tho
upper ovate-oblong, more or less downy beneath and roughish with close ap-
pressed hairs above ; corolla naked at the base within ; Jlowers sessile ; fruiting calyx
(3" long) barely twice the length of the nutlets. (Batschia cancsccns, Mic/t.r.) —
Open woods and plains, W. New York to Kentucky, Wisconsin, and northwest-
ward. May. — Limb of the showy corolla smaller and the calyx shorter than
in the last.

# # Tube of the corolla 2-4 times Hie length of the calyx, and of its erose-toothed or
crenulate lobes; the appendages at the throat more projecting or arched. (Pentalo-
phus, A. DC.)

7. L,. longiflonim, Sprcng. Minutely strigosc-hoary ; stem simple
(6' -18' high) ; leaves linear; tube of the corolla much longer than Ihe calyx
(§'-!£' long). (Batschia longiflora, Pursh. L. incisum, />/</«. Pentalophus
longiflorus, A. DC.) — Prairies and plains, from W. Illinois and Wisconsin
westward. May.

6. JflERT^NSIA, Roth. SMOOTH Luxowoux.

Corolla trumpet-shaped or bell-funnel-shaped, much longer than the deeply f>
cleft or 5-parted calyx, naked, or with 5 small glandular folds or appendages in
the open throat ; the spreading lx>rder 5-lobed. Stamens protruding from the

BORRAGINACE^E. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 323

throat filaments equalling or longer than the oblong or somewhat arrow-shaped
anthers. Style long and thread-form. Nutlets ovoid, fleshy when fresh, smooth
or wrinkled, obliquely attached next the base by a prominent internal angle ; the
Bear small. — Smooth ! or soft-hairy perennial herbs, with pale and entire leaves,
and handsome purplish-blue (rarely white) flowers, in loose and short panicled
or corymbed racemes, only the lower ones leafy-bracted : pedicels slender.
(Named for Prof. Mertens, an early German botanist.)

1 . Corolla perfectly naked in the throat ; the broad trumpet-mouthed limb slightly 5

lobed : filaments narrow, much longer than the anthers.

1. HI. Virgliiica, DC. (VIRGINIAN COWSLIP or LUNGWORT.) Very
smooth, pale, erect (l°-2° high) ; leaves thin, obovate, veiny, those of the root
(4' -6' long) petioled ; corolla trumpet-shaped, 1' long, many times exceeding
the calyx, rich purple-blue, rarely white. (Pulrnonaria Virginica, L.) — Allu-
vial banks, W. New York to Wisconsin, Virginia, Kentucky, and southward.
May. — Cultivated for ornament.

2. Corolla with 5 glandular folds or appendages at the throat ; the limb more deeply

lobed : filaments shorter and broader.

2. HI. limritinm, Don. (SEA LUNGWORT.) Spreading or decumbent,
smooth, glaucous; leaves fleshy, ovate or obovate, the upper surface becoming pa-
pillose ; corolla bell-funncl-form, twice the length of the calyx (3" long) ; nutlets
smooth, flattened. — Sea-coast, Plymouth, Massachusetts (Russell], Maine 1 and
northward. (Eu.)

3. HI. pailicillflta, Don. Roughish and more or less hairy, erect (l°-2°
high), loosely branched; leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, thin; co-
rolla somewhat funnel-form, 3-4 times the length of the hairy calyx (^' long) ;
nutlets rough-wrinkled when dry. (Probably also M. pilosa, DC.] — Shore of
Lake Superior, and northward.

"7. HIYOSOTIS, L. SCORPION-GRASS. FORGET-ME-NOT.

Corolla salver-form, the tube about the length of the 5-toothed or 5-ckft calyx,
the throat with 5 small and blunt arching appendages opposite the rounded
lobes ; the latter convolute in the bud ! Stamens included, on very short fila-
ments. Nutlets smooth, compressed, fixed at the base ; the scar minute. — Low
and mostly soft-hairy herbs, with entire leaves, those of the stem sessile, and
with small flowers in naked racemes, which are entirely bractless, or occasion-
ally with one or two small leaves next the base, prolonged and stuiighteried
in fruit. (Name composed of [ivs, mouse, and ovs1, wros, ear, in allusion to the
aspect of the short and soft leaves in some species : one popular name is
MOUSE-EAR.)

* Calyx open in fruit, its hairs appressed, none of them hooked nor glandular .

1. HI. palaastris, With. (TRUE FORGET-ME-NOT.) Stems ascending
from an obliquely creeping base (9' -20' high), loosely branched, stnoothish ;
leaves rough-pubescent, oblong-lanceolate or linear-oblong ; calyx moderately
5-cleft, shorter than the spreading pedicels; corolla (rather large in the genuine
plant) pale blue with a yellow ej •». ty — Cultivated occasionally.— Varies into

3*24 BORRAGINACE.fi. (BORAGE FAMILY.)

,<mialler-flo\vered forms, among »ririch high authorities rank M. caespitosn, am]
(>vith yet more reason) the intermediate

Var. l;'ix:i. (M. laxa, Lehm.) Creeping base of the stem short; flowers
$• or £ smaller; pedicels longer. — Wet places ; common, especially northward.
May -Aug. (Eu.)

* * Calyx closing, or the lobes erect in fruit, clothed with spreading hairs, a part of
them minutely hooked or glandular at the apex.

2. Iff. arvensis, L. Hoffm. Hirsute with spreading hairs, erect or as-
cending (G'-IS' high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acutish ; racemes naked at tht
base and stalked; corolla small, blue (rarely white); pedicels spreading in fruit
and larger than the 5-cleJl equal calyx. (1) (g; (M. intermedia, Link. M scor-
pioides, var. arvensis,//.) — Fields, &c. ; not very common. (Indigenous?)
May -Aug. (Eu.)

3. M. vC'i'iia, Nutt. Bristly-hirsute, branched from the base, erect (4'-
12' high); leaves obtuse, linear-oblong, or the lower spatulate-oblong ; mcemes
leafy at the base ; corolla very small and white, with a short limb ; pedia Is in
fruit erect and oppressed at the base, usually abruptly bent outwards near the
apex, rather shorter than the deejrfy 5-cleft unequal (somewhat 2-lippcd) very hispid
calyx. (£) (2) (M. inflexa, Engelm. M. stricta, ed. 1. M. arvensis, Torr. fl.
N. Y.) — Dry hills, &c., Massachusetts to Wisconsin and southward. May-
July.

8. ECIII1VOSPERUIUUI, Swartz. STICKSEED.

Corolla salver-form, short, nearly as in Myosotis, but imbricated in the bud ,
the throat closed with 5 short scales. Stamens included. Nutlets erect, fixed
laterally to the base of the style or central column, triangular or comprosed,
the back armed with 1-3 marginal rows of prickles which are barbed at the
apex, otherwise naked. — Rough-hairy and grayish herbs, with small blue flow-
ers in braeted racemes. (Name compounded of c'^ii/o?, a hedgehog, and o-?rep/ia,
seed, from the prickly nutlets.)

1. E. LAPPULA, Lehm. Stem upright, branched above (1°- 2° high) ; the
shoit pedicels erect; leaves lanceolate, rough-hairy; nutlets eaeh with a double
row of prickles at the margins, and tuhcrcled on the back, (ij — Wa^tc
places; common. July. (Nat. from Eu.)

9. CYNOGLOSSURI, Tourn. Houxi/s-ToNGfE.

Corolla funnel-form ; the tube about the length of the f>-parted calyx; the
throat closed with 5 obtuse scales; the lobes rounded. Stamens included.
Nutlets depressed or convex, oblique, fixed near the apex to the base of tluj-
style, roughened all over with short barbed or hooked prickles. — Course he ;•!>:-,
with a strong unpleasant scent, and mostly paniclcd racemes which arc naked
above but usually braeted at the base. Lower leaves pctioled. (Name from
KVV>VI a d»tj, and -yXcooraa, tont/ue ; from the shape and texture of the leaves.)

1. C. OFFICIN.XLE, L. (COMMON HOUND'S-TOXOUE.) Clothed trill, short
so/I hairs, l«tfi/, jtanicled above; upper leaves lanceolate, closely sessile by a
xmuded or slightly heart-shaped base; mcemes ncarty bractless ; corolla i eddish-

BORRAGINACE^E. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 325

purple (rarely white, Sartwell) ; nutlets flat on the broad upper face, somewhat
margined. @ — Waste grounds and pastures: a familiar and troublesome
weed; the large nutlets adhering to the fleeee of sheep, £c. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. C. Virgin icuiM, L. (WiLD COMFREY.) Roughish with spreading
bristly hairs ; stem simple, few-leaved (2° -3° high); stem-leaves lanceolate-ob
long, clasping by a deep heart-shaped base ; racemes Jew and coryinbed, raised on
a long naked peduncle, bractlcss ; corolla pale blue; nutlets strongly convex, y.
— Jfich woods, Vermont to Virginia along the mountains, and westward
June. — Flowers much smaller than in the last, much larger than in the next.

3. C. Rlorisoili, DC. (BEGGAR'S LICE.) Stem hairy, very broadly
branched, leafy (2° -4° high) ; leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, also tapering
at the base, thin, minutely downy underneath and roughish above ; racemes pani-
cled, forking, diverging, hairy, leafy-bracted at the base ; corolla white or pale blue
(minute); pedicels reflcxed in fruit; nutlets convex, the prickles with barbed
points. (Myosotis Virginica, L. Echinospermum, Lehm.) — Copses ; com-
mon. July. — A vile weed.

1O. HELSOTROPIUM, Tourn. HELIOTROPE.

Corolla salver-shaped, short, 5-lobed ; the sinuses more or less plaited in the
bud ; the throat open. Anthers nearly sessile. Style short : stigma conical.
Nutlets 4, when young united by their whole inner faces into a 4-celled ovary,
but separating when ripe, each 1-seeded. — Herbs or low shrubby plants, th*
small flowers in 1-sided spikes. (The ancient name, from rjXtos, the sun, and
rpoTrr), a turn.)

I. II. EUROPIUM, L. Erect (6' -18' high), hoary-pubescent; leaves oval,
long-petioled ; lateral spikes single, the terminal in pairs ; calyx spreading in
fruit, hairy, (l) — Waste Dlaces, Maryland, Virginia, £c. in a few places
(Adv. from Eu.)

II. CURASSAVICUM, L., has been gathered at Norfolk, Virginia: probably
brought in the ballast of vessels. It also grows at St. Louis.

H. PERUVIANUM, L., is the well-known SWEET HELIOTROPE in cultivation.

11. HELIOPII YTUM, (Cham.) DC. INDIAN HELIOTROPE.

Corolla constricted at the throat. Style very short. Nutlets 2, each 2-celled
(i. e. 4, in pairs), and sometimes with a pair of empty false cells besides : other-
vise nearly as in Heliotropium. (Name composed of ipuos, sun, and <pvrcvt
plant.}

1. II. INPICUM, DC. Erect, hairy; leaves petioled, ovate or oval and
somewhat heart-shaped ; spikes single ; fruit 2-cleft, mitre-shaped, splitting into
2 halves with an empty false cell before each seed-bearing cell, and these at
length separable again into 2 one-seeded and 2-celled nutlets, (fi (Heliotropium
Indicum, L.) — Waste places, Illinois, opposite St. Louis, and southward.
(Adv. from India.)

BOUR\GO OFriCTX\Lis, L., the cultivated BORAGE, is sometime? suonta
neous in gardens.

826 nYDROPHYLLACE^. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.)

ORDKR 79. HYDROPHYLLACE^E. (WATERLEAF FAM.)

Herbs, commonly hairy, with mostly alternate and cul-lobed leaves, regular
5-merous and 5-cindrous Jlowers, in aspect between the foregoing and the next
order; but the ovary ovoid and entire, 1-celltd, with 2 parietal 4-many-
ovuled placentas. — Style 2-cleft above. Pod globular or oblong, 2-valved,
4 - many-seeded. Seeds reticulated or pitted, amphitropous, with a small
embryo in cartilaginous albumen. — Flowers chiefly blue or white, in one-
sided cymes or racemes, which are mostly coiled from the apex when young,
and bractless, as in the Borage Family. (A small order of plants, of no
marked properties, some of them cultivated for ornament.) See Addend.

Synopsis.

• Ovary lined with the broad and fleshy placentae, which enclose the ovules and seeds (in OBI

plants only 4 in number') like an inner pericarp.
4- Corolla-lobes convolute in the bud.

1. HYDROPIIYLLUM. Stamens exserted : anthers linear. Calyx unchanged in fruit.

2. NEMOl'lIlLA. Stamens included : anthers ovoid Calyx wi'.h appendages at the sinuses,

somewhat enlarged in fruit.

i- t- Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud.
8. ELLISIA. Stamens included. Calyx destitute of appendages, enlarged in fruit.

* * Ovary with narrow parietal placentae, in fruit projecting inwards more or less.
4. PUACELIA. Corolla with its lobes imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Calyx destitute of
appendages.

1. IIYDROPHYLLUUI, L. WATERLEAF.

Calvx 5-parted, sometimes with a small appendage in each sinus, early open
in the hud. Corolla hell-shaped, 5-cleft ; the lobes convolute in the bud; the
tube furnished with 5 longitudinal linear appendages opposite the lobes, which
cohere by their middle, while their edges are folded inwards, forming a nec-
tariferous groove. Stamens and style mostly exserted : filaments more or less
bearded. Ovary bristly-hairy (as is usual in the family) ; the 2 (leshy placentae
expanded so as to line the cell and nearly fill the cavity, soon free from the
walls except at the top and bottom, each bearing a pair of ovules on the inner
face. Tod ripening 1-4 seeds, spherical. — Perennial herbs, with pctioled am-
ple leaves, and white or pale blue cymose-clustered flowers. (Name formed of
v&atp, water, and <f>v\\ov, leaf; of no obvious application to these plants.,

* Calyx naked or occasionally with minute appendages at the sinuses : 1 sotstocks

creeping, thickish, scaly -toothed.

1. II. lliaci'opliylllllll, Nutt. Itonyh-hairy ; leaves oblong, pinnate, and
\nnnatijid; the divisions 9-13, orate, obtuse, coarsely cut-toothed; peduncle very
long; calyx-lobes lanceolate-pointed from a broad base, very hairy. — Rocky,
shaded banks, Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, and southward. July. — Root-leave*
1° long : cyme globular, crowded

2. II. VirgilliCUIll, L. . Sniouthish (l°-2°high); leaves pinnnttly di-
vided; the divisions f>-7. ovate-lanceolate or oblong, pointed, sharply -cut-toothed,

HYDROPHYLLACEJ5. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.) 327

the lowest mostly 2-parted, the uppermost confluent; peduncles longer than the
petioles of the upper leaves, forked ; calyx -lobes narrowly linear, bristly-ciliate.
— Damp rich woods, Maine to Virginia and westward. June. — Peduncles
forked : clusters rather dense.

3. II. CaiiadeilSe, L. Nearly smooth (1° high) ; leaves palmately 5-7-
lobed, rounded, heart-shaped at the base, unequally toothed ; those from the root
sometimes with 2-3 small and scattered lateral leaflets; peduncles much shorter
than the long petioles, forked, the crowded (nearly white) flowers on very short
pedicels ; calyx-lobes linear-awl-shapcd, nearly smooth. — Damp rich woods,
W. New England to the mountains of Virginia, and northward. June, July. —
Rootstocks thickened and very strongly toothed in 2 rows by the persistent bases
of the stout petioles : leaves 3' -5' broad.

* * Calyx with a small reflexed appendage in each sinus: stamens sometimes not ex-
serted [probably two forms of flowers, as in some Borraginacece, p. 321, $'C.).

4. II. appcndicillatuni, Michx. (HAIRY WATEKLEAF.) Hairy;
stem-leaves palmately 5-lobed, rounded, the lobes toothed and pointed, the
lowest pinnately divided ; cymes rather loosely flowered ; pedicels (at length
slender) and calyx bristly-hairy. — Open woods, W. New York to the Alle-
j^hanies of Virginia, Wisconsin, and westward. June.

2. NEMO PHIL, A, Nutt. NEMOFHILA.

Calyx 5-parted, and with a reflexed tooth or appendage in each sinus, more
or less enlarged in fruit. Corolla bell-shaped or almost wheel-shaped ; the lobes
convolute in the bud ; the tube mostly with 10 small folds or scales inside. Sta-
mens included: anthers ovoid or heart-shaped. Placentae (bearing each 2-12
ovules), pod, and seeds much as in Hydro phy Hum ; the embryo larger. — Dif-
fuse and fragile annuals, with opposite or partly alternate pinnatifid or lobed
leaves, and one-flowered peduncles ; the corolla white, blue, or marked with pur-
ple. (Name composed of vfjj.o$, a grove, and (/nXe'co, to love; from the place of
growth they affect.)

1. N. niicrocalyx, Fisch. & Meyer. Small, roughish-pubescent ; stems
diffusely spreading (2' -8' long) ; leaves parted or deeply cleft into 3-5 round
ish or wedge-obovate sparingly cut-lobed divisions, the upper leaves all alter-
nate ; peduncles opposite the leaves and shorter than the long petioles ;
flowers minute ; corolla white (1^" long), longer than the calyx ; placentae each
2-ovuled ; pod 1 - 2-seedcd. (Ellisia microcalyx, Nutt. Neniophila evanescens,
Darby.) — Rich moist woods, Virginia (near Washington), and southward.
April- June.

N. iNsfGNis, N. MACUiAxA, &c. are showy California!! species, now com«
mon in gardens.

3. EL,I,ISIA, L. ELLISIA.

Calyx 5-parted, without appendages, enlarged and foliaceous in fruit. Corol-
la bell-shaped, not longer than the calyx, 5-lobed above; the lobes imbricated
(n the bud, the tube with 5 minute appendages within. Stamens included.

828 HYDROPHYLLACEJE. (wATERLKAF FAMILY.)

Placentae (each 2-ovuled), fruit, and seeds much as in Hydrophyllum — Delicate
and branching annuals, with lobed or divided leaves, the lower opposite, and
small whitish flowers. (Named for John Ellis, a distinguished naturalist, long a
correspondent of Linnaeus.)

1. E. Nyctelea, L. Minutely or sparingly roughish-hairy, divergently
branched (G'-12' high) ; leaves pinnately parted into 7-13 lanceolate or linear-
oblong sparingly cut-toothed divisions; peduncles solitary in the forks or oppo-
site the leaves, 1 -flowered; calyx-lobes triangular, tapering to a sharp point,
nearly as long as the peduncle, longer than the whitish corolla, in fruit becom-
ing almost £' long. — Shady places, from Pennsylvania (opposite Trenton,
New Jersey, Mr. Laning) to Virginia, Illinois, and southwestward. May-
July.

4. PHAC^LIA, Juss. (Pl.acclia & Eutoca, R. Dr.)

Calyx 5-parted ; the sinuses naked. Corolla open-bell-shaped, 5-lobed ; tn*
lobes imbricated in the bud. Filaments slend T, often (with the 2-cleft style)
exserted : anthers ovoid or oblong. Ovary with 2 narrow linear placentas ad-
herent to the walls, in fruit usually projecting inwards more or less, the two often
forming an imperfect partition in the ovoid 4 - many-seeded pod. (Ovules 2-
.30 on each placenta.) — Perennial or mostly annual herbs, with either simple,
lobed, or divided leaves, and commonly handsome (blue, purple, or white)
flowers in one-sided racemes. (Name from <pdi<e\os, a fascicle ; the flowers
or racemes being often clustered.)

$ 1. PHACELIA PROPER. — Seeds and ovules only 4 (two on each placenta)
corolla with narrow folds, appendages, or scales within ; the lobes entire.

1. P. bipinnatifidcl, Michx. Stem upright, much branched, hain
(l°-2° high) ; leaves long-petioled, pinnately 3-5-divided; the divisions o»
leaflets ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, coarsely and often sparingly cut-lobed or
pinnatifid ; racemes elongated, loosely many-flowered, gland ulur-«mbescent •
pedicels about the length of the calyx, spreading or recurved. 1J. ? — Shaded
banks, in rich soil, Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, and southward along the moun-
tains. May, June. — Corolla bright blue, £' broad, with 5 pairs of longitudinal
folds. Stamens bearded below . these, with the style, are cither somewhat in-
cluded (P. brevistylis, Buckley) or exserted in different individuals.

§ 2. COSMANTHUS. (Cosmanthus, NoUe. Sect. Eucosmanthus, A. DC.,
in part. ) — Seeds and ovules only 4 : corolla naked within ; its lobes beautifully
fringe-toothed : filaments villous-bearded below: leaves pinnatijid, the upper clasp-
ing at the base : flowers long-pedicclled.

2. P. Pursllii, Buckley. Sparsely hairy; stem erect or ascending,
branched (8' -12' high) ; lobes of the stem-leaves 5-9, oblong or lanceolate, acute ,
raceme many-flowered; calyx-lobes lance-linear ; corolla blue (about £' in diameter),
Q) (P- fimbriata, Pursh., not of Michx. Cosmanthus fimbriatus, AW/e, ^c.) —
Moist wooded banks, W. Penn. to Illinois and southward. April - Jane.

3. P. filiibriitta, Michx. Slightly hairy, slender; stems spreading or
Mccading (5' -8' long), few-leaved; lowest leaves 3 -5- divided into roundish

POLEMONIACE^E. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.) £29

leaflets; the upper 5 - 7-cleft or cut-toothed, the lobes obtuse; raceme 3~lO-flow<
ered; calyx-lobes linear-oblong, obtuse, becoming spatulate; corolla white Ci'-J'
broad), (i) — Woods, high mountains of Virginia, and southward. May.

§ 3. EtlTOCA. (Eiitoca, R. Br.) — Seeds (or at least the ovules) several or many,
rarely only 3 or 4 on each placenta : corolla usually with small and inconspicuous
folds or appendages within, its lobes entire.

4. P. parviflora, Pursh. Somewhat hairy, slender, diffusely spreading
(3' -8' high) ; leaves piunately cleft or the lower divided into 3-7 short lobes;
racemes solitary, loosely 5 — 1 5-flowered ; pedicels filiform, at length several times
longer than the oblong calyx-lobes; corolla bluish or white ({'-%' broad) ; pod
few-seeded. ® — Shaded banks, Penn. to Virginia and southward. April - June.

5. P. Franklinii. Soft-hairy; stem erect (6' -15' high), rather stout;
leaves pinnately parted into many lanceolate or oblong-linear lobes, which are
crowded and often cut-toothed or pinnatifid ; racemes short, dense, crowded into an
oblong spike ; calyx-lobes linear ; corolla blue ; pod many-seeded. (T) (Eutoca
Franklinii, R. Br.) — Shore of Lake Superior (Prof. Joy, $-c.) ; thence north-
ward and westward.

ORDER 80. POLEMONIACE^E. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.)

Herbs, with alternate or opposite leaves, regular 5-merous and b-androus
flowers, the lobes of the corolla convolute (in one tribe imbricated') in the bud,
a 3-celled ovary and 3-lobed style ; the pod ^-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal, few ~
many-seeded; the valves usually breaking away from the triangular central
column. — Seeds amphitropous, the coat frequently mucilaginous when
moistened and emitting spiral threads. Embryo straight in the axis of co-
pious albumen. Calyx persistent, usually imbricated. Corolla with a
5-parted border. Anthers introrse. Flowers cymose-panicled. (Insipid
and innocent plants ; many are ornamental in cultivation.)

TRIBE I. POL.EMONIEJE. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla with the lobes convolute in the
bud Filaments filiform, inserted on the tube of the corolla : cells of the anther parallel,
opening lengthwise.

1. POLEMONIUM. Calyx and corolla open-bell-shaped. Filaments slender, equal.

2. PHLOX. Calyx narrow. Corolla salver-shaped, with a long tube, including the unequally

inserted filaments.

TRIBE II. DIAPENSIE^E. Calyx of 5 sepals. Corolla with the lobes imbricated in
the bud, and with the broad and flat filaments in the sinuses. Anthers with the cella
opening transversely.

8. DIAPENSIA. Anther-cells pointless, opening by an obliquely transverse line.

4 PYXIDANTHEHA. Anther-cells awn-pointed underneath, opening straight across.

1. POL.EMOMIUM, Toura. GREEK VALERIAN.

Calyx bell-shaped. Stamens equally inserted at the summit of the very short
tube of the open-bell-shaped corolla; filaments slender, declined, hairy-appen-
iaged at the base. Pod few - several-seeded. — Low, branching herbs, with al.

330 POLEMONIACEJS. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.)

ternate pir.nate leaves, the upper leaflets sometimes confluent ; th-2 (blue Df
white) corymbose flowers nearly bractless. (An ancient name, from woAf/uos,
war, of doubtful application.) See Addend.

1. P. rcptans, L. (JACOB'S LADDER.) Smooth, weak, diffusely branched
(6' - 10' high) ; leaflets 7-11, ovate-lanceolate or oblong ; corymbs few-flowered ;
flowers (blue) nodding; calyx-lobes acute; pods about 3-scedel. 1J. — Shady
river-banks, W. New York to Wisconsin and southward. May — Smaller and
much fewer-flowered than the P. OERtiLEUM, which is common :n gardens.

2. PHLOX, L. PHLOX.

Calyx narrow, somewhat prismatic, or plaited and angled. Corolla salver-
form, with a long tube. Stamens very unequally inserted in the tube of the
corolla, included. Pod ovoid, with a single seed in each cell. — Chiefly peren-
nials, with opposite and sessile perfectly entire leaves, the floral often alternate.
Flowers cymosc, mostly bracted ; the open clusters terminal or crowded in the
upper axils. (*Xo^, flame, an ancient name of Lychnis, transferred to this
North Amei-ican genus.)

* Stem strictly upright : panicle pyramidal or ol)long, many-flowered : peduncles and

pedicels very short : lobes of the corolla entire.

1. I*, paniciilata, L. Stem stout (2°-4° high), smooth; leaves ob-
long-lanceolate and ovate-lanceolate, pointed, large, tapering at the base, the
upper often heart-shaped at the base; panicle ample, pyramidal-corymbed f calyx-
teeth awn-pointed. (P. undulnta, Ait., &c.) — Var. ACIJMINA.TA (P. acuminata,
Pursh) has the broader and taper-pointed leaves beneath downy, like the stem,
which is also sometimes rough-hairy and occasionally spotted below. — llich
woods, from Penn. to Illinois, and southward. June, July. — Common in gar-
dens. Flowers pink-purple, varying to white.

2. P. Iliacillata, L. (WiLD SWEET-WILLIAM.) Smooth, or barely
roughish ; stem spotted with purple, rather slender (l°-2° high) ; lower leaves
lanceolate, the upper nearly ovate-lanceolate, tapering to the apex from the
broad and rounded or somewhat heart-shaped base ; panic//' narrow, oblong, leafy
below; calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate, short, scarcely pointed} corolla purple
(sometimes white, when it is P. suaveolens, Ait.). Lower branches of the pani-
cle rarely elongated, so as to become pyramidal, when it is P. pyramidiilis,
Smith. — Rich woods and river-banks, common from N. Penn. to Michigan,
Kentucky, and southward : very common in gardens. June.

* * Stems ascending or upright, often from a decumbent base ; flowers in terminal
corymbcd cymes : the whole plant smooth and glabrous : lobes of the. corolla round
and entire : caly.r-tcrth short, triangular-lanceolate.

3. P. Carolina, L. Stems ascending (^°- 2° high), often from a pros-
trate base; leaves oblong-lanceolate, or the upper omte-lanceolate, and sometimes
heart-shaped at the base, acute or pointed ; flowers crowded, short-pcd uncled ;
cali/x-tot/i irrntr. — Var. ovXTA, Boil/i., has broad loaves (P. ovata, L). Var.
NfTiDA, B'tith., has narrower leaves (P. nitida, I^itrsh.), and verges to the next.
— Woods, W. Penn. to Michigan, Virginia, and southward. June, July.--*
Corolla 1' long; the limb 1' broad, pink-purple.

POLEMONIACE^E. (POLEMON.JM FAMILY ) 331

4. P. glaberrillta, L. Stems slender, erect (1°-3C high) ; leaves linear*
IcuweolatA or rarely oblong-lanceolate, very smooth (except the rough and sometimes
revolute margins), tapering gradually to a point (3' -4' long); cymes few-
flowered and loosely corymbed; flowers peduncled (pink or whitish) ; calyx-teeth
sharp-pointed. (P. carnea, Sims. P. revoluta, Aikin.) — Prairies and rpen
woods, Ohio and Wisconsin to Virginia and southward. July.

•* * * Stems ascending (or in No. 5 often erect] from a spreading or prostrate base,
more or less clammy-pubescent, as well as the calyx and the ollong, lanceolate, or
linear leaves : flowers in terminal corymbed cymes, mostly peduncled : zcilyx deeply
cleft, the teeth li near-awl-shaped or setaceous.

5. P. pilosa, L. Stems slender, nearly erect (l°-l£° high), usually
hairy, as are the lanceolate or lance-linear leaves, which commonly taper to a sharp
point ; cymes at length open ; calyx-teeth slender awl-shaped and awn-like, longer
than the tube ; lobes of the pink or rose-red corolla obovate, entire. (P. aristata,
Michx. P. aristata & pilosa in part, Benth. in D C.) — Borders of thickets and
prairies, New Jersey to Wisconsin and southward. May, June. — Leaves 1' - 2'
long, l£"-3" wide.

Var.1? Walteii. Stems ascending (£°-l£° high), mostly simple ; leaves,
broadly linear, lanceolate or ovate-oblong, abruptly acute or blunt (I'-l^' long, on
sterile shoots often ovate) ; cyme compact, and sessile, leafy-bracted ; calyx-teeth
rather shorter and broader; corolla purple. (P. pilosa, Walt., Michx., Ell.t
Benth. in part, not of L.} — Barrens of Kentucky (Short), Virginia, and south-
ward. May. — Ordinarily this appears quite distinct from the Linnaean P.
pilosa, which is the P. aristata of Michaux.

6. P. r£f>tailS, Michx. Runners creeping, bearing roundish-obovate smooth*
ish and thickish leaves; flowering stems (4' -8' high) and their oblong or ovate
obtuse leaves (^' long), clammy-pubescent; cyme close, few-flowered; calyx-teeth
awl-shaped-linear, acutish, about the length of the tube ; lobes of the reddish-pur-
ple corolla round-obovate, entire. — Damp woods, Penn., Kentucky, and southward :
also cultivated. May, June. — Flowers showy: tube of the corolla 1' long;
limb 1' broad.

7. P. divaricata, L. Stems spreading or ascending from a decumbent
base (9'- 18' high) ; leaves oblong-ovate or the lower oblong-lanceolate (H' long),
acutish ; cyme corymbose-panicled, spreading, loosely-flowered ; peduncles
slender ; calyx-teeth slender awl-shaped, much longer than the tube ; lobes of the.
pale lilac or bluish corolla obcordate or wedge-obovate and notched at the end, or often
entire (var. Laphamii, Wood], £'-§' long, equalling or longer than the tube,
with rather wide sinuses between them. — Rocky damp woods, mountains of
Virginia to N. New York, Wisconsin, and northward. May.

8. P. l>ifida, Beck. Stems ascending, branched (5' -8' high) ; leaves lin-
ear, becoming nearly glabrous (^'-1^' long, -1^" wide) ; flowers few, on slen-
der peduncles ; calyx-teeth awl-shaped, about the length of the tube; lobes of the
vale purple corolla 2-cleft to or below the middle (£' long), equalling the tube, the
divisions linear-oblong. — Prairies of Illinois, Mead (and Missouri). May.

# * # * Stems creeping and tufled in broad mats, the s/iort flowering shoots ascf tid-
ing glandular-pubescent; the rigid narrow leaves crowded and fascicled

332 CONVOLVULACE^E. (CONVOLVALUS FAMILY.)

9. P. silbulfita, L. (GROUND or Moss PINH..) Depressed; leaves
awl-shaped, lanceolate, or narrowly linear (i'-£' long); cymes few-flowered;
calyx-teeth awl-shaped, rigid ; corolla pink-purple or rose-color with a darker
centre (sometimes white), the lobes wedge-shaped, notched, rarely entire. (P.
setacea, L.) Dry rocky hills and sandy banks, S. New York to Michigan and
southward. April, May. — Commonly cultivated ; the broad matted tufts very
handsome in blossom.

P. DRUMMONDII, Hook., a showy annual from Texas, is now common in
gardens.

3. DIAPENSIA, L. DIAPENSIA.

Calyx of 5 concave imbricated sepals. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobcd ; the lobes
rounded. Filaments broad and flat, adherent to the corolla up to the sinuses,
short : anthers adnatc, of 2 ovoid pointless cells, diverging below, each opening
therefore by a transverse-descending line. Pod enclosed in the calyx, cartilagi-
nous ; the cells few-seeded. — An alpme dwarf evergreen, growing in very dense
convex tufts, with the stems imbricated below with cartilaginous narrowly spat-
ulate mostly opposite leaves, terminated by a nearly naked scape-like 1 -flow-
ered peduncle, 3-bracted under the calyx. Corolla white (£' wide). (The an-
cient Greek name of the Sanicle, of obscure meaning, strangely applied by
Linnaeus to this plant.)

1. D. I>:»|>i»oiii<';i, L. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains, New
Hampshire, and Adirondack Mountains, N. New York. July. (Eu.)

4. PYXIDANTIIERA, Michx. PYXIDANTHERA.

Anther-cells awn-pointed at the base, opening by a strictly transverse line.
Otherwise much as in Diapensia. — A small prostrate and creeping evergreen,
with narrowly oblanceolate and awl-pointed crowded leaves, which are mostly
alternate on the sterile branches, and somewhat hairy near the base. Flowers
solitary and sessile, very numerous, white or rose-color. (Name from TTV£I'S,
a small box, and dvdtjpa, anther, the anther opening as if by a lid.)

1. P. barbulata, Michx. — Sandy pine barrens of New Jersey, and
southward. April, May.

ORDER 81. CONVOLVULACE^E. (CONVOLVULUS FAM.)

Chiefly twining or trailing herbs, often with some milky juice, with alternate
leaves (or scales) and regular 5-androus flowers ; a calyx of 5 imbricated
sepals ; a 5-plaited or 5-lobed corolla convolute or twisted in the bud ; a 2-
celled (rarely ^-celled) ovary, or in one tribe 2 separate pistils, with a pair of
erect ovules in each cell, the cells sometimes doubled by a false partition be-
tween the seeds, so becoming ^-celled; the embryo large, curved or coiled in
mucilaginous albumen. — Fruit a globular 2 - G-seeded pod. Flowers most-
ly showy : pedicels articulated, often 2-bracted. (Many are cultivated fo

CONVOLVULACE^E. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 333

ornament, and one, the Sweet Potato, for its edible farinaceous roots : those
of several species are cathartic ; e. g. Jalap.) — There are three suborders,
or rather strongly marked tribes.

Synopsis.

TEIBE I. CONVOLVULE^:. Embryo with broad and foliaceous cotyledons crumpled
in the seed. Ovary 2 - 3- (or falsely 4-) celled. Pod usually septifragal — Leafy plants.

* Style 1. undivided.
H- Calyx naked, i. e. not enclosed or surrounded by bracts.

1. QUAMOCLIT. Stamens exserted. Corolla cylindrical-tubular, with a spreading border.

Stigma capitate-2-lobed. Pod 4-«elled ; the cells 1-seeded.

2. 1POMCEA. Stamens included. Corolla funnel-form or bell-shaped. Stigma capitate, of-

ten 2 - 3-lobed. Pod 2 - 3-celled ; cells 2-seeded.

8. CONVOLVULUS. Stigmas 2, elongated, linear. Otherwise much as in No. 2.
•i- +- Calyx surrounded by 2 broad bracts.

4. CALYSTEGIA. Stigmas 2, linear or oblong. Pod imperfectly 2-celled, 4-seeded.

* * Style 2-cleft, or styles 2, rarely 3.

5. STYLISMA. Styles or their divisions simple : stigma depressed-capitate.

TRIBE II. DICHOIVDRE^K. Pistils 2, separate. Otherwise nearly as Tribe I.

6. DICHONDRA. Corolla bell-shaped. Pods 2, each 1-seeded.

TKIBE III. CUSCTJTINEJE. Embryo spiral, slender, destitute of cotyledons. Ovary
2-celled. — Leafless parasitic twiners.

7 CUSCUTA. The only genus of the group.

1. <£UAITIOCr,IT, Tourn. CYPRESS-VINE.

Sepals mostly mucronate or awnecl. Corolla cylindrical-tubular, with a small
spreading border. Stamens and style protruded. Stigma capitate-2-lobed.
Pod 4-celled ; the cells 1-sceded. — Annual twiners, with red or crimson flowers*
(An aboriginal, probably Mexican, name.)

1. C£. cocciNEA, Moench. Leaves heart-shaped, acuminate, entire, or
angled; sepals awn-pointed; corolla light scarlet (!' long). (Ipomoea coccinea,
L.) — Elver-banks, £c., Ohio, Virginia, and southward. (Nat. from Trop.
Amer. or Ind. )

Q. VULG\RIS, the cultivated CYPRESS-VINE, is becoming spontaneous iu
the South.

2. IPOM4EA, L. MORNING-GLORY.

Calyx naked at the base. Corolla bell-shaped, funnel-form, &c. Stamens
included. Stigma capitate, often 2 -3-lobed. Pod 2-cclled, or in one group 3-
celled ; the cells 2-seeded. (Name, ex L. from ity, ITTOS, a Bindweed [which it is
not], and opoios, like.)

§ 1 . PHARBITIS, Choisy. — Pod 3- (rarely 4-) celled; the cells 2-seeded.
t. I. PURFtiREA, Lam. (COMMON MORNING-GLORY.) Stems rctrorsel/
hairy : leaves heart-shaped, 'icuminat?- entire ; peduncles long umbellataly 3-5-
flowered ; calyx bristly-hai y below ; corolla funnel-form (2 long), purple vary

334 CONVOLVULACE^E. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.)

rug to white. ® (Convolvulus purpureus, L. Pharbitis hispida, Choky.)--
Around dwellings, escaping from cultivation. (Adv. from Trop. Amer.)

2. I. NIL, Roth. (MORNING-GLORY.) Stems retrorsely hairy ; leaves heart
jhaped, 3-lobed, the lobes acute or acuminate ; peduncles short, or rather long,
1 - 3-flowcrcd ; calyx densely hairy below; corolla white and purple or pale
blue, (i) (Conv. Nil. & C. hcderJceus, L.) — Banks and near dwellings, from
Maryland southward. (Adv. from Trop. Amer. ?)

§ 2. IPOMQEA, Choisy. — Pod ^-celled; the cells 2-seeded.

3. I. lacimosa, L. Rather smooth; stem twining and creeping, slen-
der; leaves heart-shaped, pointed, entire or angled-lobcd, long-petioled ; peditn-
*:les short, I - 3-flowered ; sepals lance-oblong, pointed, bristly-ciliate or hairy, hall
tliC length of the sharply 5-lobcd (white) corolla; pod sparingly hairy, (j) (C-
micranthus, Ridddl.) — Woods and fields, Penn. to Illinois, Virginia, and south-
ward. Aug. — Corolla £' '- $' long.

4. I. paiHluralci, Meyer. ( WILD POTATO-VINE. MAN-OF-THE-EARTH.)
Smooth or nearly so when old, trailing or sometimes twining ; leaves regularly
heart-shaped, pointed, occasionally some of them contracted at the sides so as
to be fiddle-shaped ; peduncles longer than the petioles ; 1 — 5-flowered ; sepals smooth,
ovate-ol>lonq, very obtuse; corolla open-funncl-form (3' long), white with purple in
the tube. 1J. — Sandy fields and dry banks, from Connecticut to Illinois and
southward. June- Aug. — Stems long and stout, from a huge thick root, which
often weighs 10-20 pounds. Flowers opening in bright sunshine.

I. SAG ITT ATA (Conv. sagittifolius, Michx.) is said by Pursh to grow in
Virginia; but it has not lately been met with so far north. — I. COMMUT\TA,
/2cm. $• Sch. (I. triconcarpa, Ell.) with purple flowers larger than those of No. 3,
is likely to occur in S. Virginia and Kentucky.

BATATAS EDULIS, Choisy (Conv. Batatas, L.), is the cultivated SWEET
POTATO.

3. CONVOLVULUS, L. BINDWEED.

Calyx naked at the base. Corolla mostly bell-shaped. Stamens included.
Style 1 : stigmas 2, linear, often revolute. Pod 2-celled ; the cells 2-seeded. —
Stems twining, procumbent, or often erect-spreading. Flowers mostly opening
at dawn. (Name from convolve, to entwine.)

1. C. ARVENSIS, L. (BINDWEED.) Stem procumbent or twining, and
low; leaves ovate-oblong, arrow-shaped, with the lobes at the base acute ; pe-
duncles mostly 1 -flowered; bracts minute, remote ; corolla (f long) white or
tinged with reddish. 1J. — Fields, near the coast: likely to become a trouble
some weed. June. (Nat. from Eu.)

4. CAL.VSTEGIA, R. Br. BRACTED BINDWEED..

Calyx enclosed in 2 large and mostly heart-shaped leafy bracts : sepals equal.
Corolla bell-funnel-form, the border obscurely 5-lobel or entire. Stai icns in-
eluded. Style 1 : stigmas 2, linear or oblong. Poc imperfectly 2-celled or 1
celled, 4-sceded. — Perennials, with heart-shaped or arrow-shaped learns, and

CON VOM CLACE.E. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILF.) 333

axillary 1 -dowered peduncles. (Name from KaXu£, calyx, and orryw, to cover,
alluding to the bracts enclosing the calyx.)

1. C. septum, R. Br. (HEDGE BINDWEED.) Smooth; stem twining;
leaves broadly arrow-shaped or triangular-halberd-form, pointed, the lobes at the
base obliquely truncate and ofteli somewhat toothed ; peduncles 4-angled ; co-
rolla white, or rose-color (l£'-2' long). (Convolvulus septum, L.) — Var.
REPENS (Convolvulus repciis, L.) is more or less prostrate, the flowers tinged
with pink; a form growing on gravelly shores. — Moist grounds; common.
June, July. Var. puli&scens. Illinois and westward. (Eu.)

2. C. SjMtlmi2i;f>£l, 1'ursh. (Low BINDWEED.) Downy; stem low and
mostly simple, upright or ascending (6' -12' long) ; leaves oblong, with a more or
less heart-shaped or auricled base, obtuse or pointed at the apex; peduncles
usually longer than the leaf ; corolla white (2' long). Open sandy woods and
plains, Maine to Wisconsin and southward. July.

5. STYLISMA, Raf. STTLISMA.

Styles 2 (rarely 3). distinct and simple, or united to above the middle: stig-
mas (small) depressed-capitate. Otherwise as in Convolvulus and Evolvulus.
— Stems slender, branched, prostrate or spreading. Corolla white, somewhat
downy outside. (Name compounded of orOXos, style, and 'iar pa, foundation ; per-
haps because the style is divided to the base in the original species.)

1. S. evolvtiloides, Choisy. Soft-pubescent; leaves linear, lanceolate,
or oblong, obtuse at both ends or obscurely heart-shaped at the base (§'-!£'

.long), short-petioled ; peduncles 1 - 5-flowered ; bracts awl-shaped, shorter than the
pedicels; styles distinct or nearly so. 1J. (Convolvulus aquaticus, Walt, C. tri-
chosanthes, Michx. C. tenellus, Lam., frc.) — Sandy woods, Ohio, Ridddl (?),
Virginia, and southward. June- Sept. — Corolla 5" -8" long.

2. S. Piclteriilgii. Soft and loosely pubescent ; leaves narrowly linear,
narrowed at the base, scarcely petioled ; peduncles mostly 1-flowered ; bracts re-
sembling the leaves, equalling the Jlower ; styles united to far above the middle. 1J.
(Convolvulus Pickcringii, Torr.} — Sandy pine barrens, New Jersey (and N.
Carolina) . July - Sept. — Stems prostrate, 2° ~ 3° long. Corolla 3'' - 5" long.

6. DICIIONDRA, Forst. DICHONDRA.

Calyx 5-^arted. Corolla broadly bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Stamens included.
Styles, ovaries, and the utricular 1 - 2-seedcd pods 2, distinct. Stigmas thick. —
Small creeping perennial herbs, soft-pubescent, with kidney-shaped entire leaves,
and axillary 1-flowered bractless peduncles. Corolla small, yellowish or white.
(Name composed of Si's, double, and %6vdpos, grain, or roundish mass; from the
fruit.)

1. D. re pens, Forst.: var. Caroliiicnsis, Choisy. Leaves round-
kidney-shaped, pubescent, green both sides ; corolla not exceeding the calyx
(1" - 1 j" long). (D. Carolinensis, MicJif.) — Moist ground, Virginia, near Nor-
folk, and southward. (Widely diffused in the Southern hemisphere. )

Sflfi CONVOLVUIACE^. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.)

7. CUSCUTA, Tourn. DODDER.

Cal}x 5- (rarely 4-) cleft, or of 5 sepals. Corolla globular-urn-shaped, bell-
shaped, or somewhat tubular, the spreading border 5- (rarely 4-) cleft. Stamens
furnished with a scale-like often fringed appendage at their base. Ovary 2-
celled, 4-ovuled : styles distinct, or rarely united. Pod mostly 4-sceded. Em-
bryo thread-shaped, spirally coiled in the rather fleshy albumen, destitute of
cotyledons ! sometimes with a few alternate scales (belonging to the plumule1?) :
germination occurring in the soil. — Leafless herbs, chiefly annuals, yellowish
or reddish in color, with thread-like stems, bearing a few minute scales in place
of leaves ; on rising from the ground becoming entirely parasitic on the bark jf
herbs and shrubs over which they twine, and to which they adhere by means of
papilla? developed on the surface in contact. Flowers small, cymosc-clustered,
mostly white. (Name of uncertain, supposed to be of Arabic, derivation.)

The following account of our species is contributed by DR. ENGELMANN.

$ 1 . Stigmas elongated : pod opening regularly around the base by circumcissile deJtis-
cence, leaving the partition behind. (Natives of the Old World.)

1. C. EPILINUM, Weihe. (FLAX DODDER.) Stems very slender ; flowers
sessile in dense scattered heads; corolla globular, 5-partcd, cylindrical, scarcely
exceeding the broadly ovate acute divisions of the calyx, left surrounding the
pod in fruit ; stamens shorter than the limb ; scales short, broad, crenulate,
shorter than the globose ovary. — In Flax-fields, where it is sometimes very
injurious : sparingly introduced with flax-seed into the Northern States. June.
(Adv. from Eu.)

4 2. Stigmas capitate : pods indehiscent, rarely bursting irregularly. ^

# Flowers more or less pedicelltd : bracts few and distant : calyx 4 - 5-cleJt.
•*- Corolla cylindrical, in fruit covering the top of the pod.

2. C. teilliiflora, Engelm. Much branched, twining high, pale-colored ,
flowers at length pcduncled and in rather loose cymes ; tube of the corolla (ven-
tricose after flowering) tivice the length of the obtuse spreading lobes and of the ovate
obtuse calyx-lobes ; scales ovate, cut-fringed ; stamens shorter than the lobos of
the corolla; pod depressed, membranaceous, thin, yellowish. (C. Ccphah'mthi,
Engelm.) — Swamps, Illinois and westward; on Ccphalanthus and various tall
herbs. — Flower the narrowest of all our Northern species.

3. C. Ulllbl'OScl, Bey rich. Flowers pedunclcd in umbel-like cymes ; tube
of Hie (mostly 4-clcft) fleshy corolla as long as the ovate acutix/t and minutely crenate
erect inflexed lobes and the acute keeled calyx-lobes ; scales minute and few-toothed,
appressed ; pod depressed, somewhat umbonate, of a thicker texture, brown,
covered or surrounded with the remains of the corolla. (C. Coryli, Engelm.) —
Prairies and barrens, in rather dry soil, on Hazels, Ccanothus, and other shrubs
or herbs ; from W. Virginia and Illinois southward and westward.

H- •*- Corolla bell-shaped, persistent at the base of the ripe pod.

4. C. arveiisis, Beyrich (in herb. Berlin). Low ; flowers small, &-
parted, peduncled in loose umbel-like c^mes ; tube of the corolla included in or
attle exceed ng the broad-lobed calyx, shorter than its lanceolate acuminate

CONVOLVDLACE^E. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 337

spreading or reflexed lobes ; stamens much shorter than the lobes of the corolla ,
scales ovate, fimbriate, converging and often exceeding the tube ; pod globose,
thin, yellowish. (C. pentagona, Engelm.) — In fields, prairies, and barrens, from
Virginia southward and westward to Illinois and Missouri ; on smaller herbs,
and flowering (in June and July) earlier than any other of our species. — Stems
low, scarcely over a foot high ; flowers smaller than in any of our species, arid
quite variable : when with a large 5-angled calyx it is C. pentagona (.Virginia) :
with a small one, it is var. microcalyx (Illinois) : with a large and hemispheri-
cal one, var. calycina (Texas) : with a fleshy verrucose calyx, it is C. verrucosu,
Engelm. (Texas).

5. C. clfiiorocjirpa, Engelm. Low, orange-colored ; flowers mostly 4-
cleft, short-pedicelled, in scattered clusters ; corolla open bell-shaped, the tube
nearly the length of the acute lobes and calyx -teeth ; stamens as long as the
lobes ; scales small, appressed, incised ; the thick styles as long as the largo
depressed ovary; pod depressed, thin, yellowish. (C. Polygon orum, Engelm.)
— Low grounds on Polygonum and other herbs, in the Western States. — Flow-
ers much larger than in any of the preceding species ; the ovary usually pro-
truding from the tube of the corolla,

6. C. Grondvii, Willd. Stems coarse, climbing high; flowers mostly
5-cleft, pcduncled, in close or mostly open paniculate cymes ; corolla bell-shaped,
the tube longer than (or sometimes only as long as) the ovate obtuse entire
spreading lobes; scales large, converging, copiously fringed, confluent at the
base ; pod globose, umbonate, brown. (C. Americana, Pursh, &c. C. vulgivaga,
Engelm. C. umbrosa, Torr.) — Low, damp grounds, especially in shady places ;
everywhere common both east and west, and the only species northward and east-
wai-d : chiefly on coarser herbs, also on Rubus, Ccphalanthus, and other shrubs.
Aug. - Oct. — The close-flowered forms occur in the Northeastern States ; the
loosely-flowered ones westward and southward ; a form with 4-parted flowers
was collected in Connecticut. C. Saururi, Engelm., is a form with more open
flowers, of a finer texture, in the Mississippi valley.

7. C. rostrata, Shuttleworth. Stems coarse, climbing high ; flowers
(large) 5-parted, peduncled, in umbel-like cymes; corolla deep bell-shaped, the
tube twice as long as the ovate obtuse teeth of the calyx and its ovate obtuse
entire spreading lobes ; the large scales fimbriate, confluent at the base ; styles
slender, as long as the acute ovary; the large pod pointed. — Shady moist vaj-
leys of the Alleghanies, from Maryland and Virginia southward ; on tall herbs,
rarely on shrubs. The flowers (2" -3" long) and fruit larger than in any other
of our species.

* * Flowers sessile in compact and mostly continuous clusters : calyx of 5 separate
sepals surrounded by numerous similar bracts ; remains of the corolla borne on the
top of the globose somewhat pointed pod. (LepidAnchc, Enydm,)

8. C. COinpacta, Juss. Stems coarse; bracts (3-5) and sepals orbicular,,
concave, slightly crenate, oppressed, nearly equalling or much shorter than the cy-
lindrical tube of the corolla ; stamens shorter than the oblong obtuse spreading
lobes of the latter ; scales pinnatifid-fringed, convergent, confluent at the base.
C. coronata, Beyricli., (C. compacta, Choisy,} is the Eastern and Southern form

338 SOL ANA'JEJE. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.)

with a smaller, slenderer, more exserted corolla ; C. (Lepidanche) adpres«&,
Enijdm., is the Western form, with a larger, shorter, nearly included corolla.
Both grow almost entirely on shrubs; the first in the Alkghanies, from Pennsyl-
vania southward ; the latter from Western Virginia to the Mississippi and
Missouri, in fertile shady bottoms. The clusters in fruit are sometimes 2' in
diameter.

9. C. gloillCl'Jfifa, Choisy. Flowers very densely clustered, forming
knotty masses closely encircling the stem of the foster plant, much imbricated
with scarious oblong bracts ivith recurved-spreadinq tips ; sejxils nearly similar,
shorter than the oblong-cylindrical tube of the corolla; stamens nearly as long
as the oblong-lanceolate obtuse spreading or reflexcd lobes of the corolla; scales
large, fringed-pinnatifid ; styles slender, longer than the pointed ovary ; the
pointed pod mostly 1 - 2-seeded. (Lepidanche Compositarum, Enyelm.) — Moist
prairies, from Ohio and Michigan south-westward : growing mostly on tall Com-
posite.— The orange-colored stems soon disappear, leaving only the close coils
of flowers, appearing like whitish ropes twisted around the stems.

ORDER 82. SOL, AN AC E^. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.)

Herbs (or rarely shrubs), with a colorless juice and alternate leaves, regu-
lar b-merous and b-androus flowers, on bractlexs pedicels ; the corolla plaited-
imbricate, plaited-convolute, 'or infolded-valvate in the bud, and the fruit a
^-celled (rarely 3 - b-celled) many-seeded pod or berry. — Seeds campy-
lotropous or amphitropous. Embryo mostly slender and curved in fleshy
albumen. Calyx usually persistent. Stamens mostly equal, inserted on the
corolla. Style and stigma single. Placentae in the axis, often projecting
far into the cells. (Foliage and usually the fruits more or less narcotic,
often very poisonous.) — A large family in the tropics, but very few indige-
nous in our district. It shades off into Scrophulariaceae, from which the
plaited regular corolla and 5 equal stamens generally distinguish it.

Synopsis.

• Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-parted or cleft; the lobes valvate with the margins turned Inward*

in the bud. Anthers connivent. Fruit a b»jrry.
I. SOLANUM Anthers opening by pores or chinks at the tip.

• * Corolla bell-shaped or bell-funnel-form, somewhat 5-lobed or entire, plaited in the bud.

Anthers geptuute. Calyx enlarged and bladdery in fruit, enclosing the berry.
2 I'HVSALIS. Calyx 5-cleft. Berry juicy, 2-celled.
8. NICAMWA. C;ilyx 6-parted. Corolla nearly entire. Berry dry, 3-5-celled.

• * * Corolla funnel-form or tubular, the spreading border 5-lobed or toothed, plaited in the

bud. Anthers separate. Fruit a dry pod.
i- Pod enclosed in the urn-shaped calyx, opening by a lid.
4. IIYOSCYAMUS. Corolla with a short tube, the border somewhat unequal.

«- ••- Pod opening lengthwise. Corolla elongnn 1.

6. DATURA. Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed Pod prickly, more or less 4-celled, caked-
5 NJCOTJANA. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 6--.left. Pod smooth, «nclo?ed in the calyx,
2-relled.

SOLANACE^E. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.) 339

1. SOL.AIVUM, L. NIGHTSHADE.

Calyx and the wheel-shaped corolla 5-parted or 5-clcft (rarely 4-10 parted),
the latter plaited in the bud, with the margins of the lobes indupiicate. Sta-
mens exserted, converging around the style : filaments very short : anthers
opening at the tip by two pores or chinks. Berry usually 2-celled. — Herbs, or
shrubs in warm climates, the larger leaves often accompanied by a smaller lateral
(rameal) one; the peduncles also mostly lateral and extra-axillary. (Name of
unknown derivation.)

* Anthers Hunt. (Plants not prickly .)

1. S. DULCAMARA, L. (BITTERSWEET.) Stem somewhat shrubby, climbing,
nearly smooth ; leaves ovate-heart-shaped, the upper halberd-shaped, or with two
ear-like lobes at the base ; flowers (purple) in small cymes ; berries oval, scarlet.

— Moist banks and around dwellings. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. S. N!GRUM, L. (COMMON NIGHTSHADE.) Annual, low, much branched
and often spreading, rough on the angles; leaves ovate, wavy-toothed; flowers
(very small, white) in small and umbel-like lateral clusters, drooping; berries
globular, black. — Shaded grounds, and fields; common. July, Aug. — A
homely weed, said to be poisonous. (Nat. from Eu.)

* * Anthers elongated, lanceolate, pointed. (Plants mostly prickly.)

3. S. Caroliiieiisc, L. (HORSE NETTLE.) Perennial, low (1° high) ;
stem erect, prickly ; leaves ovate-oblong, acute, sinuate-toothed or angled,
ronghish with stellate pubescence, prickly along the midrib, as also the calyx ;
flowers (pale blue or white, large) in simple loose racemes; berries globular,
orange-yellow. — Sandy soil ; Connecticut to Illinois and southward, June-
Aug. (S. Virginianum, L., is not here identified as distinct.)

S. MAMMOSUM, L., is not a native of our district.

S. TUBER6suM, L., is the cultivated POTATO, and S. MELONGENA, L., the
EGG-PLANT.

LYCOPERSICUM ESCULENTUM, Mill., is the TOMATO, now separated from
Bolannm.

2, PIIYSAL.IS, L. GROUND CHERRY.

Calyx 5-cleft, reticulated and enlarging after flowering, at length much in-
flated and enclosing the 2-celled globular (edible) berry. Corolla sprcading-
bell-shaped or somewhat funnel-form, with a very short tube, marked with 5
concave spots at the base ; the plaited border somewhat 5-lobed or 5-toothed.
Stamens 5, erect: anthers separate, opening lengthwise. — Herbs (in this coun-
try), with the leaves often unequally in pairs, and the 1-flowercd nodding pe-
duncles extra-axillary. Corolla greenish-yellow in our species, often with
brownish spots in the throat. (Name, <pvaa\is, a bladder, from the inflated
calyx.)

# Root annual : anthers blue or violet.

1. P. itnglllfitsi, L. Glabrous, erect, much branched (2° -3° high);
leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, often very sharply toothed; corolla soirewhat 5-

3K) SOLAXACE^E. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.)

lobed, small (3" -4" long), not spotted; calyx with broadly trianguhir-subiriata
teeth as long as the tube, in fruit conical-ovate and sharply 5-angled (l'-H
long). — Light soils, not rare southward. Perhaps introduced.

Var. ? PllilcUlelpIliCtl. Nearly glabrous ; calyx-teeth shorter and broader,
less closed or open at the summit in fruit ; corolla sometimes brownish in tha
throat. (P. Philadelphia, Lam., &c.) — New England? to Illinois and south-
ward. July - Sept.

2. P» pllbcSCCHS, L. Pubescent or clammy-hairy, diffusely much branched
or at length decumbent; leaves ovate or heart-shaped (very variable); corolla
(4' -5'' long) dark brown in the throat; calyx with triangular-lanceolate acute
teeth, in fruit ovate-pointed. (P. hirsuta, Dunal. P. obscura, Michx. in part,
&c.) — Low grounds; common southward and westward.

* * Root perennial : anthers yellow. (Corolla £'-§ long.}

3. P, viscosa,, L. Clammy-pubescent, diffusely much branched and
widely spreading, or at first erect (£°-2° high) ; leaves ovate or slightly heart-
shaped, sometimes oblong, often roughish-downy underneath, rcpand-toothed,
obtusely toothed, or entire ; corolla almost entire, brownish in the throat ; teeth
of the clammy-hairy calyx ovate-lanceolate. (P. Pennsylvania, L., P. hetero-
phylla, Nees, and P. nyctaginea, Dunal, appear to be only states of this.) —
Light or sandy soils, New England to Wisconsin and southward ; very common.
July- Sept. — Corolla |'-1' broad when expanded.

3. NICANDRA, Adans. APPLE OF PERU.

Calyx 5-partcd, 5-angled, the divisions rather arrow-shaped, enlarged and
bladder-like in fruit, enclosing the 3 - 5-cclled globular dry berry. Corolla
open-bell-shaped, the plaited border nearly entire. Otherwise much like Phy-
salis. — An annual smooth herb (2° -3° high), with ovate sinuate-toothed or
angled leaves, and solitary pale blue flowers on axillary arid terminal peduncles.
(Named after the poet Nicander of Colophon.)

1. N. PHYSALoloES, Gaertn. — Waste grounds, near dwellings. (Adv.
<Vom Peru.)

4. HYOSClrAIttUS, Tourn. HENBANE.

Calyx bell-shaped or um-shapcd, 5-lobed. Corolla funnel-form, oblique, with
a 5-lobed more or less unequal plaited border. Stamens declined. Pod en-
closed in the persistent calyx, 2-cclled, opening transversely all round near the
apex, which fills off like a lid. — Clammy-pubescent, fetid, narcotic herbs, with
lurid flowers in the axils of angled or toothed leaves. (Name composed of
us, t>os, a /to/, and Kva/Aos, a bean; the plant said by ^Elian to be poisonous to
gwine.)

1. II. NIGER, L. (BLACK HENBANE.) Leaves clasping, sinuate-toothed
and angled; iowcrs sessile, in one-sided leafy spikes; corolla dull yellowish,
«trongly reticulated with purple veins. © — Escaped from gardens to road
aides. (Adv. from Eu.)

oad

GENTIANACE.E. (GENT11N FAMILY.) 341

fc. DATURA, L. JAMESTOWK-WEED. THORN-APPLE.

Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed, separating transversely above the base in fruit,
the upper part falling away. Corolla funnel-form, with a large and spreading
5 - 10-toothed plaited border. Stigma 2-lipped. Pod globular, prickly, 4-valved,
2-celled, with 2 thick placentae projected from the axis into the middle of the
cells, and connected with the walls by an imperfect false partition, so that the
pod is 4-celled except near the top, the placentae seemingly borne on the middle
of the alternate partitions. Seeds rather large, flat — Rank weeds, narcotic-
poisonous, with a rank odor, bearing ovate angular-toothed leaves, and large
and showy flowers on short peduncles in the forks of the branching stem. (Al-
tered from the Arabic name Tatorah.)

1. I>. STRAM&NIUM, L. (COMMON STRAMONIUM.) Leaves ovate, smooth ;
stem green ; corolla white, with 5 teeth. — Var. T!TULA has the stem and
corolla tinged with purple. (T) — Waste grounds ; a well-known weed, with
large flowers (3' long). July -Sept. (Adv. from Asia or Trop. Amer.)

6. NICOTIANA, L. TOBACCO.

Calyx tubular-bell-shapcd, 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form, usu-
ally with a long tube; the plaited border 5-lobed. Stigma capitate. Pod 2-
celled, 2 - 4-valved from the apex. Seeds minute. — Rank acrid-narcotic herbs,
mostly clammy-pubescent, with ample entire leaves, and lurid racemed or paui-
cled flowei-s. (Named after John Nicot, who was thought to have introduced the
Tobacco into Europe.)

1. N. RUSTICA, L. (WILD TOBACCO.) Leaves ovate, petioled; tube of
the dull greenish-yellow corolla cylindrical, two thirds longer than the calyx,
the lobes rounded. (5) — Old fields, from New York westward and southward :
a relic of cultivation by the Indians. (Adv. from Trop. Amer.)

N. TABACUM, L., is the cultivated TOBACCO.

ATROPA BELLADONNA, L. (DEADLY NIGHTSHADE), a plant with pur-
plish-black poisonous berries, has escaped from gardens in one or two places.

LYCIUM BARBARUM, L. (BARBARY BOX-THORN, or MATRIMONY-VINE),
a slightly thorny trailing shrubby vine, well known in cultivated grounds, is yet
hardly spontaneous.

CAPSICUM ANNUUM, L., is the CAYENNE, or RED PEPPER of the gardens.

ORDER 83. GENTIANACK^E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.)

Smooth herbs, until a colorless bitter juice, opposite and sessile entire and
ttmple leaves (except in Tribe II.) vnthout stipules, regular Jlowers with the
ttamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, wliich are convolute (rarely im-
bricated, and sometimes valvate) in the bud, a l-celled ovary with 2 parietal
placentce ; the fruit mostly a 2-valved (s ''pticidaF) many-seeded pod. — Flow-
ers solitary or cyip™0 Calyx persistent. Corolla mostly withering-per

342 GEXTIANACEAS. (GENTIAN FAMILY.)

sistent; I he stamens inserted on its tube. Seeds anatropons, with a minuta
embryo in fleshy albumen, sometimes covering the entire face of the peri-
carp ! (Bitter-tonic plants.)

Synopsis.

TEIBE I. GENTIAIVE^E. Lobes of the corolla convolute (twisted to the right) in the
bud (with the sinuses mostly plaited), in Obolaria imbricated. Leaves almost alwayi
opposite or whorled, entire, those of the stem sessile. Seeds very small and numerous,
with a cellular coat ; in Obolaria, Bartonia, and several Gentians, the ovules and seodJl
covering the whole face of the pericarp.

* Style distinct and slender, deciduous.

1. SABBATIA. Corolla wheel-shaped, 6-12-parted : anthers curved.

2. ERYTI1RJ2A. Corolla'funnel-fonu or salver-shaped, 4 -5-cleft : anthers spiral.

* * Style (if any) and stigmas persistent: anthers straight.

•*- Corolla with a glandular spot or hollow spur to each lobe.
8 PHASER A. Corolla 4 parted, wheel-shaped, spurless. Pod flat
4. I1ALEN1A. Corolla 4- 5-cleft, bell-shaped, and with as many spurs from the base.
••- •«- Corolla without glands or spurs.

6 GENTIANA. Calyx 4 - 5-cleft. Corolla mostly with plaited folds at the sinuses.
6. BARTONIA. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla 4-parted, with no plaits at the sinuses.

7 OBOLARIA. Calyx 2-leaved. Corolla tubular-bell-shaped, 4-lobed with no plaits, tho

lobes imbricated in the bud !

TRIBE II. MEN YAIVTIIEJE. Lobes of the corolla valvate in the bud, with the edges
turned inwards. Stem-leaves alternate, petioled Seed-coat hard or bony.

8. MENYANTHES. Corolla bearded inside. Leaves 3-foliolate.

9. LDINANTI1EMUM. Corolla smooth above. Leaves simple, rounded.

1. S A K IS ATI A , Adans. - AMERICAN CEXTAURT.

Calyx 5 - 1 2-parted, the divisions slender. Corolla 5- 12-parted, wheel-
shaped. Stamens 5-12: anthers recurved. Style 2-parted, slender. — Bien-
nials or annuals, with slender steins, and eymose-panicled handsome (white or
rose-purple) flowers. (Dedieated to Sabbati, an early Italian botanist.)

* Corolla 5-parted, or rarely 6 - 7 '-parted.
•»-* Corolla white, often tummy ydlowish in drying: cymes corymbcd, wany-flowercd

1. S. pailicillilta, Pursh, Ell. Stem bruchiatc/y much-branched (l°-2°
high), rather terete, hut angled with 4 sharp lines; hares limar or the hirer ol>-
lony, olititse, \-nerced, nearly equalling the imcrnodcs ; calyx-lobes linear-thread-
form, much shorter than the corolla. — Damp pine woods, Virginia and south-
ward. June -Aug.

2. S. laiirrolfita, Torr. & Gr. Stem simple (1°- 3° high) bearing a Ihit-
topped cyme ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or ovate, 3-nerved, the upper acute, much
shorter than the intcrnodes ; calyx-lohcs longer than in No. 1 ; the flowers lur-
gcr. (Chironia him-colata, Walt. S. corymbosa, Baldw.) — Wet pine barrens,
from New Jersey southward. June, July.

«- •«- Corolla rose-color or pink, rarely white, mostly teitli a yellowish or yreemsh eye.
•w- Erect, pi/raniidttllij nianij-JJowcn-d : branches opposite, cnrtfxh : pextuncba short.

3. S. brsiclliftfa, Ell. Stem slightly «;»»//«/, simple helow (1°- 2° high) ;
leaves linear and lincar-oi>lonq, d>t\iset or the upper acute ; branches rather few

GENTIANACE^E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) 3<13

flowered, forming an oblong panicle; calyx-lobes ^ or J shorter than the corol-
la. (S. concinna, Wood, ex char.) — Dryish grassy places, Virginia, Indiana
( Wood), and southward. June- Aug. — Corolla 1'- 1|' broad; the lobes nar-
rower than in the next.

4. S. aiigularis, Pursh. Stem somewhat 4-winged-angled, much branched
above (l°-2^° high), many-flowered; leaves ovate, acutish, 5-nerved, with a
someivhat heart-shaped clasping base ; calyx-lobes J to ^ the length of the corolla.
— Dry river-banks, £c., New York to Illinois and southward. July, Aug. —
Corolla 1^' wide, deep rose-purple; the lobes obovate.

** -M. Erect or soon diffuse, loosely branched; the branches alternate or forking (stems
terete or slightly ^-angled) : peduncles elongated and I flowered.

5. S. calycosa, Pursh. Diffusely forking (^°-l° high), pale; leaves
oblong or lance-oblong, narrowed at the base (l£'-2' long); calyx-lobes foliaceous,
spatulate-lanceolate (!'-!' long), exceeding the almost white corolla. — Marshes,
coast of Virginia, and southward. June - Sept.

6. S. StellariS, Pursh. Loosely branched and forking (5' -15' high);
leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, or the upper linear ; calyx-lobes awl-shaped-linear,
varying from half to nearly the length of the bright rose-purple corolla* — Salt marsh-
es, Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward. July - Sept. — This may run
into the next.

7. S. gTiiciliS, Salisb. Stem very slender, at length diffusely branched
(l°-2°high); the branches and long peduncles filiform ; leaves linear, or tho
lower lance-linear, the uppermost similar to the setaceous calyx-lobes, which equal the
rose-purple corolla. (Chironia campanulata, L.) — Brackish marshes and river-
banks, New Jersey (Burlington, Mr. Cooley) to Virginia, and southward.
June - Sept.

* # Corolla 9- 12-parted, large (about 2' broad). (Lapithea, Griseb.)

8. S. cllloroides, Pursh. Stem nearly round (l°-2° high), loosely
panicled above ; the peduncles slender, 1-flowered ; leaves oblong-lanceolate ;
calyx-lobes linear, half the length of the deep rose-colored (rarely white) corol-
la. — Borders of brackish ponds, Plymouth, Massachusetts, to Virginia, and
southward. July- Sept. — One of our handsomest plants.

2. EKYTHRJEA, Pers. CENTAURY.

Calyx 4 - 5-parted, the divisions slender. Corolla funnel-form or salver-torra,
with a slender tube and a 4 -5-parted limb, which in witheiing twists on the
pod. Anthers exserted, erect, twisting spirally. Style slender, single : stigma
capitate or 2-lipped. — Low and small branching annuals, chiefly with rose-
purple or reddish flowers ; whence the name, from cpvdpos, red. [All our
Northern species were probably introduced from Europe, and occur <mly in a
few localities.)

1. E. CENT AtiniUM, Pers. (CENTAURY.) Stem upright, corymbosely branched
above; leaves oblong or elliptical, acutish; the uppermost linear; cymes clus-
tered, fat-topped, the flowers all nearly sessile ; tub* of the (purplc-rose-colorcd)

20

844 GENTIANACE^E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.)

corolla not twize the length of the oval lobes. — Oswego, New Yoik, near the
old fort. July. — Plant 6' - 1 2' liigh : corolla 3" - 4" long. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. E. RAMOsfssiMA, Pcrs., var. PULCHELLA, Griscb. Low (2' -6' high);
stem many times forked above and fuming a diffuse cyme ; leaves ovate-oblong or
oval ; flowers all on sltort ptdicels; tube of the (pink-purple) corolla thrice the
length of the elliptical-oblong lobes. (E. Muhlenbergii, Griseb., as to Penn.
plant. Exacum pulchellum, Pursh.) — Wet or shady places, Long Island to E.
Virginia: scarce. — Flowers smaller than in No. 1. (ISut. from Eu.)

3. E. SPicXxA, Pers. Stem strictly upright ; the powers sessile and spiked
along one side of the simple or rarely forked branches ; leaves oval and oblong,
rounded at the base, acutish; tube of the (rose-colored or whitish) corolla
scarcely longer than the calyx, the lobes oblong. (E. Pickeringii, Oakes.) —
Sandy shore, Massachusetts (Nantucket, Oakes) and Virginia (Norfolk, Rugel).
— Plant 6'- 10' high, remarkable for the spike-like arrangement of the flowers.
(Nat. from Eu.?)

3. FRASERA, Walt. AMERICAN COLUMBO.

Calyx deeply 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-parted, wheel-shaped, each division
with a glandular and fringed pit on the upper side. Filaments awl-shaped,
usually somewhat monadelphous at the base : anthers oblong, versatile. Style
persistent: stigma 2-lobed. Pod oval, flattened, 4-14-sceded. Seeds large
and flat, wing-margined. — Tall and showy herbs, with upright and mostly
simple stems, bearing whorled leaves, and numerous peduncled flowers in open
cymes, which are disposed in an ample elongated panicle. (Dedicated to John
Fraser, a well-known and indefatigable collector in this country towards the
close of the last century.)

1. F. CarolincilSiS, Walt. Smooth, tall (3° -8° high) ; leaves mostly
in fours, lance-oblong, the lowest spatulatc (1° long), veiny ; panicle pyramidal,
loosely flowered ; divisions of the corolla oblong, mucronate, longer than the
narrowly lanceolate calyx-lobes, each with a large and round gland on their
middle; pod much flattened parallel with the flat valves. U © ^ — Rich dry
soil, S. W. New York to Wisconsin and Kentucky, and southward. July. —
Root veiy thick and bitter. Corolla 1' broad, light greenish-yellow, marked
with brown-purple dots.

4. HAL.ENIA, Borkh. . SPURRED GENTIAN.

Calyx 4 - 5-partcd. Corolla short bell-shaped, 4 - 5-clcft, without folds or
fringe, prolonged at the base underneath the erect lobes into spurs, which are
glandular in the bottom. Stigmas 2, sessile, persistent on the oblong flattist
pod. Seeds rather numerous, oblong. — Small and upright herbs, with yellow-
ish or purplish panicled-cymose flowers. (Name of unknown meaning.)

1. H. dcflexa, Griseb. Leafy (9' -18' high), simple or branched above;
leaves 3-5-ncrved, the lowest oblong-spatulate and pctioled ; the others oblong-
lanceolate, acute ; spurs cylindrical, obtuse, curved and descending, half the
length of the acutely 4-lobed corolla. (J) ^> I Sw6rtia comiculuta, L-, partly.)

GENTIANACE.fi. (GENTIAN FAMIL1.; 345

— Damp woods, from the northern parts of Maine, to N. Wisconsin and north
ward. July, August.

5. GENTIAN A, L. GENTIAN.

Calyx 4-5-cleft. Corolla 4-5-lobed, regular, usually with intermediate
plaited folds, which bear appendages or teeth at the sinuses. Style short or
none : stigmas 2, persistent. Pod oblong, 2-valved ; the innumerable seeds
either borne on placenta at or near the sutures, or in most of our species cov-
ering nearly the whole inner face of the pod. (H. J. Clark !) — Flowers solitary
or cymose, showy. (Name from Gentius, king of Illyria, who used some spe-
cies medicinally.)

fl. AMARELLOlDES, Torr. & Gr. — Corolla tubular-funnel-form, without
crown or plaited folds, and with the lobes naked : anthers separate, fixed by the
middle, introrse in the bud, but retrorsely reversed after the flower opens : seeds
wingless : annuals.

1. G. quiiiqueflora, Lam. (FIVE-FLOWERED GENTIAN.) Stem rath-
er slender, branching (1° high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate from a partly clasp-
ing and heart-shaped base, 3 - 7-nerved, tipped with a minute point ; branches
racemed or panicled, about 5-flowered at the summit ; lobes of the small 5-eleffc
calyx awl-shaped-linear ; lobes of the pale-blue corolla triangular-ovate, bristle-
pointed, one fourth the length of the slender obconical tube. — Var. OCCIDEN-
TALis has linear-lanceolate calyx -lobes which are more leaf-like, and about half
the length of the corolla. — Dry hilly woods, Vermont to "Wisconsin and south-
ward, especially along the Alleghanies : the var. is the common form in the
Western States. Aug., Sept. — Corolla light purplish-blue, nearly 1' long; in
the variety proportionally shorter.

{ 2. CROSSOPETALUM, Frcel. — Corolla funnel-form, gland-bearing between
the bases of the filaments, without crown or plaited folds ; the lobes fringed or toothed
on the margins : anthers as in § 1 : pod somewhat stalked : seeds wingless, clothed
with little scales : annuals or biennials.

2. O. criiiita, Froel. (FRINGED GENTIAN.) Flowers solitary on long
peduncles terminating the stem or simple branches ; leaves lanceolate, or ovate-
lanceolate from a partly heart-shaped or rounded base ; lobes of the 4-cleft calyx
snequal, ovate and lanceolate, as long as the bell-shaped tube of the sky-blue
corolla, the' lobes of which are wedge-obovate, and strongly fringed around the sunt-
nit; ovary lanceolate. — Low grounds, New England to Kentucky and Wiscon-
sin; rather common, and sparingly beyond, both northward and southward.
Sept. — Plant l°-2° high : the showy corolla 2' long.

3. O. detoiisa, Fries. (SMALLER FRINGED GENTIAN.) Stem simple
or with slender branches, terminated by solitary flowers on very long peduncles .
leaves linear or lanceolate-linear ; lobes of the 4- (rarely 5-) cleft calyx unequal,
ovate or triangular and lanceolate, pointed ; lobes of the sky-blue corolla spatulate
oblong, with ciliate-fringed margins, the fringe shorter or nearly obsolete at the sum
mil ; ovary elliptical or obovate. — Moist grounds, Niagara Falls to Wisconsin
(Lapham), and northwestward. Sept. (EuJ

346 GENTIANACE.fi. (GENTIAN FAMILY.)

t 3. PNEUMONANTHE, Necker. — Corolla bell-shaped or obconical, 5-lobed,
with plaited fo ds which project into appendages in the sinuses: anthers crttf, fixed
by the deep saqiUate base, extrorse, often converging or cohering with each other in a
ring or tube, stalked . seeds commonly winged: perennials.

* Flowers ntxirly sessile, clustered, rarely solitary, 2-bracteolate.
•*- Anthers entirely separate : seeds icing/ess.

4. G. OChroleilca, Frcel. (YELLOWISH-WHITE GENTIAN.) Stems
ascending, mostly smooth ; the flowers in a dense terminal cluster and often also
in axillary clusters ; leaves obovate-oblong, the lowest broadly obovute and obtuse,,
the uppermost somewhat lanceolate, all narrowed at the base; calyx-lobes linear,
unequal, much longer than its tube, rather shorter than the greenish-white open c.o-
rolla, which is painted inside with green veins and lilac-purple stripes; its lobos
ovate, very much exceeding the small and sparingly toothed oblique appendages ;
pod included in the persistent corolla. — Dry grounds, S. Penn. (rare) to Vir-
ginia, and common southward. Sept., Oct.

•»- •*- Anthers cohering with each other more or lessjirnily: seeds winged.

5. G. allm, Muhl. Cat.! (WHITISH GENTIAN.) Stems upright, stout,
very smooth > flowers closely sessile and much crowded in a dense terminal clus-
ter, and sometimes also clustered in the upper axils ; leaves ovate-lanceolate from
a heart-shaped closely clasping base, gradually tapering to a point ; calyx-lobes
ovate, shorter than the top-shaped tube, and many times shorter than the tube of
the corolla, reflexcd-spreading ; corolla white more or less tinged with greenish or
yellowish, inflated-club-shaped, at length open, its short and broad ovate lobes nearly
twice the length of the toothed appendages ; pod nearly included ; seeds broadly
winged. (G. flavida, Gray, in Sill. Jour. G. ochroleuca, Sims., Darlhigt., GriseJ).
in part, &c.) — Glades and low grounds, S. W. NCAV York to Virginia along the
Alleghanies, and west to Illinois, Wisconsin, &c. July - Sept.

6. G. Amlr£\vsii, Griseb. (CLOSED GENTIAN.) Stems upright,
smooth; flowers closely sessile in terminal and upper axillary clusters ; leaves
ovate-lanceolate and lanceolate from a narrower base., gradually pointed, rough-mar-
gined ; calyx-lobes ovate or oblong, recurved, shorter than the top-shaped tube,
and much shorter than the inflated club-shaped blue corolla, which is closed at the
mouth, its proper lobes obliterated, the apparent lobes consisting of the broad fringe-
toothed and notched appendages ; pod finally projecting out of the persistent
corolla; seeds broadly winged. (G. Saponaria, Fred., fyc., not of Z/.) — Moist
rich soil; common, especially northward. Sept. — Corolla 1' or more long,
blue fading to purplish, striped inside ; the folds whitish.

7. G. Saponaria, L. (SOAPWORT GENTIAN.) Stem erect or ascend-
ing, smooth ; the flowers clustered at the summit and more or less so in the ax-
ils ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, oblong, or lanceolate-obovate, with rough margins, nar-
rowed at the base; calyx-lobes linear or spatulate, acute, equalling or exceed-
ing the tube, half the length of the corolla; lobes of the ctub-beU-shapcd light-ltim
corolla obtuse, erect or converging, short and broad, but distinct, and more or less loitt/er
than the, rrnisjiiciinits 2-c/rft and minutely toothed appendages ; seeds acute, narrowly
winged. (G. CatesbTd, \\ra/t.) — Moist woods, S. Penn. ? Maryland, to Virginia,
III i.o's, nu 1 southward, principally in the Alleghanies. Aug., Sept.

GENTIANACE^E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) 347

Var. linearis. Slender, nearly simple (l°-2° high); leaves linear or
lance-linear (2' -3' long), acutish; appendages of the corolla shorter and less
cleft, or almost entire. (G. Pnenmohdnthe, Amer. auth. $• ed. I : also G. Sapo-
naria var. Frcelichii. G. linearis, Fred.) — Mountain V7et glades of Maryland
and Fenn., L. Superior, Northern New York, New Hampshire (near Concord),
and Maine (near Portland). Aug.

8. O. |>ul>£riila, Michx. Stems erect or ascending (8' -16' high), most-
ly rough and minutely pubescent above ; leaves rigid varying from linear-lanceo-
late to oblong-lanceolate, rough-margined (!' — 2' long); flowers clustered, rarely
solitary ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, not longer than the tube, much shorter than the
bell-funnel-form open bright-blue corolla, the spreading ovate lobes of which are acut-
ish and twice or thrice the length of the cut-toothed appendages. (G. Catcsbaei,
Ell. G. Saponaria, var. puberula, ed. 1.) — Dry prairies and barrens, Ohio to
Wisconsin, and southward. Aug., Sept. — Corolla large for the size of the
plant, l^'-2' long. Seeds (also in G. Pneumonanthe) not covering the walls,
as they do in the rest of this division.

* * F lower solitary and terminal, peduncled, mostly bractless.

9. G. ailgUStifdlia, Michx. Stems slender and ascending (6'-l»
high), simple; leaves linear or the lower oblanceolate, rigid; corolla open-fun-
nel-form, azure-blue (2' long), about twice the length of the thread-like calyx-
lobes, its ovate spreading lobes twice the length of the cut-toothed appendages ;
the tube striped with yellowish. — Moist pine barrens, New Jersey, and south-
ward (where there is a white variety). Sept. -Nov.

6. BARTONIA, Muhl. (CENTAURELLA, Michx.)

Calyx 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-cleft, destitute of glands, fringes, or folds.
Stamens short. Pod oblong, flattened, pointed with a large persistent at length
2-lobed stigma. Seeds minute, innumerable, covering the whole inner surface
of the pod ! — Small annuals, or biennials, with thread-like stems, and little awl-
shaped greenish scales in place of leaves. Flowers small, white, neduncled.
(Dedicated, in the year 1801, to the distinguished Prof. Barton, of Philadelphia.)

1. 15. tenclla, Muhl. Stems (3' -10' high) branched above; the branches
or peduncles mostly opposite, 1 - 3-flowered ; lobes of the corolla oblong, acutish,
rather longer than the calyx, or sometimes twice as long; anthers roundish; ovary
4-angled, the cell somewhat cruciform. — Open woods, E. New England to Vir-
ginia and southward ; common. Aug. — Centaurella Moseri. Griseb., is only a
variety with the scales and peduncles mostly alternate, and the petals acute.

2. B. Vema, Muhl. Stem (2' -6' high) 1 - few-flowered ; lobes of the co-
rclla spatulate, obtuse, spreading, thrice the length of the calyx ; anthers oblong ;
ovary flat. — Bogs near the coast, Virginia and southward. March. — Flowers
3" -4" long, larger than in No. 1.

7 OBOJLARIA, L. OBOLARIA.

Calyx of 2 sj atulate spreading sepals, resembling the leaves. Corolla tubu-
le r-bell-shape<f., withering-persistent, 4-cleft; the lobes oval-oblong, or with age

348 GENTIANACE^:. (GENTIAN FAMILY.,

spatnlato, imbricated in the bud ! Stamens inserted at the sinuses of tho corolla
short. Style short, persistent : stigma 2-lipped. Pod ovoid, 1 -celled, the cell
cruciform: the seeds covering the whole face of the walls. — A low and very
smooth purplish-green perennial (3 '-8' high), with a simple or sparingly
branched stem, opposite wcdge-ohovate leaves ; the dull white or purplish
flowers solitary or in clusters of three, terminal and axillary, nearly sessile.
(Name from o/3oAoy, a small Greek coin ; to which, however, the leaves of this
plant bear no manifest resemblance.)

1. O. Yirginica, L. (Gray, Chlor. Bor.-Am., L 3.)— Rich soil, in
woods, from New Jersey to Ohio, Illinois, and southward : rather rare.
April, May.

8. MENYAJVTHES, Tourn. BUCKBEAN.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short funnel-form, 5-parted, deciduous, the whole
upper surface white-bearded, valvate in the bud with the margins turned inward.
Style slender, persistent : stigma 2-lobed. Pod bursting somewhat irregularly,
many-seeded. ' Seed-coat hard, smooth, and shining. — A perennial alternate-
leaved herb, with a thickish creeping rootstock, sheathed by the membranous
bases of the long petioles, which bear 3 oval or oblong leaflets at the summit ;
the flowers racemed on the naked scape (1° high), white or slightly reddish.
(The ancient Theophrastian name, probably from pip, month, and avdos, a flower,
some say from its flowering for about that time.)

1. M. trifoliat«l, L. — Bogs, New England to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin,
and northward. May, June. (Eu.)

9. L-IUINANTIIEMUUI, Gmelin. FLOATING HEART.

Calyx 5-partcd. Corolla almost wheel-shaped, 5-parted, the divisions fringed
or bearded at the base or margins only, folded inwards in the bud, bearing a
glandular appendage near the base. Style short or none : stigma 2-lobed, per-
sistent. Pod few - many-seeded, at length bursting irregularly. Seed-coat
hard. — Perennial aquatics, with rounded floating leaves on very long petioles,
which, in most species, bear near their summit the umbel of (polygamous)
flowers, along with a cluster of short and spur-like roots, sometimes shooting
forth new leaves from the same place, and so spreading by a sort of proliferous
stolons. (Name compounded of XI'/AOTJ, a marsh or pool, and avdepov, a blossom,
from the situations where they grow.)

1. Jj» l.lClliiosiim, Griseb. (partly). Leaves round-heart-shaped, thick-
ish ; lobes of the (white) corolla broadly oval, naked, except the crest-like yel-
lowish gland at their base, twice the length of the lanceolate calyx-lobes ; style
none; seeds smooth and even. (Villarsia lacunosa, Vent. V. conUta, Elf.) —
Shallow ponds, from Maine and N. New York to Virginia and southward
June -Sept. — Leaves 1'- 2' broad, entire, on petioles 4'- 15' long, according
to the depth of the water.

L. TRACHYSPERMUM of the South has roughened seeds as its name lenotes,
aud ia entirely distinct.

APOCYNACE^:. (DOGBANE FAMILY.; 3A9

ORDEK 84. APOCYNACE^E. (DOGBANE FAMILY.)

Plants with milky acrid juice, entire (chiefly opposite) leaves wiilioul sti-
pules, regular 5-merous and 5-androus flowers ; the 5 lobes of the corolla
convolute and twisted in the bud; the filaments distinct, inserted on the corolla,
and the pollen granular ; the calyx entirely free from the two ovaries, which
are usually quite distinct (and forming pods), though their styles or stig-
mas are united into one. — Seeds amphitropous or anatropous, with a large
straight embryo in sparing albumen, often bearing a tuft of down (comose).
— Chiefly a tropical family (of acrid-poisonous plants), represented in our
district by three genera.

Synopsis.

1. AMSONIA. Seeds naked. Corolla with the tube bearded inside. Anthers longer than the

filaments Leaves alternate

2. FORSTERONIA. Seeds comose. Corolla funnel-form, not appendaged. Filaments slen-

der. Calyx glandular inside. Leaves opposite.

8. APOCYNUM. Seeds comose. Corolla bell-shaped, appendaged within. Filaments short,
broad, and flat. Calyx not glandular. Leaves opposite

1. AMSONIA, Walt. AMSONIA.

Calyx 5-parted, small. Corolla with a narrow funnel-form tube bearded in-
side, especially at the throat ; the limb divided into 5 long linear lobes. Sta-
mens 5, inserted on the tube, included : anthers obtuse at both ends, longer than
the filaments. Ovaries 2 : style 1 : stigma rounded, surrounded with a cup-like
membrane. Pods (follicles) 2, long and slender, many-seeded. Seeds cylindri-
cal, abrupt at both ends, packed in one row, naked. — Perennial herbs, wito
alternate leaves, and pale blue flowers in terminal panicled cymes. (Said to be
named for a Mr. Charles Amson.)

1. A. Tabernseinontaiia, Walt. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, rather
obtuse at the base, short-petioled ; tube of the corolla above hairy outside. (A.
latifolia, Michx.) — Damp grounds, Illinois (Mead, &c.), Virginia? and south-
ward. May.

A. CILIATA, with linear leaves, and A. SALiciF6LiA, with lanceolate leaves
may be expected in Virginia and Illinois.

2. FORSTERONIA, Meyer. FORSTERONIA.

Calyx 5-parted, with 3-5 glands at its base inside. Corolla funnel-form, not
appendaged ; the limb 5-lobed. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla,
included : filaments slender : anthers arrow-shaped, with an inflexed tip, adher-
ing to the stigma. Pods (follicles) 2, slendev, many-seeded. Seeds oblong,
with a tuft of down. — Twining plants, more or less woody, with opposite
leaves and small flowers in cymes. (Named for Mr. T. F. Forster, an English
botanist.)

1. F. diflformis, A. DC. Nearly herbaceous and glabrous ; leaves oval-
lanceolate, acuirmate, thin; calyx-lobes taper-pointed; corolla pale yellow

350 ASCLEPIADACEJE. (MILKWEED FAMILY.)

(Echites difformis, Walt.) — Damp grounds, S. E. Virginia, S. Illimis, and
southward. April.

3. APOCYJVUM, Tourn. DOGBANE. INDIAN HEMP.

Calyx 5-parted, the lobes acure. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cieft, bearing 5 trian-
gular appendages in the throat opposite the lobes. Stamens 5, inserted on the
very base of the corolla : filaments flat, shorter than the arrow-shaped anthers,
which converge around the ovoid obscurely 2-lobed stigma, and are slightly ad-
herent to it by their inner face. Style none : stigma large, ovoid, slightly 2-
lobed. Fruit of 2 long and slender follicles. Seeds comose with a long tuft of
silky down at the apex. — Perennial herbs, with upright branching stems, oppo-
site mucronate-pointed leaves, a tough fibrous bark, and small and pale cymose
flowers on short pedicels. (An ancient name of the Dogbane, composed of
a-To, from, and Kucof, a dofj, to which the plant was thought to be poisonous.)

1. A. aiidrossemifoliuiti, L. (SPREADING DOGBANE.) Smooth,
branched above; branches divergently forking ; leaves ovate, distinctly petioled ;
yines loose, spreading, mostly longer than the leaves ; corolla (pale rose-color, J!
broad) ojien-bell-shaped, wiili revolute lol)ts, the tube much longer t/tan the ovate pointed
divisions of -the calyx. — Varies, also, with the leaves downy underneath. — Bor-
ders of thickets; common, especially northward. June, July. — Pods 3'--V
long, penlent.

2. A. 4':sisii:i1>iBiiini, L. (INDIAN HEMP.) Stem and branches up-
right or ascending, terminated by ei'ect and close many-jlowcrcd cymes, which are
usually shorter than the leaves; corolla (greenish-white) with nearly erect lobes,
the tube not longer than the lanceolate divisions of the calyx. — Var. GLABERRI
MUM, DC. Entirely smooth; leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, on short but
manifest petioles, obtuse or rounded, or the upper acute at both ends. — Var.
PUBESCENS, DC. Leaves oblong, oval, or ovate, downy underneath or some-
times on both sides, as well as the cymes. (A. pubescens, R. Br.) — Var. nv-
PERICIF6LIUM. Leaves more or less heart-shaped at the base and on very short
petioles, commonly smooth throughout. (A. hypericifolium, Ait.) — Kiver-
banks, &c. ; common. July, Aug. — Plant 2° -3° high, much more upright
than the last ; the flowers scarcely half the si/e. These different varieties evi-
dently run into one another.

VfNCA M!NOR, the common PERIWINKLE, and NERIUM OLEANDER, tne
OLEANDER, are common cultivated plants of this family.

ORDER 85. ASCLEPIADACE^E. (MILKWEE:> FAMILY.;

Plants with milky juice, and opposite or wliorlcd (rarely scattered) entire
haves ; the foUicular pods, seeds, anthers connected with the stigma, sensible
properties, fyc.,just an in the last family ; from which they itij/er in the com-
monly vahate corolla, and in the singular connection of the anthers with the
stiama, the cohesion of the pollen into wax-like or granular masses, &c., ac
explained under the first and typical genus.

ASCLEPIADACE^E. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) 851

Synopsis.

TKIBE I. ASCL.EPIADE.flE. Filaments monadelphous. Pollen-masses 10, waxy,

fixed to the stigma by pairs, pendulous and vertical.

I. ASCLEPIAS. Calyx and corolla retiexed, deeply 5-parted. Ciown of 5 hooded fleshy bod-
ies (nectaries, L.), with an incurved horn rising from the cavity of each.
2 ACEHATES. Calyx and corolla reflexed or merely spreading. Crown as in No. 1, but

without a horn inside.

8 ENSLENI A. Calyx and corolla erect. Crown of 5 membranaceous bodies, flat, terminated
by a 2-cleft tail or awn.

TRIBE II. GONOL.OBE.qE. Filaments monadelphous. Pollen-masses 10, affixed to the
stigma in pairs, horizontal.

4. GONOLOBUS. Corolla wheel-shaped. Crown a wavy-lobed fleshy ring.

TRIBE Til. PERIPLOCE^E. Filaments distinct or nearly so. Pollen-masses granu
lar, separately applied to the stigma.

5. PE11IPLOCA. Corolla wheel-shaped, with 5 awned scales in the throat.

1. ASCLEPIAS, L. MILKWEED. SILKWEED.

Calyx 5-paried, persistent ; the divisions small, spreading. Corolla deeply
f>-parted ; the divisions valvate in the bud, reflexed, deciduous. Crown of 5
hooded bodies (nectaries, L.) seated on the tube of stamens, each containing an
incurved horn. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla : filaments united
in a tube (gynostegium] which encloses the pistil : anthers adherent to the stigma,
each with 2 vertical cells, tipped with a membranaceous appendage, each cell
containing a flattened pear-shaped and waxy pollen-mass ; the two contiguous
pollen-masses of adjacent anthers forming pairs which hang by a slender pro-
longation of their summits from 5 cloven glands that grow on the angles of the
stigma (usually extricated from the cells by the agency of insects, and directing
copious pollen-tubes into the point where the stigma joins the apex of the styles).
Ovaries 2, tapering into very short styles : the large depressed 5-angled fleshy
stigma common to the two. Follicles 2, one of them often abortive, soft, ovate
or lanceolate. Seeds anatropous, flat, margined, downwardly imbricated all
over the large placenta which separates from the suture at maturity, furnished
with a long tuft of silky hairs (coma) at the hilum. Embryo large, with broad
foliaceous cotyledons in thin albumen. — Perennial upright herbs, with thick and
deep roots : peduncles terminal or mostly lateral and between the petioles, bear-
ing simple many-flowered umbels. Leaves usually transversely veiny. (Tho
Greek name of ^Ksculupius, to whom the genus is dedicated.) See Addend.
* Pods clothed with soft spinous projections,

1. A. Comiiti, Decaisne. (COMMON MILKWLES or SILKWEED.)
Stem large and stout, somewhat branched ; leaves ovate-ellipJcal, with a slight
point, spreading, contracted at the base into a short but distinct petiole, minutely velvety-
downy underneath as well as the peduncles and branches ; divisions of the corolla
ovate (greenish-purple), about one fourth the length of the very numerous pedi-
cels ; hoods of the crown ovate, obtuse, with a lobe or tooth on each side of the short
and stout claw-like horn ; pods ovate, covered with weak spines and woollij. (A. Sy-
riaca, L., but the plant belongs to this country only.) — Rich soil, fields, &c. ;
common. July. — Plant 3° - 4° high ; leaves 4' - 8' long, pale.

352 ASCLEPIADACE^E. (MII,K-WI-:i:D FAMILY).

V

2. A. fSEllSiViiaitiE, Engelm. MSB. Very smooth throughout, tall; leaves

ovate-oblong from a heart-shaped nearly sessile I ./;.r ,• hoods of the crown <•//••
entire, obtusely 1-eared at the base ou the outsiJe, with au incurved ami flat
claw-like horn; pods ovate-lanceolate, with small and scattered warty opines
chiefly on the beak. — Xear Columbus, Ohio, Sullivant. W. Illinois, Enyclmann.
July. — Resembles No. 1 in appearance, in the petals, &c. ; the hoods larger,
anl exceeding the anthers by one half.

* # Pods not warty -roughened or pritkly.

•*- Leaves all or chiejly opjwsite, or the middle ones sometimes in Jours.
«-*• Stems simple or nearly so (above usually with 2 lines of minute pitliescence).

3. A. pliytolaccoides, Pursh. (POKE-MILKWEED.) Stem (3° -5°
high) smooth ; leaves broadly ovate, or the upper oval-lanceolate and pointed at both
ends, short-petioled, smooth or slightly downy underneath (5'-8' long) ; pedicels
loose and nodding, numerous, tony and slender (l'-3' long), equalling the pedun-
cle, many times longer than the ovate-oblong divisions of the (greenish) corolla ; hooda
of the crown (white) truncate, the margins 2-toothcd at the summit, the horn
with a long projecting awl-shaped point; pods minutely downy. — Moist copses ;
common. June.

4. A. purpurasceais, L. (PURPLE MILKWEED.) Stem rather slen-
der (2° -3° high) ; leaves elliptical or ovate-oblong, the lower mucronatc, the upper
taper-pointed, minutely velvety-downy underneath, smooth above, contracted at the
base into a short petiole ; pedicels shorter than the mostly terminal peduncle, about
twice the length of the dark purple lanceolate-ovate divisions of the corolla ; hoods of
the crown oblong, abruptly narrowed above ; the horn broadly sn/the-shupc-d, with
a narrow and abruptly in flexed horizontal point; pods smooth. (A. ainoena, L.,
Michx.) — Border of woods, &c., N. England to Michigan and Kentucky: com-
mon westward. July. — Flowers as large as in No. 1: peduncle and pedicels
downy along one side.

5. A. variegata, L. (VARIEGATED MILKWEED.) Nearly smooth
(1° -2° high); leaves ovate, oval, or obovate, somewhat wavy, mucronate, con-
tracted into short petioles ; pedicels (numerous and croirded) and peduncle short, doirn// ;
divisions of the corolla ovate (irhife) ; hoods of the crown orbicular, entire, the
horn semilunar with a horizontal point; pods slightly downy. (A. nivea, L.,
in part. A. hybrida, AficLr.) — Dry woods, S. New York to Wisconsin anJ
southward. July. — Remarkable for its very compact umbels of nearly ^hito
flowers, often purple in the centre. Leaves 4-5 pairs, the middle ones some-
times whorled ; veins often purple. Peduncles 1 -3, usually £' long.

6. A. ovalifolisi, Decaisne in DC. Prodr. Low (G'-15' high), soft-
downy, especially the lower side of the ovate or lance-oblong acute slightly /» fi-
oled leaves; unibcls loosely l(~)-\?-f?oiccrcd, either sessile or peduncled ; jtedieels
•..l-Ji.lei- (V-f long) ; hoods of the crown o!>l »ng, obtuse, yellowish, with a small
horn, about the length of the oval grceni.Ji white divisions of the corolla (which
are tuiged with purple outside). ( A. lanuginosa. Nutt. / A. Vascyi, Care-i}. —
J'riiiries and Oak-openings. X. Illino's. Vaxcy, Wisconsin, Laphtim, and north-
westward. June. — Leaves l.V-o' long, S'-l.V' wi !e. snmothish above, the upper

sometimes scattered. Flowers abjut as large as in the next.

ASCLEPIADACE^E. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) 353

7. A. quadrifolia, Jacq. (FOUR-LEAVED MILKWEED.) Nearly smooth
(10'- 18' high), slender; leaves ovate, or sometimes oiate-lanccolate, petioled, usually
tape\ -pointed, the middle ones in whorls of four ; pedicels capillary ; divisions of the
(pal* pink] corolla oblong ; hoods of the white crown elliptical-ovate, the incurved
horn short and thick ; pods linear-lanceolate, smooth. — Dry woods and hills ;
rather common. June. — Leaves 2' -4' long, variable on the same plant, some-
times all opposite, rarely with two whorls. Umbels 2 - 5 ;• peduncles !'-!£'
long : the flowers rather small (corolla-lobes 2£" long), but handsome.

8. A. parviflora, Pursh. (SMALL-FLOWEKED MILKWEED.) Nearly
smooth; the stems (l°-2° high) persistent, or slightly woody towards the base,
slender ; leaves lanceolate, tapering to both ends, petioled, all opposite ; umbels
somewhat panicled, pedicels much shorter than the peduncle ; flowers white
ringed with purplish (the buds l"long); divisions of the corolla ovate; the
slender incurved horn longer than the hood. — S. Indiana, Illinois, and south-
ward. July. — Coma of the seeds wanting.

9. A. Obtusifolia, Michx. (WAVY-LEAVED MILKWEED.) Smooth and
ylaucous; stem simple (2° -3° high), bearing a single terminal umbel on a long naked
peduncle (3'- 12' long) ; leaves oblong or ovate-elliptical, very obtuse but mucronate
(2 -5' long), sessile and partly clasping by a heart-shaped base, the margins wavy ;
pedicels very numerous, elongated ; divisions of the (greenish-purple} corolla ob-
long ; hoods of the crown truncate and somewhat toothed at the summit, shorter
than the slender awl-pointed horn ; pods smoothish. — Sandy woods and fields :
not rare. July. — Flowers large (petals 4" -5" long).

10. A. rubra, L. (RED-FLOWERED MILKWEED.) Smooth, slender ( 1 ° -
2° high), bearing 1-3 few-flowered umbels at the naked summit of the stem (on a
peduncle 2' -3' long) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, tapering to a very sharp
point, ronndtd or slightly heart-shaped at the base, very short-pet ioled ; divisions of the
corolla (reddish-purple) lanceolate, acute; hoods of the crown oblong, acutish (pur-
ple tinged with orange), with an awl-shaped and slightly incurved short horn ;
pods smooth. (A. laurifolia, Michx. A. acuminata, Pursh.) — Low grounds,
pine barrens of New Jersey to Virginia and southward. July. — Leaves 2' -4'
long, rough-dilate.

11. A. paupcrcilla, Michx. Very imooth; stem wand-like, slender (2° -
3° high), bearing 1 - several few-flowered umbels at the summit of a naked and usu-
al! v elongated tenninal peduncle (rarely with one or two lateral ones); haves
linear, much elongated, slightly petioled ; divisions of the (purple) corolla linear-
oblong, half the length of the pedicels; hoods of the crown (orange-yellow) spat-
ulate-oblong, much longer than the awl-shaped incurved horn. — Wet pine bar«
rens, New Jersey to Virginia near the coast, and southward. July, Aug. -—
Leaves 5' -10' long, l"-6" broad; the flowers large and showy.

+•«• •»-•• Stem paniculately branching.

12. A. incarnata, L. (SWAMP MILKWEED.) Smooth, or nearly so,
the stem with two downy lines above and on the branches of the peduncles
(2° -3° high), very leafy ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute or pointed, obtuse at
the base, distinctly petioled ; umbels many-flowered, somewhat panicled, on
peduncles half the length of the leaves ; divisions of the corolla ovate, reddish-

354 ASCLEPIADACE.fi. (MILKWEED FAMILY.)

purple : hoods of the crown (flesh-color) ovate, about the length of the ascend-
ing or scythe-form awl-shaped horns ; pods veiny, smooth. — Varies with the
leaves a lit.tle heart-shaped at the base, and, in var. PULCHRA, with broader and
shorter-petioled leaves, more or less hairy-pubescent, as well as the stem. (A.
pulchra, Willd.) — Wet grounds; the smooth form very common northward;
the hairy variety more so southward. July, Aug. — Milky juice scanty.
•*- •*- Leaves alternate-scattered, or the lowest opposite : milky juice little or none.

13. A. tiiberosa, L. (BUTTERFLY-WEED. PLEURISY-ROOT.) Rough-
ish-hairy; stems erect or ascending, very leafy, branching at the summit, and
bearing the umbels in a terminal corymb ; leaves varying from linear to oblong-
lanceolate, sessile or slightly petioled ; divisions of the corolla ovate-oblong
(greenish-orange) ; hoods of the crown narrowly oblong, bright orange, scarcely
longer than the nearly erect arid slender awl-shaped horns ; pods hoary. (A.
decumbens, L.) — Dry hills and fields ; common, especially southward. July-
Sept. — Plant 1°- 2° high, leafy to the summit, usually with numerous and
corymbed short-peduncled umbels of very showy flowers, which are rather
smaller than in No. 1.

•«-•»--»- Leaves nearly all whorled, rarely alternate, crowded.

14. A. vcrtic'illata, L. (WHORLED MILKWEED.) Smoothish; stems
slender, simple or sparingly branched, minutely hoary in lines, very leafy to the
summit; leaves very narrowly linear, with rcvolute margins (2' -3' long, 1"
wide), 3-6 in a whorl; umbels small, lateral, and terminal ; divisions of the co-
rolla ovate (greenish-white) ; hoods of the crown roundish-oval, about half the
length of the incurved claw-shaped horns ; pods very smooth. — Dry hills •
common, especially southward. July -Sept. — Flowers small.

2. ACERATES, Ell. GREEN MILKWEED.

Nearly as in Asclepias ; but the concave upright hoods of the crown desti-
tute of a horn (whence the name, from a privative and arpac, -aror, a horn).

1. A. viritliflora, Ell. Downy-hoary; stems low and stout, ascending;
leaves varying from oval or obovate to lanceolate or almost linear, slightly peti-
olcd, muiTonate-aeutc or obtuse, thick, at length smoothhh ; umMs nearly sessile,
densely many-flowered, <jlulx>se, lateral ; divisions of the corolla oblong ; hoods of
the crown obluiHj, strictly erect, sessile at the base of the tube of filaments, .»lmrt-
er than the anthers; pods nearly smooth. (Asclepias viridillora, 1'ursh. A.
lanceolata, fves. A. obovata, Ell.) — Dry hills and sandy fields ; common, es-
pecially southward. July -Sept. — Flowers greenish; when expanded, about
the length of the pedicel. Leaves singularly variable in form.

2. A. loilgifolia, Ell. Minutely hoary or rough-hairy ; stem slender, up-
right (l°-2£° high) ; leaves elongated-linear (3'-7' long, 4'-£' wide) ; umbel*
jii'ditncjed, open, many-flowered; divisions of the corolla ovate-oblong, several
times shorter ttuni the pediecls; hoods of the crown short and rounded, raised on
the tufa ufjifaiiH'itrs ; pods smooth. — Moist places, Ohio to Wisconsin and south-
ward. June, July. — Flowers half ;.s large as in the lust, tinge 1 with yellowish.

A. MONOCKPI1ALA Ulid A. PANICULATA ; Bt'C AddcilJ.

A-SCLEPIADACE^E. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) 355

3. ENSL.feNIA, Nutt. ENSLENIA.

Calyx 5-partcd. Corolla 5-parted ; the divisions erect, ovate-lanceolate.
Crown of 5 free raembranaceous leaflets, which are truncate or obscurely lobcd
at the apex, where they bear a pair of nexuous awns united at their base. An-
thers nearly as in Asclepias : pollen-masses oblong, obtuse at both ends, fixed
below the summit of the stigma to the descending glands. Pods oblong-lanceo-
late, smooth. Seeds with a tuft, as in Asclepias. — A perennial twining herb,
smooth, with opposite heart-ovate and pointed long-petioled leaves, and small
whitish flowers in raceme-like clusters, on slender axillary peduncles. (Dedi-
cated to A. Enslen, an Austrian botanist who collected in the Southern United
States early in the present century.)

1. E. allmla, Nutt. — River-banks, Ohio to Illinois, W. Virginia, and
Bouthwestward ; common. July -Sept. — Climbing 8° -12° high: leaves 3'-
5' wide.

4. OONOL.OBUS, Michx. GONOLOBUS.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted, wheel-shaped, sometimes reflexed-spread-
ing ; the lobes convolute in the bud. Crown a small and fleshy wavy-lobed ring
in the throat of the corolla. Anthers horizontal, partly hidden under the flat-
tened stigma, opening transversely. Pollen-masses 5 pairs, horizontal. Pods
turgid, more or less ribbed, or armed with soft warty projections. Seeds with
a silky tuft. — Twining herbaceous or shrubby plants, with opposite heart-shaped
leaves, usually hairy, and racemed or corymbed greenish yellow or dingy purple
flowers, on peduncles rising from between the petioles. (Name composed of
y&vos, an angle, and Xo/3off, a pod, from the angled or ribbed follicles of one
species.)

1. O. lliacropkyllllS, Michx. Stems and petioles somewhat pubes-
cent and hairy ; leaves round-cordate, large, very abruptly pointed ; lobes of the
corolla narrow ; pods ribbed-anyled. — River-banks, Penn. 1 to Kentucky, and
southward. (The limits between this and G. tiliajfolius, Decaisne, appear un-
satisfactory.)

2. O. tnirsiltllS, Michx. Stems and petioles bristly-hairy ; leaves round-
cordate or ovate-cordate, more or less hairy ; lobes of the corolla oblong • pod*
armed with soft prickles. — River-banks, Penn. to S. Illinois, and southward.
July.

5. PERIPL.OCA, L. PERIPLOCA.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted, wheel-shaped, with 5 awned scales b the
throat. Filaments distinct : anthers coherent with the apex of the stigma,
bearded on the back : pollen-masses 5, each of 4 united, singly affixed directly
to the glands of the stigma. Stigma hemispherical. Pods smooth, widely di-
vergent. Seeds with a silky tuft. — Twining shrubby plants, with smooth oppo-
site leaves, and pan icled-cymose flowers. (Name from Tre/KTrXo/t^, a coiling
round, in allusion to the twining steins.)

1. P» GR^CA, L. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, shorter than the loose-

356 OLEACEJK. (OLIVE FAMILY.)

ly-flowered cymes ; divisions of the brownish-purple corolla linear-oblong, very
hairy above. — Rear Rochester, &c., New York. Aug. (Adv. from Eu.)

ORDER 86. OLEACE^E. (OLIVE FAMILY.)

Trees or shrubs, with opposite and pinnate or simple leaves, a 4-cleft (or
tomctimes obsolete) calyx, a regular deleft or nearly or quite 4-petalous corol-
la which is valvate in the bud, sometimes apetalous ; the stamens 2-4, mostly
2, and fewer than the lobes of the corolla; the ovary 2-celled, tcith 2 sus-
pended ovules in each cell. — Seeds anatropous, with a large straight em-
bryo in hard fleshy albumen. — A small family of which the OLIVE is the
type, also represented by the LILAC (Syringa vulyaris, S. Ptrsica, &c."),
and by the ASH, which is usually apetalous.

Synopsis.

TRIBE I. OLEINE^E. Fruit a drupe or berry. Flowers perfect or polygamous, with
both calyx and corolla. Leaves simple, mostly entire.

1. LIGUSTRUM. Corolla funnel-form, its tube longer than the calyx, 4-cleft.

2. OLEA. Corolla short, bell-shaped or salver-shaped ; the limb 4-parted

8. CHIONANT1IUS. Corolla 4-parted or 4-petalous, the divisions or petals long and linear.

TRIBE II. FRAXINEjE. Fruit dry and winged (a samara). Flowers dioecious or polyg-
amous, mostly apetalous, and sometimes without a calyx Leaves odd-pinnate.
4 FRAXINUS. The only genus of the Tribe.

TRIBE III. FORESTIERE.K. Fruit a drupe or berry. Flowers dioecious or perfect,

apetalous. Leaves simple.
6. FORESTIERA. Flowers dioecious, from a scaly catkin-like bud. Stamens 2 -4.

1. L.1GIJ STRUM, Tourn. PRIVET.

Calyx short-tubular, 4-toothed, deciduous. Corolla funnel-form, 4-Iobcd ; the
lobes ovate, obtuse. Stamens 2, on the tube of the corolla, included. Stigma
2-cleft. Berry spherical, 2-celled, 2 - 1-secdcd. — Shrubs witli entire leaves on
short petioles, and small white flowers in terminal thyrsoid panicles. (The
classical name.)

1. IM VULG\RE, L. (COMMON PRIVET or PRIM.) Leaves ellipticrtl-Ian-
ceolatc, smooth, thickish, deciduous; berries black. — Used for low hedges:
naturalized in copses by the agency of birds in E. New England and New York.
May, June. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. 6 LEA, Tourn. OLIVB.

Calyx short, 4-toothed, rarely entire. Corolla with a short bell-shaped tur>e
and a 4-parted spreading limb. Stamens 2. Fruit a drupe, with a bony stone,
2-1-seeded. — Shrubs or trees, with opposite and coriaceous mostly entire
leaves, and perfect, or (in our species) polygamous or dioecious, small white
flowers in panicles or corymbs. (The classical name of the European Olive, O.

OLEACEvE. (OLIVE FAMILY.) 357

1. O. Americana, L. (DEVIL-WOOD.) Leaves oblong -1 a nccolnte,
smooth and shining (3' -6' long); fruit spherical. — Moist woods, coast of S.
Virginia, and southward. May. Tree 15° -20° high.

3. CII10NANTHUS, L. FRINGE-TREE.

Calyx 4-partcd, very small, persistent. Corolla of 4 long and linear petals,
which are barely united at the base. Stamens 2 (rarely 3 or 4), on the very
base of the corolla, very short. Stigma notched. Drupe fleshy, globular, be-
coming 1-celled, 1-3 -seeded. — Low trees or shrubs, with deciduous and entire
pctioled leaves, and delicate flowers in loose and drooping graceful panicles.
(Name from ^toW, snow, and av6os, blossom, alluding to the light and snow-
white clusters of flowers.)

1. C. Virgiliica, L. Leaves oval, oblong, or obovate-lanccolate, smooth-
ish or rather downy, veiny ; flowers on slender pedicels ; drupe purple, with a
bloom, ovoid (£' - §' long). — River-banks, S. Pennsylvania, Virginia, and south-
ward : vciy ornamental in cultivation. June. — Petals about 1' long, narrowly
linear, acute, rarely 5 - 6 in number.

4. FRAXINIIS, Tourn. ASH.

Flowers polygamous or (in our species) dioecious. Calyx small and 4-cleft,
toothed, or entire, or obsolete. Petals 4, slightly cohering in pairs at the base,
or only 2, oblong or linear, or altogether wanting in our species. Stam/ens 2,
sometimes 3 or 4 : anthers linear or oblong, large. Style single : stigma 2-cleft.
Fruit a 1 -2-celled samara, or key-fruit flattened, winged at the apex. 1 -2-secded.
Cotyledons elliptical : radicle slender. — Light timber-trees, with petioled pin-
nate leaves of 3 - 15 cither toothed or entire leaflets ; the small flowers in crowd-
ed panicles or racemes from the axils of last year's leaves. (The classical Latin
name, thought to be derived from (£pd|tf, a separation, from the facility with
which the wood splits.)

# Fruit winyed from the apex only, barely margined or terete towards the base : calyx
minute, persistent : corolla none : leaflets stalked.

1. T. Amcricfaim, L. (WiiiTE Asn.) Branchlets and petioles glabrous ;
leaflets 7-9, ovate- or lance-oblong, pointed, pale and either smooth or pubes-
cent underneath, somewhat toothed or entire ; fruit terete and maryinless below,
above extended into a lanceolate, oblanceolate, or wedge-linear wing. (F. acuminata,
and F. juglandifolia, Lam. F. cpiptera, Mlc/ix.) — Rich or moist woods; com-
mon. April, May. — A large forest tree, with gray furrowed bark, smooth
greenish-gray branchlets, and rusty-colored buds. (The figure of the fruit in
Michaux's Sylva is misplaced, it apparently having been interchanged with
that of the Green Ash.)

2. F. pllbescenS, Lam. (RED ASH.) Branchlets and petioles velvety-
pubescent ; leaflets 7-9, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, almost entire,
pale or more or less pubescent beneath ; fruit acute at tht base, flatfish and 2-edyed,
the edges gradually dilated into the long (l£'-2') oblanceolate or linear-lanceolate

358

OLEACE.E. (OLIVE FAMILY.)

wing. (F. tomentosa, Michx.} — With the preceding: rare west cf the Alle-
ghanies. — A smaller tree, furnishing less valuable timber.

3. F. viridis, Michx. f. (GREEN ASH.) Glabrous throughout; leaflets
5-9, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, often wedge-shaped at the base and serrate
above, bright yreen both sides ; fruit acute at the base, striate, 2-cdt/cd or margined,
gradually dilated into an oblanceolatc or linear-spatulate wing, much as in No.
2. (F. concolor, MM. F. juglamlifolia, WilkL, DC., and id. 1, but not of
fain.) — Near streams, New England to Wisconsin and southward; most com-
mon westward. — A small or middle-sized tree. (The figure of the fruit given
in Michaux's Sylva evidently belongs to F. Americana.)

* * Fruit winged all round the seed-bearing portion.
H— Calyx wanting, at least in the fertile flowers, which are entirely naked !

4. F. sambucifolia, Lam. (BLACK ASH. WATER ASH.) Branch
lets and petioles glabrous; leaflets 7- 11, sessile, oblong-lanceolate, tapering to
a point, serrate, obtuse or rounded at the base, green and smooth both sides,
when young with some rusty hairs along the midrib ; fruit linear-oblong or nar-
rowly elliptical, blunt at both ends. — Swamps and along streams, Penn. to
Kentucky, and everywhere northward. April, May. — Tree rather small, its
tough wood easily separable into thin layers, used for coarse basket-work, &c.
Bruised leaves with the odor of Elder.

•*- •*- Calyx present, persistent at the base of the fruit.

5. F. qimdrang-iilata, Michx. (BLUE ASH.) Bmnchhts square, at
least on vigorous shoots, glabrous ; leaflets 7-9, short-stalked, oblong-ovate or
lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate, green both sides ; fruit narrowly oblong, blunt t
and of the same width at both ends, or slightly narrowed at the base, often notched
at the apex (!£' long, % - $' wide). — Dry or moist rich woods, Ohio and Mich-
igan to Illinois and Kentucky. — Tree large, with timber like No. 1.

6. F. platyc:trpa, Michx. (CAROLINA WATER-ASH.) Branc.hlcts
terete, glabrous or pubescent; leaflets 5-7, ovate or oblong, acute at both ends,
short-stalked ; fruit broadly winged (not rarely 3-winged), oblong ($' wide), icith a
tapering base. — Wet woods, Virginia and southward. March.

5. FORESTIERA, Foir. (ADEI.IA, Miflr.)

Flowers dioecious, crowded in catkin-like scaly buds from the axils of last
year's leaves, imbricated with scales. Corolla none. Calyx early deciduous,
of 4 minute sepals. Stamens 2-4: anthers oblong. Ovary ovate, 2-celled,
with 2 pendulous ovules in each cell: style slender : stigma somewhat 12-lobed.
Prupe small, ovoid, 1 -celled, 1 -seeded. — Shrubs, with opposite and often fasci-
cled deciduous leaves and small flowers. Fertile peduncles short, 1 -3-flowered
'Named for .!/. /'o/vs//,r, a French physician.)

1. F. Bciiminntsi, Foir. Glabrous: leaves thro; oblong-ovate or ovate-

Janeeolute, acuminate at, both cuds, ofien M -i-mlal.- ; drupe obiong, usually
pointed. — Wet banks, W. Illinois and southward. April

A.RISTOLOCHIACEJL. (BIRTH WORT FAMILY.) 359

DIVISION HI. APETALOUS EX6GENOUS PLANTS.

Corolla none ; the floral envelopes in a single series (calyx), or
sometimes wanting altogether.

ORDER 87. ARISTOLOCIIIACE^. (BIRTHWORT FAM.)

Climbing shrubs, or low herbs, with perfect flowers, the conspicitous lurid
calyx (valvate in the bud) coherent below with the 6-celled ovary, tohich forms
a many-seeded Q-celled pod or berry in fruit. Stamens 6-12, more or less
united with the style: anthers adnate, extrorse. — Leaves petioled, mostly
heart-shaped and entire. Seeds anatropous, with a large tleshy raphe, and
a minute embryo in fleshy albumen.

1. AS A RUM, Tourn. ASARABACCA. WILD GINGER.

Calyx regular; the limb 3-cleft or parted. Stamens 12, with more or less
distinct filaments, their tips usually continued beyond the anther into a point.
Fruit fleshy, globular, bursting irregularly. — Stcmless herbs with aromatic-
pungent creeping rootstocks bearing 2-3 kidney-shaped or heart-shaped leaves
on long petioles, nnd a short-peduncled flower close to the ground. (An ancient
name, of obscure derivation.)

§ 1. ASARUM PROPER. — Calyx-tube wholly coherent with the ovary : filaments
slender, united only with the base of the style, much longer than the sJiort anthers :
styles united into one, which is barely 6-lobetl at the summit, and with 6 radiating
thick stigmas : leaves membranaceous, unspotted, on flowering stems mostly a single
pair, with the peduncle between them.

1. A. Csmadense, L. Soft-pubescent; leaves kidney-shaped, more or
less pointed (4' -5' wide when full grown); calyx bell-shaped, with the upper
part of the acute lobes widely and abruptly spreading, brown-purple inside ;
stamens awn-tipped. — Hill-sides in rich woods ; common, especially northward,
and along the Alleghanies : also in Illinois. April, July.

§ 2. HETER6TROPA. — Calyx-tube somewhat inflated below and contracted at
the throat, only its base coherent with the lower part, of the oi-ary ; the limb 3-<:l<ft,
short : fllaments very short or none: anthers oblong-linear: styles 6, fleshy, diverging,
2-cleJl, each bearing a thick extrorse stigma below the clefl : leaves thickish, per-
sistent, the upper surface often whitish-mottled, alternate on the rootstock : peduncle
very short.

2. A. Vil'^illi Oil III, L. Leaves round-heart-shaped (l£'-2' wide) ; calyx
ventricose-bcll-shapcd ; anthers pointless. —Virginia, and southward, in and near
the mountains. May.

3. A. «iri folium, Michx. Leaves halberd-heart-shaped (2' -4' long);
calyx oblong-tubular, with very short and blunt lobes; anthers obtusely short-
pointed. — Virginia, and southward. May.

360 NYCTAGINACELE. (FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY.)

2. A It IS TO LOG II I A, Tourn. BIRTHWORT.

Calyx tubular, the tube extended, variously inflated above the ovary, mostly
contracted at the throat. Stamens 6, the sessile anthers wholly adnatc to the
hack of the short and fleshy 3 -6-lobed or angled stigma. Pod naked, 6-valved.
Seeds flat. — Twining, climbing, or sometimes upright perennial herbs or shrubs,
with alternate leaves and lateral or axillary greenish or lurid-purple flowers.
(Named from its reputed medicinal properties.)

| 1 . Calyx-tube bent like the letter S, enlarged at the two ends, the small limb obtusely
3-iol)ed : anthers in pairs (making 4 cells in a row under each of the 3 truncate
lobes of the stiyvia ) : low herbs.

1. A. Serpentariii, L. (VIRGINIA SNAKEROOT.) Stems (8'-15f
high) branched at the base, pubescent; leaves ovate or oblong from a heart-
shaped base, or halberd-form, mostly acute or pointed; flowers all next the
root, short-pedunclcd. — A narrow-leaved variety is A. sagittata, J/uAt., A. hir-
suta, Nutt., &c. — Rich woods, Connecticut to Indiana and southward; not
common except near the Allcghany Mountains. July. — The fibrous, aromatic-
stimulant root is well known in medicine.

§ 2. Calyx-tube strongly curved like a Dutch pipe, contracted at the mouth, the short
limb obscurely 3-lobed : anthers in pairs under each of the 3 short and thick lobes of
the stigma : twining shrubs : flowers from one or two of the superposed accessory
axillary buds.

2. A. Stpho, L'Her. (PiPE-ViNB- DUTCHMAN'S PIPE.) Glabrous ,
leaves round-kidney-shapcd, slightly downy underneath ; peduncles with a clasp-
ing bract; calyx (!£' long) with a brown-purple, abrupt flat border. — Rich
woods, Penn. to Kentucky, and southward, along the mountains. May. — Stems
sometimes 2' in diameter, climbing trees : full-grown leaves 8'- 12' broad.

3. A. tomcntosa, Sims. Downy or soft-hairy ; leaves round-heart-shapea
very veiny (3' -5' long) ; cafyx greenish-yellow, with an oblique dark purple closed
on/ice and a rugose reflexed liinb. — Rich woods, from Southern Illinois south-
ward. June.

ORDER 88. NYCTAGINACE^E. (FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY.)

Herbs (or in the tropics often shrubs or trees), with mostly opposite and en-
tire leaves, stems tumid at the joints, a delicate tubular or funnel-form calyx
ir /licit is colored like a corolla, its persistent base constricted above the \-celled
l-sceded ovary, and indurated into a soi't of nut-like pericarp ; the stamens
1 -several, slender, aixf In/pogynous ; the embryo coiled around the outside of
meaftf albumen, with broad filaceous cotyledons. — Represented in our gar-
dens by the common FOUR-O'CLOCK, or MARVEL OF PERU (Mirdbilis
Jalapa), in which tie calyx is commonly mistaken for a corolla because
the cup-like involucre of each flower exactly imitates a calyx ; — and by a
single

PHTTOLACCACE^i. (POKEWKED FAMILY.) 361

1. OX^BAPHUS, Vahl. OXVBAPHUS.

Flowers 1 - 5 in the same 5-lobed membranaceous broad and open involucre,
which enlarges, and is thin and reticulated in fruit. Calyx with a very short
tube and a bell-shaptd (rose or purple) deciduous limb, which is plaited in
the bud. Stamens mostly 3. Style filiform : stigma capitate. Fruit achenium-
like, several-ribbed or angled. — Herbs, with very large and thick perennial
roots, opposite leaves, and mostly clustered small flowers. (Name o^vficKpov,
a vinegar-saucer, or small shallow vessel ; from the shape of the involucre.)

1. O. nyctagincus, Sweet. Nearly smooth; stem repeatedly forked
(l°-3° high) ; leaves oblong-ovate, triangular-ovate, or somewhat heart-shaped ;
involucres 3-5-flowered. — Rocky places, from Wisconsin and Illinois south-
ward and westward. June -Aug.

ORDER 89. PHYTOLACCACE^E. (POKEWEED FAMILY.)

Plants with alternate entire leaves and perfect flowers, with nearly the
characters of Chenopodiaeea3, but usually a several-celled ovary composed of
as many carpels united in a ring, and forming a berry in fruit ; — represent-
ed only by the typical genus

1. PHYTOLACCA, Tourn. POKEWEED.

Calyx of 5 rounded and petal -like sepals. Stamens 5-30. Ovary of 5-12
carpels, united in a ring, with as many short separate styles, in fruit forming a
depressed-globose 5-12-cclled berry with a single vertical seed in each cell.
Embryo curved in a ring around the albumen. — Tall and stout perennial herbs,
with large petioled leaves, and flowers in racemes which become lateral and op-
posite the leaves. (Name compounded of (frvrov, plant, and the French lac, lake,
in allusion to the coloring matter resembling that pigment which the berries
yield.)

1. P. decJlifidra,, L. (COMMON POKE or SCORE. GARGET. PKJEON-
BERRV.) Stamens 10: styles 10. — Borders of woods and moist ground; com-
mon. July- Sept. — A smooth plant, with a rather unpleasant odor, and a very
large poisonous root often 4' -6' in diameter, sending up stout stalks (in early
spring sometimes eaten as a substitute for Asparagus), which are at length 6°-
9° high. Calyx white : ovary green ; the long racemes of dark-purple berries
filled with crimson juice, ripe in autumn.

ORDER 90. CHENOPODIACE7E. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.)

Chiefly herbs, of homely aspect, more or less succulent, with chiefly alter-
nate leaves, and no stipules nor scarious bracts, minute greenish floweis,
with the free calyx imbricated in the bud; the stamens as many as its lobes, or
rarely fewer, and inserted, opposite them or on their base; the 1 -celled ovary
becoming a l-seeded thin utricle or rarely an achenium in fruit. Embryo

362 CHENOroDiACE^E. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.)

coiled into a ring (around the albumen, when there is any) or spiral. — Calyx
persistent, enclosing the fruit. Styles 2, rarely 3-5. (Mostly inert or
innocent plants.) See Addend.

Synopsis.

I. CYCLOLOBE^E. Embryo curved like a ring around the albumen.

TRIBE I. CHENOPODIEJE. Flowers usually all alike and perfect, or merely polyg
unions by the want of stamens in some of them. Stem not jointed. Leaves flat
Flowers in racemes, spikes, or panicles. (Fruit enclosed in the calyx.)

1. CYCLOLOMA. Calyx 5-cleft, in fruit surrounded by a horizontal luembranaceous winjj.

Seed horizontal.

2. CHENOPODIUM. Calyx 3 -5-cleft or parted, the lobes naked or merely keeled in fruit

Seed horizontal (rarely vertical when the calyx is only 2 - 3-cleft).
8. KOUBIEVA. Calyx 5-cleft, becoming closed and pod-like in fruit Utricle glandular-

dotted. Seed vertical.
4. BLITUM. Calyx of 3 -5 sepals, dry or juicy hi fruit. Utricle membranaceous. Seed

vertical.

TEIBE II. SPINACIEJE. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, and of two distinct sorts :

otherwise as in Tribe I.

6. ATR1PLEX. Pair of bracts including the otherwise naked ovary and fruit flat and dilated,
often united below. Radicle inferior or lateral.

6. OBIONE. Fruit-bearing bracts united. Radicle superior.

TRIBB III. SAIjICOIMVIEJE. Flowers all alike and perfect, spiked or in catkins.
Stem jointed. Leaves awl-shaped, scale-like, or none.

7. SALJCORN1A. Flowers sunk in excavations of the axis. Calyx utricular.

II. SPIROLOBEJE. Embryo coiled in a spiral : albumen none or little.

TRIBE IV. SU-flEDE JE. Embryo in a flat spiral. Leaves terete and fleshy.

8. CHENOPODINA. Calyx 5-parted, wingless and hornless. Seed horizontal.

TRIBE V. SAliSOLEJE. Embryo conical-spiral. Leaves fleshy or spinescent

9. SALSOLA. Calyx of 5 sepals, in fruit horizontally 5- winged. Seed horizontal.

1. CYCJLOL.OMA, Moquin. WINGED PIGWEED.

Flowers perfect, braetlcss. Calyx 5-cleft, with the concave lobes stroncny
keeled, including the depressed fruit, at length appendaged with a broad and
continuous horizontal scarious wing. Stamens 5. Styles ;i. Seed horizontnl,
flat. Embryo encircling the mealy albumen. — An annual and much-branched
coarse herb, with alternate sinuate-toothed petiolftd leaves, and small panicled
clusters of sessile flowers. (Name composed of KutfAu, roundabout, and Xo>yLM,
& border, from the encircling wing of the calyx in fruit.)

1. C. platypliylllim, Moquin. (Salsola platyphylla. ^ftc/^.^•.) — Illi-
nois, on the alluvial banks of the Mississippi, and northwestward.

2, CUE NO PODIUM, L. GOOSEFOOT. PIGWEKD.

Flowers perfect, all bractless. Calyx 5-clcft, randy 2-4-elet't or parted, with
the lobes sometimes keeled, hut not appendaged nor becoming succulent, more

CHENOPODIACE2E. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) 303

or less enveloping the depressed fruit. Stamens mostly 5 : filaments filiform.
Styles 2, rarely 3. Seed horizontal (sometimes vertical in Nos. 7 and 9), len-
ticular: embryo coiled partly or fully round the mealy albumen. — Weeds,
usually with a white mealiness, or glandular. Flowers sessile in small clusters
collected in spiked panicles. (Name from \^ a goose, and TTOVS, foot, in allu-
sion to the shape of the leaves.) — Our species are all annuals (except No. 91).
flowering through the summer, growing around dwellings, in manured soil,
cultivated grounds, and waste places.

$ 1. CHENOPODIUM PROPER. — Smooth or mealy, never pubescent or glandular
nor sweet-scented : embryo a complete ring.

* leaves entire: herbage green, sometimes turning purplish, no mealiness: calyx-

lobes not keeled nor wholly enclosing the fruit.

1. C. POLYSPERMUM, L. Stems slender, ascending; leaves oblong or ovate-
oblong, obtuse or acutish, narrowed into a slender petiole. — A scarce garden-
weed, about Boston, C. J. Sprayue. Woods, near Mercersburg and Reading,
Penn,, Porter : the var. SPICATUM (C. acutifolium, Smith}. (Xat. from Eu.)

* * Leaves strongly and sharply toothed, green throughout (mealiness obscure or none],
on slender petioles : calyx-lobes slightly or not at all keeled, not completely enclosing
the ripe, fruit (least enclosing in No. 2, most so in No. 4).

2. C. HYBRIDUM, L. (MAPLE-LEAVED GOOSEFOOT.) Bright green ; stem
widely much branched (2° -4° high) ; leaves thin (2' -8' long), somewhat trian-
gular and heart-shaped, taper-pointed, sinuate-angled, the angles extended into a
few large and pointed teeth ; racemes diffusely and loosely panicled, leafless ; the
smooth calyx-lobes keeled ; seed sharp-edged, the thin pericarp adhering closely
to it. — Common. Heavy-scented, like Stramonium. (Nat. from Eu.)

3. C. URBICUM, L. Rather pale or dull green, with erect branches (l°-3°
high) ; leaves triangular, acute, coarsely many -toothed ; spikes erect, crowded in a
long and narrow racemose panicle ; calyx-lobes not keeled ; seed with rounded mar-
gins.— Var. RHOMBIF6LIUM, Moquin (C. rhombifolium, Muhl.), is a form
with the leaves more or less wedge-shaped at the base, and with longer and
kharpcr teeth. — Not rare eastward. (Nat. from Eu.)

4. C. MURALE, L. Ascending, loosely branched (1°-1^° high); leaves
rhomboid-ovate, acute, coarsely and sharply unequally toothed, thin, bright green ;
spikes or racemes diverging and somewhat corymbed ; calyx-lobes scarcely keeled ;
seed sharp-edged. — Boston, to Illinois : rare. (Adv. from Eu.)

* * * Leaves toothed, repand-angled, or sometimes nearly entire, more or less white-
mtaly, as well as the Jloivers : calyx-lobes distinctly keeled, usually (but not always)
perfectly enclosing the fruit.

5. C, OPULIF6LIUM, Schrad. Leaves n mid-rhombic, spreading, long-pctioled,
rery obtuse, somewhat 3-lobed, toothed, tho upper oblong-lanceolate; racemes
panicled, rather looso ; seed with rather obtuse margins. — Seen from U. S. by
Moquin : probably it has been confounded with the next ; perhaps justly. (Adv.
from Eu.)

6. C. ALBUM, L. (LAMB'S-QUARTERS. PIGWEED.) Ascending ; leaves ;
rarying; from rhombic-ovate to oblong-lanceolate., or the upper linear -lanceolate, acutet

361 CHENOFODIAJEuE. (COOSEFOOT FAMILY.)

sparingly or slightly toothed ; racemes spiked-paniclcd, mostly deuse , seed
sharp-edged. — Varies exceedingly in different situations, more or less white-
mealy : a narrow and green-leaved variety, with slender racemes, is C. virido,
L. — Very common. (Nat. from Eu. )
•* * * * Leaves sinuate- or, pinnatijid-toothed, wliite-mcnly underneath : calyx-lobes

not keeled, not perfectly enclosing the fruit, sometimes only 4-2, and then the seed

commonly vertical.

7. C. GLAticuM, L. (OAK-LKAVED GOOSEFOOT.) Stems ascending or.
prostrate, much branched (6' -12' high); leaves oblong, obtuse, smooth and
pale green above; racemes spiked and simple, dense; seed sharp-edged.—
Philadelphia, Dr. Bromjield. Lancaster, Penn., Porter. Roxbury, Mass., D
Murray. (Illinois and Wisconsin.) (Adv. from Eu.)

$ 2. BOTRYOIS, Moquin. (AMBRINA, Moquin, in part.) — Not mealy, but
more or less viscid-glandular ar.d pleasant-aromatic : seed sometimes vertical when
the calyx is only 2-3-cleft; emln-yo forming only f or f of a ring.

8. C. B6TRY8, L. (JERUSALEM OAK. FEATHER GERANIUM.) Glan-
dular-pubescent and viscid ; leaves slender-petiolcd, oblong, obtuse, sinuato-
pinnatih'd ; racemes cymose-diverging, loose, leafless; fruit not perfectly enclosed;
seed obtusely margined. — Escaped from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.)

9. C. AMBROsiolnES, L. (MEXICAN TEA.) Smoothish ; leaves slightly
petiolcd, oblong or lanceolate, repand-toothed or nearly entire, the upper taper-
ing to both ends ; spikes densely flowered, leafy, or intermixed with leaves ; fruit
perfectly enclosed in the calyx ; seeds obtuse on the margin. — Waste places ;
common, especially southward. (Nat. from Trop. Amer.) — Passes into

Var. ANTHELMfNTicuM. (WORMSEED.) Root perennial (?) ; leaves more
strongly toothed, the lower sometimes almost laciniatc-pinnatifid ; spikes mostly
leafless. (C. anthelminticum, L.) — Common in waste places southward.
(Nat. from Trop. Amer.)

3. ROUBIEVA, Moquin. ROUBIEVA.

Calyx oblong-urn-shaped, 5-toothed, in fruit enclosing the glandular dotted
ntricle like a small pod. Filaments short and flat. Seed vertical. Otherwise
like Chenopodium, $ 2. — A diffusely much-branched perennial, with small 1 - 2-
pinnatin'd leaves, and axillary clustered flowers. (Named for G. J. Roubieu, a
French botanical writer.)

1. K. Mui/rfFiDA, Moquin. (Chenopodium multifidum, L.) — Waste
places, New York, in and around the city, J. Carey. (Adv. from Trop. Amer.)

4. IS E. ITU HI, Tourn. ELITE.

Flowers perfect, bractless. Calyx 3 - 5-partcd, either unchanged or becom
ing juicy and berry-like in fruit, not appcndaged. Stamens 1-.5: filaments
filiform. Styles or stigmas 2. Seed vertical, com pressed -globular ; the embryo
coiled into a ring quite around the albumen. — Herbs, with petioled triangular
or halberd-shaped and mostly sinuate-toothed leaves. (The ancient Gretk and
Latin name of some insipid pot-herb.)

CHENOPODTACEJC. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.)

$ 1. MOROCARPUS, McEnch. — Glabrous annuals or biennials, not mealy : floioers
in axillary heads, the upper ones often spiked: calyx in fruit commonly becoming
fleshy or berry-like, nearly enclosing the utricle.

1. B. mariti in urn, Nutt. (COAST ELITE.) Stem angled, much
branched ; leaves thickish, triangular-lanceolate, tapering below into a wedge-
shaped base and above into a slender point, sparingly and coarsely toothed, the
upper linear-lanceolate ; clusters scattered in axillary leafy spikes ; calyx-lobes 2-4,
rather jlvshy ; stamen 1 ; seed shining, the margin acute. — Salt marshes, New
Jersey to Massachusetts ; rare. Aug.

2. B. capitatilin, L. (STRAWBERRY ELITE.) Stem ascending,
branching; leaves triangular and somewhat halberd-shaped, sinuate-toothed;
clusters simple (large), interruptedly spiked, the upper leafless ; stamens 1 - 5 ;
calyx berry-like in fruit ; seed ovoid, flattish, smooth, with a very narrow mar-
gin.— Dry rich ground, common from W. New York to Lake Superior, and
northward. June. — The calyx becomes pulpy and bright red in fruit, when tho
large clusters look like Strawberries. (Eu.)

i 2. AGATIlOrilYTON, Moquin. Somewhat mealy: root perennial : flowers
in clusters crowded in a terminal spike: calyx notjleshy, shorter titan the half-naked
fruit.

3. B. BONUS-HENRICUS, Reichenb. (GooD-KiXG-IlENRY.) Leaves tri-
angular-hal herd-form; stamens 5. ( Chenopodium, L.) — Around dwellings:
scarce. (Adv. from Eu.)

5. ATRIPI^EX, Tourn. ORACHE.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious ; the staminate like the flowers of Chenopo-
dium, only sterile by the abortion of the pistil ; the fertile flowers consisting only
of a pistil enclosed between a pair of appressed foliaceous (ovate or halberd-
shaped) bracts, which are enlarged in fruit, and distinct, or united only at the
base. Seed vertical. Embryo coiled into a ring ; the radicle inferior and more
or less ascending. In one section, to which the Garden Orache belongs, there are
also fertile flowers with a calyx, like those of Chenopodium but without sta-
mens, and with horizontal seeds. — Herbs usually mealy or scurfy with bran-like
scales, with triangular or halberd-shaped angled leaves, and spiked-clustered
flowers. (The ancient Latin name, of obscure meaning.)

1. A. Siastfitsi, L. Erect or diffusely spreading, much branched, more or
less scurfy ; leaves alternate or partly opposite, petiolcd, triangular and halberd
form, commonly somewhat toothed, the uppermost lanceolate and entire ; frait-
ing bracts triangular or ovate-triangular, acute, entire, or 1 — 2-toothed below,
often somewhat contracted at the base, so becoming rather rhomooidal, the flat
faces either smooth and even, or sparingly muricate. Q) (A. hastata & lacini
ata, Pursh. A. Purshiana, Moquin. A. pa tula, ed. 1. &c.) — Salt marshes,
brackish river-banks, &c., Virginia to Maine. The plant on the shore is more
scurfy and hoary; more inland it is greener and thinner-leaved. (Eu.)

A. HoitTENSis, L., the GARDEN ORACHE, is said by Pursh to be sponta-
neous in fields and about gardens. I have never seen it growing wild : it is
rarely cultivated as a povherb.

«566 CHENOPODIACE^E. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.)

6. OB I ONE, Gaertn. OBIONB.

Flowers nearly as in Atriplex, but the more or less united bracts investing the
fruit often inflexed or indurated and nod-like ; the radicle superior and project-
ing. Herbaceous or shrubby. (Or.^in of the name unknown, unless from the
river Obi, in Siberia, whence the original species came.)

1. O. arcnaria, Moquin. (SAND ORACUE.) Silvery-mealy, diffusely
spreading ; leaves oblong, narrowed at the base, nearly sessile ; bracts of the
fruit broadly wedge-shaped, flat, united, 2-3-toothed at the summit, and with
a few prickly points on the sides. ® — Sea-beach, Massachusetts to Virginia,
and southward. August.

7. SALICORNIA, Tourn. GLASSWORT. SAMPHIRE.

Flowers perfect, 3 together, sessile and immersed in hollows of the thickened
upper joints, forming spikes ; the two lateral sometimes sterile. Calyx small
and bladder-like, with a toothed or torn margin, at length spongy and narrowly
wing-bordered, enclosing the flattened fruit. Stamens 1 - 2 : styles 2, partly
united. Seed vertical, with the embryo coiled or bent into a ring. — Herbaceous
or somewhat shrubby low saline plants, with succulent leafless jointed stems,
and opposite branches ; the flower-bearing branchlets forming the spikos. (Name
composed of sal, salt, and cornu, a horn; saline plants with horn-like branches.)

1. S. lierbaccil, L. Annual, erect or ascending (G'-12' high), much
branched ; the joints somewhat thickened at their summit, and with t/co s/iort and
blunt or notched teeth ; spikes elongated, tapering but rather obtuse at the a]>e.r. — Salt
marshes of the coast, and at Salina, New York, and other interior salt springs.
Aug. (Eu.)

2. S. Iimcroimta, Lag.? Bigelow. Annual, erect, sparingly branched
(4' -8' high) ; the joints 4-angled at the base, and with 2 ear-like ovate and j toil ded
teeth at their summit; spikes shoi-t and thick, obtuse. (S. Virginica, Nutt., not of
L.) — Salt marshes, Maine to New York. Sept. — Plant turning deep crimson
in autumn. (Eu. ?)

3. S. ailibigua, Michx. Perennial, herbaceous, or a little woody, pro-
cumbent or creeping, lead-colored, with flexuous ascending branches (3' -6' high) ;
the joints truncate, dilated upward, flattish, sliahlltf and obtusely 2-toolhcd. — Sea-
beach, Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward. Sept.

8. CHENOPODtNA, Moquin. SEA GOOSEFOOT.

Flowers perfect, solitary or clustered in the axils of the leaves. Calyx 5-
parted, not appendaged, fleshy, becoming somewhat inflated and closei over the
fruit (utricle). Stamens 5. Stigmas 2 or 3. Seed horizontal, with a flat-spiral
embryo, dividing the scanty albumen into 2 portions. — Fleshy maritime plants,
with alternate nearly terete linear leaves. (Name altered from Chenopodium.)

1. C. Iliai'itima, Moqnin. Annual, smooth, diffusely much branched;
leaves slender (!' long), acute ; calyx-lobes keeled ; seed sharp-edged. (Cheno-
podium maritiinum, L. Suteda, Moquin, formerly.) — Salt marshes along the
•sea-shore. Aug. (Eu.) •

AMARA.NTACE.fi. (AMARANTH FAMILY.) 367

9. SAL.S&L.A, L. SALTWORT.

Flowers perfect, with 2 bractlcts. Calyx 5-parted, persistent and enclosing
the depressed fruit in its base ; its divisions at length horizontally winged on the
back, the wings forming a broad and circular scarious border. Stamens mostly
5. Styles 2. Seed horizontal, without albumen, filled by the embryo, which is
coiled in a conical spiral (cochleatc). — Herbs, or slightly shrubby branching
plants, of the sea-shore, with fleshy and rather terete or awl-shaped leaves, often
spiny-tipped, and sessile axillary flowers. (Name from sal, salt ; in allusion to
the alkaline salts these plants copiously contain.)

1. S. Kali, L. (COMMON SALTWORT.) Annual, diffusely branching,
rough or smoothish ; leaves alternate, awl-shaped, prickly-pointed ; flowers sin-
gle ; calyx with the converging lobes forming a sort of beak over the fruit, the
large rose or flesh-colored wings nearly orbicular and 'spreading. — Sandy sea-
shore; common. August. — A very prickly bush-like plant. (Eu.)

BETA VULG^RIS, the BEET, with its varieties, the Scarcity and Manr/el Wurt-
zel, — and SPINXCIA OLER\CEA, the SPINACH, — well-known esculent plants,
also belong to this family.

ORDER 91. AMARANTACE^E. (AMARANTH FAMILY.)

Weedy herbs, with nearly the characters of the last family, but the flowers
mostly imbricated with dry and scarious persistent bracts, often colored, com"
monly 3 in number; the one-celled ovary many-omded in one tribe. (The
greater part of the order tropical, but several have found their way north-
ward as weeds.)

Synopsis.

TRIBE I. ACHYRANTHE^E. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary 1-oruled. Utricle 1-seeded.

* Flowers monoecious or sometimes perfect.

J. AMARANTHS. Calyx of 5 or 3 sepals, and 3-bracted. Fruit opening transversely (dr-
cumcissile) ; the upper part falling away.

2. EUXOLUS. Calyx mostly of 3 sepals Fruit indehiscent or bursting irregularly.

* * Flowers dioecious : calyx none in the fertile flowers.

3. MONTELIA. Fruit a thin and even utricle, opening transversely, as in No. 1. Stigmaa

long, plumose-hairy.
t ACNIDA. Fruit 3 -5-angled and fleshy, indehiscent.

TRIBE II. GOMPHRENE.^2. Anthers l-c«lled. Ovary and fruit as in Tribe I.
6. IRESINE. Calyx of 5 sepals. Stamens united below into a cup.
6. FKCELICIIIA. Calyx 5-cleft at the apex. Filaments united throughout into a tub*.

1. AMARANTUS, Tourn. AMARANTH.

1'lowers monoeciously polygamous, 3-bractcd. Calvx of 5, or rarely 3, equal
erect sepals, glabrous. Stamens 5, rarely 3, separate : anthers 2-celled. Stig-
mas 2 or 3. Fruit an ovoid 1-seeded membranaceous utricle, 2-3-beaked at
the apex, mostly longer than the «alyx, opening transversely all round, the

21

368 AMARANTACE^E. (AMARANTH FAMILY.)

nppcr part falling away as a lid. Embryo coilcl into a ring around the albu-
men. — Annual weeds, of coarse aspect, with alternate and entire petioled leaves,
and small green or purplish flowers in axillary or terminal .spiked clusters.
(Name compounded of a privative, p-apaivut, to fade, and uvdos, flower, because
the dry calyx and bracts do not wither. The Romans, like the Greeks, wrote
Amarantus, which the early botanists incorrectly altered to Ainaranthus.) — No
species is really indigenous in the Northern United States.

$ 1. Flowers in terminal and axillary, simple or mostly paniclvl spikes : stem erect
(l°-6° high) : leaves long-petioled : stamens and sepals 5.

% Flowers, much-branc/ted panicles, $~c., crimson or pnrple-tinycd : the leaves (4' —
10' long) mostly partaking of the same color : stem unarmed.

1. A. HYPOCHONDRIACUS, L. (PRINCE'S FEATHER.') Smooth or smooth-
ish ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute or pointed ; spikes very obtuse, thick, crowd-
ed, the terminal one elongated; bracts long-awnec! ; fruit 2-3-cleJl at the apex,
longer than the calyx. — Rarely spontaneous around gardens. (Virginia, ex L. ;
but doubtless adv. from Trop. Amer.)

2. A. PANICULATUS, L. (PRINCE'S FEATHER. RED AMARANTH, &C.)

Stem mostly pubescent ; leaves oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate ; spikes acutish,
erect or spreading, rather dense, the terminal one not much larger; bracts awn-
pointed ; fruit 2 - 3-toothed at the apex, longer than the calyx. — Flowers green,
tinged with red, or sometimes deep red or purple. (A. sanguineus, L.) — In
gardens, &c. (Adv. from Trop. Amer.)

* * Flowers, $r. green : stem unarmed,

3. A. HYBRIDUS, L. (GREEN AMARANTH. PIGWEED.) leaves ovate
oblong or ovate, acute, smooth, bright green, spikes erect, obtuse, in looscl/
branched panicles, the terminal one longer; bracts awncd, sometimes tinged,
reddish ; fruit 2 - 3-cleft at the apex, nearly smooth, not exceeding the calyx. Waste
places and gardens ; common. (Virginia, L. ; but nat. from Trop. Amer.)

4. A. CHLOROSTACHYS, Willd. Leaves bright deep green, long-petiolcd, ovate
or rhombic-ovate ; spikes ascending, acute, crowded in an open panicle, the ter
minal one long and often nodding ; bracts awn-fointed, rat/ier longer t/ian the calyx,
jvhich is shorter than the 2 - 3-toothcd rugose fruit . — Around dwellings, southward.
Perhaps (with the preceding) no more than a variety of the next. (Adv. from
Trop. Amer.)

5. A. RETROFLEXUS, L. (PIGWEED.) Roughish and pubescent; leaves
pale or dull green, or rather glaucous, long-pctioled, ovate or rhombic-ovate, un-
dulate ; spikes crowded in a stiff panicle, acutish, more or less spreading, green,
the terminal one shortish and erect ; bracts pointed, twice the length of the cafy.r,
which is longt.r than the rugose fruit. — Around dwellings, in manured soils.
(Adv. from Trop. Amer.)

# # * FuHoertf $*c. greenish : stem armed with 2 spines in the axils of the leaves.

6. A. 8PIN6SUB, L. (THORNY AMARANTH.) Smooth, bushy-branched;
stem reddish ; leaves rhombic-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, dull green ; terminal
spike elongated ; calyx about equalling the bracts and the fruit. — Waste places.
Pennsylvania, Ohio, and southward. (Adv. from Trop. Amcr ')

AMARANTACE^E. (AMARANTH FAMILY.) 369

§ 2 Flowers crowded in dose and small axillary dusters : stems spreading vr asctnd-
ing : stamens and sqjals 3, or the former only 2.

7. A. ALDUS, L. Smooth, pale green (^°-2° high); stems whitish, mostly
spreading next the ground ; leaves long-petiolcd, obovate and spatulate-oblong,
very obtuse or retuse ; flowers greenish ; sepals mucrouate, half the length of the
rugose fruit, much shorter than the rigid pungently pointed bracts. — Waste
grounds, near towns, and road-sides : common. (Nat. from Trop. Amer. 1)

A. MELANCHOLICUS, L., cultivated under the fanciful name of LOVE-LIES-
BLEEDING, is not spontaneous.

2. EIIXOL.US, Raf. FALSE AMARANTH.

Flowers monoecious, or rarely perfect, 3-bracted. Calyx of 3 - 5 erect gla-
brous sepals. Stamens 2-5, mostly 3. Stigmas 3. Fruit an ovate and often
rather fleshy 1 -seeded utricle, which does not open or bursts irregularly. Other-
wise much as in Amarantus. (Name said by the author to mean " well shut,"
probably formed illegitimately of eu, very, and 6'Xos, whole or entire.)

1. E. LIVIDUS, L. Smooth, livid-purple; stem thick, much branched ; leaves
ovate or oval, long-petioled ; axillary spikes or heads dense, much shorter than
the petioles, the terminal elongated; sepals 3, much longer than the bracts, lather
shorter than the rugose fruit. ® (Amarantus livid us, L.) — Coast of Virginia
(according to Linneeus), and southward. (Adv. from Trop. Amer. ?)

2. E. DEFLEXDS, Raf. Minutely pubescent; stems decumbent, or ascending
with deflexed branches (1° high); leaves rhombic-lanceolate; spikes oblong-
cylindrical ; sepals mostly 3, shorter than the smooth acutish fruit. (Amarantus
deflexus, L.) — Waste places, Albany, New York, &c. (Adv. from Eu.)

3. E. purnilllS, Raf. (DWARF AMARANTH.) Prostrate, smooth, rather
fleshy ; leaves obovatc, emarginate, and pctiolcd, often purple-veined, mostly
crowded at the end of the spreading branches , flowers greenish and purple, in
small axiliary clusters ; bracts short, pointless ; stamens and sepals 5, the latter
half the length of the ovate obscurely 5-ribbed thickish fruit ( which is not cir-
cumoissile, as figured in Fl. N. Y.) (Amaranthus pumilus, Raf., Niitt.) — Sandy
sea-shore, Long Island to Virginia and southward. Aug., Sept.

3. UIONTEL.IA, Moquin (under ACNIDA).

Flowers dioecious. 2 -3-bracted. Staminate flowers of 5 thin oblong and
mucronate-tipped sepals, longer than the bracts, and as many stamens with ob-
long anthers ; the cells of the .latter united only at the middle. Pistillate flow-
ers without any calyx, the lanceolate awl-pointed bracts longer than the 1-ovulcd
ovary : stigmas 2-4, very long, bristle-awl-shaped, plumose-Hispid. Fruit a
thin and membranaceous globular utricle, smooth and even, opening transverse-
ly around the middle ; the upper part falling off like a lid. Radicle of the
annular embryo inferior. — An annual glabrous herb, mostly tall and erect, with
lanceolate or oblong-ovate alternate leaves, on long petioles, and small clusters
of greenish flowers, mostly crowded into elongated and panic-led interrupted
spikes. (Probably a personal name )

870 AMARANTACE.fi. (AMARANTH FAMILY.)

1. ITI. tamai is< ilia. (Amarantns tamariscinus, Nutt., &«/.!. A,
altik-iimus & Miamensis, Riddett. Acnida altissima, Michx. herb. A. rusocarpa
Moquin, &c.) — Low grounds and moist sandy shores, Vermont to Wisconsin,
Illinois, and southward, especially westward. Aug., Sept. — Var. CONCATE-
N\TA is a form with the lower clusters in the fertile plant forming thick ish dis«
tant heads (£'-£' in diameter) in the axils of the leaves; the stems often low
and sprealing or decumbent. — A very variable plant, as to inflorescence, height
(l°-6° high), the size and shape of the leaves (l'-5' long, the petioles often of
the same length), the bracts more or less awl-shaped, equalling or exceeding the
fruit (which is that of Amarantus) : but all are forms of one species. The
sterile plant is Acnida rusocarpa, MichK., or was mixed with it in Michaux's
collection, but not the fertile ; for the fruit of the present plant is neither obtuse-
angled, rugose, nor indehiscent. Besides, that name is unmeaning. In estab-
lishing this genus, therefore, as Moquin clearly would have done had he exam
hied the ripe fruit, I adopt Nuttall's specific name.

4. A CM IDA, L. WATIB-HEMP.

Fruit a fleshy and indehiscent utricle, 3 - 5-angled, the angles often rugose or
tubercled-crestcd. Stigmas 3 - 5, shorter than the ovary, linear-awl-shapcd.
Flowers in rather loose panicled spikes. Otherwise as in the last genus. (Name
formed of a privative and KVI&TJ, a nettle.)

l.'A. CSlBinftbina, L. Leaves elongated-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate,
long-petiolcd ; fruit globular (l£"-2" long), much exceeding the pointless
bracts, (l) — Salt-marshes on the coast, Massachusetts to Virginia and south-
ward. Aug. -Oct. — Plant 3° -6° high. — Probably the only species ; for A.
rusocarpa, Michx., is certainly to be divided between this and Montclia. taniaris-
cina ; and A. tuberculata, Mwjuin, is likely to be one or the other.

5. I RE SINE, P.Browne. IRESINE.

Flowers mostly polygamous or dioecious, 3-bracted. Calyx of 5 sepals. Sta-
mens mostly 5 : filaments slender, united into a short cup at the base : anthers
1 -celled, ovate. Fruit a globular utricle, not opening. — Herbs, with opposite
petioled leaves, and minute scarious white flowers crowded into clusters or
spiked and branching panicles, the calyx, &c. often bearing long wool (whence
the name, from eipeo-icoj/?;, a branch entwined with fillets of wool borne in pro-
cessions at festivals.)

1. I. Cdosioldcs, L. Nearly glabrous, erect, slender (2° -4° high),
leaves ovate-lanceolate ; panicles narrow, naked ; bracts and calyx silvery-white,
the latter woolly at the base. ® — Dry banks, Ohio, Kentucky, and south-
ward. Sept.

6. FRCELiCHIA, Moench. (OPLOTHECA, N.itt.)

Flowers perfect, 3-bractcd. Calyx tubular, 5-clcft at the summit, below 2-5
crested length wise or tubercled and indurated in fruit, and enclosing the closed
thin utricle. Filaments united into a tube, bearing 5 oblong 1 -celled anthers,
and as many sterile strap-shaped appendages. — Hairy or woolly herbs, with

POLYGONACEJE. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY) 371

opposite sessile leaves, and spiked scarious-bracted flowers. (Named for J. A.
FrOlich, a German botanist of the last century.)

1. F. Floridaiia, Moquin. Stem leafless above (1° -2° high); leaves
lanceolate, silky-downy beneath ; spikclets crowded into an interrupted spike ;
calyx very woolly. (T) — Illinois, in Mason and Cuss Counties, Mead, T. /. Hale,
E. Hall, &s. Western Wisconsin. Aug. — Apparently indigenous : but else-
where it is only found much farther south.

GOMPHRENA GLOB6SA, L., is the common GLOBE AMARANTH of the gar-
dens.

ORDER 92. POLYGONACE^E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.)

Herbs, with alternate leaves, furnished with stipules in the form of sheaths
(ochreae) above the swollen joints of the stem ; the JJowers mostly perfect,
with a more or less persistent calyx, a 1-celled ovary bearing 2-3 styles or
stigmas, and a single erect orthotropous seed. Embryo .curved or straight-
ish, on the outside of the albumen, or rarely in its centre ; the radicle
pointing from the hilum and to the apex of the dry seed-like fruit. Sta-
mens 4-12, inserted on the base of the 3-6-cleft calyx. Leaves usually
entire. (The watery juice often acrid, sometimes agreeably acid, as in
Sorrel ; the roots, as in Rhubarb, sometimes cathartic.) — Our few genera
all belong to the POLYGONE.E PROPER.

Synopsis.

* Sepals mostly 6, somewhat equal, all erect in fruit.

1. POLYGONUM. Embryo narrow, curved around one side of the albumen : cotyledon*

Blender or flat.

2. FAGOPYRUM Embryo in the albumen, its very broad cotyledons twisted-plaited.

# * Sepals 4-6, the outer row reflexed, the inner erect and enlarging.

3. OXYRIA. Sepals 4. Stigmas 2 Fruit 2-wiuged, samara-like.

1. KUMEX. Sepals 6. Styles 3. Fruit 3-angled, wingless, enclosed in the enlarged inner
sepals.

1. POLYGONUM, L. KXOTWEED.

Calyx mostly 5-parted ; the divisions often petal-like, all erect in fruit, wither-
ing or persistent and surrounding the lenticular or 3-angular achenium. Sta-
mens 4-9. Styles or stigmas 2-3. Embryo placed in a groove on the outside
of the albumen and curved half-way ai'ound it ; the radicle and usually the coty-
ledons slender. — Pedicels jointed. (Name composed of iro\v, many, and yow,
knee, from the numerous joints.)

\ 1. BIST6RTA, Tourn. — Calyx petal-like, 4eev7t> deleft stamens 8 or 9 : styles
3, slender: achenium 3-sidcd: stems low and simple from a wjodi/ creejtiny root
stock •' JJoicers in a spike-like raceme.
1. P. vivipaj mil, L. (ALPINE BISTORT.) Smooth, dwarf (4' -8

high), bearing a linear spike of flesh-colored flowers (or often little red bulblets

372 POI/IGONACE.S. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.)

ca their place); leaves lanceolate. — Alpine summits of the White Mountain*,
New Hampshire, shore of Lake Superior, and nortlnvard. (Eu.)

§ 2. AMBLY6GONON, Moisn.— Calyx petal-like, ^-parted: stamens 7 : style S-
cleft: stigmas capitate : achenium lenticular (cotyledons incumbent, linear: albumen
floury) : annuals : flowers crowded in linear-cylindrical terminal spikes.

2. P» OKIENT\LE, L. (PRINCE'S FEATHER.) Tall, branching, rather
dairy ; leaves ovate, pointed, pctioled ; upper sheaths salver-form ; spikes nu-
merous, nodding ; the large bright rose-colored flowers open. — Sparingly
escaped from cultivation into waste grounds. Aug., Sept. (Adv. from Eu.}

$3. PERSICARIA, Toura. — Calyx petal-like, ^-parted: stamens 4-8: styles
2-3 or 2-3-clefl: stigmas capitate, often small: aclienium lenticular, or (when
there are 3 stigmas) 3-sided (cotyledons accumbent, narrow: albumen hard and
horny) : roots fibrous: sheaths cylindrical, truncate : flowers crowded in spikes or
sjtike-like racemes.

# Sheaths naked : styles 2, or 2-cleft : achenium flat or lenticular.
•»- Stamens 5 : spike mostly solitari/, very dense: flowers rose-red: root perennial.

3. P. amptiibiuni, L. (WATER PERSICARIA.) Leaves elliptical-
lanceolate or oblong, pointed or obtusish, either narrowed or rather heart-shaped
at the base. — Var. 1. AQUA.TICUM, L.y is floating or procumbent in soft mud,
rooting, and nearly smooth, as well as the long-petioled often obtuse floating
leaves. (P. coccincum, Bigel. P. fluitans, Eaton.) — Var. 2. TERRESTRE is
more or less hairy or bristly, with an upright or ascending stem, growing in
marshy or muddy places ; the leaves acute or pointed, upper very short-petioled.
— Ponds or their low borders; common, especially northward. July, Aug. —
Very variable in foliage, &c. : spike oblong, l'-3' long, J' - §' thick. (Ku.)

•»- •»- Stamens 6 or 8 : spikes somewhat panicled, oblong or lint ar, denm lu flowered :
flowers rose or flesh-color : root annual.

4. P. liodosuni, Pcrs., var. i 11 car nsi Isilia. Stem upright (2° -4°
high), smooth below, the branches above, peduncles, $*c. roughened irith scattered
sessile glands; leaves rough on the midrib and margins, elongated-lanceolate
(4'- 10' long, l'-3' wide below), tapering gradually from towards the ba-c to a
narrow point; spikes linear, nodding, becoming slender (U'-.'J' long); s/a/ums
6; style Z-par ted, both included ; achenium with concave sides. (P. incarnatum,
Ell. P. lapatliifolium, Amer. auth.) — Moist places, Conn. & o, to Kentucky,
and common southward. Aug. - Sept. — Sheaths rather long, perfectly snv oth
and naked on the margin. — This is not P. lapathifolium, but falls under P. no-
dosum as the species are lately distinguished by Meisjier : dm ]>lant is appar-
ently indigenous, and so different from the European that it should perhaps l>e
admitted as a species under Elliott's name.

5. P. Pcillisylvtflliciini, L. Stem upright (l°-3° high), smooth
below, the branrlus ,il»r<', and ispi'dally the peduncles, besit with bristly-stalked
ytands ; leaves lanceolate, a little rough on the midrib and margins ( 1 V - 5' long) ;
ipikes oblong, obtuse (l'-2' long), erect, thick ; stamens mostly 8, som-ic/tat c.rstrteJ ;
style 2-cleft; achenium with flat sides. — Moist soil, in open waste places; com-

July -Oct.

POLYGONACEJE. ^BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 373

* * Sheatlis ciliate or fringed with bristles.
•*- Root annual: stamens 6-8 : styles most commonly 2 : achenium mostly flat.

6. P. Careyi, OIney. Stem much branched, upright (3° -5° high), ylan>
lularltristly ; leaves lanceolate, bristly on the midrib and margins; spikes elon
gated, cylindrical, drooling, on long bristly-glandular peduncles, rather dense (l'-4(
long-); stamens 6-8; style 2-parted; fruit lenticular, tumid, very smooth and
shining. — Shaded swamps, Vermont and Maine to Rhode Island, and doubtless

westward. Aug., Sept. — Leaves 4'- 10' long, roughish. Flowers rose-purple,
somewhat tinged with green.

7. P. PERSICARIA, L. (LADY'S THUMB.) Stem smooth (12'-18' high) ,-
leaves lanceolate, pointed, roughish, usually marked with a dark triangular or lunar
spot near the middle ; spikes ovoid or oblong, dense, erect, on smooth (or at least not
glandular) peduncles (!' long); stamens mostly 6; styles half 2 - 3-cleft ; fruit
gibbous-flattened or rarely triangular, smooth and shining, (i) — Waste and
damp places; veiy common. July, Aug. — Flowers greenish-purple. Plant
not acrid. (Nat. from Eu.)

8. P. HYDROPIPER, L. (SMAR'T -\VEED.) Smooth (l°-2° high), very
acrid; leaves lanceolate, pellucid-dotted ; spikes slender, but short, loosely flowered,
greenish, drooping; calyx dotted with pellucid glands; stamens mostly 6 ; styles
2-3-parted; fruit minutely striate, dull or little shining, flat or flatfish, or ob-
tusely triangular. — Moist or wet grounds, mostly in waste places. Aig., Sept.
(Nat. from Eu.)

•»- •»- Hoot perennial (or mostly so) : stamens 8 : styles 3 : achenium sharply triangu-
lar, smooth and shining. (Stems often decumbent or creeping at the base and rooting
from the joints : spikes few or single. )

9. P. acre, H. B. K. (WILD SMART-WEED.) Smooth, or nearly so (1°

- 3° high ) ; leaves lanceolate, pellucid-dotted ; spikes very slender, erect, interrupted
below, ivhitish or flesh-color ; calyx dotted with pellucid glands; style 3-parted.
(P. punctatum, Ell. P. hydropiperoides, Pursh.) — Wet places; common, es-
pecially southward.

10. P. hydropiperoides, Michx. (MILD WATER-PEPPER.) Stem
smooth (l°-3° high), the narrow sheaths hairy, fringed with rather long bris-
tles ; leaves roughish or oppressed-pubescent, not acrid, narrowly lanceolate, taperi&g
to both ends; spikes rather slender, erect (l'-2^' long), rose-color; calyx not ylan
dular-dotted ; style half 3-cleft. (P. mite, Pers., not of Schrank.) — Wet places,
and in shallow water ; common, especially southward. Aug.

$ 4. AVICULARIA, Meisn. — Calyx more or less petal-like, 5-parted : stamens 8,
sometimes 3-6 ; the filaments aid-shaped, 3 of them broader at the base: stigmas
o, globose, nearly sessile : achenium 3-sided (cotyledons incumbent : albumen horny) :
tommonly annuals, smooth and axillary, with small leaves : flowers sometimes crowd
ed in interrupted spikes along the leafless summit of the branches.

* Flwvers truly axillary, 2-3 together, or rarely solitary : sheaths usually 2 - 3-parted

and cut-fringed or torn.

11. P. awiculare, L. (KNOTGRASS. GOOSE-GRASS. DOOR-WEED )
Prostrate or spreading ; leaves sessile, lanceolate or oblong, pale ; flowers appar fitly

374 POLTGONACE^E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.)

sessile (greenish-white, sometimes tinged with purple) ; sheaths much shottei
than the lower leaves ; stamens 5 or 8 ; fruit enclosed in the calyx, dull, minutely
wrinkUd-striate or granular under a lens, (i, — Waste places and gravelly banku ;
everywhere the commonest weed. (Eu.)

Var. erectlllll, Roth. Stems upright or ascending ; leaves broader (ob-
long or oval) and larger; stamens commonly 5. (P. erectum, L.) — In richer
soil or more shaded places ; common.

Var. littoralc, Link. Prostrate, very short-jointed ; leaves elliptical-lan-
ceolate or narrowly oblong, thickened, glaucous ; the sheaths larger in propor-
tion; fruit longer than the calyx, smooth. (3) (P. maritimum, Ray, &c. P.
glaucum, Nutt. P. Robert!, Lois.) — Sandy sea-beach, Rhode Island to Vir-
ginia. Probably a mere state of P. aviculare altered by salt water. (Eu.)

12. P. ramosissillllllll, Michx. Stems erect or ascending, much
branched (2° -4° high), rigid, many-striatc ; leaves lanceolate or linear, tapering
into a petiole ; sheaths mostly short ; flowers greenish-white (yellowish in drying);
stamens commonly 6; fruit smooth and shining, partly protruded from the calyx.
(J) — Sandy shores and banks of streams; Michigan to Illinois and southward.
Salt marshes, Rhode Island, Olney. Aug. - Oct. — Larger leaves 2' long.

13. P. telliie, Michx. (SLENDKK KNOTGRASS.) Stem slender, upright,
sparingly branched (6'-12' high), sharp-angled ; leaves sessile, narrowly linear,
very acute ; sheaths capillary fringed ; flowers greenish-white ; fruit smooth and
shining. (5) — Dry sd\t, and rocky hills ; rather common. July - Sept.

* * Flowers solitary from the axils of closely approximated or imbricated truncate
bracts, forming many-jointed terminal spikes: sheaths cylindrical, naked, entire.

14. P. articillatum, L. (JOINTWEED.) Stem upright, parviculately
branched (4' -12' high), slender; leaves lincar-thread-form, deciduous; flow-
ers crowded in slender and spike-like panicled racemes, on recurved pedicels
twice the length of the joint-like bracts (bright rose-color) ; fruit smooth ano
shining. — Dry, sandy soil; common along the coast, along all the Great
Lakes, and in intermediate places in New York. Aug. — Singular for its many-
jointed spikes or racemes, which are l'-3' long; the lower bracts tmtth-pointcd
on one side. — Not a Polygoncllal

I 5. TOVARIA, Adans. — Calyx rather herbaceous (qreenisJi], ttnequally4-pttr\ed:

stamens 5 : styles 2, distinct, rigid and persistent on the smooth lenticular aclier.inm
(cotyledons olilong, accnmbent) : perennial : Jioivers loosely disposed in a naked long
and slender spike.

15. P. Virgin! a mi 111, L. Almost smooth ; stem terete, upright
(2° -4° high) ; leaves ovate, or the upper ovntc-lunceolnte, taper-pointed, round
ed at the base, short-petiolcd, rough-ciliate (3' -6' long); sheaths cylindrical,
truncate, hairy and fringed ; flowers 1-3 from each bract, somewhat curved,
the styles in fruit obliquely bent down, minutely hooked at the tip. — Thickets
in rich soil ; common. Aug.

$ 6. TINlARIA, Mcisn. — Calyx 5-partcd (rard// 4-partcd) : stamens mostly 8 :
styles or capitate stiywis 3, and achenium 3-sided, or, in No. 1G, styles 2 and ach&

POLYGONACE.E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.^ 375

nium lenticular : annuals, with heart-shaped or arrow-shaped petioled leaves ;
sheaths semicylindrical.

* Stems flaccid, not twining, but somewhat climbing or supported on other plants by
the reflexed prickles which beset the angles of the stem and petioles : divisions of the
(pale rose-colored or white) calyx not keeled: bracts chaff-like.

16. P. arifolium, L. (HALBERD-LEAVED TEAR-THUMB.) Stem grooved-
angled; leaves halberd-shaped, taper-pointed, long-petioled ; flowers somewhat ra-
ccmed (few) ; peduncles glandular-bristly ; calyx often 4-parted ; stamens 6 ,
styles 2, very short; fruit lenticular (large). — Low grounds. Aug.

17. P. sagittffitum, L. (ARROW-LEAVED TEAR-THUMB.) Stem 4-
angled; leaves arrow-shaped, short-petioled ; flowers capitate; peduncles smooth;
stamens mostly 8 ; styles 3, slender ; fruit sharply 3-angled. — Low grounds ; com-
mon. July - Sept. — Slender, smooth except the angles of the stem and midrib
beneath : these are armed with a line of fine and very sharp saw-toothed prickles,
which cut the hand drawn against them.

# * Stems twining, not prickly : calyx (greenish tinged with white or rose-color) with
the 3 outer divisions keeled, at least in fruit : flowers in loose panicled racemes :
bracts like the stipules.

18. P. CONVOLVULUS, L. (BLACK BINDWEED.) Stems twining or pro-
cumbent (l°-2° long) , roughish, the joints naked; leaves halberd-heart-shaped,
pointed ; flowers in small interrupted corymbose racemes ; outer calyx-lobes keeled;
fruit smoothish. — Cultivated and waste grounds ; common. July, Aug. (Nat.
from Eu.)

19. P. CilillOtlO, Michx. Minutely downy ; the sheaths fringed at the bas<*
with reflexed bristles ; leaves heart-shaped and slightly halberd-shaped, taper
pointed; racemes panicled; calyx-lobes obscurely keeled; fruit very smooth anc*
shining. — Copses and rocky hills; New England and Penn. to Wisconsin, anc
northward. July - Sept. — Stems climbing 3° - 9° high.

20. P. dumetoruni, L. (CLIMBING FALSE BUCKWHEAT.) Smooth;
theaths naked; leaves heart-shaped or slightly halberd-shaped, pointed; racemes
interrupted, leafy ; the 3 outer calyx-lobes strongly keeled and in fruit winged, the
wings often broad, sometimes very narrow; fruit smooth and shining. (P. scan-
dens, L.) — Moist thickets; common. Aug. — Stems twining 8° -12° high
over bushes. (Eu.)

2. FAGOPYRUM, Tourn. BUCKWHEAT.

Calyx petal-like, equally 5-parted, withering and nearly unchanged in fruit.
Stamens 8. Styles 3 : stigmas capitate. Achenium 3-sided, longer than the
calyx. Embryo large, in the centre of the albumen which it divides into 2 parts,
with very broad and foliaceous plaited and twisted cotyledons. — Annuals, with
triangular-heai't-shaped or halberd-shaped leaves, semicylindrical sheaths, and
corymbose racemes or panicles of white flowers, often tinged with green or rose-
color. (Name fay 6s, the beech, and irvpos, wheat, from the shape of the grain
being that of the beech-nut; whence also the English name Z^ur/jwheat. from
the German 33uc1)e, beech.)

S76 FOLYGONACE.E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.)

1. F. ESCULENTUM, Mcench. (BUCKWHEAT.) Smoothish; fkwer with A
honey-bearing yellow-glands interposed between the stamens ; the fruit acute
and entire. (Polygonum Fagopyrum, Z.) — Old fields, remaining as a weed
where the plant has been cultivated, and escaping into copses. June - Sept.
(Adv. from Eu.)

3. OX^RIA, Hill. MOUNTAIN SORREL.

Calyx herbaceous, of 4 sepals ; the two outer smaller and spreading, the two
inner broader and erect (but unchanged) in fruit. Stamens 6. Stigmas 2, ses-
sile, tufted. Achenium lenticular, thin, flat, much larger than the calyx, sur-
rounded by a broad and veiny wing. Seed flattened in the opposite direction
from the wing. Embryo straight, occupying the centre of the albumen, slender.
— Low alpine perennials, with round-kidney -form and long-petioled leaves chief-
ly from the root, obliquely truncate sheaths, and small greenish flowers clustered
in panicled racemes on a slender scape. (Name from o£vs, sour, in allusion to
the acid flavor of the leaves, similar to that of Sorrel.)

1. O. digyiia, Campd. Leaves all round-kidney-form, usually notched
at the end ; fruit orbicular. — Alpine region of White Mountains, New Hamp-
shire, Oakes, &c., and high northward. (Eu.)

4. RUM EX, L. DOCK. SORREL.

Calyx of 6 sepals ; the 3 outer herbaceous, sometimes united at the base,
spreading in fruit; the 3 inner (called valves) larger, somewhat colored, increas-
ing after flowering and convergent over the 3-angled achenium, veiny, often
bearing a grain-like tubercle on the outer surface. Stamens 6. Styles 3 : stig-
mas tufted. Embryo slightly curved, lying along one side of the albumen,
slender. — Coarse herbs, with small and homely (mostly green) flowers, which
are crowded and commonly whorled in panicled racemes ; the petioles some-
what sheathing at the base. (The ancient Latin name of these plants; of un-
known etymology.)

$ 1. LAPATHUM, Tourn. — Flowers perfect, or monceciously polygamous: style*

free : herbage bitter.

* Leaves all lanceolate and acute at both ends, fiat, smooth : valves of the fruiting
calyx entire, or nearly so, not aum-bearing : root perennial.

1. R. vcrticillatus, L. (SWAMP DOCK.) Racemes nearly leafless,
elongated, the flowers in crowded whorls ; fruit-bearing pedicels slender, club-
shaped, abruptly rcflexed, 3-4 times longer than the fruiting calyx ; the valves dilated-
rhomboid, obtiiady someivhat pointed, strongly rugose-reticulated, each bearing a very
large grain, from J to ^ the width of the valve. — "Wet swamps and ditches ;
common. June, July. — Stem 2° - 4° high, branched above, with pale green,
•willow-like, thiekish, wholly entire leaves; the lowest ones, more or less
cordate at the base.

2. R. Brit6nnirn, L. (TALL DOCK.) Racemes spike-like and
panicled, nearly leafless (3° -6° high) ; whorls crowded; pedicels nodding, rather
ihortei- than the fruiting calyx ; the valves round-heart-shaped, obtuse, thin, 1 - 3 of

POLYGONACE^E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY., 377

them unequally grain-bearing. (R. altissimus, Wood.) — Banks of streams, &c.,
New England ? New York (Peekskill, Mead) to Illinois and southward. June,
July. — Leaves 3' -5' long mostly oblong-lanceolate, much like the last; the
valves fully twice as large, two of the grains small or abortive, or sometimes all
three wanting.

3. 11. salicifolius, "Weinmann, Hook. ( WILLOW DOCK.) Racemes
spiked, somewhat leafy below; the whorls much crowded; pedicels shorter than
the fruiting calyx ; the valves ovate, obtusish, rugose-reticulated, (1-2 or) all of
them nearly covered with a large and thick grain. (R. pallidus, Bigelow.) — Low
grounds, coast of Massachusetts, and northward and northwestward. June. —
Stems l°-3° high, ascending. Leaves thinner than in the two preceding, their
margins a little wavy. Fruiting calyx smaller than in No. 1, so short-pedicelled
and crowded as to appear sessile.

4. R. Hydrolapatlium, Hudson, van? Amcricanum. (GREAT
WATER-DOCK.) Racemes upright in a large compound panicle, nearly leaf-
less ; whorls crowded ; pedicels capillary, nodding, about twice the length of the
fruiting calyx ; the valves broadly ovate or roundish, obtuse (large), all grain-bear-
ing; leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed, with minutely crenulate-wavy margins. (R.
Britannica, Pursh? BigeL, &c. R. aquaticus, Smith, Pursh.) — Wet places,
New England to Penn. and Michigan. July. — Stem 5° high, stout. Lower
leaves 1° or more long and 3' -5' wide, the stout midrib produced into a
flat petiole. Valves thin, ^' long, rather denticulate, much more rounded in
our specimens than in European. — Probably a distinct species, allied to R.
Patientia.

# * Leaves more or less wavy-margined, the lower heart-shaped at the base : whorls in
panicled racemes or spikes : valves entire or short-toothed: perennials : all introduced.

5. R. OBTUSirdLius, L. (BITTER DOCK.) Stem roughish ; lowest leave*
ovate-heart-shaped, obtuse, rather downy on the veins underneath, somewhat wavy-
margined, the upper oblong-lanceolate, acute ; whorls loose and distant ; valves ovate'
halberd-shaped, sharply denticulate at the base, strongly reticulated, one of theirj
principally grain-bearing. — Fields, &c. ; a rather common weed. July. (Nat.
from Eu.)

6. R. CRfspus, L. (CURLED DOCK.) Smooth; leaves with strongly wavy-
curled margins, lanceolate, acute, the lower truncate 'or rather heart-shaped at the
base ; whorls crowded in prolonged WGHnd-like racemes, leajless above ; valves round-
heart-shaped, obscurely denticulate or entire, one or all of them grain-bearing. — A
very common weed in cultivated and waste grounds. Stem 3° -4° high, from
a deep spindle-shaped yellow root. (Nat. from Eu.)

7. R. CONGLOMERATED, Murray. (SMALLER GREEN DOCK.) Leave*
oblong, pointed, slightly wavy-margined, the lower heart-shaped at the base ;
whorls distant, leafy ; pedicels very short ; valves linear-oblong, rather broader next
the base ; obtuse, entire, each bearing a single (reddish) grain. (R. ecutus, Smith,
&c.) — Moist places; sparingly introduced. (Nat. from Eu.)

8. R» SANGufNEUS, L. (BLOODY-VEINED DOCK.) Leaves lanceolate,
wavy-margined, the lowest heart-shaped at the base ; whorls distant, in long and
slender leafless interrupted spikes ; pedicels very short ; vali^s narrowly oft/orw,

8*8 LAURACEJE. (LAUREL FAMILY.)

broadest a-x it their middle, obtuse, entire, one at least grain-bearing ; veins of the
leaf red, or, in var. vfRiois, greent — "Waste and cultivated grounds. (Nat,
from Eu.)

# * * Leaves linear-lanceolate, wavy-margined; the lower ones aurickd or sonewhat
heart-shaped at the base: valves awn-toothed: low annuals.

9. R. IIK1I tti ill ll*, L. (GOLDEN DOCK.) Minutely pubc-sccnt, dif-
fusely branched ; whorls excessively crowded in leafy and compact or interrupted
spikes; valves rhombic-oblong, lance-pointed, each bearing 2-3 long awn-like
bristles on each side, and a large grain on the back. (Also R. persicarioides, L.)
— Sea-shore, Virginia to Massachusetts, and in saline soil in the interior. Aug.,
Sept. — Plant 6' -12' high; remarkable for the crowded and almost orange-
colored fruiting calyx, beset with bristles which are usually longer than the
width of the valves. (Eu.)

4 2. ACETOSELLA, Tourn. — Flowers dioecious: styles adherent to the angles of
the ovary : herbage acid.

10. R. ACETOSELLA, L. (FIELD or SHEEP SORREL.) Low ; leaves lance,
halberd-form, at least those of the root, the narrow lobes entire ; whorls leafless,
in slender panicled racemes ; valves scarcely enlarging in fruit, ovate, not grain-
bearing. 1J. — An abundant weed in waste places and all sterile and worn fields
May. — The fertile panicles usually turn reddish in summer. (Nat. from Eu ,

See Addend.

RHEUM RIIAPONTICUM is the PIE RHUBARB, so commonly cultivated foi
the sake of its fleshy and acid esculent leaf-stalks.

ORDER 93. LAURACE^E. (LAUREL FAMILY.)

Aromatic trees or shrubs, with alternate simple leaves mostly marked with
minute pellucid dots, and powers with a regular calyx 0/4 - 6 colored sepals,
which are barely united at the base, imbricated in 2 rows in the bud, free from
the l-celled and l-ovuled ovary, and mostly fewer than the stamens : anthers
opening by 2-4 uplifted valves. — Flowers clustered Style single. Fruit
a 1-seeded berry or drupe. Seed anatropous, suspended, with no albumen,
filled by the large almond-like embryo. — A well-marked family, very nu-
merous in the tropics, represented in our district by only five species.

Synopsis.

* Flowers perfect : stamens 12, throe of them sterile.

1. PERSEA. Calyx persistent. Anthers 4-celled, those of 3 stamens turned outward

* * Flowers dioecious or dioeeiously polygamous : stamens 9.

2. SASSAFRAS Flowers destitute of any involucre Anthers 4-celled, 4-valved.

a BENZOIN. Flowers developed from a 4-leaved involucre. Anthers 2-celled, 2-valved.
4. TETR ANTIIERA. Flowers from a 2 - 4-leaved involucre Anthers 4-celled, 4 valved.

1. PERSEA, Gaertn. ALLIGATOR PEAR.

Flowers perfect, with a 6-parted calyx, which persists at the base of the berry-
like fruit Stamens 12. in four rows, the 3 of the innermost row sterile and re-

(LAUREL FAMILY.) 379

duced to a sort of glands : the rest bearing 4-celled anthers (i. e. each of the two
proper cells is divided transversely into two), opening by as many uplifted
valves; the anthers of 3 stamens turned outward, the others introrse. — Trees,
with persistent entire leaves and small pauicled flowers. (An ancient name of
some Oriental tree.)

1. P. Carol! lie II Sis, Nets. (RED BAT.) Hoary at least when ycuag
with a fine down ; leaves oblong, pale, soon becoming smooth above ; peduncle
bearing few flowers in a close cluster ; sepals downy, the outer shorter ; berries
dark blue, on a red stalk. (Lauras Carolinensis, Catesb. L. Borbonia, L.) —
Swamps, Delaware, Virginia, and southward. May. — A small tree.

2. SASSAFRAS, Nees. SASSAFRAS.

Flowers dioacious, with a 6-parted spreading calyx ; the sterile kind with 9
stamens inserted on the base of the calyx in 3 rows, the 3 inner with a pair of
stalked glands at the base of each ; anthers 4-celled, 4-valved : fertile flowers
with 6 short rudiments of stamens and an ovoid ovary. Drupe ovoid (blue),
supported on a club-shaped and rather fleshy (reddish) pedicel. — Trees, with
spicy-aromatic bark, very mucilaginous twigs and foliage; the latter decidu-
ous, often lobed. Flowers greenish-yellow, naked, in clustered and peduncled
corymbed racemes, appearing with the leaves. Buds scaly. (The popular name,
of Spanish origin.)

1. S. officimtle, Nees. Leaves ovate, entire, or some of them 3-lobed,
soon glabrous. (Laurus Sassafras, L.) — Rich woods; common, especially
eastward. April. — Tree 15° - 50° high, with yellowish-green twigs.

3. BENZOIN, Nees. WILD ALLSPICE. FEVER-BUSH.

Flowers polygamous-dioecious, with a 6-parted open calyx ; the sterile kind
with 9 stamens in 3 rows, the inner ones 1 - 2-lobed and gland-bearing at the
base; anthers 2-celled and 2-valved : fertile flowers with 15-18 rudiments of
stamens in 2 forms, and a globular ovary. Drupe obovoid, red, the stalk not
thickened. — Shrubs, with entire deciduous leaves, and honey-yellow-flowers in
almost sessile lateral umbel-like clusters appearing before the leaves ; the clus-
ters composed of smaller clusters or umbels, each of 4 - 6 flowers and surround-
ed by an involucre of 4 deciduous scales. (Named from the aroma, which has
been likened to that of benzoin.)

1. B. odorifcruni, Nees. (SPICE-BUSH. BENJAMIN-BUSH.) Nearly
tmoolh; leaves oblong-obovate, pale underneath. (Laurus Benzoin, Z.)— Damp
woods ; rather common. March, April.

2. 15. melissaefoliuill, Nees. Young branches and buds pubescent,
leaves oblong, obtuse or heart-shaped at the base, downy beneath ; umbels few.
(Laurus melissaefolia, Wall L. diospyroides, Michx.) — Low grounds, Vir-
ginia and southward. April.

4. TET RANT HERA, Jacq. TETRANTHERA.

Flowers dioecious, with a 6-parted deciduous calyx ; the sterile ones with 9
stamens in 3 rows ; the anthers all introrse, 4 celled, 4-valvcd : fertile flowers

380

THYMELEACE^E. (MEZEREUM FAMILY.)

with 12 or more rudiments of stamens and a globular ovary. — Drupe globular
— Shrubs or trees, with entire leaves and small flowers in axillary clustered
umbels. (Name composed of rerpa, four, and dvQrjpd, anther.)

1. T. geniculsita, Nees. (POND SPICE.) Flowers (yellow) appear-
ing before the deciduous oblong leaves, which are hairy on the midrib beneath ;
branches forked and divaricate, the branchlets zigzag ; involucres 2 - 4-leaved,
2 -4-flowered ; fruit red. (Lauras geniculata, Michx.) — Swamps, Virginia and
southward. April.

ORDER 94 THYMELEACE^E. (MEZEREUM FAMILY.;

Shrubs, with acrid and very tough (not aromatic) bark, entire leaves, and
perfect flowers with a regular and simple colored calyx, bearing usually twice
as many stamens as its lobes, free from the 1-celled and l-ovuled ovary, which
forms a berry-like drupe in fruit, with a single suspended anatropous seed.
Embryo large and almond-like : albumen little or none. — A small family,
represented in North America only by a single species, of the genus

1. I> I It C A , L. LEATHERWOOD. MOOSE-WOOD.

Calyx petal-like, tubular-funnel-shaped, truncate, the border wavy or obscure-
ly about 4-toothed. Stamens 8, long and slender, inserted on the calyx above
the middle, protruded, the alternate ones longer. Style thread-form : stigma
capitate. Drupe oval (reddish). — A much-branched bush, with jointed branch-
lets, ovalobovate alternate leaves, at length smooth, deciduous, on very short
petioles, the bases of which conceal the buds of the next season. Flowers light
yellow, preceding the leaves, 3 in a cluster from a bud of 3 dark-hairy scales,
forming an involucre, from which soon after proceeds a leafy branch. (Aipicr;,
the name of a fountain near Thebes, applied by Linnaeus to this North Ameri-
can genus, for no imaginable reason, unless because the bush frequently grows
near mountain rivulets.)

1. D. pal list ris, L. — Damp rich woods, seldom in swamps; New Eng-
land to Penn., Kentucky, and (especially) northward. April. — Shrub 2° -5°
nigh ; the wood white, soft, and veiy brittle ; but the fibrous bark remarkably
tough, used by the Indians for thongs, whence the popular names. In N. New
England also called Wtcopy.

ORDER 95. EL-flEAGNACEJE. (OLEASTER FAMILY.)

Shrubs or small trees, with silvery-scurfy leaves and mostly dicecious flow-
ers ; further distinguished from the Mezereum Family by the ascending
albuminous seed, and the calyx-tube becoming pulpy and beny-like in fruit,
enclosing the arhenium ; and from the following by the calyx-tube not co-
hering with the ovary, &c. A small family, represented east of the Missia-
sippi solely bj one species of

SANTALACE.fi. (SANDALWOOD FAMILY.) 381

1- SHEPHERD I A, Nutt. SHEPHURDIA.

Flowers dioecious ; the sterile with a 4-parted calyx (valvate in the bud) and 8
stamens, alternating with as many processes of the thick disk ; the fertile with
an urn-shaped 4-cleft calyx, enclosing the ovary (the orifice closed by the teeth
of the disk), and becoming berry-like in fruit. Style slender: stigma 1-sided.
— Leaves opposite, entire, deciduous; the small flowers nearly sessile in their
axils on the branchlets, clustered, or the fertile solitary. (Named for John Shep-
herd, formerly curator of the Liverpool Botanic Garden.)

1. S. Canaclensis, Nutt. (CANADIAN SHEPHERDIA.) Leaves ellipti-
cal or ovate, nearly naked and green above, silvery-downy and scurfy with rusty
scales underneath ; fruit yellowish-red. — Rocky or gravelly banks, W. Vermont
to Wisconsin and northward. May. — A straggling shrub, 3° - 6° high ; the
branchlets, young leaves, yellowish flowers, &c., covered with the rusty scales.
Fruit insipid.

S. ARGENTEA, Nutt., the BUFFALO-BERRY of Upper Missouri, which has
narrower leaves, silvery on both sides, and edible, acid, scarlet fruit, is somewhat
cultivated for ornament.

EL^EAGNUS ARGENTEA, Pursh, the SILYER-BERRY, may perhaps be found
within our northwestern limits.

ORDER 96. SANTALACE^E. (SANDALWOOD FAMILY.)

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with entire leaves; the 4-5-cleft calyx valvate in
the bud, its tube coherent with the l-celled ovary, which contains 2-4 ovules
suspended from the apex of a stalk-like free central placenta which rises from
the base of the cell, but the (indehiscent) fruit always 1-seeded. — Seed des-
titute of any proper seed-coat. Embryo small, at the apex of copious al-
bumen : radicle directed upward : cotyledons cylindrical. Stamens equal
in number to the lobes of the calyx, and inserted opposite them into the
edge of the fleshy disk at their base. Style 1. A small order, the greater
part belonging to warm regions, here represented only by the two follow-
ing genera.

1. COMANDRA, Nutt. BASTARD TOAD-FLAX.

A
Flowers perfect. Calyx bell-shaped or soon urn-shaped, lined above the

ovary with an adherent disk which has a 5-lobed free border. Stamens inserted
on the edge of the disk between its lobes, opposite the lobes of the calyx, to the
middle of which the anthers are connected by a tuft of threads. Fruit drupe-
like or nut-like, crowned by the persistent calyx-lobes, the cavity filled by the
globular seed. — Low and smooth perennials, with herbaceous stems from a
rather woody base or root, alternate oblong and sessile leaves, and greenish'
white flowers in terminal or axillary small umbel-like clusters. (Name from
), hair, and avSpes, >"or stamens, in allusion to the hairs attached to the anther?

#82 LORANTHACE^E. (MISTLETOE FAMILY.)

1. C. limbcllata, Nutt. Peduncles several and con/? tbose-clustered ai
the summit of the stem, several-flowered ; calyx-tube conspicuously continued be-
yond the ovary, forming a neck to the globular-urn-shaped fruit; the lobes ob-
long ; style slender; fruit diy. — Dry ground; common. May, June. — Stems
8' -10' high, very leafy. Root forming parasitic attachments to the roots of
trees (as shown by Mr. Staitffer). Leaves obovate-oblong, about 1' long.

2. C. livida, Richards. Peduncles axillary, 3 - 5-flowered, shorter than the
oval flaccid leaves ; calyx-tube not continued beyond the ovary, the lobes ovate ;
style short ; fruit pulpy when ripe, red. — Shore of Lake Superior, and north-
ward. — Leaves larger than in the last.

2. PYRTJJLARIA, Michx. OIL-NUT. BUFFALO-NUT.

Flowers dioecious. Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes recurved. Sterile flowers with 5
stamens on very short filaments, alternate with 5 rounded glands. Fertile flow-
ers with a pear-shaped ovary invested by the adherent calyx, naked at the flat
summit : disk with 5 glands : style short and thick : stigma capitate-flattened.
Fruit fleshy and drupe-like, pear-shaped, the globose endocarp thin. Embryo
small: albumen very oily. — A low straggling shrub, with alternate short-peti-
oled and veiny deciduous leaves ; the small greenish flowers sessile in very short
and simple terminal spikes. (Name a diminutive of Pyrus, from the fruit,
which looks like a small pear.)

1. P. oleifera. (P. pubera, Michx. Hamiltonia oleifera, Muhl.) — Rich
wooded banks, mountains of Penn. and southward throughout and near the
Alleghanies. May. — Leaves obovate-oblong, pointed at both ends, a little
downy, or at length smooth, somewhat succulent, oily, acrid to the ta*te. Spikes
ripening but one fruit, which is about 1 ' long.

ORDER 97. LORANTHACE^E. (MISTLETOE FAMILY.)

Shrubby plants with coriaceous green ish foliage, parasitic on trees, repre-
sented in the northern temperate zone chiefly by the Mistletoe and its near
allies; which are distinguished from the r- eeeding family more by their
parasitic growth and habit, and by their more reduced flowers, than by
essential characters : represented by

1. PIIORAttENDRON, Nutt. FALSE MISTLETOE.

Flowers dioecious, in short ana catkin-like jointed spikes, usually several
under each short and fleshy bract or scale, and sunk in the joint. Calyx globti-
lar, 3- (rarely 2-4-) lobed : in the staminate flowers a sessile anther is borne on
the base of each lobe, and is transversely 2-cellcd, each cell opening by a pore
or slit : in the fertile flowers the calyx-tube adheres to the ovary : stigma ses-
iile, obtuse. Berry 1 -seeded, pulpy. Embryo small, half imbecdcd in the
summit of mucilaginous albumen. — Yellowish-green \\o<><lv parasites on the
branches of trees, with jointed much branched stems, thick and linn persistent
leaves (or only scales in their place), and axillary small spikes of

Bowers

CERATOl'HYLLACE.E. {HORNWORT FAMILY.) 383

(Name composed of </>o>p, a thief, and favSpov, tree; because these plants steal
their food from the trees they grow upon.)

1. P. flavescens, Nutt. (AMERICAN MISTLETOE.) Leaves obovate
or oval, somewhat petioled, longer than the spikes in their axils, yellowish ;
berries white. (Viscum flavescens, Pursh.) — New Jersey to Illinois and south-
ward, preferring Elms and Hickories. April.

ORDER 98. SAURURACE^. (LIZARD'S-TAIL FAMILY.)

Herbs, with jointed stems, alternate entire leaves with stipules, and perfect
flowers in spikes, entirely destitute of any floral envelopes, and 3-5 more or
less united ovaries. — Ovules few, orthotropous. Embryo heart-shaped,
minute, contained in a little sac at the apex of the albumen. — A kind of
offshoot of the Pepper Family (tropical), and represented only by

1. SAURIIRUS, L. LIZARD'S-TAIL.

Stamens mostly 6 or 7, hypogynous, with long and distinct filaments. Fruit
Somewhat fleshy, wrinkled, of 3-4 pistils united at the base, with recurved
stigmas. Seeds usually solitary, ascending. — A perennial marsh herb, with
heart-shaped petioled leaves, and white flowers, each from the axil of a small
bract, crowded in a slender wand-like and naked peduncled terminal spike (its
appearance giving rise to the name, from cravpos, a lizard, and ovpd, tail).

1. S. ceriums, L. — Margins of ponds, &c. ; common. June. — Spike
3' - 6 long, drooping at the end.

ORDER 99. CERATOPHYLLACEjE. (HoRNWORT FAM.)

Aquatic herbs, with, whorled finely dissected leaves, and minute axillary and
sessile monoecious flowers without any floral envelopes, but with an 8-12-
cleft involucre in place of a calyx, the fertile a simple \-celled ovary, with a
suspended ortfiotropous ovule : seed filled oy a highly developed embryo vnth
4 cotyledons I and a conspicuous plumule. — Consists only of the genus

1. CERATOPIIYL.L.UM, L. HORNWORT.

Sterile flowers of 12-24 stamens with large sessile anthers. Fruit an ache-
nium, beaked with the slender persistent style. — Herbs growing under water, in
ponds or slow-flowing streams : the sessile leaves cut into thrice-forked thread-
like rather rigid divisions. (Name from tcepas, a horn, and <pv\\ov, leaf.)

1. C. deniersuin, L. — Var. COMMUNE has a smooth marginless fruit
beaked with a long persistent style, and with a short spine or tubercle at the
base on each side. — Var. ECHIN\TUM (C. echinatum, Gray) has the fruit
mostly larger (3 long), rough-pimpled on the sides, the nan-owlj winged
margin spiny-toothed. — Slow streams and ponds ; common, but rare »n fruit
Probftbly there is only one species. (Ea.)

384 FODOSTEMACE^E. (RIVER-WEED FAMILY.)

ORDER 100. CALLITRICHACE^. (WATER-STAR WORIS.)

Aquatic small annuals, with opposite entire leaves, and solitary polyga-
r,wus flowers in their axils, without any proper floral envelopes, and with a 4-
lobed and 4-celled 4-seeded fruit ; — consisting only of the genus

1. CALLITRICIIE, L. WATKR-STARWORT.

Stamen solitary, in the sterile flowers between a pair of bracts ; in the fertile,
placed between the pistil and the stem, and rarely also one on the outer side :
filament thread-like : anther heart-shaped, by confluence becoming 1-celled.
Fruit indehiscent, nut-like, 4-lobed and 4-celled ; but the styles only 2, awl-
shaped and distinct. Seed solitary and suspended, filling each cell, anatropoos :
embryo slender, in the axis and nearly the length of the albumen. Foliage
very variable according to circumstances, as in most water-plants. (Name from
KaXof , beautiful, and 6pi£, hair, from the almost capillary and usually tufted
stems.)

1. C. vi- rim, L. Fruit sessile or nearly so, with a pair of bracts at its
base ; lobes of the fruit keeled or slightly winged on the back ; floating leaves
obovate or spatulate and narrowed into a petiole, the immersed ones linear,
rarely all linear or all spatulate-obovate. — Shallow water ; very common.
April -Aug. (Eu.)

Var. platycarpa (C. platycarpa, Kiltzing), has the fruit twice as large
and more wing-margined. (Var. TERRESTRIS is a state growing along the
margin of pools or brooks, procumbent, tufted, and small-leaved.) (Eu.)

2. C. pedllllCUlata, DC. Fruit raised on a (sometimes short) mostly
long and slender peduncle, without bracts ; fruit regularly 4-lobed, the lobes bluntly
keeled. — Rare: only observed southwestward. (Eu.)

3. C. autumn tills, L. Fruit nearly sessile, without bracts; lobes of the
fruit (often irregular) sharply keeled on the back; leaves linear or spatulate. —
Not Common. (Eu.) •

Var. linearis (C. linearis, Pursh) has the leaves all or chiefly narrowly
linear, and the lobes of the fruit not keeled. — Common northward.

CXDER 101. PODOSTEMACEA]. (RIVER-WEED FAMILY.)

Aquatics, growing on stones in running water, with much the aspect of Sea-
weeds or Mosses ; the minute naked flowers bursting from a spathe-like invo-
lucre as in Liverworts, producing a 2-3-ceUed many-seeded ribbed pod; —
represented in North America by the genus

1. POOOSTEMON, Mlchx. RIVER-WEED.

Flower solitary, podiccllcd, from a tubular sac-like involucre, destitute of
6oral envelopes. Stamens borne on one side of the stalk, of the ovary, with
their long filaments united into one for more than half their length, and 2 short
iterile filaments, one on each side : anthers 2-cellcd. Stigmas 2, awl-shaped.

EUPHORBIACEJE. (^SPUKGE FAMILY.) 385

Pod oval, 8-ribbed, 2-celled, 2-valved. Seeds minute, very numerous on a thick
persistent central placenta, destitute of albumen. — Leaves 2-ranked. (Name
from TroCs, foot, and ori^coi/, stamen ; the two stamens being apparently raised
on a stalk by the side of the ovary.)

1. P. ceratopliylllllll, Michx. Leaves rigid, dilated into a stipule-
like sheathing base, above mostly forked into thread-like or linear lobes. — Not
uncommon in the bottom of shallow streams. July- Sept. A small olive-green
plant, of firm texture, resembling a Sea-weed, tenaciously attached to loose
stones, in the manner of a Fucus, by fleshy disks or processes in place of roots.

ORDER 102. EUPHORBIACE^G. ^SPURGE FAMILY.)

Plants usually with a milky acrid juice, and various, usually monoecious or
dioecious flowers ; the fruit of 2-3 or several 1 - 2-seede d pods united around
a central axis, separating when ripe (rarely of a single pod). Seed suspend-
ed, anatropous. Embryo with flat cotyledons nearly as long as the albu-
men. Stigmas 2 - 3 or more, often forked. Calyx usually valvate in the
bud, occasionally wanting. Petals sometimes present. — A large family in
the warmer parts of the world (the acrid juice poisonous) ; most numer-
ously represented in Northern countries by the genus Euphorbia, which
has very remarkable reduced flowers enclosed in an involucre that imitates
a calyx ; and sparingly by a few other genera : the tribes not yet well set-
tled. The proper place for the order is in the Polypetalous division.

Synopsis.

* Seeds and ovules only one in each cell.

*- Staminate and pistillate flowers, both destitute of calyx as well as corolla, and contained in
the same cup-shaped involucre, which resembles a calyx.

1. EUPHORBIA. Staminate flowers many (each merely of a single stamen) enclosed in th«

involucre, the single pistillate flower projecting from it on its stalk. Pod 3-lobfcd.
•«- -4- Flowers (monoecious) of both kinds with a calyx, but no petals, not in an involucre.

2. CNIDOSCOLUS. Flowers cymose. Calyx corolla-like, in the Staminate flowers salver-

shaped, 5-cleft Stamens 10 - 15.
8. ACALYPIIA. Flowers spiked and glomerate. Stamens 8 - 16 : filaments monadelphous a1

the base. Styles capillary-dissected.
4. TRAGIA Flowers in racemes. Stamens 2 or 3. Style 8-cleft. Stigmas 3, simple.

6. STILLINGIA. Flowers in a terminal spike. Stamens 2. Stigmas 3, simple.

*~ •«- •*- Flowers (monoecious) of both kinds with a regular calyx, and at least the stauihiate

with petals also, not in an involucre.
C. CROTON. Flowers spiked or glomerate. Ovary and fruit 3- (rarely 2-) celled.

7. CROTONOPSIS. Flowers scattered on the branchlets, axillary. Ovary and fruit 1-celled.

* * Seeds and ovules 2 in each cell. (Calyx present, but no petals. )

8. PHYLLANTHUS. Flowers axillary. Calyx 5 - 6-parted. Stamens 3, monadelphous

9. PACHYSANDRA. Flowers spiked. Calyx 4-parted. Stamens 4, separate.

1. EUPHORBIA, L. SPURGE.

Flowers monoecious, included in a cup-shaped 4 — 5-lobed involucre {flower o(
older authors) resembling a calyx or corolla, usually bearing large and thick

086 EUPHORBIACE^E. (SPURGE FAMILY.)

glands at its sinuses. Sterile flowers numerous and lining the base of the invo-
lucre, each from the axil of a little bract, and consisting merely of a single sta-
men jointed on a pedicel like the filament: anther-cells globular, separate.
Fertile flower solitary in the middle of the involucre, soon protruded on a long
pedicel, consisting of a 3-lobcd and 3-celled ovary with no calyx, or a mere ves-
tige. Styles 3, each 2-clcft; the stigmas therefore 6. Pod separating into 3
one-seeded carpels, which split elastically into 2 valves. Seed often caruncled.

— Plants (herbs in the United States), with a milky acrid juice, the uppermost
leaves often in whorls or pairs. Peduncles lateral or terminal, often umbellate-
dustered. (Named after Ilnphorbus, physician to King Juba.)

For the following elaboration of the genus I am indebted to DR. ENGELMANN.

$ 1. Leaves (all opposite and similar, small) furnished with awl-shaped or scaly slip*
tiles: steins muck branched: involucres solitary in the forks or axils, sometime*
crowded or clustered on the branchlets : root annual in all our species: plants jloiccr
ing all the summer and autumn. (Stipulata;.)

# Seeds smooth and even, ash-colored : leaves entire, glabrous, as is the tchole plant,
and pale or slightly glaucous.

1. E. polygOKlifolia, L. (SHORE SPURGE.) Prostrate-spreading;
leaves oblong-linear, obtuse, mucronate, slightly cordate or obtuse at the oblique
base (4" -8" long) ; peduncles equalling the short petioles; glands of the invo-
lucre minute, not appendaged ; pod obtusely angled; seeds ovate (1" long, the
largest of this section). — Sandy shore of the Atlantic and of the Great Lakes.

2. E. Oeycri, Engelm. Procumbent ; leaves oblomj -orate, obtuse at the
apex and the oblique base ; peduncles equalling the petioles ; appendages of the
involucre petal-like (white), orbicular; pod acutely angled; seeds obtusely tri-
angular (£" long). — Sandy soil, Beardstown, Illinois (Geyer), and southwest-
ward. — This is a small-seeded form (var. microspcrma) : other forms in Mis-
touri and Texas have larger petal-like appendages and larger seeds.

3. E. lierniarioldcs, Nutt. Prostrate; leaves round-ovate, obtuse at
the base (only £"-2^" long) ; peduncles much longer than the petioles, lateral, sin-
gle or clustered ; appendages of the involucre minute and crenulate, or none ; pod
acutely angled; seeds obtusely angled (|'long). — Banks of the Mississippi
and lower Ohio, in rich alluvial soil, and south west ward.

# * Seeds minutely roughened, ash-colored: leaves serrulate , hairy.

4. E. liiimisfrfita, Engelm. mss. Procumbent, puberulcnt or hairy;

elliptical with an oblique obtuse base, serrulate towards the apex, sparse-
ly hairy underneath (£'-|' long, somctrmes with a brown spot above); pedun-
< i.-s rather shorter than the petioles, crowded in lateral clusters; involucre cleft
on the back, its appendages orbicular or truncate and nearly entire; pod acute-
iy angled, puberulent ; seeds ovate, 4-angled (|" long). — With the la«t.

— Branches 6' - 20' long. Distinguished from the next by its broader leaves,
slit involucre, and ro-mder, granulated (not transversely grooved) seed.

* * * Sen Is tranxrrr*;}t/ irrinklid-pittid : hurts st irate, often hairy and falcate.

5. E. maciilfita, L. (SPOTTED SPURGE.) Pn strata; leaves very
obli .[un at the base, oblong-linear (4" -6" long), serrulate towards the apex,

EUPHORBlACE^l. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 387

mostly with a brown-purple spot in the centre ; peduncles equalling the petioles,
crowded in lateral clusters; glands of the involucre minute, with a petal-like
somewhat crenate margin ; pod acutely angled, pubcrulent ; seeds ovate, ash-colored
(§'' long), sharply 4-angled, and with about 4 grooves across each of the con-
cave sides. (E. thymifolia, Pursh. E. depressa, Torr.) — Gravelly open places,
everywhere.

6. E. liypericifolia, L. (LARGER SPOTTED SPURGE.) Ascending or
erect (1° -2° high) ; leaves oblique at the obtuse or slightly cordate base, ovate-
oblong or oblong-linear, serrate (£'- 1|' long), often with a red spot or red
margins ; peduncles longer than the petioles, collected in loose leafy cymes at the sum-
mit of the branches; appendages of the involucre small, round, and entire ; pod
glabrous, obtusely angled; seeds obtusely angled, wrinkled and tubercled (|" long
or nearly), blackish. — Rich soil in open places ; very common.

4 2. Leaves destitute of stipules, all opposite: involucres solitary and peduncled, in the
forks of the stem : root perennial. (Oppositifolise.)

7. E. IpecaciuinEiae, L. (WILD IPECAC.) Stems many from a very
long perpendicular root, erect or diffusely spreading (5'- 10' long), forking from
near the base ; leaves varying from obovate or oblong to narrowly linear, entire,
almost sessile, glabrous ; peduncles elongated ($'- 1' long) ; glands of the invo-
lucre 5, equal, not appendaged; pod long-pediccllcd, obtusely angled, nearly
smooth ; seeds ovate, flattened, white, marked Avith impressed dots. — Sandy
soil, near the coast, New York to Virginia, and southward. May - July.

$ 3. Leaves destitute of stipules, alternate or opposite : involucres all crowded in a
terminal cluster, bearing a few cup-shaped glands : root annual. (Cyathophoree.)

8. E. dentata, Michx. Erect or ascending, hairy (l°high); lea ves al-
ternate or opposite, ovate, lanceolate or linear, petioled, coarsely toothed (l'-2'
long) ; involucres almost sessile, with 5 ovate laciniate lobes and a stalked gland,
and sometimes with 2 or 3 ; seeds globular, tubercled. — Rich soil, Ohio to
Illinois and southward. July, Aug.

9. E. cyatiiopliorjs, Jacq. Ascending or erect (l°-3°high), gla-
brous ; leaves alternate, petioled, ovate-fiddle-shaped and sinuate-toothed, or lanceo-
late, or linear and entire : involucres about the length of the peduncle, with 5 ovate
incised lobes and a single sessile gland ; seeds globular, tubercled. — W. Illi-
nois and southward. July. — Upper leaves mostly with red margins or base.

f 4. Leaves destitute of stipules, alternate or scattered up to where the flowering begins,
the floral ones 'opposite or whorled, all commonly sessile : stem erect : flowering
branches umbellatdy forked : involucres in the forks and terminal. (Umbellata?.)
* Glands of the involucre 5, entire, with (white) petal-like appendages: perennial.

10. E. corollata, L. (FLOWERING SPURGE.) Glabrous or sometimes
sparingly hairy (2° -3° high) ; leaves ovate, lanceolate, or linear, entire, obtuse;
umbel 5- (3 - 7-) forked, and the forks again 2-3- (rarely 5-) forked ; involucres
long-peduncled ; pods slender-pedicelled, smooth ; seeds globular, slightly tuber-
cled.— Rich or sandy soil, W. New York and New Jersey to Wisconsin and
southward. June -Aug. — Conspicuous for the showy false lobes of the invo-
lucre, which appear like 5 white petals, the true lobes minute and incv rvcd

388 ECPHORBIACEjE. (SPURGE

# # G kinds of the involucre entire, not appendaged : involucres nearly sessile.
•»- Seeds rugose or reticulated : leaves serrulate : annuals.

11. E. HELiosc6piA, L. (SuN SPURGE.) Leaves all obovate and very
rounded (or rctuse) at the end, Jindy serrate, those of the stem wedge-shaped;
umbel divided into 5 rays, then into 3, or at length simply forked ; glands orbic-
ular, stalked ; j>od smooth and even. — Waste places, east of the Alleghanies :
rather scarce. July -Sept. — Rather stout, branched from the root, 6' -12'
high, smooth or a little hairy. (Nat. from Eu.)

12. E. ArkaiiSana, Engelm. & Gr. Slender, very smooth throughout;
Kern-leaves oblong- or obovate-spatutate, those of the flowering branches roundish-ovate
or slightly heart-shaped, very obtuse ; umbels once or twice 3-forked, then 2-
forked ; glands ocal, almost sessile ; pod warty ; seeds reticulated. — Lexington,
Kentucky (Short), and south westward.

•*- •*- Seeds smooth and even : pod warty or rough .

13. E. Obtusata, Pursh. (WARTED SPURGE.) Leaves all obtuse, mi
nutely serrulate, smooth ; those of the stem oblong-spatulate, the uppermost and
bracts dilated-ovate and barely mucronate ; umbel once or twice divided into
3-5 rays, then into 2; glands oval; styles 2-cleft to the middle, scarcely longer
than the ovary, which is warty with cylindrical projections. (E. platyphylla,
Amcr. auth. & cd. 1.) 00 ®? — Shady fertile woods, <fcc., Virginia to Illinois
and southward. July -Sept.

13a. JE. platypliylBa, L. Differs from E. obtusata in having the
upper leaves acute, the tipper bracts cuspidate, the styles 2-lobed at the apex
only, and much longer than the ovary, which is warty with hemispherical
glands. — Niagara Falls, Vermont, <fec. (]S"a". from Eu.)

14. E. Dai'Iillgtonii, Gfray. Tall (2° -4° high); leaves entire, minutely
downy beneath ; those of the stem lanceolate-oblong, the lower floral ones oval,
very obtuse, the upper roundish-dilated with a truncate base ; umbel 5-8-
rayed, afterwards simply forked ; glands obliquely oval, sessile ; pod obscurely
warty. 1J. (E. nemoralis, DarL, not of Kit.) — Copses, &c., Penn. and south
ward along the mountains.

* # # Glands of the involucre crescent-shaped or 2-horned, naked. (Stems erect,

leaves entire : plant glabrous. )
+- Seeds smooth, blackish or dull : perennials, icith rnnnhig rootstocks.

15. E. ESULA, L. Stems clustered (l°high); leaves lanceolate or lincai ,
the floral (yellowish) broadly heart-shaped, mucronate; umbel divided into many
rays, then forking; also with scattered flowering branches below; glands short-
honifd (brown) ; pods srnoothish. — Essex County, Massachusetts, Oakes: likely
to become a troublesome weed. June. (Adv. from Eu.)

16. E. CvpARfssiAS, L. (CYPRESS SPURGE.) Stems densely clustered
(£'-!' high); sit'in-l<an-s linear, crowded, the floral ones heart-shaped; umbefc
many-rayed, and with >onie scattered flowering branches below; glands crescent-
tha/>ed ; pods granular. — Escaped from gardens to road-sides, °n a few places
in New England. (Adv. from Eu.)

*- •»- Seeds sculptured, ash-colored: root biennial or annual

EUPHORBIACE.fi. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 389

*+ Leaves scattered, thin and membranaceous : pod smooth.

17. E. PEPLUS, L. (PETTY SPURGE.) Erect or ascending (5'- . 0' high) ;
kttves petioled, round-obovate ; the upper floral ones ovate ; umbel 3-rayed, then
forking ; glands long-homed ; lobes of the pod 2-iving-crested on the back ;
seeds 2-grooved on the inner face, pitted on the back. Q) — Waste places in the
Eastern States; rather rare. (Nat. from Eu.)

18. E. coiiiimatata, Engelm. mss. Stems branched from a commonly
decumbent base (6' -12' high); leaves obovate, the upper all sessile, the upper
floral roundish-dilated, broader than long; pod obtusely angled, crestless ; seeds
ovate, pitted all over. (9) (l) 1J. 1 — Along water-courses, from Virginia toward
the mountains to Ohio and westward. — Leaves often persistent over the winter
on sterile shoots, turning red, like those of the European E. amygdaloides.
Seeds 1" long, larger than those of E. Peplus; with which this has been con
founded ; but the character of the pods and seeds readily distinguish it.

*+ •*-*• Leaves all opposite or nearly so, thickish : pod smooth.

19. E. LATHYRIS, L. (CAPER SPURGE.) Stem stout (2°-3° high);
leaves linear-oblong, the floral oblong-ovate and heart-shaped, pointed ; umbel
3 - 4-rayed, then forking ; glands short-homed, (f) — Sparingly escaped from
gardens, where it is common. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. CNIDOSCOL,US, Pohl. SPURGE-NETTLE.

Flowers monoecious, in a terminal open forking cyme ; the fertile ones usu-
ally in the lower forks. Calyx corolla-like (white) ; in the staminate flowers
salver-shaped, 5-lobed; in the pistillate, 5-parted, convolute in the bud. Corolla
none. Hypogynous glands 5, small. Ster. Fl. Stamens 10, monadelphoua
below, the inner ones longer. Pert. FL Ovaiy 3-celled : styles 3, short, some-
what united, raany-cleft. Pod 3-celled, bristly-hairy, 3-seeded, separating into
3 two-valved carpels. — Perennials, beset with stinging bristles (whence appar-
ently the name, from KviSn, a nettle, and or/ceoXos, a prickle).

1. C. stiiiiuldsa. (TREAD-SOFTLY.) Herbaceous, from a long peren-
nial root, branching (6' -18' high) ; leaves roundish-heart-shaped, 3 -5-lobed.
'Jatropha stimulosa, Michx.) — Sandy soil, Virginia and southward.

3. ACAL.YPIIA, L. THREE-SEEDED MERCURY.

Flowers monoecious ; the sterile very small, clustered in spikes, with the few
or solitary fertile flowers at their base, or sometimes in separate spikes. Calyx
of the sterile flowers 4-parted ; of the fertile, 3-parted. Corolla none. Stamens
8- 16 : filaments short, monadelphous at the base : anther-cells separate, long,
hanging from the apex of the .filament. Styles 3, cut-fringed (red). Pod sep-
arating into 3 globular carpels which split into 2 vaLves, rarely of only one car-
pel.— Annual herbs (in N. America), with the appearance of Nettles or Ama-
ranths ; the leaves alternate, petioled, with stipules. Clusters of sterile flowers
with a minute bract ; the fertile surrounded by a large and leaf-like cut-lobed
persistent bract. (*A»ca)^^, an ancient name of the Nettle.i

390 EUPHORBIACE^E. (SI'URGE FAMILY.)

* Fruit smooth or merely pubescent.

1. A* VirginiCR) L. Leaves ovate or oblonq-ovate, ol>tusely and sparsely an*
&tc, long-pet ioled ; sterile spike rather few-flowered, mostly shorter than the deeply
palmately -cleft fruiting bracts. '• — Fields and open places ; common. July - Sept
— A homely weed, l°-2° high, smoothish or rather hairy, often turning pur-
plish in autumn. Fertile flowers 1-3 in each axil, along with the small and
short-pedunclcd sterile spike : bracts very large and leaf-like, unequally cut into
5-9 lanceolate lobes.

2. A. gl'ctcilCllS. Leaves lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, or linear, obscurely
serrate, short-pctioled, mostly obtuse ; sterile spike long and slender, much longer than
the cut-toothed bract. — Sandy dry soil, Khode Island to Illinois, and common
southward. — A somewhat downy plant, 6' -12' high; the heart-ovate fruiting
bract sharply cut-toothed, or barely cleft at the sides ; the sterile spike frequently
1' long and half the length of the leaves. — Perhaps runs into the last. — Var.
MONOCOCCA, Engelm., is a narrow and nearly entire-leaved form, with only one
cell to the fruit, and the seed larger. Western Illinois.

* * Fruit, echinate with soft bristly green projections.

3. A. CaroIilliilUJl, Walt. Leaves thin, ovate-cordate, sharply and closely
serrate-toothed, abruptly acuminate, long-petioled ; sterile spikes short; the fer-
tile ones mostly terminal and elongated, its bracts deeply cut into many linear
lobes. (A ostrysefolia, RiddeU.) — New Jersey (Princeton, Torrcy), Ohio, and
southward.

4. TRAGIA, Plumier. TRAOIA.

Flowers monoecious, in racemes, apetalous. Ster. Fl. Calyx 3-partcd. Sta-
mens 2 or 3 : filaments short, distinct. Pert. Fl. Calyx 5-8- (mostly 6-)
parted, persistent. Style 3-clcft : stigmas 3, simple. Pod 3-cellcd, 3-lobed,
bristly, separating into three 2-valved 1-secdcd carpels. — Erect or climbing
plants (perennial herbs in U. S.), pubescent or hispid, with mostly alternate
leaves ; the small-ilowered racemes terminal or opposite the leaves (rarely axil-
lary) ; the sterile flowers above, the few fertile at the base, all with small bracts.
(Named for the early herbalist Trayits.)

1. T. lire IIS, L Erect, paniculate-branched, softly hairy -pubescent (1°
high) ; leaves varying from obovate-oblong to lance-linear, acute at the base, ob-
tusely or siuuately few-toothed or lobed, sometimes entire, short-pet iolcd or sessile.
— Pry ground, Virginia and southward. May -Aug. (A bad name for the
species; for the hairs are not at all stinging nor shaq). Walter's name, T. in
nocua, should supersede it.)

2. T. isi'tit'if'olia, Miclix. Erect or reclining, hirsute ; leaves ovate-lancen
'ate or triangular-lanceolate, or the lower ovate, all tomewmtt cordate or truncate at
the base, coarsely cut-toothed, short-petioled. — Virginia (Pursh), and common
southward.

3. T. Iliacrocarpa, Willd. Twining, somewhat hirsute; leaves deeply
cordate, ovate, sharply serrate (3' long), all but the uppermost hng-pelioled (pod
^' hro;id). (T. cordata, AJichx.) — Kentucky lMit'hau.e). and southward.

EUPHOBBIACE^. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 391

5. STIL.LINGIA, Garden. STILLINGIA.

Flowers monoecious, aggregated in a terminal spike, apetalous. Ster. Fl.
Jalyx a 2-cleft or crenulate little cup. Stamens 2 : filaments elongated, united
at the base : anthers adnate, turned outwards. Pert. Fl. Calyx 3-toothed or
cleft. Style thick : stigmas 3, diverging, simple. Pod 3-celled, 3-lobed, 3-seed-
ed. — Smooth upright plants, with the alternate leaves mostly 2-glandular at
the base ; the fertile flowers few at the base of the dense sterile spike (rarely
separate) ; the bract for each cluster with a gland on each side. (Named for
Dr. B. Stillingfleet.)

1. S. sylvatiea, L. Herbaceous (2° -3° high); leaves almost sessile,
oblong-lanceolate, serrulate ; glands of the spike saucer-shaped. — Sandy and
dry soil, Virginia and southward. June.

6. C ROT ON, L. CROTON.

Flowers monoecious, spiked or glomerate. Ster. Fl. Calyx 5-parted, rarely
4-parted, valvate in the bud. Petals as many as the divisions of the calyx,
mostly small, hypogynous. Stamens 5 - 20, distinct : anthers tunied inwards
Glands or lobes of the central disk as many as the calyx -lobes and opposite
them. Fert. Fl. Calyx 5- (rarely 8-) cleft or parted. Petals often none or
minute. Glands or disk as in the sterile, or none. Ovary 3-celled, rarely 2-
celled, with as many styles, which are from once to thrice 2-cleft. Pod 3- (rarely
2-) celled and lobed, separating into as many 2-valved 1-seeded carpels. — Stel-
late-downy, or scurfy, or hairy and glandular plants, mostly strong-scented;
the sterile flowers above ; the fertile below, usually at the base of the same spike
or cluster. Leaves alternate, or sometimes imperfectly opposite. (Kporcoj/, the
Greek name of the Castor-oil Plant, of this family.) — The following have been
made into as many genera by Klotzsch, apparently without sufficient reason.

{ 1. PILIN6PHYTUM, Klotzsch. — Sterile flowers with the calyx 5-parted, 5
glands alternate with the petals, and 10-12 stamens on the hairy receptacle : fertile
flowers with an unequally 8-cleft calyx and no petals ; the 3 styles twice or thrice
2-cleft.

1. C. capitatlim, Michx. Soft-woolly and somewhat glandular (1°-
2° high), branched ; leaves very long-petioled, lance-oblong or elongated-oblong,
rounded at the base, entire ; fertile flowers several, capitate-crowded at the base
of the short terminal sterile spike. (1) — Barrens of Illinois, Kentucky, and
southward. Pine barrens of New Jersey, KniesJcern ! July - Sept.

$ 2. GEISELERIA, Klotzsch. — Sterile flowers with a. 4-parted calyx, 4 ovate-
lanceolate petals, a 4-rayed disk, and 8 stamens : fertile flowei'S with a 5-parted
calyx, and very minute awl-shaped rudiments of petals ; the 3 styles 2-cleft.

2. C. glaiidilldsuill, L. Bough-hairy and glandular (l°-2° high),
somewhat umbellately branched ; leaves oblong or linear-oblong, obtusely
toothed, the base with a saucer-shaped gland on each side ; fertile flowers capi
tate-clustered at the base of the sterile spike, sessile in the forks and terminal
(1) — Open waste places, Virginia, Illinois, and southward. July- Sept.

892 EUPHORBIACE^E. (SPURGE FAMILY.)

t 3. GYNAMBLOSIS, Torr. (Engelmannia, Klotzsch.) — Sterile flowe.-s until
a 5- (sometimes 3 -4-) parted calyx, and as many petals and stale-like glands ojipo-
site the latter, the stamens varying from 5 to 10 : fertile flo,vers urith a 5-parted
calyx, no petals, 5 glands, and a ^-celled ovary, crowned with 2 sessile 2-parted
stigmas; the fruit 2-seeded, or often by abortion l-seeded. (This may perhaps
rank as a genus.)

3. C. 111011:1 lit lio^yiiuiii, Michx. Repeatedly 3-2-forked into di-
verging brunches, stellately pubescent ; leaves silvery-woolly beneath, ovate-
elliptical or oblong, often a little heart-shaped at the base, entire, on slender
petioles ; flowers in the forks, the sterile few on the summit of a short erect pe-
duncle, the fertile few and clustered or mostly solitary on short recurved pedun-
cles. (J) (C. elli'pticum, Nutt. Engelmannia Nuttalhana, Klotzsch. Gynam-
blosis monanthogyna, Torr.) — Barrens and dry prairies, flom Illinois and
Kentucky southward and westward. June - Sept.

7. CROTONOPSIS, Michx. CROTONOPSIS.

Flowers monoecious, axillary along the branches, and tenninal, the lower fer-
tile. Ster. Fl. Calyx 5-partcd. Petals and stamens 5 : filaments distinct,
enlarged at the apex. Pert. FL Calyx 3 - 5-parted. Petals none. Petal-like
scales 5, opposite the sepals. Ovary 1-cellcd, 1-ovuled : stigmas 3, each 2-
lobed. Fruit dry and indehisccnt, small, 1-seeded. — A slender low annual,
with alternate or opposite short-petioled linear or lanceolate leaves, which are
preen and smoothish above, but sih-ery hoary with starry hairs and scurfy with
brownish scales underneath, as well as the branches, &c. (Name compounded
of Kporooi', and o\|as, appearance, for a plant with the aspect of Croton.)

1. C. lilicaris, Michx. — Pine barrens of New Jersey (Knieskern) to Vir-
ginia, Illinois, and southward. July -Sept. — Flowers sessile, small.
»

8. PHYL,L,ANTHUS, L. PHYLLANTHUS.

Flowers monoecious, axillary. Calyx 5-6-parted. Petals none. Ster. Fl.
Stamens 3 : filaments united in a column, surrounded by 5-6 glands or a 5-6-
lobed glandular disk Fert. Fl. Ovary 3-celled ; the cells 2-ovuled : styles 3,
each 2-cleft : stigmas 6. Pod depressed, separating into 3 carpels, which split
into 2 valves. — Leaves alternate, with small stipules. (Name composed of
<frv\\ov, leaf, and tivdos, blossom, because the flowers in some species [not in
ours] are borne upon what appear like leaves.)

1. P. Carolinen§iS, Walt. Annual, low and slender, branched ; leaves
2-ranki'd, obovate or oval, short-pctioled ; flowers commonly 2 in each axil,
almost sessile, one staminate, the other fertile. — Gravelly banks; E. Penn. to
Illinois and southward. July -Sept.

9. PACHYSANDRA, Michx. PACHYSAXDRA.
Flowers monoecious, in naked spikes. Calyx 4-partcd. Petals none. iS'ter.
Fl. Stamens 4, separate, surrounding the rudiment of an ovary : filaments
long-exserted, thick and flat : anthers oblong-linear. Fert. Fl. Ovary 3-celled

EMPETRAOE^E. (CROWBERRY FAMILY.) 398

Styles 3, thick, awl-shaped, recurved, stigmatic down their whole length inside.
Pod globular, 3-horned, 3-ceiied, splitting into 3 at length 2-valved 2-seeded
carpels. — Nearly glabrous, low and procumbent, perennial herbs, with matted
creeping rootstocks, and alternate, ovate or obovate, coarsely toothed leaves,
narrowed at the base into a petiole. Flowers each 1 - 3-bracted, the upper ones
staminate, a few fertile ones at the base, unpleasantly scented : sepals greenish :
filaments white (the size and thickness of the latter giving the name, from
iraxvs, thick, and avbpa, used for stamen).

1. P. procumbeilS, Michx. Stems (6' -9' long) bearing several ap-
proximate leaves at the summit on slender petioles, and a few many-flowered
spikes along the base ; the intervening portion naked, or with a few small scales.
— Woods ; mountains of Kentucky, W. Virginia, and southward. March, April.

RICINUS coMMtjNis, the CASTOR-OIL PLANT, and Buxus SEMPERVIRENS,
the Box, are cultivated representatives of this order.

MERCURIALIS ANNUA, of Europe, has been found growing spontaneously
in Boston, and in Charleston, S. Carolina.

ORDER 103. EMPETRACE^K. (CROWBERRY FAMILY.)

Low shrubby evergreens, with the foliage, aspect, and compound pollen of
Heaths, and the drupaceous fruit of Arctostaphylos, but the stigmas, &c. of
Euphorbiaceae : — probably an apetalous and polygamous or dioecious de-
generate form of Ericacea3, — comprising three genera, two of which occur
within the limits of this work, and the third in Georgia, &c.

1. EMPETRUM, Tourn. CROWBERRY.

Flowers polygamous, scattered and solitary in the axils of the leaves (incon-
spicuous), scaly-bracted. Calyx of 3 spreading and somewhat petal-like sepals.
Stamens 3. Style very short : stigma 6 - 9-rayed. Fruit a berry-like drupe,
with 6-9 seed-like nutlets ; each containing an erect anatropous seed. Embryo
terete, in the axis of copious albumen, with a slender inferior radicle and verv
small cotyledons. (An ancient name, from (v, upon, and Trerpos, a rock.)

1 "E. lilgTUiii, L. (BLACK CROWBERRY.) Procumbent and trailing;
leaves linear oblong, scattered; fruit black. — Alpine summits of the moun-
tains of New England and N. New York; L. Superior, and northward. (Eu.)

2. CO RE MA, Don. (BROOM-CROWBERRY.)

Flowers dioecious or polygamous, collected in terminal heads, each in the axil
of a scaly bract, and with 5 or 6 thin and scarious imbricated bractlets, but no
proper calyx. Stamens 3, rarely 4, with long filaments. Style slender, 3- (4 -5-)
cleft: stigmas narrow, often toothed. Drupe small, with 3 (rarely 4-5) nut-
lets. Seed, &c. as in the last. — Diffusely much-branched little shrubs, with
scattered or nearly whorled narrcwly lineav leaves. (Name Koprjpa, a broom*
from the bushy aspect.)

894 UKTICACE^E. (NEITLE FAMILY.)

1. C. Coiir&clii, Torrey. Diffusely branched, nearly smooth ; dru pa
very small, dry and juiceless when ripe. (Empetrum, Torr, Tuckeroiauiii,
Klotzsch. Oakesia, Tuck.) — Sandy pine barrens and dry rocky places, New
Jersey, Long Island ; Plymouth, Massachusetts ; Bath, and islands of Penob-
scot Bay, Maine. (Also Newfoundland.) April. — Shrub 6' -9' high: the
sterile plant handsome in flower, on account of the tufted purple filaments and
brown-purple anthers. ( Gray, C A/or. Bor.-Am. t. 1 . )

ORDER 104. URTICACE^E. (NETTLE FAMILY.;

Plants with stipules, and monoecious, dioecious, or sometimes (in the Elm
Family) perfect flowers, furnished with a regular calyx, free from the \-celled
(rarely 2-celled) ovary which forms a \-seeded fruit ; the embryo in the albu-
men when this is present; the radicle pointing upwards ; the stamens as many
as the lobes of the calyx and opposite them, or sometimes fewer. Cotyledons
usually broad. Stipules often deciduous. — A large order (far the greater
part tropical), comprising four well-marked suborders, viz. : —

SUBORDER I. ULMACE^E. THE ELM FAMILY.

Flowers perfect or monoeciously polygamous. Filaments straight or
moderately incurved in the bud. Styles or stigmas 2. Fruit a samara or
drupe. Seed suspended. — Trees, with a watery juice (no active or nox-
ious properties), and alternate leaves.

* Fruit dry winged or crested (a samara) : anthers extrorse.

1. ULMUS. Flowers mostly perfect. Ovary- 2-celled, 2-ovuled. Fruit 1-celled, winged all

round. Embryo straight.

2. PLANERA. Flowers polygamous. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit wingless, many-crested.

* * Fruit a drupe : authers introrse.
9 CELTIS. Flowers polygamous. Ovary 1-celled. Cotyledons curved and crumpled.

SUBORDER II. ARTOCARPE^E. THE BREAD-FRUIT & FIG FAM.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious, crowded in catkin-like spikes or heads ;
the calyx, &c. becoming fleshy or juicy in fruit, but the 1- (rarely 2-)
celled ovary ripening as a dry achenium. Styles or stigmas commonly 2.
— Mostly trees or shrubs, with a milky or yellow (acrid or poisonous)
juice, and alternate (rough or smooth) leaves. — Stamens inflexed in the
bud, and elastically spreading when the flower opens, in the Tribe MORELS.

4. MORUS. Fertile and sterile flowers in separate spikes. Stamens 4. Calyx berry-like la
fruit.

SUBORDER III. URTICE^E. THE NETTLE FAMILY.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Filaments transversely wrinkled and
inflexed in the bud, straightening or spreading elastically when the flower
opens. Style or stigma simple. Ovary always 1-celled, with an erect or-
thotropous ovule, forming an achenium in fruit. Embryo straight in the

URTICACEJS. (NETTLE FAMILY.) 395

axis of albumen. — Herbs (01 in the tropics often shrubs or trees), with a
watery (innocuous) juice, a tough fibrous bark, and opposite or alternate
leaves : many are armed with stinging hairs.

* Calyx of the fertile flowers of 2 - 4 se'parate or r/early separate sepals.
t- Plant beset with stinging bristles.

5. URTICA. Sepals 4 in both sterile and fertile flowers. Achenium straight and erect, en-

closed by the 2 inner and larger sepals. Stigma capitate-tufted. Leaves opposite.

6. LAPORTEA. Sepals 5 in the sterile flowers, 4 in the fertile, or apparently only 2, the two

exterior minute and obscure Achenium very oblique and bent down, nearly naked.
Stigma long and awl-shaped Leaves alternate.

•«- ••- Plant wholly destitute of stinging hairs.

7- PILEA. Sepals 3 or 4, those of the fertile flowers all or all but one small. Achenium
partly naked, straight and erect. Stigma pencil-tufted. Leaves opposite.
* * Calyx of the fertile flowers tubular or cup-shaped, enclosing the achenium.

8. BQUHMERIA. Flowers monoecious, glomerate, the clusters spiked, not involucrate. Style

long and thread-shaped, stigmatic down one side.

9. PARIETARIA. Flowers polygamous, in involucrate-bracted clusters. Stigma tufted.

SUBORDER IV. CANNABINE^E. THE HEMP FAMILY.

Flowers dioecious; the sterile racemed or panicled ; the fertile in clus-
ters or catkins. Filaments short, not inflexed in the bud. Fertile calyx
of one sepal, embracing the ovary. Stigmas 2, elongated. Ovary 1-celled,
with an erect orthotropous ovule, forming a glandular achenium in fruit.
Seed with no albumen. Embryo coiled or bent. — Herbs with a water}
juice and mostly opposite lobed or divided leaves, a fibrous inner bark, &c.
(yielding bitter and narcotic products).

10. CANNABIS. Fertile flowers spiked-clustered. Anthers drooping. Leaves 5 - 7-divided.
11 HUMULUS. Fertile flowers in a short spike forming a membranaceous catkin in fruit
Anthers erect. Leaves 3 - 5-lobed.

SUBORDER I. ULjyiCEJB. THE ELM FAMILY.

r. tf I, TO ITS, L. ELM.

Calyx bell-shaped, 4 - 9-cleft. Stamens 4-9, with long and slender filaments.
Ovary 1 - 2-cclled, with a single anatropous ovule suspended from the summit
of each cell : styles 2, short, diverging, stigmatic all along the inner edge.
Fruit (by obliteration) a 1-celled and 1 -seeded membranaceous samara, winged
'all around. Albumen none : embryo straight; the cotyledons large. — Flowers
perfect or polygamous, purplish or yellowish, in lateral clusters, in our species
preceding the leaves, which are strongly straight-veined, short-petioled, and
oblique or unequally somewhat heart-shaped at the base. Stipules small, cadu-
cous. (The classical Latin name.) ^

# Flowers appearing nearly sessile : fruit orbicular, not dilate : leaves very rough above.

1. IT, fulva, Mich. (SLIPPERY or RED ELM.) Buds before expansion
soft-downy with rusty hairs (large) ; leaves ovate-oblong, tape^-nointed, doubly
serrate (4' -8' long, sweet-scented in drying), soft-downy underneath or slightly

396 UKTICACE^E. (NETTLE FAMILT.J

rough downwards ; branchlets downy ; calyx-lobes and stamens 7 - 9 ; fruit
li'-$' wide) with the cell pubescent. — Along streams, common from "W. New
England to Wisconsin and Kentucky. March, April. — A small or middle-
sized tree, with tough reddish wood, and a very mucilaginous inner bark.
* * Flowers on slender drooping peduncles or pedicels, which are jointed above the

middle : fruit ovate or aval, fringed-ciliate : leaves smooth and glabrous above, or

nearly so.

2. U. Americana, L. (pi. Clayt.), Willd. (AMERICAN or WHITH
ELM.) Buds and branddets glabrous; branches not corky ; leaves obovate-oblong
or oval, abruptly pointed, sharply and often doubly serrate (2' -4' long), soft-
pubescent beneath, or soon glabrous ; flowers in close fascicles ; calyx with 7-9
roundish lobes ; fruit glabrous except the margins (^' long), its sharp points in-
curved and closing the notch. — Moist woods, especially along rivers, in rich
soil ; common. April. — A large and well-known ornamental tree, with spread-
ing branches and drooping branchlets.

3. U. racemosa, Thomas. (CORKY WHITE ELM.) Bud-scales dou-ny-
ciliate, and somewhat pubescent, as are the young branchlets ; branches often with
corky ridges; leaves nearly as in the last; flowers racemed; fruit much as in the
last, but rather larger. — River-banks, W. New England, NCAV York, and Mich-
igan. April. — Wood tougher and finer-grained than in the last.

4. U. alata, Michx. (WINGED ELM. WHAHOO.) Bud-scales and
branddets nearly glabrous ; branches corky-winged, at least some of them ; leaves
ovate-oblong and oblong-lanceolate, acute, thickish, small (!'- 2^' long), seldom
oblique ; calyx-lobes obovate ; fruit downy on the face, at least when young. —
Virginia, Illinois, and southward. March. — Wood fine-grained, valuable.

U. CAMPESTRIS, L., the ENGLISH ELM, was early introduced near Boston,
&c.

2. PLANER A, Gmel. PLANER-TREE.

Flowers monceciously polygamous. Calyx 4 - 5-cleft. Stamens 4-5. Ovary
ovoid, 1-celled, 1-ovuled, crowned with 2 spreading styles which are stigmatose
down the inner side, in fruit becoming coriaceous and nut-like, not winged.
Albumen none : embryo straight. — Trees with small leaves, like those of Elms,
the flowers appearing with them, in small axillary clusters. (Named for J. J.
Planer, a German botanist.)

1. P. aquatic:!, Gmel. Nearly glabrous; leaves ovate-oblong, small;
fruit stalked in the calyx, beset with irregular rough projections. — Wet banks,
Kentucky (Michx.) and southward. April.

3. CELT IS, Tourn. NETTLE-TREE. HACKBERRT.

Flowers momEciously polygamous. Calyx 5-6-parted, persistent. Stamens
5-6. Ovary 1-celled, with a single suspended ovule: stigmas 2, long and
pointed, recurved. Fruit a globular drupe. Embryo curved, nearly enclosing
a little gelatinous albumen : cotyledons folded and crumpled. — Leaves pointed,
petioled. Stipuleo caducous. Flowers greenish, axillary, the fertile solitary ot

URTICACE^E. (NETTLE FAMILY ) 397

in pairs, peduneled, appearing with the leaves; the lower usua ly staminate
only, in little fascicles or racemose along the base of the branches of the season.
(An ancient Greek name for the Lotus ; the fruit of the European Nettle-tree
is supposed to have been the food of the Lotophayi.)

1. C. OCCideiltiilis, L. (SUGARBERRY. HACKBERRY.) Leaves retic-
ulated, ovate, cordate-ovate and ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, usually con-
spicuously and sharply so, more or less oblique at the base, glabrous, sharply
sernite, sometimes sparingly so, or soft-pubescent beneath, at least when young ;
fruit on a peduncle from once to twice the length of the petiole, reddish or yel-
lowish, turning dark purple at maturity, its peduncle once or twice the length
of tie petiole. (Also C. Audibertiana, Spach., &c.) — Woods and river-banks,
S. Jiiew England to Wisconsin and southward. April, May. — A small or
middle-sized tree, with the aspect of an Ehn, with sweet and edible fruits as
large as bird-cherries, at first obovate, ripe in autumn ; the flesh thin. — Var.
PUMILA. Low and straggling (4° -10° high) ; leaves thin when mature, and
smooth, slightly acuminate. (C. pumila, Pursh. ) River-banks, on rocks, from
Maryland southward. — Var. CRASSIF6LIA. A tall or low tree ; leaves thick-
er, usually serrate all round, and with a long tapering point, dull above, pale
beneath. (C. crassifolia, Lam.) — Common southward and westward. — All
plainly of one species.

2. C. ftliSSissippieilSiS, Bosc. Leaves entire, very long taper-pointed,
rounded at the base, mostly oblique, thin, and smooth ; fruit small. ( C. inte-
grifolia, Nutt.) — W. Kentucky (and Illinois?) and southwestward. — Even this
probably runs into the last.

SUBORDER II. ARTOCARPEJE. BREAD-FRUIT & FIG FAMILY.

4. MORUS, Tourn. MULBERRY.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious ; the two kinds in separate axillary catkin-
like spikes. Calyx 4-parted, the sepals ovate. Stamens 4 : filaments elastically
expanding. Ovary 2-celled, one of the cells smaller and disappearing : styles
2, thread-form, stigmatic down the inside. Achenium ovate, compressed, cov-
ered by the succulent berry-like calyx, the whole fertile spike thus becoming a
thickened oblong and juicy (edible) aggregate fruit. — Trees with milky juice
and rounded leaves : sterile spikes rather slender. (Mopea, the ancient name.)

1. 1W. rufora, L. (RED MULBERRY.) Leaves heart-ovate, serrate, rough
above, downy underneath, pointed (on young shoots often variously lobed) ; flow-
ers frequently dioecious ; fruit dark purple. — Rich woods, New England to Illi-
nois ana southward. May. — A small tree, ripening its sweetish blackberry-
like fruit in July.

•2. UI. ALBA, L. (WHITE MULBERRY.) Leaves obliquely heart-ovate,
acute, serrate, sometimes lobed, smooth and shining ; fruit whitish. — Spontaneous
near houses : introduced for feeding silk-worms. (Adv. from Eu.)

M. NIGRA, L., the BLACK MULBERRY of Europe, is also occasional! v oul
tivated

398 URTICACE^E. (NETTLE FAMILY.)

BROUSSOXETIA PAPYRfFERA, Vent., the PAPER MULKERUY of Japan, is
often cultivated as a shade tree.

MACLtRA AURANTIACA, Nutt., the OSAGE ORANGE, or BOW-WOOD of

Arkansas, is sparingly cultivated for hedges.

SUBORDER III. URTICE^E. THE TIIUE NETTLE FAMILY.

5. URTICA, Tourn. NETTLE.

Flowers monoecious, or rarely dioecious, in paniclcd racemes or spikes, or
close clusters. Ster. PL Sepals 4. Stamens 4, inserted around the cup-shaped
rudiment of a pistil. Fert. FL Sepals 4, in pairs ; the 2 outer much smaller,
comewhat keeled, spreading ; the 2 inner flat or concave, in fruit membrana-
ceous and enclosing the straight and erect ovate flattened achenium. Stigma
eessilc, capitate and pencil-tufted. — Herbs armed witli stinging hairs. Leaves
opposite. Flowers greenish. (The classical Latin name ; from uro, to burn.)
* Floivers in branching panicled spikes, often diuccions.

1. TJ. gTatciliS, Ait. (TALL WILD NETTLE.) Sparingly bristly, slender
(2° -6° high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed, serrate, 3-5-nerved from the
rounded or scarcely heart-shaped base, almost glabrous, the elongated petioles spar-
ingly bristly ; spikes slender and loosely panicled. 1J. (U. procera, \Vilhl.) —
Fence-rows and moist ground; common, especially northward. July. — Total-
ly distinct from the next, with slenderer and longer-petioled leaves, smaller flow-
ers, and scarcely any stinging hairs except on the petioles and sparingly on the
principal veins.

2. U. DiolcA, L. (GREAT STINGING-NETTLE.) Very bristly and stinging
(2° -3° high) ; leaves ovate, heart-shaped, pointed, very deeply serrate, downy under-
neath as well as the upper part of the stem; tpilcet much branched. 1J. — Waste
places, and road-sides, chiefly eastward. June- Aug. (Nat. from Eu.)

* * Flowers in simple capitate clusters, on peduncles shorter than the slender petioles.

3. U. trRENS, L. (SMALL STINGING-NETTLE.) Leans tllijiiical or orate,
very coarsely and deeply serrate with spreading teeth ; flower-duster* 2 in each
axil, small and loose. ® — Waste grounds, near dwellings, eastward: scarce.
Plant 8 -12' high, sparsely beset with stinging bristles. (Nat. from Eu )

4. U. plirpur£scens, Nutt. leaves ovate and mostly heart-t,/mpcd, tho
upper ovate-lanceolate, coarsely serrate-toothed ; flou'cr-clnslers globular, 1 - 2 in
each axil, and spiked at the summit. ® 1 — Alluvial soil, in shade; Kentucky
and southward. — Stem slender, £° - 3° high, beset with scattered stinging bris-
tles, as an? the petioles, &c.

6. JLAPORTEA, Gaudich. WOOD NKTTLB.

Flowers monoecious or sometimes dioecious, in loose cymes ; the upper widely
spreading and chiefly or entirely fertile ; the lower mostly sterile. Ster. Fl.
Sepals and stamens 5, with a hemispherical rudiment of an ovary. Ftrt. Fl.
Calyx of 4 sepals, the two outer or one of them minute; the two inner much

URTICACEuE. (NETTLE FAMILY.) 399

larger. Stigma elongated awl-shaped, hairy down one side. Achenium ovat£s
flat, extremely oblique, reflexed on the winged or margined pedicel, nearly
naked. — Perennial herbs, with stinging hairs and large alternate serrate leaves.
(Named for M. Laporte.)

I. Li. Caiiadeiisis, Gaudich. Leaves ovate, pointed, strongly feather-
veined (3' -7' long), long-petioled ; fertile cymes divergent. (U. Canadensis
and U. divaricata, L.) — Moist rich woods; common. — Stem 2° -5° high.

7. PfLEA, Lindl. RICH WEED. CLEARWEED.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious, clustered in axillary cymes. Ster. Fl. Se-
pals and stamens 3 -4. Pert. FL Sepals 3, oblong, more or less unequal:
a rudiment of a stamen commonly before each in the form of a hooded scale.
Stigma sessile, pencil-tufted. Achenium ovate, compressed, straight and erect,
partly or nearly naked. — Stiugless, mostly glabrous and low herbs, with oppo-
site somewhat 3-ncrved leaves and united stipules; the staminate flowers on
jointed pedicels, often mixed with the fertile. (Named from the shape of the
larger sepal of the fertile flower in the original species, like the plleus, or felt
cap, of the Romans, which partly covers the achenium. In our species the
three sepals arc nearly equal, small, and not hooded.)

1. P. puinila. (RICHWEED. CLEARWEED.) Low (3'- 18 high);
stems smooth and shining, pellucid ; leaves ovate, coarsely toothed, pointed ;
clusters much shorter than the petioles ; sepals of the fertile flowers lanceolate,
scarcely unequal. (i) (Dubrueilia, Gaud. Aclice, Raf.) — Cool and moist
shaded places ; common. July - Sept.

8. BCEHMERIA, Jacq. FALSE NETTLE.

Flowers monoscious or dioecious ; the sterile much as in Urtica ; the fertile
with a tubular or urn-shaped entire or 2-4-toothed calyx enclosing the ovary.
Style elongated awl-shaped, stigmatic and hairy down one side. Achenium
elliptical, closely invested by the dry or somewhat fleshy persistent compressed
calyx. — Hairs not stinging. (Named after G, R. Bdhmcr, Prof, at Witten-
berg in the last century.)

1. 15. cylindrical, Willd. Smoothish ; stem (l°-3° high) simple;
Ioa73s chiefly opposite, oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed, serrate, 3-
nervcd, long-petioled ; flowers dioecious, or the two kinds intermixed, the small
clusters densely aggregated in simple and elongated axillary spikes, the sterile
interrupted, the fertile often continuous. 1|. — A state with alternate leaves is
B. lateriflora, Mold. — Moist thickets, £c. ; common. July -Sept.

9. PARIETARIA, Tourn. PELLITORY.

Flowers monoeciously polygamous ; the staminate, pistillate, and perfect in
termixed in the same involucrate-bracted cymosc axillary clusters ; the sterile
much as in the last ; the fertile with a tubular or cell-shaped 4-lobed and nerved
calyx, woolly in vide, an1 encloa'ng the ovary and adherent to the ovoid ache-

400 PLATANACE^E. (PLANE-TREE FAMILY.)

nium. Stigma pencil-tufted. — Small homely herbs, chiefly with alternate
leaves ; not stinging. (Name from paries, a wall ; from the places where the
European species often grow.)

1. P. IV'imsylvaiiicu, Muhl. (AMERICAN PEI.LITORY.) Low, an-
nual, simple or sparingly branched, minutely downy ; leaves oblong-lanceolate,
very thin, veiny, roughish with opaque dots ; flowers shorter than the leaves of
the involucre ; stigma sessile. — Shaded rocky banks, Vermont to Wisconsin
and southward. June - Aug.

SUBORDER IV. CANftABIftEJE. TIIE HEMP FAMILY.

1O. <'A ft ft A It IS, Tourn. HEMP.

Flowers dioecious ; the sterile in axillary compound racemes or panicles, with
5 sepals and 5 drooping stamens. Fertile flowers spiked-clustered, 1-bracted :
the calyx of a single sepal swollen at the base and folded round the ovary.
Embryo simply curved. — A tall roughish annual, with digitate leaves of 5-7
linear-lanceolate coarsely toothed leaflets, the upper alternate ; the inner bark of
very tough fibres. (The ancient name, of obscure etymology,)

1. C. SAT!VA, L. — Waste places, escaped from cultivation. (Adv. from
Eu.)

11. HIJNIUI.US, L. HOP.

Flowers dioecious ; the sterile in loose axillary panicles, with 5 sepals and 5
erect stamens. Fertile flowers in short axillary and solitary spikes or catkins :
bracts foliaccons, imbricated, each 2-flowered, in fruit forming a sort of meinlira-
naceous strobile. Calyx of one sepal, embracing the ovarv. Achenia invested
with the enlarged scale-like calyx. Embryo coiled in a flat spiral. — A rough
perennial twining herb, with mostly opposite heart-shaped and 3-5-lobed leaver,
and prrsistent ovate stipules between the petioles. Calyx-scales in fruit covered
with orange-colored resinous grains, in which the peculiar bitterness and aroma
of the hop reside. (Name thought to be a diminutive of humus, moist earth,
from the alluvial soil where the Hop spontaneously grows.)

1. II. IL up ul us, L. — Banks of streams; not rare, especially westward.
Ju'y. (Eu.)

ORDER 105. PLATANACE7E. (PLANE-TREE FAMILY.;

Trees, with watery juice, alternate palmately-lobed leaven, sheathing stipules,
and monoecious flowers in separate and naked aj,Ji.erical leads, destitute of
calyx or corolla; the fruit club-shaped \-seeded nutlets, furnished with brixtly
down along the base : consists only of the genus

1. PI, AT A ft US, L. PLANE-TREE. BUTTON WOOD.

Sterile flowers of numerous stamens with club-shaped little scales intermixed
filaments very short. Fertile flowers in separate catkins, consisting of inversely

JUGLANDACE^C. (WALNUT FAMILY.) 401

pyramidal ovaries mixed with little scales. Style rather lateral, awl-thaped, or
thread-like, simple. Nutlets coriaceous, small, tawny-hairy below, containing a
single orthotropous pendulous seed. Embryo in the axis of thin albumen.
(The ancient name, from TrXarvs, broad, in allusion to the ample shade of its
foliage.)

1. P. occiden tails, L. (AMERICAN PLANE or SYCAMORE.) Leaves
angularly sinuate-lobed or toothed, the short lobes sharp-pointed ; fertile heads
solitary, suspended on a long peduncle. — Alluvial river-banks; very common,
especially westward. May. — A very large and well-known tree, with a white
bark separating early in thin brittle plates.

ORDER 106. JUGL.ANDACE.flE. (WALNUT FAMILY.;

Trees, with alternate pinnate leaves, without stipules; the sterile flowers in
catkins (amenta) -with an irregular calyx ; the fertile solitary or in small clus~
ters, with a regular 3 - 5-lobed calyx adherent to the incompletely 2 - 4-celled
but only \-ovuled ovary. Fruit a kind of dry drupe, with a bony endocarp
(nut-shell), containing a large 4-lobed orthotropous seed. Albumen none.
Cotyledons fleshy and oily, sinuous, 2-lobed : radicle short, superior. Pet-
als sometimes present in the fertile flowers. — A small family of important
trees, consisting chiefly of the two following genera.

1. JIJOLANS, L. WALNUT.

Sterile flowers in long and simple lateral catkins ; the calyx adherent to the
entire bracts or scales, unequally 3-6-cleft. Stamens 8-40: filaments very
short. Fertile flowers solitary or several together on a peduncle at the end of
the branches, with a 4-toothed calyx, bearing 4 small petals at the sinuses.
Styles 2, very short : stigmas 2, somewhat club-shaped and fringed. Fruit with
a fibrous-fleshy indchiscent epicarp, and a mostly rough irregularly furrowed
rndocarp or nut-shell. — Trees with strong-scented or resinous-aromatic bark,
&c., nearly naked buds (3 or 4 superposed, and the uppermost far above the
axil), and odd-pinnate leaves of many serrate leaflets. Pith in plates. (Name
contracted from Jovis glans, the nut of Jupiter.)

1. J. ciii6i*C£t, L. (BUTTERNUT.) Leaflets oblong-lanceolate, pointed,
rounded at the base, downy, especially underneath, the petioles and brcmchlett
downy with clammy hairs ; fruit oblong, clammy, pointed, the nut deeply sculptured
and rough with ragged ridges. — Rich woods; common. May: fruit ripe in
Sept. — Tree 30° - 50° high, with gray bark and widely spreading branches ;
wood lighter-colored than in the next.

2. J, nigra,, L. (BLACK WALNUT.) Leaves ovate-lanceolate, taper-
pointed, somewhat heart-shaped or unequal at the base, smooth above, the lower
surface and the petioles minutely downy ; fruit spherical, roughly dotted, the nut
corrugated. — Rich woods ; rare in the Eastern, very common in the Western
States. May : fruit ripe in Oct. — A lar^e and handsome tree, with brown bark,
and valuable purplish-brown wood turning blackish with age. Seed sweet, more

402 JUGLANDACE^E. (WALNUT FAMILY.)

pleasant-tasted and less oily than the butternut, but greatly inferbr to the Euro-
pean walnut (J. REGIA).

2. CAUYA, Nutt. HICKORY.

Sterile flowers in slender lateral catkins which arc mostly in threes on a com-
mon peduncle: calyx naked, unequally 3-parted. Stamens 3-8: filaments
nearly wanting. Fertile flowers 2-3 together at the end of the branches, with
a 4-toothed calyx : petals none Stigma large, 4-lobcd. Fruit globular, with a
rather fleshy and at length leathery epicarp or husk, which .splits into 4 valves,
and falls away when ripe from the smooth and slightly 4-6-angled incompletely
4-ccllcd endocarp or nut-shell. — Trees with hard and very tough wood, and
odd-pinnate leaves of 5-9 leaflets; the two sorts of flowers from the same scaly
buds with these, the sterile aments borne below the leaves. Pith continuous.
(Kapva, an ancient name of the Walnut.) All flower in May, and shed their
nuts in October.

# Seed edible and delicious : husk of the fruit completely 4-valved (falling away in 4

separate pieces at maturity).
•*- Fruit and nut elongated-oblong ; the husk thin : bark of the trunk not shi(/(/y.

1. C. <>iiv;rforniis, Nutt. (PECAN-NUT.) Nearly smooth ; leaflets
13-15, oblong-lanceolate, serrate, somewhat falcate; nut olive-shaped, with a
thin shell. — Kiver-bottoms, from Illinois southward. — A large tree; its de-
licious nuts well-known.

•*- •*- Fruit globular, its husk very thick : bark of old trunk shaggy, exfoliating in
strips or plates : buds large ami very scaly.

2. C. :il1»a, Nutt. (SHELL-BARK or SHAG-HARK HICKORY.) Leaflets 5,
minutely downy underneath, finely serrate, the 3 upper obovate-lanccolatc, the
I'jirn- pair much smaller and oblong-lanceolate, all taper-pointed ; fruit dcpr<xs«l-
glofmlar ; nut somewhat flattened, nearly pointless, with a rather thin whitish shell
and a large kernel. — Rich moist woods ; common. A tall and handsome tree,
the old trunks very rough-barked: wood most valuable as timber, and for fuel,
while the fruit furnishes the principal hickory-nuts of the market.

3. C. Slilcata, Nutt. (THICK SHKLL-KAUK HICKORY.) Leaflets 7-9,
obo rate-lanceolate, sharply serrate, downy underneath ; fruit oral, 4-ribi>cd above
the middle with intcn-auitK/ furrows ; nut strongly pointed, slightly flattened, with a

••k yellowish shell. — Rich woods, Penn. to Illinois and Kentucky. — Nuts
nean v as sweet as in the last, Heart-wood light-colored.

* * Seed sweetish, but small : valves of the husk not separating to the base: nut hard-

shelled : bark not shaggy.

4. C. tomciitosa, Nutt. (MOCKER-NUT. WHITE-HE ART HICKORY.)
Leaflets 7 - 9, oblong- or obovate-lanceolate, slightly serrate, ronghish-dotrny un-
derneath as well as the petiole ; catkins hairy ; fruit globular or ovoid, it-it h a thick
and hard husk, which splits almost to the base; nut somewhat 6-angled, the shell
very thick and hard (light brown). Dry woods; common, especially southward
and westward. — A tall tree with resinous-scented foliage, and cracked bark ou
the larger trunks ; the wood celebrated for its excellence as fuel. The smaU

CUPULIFERA. (OAK FAMii.r.) 403

Kernel is difficult of extraction from the thick and bony nut. — A. var. MAXIMA.,
N Jtt., bears fruit " as large as an apple," with an exceedingly thick husk.

0. C. microCcirpEi, Nutt. (SMALL-FRUITED HICKORY.) Leaflets 5-

7, oblong-lanceolate, serrate, glandular underneath (not downy) ; catkins smooth ,
fruit roundish-ovoid, with a thin husk : nut slightly 4-angled, the shell rather thin.

— Moist woodlands, Penn. (N. England?) and southwestward. — Fruit only |'
in diameter, shaped like that of the last ; the foliage much as in the next.

6. C. glabra, Torr. (PIG-NUT or BROOM HICKORY.) Leaflets 5-7,
ovate-lanceolate, serrate, smooth or nearly so ; fruit pear-shaped or roundish-obovate,
thin, splitting about half-way down into 4 coriaceous valves ; nut hard and
tough, witn a sweetish or bitterish small kernel. (C. porcina, Nutt,.) — Wood-
lands ; common. — A large tree, with a close bark, very tough and valuable
wood, and exceedingly tough sprouts (used as hickory withes) : the fruit and nuts
of variable form. Heart-wood dark-colored.

* * ^ Seed intensely bitter : husk thin and soft : bark smooth : buds little scaly.

1. C. <im;tr:i, Nutt. (BITTER-NUT or SWAMP HICKORY.) Leaflets
7—11, oblong-lanceolate, serrate, smooth ; fruit globular, with ridged or promi-
nent seams opening half-way down ; nut inversely heart-shaped, its shell thin
and fragile. — Wet woods ; common. — A graceful tree ; the timber inferior to
the other Hickories. Nut-shell so fragile that it may be crushed with the hand;

• he bitter kernel remarkably corrugated.

•

ORDER 107. CUPULIFER^E. (OAK FAMILY.)

Trees or shrubs, with alternate and simple straight-veined leaves, deciduous
stipules, and monoecious flowers; the sterile in catkins (aments\ (or capitate-
clustered in the Beech) ; the fertile solitary or clustered, furnished with an
involucre which forms a cup or covering to the l-celled l-seeded nut. Ovary
2-7-celled, with 1-2 pendulous anatropous ovules in each cell; but all
the cells and ovules except one disappearing in the fruit. Calyx adherent
to the ovary, the minute teeth crowning its summit. Seed with no albu-
men, filled with the embryo : cotyledons very thick and fleshy : radicle
short, superior.

Synopsis.

* Fertile flowers scattered or few in a cluster.

1. QUERCUS. Involucre 1-flowered, of many imbricated small scales, forming a cup around

the base of the hard and rounded nut.

2. CASTANEA. Involucre 2 - 3-flowcred, forming a prickly bur enclosing 1-8 coriaceous

nuts, opening at length by 4 valves.

8. FAG US. Involucre 2-flowered, rather prickly. 4-valved, enclosing 2 sharply triangular

nuts. Sterile flowers in capitate clusters.

L COUYLUS. Involucre 1 - 2-flowered, formed of 2 - 3 confluent scales, which lecome leafy-
coriaceous, much enlarged and cut or torn at the apex, enclosing a bony nut.
* * Fertile flowers clustered in a kind of ament.

5. CARPINUS. Involucre a separate open leaf, 2-flowered. Fruit a small ovoid nut.

8. OSTRYA, Involucre a bladdery bag, 1-flowered, enclosing the seed-like nut.

404 CUPULIFEILfi. (OAK FAMILY.)

1. QU^RCUS, L. OAK.

Sterile flowers clustered in slender and naked drooping catkins, without bracts :
calyx 6 - 8-parted : stamens 6 - 1 2 : anthers 2-celled. Fertile flowers scattered
or somewhat clustered, consisting of a 3-celled and 6-ovuled ovary, with a 3-
lobed stigma, enclosed by a scaly bud-like involucre which becomes an indurated
cup (cupule) around the base of the rounded nut or acorn. Cotyledons remain-
ing underground in germination. — Flowers greenish or yellowish, the fertile
ones inconspicuous. Aments several from the same scaly bud. (The classical
Latin name.) All flower in spring, and shed their nuts in October.
4 1. Fruit ripening the first year, mostly peduncled: leaves not bristly-toothed or pointed.

# Leaves sinuate-lol>ed or pinnatijid, all pcde, whitish, or greyish-downy underneath. —

WHITE OAKS.

1. Q. macroc«rpa, Michx. (BUR-OAK. OVER-CUP or MOSSY-CUP
WHITE-OAK.) Leaves obovatc or oblong, I yrately -pinnatijid or deeply sinuate-
Lbed. irregular, downy or pale beneath ; the lobes sparingly and obtusely toothed,
or the smaller ones entire; cup deep, conspicuously imbricated, of hard and thick
pointed scales, the upper ones awned, so as to make a mossy-fringed border ; acorn
ovoid (!'-!£' long), half immersed in or entirely enclosed by the cup. — Dry woods,
along rivers, &c., W. New England to Wisconsin, Kentucky, and southwest-
ward. — A handsome, middle-sized tree. Cup very variable, especially in size,
from §' to 2' across.

Var. ohva'formis (Q. olivaeformis, Michx.) is plainly a mere state of
this (figured by Michaux with unripe or imperfect fruit), with narrower and
more deeply lobed leaves, and oblong acorns and cups : growing with the ordi-
nary form.

2. <fc. obtusiloba, Michx. (POST-OAK. ROUGH or Box WHITE-
OAK.) Leaves grayish-downy underneath, pale and rough above, thickish, sinuately
cut into 5-7 roundish divergent lobes, the upper ones much larger and often
1 — 3-notched ; cup saucer-shaped, naked, about one third the length of the ovoid acorn.
\Q. stcllata, Willd.) — Sandy or sterile soil, from the coast of Massachusetts
and from Wisconsin southward. — A small tree, with very durable wood.
Acorns £' to §' long, nearly sessile.

3. Cfc. cill>:i, L. (WHITE OAK.) Mature leaves smooth, pale or ylaiuwa
underneath, bright green above, obovate-oblong, obliquely and moderately or deeply
cut into 3-9 oblong or linear and obtuse mostly entire lobes ; cup hemis])herical-
MUOBM&apwi, rnui/li or tnbcrcled at maturity, naked, much shorter than t/ie ovoid or
oblong acorn. — Rich woods ; common. — A well-known and invaluable large tree.
Lobi-s of the leaves short and broad 3-5, or 5-9 and narrow. Acorn about
1 ' long ; the kernel sweet and edible.

* # leaves coarsi-ly sinuate-toothed, but not lobed, whitish and more or less downy be-

neath : cup hoary : acorns siveet-tasted. — CHESTNUT-OAKS.

4. Q. PrillUS, L. (SWAMP CHEBTXUT-OAK.) Lcc ves obovate or oblong-
obovate, coarsely and somewhat uniformly dentate with rounded teeth, downy
beneath, glabrous above ; cup hemispherical (either abrupt or with a small top-
•haped base), tliick, tubercled when old, nearly half or one third (he length of

CUPTJLIFER^:. (OAS FAMILY.) 40tf

the ovoid large acorn. — Low, alluvial grounds, &c. ; common from Venn,
southward. — A fine tree ; its wood inferior to the White Oak. — Acorn fully
1' long; the cup of nearly the same diameter.

Var. inonticola, Michx. (RocK CHESTNUT-OAK.) Acorn ovoid-ob-
long, !£' long. (Q. montana, Willd.) — Apparently only a form of the Swamp
Chestnut-Oak, growing in rocky or hilly woodlands ; W. New England to Ohio
and southward, especially along the Alleghanies. From the different soil, the
timber is more valuable. (Probably belongs to No. 5).

Var. discolor, Michx. ( SWAMP WHITE-OAK.) Leaves unequally and
more deeply sinuate-toothed, often almost sinuate-pinnatijid, whitish-downy beneath,
bright green above ; cup with the scales more pointed, the upper sometimes
awned, and forming a fringed margin; acorns 1' or less long. (Q. bicolor,
Willd.) — Low grounds ; common throughout. — A marked variety ; but prob
ablv nothing more.

5. <fc. Castftnea, Willd. (YELLOW CHESTNUT-OAK.) Leaves obhm/.
lanceolate or oblong, acute, hoary-white and minutely downy underneath, equally
and rather sharply toothed; cup hemispherical, thin, of small appresscd scales;
acorn ovoid or oblong, small. — llich woods, W. New England to Wisconsin
and. southward. — This has the leaves shaped more like those of the Chestnut
than any other, which, with the small fruit, distinguishes it from the last. Cup
£' across, fine-scaled : acorns §' long. Tree middle-sized.

G. Q. pHllOldes, Willd. (CHINQUAPIN or DWARF CHESTNUT-OAK.)
Leares obovate and lanceolate oblong, coarsely wavy-toothed, downy imderncatlt ;
peduncles short or none ; cup hemispherical, thin; acorn ovoid, small (about as
large as in No. 5). (Q. Chinquapin, Pursh.) — Sandy soil, New England, and
Albany, New York, to Ohio, Kentucky, and southward. — Shrub 2° - 6° high.

§ 2. Fruit not maturing until the second t/ear, sessile or nearly .so ; kernel bitter.
* Leaves evergreen, entire or nearly so, hoary beneath. — LIVE OAKS.

7. Cfc. virens, Ait. (LIVE OAK.) Leaves obtuse, coriaceous, oblong or
elliptical, hoary beneath; cup top-shaped ; acorn oblong. — Coast of Virginia and
southward. Farther south becoming a large and invaluable tree.

8. Cfc. cinerea, Michx. (UPLAND WILLOW-OAK.) I^ea ves aate, lance-
oblong, white-downy beneath; cup saucer-shaped ; acorn globular. — Pine barrens,
Virginia and southward. A small tree ; leaves more or less deciduous.

* * Leaves deciduous, entire, narrow. — WILLOW-OAKS.

9. Q. PhelloS, L. (WiLLOW-OAK.) Leaves linear-lanceolate, narroiced
to both ends, smooth, light green ; cup saucer-shaped ; acom globular. — Sandy
low woods, Long Island and New Jersey to Kentucky and southward. — Tree
S0°-5ti° high, remarkable for the willow-like leaves, which arc 3' -4' loug
Fruit small.

10. <fc. imbricaria, Michx. (LAUREL or SHINGLE OAK.) Leaves
lanceolate-oblong, mitcronate, thickish, smooth and shining above, somewhat doimy
underneath; cup saucer-shaped ; acorn globular. — Barrens and open woodlands,
New Jersey to Wisconsin and southward. — Tree 30° -50° high; the wood
nsed for shingles in the Western States, whence the name.

406 CUPULIFERyE. (OAK FAMILY.)

# * * Leaves deciduous, but rather coriaceous, mostly dilated upwards and ilxurcly
lobed or entire, in the same individual, sometimes more conspicuously lobed, often mor*
or less bristle-pointed at the summit and extremities of some of the larger veins.

11. ^. aquatica, Catesby. (WATER-OAK.) Leaves glabrous and shin -
inn, obovate-spatulate or narrowly wedge-form, with a long tttperiny base, varying to
oblanecolatc ; cup saucer-shaped or hemispherical, of line and close scales, much
shorter than the globular acorn. — Wet grounds, around pouds, &c., Maryland
to Virginia and southward. — Tree 30° -40° high. Aconi £' long; the cup of
the same width.

12. <^. iilgra, L. (BLACK-JACK or BARREN OAK.) Leaves broadly wc-dgt'
shaped, but mostly rounded or obscurely cordate at the base, icidely dilated and
somewhat 3-lobed (rarely 5-lobcd) at the summit, occasionally with one or two
lateral lobes or teeth, rust.y-pubcsccnt beneath, shining above, large (4' -9' long) ;
cup top-shaped, coarse-scaly, covering half of the short ovoid aconi. (Q. fcrru-
ginea, Michx.) — Dry sandy barrens, from Long Island, New York, to Illinois,
and southward. — Tree 8° -25° high. Acorn £'-§' long. Leaves occasion-
ally rather deeply lobed, the lobes strongly bristle-pointed. — Under the name
of Q. TRIDENTATA, Dr. Engclmann distinguishes a remarkable Oak. apparently
a hybrid between this and Q. imbricaria. — Under this section the following re-
markable forms, by some regarded as species, would be sought, vi/. : —

Q. LEANA, Nutt. (LEA'S OAK), of which single trees are known near Cin-
cinnati, Ohio, and Augusta, Illinois (Mead), is probably a hybrid between Q.
imbricaria and Q. tinctoria, or possibly Q. nigra.

Q. HETEROPHYLLA, Michx. (BARTRAM OAK ), rediscovered in Delaware,<tc.
— apparently a hybrid between Q. Phellos and Q. tinctoria?

* # * * Leaves deciduous, lobed or pinnatijid, loncj-petioled, the tips of the lobes bris-

tle-pointed.— BLACK and RED OAKS.
H- Mature leaves doumy underneath.

13. <fc. ilicifolia, Wang. (BEAR or BLACK SCRUB-OAK.) Dwarf;
leaves obovate, wedge-shaped at the base, angularly about b-lotml, ichitcnctl-dctniij un-
d< rnmth ; cup flattish-top-shaped ; acorn ovoid. — Sandy barrens and rocky hills,
New England to Ohio and W. Virginia. (Q. Banistcri, Michx.) — A straggling,
crooked shrub, 3° - 8° high. Leaves 2' -4' long, thickish. Acorns barely £'
long.

14. C|. falcata, Michx. (SPANISH OAK.) Lrarts wtn/Mi-tlou-ny under-
rcath, obtuse or rounded at the Ixisc, 3 - r>-.W,r</ above. ; tfte lobes prolonged, n^ffy
narrow and more or less scylht'-shiipid, especially the terminal one, entire or spar-
ingly cut-toothed ; cup saucer-shaped ; acorn spherical or somewhat depressed (£(
long). — Dry or sandy soil, from New Jersey and Illinois southward. — A small
or large tree, extremely variable in foliage : a variety with shorter lobes is Q.
triloba, Willd.

•*- -t- Mature leaves glabrous on both sid,s or nmrfy so.

•»-»• Cup conspicuously scaly, more or less top-shaped or cont,\tct,d at the lase : acorn
one third or nearly half immersed,

15. <fc. tinctoria, Bartram. (QUERCITRON or BLACK OAK. YELLOW-
BARKED OAK.) Leaves more or less rusty-fntl>esceni. trltcn yoiin'/, nearly glabrous

CUPULIFEIUE. (OAK FAMILY.; 407

when old, obovate-oblong , slightly or deeply simiate-pinn&tifid, the lobes somewhat
toothed ; acorn nearly spherical or depressed-globular (^' - §' long). — Dry woods ;
pommon. — A large tree, often confounded with the next, especially the varie-
ties with deeper cut leaves ; but these ai-e duller and thicker, more dilated above
the middle, somewhat downy u'iderneath until midsummer, and turning yellow-
ish-brown after frost; and the inner bark (quercitron of dyers) is very thick and
yellow. Wood reddish, coarse-grained, but valuable.

16. Q. COCcinea, Wang. (SCARLET OAK.) Leaves oval or oblong in
outline, deeply sinuate-pinnated, with broad and open simises, and divergent sparing-
ly cut-toothed lobes (3-4 on each side), smooth, bright green and shining both sides,
broad or truncate at the base ; acorn ovoid or globular (£'-!' long). — Rich woods ;
common. — A large tree; the long-petioled shining leaves turning bright scarlet
in autumn : timber and bark less valuable than in the last.

•<-*• •*-*• Cup of fine scales, shallow and saucer-shaped, much shorter than the acorn.

17. Q, rul>l'<l, L. (RED OAK.) Leaves oblong, smooth, pale beneath, sinu~
ately cut with rather narrow sinuses into short and entire or sparingly toothed acute
spreading lobes (4-6 on each side) ; acorn ovoid or oblong, turgid (!' long). (Q.
ambigua, Michx,) — Rocky woods ; common. — A good-si/ed tree, with reddish
very porous and coarse-grained wood, of little value as timber. Leaves turning
dark red after frost : the sinuses extending scarcely half-way to the midrib.

18. Q. palustl'is, Du Roi. (SWAMP SPANISH, or PIN OAK.) Leaves
oblong, smooth and shining, bright green both sides, deeply pinnatijid, with broad and
rounded sinuses ; the lobes divergent, cut-lobed and toothed, acute ; acorn globular
(scarcely ^' long). — Low grounds, along streams, S. New York to Wisconsin.
— A very handsome middle-sized tree, with light and elegant foliage ; the sinuses
of the leaves reaching three fourths of the way to the midrib. The timber is
better than that of the Red Oak.

2. CASTA.NEA, Toura. CHESTNUT.

Sterile flowers interruptedly clustered in long and naked cylindrical catkins :
i-alyx 5-6-parted: stamens 8-15: anthers 2-celled. Fertile flowers 2 or 3 to-
gether in an ovoid scaly prickly involucre : calyx with a 5 - 6-lobcd border crown-
ing the 3 — 7-celled 18- 14-ovuled ovary : abortive stamens 5 - 12 : stigmas bris-
tle-shaped, as many as the cells of the ovary. Nuts coriaceous, ovoid, enclosed
2-3 together or solitary in the hard coriaceous and very prickly 4-valved invo-
lucre. Cotyledons very thick, somewhat plaited, cohering together, remaining
underground in germination. — Leaves strongly straight-veined. Flowers ap-
pearing later than the (undivided) leaves; the catkins axillary near the end oi
the branches, cream-color ; the fertile flowers at their base. (The classical name,
from that of a town in Thessaly.)

1. C. vesca, L. (CHESTNUT.) Leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed, serrate
with coarse pointed teeth, smooth and green both sides; nuts 2 or 3 in each involu-
cre, therefore flattened on one or both sides. — Rocky or hilly woods, Maine to
Michigan and Kentucky; common. June, July. — A large tree, with light
coarse-grained wood The American variety bears smaller and sweeter nuts
than the European (Eu.)

408 CUPULIFER^E. (OAK FAMILY.)

2. C» pit Bill la, Michx. (CHINQUAPIN.) Leaves oblong, acute, serrate
with pointed teeth, whitened-doivny undenieath ; nut solitary, not flattened. —
Sandy woods, from (Long Island?) S. Penn. and Ohio, southward. June. —
Shrub or tree 6° - 20° high. Involucres small, often spiked ; the ovoid pointed
nut scarcely half as large as a common chestnut, very sweet.

3. FAOUS, Toura. BEECH.

Sterile flowers in small heads on drooping peduncles, with deciduous scale-
like bracts: calyx bell-shaped, 5-6-cleft: stamens 8-12: anthers 2-celled.
Fertile flowers usually in pairs at the apex of a short peduncle, invested by r TI-
merous awl-shaped bractlcts, the inner grown together tit their bases to form the
involucre: calyx-lobes 4 - 5, awl-shaped : ovary 3-cellcd with 2 ovules in each
cell: styles 3, thread-like, stigmatic along the inner side. Nuts sharply 3-sided,
usually 2 in each urn-shaped and soft-prickly coriaceous involucre, which splits
to below the middle into 4 valves. Cotyledons thick, folded and somewhat
united ; but rising and expanding in germination. Trees with smooth ash-gray
bark, undivided strongly straight-veined leaves, and a light hori/.ontal spray.
Scales of the taper buds formed of scarious stipules. Flowers yellowish, ap-
pcaring with the leaves : peduncles axillary at the base of the branchlcts. (The
classical name, from <£ayo>, to eat, in allusion to the esculent nuts.)

1. F. ferriisniica, Ait. (AMERICAN BEECH.) Leaves oblong-ovate,
taper-pointed, distinctly and often coarsely toothed ; petioles and midrib soon
nearly naked ; prickles of the fruit recurved or spreading. (F. fcrrnginea and
F. sylvestris, Miclix.f.) — Woods ; common, especially northward, and along the
Alleghanies southward. May. — Leaves longer and less shining than in the
European Beech, most of the silky hairs early deciduous ; the lower surface then
nearly smooth.

4. CORYL.US, Tourn. HAZEL-NUT. FILBEKT.

Sterile flowers in drooping cylindrical catkins ; the concave bracts and the
2-clcft calyx combined into 3-lobed scales, to the axis of which the 8 short
filaments irregularly cohere : anthers 1-celled. Fertile flowers several together
in lateral and terminal scaly buds. Ovary 2-ccllcd with 1 ovule in each : stig-
mas 2, thread-like. Nut bony, ovoid, separately enclosed in a large leafy-coria-
ceous involucre, which is composed of 2 or 3 united bracts tubular at the base,
and lacerated above. — Shrubs flowering in early spring, before the (roundish
unequally serrate) leaves appear. (The classical name, probably from Kopvs,
a helmet, from the involuf 3.)

1. C. Americana, Walt. (WiLD HAZEL-NUT.) Leaves roundish-heart-
shaped, pointed, coarsely serrate ; involucre glandular-downy, with a dilattd flattened
border, about twice the length of the globular nut. — Thickets ; common. — Shrub
4° -8° high; the young twigs, &c., downy and glandular-hairy. Nut of fine
flavor, but smaller and thicker-shelled than the European Hazel-nut.

2. C. rostrata, Ait. (BEAKED HAZEL-NUT.) Leaves ovate or orate-ob-
long, somewhat heart shaped, pointed, doubly serrate ; involucre much prolonged
above the globular-ovoid nut into a narrow tubular beak, densely bristly. — Banks

MYRICACEuE. (SWEET-GALE FAMILY.) 409

of streams, &c. ; common northward and along the Allcghanics. — Shrub 2° -
5° high, with slender smooth branches.

5. CARPINUS, L. HORNBEAM. IRON-WOOD.

Sterile flowers in drooping cylindrical catkins, consisting of about 12 stamens
in the axil of a simple and entire scale-like bract, destitute of a proper calyx :
r: laments A'ery short : anthers 1 -celled, bearded at the apex. Fertile flowers
several, spiked in a sort of loose terminal catkin, with small deciduous bracts,
each subtending a pair of flowers, consisting of a 2-ccllcd 2-ovuled ovary termi-
nated by 2 thread-like stigmas. Nut small, ovoid, ribbed, stalked, each with a
simple, 1 -sided, enlarged, open and leaf-like involucre. — Trees with a smooth
gray bark, slender buds like the Beech, and foliage resembling the Beech or
Birch, appearing later than the flowers. (The ancient Latin name.)

1. C. Americana, Michx. (AMERICAN HORNBEAM. BLUE or WATER
BKECH.) Leaves ovate-oblong, pointed, sharply doubly serrate, nearly smooth ;
involueral leaf 3-lobcd. halberd-shaped, sparingly cut-toothed on one side. --
Along streams ; common. — Tree 10°- 20° high, with a ridged trunk, and verj
hard whitish wood ; called, indiscriminately with the next, Iron-wood.

6. OSTRYA, Micheli. HOP-HORNBEAM. IRON-WOOD.

Sterile flowers nearly as in Carpinus : filaments irregularly somewhat united.
Fertile flowers numerous in a short terminal catkin, with small deciduous bracts ;
each enclosed in a membranous sac-like involucre which enlarges and forms
a bladdery closed bag in fruit, these imbricated to form a sort of strobile appear-
ing like that of the Hop. Ovary 2-cclled, 2-ovuled, crowned with the entire and
bearded border of the calyx, forming a small and smooth nut. — Slender trees
with very hard wood, brownish finely furrowed bark, and foliage, £c. nearly as
in the last genus. Flowers appearing with the leaves. (The classical name.)

1. O. Virginica, Willd. (AMERICAN HOP-HORNBEAM. LEA^KR-WOOD.)
Leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, very sharply doubly sen-ate, downy be-
neath ; buds acute ; involueral sacs bristly-hairy at the base. — Rich woods,
not rare. April, May ; the large and handsome oval-oblong hop-like fruit full
grown in Aug. — Tree 20° -40° high.

ORDER 108. MYRICACE7E. (SWEET-GALE FAMILY.)

Monoecious or dioecious shrubs, with both kinds of fowers in short scab)
cutkins, and resinous-dotted often fragrant leaves, — differing from the Birch
Family chiefly by the 1-eelled ovary with a single erect ortliotropous ovule,
and the drupe-like nut. Involucre none.

1. ITI Y RICA, L. BATBERRY. WAX-MYRTLE.

Flowers dioecious : the sterile in oblong or cylindrical, the fertile in ovoid cat-
kins, closely imbricated ; both destitute of calyx and corolla, solitary under a

•

410 BETULACE^E. (BIRCH FAMILY.)

scale-like bract and with a pair of bracelets. Stamens 2-8: filaments some-
what united below. Ovary with 3 scales at .'ts base, and 2 thread-like stigmas.
Fruit a small globular nut, studded with resinous grains or wax. (Mupi'/o;, the
ancient name of the Tamarisk or some other shrub ; perhaps from p.vpi£a>,
to perfume.)

1. Iff. Crale, L. ( SWEET GALE.) Leaves wedge-lanceolate, serrate towards
the apex; pale, later than the flowers; sterile catkins cloudy cluttered; nuts in im-
bricated heads, enclosed in the thick pointed ovate scales which coalesce with
its base. — Wet borders of ponds, New England to Virginia in the mountains,
Penu., Wisconsin, and northward. April. — Shrub 3° -5° high. (En.)

2. I?I. e-erifera, L. (BAYBERRY. WAX -MYRTLE.) Leaves oblong-Ian-
ceoJate, narrowed at the base, entire or wavy-toothed towards the apex, shining
and resinous-tlutted both sides, somewhat preceding the flowers ; sterile catkins scattered,
oblong; scales wedge-shaped at the base; nut£ scattered and naked, incrustcd
with white wax. — Sandy soil on and near the sea-shore: also on Lake Erie.
May. — Shrub 3° - 8° high, with fragrant leaves : the catkins sessile along the
last year's branches ; the fruits sometimes persistent for 2 or 3 years.

2. COiUPTONIA, Solander. SWEET FERN.

Flowers monoecious ; the sterile in cylindrical catkins, with kidney-heart-
shaped pointed scale-like bracts, and 3-6 stamens; the fertile ^in globular
aments, bur-like : ovary surrounded by 5 or 6 long linear-awl-shaped scales,
persistent around the ovoid-oblong smooth nut : otherwise as in Myrica. —
Leaves linear-lanceolate, pinnatifid with many rounded lobes, thin, appearing
rather later than the flowers. Stipules half heart-shaped. (Named after //< nry
Compton, Bishop of London a century ago, a cultivator and patron of botany.)

1. C. asp I en if 61 ia, Ait.— Sterile hills, E. New England to Virginia.
Also N. Wisconsin. April, May. — Shrub, l°-2° high, with sweet-scented
fern-like leaves.

ORDER 109. BETULACEJE. (Bincn FAMILY.;

Monoecious trees or shrubs, with, both kinds of flowers in scaly catkins, 2 or
3 under each bract, and no involucre to the naked l-cclled and 1-sceded often.
willed nut, which results from a 2-celled and 2-ovuled ovary ; — otherwise
much as in the Oak Family.

1. BETUL.A, Tourn. BIRCH.

Sterile flowers 3, and bractlets 2, under each scale or bract of the catkins,
consisting each of a calyx of one scale and 4 stamens attached to its base : fila-
ments very short: anthers 1 -celled. Fertile flowers 3 under each 3-lobed bract,
with no separate bractlets and no calyx, each of a naked ovarv with 2 thread-
like stigmas, becoming a broadly winged and scale-like nutlet or smnll samara.
Seed suspended, anatropous. Cotyledons flattish, oblong. — Ont<-r bark usually
separable in thin horizontal sheets, that of the branchlets dottrd. Twigs and

BETCLACE.fi. (BIRCH FAMILY.) 411

leaves often spicy-aromatic. Foliage mostly thin and light. Buds sessile, scaly
Sterile catkins long and drooping, terminal and lateral, formed in summer, re-
maining naked through the succeeding winter, and expanding thJr golden
flowers in early spring, preceding the leaves : fertile catkins oblong or cylindri-
cal, lateral, protected by scales through the winter, and developed vith the
leaves. (The ancien* Latin name.)

# Trees, with the bark of the trunk ivhite externally, separable in thin sheets petioles

slender : fertile catkins cylindrical, peduncled, spreading or drooping.

1. B. allni, var. populifdlia, Spach. (AMERICAN WHITK BIRCH.)
Leaves triangular (deltoid), very taper-pointed, truncate or nearly so at the broad
base, smooth and shining both sides (glandular-dotted when young). (B. populi-
folia, Ait.) — Common on poor soils, Penn. to Maine, near the coast. — A small
and slender, very graceful tree, with chalky-white bark, much less separable
into sheets than the next species ; the very long-pointed leaves on petioles of
fully half their length, tremulous as those of an Aspen. (Eu.)

2. B. papyracea, Ait. (PAPER BIRCH. CANOE BIRCH.) Leaves
ovate, taper-pointed, heait-shaped or abrupt (or rarely wedge-shaped) at the base,
smooth above, dull underneath; lateral lobes of the fruit-bearing bracts short and
rounded. — Woods, New England to Wisconsin, almost entirely northward, and
extending far north. — A large tree, with fine-grained wood, and very tough
durable bark splitting into paper-like layers. Leaves dark-green above, pale,
glandular-dotted, and a little hairy on the veins underneath, sharply and une-
qually doubly serrate, 3-4 times thie length of the petiole. There is a dwarf
mountain variety.

# * Trees, with reddish-broivn or yellowish bark : petioles short : fertile catkins ovoid-

oblong, scarcely peduncled.

3. B. nigra, L. (RIVER or RED BIRCH.) Leaves rhombic-ovate, acutish
at both ends, whitish and (until old) downy underneath; fertile catkins oblong,
somewhat peduncled, woolly ; the bracts with oblong-linear nearly equal lobes.
(B. rubra, Michx. f.) — Low river-banks, Massachusetts to Illinois and south-
ward.— A rather large tree, with reddish-brown bark and compact light-colored
wood : leaves somewhat Alder-like, glandular-dotted, sharply doubly serrate.

4. B. CXCelsa, Ait. (YELLOW BIRCH.) Leaves ocate or elliptical, point-
ed, narrowed (but mostly heart-shaped) at the base, smoottush, unequally serrate
with coarse and very sharp teeth ; fruiting catkins ovoid-oblong, slightly hairy ; lobes
of tfa scales nearly equal, acute, slightly diverging. — Moist woods, New England
to Lake Superior, and northward. — Tree 40° - 60° high, with yellowish silvery
bark, thin leaves : twigs less aromatic than in the next ; the wood less valuable.

5. B. lent a, L. (CHERRY BIRCH. SWEET pr BLACK BIRCH.) Leaves
heart-ovate, pointed, sharply and finely doubly serrate, hairy on the veins beneath ,
fruiting catkins elliptical, thick, somewhat hairy ; lobes of the veiny scales nearly
equal, obtuse, diverging. — Moist rich woods, New England to Ohio and north-
ward, and so uthward in the mountains. — A rather large tree, with dark chest-
nut-brown bark, reddish bronze-colored on the spray, much like that of the
Garden Cherry, which the leaves also somewhat resemble ; the twigs and foliage
spicy-aromatic : timber rose-colored, fine-grained, valuable for cabinet-work.

412 BETULACE^E. (BIRCH FAMILY.)

# * * Sfirubs, with brownish bark and rounded crenate-toothcd leaves ; fertile catfant
very short-] >cdunded.

6. It. pit Itli I a, L. (Low BIRCH.) Erect or ascending ; leaves obo-jate or
roundish-elliptical, coarsely crcnatc-toothcd, tliose of the summer branchlets
downy and nearly orbicular ; fruiting catkins cylindrical ; the scales more or less
unequally 3-lobed ; fruit broadly winded. (B. glandulosa, Michx.) — Bogs, N.
New England (rare), Penn., Ohio, Wisconsin, and northward. — Shrub 2° -8°
high, with smooth, or sometimes resinous-warty, branchlets ; the growing twigs
downy. Leaves thickish, !'-!£' long, paler or whitish underneath.

7. IS. liana, L. (DWARF or ALPINE BIRCH.) Branches spreading or
procumbent ; leaves orbicular, deeply crenate, smooth, reticulated-veiny under-
neath ; fruiting catkins oblong ; the scales nearly equally 3-cleft ; fruit narrowly
winged. — Alpine summits of the mountains of Maine, New Hampshire, and
N. New York, and high northward. — Shrub 10' -24' high, with leaves about 4-'
wide : varying, in less frigid stations, with the larger leaves twice that size, and
the branchlets often conspicuously warty with resinous dots, when it is B. rotun-
difolia, Spach, and B. Littelliana, Tuckenn. (Eu.)

2. AL.NUS, Tourn. ALDER.

Sterile catkins elongated and drooping, with 5 bractlets and 1 to 3 flowers
under each scale, each flower usually with a 4-parted calyx and 4 stamens : fila-
ments very short : anthers 2-celled. Fertile catkins ovoid or oblong ; the fleshy
scales each 2-flowered, with a calyx of 4 little scales adherent to the scales or
bracts of the catkin, which are thick and woody in fruit, all coherent below, and
persistent. — Shrubs or small trees, with stalked leaf-buds furnished with a sin-
gle scale; the (often racemcd or clustered) catkins of both sorts produced at
the close of summer, remaining entirely naked through the winter, and ex-
panding in early spring. (The ancient Latin name.)

§ 1. ALNUS PROPER. — Fruit wingless.

1. A. ill call a, Willd. (SPECKLED or HOARY ALDER.) Leaves broadly
aval or ovate, rounded at the base, sharply serrate, often coarsely toothed, whitened
a'id mostly downy underneath: stipules oblong-lanceolate; fertile catkins oval;
fruit orbicular. (A. glauca, Hfichx.) — Shrub 8° -20° high, forming thickets
along streams ; the common Alder northward from New England to Wisconsin.
— Var. GLAfcCA has the leaves pale, but when old quite smooth, beneath. (Eu.)

2. A. serriilata, Ait. (SMOOTH ALDER.) Leaves oborate, finite at the
base, sharply serrate with minute teeth, thickish, smooth and green Ivtlt tides, a lit-
tle hairy on the veins beneath ; stipules oval ; fertile catkins ovoid-oblong ; fruit
ovate. — Shrub 6° -12° high, in similar situations; the common Alder from
Southern New England to Wisconsin, Kentucky, and southward.

§ 2. ALNASTER, Spach. — Fruit with a winged margin: sterile flowers with a
culy.r of a single scale, much as in Birch.

3. A. viridis, DC. (GREEN or MOUNTAIN ALDER.) Leaves round-
oval or ovate, sometimes heart-shaped, glutinous and smooth or softly downy
underneath, sen-ate with very sharp and closely set teeth, on young shoots often

SALICACE.E. (WILLOW FAMILY.) 413

somewhat cut-toothed ; fertile catkins long-stalked, ovoid. (A. undulata, WUld.
Bctula crispa, Afichx.) — On mountains and along streams which descend from
them, N. New England and New York, shore of L. Superior, and northward.
Shrub 3° - 8C high. (Eu.)

ORDER 110. SALIC ACE^. (WILLOW FAMILY.)*

Dio2cious trees or shrubs, with both kinds of flowers in calkins, one under
each bract, entirely destitute of calyx or corolla; the fruit a 1-cclled and 2-
valved pod, containing numerous seeds clothed with a long silky down. —
Ovary 1-celled or imperfectly 2-cellecl: styles 2, very short, or more or
less united, each with a 2-lobed stigma. Seeds ascending, anatropous, with-
out albumen. Cotyledons flattened. — Leaves alternate, undivided, with
scale-like and deciduous, or else leaf-like and persistent, stipules. Wood
soft and light : bark bitter.

I. SAL IX, Tourn. WILLOW. OSIER.

Bracts (scales) of the catkins entire. Sterile flowers of 2-6 (rarely single)
stamens, accompanied by 1 or 2 little glands. Fertile flowers also with a small
flat gland at the base of the ovary on the inner side : stigmas short. — Trees or
shrubs, generally growing along streams, with round flexible branches and large
tough roots. Leaves mostly long and pointed, entire or glandularly toothed.
Buds covered by a single scale, with an inner adherent membrane (separating
in § 2). Catkins appearing before or with the leaves. (The classical name,
said to be derived from the Celtic sal, near, and Us, water.)

§ 1 . Cafkins lateral and sessile, appearing before the leaves in April or May : stamen*
2 : scales dark red or broion becoming black, more or less hairy, persistent.

* Ovary stalked, downy, hairy, or icoolly.

+- Catkins ovoid or short-cylindrical, small : leaves entire or obscurely iravy-toothed,
luiiry or woolly, with prominent veins and more or less revolnte margins. — Shrubs.

\. S. Candida, Willd. (IIoAHT WILLOW.) Leaves narrowly lanceo-
late, taper-pointed, or the lowest obtuse, the upper surface and young branche*
covered with a thin we^-like wool more white and dense, beneath ; stipules small, lanceo-
late, toothed, about the length of the petioles; catkins oblong-cylindrical, closely
flowered; ovary densely woolly; style distinct; stigmas 2-cleft; scales oblong,
obtuse. (S. incana, MicJix., not of Schrank.) — New York and New Jersey to
Wisconsin, and northward; in bogs. — Stems 2° -5° high, with reddish twigs,
smooth and shining at maturity. The whole shrub of a very white aspect in
exposed situations, but greener in shade.

2. S. tristis, Ait. (DWARF GRAY WILLOW.) Leaves almost sessile,
wedge-lanceolate, pointed, or the lower obtuse, grayish-woolly on both sides, the

* I am indebted to JOHN CARET, Esq., for the entire elaboration of this difficult family. (In
this second edition I have merely made slight additions respecting the range of some speck*
«nd have reduced the Balm of Gilead to a variety of Populus balsauiifera.)

414. SALICACEJE. (WILLOW FAMILY.)

apper side becoming nearly smooth at maturity ; stipules minute, hairy, very cttrkf
deciduous ; calkins globular when young, loosely -flowered ; ovary with a long tapering
beak, clothed with silvery hairs; style short; stigmas 2-fal>ed. — New England to
Wisconsin, and southward. — Shrub l°-l£° high, much branched: leaves
thick, l£' long. Stipules seldom seen, often reduced to a mere gland. A vari-
ety occurs with very small and rigid contorted leaves.

3. S. llUlIliliS, Marshall. (Low BUSH WILLOW.) Lea ves petioled, lan-
ceolate or obovate-lanceolate, acute or obtuse with an abrupt point, slightly
downy above, more thickly so, or sometimes grayish-woolly, beneath ; stipule*
small, semi-ovate and entire, or larger and lunar with 2-4 teeth, shorter than the peti-
oles ; catkins often recurved; ovary hairy; style distinct; stigmas 2-cleft. (S.
Muhlenbergiana, Bairatt. S. conifera, Mold.) — Borders of fields and road-
sides ; common. — Shrub 3° - 8° high, varying much in size and appearance.
The small forms are at times scarcely distinguishable from No. 2, but the leaves
arc longer, less firm in texture, and generally stipulate ; the larger forms, with
leaves 3' -5' long and f- 1' broad, resemble those of the two next species, but
retain more or less down on the under surface at maturity. — The species of this
and the following section often bear cone-like excrescences on the ends of the
branches, formed of closely imbricated leaves, probably occasioned by the punc-
ture of insects.

«- •»- Catkins cylindrical, large, clothed with long glossy hairs : leaves more or less
ferrate, smooth and shining above, glaucous beneath and at length smooth. — Shrubs
or small trees.

4. S. discolor, Muhl. (GLAUCOUS WILLOW.) Loaves lanceolate or
ovate-lanceolate, acute, irregularly toothed on the sides, entire at the hftee and
apex ; stipules scmilunar, toothed ; catkins erect ; scales very hairy, ofi/am.totate,
tomeu-hat acute; ovary densely silky, (S. sensitiva, Barratt?) — Low meadows
and river-banks; common. — A large shrub or small tree, 8° -15° high. The
young leaves are commonly obtuse and pubescent, at length becoming snrooth
and whitish-glaucous beneath. Stipules in the vigorous shoots equalling the
petiole, more often small and inconspicuous. Young catkins l£' long, glossy,
blackish with the conspicuous scales, elongating in fruit to 2^'.

5. S. erioccplialil, Michx. (SILKY-HEADED WILLOW.) Leaves ob-
long-oval, acute, rounded or tapering at base, sparingly and irregularly toothed ;
stipules semilunar, toothed ; catkins densely flowered, thickly r<»'trtd with long shin-
ing hairs ; scales of the sterile ones round-obovate, ol>tuse ; ovary conspicuously stalked,
downy. (S. prinoides, Pursh ? S. crnssa, Barratt.) — Low meadows and swamps.
— Closely resembles the last; but the aments are more compact and silky, and
the scales rounder.

# # Ovary stalked, silky-gray, shining : calkins ovoid or "jKndrical, with a few small
leaf-like brads at the base: leaves flncly and evenly serrate, silky-gray or gl< tut-on*
beneath, dr//ing black : stipules varying from linear to semilunar, toothed, very decid-
uous. — Shrubt.

6. S. scrccva, Marshall. (SILKY-LEAVED WILLOW.) Lcarrs lanceolate,
pointed, downy above, grayish underneath irifh short silky hairs; sterile catkins
small; (lie fertile narrowly cylindrical, closely flowered ; scales obtuse, round-obo-

8ALICACE.fi. (WILLOW FAMILY.) 415

vale, as long as the stalk of the densely-silky ovoid ovary ; stigma 2-lcbt.d, nearly
sessile. (S. grisea, Willd.} — Sandy river-banks; not rare. — Shrub 4* -10°
high. Fertile catkins in flower f, at length l£', long; the ovaries not spreading
or elongating in fruit, thus appearing sessile.

7. S. petiolaris, Smith. (PETIOLED WILLOW.) Leaves lanceolate,
pointed, smooth above, slightly silky beneath when young, at length smooth and glau-
cous ; fertile catkins ovoid-cylindrical, loosely Jlowered, scales very hairy, obovate,
scarcely as long as the stalk of the silky tapering ovary ; style short but distinct ;
stigma 2-cfeft. (S. rosmarinifolia, and S. fuscata, Purs/t?) — Same situations as
the last, which this shrub resembles in some respects ; but the mature leaves are
not silky beneath, and dry less black : the scales are not so dark, and are clothed
with longer white hair. Sterile catkins like the last; but the fertile shorter and
broader, the pods (at length merely downy) spreading and showing the stalks.

* # * Ovary sessile, woolly or silky : catkins In-acted at the base : leaves not drying

black. — Small trees.
•*- Filaments united to the top, appearing like a single stamen.

8. S. PURPtiREA, L. (PUKPLE WILLOW.) Leaves oblanceolate, pointed,
the lower somewhat opposite, smooth, minutely and sparingly toothed ; catkins
cylindrical ; scales round and concave, very black ; stigmas nearly sessile. (S. Lam-
bertiana, Pursh.) — Low grounds. Recognized at once in the sterile plant by
the united filaments giving to the flowers a monandrous appearance. The twigs
are polished, and of an ashy-olive color. (Adv. from Eu.)

•*- H— Filaments separate.

9. S. VIMIN\LIS, L. (BASKET OSIER.) Leaves linear-lanceolate, very long
and taper-pointed, entire or obscurely crenate, white and satiny beneath; catkins
cylindrical-ovoid, clothed with long silky hair ; ovary long and narroiv ; styles elon-
gated ; stigmas linear, mostly entire. — Wet meadows. — Considered the best species
for basket-work. Leaves 3' -6' long, of a beautiful lustre beneath. — S. Smith-
iana, Willd., another species of this section, differing principally in the some-
what broader leaves, has also been introduced, and is occasionally met with.
(Adv. from Eu.)

$ 2. Catkins lateral, with 4-5 leafy bracts at the base, appearing with or before the
leaves in May or June : inner membrane of the scales of the flowering buds sepa-
latingfrom the cartilaginous exterior, sometimes elevated on the apex of the bursting
catkins: ovary stalked, smooth (under a lens minutely granular, with occasionally a
few short hairs at the base) : stamens 2 : scales dark or black, hairy, persistent.

10. S. cordfstii, Mulil. (HEART-LEAVED WILLOW.) Leaves lanceolate
or ovate-lanceolate, truncate or heart-shaped at base, taper-pointed, sharjJy toothed,
smooth, paler beneath ; stipules kidney-shaped or ovate, toothed, often large anc
conspicuous, of the length of the (when young downy) petiole, or sometimes
small and almost entire; catkins appearing with the leaves, leafy at base, cylindri-
cal, the fertile elongating in fruit ; ovary lanceolate, tapering to the summit. —
Var. RfoiDA has the leaves large and rigid, with coarser teeth, of which the
lowest are somewhat elongated. (S. rigida, Muhl. S. Torreyana, I3arratt,
which has leaves of a deeper green beneath, appears to belong here.) — Var.
MTRICOIDES has narrower leaves, neither heart-shaped nor truncate at the base,

23

416 SALICACEJE. (WILLOW FAMILT.)

(S. myricoides, Mithl.) — Inundated banks of rivers and low meadows; com-
mon.— Shrub 2° -6° high: the first var. larger, or a small tree 6° -15° high,
with leaves 4'- 6' long. Fruiting catkins 2'-3' in length.

11. S. :niijiistat;i, Pursh. (NARUOW-LE A VEI> WILLOW.) Leaves lan-
ceolate, acute, long and tapering to the base, slightly toothed, smooth and scarcely
glaucous beneath ; stipules half-heart-shaped ; catkins hi rye, appearing before tlte
leaves; ovary tapering into a long style. — New York to Wisconsin and southwest-
ward. — Catkins resembling those of No. 4 in size and aspect; but the cvaries
are quite smooth and eery white.

4 3. Catkins lateral, with a few leafy bracts at the base, appearing with the leaves in
Mai) or June : ovary stalked, silky : stamens 2 : scales persistent.

12. S. I'OStrata, Richardson. (LONG-BEAKED WILLOW.) Leaves oblong
or obovate-lanceolate, acute, obscurely toothed, downy above, prominently veined,
softly hairy and glaucous beneath ; stipules semilunar, toothed ; catkins cylindrical,
the fertile becoming loose in fruit ; pods tapering into a long beak, on stalks longer
than the yellow lanceolate scales. — Borders of woods and meadows, New England
to Penn., Illinois, and northward. — A shrub or small tree, 4° -15° high,
with soft velvety leaves, somewhat variable in form. A transformation of the
anthers into imperfect ovaries is frequently observable in this species, and occa-
sionally in some others.

13. S. pliylicifolia, L. (SMOOTH MOUNTAIN-WILLOW.) Leave* Ian?
ceolate or ovate-lanceolate, somewhat pointed, or obtuse at each end, remotely
and minutely repand-toothed, smooth and shining above, glaucous beneath ; fertile
catkins ovoid ; ovary ovoid-conic, very short-stalked ; style elongated; stalk ofth«
mature pods about twice the length of the gland ; scales black, sparingly clothed with
long white hairs. — Moist ravines, on the alpine summits of the White Moun-
tains, New Hampshire, Oakcs, Ttt/ckern&n, &c. — A low spreading shrub, with
leaves of a coriaceous texture when old. (Eu.)

§ 4. Catkins ped uncled (long and loose), borne on the summit of lateral leafy branches
of the season, appearing in May and June : scales greenish-yellow, more or less
hairy, falling before the pods are ripe: flam ents slightly united, hairy below. —
Shrubs and trees, with the brandies very brittle at the base.
* Ovary sessile, smooth : stamens 2.

14. S. ALBA, L. (WHITE WILLOW.) Leaves lanceolate or elliptic-lanceo-
late, pointed, toothed, clothed more or less icith white and silky hairs, especially
beneath; stipules lanceolate; stigmas nearly sessile, thick and recurved. — Var.
VITKLLINA has yellow or light red brandies; leaves shorter and broader. (S
vitcllina, Smith $* Dorrer. S. Pameachiana, Darratt.) — Var. OERULEA has the
leaves nearly smooth at maturity, and greatly resembles the next species. (S.
cierulea, Smith.) — A familiar tree, of rapid growth, attaining a height of 50°-
80°. (Adv. from Eu.)

* # Ovary stalked, smooth : stamens 2-6.

15. S. FRAGILIS, L. (BRITTLE WILLOW.) Leaves lanceolate, ta^r-pointed,
tmooth, glaucous beneath (slightly silky when young), serrate with intlexed teeth,
stipules half-heart-shaped ; stamens commonly 2.- Var. DEcfi'tENS has dark

SALIC A.CE^. (WILLOW FAXILY.) 417

brown buds, and the lowest leaves on the branches broadly obovate, very obtuse,
(8. decipiens, Hoffm ) — Var. RUSSELLIANA has the leaves long and bright,
Btrongly serrate ; the younger ones, and upper branches of the annual shoots,
S'lky-downy towards autumn; stipules large and taper-pointed. (S. Russelli-
ana, Smith.) — A tall and handsome tree, with smooth polished branches ; culti-
vated for basket-work. (Adv. from Eu.)

16. S. nigra, Marshall. (BLACK WILLOW.) Leaves narrowly lanceolate,
pointed and tapering at each end, serrate, smooth (except on the petioles and
midrib) and green on both sides ; stipules small, deciduous ; glands of the sterile
flowers 2, large and deeply 2-3 cleft ; stamens 4-6, often but 3 in the upper
scales. (S. ambigua, Pursh.) — Var. FALC\TA has the leaves elongated, scythe-
shaped, and the stipules large, broadly lunar, reflexed. (S. falcata, Pursh. S.
Purshiana, Spreng. S. ligustrina, Michx. /.) — Tree 15° -25° high, with a
rough black bark ; frequent on the margins of streams, especially southward.

17. S. lucid a, Muhl. (SHINING WILLOW.) Leaves ovate-oblong or Ian
ceolate and narrow with a long tapering point, smooth and shining on both sides, ser-
rate; stipules oblong, toothed; stamens commonly 5. — Overflowed banks of
streams; rather common. — A beautiful species, sometimes flowering at the
height of 3°, sometimes becoming a small bushy tree of 12° -15°.

S. BABYLONICA, Tourn. (WEEPING WILLOW), belongs to this section, and
Is much cultivated for ornament. Only the fertile plant is known in the United
States. — There is also a remarkable variety of it with curled or annular leaves
(S. annuKiris, Forbes}, known in gardens as the KING-LEAVED or HOOP WIL-
LOW.

* * * Ovary stalked, hairy : stamens 2.

18. S. loiigifolia, Muhl. (LONG-LEAVED WILLOW.) Leaves linear-
lanceolate, very long, tapering at each end, nearly sessile, remotely denticulate with
projecting teeth, clothed with gray hairs when young, at length nearly smooth ;
stipules small, lanceolate, toothed ; scaly hairs at the base often glandular-toothed
at the top in the sterile catkins ; gland long, in the sterile flowers sometimes
deeply 2 - 3-cleft ; in the fertile longer than the short stalk of the ovary ; stigmas
very large, sessile. — New England and Penn. to Kentucky and northward. —
Vaiying in height from 2° - 20° ; the stems and branches often prostrate, root-
ing extensively in sandy river-banks.

$ 5. Catkins peduncled, borne on the lateral (or sometimes the terminal) leafy branches
of the season, appearing in June : stipules deciduous or none : scales persistent. —
Small shrubs, with underground spreading stems, sending up short erect or prostrate
branches.

19. S. pediccllaris, Pursh. (STALK-FRUITED WILLOW.) Leavei
elliptic-obovate, obtuse or somewhat pointed, entire, smooth on both sides, retic
ulately veined and rather glaucous beneath ; fertile catkins loose and few-flow-
ered ; ovary smooth, on a stalk twice the length of the nearly smooth greenish-i/elloto
fcale ; stamens 2. — Cold swamps, New England to Wisconsin and northward.
— An upright shrub, l°-3° high, with leaves l'-l£' long, somewhat coriaceous
when mature. Catkins f ' long : pods reddish-green, veined with purple

i!8 SALICACE^E. (WILLOW FAMILf.)

20. S. Uva-lTrsi, Pursh. (BEARBERRT WILLOW.) Leaves elli{.tira<
fiinl pointed, or obovate and obtuse, tapering at the base, slightly toothed, strong-
ly reined, smooth and shining above, rather glaucous beneath ; catkins mostly
lateral, oblong-cylindrical; ovary smooth, stalked ; style distinct; stamen single;
scales oblanceolate, entire, black, covered with long silky hairs. (S. Cutltri, Tucker-
man.) — Alpine summits of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, and Adi-
rondack Mountains, New York. — A very small, almost prostrate shrub, known
at once by the monandrous flowers. (S. rctusa, L., with which this species had
been confounded, is a plant of the Southern Alps, having the catkins issuing
from the terminal buds, with smooth, notched scales, and two stamens.)

21. S. repcns, L. (CREEPING WILLOW.) Leaves lanceolate, pointed,
when young obovate and obtuse, irregularly repand-toothed, smooth and green
above, covered beneath when young with long and shining deciduous hairs, at maturity
smooth and glaucous; catkins ovoid, short; ovary densely silky, stalked; style
very distinct; stamens 2-3; gland sometimes double; scales obovate, obtuse,,
clothed with long hairs. (S. fusca, Smith.) — Moist alpine ravines of the White
Mountains, New Hampshire, and high northward. — Whole plant, when young,
of a glossy, satiny lustre; the leaves at length becoming quite smooth, with a
white and prominent midrib, and slightly elevated veins. (Eu.)

22. S. lierbacea, L. (HERB-LIKE WILLOW.) Leaves roundish-oral,
heart-shaped, notched at the apex, serrate, smooth and shining, with reticulated
veins ; catkins issuing from the terminal buds, small and few-flowered ; ovary .svx-
sile, smooth; scales smooth, ciliate. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains
of New Hampshire, and high northward. — A very small herb-like species, the
stems seldom rising above an inch or two from the ground. (Fu.)

2. FOPUL.US, Tourn. POPLAR. ASPEN.

Bracts (scales) of the catkins irregularly cut-lobcd at the apex. Flowers from
a cup-shaped disk which is obliquely lengthened in front. Stamens 8 - 30, or
more : filaments distinct. Stigmas elongated. — Trees, with usually broad and
more or less heart-shaped or ovate-toothed leaves, and mostly angular branches.
Buds invested with imbricated scales, covered with resinous varnish. Amcnts
long and drooping, appearing before the leaves. (The ancient name, called
Arlior Populi, because it was used to decorate the public walks, or on account of
the constant agitation of the leaves by every impulse.)

1. P. frcmuloides, Michx. (AMERICAN ASPEN.) Leaves r~urulish
h&.tr. -shaped, with a short sharp point, and sma'] sometrhat regular teeth, smooth on
both sides, with downy margins ; scales cut into 3-4 deep linear divisions, fringed
with long hairs. — Woods; common. — Tree 20° -50° high, with smooth green-
ish-white bark. Stalk of the leaf long, slender, and laterally compressed, which
accounts for the continual agitation of the foliage by the slightest breeze.

2. P. graiHluleiitfita, Michx. (LARGE-TOOTHED ASPEN.) Leave*
roundish-oca ti-, irit/i large, and irregular sinuate teeth, when young densely covered
with white silky wool, at length smooth both sides ; scales cut into 5-6 nn,,/nal
nnaU divisions, slightly fringed. — Woods, N'.'W England to IVnn., Wisconsin,
and northward. • -A rather larger tree than the last, with a siuoothish gray bark.

SALICACE^E. (WILLOW FAMJLT.) 4H

3. P. licteropliylla, L. (DOWNY-LEAVED POPLAR.) Branches round ,
leaves heart-shaped or roundish-ovate, obtuse, serrate, white-woolly when young, at
length nearly smooth, except on the elevated veins beneath. — Swamps, W.
New England to Illinois and southward. — Tree 40° -60° high, with large, usu-
ally ouite blunt leaves; the sinus, when heart-shaped, closed l>y the overlapping
lobes which conceal the insertion of the nearly round leaf-stalk.

4. P. mouilifcra, Ait. (COTTON-WOOD. NECKLACE POPLAR.)
Young branches slightly angled, becoming round ; leaves broad/y deltoid, with spread-
ing prominent nerves, slightly heart-shaped or truncate at the base, taper-pointed, sei-
rate with cartilaginous and incurved slightly hairy teeth ; fertile catkins very
long ; scales lacerate-f ringed, not hairy ; stigmas nearly sessile, toothed, dilated
and very large. — Margins of lakes and streams, New England to Illinois and
southward, especially westward. — A large tree, 80° high or upwards; the vig-
orous branches decidedly angled, bearing large leaves ; the more stunted being
round, with smaller foliage. (P. Canadensis, Miclix. f. P. loevigata, Willd.)

5. P. angulfita, Ait. (ANGLED COTTON-WOOD.) Branches acutely
angular or winged ; leaves broadly deltoid or heart-ovate, smooth, crenate-serrate, or
with obtuse cartilaginous teeth. — Low grounds, Pennsylvania to Wisconsin
and southward. — Tree large as the last, and like it bearing very large and heart-
shaped leaves (7' -8' in length and breadth) on young plant? and suckers: on
full-grown trees only one fourth of that size, and commonly without the sinus.

6. P. balsaillifera, L. (BALSAM POPLAR. TACAMAHAC.) Branches
round ; leaves ovate, gradually tapering and pointed, finely serrate, smooth on both
sides, whitish and reticulately veined beneath ; scales dilated, slightly hairy ; sta-
mens very numerous. — N. New England to Wisconsin, and northward. — A
tall tree, growing on the borders of rivers and swamps : its large buds varnished
with a fragrant resinous matter.

Var. CtilHlicailS. (BALM OF GILEAD.) Leaves broader and more or less
heart-shaped, pointed, serrate, whitish and reticulate-veined beneath : petiole
commonly hairy. (P. candicans, Ait.) — N. New England to Wisconsin and
Kentucky : rare in a wild state, but common in cultivation.

P. NIGRA, L., was admitted by the elder Michaux into his Flora, without any
mention of its locality. It was afterwards published by his son, under the name
of P. Hudsdnica : he, however, found it " only on the banks of the Hudson
River, above Albany." Lastly, it was described as P. betulijWa by Pursh, who
further added as its station, " about Lake Ontario." The tree was probably an
introduced form of the European P. nigra, and was latterly so considered by
the younger Michaux himself. A few of these trees are s>till found in the neigh-
borhood of Hoboken, New Jersey.

P. DILATATA, Ait., the well-known pyramidal LOMBARDY POPLAR, has
Deen extensively introduced as an ornamental tree, and is found in the vicinity
of all old settlements.

P. ALBA, L., the ABELE or WHITE POPLAR of the Old World, is occasion-
ally planted, when it spreads widely by the root, and becomes more common
than is desirable.

420 CONIFERS. (FINE FAMILY.)

Subclass JI. GYMNOSPfeRlVLE.

Pistil represented by an open scale or leaf, or entirely wanting;
the ovules and seeds theiefore naked (without a pericarp), and fer-
tilized by the direct application of the pollen. Cotyledons often
more than two.

ORDER 111. COJVIFERJE. (PINE FAMILY.)

Trees or shrubs, unth resinous juice, mostly with awl-shaped or needle-
shaped entire leaves, and monoecious or dioecious flowers in catkins, destitute
of calyx or corolla. Ovules orthotropous. Embryo in the axis of the al-
bumen, nearly its length. (Wood destitute of ducts, composed chiefly of
a homogeneous large woody fibre which is marked with circular disks on
two sides.) An important and rather large Order; comprising the three
following Suborders : —

SUBORDER I. ABIETINE^E. THE PROPER PINE FAMILY.

Fertile flowers in catkins, consisting of open imbricated carpels in the
form of scales in the axil of a bract ; in fruit forming a strobile or cone.
Ovules 2, adherent to the base of each carpellary scale, their orifice turner
downward. Buds scaly.

1. PINUS. Leaves 2-5 in a cluster from the axil of a scale-like primary leaf, persistent.

2. ABIES. Leaves all scattered on the branches and alike, persistent

8. LAHIX. Leaves many in a cluster, the primary ones similar, deciduous.

SUBORDER II. CUPRESSINE^E. THE CYPRESS FAMILY.

Fertile flowers consisting of few carpellary scales, without bracts, bear-
ing single or several erect ovules on their base (the orifice upward), form-
ing a closed strobile or a sort of drupe in fruit. Buds naked.

* Flowers monoecious. Strobile dry, opening at maturity.

4. THUJA. Fruit of few imbricated oblong scales. Ovules 2. Leaves scale like, closely im-
bricated on the flattened branches.

6. CUPKKSSUS. Fruit of several shield-form thickened scales united in a globular woody

cone. Seeds 2 or more on the stalk of each scale. leaves scale-like or awl-shaped.
6 TAXOD1UM. Fruit of several thickened and rather shield-shaped scales united in a glob*
lar woody cone. Seeds 2 on the base of each scale. Leaves liuear, 2-ranked, deciduous.
* * Flowers chSefy dioecious. Fruit berry-like, not opening.

7. JUNIPERUS. Fruit composed of 3-G coalescent 1 - 3-ovuled scales, becoming fleshy.

SUBORDER III. TAXINE.E. THE YEW FAMILY.

Fertile flower solitary, consisting of a naked ovule, ripening into a nutr
like or drupe-like seed. Ovary entirely wanting. Biuls scaly.

8. TAX.US. Ovule erect, encircled at the base by an annular disk, which forms a berry -like

cup around the nut-like seed.

CONIFERS. (PINE FAMILY.) 421

SUBORDER I. ABIETINEJE. THE PROPER PLNE FAMILY.

1. PIN US, Tourn. PINK.

Flowers monoecious. Sterile catkins spiked, consisting o: numerous stamena
inserted on the axis, with veiy short filaments and a scale-like connective :
anther-cells 2, opening lengthwise. Pollen of 3 united grains. Fertile catkins
terminal, solitary or aggregated, consisting of imbricated carpellary scales, each
in the axil of a deciduous bract, beai'ing a pair of inverted ovules at the base.
Fruit a cone formed of the imbricated and woody carpellary scales, which are
thickened at the apex (except in White Pines), persistent, spreading when ripe
and dry ; the 2 nut-like seeds partly sunk in excavations at the base of the scale,
and in separating carrying away a part of its lining in the form of a thin and
fragile wing. Cotyledons 3- 12, linear. — Primary leaves of the shoots thin
and chaff-like, merely bud-scales ; from their axils immediately proceed the
secondary leaves, which make the foliage, in the form of fascicles of 2 to 5 needle-
shaped evergreen leaves, from slender buds, the thin scarious bud-scales sheath-
ing the base of the cluster. Blossoms developed in spring ; the cones commonly
maturing in the autumn of the second year. (The classical Latin name.)

4 1 Leaves 2 or 3 (very rarely 4) in a sheath, mostly rigid : bark rough: scales of

the cones woody, thickened at the end and mostly spiny-tipped.

# Leaves in twos, in No. 5 occasionally some in threes.

1. P. BanksiiYiia, Lambert. (GRAY or NORTHERN SCRUB PINE.)

Leaves short (!' long), oblique, divergent; cones ovate-conical, usually curved,
smooth, the scales point/ess. (P. rupcstris, Michx.f.) — Rocky banks, N. Maine,
N. Michigan and Wisconsin, and northward. — A straggling shrub or low tree
( 5° - '20° high ) ; the rigid leaves concave-grooved above ; the irregular or curved
cones l£'-2' long.

2. P. iiiops, Ait. (JERSEY or SCRUB PINE.) Leaves rather short (!}'-
23' long) ; cones oblong-conical, sometimes curved (2' -3' long), the scales tipped
with a prominent and straight awl-shaped prickle. — Barrens and sterile hills, New
Jersey to Kentucky and southward. A straggling tree, 15° -40° high, with
spreading or drooping branchlets : young shoots with a purplish glaucous bloom.

3. P. puiigeilS, Michx. (TABLE MOUNTAIN PINE.) Leaves stout and
rigid, rather short (2.^' long), crowded; cones ovate (3^' long), the scales armed
with a strong hooked sjnne (^ long). — Blue Ridge, Virginia, west of Charlottes-
ville ( Curtis), and southward. Also, mountains of Penn., Prof. Porter, &c.

4. P. I'CSillOSa, Ait. (RED PINE.) Leaves from long sheaths, sami cylin-
drical, elongated (5' -6' long), dark green ; cones ovoid-conical ; the scales point-
less. (P. rubra, Michx.f.) — Dry woods, Maine to Penn., Wisconsin, and north-
ward.— Tree 50° -80° high, with reddish and rather smooth bark, and compact
wood, but usually less resinous than in No. 6. Cones about 2' long, sometimes
aggregated in large and close clusters. — Wrongly called Norway Pine.

5. P. in Mi is, Michx. (YELLOW PINE.) Leaves in pairs or mostly in
threes from long sheaths, channelled, slender (3' -5' long) ; cones ovoid or oblc jg*
conical (barely 2' long) ; the scales tipped with a minute and weak prickle.. (P

422 CONIFERS. (PINE FAMILY.;

v.tria bills, Pursh.) — Dry or sandy soil, W. New England? and New Jersey m
Wisconsin, and common southward. — Tree 50°-6U° high, straight, producing
a durable, h'ne-grained, moderately resinous timber, valuable for flooring, &c.
Leaves more soft and slender than in any of the preceding, dark green.
* * Leaves in threes (very rarely some in fours).

6. P. rigicla, Miller. (PITCH PINE.) Leaves riyid (3' -5' long) dark
green, flattish,//w» very short sheal/ts; cones ovoid-conical or ovate (I' -3j' long),
often in clusters ; the scales tipped with a short and stout recurved prickle. — Sandy
or spare rocky soil, Maine to W. New York and southward ; common. — Tree
30° - 70° high, with very rough and dark bark, and hard wood saturated with
resin (a variety sometimes called Yellow Pine furnishes much less resinous tim-
ber).— P. serotina, Michx. is a form with ovate or almost globular cones.

7. P. TcVdsi, L. (LOBLOLLY or OLD-FIELD PINE.) Leaves long (6'-
10'), riyid, with elongated sheaths, light green; cones oblong (3' -5' long); the
scales tipped with a short incurved spine. — Barren light soil, Virginia and south-
ward ; common. — Tree 50° - 100° high.

§ 2. Leaves 5 in a sheath, so/I and slender : scales of the cones neither prickly-pointed
nor thickened at the end: bark smooth.

8. P. StrobUS, L. (WHITE PINE.) Leaves very slender, rather glau-
cous, the sheaths deciduous; cones narrow, cylindrical, nodding, a little curved
(4' -6' long). — Cool and damp woods; common northward, extending* south-
ward in the Allcghanies, but rare in those of Virginia. — The White Pine (called
in England Weymouth Pine) is our tallest tree, often 1 20° -160° in a single
straight column in primitive forests, and is invaluable for its soft and light
white or yellowish wood, which in large trunks is nearly free from resin.

2. ABI£S, Toum. SPRUCE. FIR.

Sterile ca4kins scattered or somewhat clustered towards the end of the branch-
lets. Scales of the strobiles thin and flat, not at all thickened at the apex, nor
with a prickly point. Seeds with a persistent wing. — Leaves all foHaccous and
scattered, sliort, frequently 2-ranked, Otherwise nearly as in Pinus. (Tin/
classical Latin name.)

$ 1. Cones erect, lateral ; the scales and the more or less projecting bracts falling frcm

the axis at maturity : sterile catkins clustered: anther-cells opening by a transrccf

laceration: leaves flat, becoming 2-ranked, whitened underneath, obtuse or notckiM

at the apex. ( AHIES, Pliny, $-c. Picea, L., Don, London, not of Link.)

1. A. l>als:imca, Marshall. (BALSAM Fin.) Leaves narrowly linear;

cones cylindrical, large, violet-colored; the bracts obocate, serrulate, tipped with an

abrupt slender point, slightly projecting, oppressed. — Cold damp woods and

swamps, New England to Pcnn., Wisconsin, and northward. — A slender tree,

of little value as timber, when young very handsome, but short-lived. Leaves

i' or less in length, narrower and lighter green above than those of the European

Silver Fir; the cones 3' -4' long, 1' broad, the scales very broad and rounded.

Also called Ctniinhi linlsttm or llultn-of-Gilrad Fir. The well-known Canada

wlsam is drawn from blisters in the bark of this and the next species.

CONIFERS. (PINE FAMILY.) 423

2. A. Friiseri, Pursh. (SMALL-FRUITED or DOUBLE BALSAM FIR.)

Cones small (!' — 2' long), oblong-ovate; the bracts oblong-wedge-shaped, short-point-
ed, the upper part much projecting and reflexed. (A. balsam ifcra, Michx.fl.) —
Mountains of Pcnn., Virginia, and southward on the highest Alleghanies. Also
on the mountains of W. New England ? — Foliage, &c. nearly as in the last.

§ 2. Cones hanging, terminal; the bracts evanescent ; the scales persistent on the axis :
sterile catkins scattered: anther-cells opening lengthwise. ( PICE A, Link, frc.)
* Leaves ^-ranked, flat, whitened underneath.

3. A. CanadeiiSiS, Michx. (HEMLOCK SPRUCE.) Leaves linear, flat,
obtuse (£' long) ; cones oval, of few scales, little longer than the leaves ( J' long).
— Hilly or rocky woods ; very common northward, and rare southward in the
Alleghanies. — A large tree, when young the most graceful of Spruces, with a
light, spreading spray, and delicate foliage, bright green above, silvery undei*-
neath. Timber very coarse-grained and poor.

* * Leaves needle-shaped, ^-angular, equally distributed all around the branch.

4. A. nigra, Poir. (BLACK SPRUCE. DOUBLE SPRUCE.) Leaves
short (g-'-f long), rigid, dark green; cones ovate or ovate-oblong (l'-l^' long);
the scales with a thin and wavy or eroded edge. — Swamps and cold mountain
woods, New England to Wisconsin and northward, and southward along the
mountains. — A common variety in New England has lighter-colored or glau-
cous-green leaves, rather more slender and loosely spreading : it is often mis-
taken for the White Spruce. — A. rubra is a northern form of A. uigra.

5. A. alba, Michx. (WHITE SPRUCE.) Leaves pale or glaucous ; cones
cylindrical, about 2' long, pale, the scales with an entire edge ; a handsomer
tvee than No. 4, more northern, in aspect more like a Balsam Fir. — Northern
borders of New England, Lake Superior, and northward.

A. BXCELSA, the NORWAY SPRUCE, is now much planted : it is a much
finer tree, and thrives better than our indigenous species of this group.

3. L.AR1X, Toum. LARCH.

Catkins lateral and scattered, bud-like. Sterile flowers nearly as in Pinus,
but the pollen of simple spherical grains. Cones ovoid, erect; the- bracts and
scales persistent; otherwise as in Abies. — Leaves deciduous, soft, all folia-
ceous , the primary ones scattered ; the secondary very many in a fascicle de-
veloped in early spring from lateral scaly and globular buds. Fertile catkins
crimson or red in flower. (The ancient name.)

1. L. Americana, Michx. (AMERICAN or BLACK LARCH. TAMA-
RACK. HACKMATACK.) Leaves almost thread-form ; cones ovoid, of few
rounded scales. (P. pendula, Ait.) — Swamps, New England to Peim. and
Wisconsin, and (chiefly) northward. — A slender tree, with heavy, close-grained
wood, and slender horizontal branches, more slender and usually shorter leaves
than the Emopean Larch; — which is a handsomer tree, and has the scales of
its larger cones arranged in the order 2\, while those of the American are only §•
— The RED LARCH (P. microcarpa, Lambert) appears to bo only a Northern
variety.

124 CONIFEK^E. (PINE FAMILY.)

SUBORDER II. CUPRESSINE^E. THE CYPRESS FAMILY.

4. THIJJA, Toura. ARBOR VIT^E.

blowers monoecious on different branches, in very small terminal ovoid catkins.
Stamens with a scale-like filament or connective, bearing 4 anther-cells. Fertile
catkins of few imbricated scales, fixed by the base, each bearing 2 erect ovules,
dry and spreading at maturity. Cotyledons 2. — Small evergreen trees, with
very flat 2-ranked spray, on which the small and appressed persistent leaves ar&
closely imbricated : these are of two sorts, on different or successive branchlets ;
the one awl-shaped ; the other scale-like, blunt, short, and adnate. (0uia, 0va,
or 6i>fi'a, the ancient name of some resin-bearing evergreen.)

1. T. occidentalis, L. (AMERICAN ARBOR VITJE.) Leaves ap
pressed-imbricated in 4 rows on the 2-edged branchlets ; scales of the cones
pointless; seeds broadly winged all round. — Swamps and cool rocky banks,
N. New England to Penn. and Wisconsin ; chiefly northward, where it forms
extensive " cedar-swamps," and is called WHITE CEDAR : rare southward along
the Allcghanies. — Tree 20° - 50° high, straight, with recurved branches, yield-
ing a pungent aromatic oil : wood light, but exceedingly durable.

5. CUPRESSUS, Tourn. CYPRESS.

Flowers monoecious on different branches, in terminal small catkins. Sterile
catkins composed of shield-shaped scale-like filaments bearing 2-4 anther-cells
under the lower margin. Fertile catkins globular, of shield-shaped scales in 4
ranks, bearing several erect bottle-shaped ovules. Cone globular, firmly closed,
but opening at maturity; the scales thick and woody, pointed or bossed in the
middle ; the few or several narrowly-winged seeds attached to their contracted
base or stalk. Cotyledons 2 or 3. — '• Strong-scented evergreen trees, with very
small and scale-like closely appressed-imhricated leaves, and exceedingly dura-
ble wood. (The classical name.)

1. C. tliyoides. L. (WHITE CEDAR.) Leaves minute, ovate, with a
small gland on the back, closely imbricated in 4 rows on the 2 -edged branehlete ;
anther-cells 2 under each scale. — Swamp9,Massachusetts to Wisconsin, Virginia,
and southward. May. — Tree 30° -70° high; the wood and fibrous shreddy
bark, as well as the foliage, much like the Arbor Vita? ; but the spray more
slender, the leaves finer and dull glaucous-green. Cone scarcely larger than a
pea, few-seeded.

6. TAXODIUUI, Richard. BALD CYPRESS.

Flowers monoecious on the sanie branches. Sterile catkins spiked -pamcled,
of few stamens : filaments scale-like, shield-shaped, bearing 2-5 antner-cclls.
Fertile catkins ovoid, in small clusters, scaly, with 2 ovules at the base of each
scale. Cone globular, closed, composed of very thick and angular somewhat
shield-shaped scales, bearing 2 angled seeds at their base. Cotyledons 6 - 9. —
Trees with linear 2-ranked light and deciduous leaves. (Name compounded of
Ta£or, the Yew, and dftos, resemblance.)

CONIFERB. (PINE FAMILY.) 425

(

1. T* disticluim, Richard. (AMERICAN BALD CYPH^SS.) Leases
linear and spreading ; also awl-shaped and imbricated on flowering branchlets.
— Swamps, from S. New Jersey ? and Delaware, to Virginia, Illinois, and
southward, where it is a very large and valuable tree. March, April.

7. JUNIPERUS, L. JUNIPER.

Flowers dioecious, or occasionally monoecious, in very small lateral catkins
Anther-cells 3-6, attached to the lower edge of the shield-shaped scale. Fertile
catkins ovoid, of 3 - 6 fleshy 1 - 3-ovuled coalescent scales ; in fruit forming a
sort of berry, scaly-bracted underneath. Seeds 1-3, bony. Cotyledons 2. —
Evergreen trees or shrubs, with awl-shaped or scale-like rigid leaves often of two
shapes. (The classical name.)

1. J. comiliiiiiis, L. (COMMON JUNIPER.) Leaves in threes, linear
awl-shaped, prickly-pointed, spreading, bright green except the glaucous-white
upper surface. — LVy sterile hills, New Jersey to Maine eastward, northward,
and along the Great Lakes. May. — Shrub also spreading on the ground, or
rarely ascending, rigid. Berries dark purple, as large as a pea. (Eu.)

2. J. Virginiana, L. (RED CEDAR. SAVIN.) Leaves 4-ranked,
much crowded, on young plants and primary or rapidly-growing shoots awl-
shaped and somewhat spreading, in pairs or threes ; on older lateral twigs very
email and scale-like, closely imbricated, triangular-ovate. — A branching shrub
or tree, sometimes 60°-90° high ; or, var. HUMILIS, Hook., a widely spread-
r\<f or almost prostrate shrub. — Dry, rocky or sterile hills; common, extending
both northward and southward: the prostrate variety chiefly high northern.
April. — Wood odorous, reddish, very compact and durable. Berries small,
purplish with a glaucous bloom.

SUBORDER III. TAXIWE^E. THE YEW FAMILY.

8. TAXUS, Tourn. YEW.

Flowers mostly dioecious, axillary from scaly buds ; the sterile in small glob-
ular catkins formed of naked stamens : anther-cells 3-8 under a shield-like
somewhat lobed connective. Fertile flowers solitary, scaly-bracted at the base,
consisting merely of an erect sessile ovule; soon a cup-shaped disk around its
base, which becomes pulpy and berry-like (globular and red) in fruit, and partly
encloses the nut-like seed. Cotyledons 2. — Leaves evergreen, flat, mucron ate,
rigid, scattered, 2-ranked. (The classical name, probably from TO£OJ/, a bmu ;
the wood being used for bows.)

1. T. baccata. L., var. Canadensis. (AMERICAN YEW. GROUND
HEMLOCK.) 'Stems diffusely spreading; leaves linear, green both sides. (T.
Canadensis, Wittd.) — Moist banks and hills, near streams, specially in the
shade of evergreens : common northward, extending southward « nly along the
Alleghanies. April. — Our Yew is a low and straggling or prostrate bush,
never forming an ascending trunk. (Eu.)

426 ARACE.&. (ARUM FAMILY.)

CLASS II. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS OR EN-
DOGENOUS PLANTS.

Stems with no manifest distinction into bark, wood, and
pith ; but the woody fibre and vessels collected into bundles
or threads which are irregularly imbedded in the cellular tis-
sue : perennial trunks destitute of annual layers. Leaves
mostly parallel-veined (nerved) and sheathing at the base,
seldom separating by an articulation, almost always alter-
nate or scattered and not toothed. Parts of the flower com-
monly in threes. Embryo with a single cotyledon (and the
leaves of the plumule alternate).

ORDER 112. ARACEJG. (ARUM FAMILY.)

Plants with acrid or pungent juice, simple or compound often veiny leaves*)
and monoecious or perfect flowers crowded on a spadix, which is usually sur-
rounded by a spathe. • — Floral envelopes none, or of 4 - 6 sepals. Fruit
usually a berry. Seeds with fleshy albumen, or none but filled with the
large fleshy embryo in Nos. 2, 4, and 5. (A large family, ehielly tropical.)

Synopsis.

* Spadix surrounded by a spathe
«- Flowers naked, i e destitute of auy floral envelopes.

1. ARTSJEM A. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, covering only the base of the spadix. Spathe

comolute below.

2. PELTANDRA. Flowers monoecious, covering the wholo surface of the epadix ; the anthert

above, the ovaries below.

3 CALL A. Flowers perfect (at least the lower ones), covering the whole surface of the short
spadix. Spathe open and spreading.

*- •»- Flowers with a regular calyx.
4. 8YMPLOCARFUS. Flowers perfect, covering the whole of the oval spadix, each with a

calyx of 4 hooded sepals, all combined into one mass in fruit.

» * Spadix naked (not surrounded by any spathe) Flowers perfect and with a calyx.
6 ORONTFUM Spadix terminating a naked scape Stamens 4-6: anthers D-celled.
6. ACORUS. Spadix bursting from the side of a leaf-like scape. Stamens 6 : Anthers 1-celled

1. AR1S-3EUIA, Martius. INDIAN TURNIP. DRAGON-ARUM.

Spathe convolute below and mostly arched above. Flowers by abortion dioe-
cious, or monoecious, covering the base of the spadix, which is elongated and
naked above. Floral envelopes none. Sterile flowers above the fertile, consist-
in of whorls of 4 or more stamens, with very short filaments and 2 -4-cclled

ARACEJE. (AHUM FAMILY.) 127

anthers, opening by j ores or chinks at the top. Fertile flowers consisting each
of a 1-celled ovary tipped with a depressed stigma, and containing 5 or 6 orthotro-
pous ovules erect from the base of the cell ; in fruit a 1 - few-seeded scarlet
berry. Embryo in the axis of albumen. — Low perennial herbs, with a tuberous
rootstock or conn, sending up a simple scape sheathed with the petioles of the
simple or compound veiny leaves, as if caulescent. (A play upon Arum, the
ancient name; probably formed of apoi>, Arum, and 0-77 fm, a sign or mark.)

1. A. tripliyllum, Torr. (INDIAN TURNIP.) Leases mostly 2, divided
into § elliptical-ovate pointed leaflets ; spadix often dioecious, club-shaped, obtuse,
much shorter than the spathe, which is flattened and incurved-hooded at the
summit. (Arum triphyllum, L.) — Rich woods; common. May. — Conn
turnip-shaped, wrinkled, farinaceous, with an intensely acrid juice. Spathe with
the petioles and sheaths green, or often variegated with dark purple and whitish
stripes or spots (Arum atrorubens, Ait.)', the limb ovate-lanceolate, pointed.

2. A. I>rac6ntium, Schott. (GREEN DRAGON. DRAGON-ROOT.)
Leaf usually solitary, pedately divided into 7-11 oblong-lanceolate pointed leaf-
lets ; spadix androgynous, tapering to a long and slender point beyond the oblong
and convolute pointed spathe. ( Arum Dracontium, L. ) — Low grounds along
streams. May. — Corms clustered. Petiole 1° - 2° long, much longer than the
peduncle. Spathe greenish, rolled into a tube, with a short erect point.

2. PEL.TANDRA, -Raf. ARROW ARUM.

Spathe elongated, convolute throughout, wavy on the margin, curved at the
apex. Flowers monoecious, thickly covering the long and tapering spadix
throughout. Floral envelopes none. Anthers sessile, naked, covering all the
upper part of the spadix, each of 5 or 6 cells imbedded in the margin of a thick
and shield-shaped connective, opening by a terminal pore. Ovaries 1-celled at
the base of the spadix, bearing several amphitropous ovules at the base : stig-
ma nearly sessile. Berries distinct, 1 -3-seeded. Seed obovate, surrounded by
a tenacious jelly, somewhat amphitropous, with the micropyle superior, the base
empty, the upper part filled with a large and fleshy spherical embryo, the plu-
mule superior, and no albumen. — A stemlcss herb, with arrow-shaped leaves
and simple scapes from the root of thick tufted fibres. Upper part of the spathe
and the sterile portion of the spadix rotting away after flowering, leaving the
fleshy base firmly enclosing the globular cluster of green berries. (Name com-
posed of TreXrr;, a target, and dvrjp, for stamen, from the shape of the latter.)

1. P. Virginica, Raf. (Arum Virginicum, L. Lecontia, Torr Rens-
selaeria, Beck.) — Swampy borders of ponds and streams; common. June. —
Leaves large, pointed; nerves reticulated next the margin. (It seems to have
escaped attention that this plant has an exalbuminous corm-like embryo, nearly as
in Symplocarpus.)

3. € A L. L. A , L. WATER ARUM.

Spathe open and spreading, ovate (abruptly pointed, the upper surface white),
persistent. Spadix oblong, entirely covered with flowers ; the lower perfect ;
Jhe upper often of stamens only. Floral envelopes none. Filaments slender-

428 ARACEJC. (ARUM FAMILY.)

anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Ovary 1-celled, with 5-6 erect anatro
pous ovules : stigma sessile. Berries (red) distinct, few-seeded. Seeds with a
conspicuous rhaphe, and an embryo nearly the length of the hard albumen. — A
low perennial herb, growing in cold bogs, with a creeping thickish rootstoclc,
bearing heart-shaped long-petioled leaves, and solitary scapes. (An ancient
name, of unknown meaning.)

1. C. palustris, L. — Cold bogs, New England to Penn., Wisconsin
and common northward. June. — Seeds surrounded with jelly. (Eu.)

4. SYMPL.OCARPUS, Salisb. SKUNK CABBAGK!

Spathe hooded-shell-form, pointed, very thick and fleshy, decaying in fruit,
Spadix globular, short-stalked, entirely covered with perfect flowers which are
thickly crowded and their (1-celled or abortively 2-celled) ovaries immersed in
the fleshy receptacle. Sepals 4, hooded. Stamens 4, opposite the sepals, with
at length rather slender filaments : anthers extrorse, 2-cclled, opening length
wise. Style 4-angled : stigma minute. Ovule solitary, suspended, anatropous.
Fruit a globular or oval mass, composed of the enlarged and spongy spadix, en-
closing the spherical seeds just beneath the surface, which is roughened with the
persistent and fleshy sepals and pyramidal styles. Seeds filled by the large
globular and fleshy corm-like embryo, which bears one or several plumules at the
end next the base of the ovary : albumen none. — Perennial herbs, with a strong
odor like that -of the skunk, and also' somewhat alliaceous; a thick descending
rootstock bearing a multitude of long and coarse fibrous roots, and a cluster of
very large and entire veiny leaves, preceded by the nearly sessile spathes.
(Name from o-u/zTrAoKjJ, connection, and napiros, fruit, in allusion to the coales-
cence of the ovaries, &c. into a compound fruit.)

1. S. fuetidus, Salisb. Leaves ovate, heart-shaped (l°-2° long when
grown), short-petioled ; spadix much shorter than the spathe. (Ictodes, Bigcl.)
— Moist grounds; common. March, April. — Spathe spotted and striped with
purple and yellowish-green, ovate, incurved. Fruit ripe in September, forming
a roughened globular mass 2' -3' in diameter, in decay shedding the bulblet-
like seeds, which are |'-£' in diameter, and filled with the singular solid fleshy
embryo.

5. ORONTIUJtt, L. GOLDEN-CLUB.

Spathe none. Flowers crowded all over a cylindrical spadix, perfect : the
lower with 6 concave sepals and 6 stamens ; the upper ones with 4. Filaments
flattened : anthers 2-celled, opening obliquely lengthwise. Ovary 1-cellcd, with 1
amphitropous ovule : stigma sessile, entire. Fruit a green utricle. Seed with-
out albumen. Embryo thick and fleshy, " with a large concealed cavity at the
summit, the plumule curved in a groove on the outside." (Tarr.) — An aquatic
perennial, with a deep rootstock, long-petioled and entire nerved floating leaves,
and the spadix terminating the naked scape, which thickens upward. (Origin
of the name obscure.)

1. O. aqii:iticuill, L. — Ponds, Massachusetts to Virginia, near
coast, and southward. May.

TTPHACE^:. (CAT-TAIL FAMILY.) 429

6. ACORUS, L. SWEET FLAG. CALAMUS.

Spadix lateral, sessile, emerging from the side of a scape which resembles the
leaves, densely covered with perfect flowers. Sepals 6, concave. Stamens 6
filaments linear : anthers kidney-shaped, 1-celled, opening across. Ovary 2-3-
celled, with several pendulous orthotropous ovules in each cell : stigma minute.
Fruit at length dry, gelatinous inside, 1 -few-seeded. Embryo in the axis of
albumen. — Pungent aromatic plants, especially the thick creeping rootstocks
(calamus of the shops), which send up 2-edged sword-like leaves, and scapes
similar to them, bearing the spadix on one edge ; the upper and more foliaceous
prolongation sometimes considered as an open spathe. (The ancient name,
from a privative, and Koprj, the pupil of the eye, having been used as a remedy
for sore eyes.)

1. A. Calamus, L. Scape leaf-like and prolonged far beyond the
cylindrical (yellowish-green) spadix. — Margin of rivulets, swamps, &c. June
- Tt appears to be truly indigenous northward. (Eu.)

ORDER 113. TYPIIACE7E. (CAT-TAIL FAMILY.)

Marsh herbs, with nerved and linear sessile leaves, and monoecious flowers
on a spadix or in heads, destitute of proper floral envelopes. Ovary taper-
ing into a slender style and usually an elongated 1-sided stigma. Fruit nut-
like when ripe, 1-seeded. Seed suspended, anatropous: embryo straight
in copious albumen. — Comprises only the two following genera.

1. TYPHA, Toum. CAT-TAIL FLAG.

Flowers in a long and very dense cylindrical spike terminating the stem ; the
upper part consisting of stamens only, intermixed with simple hairs, and insert-
ed directly on the axis ; the lower or fertile part consisting of ovaries, surrounded
by club-shaped bristles, which form the copious down of the fruit. Nutlets
minute, very long-stalked. — Spathes merely deciduous bracts, or none. Root-
stocks creeping. Leaves long, sheathing the base of the simple jointless stems,
erect, thickish. (Name from rtyos, a fen, alluding to the place of growth.)

1. T. latifolia, L. (COMMON CAT-TAIL or REED-MACE.) Leaves near-
ly flat : staminate and pistillate parts of the spike approximate or continuous. —
Borders of ponds, &c. July. (Eu.)

2. T. angiistifolia, L. (NARROW-LEAVED or SMALL CAT-TAIL.)
Leaves channelled towards the base, nairowly linear ; staminate and pistillate parts
of the spike usually separated by an interval. — In similar places with the last ;
a rarer and smaller plant ; probably a mere variety of it. (Eu.)

2. SPAROANIUJTI, Tourn. BUR-REED.

Flowers collected in separate dense spherical heads, scattered along the sum-
mit of the stem, subtended by leaf-like bracts, the upper ones sterile, consisting
merely of stamens, with minute scales irregularly interposed ; the lower or for-

430 LEMNAOEJE. (DUCKWEED FAMILY.)

tile larger, consisting of numerous sessile pistils, each surrounded by 3 - 0 scales
much like a calyx. Fruit nut-like when mature. — Roots fibrous. Stems sim-
ple or branching, sheathed below by the base of the linear leaves. (Name from
crrapyavov, a Jillet, from the ribbon-like leaves.)

# Inflorescence mostly branched, icith numerous heads, the 1-3 lower fertile, the rest
sterile: stiywas often 2, linear, much longer than the style: stems stout, erect (2° —
3° high) : leaves erect (£'-$' wide), flat and merely keeled, the base triangular with
concave sides : fruit sessile.

1. S. euryciirpilill, n. sp. Engclm. Fruit many-angled (3£" -4" long),
with a, broad and depressed or retu.se summit (2$" wide), abruptly and slightly tipped
in the centre; head globose, 1' wide when ripe. — Borders of ponds, &c., com-
mon northward and especially westward. June - Sept.

2. S. r:iiH4>Siiiil, Hudson. Fruit somewhat triangular, with the summit
hemispherical and pointed, smaller than in the last. — Same situations, northward
and eastward. July -Sept. (Eu.)

* # Inflorescence mostly simple : stigma single : stem slender.

3. S. Simplex, Hudson. Fertile and sterile heads each 3 or 4, the lattei
or some of them mostly pedunclcd (£'-§' broad) ; fruit abruptly contracted at the
summit ii to a slender beak as long as itself; stigma linear; leaves triangular at
the base with flat sides (6'- 18' long). (S. Americanum, Nutt.) — Along streams
and pools; common northward and eastward. (Eu.)

4. S. nfitans, L., var. n III lie, Fries. Heads few, the fertile 1 - 3 ; stig
ma short ; fruit oblong, slender-beaked as in No. 3, also attenuate into a stalk-like
base; leaves very long and flaccid, floating. (S. affine, Schnitzlein.) In ponds and
slow streams, New England, New York, and northward. — This may be the S.
angustifolium of Michaux, as is generally thought; but Fries assigns that to
the next. (Eu.)

5. S. clllgUStifolillin, Michx. Small and slender ; fruit more triangu-
lar, scarcely beaked, short-pointed, not contracted at the base ; leaves long and nar-
row (l£"-2" wide) and floating when growing in water, scarcely surpassing tho
stems in dwarf states, growing nearly out of water (5'-8' high). — New England
to Wisconsin and northward. — Fruiting heads only 2£"-3 ' in diameter. (Eu.)

OiiDER 114. LEMNACEJE. (DUCKWEED FAMILY.)

ATmute utemJ^ss plants, fextting free on the water, destitute of distinct stem
and foliage, being merely a flat frond, producing few monoecious flowers froln

a chink (it the edye or upper surface, and usually hanging roots from under-
neath : ovules erect from the base of the cell. Fruit a I- 1 -seeded utricle
Emlruo strn'ujhl, in the axis of fleshy albumen. — A little group of plants,
of peculiar mode of growth, in character mostly intermediate between the
Arum Family and (lie following, to one or the other of which it may be
joined. — The, Linmean genus Lemna has been divided into three genera,
I answering to the following sections,) possibly with sufficient reasons ; but
it is not worth while to adopt them here, since the flowers and fruit arc
rarely met with.

NAIADACEJS. (PONDWEED FAMILY.) 431

1. JLE1TI1VA, L. DUCKWEED. DUCK'S-MEAT.

Flowers appearing from a cleft in the edge of the frond, three together burst-
ing through a thin and membranous urn-shaped spathe ; two of them consisting
of single stamens (one developed rather earlier than the other), with thread-like
filaments and 2-celled anthers; the other a 1-celled ovary forming a utricle in
fruit : stigma funnel-form : ovules anatropous or half-anatropous. — Root with
a sheath-like appendage on its extremity. Fronds laterally proliferous by a
sort of budding, and producing little bulbets which sink to the bottom of the
water in autumn but rise to develop on the surface in spring, (An old Greek
name, of uncertain meaning.)

§ 1 . LEMNA, Schleiden. — Root single : filaments filiform : ovule solitary.

1. Li. tristilca, L. Fronds oblong-lanceolate from a stalked base, thin, den-
ticulate at the tip (|'-|' long), proliferous from the side, so as to form crosses;
" ovule half anatropous." — Ponds ; not rare : but the flowers little known. (Eu.)

2. Li. minor, L. Fronds roundish-obovate, thickish (about 2" long),
often grouped ; "ovule half-anatropous; seed horizontal." — Very common, man-
tling stagnant waters : not yet found in flower in this country. (Eu.)

3. JL. perpiisilla, Torr. Fronds obovate, thin (!"-!£" long), single or
grouped; ovule anatropous; seed erect, striate. — Staten Island, New York (Tor-
rey), and doubtless common elsewhere. August.

§ 2. SPIR6DELA, Schleiden. — Roots several in a cluster from each frond: filu-
ments of the stamens narroived below : ovules 2.

4. L. polyrrhiza, L. Fronds roundish-obovate (3" -4" long), thick,
rather convex beneath. — Ponds and pools. Sometimes found in flower. (Eu.)

§3. TELMATOPHACE, Schleiden. — Roots single: filaments of the stamens
enlarged in the middle: ovules and seeds 2-7, anatropous : albumen little.

5. L» g*it>t>«l9 L. Fronds obovate, nearly fiat above, tumid and spongy under-
neath (hemispherical), proliferous on short and very fragile stalks, therefore
seldom found connected (3" -4" long). — Ponds; rather rare. Not here seen
in flower. (Eu.)

ORDER 115. NAIADACE^E. (PONDWEED FAMILY.)

Immersed aquatic plants, ivith jointed stems and sheathing stipules tvithm
the petioles, or with sheathing bases to the leaves, inconspicuous mono - dioe-
cious or perfect fiowers, winch are naked or with a free merely scale-like calyx ;
the ovaries solitary or 2-4 and distinct, 1-celled, l-ovuled. Seed without al-
bumen, filled by the large embryo, often curved or hooked. Flowers usu-
ally bursting from a spathe, sometimes on a spadix.

Synopsis.

* Flowers monoecious or dioecious, axillary, naked, monandrous.
1. NATAS. Pistils solitary and naked : stigmas 2-4.
1. ZAMNICHELLIA. Pistils about 4 from a cup-shaped involucre or slieath.

432 NAIADACE^fi. (PONDWEED FAMILY.)

3. ZOSTERA. Pistils and anthers alternately sessile in 2 rows on one side of a linear spadll

enclosed in a leaf. Stigmas 2.

# * Flowers perfect.

4. RUPPIA. Flowers naked on a spadix : each of 4 large anther-cells, and 4 ovaries which

are raised on long stalks in fruit.
6. POTAMOGETON. Flowers and fruit spiked. Sepals, stamens, and sessile OYaries each 4.

1. NAIAS, L. NAIAD.

Flowers dioecious (or sometimes monoecious), axillary, solitary and sessile ;
the sterile consisting of a single stamen enclosed in a little membranous spathe :
anther at first nearly sessile, the filament at length elongated. Fertile flowers
consisting of a single ovary tapering into a short style : stigmas 2-4, awl-
shaped : ovule erect, anatropous. Fruit a little seed-like nutlet, enclosed in a
loose and separable membranous epicarp. Embryo straight, tin1, radicular end
downwards. — Slender branching herbs, growing entirely under water, with
opposite linear leaves, somewhat crowded into whorls, sessile and dilated at the
base. Flowers very small, solitary, but often clustered with the branch-leaves
in the axils. (Naias, water-nymph ; an ill-chosen name for these insignificant
water-weeds ; from their place of growth.)

1. N. flexilis, Rostk. Leaves membranaceous, spreading, very narrowly
linear, entire, or sparingly very minutely denticulate (under a lens) ; stigmas
usually 3 -4. (N. Canadensis, Miclix. Caulinia fiexilis, Willd.) — Ponds and
slow streams ; common. July -Sept. (Eu.)

N. M!NOR (Caulinia fr^gilis, Willd.}, with the more rigid and recurved frag-
ile leaves rather strongly toothed, is not identified in this country.

2. ZANNICIIELLIA, Micheli. HORNED PONDWEED.

Flowers monoecious, sessile, naked, usually both kinds from the same axil .
the sterile consisting of a single stamen, with a slender filament bearing a 2 - 4-
celled anther; the fertile of 2-5 (usually 4) sessile pistils in the same cup-
shaped involucre, forming obliquely oblong nutlets in fruit, beaked with a short
style, which is tipped by an obliquely disk-shaped or somewhat 2-lobed stigma.
Seed orthotropous, suspended, straight. Cotyledon taper, bent and coiled up.
— Slender branching herbs, growing under water, with very slender stems, op-
posite or alternate long and linear thread-form entire leaves, and sheathing
membranous stipules. (Named in honor of Zannichelli, a Venetian botanist.)

1. Z. palustris, L. Style at least half as long as the fruit, which is flat-
tish, somewhat incurved, even, or occasionally more or less toothed on the back
(not wing-margined in our plant), nearly sessile, or, in var. PEDUNCULATA, both
the cluster and the separate fruits evidently peduncled. — Ponds and slow
streams; rather rare. July. (Eu.)

3. ZOSTERA, L. GRASS-WRACK. EEL-GRASS.

Flowers monoecious ; the two kinds naked and sessile and alternately arranged
in two rows on the midrib of one side of a linear leaf-like spadix, which is hid-
den in a long aud sheath-like base of a leaf (spathe) ; the sterile flowers consist-

NAIADACE.S. (PONDWEED FAMILY.) 43<J

ing of single ovate or oval \-celled sessile anthers, as large at the ovaries, and
containing a tuft of threads in place of ordinary pollen : the fertile of single
ovate-oblong ovaries attached near their apex, tapering upward into an awl-
shaped style, and containing a pendulous orthotropous ovule : stigmas 2, long
and bristle-form, deciduous. Utricle bursting irregularly, enclosing an oblong
longitudinally ribbed seed (or nutlet). Embryo short and thick (proper cotyle-
don almost obsolete), with an open chink or cleft its whole length, from which
protrudes a doubly curved slender plumule. — Grass-like marine herbs, growing
wholly under water, with a jointed creeping stem or rootstock, sheathed by the
bases of the very long and linear, obtuse, entire, grass-like, ribbon-shaped leaves
(whence the name, from ^oxrrqp, a band).

1. Z. marina, L. Leaves obscurely 3-5-nerved. — Common in bays
Along the coast; in water of 5° -15° deep. Aug. (Eu.)

4. R IIP PI A, L. DITCH-GRASS.

Flowers perfect, 2 or more approximated on a slender spadix, which is at
first enclosed in the sheathing spathe-like base of a leaf, naked (entirely desti-
tute of floral envelopes), consisting of 2 sessile stamens, each with 2 large and
separate anther-cells and 4 small sessile ovaries, with a single campylotropoua
suspended ovule : stigma sessile, depressed. Fruit of little obliquely-ovate
pointed drupes, each raised on a slender stalk which appears after flowering ;
the spadix itself also then raised on an elongated thread-form peduncle. Em-
bryo ovoid, with a short and pointed plumule from the upper end, by the side
of the short cotyledon. — Marine herbs, growing under water, with long and
thread-like forking stems, slender and almost capillary alternate leaves with a
dilated sheathing- base. Flowers rising to the surface at the time of expansion.
(Dedicated to Ruppius, a German botanical author of the early pait of the 18th
century. )

1. R. maritima, L. Leaves linear-capillary ; nut ovate, obliquely
arect; fruiting peduncles capillary (£ -1 long). — Shallow bays, along the
whole coast : chiefly a narrowly leaved variety with strongly pointed fruit, ap-
proaching R. rostellata, Koch. June -Aug. (Eu.)

5. POTAMOGETON, Tourn. PONDWEED.

Flowers perfect, spiked. Sepals 4, rounded, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4,
nearly sessile, opposite the sepals : anthers 2-celled. Ovaries 4 (rarely only
one), with an ascending campylotropous ovule : stigma sessile or on a short
style. Nutlets drupe-like when fresh, more or less compressed. Seed curved
or cochleate ; the radicular end of the embryo pointing downwards. — Herbs
of fresh or barely brackish ponds and streams, with jointed creeping and root-
ing steins, and 2-ranked pellucid leaves, which are usually alternate or imper-
fectly opposite ; the upper sometimes dilated, of a firmer texture, and floating
Stipules membranous, more or less united and sheathing. Spikes sheathed
by the stipules in the bud, raised on a peduncle to the surface of the water.
(An ancient name, composed of irora/ids , a river. ~nd yetTcov, a neighbor, treitt
place of growth.)

4$4 NAIAD ACE^E. (PONDWEED FAMILY.)

$ 1. Stipules united with the sheathing base of the leaf, scarious: leaves all immersed
and similar, alternate, grass-like : stigma terminal: seed hooked-curved.

1. P. pectilliitllS, L. Stems thread-like, many times forked; leaves
bristle-form, \-nervcd (2' -4' long); spikes interrupted, long-pcdunclcd ; nutlets
rounded-obovate. — Brackish water along the coast (P. mar'mum, L.) ; also not
rare in fresh water, especially along the Great Lakes and northward. (Eu.)

2. P. Robin aisii, Oakes. Stem sparingly branched, rigid, very leafy ,
leaves linear, flat, abruptly pointed, many-nerved, serrulate-ciliate, approximate (3'-
4' long, 3" -4" wide), recurved-spreading ; spikes oblong. — Ponds, not uncom-
mon in New England, detected in 1829 by Dr. Rabbins. White Plains, New
York, 77. .7. Clark. Ohio, Dr. Canfield. — A very remarkable species. Stems
l°-3° long, entirely invested by the sheathing bases of the leaves and the elon-
gated and taper-pointed free portion of the stipules. Kipe fruit not seen.

$ 2. Stipules of the immersed (alternate] leaves adherent, as in § 1, those of the floating
leaves free from the petiole or nearly so : stigma becoming somewhat lateral : fruit
and seed cochleate.

3. P. liybridlBS, Michx. Slender (6'- 12' long), branching; immersed
leaves narrowly linear or almost capillary ; the floating ones varying from linear
or lanceolate to oval (j'-l' long), 3-7-nerved, short petioled, rarely wanting ;
spikes capitate, few-flowered, lateral, on very short somewhat club-shaped pedun-
cles; fruit small (£"-§" long), orbiculate, flattened on the sides, keeled on the
back, the keel more or less toothed or crested ; embryo spirally coiled. (P.
divcrsifolius, Barton. P. setaceus, Pursh. P. Spirillus, Tiickerman: a slender
form.) — Shallow pools ; common, especially southward. — Var. sricAxus,
Engelm., is a form with longer spikes (£' -§' long), W. Illinois and southward

$3. Stipules all entirely free from the petiole or leaf: leaves alternate: stiama termi-
nal : seed hooked-curved or nearly forming a ring.
* leaves grassy-linear or thread-shaped, sessile, all immersed : stems branching.

4. P. Tuckering lli, Bobbins, in herb. Slender and very delicate ;
stem terete, much branched ; leaves setaceous or capillary, tapering to a sharp
point, nearly terete, newchss, jxllucid (conferva-like, about 2' long) ; spike few-
flowered, long-pcduncled ; fruit thick, obscurely 3-carimite when dry, the narrow
dorsal keel smooth and even; style obsolete. (P. trichoides, ed. 1, &c., not of
4 'ham., which is monogynous, and is rough with small tubercles on the obtusely
crested kcd, &<•.) — Clear ponds, White Mountains, New Hampshire, Oakes fr
Rcbbins. Tewksbury, Mass., and in the Alleghany Mountains, Tuckcrmdt.

5. P. pus'.Slais, L. Stem slender, obscurely compressed ; leaves neamwfy
linear, ratln.r acute, 3-5-nen:ed; spikes 4-8-flowered, lax, often interrupted, long-
jiedniicli'd : fruit cnstliss. (P. compressus, Smith.) — Ponds and clear pools;
rather common northward. (Eu.)

6. P. l»ait< JfJoi us, Pursh. Stem very slender and thread-like, but flav
tish ; litres nitri-oirti/ limar, aciitish, 3-nerved ; spikes feto- (4-6-) flowered, short-

i nit didinetlij crested or sinuate-toothed on the back. (P. gram metis,
r.) — Ponds and streams; common, especially southward. — Leaves l'-3f
lung, J"-l" wide.

NAIADACF.«. (PONDWEED FAMILY.; 435

V'ar. Niagar£iisis (K Niagarensis, Tuckcrm.}, from the brink of the cat
Bract of Niagara, appears ^kely to be a larger-leaved and more rigid state of
this species; the stipules r.^ore conspicuous, the leaves sometimes H" wide.

7. P. COanpr^SSF^, L. ex Fries. Stem very flat, almost as wide as the
narrowly linear abruptly pointed leaves; spikes cylindrical, 1 0 - 1 5-flou-ered ; fruit
obtusely keeled. (P. zosteraefolius, Schum.) — Ponds, New England to Penn,,
Wisconsin, and northward. — Stems 2° -4° long. Leaves 3' -6' long, 1^"
wide, minutely many-nerved and with a midrib or 3 nerves more conspicuous,
perfectly entire. (Eu.)

* * Leaves ovate or oblong, with a clasping base, all immersed, thin and pellucid,

3-many-nerved, and with cross veinlets : stems more or less branched.

8. P. pci'foliatus, L. Leaves clasping by a heart-shaped base, ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, sometimes round-ovate, obtuse ; spikes rather few-flowered ; fruit
rounded on the back. — Ponds and rivers; common. — Leaves l'-2' long, flat ;
or, in the longer and ovate-lanceolate American forms, .inclined to be acute and
more or less wavy or crisped. (Eu.) See Addend.

9. P. prBBlongllS, Wulf. Leaves elongated-oblong, obtuse at both ends,
half-clasping by the sessile base; peduncles often much elongated (in deep water
6'- 12' long) ; spike cylindrical, many-flowered ; fruit strongly keeled on the back
when dry. — Rivers and ponds, New England to Wisconsin and northward. —
Stipules wingless. Leaves 1' or less wide, 2'- 7' long. (Eu.)

* * * Leaves not clasping, mostly of 2 sorts ; the immersed ones acute at the base or
tapering into a petiole, thin and pellucid, many-nerved and reticulated by cross-vein-
lets, the floating ones somewhat coriaceous and long -petioled : stems simple or spar-
ingly branched.

10. P. 1&1CC11S, L. Immersed leaves ample (3' -9' long), varying from
oblong-oval to broadly lanceolate, undulate, somewhat petioled ; the united stip-
ules 2-ivinged or keeled on the back ; peduncle thickened, especially upwards ; spike
elongated, dense; fruit 1 -3-keeled on the back. — The proper P. lucens usually
wants the floating leaves, and is common in deep water. (Eu.)

Var. ? fluitims. Uppermost leaves floating on distinct but rarely very long
petioles, varying from oblong-lanceolate and acute at each end to ovate and
obtuse or heart-shaped (2' -4' long). P. fluitans, Roth., &c. ; and here I would
refer P. pulcher? and P. amplif olios, Tuckerm. P. rufescens, Schraderf is a
narrow-leaved form, with smaller fruit, &c., either without floating leaves (P.
obrutus, Wood) or with them, of a brownish or reddish tinge, and verging to the
larger forms of No. 12. — Mostly in rather deep water; common northward.
Distinguished from P. natans by its broader and large immersed leaves, and
keeled fruit. Probably P. fluitans may be separated from P. lucens, and perhaps
several species with floating leaves may be 'here confounded ; the forms arc di-
verse, and the fruit differs in the strength of the keels, &c. But I have not beeu
able to limit them. (Eu.)

11. P. n at mis, L. Immersed leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear and
mostly long petioled ; the thin blade early decaying, sometimes wanting ; floating
leaves long-pel iolcd, elliptical or ovate-oblong, sometimes slightly heart-shaped

436 ALiSMACE.fi. (WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.)

at the base (l£'-4' long, the petiole 4' -12' long); stipules not winged not
ridged; peduncle not thickened; fruit obtuse on the back when fresh. (P. lonchltes,
Tuckerm.) — P. oblongus, Viv., is a small-fruited form. — Ponds and slow
streams; common. (Eu.)

12. P. lieterophyllllS, Schreber. Stem slender, branching ; immersed
leaves lanceolate or linear and sessile, or only the upper petioled ; floating leaves
elliptical, varying to oblong-linear, thinnish (l'-2; long), on filiform petioles ;
united stipules 2-ribbed on the back ; peduncle often thickened upwards ; fruit slightly
keeled when dry (one half smaller than in the preceding). (P. gramineus, L,
in part, Fries, $-c. P. Claytonii, Tuckemi.) — In shallow pools and ditches, as
well as streams ; common. (Eu.)

P. CRfspus, L., I have not seen in this country. Mr. Tuckerman informs
me that he has seen a specimen in a European herbarium, purporting to have
been gathered in Delaware. If found, it may be distinguished from No. 8 by
its lanceolate and wavy-crisped 3-nerved leaves. See Addend.

P. DENSUS was admitted into the first edition on the authority of Beck from
Schweinitz. I apprehend some mistake about it. The species, if in the coun-
try, may be known by its leaves being all opposite and without stipules.

ORDER 116. AL.ISMACE.#3. (WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.;

Marsh herbs, with scape-like flowering stems, and perfect or monoecious
flowers, not on a spadix, furnished with loth calyx and corolla : sepals and
petals each 3, distinct. Ovaries 3 -many, distinct or partly so, or if united
separating at maturity, forming as many 1 - ^.-seeded pods or achenia. Seed
ascending or erect. Embryo without albumen. Stamens hypogynous, 6
to many : anthers extrorse, 2-celled. Leaves sheathing at the base. Com-
prises two very distinct suborders, viz. : —

SUBORDER I. JUNCAGINE^E. THE ARROW-GRASS FAMILY.

Calyx and corolla colored alike (greenish). Seed anatropous, with a
straight embryo. Leaves petiole-like, without a blade.

L TRIQLOCIIIN. Flowers perfect. Ovaries 3-6, united into one, but separating in fruit.
S. 80IIEUCHZERIA. Flowers perfect. Ovaries 3, nearly distinct, fonuiug diverging pod* In
fruit.

SUBORDER II. ALISMEJE. THE WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.

Calyx green and persistent Corolla white, deciduous. Seed campy-
lotropous : embryo bent double or hook-shaped. Leaves commonly rur-
nishcd with a blade.

8. ALTSMA. Flowers perfect, with definite, mostly 6 stamens. Carpels numerous, whorlcct

4. ECIITNODORUS. Flowers perfect, with 7-21 stamens. Carpels csipitato. ribln-1

5. SAGITTAKIA. Flowers monoecious. Stamens indefinite. Carpels capitate, winged.

ALISMACE^K. (WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.) 437

SUBORDER I. JUNCAGIWE^E. THE ARROW-GRASS FAMILY.

1. TRIGL.6CHIN, L. ARROW-GRASS.

Sepals and petals nearly alike (greenish), ovate, concave, deciduous. Sta-
mens 6 : anthers oval, on very short filaments. Pistils united into a 3-6-celled
compound ovary : stigmas sessile : ovules solitary. Pod splitting when ripe
into 3-6 carpels, which separate from a central axis. — Leaves rush-like, fleshy,
sheathing the base of the wand-like naked and jointless scape. Flowers small,
in a spiked raceme, bractless. (Name composed of rpels, three, and y\<a\lv^
pdint, from the three points of the ripe fruit in No. 1.)

1. T. palustre, L. Scape (6' -18' high) and leaves slender ; fruit linear-
dub-shaped ; the 3 carpels when ripe separating from below upwards from the tri-
angular axis, and awl-pointed at the base. 1J. — Marshes, both fresh and brack-
ish, New York to 111., and northward. Aug. (Eu.)

2. T. mil! itillllllll, L. Scape (12' -20' high) and leaves thiclcish, fleshy ,
fruit ovate or oblong, acutish, of 6 or rarely 5 carpels which are rounded at the base
and slightly grooved on the back ; the edges acute. 1|. — Salt marshes along the
coast ; salt springs, Salina, New York ; shore of the Great Lakes, and north-
ward.— Var. ELATUM (T. elatum, Nutt.} grows in cold and fresh bogs, from
W. New York to Wisconsin, often 2£° high, and has the angles of the carpels
sharper, or almost winged. (Eu.)

2. SCIIEUCHZERIA, L. SCHEUCHZERIA.

Sepals and petals oblong, spreading, nearly alike (greenish-yellow), but the
latter narrower, persistent. Stamens 6 : anthers linear. Ovaries 3, globular,
slightly united at the base, 2-3-ovuled, bearing flat sessile stigmas, in fruit
forming 3 diverging and inflated 1 - 2-seeded pods, opening along the inside. —
A low bog-herb, with a creeping jointed rootstock, tapering into the ascending
simple stem, which is zigzag, partly sheathed by the bases of the grass-like con-
duplicate leaves, terminated by a loose raceme of a few flowers, with sheathing
bracts. (Named in honor of the two brothers Scheuchzer, distinguished Swiss
botanists.)

1. S. palustris, L.— Peat-bogs, New England to Penn., Illinois, and
north ward ; rather rare. July. (Eu.)

SUBORDER II. AL.ISME2E. THE WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.

3. ALISMA, L. WATER-PLANTAIN.

Flowers perfect. Petals involute in the bud. Stamens definite, mostly 6.
Ovaries many in a simple circle on a flattened receptacle, forming flattened cori-
aceous achenia, which are dilated and 2 - 3-keeled on the back. — Boots fibrous.
Leaves all from the root, several-ribbed, with connected veinlets. Scape with
whorlcd panicled branches. Flowers small, white or pale rose-color /The
Greek name ; of uncertain derivation.)

438 ALISMACE^E. (WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.)

1. A. Plantago, L., var. Americaiium. Leaves long-petioled;
ovate, oblong, or lanceolate, pointed, mostly rounded or heart-shaped at the
base, 3-9-norved ; panicle loose, compound, many-flowered (l°-2° long);
carpels 1 5 - 20, obliquely obovate, forming an obtusely triangular whorl in
fruit. Ij. (A. trivialis and parviflora, Pursh.} — Ditches and marshy places;
common. July, Aug. (Eu.)

4. ECHINODORUS, Richard, Engelinann.

Flowers perfect. Petals imbricated in the bud. Stamens 6-21 or more.
Ovaries several or many, imbricated in a head, forming ribbed achenia in fruit,
often beaked with a projecting persistent style. — Habit intermediate between
the preceding genus and the following. (Name from t^ii/coS//?, prickly, or from
f^ii/or, and Sopor, a leathern bottle, applied to the ovary, which is in most species
armed with the persistent style, so as to form a sort of prickly hciid of fruit. )

For the elaboration of this and the next genus I am indebted to DR. ENGEL-

MANN.

1. E. parvillllS, Engelm. Leaves lanceolate or spatulate, acute (£'-!£'
long, including the petiole) ; shoots often creeping and proliferous ; scapes (!'-
3' high) bearing a 2 - 8-flowered umbel; pedicels reflexed in fruit; stamens 9;
styles much shorter than the ovary ; ochenia beakless, many-ribbed. ® — Margin of
shallow ponds, Michigan to Illinois and westward. — Flower 3" broad.

2. E. 1'OStratllS, Engelm. Leaves broadly heart-shaped, obtuse, nerved
(I' -3' long, excluding the petiole) ; scape erect, longer than the leaves, bearing
a branched panicle of proliferous umbels; stamens 12; styles longer than the
ovary ; achenia beaked, many-ribbed, (i) (Alisma rostrata, Nntt.) — Low river-
bottoms, Illinois and southward. — Plant from 3' to 2° high. Flower 5" wide.
Head of fruit ovoid, 3'' wide.

3. E. radicailS, Engelm. Leaves somewhat truucatcly broadly heart-
shaped, obtuse, nerved (3' -8' broad and long, long-petiolcd) ; slems or snipe*
prostrate, creeping (2° -4° long), proliferous, bearing many whorls of flowers;
stamens about 21 ; styles shorter than the ovary ; achenia short-beaked, ribbed, the
keeled back denticulate. U (Alisma radicans, Nult.) — Swamps, \V. Illinois
and southward. — Flowers about 1' in diameter.

5. SACITTARIA, L. ARROW-HEAD.

Flowers monoecious, or often dioecious in No. 2. Petals imbricated in the
bud. Stamens indefinite, rarely few. Ovaries many, crowded in a spherical
head on a globular receptacle, in fruit forming flat mcmbranaceous winged
achenia. — Marsh or aquatic, chiefly perennial herbs, with milky juice and fibrous
roots; the scapes sheathed at the base by the bases of the long cellular petioles,
of which the primary ones, and sometimes all of them, are flattened, nerved,
and destitute of any proper blade: when present the blade is arrow shaped or
lanceolate, nerved and with cross veinlets as in Alisma. Flowere (produced all
summer) mostly whorled in threes, with membranous bracts; the sterile above
(Name from sayitta, an arrow, from the prevalent form of the leavep.J

ALISMJLCEJS (WATER- PLANTAIN FAMILY.) 433^

* Filaments slender aid-shaped, longer than the anthers : scape simple or branched.

1. S. falcuta, Pursh. Scape l°-5° high, with several of the lowei
whorls fertile ; bracts ovate or orbicular ; pedicels slender, the fertile recurved in
fruit ; filaments hairy ; achenia obovate-falcate, pointed with a short incurved beak ;
leaves lanceolate or lance-oblong, all with a taperiug base, thick (6' -18' long, and
on a long and stout petiole), the nerves mostly arising from the very thick midrib.
(S. lancifolia, Michx.) — Swamps, Virginia and southward. — Known at once by
its coriaceous and large, thick-ribbed, never sagittate leaves, £c.

2. S. variilMlis, Engelm. Scape (£°- 4° high) 12-angled, with one or
more of the lower whorls fertile ; bracts pointed ; pedicels of the fertile flower*
about half the length of the sterile ones ; petals with white claws ; jilaments glabrous,
nearly twice the length of the anthers ; achenia obovate, with a long and curved
beak of J or ^ its length; leaves very various, mostly sagittate. (S. sagittifolia,
Amer. auth., Sfc. The European species has the fertile pedicels only J or ^ the
length of the sterile, the claws of the petals purple-tinged, the filaments not
longer than the anthers ; the achenia almost orbicular, very broadly winged,
and short-beaked.) — In water or wet places; very common. — Excessively
variable in size and foliage : the following are the leading forms. Var. OBT(JSA
(S. obtusa, Willd.) is large, dioecious ; the broadly sagittate leaves obtuse, £°-
1° long. — Var. LATirdLiA (S. latifolia, Willd.} is large, monoecious, with
broad and acute sagittate leaves. — Var. DIVERSIF6LIA, with some leaves
ovate-lanceolate, others more or less sagittate. — Var. SAGiTTir6LiA is the or-
dinary form, with narrowly halberd-shaped or sagittate leaves (including S.
hastata, Pursh). — Var. ANGUSTIF6LIA has the narrow leaves with long and
linear diverging lobes, and a larger more horizontally beaked fruit. — Var. GRA-
CILIS (S. gracilis, Pursh) is the most slender form, with nearly linear leaves and
lobes. See Addend.

* * Filaments very short, ivith a very broad glandular base : scape commonly simple.

3. S. lieteropfiylla, Pursh. Scape weak, at length mostly procum-
bent ; bracts roundish, obtuse ; the lowest whorl of fertile flowers, which are
almost sessile ; the sterile flowers on long pedicds ; achenia narrowly obovate, long-
beaked. — Rather common, at least southward, and nearly as variable in foliage
as the last. Var. ELLfpTiCA has broad leaves (sometimes 6' long and 5' wide),
either obtuse or cordate at the base, or sagittate. — Var. RIGIDA (S. rigida,
Pursh) has stout petioles and rigid narrowly lanceolate blades, acute at both
ends. — Var. ANGUSTiF6LiA has nearly linear leaves. — Var. FLtniAxs haa
narrowly linear and delicate floating leaves.

4. S. Simplex, Pursh. Scape very slender, erect (3' -20' high), me
lower whorls fertile ; bracts triangular, rather obtuse, the upper ones connate ;
pedicels all slender, the sterile and fertile of equal length ; achenia small, obovate, nar-
rowly winged, bcakless ; leaves varying from ovate-lanceolate to linear, rarely
sagittate. (S. acutifolia, Pursh, &c.) — Rather common, especially southward.
— Flowers much smaller than in any of the foregoing.

5. S. piisilla, Nutt. Dwarf; scape (l'-3' high) shorter than the linear
or awl-shaped entire leaves (their proper blade obscure and obtuse 01 none) ;
floirersonly2-3,on slender pedicds the fertile recurved after flrwcring , stamen*

.440 HYDROCHARIDACK*. (PROG'S-BIT FAMILY.)

7-9; ovaries short-pointed (ripe fruit not seen). (Alisma subuluta, Pursti.) -
Low shores, near Philadelphia, &c. — Apparently distinct frcm dwarr forms of
the last ; but needs further investigation.

S. N\TANS, Michx., apparently the only remaining good species in the Unit-
ed States, is only found farther seuth.

ORDER 117. HYDROCHARIDACE^. (FROG'S-BIT FAM.)

Aquatic herbs, with dioecious or polygamous regular flowers on scape-likt
peduncles from a spathe, and simple or double floral envelopes, which in the
fertile flowers are united into a tube and coherent with the 1 - ^-celled ovary.
Stamens 3-12, distinct or monadelphous : anthers 2-celled. Stigmas 3 or
6. Fruit ripening under water, indehiscent, many-seeded. Seeds ascend-
ing, without albumen : embryo straight.

Synopsis.

TRIBE I. STRATIOTIDEJE. Ovary 6 - 9-celled : stigmas 6 - 9.

1. LIMNOBIUM. Filaments unequally united into a solid column in the staminate flowers :

anthers 6 - 12, linear.

TRIBE II. V A LmSAKRIE^. Ovary 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentas : stigmas 8.

2. ANACHARIS. Stem leafy. Tube of the perianth of the fertile flowers long and thread-

form ; its lobes 6.

3. YALLISNERIA. Stemless. Tube of the perianth not prolonged bey si the elongated

ovary ; its lobes 3.

1. LIMNOBIUM, Richard. AMERICAN FROG'S-BIT.

Flowers dioecious, (or monoecious1?) from sessile or somewhat pcduncled
ipathes ; the sterile spathe 1-leaved, producing about 3 long-pedicclled flowers ;
the fertile 2-leaved, with a single short-pedicelled flower. Calyx 3-partcd or
cleft; sepals oblong-oval. Petals 3, oblong-linear. Filaments entirely united
in a central solid column, bearing 6-12 linear anthers at unequal heights : there
are 3-6 awl-shaped rudiments of stamens in the fertile flowers. Ovary 6-9-
celled, with as many placentae in the axis, forming an ovoid many-seeded berry
in fruit : stigmas as many as the cells, but 2-partcd, awl-shaped (ovules orthotro
pous, Ton-.). — A stemless perennial herb, floating in stagnant water, prolif-
erous by runners, with long-petioled and round-heart-shaped leaves, which are
spongy-reticulated and purplish underneath ; rootlets slender, hairy. Sterile
flowers rather small ; the fertile larger : peduncle nodding in fruit. Petals
white 1 (Name from \ipvofttos, living in pools.)

1. L. Sptingria* Richard. (Hydrocharis, Bosc. H. cordifolia, Nutt.) —
Braddock's Bay (Monroe County, N. Y.), Lake Ontario, Dr. Bradlry, Dr. Sort-
vodl. Illinois, Vascy, and in the Southern States. Aug. — Leaves l'-2' loug,
faintly 5-nerved. Peduncle of the sterile flower about 3' long, thread-like ; ol
the fertile, only 1 ', stout.

HIDROCHAKIDACE^:. (FROCKS-BIT FAMILY.) 441

2. ANACHARIS, Rich. (UodRA, Nutt.) WATER-WEED.

Flowers polygamo-dioecious, solitary and sessile from a sessile and tubular
L'-cleft axillary spathe. Sterile flowers small or minute ; with 3 sepals, barely
united at the base, and usually 3 similar or narrower petals : filaments short and
monadelphous at the base, or none ; anthers 9, oval. Fertile flowers either pis-
tillate or apparently perfect : perianth extended into an extremely long and
capillary tube ; the limb 6-parted ; the small lobes (sepals and petals) obovate,
spreading. Stamens 3-6, sometimes merely short sterile filaments, without
anthers, or with imperfect ones, sometimes with oblong almost sessile anthers.
Ovary 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentae, each bearing a few orthotropous ovules ;
the capillary style coherent with the tube of the perianth : stigmas 3, large, 2-
lobed or notched, exserted. Fruit oblong, coriaceous, few-seeded. — Perennial
slender herbs, growing under water, with elongated branching stems, thickly
beset with pellucid and veinless, 1-nerved, sessile, whorled or opposite leaves.
The staminate flowers (which are rarely seen) commonly break off, as in Val-
lisneria, and float on the surface, where they expand and shed their pollen
around the stigmas of the fertile flowers, which are raised to the surface by the
excessively prolonged calyx-tube, varying in length according to the depth of
the water. (Name formed of dv, throughout, and adapts, without charms, being
rather homely water- weeds.)

1. A. CsiliadeilSlS, Planchon. Leaves in threes or fours, or the lower
opposite, varying from linear to oval-oblong, obscurely and minutely serrulate ;
stigmas more or less 2-lobed. (Elodda Canadeusis, Michx. Udora Canadensis,
Nult. Anacharis Alsinastrum (Babington), Nuttallii, and Canadensis (perhaps
also Chilcnsis), and also Apalanthe Schweinitzii, Planchon.) — Slow streams
and ponds ; common. July. (Eu. ?)

3. VA1.L,I§N]ERIA, Micheli. TAPE-GRASS. EEL-GRASS.

Flowers strictly dioecious : the sterile numerous and crowded in a head on a
conical receptacle, enclosed in an ovate at length 3-valved spathe which is borne
on a very short scape : stamens mostly 3. Fertile flowers solitary and sessile
in a tubular spathe which is borne on an exceedingly long scape. Perianth
(calyx) 3-parted in the sterile flowers ; in the fertile with a linear tube coherent
with the 1-celled ovary, but not extended beyond it, 3-lobed (the lobes obovate) ;
also 3 linear small petals. Stigmas 3, large, nearly sessile, 2-lobed. Ovules
very numerous scattered over the walls, orthotropous ! Fruit elongated, cylin-
d-^ical, berry -like. — Stemless plants, with long and linear grass-like leaves,
growing entirely under water. The staminate clusters being confined to the
bottom of the water by the shortness of the scape, the flower-buds themselves
spontaneously break away from their short pedicels and float on the surface,
where they expand and shed their pollen around the fertile flowers, which are
raised to the suiface at this time : afterwards the thread-form fertile scapes (2-4
feet long according to the depth of the water) coil up spiral!/ and draw the ovary
under water to ripen.' (Named in honor of Vallisneri, an early Italian botanist.)

1. T. spirsilis, L. Leaves linear, thin, long and ribbon-like (l°-2°

442 BURMANNIACE.E. (fiURMANNIA FAMILY.)

long), obscurely serrulate, obtuse, somewhat nerved and netted-veined. — Com
mon in slow rivers, &c, August. (Eu.)

ORDER 118. BURMANNIACEJE. (BURMANNIA FAMILY.}

Small annual herbs, often with minute and scale-like leaves, or those of Hie
root grass-like ; the /lowers perfect, with a 6-cleft corolla-like perianth, the
tube of which adheres to the l-celled or 3-celled ovary; stamens 3 and dis-
tinct, opposite the inner divisions of the perianth ; pod many-seeded, the seeds
very minute. — A small chiefly tropical family, of which only one plant is
found within our borders.

1. BURMANNIA, L. (TRIPTERELLA, Michx.)

Ovary 3-celled, with the thick placentae in the axis. Filaments 3, very short.
Style slender: stigma capitate-3-lobed. Pod often 3-winged. (Named for
J. Burmann, an early Dutch botanist.)

1. 15. l»i flora, L. Stem low and slender (2'-4' high), 2-flowered at the
summit, or soon several-flowered ; perianth (2" -3'' long) bright blue, 3-winged.
(Tripterella caerulea, Miclix.) — Peaty bogs, Virginia and southward.

ORDER 119. ORCHIDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.;

Herbs, distinguished by their irregular Jlowers, 6-merous perianth adherent
to the 1-cclled ovary with 3 parietal placenta?, gynandrous stamens (only 1 or
2), and pollen cohering in waxy or mealy masses. Fruit a l-celled 3-valvcd
pod, with innumerable minute seeds, appearing like fine saw-dust. Peri-
anth of 6 divisions in 2 sets ; the 3 outer (sepals") of the same petal-like
texture and appearance as the 3 inner (petals), of which the upper or pos-
terior one, but by the twisting of the ovary or stalk commonly appearing
the lower or anterior, differs more or less in shape or direction from the
others, is often spurred or appendagod, and is called the lip. Opposite
this, in the axis of the flower, is the column, which is composed of a single
stamen (or in Cypripedium of 2 fertile stamens) entirely coherent and
confluent with the style, on which the 2-celled anther is variously situated.
— Perennial herbs, often tuber-bearing, or with tuberous or thickened
roots. Leaves parallel-nerved. Flowers commonly showy and singular
in shape, either spiked, racemed, or solitary, bracted. A large family, but
sparingly represented in the United States.

Synopsis.

I. Anther only one.

I. OPH R YDE^. Anther ("f 2 separate cells) entirely adnate to the nee ol the
etigma, erect. Pollen cohering into a groat number of coarse grains, which are all fast-
ened by elastic and cobwebby tissue into one large mass, with a stalk that connects 11
with a gland of the stigma (Flower \ir.gent, the lip with :i -i»ur bt-ncath.i

ORCHIDA.CEJ2. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 443

1. ORCHIS. Anther-cells contiguous and parallel. Glands of the stigma, to which the base

of the stalks of the 2 pollen-masses cohere, contained in a common little pouch formed
of a fold or hood of the stigma

2. GYMNADENIA. Anther-cells contiguous and parallel : glands naked.

3. PLATANTHERA. Anther-cells diverging, widely separated at the base : glands naked.

TRIBE II. NEOTTIE^E. Anther dorsal (attached to the back of the column), erect,
parallel with the stigma ; the 2 cells approximate. Pollen rather loose and powdery, or
eiastically cohering

4 GOOD YE R A. Lip entire, free from the column, strap-pointed Pollen-masses elastic.

5. SPIRANTHES. Lip nearly entire, channelled, pointless, ascending, embracing the column.

6. LISTEliA Lip flat, spreading or pendulous, 2-lobed at the apex.

•

TRIBE HI. ARETHUSE^E, MALiAXIDE^E, &c. Anther terminal (attached to
the apex of the column, or near it), and like a lid over the stigma, at length deciduous.
# Pollen in loose or powdery grains, forming 2 or 4 delicate masses.

7. ARETHUSA. Lip bearded, its base adherent to the linear column. Pollen-masses 4.

8 POGONIA Lip more or less crested, free from the club-shaped column. Pollen-masses 2.
9. CALOPOGON. Lip bearded, stalked, free : column winged at the apex. Pollen-masses 4.

* # Pollen in smooth and finally waxy masses,
t- Pollen-masses attached by elastic stalks, or in No. 10 sessile.

10. CALYPSO. Lip inflated and sac-like, notched at the apex and 2-pointed underneath the

notch. Column winged and petal-like Pollen-masses 4. Stem 1-flowered,

11. TIPULARIA Lip short and flat, with a long and thread-like spur beneath. Column mar-

gined. Pollen-masses 4. Raceme many-flowered.

12. BLETIA. Lip hooded, spurless. Column not margined. Pollen-masses 8.

•«- ••- Pollen-masses without any stalks or connecting tissue.
•H- Plants green and with leaves. Sepals spreading : lip flat and spurless.
18 MICROSTYLIS. Lip arrow-shaped or heart-shaped. Column minute, round.

14. LI PARIS. Lip entire, dilated. Column elongated, margined at the apex.

«* -H- Plants tawny or purplish, leafless, or with a root-leaf only : sepals and petals conniving.

15. CORALLORIIIZA. Lip with a spur or projection at the base adherent to the rvary. An-

ther-cells oblique.

16. APLECTRUM. Lip spurless, free, raised on a claw.

II. Anthers two.

TRIBE IV. C YPRIPEDIE^E. The 2 anthers those of the lateral stamens : the third
or upper stamen (which is the one which bears the anther in the rest of the order) here
forming a petal-like sterile appendage to the column.
17 CYPRIPED1UM. Lip a large and inflated sac, somewhat slipper-form.

1. ORCHIS, L. ORCHIS.

Flower ringcnt ; the sepals and petals nearly equal, all of them, or all but the
2 lower sepals, converging upwards and arching over the column. Lip turned
downwards, coalescing with the base of the column, spurred at the base under-
neath. Anther-cells contiguous and parallel. Pollen cohering in numerous
coarse waxy grains, which are collected on a cobweb-like elastic tissue into 2
large masses (one filling each anther-cell) borne on a slender stalk, the base of
which is attached to the 2 glands of the stigma, contained in a common little
pouch or hooded fold. Flowers showy, in a spike. ('Opxis, the ancient name.)

1. O. spcctabilis, L. (Snowr ORCHIS.) Boot of thick fleshy fibres,

444 ORCHiDACE.fi. (ORCHIS FAMILY.)

producing 2 oblong-obovate shining leaves (3 -5' long) and a few-flowered
4-anglcd scape (4' -7' high); bracts leaf-like, lanceolate; sepals and petals all
vaulted, pink-purple, the ovate undivided lip white. — On hills in rich woods,
New England to Kentucky and (especially) northward. May.

2. GYITCNADENIA, R. Brown. NAKED-GLAND ORCHID.

Flower as in Orchis. Anther-cells parallel ; the approximate glands naked
(whence the name, from yv/ii/os, naked, and aSi/i/, gland).

1. G. trideiltata, Lindl. Stem slender (6'- 12' high), with a single
oblong or oblanceolate obtuse leaf below, and 2 or 3 small ones like bracts
above ; spike 6-1 '2-flowered, oblong ; lip wedge-oblong, truncate and with 3 short teeth
at the apex ; the slender and slightly club-shaped spur curved upwards, longer
than the ovary. — Wet woods ; rather common, especially northwards. July.
— Root of few fleshy fibres. Flowers small, pale yellowish-green.

2. G. flava, Lindl. Stem several-leaved (15' high), the 1 or 2 lower
leaves elongated, oblong-lanceolate, acute; the others becoming smaller and
bract-like ; spike densely many-flowered, oblong-cylindrical ; lip ovate, a little crenate
or wavy -margined, shorter than the awl-shaped depending spur. — Wet pine bar-
rens of New Jersey, Virginia, and southward. July. — Root of very fleshy
fibres, one or two of them tuber-like. Flowers orange-yellow, closely set. (Or-
chis flava & Integra, Nutt. Habenaria Elliottii, Beck.)

3. PL.ATANTHERA, Richard. FALSE ORCHIS.

Flower as in Orchis, &c. (lateral sepals spreading, except in Xo. 5) j but the
anther-cells diverging below, and the 2 naked glands widely separated (whence
the name, from TrXarus, wide, and avdypd, for anther).

§ 1. Scape l-leaved at the base : spur not exceeding the Up : root of thick fibres.

1. P. obtusata, Lindl.. (DWARF ORCHIS.) Leaf obovate, obtuse;
spike loosely 5-10-flowered; upper sepal broad and rounded; petals bluntly
triangular ; lip linear, entire, bearing 2 small tubercles at the base, about the length
of the curving spur. — Cold peat-bogs and high mountains, Maine to N. New
York and L. Superior. June. — Scape 5' -8' high. Flowers £' long. (Eu.)

9. P. rot ii mli folia, Lindl. (SMALL ROUND-LEAVED ORCHIS.) Leaf
round-ovate or orbicular (2' -3' wide); spike several-flowered; lip 3-lobed, larger
than the ovate petals and sepals, the middle lobe larger and inversely heart-
shaped. — Along the boundary between Maine and New Brunswick (Mr. Good-
rich), and northward. — Scape 8' high. Leaf, and sometimes the white flowers,
spotted with purple : lip £' long.

§ 2. Scape 2-lcaved at the base: spur very long: lip entire: roots thickened.

3. P. orbiculitta, Lindl. (LARGE ROUND-LEAVED ORCHIS.) Leave*
very large (4' -8' wide), orbicular, spreading flat on the ground; scape bracted,
bearing many spreading greenish-white flowers in a loose raceme ; upper sepal or-
bicular, the lateral ovate ; lip narrowly linear-spat nlate, drooping, nearly thrice
*he length of the ovate reflexed petals ; spur curved, slender (l£'~ 2 long), grad-

ORCHIDACE^:. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 445

nally thickened towards the, apexy blunt, twice the length of the ovary. — Rich woods,
under Hemlocks, &c., W. New England to Wisconsin; rather rare, chiefly
northward, and southward along the Alleghanies. July. — Leaves very s/aooth,
shining above, silvery underneath. Scape l°-2° high.

4. P. Hookeri, Lindl. (SMALLER TWO-LEAVED ORCHIS.) Leaves
orbicular, spreading (3' -4' broad) ; scape mostly naked (£°-l° high), bearing
10-20 upright sessile yellowish-green flowers in a strict spike ; sepals ovate-lanceo-
late ; lip lanceolate, pointed, a little incurved, longer than the linear-lanceolate
petals ; spur slender, acute, about the length of the ovary (£' long). — Woods, Rhode
Island to Ohio and Wisconsin, and northward. June.

{ 3. Stem leafy : lip entire (or nearly so), nearly equalling or exceeding the spur: root
a cluster of fleshy branches or fibres.

5. P. bracteata, Torr. (BRACTED GREEN ORCHIS.) Lower leaves
obovate, the upper oblong and gradually reduced to lanceolate acute bracts 2-3
times the length of the small green flowers ; spike loose ; sepals and linear-lanceolate
jwtals erect ; Up oblong-linear or slightly spatulate, truncate and minutely 2 - 3-toothed
at the tip, more than twice the length of the sac-like somewhat 2-lobed spur. — Damp
woods ; common northward. June. — Stem 6' - 12' high, 6 - 12-flowered. (Eu. ?)

6. P. hyperbdrea, Lindl. (NORTHERN GREEN ORCHIS.) Stem very
leafy ; leaves lanceolate, erect ; spike densely many-flowered ; lower bracts lance-
olate, longer 4han the (greenish) flowers ; lip and petals lanceolate, somewhat equal,
as long as the obtuse spur. (P. Huronensis, Lindl.) — Peat-bogs and wet cold
woods ; common northward. June, July. — Stem 6' - 2° high, strict : crowded
spike of small flowers 2'- 1° long. Lip as long as the sepals, obtusish, entire,
not dilated at the base. (Eu. ?)

7. P. dilatata, Lindl. (NORTHERN WHITE ORCHIS.) Leaves lanceo-
late or linear, erect ; spike wand-like, densely or rather loosely-flowered ; bracts
linear-lanceolate, mostly shorter than the (white or whitish) flowers ; petals linear-
lanceolate ; lip linear-lanceolate from a rhomboid-dilated base, rather obtuse, about
the length of the obtuse spur. — Cold peat-bogs, &c. ; common northward.
June, July. — Usually more slender than the last, but often as tall, and too
nearly related to it.

8. P. flava, Gray. (YELLOWISH ORCHIS.) Leaves ovate-oblong or oblong-
lanceolate ; the uppermost linear-lanceolate and pointed, passing into the bracts
of the elongated raceme ; petals ovate ; Up oblong, obtuse or barely notched at
the apex, furnished with a tooth on each side near the base and a small protuberance
on the palate, about the length of the sepals, half the length of the club-shaped
sour. (Orchis flava, L. ! O. virescens, fucescens, herbiola, and bidentata, of
authors.) — Wet places; common. June -Aug. — Stem 10' -20' high; the
spike at first dense, with the bracts longer than the flowers, at length elongated
and often loose, with the upper bracts shorter than the flowers ; which are quite
small, dull greenish-yellow, drying brownish.

t 4. Stem leafy : lip fringed along the sides, undivided, shorter than the spur : ovary
, taper-beaked: root a cluster of thick and fleshy fibres.

9. P. cristata, Lindl. (CRESTED ORCHIS.) Lower leaves lanceolate,
elongated ; the upper gradually reduced to sharp-pointed bracts, nearly the length

446 ORCHIDACEJC. (ORCHIS FAMILY.)

of tiie crowded (yellow) flowers ; spike oblong or cylindrical ; petals rcunded, ere-
nate ; Up ovate, with a lacerate-frinyed margin, scarcely shorter than the slender ob-
tuse incurved spur, which is not half the length of the ovary. — Bogs, Fenn.
(Purah) to Virginia and southward. — Flowers one quarter the size of the next.

10. P. cilia ris, Lindl. (YELLOW FRINGED-ORCHIS.) Leaves oblong
or lanceolate ; the upper passing into pointed bracts, which arc shorter than the
long-beaked ovaries ; spike oblong, rather closely many -flowered ; flowers briyht
vrange-yellow ; lateral sepals rounded, reflcxed ; petals linear, cut-fringed at the
apex ; Up oblong, about half the length of the spur, furnished with a wry long and
copious capillary fringe. — Bogs and wet places; scarce at the North ; common
southward. July, Aug. — Our handsomest species, l^°-2° high, with a short
spike of veiy showy flowers ; the lip £' long, the conspicuous fringe fully ^' long
on each side.

11. P. Itlcphariglottis, Lindl. (WHITE FRINGED-ORCHIS.) Leaves,
&c. as in the last ; flowers white ; petals spatulate, slightly cut or toothed at the
apex ; lip oblong or lanceolate-oblong, with the irregular capillary fringe of the
margins usually shorter than the disk, one third the length of the spur. — Var.
noLOPETALA (P. holopetala, Lindl.) has narrower petals with the toothing
obsolete, and the lip less fringed. — Peat-bogs and borders of ponds, with No.
10, or commonly taking its place in the North. July. — A foot high, the flow-
ers beautiful, but rather smaller than in the last. .

§ 5. Stem leafy : lip 3-parted, shorter than the somewhat club-shaped long spur, nut
rowed at the base into a claw: roots clustered and flwhy-tliickened.

* Flowers white or greenish.

12. P. leucoph&a, Nutt. (WESTERN ORCHIS.) Leaves oblong-lan-
ceolate; the bracts similar, rather shorter than the (large dull white) flowers;
spike elongated, loose; petals obovate, minutely cut-toot)ud ; dicisions of the lip
broadly wedge-shaped or fan-shaped, many-cleft to the middle into a tli read-like fringe;
spur longer than the ovary. — Moist meadows, Central Ohio to Wisconsin and
south westward. July. — Stem 2° - 4° high ; the spike at length 1° long. Lip
about I' wide.

13. P. hicera, Gray. (RAGGED ORCHIS.) Leaves oblong or lanceo-
late; raceme loosely many-flowered ; petals oblong-linear, entire; divisions of the
lip narrow, deeply parted into a few long nearly capillary lobes ; spur about the
length of the ovary. (O. psycodes, MuJd., &c., not of L. O. lacera, Michx.)
— Bogs and moist thickets ; rather common. July. — Stem 1° - 2° high : bracU
shorter or longer than the pale yellowish-green flowers.

# # Flowers purple.

14. P. psycodes, Gray. (SMALL PURTLE FRINGED-ORCHIS.) Loaves
oblong, the uppermost passing into linear-lanceolate bracts ; ran-nip rylindrical,
densely many-flou-crnl ; hwtr sepals round-oval, obtuse ; petals wedge-obovatr. or spat-
ulate, denticulate above; divisions of the spreading lip broadly wedge-shaped,
many-cleft into a short fringe. (O. psycodes, L. ! O. fimbriata, Pnrs/t, Bigelow.
O. iucisa and 0. fissa, Muhl. in Willd.) — Moist meadows and alluvial banks;
common. July, Aug. — Stem 2° high. Flowers short-pedicelled, crowded in

ORCHIDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 44.7

a spike 4f - 7' long, small, but very handsome, fragrant : lip short-stalked,
barely £_ broad and not so long; the middle lobe broadest fcnd more closely
fringed, but not so deeply cleft as the lateral ones.

15. P. fim1>ri&ta, Lindl. (LARGE PURPLE FRINGED-ORCHIS.) Lower
leaves oval or oblong, the upper few, passing into lanceolate bracts ; spike or ra-
ceme oblong, loosely-flowered ; lower sepals ovate, acute ; petals oblong, toothed doum
the sides ; divisions of the pendent large lip fan-shaped, many-cleft into a long
capillary fringe. (O. fimbriata, Ait., Willd., Hook. Exot. Fl., &c. O. grandi-
flora, Bi^elow.} — Wet meadows, &c., New England to Pcnn., and (cliiefly)
northeastward. June. — Stem 2° high. Flowers fewer, paler (or lilac-purple),
and 3 or 4 times larger than those of No. 14 ; the more ample dilated lip f to
1' broad, with a deeper and nearly capillary crowded fringe, different-shaped
petals, &c.

16. P. peraimena, Gray. (GREAT PURPLE ORCHIS.) Lower leaves
oblong-ovate, the upper lanceolate ; spike oblong or cylindrical, densely flow-
ered ; lower sepals round-ovate ; petals rounded-obovate, raised on a claw ;
divisions of the large lip very broadly wedge-shaped, irregularly eroded-toothed at the
broadly dilated summit, the lateral ones truncate, the middle one 2-lobed. (P. fissa,
Lindl. O. fissa, Pursh, not of Muhl.} — Moist meadows and banks, Penn. to
Ohio, Illinois, and southward along the Alleghanies. Aug. — Stem 2° -4°
high. Flowers large and showy, violet-purple ; the lip paler and very ample,
J' long : its divisions minutely and variably toothed, or sparingly cut along the
terminal edge, but not fringed.

4. GOODYERA, R. Brown. RATTLESNAKE-PLANTAIN.

Flower ringent ; lateral sepals not oblique at the base, including the saccate
sessile base of the lip, which is free from the small straight column, without
callosities, and contracted at the apex into a pointed and channelled recurved
termination. Anther attached to the back near the summit of the column.
Pollen-masses 2, consisting of angular grains loosely cohering by a manifest
web. — Root of thick fibres from a fleshy somewhat creeping rootstock, bearing
a tuft of thickish petioled leaves next the ground. Scape, spike, and the green-
ish-white small flowers usually glandular-downy. (Dedicated to John Goodyer,
an early English botanist.)

1. G. re pens, R. Brown. Small (5' -8' high) and slender; leaves ovate,
n;ore or Isss reticulated with white (about 1' long) ; flowers several, in a loose
\-sidcd spike; lip inflated, the apex ovate and obtuse; stigma distinctly 2-
toothed. — Rich woods, under evergreens ; common northward, and southward
along the Alleghanies, Aug. — Intermediate forms apparently occur between
this and the next. (Eu.)

2. O. pllbescens, R. Brown. Leaves ovate, conspicuously reticulated
and blotched with white (2' long) ; flowers numerous in a crowded spike, not l-sidcd;
lip inflated, and with an abrupt ovate apex ; stigma rounded at the summit. —
Rich woods; rather common, especially southward. July. A tig — Scape
8' -12' high.

448 ORCHIDACEwE. (ORCHIS FAMILY.)

5. SPIRANTHES, Richard. LADIES' TEESSES.

Flower somewhat ringent ; the lateral sepals rather oblique at the base and
somewhat decurrent on the ovary, covering the base of the lip ; the upper one
cohering with the petals ; all usually erect. Lip oblong, concave and embracing
the wingless column below, furnished with 2 callosities next the base, contracted
into a short claw below them or sessile, the spreading apex more or less dilated.
Column arching, obliquely short-stalked, the ovate stigma usually with a
short-pointed and at length 2-cleft beak. Anther attached to the back of the
column. Pollen-masses 2, club-shaped or obovate, fixed to the stigma by
a gland, deeply 2-cleft from the broader end (and in S. gracilis again 2-cleft)
into tender lamellae which are more or less inrolled when young, bearing
the powdery pollen-grains. — Roots clustered-tuberous. Stems naked, or
leafy below. Flowers small, white, bent horizontal, in a close usually spi-
rally twisted spike (whence the name, from trnfipa, a, coil or curl, and m/tfos,
blossom).

# Scape naked, barely bracted below : leaves all at or near tJie ground, early disap-
pearing : flowers all one-sided.

1. S. gracilis, Bigelow. Scape very slender (8'- 15' high), smooth,
spike slender, so twisted as to throw the flowers as they expand all into a single
(straightish or usually spiral) row; bracts ovate, pointed, not longer than the
pods, to which they are closely appressed ; lip spatulate-oblong, strongly wavy-
crisped at the rounded summit (not lobed), the callosities at the base conspicu-
ous, incurved; leaves varying from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, petioled (l'-2
long), thin. (Also S. Beckii, Lindl., as to the Northern plant.) — Hilly wooda
and sandy plains: common. July, Aug. — Perianth and lip \' — ±' long, of a
delicate pearly texture : the calli at first oval, bearded at the base inside, at
length elongating and recurved.

* * Scape or stem leafy towards the base : Jlowers not unilateral.

2. S. latifolia, Torr. in Lindl. Loui (4' -9' high) ; leaves oblony-lanceolate,
narrowed into a sheathing base ; spike oblong, rather dense, more or less twist-
ed ; bracts lanceolate, acutish, the lower as long as the flowers ; lip oblong, very
obtuse, wavy-crisped at the apex, 5-7-nerved below, and with 2 oblong adnate
callosities at the base. (S. plantaginea, Torr. in N. Y. Fl., not of Lindl. 8.
•wtivalis, Oakes, cat.) — Moist banks, N. New York, W. New England, and
northward; not rare. June. — Leaves chiefly towards the base of the stem,
2' -4' long and about £' wide, thickish; above are one or two small leaf-like
bracts. Flowers white with the lip yellowish, larger than in No. 1, much small-
er than in No. 3 ; the sepals minutely glandular-pubescent, as well as the axis
of the spike. — I find nothing to distinguish it from S. aestivalis except ths.t the
flowers are a trifle smaller, and the bracts less acute.

3. S. cermia, Richard. Root-leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated, those of the
stem similar but smaller, passing into bracts ; spike dense, minutely pubescent ;
bracts ovate-lanceolate, pointed, as long as the flowers ; lip oblong, furnished
<rith two minute callosities at the base, constricted above the middle, rounded at
the summit, wavy-crisped. — Wet grassy places ; common. Aug. - O'-t. — SteiB

ORCHIDACE2E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 448

6' -2° high, the rooi leaves 4' -12' long. Spike thick, 3' -5' long, seldom
twisted. Flowers white or cream-color, fragrant; the perianth about 5" long.—-
The large states seem to pass into S. odorata, Nutt.

6. LiISTERA, R. Brown. TWATBLADB.

Sepals and petals nearly alike, spreading or reflexed. Lip mostly drooping,
longer than the sepals, 2-lobet: or 2-cleft. Column wingless : stigma with a
rounded beak. Anther borne on the back of the column at the summit, ovate,
pollen powdery, in 2 masses, joined to a minute gland. — Roots fibrous. Stem
bearing a pair of opposite sessile leaves in the middle, and a spike or raceme of
greenish or brownish-purple small flowers. (Dedicated to Martin Lister, an
early and celebrated British naturalist.)

* Column very short. (Sepals ovate, reflexed: plants delicate, 4' -8' high.)

1. It. CO I'd a ta, R. Brown. Leaves round-ovate, somewhat heart-shaped
(k'~ 1' long) ; raceme almost smooth, flowers minute, rroioded, on pedicels not long-
er than the ovary ; lip linear, twice the length of the sepals. 1 -toothed on each side
at the base, 2-cleft to the middle. — Damp cold woods ; from Penn. northward.
June, July. (Eu.)

2. li» australis, Lindl. Leaves ovate; raceme loose and slender ; flowers
very small, on minutely glandular-pubescent pedicels twice the length of the ovary ; lip
linear, 3-4 times the length of the sepals, 2-parted, the divisions linear-setaceous.
— Damp thickets, New Jersey to E. Virginia and southward. June.

* * Column longer, arching or straightish.

3. It. convallarioldes, Hook. Leaves oval or roundish, and some-
times a little heart-shaped (!'-!£' long); raceme loose, pubescent; flowers on
slender pedicels ; lip wedge-oblong, 2-lobed at the dilated apex, and 1 -toothed on
each side at the base, nearly twice the length of the narrowly lanceolate spread'
ing sepals, purplish, %' long. (Epipactis convallarioides, Swartz.) — Dam,',
mossy woods, along the whole Alleghany Mountains, to Penn., N. New Eng-
land, Lake Superior, and northward. — Plant 4' - 9' high.

•7. A HE Til USA, Gronov. ARETHUSA.

Flower ringent ; the lanceolate sepals and petals nearly alike, united at ih«
base, ascending and arching over the column. Lip dilated and recurved * pread-
ing towards the summit, bearded inside. Column adherent to the lip below
petal-like, dilated at the apex. Anther lid-like, terminal, of 2 approximate
cells : pollen-masses powdery-granular, 2 in each cell. — A beautiful low herb,
consisting of a sheathed scape from a globular solid bulb, terminated by a single
large rose-purple and sweet-scented flower. Leaf solitary, linear, nerved, bidder
in the sheaths of the scape, protruding from the uppermost after flowering
(Dedicated to the Nymph Ar&husa.)

1. A blllbosa, L. — Bogs, Virginia to Maine, N. Wisconsin, and nortk
ward : rare. Mav. — Flower 1 ' - 2' long, very handsome.

450 ORCHIDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.)

8. POGdNIA, Juss. POGONIA.

Flower irregular, the sepals and petals separate. Lip created or 3-lobed
Column free, elongated, clnb-shaped, wingless. Anther terminal and lid-like
stalked: pollen-masses 2 (one in each cell), powdery-granular. — Stem 1 -5
leaved. (Utoywvias, bearded, from the lip of some of the original species.)

f 1. POGONIA PROPER. — Sepals and petals nearly equal and alike, pink-purple

1. P. opllioglossoidcs, Nutt. "Root of thick fibres ; stem (6' -9' high)
tearing one clasping oval or lanceolate leaf near the middle, and a smaller similai
bract next the solitary flower; lip spatulate, beard-crested and fringed. — Bogs
common. June, July. — Flower handsome, 1' long, pale purple, rarely 2 or 3.

2. P. pcndllla, Lindl. Stem(3'-S' high) from oblong tubers, bearing
3 or 4 alternate ovate-clasping small leaves, and nearly as many drooping flowers
on axillary pedicels ; lip spatulate, somewhat 3-lobed, roughish or crisped above,
bnt not crested. (TripWa, Nutt.) — Rich damp woods, from N. New Eng.
lUnd southward and westward: rare. Aug., Sept. — Flowers whitish, tinged
with pink, 1' long; sepals and petals erect.

*«. ODONECTIS, Hat. — Sepals linear, much longer than the erect petals: liy
3-lobed, the middle lobe crested : flowers dingy purple.

3. P. verticilluta, Nutt, Root of thick fibres; stem (6'- 12' higty
bearing a whorl of 5 oval or oblong-obovate pointed sessile leaves at the summit, 1
flowered; sepals erect (I'- 2' long). — Damp woods, New England to Michigai
Kentucky, and southward : scarce. June.

4. P. divaiicata, R. Br. Stem (2° high) bearing one lanceolate leaf i*
the middle, and a leafy bract next the single flower; sepals widely spreading (2
2$' long). — Wet pine-barrens, Virginia and southward. May.

9. CAJLOPOGON, R. Brown. CALOPOGON.

Flower with the ovary or stalk not twisting, therefore presenting its lip on the
•upper or inner side ! Sepals and petals nearly alike, lance-ovate, spreading^
distinct. Lip rather spreading, raised on a narrowed base or stalk, dilated at
the summit, strongly bearded along the upper side. Column free, winged ai
the apex. Anther terminal and lid-like, sessile : pollen-masses 4 (two in each
rwlU, of soft powdery grains. — Scape from a solid bulb, sheathed below by the
base of the grass-like leaf, naked above, bearing several flowers. Bracts minute.
(Name composed of /cczXoy, beautiful, and Trcbycoi/, beard, from the bearded lip.)

1. C. pule lie 1 1 11$, R. Brown. Leaf linear; scape about 1° high, 2- «•
flowered ; lip beautifully bearded towards the dilated summit with white, ye
low, and purple club-shaped hairs. — Bogs; common. July. — Flowers
broad, pink-purple, fragrant.

1O. CALYPSO, Salisb. CALYPSO.

Sepals and petals nearly similar, ascending, spreading, lanceolate, pointed,
L»,p larger then- the rest of the flower, sac-shaped, inflated, 3-lobed at the apex,

(ORCHIS FAMILY.) 431

the middle lobe bearded above, and 2-pohited underneath. Column erect,
broadly winged and petal-like. Anther lid-like, just below the apex of the
column : pollen-ransses 2, waxy, each 2-parted, sessile on the membranaceoua
gland. — A little bog-herb; the solid bulbs producing a single petioled ovate
or slightly heart-shaped thin leaf, and a short (3' -5' high) scape, sheathed
below, bearing a large and showy (variegated purple and yellow) flower.
(Name from the goddess Calypso.)

1. C. bore fills, Salisb. — Cold bogs and wet woods, the bulbs resting in
moss, N. New England to N. Michigan, and northward. May. — A very rare
and beautiful plant. Lip |' long, somewhat resembling that of a Lady's
Slipper. (Eu.)

11. TIPULAR1A, Nutt CRANE-FLY ORCHIS.

Sepals and petals spreading, oblong ; the latter rather narrower. Lip pro-
longed underneath into a thread-like ascending spur twice or thrice the length of
the flower, 3-lobed ; the middle lobe linear, a little wavy, as long as the petals,
the side lobes short and triangular. Column narrow and wingless. Anther
lid-like, terminal : pollen-masses 2, waxy, each 2-parted, connected by a linear
stalk with the transverse small gland. — Herb with large solid bulbs connected
horizontally, producing in autumn a single ovate nerved and plaited leaf on a
slender petiole, which is tinged with purple beneath ; and in summer a long
and naked slender scape (10' -18' high), with 1 or 2 sheaths at the base, bearing
a many-flowered raceme of small greenish flowers tinged with purple. (So
named from some fancied resemblance of the flowers to insects of the genus
Tipula.)

1. T. discolor, Nutt. — Pine woods, Martha's Vineyard, Oakes. Deer-
field, Massachusetts, Prof. Hitchcock. Vermont, Beck. Parma, Monroe County,
New York, Dr. Bradley. N. Micliigan, Dr. Cooky. Rockport, Ohio, Dr.
Bassett. Also southward, where it is much less rare. July. — Spur almost
1' long.

12. B LET I A, Ruiz&Pavon. BLETIA.

Sepals spreading, equal, rather exceeding the petals. Lip hooded, jointed,
crested along the upper face, often 3-lobcd. Column half-cylindrical ; the fleshy
anther forming a lid at its apex. Pollen-masses 8, in pairs, with a stalk to each
pair, waxy, becoming powdery. — Scape many-flowered from solid tubers.
(Named for Louis Blet, a Spanish botanist.)

1. B. aphylla, Nutt. Leafless; scape (l°-2°high) beset with purplish
scales, the lower ones sheathing ; flowers racemed, brownish-purple ; lip not sac-
cate. Rich woods, Kentucky and southward.

13. UIICttOSTYLtlS, Nutt. ADDER'S-MOUTH.

Sepals spreading. Petals thread-like or linear, spreading. Lip auricled or
halberd-shaped at the base, not tubercled, entire or nearly so. Column very
small, with 2 teeth or auricles at the summit and the lid-like anther betwoen

452 ORCHIDACEJE. (ORCHIS FAMILY.)

them. Pollen-masses 4, in one ro\r (2 in each cell), cohering by pairs at the
apex, waxy, without any stalks or elastic connecting tissue. — Little herbs from
solid bulbs, producing simple stems or scapes, which bear 1 or 2 leaves, and a
raceme of minute greenish flowers. (Name composed of puepos, little, and orvXir,
a column or style.)

1. M. moilOpliyllOS, Lindl. Slender (4' -6' high); leaf solitary,
shcathu g the base of the stem, ovate-elliptical ; raceme spiked, long and slender ;
pedicels not longer than the flowers; lip triangular-halberd-shaped, long-pointed.—
Cold wet swamps, N. New England to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and northward.
July. (Eu.)

2. HI. OplliOglOSSOldes, Nutt. Leaf solitary near the middle of the
stem, ovate, clasping ; raceme short and obtuse ; pedicels much longer than the flow-
ers; lip obtusely auricled at the base, 3-toothed at the summit. — Damp woods ;
more common southward. — Plant 4' - 10' high. July.

14. LI I* A 11 IS, Richard. TWAYBLADB

Sepals and petals nearly equal, linear, or the latter thread-like, spreading.
Lip flat, entire, often bearing 2 tubercles above the base. Column elongated,
incurved, margined at the apex. Anther, &c. as in the last. — Small herbs, with
solid bulbs, producing 2 root-leaves and a low scape, which bears a raceme of few
purplish or greenish flowers. (Name from \iirapos, fat or shining, in allusion to
the smooth or unctuous leaves.)

1. L. liliifolia, Richard. Leaves 2, ovate ; petals thread-like, reflcxed ;
lip large (£' long), wedye-obovate, abruptly short-jwinted, brown-purplish. (Malaxis
liliifolia, Sicartz.) — Moist woodlands: commonest in the Middle States. June.

2. L.. Loeselii, Richard. Leaves 2, elliptical-lanceolate or oblong, sharp-
ly keeled ; lip obovate or oblong (2" long), mucronate at the incurved tip, yellow-
ish-green, shorter than the linear unequal petals and sqjals. (Malaxis Correana,
Barton.) — Bogs and wet meadows, New England to Penn., Wisconsin, and
northward : rare. June. (Eu.)

15. CORALLORHIZA, Hallcr. CORAL-ROOT.

Flower ringcnt ; the oblong or lanceolate sepals and petals nearly alike, the
laveral ascending and the upper arching : lip spreading above, with 2 projecting
ridges or lamella? on the face below, slightly adherent at the base to the 2-edged
straightish column, and often more or less extended into a protuberance or short
spur coalcsccnt with the summit of the ovary. Anther 2-lipped, terminal and
lid-like. Polten-masscs 4, obliquely incumbent, soft-waxy or powdery, free. —
Brownish or yellowish herbs, destitute of green foliage, with much-branched
and toothed coral-like root-stocks (probably root-parasitical), sending up a sim-
ple scape, furnished with sheaths in place of leaves, and bearing small and dull-
colored flowers in a spiked raceme. (Name composed of KOjxxAAtov. coral, and
pi(a, root.)

It Lip 3 Ifibcd (the m -ddfe lobe very much largest) and with 2 distinct lamcllm or plaited
on th 2 face, wl itish, usually spotted or mottled with crimson.

(ORCHIS FAMILY., 453

I C. iimfltct, R. Brown. Plant slender, light brownish OT yellowish
(6' -9' high), 5 - 1 2-flowered ; lip somewhat hastately 3-lobed above the base, the
lamellae thick and rather short; spur none; pod oval or elliptical (3 '-4" long).
(C. verna, Nutf.) — Swamps and damp woods, throughout; but scarce. May,
June. (Eu.)

2. C. iiiltltifldra, Nutt. Plant purplish, rather stout (9' -18' high),
10-30-flowered; lip deeply 3-lobed at the base; the middle lobe very wavy, re-
curved, the lamellae occupying a great part of its length ; spur a manifest protu-
berance; pod oblong (!'-!' long). — Dry rich woods; common, especially
northward. July -Sept. — Flower much larger than in the last; sepals and
petals 3" -4" long.

* * Lip not at all lobed (mostly purplish, but unspotted) ; the lamellae consisting of
short and tooth-like processes near the base.

3. C. odontOl'lliza, Nutt. Plant light brown or purplish ; stem rather
slender, bulbous-thickened at the base (6' -16' high), 6 - 20-flowered ; flowers
small, on rather slender pedicels ; lip (2" -3" long) obovate or ovate with a short
narrowed base, flattish, with the margin wavy and obscurely denticulate ; spur ob-
solete; pod oval (3"- 5" long). (C. Wistariana, Conrad, is merely a larger
form.) — Rich woods, W. New England and New York to Michigan and south-
ward ; common. May -Aug. — Flowers intermediate in size between No. 1
and No. 2. There is a small tooth, more or less evident, on each side, where
the base of the lip and the wing-like margin of the column join.

4. C. Ulaci'ffei, Gray. Plant purplish, stout (6' -16' high), bearing 15-
20 large flowers in a crowded spike, on very short pedicels ; lip oval, very obtuse, rath-
er fleshy (purple), 3-nerved, perfectly entire, concave, the margins incurved, the
sessile base obscurely auricled and with 1-3 short lamellae ; spur none at all ;
pod ovoid (I' long). — Woods, along Lakes Huron and Superior (Mackinaw,
C. G. Loring, Jr., Whitycy, &c., West Canada, W. F. Macrae.) — Sepals and
petals 6" - 8" long, conspicuously 3-nerved ; but this cannot be C. striata, LindL,
which is said to have a 3-lobed and acute lip, &c. Flowers the largest of the
genus.

16. APL.ECTRUM, Nutt. PUTTY-ROOT. ADAM-AND-EVE

Sepals and petals much as in the last. Lip with a short claw, free, 3-lobed,
the palate 3-ridged ; no trace of a spur. Anther slightly below the apex of the
cylindrical straightish column : pollen-masses 4. — Scape and raceme as in Co-
rallorhiza, invested below with 3 greenish sheaths, springing in May from the
side of a thick globular solid bulb or corm (filled with ex tecdingly glutinous
matter), which also produces from its apex, late in the preceding summer, a
large, oval, many-nerved and plaited, petioled, green leaf, lasting through the
winter. (Genus too near the last? The name composed of a privative and
n\T)Krpov, a spur, from the total want of the latter.)

I. A. hyemalc, Nutt. — Woods, in rich mould : rare. — Solid bulbs of-
ten 1' in diameter, one produced annually on a slender stalk, along with fibrous

454 ORCHIDACEJE. (ORCHIS FAMILY.;

toots, generally lasting until the fourth year before it shrivels, so thai 2-3 01
more are found, horizontally connected. Scape 1° high. Flowers dingy green-
ish-brown and purple ; the lip whitish and speckled, nearly £' long.

17. CYPKIPEDIUItt, L. LADY'S SLIPPER.

Sepals spreading ; the 2 anterior distinct, or commonly united into one under
the lip. Petals similar but usually narrower, spreading. Lip a large inflated
sac, somewhat slipper-shaped. Column short, 3-lobed ; the lateral lobes bearing
a 2-ccllcd anther under each of them, the middle lobe (sterile stamen) dilated
and petal-like, thickish, incurved. Pollen pulpy or waxy. Stigma terminal,
obscurely 3-lobc-d. — Root of many tufted fibres. Leaves large, many-nerved
and plaited, sheathing at the base. Flowers solitary or few, large and showy.
(Name composed of KuTrpiy, Venus, and nodiov, a sock or buskin, i. e. Venus's
Slipj>er.) Also called MOCCASON-FLOWER.

$ 1 . Stem leafy, 1 - 3-Jloivered : sepals and the linear wary-twisted petals longer than
the lip, pointed, greenish shaded with purplish-brown ; the 2 anterior sepals united
into one quite or nearly to the tip.

1. C. pubcseciis, Willd. (LARGER YELLOW LADY'S SLIPPER.) Se-
pals elonyated-lanccolate ; lip flattened laterally, very convex and gibbous above,
pale yellow ; sterile stamen (appendage of the column) triangular. — Bogs find
damp low woods ; common northward and westward, and southward in the
Alleghanies. May, June. — Stem 2° high, pubescent, as are the broadly oval
acute leaves. Flower scentless. Lip l£'-2' long.

2. C. parvifloruiii, Salisb. (SMALLER YELLOW LADY'S SLIPPER.)
Sejxds ovate or ovate-lanceolate ; lip Jlattish from above, bright yellow ; sterile sta-
men triangular ; leaves oval, pointed. — Rich low woods ; rather common.
May, June. — Stem l°-2° high. Flower fragrant: perianth more brown-
purple than the last : lower sepal often narrower than the upper, frequently cleft
at the apex. Lip |'- 1' long.

3. C. CiSiHliclimi, Muhl. (SMALL WHITE LADY'S SLIPPER.) Sepals
ovate-lanceolate ; lip flattish laterally, convex above, white ; sterile stamen lanceo-
late; leaves lance-oblong, acute. — Low grounds, W. Penn. to Kentucky, Wis-
consin, and northwestward. — Plant 5' -10' high, slightly pubescent, 1 -flowered.
Petals and sepals greenish, nearly equal in length, not much longer than the
lip, which is I' long.

§ 2, Stem very leafy, 1 - 3-f!oiccred : sepals and petals flat and rounded, white, nut
longer than the Up, the 2 anterior sepals perfectly united into one.

4. C. SpecUifoilo, Swart/. ( SHOWY LADY'S SLIPPER.) Sepals round-
ovate or the upper orbicular, rather longer than the oblong petals ; lift much in-
flated, white tinged with purple in front ; sterile stamen heart-ovate. — Peat-bogs,
Maine, and W. New England to Illinois; common northward, and southward

along the Allcgh :iuk\s. July. — The most beautiful of the genus, downy, 2°
high. Leaves ovate, pointed. Lip fully 1^' in diameter, sometimes almost aV
purple.

AMARYLLIDACE^E. (AMARYLLIS FAMILY.) 455

§ 3. (Scope naked, 2-leaved at the base, \-flowered ; sepals and petals greenish, shorter
than the Up, the 2 anterior perfectly united into one.

5. C. acaule, Ait. (STEMLESS LADY'S SLIPPER.) Sepals oblong-
lanceolate, pointed, nearly as long as the linear petals j lip drooping, obovoid,
rose-purple, with a fissure in front ; sterile stamen rhomboid, pointed ; leaves
oblong. (C. humile, Salisb.) — Dry or moist woods, under evergreens; com-
mon, especially northward. May, June. — Plant downy: the scape 8' -12'
high, with a green bract at the top. Lip nearly 2' long, veiny, sometimes pale,
or even white.

§ 4. Stem leafy, 1 flowered : the 2 anterior sepals separate.

6. C. arietiiiiliii, R. Brown. (RAM'S-HEAD.) Upper sepal ovate-Ian •
ceolate, pointed ; the 2 lower and the petals linear and nearly alike, rather longer
than the red and white veiny lip, which is prolonged at the apex into a short
conical deflexed point ; sterile stamen rounded ; leaves 3 or 4, elliptical-lanceo-
late, nearly smooth. (Cryosanthes, Raf Arietinum, Beck.) — Swamps and
damp woods, Maine and Vermont to Wisconsin, and northward : rare. June.
— Stem slender, 6' -12' high. Perianth greenish-brown: lip small, somewhat
conical, hairy at the orifice, £' long.

ORDER 120. AMARYLLIDACE^E. (AMARYLLIS FAMILY.)

Chiefly bulbous and scape-bearing herbs, not scurfy or woolly, with linear
flat root-leaves, and regular (or nearly so) perfect 6-androus flowers, the tube
of the corolline Q-parted perianth coherent with the ^-celled ovary, the lobes
imbricated in the bud. — Anthers introrse. Style single. Pod 3-celled,
several -many-seeded. Seeds anatropous or nearly so, with a straight
embryo in the axis of flashy albumen. — An order represented in our gar-
dens by the Narcissus (N. POETICUS), Jonquil (N. JONQUILLA), and Daf-
fodil (N. PSEUDO-NARCISSUS), the Snowdrop (GALANTHUS NIVALIS)
and the Snowflake (LEUCOJUM VERNUM), &c., but with very few indige
nous representatives in this country. Bulbs acrid. Ilypoxys is the type
of a small suborder ?

Synopsis. ,

* Pod 3-valved, loculicidal: anthers versatile: perianth funnel-shaped.

1. AMARYLLIS. Flower naked in the throat ; the tube short or none. Bulbs coated.

2. PANCRATIUM. Flower with a slender tube and narrow recurved lobes; a cup-shaped

crown connecting the stamens. Bulbs coated.
8 AGAVE. Flower equally 6-cleft, persistent : no crown. Fleshy-leaved, not bulbous

* * Pod indehiscent : anthers sagitate.
4. HYPOXYS. Perianth 6-parted nearly down to the ovary. Bulb solid.

1. AMARYLLIS, L. § ZEPHYRANTHES, Herb. AMARYLLIS.

Penanlh funnel-form, from a tubular base ; the 6 divisions petul-like and sim-
ilar, spreading above ; the 6 stamens inserted in its naked throat : anthers versa-

456 AMARYLLIDACE^E. (AMARYLLIS FAMILY.)

tile. Pod membranaceous, 3-lobcd. — Leaves and scape from a coated bulb.
Flowers 1 or 2, from a 1 -2-leaved spathe. (A poetical name.)

1. A. Atamasco, L. (ATAMASCO LILY.) Spathe 2-cleft at the apex j
perianth white and pink ; stamens and style declined. — Pcnn. (Muhl.) Virginia,
and southward. June. — Flower 3 long, on a scape 6' high.

2. PANCRATIUM, L. PANCRATIUM.

Perianth with a long and slender tube, and an equal b-parted limb ; the lobea
long and narrow, recurved : the throat bearing a tubular or cup-shaped corolline
delicate crown, which connects the bases of the 6 exserted stamens. Anthers
linear, versatile. Pod thin, 2 - 3-lobed, with a few fleshy seeds, often like bulb-
lets. — Scapes and leaves from a coated bulb. Flowers large and showy in an
umbel-like head or cluster, leafy-bracted. (Name composed of 7rai/, all, and
Kparus, powerful, from fancied medicinal properties.)

1. P. FO til til 111, Ker. Leaves ascending, strap-shaped (l°-2° long);
scape few-flowered ; the handsome (white and fragrant) flower with a spreading
large 12-toothed crown, the alternate teeth bearing the filaments. (Hymeno-
callis rotata, &c., Herbert.) — Marshy banks of streams, Kentucky, Virginia, and
southward. May. — Flowers opening at night or in cloudy weather.

3. AGAVE, L. AMERICAN ALOE.

Perianth tubular-funnel-form, persistent, 6-parted ; the divisions nearly equal,
narrow. Stamens 6, soon exserted : anthers linear, versatile. Pod coriaceous,
many-seeded. Seeds flattened. — Leaves very thick and fleshy, often with car
tilaginous or spiny teeth, clustered at the base of the many-flowered scape, from
a thick fibrous-rooted crown. (Name altered from ayavos, wonderful, not inap-
propriate as applied to A. Americana, the Century-plant.)

1. A. Virginica, L. (FALSE ALOE.) Herbaceous; scape simple (3°
- 6° high) ; the flowers scattered in a loose wand-like spike, greenish-yellow,
very fragrant. — Dry or rocky banks, Pcnn.? Kentucky, Virginia, and south-
ward. Sept.

4. HYPOXYS, L. STAR-GRASS.

Perianth persistent, 6-parted, spreading ; the 3 outer divisions a little herba
ceous outside. Stamens 6 : anthers erect. Pod crowned with the withered or
closed perianth, not opening by valves. Seeds globular, with a crustaceous
coat, ascending, impcifectly anatropous, the rhaphe not adherent quite down to
the micropyle, the seed-stalk thus forming a sort of lateral beak. Radicle infe-
rior!- Stcmless small herbs, with grassy and hairy linear leaves and slender
few-flowered scapes from a solid bulb. (Name composed of urro, beneath, and
o£vs, sharp, it is thought because the pod is acute at the base.)

1. II. ^rrcfa, L. Leaves linear, grass-like, longer than the umbellately
1 -4-flowered scape ; divisions of the perianth hairy and greenish outside, yellow
within. — Meadows and open woods ; common. June - Aug.

(BLOODWORT FAMILY.) A£7

ORDER 121. H^EMODORACE^E. (BLOODWORT FAMILY.)

Herbs, withjibrous roots, usually equitant leaves, and perfect 3-6-androus
regular flowers, which are woolly or scurfy outside ; the tube of the G-lobed
perianth coherent with the whole surface, or with merely the lower part, of the
3-celled ovary. — Anthers introrse. Style single, sometimes 3-partible;
the 3 stigmas alternate with the cells of the ovary. Pod crowned or en-
closed by the persistent perianth, 3-celled, loculicidal, 3 - many-seeded.
Embryo small, in hard or fleshy albumen. A small family.*

Synopsis.

* Ovary wholly adherent to the calyx-tube : style filiform : seeds peltate, amphitropous.

1. LACHNANTHES. Stamens 3, exserted : anthers versatile. Leaves equitant

* * Ovary free except the base : style 3-partible : seeds anatropous.

2. LOPHIOLA. Stamens 6, inserted near the base of the woolly 6-cleft perianth. Leaves

equitant.

3. ALETRIS. Stamens 6, inserted in the throat of the warty-roughened and tubular 6-toothed

perianth. Leaves flat.

1. L.ACHNANTHES, Ell. RED-ROOT.

Perianth woolly outside, 6-parted down to the adherent ovary. Stamens 3,
opposite the 3 larger or inner divisions : filaments long, exserted : anthers linear,
fixed by the middle. Style thread-like, exserted, declined. Pod globular.
Seeds few on each fleshy placenta, flat and rounded, fixed by the middle. —
Herb with a red fibrous perennial root, equitant sword-shaped leaves, clustered
at the base and scattered on the stem, which is hairy at the top, and terminated
by a dense compound cyme of dingy yellow and loosely woolly flowers (whence
the name, from Xa^vr], wool, and avdos, blossom).

1. It. tilictorin, Ell. — Sandy swamps, Rhode Island, New Jersey, and
southward, near the coast. July - Sept.

2. LOPHIOLA, Ker. LOPHIOLA.

Perianth densely woolly, deeply 6-cleft ; the divisions nearly equal, spreading,
longer than the 6 stamens, which are inserted at their base. Anthers fixed by
the base. Pod ovate, free from the perianth except at the base, pointed with
the awl-shaped style, which finally splits into 3 divisions, one terminating each
valve. Seeds numerous, oblong, ribbed, anatropous. — -A slender perennial
herb, with creeping rootstocks and fibrous roots, linear and nearly smooth equi-
tant leaves ; the stem leafless and whitened with soft matted wool towards the
summit, as well as the crowded or panicled cyme. Perianth dingy yellow in-

* The character by which Endlicher distinguishes this family from the foregoing, viz by ha>
Ing the 3 cells of the ovary opposite the inner divisions of the perianth, is not true of either ol
the following genera. Yet, in Lophiola and Aletris, the 3 stigmas, as well as the 3 divisions in-
to which the style splits at maturity, are indeed thus situated : but they stand over the parti-
tt^ts, instead of the cells, and therefore exactly surmount the valves of the loculicidal jod.

458 BROMELIACE2E. (PINE-APPLE FAMILY.)

side ; the lobes naked only towards the tip, each clothed with a woolly tuft
towards the base (whence the name, from Xo<£elov, a small crest).

1. JL. aiircu, Ker. (Conostylis Americana, Pursh.) — Boggy pine bar-
rens, New Jersey to Virginia, and southward. June - Aug.

3. A LET ISIS, L. COLIC-ROOT. STAR-GRASS.

Perianth cylindrical, not woolly, but wrinkled and roughened outside iy
thickly-set points, which look like scurfy mealiness, the tube cohering below
v ith the base only of the ovary, 6-cleft at the summit. Stamens 6, inserted at
the base of the lobes : filaments and anthers short, included. Style awl-shaped,
3-clcft at the apex : stigmas minutely 2-lobed. Pod ovate, enclosed in the
roughened perianth ; the dehiscence, seeds, &c. nearly as in Lophiola. — Peren
nial and smooth stemless herbs, very bitter, with fibrous roots, and a spreading
cluster of thin and flat lanceolate leaves ; the small flowers in a wand-like spiked
raceme, terminating a naked slender scape (2° -3° high). Bracts awl-shaped,
minute. ('AXerpi's, a female slave who grinds com ; the name applied to
these plants, in allusion to the apparent mealiness dusted over the blossoms.)

1. A. farinosa, L. Flowers oblong-tubular, white; lobes lanceolate-
oblong. — Grassy or sandy woods ; common, especially southward. July, Aug.

2. A. aiirea, Walt. Flowers bell-shaped, yellow (fewer and shorter) ;
lobes short-ovate. — Barrens, &c., N. Jersey to Virginia, and southward.

ORDER 122. BROMELIACEJE. (PINE- APPLE FAMILY.)

Herbs (or scarcely woody plants, nearly all tropical), the greater part epi-
phytes, with persistent dry or fleshy and channelled crowded leaues, sheathing
at the base, usually covered with scurf; 6-androus ; the G-cleft perianth ad-
herent to the ovary in the Pine-apple, &c., or free from it in our only rep-
resentative, viz.

1. TILL.ANDSIA, L. LONG Moss.

Perianth plainly double, 6-parted ; the 3 outer divisions (sepals) membrane
ceous; the 3 inner (petals) colored; all convolute below into a tube, spreading
above, lanceolate. Stamens 6, hypogynous ! or the alternate ones cohering with
the base of the petals : anthers introrse. Ovary free : style thread-shaped : stig-
mas 3. Pod cartilaginous, 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved ; the valves splitting
into an inner and an outer layer. Seeds several or many in each cell, anatro-
pous, club-shaped, pointed, raised on a long hairy-tufted stalk, like a coma.
Embryo small, at the base of copious albumen. — Scurfy-leaved epiphytes.
(Named for Prof. Tillnnds of Abo.)

1. T. USII«>OI«1«'S, L. (COMMON LONG Moss or BLACK Moss.) Stems
thread-shaped, branching, pendulous ; loaves thread-shaped ; peduncle short, 1-
flowiTcd. — Dismal Swamp, Virginia, and southward; growing on the branches
of tivcs, forming long hanjjng tufts. A characteristic plant of the Southern
States, iiud barely coining within the limits of this work.

IRIDACEJE. (IRIS FAMILY.) 459

ORDER 123. IRIDACE^E. (!RIS FAMILY.)

Herbs, with equitant ^-ranked leaves, ayd regular or irregular perfect flow-
ers ; the divisions of the 6-cleft petal-like perianth convolute in the bud in 2
sets, the tube coherent with the 3-celled ovary, and 3 distinct or monadelphoua
stamens with extrorse anthers. — Flowers from a 2-leaved spathe, usually
showy and ephemeral. Style single : stigmas 3, opposite with the cells of
the ovary. Pod 3-celled, loculicidal, many-seeded. Seeds anatropous:
embryo straight in fleshy albumen. Rootstocks, tubers, &c. mostly acrid.
— A rather small family, here represented by only two genera.

1. IRIS, L. FLOWER-DE-LUCE.

Perianth 6-cleft ; the 3 outer divisions spreading or reflexed ; the 3 inner
smaller and erect. Stamens distinct, placed before the outer divisions of the
perianth, and under the 3 petal-like stigmas. Pod 3 - 6-angled. Seeds de-
pressed-flattened. — Perennials with creeping and often tuberous rootstocks,
sword-shaped or grassy leaves, and large showy flowers, flpts, the rainbow
deijied, anciently applied to this genus on account of the bright and varied
colors of the blossoms.) See Addend.

# Stems leafy (l°-3° high}, often branching : rootstocks thick: flowers crestless, the

inner divisions (petals) much smaller than the outer.

1. I. versicolor, L. (LARGER BLUE FLAG.) Stem stout, angled on
one side; leaves sword-shaped (|' wide) ; ovary obtusely triangular with the sides
flat ; pod oblong, turgid, with rounded angles. — Wet places ; common. May,
June. — Flowers blue, variegated with green, yellow and white at the base, and
veined with purple.

2. I. Virgiiiica, L. (SLENDER BLUE FLAG.) Stem very slender,
terete; leaves narrowly linear ({' wide); ovary 3-angled, and each side deeply
2-grooved ; pod triangular, acute at both ends. (I. prismatica, Pursh. I. gra-
cilis, Bigel.) — Marshes, Maine to Virginia, and southward, near the coast.
June. — Flower much smaller than in the last.

* * Low, almost stemless, 1 - 3-flowered : divisions of the light blue-purple perianth
nearly equal : rootstocks slender, and here and there tuberous-thickened, creeping and
tufted.

3. I. Verna, L. (DWARF IRIS.) Leaves linear, grass-like, rather glau-
cous, the thread-like tube of the perianth about the length of the divisions, which
are all beardless and crestless; pod triangular. — Wooded hill-sides, Virginia,
Kentucky, and southward. April.

4. I. cristf&ta, Ait. (CRESTED DWARF IRIS.) Leaves lanceolate (3'-
5' long when grown) ; those of the spathe ovate-lanceolate, shorter than the
thread-like tube of the perianth, which is 2' long and considerably exceeds the divis-
ions ; the outer ones crested, but beardless ; pod sharply triangular. — Mountains
of Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. May.

5. I. laciiStl'iS, Nutt. (LAKE DWARF IRIS.) Tube of the perianth rather
ihorter than the divisions (yellowish, £'- f long), dilated upwards, not exceeding

460 DIOSCOREACEJE. (YAM FAMILY.)

the spa the : otherwise much as in the last. — Gravelly shores of Lakes Huron
and Michigan. May.

I. PUMILA, L., the DWARF IRIS of the Old World, and I. GBRMANICA, L.,
the common FLOWER-DE-LUCE (i. e. Fleur-de-Lis), are familiar in gardens.

2. SISYBINCIIIUM, L. BLUE-EYED GRASS.

Perianth 6-parted ; the divisions alike, spreading. Stamens monadelphous.
Stigmas involute-thread-like. Pod globular-3-angled. Seeds globular. — Low
slender perennials, with fibrous roots, grassy or lanceolate leaves, mostly branch-
ing 2-edgcd or winged stems, and fugacious umbellcd-clustered small flowers
from a 2-leaved spathe. (Name composed of <rvs, a hog, and pvy\os, snout,
from a fancy that the hogs are fond of rooting it up.)

1. S. Bermudiana, L. Scape winged, naked, or 1 - 2-leaved ; leaves
narrow and grass-like ; divisions of the perianth obovatc, more or less notched
at the end, and bristle-pointed from the notch. (Leaves of the spathe almost
equal, shorter than the flowers.) — Var. ANCEPS (S. anceps, Cay.) has a
broadly winged scape, and the outer leaf of the very unequal spathe longer than
the flowers. — Var. MUCRONATUM (S. mucronatum, Michx.) has a slender and
narrowly winged scape, very narrow leaves, those of the spathe sharp-pointed,
unequal, one of them usually longer than the flowers. But there are various
intermediate forms. — Moist meadows, £c., among grass ; common everywhere.
June -Aug. — Flowers small, delicate blue, changing to purplish, rarely whit-
ish, 4-6 opening in succession.

THE CROCUS, the CORN-FLAG (GLADIOLUS), the BLACKBERRY LILY (PAR-
DANTHUS CHINENSIS), and the TIGER-FLOWER (TIGIU'DIA PAv6xiA), are
common cultivated plants of the family.

ORDER 124. DIOSCOREACEyE. (YAM FAMILY.)

Plants with twining stems from large tuberous ropts or knotted rootstockx,
and ribbed and netted -veined petioled leaves, small dioecious 6-androus and
regular flowers, with the 6-cleft calyx-like perianth adherent in the fertile
plant to the 3-celled ovary. Styles 3, distinct. — Ovules 1 or 2 in each cell,
anatropous. Fruit usually a membranaceous 3-angled or winged pod.
Seeds with a minute embryo in hard albumen. — Represented chiefly
oy the genus

T. DIOSCOREA, Plumicr. YAM.

Flowers very small, in axillary panicles or racemes. Stamens 6, at the base
of the divisions of the 6-parted perianth. Pod 3-celled, 3-winged, loculicidally
3-valvcd by splitting through the winged angles. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, flat,
with a mcmbninaceous wing. (Dedicated to the Greek naturalist Diotooride*.)

1. D. villos:i, L. (WILD YAM-ROOT.) Hi-rburums ; leaves most!}
alternate, sometimes nearly opposite or in fours, more or les.- downy under

SMILACE2E. (SMILAX FAMILY.) 461

neath, heart-shaped, conspicuously pointed, 9-11-ribbed ; flowers pale greenish-
yellow, the sterile in drooping panicles, the fertile in drooping simple racemes.
— Thickets, New England to Wisconsin, and common southward. July. — A
slender vine, from knotty and matted rootstocks, twining over bushes. Pods £•'
long. — A bad name, for the plant is never villous, and often nearly smooth.

ORDER 125. SMILACE^E. (SMILAX FAMILY.)

Herbs, or climbing shrubby plants, with ribbed and conspicuously netted-
veiny leaves, regular 6 - 10-androus flowers with the G - 10-leaved perianth
free from the 3 - 5-cetted (rarely 1 - 2-cellecT) ovary ; the styles or sessile stig-
mas as many and distinct. Anthers introrse. Fruit a few - several-seeded
berry. Embryo minute, in hard albumen. — A group with no known and
clear marks of distinction from the next : as here received it comprises two
marked suborders, viz. : — See Addend.

SUBORDER I. EUSMILACE2E. THE TRUE SMIIAX FAMILY

Flowers dioecious, axillary : the 6 divisions of the perianth all alike.
Anthers 1 -celled (2-locellate). Styles nearly wanting: stigmas 1-3
Seeds orthotropous, pendulous. — Chiefly shrubby and alternate-leaved.

1. SMILAX. Perianth of 6 distinct and similar divisions. Ovules solitary, rarely 2 in each

eel].

SUBORDER II. TKILLIACE^. THE TRILLIUM FAMILY.

Flowers perfect, terminal : the sepals and petals usually different in col-
or. Anthers 2-celled. Styles manifest. Seeds anatropous, several in
each cell. Herbs : leaves whorled.

2. TRILLIUM. Sepals 3, green, persistent. Petals 3. Flower single.

3. MEDEOLA. Sepals and petals 3, colored alike, deciduous. Flowers umbelled.

SUBORDER I. EITSMIL,ACE^E. THE TRUE SMILAX FAMILY.

1. SHI I Li AX, Tourn. GREENBRIER. CATBRIER.

Flowers dioecious. Perianth of 6 (rarely 5 or 7) equal spreading sepals
(greenish or yellowish), deciduous. Ster. Fl. Stamens as manv as the sepals,
and at their base : filaments linear : anthers linear or oblong, fixed by the base.
Fert. FL Filaments, if present, sterile. Stigmas thick and spreading, almost
sessile. Berry globular, 1 - 3-celled, 1 - 6-seeded. Seeds orthotropous, sus
pended, globular. Albumen horny. — Shrubs, or rarely perennial herbs, often
evergreen and prickly, climbing by a pair of tendrils on the petioles, with yel-
lowish-green stems, variously shaped simple leaves, and small flowers in axillary
peduncled umbels. (The ancient Greek name, of obscure meaning.)

$ 1. SMILAX PROPER. — Stems woody, often prickly : ovules and seed* solitary in
each cell. (All our species are glabrous.)

4C2 SMILACE^E. (SMILAX FAMILY.)

* Leaves ovate or roundish, frc., most of then roundish or heart-shaped at the base,
5 - 9-nerued, the three middle nerves or ribs stronger and more conspicuous.

-*- Peduncles shorter or scarcely longer than tJie petioles : leaves thickish, inclining to
be evergreen, at least southward, green both sides.

1. S. Walter!, Pursh. Branches somewhat angled, prickly or unarmed ;
leaves ovate and somewhat heart-shaped (3' -4^' long) ; benies red. (S. China,
Walt.) — S. New Jersey, and southward. July.

2. S, rotmidifolia, L. (COMMON GREENBRIER.) Stem armed with
scattered prickles, as well as the terete branches ; branchlets more or less 4-
angular ; leaves ovate or round-ovate, often broader than long, slightly heart-shaped,
abruptly short-pointed (2' -3' long) ; berries blue-black, with a bloom. (S. cadu-
ca, L., is only a more deciduous and thin-leaved form.) — Moist thickets; com-
mon, especially southward. June. — Plant yellowish-green, often high-climbing.
— Passes into var. QUADRANGUL.ARIS; the branches, and especially the branch-
lets, 4-angular, often square. (S. quadrangulaiis, Muhl.) — Penn., to Illinois,
and southward.

-»- -»- Peduncles longer than, but seldom twice the length of the petiole : leaves tardily
deciduous or partly persistent : berries black, with a bloom.

3. S. glillkca, Walt. Terete branches and somewhat 4-angnlar branch
lets armed with scattered stout prickles, or naked ; leaves ovate, rarely subcor-
date, glaucous beneath and sometimes also above as well as the branchlets when
young (about 2' long), abruptly mucronate, the edges smooth and naked. (S.
Sarsaparilla, L., in part, but not as to syn. Bauliin, whence the name was taken.
S. caduca, Willd., £c. S. spinulosa, Smith? Torr. fi.)— Dry thickets, &c., S.
New York to Kentucky and southward. July.

4. S. taninoidcs, L. Branches and the angular (often square) branch-
lets sparsely armed with short rigid prickles ; leaves varying from round-heart-
shaped and slightly contracted above the dilated base to fiddle-shaped and hal-
berd-shaped - 3-lobed, green and shining both sides, cuspidate-pointed, the margins
often somewhat bristly-ciliate or spinulose. (S. Bona-nox, L., 8. hastata, Willd.,
S. panduratus, Pursh, £c., are all forms of this.) — Thickets, New Jersey to Illi-
nois, and (chiefly) southward. July.

•»-•»-•»-• Peduncles 2-4 times the length of the petiole: leaves ample (3' -5' long),
thin or thinnish, green both sides : berries black : stem terete and branchlets nearly so.

5. S. liispida, Muhl. Rootstock cylindrical, elongated ; stem (climbing
high) below densely beset with long and weak blackish bristly prickles, the flowering
branchlets mostly naked ; leaves ovate and the larger heart-shaped, pointed,
ilightly rough-margined, membranaceous and deciduous. — Moist thickets, Penn.
uul W. New York to Michigan. June. — Peduncles 1^-2' long. Sepals lau
ceolate, almost :\" long.

6. S. Psciiclo-Chllia, L. Rootstock tuberous; stems and branches un
urmed, or with very few weak prickles ; leaves ovate-heart-shaped, or on the
branchlets ovate-oblong, cuspidate-pointed, often rough-fill ate, becoming firm
in texture; peduncles flat (l£'-3' long). — Dry or sandy soil, \ow Jersey to
Kentucky, and southward. July

SMILACE^E. (SMILAX FAMILY.) 4G3

* # Leaves varying from oblong-lanceolate to linear, narrowed at ihe base into a short
petiole, 3 - 5-nerved, shining above, paler or glaucous beneath, many withmt tendrils ;
peduncles short, seldom exceeding the pedicels; the umbels sometimes panicled ;
branches terete, unarmed.

7. S. lanceolata, L. Leaves thin, rather deciduous, ovate-lanceolate or
lance-oblong ; berries red. — S. E. Virginia and southward. June.

8. S. laurifolia, L. Leaves thick and coriaceous, evergreen, varying from
oblong-lanceolate to linear (2^' -5' long) ; berries black, mostly 1-seeded. — Pine
barrens, New Jersey to Virginia and southward. July, Aug.

f 2. COPROSMANTHUS, Torr. — Stem herbaceous, not prickly: ovules mostly
in pairs in each cell : leaves long-petioledt membranaceous, mucronate-tipped : berries
bluish-black with a bloom.

9. S. herbacea, L. (CARRION-FLOWER.) Stem erect and recurving,
or climbing ; leaves ovate-oblong or rounded, mostly heart-shaped, 7 - 9-nerved, smooth ;
tendrils sometimes wanting; peduncles elongated (3' -4' long, or often 6' - 8',
and much longer than the leaves), 20 - 40-flowered. — Var. PULVERULENTA
(S. pulverulenta, Michx. & S. peduncularis, Muhl.) has the leaves more or less
soft-downy underneath. A shorter peduncled state of this is S. lasioneuron,
Hook. — Moist meadows and river-banks; common. June. — Stem 3°.- 6°
long. Leaves very variable : petioles l'-3' long. Flowers exhaling the stench
of carrion. Seeds 6.

10. S. tamnifolia, Michx. Stem upright or climbing ; leaves heart-
halberd-shaped, 5-nerved, smooth; peduncles longer than the petioles. (S. tarn-
noides, Pursh., not of L.) — Pine ban-ens, New Jersey to Virginia and south-
ward. — Leaves abruptly narrowed above the dilated heart-shaped base, tapering
to the apex. Berry (always 1)2- 3-seeded.

i
SUBORDER n. TItILLIA€£JB. THE TRILLIUM FAMILY.

2. TRILLIUM, L. THREE-LEAVED NIGHTSHADE.

Flower perfect. Sepals 3, lanceolate, spreading, herbaceous, persistent.
Petals 3, larger, withering in age. Stamens 6 : anthers linear, adnate, on short
filaments. Siyles (or rather stigmas) awl-shaped or slender, spreading or re
curved above, persistent, stigmatic down the inner side. Berry often 6-sided,
ovate, 3-celled (purple). Seeds horizontal, several in each cell. — Low peren-
nial herbs, with a stout and simple stem rising from a very short and abrupt
tuber-like rootstock, naked below, bearing *at the summit a whorl of 3 amp la
and commonly broadly ovate leaves, and a terminal large flower. (Name
from trilix, triple; all the parts being in threes.) — Monstrosities are not rarely
met with in some species, especially in Nos. 5 and 7, with the calyx and
sometimes the petals changed to leaves, or with the parts of the flower increased
in number.

^ 1. Flower sessile and involucrate by the 3 leaves, erect ; petals varying from spatulate
to lanceolate, l'-2' long, little exceeding the sepals, withering-persistent:
mostly two from tlie same bud.

25

464 SMILACE^E. (SMILAX FAMILY.)

1. T. Sessile, L. Leaves also sessile, ovate or rhomboidal, acute, often
blotched or spotted ; sessile petals erect-spreading (dark and dull purple, varying
to greenish). — Moist woods, Penn. to Wisconsin, and southward. April,
May. — Stem 4' - 12' high.

2. T. recur vat mil, Beck. Leaves contracted at the base into a petiole,
ovate, oblong, or obovate ; sepals reflexed, petals pointed at both ends, unguiculate,
dark purple. — Wisconsin, Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. April.

$ 2. Flower raised on a peduncle : petals withering away soon after blossoming.
# Short peduncle recurved under tfie leaves : rootstocks clustered, bearing 2-3 stems.

3. T. < VIM ii it ill, L. (NODDING TRILLIUM or WAKE-ROBIN.) Leaves
broadly rhomboid, pointed, nearly sessile ; petals white, oblong-ovate, pointed, re-
curved, ivavy, rather longer than the sepals. — Moist woods, N. England to Vir-
ginia, Kentucky, and southward ; common eastward. May. — Petals |' - 1 ' long.

* # Peduncle erect or at length nodding : rootstocks bearing a single stem.
•*- Leaves sessile, abruptly taper-pointed.

4. T. er€ctuill, L. (PURPLE TRILLIUM. BIRTIIROOT.) Leaves dilat-
ed-rhomboidal, nearly as broad as long, very abruptly pointed ; petals ovate, acutish,
dark dull purple, spreading, little longer than the sepals (l'-l£' long). (T.
rhonlboideum, var. atropurpureum, Michx.) — Rich woods ; common northward,
especially westward, and along the Alleghanies. May. — Peduncle l'-3' long,
at length inclined.

Var. album, Pursh. Petals greenish-ivhite, or rarely yellowish ; ovary
mostly dull-purple. (T. pendulum, Ait., &c.) — With the purple-flowered form,
especially from New York westward.

5. T. graiidiflorum, Salisb. (LARGE WHITE TRILLIUM.) leaves
rhomboid-obovate, longer than broad, more taper-pointed, barely sessile ; petals obo-
vate, spreading from an erect base, longer and much broader than the sepals
(2'-2£' long), white, changing with age to rose-color. — Rich woods, Vermont to
Wisconsin and Kentucky, and northward. June. — Flower on a peduncle 2' -
3' long, very handsome.

•«- •*- Leaves petioled, rounded at the base.

6. T. nivale, Riddell. (DWARF WHITE TRILLIUM.) Small (2'-3
high) ; leaves oval or ovate, obtuse ; petals oval-lanceolate, obtuse, rather wavy, white
as long as the peduncle, longer than the sepals. — Rich woods, Ohio to Wiscon
sin. April. — Leaves l'-2', and petals 1', long. Styles long and thread-like.

7. T. erythrocarpum, Michx. (PAINTED TRILLIUM.) Leaves ovate,
taper-pointed; petals ovate or oval-lanceolate, pointedl wavy, widely spreading, white
painted with purple stripes at the base, almost twice the length of the sepals, shorter
than the peduncle. (T. pictum, Pursh.) — Cold damp woods and bogs, New
England to Lake Superior and northward, and southward in the higher Alle-
ghanies through Virginia. May, June.

3. ME DEO LA, Gronov. INDIAN CUCUMBER-ROOT.

Flowers perfect. Perianth revolute, of 3 sepals and 3 petals which are oblong
and alike (pale greenish-yellow), deciduous. Stamcnf 6 : filaments thread-like,

LILIACEJE. (LILY FAMILY.) 465

longer than the linear-oblong anthers, which are attached by their back near
the middle, extrprse. Style none : stigmas 3, recurved-diverging, long and
thread-form (stigmatic along the upper side), deciduous. Berry spherical
(dark purple), 3-celled, few-seeded. — A perennial herb, with a simple slender
stem (l°-3° high, clothed with flocculent deciduous wool) rising from a hori-
zontal and tuberous white rootstock (which has the taste of the cucumber),
bearing a whorl of 5-9 obovate-lanceolate and pointed sessile leaves near the
middle, and another of 3 smaller ovate ones at the top, subtending a sessile
umbel of small recurved flowers. (Named after the sorceress Medea, from
the imaginary notion that it possesses great medicinal virtues.)
1. UI. Virginica, L. (Gyr6mia, Nutt.} — Rich damp woods. June.

ORDER 126. LILIACE^E. (LILY FAMILY.)

Herbs, with parallel-nerved sessile or sheathing leaves, regular perfect 6-
{rarely 4-) androus flowers with the petal-like consimilar 6-merous perianth
free from the 2-3-celled ovary, introrsc anthers attached by a point, and the
style single. — Stigmas 3, or combined into one. Fruit a 3-valved loculi-
cidal pod, or a berry, many -few-seeded. Seeds anatropous or amphitro-
pous. Embryo slender or minute, in fleshy or hard albumen. See Add.

Synopsis.

TRIBE I. ASPAHAGF^. Fruit a few-seeded berry, 2-3-celled. Albumen horny.

Not bulbous : rootstocks creeping or tuberous. Pedicels jointed under the flower.

* Stems branching, very leafy. Seeds amphitropous.

1. ASPAKAGUS. Perianth 6-parted. Leaves thread-like or bristle-form. Pedicels jointed.

* * Stem simple, leafy.

2. POLYGONATUM. Perianth tubular, 6-cleft ; stam< ns above the middle. Flowers axil-

lary.

8. SMILACINA. Perianth 4-6-parted, spreading, the stamens borne at the base. Flowera
in a raceme.

* * * Scape naked.

4. CONVALLARIA. Perianth bell-shaped, 6-lobed. Flowers in a simple raceme.

5. CLINTONIA. Perianth of 6 separate sepals. Stamens hypogynous. Flowers in an umbel.

TRIBE II. ARPIIO«»ELEJ5. Fruit a few -many-seeded pod, 3-celled. Seed-coat era*
taceous, black.

* Not bulbous. Perianth united in a tube below.
t HEMEROCALLIS. Perianth funnel-form. Stamens declined. Pod many-seeded.

* * Bulbous : scape simple Perianth 6-sepalled or 6-parted.
i. ORNITHOGALUM. Flowers corymbed, never blue or reddish. Style 3-sidei.

8. SC1LLA. Flowers racemed, purple or blue Style thread-like.

9. ALLIUM. Flowers umbelled, from a spathe. Sepals 1-nerved.

TaiBE III. TUL.lPACE.flE. Fruit a many-seeded 3-celled pod. Seed-coat paJe. Pen-
anth 6-leaved.

* Bulbous herbs. Perianth deciduous.

10. LILIUM. Stem leafy. Pod oblong. Seeds vertically much flattened.
11 ERYTHRONIUM. Scape naked, 1-flowered Pod obovate-triangular : seeds ovoid.

* * Not bulbous : stem (caudex) perennial. Perianth not deciduous.
12. FUOCA. Flowers in a terminal panicle. Leaves crowded rigid and persistent

466 LILIACEJS. (LILY FAMILY.;

1. ASPARAGUS, L. ASPARAGUS.

Perianth 6-parted, spreading above : the 6 stamens at their base. Style sl.ort.
stigma 3-lobed Berry spherical. 3-celled; the cells 2-seedcd. — Perennials,
with much-branched stems from thick and matted rootstocks, very narrow leaves
in clusters, and small greenish-yellow axillary flowers. (The ancient Greek
name.)

1. A. OFFICINALIS, L. (GARDEN ASPARAGUS.) Herbaceous ; bushy-
branched ; leaves thread-like. — Sparingly escaped from gardens into waste
places on the coast. June. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. POLYGONATUJJI, Tourn. SOLOMON'S SEAL.

Perianth tubular, 6-lobed at the summit ; the 6 stamens inserted on or above
the middle of the tube, included. Ovary 3-celled, with 2-6 ovules in each cell :
style slender, deciduous by a joint : stigma obtuse or capitate, obscurely 3-lobed.
Berry globular, black or blue ; the cells 1 - 2-seeded. — Perennial herbs, with
simple erect or curving stems, rising from creeping thick and knotted rootstocks,
above bearing nearly sessile or half-clasping nerved leaves, and axillary nod-
ding greenish flbwers. (The ancient name, composed of TroXus, many, and
yoj/u, knee, alluding to the numerous joints of the rootstocks and stems.) —
Ours are all alternate-leaved species, and with the stem terete or scarcely angled
when fresh.

1. P. bifldrum, Ell. (SMALLER SOLOMON'S SEAL.) Glabrous, except
the ovate-oblong or lance-oblong nearly sessile leaves, which are commonly mi-
nutely pubescent, at least on the veins (but sometimes smooth), as well as pale or
glaucous underneath; stem slender (l°-3° high) ; peduncles 1-3- 6;rf mostly 2-
flowered; filaments papillose-roughened, inserted towards the summit of the cylin-
drical-oblong perianth. (Convallaria biflora, Walt. C. pubescens, Willd. Po-
lygonatum pubescens, angustifolium, & multiflorum, Pursh.) — Wooded banks ;
common. — Perianth £' long, greenish.

2. P. gigiinteum, Dietrich. (GREAT SOLOMON'S SEAL.) Glabrous
tfiroughout; stem stout and tall (3° -8° high), terete; leaves ovate, partly clay>-
ing (5' -8' long), or the upper oblong and nearly sessile, many- nerved, green
both sides ; peduncles several- (2-8-) fiowered ; filaments smooth and naked, or nearly
BO, inserted on the middle of the tube of the cylindrical-oblong perianth. (Con-
vallaria canaliculata, Willd. Po lygonatum canaliculatum, Pursh. P. commu-
tatum, Dietrich.) — River-banks and woods, in alluvial soil; not rare. June.
(The stem not being at all channelled in the living plant, it is better to dis-
card the earlier name of canaliculatum.) —Pedicels |'-li; long: perianth §'
long.

3. P. kit i folium. Desf. Upper part of the stem (2° -3° high), the 1 - 5-
flowered peduncles, pedicels, and lower surface of the ovate or oblong mostly
petioled leaves more or leas pubescent ; filaments glabrous. (P. hirtum, Pursh. Con-
vallaria hirta, Poir.) — Pennsylvania, Mufilenberg ! — This appears to be essen-
tially the European P. latifolium.

P. AicLTiFLOiiL'M, with hirsute filaments, I have never seen in this countiy.

LILIACK.fi. (L7.L\ FAMILY.) 407

8. SMILACiNA, Dosf. FALSE SOLOMON'S SEAL.

Perianth 4-6-parted, spreading, deciduous (white), with as many stamens
inserted at the base of the divisions. Filaments slender : anthers short. Ovary
2 - 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell : style short and thick : stigma obscurely
2 -3-lobed. Berry globular, 1 -2-seeded. — Perennial herbs, with simple stems
from creeping or thickish rootstocks, alternate nerved leaves, and white, often
fragrant flowers in a terminal simple or compound raceme. (Name a diminu-
tive of Smilaz, which, however, these plants are quite unlike.)

§ 1. SMILACINA PROPER. — Divisions of the perianth (oblong-lanceolate) and
stamens 6, the latter longer : ovary 3-celled : ovules collateral : racemes crowded in
a compound raceme or close panicle.

1. S. racemosa, Desf. (FALSE SPIKENARD.) Minutely downy ; leaves
numerous, oblong or oval-lanceolate, taper-pointed, ciliate, abruptly somewhat
petioled. — Moist copses : common. June. — Stem 2° high from a thickish
rootstock, zigzag. Berries pale red, speckled with purple, aromatic. (S. cili-
ata, Desf., is a dwarf state of this.)

$ 2. ASTERANTTIEMUM, Kunth. — Divisions of the perianth 6, oblong-lance-
olate, longer than the stamens : ovary 2 - 3-cetted : ovules one above the other : raceme
single, 5 - 20-Jloivered.

2. S. Stcllfita, Dcsf. Nearly glabrous, or the 7 - 12 -oblong-lanceolate leaves
minutely downy beneath when young, slightly clasping ; berries blackish. - -
Moist banks ; common, especially northward. May, June. — Plant le>-2°
high. (Eu.)

3. S. triftolia, Desf. Glabrous, dwarf (3' -6' high); leaves 3 (sometimes
2 or 4), oblong, tapering, to a sheathing base; berries red. — Cold bogs, New
England to Wisconsin, and northward. May.

§3. MAIANTHEMUM, Desf. — Divisions of the rejlexed-spreading perianth
(oval) and the stamens 4, of equal length : ovary 2-celled: ovules collateral: raceme
single, many-flowered. %

4. S. bifolia, Ker. Glabrous, or somewhat pubescent, low (3' - 5' high) ;
leaves mostly 2 (sometimes 3), heart-shaped, petioled, or in our plant (var.
CANADENSIS) one or both often sessile or nearly so and clasping. — Moist
woods ; very common, especially northward. May. (Eu.)

4. CONVAL.L.ARIA, L. (in part). LILY OP THE VALLEY.

Perianth bell-shaped (white), 6-lobed, deciduous ; the lobes recurved. Sta-
mens 6, included, inserted on the base of the perianth. Ovary 3-celled, tapering
into a stout style : stigma triangular. Ovules 4 - 6 in each cell. Berry few-
seeded (red). — A low perennial herb, glabrous, stemless, with slender running
rootstocks, sending up from a scaly-sheathing bud 2 oblong leaves, with their
long sheathing petioles enrolled one within the other so as to appear like a stalk,
and an angled scape bearing a one-sided raceme of pretty sweet-scented nodding
flowers (Alterol from Lilium convattium, the popular name.)

468 LILIACE^. (LILY FAMILY.;

1. <J. majalis, L. — High Alleghanies of Virginia, and southward.
May. — Same as the European plant so common in gardens. (Eu.)

5. CLINT ON I A, Raf. CLINTONIA.

Perianth of 6 separate sepals, bell-shaped, lily-like, deciduous; the 6 stamens
inserted at their base. Filaments long and thread-like : anthers linear-oblong.
Ovary ovoid-oblong, 2 - 3-celled : style long, columnar-thread-like : stigma de-
pressed. Berry ovoid, blue, few - many-seeded. — Stemless perennials, with
jlender creeping rootstocks, producing a naked scape sheathed at the base by
the stalks of 2-4 large oblong or oval ciliate leaves. Flowers rather large, urn-
belled, rarely single, somewhat downy outside. (Dedicated to De Witt Clinton.}

1. C. borealiS, Raf. Umbel few- (2-7-) flowered; ovules 20 or more.
(Dractena borealis, Ait.) — Cold moist woods, Massachusetts to Wisconsin and
northward, and southward in the Alleghanies. June. — Scape and leaves 5' - 8'
long. Perianth over £' long, greenish-yellow.

2. C. umbellata, Torr. Umbel many-flowered; ovules 2 in each cell.
(C. multiflora, Beck. Convallaria umbellulata, Michx. Smilacina, Desf.) —
Rich woods, S. W. New York, and southward along the Alleghanies. June. —
Flowers half the size of the last, white, speckled with green or purplish dots.

6. IIEUIEKOCALLIS, L. DAT LILY.

Perianth funnel-form, lily-like ; the short tube enclosing the ovary, the spread-
ing limb 6-parted ; the 6 stamens inserted on its throat. Filaments and style
long and thread-like, declined and ascending : stigma simple. Pod rather fleshy,
3-angled, 3-valved, with several black spherical seeds in each cell.' — Showy pe-
rennials, with fleshy-fibrous roots ; the long and linear keeled leaves 2-ranked at
the base of the tall scapes, which bear at the summit several bracted large»yellow
flowers : these collapse and decay after expanding for a single day (whence the
name, from jpeptt, a day, and KciXXoy, beauty).

1. H. FULVA, L. (COMMON DAT-LILT.) Inner divisions (petals) of the
tawny orpnge perianth wavy and obtuse. — Sparingly escaped from gardens,
where it is common. July. (Adv. from Eu.)

H. FL\VA, L., the YELLOW DAT-LILT, is commonly cultivated. — The
White and the Blue Day-Lilies of the gardens are species of FDNKIA, a very
different genus.

7. ORNITIIOGALUItt, Tourn. STAR-OF-BETHLKHEM.

Perianth of 6 colored (white) spreading sepals, 3-7-nerved. Filaments 6,
flattcncd-awl-shapcd. Style 3-sided: stigma 3-angled. Pod membranous,
roundish-angular, with few dark and roundish seeds in each cell. — Scape and
linear channelled leaves from a coated bulb. Flowers corymbed, bracted. (An
ancient whimsical name from opvts, a bird, and yoXa, milk.)

1. O. DMBELL\TUM, L. Flowers 5-8, on long and spreading pedicels;
sepals green in the middle on the outside. — Escaped from gaidens iuto moM
meadows, eastward. June. (Nat. from Eu.)

LILIACE.S:. (LILT FAMILY.) 4C9

8. SCILLA, L. SQUILL.

Perianth of 6 colored (blue or purple) spreading sepals, mostly deciduous ,
the 6 awl-shaped filaments at their base. Style thread-like. Pod 3-angled, 3-
valved, with several black roundish seeds in each cell. — Scape and linear leaves
from a coated bulb: the flowers in a simple raceme, mostly bracted. (The
ancient name.)

1. S. Fraseri. (EASTERN QUAMASH. WILD HYACINTH.) Leaves
long and linear, keeled; raceme elongated; bracts solitary, longer than the
pedkels ; stigma minutely 3-cleft ; pod triangular, the cells several-seeded.
(Phalangium esculentum, Nutt. in part. Scilla esculenta, Ker. Camassia
Fraseri, Torr. mss. ) — Moist prairies and river-banks, Ohio to Wisconsin and
south westward. May. — Bulb onion-like, eaten by the Indians. Scape 1° high.
Sepals widely spreading, pale blue, 3-nerved, £' long. (I do not discern suffi-
cient characters for the genus Camassia.)

9. AL.L.IUM, L. ONION. GARLIC.

Perianth of 6 entirely colored sepals, which are distinct, or united at the very
base, 1 -nerved, often becoming dry and scarious and more or less persistent:
the 6 filaments awl-shaped or dilated at their base. Style persistent, thread-
like : stigma simple. Pod lobed, 3-valved, with 1 or few ovoid-kidney-shaped
amphitropous or campylotropous black seeds in each cell. — Strong-scented and
pungent stemless herbs ; the leaves and scape from a coated bulb : flowers in a
simple umbel, some of them frequently changed to bulblets ; spathe 1 - 2-valved.
(The ancient Latin name of the Garlic.)

# Ovules and seeds only one in each cell : leaves broad and flat, appearing in early

spring, and' dying before the flowers are developed.

1. A. tricoccum, Ait. (WiLD LEEK.) Scape naked (9' high), bear-
ing an erect many-flowered umbel; leaves lance-oblong (5' -9' long, l'-2
wide) ; scapes 1° high from clustered pointed bulbs (2' long) ; sepals oblong
(white), equalling the simple filaments; pod strongly 3-lobed. — Rich cool
woods, W. New England to Wisconsin, Kentucky, and southward in the Alle-
ghanies. July.

* * Ovules and seeds mostly 2 in each cell : ovary crested with 6 teeth at the summit i

leaves long and narrow.
•*- Umbel bearing only flowers and ripening pods.

2. A. Ccrmilllll, Roth. (WiLD ONION.) Scape naked, angular (1° -2°
high), often nodding at the apex, bearing a loose or drooping many-flowered umbel;
leaves linear, sharply keeled (1° long); sepals oblong-ovate, acute (rose-color),
shorter than the simple slender filaments. — Steep banks, W. New York to Wis-
consin and southward. Aug.

3. A. Stellatllin, Nutt. Scape terete, slender, bearing an erect umbel',
leaves flat; sepals equalling the stamens : otherwise resembling the last, but usu-
ally not so tall ; the pod more crested. ~ Rocky slopes, Illinois (/'-

and northwestward.

470 LILIACE.fi. ^LILT FAMILY.)

4 A. SclMElloprasuin, L. (CHIVES.) Scape naked, or leafy at the
base (£°-l° high) bearing a globular capitate un&el of many rose-purple flow-
ers; sepals lanceolate, pointed, longer than the simple downwardly dilated fila-
ments; leaves awl-sltaped, hollow. Var. with recurved tips to the sepals (A
Sibiricum, L.) — Shore of Lakes Huron, Superior, and northward. (Eu.)

-*- •+- Umbel often densely bulb-bearing, with or without flowers,

5. A. VINE\LE, L. (FIELD GARLIC.) Scape slender, clothed with th€
sheathing bases of the leaves below the middle (l°-3° high) ; leaves terete, hoi
low. slender, channelled above ; filaments much dilated, the alternate ones 3-clc/l,
the middle division anther-bearing. — Moist meadows and fields, near the coast
Jane. — Flowers rose-color and green. (Nat. from Eu.)

6. A. Cauadeiisc, Kalm. (WILD MEADOW GARLIC.) Scape leafy
only at the base (1° high) ; leaves narrowly linear, flattish ; umbel few-flowered,
filaments simple, dilated below. — Moist meadows, £c. May, June. — Flowers
pale rose-color, pedicelled ; or a head of bulbs in their place.

* # * Ovules several in each cell ; leaves long and linear. (Nothoscoruum, Kunth.)

7. A. strife tu IBS, Jacq. Leaves narrowly linear, often convolute, striato
on the back, about the length of the obscurely 3-angled naked scape (6' -12
long) ; filaments dilated below, shorter than the narrowly oblong sepals (whi'-b
are white with a reddish keel) ; ovules 4-7 in each cell. — Prairies and op^n
woods, Virginia to Illinois, and southward. May.

A. TRIFL6RDM, Raf., from the mountains of Penn., is wholly obscure.
A. SAxlvuM, the GARDEN GARLIC, A. P6RRDM, the LEEK, and A. CEP A,
the ONION, are well-known cultivated species.

1C. LI LI I HI, L. LILY.

Perianth funnel-form or bell-shaped, colored, of 6 distinct sepals, spreading or
recurved above, with a honey -bearing furrow at the base, deciduous; the 6 sta-
mens somewhat adhering to their bases. Anthers linear, versatile. Style elon-
gated, somewhat club-shaped : stigma 3-Iobed. Pod oblong, containing numer-
ous flat (depressed) soft-coated seeds densely packed in 2 rows in each cell. —
Bulbs scaly, producing simple stems, with numerous alternate-scattered or
whorled short and sessile leaves, and from one to several large and showy
flowers. (The classical Latin name, from the Greek \€ipiov.)

* Flowers erect, bell-shaped, the sepals narrowed beloiv into cluics.

1. L,. Pliiladclphicum, L. (WILD ORANGE-RED LILY.) Leaves
linear-lanceolate; the upper chiefly in whorls of 5 to 8; flowers 1-3, open-bell-
shaped, raldix/i-orange spotted with purplish inside ; the lanceolate sepals not
recurved at the summit. — Open copses; rather common. June, July. — Stem
2° -3° high : the flower 2j' long.

2. L,. CatCSbiM, Walt, (SOUTHERN RED LILY.) Leaves 1 1 mar-lance-
olate, scattered ; flower solitary, open-bell-shaped, the long-clawed sepals wavy
on the margin and recurved at the summit, scarlet, spotted with dark purple and
yellow Inside. — Low sandy soil, Pennsylvania? to Kentucky and southward.

LILIACEJE. (LILT FAMILY.) 471

* * Flowers nodding, bell-shaped, the sessile sepals revdute.

3. L<. CaiJJldeilse, L. (WILD YELLOW LILT.) Leaves remotely whorledt
lanceolate, strongly 3-nervcd, the margins and nerves rough, flowers few, long-
peduneled, oblong-bell-shaped, the sepals recurved-spreading above the middle, or-
ange,spottcd inside with brown. — Moist meadows and bogs ; common, especially
northward. June, July. — Stem 2° -3° high. Flower 2' -3' long.

4. L.. SUpcrbuni, L. (TURK'S-CAP LILY.) Lower leaves whorled, lan-
ceolate, pointed, 3-nerved, smooth ; flowers often many (3-20 or 40) in a pyram-
idal raceme ; sepah strongly revolute, bright orange, with numerous dark purple
spots inside. — Rich low grounds ; rather common. July, Aug. — Stem 3° - 7°
high : sepals 3' long. L. Carolinianum, Michx., is apparently a variety of this.

L. CANDIDUM, the WHITE LILT, arid L. BULBfFERUM, the ORANGE BULB-
BEARING LILT, are most common in gardens.

11. ERYTIIRONIUM, L. DOG'S-TOOTH VIOLET.

Perianth lily-like, of 6 distinct lanceolate sepals, recurved or spreading above,
deciduous, the 3 inner usually with a callous tooth on each side of the erect
base, and a groove in the middle. Filaments 6, awl-shaped : anthers oblong-
linear. Style elongated. Pod obovate, contracted at the base, 3-valved. Seeds
rather numerous, ovoid, with a loose membranaceous tip. — Nearly stemless
herbs, with 2 smooth and shining flat leaves tapering into petioles and sheathing
the base of the 1-flowered scape, rising from a deep solid-scaly bulb. Flower
nodding, vernal. (Name from cpvOpos, red, which is inappropriate as respecta
the American species.)

1. E. Americanum, Smith. (YELLOW ADDER'S-TONGDE.) Leaves
elliptical-lanceolate, pale green, spotted with purplish and dotted ; perianth palf.
yellow, spotted near the base ; style club-shaped ; stigmas united. — Low copses,
&c. ; common. May. — Scape 6' - 9' high : flower 1' or more long. — E. BRAC-
TEATUM, Boott, from the Camel's Rump Mountain, Vermont, is probably only
an accidental state of this species.

2. E. albidum, Nutt. (WHITE DOG'S-TOOTH VIOLET.) Leaves el-
liptical-lanceolate, spotted, not dotted ; perianth white or bluish-white ; sepals nar-
rowly lanceolate, the inner without lateral teeth ; style thread-like and club-
shaped ; stigma 3-cleft. — Low thickets from Albany, New York, and W. Penn-
sylvania to Wisconsin, and southward. April, May.

12. YIJCCA, L. BEAR-GRASS. SPANISH BAYONET.

Perianth of 6 petal-like (white) oval or oblong and acute flat sepals, wither-
ing-persistent, the 3 inner broader, longer than the 6 stamens. Stigmas 3, ses-
sile. Pod oblong, somewhat 6-sided, 3-celled, or imperfectly 6-celled by a par-
tition from the back, fleshy, tardily 3-valved at the apex. Seeds veiy many in
each cell, depressed. — Stems woody, either very short, or rising into thick and
columnar palm-like trunks, clothed with persistent rigid linear or sword-shaped
leaves, and terminated by an ample compound panicle of showy (often polyga
naous) flowers. (An aboriginal name.)

472 MELANTHACE^E. (COLCHICUAI FAMILY.)

1. Y. filainentosa, L. (ADAM'S NEEDLE.) Stemless, i. e. the taunk
(from a running rootstock) rising for a foot or less above the earth, covered with
the lanceolate unarmed coriaceous leaves (l°-2° long), which bear filaments on their
margins ; scape or flower -stem 6° - 8° high, erect. — Sandy soil, E. Virginia and
southward. July.

Y. GLORi6sA, L., and Y. ALOir6LiA, L. (SPANISH BAYONET), which are
caulescent and thick-leaved species, belong farther south, and probably are not
indigenous north of the coast of North Carolina.
l

The TULIP, the CROWN IMPERIAL, the HYACINTH, and the TUBEROSE
(PonANTHES TDBER6SA) are common cultivated representatives of this
Family.

ORDER 127. MELANTHACE^E. (CoLcmcuM FAMILY.)

Herbs, with regular Q^merous and Q-androus flowers, the consimilar peri-
anth free (or nearly free) from the 3-celled ovary, extrorse anthers, and 3
more or less distinct styles. (Anthers introrse in Tofieldia, a connecting
link with Juncacese. Styles sometimes perfectly united in Uvulariese.)
Seeds anatropous, with a soft or membranous seed-coat, and a small embryo
in copious albumen. — If we include the Bell worts, which form a group
ambiguous between this order, Trilliacese, and Liliaceae, (all of which are
connected by various gradations,) we shall have two strongly marked sub-
orders, viz. : — See Addend.

SUBORDER I. UVULARIE^. THE BELLWORT FAMILY.

Perianth early deciduous, the sepals distinct, petal-like. Styles united
into one at the base or throughout ! Fruit a 3-celled few-seeded berry or
loculicidal pod. — Stems from small perennial rootetocks and fibrous roots,
forking, bearing ovate or lanceolate membranaceous sessile or clasping
leaves, like those of Solomon's Seal, and perfect flowers : peduncles solitary
or 1 -flowered.

1. UVULARIA. Pod 3-angular or 3-lobed. Anthers linear, adnate, on short filaments.

2 PltOSARTES. Berry 3-6-seeded. Anthers linear-oblong, pointless, fixed near the base

Flowers terminal.
8. STREPTOPUS. Berry several-seeded. Anthers arrow-shaped, 1 - 2-pointed. Flowers ax

illary ; their pedicels bent in the middle.

SUBORDER II. ME LAN THIEVE. TRUE COLCHICUM FAMILY.

Perianth mostly persistent or withering away; the sepals distinct, or
rarely their claws united. Styles 3, separate. Fruit a 3-celled 3-partible
or &epticidal, rarely loculicidal, pod. — Herbs with acrid poisonous proper-
ties; the simple or rarely panicled stems springing from solid bulbs or
conns, or sometimes from creeping rootstocks. Flowers sometimes polyga-
mous or dioecious.

MELANTHACE^E. 'VCOLCHICUM FAMILY.) 473

S Anthers heart-shaped or kidney-shaped, confluently 1-celled, shield-shaped aftei opening :
pod 3-horned. septicidal : seeds flat, membranaceous-margined.

•i- Sepals glandular on the inside near the base.
4. MELANTIIIUM. Flowers' polygamous. Sepals entirely free from the ovary, their long

claws bearing the stamens.

6. ZYGADENUS. Flowers perfect. Sepals nearly free or coherent with the base of the ovary :
stamens separate.

•»- •«- Sepals destitute of glands, not clawed.

6. STENANTHIUM. Perianth below coherent with the base of the ovary ; the sepals lanceo-

late, pointed, longer than the stamens. Racemes compoucd-panicled.

7. VERATRUM Perianth entirely free ; the obovate or oblong sepals longer than the sta-

mens. Flowers panicled, polygamous.

8. AMIANTHTUM. Perianth free, the oval or obovate sepals shorter than the stamens.

Flowers racemed, perfect.

* * Anthers 2-celled : pod loculicidal. Flowers racemed or spiked.

9. XEROPHYLLTJM. Flowers perfect. Cells of the globose-3-lobed pod 2-seeded. Leaves

rush-like. Seeds 2 in each cell.

10. HELONIAS. Flowers perfect. Cells of the globose-3-lobed pod many-seeded. Leaves

lanceolate. Scape naked. Seeds numerous.

11. CHAM^LIRIUM. Flowers dioecious. Pod oblong, many-seeded. Stem leafy.

* * * Anthers 2-celled, innate or introrse : pod septicidal.

12. TOFIELDIA. Flowers perfect, spiked or racemed. Leaves equitant.

SUBORDER I. UVULARIEjE. THE BELLWORT FAMILY.

1. UVUL.ARIA, L. BELLWORT.

Perianth nearly bell-shaped, lily-like ; the sepals spatulate-lanceolate, with a
honey-bearing groove or pit at the erect contracted base, much longer than the
stamens, which barely adhere to their base. Anthers long and linear, adnate :
filaments short. Style deeply 3-cleft ; the divisions stigmatic along the inner
side. Pod triangular or 3-lobed, 3-valved from the top. Seeds few in each
cell, obovoid, with a tumid or fungous rhaphe. — Rootstock short or creeping.
Flowers pale yellow, nodding, solitary or rarely in pairs, on terminal peduncles
which become lateral by the growth of the branches. (Name " from the flowers
hanging like the uvula, or palate.")
# Leaves clasping-perfoliate : sepals acute : pod obovate-truncate, 3-lobed at the top.

1. II. grandiflora, Smith. (LARGE-FLOWERED BELLWORT.) Leaves
oblong or elliptical-ovate, pale and obscurely pubescent underneath; sepals
smooth within; anthers blunt-pointed; lobes of the pod with convex sides. — Rich
woods, Vermont to Ohio, Wisconsin, and northward. May, June. — Flowers
pale greenish-yellow, 1^' long.

2. U. perfoliata, L. (SMALLER BELLWORT.) Leaves ovate or ob-
long-lanceolate, smooth, glaucous underneath ; sepals granular-roughened inside ;
anthers conspicuously pointed ; lobes of the pod with concave sides. — Moi^i
copses; common eastward and southward. May. — Smaller than No. 1-
flowers pale yellow, f to 1' long.

* * Leaves sessile : sepals rather obtuse : pod ovoid-triangular, sharp-angled.
. 3. U» sessilifolia, L. (SESSILE-LEAVED BELLWORT.) Sir.ooth ; 1« avert
oval or lanceolate-oblong, pale, glaucous underneath ; styles united to the mid

474 MELANTHACE^E. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.)

die, exceeding the pointless anthers ; pod triangular-oborate, narrowed into a stalk.

— Low woods ; common. May. — Stem 6' - 9' high when in flower : the cream-
colored flower f ' long.

4. U. pubci'lila, Michx. Slightly pubendent ; leaves bright green both
sides, and shining, with rough edges ; styles separate to near the base, not
exceeding the short-pointed anthers ; pod ovate, not stalked. — Mountains and
throughout the upper part of Virginia, and southward.

2. PKOSAKTES, Don. PROSARTES.

Perianth bell-shaped, much as in Uvularia. Filaments thread-like, much
longer than the linear-oblong blunt anthers, which are fixed near the base.
Ovary with 2 ovules suspended from the summit of each cell : styles united into
one : stigmas short, recurved-spreading. Berry ovoid or oblong, pointed, 3-6-
seeded, red. — Downy low herbs, divergently branched above, with closely sessile
ovate and membranaceous leaves, and greenish-yellow drooping flowers on slen-
der terminal peduncles, solitary or few in an umbel. (Name from Trpoc-aprdw,
to hang from, in allusion to the pendent ovules or flowers.)

1. P, lanugiliosa, Don. Leaves ovate-oblong, taper-pointed, rounded
or slightly heart-shaped at the base, closely sessile, downy underneath ; flowers
solitary or in pairs ; sepals linear-lanceolate, taper-pointed (£' long), soon spread-
ing, twice the length of the stamens, greenish; style smooth. (Streptopus
lanuginosus, Michx.) — Rich woods, Western New York to Virginia, Kentucky,
and southward along the Alleghanies. May.

3. STREPTOPUS, Michx. TWISTED-STALK.

Perianth recurved-spreading from a bell-shaped base ; the sepals lanceolate-
acute, the 3 inner keeled. Anthers arrow-shaped, fixed near the base to the
short flattened filaments, tapering above to a slender entire or 2-cleft point.
Ovary with many ovules in each cell : styles united into one. Berry red, round-
ish-ovoid, many-seeded. — Herbs, with rather stout stems, divergently-spreading
branches, ovate and taper-pointed rounded-clasping membranaceous leaves, and
small (extra-) axillary flowers, either solitary or in pairs, on slender thread-like
peduncles, which are abruptly bent or contorted near the middle (whence tho
name, from orpeTrros, twisted, and irovs,foot, or stalk),

1. S. ampEexifolillS, DC. Leaves very smooth, glaucous underneath,
strongly clasping; flower greenish-white on a long peduncle abruptly bent above
the middle; anthers tapering to a slender entire point; stigma entire, truncate.
S.) distortus, Michx. Uvularia amplcxifolia, L.) — Cold and moist woods,
Northern New England to the mountains of Penn., and northward. June. —
Stem 2° -3° high, rough at the base, otherwise very smooth. Sepals £' long.

— In this, as in the next, the peduncles are opposite the leaves, rather than truly
axillary, and are bent round the clasping base underneath them : they are rarely
2-flowered. (Eu.)

2. S. roscilS, Michx. Leaves green both »id(>s, finely ciliate, and the branches
sparingly beset with short bristly hairs ; flower rose-purple, more than half the

MELANTHACE^E. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.) 475

lengtn of the slightly bent peduncle ; anthers 2-horaed ; stigma 3-deft. — Cold
damp woods ; common northward, and in the Alleghanies southward. May. —
Smaller than the last.

SUBORDER II. MEL,ANTIIIE-aE. TRUE COLCHICUM FAMILY.

4. MEL.ANTHIUM, Gronov., L. MELANTHIUM.

Flowers monceciously polygamous. Perianth of 6 separate and free widely
spreading somewhat heart-shaped or oblong and halberd-shaped sepals, raised on
slender claws, cream-colored, the base marked with 2 approximate or confluent
glands, turning greenish-brown and persistent. Filaments shorter than the
sepals, adhering to their claws often to near their summit, persistent. Styles
awl-shaped, diverging, tipped with simple stigmas. Pod ovoid-conical, 3-lobed,
of 3 inflated membranaceous carpels united in the axis, separating when ripe,
and splitting down the inner edge, several-seeded. Seeds flat, broadly winged.
— Stem simple (3° - 5° high), from a somewhat bulbous base, roughish-downy
above, as well as the open and ample pyramidal panicle (composed chiefly of
simple racemes), the terminal part mostly fertile. Leaves lanceolate or linear,
grass-like, those from the root broader. (Name composed of /xe'Xas, black, and
&v6os, flower, from the dark color which the persistent perianth assumes after
blossoming.)

1. M. Tirginicum, L. (BUNCH-FLOWER.) (M. Virginicum & race-
mosum, Michx. Leimanthium Virginicum, Willd. L. Virg. & hybridum,
Roem. Sf Schult., Gray, Melanih.) — Wet meadows, Southern New York to Illi-
nois, and common southward. July. — The two received species are doubtless
forms of one.

5. ZYGADENUS, Michx. ZYGADENE.

Flowers perfect. Perianth withering-persistent, spreading ; the petal-like ses-
sile or slightly clawed oblong or ovate sepals 1 - 2-glandular next the more or
less narrowed base, which is either free, or united and coherent with the base of
the ovary. Stamens free from the sepals and about their length. Styles and
pod nearly as in Melanthium. Seeds margined or slightly winged. — Very
smooth and somewhat glaucous perennials, with simple stems from creeping
rootstocks or coated bulbs, linear leaves, and pretty large panicled greenish-
white flowers. (Name composed of tvyos, a yoke, and ddrjv, a gland.)
* Glands on the perianth conspicuous.

1. Z. glabcrrimilS, Michx. Stems 1°- 3° high, from a creeping root
stock ; leaves grass-like, channelled, conspicuously nerved, elongated, tapering to
a point ; panicle pyramidal, many-flowered ; perianth nearly free ; the sepals
(£' long) ovate, becoming lance-ovate, with a pair of orbicular glands above the
short claw-like base. — Grassy low grounds, S. Virginia (Pursh) and southward.
July.

2. Z. glaftcilS, Nutt. Stem about l°-3° high from a coated bulb; leaves
flat ; panicle simple, mostly few-flowered ; base of the perianth coherent withth*

476 MELANTHACE.E. ^COLCHICUM FAMILY.)

base of the ovary, the thin ovate or obovate sepals marked with a large obcofdatt
viand. (Anticlea glauca, Kunth.) — Banks of the St. Lawrence, New York, to
N. Illinois and northward : rare. July.

# # Glands of the perianth obscure. (Here also Amianthium Nuttallii, Gray.)
3. Z. Iciiimiitlioides. Stem l°-4°high from a somewhat bulbous
base, slender ; leaves narrowly linear ; flowers small (4" in diameter) and nu •
merous, in a few crowded panicled racemes ; perianth free, the obovate sepals
with a yellowish glandular discoloration on the contracted base. (Amianthium
leimanthoides, Gray.) — Low grounds, pine-barrens of New Jersey (Durand,
Knieskern), Virginia, and southward. July.

6. STENANTHIUM, Gray (under Veratrum).

Flowers polygamous or perfect. Perianth spreading ; the sepals narrowly
lanceolate, tapering to a point from the broader base, where they are united and
coherent with the base of the ovary, not gland-bearing, persistent, much longer
than the short stamens. Pods, &c. nearly as in Veratrum. Seeds nearly wing-
less. — Smooth, with a wand-like leafy stem from a somewhat bulbous base,
long and grass-like conduplicate-keeled leaves, and numerous small flowers in
compound racemes, forming a long terminal panicle. (Name composed of
arfvos, narrow, and avdos, flower, from the slender sepals and panicles.)

1. S. angllStifolilllll, Gray. Leaves linear, elongated; flowers small
(if long), white, very short-pedicelled, in slender racemes ; the prolonged termi-
nal one, and often some of the lateral, fertile. (Veratrum angustifolium, Pursh.
Helonias graminea, Bot. Mag.} — Grassy prairies and low meadows, Penn. to
Illinois, Virginia, and southward toward the mountains. July. — Stem slender,
20-6<> high.

7. VERATRUM, Tourn. FALSE HELLEBORK.

Flowers monceciously polygamous. Perianth of 6 spreading a»d separate
obovate-oblong (greenish or brownish) sepals, more or less contracted at the
base, entirely free from the ovary, not gland-bearing. Filaments free from the
sepals and shorter than they, recurving. Pistils, fruit, &c. nearly as in Melan-
thium. — Somewhat pubescent perennials, with simple stems from a thickened
base producing coarse fibrous roots (very poisonous), 3-ranked leaves, and ra-
cemcd-panicled dull or dingy flowers. (Name compounded of vere, truly, and
ater, black.)

1. V. viricle, Ait. (AMERICAN WHITE HELLEBORE. INDIAN POKE.)
Stem stout, very leafy to the top (2° -4° high) ; leaves broadly oval, pointed,
sheath clasping, strongly plaited; panicle pyramidal, the dense spike-like racemes
spreading, perianth yellowish-green, moderately spreading. — Swamps and low
grounds ; common. June. (Too near V. album of Europe.)

2. V. parviflorum, Michx. Stem slender (2° -5° high), sparingly leafy
below, naked above ; leaves scarcely plaited, glabrous, contracted into sheathing peti-
oles, varying from oval to lanceolate ; panicle very long and loose, the terminal
raceme wand-1'ke, the lateral ones slender and spreading ; pedicels as long as the

MELANTHACEJE. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.) 473

/lowers; sepals dingy-green, oblanceolate or spatulate (2|"-3" long, those o»
the sterile floweis on claws, widely spreading. (Melanthium monoicum, Wait.
Leiraanthium monoicum, Gray.) — Rich woods, mountains of Virginia and
southward. July.

3. V. Wo6<lii, Robbins. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate ; pedi
eels (l£"-3" long) shorter than the flowers, the oblanceolate spreading sepals (3"-
4%" long) dingy green turning brownish purple within: otherwise much as in the
last, of which it may prove to be a variety • but the flowers are mostly double
the size, the panicle stouter, &c. (Plant 3° - 6° high.) — Woods and hilly bar-
rens, Green Co., Indiana, Wood. Augusta, Illinois, Mead. July.

8. AMIANTIIIUJJI, Gray. FLY-POISON.

Flowers perfect. Perianth widely spreading ; the distinct and free petal-like
(white) sepals oval or obovate, sessile, not gland-bearing. Filaments capillary,
equalling or exceeding the perianth. Anthers (as in all the foregoing) kidney-
shaped or heart-shaped, becoming 1 -celled, and shield-shaped after opening.
Styles thread-like. Pods, £c. nearly as in Melanthium. Seeds wingless, ob-
long or linear, with a loose coat, i - 4 in each cell. — Glabrous plants, with sim-
ple stems from a bulbous base or coated bulb, scape-like, few-leaved, terminated
by a simple dense raceme of handsome flowers, turning greenish with age.
Leaves linear, keeled, grass-like. (From a/uai/ros, unspotted, and avOos, flower ;
a name made with more regard to euphony than to correctness of construction,
alluding to the glandless perianth.)

1. A. IHtlSCSet6xiCUHl, Gray. (FLT-PoisoN.) Leaves broadly linear,
elongated, obtuse (£' to 1' wide), as long as the scape ; raceme simple, oblong 01
cylindrical ; pod abruptly 3-horned ; seeds oblong, with a fleshy red coat. (He-
Ion' as erythrosperma, Miclix.) — Open woods, New Jersey and Pennsylvania
to Kentucky and southward. June, July.

9. XEROPIIYL,L,UM, Michx. XEROPHYLLUM.

Flowers perfect. Perianth widely spreading ; sepals petal-like (white), ovaf,
distinct, sessile, not glandular, at length withering, about the length of the awl-
ehaped filaments. Anthers 2-celled, short. Styles thread-like, stigmatic down
the inner side. Pod globular-3-lobed, obtuse (small), loculicidal ; the valves
bearing the partitions. Seeds 2 in each cell, collateral, 3-angled, not margined.
— Herb with the aspect of an Asphodel ; the stem simple, l°-4° high, from a
bulbous base, bearing a simple compact raceme of showy white flowers, thickly
beset with needle-shaped leaves, the upper ones reduced to bristle-like bracts ;
those from the root very many in a dense tuft, reclined, 1° or more long, 1'
wide below, rough on the margin, remarkably dry and rigid (whence the name
from ^rjpos, arid, and <£vXXoi/, leaf).

1. X. aspliocleloides, Nutt. (X. tenax, Nutt. X. setifolium, Michx,
Helonias, L.) — Pine barrens, New Jersey, Virginia ? and southward. /Also in
Oregon and California.) June

478 MELANTHACEJE. ^COLCHICUM FAMILY.)

10. HELONIAS, L. HELONIAS.

Flowers perfect. Perianth of 6 spatulate-oblong (purplish turning greenish',
sepals, persistent, shorter than the thread-like filaments. Anthers 2-celled,
roundish-oval, blue. Styles revolute, stigmatic down the inner side. Pod ob-
cordatcly 3-lobed, loculicidally 3-valved ; the valves divergently 2-lobed. Seeds
man j in each cell, linear, with a tapering appendage at both ends. — A smooth
perennial, with many oblanceolate or oblong-spatulate flat leaves, from a tuber-
ous rootstock, producing in early spring a hollow naked scape (l°-2° high),
sheathed with broad bracts at the base, and terminated by a simple and short
dense raceme. Bracts obsolete: pedicels shorter than the flowers. (Name
probably from eXos, a swamp ; the place of growth.)

1. II. biilliita, L. (H. latifolia, Michx.)— Wet places, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, and Virginia : rare. May.

11. CHAm^BLIRIUM, Willd. DEVIL'S-BIT.

Flowers dioecious. Perianth of 6 spatulate-linear (white) spreading sepals,
withering-persistent. Filaments and (yellow) anthers as in Helonias : fertile
flowers with rudimentary stamens. Styles linear-club-shaped, stigmatic along
the inner side. Pod ovoid-oblong, not lobed, of a thin texture, loculicidally 3-
valved from the apex, many-seeded. Seeds linear-oblong, conspicuously winged
at each end. — A smooth herb, with a wand-like stem from a (bitter) thick and
abrupt tuberous rootstock, terminated by a long and wand-like spiked raceme
(4' -9' long) of small bractless flowers; the fertile plant more leafy than the
staminate. Leaves flat, lanceolate, the lowest spatulate, tapering into a petiole.
(Name composed of X"/*01'? on the ground, and Xeiptov, lily ; of no obvious appli-
cation.)

1. C. lute II ill. (BLAZING-STAB.) (C. Carolinianum, Willd. Veratrum
luteum, L. Helonias lutea, Ait. H. dioica, Pursh.) — Low grounds, W. New
England to Illinois, and southward. June.

12. TOFIELDIA, Hudson. FALSE ASPHODEL.

Flowers perfect, usually with a little 3-bracted involucre underneath. Peri-
anth more cr less spreading; the sepals (white or greenish) concave, oblong or
obovate, senails. Filaments awl-shaped : anthers short, innate or somewhat
introrso; 2-celled. Styles awl-shaped : stigmas terminal. Pod 3-angular, 3-
partiblc or scpticidal ; the cells many-seeded. Seeds oblong. — Slender peren-
nials, mostly tufted, with fibrous roots, and simple scape-like stems leafy only
at the base, bearing small flowers in a close raceme or spike. Leaves 2-ranked,
equitaut, linear. (Named after Mr. Tqfield, an English botanist of the last cen-
tury.)— The two following compose the subgenus TRlANTHA, Nutt. : pedi-
tels mostly in threes ; the flowering proceeding from the apex downwards ;
seeds tail-pointed at both ends.

1. T. gllltinosa, Willd. Stem (6'- 16' high) and pedicels very ylutinau*
with dark glands; leaves broadly linear, short. — Moist grounds, Maine, Michi-
gan, Wisconsin, and northward : also southward in the Alleghanies. June.

JUNCACEJE. (RUSH FAMILY.) 479

2. T. pfrl>ens, Ait. Stem (l°-2° high) and pedicels roughened urith mi'
nute glands ; leaves longer and narrower: — Pine barrens, New Jersey to Vis
ginia and southward. July.

T. PALIJISTRIS, Hudson, a Northern species of both hemispheres, grows on
Isle Royale and the north shore of Lake Superior ; but has not yet been found
on the United States side.

ORDER 128. JUNCACE^E. (Rusn FAMILY.;

Grass-like or sedge-like herbs, with jointed stems, and a regular persistent
perianth of 6 similar glumaceous sepals, 6 or rarely 3 stamens with introrse
anthers, and a I- B-celled ovary, forming a 3-valved 3 — many-seeded pod.
Style single. Seed anatropous, with a minute embryo enclosed at the base
of the albumen. — Rushes, with the flowers liliaceous in structure, but
grass-like in aspect and texture (excepting the ambiguous Nartbecium).

Synopsis.

* Stigma entire. Perianth partly colored (yellowish).

1. NARTIIECIUM. Filaments woolly. Pod many-seeded. Seeds long-tailed at be** end*.

* * Stigmas 3, thread-like, hairy. Sepals glume-like.

2. LUZULA. Pod 1-celled, 3-seeded. Leaves mostly hairy.

8. JUNCUS. Pod 3-celled (sometimes imperfectly so), many-seeded.

1. NARTIIECIUM, Moehring. BOG-ASPHODEL.

Sepals linear-lanceolate (yellowish). Filaments 6, woolly: anthers linear.
Pod cylindrical-oblong, pointed with the undivided style terminated by a single
stigma, 3-celled, loculicidal, many-seeded. Seeds appendaged at each end with
a bristle-form tail of great length. — Rootstock creeping, bearing linear equitant
leaves, and a simple stem or scape (6'- 10' high), terminated by a simple raceme.
(Name from vapOfjKLov, a rod, or box for fragrant ointments; application uncer-
tain.)

1. W. Americanum, Ker. Pedicels of the dense raceme bearing 8
bractlet below the middle. — Bogs, pine barrens of New Jersey. June.

2. L.UZUL.A, DC. WOOD-RUSH.

Perianth glumaceous. Stamens 6. Stigmas 3. Pod 1-celled, 3-seeded. —
Perennials, with flat and soft usually hairy leaves and spiked-crowded or um-
belled flowers. (Name said to be altered from the Italian lucciola, a glowworm.)
* Flowers loosely long-peduncled, umbelled or corymbed.

1. L.. pilosa, Willd. Leaves lance-linear, hairy ; peduncles umbelled, sim^
pie, chiefly 1 -flowered ; sepals pointed, shorter than the obtuse pod ; seeds tipped
with a curved appendage. — Woods and banks ; common northward. May. —
Plant G' - 9' high. (Eui)

2 L.. parviflora, Desv., var. melaiiocurpa. Nearly smooth ;
leaves broadly linear ; corymb decompound, loose ; pedicels drooping ; sepals pointed.

i80 JUNCACE^E. (RUSH FAMILY.)

straw-color, about the length of the minutely pointed brown pod. (L. melans
carpa, Desv.) — Mountains, Maine, W. Massachusetts, N. New York, and north
ward. July. — Stems 1° - 3° high, scattered. (Eu.)

* * Flowers crowded in spikes or close clusters. (Plants 6' - 12' high.)

3. I., caillpestris, DC. Leaves fiat, linear ; spikes 4 - 1 2, somewhat urn-
belled, ovoid, straw-color, some of them long-peduncled, others nearly sessile ;
sepals bristle-pointed, longer than the obtuse pods ; seeds with a conical appen-
dage at the base. — Dry fields and woods ; common. May. (Eu.)

4. It. :irc(iat:t, Meyer. Leaves cfiannetted, linear ; spikes 3-5, on unequal
often recurved peduncles, ovoid, chestnut-brown ; bracts ciliate-fringed ; sepals
taper-pointed, longer than the obtuse pod; seeds not appendaged. — Alpine
summits of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, and high northward. (Eu.)

5. L. spicfi t;i, Desvaux. Leaves channelled, narrowly linear ; flowers in
sessile clusters, forming a nodding interrupted spiked panicle, brown ; sepals bristle-
pointed, scarcely as long as the abruptly short-pointed pod ; seeds merely with
a roundish projection at the base. (Our plant is L. racemosa, Desv. f according
to Godet.) With the last, and more common. (Eu./

3. JIJNCUS, L. RUSH. BOG-RUSH.

Perianth glumaceous. Stamens 6, or sometimes 3. Stigmas 3. Pod 3-
celled (often imperfectly so at maturity), loculicidal, many-seeded. — Chiefly
perennials, with pithy stems, and cymose, panicled, or clustered small (greenish
or brownish) flowers, usually produced all summer. (The classical name, from
jungo, to join, alluding to their use for bands.)

# Scapes naked and simple from matted running rootslocks, many of them barren,
furnished with short leafless sheaths at the base : flowers in a sessile cymose panicle
produced from the side of the scape above the middle, fj-androus (except in No. 1 ) :
seeds not appendaged.

1. J. effusus, L. (COMMON or SOFT RUSH.) Scape soft and pliant
(2° -4° high), finely striated; panicle diffusely tnuch-branched (sometimes closely
crowded), many-flowered; sepals green, lanceolate, very acute, as long as the
obovate very obtuse and pointless pod; stamens 3 or 6. — Marshy ground;
everywhere. (Eu.)

2. J. filifoMiiis, L. Scape slender (l°-2° high), pliant; panicle few-
jiovxrid, simple; sepals green, lanceolate, acute, rather longer than the very
obtusa b'^t short-pointed pod. (J. setaceus, Torr. Fl.) — Wet banks and shores,
N. New England to Michigan, and northward. (Eu.)

3. J. 15:: 1 1 i< us, Willd. Scape rigid (2° -4° high), from a very strong
rootstock; /x/»/VA nwnding, loose, dark chestnut-colored; sepals ovate-lanceolate*
the 3 outer sharp-pointed, as long as the elliptical rather triangular pod. — Sandy
shores of New England and of the Great Lakes ; thence northward (Eu.)

* # Scapes, $-c. as in the preceding, but some of the sheaths at the base leaf-bearing ;
the leaves terett, knotless, like the continuation of the scape, atove the panicle ' *ta>

6.

JUNCACEJS. (RLSH FAMILY.) 481

4. J. setaceilS, Rostk. Scape slender (2° -3° high) ; panicle loose, raihei
simple, turning light chestnut-color; sepals lanceolate, sharp-pointed, especial!/
the 3 exterior, longer than the obovate mucronate-pointed pod. — Pcnn., Vir-
ginia, and southward, near the coast.

5. J. maritinillS, Lam. Scape stout and rigid (2° -5° high), the apex
pungent ; panicle compound, erect, loose ; the flowers clustered in small heads ;
sepals lanceolate, the outer acute, as long as the elliptical short-pointed pod.
(J. acutus, MuhL, &c.) — Brackish marshes, New Jersey (Pursh), Virginia, and
southward. (Eu.)

* * *; Stems leaf-bearing : leaves terete, or flattened laterally (equitant), knotted by
cross partitions internally : cyme or panicle terminal : flowers in heads or small clus-
ters (rery liable to a monstrosity, from the bite of insects making them appear CM
if viviparous) : pod more or less l-celled.

+- Stamens 3.

6. J. SCirpoides, Lam. Stem stout (l°-3° high) and terete, as are the
leaves ; panicle rather simple, bearing several (5-18) pale gi'een densely many-flow-
ered spherical heads; sepals rigid, awl-shaped and bristly-pointed, especially tho
outer, as long as the oblong triangular taper-pointed pod ; seeds barely pointed
at each end, tailless. (J. polycephalus, Michx. (excl. var. a?). J. echinatus,
MuhL J. nodosus, var. multiflorus, Torr.) — Wet borders of streams, &c. ;
rather common. — Rootstock thickish, creeping. Remarkable for its bur-like
green heads, usually J' in diameter.

7. J. paradoxilS, E. Meyer. Stem rather stout (l°-2^° high), terete;
leaves terete or somewhat flattened ; panicle decompound; the numerous greenish
heads globular, many- (8 - 15-) flowered ; sepals lanceolate, somewhat awl-pointed,
rigid, shorter than the oblong-triangular abruptly short-pointed pod ; seeds con-
spicuously tailed at both ends !^ ( J. polycephalus, Darlingt., Torr. PL N. Y. excl.
var. 3, & syn. J. fraternus, Kunth. J. sylvaticus, Pursh.) — Wet places ; com-
mon. — Heads less dense, fewer-flowered, and sometimes smaller, than in the
foregoing. Remarkable for the loose white seed-coat prolonged at both ends
into a tail longer than the oblong body of the seed.

8. J. debilis. Stems weak and slender (1° -2° long), flattened, as are the
slender leaves ; panicle decompound, loose, widely spreading ; the numerous pale green
heads 4-8-flowered; sepals lanceolate, acute, herbaceous, shorter than the oblong
pod; seeds tailless, minutely and barely pointed at each end. (J. sub verticil la-
tus, MuhL, not of Wulf. J. pallescens, Meyer, as to N. American plant. J
polycephalus, var. ? depauperatus, Torr. Fl. N. Y.) — Wet swamps ; common,
especially southward and westward. — Roots fibrous. Stems often decumbent
or floating and rooting : branches of the cymose panicle slender and diverging.
Heads 2" long. Pods pale, sometimes twice the length of the calyx when ripe
— This, which is pretty clearly the J. acuminatus of Kunth, is perhaps the plant
of Michaux ; but the next is the species taken for J. acuminatus by American
authors.

9. J. acmninatUS, Michx. Stem erect (10' -15' high), terete, leaves
slender, nearly terete ; panicle with rather slightly spreading branches, bearing Jew or
many 3 - 8-flowercd chestnut-colored heads ; sepals lanceolate or linear-lanceolate.

482 JUNCACE^E. (RUSH FAMILY.)

very acute, one third or one half the length of the prismatic triangular and Z.T)
ruptly acute pod; seeds tail-pointed at both ends. (J. sylvaticus, Mi'lil. J. Can-
adensis, Gay.) — Peat-hogs, and sandy borders of ponds. — Pods turning deep
chestnut-brown. Tails shorter than the body of the seed.

•*- •»- St<tine)is G. (Heads chestnut-colored: the pods becoming blackish or brown, and
shining : seeds tailless, but sometimes thort-pointed at both ends.)

10. J. nrliculatus, L. Stem erect (9'- 18' high), and with the 1-3
slender leaves sliyhlly compressed; panicle spreading; heads 2 -%-flowercd ; sepal*
lance-oblong, the outer acute, the inner mostly obtuse, usually mucronate, shorter
limn the ovate-oblong triangular abruptly mucronatc-pointi-d pod. ( J. lamprocarpus,
Khrh., &c.) — Var. PELOCARPUS (J. pelocarpus, E. Meyer $• ed. 1.) is a va-
riety with fewer flowers in the head, and rather blunter pods slightly exceeding
the sepals. — Wet places, Rhode Island to N. Illinois and northward: the
genuine European form received from Mr. Olney and Dr. Sartice/l. (Eu.l

11. J. militaris, Bigel. Stem stout (2° -3° high), bearing a solitary
cylindrical bayonet-like feo/*below or near the middle, which overtops the crowded
panicle; heads numerous, 5- 1 Q-floicered ; sepals lanceolate, sharp-pointed, as long as
the ovate taper-pointed pod.— Sandy bogs N. Maine (Rev. J. £lakc), E. Massa-
chusetts, pine barrens of New Jersey, and southward. Rootstock thick,
creeping. Leaf stout, l°-2° long. Heads 2 "-3" wide, brown.

12. J. IIOlIosils, L. ! Stem "erect, slender (G'-15' high), 3 - 5-leaved ;
leaves terete, short; heads 1-2, or several and clustered, globose, many- (10-20-)
flowered ; sepals lanceolate, awl-pointed, nearly as lony as the slender triangular taper-
\tointtdpod. (J. Rostkovii, E. Meyer.) — Var. MEGACEPHALI:S, Torr. : heads
rather numerous and larger, 50 - 60-flowered, crowded in a dense cluster at tho
summit of the stout and rigid stem (2° high). — Gravelly borders of streams;
common, especially northward ; the var. on the sandy shore of Lake Ontario,
&c. — Rootstocks slender. — Quite distinct from No. 6 and No. 7, with which it
has been confounded.

13. J. Coiir:idi, Tuckcrm. Stems slender (6' -10' high), leafy, branch-
ing above into a compound diffusely spreading cymose panicle, hearing chiefly
sulilari/ scattered Jlutrers in the forks and along one side of the branches ; hares
thread-form, the upper slightly knotted; scjxils oblonu, acutish, shorter than the ob-
U,-./ taper-beaked pod. (J. viviparus, Conrad, — so named from a condition in
which most of the flowers develop into a tuft of rudimentary or manifest leaves.
J. Xo. 1 :\ Mnhl. Gram. ? and therefore J. Muhlenhergii, Spreitg. ?) — Wet sandy
places, Canada and Wisconsin? N. New England to Virginia, and southward,
diirtly near the coast. — Rootstocks slender.

# * * # Leaves knot less : inflorescence terninal.
•«- I ^ ads cymoso-pamded : leaves flat and open : stamens 3.

14. J. ItKtrxillfltlls, Rn-tk. Stem leafy, erect, flattened (l°-3°high);
leaves linear, grass-like, nerved; heads globose, 3-8-flowered; sepals oblong,
the 8 Otttcr with the bracts slightly awned, the inner obtuse and pointless, aa
lout.- as the globular pod ; seeds minutely pointed at both ends. (J. aristulatos,
A/icli.r.) — Moist sandy places, N". New England to Illinois, and southward
July. — Sepals soft, chestnut-purplish, with a green keel.

PONTEDERIACE^E. (PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY.) 438

+- •*- Head single (or sometimes 2 or 3) : leaves channelled above : stamem 6.

15. J. Stygilis, L. Stem slender, erect (6' -10' high), \-3-lcared belowt
naked above ; leaves thread-like ; heads 3 - 4-flowcrcd, about the length of tha
sheathing scarious awl-pointed bract; sepals oblong and lanceolate, scarcely
more than half the length of the oblong acute pod; seeds oblong, with a very
loose coat prolonged at both ends. — Peat-bog bordering Perch Lake, Jefferson
County, New York. (Eu.)

16. J. trificlllS, L. Stems densely tufted from matted creeping rootstocks,
erect (5'- 10' high), wiry and thread-like, sheathed at the base, leafless below, about
3-leaved at the summit ; the upper thread-like leaves subtending the sessile head
of 2 -4 flowers; sepals ovate or oblong, acute, rather than the globose-ovate
beak-pointed (brown) pod; seeds roundish, angled. — Alpine summits of the
mountains of N. New England and N. New York, and high northward. (Eu.)
•«-•»-•<— Flowers cymose-panicled, separate (not clustered in heads) : leaves channelled

or involute, or else thread-form, or almost setaceous : stamens 6.

17. J. t£nuis, Willd. Stems slender, wiry (9'- 18' high), simple, leafy
only near the base ; cyme shorter than the involucral leaves, small, the flowers
mostly one-sided, almost sessile, green and shining ; sepals lanceolate, very acute,
one third longer than the globose-ovoid obtuse pod. — Low grounds and fields ; very
common.

18. J. Grecnii, Oakes £ Tuckerm. Stems rigid (l°-2°high), simple,
naked, 1 - 2-leaved at the base ; cyme much shorter than the principal erect involucral
leaf, dense, the numerous crowded flowers one-sided ; sepals lanceolate, acute,
greenish, shorter than the ovoid-oblong obtuse pod. — Sandy coast of Long Island
and New England, and occasionally on river-banks in the interior.

19. J. 1>lll1>6silS, L. (BLACK GRASS.) Stems simple, somewhat. flattcnedt
slender, but rigid (l°-2° high), leafy below; panicle somewhat cymose, rather
crowded, usually shorter than the bracteal leaf; sepals oval-oblong, obtuse, incurved,
chestnut-color and greenish, 'mostly rather shorter than the oblong-oval and
somewhat triangular obtuse mucronate pod. (J. compressus, Jacq. : a name
with which some supersede the Linnaean, because the stem is really not bulbous
at the base.) — Var. GERARDI (J. Gerardi, Loisel., and J. Bothnicus, WahL) is
the more common form in this country, with the panicle usually exceeding the
bract, and the calyx as long as the pod. — Salt marshes; common along the
coast from New Jersey northward. (Eu.)

20. J. bllfoilius, L. Annual; stems low and slender (3' -9' high), leafy,
often branched at the base ; panicle forking, spreading ; the /lowers remote, greenish ;
sepals lanceolate, awl-pointed, much longer than the oblong obtuse pod. — Low
grounds and road-sides, everywhere. (Eu.)

ORDER 129. PONTEDERIACE^E. (PICKEREL-WEED FAM.)

Aquatic herbs, with perfect more or less irregular flowers from a spathe ;
the petal-like 6-merous perianth free from the 3-celled ovary; the 3 or 6 most-
ly unequal or dissimilar stamens inserted in its throftt. — Perianth with the 6

484 PONIEDEHIACEJE. (PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY.)

divisions colored alike, imbricated in 2 rows in the bud, the whole togethei
sometimes re volute-coiled after flowering, withering away, or the base
thickened-persistent and enclosing the fruit Anthers introrse. Ovulea
anatropous. Style 1 : stigma 3-lobed or 6-toothed. Fruit a perfectly or
incompletely 3-celled many-seeded pod, or a 1-celled 1-seeded utricle Em-
bryo slender, in floury albumen.

Synopsis.

1. PONTEDERIA. Perianth 2-lipped, its fleshy base enclosing the 1-seeded utricle. Sta

iiic-us 6. Spike many-flowered.

2. HKTERAXTIIKIIA. Perianth salver-shaped, withering-fugacious. Pod many-seeded

Stamens 3, unequal, of 2 forms. Spathe 1 - few-flowered.
8. SCHOLLEKA. Perianth salver-shaped, regular. Stamens 3, alike Spathe 1-flowered.

1. PONTEDERIA, L. PICKEREL-WEED.

Perianth funnel-form, 2-lipped ; the 3 upper divisions united to form the 3-
lobed upper lip ; the 3 lower spreading, and their claws, which form the lower
part of the curving tube, more or less separate or separable down to the base :
after flowering the tube is revolute-coiled from the apex downwards, and its
fleshy-thickened persistent base encloses the fruit. Stamens 6, the 3 lower ex-
serted with elongated filaments ; the 3 upper (often sterile or imperfect) with
very short filaments, unequally inserted lower down : anthers oval, blue. Ovary
3-celled ; two of the cells empty, the other with a single suspended ovule. Utri-
cle 1-cellcd, filled with the single seed. — Stout herbs, growing in shallow water,
with thick creeping rootstocks, producing erect long-petioled mostly heart-shaped
leaves, and a 1 -leaved scape, terminated by a spike of violet-blue ephemeral flow-
ers. Root-leaves with a sheathing stipule within the petiole. (Dedicated to
Fontedera, Professor at Padua at the beginning of the last century.)

1. P. COrdfita, L. Leaves arrow-heart-shaped, blunt ; spike dense, from
a i»pathe-likc bract. — Var. ANGUSTiF6LiA (P. angustifolia, Pursh) has triangu-
lar-elongated and tapering leaves scarcely heart-shaped at the base. — Common.
July- Sept. — Calyx-tube in fruit crested with 6 toothed ridges. Upper lobe of
the perianth marked with a pair of small yellow spots.

2. II ETE RANT II ERA, Ruiz & Pav. MUD PLANTAIN.

Perianth salver-form with a slender tube ; the spreading limb somewhat equal-
ly 6-partcd, ephemeral, soon withering or decaying. Stamens 3; the 2 upper
with their filaments thickened in the middle and bearing ovate (yellow) anthers;
the other with a longer filament bearing a larger oblong or arrow-shaped (green-
ish) anther. Pod incompletely 3-celled, many-seeded. — Creeping or floating
low herbs, with chiefly rounded long-petioled leaves, and a 1 - few-flowered
sputhc bursting from the sheathing side or base of a petiole. Flowers blue 01
white. (Name from eVf'pa, different, and dvQrjpd, anther.)

1. II. reilif<6rmiS Ruiz & Pav. Leares rom>d-kidnei/-s/nij>ffl : spathe 3-
5-flowcred ; flowers white. — Muddy margins of streams, S. New York to llli
aoia, and southward. Aug.

COMMEL1NACEJE. (SPIDERWORT FAMILY.) 485

2. II. limoScl, Vahl. Leaves oblong or lance-oblong, obtuse at both ends;
ipathe 1 -flowered ; flowers blue. (Leptanthus ovalis, Miclix.) — W. Virginia to
Illinois, and southward. July -Sept.

3. SCIIOL.LERA, Schreber (1789). WATER STAR-GRASS.

Perianth salver-form, with 6 nearly equal lance-linear spreading divisions on
a very long thread-like tube. Stamens 3, with similar oblong-arrow-shaped an-
thers (or rarely a fourth which is abortive) : filaments nearly equal, awl-shaped.
Pod oblong, invested by the withered perianth, 1-cclled with 3 projecting parie-
tal placentae, many-seeded. — A grass-like herb, like a Pondweed, growing
wholly under water, only the (small pale yellow) flowers expanding on the sur-
face ; the slender branching stems clothed with linear translucent sessile leaves,
and bearing a terminal 1 -flowered spathe. (Named after one Scholler, a German
botanist.)

1. S. gramiliea, Willd. (Leptanthus, Michx.) — In streams ; common.
July - Sept.

ORDER 130. COMMEL,YNACEjE. (SPIDERWORT FAMILY.;

Herb*, with fibrous or sometimes thickened roofs, jointed often brandling
leofij stems, and chiefly perfect and 6-androus, often irregular flowers, with
the perianth free from the 2 - ^-celled ovary, and having a distinct calyx and
corolla, viz. : Sepals 3, persistent, commonly herbaceous. Petals 3, ephem-
eral, decaying or deciduous. Stamens hypogynous, some of them often
sterile : anthers with 2 separated cells. Style 1 : stigma undivided. Pod
2-3-celled, 2-3-valved, loculicidal, 3 - several-seeded. Seeds orthotro
pous. Embryo small, pulley-shaped, partly sunk in a shallow depression
at the apex of the albumen. Leaves ovate, lanceolate or linear, flat,
sheathed at the base ; the uppermost often dissimilar and forming a kind
of spathe. — A chiefly tropical family, not aquatic, here represented only
bv two genera.

1. COM ME L If W A, Dill. DAT-FLOWER.

Flowers irregular. Sepals somewhat colored, unequal ; the 2 lateral partly
united by their contiguous margins. Two lateral petals rounded or kidney
shaped, on long claws, the odd one smaller. Stamens unequal, 3 of them fer-
tile, one of which is bent inward : 3 of them sterile and smaller, with imperfect
cross-shaped anthers : filaments naked. Pod 3-celled, two of. the cells 2-seeded,
the other 1 -seeded or abortive. — Stems branching, often procumbent and root-
ing at the joints. Leaves contracted at the base into sheathing petioles ; the
floral one heart-shaped and clasping, folded together or hooded and forming a
kind of spathe enclosing the flowers, which expand for a single morning and
are recurved on their pedicel before and afterwards. Petals b^ie. Flowering
oil summer. (Dedicated to the early Dutch botanists J. and G

486 COSIMELTNACE^E. (SPIDERWORT FAMILY.)

1. C. erecta, L. Stem erect, rather stout (2° -4° high); leaves large
(5 - 7' long, l'-2' wide), oblong-lanceolate, the upper surface and margins very
rough backwards, sheaths fringed with rusty bristles ; spathes crowded aiid nearly
sessile, hooded, top-shaped in fruit ; odd petal shaped like the others but shorter,
round-ovate, raised on a claw; pod 3-cellcd. ty (C. Virginica, ed. 1, &c.)
— A hairy form apparently is C. hirtella, Void. — Alluvial and shaded river-
banks, Penn. to Illinois and southward. — Our largest spccies; and the only ono
with a top-shaped spathe.

2. C. Virgiuica, L. Stems slender, erect, or reclined and rooting to-
wards the base ; leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate ; spathes mostly solitary
or scattered, peduna,eut condu.pl icate, rotatd-heart-skaped when expanded, pointed,
ill fruit somewhat hood-like, and with a short top-shaped base ; odd petal usu-
ally inconspicuous and nearly sessile; pod 2-celled. ]\. (C. Virginica, L., as
to syn. Pluk., which gave the name : Linnaius's detailed description apparently
pertains to No. 1, which however must bear the name which he took I'roiu Dil-
lenius, the authority for the species. C. angustifolia, Michx. $• td. 1.) — Damp
rich woods and banks, S. New York to Michigan, Illinois, and southward.

3. C. agT&ria, Kunth. Stems creeping, glabrous; Iwes ovate-oblony 01
lance-oblony, obtuse, smatl (I' -2' long); spathes heart-ovate when expanded, pe-
duncled, conduplicate, the base not contracted in fruit, 3-4-flowcred; the odd petal
round-ovate, nearly sessile, ty (C. Cajennensis, Rich.) — Alluvial banks, Illi-
nois and southward. — The smallest-leaved and smallest-flowered species.

2. TKADESCANTIA, L. SPIDERWORT.

Flowers regular. Sepals herbaceous. Petals all alike, ovate, sessile. Sta-
mens all fertile: filaments bearded. Pod 2-3-celled, the cells 1-2-secded. —
Perennials. Stems mucilaginous, mostly upright, nearly simple, leafy. Leaves
keeled. Flowers ephemeral, in umbelled clusters, axillary and terminal ; the
floral leaves nearly like the others. (Named for the elder Tradescant, gardener
to Charles the First.)

* Umbels sessile, clustered, usually involucrate by 2 /cares.

1. T. Yirgiiiica, L. (COMMON SPIDERWORT.) Leaves liinccolutc-linftu ,
elongated, tapering from the sheathing base to the point, ciiiate, more or less
open ; umbels terminal, many-flowered. — Moist woods, from W. New York to
Wisconsin, and southward: commonly cultivated. May -Aug. — Plant either
smooth or hairy; the large flowers blue, in gardens often purplish or white.

2. T. i>il«»s:i, Litlim. Leaves broadly Uniceolate from a narrowed base,
pointed, downy-hairy both sides, minutely ciiiate; ujiih-ls many-flowered, in
verv dense ti-nninnl anil a.rillanj clusters ; pedicels and calyx glandular-hairy.
(T. flcxuosa, I inf.) — Ohio, Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. June- Sept. —
Stem stout, smooth In-low, 2° -3° high, often branched, /.ig/.ag above, with an at
length close cluster of small (|' broad) lilac-blue flowers in all the upper axils.

# # Umbels lonr/-})cdn)icl(d, naked.

3. T. I'OM'a, Vent. Small, slender (6' -10' high), smooth ; leaves linear,
grass-like, ciliate at the base; umbel simple, or sometimes a pair; flowers ($'
wile) rose-color. — Sandy woods, Penn. (?) to Kentucky, and southward.

XYRIDACE^E. (YELLOW-EYED GRASS FAMILY.) 467

ORDER 131. XYRIDACE^E. (YELLOW-EYED GRASS FAM.)

Rush-like herbs, with equitant leaves sheathing the base of a naked scape,
which is terminated by a head of perfect 3-androus floicers, uith extrorse an-
thers, a glumaceous calyx, and a regular corolla; the 3-valved mostly \-celled
pod containing several or many orthotropous seeds with a minute embryo at the
apex of fleshy albumen: — represented by Xyris. — The anomalous genus
Mayaca, consisting of a few moss-like aquatic plants, intermediate in char-
acter between this family and the last, may be introduced here.

1. MAYACA, Aublct. (SrENA, Schreber.)

Flowers single, terminating a naked peduncle. Perianth persistent, of 3 her-
baceous lanceolate sepals and 3 obovate petals. Stamens 3, alternate with the
petals. Ovary 1-celled with 3 parietal few-ovuled placentae : style filiform : stig-
ma simple. Pod 3-valved, several-seeded — Moss-like low herbs, creeping in
shallow water, densely leafy ; the leaves narrowly linear, sessile, 1 -nerved, pellu-
cid, entire, notched at the apex : the peduncle solitary, sheathed at the base.
(An aboriginal name.)

1. UI. Michauxii, Schott & Endl. Peduncles not much exceeding the
leaves, nodding in fruit; petals white. (Syena fluviatilis, Pursh.} — S. E. Vir-
ginia, and southward. July.

2. XYRIS, L. YELLOW-EYED GRASS.

Flowers single in the axils of coriaceous scale-like bracts, which are densely
imbricated in a head. Sepals 3 ; the 2 lateral glume-like, boat-shaped or keeled
and persistent ; the anterior one larger and membranaceous, enwrapping the
corolla in the bud and deciduous with it. Petals 3, with claws, which cohere
more or less. Fertile stamens 3, with linear anthers, inserted on the claws of
the petals, alternating with 3 sterile filaments which are cleft and plume-bearing
at their apex. Style 3-cleft. Pod oblong, free, 1-celled with 3 parietal more or
less projecting placentas, 3-valvcd, many-seeded. — Flowers yellow. (Svplt,
an ancient name of gome plant with 2-edged leaves, from £vpov, a razor.)

1. X. bulbosa, Kunth. Soape slender, from a more or less bulbous base,
somewhat 3-angled, flattish at the summit, very smooth, much longer than the
narrowly linear leaves, both commonly twisted with age ; head rounclish-ovoid
(4" - 5" long) ; lateral sepals oblong-lanceolate, finely ciliate-scabrous on the narrow
wingless keel, and usually with a minute bearded tuft at the very apex. (X. Ju-
pacai, Michx. in part. X. Indica, Pursh. X. flexuosa, Muhl. Cat. X brevi-
folia, of Northern authors, not of Mic/ix.) — Sandy or peaty bogs, from- New
Hampshire and Michigan southward : rare except near the coast. July -Sept
— Leaves l^'-8', the scape 3' -14', high. Petals minutely toothed at the sum
mit. — This species should have borne Muhlenberg's name of X. flexuosa, which,
however, Elliott appears to have applied rather to the following.

2. X. Caroliniana, Walt. Scape flattish, 1-nngled below, 2-edged at
the summit, smooth ; leaves linear-sword-shapcd, flat ; head globular-ovoid (.V-

28

488 ERIOCAULONACE^E. (PIPEWORT FAMILY.)

- 7 long) ; lateral sepals obscurely lacerate-fringed above on the winged ktd, rathei
shorter than the bract. (X. Jupacai, partly, Mlchx. X. anceps, Multl.) — Sandj
swamps, &c., Rhode Island to Virginia and southward, near the coast. Aug.
— Scape l°-2° high : leaves l"-4" wide. Petals pretty large, the claws turn-
ing brownish.

3. X. fiiiibriftta, Ell. Scape somewhat angled (2° high), rather longer
than the lincar-sword-shaped leaves ; head oblong (§' long) ; lateral sepals lance-
olate-linear, nearly twice the length of the bract, above conspicuously fringed on tht
wing-margined keel, and even plumose at the summit, — Pine barrens of New Jersey,
Virginia, and southward.

ORDER 132. ERIOCAULONACE^E. (PIPEWORT FAMILY.,

Aquatic or marsh herbs, stemless or short-stemmed ', with a tuft of JUirous
roots, and a cluster of linear often loosely cellular yrass-lUce leaves, and naked
scapes sheathed at the base, leaiiny dense heads of monoecious or rarely dioe-
cious small 2 - 3-merous flowers, each in the axil of a scarious bract ; the
perianth double or rarely simple, chaffy ; anthers introrse ; the fruit a 2-3-
celled -2 - 3-seeded j)od : the ovules, seeds, embryo, &c. as in the preceding
order. — Chiefly tropical plants, a few in northern temperate regions.

Synopsis.

1. ERIOCAULON Perianth double, the inner (corolla) tubular-funnel-form in the staminate
flowers ; the stamens twice as many as its lobes (4 or 6). Anthers 2-celled

21 PJSPALANTIIUS. Perianth as hi the last : the stamens only as many as the lobes of the
inner series, or corolla (3). Anthers 2-celled.

& LACHNOCAULON. Perianth simple, of 3 sepals. Stamens 3, monadelphous below. An
thers 1-celled.

1. ERIOCAIJLON, L. PIPEWORT.

Flowers monoecious and androgynous, i. e. both kinds in the same head, cither
intermixed, or the central ones sterile and the exterior fertile, rarely dioecious.
Ster. Fl. Calyx of 2 or 3 keeled or boat-shaped sepals, usually spatulate or
dilated upwards. Corolla tubular, 2-3-lobed, each of the lobes bearing a black
gland or spot. Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the corolla, one inserted
at the base of each lobe and one in each sinus; anthers 2-cclle.l. Pistils rudi-
mentary. Fert. Fl. Calyx as in the sterile flowers, often remote from the rest
of the flower (therefore perhaps to be viewed as a pair o^f bractlets). Corolla of
2 or 3 separate narrow petals. Stamens none. Ovarv often stalked, 2-3-
lobed, 2- 3-celled, with a single ovule in each cell: style 1: stigmas 2 or 3,
slender. Pod membranaccous, loculicidal. — Leaves mostly smooth, loosely
cellular and pellucid. Scapes or peduncles terminated by a single head, which is
involucrate by some outer empty bracts. Flowers, also the tips of the bracts,
&c., usually bearded or woolly. (Name compounded of Zpiov, irool, and AcauXor,
a stalk, from the wool at the base of the scape and leaves of the original species.
Excepting this and the flowers, our species aie wholly glabrous.) — The Nortb

EIUOCAULONACEJE. (riPEWORT FAMILY.) 489

American species are all stcinless, with a depressed head, and have the paits of
the flowers in twos, the stamens 4.

1. E. decailglllare, L. (syn. Pink., &c.) Leaves lin&ir-sword-shaped,
ascending (6' -15' long), of a rather firm texture; scape 10-12-ribbed (l°-3°
high) : chaff (bracts among the flowers) pointed. 1|. (E. serotinum, Walt.] —
Pine-barren swamps, New Jersey ? to Virginia, and southward. July - Sept. —
Involucral scales roundish, straw-color or light brown. Flowers and bracts, a«
in the following, tipped with a white beard.

2. E. gllilplmloclcs, Michx. Leaves short and spreading (2' -5' long),
grassy-awl-shaped, soft and cellular, tapering gradually to a point, mostly
shorter than the sheath of the 1 Q-ribbed scape ; chaff obtuse. 1J. (E. decangulare,
L,, in part, viz. as to pi. Clayt.) — Pine-barren swamps, New Jersey to Vir-
ginia, and southward. June -Aug. — This and the last have been variously
confounded.

3. E. SCptangTlliYre, Withering. Leaves short (l'-3' long) , awl-shaped
pelliiciil, soft and very cellular; scape 1-striatc, slender, 2' -6' high, or when
submerged becoming l°-6° long (Torr.), according to the depth of the water;
chaff acutish. 1J. (E. pellucidum, Michx.) — In ponds or along their borders,
from New Jersey and Pcnn. to Michigan, and northward. Aug. — Head 2" -3"
broad ; the bracts, chaff, &c. lead-color, except the white coarse beard. (Eu.)

2. P^EPALANTISUS, Mart. (Sp. of ERIOCAULON of authors.)

Stamens as many as the (often involute) lobes of the funnel-form corolla of
the sterile flowers, and opposite them, commonly 3, and the flower ternary
throughout. Otherwise nearly as in Eriocaulon. (Name from TranraXr), dust or
flour, and avOos, flower, from the meal-like down or scurf of the heads and flow-
ers of many [South American] species.)

1. P. flavidllS, Kunth. Tufted, stemless ; leaves bristle-awl-shaped
(1'long); scapes very slender, simple, minutely pubescent (6' -12' high), 5-
angled ; bracts of the involucre oblong, pale straw-color, those among the
(ternary) flowers mostly obsolete ; perianth glabrous ; sepals and petals of the
fertile flowers linear-lanceolate, scarious-white. ty ? (Eriocaulon flavidum,
Michx.) — Low pine barrens, S. Virginia and southward.

3. LACHNOCATJL,ON, Kunth. HAIRY PIPEWORT.

Flowers monoecious, &c., as in Eriocaulon. Calyx of 3 sepals. Corolla
none ! Ster. Fl. Stamens 3 : filaii.ents below coalescent into a club-shaped
tube around the rudiments of a pistil, above separate and elongated : anthers
1-celled ! Fert. Fl. Ovary 3-celled, surrounded by 3 tufts of hairs (in place
of a corolla). Stigmas 3, two-cleft. — Leaves linear-sword-shaped, tufted.
Scape slender, simple, bearing a single head, 2-3-angled, hairy (whence the
tiame, from \d)(vos, wool, and KovAos, stalk).

1. L*. HHTicliaiixii, Kunth. (Eriocaulon villosum, Michx.) — Low pine
s, Virginia (Pursfi^, and southward.

490 CYPERACEjE. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

ORDER 133. CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

Grass-like or rush-like herbs, with fibrous roots and solid stems (culmt;),
;losed sheaths, and spiked chiefly 3-androus Jlowers, one in the axil of each
>f the glume-like imbricaltd bracts (scales, glumes), destitute of any perianth,
»r with hypoyynous bristles or scales in its place; the l-cclled ocary with a
ringle erect anatropous ovule, in fruit for min(j an achenium. Style 2-clefl
when the fruit is flattened or lenticular, or 3-clef't when it is 3-anguLr.
Embryo minute at the base of the somewhat floury albumen. Stem-leavea
when present 3-ranked. — A large, widely diffused family. See Addei.d.

Synopsis.

TRIBE I. CYPEREJE. Flowers perfect, 2-ranked. Spikclels 1 - many-flowered.

1. CYPERUS. Spikes few -many-flowered, usually elongated or slender. Perianth none.

2. KYLLINGIA. Spikes 1-flowered, glomerate in a sessile head. Perianth none

8, DULICHIUM. Spikes 6 - 10-flowered. Perianth of 6 - 10 bristles Achenium beaked

TRIBE II. HYPOL,YTRE.<E. Flowers perfect ; the scales many -ranked : each flowtt
provided with its own (1-4) proper scale-like bractlets. True perianth none.

4. HEMICARPHA. Bractlet or inner scale 1, very small. Stamen 1. Style 2-cleft.

TRIBE III. SCIRPE^E. Flowers perfect ; the scales regularly several-ranked, each cov-
ering a naked flower, or only the lowest empty. Perianth of bristles or hairs, or none.
* Perianth of hypogynous bristles or hairs (rarely obsolete or wanting).

5. ELEOCHARIS. Achenium with a tubercle jointed on its apex, consisting of the bulbocj

persistent base of the style. Head solitary, terminating the leafless and bractless culm.

6. SCIRPUS. Achenium naked at the apex, or pointed with the continuous simple base of

the style. Perianth of 3 - 6 bristles. Culms leafy at the base Heads one or more.

7. ERIOPHORUM. Achenium, &c., as in Scirpus. Perianth of long and tufted woolly hairs.

* * Perianth none.

8. FIMBRISTYLIS. Style bulbous at the base, deciduous (with or rarely without the jointed

bulb) from the achenium.
* * * Perianth of 3 large scales, and mostly as many alternating bristles.

9. FUIKENA. Scales of the spike awned below the apex Achenium triangular, pointed

with the base of the style.

TRIBE IV. RHYNCHOSPORE^E. Flowers perfect or polygamous. Scales of tha
few-flowered spikes irregularly several-ranked, many of the lower ones empty, and often
the upper sterile. Perianth of bristles or none. Stems leafy.

* Achenium beaked with the dilated persistent style or its base.
•»-• Perianth none : style 2-cleft : achenium wrinkled transversely.

10 PSILOCARYA. Spikes many-flowered, terete, ovoid, cymose, naked.

11. DICHROMKNA. Spikes few-flowered, flattened, crowded into a leafy -mvoluerate head.

«- «- Perianth of bristles or awns, rarely wanting

12 CERATOSCHCENUS. Style simple, all persistent in the awned beak of the flat achenium.
J« MiYNCIIOSPORA. Style 2-cleft, the base only persistent as a tubercle on the acheniuni.

* * Achenium without a beak or tubercle ; the style deciduous. •

11. CLADIUM. Achenium globular, corky or pointed at the summit. Perianth none.

TaiBB V SCL.ERIE.flS. Flowers monoecious : the fertile spikes 1-flowereU ; tu--<

inate neveral- (lowered Acl'.eniurn nut-like, mostly crustaoeous.
15 SCLEHIA. Achenium bony or crustaceoua. Proper perianth none.

CYPERACE,E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 491

TRIEK VI CARICEJE. Flowers monoecious in the same (androgynous) or in separata
spikes, or sometimes dioecious. Proper perianth none. Achemuui enclosed in a sac
(perigynium which answers to a bractlet or pair of bractlets), lenticular or triangular.

16. CAKEX. Fertile flowers without a bristle-form hooked appenaage projecting from the sac.

1 CYPERUS, L. GALINGALE.

Spikes many - few-flowered, flat or rarely terete, variously arranged, mostly
in clusters or heads, which are commonly disposed in a simple or compound
terminal umbel. Scales 2-ranked ( their decurrent base often forming margins or
wings to the joint of the axis next below), deciduous when old. Stamens (1,
2, or mostly) 3. Perianth none. Style 2 -3-clcft, deciduous. Achenium len-
ticular or triangular, naked at the apex. — Culms triangular, simple, leafy at
the base, and with one or more leaves at the summit forming an involucre to the
umbel. Peduncles unequal, sheathed at the base. (KvTteipos, the ancient
name.)

$ 1. PYCREUS, Beauv. — Style 2-cleft: achenium flattened : spikes flat, many-
flowed: only the lotcest scale empty. (Root of all our species fibrous and appar-
ently annual.)

1. C. flav£seeais, L. Stamens 3; spikes becoming linear, obtuse, clus-
tered at the end of the 2-4 very short rays (peduncles); scales obtuse, straw-
yellow; achenium shining, orbicular. — Low grounds, mostly near the coast.
Aug. — Culms 4' -10' high: spikes 5" -8" long. Involucre 3-leaved, very
unequal. (Eu.)

2. C. dmndrilS* Torr. Stamens 2, or soir^imcs 3; spikes lance-oblong,
scattered or clustered on the 2-5 very short or unequal rays ; scales rather obtuse,
purple-brown on the margins or nearly all over; achenium dull, oblong-obovate :
otherwise much like the last. — Var. CASTXNEUS, Torr. (C. castaneus, Bigel.)
is only a form with browner scales. — Low grounds ; common. Aug., Sept.

3. C. NllttifiUii, Torr. Stamens 2 ; spikes lance-linear, acute, very flat
(£'-!' long), crowded on the few very short (or some of them distinct) rays ;
scales oblong, i/ellotcish-broicn, rather loose ; achenium oblong -obovate, very blunt, dull.

— Salt or brackish marshes, Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward. Aug.

— Culms 4' -12' high. — C. minimus? Nutt., the C. Clcaveri, Torr., fr ed. 1, is
a depauperate condition of this, with a 1 -leaved involucre, and only one or two
spikes !

4. C. fl a VI CO III US, Michx. Stamens 3; spikes linear (4" - 8' long),
spiked and crowded on the whole length of the branches of the several-rayed
nm.be!, spreading ; scales oval, very obtuse, yellowish and brownish, broadly scarious-
(ichifish-) margined; achenium olmate, mucronate, blackish; culm stout (l°-3°
high); leaves of the involucre 3 - 5, very long, — Low grounds, Virginia and
southward. July - Oct.

I 2. PAPYRUS, Thouars. — Style 3-cleft : achenium triangular: stamens 3:
spikes many-flowered, flattish joints of the axis margined by a pair of more or
less free scales, •..•hich remain qjler the proper scale fa\ 's away : otherwise as in $ 8.

492 CYPERACEJE. (SEDGE FAMILY.^

5. C. erytlirorlllzos, Muhl. Culm obtusely triangular (2° -3J high),
umbel compound, many-rayed ; involucre 4 - 5-leaved, very long ; involuceli
bristle-form ; spikes very numerous, crowded in oblong-cylindrical nearly sessile
heads, spreading horizontally, linear, flaitish (\' long), bright chestnut-colored ;
scales lanceolate, rnucronulate. (J) — Alluvial banks, Penn. to Wisconsin ? and
southward. . August. — Hoot fibrous, red.

$ 3. CYPEKUS PKOFKK. — Style 3-cle/l : achenium triangular : spikes m^ny-
flowered, flat or almost terete ; only the, lowest scale empty ; the joints of the axil
narrowly wing-margined or naked.

# Roots annual, fibrous: no creeping rootstocks: culm triangular: spikes aid-shaped,
thread-shaped, or very nai~rowly linear, very numerous, crowded at the summit of the
rays of the simple or mostly compound ample and open umbel : involucre very longt
3-sei-eral-leaitd: scales of the spike pointless; the joints of the axis winged by a
l>air of adlierent scales : stamens 3.

6. €. ill H'iiatfl \iullllS Schultcs. Culm stout (l°high); rays short;
tpikcs linear-thread-shapcd, teretish when mature (|'-^' long) ; ti\v joints of its ari»
short and winged with very broad scaly margins, which embrace the ovate triangular
achenium ; scales ovate, obtusish. — Marshes, especially along the coast and
large rivers, S. New England to Wisconsin, and southward. Aug., Sept. —
Flowers 6-20 in the spike, yellowish-brown.

7. C. EilgClllldlllli, Steud. Culm £°-3°high; rays mostly short;
spikes filiform, almost terete (about £' long), somewhat remotely 5 - 9- flowered, the
zigzag joints of the axis slender, narrowly wing-margined; achenium oUong-linear,
almost equalling the oblong or oval broadly scarious scale. (C. tenuior, Engelm.
mss. C. stenolepis, Torr., probably, though the character does not accord : the
greenish keel or centre was perhaps taken for the whole scale, which is not nar-
row, so the name is inapplicable as well as doubtful.) — Low banks of streams,
Wisconsin, Illinois, Virginia? and southward. — Between the foregoing and
the next. The scales of the spike are so separated that their base is never
touched by the one next beneath on the same side.

8. C. strigosilS, L. Culm mostly stout, bulbous-thick* n<d at the base
(l°-3° high) ; some of the rays elongated, their sheaths 2-bristlcd ; sjtihs linear-
iwl-shaped, but flat, 8— 15-flowered, very numerous, reflexed with age; the
slender joints of the axis narrowly wing-margined; scales oblong-lanceolate, sev-
eral-nerved, much longer than the linear-oblong achenium. — Var. SPECIOSUS (C.
npeeiosus, la/,/? Torr.) is a rank state, with some of the partial umbels fur-
nished with a leafy involucel. — Low or rich grounds; common, especially
southward. July - Sept. — Spikes greenish, turning straw-color, £' - 1' long.

* # Roots annual, flbrous : stamen only 1 : culm slender, low (l'-12' high) : spikes
flat, oblong-linear or ovate, crowdi-d into heads on the few simple or compound w//s:
involucre 2 - 3-li'ni'f-d : scales of the spike with spreading points : joints of the axis
slightly or not at all margined.

9. C. infleXUS, Muhl. Dwarf (l'-5 high); spikes ol>long-linear, 7-13-
flowered, collected in 2-3 ovate heads (either sessile and clustered or short-jx.1-
duncled) ; scahn nrrrt-d, tapering into a long recurved point ,- acheninm obovate,
o'jcusc. — Sandy 'vet chores ; common. July - Sept. — Sweet-scented in drying

CYPERACE^E. ( SEDGE FAMILY.) '193

10. C. nciliniiiatus, Torr. Slender (3'- 12' high) ; spikes ovate ^com-
ing oblong, 1 6 - 30-flowered, pale, collected in simple or compound heads ; scales
Mseurely 3-nerced, their short acute tips somewhat spreading ; achenium oblong,
pointed at both ends. — Low ground, Illinois and westward.

* * * Root perennial: stamen only 1 : spikes short and flat, ovate and oblong, crowd-
ed in close globular heads ; the joints of the axis not margined.

11. C. Vii'ens, Michx. Culm (1° -4° high) either sharply or obtusely
triangular ; leaves and involucre very long, keeled ; umbel compound, many-
rayed ; achenium oblong or linear, £ to | the length of the narrow oblong acut-
ish scale. (C. vegetus, Torr.} — Wet places, Virginia and southward. — Head*
of spikes grcea, turning tawny.

* * w * Root perennial: rootstocks creeping, or tuberous: stamens 3.

-*- S]>ikes flat, closely flowered, ovate-oblong or becoming broadly linear, 3 - 5 at tht

end of each ray of the compound umbel.

12. C. ilentatus, Torr. Culm slender (6'- 12' high) ; umbel 4-7-rayed;
spikes 6 - 30-flo\vered ; scales strongly keeled, and with abruptly sharp-pointed
slightly spreading tips, reddish-brown on the sides, green on the back ; achenium
obovate, sharply triangular. — Sandy swamps, Massachusetts to Virginia, and
southward. Aug — Spikes 2"- 5" long, sometimes changing into leafy tufts.
•«- H- Spikes flat, closely flowered, linear (£'-!' long), loosely spiked along the upper

part of the rays of the open umbel : rootstocks slender, creeping extensively, and
bearing small nut-like tubers.

13. C. 1'otiindus, L., var. Hydra. (NUT-GRASS.) Culm slender
(£°- 1^° high), longer than the leaves; umbel simple or slightly compound,
about equalling the involucre; the few rays each bearing 4 - 9 dark chestnut-
purple 1 2 - 40-fl owered acute spikes ; scales ovate, closely appressetl, nerveless except
on the green keel. (C. Hydra, Michx.) — Sandy fields, Virginia and south-
ward : probably an immigrant from farther south. Excessively troublesome tc
planters. (Eu.)

14. C. pliyiimtdtles, Muhl. Culm (l°-2%° high) equalling the leaves;
umbel often compound, 4- 7-rayed, much shorter than the long involucre ; spikes
numerous, lit/lit chestnut or straw-color, acutish, 12 — 30-flowered; scales oblong, nar-
rowly scarious-margined, nerved, the acutish tips rather loose ; achenium oblong.
(C. repens, EU.) — Low grounds, along rivers, &c., Vermont to Michigan, Illi-
nois, and common southward. Aug. — Tubers small, at the end of very slender
rootstocks : by these the plant multiplies rapidly, and becomes a pest.
•«-•»-•»- Spikes flattish. rather loosely flowered, greenish, lance-linear, capitate-clua*

tered (except in Nc. 15) ; the convex ovate scales many-nerved, only J or 4 longer
than the triangular achenium: culms tufted from hard tuberiferous rootstocks.

15. C. Scliwciiibtzii, Torr. Culm rough on the angles (1°- 2° high) ;
leaves linear; umbel simple, 4-8-rayed; spikes crowded at the upper part of the
mostly elongated rays, erect, loosely 6 - 9-flowered, a bristly bract at the base of
each ; scales awl-pointed, scarcely longer than the ovate achenium ; joints of the
axis narrowly winged. — Dry sandy shores, &c., Lake Ontario, New York, to
Illinois and northwestward. Aug. — Spikes %'-%' long: the scales large i&
proportion.

494 CYPERACE.fi (SEDGE FAMILY.)

16. C. Ui'ayil, Toir. Culm thread-form, wiry (6'- 12' high) ; loives
bristle-shaped, channelled; uinbid simple, 4 - 6-roy«7 ,- spikes 5-10 /// a loose head,
spreadiiH/, 5 - 7-flo\vorcd, the joints of the axis winyed; scales rather obtuse, groen-
ish-chcstnut-color; achcniuin obovate, minutely pointed. — Barren sandy soil,
Rhode Island to New Jersey, near the coast. Aug. (Approaches the next.)

17. C. filiculillis, Vahl. Culm slender, wiry, often reclined (8'- 15'
high ) ; leaves linear ( 1 " - 2" wide ) ; spikes numerous and chut:. n<l in on< s< ssile dense.
head, or in 1-3 additional looser heads on spreading rays, 6 - 10 flowered ; joints oj
the a.ris naked ; scales blunt, greenish ; aehenium obovate, short-poinicd. (C. ma-
nscoides, Ell.) — Dry sterile soil; common, especially southward. Aug.

4 4. MAilfSCUS, Vahl. — Style 3-cleJl : the achcnium triaiujnlar : stamens 3
spikes 1 -few-flowered, scarcely flattened ; the 2 lotver scales short and empty : oth-
erwise as in § 3.

18. C. OVlllftriS, Torr. Smooth; culm sharply triangular (6'- 12' high) ;
umbel 1 -6-rayed; spikes in globular dense heads, 2-4-Jlotvered, short and thick:
joints of the axis winged ; scales ovate, blunt, greenish ; achenium obovoid. U
(Kyllingia. Michx.) — Sandy soil, S. New York to lilino's and southward.
Aug. -Oct. — Heads barely £' in diameter, of 50-100 spikes.

19. C. retrofit CtllS, Torr. Culm minutely down}/ like the leaves, rough
on the obtu.-ish angles (l°-3° high) ; umbel many-rayed; spikes slender, awl-
gna/H-d, very numerous in obovate or oblong heads terminating the elongated
rays, soon rcflcxed, \-2-flotoered in the middle; scales usually 4 or 5, the two
lowest ovate and empty, the fertile lanceolate, the uppermost involute-awl-shaped ;
achenium linear. 1J. (Scirpus retrofractus, L.) — Sandy fields, New Jersey to
Virginia, and southward. Aug. — Spikes £' long, 50- 100 in a head, greenish.

2. KYLL.INGIA, L. KVLLINGIA.

Spikes of 3-4 two-ranked scales, 1 - 1^-flowered ; the 2 lower scales minuto
and empty, us in Cypcras § 4 , otherwise as in Cyperus § 1 (viz. stylo 2-cleft;
achenium lenticular) : but the numerous spikes densely aggregated in solitary
or triple sessile heads. Involucre about 3-leaved. (Named after Kylling, a
Danish botanist.)

1. K. pillllila, Michx. Head globular or 3-lobed, whitish-green (4"
broad) ; spikes strictly 1 -flowered ; upper scales ovate, pointed, rough on tlie
keel; stamens U; leaves linear. — Low grounds, Ohio to Illinois, and southward.
Aug. — Culms 2' -9' high.

3. DULICIIIUin Richard. DDLICHIUM.

Spikes many- (6- 10-) flowered, linear, flattened, sessile in 2 ranks on axillary
solitary peduncles emerging from the sheaths of the leaves. Scales 2 -ranked,
lanceolate. Perianth of 6-9 downwardly barbed bristles. Staincm 3. Style
2-cleft above. Achenium flattened, linear-oblong, beaked with the long persist-
ent style. — A perennial herb, with a terete simple culm (l°-2° high), jointed
ttnd leafy to the summit; the leaves short and flat, linear, 3-ranked. (The nauic
oi' a G'^ek island ; its application unexplained.)

CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 495

1. I>. spatlliaceuin, Pers. — Borders of ponds; common. July -
Sept.

4. I3EUIICARPHA, Nees. HBMICARPHA.

Spikes many-flowered, ovoid, one or few in a lateral cluster, sessile. Scales
regularly imbricated in many ranks, ovate or obovate. Inner scale single be-
hind the flower, very thin, finally often adhering to or wrapped around the ob-
long or obovoid pointless naked achenium. Perianth none. Stamen 1. Stylo
2-cleft. — Little tufted annuals resembling Scirpus, except as to the minute inner
scale, which is readily overlooked ; the naked culms with bristle-like leaves at
the base. (Name from jj/ii, half, and Kap<pos, straw or chaff, in allusion to the
single inner scalelet on one side of the flower.)

1. H. Slibsquarrosa, Nees. Dwarf (l'-4' high) ; involucre 1 -leaved,
as if a continuation of the bristle-like culm, and usually with another minute
leaf; spikes 2-3 (2" long); scales brown, tipped with a short recurved point,
(Scirpus subsquarrosus, MahL) — Sandy borders of ponds and rivers ;• not rare,
often growing with Cyperus inflexus. July. — Var. DRDMMONDII (II. Drum-
mondii, Nees) is a form with single and pale or greenish heads. — Illinois and
southward.

5. EL.EOCIIARIS, R. Brown. SriKE-Rusn.

Spike single, terminating the naked culm, many - several-flowered. Scalea
imbricated all round in many, rarely in 2 or 3, ranks. Perianth of 3-12 (com-
monly 6) bristles, usually rough or barbed downwards, rarely obsolete. Sta-
mens 3. Style 2-3-cleft, its bulbous base persistent as a tubercle, which is
jointed with the apex of the lenticular or obtusely triangular achcnium. — Leaf-
less, chiefly perennial, with tufted culms sheathed at the base, from matted or
creeping rootstocks. (Name from eXos, a marsh, and x^P^i lo delight in; being
marsh plants.)

4 1. LIMN6CIILOA, Nees. — Scales of the dense and terete many-flowered spikt
papery-coriaceous and rounded, with a scarious margin, pale : style 3-clefl : ache-
nium doubly convex, about equalling the bristles.

X- Culms large and stout, often thicker than the cylindrical spike: scales faintly many-
striate, and de.mdy imbricated so as usually to form (Jive) distinct spiral roics :
&hcatJis at tlie base often nearly leaf-bearing. (LiMNOCHLOA proper.)

1. E. CQUisetoides, Torr. Culm terete, knotted as if jointed by many
cross partitions (2° high, thick as a goosequill) ; achenium smooth, crowned with
a conical-beaked tubercle. — Shallow water, Rhode Island (Olnc:y], Michigan
(Houghton), Delaware, and southward. — Spike 1' or more long.

2. E. qtiadrangrulata, R. Brown. Culm even, sharply 4-angled (2°-
4° high) ; achenium finely reticulated, crowned with a conical flattened distinct
tubercle. — Penn., Michigan, and southward.

* •% Culms slender : spike ovate or oblong : scales with a midrib.

3. E. tubcrcilldsa, R. Brown. Culms striate (8'- 12' high) ; bristles
strongly barbed downward ; ichenium triangular, ribbed ami minutely reticulated,

496 CTPERACE^E, (SEDGE FAMILY.)

sitrnwunted by a Jlattish cap-shaped tubercle as large as it self. — Wet sandy places
Massachusetts, along the coast, to Virginia and southward.

$ 2. ELE6CHARIS PROPER. — Scales of the terete seveml- many -flowered spike
membranaceous, and with a midrib or nerve, imbricated in more than three ranks.

* Achenium lenticular (smooth) : style 2-cleft, in No. 4 commonly 3-cleJl: spike dense,

many-flowered: culins rather slender, spongy. (ELEOGENUS, NCOS.)

4. E. ol>tll$a, Schultes. Culms nearly terete, tufted (8' -14' high) from
fibrous roots; spike globose-ovoid and with age oblong, olttiise (dull brown); the
scales very obtuse and numerous (80—130), densely crowded in many ranks ; stifle 3-
( rarely 2-) clejl ; achenium obovate, shining, tumid-margined, about half the
length of the 6 bristles, crowned with a short and very broad flattened tubercle. —
Muddy places ; everywhere common.

5. E. oli vftccsi. Torr. Culms flattish, grooved, diffusely tufted on slcn
der matted rootstocks (2' -4' high); spike ovate, acutish, 20 - 30-Jlowered ; scales
ovate, obtuse, rather loosely imbricated in many ranks (purple with a green mid-
rib and slightly scarious margins); achenium obovate, dull, abruptly beaked
with a narrow tubercle, about half the length of the G-8 bristles. — Inundated
sandy- soil, Massachusetts to New Jersey near the const, and southward.

6. E. paliistris, Jl. Brown. Culms nearly terete, striate (1°- 2° high),
from running rootstocks; spike oblong -lanceolate, pointed, matnj-flowerrd ; scales
ovate-ol>long , loosely imbricated in several ranks, reddish-brown with a broad and
translucent whitish margin and a greenish keel, the upper acutish, the lowest
rounded and often enlarged ; achenium obovate, somewhat shining, crowned
with a short ovate or ovate-triangular flattened tubercle, shorter than the usually
4 bristles. — Var. GLAUCESCENS (S. glaucescens, Wild.!) : culms slender or fili-
form; tubercle narrower and acute, beak-like, sometimes half the length of the
achenium. — Var. cAi,VA (E. calva, Torr.): bristles wanting; tubercle short,
nearly as in the true E. palustris, but rather narrower (Watcriown, New York,
Craice). — Very common, either in water, when it is pretty stout and tall ; or in
low grassy grounds, when it is slender and lower. (Eti.)

* # Achenium triangular : style 3-cleft : bristles sometimes few and fragile or alto-

gether wanting. (SciRP/DlUM, Nees, nciirly.)
•»- Spike much broader than thefllifonn or slender culm : scales imbricated in several

ranks, brownish or purplish with scarious wfiittsft margins, \-nci r,J.
-* I>ri*ll<s 4-6, longer than the achenium, stout and bearded rfovntoerra.

7. E. rostellalil, Torr. Culms flattened and str'uttc-grixn'id, if fry, eiect
(l°-2° high), the sheath transversely truncate; spike oroiil-lannolatc, acute, 12-
20-Jlowered; scales ovate, obtuse, rather rigid (light brown) ; achenium smooth,
ohovate-triangular, narrowed into the confluent pyramidal tubercle, which is
overtopped by the 4-6 bristles. — Marshes, Rhode Island (Olncy), l\ un Van,
New York (Stirtuvll), and Michigan. — Allied to S. multicaulis of Ku.

8. E. intermedia, Sniu-tcs. Culms capillary, wiry, striate-groovcd,
densely tufted from fibrous roots, diffusely fpreuding or reclining (6' -12' long) ;
tpike oblong-ovate, acutish, loosely \Q-\K-flowered (2" -3" long); scales oblong,

, green-keeled, the sides purplish-brown; achenium smooth, obovoid with

CYPERACEuE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 497

a narrowed base, beaked with a slender conical-awl-shaped distinct tabercle,
which nearly equals the 6 bristles. (E. reclinata, Kunth!) — Wet slopes ; com-
mon northward, and west to Illinois.

+•*> -M- Hristles 2-4, shorter than the achenium and fragile, or none.

9. E» ti'iBtliS, Schultes. Culms almost capillary, erect, sharply 4-angulat
(1° high), the sides concave; spike elliptical, acutish, 20 - 30-fiowered (3" long) ;
scales ovate, obtuse, chestnut-purple with a broad scarious margin and green keel ;
achenium obovate, roughened with close and fine projecting dots, crowned with a small
depressed tubercle ; bristles 2-3, half the length of the achenium, or wanting.
(E. elliptica, Kunth!) — Wet meadows and bogs; common.

10. E. COBllpvessa, Sullivant. Culms fiat, strongly striate, slender,
erect (1^° high); spike ovate-oblong, 20 - 30-fiowered (4" long); scales lanceolate-
ovate, acute, dark purple with broad white pellucid margins and summit; the style
2-cleft ; achenium obovate-pear-shaped, obtusely 3-angled, obscurely wrinkled-pitted,
crowned with a small globular-conical tubercle; bristles none (rarely a single rudi-
ment).— Wet places, N. New York, Ohio, and Illinois. — Culms tufted on run-
ning rootstocks, 5'' broad, strikingly flat, spirally twisted in drying.

11. E. melanocarpa, Torr. Culms flattened, grooved, wiry, erect (9'
- 18' high) ; spike cylindrical-ovoid or oblong, thick, obtuse, densely many-flowered
(3" -6" long) ; scales roundish-ovate, very obtuse, brownish with broad scarious
margins ; achenium smooth, obovate-top-shaped, obtusely triangular, the broad summit
entirely covered like a lid by the fiatly depressed tubercle, which is raised in the cen-
tre into a short abrupt triangular point ; bristles 3 or 4, shorter than the (soon
blackish) achenium, fragile, often obsolete. — Wet sand, Plymouth, Massachu-
setts, to Virginia, and southward along the coast. Scales closely many-ranked,
as in the first division of § 2.

12. E. triCOStata, Torr. Culms fiattish, thread-like (1°- 2° high) ; spike
cylindrical-oblong, densely many-flowered (6" -9" long), thickish; scales ovate,
very obtuse, rusty brown, with broad scarious margins ; achenium obovate, with 3
prominent thickened angles, minutely rough-wrinkled, crowned with a short-conical
acute tubercle; bristles none. — Quaker Bridge, New Jersey (Knieskern), and
southward .

••- •*- Spike lance-linear, scarcely broader than the sharply triangular culm : scales
Jew-ranked, greenish, finely several-nerved on the keeled back. '

13. E. RolVblBlSiij Oakes. Flower-bearing culms exactly triangular, rather
stout, erect (8' -2° high), also producing tufts of capillary abortive stems, like
fine leaves, which float in the water ; sheath obliquely truncate ; scales of tho
pointed spike 3-9, convolute-clasping, lanceolate, obtuse, with scarious mar-
gins; achenium oblong-obovate, 3-angular, minutely reticulated, about half the
length of the 6 downwardly-barbed strong bristles, tipped with a flattened awl-
shaped tubercle. — Shallow water, from Pondicherry Pond, New Hampshire
(Rol>bins),to New Jersey, C. E. Smith, &c. — Spike varying from \' to 1' long, by
1" wide ; the long scales being rather remote and sheath-like.

$ 3. CIIJETOCYPEKUS, Nees. — Scales of the compressed few - sever alfiowered
spike membranaceous, 2 - 3- ranked: bristles 3 - 6, fragile or fugacious : style 3-clefi :
achenium triangulu ' or somewhat terete : culms small a*td capillary.

498 CYPERACE^E. (SKDGE FAMILY.)

* Achenium obscurely triangular, many-ribbed on ihe sides.

14. E. aciciilffil'is, R. Brown. Culms finely capillary (2'- 3' long),
more or less 4-angular; spike 3-9-flowered ; scales ovate-oblong, rathe/ ->btus«
(greenish with purple sides) ; achenium obovate-oblong, tumid, with 3 nubed
angles and 2 - 3 times as many smaller intermediate ribs, also transversely stri
ate, longer than the 3-4 very fugacious bristles; tubercle conical-triangulai
(S. trichodes, Muld., &c.) — Muddy places, and margins of brooks; common
(Eu.)

* * Achenium triangular, with smooth and even sides.

15. E. pygm&a, Torr. Culms bristle-like, flattened and grooved (!'-
2 high); spike ovate, 3 - S-flowered ; scales ovate (greenish), the upper rather
acute ; tichenium ovoid, acutely triangular, smooth and shining, tipped with a
minute tubercle ; bristles mostly longer than the fruit, sometimes wanting. (S.
pusillus, Vahl.? Chajtocypcrus polymorphus, Nees?) — Brackish marshes an<?
river-banks, as far as salt water reaches.

16. E. microcarpa, var.1? filiculniis, Torr. " Culms capillary or
thread-like, wiry, 4-angular (3'-4' high) ; spikes oblong, often proliferous, 15-25-
flowered; bristles nearly as long as the obovate-oblong (obtusely triangular) nut
without the tubercle; scales dark chestnut-color." — Wet places, in the pine
barrens of New Jersey, Torrey.

6. SCIKPUS, L. BULRUSH. CLUB-RUSH.

Spikes many - several-flowered, terete, single or mostly clustered, and sub-
tended by one or more involucral leaves, often appearing lateral from the exten-
sion of an involucral leaf like a continuation of the culm. Scales regularly
imbricated all round in several ranks. Perianth of 3-6 bristles. Stamens
mostly 3. Style 2 - 3-cleft, simple, not bulbous at the base. Avholly deciduous,
or leaving a persistent jointless base as a tip or point to the lenticular or trian-
gular achenium. — Culms sheathed at the base ; the sheaths usually leaf-bearing.
Perennials, except No. 8. (The Latin name of the Bulrush.) See Addend.

§ 1. SCIRPUS PROPER. — Bristles rigid, not exserted, mostly barbed doicmcarck
# Spike single., terminal, with an empty scale or bract at its base equalling or overtop-

ping it, fine-flowered: culms sl.endei; jointless, leaf -bearing only at the base (style

3-i-l'jl : arhcniiim triangular, smooth).

1. S. CUDSpitoSllS, L. Culms terete, wiry, densely sheathed at the base,
in compact turfy tufts (3' - 10' high) ; the upper sheath prolonged into a short
awkshapcd l<-af; spike ovoid, rusty-color ; the 2 lower scales bract-like, callous-
pointed, and as long as the spike; bristles 6, smooth, longer than the abruptly
short-pointed achenium. — Alpine tops of the mountains of Maine, New Hamp-
shire, and N. New York. Also high mountains of Virginia ( (!>»•)

2. S. plailifolillS, Muhl. Culms triangular, loosely tufted (5' - 10' high),
leafy at the base ; leaves linear, flat, as long as the culm, rough on the edges and
keel, as is the culm; spike ovate or oblong, rusty-color; scales ovate, with a
atrong green keel prolonged into an awned tip, the lowest about as long as the
spike ; bristles 4-6, upwardly hairy, as long as the blunt aeheuium. — Dry or
moist woods, Delaware to New England, Jane.

CYPERACEJE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 499

•3. S» SlllrtcrmiimliS, Torr. Culms (l°-3° long) and slender terete
leaves immersed and cellular ; spike overtopped by a green bract, which appears like
a prolongation of the culm, oblong, raised out of the water ; scales scarcely
pointed ; bristles 6, bearded downwards, rather shorter than the abruptly-pointed
achcnium. — SloAV streams and ponds, New Jersey and New England to Michi-
gan, and westward. Aug.
* # Spikes clustered (rarely reduced to one), appearing lateral by the extension of t)ie

one-leaved involucre exactly like a continuation of the naked culm.
«- Culm triangular, stout, chiefly from running rootstocks : spikes niany-floivwedt

rusty brouon, closely sessile in one cluster : sheaths at base more or less leaf-bearing.

4. S. puiiSfCHS, Vahl. « Culm sharply 3-angled throughout (1°- 4° high),
with concave sides ; leaves 1-3, elongated (4'- 10' long), keeled and channelled ;
spikes 1-6, capitate, ovoid, long overtopped by the pointed involucral leaf;
scales ovate, sparingly ciliate, 2-cleft at the apex and awl-pointed from between
the acute lobes; anthers tipped with an awl-shaped minutely fringed appendage;
style 2-clefl ; bristles 2-6, shorter than the obovate plano-convex and mucronate
smooth achenium. (S. triqueter, Michx., not of L. S. Americanus, Pers.) —
Borders of salt and fresh ponds and streams. July, Aug. — This is the species
generally used for making rush-bottom chairs. (Eu.)

5. S. Oliicyi? Gray. Culm 3-wing-angled, with deeply excavated sides, stout
(2° -7° high), the upper sheath bearing a short 3-angular leaf or none , spikes 6-
12, closely capitate, ovoid, obtuse, overtopped by the short involucral leaf; scales
orbicular, smooth, the inconspicuous mucronate point shorter than the soarious
apex ; anthers with a very short and blunt minutely bearded tip ; style 2-cleJl ; bris-
tles 6, scarcely equalling the obovate plano-convex mucronate achenium. — Salt
marshes, Martha's Vineyard, Oakes, Rhode Island, Olney, and New Jersey,
Knieskcrn ; also southward. July. — Cross-section of the stem strongly 3-raycd,
with the sides parallel. — Much nearer than the last to the European S. triqueter,
which has similar anthers and an abbreviated or almost abortive leaf; but its
culm is wingless, and the cluster of spikes compound, some of them umbellate-
stalked.

6. S. T6rreyi, Olney. Culm 3-angled, with concave sides, rather slender
(2° high), leafy at the base; leaves 2-3, more than half the length of the culm, tri-
angular-channelled, slender ; spikes 1-4, ovate-oblong, acute, distinct, sessile, long
overtopped by the slender erect involucral leaf; scales ovate, smooth, entire,
barely mucronate ; style 3-cleft ; bristles longer than the unequally triangular oborate
very smooth and long-pointed achenium. (S. mucronatus, Pursh ? Torr. Fl. N. Y.)
— Borders of ponds, both brackish and fresh, New England to Michigan. July,
Aug. — (S. mucronatus, L., should it be found in the country, will be known
by its leafless sheaths, conglomerate head of many spikes, stout involucral leaf
bent to one side, &c.)

««- ••- Culm terete, naked.

7. S. lacustris, L. (BULRUSH.) Culm large, cylindrical, gradually
tapering at the apex (3° -8° high), the sheath bearing a small linear-awl-shaped
leaf or none ; spikes ovate-oblong, numerous, in a con pound umbel-like, panich
turned to one side, risry-brown ; scales ovate, mucronate ; bristles 4- 6; ach/wuum

500 CTPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILT.J

obovatc, mucronate, plano-convex. — Our plant appears constantly to have a 2-
rleft style, and tlie scales often a little downy on the back, and is S. validus, ^ "ahL
& S. acutus, Muhl. — Fresh-water ponds and lakes; common. July. — Culm
as tiJck as the finger at the base, tipped with an erect and pointed involucral
leaf, which is shorter or longer than the panicle. (Eu.J

8. S. debilis, Pursh. Culms slender (6' -12' high), striate, tufted, from
fibrous roots, leafless, or 1-lcaved at the base ; spikes ovate, few (1-8) in a sessile
cluster, appearing deeply lateral by the prolongation of the 1-lcaved involucre;
scales round-ovate (greenish-yellow) ; style 2-3-clcft; bristles 4-6, longer ihan
the obovate plano-convex or lenticular shining minutely dotted acheniura, or
rarely obsolete. ® — Low banks of streams, Massachusetts to Michigan, Illi-
nois, and southward. Aug.

* * * Spikes clustered and mostly umbelled, plainly terminal, many-flowered : involu-
cre leafy : culm leafy, triangular, and with closed joints below (style 3-clefi).
+- Sca'es of the large spikes awl-pointed, lacerate-3-cleft at the apex.

9. S. Hiaritimus, L. (SEA CLUB-RUSH.) Leaves flat, linear, as long
as the stout culm (l°-3°high), those of the involucre 1-4, very unequal;
spikes few - several in a sessile cluster, and often also with 1-4 unequal rays
bearing 1-7 ovate or oblong-cylindrical (rusty brown) spikes ; achenium obovate-
orbicitlar, much compressed, Jlat on one side, convex or ol>tuse-anylcd on the other, mi-
nutely pointed, shining, longer than the 1-6 unequal and deciduous (sometimes
obsolete) bristles. — Var. MACROSTACHYOS, Michx. (S. robustus, Pursh.) is a
larger form, with very thick oblong or cylindrical heads, becoming !'-!§' long,
and the longer leaf of the involucre often 1° long. — Salt marshes ; common on
the coast, and near salt springs (Salina, New York), &c. Aug. — Heads beset
with the spreading or recurved short awns which abruptly tip the scales. (Eu.)

10. S. fllivifltilis. (RIVER CLUB-RUSH.) Leaves flat, broadly linear
($' or more wide), tapering gradually to a point, the upper and those of the very
long involucre very much exceeding the compound umbel ; rays 5-9, elongated,
recurved-spreading, bearing 1-5 ovate or oblong-cylindrical acute heads; tu-hmi-
um obovate, sharply and exactly triangular, conspicuously pointed, opaque, scarcely
equalling the 6 rigid bristles. (S. marit., var. ? fluviatilis, Torr., excl. syn. EIL)
— Borders of lakes and large streams, W. New York to Wisconsin and Illinois.
July, Aug. — Culm very stout, sharply triangular, 3° -4° high. Leaves rough-
ish on the margin, like the last; those of the umbel 3-7, the largest l°-2°
long. Principal rays of the umbel 3' -4' long, sheathed at the base. Heads $'
to 14' long, paler and duller than in No. 9 ; the scales less lacerate and the awns
less recurved ; the fruit larger and very different.

•*- •»- Scales of the small compound-umbellcd and clustered heads mucronate-tipped.

11. S. sylVilticilS, L. Culm leafy (2°-5° high) ; leaves broadly linear,
flat, rough on the edges ; umbel cymose-decompound, irregular ; the numerous
gpikes clustered (3 - 10 together) in dense heads, ovoid, dark lead-colored or olive-
green turning broicnish ; bristles 6, downwardly barbed their whole length, straight,
scarcely longer than the convex-triangular achenium. — Low grounds, N. New
England and northward. — Var. ATUOVIRENB (S. atrovircns, Muhl.) is a form
with the spik&s (ID -30 together) conglomerate into denser larger heads. — Wet

CYPERACE^. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 501

meadows, &c., New England to Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Wisconsin, and nurth
ward. July. (Eu.)

12. S. polyptiyllllS, Vahl. Culm, umbel, &c. as in the last; sjiiket
clustered in heads of 3-8, ovoid, becoming cylindrical with age, yellowish-brown ;
bristles 6, usually twice bent, soft-barbed towards the summit only, about twice the
length of the achenium. (S. exaltatus, Pursh. S. brunneus, MM.) — Swamps
and shady borders of ponds, W. New England to Illinois, and southward. July.
— Intermediate in character between the last and the next.

§2. TRICH6PHORUM, Richard. — Bristles capillary, tortuous and entangled,
naked, not barbed, much longer than the {triangular) achenium, when old projecting
beyond the rusty-colored scales. (Leaves, involucre, frc. as in the last species.)

13. S. liiieatus, Michx. Culm triangular, leafy (l°-3° high) ; leaves
linear, flat, rather broad, rough on the margins ; umbels terminal and axillary,
loosely cymose-panicled, drooping, the terminal with a 1 -3-leaved involucre niuci
shorter than the long and slender rays ; spikes oblong, becoming cylindrical, oc
thread-like drooping pedicels ; bristles at maturity scarcely exceeding the ovate
green-keeled and pointed scales; achenium sharp-pointed. — Low grounds, W.
New England to Wisconsin, and southward. July.

14. S. Eriophorum, Michx. (WOOL-GRASS.) Culm nearly terete,
very leafy (2° -5° high) ; leaves narrowly linear, long, rigid, those of the invo-
lucre 3—5, longer than the decompound cymose-panicled umbel, the rays at length
drooping ; spikes exceedingly numerous, ovate, clustered, or the lateral pedi-
cclled, woolly at maturity ; the rusty-colored bristles much longer than the pointless
scales; achenium short-pointed. (Eriophorum cyperinum, L.) — Var. CYPEK!-
KOS (S. eyperinus, Kunlh) is the form with nearly all the spike conglomerate in
small heads. Vrar. lAxus (S. Eriophorum, Kunth) has the heads scattered,
the lateral ones long-pedicelled. Various intermediate forms occur, and the
umbel varies greatly in size. — Wet meadows and swamps ; common northward
and southward. July - Sept.

7. ERIOPHORUM, L. COTTON-GRASS.

Spikes many-flowered. Scales imbricated all round in several ranks. Peri-
anth woolly, of numerous (rarely 6) flat and delicate hair-like bristles much
longer than the scales, persistent and forming a silky or cotton-like usually white
tuft in fruit. Stamens 1-3. Style (3-cleft) and achenium as in Scirpus. Pe«
rennials. (Name from eptoi/, wool or cotton, and <£qpa, bearing.)

# Bristles of the flower only 6, crisped, white; spike single: small, involucre none.

1. E. alpiillllli, L. Culms slender, many in a row from a running
rootstock (6' -10' high), scabrous, naked; sheaths at the base awl-tipped. —
Cold peat-bogs, New England to Penn., Wisconsin, and far northwai d. May,
June. (Eu.)

# # Bristles very numerous, long, not crisped, forming dense cottony heads in fruit,
•+- Culm bearing a single spike : involucre none : wool silvery white.

2. E. vaglBlfiUlIll, L. Culms in close tufts {1° high), leafy only at the

£02 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

base, and with 2 inflated leafless sheaths ; root-leaves long and thread-Corn/, tri-
angular-channelled ; scales of the ovate spike long-pointed, lead-color at matu-
rity.— Cold and high peat-bogs, New England to Wisconsin, and northward;
rare. June. (Eu.)

H- -- Culm leafy, bearing several umbellate-clustered heads, involucraie.

3. E. Virginicum, L. Culm rigid (2°-4° high); leaves narrowly
linear, elongated, flat; spikes crowded in a dense cluster or head ; wool rusty cr
co/>i XT-color, only thrice the length of the scale; stamen 1. — Bogs and low
meadows ; common. July, Aug.

4. E. polystacliyoil, L. Culm rigid (1°- 2° high), obscurely triangu-
lar; leaves linear, fiat, or barely channelled below, triangular at the point ; involucre
Z-3-leaved; spikes several (4-12), on nodding peduncles, some of them clou-
gated in fruit; aehenium obovate ; wool wJdte, very straight (I' long or more).
— Var. ANGUSTIF6LIUM (E. angustifolium, Roth, and European botanists, not
of American, and the original E. polystachyon of L.} lias smooth peduncles. —
Var. LATIF6LIUM (E. latifolium, Hoppe, & E. polystachyon, Toir., frc.) has rough
peduncles, and sometimes broader and flatter leaves. — Both are common in
bogs, especially northward, and often with the peduncles obscurely scabrous,
indicating that the species should probably be left as Linnaeus founded it. June,
July. (Eu.)

5. E. gracilc, Koch. Culm slender (l°-2° high), rather triangular;
leaves slender, cJtannelled-triangular, rough on the angles ; involucre short and scale-
like, mostly l-leaved; peduncles rough or rough ish-pubescent ; aehenium ellipti-
cal-linear. (E. triquetrum, Hoppe. E. angustifolium, Torr.) — Cold bogs, New
England to Illinois, and northward. July, Aug. — Spikes 3-7, small, when
mature the copious white wool £' to |' long. Scales brownish, several-nerved,
or in our plant, var. PAUCIN£RVIUM, Engelm., mostly light chestnut-color,
and about 3-nerved. (Eu.)

8. FIMBRISTYLIS, Vahl. (Species of SCIRPUS, L.)

Spikes several - many-flowered, terete; the scales all floriferous, regularly ini
brieated in several ranks. Perianth (bristles, &c.) none. Stamens 1-3. Style
2-3-elcft, with a thickened bulbous base, which is deciduous (except in No. 4)
from the apex of the naked lenticular or triangular arlii-nium. Otherwise as in
Scirpus. — Culms leafy at the base. Spikes in our species umbclled, and the
involucre 2-3-leavcd. (Name compounded of Jim liriu, a fringe, and stylus, the
style, which is fringed with hairs in the genuine species.)

j 1. FIMHIMSTYLIS PROPER. — Style deleft, mostly flat and nl'mtc on the
iinn-;fins,fil/i.ni/ airay with the bulbous base from the lenticular aehenium; scales of
the many-Jlowercd spike very closely imbncadd.

1. F. spadlcca, Vahl. Culms (l°-2£° high) naked above, Ml, as are
the thread-form c<»u-ulnlf -channeled leaves, smooth ; spikes ovate-oblong becoming
cylindrical, dark chestnut-color (2" thick); stamens 2 or 3 ; acficnium minutely
striate and dotted. U (F. eylindrica, Vahl.} — Salt marshes along the coast
New York to Virginia, and southward. July - Sept.

CYPKRACE^E, (SEDGE FAMILY.) 505

2. F. laxa, Vahl. Culms slender (2'- 12' high), weak, grooved and flat-
tisb leaves linear, flat, ciliate-denticulatc, glaucous, sometimes hairy; spikes ovate,
acute (3" long) ; stamen 1 ; achenium &-S-ribbed on each side, and with Jlner cross
lines, (i) (F. Baldwiniana, Torr. F. brizoidcs, Nees, &c.) — Low, mostly
clayey soil, Penn. to Illinois, and southward. July- Sept.

§ 2. TRIC1IEL6STYLIS, Lcstib. — Style 3-cleft: adusnium triangular: other-
wise nearly as in § 1.

3. F. aiitiiumalis, llwm. £ Schult. Low (3' -9' high), in tufts ; culms
flat, slender, diffuse or erect ; leaves flat, acute ; umbel compound ; spikes ob-
long, acute (l"-2" long) single or 2-3 in a cluster; the scales ovate-lanceo-
late, mucronate ; stamens 1-3. ® (Scjrpus autumnalis, L.) — Low grounds,
Maine to Illinois, and southward. Aug. - Oct.

$3. ONCOST YLIS, Martins. — Style 3-cleft, slender, its small bulb more or less
persistent on the apex of the triangular achenium.

4. F. capillaris. Low, densely tufted (3' -9' high); culm and leaves
nearly capillary, the latter all from the base, short ; umbel compound or pani-
cled; spikes (2" long) ovoid-oblong; stamens 2; achenium minutely wrinkled,
very obtuse. ® (Scirpus, L.) — Sandy fields, &c., common, especially south-
ward. Aug. - Sept.

9. FIT I REN A, Rottboll. UMBRELLA-GRASS.

Spikes many-flowered, terete, clustered or solitary, axillary and terminal.
Scales imbricated in many ranks, awncd below the apex, all florifcrous. Peri-
anth of 3 ovate or heart-shaped petaloid scales, mostly on claws, and usually
with as many alternate small bristles. Stamens 3. Style 3-c.left. Achenium
triangular, pointed with the persistent base of the style. Culms obtusely angu-
lar. (Named for G. Fuiren, a Danish botanist.)

1. F. squarrosa, Michx. Stem (1°- 2° high) leafy; leaves and sheaths
hairy; spikes ovoid-oblong (£' long), clustered in heads, bristly with the spread-
ing awns of the scales ; perianth-scales ovate, awn-pointed, the interposed bris-
tles minute. — Var. rfjMiLA, Torr. is a dwarf form, l'-G' high, with 2-6
spikes ; perianth-scales ovate-lanceolate and oblanceolate. 1J. — Sandy wet
places, Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward ; also Michigan ; northward
mostly the small variety. Aug.

10. PSILOCARYA, Torr. BALD-RUSH.

Spikes ovoid, terete, many-flowered ; the flowers all perfect. Scales imbri-
cated in several ranks ; the lower ones empty. Perianth none. Stamens usu-
ally 2. Style 2-cleft. Achenium doubly convex, more or less wrinkled trans-
versely, crowned with the persistent tubercle or dilated base of the style. — Culms
leafy ; the spikes in terminal and axillary cymes. (Name from >//-tXos, bare, and
Kupva, nut, alluding to the absence of bristles.)

1. P. SCirpoidcs, Torr. Spikes 20 - 30-flowcred ; scales oblong-ovate
acute, chestnut-colored ; achenium obscurely wrinkled, beaked with the sword

504 CYPERACEJE. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

shaped persistent style, and somewhat margined; culm 4' -9' high : leaves flat
(D — Inundated places, Rhode Island and Plymouth, Massachusetts. July.

11. I> 1C UK 6 HE ft A, Richard. DICHROMENA.

Spikes terete, flattened, aggregated in a terminal leafy involucrate head
many-flowered ; some of the flowers imperfect. Perianth none. Stamens 3.
Style 2-clcft. Achenium lenticular, wrinkled transversely, crowned with the
broad tubercled base of the style. — Culms leafy, from creeping rootstocks ; the
leaves of the involucre mostly white at the base (whence the name, from fit's,
double, and ^poopi, color).

1. I>. Icticoccpliala, Michx. Culm triangular ; leaves narrow ; invo-
lucre 5-7-leavcd; achcnium truncate, not margined. 1J. — Damp pine barrens
of New Jersey to Virginia and southward. August.

12. CERATOSCH<ENUS, Nees. HORXED RUSH.

Spikes spindle-shaped, producing 1 perfect and 1 to 4 staminate flowers.
Scales few and loosely imbricated; the lower ones empty. Perianth of 5-6
rigid or cartilaginous flattened bristles, which are somewhat dilated or united
at the base. Stamens 3. Style simple, entirely hardening in fruit into a long
and slender awl-shaped upwardly roughened beak with a narrow base, much ex-
scrted, and several times longer than the flat and smooth obovate achonium. —
Perennials, with triangular leafy culms, and large spikes clustered in simple or
compound terminal and axillary cymes. (Name composed of Kfpas, a horn, and
o \divos, a rush.)

1. C. comic III ft ta, Nccs. Cymes decompound, diffuse; bristles awl-sliapcd,
stout, unequal, shorter than the achenium. — Wet places, Pcnn. to Illinois, and
southward. August. — Culm 3° -6° high. Leaves £' wide. Fruit with the
taper beak 1' long.

2. C. macrostachya, Gray. Cymes somewhat simple, small, the spikes
closely clustered ; bristles capillary, twice the length of the achenium. — Borders of
ponds, E. Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Jersey, and rare southward.
(Some states occur intermediate between ftus and the last.)

13. RIIYNCIIOSFORA, Vahl. BEAK RUSH.

Spikes ovate, few - several-flowered ; the lower of the loosely imbricated
grales empty, the uppermost usually with imperfect flowers. Perianth of 6 (01
rarely more) bristles. Stamens mostly 3. Style 2-clcft. Achcnium lenticular
or globular, crowned with the dilated and persistent base of the style (tubercle).
— Perennials, with more or less triangular and leafy culms ; the small spikes in
terminal and axillary clusters, cymes, or heads : flowering in summer. (Name
composed of pi>y\os, a snout, and orropa, a seed, from the beaked achcnium.)
* Achenium transversely wrinkled, more or less fattened, bristles upwardly denticulate.

1. K. cyillOSa, Nutt. Culm triangular; leaves linear (}' wide); cymes
corymbose ; the spikes croivded and clustered ; achenium rouml-ol>ovate, twice the

CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 505

length of the bristles, four times the length of the depressed-conical, tubercle. —
Low grounds, New Jersey to Virginia, and southward.

2. R. To r re y fan a, Gray. Ctdm nearly terete, slender ; leaves bristle-form ;
cynics panided, somewhat loose, the spikes mostly pedicefled; uchemitut ol>iony-obo-
vate, longer than the bristles, thrice the length of the broad compressed-conical
tubercle. — Swamps; pine barrens of New Jersey, and southward.

3. R. iliexpaiisa, Vahl. Culm triangular, slender; leaves narrowly lin-
ear; spikes spindle-shaped, mostly pedicelled, in drooping panicles ; acht nium obioiHj,
half the length of the slender bristles, twice the length of the triangular-sub-
ulate tubercle. — Low grounds, Virginia and southward.

* * Athenium smooth and even, lenticular.
•)- Bristles of the perianth denticulate or barbed upwards.

4. R. fYfiSCa, Roem. & Schultes. Leaves bristle-form, channelled ; spikes
ovate-oblong, few, clustered in 1-3 loose heads (dark chestnut-color) ; achenium
obovat?, half the length of the bristles, about the length of the triangular-sword-
shaped acute tubercle, which is rough-serrulate on the margins. — Low grounds,
New Jersey to New Hampshire : rare. July. — Culm 6'- 12' high. (Eu.)

5. R. gr«tcileilta, Gray. Leaves narrowly linear; spikes ovoid, in 2-4
small clusters, the lateral long-peduncled ; achenium ovoid, rather shorter than the
Iristles, about the length of the flattened awl-shaped tubercle. — Low grounds,
S. New York, New Jersey, and southward. — Culm very slender, l°-20 high.

•*- ->- Bristles denticulate or barbed downwards (in No. 9 both ways).

6. R. Silba* Vahl. Leaves almost bristle-form; spikes (whitish) several in a
corymhed duster, lanceolate ; achenium ovoid, narrowed at the base, s/torter than the
9-11 bristles, a little longer than the slender beak-like tubercle; stamens usually
only 2. — Bogs; common eastward (both north and south) and northward. —
Culm slender, 12' -20' high. (Eu.)

7. R. capillfkcea, Torr. Leaves bristle-form; spikes 3-6 in a terminal
clutter, and commonly 1 or 2 on a remote axillary peduncle, obi oiuj -lanceolate, (pale
chestnut-color, £' long) ; achenium obl-ona-ocoid, stipitate, very obscurely wrinkled,
aboi t half the length of the 6 stout bristles, and twice the length of the lanceolate-
beaked tubercle. — Bogs and rocky river-banks, Pennsylvania to New York s:j?d
Michigan. — Culm 6' - 9' high, slender.

8. R. KaiiesKerilii, Carey. Leaves narrowly linear, short ; spike-s nu-
merous, crouxled in 4 -6 distant clusters, oblona-ovate (chestnut-color, scarcely 1"
lorg) ; achenium obovate, narrowed at the base, equalling the 6 bristles, twice the
length of the triangular flattened tubercle. — Pine barrens of New Jersey, on
bog iron-ore banks exclusively (Knieskern), and southward; rare. — Culms
tufted, 6' -18' high, slender.

9. R. glomcrata, Vahl. Leaves linear, flat ; spikes numerous in distant
clusters or heads (which are often in pairs from the same sheath), ovoid-oblong
(chestnut-brown) ; achenium obovate, margined, narrowed at the base, as long
as the lance-awl-shaped flattened tubercle, which equals the (always) downwardly
barbed bristles. — Low grounds, Maine to Kentucky, and southward. — Culm
l°-2° high. — A state with small panioled clusters is R. paniculata, Gray.

5C6 CYPERACEAi. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

10 R. CeplmUintlia, Torr. Leaves narrowly linear, flat, keeled ; spikes
very numerous, crowded in 2-3 or more dense f/lobiilar heads which are distant (and
often in pairs), obhny-lanceolate, dark brown ; achenium orbieular-obovate, mar-
gined, narrowed at the base, about as long as the a\vl-shaped beak, half the
length of the stout bristles, which are barbed either downwards or upwards. — Sandy
swamps, Long Island to New Jersey, and southward. — Culm stout, 2° - 3° high :
the fruit, &c. larger than in the last, of which very probably it is only a marked
variety.

14. CL.ADIUM, P. Browne. TwiG-Rusn.

Spikes ovoid or oblong, of several loosely imbricated scales ; the lower ones
empty, one or two above Bearing a staminate or imperfect flower ; the terminal
flower perfect and fertile. Perianth none. Stamens 2. Style 2- 3-cleft, decid-
uous. Achenium ovoid or globular, somewhat corky at the summit, or pointed,
without any proper tubercle. — Perennials, with the aspect of Rhynchospora.
(Name from /cXciSos, a twig or branch, perhaps on account of the branching styles
of some species.)

1. C. lliariscoicles, Torr. Culm obscurely triangular (l°-2° high);
leaves narrow, channelled, scarcely rough-margined ; cymes small ; the spikes
clustered in heads 3- 8 together on 2-4 peduncles; style 3-cleft. (Schcenus,
.Muhl.) — Bogs, New England to N. Illinois, and northward. July.

15. SCLEKIA, L. NUT-RUSH.

Flowers monoecious ; the fertile spikes 1-flowered, usually intermixed with
clusters of few-flowered staminate spikes. Scales loosely imbricated, the lowor
ones empty. Stamens 1-3. Style 3-cleft. Achenium globular, stony, bony,
or enamel-like in texture. Bristles, &c. none. — Perennials, with triangular
leafy culms. (Name oveXjjpia, hardness, from the bony or crustaccous fruit.)

* Achenium smooth and polished : its base surrounded by an obscurely triangular cms*

taceous ring or disk: stamens 3.

1. S. trigflomerata, Michx. Culm (2° -3° high) and broadly linear

roughish ; fascicles of spikes few, terminal and axillary, in triple clusters,
the lower peduriclcd ; achenium ovoid-globular, slightly pointed (2" broad) —
how grounds, Vermont to Wisconsin, &c. ; common southward. July.

* # Achenium reticulated, seated on a JJat/ish (tide of 3 consjticnous and ovate-lan-

ceolate entire scale-like lol>es: sfann us 2.

2. S. Klirtsl ji^, Michx. Culms slender (1° high); leaves narrowly
linear; clusters loose, axillary and terminal, sessile or short-prdunded ; a</ie-
niinn ytobiiliir, <I«'i>hj pitt«l between the regular reticulations, not hairy* — Sandy
swarnps, Eastern Massachusetts to New Jersey, Virginia, ami southward: rare.
August.

3. 8. Iflxa, Torr. Culms slender and weak (l°-2° high) ; leaves linear;
clusters loose, the lower mostly long-peduncled and drooping; arht-nimn globular^
pitted and somewhat spirally marked with minutely hnin/ wrinkles, — Sandy swamps,
Long Island, New Jersey, and southward, near the coast. Too like the last.

CYPERACEJE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 507

fc # # Achenium warty-roughened, but shining and ivhite: disk a narroiv ring sup
porting 6 minute rounded tubercles, in pairs : stamens 3.

4. S. pniiciflora, Muhl. Somewhat downy or smoothish ; culms slen-
der (9'-18' high); leaves narrowly linear; clusters few-flowered, the lower
lateral ones when present peduncled ; bracts ciliate. — Swamps and hills, S.
and W. New England, W. New York, and southward. July.

* * * ^ Disk none: achenium white, rough with minute tubercles: stamens 1-2.

5. S. verticil lata, Muhl. Smooth; culms simple and slender (6'- 10
high), terminated by an interrupted spike of 4-6 rather distant sessile clusters;
bracts minute; leaves linear; achenium globular (small). — Swamps, Yates
County, New York (Sartwell), Michigan (Cooley), Pennsylvania (MuUf*berg)t
Ohio (Lesquereux), and southward. June.

16. GAR EX, L. SEDGE.*

Staminate and pistillate flowers separated (monoecious), either borne together
in the same spike (androgynous), or in separate spikes on the same stem, very
rarely on distinct plants (dioecious). Scales of the spikes 1 -flowered, equally
imbricated around the axis. Stamens 3, rarely 2. Ovary enclosed in an inflat-
ed sac (composed of two inner scales (bractlets) united at their margins), form-
ing a rounded or angular bladdery fruit (perigynium) , contracted towards tie
apex, enclosing the lenticular, plano-convex, or triangular achenium, which is
crowned with more or less of the persistent (rarely jointed) base of the style.
Stigmas 2-3, long, projecting from the orifice of the perigynium. — Perennial
herbs, chiefly flowering in April or May, frequently growing in wet places, often

* Contributed by JOHN CARET, Esq , with the subjoined explanatory note.

•; In arranging the Carices for your work, I have had constantly in view the species compre-
hended within your geographical range, and have framed the sections and subsections with es-
pecial reference to these, without regard to other excluded species belonging, in many cases, to
the same groups, but exhibiting peculiarities which would require the combining characters to
be modified or changed Indeed, most of my subsections would, in a monograph of the genus,
require to stand as distinct sections, with appropriate subdivisions I have thought it an as-
si- tance to the student t6 give a leading name to the principal groups, and in some cases have
a (opted those already suggested by different authors ; but as I am uncertain whether the char-
afters on which I rely are in accordance with their views, I have cited no authorities under
euch subsections. I have endeavored to bring the allied groups (as I understand them) as
nearly together as I could ; but this, of course, is not always practicable in any lineal arrange-
ment. It might, however, have been done with much greater satisfaction on a larger and more
comprehensive scale. I have retained the small artificial group Psyllophorje, from its manifest
convenience, but should not have done so in a more philosophical work. Upon the whole, I
am inclined to hope that the present will at least possess this one advantage over the hitherto,
more artificial arrangement in general use, — that a student, when acquainted with one species
of a group, will be enabled to recognize the co-species for himself, whilst a merely artificial
enumeration must at times place very incongruous forms in juxtaposition. Any increased
difficulty, if such there be, in commencing the study of this vast and intricate genus upon
principles of natural classification, will be amply repaid by the more accurate knowledge ol
structure thus obtained, than by a reliance merely on the loose external characters derived
from the number and position of the spikes.- I shall be well satisfied if my attempt shall be
m assistance to others in doing far better, hereaftw." Ed. 1. — The additions and alteration^
In the present edition are mainlj from notes obligingly furnished by Mr. Carey.

508 CITERACE^E. (gEDUE FAMILY.)

in dense tufts. Culms triangular, bcaiing the spikes in the axils of green and
leaf-like or scale-like bracts ; commonly with thin mem bran aceous sheaths at
the base which enclose more or less of the stalks of the spikes. Leaves grassy,
usually rough on the margins and keel. (A classical name, of obscure signifi-
cation ; derived by some from carco, to want, the upper spikes being mostly
sterile; and by others from Kelpa, to cut, on account of the sharp leaves.)

ABRIDGED SYNOPSIS OF THE SECTIONS.

A. Spike solitary, simple, dioecious or anirogynous : bracts small, colored and scale-like —

(This division, retained for the convenience of .students, is merely artificial, and combines
species having uo real natural affinity.) — PSYLLOTIIOIUE, Loisel.
$ 1. Spike dioecious, or with a few staminatc flowers at its base. No. 1-3.
2. Spike androgynous, stain inate at the summit. No 4-7

B. Spike solitary, single, androgynous, staminate at the summit : bracts and scales of the fer-

tile flowers green and leaf-like. Stigmas 3. - PIIYLLOsJTACH Yd, Torr. & Gr. No. 8 10.

C. Spikes several or numerous, androgynous (occasionally dioecious in Xo. 11 and 33), sessile,

forming compact, or more or less interrupted, sometimes paniculate, compound or do-
compound spikes. Stigmas 2 — VIGNEA,'Beauv.
§ 1. Spikes approximate, with staminate and pistillate flowers variously situated. No. 11 • 13.

2 Spikes pistillate below, staminate at the summit. No 14 28.

3 Spikes pistillate above, staminate at he base No. 29 41.

I) Staminate and pistillate flowers borne in separate (commonly more or less stalked) simple
spikes on the same culm ; the one or more staminate (sterile) spikes constantly upper-
most, having occasionally more or less fertile flowers intermixed ; the lower spikes all
pistillate (fertile) or sometimes with staminate (lowers at the base or apex. Stigmas 3 (or
only 2 in No. 42-49 and 58). — CAREX PIIOPKR.

* I'erigynia with merely a minute or short point, not prolonged into a beak.
f 1. Perigyuia not inflated (slightly so in No. 51), smooth, nerved or nerveless, with a minute
straight point ; glaucous-green, becoming whitish, or more or less spotted or tinged with
purple. Scales blackish-purple or brown. Staminate spikes 1 3, or the terminal spike
androgynous and staminate at the base, the rest all fertile. No 42-57.

2. Pcrigynia slightly inflated, smooth, nerved, obtuse and pointless or with a straight or
oblique point. Scales brown, becoming tawny or white. Staminate spike solitary {ex-
cept sometimes in No. 62) or androgynous and pistillate above, the rest all fertile. No.
68 71.

3. Pcrigynia slightly inflated, hairy (in No. 70 smooth at maturity), nerved, with a minute
straight point. Terminal spike androg} nous, pistillate at the- apex, the rest all fertile.
No 72, 73.

4. Perig.\ nia not inflated, smooth, regularly seriate, with a short, entire, obliquely bent or
recurved point, remaining green at maturity. Staminate spike solitary. Bmcts green
and leaf-liko (,-xivpt in No 74). No 74 - 81

f. Perigynia not inflated, smooth or downy, not stria te, with a minute, obliquely bent, white
and mcnibraii.'icovuis point, reddish-brown or olive-color»d at maturity. Terminal spike
all staminatc, or with 2-3 fertile flowers at the base ; the rest all fertile, or with a few
sterile flowers at the apex. Bracts reduced to colored sheaths, or with a short green pro-
longation. No. 82, 83.
* * Perigynia with a distinct beak, either short and abrupt, or mom or less pro^nged.

6 Perigynia not inflated, hairy, with a rather abrupt beak, terminating in a membrano-
ceous notched or 2-toothcd orifice Bracts short : culms mostly low and slender ; leaves
all radical, long and narrow. Staminate spike sohwiry. No Hi 90.

7. Perigynia slightly inflated, hairy or smooth, with a short beak terminating in an enUre
or slightly notched ori«5ee Bracts Ion? and leaf-like: culms tall and leafy. Staminattt
spike solitary (in No 91 pistillate tit the summit) : fertile .-pikes erect (except in No 91),
No 91-93.

CTPERACE^:. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 509

$ 8. Perigyma slightly inflated, smooth and shining, green, few-nerved or nerveless, with a

straight tapering beak terminating in 2 small meuibranaceous teeth. Staiuiuate spifco

solitary : fertile spikes all on slender and pendulous stalks. No 94-97.
9. i'erig} uia slightly inflated, smooth, nerved, with a tapering somewhat serrulate beak,

terminating in 2 distinct membrauacccus teeth ; becoming tawny or yellow at maturity.

Staminate spike solitary. No. 98 - 101.
10 Peri gy uia slightly inflated, rough or woolly, with an abrupt straight beak. Staminate

spikes usually 2 or more No. 102 - 105
1 Perigynia moderately inflated, smooth (except No. 109), conspicuously many-nerved, with

a straight beak terminating in 2 rigid more or less spreading teeth. Staminate spikes 1-

5 No 106 - 112
J° Perigynia much inflated, smooth, conspicuously many-nerved, with a long tapering 2-

toothed beak Stamiuate spike solitary. No. 113 - 120

13. Perigynia much inflated, obovoid or obcouic, smooth, few-nerved, with an extremely ab-
rupt, very long, 2-toothed beak, tawny or straw-colored at maturity, horizontally spread-
ing or deflexed. Terminal spike Staminate, or androgynous and fertile at the apex.
No 121, 122.

14. Perigynia much inflated, smooth, nerved (except No 132), shining and straw-colored at
maturity, with a tapering and more or less elongated 2-toothed beak. Staminate spikas
2 - 3. No. 123 - 132

A» Spike solitary, simple, dioecious or androgynous : bracts small, colored and scale-
like. — PsrLLdpHO&JC, Loisel.

() 1 . Spike diu'tious, or the fertile merely with a few Staminate flowers at the base.
# Stigmas 2 : leaves all radical, bristle-form.

1. C. gyiiocrates, Wormskiold. Culm and leaves smooth, or minutely
rough at the top ; barren spike linear; fertile spike ovoid, loosely flowered ; peri-
gynia oblong, short-beaked, with a white membranaceous obtusely 2-toothed apex, nar-
rowed at the base, nerved throughout, smooth, spreading horizontally at maturity,
longer than the acnte or acutish scale. (C. dioica, ed. 1, not of L.) — Swamps,
Wayne County, New York (Sarticell), to Michigan and northward. (Eu.)

2. <J« CXlliS, Dew. Culm roiu/h ; spike rarely all Staminate and filiform,
but commonly fertile with a few Staminate flowers at the base, densely flm^.ed,
occasionally with 1-2 very small additional fertile spikes below the sterile
flowers ; perigynia ovate-lanceolate, plano-convex, with a few fine nerves only on the
convex side, serrulate on the man/in, 2-toothed at the apex, spreading, rather longer
than the acute scales. — Swamps, E. New England to New Jersey, near the
coast : also borders of mountain lakes, Essex County, New York.

# * Stigmas 3 : leaves flat.

3. C. SCirpoidca, Michx. Spike narrowly cylindrical ; perigynia 6*«ni,
with a minute point, densely hairy, dark purple at maturity, about the lengwi 01
the pointed ciliate scale. (C. Wormskioldiana, Ifornem. C. Michauxii, Scfav.*,
— Alpine summits of the mountains of Maine and N. Hampshire (Oakes, tf-c.), tVil-
loughby Mt., Vermont ( Wood), Drummond's Island, Michigan, and northward.

§ 2. Spike androgynous, Staminate at the summit.
* Stigmas 2 : leaves bristle-form.

4. C. eajutfata, L. Spike small, roundish-ovoid ; perigynia broadly ellip-
tical with a notched membranaceous point, compressed, smooth, spreading,

510 CYPERACEJE. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

than the rather obtuse scale. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains, New
Hampshire, Rol>bins, Oakes. (Eu.)

* * Stic/mas 3 : leaves very narrow, shorter than the culm.

5. C. piiuciildra, Lightfoot. Spike few-flowered; sterile flowers 1 or 2;
perigynia cud-shaped) reflexed, straw-colored; scales deciduous. (C. leucoglochin,
Eltrh.} — Peat-bogs, from New England and W. New York northward. (Eu.)

6. C. polytriclioidcs, Muhl. Culm slender; spike very small, few-
flowered ; perigynia erect, alternate, oblong, compressed-triangular, obtuse, slightly
nerved, entire at tlie apex, green, twice the length of the ovate scale. (C. lepta-
lea, Wahl. C. microstachya, Michx.) — Low grounds and hogs; common.

# # # Stigmas 3 : leaves very broad (!' -!£'), longer than the naked culm.

7. C. Frascriaiisi, Sims. Pale or glaucous and glabrous ; leaves with-
out a midrib, many-nerved, smooth, with minutely crisped cartilaginous margins
(9'- 18' long), convolute below around the base of the scape-like culm: spiko
oblong, the fertile part becoming globular ; perigynia ovoid, inflated, mucro-
nately tipped with a minute entire point, longer than the scarious oblong obtuse
scale ; often with a short appendage at the base of the aehenium. — Rich woods,
mountains of Penn. ? Virginia, and southward; rare. — A most remarkable
species, with no obvious affinity to any other.

15. Spike solitary, simple, androgynous, staminatc at the summit ; bracts and
scales of the pistillate flowers green, leaf-like, tapering from a broad base, the lowest
much longer than the spike, the uppermost equalling the slightly inflated peri-
gynia : style jointed at the base : stigmas 3. (Leaves long and grassy, much
exceeding the short, almost radical culms.) — PHYLLOSTACHYS, Torr. & Or.

8. C. WilldcilOVli, Schk. Sterile flowers 4-8, closely imbricated ; /*r»-
gynia 6 -.9, somewhat alternate, oblong, rough on the angles and tapering bale;
aehenium oblong, triangular, finely dotted ; stignias downy. — Copses, Mass., W.
New York, and southwestward.

9. C. StCUdelii, Kunth. Sterile flowers 10-15, rather loosely imbricated
into a linear (apparently distinct) spike; perigynia 2-3, rot/mdisli-cbovotd, smooth,
with a long and abrupt rough beak: aehenium roundish, obscurely triangular, very
minutely dotted; stigmas downy. (C. Jarnesii, Schw.) — Woody hill-sides, N.
New York to Illinois and Kentucky.

10. C. liackii, Boott. Sterile flower 3, inconspicuous; perin ;./»/« 2-4, loose,
yld)ose-oroid with a conical beak, smooth throughout; aehenium glnl.osc-pYnform,
scarcely dotted ; stigmas smooth. — Rocky hills, W. Massachusetts (Mount Tern,
I'ruf. Whitney), and N. New York to Ohio, Lake Superior, and northward. —
Culms generally shorter, and the leafy scales broader and more conspicuous,
than in the last two.

C. Spikes several or numerous, androgynous (occasionally dioecious in No. 11
and 33), sessile, forming a compact or more or less interrupted sometimes panic-
ulate-compound or decompound inflorescence : stigmas 2 : acJicnium Irnticitlar. —
VIGN&A, Bcauv.

$ 1. Spikes approximated, with the staminate and pistillate Jloirers variously situ-
ated; perigynia piano convex, nerved, with a rough slightJy toothed beak ;

CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE J^A-MILr.) 511

bracts light brown, resembling the scales, or with a prolonged point, shorter
than the (at maturity) brown and chaffy-looking spikes. — Sic c.VrjE.

11. C. broaiioidcs, Schk. Spikes 4-6, alternate, oblong-lanteolate, some
of the central ones wholly fertile ; pcrigynia erect, narrow-lanceolate with a taper-
ing point, solid and spongy at the base, longer than the lanceolate scale; style
jointed at the base. — Swamps, &c. ; common. — A slender species, occasionally
dioecious.

12. C. SlCCata, Dew. Spikes 4 - 8, ellipsoid, the uppermost, and commonly
1 - 3 of the, lowest, fertile below, the intermedt <e ones frequently ah staminate ; pcri-
gynia ovate-lanceolate, compressed, with a long rather abrupt beak, about the
length of the scale; style minutely hairy. (C. pallida, C, A. Meyer. C. Lid-
doni, cd. 1, not of Boott.) — Sandy plains, New England to Illinois, and north-
westward.

13. C. SartWellii, Dew. Sj>ikes numerous, short and ovoid, the upper chief-
ly staminate, the lower principally or entirely fertile ; perigynia ovate-lanceolate, the
margins not united to the top, leaving a deep cleft on the outer side ; scale ovate,
pointed, about the length of the perigynium. — Seneca County, New York (Sart-
well}, to Illinois. — Too near C. intermedia of Eu.

§ 2. Spikes pistillate below, staminate at the summit.

* Perigynia of a thick and corky texture, with a short 2-toothed roughly-margined
beak, nerved towards the base, dark chestnut-brown and polislu.d at maturity:
spikes decompound, paniculate : scales light brown, with white mombrana-
ceous margins ; the bracts at the base resembling them, and with a short bristly
prolongation. — PANICUIAT^E.

14. C. terctiuSCllBa, Good. Spikes with very short appressed branches,
forming a slender crowded spiked panicle ; perigynia ovate, unequally biconvex,
short-stalked, with 3-5 short nerves on the outer side near the broad somewhat heart-
shaped base ; scale acute, rather shorter than the perigynium ; achenium obovoid-
pi/r/form, obtusely triangular. (C. paniculata, var. teretiuscula, }\rahl.} — Swamps ;
common, especially northward. (Eu.)

Var. mfijor, Koch. Spikes more panicled ; perigynia rather narrower
(C. paniculata, var. minor, ed. 1. C. Ehrhartiana, Hoppe. C. prairiea, Dew.} —
Bogs and low grounds, New England to Wisconsin, and northward. (Eu.)

15. C. dcconiposita, Muhl. Panicle large, with very numerous dense-
ly crowded spikes on the rather short spreading branches ; perigynia locate, un-
eqwilly biconvex, sessile, with a short very abrupt beak, conspicuously nerved on each
side, about the length of the ovate pointed scale. (C. paniculata, var. decoiu-
posita, Dew.) — Swamps, W. New York (Sartwell) to Penn., Illinois, and south
westward.

* * Pcritjynia small, compressed, 2-3-ncrvcd, racmbrfinaceous, with a short 2-
toothcd rough beak, yellow or brown at maturity : spikes decompound, with nu-
merous small very densely- flowered heads : scales of the fertile spikes tawny, with
the green keel prolonged into a rough point: bracts short and resembling
them at the base, or often becoming green and bristle- shaped, and much ex
ceeding the culm. — Mui/riFL6R.®.

27

512 CYPEHACKJC. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

1C. C>. VlllpillOidea, Michx. Spike oblong and dense, o; more or lees
interrupted, of 8-10 crowded clusters (l£'-2£' long); perigynia ovate from a
broad base, with a more or less abrupt beak, diverging at maturit}'. (C. multi-
flora, Muhl. C. bracteosa and C. polymorj)ha, Schw. C. mierospcrma, H «/</ )

— Varies with the perigynium narrower, and the beak tapering and more strongly
serrulate. (C. setacea, Dew.) — Low meadows; very common. — Varies ex-
ceedingly in the size and shape of the perigynium and beak.

# * * Perigynia on short stalks, plano-convex, without a margin, membranaceous,
with a tliick and sponyy base and a long tapering 2-toothed rough beak, distiuct-
ly nerved (only obscurely so in No. 20 and 21 ), widely spreading and yel'ow at
maturity: spikes dense, more or less aggregated, sometimes decompound:
scales of the fertile spikes tawny, with a sharp point : bracts bristle-shaped,
shorter than the thick and triangular culms. — VULPINE.

17. C. Cl'lIS-Corvi, Shuttleworth. Spike very large, decompound, the
lower branches long and distinct, the upper shorter and aggregated ; bracts ojien
2-toothed at the base : fieri(/i/nia attenuated from an ovate dilated and truncate base into
a very long slightly-winged b<ak, much exceeding the scale ; style tumid at the base.
(C. sicajformis, Boott. C. llalei, />//•.) — Swamps, Ohio to Wisconsin, and
southward. — A conspicuous, very large species, with spikes 4' -9' long, often
somewhat paniculate, and ylaucous leaves i' wide.

18. C. Stipata, Muhl. Spikes 10-15, aggregated, or the lower ones dis-
tinct and sometimes compound ; ]>eri<jy>a'a lanceolate, with a lony beak tapering
from a truncate base, much exceeding the scale; style not tumid at the base. (C. vul-
pinoidea, Ton'., Cyp., not of Michx.) — Swamps and low grounds; common.

19. C. Ylllpma, L. Spikes numerous, aggregated into a cylindrical and
dense (or at times elongated and somewhat interrupted) compound spike; peri-
gynia compressed, tajieriita from a broadly-ovate base, into a beak; not much lonyer than
the scale; aclienium oi-al ; style tumid at the base.. — Ohio, Illinois, and Kentucky.

— A tall, robust species, 3° -4° high, with wide leaves and a remarkably tliick
rough culm. It is very like the last, from which it chiefly differs in the more
compressed and wider base and shorter beaks of the perigynia. — The forms
with interrupted spikes have also a general resemblance to ]So. 22; which, how-
ever, is distinguished by the maraiiud and mrnhss pcrigynia. (Ku.)

20. C. alopCCOiflca, Tuekcrman. Head of 8-10 aggregated spikes,
oUong, dense ; jtfriyynia compressed, ct-ry obscunfy nerced, orate from a l>road trun-
cate or somewhat heart-shaped base, a little longer than the scale ; achuuuv, }>yri-
fonn; base of the style not tumid. (C. cephalophora, var. maxima, D<ic.) —
Woods, \V. New York to I'eim., Michigan, &c. — Much resembling the last,
but smaller, with shorter and more compact spikes ; easily distinguished by the
nearly ;K-/VV/ISS perigynia, and the diil'erent aehenium and style.

21. C. imilM tl;i, L. Spikes 4- G, ovoid, approximate but distinct, the
lowermost sometimes a little remote; pcriyynia nnih--hinc<ohiti-, somewhat com-
pressed, inrnl(ss, or rtrij obsi-nrdy ncrnd totrards the base, rather longer than the
scale; aehenium ovat< , ba>e of the style not tumid. — Fields, Massachusetts (in-
troduced ?), Ohio, and Kentucky ; rare. — Spikes mostly looser than in the last,
Hie perigynia narrower, with a longer and more tapering beak. (Eu.)

CTPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 513

* * * Perigynia sessile, plano-convex, compressed, more or less margined, mem-
bran aceou:;, with a rather short and rough (or wholly smooth in No. 26)
2-toothed beak, spreading and green at maturity: scales of the fertile spikes
tawny or white: bracts bristle-shaped, commonly shorter than the culm. —

22. C. Spai-gaiiBOldes, Muhl. Spikes 6-10, ovoid; the upper ones ag-
gregated, the lower distinct and more or less distant ; perigynia broadly-ovate, nerveless,
rough on the narrow margin, about twice the length of the ovate-pointed scale ;
achenium roundish-ovate; style short, tumid at the base. — Var. CEPHALOIDEA is a
reduced state, with 4-6 rather smaller spikes, closely aggregated into an oblong
head ; resembling No. 23 in general appearance. (C. cephalophora, var. cepha-
loidea, & C. cephaloidea, Dew.) — Low rich grounds; not rare: the var. in
fields and hedges. — A robust species, with rather wide pale-green leaves; some-
times with 1 — 2 short branches of a few spikes each at the base of the compound
spike (probably C. divulsa, Pursh, not of Goodenough).

23. C. Ceplial6l>llOl'a, Muhl. Spikes 5-6, small, and densely aggregat-
ed in a short ovoid head; perigynia broadly ovate, with 3-4 indistinct nerves on (he
outer side, scarcely longer than the ovate roughly-pointed scale ; achenium and
style as in the last. (C. Leavenworthii, Dew.) — Woods and fields; common.

24. C. MltlllCllbcrgii, Schk. Spikes 5 - 7, closely approximate, forming
an oblong head ; perigynia orbicular-ovate, with a very short beak, prominently nerved
on both sides, about the length of the ovate roughly-pointed scale; achenium or-
bicular, with a vertj short bulbous style. — Fields ; rather common, especially south-
ward. — Plant 12' -18' high, pale green, commonly with a bract at the base of
each spike.

25. C. rosea, Schk. Spikes 4 — 6, the 2 uppermost approximate, the others
all distinct, and the lowest often remote; perigynia oblong (about 8-10 in each
spike), narrow at the base, widely diverging at maturity, twice am long us the
broad/i/ ovate obtuse scale. — Varies with weak slender culms, and small 3 - 4-flow-
ered spikes. (Var. RADI\TA, Dew. C. neglecta, Tuckcrman.) — Moist woods
and meadows ; common.

26. C. rctrofleXSt, Muhl. Spikes 4-5, all approximate, the 1-2 lowest
distinct but not remote; perigi/nia (about 5 - 7 in each spike) ovate, or ovate-lan-
ceolate, smooth on the margin and beak, not much exceeding the ovate-lanceolate pointed
scale, widely spreading or reflexed at maturity. (C. rosea, var. retroflcxa, Torr ,
Cyp.) — Copses and moist meadows; less common than the last, from which it
is distinguisho! by the smaller approximate spikes, longer and sharper scales,
and especially, from every species in this subsection, by the smooth margin and
beak of the perigynium.

* * * * * Pei-igynia plano-convex, icithont a beak, of a thick and leathery texture,
prominently nerved, smooth (except on the angles), icith a minute and entire
or slightly notched white membranaceons point : achenium conformed to the peri-
gy:rium, crowned with the short thick style: bracts like the scales (brown),
the lowest with a prolonged point: rootstock creeping. — CHORDORHIZJK.
27 C. ctlOI'dorllBZa, Ehrh. Culms branching from the long creeping root-

stock(i'-9' high), smooth mid naked above, clothed at the base with short up-

514 CYPERACE.fi. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

pressed leaves; spikes aggregated into an orold head; perigyn'a o^ate, a little
longer than tlie scale. — Cold peat-bogs, New York to Wisconsin, and north-
ward. (Eu.)

28. C. tcnclla, Schk. Spikes 2-4, very small, remote, with commonly 2
fertile flowers ; pcrigynia ovate, twice as long as the scale. (C. loliacea, Schk.
supp., not of L. C. dispcrma, Dew. C. gracilis, cd. I, not of Ehrh.) — Cold
swamps, New England to Pcnn., Wisconsin, and northward. — A slender spe-
cies, 6' -12' high, with long grassy leaves, growing in tufts. (Eu.)

§ 3. Spikes pistillate above, staminate at 1/te base.

* Spikes roundish-oroid, rather small, more or less distant on the zigzag axis (closely
aggregated in No. 30) : perigynia plano-convex, smooth, pale green, becoming
whitish or silvery: scales white and membranaceous ; the bracts resembling
them, or prolonged and bristle-shaped. — CANESCENTES.

•«- Perigynia somewhat thickened and leathery, distinctly nerved, with a smooth or mi-
nutely serrulate short point, entire or slightly notched at the apex.

29. C. tl'ispcrnm, Dew. Spikes 2-3, very small, with about 3 fertile
flowers, remote, the lamest with a long bract ; perigynia oblong, with numerous
slender nerves, longer than the scale. — Cold swamps and woods, especially on
mountains, New England to Pennsylvania, Michigan, and northward. — Re-
sembling the last, but with larger spikes and fruit, and weak spreading culms,
l°-2° long.

30. C. tClllli flora, Wahl. Spikes 3, few-flowered, closely approximated;
perigynia oi-ate-oblong, about the length of the broadly ovate scale. — Cold swamps,
N. New England to Wisconsin, and northward. (Eu.)

31. C. CSIIICSCCBIS, L. (in part). Pale or glaucous; spikes 5-7 (aboiti
12 - 20-Jioicered) , the 2-3 upper approximated, the rest all distinct and the lower-
most remote; perigynia ovate, about the length of the pointed scale. (C. curta
Good. C. Ilichardi, Miclix.) — Marshes and wet meadows ; common, especially
northward. (Eu.)

Var. vitilis is. a more slender and weak form, not glaucous, with smaller
nn<l roundish G - 15-flowercd spikes, the more pointed perigynia spreading (and
often tawny) at maturity: perhaps a good species. (Var. alpicola and var.
gph;crosta<'hya, ed. 1. C. tcnella, Ehrh. C. Persoonii, Si*ber. C. vitilis, /•>/«.
I'. (Irhhardi, llopfte. C. sphserostachya and C. Buckleyi, Dew.} — On moun-
tains, and high northward. (Eu.)

«- •»- Perigynia thickened only at the base, olwunly nerved on t/ie outer side, tapering
into a rough 2-toollied In ak.

32. C. Dcweyana, Schw. Spikes about 4 ; the 2 uppermost approxi-
mate, the others listinct, the lowest long-bract ed ; perigynia oblong-lanceolate,
rather longer than the sharply pointed or awned scale. — Copses, New England
to Wisconsin, and r.c.rthwiird. See Addend.

* # Spikes ovoid o* olioroid. more or less clustered ; perigynia cnncare-com'ex, com-
prexud, ni<ifl/in(d or iringed, nerved, with a rough 2-toothcd beak, often tawny
at maturity: scales tawny or white, awnless : bracts bristle-shaped, usually
falling before the maturity of the spikes (;n No. 34 persistent, -wry long and
leaf-like.)

CTPERACKAC. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 5.15

•*- Spikes smalt ; periyynla thick and spongy at the base, and with a rigid margin^
not dilated. — STELLLLAT,K.

33. C. Steliuliita, Good. Spikes 3-5, distinct, obovoid or roundish at
maturity ; perigynia ovate from a broad somewhat heart-shaped base, widely
spreading at maturity, longer than the ovate acute scale; achenium ovate, ab-
ruptly contracted into a minute stalk; style slightly tumid at the base. — Var.
SCIRPOIDES has smaller more approximate, spikes, the perigynia ovate from a
rounded or truncate base, narrower and less acute scales, and a very short style.
(C. scirpoides, Schk.) — Var. STERJLIS has the spikes occasionally dioecious, or
th<"> staminatc ones with but few fertile (lowers, and the pistillate nearly destitute
of barren ones ; the culms stouter arid rig-idly erect ; and the leaves generally
glaucous ; achenium rounder, with a more tapering base, and the style scarcely
tumid at the base. (C. sterilis, Schk.) — Var. ANGUST\TA has about 4 aggre-
gated spikes, with narrowly lanceolate perigynia tapering into a long slightly rough
beak, more than twice the length of the blunt scale ; the achenium oblong. — -
Swamps and wet meadows; common, especially northward. (Eu.)

•- •»- Spikes rather large : perigynia thickened and spongy on the angles, with a more
or less dilated membra naceous margin or wing. — OvALES.

34. C. sycllllOCCplaaia, Carey. Spikes densely clustered, forming a short
cornjjound spiked head subtended by 3 very long unequal leafy bracts ; perigynia taper-
ing from an abruptly Contracted ovate base into a long slender beak, somewhat ex-
ceeding the lanceolate abruptly mucronate scale. (C. cyperoides, Dew., not
of L.) — Jefferson County (Vasey Sf Knieskern) and Little Falls, New York,
Vasey. — Different in habit from all the rest of this section, and recognized at
once by the ovoid compound spike, seated at the base of the long leafy bracts,
by which the lower spikes are partly concealed.

35. C. ai'ida, Schw. £ Ton-. Spikes 8-10, approximate (|' long), ^long-
cylindrical, contracted at each end; perigynia narrowly lanceolate (4-5 lines in
length), tapering into a long beak more than twice t/te length of the ovate-lanceolate
scale; achenium sessile, narrowly oblong. (C. Muskingumensis, Schw.) — Wet
meadows. Ohio and Michigan to Illinois and Kentucky. — In its characters scarce-
ly distinguished from the next, but strikingly different in appearance; a mueb
larger plant, with long, dry, and chaffy-looking spikes.

36. C. scopftria, Schk. Spikes 5 - 8, club-shaped, at length ovate, more
or less app'-oxi mate, sometimes forming a dense head; perigynia narroidij lanceo-
late, tapering into a long slender beak, longer than the lanceolate pointed scale ; ache-
nium distinctly stalked, exactly oval. — Low meadows ; everywhere common. —
Spikes brownish or straw-colored when ripe.

37 C. lagopodioiilcs, Schk. Spikes 10-15, approximate; perigynia
ovate-lanceolate, nearly twice the length of the ovate-oblong rather obtuse scale ; ache-
nium narrowly oval, on a short stalk. — Var. CIUST\TA has the spikes closely
aggregated, with the perigynia spreading. (C. cristata, Schw. $• Torr.) — Wet
fields; equally common with the last, from which it is distinguished only by the
more numerous shorter spikes, and shorter less tapering perigynia and scales.
The variety has the spikes crowded into an ovals head, to which the diverging
points of tlr; fruit give a squarrose appearance.

516 CYi'KRAci^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

38. C. adtista, Boott. Spikes 4 -10, approximate or ntthcr distant, of ate
or at length club-shaped (straw-color or pale chestnut) ; perigynia ovate ui'h a
tapering beak, slightly-winged, rather ol>scurely nerved, especially on' the upper side,
equalling the scale in length and breadth. — Rhode Island (Olney), New York
(S. T. Caiey, frc.), Lake Superior (C. G. Loring, Jr., with the smaller form),
nnd northward. — Much like some forms of the next, but the spikes more chaffy,
the perigynia tapering into a longer beak.

39. C. fcstlflcacea, Schk. Spikes 6-8, obovoid or club-shaped, the lower
distinct; perigynia orate, narroivly winged, with a short beak; longer than the ocatfr
lanceolate scale; achcnium sessile, broadly oval. — Var. TENERA has (3 -5'
smaller spikes, which are more distant on the slender, flcxuose, sometimes nod
ding stem. (C. tenera, Dew.) — Var. MIRABILIS has (6-8) rounder approx
imatc spikes, with fewer staminate flowers, and the perigynia somewhat spread
ing. (C. mirabilis, Dew.) — About fields and fences ; rather common, especially
northward. — A stiff and rigid species, often of a pale-green appearance, except
the first variety, which has commonly brownish heads, and a weak stem.

40. C. ftemca, Muhl. Spikes 4-10, ovoid, approximate, the lower rarely
compound, of a gla neons-green color; perigynia ovate, winged, with a short beak,
scarcely longer than the oblong and blunt ish white, scale,- achcnium on a short
stalk, oval. — Salt or brackish marshes, on the sea-coast, Rhode Island (Ohny)
to Virginia, and southward. — Much like the last, from which it diiVers princi-
pally in the color of the spikes, and in the constantly erect and more broadly-
margined perigynia. The culm is smooth and stout.

41. C. Straillilica, Schk. Spikes (about 6), roundish-ovoid, approximate ;
perigynia orbicular-ovate, much compressed, broadly and niembranaccously winged,
with a short abrupt beak a little longer than the lanceolate scale; achcnium
nearly sessile, oval — Borders of woods and in fields; rather commor — The
larger forms have a remarkably wide wing, often brown on the margin, giving a
variegated appearance to the soft and flaccid spikes. In the smaller forms iho
heads are fewer (3-4) and more rigid, owing to the narrower wings of the
perigynia.

D» Staminate and pistillate flowers borne in separate (commonly nw-'e or less
etaffo-d) simp/e, spiki* on (lie same culm ; the one or more staminate (sterile) spikes
constantly uppermost, having occasionally more or less feriile flowers intermixed :
the lower spikes all pistillate (fertile), or sometimes with staminate flowers at the
base or apex: stigmas 3: acheninm sharply triangular (only '2 stigmas and the
achenium lenticular in No. 42-51 and 58). — CAKKX Proper.

§ 1. Pt-rigijiiia without, a beak, smooth, not inflat(d (slightly in No 51), terminating
in a minute, straight, entire or notched point, ghuicous-green when young, In-
coming whitish, often spotted or tinged with purple, or occasionally nearly
Mack at maturity : pistillate scales blackish-purple (brown in No. 51 and 57),
giring a dark aji/ienrance to the sjiikes.

* Sit rile spikt-s 1-3, stalked, often with more or less fertile flowers: pistillate
spikes 3-5, fr<-ijnently irith sterile flowers at the aj>e.r : bract of the lowest spike
leaf-like, with dark-colored expansions (auricles) at the base, and very minute
sheaths, or none. ( Cidni and leaves more or less glaucous. )

CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 517

ir-jStiyntas 2 (in No. 42 sometimes 3) : perigynium lenticular. —
•*-*• Scales awnless, mostly olituse.

42. C. ra^ida, Good. Sterile spike solitary; the fertile 2-4, cylindrical,
erect, rather loosely flowered, the lower on short peduncles; lowest bract about the
length of the culm, with rounded auricles; stigmas 2-3, mostly 2; perigynia el-
liptical, with an entire scarcely pointed apex, nerveless, or very obscurely nerved,
about as long as the obtuse scale ; culm rigid, nearly smooth except towards the
top, about the length of the firm erect leaves. (C. saxatilis, FL Dan., not of
L.) — Var. BiGEL6vn has 3-5 longer fertile spikes, the lowest on a long stalk,
spreading and sometimes remote. (C. Bigclovii, Torr. C. Washiugtonia, Dew
C. nigra, Schiv. <j- Torr., not of All.) — Alpine summits of the mountains of N.
New England and New York, and high northward. (Eu.)

43. C. torta, Boott, Mss. Sterile spikes 1-2, commonly I, fertile 3- 4t
elongated t narrowly-cylindrical or slightly clnb-shaped, loosely few- flowered at the base,
occasionally more or less staminate at the apex, the lower on smooth slender
stalks, at first erect, finally spreading or drooping ; bracts iritli oblong auricles, or very
slightly sheathing, the lowest about the length of the culm, the rest bristle-shaped,
shorter than their respective spikes ; perigynia elliptical, short-stalked, tapering to
a distinct point, with a minutely notched or jagged membranac^ous oriiice, veiy
smooth, nerveless, or with 2 -3 indistinct short nerves, the tips spreading or ob-
ligiii-li/ recurved at maturity, scarcely exceeding the narrow obtuse scale ; achcnium
broadly obovatc, much shorter than the perigynium ; culm very smooth, leaves
slightly rough on the margin only. (C. verrucosa, Schicein, C. acuta, var.
sparsiflora, Dew. ?) — Rills and wet hanks, N. New England, New York, &c.,
and along the mountains from Penn. southward. — Culm rather slender, 15'-2°
high, usually with 3 slender and nodding fertile spikes. It is well distinguished
by its smoothness, and by the spreading empty tips of the perigynia.

44. C. VlligiiriS, Fries. Sterile spike 1, rarely 2; the fertile 2-4, approx-
imated, oblong, erect, dens'.lij-Jlowered, occasionally staminate at the apex, the
lowest on a very short stalk ; lowest bract about the length of the culm, with'
small blackish rounded auricles ; perigynia ovate-Miptical, stalked, mrcal especially
towards the base, with a very short abrupt entire or minutely notched point,
longer than the obtuse appressed black scale; culm slender, nearly smooth, except
at the top. (C. crespitosa, Good <j- Amer. aiith., not of L. C. Goodenovii, Cay.)
— Banks of streams, Ne\v England to Wisconsin and northward. — Grows in
small patches (not in dense tufts like No. 46), and varies in height from 3' to
18', with narrow leaves shorter than the culm. From the last it differs in the
short thick spikes, and erect perigynia, and in the auricles of the bracts ; and
from the next, in the shape and nerves of the perigynium, and in the shorter,
black, appressed scale. (Eu.)

45. C. :»!>;' J J:i, Boott. Sterile spikes 1 -2, oblong-cylindrical, acute ; fer-
tile 2-4, oblong, erect, the uppermost approximate and sessile,; the lower distant and
short-stalked, staminate at the apex, or often entirely fertile; lowest bract about
the length of the culm, with oblong brown auricles, or very slightly sheathing,
l.he upper bristle-shaped, shorter than the spikes ; perigynia roundislt-ocate, stalked,

nerves, covered with very minute transparent dots, and sometimes very

518 CYPKRACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

slightly rough U the apex, with an abrupt very short notched orifice, broader and
niu-h shorter tliau the lanceolate pointed brown scale ; culm sharply tr 'angular, smooth
belotr, exceeding the rough sharp-pointed leaves. (C. acuta, var. ereeta, Dew. ?)
— Wet meadows, Rhode Island (Uliuy), and far westward. — Culm l°-2° high,
with commonly 2 fertile spikes l'-lj' in length, appearing somewhat bristly
from the long- find spreading scale. Differs from the next chiefly in the rounder
perigynium and nearly smooth culm, and should perhaps be referred to it.

46. C. Strict:!, Lam. (not of Good. ) Sterile spikes 1-3; ti\Q fertile 2 - 4,
cylindrical, slender, usually barren at the summit, sessile, or the lower on a short
stalk ; lower bract with rounded or oblong- brown auricles, seldom exceeding the
culm ; perigynia ovate-acuminate or elUptieal, nerveless or very obscurely few-nerved,
of en minutely rough on the short, entire, or slightly notched point, usually shorter and
broader than the narrow reddish-brown scale ; culm slander, sharply triangular,
rouyh, longer than the narrow and rigid rough and glaucous leaves. (C. acuta,
MultJ. <j~ Amer. a nth., not of L. C. Virginiana, Smith in /«'«•*, (.}/<••/. C. angtis-
tata, Btxttl.) — Var. STR^CTICR has shorter and more densely flowered fertile
spikes, and perigynia equalling or somewhat exceeding the scale. (C. stric-
tior, Dew.) — Wet meadows and swamps; very common. Grows in large and
thick tufts, 2° -2£° high. The scales of the fertile spikes are very variable;
the lower commonly acute, the upper narrower and obtuse. This species and
the last have been referred to C. acuta, L., which has not been found in North
America.

47. C. aquatiliS, Wahl. Sterile spikes commonly 2 - 3 ; the fertile 3- 5,
club-sJtapcd, erect, densely Jlowered, sessile, or the lower on very short stalks ; bracts
hug, 1 - 2 of the lowest exceeding the culm : perigynia obovate-dliptiml, stalked, nerve-
less, with a very short entire point about the length of the lanceolate scale; culm
sharply triangular, rough towards the top, not much exceeding the pah'-grr.-n
glaucous leaves. — Margins of lakes and rivers, New England to Wisconsin, and
northward. — A rather robust species 2° -3° high; the thick fertile spikes l'-2'
long. (Ku.)

48. C. ICBitiCllIariS, Michx. Sterile spike single and mostly fertile at tto
top ; the fertile 2-5, erect, cylindrical (£'- 1' long), sessile, or the lower short-
peduncled, densely-flowered; bracts exceeding the culm; periyipiia vcate.-oval,
Kssile, more or less nenvd, abruptly short-pointed, the point entire, slightly ex-
ceeding the oblong and very obtuse scale ; culm (9' - 15' high) and leaves smooth
or nearly so. — Lake Avalanche, N. New York (Toirey), Lake Superior, and
northward.

•»•* +•«• Scales aimed.

49. C. sallita, Wahl. Sterile spikes 2-3; Unfertile 2-4, cylindrical,
erect, often sterile at the apex, on more or less included stalks ; bracts long, with
rounded auricles, the two lowest commonly exceeding the culm ; perigi/nia ovate-
elliptical, with a minute entire point, nerveless, rather shorter than the ronghly-
avnid dn rL--bro<rn scale ; culm rough at the top, rather exceeding the leaves. —
Coast of Massachusetts (Greene,, II7. Boott], an 1 far northward. (Eu.)

50. C. lli;iriitilll«l, Vahl. Sterile and fertile s////v w cadi about 2 or 3
(!' long), spreading or drooping on slender peduncles; periymia Viarltj orbicular.

CXTERACEJE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) -519

with a short entire point, much shorter than the long-awned greenish scale; culm
(1° high) and the broad flat leaves smooth. (C. paleacea, Wahl.) — Coast of
Massachusetts and northward ; rare. (Eu.)

51. C. criuiia, Lam. Sterile spikes 1-2, often with fertile flowers various-
ly intermixed ; the fertile 3-5, long-cylindrical (2' -3' long), densely 'flowered, on
exsertcd nodding stalks ; bracts very long, exceeding the culm ; peariytpria roundish-
obovate, slightly inflated, obscurely nerved, with a short entire point, shorter than
the oblong roughly-owned light-brown scale; culm (2° -4° high) rough and sharp'}/
angled, leafy below; the pale leaves 3" -4" wide, also rough-edged. — Varies
with the awns of the scales very long and the fruit imperfect (var. MOKIIIDA,
Carey in Sill. Jour. & C. paleacea, Amer. auth.} not of \Vahl.} ; and with awns
not much longer than the scales (C. gynandra, Schw.). — Wet meadows and
borders of rills; very common. — A variable but easily recognized species.
-- •«- Stigmas 3 : perigynium obtusely triangular, indistinctly few-nerved, more

or less compressed : pistillate spikes borne on exserted filiform drooping stalks. —

52. .C. fistcca, Schreb. Sterile spikes 1 -2 ; the fertile about 3, cylindrical,
On exserted drooping stalks, commonly staminate at the top; lower bract .usually
shorter than the culm ; sheaths obsolete or minute ; perigynia roundish-ovoid,
notched at the point, smooth or slightly roughened on tlie angles, about the length of
the obtuse or pointed black scale; culm sharply triangular, rough, taller than the
glaucous rigid leaves. (C. glauca, Scop. C. recurva, Iluds. C. Barrattii,
Schw. $• Ton:) — Marshes of New Jersey, near the coast, Collins, Knieskern. —
A widely variable species. (Eu.)

53. C. lilllOSa, L. Staminate spike solitary ; the fertile 1 -2, oblong, 10-
ZO-flowered, occasionally with staminate flowers at the apex ; bracts very narrow,
tJie lowest shorter than the culm ; perigynia ovate, with a minute entire point, about
equal to the ovate muci'onate scale. — Peat-bogs, New England to Pennsylvania,
Wisconsin, and northward. — Culm 6'-12; high, erect, longer than the sharp
and rigid leaves. (Eu.)

51. C. irr^gim, Smith. Staminate spike solitary; the fertile 2-4, ovoid
or oblong, occasionally staminate at the apex, or rarely with a few sterile flowers
at the base ; lowest bract as wide as the leaves, longer than the culm ; perigynia
roundish-ovate., with an entire orifice, ?nuch shorter than the tapering pointed scale.
(C. limosa, var. irrigua, Wahl. C. paupercula, Miclix.) — Peat-bogs, New Eng-
land to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. — Taller than the last, growing in
clumps, wkh weaker nodding stems, often exceeded by the leaves. (Eu.)
# * Uppermost spike club-shaped, pistillate above and staminate at the base ; tlie rest

all fertile, or with a few sterile flowers below : lowest bract leaf-like, scarcely

equalling the culm, with minute light-brown auricles and no sheaths : culm

and leaves of a pale glaucous-green. — ATRAT^E.^

55. C. Blixbaiitilii, Wahl. Spites 3-4, obovoid or oblong, the uppermost
short-stalked (rarely altogether staminate), the others nearly sessile, the lowest some«

* C. VAHLII, So,hk , of lAs group, occurs on the north shore of Lake Superior and on Isle
Royale, bat has not yet been mot with on the United States side.

520 CYPERACF^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.;

what remote ; perigynia elliptical, obtusch triangular, compressed, obscurely
nerved, with a distinctly notched orifice, scarcely equalling the ovate sharp-
pointed or short-awncd (dark-brown or brownish) scale. (C. cancsccns, L., in
part.) — Peat-bogs, New England to Wisconsin, and northward ; also southward
along the Allcghanies. (Eu.)

56. C. atl'ata, L. Spikes 3 - 4, obhng-ovoid, approximate, all on short fili-
form stalks, at length drooping; perigynia ovoid, with a short notched point,
about the length of the ovate acute (brown or dark purple) scale. — Alpine sum-
mits of the White Mountains, New Hampshire. — About 12'- 15' high, with
rather rigid leaves, nearly equalling the culm. Fruit at first straw-color, mostly
becoming dark purple or nearly black. (Eu.)

57. C. Shortiaiia, Dew. Spikes about 5, cylindrical, erect, more or lesg
distant, greenish turning straw-color, (i'-l^' l°n«>) an(l the lowest rather re-
mote, all androgynous and densely flowered; the terminal one about half stami-
nate, the rest with only a few barren flowers at the base, the 2-3 lower on short
stalks ; perigynia broadly obovate, abruptly contracted at the base into a short stalk,
with an extremely minute entire j>oinf, little longer than the short-pointed somewhat
obovate. scale. — Marshes, S. Pennsylvania to Illinois, and southward. — Plant
l°-3°high.

f 2. Perigynia without a beak, smooth, slightly inflated, bluntly triangular, nerved,
with an obtuse and pointless orifice, or a short (and straight or oblique) entire 01
notched point : bracts leaf-like, sheathing: staininate spike solitary (except some-
times in No. 62), 01- androgynous and pistillate above; the rest all fertile.

# Staminate spike on an elevated stalk (short-stalked or sessile in No. 63, 64, in
No. 61 occasionally with 1 -2 small ones at its base) : pistillate spikes 1-6,
erect, the upper on very short, the lower on more or less elongated cxscrted
stalks (short and included in No. 64) : bracts sliortcr than the culm (except in
No. 58 and 63) : perigynia with an entire and straight or oUiqui-ly bent point, glau-
cous-green when young, becoming cream-colored or yellow at r^.tuniu sometimes
spotted with purple (stigmas only 2 in No. 58) : pistillate scales dark-brown
with white margins, fading to tawny. (Leaves mostly radical, more cr ie.sa

glaUCOUS.) PANfCE.K.

r>8. C. UUK a, Ntitt. Fertile spikes 3-4, oblong, loosely floircred, the In west
often ,v.ry remote; p<rigyn!a obovate or pear-shapul, obtuse, longer than the ovate
scate scale ; stigmas 2 ; achenium lenticular. (C. pyriformis, Schw.) — Wet grassy
banks, especially on limestone; New England to Wisconsin, and northward,
— A slender, delicate species, 4' -8' high, with long grassy leaves, and bracts
exceeding the culm. Sterile spike often with some fertile flowers at the apex.

59. C. livi<la, Willd. Fertile spikes 1-2, rarely with a third near the
base of the culm, 10- \5:/l<jic<rcd ; perigynia ovoid-olilong , with faint pellucid nerves,
tipped with a straight obtuse point, rather longer than the ovate scale. (C.
limosa, var. livida \Vultl. (J. (irayana, Uur.) — Peat-bogs and wet pine barrens,
New Jersey, Oriskany, New York, and high northward. — Occurs rarely with a
single (sterile) spike, or with an additional fertile one on an erect stalk 6-9
long, arising from the base of the culm. Plant very glaucous, the leaves rigid
and finely tuporing. (Eu.J

CYPERACE2E. (SE1WE FAMILY.) 521

60. C. jmiSMCCa, L. Fertile spikes 1-3, commonly 2, otwY/, oblong, or cylin-
drical, closely flowered, remote ; perigynia when young oblong, and contracted at each
end, at maturity roundish-obovoid, scarcely inflated, with more obscure nerves, and
a slightly-bent point, longer than the ovate pointed or awned scale ; achenium
triquetrous, flattened at the top, contracted towards the base, distinctly dotted under
a lens. (C. Meadii, Dew.) — Wet meadows and margins of streams, New Eng-
land to Wisconsin, and southwestward. — Very variable in the length and thick-
ness of the fertile spikes, the slender forms approaching closely to the next ; in
both, the shape of the fruit varies greatly with age. (l^u.)

61. C» tcfciiiBC:a, Sclik. Fertile spikes 1 - 3, commonly 2, oblong-cylindrical,
loosely flowered, remote ; perigynia when young pointed at each end, at maturity obo-
void, scarcely inflated, with a slightly bent point, longer than the ovate pointed or
awned scale; achenium ovoid-triquetrous, indistinctly dotted under a lens. (C. co-
noidea, Gray, Gram. $- Cyp., not of Schk. C. Woodii, Dew.) — Margins of
lakes and rivers, N. New York to Michigan, and southward.

62. C. Crawei, Dew. Sterile spike usually solitary, or with 1 (rarely 2)
short additional ones at its base, the principal sometimes fertile at the apex j
fertile spikes 3-6, remote, and the lowest near the root, ol>long or cylindrical, densely
floioered, and sometimes slightly compound at the base ; perigynia ovoid-oblonc,
obscurely nerved, with a short slightly bent point, longer than the rather obtuse
scale. (C. heterostachya, Torr.) — Clefts of rocks, Jefferson County, New York
(Crowe), shore of Lake Ontario (Vasey), and L. Michigan (Bull). — A very
variable species, rigidly erect, 4'- 12' high, in some of its forms much resembling
the next ; but the perigynium is less round and with fewer and more indistinct
nerves, the bracts do not exceed the culm, and the staminate spike is long-
peduncled.

63. C. granillaris, Muhl. Sterile spike sessile, or short-stalked, occa-
sionally bearing a few fertile flowers ; pistillate spikes 3-4, cylindrical, densely
flowered, the lowest sometimes very remote, or near the root ; perigynia roundish-
moid, prominently nerved, with a minute slightly bent point, longer than the acute
scale ; bracts long, exceeding the culm. — Wet meadows ; very common.

64. C. Torreyi, Tuckerman. Sterile spike short-stalked ; fertile spikes 2-
3, ovoid, closely approximate, all on included stalks ; perigynia roundish-obovoid,
obtuse, with conspicuous elevated nerves, and a distinct abrupt point, longer than the
ovate pointed scale; culm, leaves, and short bracts downy. (C. abbreviata, Schw.
msj. Sf Boott.) — Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, Schweinitz; and high northward.—
Probably often overlooked from its close external resemblance to the next, but
it is very distinct.

* * Staminate spike sessile, or short-stalked (except in No. 66) : pistillate spikes
2-5, erect, all on more or less exserted stalks : bracts longer than the culm (ex-
cept in No. 66) : perigynia very obtuse, with an abrupt ard minute (or almost
obsolete) point, green and somewhat pellucid at maturity: pistillate scales tawny,
fading to white. — PALLESCENTES.

65. C. paiLc'SCeilS, L. Fertile spikes 2-3, ovoid, densely flowered, approx*
iniate ; perigynia >bovoid-oblong, obscurely nerved, about the length of the scale. —
Var. UNDurXiA has the lower bract indented at the ba?e with transverse waved

522 erpERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

lines. (C. undulita, Kunze.) — Meadows, New England to l\nn. and north
ward. — Plant 8' - 18' high, with slightly pubescent culm and leaves. (Eu.)

66. C. COIlOzdca, Schk. Stammate spike on a long stalk ; fertile 2-3,
oblong, dvsely jlcwered, the lower distant; perigynia oblong-conical, with impressed
nerves, slightly oblique at the summit, rather longer (or sometimes shorter) than
the sharply pointed or a\vned scale; bracts not exceeding the culm. (C. tetanica.
Schw. 4* Torr., not of Schk.) — Moist meadows; rather common.

67. C» grlsesi, Wahl. Fertile spikes 3 - 5, oblong, loosely flowered, remote,
and the lowest distant; pf'igynia ovoid-oblong, rather longer than the ovate awned
scale. (C. laxiflora, Scftk., not of Lam.) — Var. MUTICA has longer cylindrical
spikes, short-awned scales, and the leaves and bracts pale green and glaucous.
(C. laxiflora? var. mutica, Torr. $• Gr. C. Baccoapwma, Dew.) — Moist woods
and meadows; common, especially southward. The variety, with spikes I'-l^
long, occurs in New Jersey (Knieskern) and in the South.

* * * Uppermost spike more or less pistillate at the apex (rarely all staminate' ;
pistillate spikes 3-5, oblong or cylindrical, loosely flowered, distant, on exserisd
filiform and mostly drooping stalks: bracts equalling or often exceeding the
culm : perigynia oblong, with a short and abrupt notched point (obsolete in
No. 70), green and membranaccous at maturity : pistillate scales tawny or
white. — GiiAcf LLI M^E.

-•- Fertile spikes nodding or pendulous.

68. C. Davisii, Schw. & Torr. Fertile spikes oblong-cylindrical, rat/ier
thick ; perigynia somewhat contracted at each end, scarcely longer than the conspio-
uously owned scale. (C. aristata, Dew., not of R. Dr. C. Torreyana, Dtw.) —
Wet meadows, Massachusetts to Wisconsin, and southward. — Larger than the
next (l^°-2° high), and with stouter and longer spikes.

69. C. fOB'lHOSa, Dew. Fertile spikes oblong, short, all commonly with 2-
3 barren flowers or empty scales at the base ; perigynia somewhat contracted at
each end, nearly twice as long as the pointed or cuspidate scale. — Wet meadows ;
Massachusetts to W. New York.

70. C. graCillima, Schw. Fertile. spik<s liiidir, slender; perigynia obtuse
and slightly oblique at the orifice, longer than the oblong awned scale. (C. digita-
lis, Schic. ,\- Torr., not of Willd.) — Wet meadows, New England to Kentucky,
Wisconsin, and northward. — When this species occurs with the uppermost
spike altogether staminate, it resembles C. arctata; but is readily distinguished
by the obtuse, beak less, and sessile pcrigynium.

«- *- Ftrtilt- sj tikes nearly erect, all but the lowest short-peduncled or nearly sessile.

71. C. rcstivaliS, M. A. Curtis. Spikes sk-niu-r, loosely flowered; peri-
Kynia acutish at both ends, twice the length of the ot-ate obtuse or mucronate scale,
achcnium somewhat stipit:it<«; sheaths of the lower leaves pubescent: otherwise
nearly as the last, but a smaller plant (1°-U° high). — Saddle Mountain, W.
Massachusetts (l)«r,-;i), Pokono Mountain, Pcnn. (/tarlimjioii cj- Townsend), and
along the Allcghanics to Virginia and southward.

i 3. Perigynia without a bnik, hairy (in No. 7.3 becoming smooth at maturity),
injlitcd, bluntly 3-angled, obtuse, conspicuously nerved, with a miuute

CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMI1 T.) 523

abiupt straight point: bracts narrow, with very short or obsolete sheaths, the
lowest exceeding the culm : pistillate scales tawny or white : spikes 2-4, erect,
the uppermost androgynous, pistillate at the apex and club-shaped; the rest all fer-
tile. Vl RESCENTES.

72. C. Vil'esceiis, Muhl. Spikes oblong or cylindrical, on short stalks; peri-
gynia ovoid, nearly entire at the orifice, rather longer than the ovate awned scale ;
leaves and sheaths hairy. (C. costata, Schw.) — Hocky woods and hill-sides, New
England to Michignri, and southward. — Culms rough and slender, l°-2° high;
fertile spikes \' - 1 ' long.

73. C. triceps, Michx. Spikes ovoid, nearly sessile, closely approximate;
ptrigynia broadly obovoid, entire at the orifice, downy when young, smooth at matu-
rity, rather longer than the pointed scale ; sheaths very hairy, leaves more or less
so. (C. hirsuta, Willd. C. viridula, Schw. fr Torr., not of Michx.) — Varies
with the spikes rather longer and on stalks, and the leaves nearly smooth. ( C.
hirsuta, var. pedunculata, Schw. Sf Torr.) — Woods and meadows; rather d.-ai-
mon ; the smoother form southward. — Culm 12' - 18' high. Spikes % - §' long.

$ 4. Perigynia without a beak, smooth, not inflated, 3-anyfed, regularly striate, termi-
nating in a short entire rather obliquely bent or recurved point, remaining green at
maturity: pistillate scales membranaceous, mostly tipped with a rough point
or awn, brown or spotted, fading to white : staminate spike solitary : pistillate
spikes 2-5, few-flowered, more or less remote, the lowest often near the base
of the culm.

* Sterile spike club-shaped : fertile spikes (erect, the uppermost commonly near
the base of the sterile) all on stalks principally included ivithin sheathing bracts
(except sometimes the lowest), shorter than the spikes, or not much exceeding them :
ver^gynia ovoid-triquetrous, narrowed at each end : culms numerous, diffuse and
in fruit becoming prostrate : leaves all radical, very broad, finely and closely
nerved throughout, with 3 distinct ribs. — PLANTAofxE^E.

74. C. plailtaginea, Lam. Fertile spikes commonly 4, oblong, about 5 -
S-fiowcred ; bracts very short, dark purple, or the lowest greenish at the apex.
(0. latifolia, Schk.) — Shady woods, mostly on hill-sides in rich soil, New Eng-
land to Wisconsin, and northward ; and southward in the Alleghanies.

75. C. Carey ana, Torr. Fertile spikes 2-3, ovoid or oblong, about 3-5-
flowcred, bracts green, the upper about equal to the spikes, the lower somewhat
exceeding them; perigynia large (2"-2£" in length); leaves dark green. — la
similar situations with the last, N. New York to Penn. and Ohio : rare.

76. C. platyphylla, Carey. Fertile spikes 3, filiform, loosely 3-4-Jloto-
tred; bi-acts as in the last; perigynia small ; culms slender; leaves pale or whitish-
yreen. — In similar situations with No. 74, and with the same range. .

* * Sterile spike short, club-shaped, pedunculate : fertile [pikes 2-4, all on JUi-
form exserted stalks, with long sheathing bracts resembling the leaves, the upper-
most, as well as the leaves, exceeding the slender an 1 at length pi-ostrate
culms : perigynia as in the last subsection. — DIGIT\LES.

77. C. retrocurva, Dew. Fertile spikes ovoid or oblong, compactly 3-8-
flowercd, on lorg drooping stalks: leaves glaucous, 3-4 lines wide, with 3 prominent

524 CYPERACEJI. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

nerves. — Copses and hill-sides, New England to W. New York and PenLsyl
vania. — Very closely approaching the next ; perhaps only a variety of it.

78. C. digitalis, Wilkl. Fertile spikes linear-oblong, loosely 6 - ^-flowered,
on long stalks, the lowest sometimes drooping ; leaves and bracts narrow, dark
green; pcrigynia smaller than in the last. (C. oligocarpa, Schw. fr Torr., not of
Schk. C. Vanvlcckii, Schiv.) — Copses and hill-sides, New England to Michi-
gan, and southward. — A low species, 6' - 12' high, growing in tufts, with numer-
ous culms and long grassy leaves.

* * # Sterile spike short, linear; fertile spikes 2-4, erect ; the 1-2 uppermost
commonly near the base of the sterile, on an included stalk ; the rest on ex-
serted stalks, with long sheathing bracts resembling the leaves ; the uppermost
exceeding the erect culm : perigynia with obtuse angles, about the length of the
scale. — OLIGOCARP.E.

79. C. l.ixifloi'cl, Lam. Fertile spikes slender, loosely flowered on a zigzag
rhachis; perigynia ovoid, narrowed at each end. (C. anceps, Willd. & ed. 1.) —
Var. STRIATULA has the spikes oblong, more densely flowered, and the perigynia
dbovoid with a shorter point. (C. striatula, Michx. C. conoidea, Mu/d., not of
Schk. C. blanda, Dew.) — Var. PATULIF6LIA, Dew., has the radical leaves very
broad ( 1 ' - 1 ^'), many-nerved, with a rather longer point. ( C. plantaginea, ScJik.t
not of Lam.) — Open woods and copses; common. — A very variable sped*,
as to the breadth of the leaves and length of the spikes ; the culms are usually
flattened or 2-edged above. An intermediate form occurs, with the broad leaves
and slender spikes of var. patulifolia, but having the obovoid shortly pointed
fruit of var. striatula, differing in the latter respect from the plant figured as C.
plantaginea by Schkuhr.

80. C. OligOCdrpa, Schk. Fertile spikes small, 3 - B-fowered ; the point
of the per igy nium slightly oblique, not recurved; style very short, thickened towards
the base ; leaves rough only on the edge, sheaths smooth. (C. Sartwelliana, Gay.)
— Woods, Connecticut to Illinois and Kentucky. — Culm slender, 8' -12
long; the fertile spikes 4'-£' in length.

81. C. HitCtlCOCkiiina, Dew. Fertile spikes very loosely 3- ^-flowered;
sheaths and upper side of the leaves roughly pubescent. — Woods, New England to
Illinois and Kentucky. — Culm l°-2° high, stouter than the last, with very
scabrous sheaths. The fruit is also larger (2£» long) ; but in other respects the
plants are similar.

i 5. Perigynia without a beak, smooth or downy, not inflated, obovoid-triqnctrous,
with a minute obliquely bent white and membranaceous point, reddish-brown
or olive-colored at maturity : bracts rcdncefl to colored sheaths, or with a short green
prolongation: leaves all radical, narrow or bristle-shaped. — DioixXx^E.

82. C. c'1> u rn ra, Boott. Sterile spike solitary; the fertile 3-4, erect,
about 5-Jlowercd, approximated and elevated on long stalks above the staminate spike :
the lowest sometimes a little remote ; perigynia obscurely nerved, smooth and
shining, rather longer than the broad and obtuse im-mbramuTous whitish scale.
(C. alba, var. setifolia, Dew.) —Limestone rocks, N. New England to Kentucky,
*nd northward. — A delicate species, 4' - 10' high, with bristle-shaped leaves,

CTPERACE^:. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 525

forming dense tufts. The fertile spikes do not exceed 2" -3" in length, and are
about 1" broad.

83. C. pedkisicillfsta, Muhl. Spikes 3-5, commonly 4, the uppermost
slir l& with 2-3 fertile flowers at the base, the rest fertile with aftw stain inate flowers
at the apex, all on long stalks, remote, 1 - 2 of the lowest near the base of the culm ;
sheatbs with green tips much shorter than the stalks ; perigynia with a long atten-
uated base and a minute/// notched orijice, somewhat downy, especially on the angles,
about tlie length of the broadly obovate abruptly awned or pointed dark-purple
scale. — Dry woods and rocky hill-sides, New England to Penn., Wisconsin,
and northward — Culms 4' -10' high, prostrate at maturity, growing in tufts
partly concealed by the very long and narrow grassy leaves.

§ 6. Periayiua icith a straight or slightly bent more or less abrupt beak, hairy, not in~
flatcd, terminating in a membranaceous notched or 2-toothed orifice : bracts
short, either green and slightly sheathing or auriculate at the base, or small
and resembling the scales : scales dark brown or purple with white margins,
fading lighter or sometimes turning nearly white : staminate spike solitary :
the fertile 2 - 3, nearly sessile (except in No. 84), erect. (Culms mostly low
and slender : leaves all radical, long and narrow,) — MONTANA.

84. C. llBllI>cEl<Ytcl, Schk. Culms very short ; staminate spike sometimes
with a few pistillate flowers ; fertile spikes 4-5, ovoid, few-flowered ; the upper-
most close to the sterile spike and sessile, the rest on stalks arising from the base of the
vtem and of about ecus! height, appearing somewhat like a small corymb, nearly

*conccaled by the long grassy leaves ; perigynia ovoid, 3-angled, with a rather
long abrupt beak, about the length of the ovate pointed scale. — Rocky hill-
sides, New England to 111., and northward. — Growing in dense grassy tufts,
with culms l'-3', rarely 6' high.

85. C. Novse-Aiag-Iiae, Schw. Sterile spike on a short stalk ; the fertile
2-3, ovoid, nearly sessile, 3 - 5-flowered, more or less distinct, the lowest with a
green and bristle-shaped or colored and scale-like awned bract; perigynia obovoid,
^-angled, attenuated at the base into a short stalk, minutely hairy (principally
above), indistinctly nerved, with a somewhat elongated 2-toothed beak deeply deft or,
the inner side, a little longer than the ovate pointed scale. (C. collecta, Dew.
C. varia, var. minor, Boott (including var. Emmonsii). C. lucorum, Kunze, not
of Willd.?) — Var. EMMONSII has the fertile spikes 5-10-flowered, aggregated,
the uppermost close to the base of the staminate ; or varying occasionally with
the lowest on a long stalk near the base of the culm, concealed by the long gras-
sy leaves. (C. alpestris, Schw. $* Torr., not of Alh'oni. C. Davisii, Dew., not of
Schw.fr Torr. C. Emmonsii, Dew.) — Woody hills and mountains, N. New
England to Ohio, and northward; also southward along the Alleghanies. —
Grows in grassy tufts, with numerous very slender, often prostrate culms, vary-
ing from 4'- 15' in length. The var. is the prevailing form, but intermediate
ones continually occur, differing in respect to the contiguity and size of the fer-
tile spikes, and in the proximity of the uppermost to the base of the sterile one.
The form of the perigynium varies with age ; the mature ones in Kunze's figure
of C. lucorum have the elongated beak of C. nigro-marginata, tfchw. (possibly
the C. lucorum of Willd.), whilst the plant delineated is clearly C No\ se-Angliaj,

326 ' CYrERACE^E. '(SEDGE PAMILT.J

86. C. Peillisylv£inica, Lam. Sterile spike commonly on a dort stalk ;
fertile 1-3, usually 2, approximate, nearly sessile, ovoid, 4-bfi ttfered, the lowest
commonly with a colored scale-like lontj-awned bract; periy.itia roi nd!di-<icoid, with
a short and abrupt minutely-toothed lnak about the length of the ovate pointed ehcst-
mtt-colortd scale. (C. marginata, Mn!J.) — Dry woods and hill-sides, New Eng-
l;md to Penn., Illinois, and northward.

87. C. Vai'ia, Muhl. Sterile spike sessile ; fertile 2-3, mostly 3, distinct, on
very short stalks, ovoid, 6 - 1 Q-floicered ; the lowest, and sometimes the 2 lower,
with green leaf-like bracts; perigi/nia obovoid, with an abrupt distinctly toothed beak,
about the length of the ovate pointed light-brown scale. (C. Pennsylvania, var.
Mulltenbergii, ('>'ay, Gram. $~ Cyp.) — Dry wooded hills; common, especially
northward. Closely resembles the last ; but has wider, shorter, and more rigid
glaucous leaves.

88. C. PR.&COX, Jacq. Sterile spike clnb-sliapecl ; fertile 2 - -3, oblong-ovoid,
ayyrega*<d near the base of the sterile spike, sessile, or the lowest sometimes on a
very short stalk, with a leaf-like bract scarcely exceeding the spike ; perigynia
ovoid-triangular, attenuated at tlte base, with a short beak and nearly entire orifice,
about equal to the ovate pointed dark-brown scale ; acheninm obovoid with a
prominent ring at the apex surrounding the base of the style; culm 3' -6' high;
leaves short, rather rigid. (C. verna, Vi liars, Dew., not of Schk.) — Rocky hills,
Salem and Ipswich, Massachusetts. (Nat. from Eu.)

89. C. KictiarclSdnii, R. Brown. Sterile spike pedimclcd, cylindrical;
fertile 1 or 2, sessile or short-stalked, approximate, oblong, longer than the scale*
like brownish and mostly short-pointed bracts ; perigynia obovoid-triangtdar, with
a tetperiih/ base, obtuse, nearly beakless, tli£ short point with an almost entire orifice,
rather shorter than the ovate acutish brown or chestnut-colored scale; culm
(5' -9' high) and rigid leaves rough. — Dry ground, near Rochester, New York
(Dewey) ; prairies of Illinois (Mead) ; Wisconsin (Sarticell), and northward. — A
well-marked species, in aspect most like No. 86.

90. C. put>csceiis, Muhl. Sterile spike usually sessile ; fertile 3-4, 06-
long or cylindrical, loosely flowered, somewhat approximated, or the lowest a little
remote, on a short stalk, with a narrow leaf-like bract about the height of the
culm; fruit omid and sharply triangular, downi/, attenuated at the base, with an
ubnijil slender beak nearly entire at the orifice, a little longer than the ovate abrupt-
ly-pointed white scale ; en/in nnd leans toft-dotting, — Moist woods and mee.lows^
New England to Wisconsin and Kentucky. Ditl'ers from the other species of

iion in its greater si/e and in aspect, and especially in the sharply angled
pengynium.

§ 7. Periejtfnic sUi/lithj inflated, irith a short beak, tertninatinff in ar entire or sliglitly
notcht (I <>/•//('.?; staminate spike solitary, stalked (in No. 91 usually pistillate
at the summit) : culms tall and leaf//. — ANOM \ L;E.#

91. C. IlliliilCCa, Muhl. Staminate spike commonly fertile at the sum-
mit ; fertile spikes 3, cylindrical, rather slender, loosely llowcred at the base, on

* The species here combined, merely to avoid the multiplication of small secMocs, do not
oourtitutu a natural group, but present certain points of affinity with several others.

CTPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 527

filiform nodding stalks ; bracts exceeding the culm, with short or nearly obsolete
sheaths ; perigynia ovoid-triangular, very smooth and thin, with an entire or very
minutely notched orifice, longer than the ovate short-awned white scale. (C.
prasina, Wahl.) — Kills and wet meadows ; rather common. — In aspect some-
what resembles the smaller short-awned forms of No. 51, with which it ha? points
of affinity, though differing materially in the 3 stigmas and triangular fruit.

92. C. scabrafa, Schw. Fertile spikes 4-5, cylindrical, erect, rather
distant, densely flowered, the lower on long stalks ; bracts without sheaths, exceed-
ing the culm ; perigynia ovoid, contracted at the base, prominently few-nerved,
rough, spreading at maturity, with an obliquely notched beak, longer than the
ovate slightly ciliate brown scale ; culm, leaves, and bracts very roii(/h. — Wet
meadows and swamps, New England to Perm., Michigan, and northward.

93. C. Sllllivailtii, Boott. Fertile spikes 3 - 5, commonly 4, narrowly cy
lindrical, erect, loosely flowered, the upper approximate, the lowest often remote,
tapering towards the base and slightly compound, all on rough stalks ; bracts
sheathing, not exceeding the hairy culm ; perigynia elliptical, hairy, slightly
stalked, with an entire or notched orifice, rather longer than the ovate hairy-
fringed rough-aimed white scale. — Woods, Columbus, Ohio, Sullivant. — About
2° high, with hairy leaves and bracts, and slender fertile spikes !'-!£' long.
Resembles the next, but is at once distinguished by the erect spikes, hairy and
nerveless fruit, and hairy leaves.

< 8. Pei'igynia slightly inflated, 3-angled, smooth and shining, green, vith a straight
tapering beak terminating in 2 small membranaceous teeth (marly obsolete
in No. 96) : lower bracts green and sheathing : pistillate scales nwny, becom-
ing white : staminate spike solitary, stalked : pistillate spikes 3-4, loosely Jhn-
ered, all on long and fllifonn nodding stalks.

*• Fertile spikes long and slender, remote: perigynia few-nerved : brac^A. equalling or
exceeding the culm. — DEBILES.

94. C» arrtfsta, Boott. Fertile spikes few-flowered and nar^^wed to:varcn
the base; perigynia ovoid-elliptical, triangular, short-stalked, rather blir* at the bast
the beak very short, longer than the pointed scale. (C. sylvatica (-*«w., not C"
Hudson. C. Knicskemii, Dew.) — Woods and meadows, New Englr^ \ to Pcur>
sylvariia, and northward.

95. C« dcbillS} Michx. Staminate spike occasionally fertile at
fertile spikes with loose alternate flowers, on a somewhat zigzag rhachis ;

long, tapering at each end, twice as long as the ovate-lanceolate awned scale. ^.
tenuis, Radge. C. flexuosa, Muhl.) — Moist meadows, N. New England t»
Pennsylvania, and southwestward.

# * Fertile spikes short : perigynia nerveless, or very obscurely nerved in No. 97
bracts erect, shorter than the culm. — FLEXILES.

96. C. capillfiris, L. Fertile spikes commonly 3, minute, icith about 6 alter
nate flowers; perigynia oblong-ovoid, contracted at the base, tapering into a long slight
ly serrulate beak, with an oblique nearly entire orifice, longer than the ovate scale.
— Point cle Tour, Lake Michigan ; alpine summits of the White Mountains,
New Hampshire, and high northward. — An extremely delicate specie?, 4'-tt
high, with spikes i'-%' long, and a line or less in width. (Eu.)

528 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

97. C. flexilis, Rudge. Sterile spike short and club-shaped ; fertile spikes ob
long, Dr sometimes with a few staminute flowers at the base and becoming rlub-
shapcd; the upper bracts short and scale-like, the lower bristle-shaped, very
slightly sheathing ; pcrigynia ovoid, obscurely nerved, tapering into a beak
about the length of the ovate hairy-fringed scale ; leaves pale green and glaucous,
and with the bracts fringed with delicate hairs. (C. blepharophora, Gray.) —
Moist, shady places, W. New York, Lake Superior, and northward.

\ 9. Pcrigynia slightly inflated, obtusely 3-angled, nerved, smooth, tapering into a rath-
er rongh beak, with two distinct membranaceous teeth (obscure in No. 101 ),
beaming tawny or yeUoiv at maturity (or in No. 98 more or less spotted with
purple) : achenium obovate-triquetrous, contracted at the base : staaainato
spike solitary, stalked (sessile in No. 101). — FiAv^E.

* Parigyma erect : bracts with long sheaths, not exceeding the culm.

98. C. lae Vigata, Smith. Fertile spikes 3, cylindrical, remote, on exserted
nodding stalks; pcrigynia ovoid, tapering into a 2-cleft beak, rather longer than
the light-brown pointed and awned scale ; culm smooth. (C. Greeniana, Dew.)~
Massachusetts (Tewksbury 1 B.D.Greene). Introduced? (Eti.)

99. €. fTfllva, Good. Fertile spikes 2 -3, oblong or oi-oid, erect, remote, the
lowest on an exserted stalk; perigynia ovoid, not much exceeding the dark -brown

i scarce/ u pointed awnless scale; culm rough. (C. binervis, Dem:, not of Smith.) —
Pond at Tewksbury, Massachusetts, D. D. Greene. (Eu.)
* # Pcrigynia spreading or rrflexed, longer than the scale : bracts with short sheaths,

much exceeding the smooth culm. (Staminate spike often pistillate at the apex

or towards the centre; fertile spikes erect.)

100. C. flava, L. Fertile spikes 2-4, roundish-ovoid, compactly flowered,
the upper approximated, the lowest remote on a short exserted staik ; bractt
Sfireadingor reftexed ; perigynia tapering from an ovoid contracted base into a nar-
row curved beak, widely spreading or reflexed at maturity. — Wet meadows, es-
pecially northward. — Whole plant of a yellowish hue, 6' -15' high, with spikes
£'-§' in length. (Specimens, appearing to be merely small forms of this spe-
cies, have been referred by Prof. Dewey to C. lepidocarpa, Tausch; but they by
no means accord, nor does his character, either with the description, or with au-
thentic specimens of Kunzc.) (Eu.)

101. C. GEIdcri, Ehrh. Sterile, spike commonly sessile. ; fertile 2-4, oblong-
ovoid, closely aggregated, or the lowest rather remote, on very short stalks, densely
flowered, sometimes staminate at the apex; leaves and bmcts rigidly met; peii-
yynfa ovoid, with a short and rather abrupt minutely notrin-d btak, spreading horizon-
tally at maturity. (C. viridula, Michx., not of Schn\ <j- 7 on: C. irrcgularis,
S<:hn:) — Wet rocks, especially on limestone, New England to 111., Lake Su-
perior, and northward. — Resembles the last; but the fertile spikes and pcrigy-
nia are much smaller, and. the beak of the latter is more abrupt, shorter and
straight. (Eu.)

f 10. Perigynia slightly inflated, obtusely 3-angled, nerved, rough or woolly, with
an abrupt straight beak : bracts leaf-like, with short sheaths : scales dark-
purple or brown.

CYTERACE^E. (SEDGE FA UILY.) 529

* Perigynia of a thick or somewhat leathery texture, with 2 short and diverging mem"
branaceous teeth : bracts much exceeding the nearly smooth culm : staminate. spikes
2-3, the uppermost stalked, the lower short and sessile: fertile spikes 1-2,
usually 2, erect, remote, sessile or on very short stalks. — LANUGixdsje.

102. C. filiforillis, L. Fertile spikes ovoid or oblong, the upper often
Btaminate at the apex ; perigynia ovoid, densely woolly, obscurely nerved, the orifice
tcarcely prolonged into a bmk terminating in 2 slightly hairy teeth ; leaves and
bracts narrow and imiolute; culm very slender. — Peat-bogs, New England to
Perm., Wisconsin, and northward. (Eu.)

103. C. lanilglBlOSa, Michx. Fertile spikes oblong or cylindrical ; perigy-
nia ovoid, roughly hairy, conspicuously nerved, with a short but distinct beak termi-
nating in 2 very hairy sharp teeth ; leaves and bracts flat, (C. pellita, Muhl.) —
Swamps and wet meadows, New England to Kentucky, and northward. — Ex-
tremely like the last, from which it differs in the commonly longer fertile spikes,
stouter culm, flat leaves, and especially in the distinct flattish and hairy beak
of the perigynium, with longer and sharper teeth. This species has often the
fruit in a diseased state, when it becomes more inflated, of an orange color, and
has an abortive achenium.

* * Perigynia thin, downy, or roughly dolled, the beak terminating in a thin and
icarious oblique orifice, either entire or slightly notched: bracts rigidly erect, short-
er than the sharply triangular rough culm. — ScARi6s^E.

104. C. vestita, Willd. Sterile spikes 1-2, the uppermost cylindrical,
shortly stalked; fertile 1-2, approximate, sessile, ovoid or oblong, sometimes
staminate at the apex ; perigynia ovoid, downy, with a slightly oblique beak termi-
nated by a thin membra naceous notched orifice, a little longer than the ovate pointed
scale ; leaves fiat, shorter than the stout and rigid culm. — Sandy soils, growing
in tufts, New England to Pcnn. and southward ; rather rare. — Resembling the
two last in external appearance, but readily distinguished by the membranaccous
beak of the fruit, which is red at the base and white and transparent at the ori-
fice ; and the style is tAvistcd within the perigynium.

105. C. polymorptia, Muhl. (in part.) Sterile spikes 1-4, the upper-
most on a long stalk ; the lower short, often with a few fertile flowers at the
base ; fertile spike solitary, or rarely 2, remote, oblong-cylindrical, sometimes
staminate at the apex, erect, on partly exscrted stalks ; perigynia oblong-ovoid,
8 - 10-nen-ed, very minutdy roughened with granular dots, the slightly-bent beak
tapering to the entire (reddish) orifice, longer than the ovate scarcely-pointed
purple scale. (C. Halseyana, Dew. $• ecL 1. C. striata, Torr. N. Y. FL, not
of Michx.) — Varies, with the fertile spikes filiform, and the flowers alternate
and very distant on the rhachis. — Upland meadows, E. Mass, to Penn. and W.
New York. — Culm rather slender, much taller (12' - 18') than the rigid leaves.
Though a somewhat variable plant, it is readily distinguished from the next,
with which it has been confounded, by the characters here given, especially by
the entire, membranaceous orifice of the fruit.

§11. Perigynia moderately inflated, conspicuously many-nerved, sn\wth (except in
No. 109), with a straight beak terminating in 2 rigid morz or less spreading teeth t

530 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

bracts long and leaf-like, with very short sheathing bases, much exceeding the
culm (about equal to it in No. 106) : staminate spikes 1-5,

* Perigynia with a very short and thick leak, and with short and thick slighfy

spreading teeth. — LACUSTRES.

106. C. striata, Michx. (not of ed. 1.) Sterile spikes 2-3, the upper-
most stalked ; fertile spikes 1-2, oblong, erect, remote, on very short stalks ; peri*
gynia ovoid, abruptly contracted into a slightly serrulate beak, longer than the point-
ed purple scale. (C. polymorpha, ed. 1.) — Wet places, New Jersey to Vir-
ginia, and southward.

107. C. lacustris, Willd. Sterile spikes 2-5, the uppermost stalked;
fertile spikes 2-3, oblong-cylindrical, stout, erect, remote, nearly sessile, or the low-
est on a short stalk; perigynia oblong, but little exceeding the lanceolate awned
scale ; culm sharply triangular, rough ; sheaths very short, smooth. ( C. riparia,
j*r>t/d., not of Curtis.) — Swamps and borders of lakes and rivers; common. —
A robust species, 3° -5° high, with leaves £'-$' wide.

# * Perigynia with an elongated tapering beak, and long widely spreading or recuncd

sharp and spine-like teeth. — ARISTAT^E.
i- Staminate spikes 2-5, some occasionally bearing a feiv fertile /lowers.

108. C. aristata, R. Brown. Fertile spikes 2-4, cylwdrical, erect, re-
mote, the lower on partly cxscrted short stalks ; perigynia taperinq from an ovoid
base into a deeply 2 -forked beak, longer than the ovate-lanceolate awned scale
culm smooth; sheaths and under surface of the leaves pubescent. (C. athcrodes
Spreng.) — Lake shores and river-banks, N. New York to Michigan, and north-
westward. — Culm 2° - 3° high : leaves 2" - 3" wide. Fertile spikes 2' - 3' long
often rather loosely flowered towards the base.

109. C. tricllOCarpa, Muhl. Fertile spikes 2 - 3, oblong-cylindrical, erect,
remote, one of them sometimes staminate at the apex, the lower on cxscrted
stalks, rather loosely flowered towards the base; perigynia very hairy, shaped as
the last, longer than the ovate taper-pointed light-brown scale ; culm sharply
triangular, smooth except near the top, sheaths and under surface of the kaoea
smooth. (C. striata, ed. 1, not of Michx.) — Marshes and lakes; common, es-
pecially northward.

•«-•*- Staminate spike solitary, with a filiform bract, occasionally bearing a few
fertile flowers towards the apex or base : fertile spikes 3-5, cylindrical, dense-
ly flowered, on long cxsertcd and at length drooping stalks : perigynia widely
spreading, reflcxed at maturity.

110. C. COindsa, Boott. Fertile spikes large (l|'-2.f long, and £'-§'
wide), the lowest sometimes very remote; perigynia tapering from a stalked ovoid*
ti\:uii/nlar 'MISC. into a long deeply 2-forked beak, the sharp elongated t«-th iri<l;li/ .syj/wA
ing or somewhat recurved ; scales lanceolate with a long bristle-shaped awn
shorter than the mature fruit ; culm rough and triquetrous. (C. furcata, Ell.,
not of Lapeyr. C. Pscudo-Cyperus, Schw. Sf Torr., Dew., frc., in part, not of L.)
— Wet places ; rather common. — A robust species 2° - 3° high, formerly con-
founded with the next, which it greatly resembles; but it differs especially in
the larger fertile spikes, longer beak of the fruit, and the longer, smooth ami
widely-spreading teeth, giving to the spikes a comose or bristly appearance

CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 531

111. C. Pseuclo-Cj'perus, L. Fertile spikes (l^'-2^ long, and about
| wide) sometimes slightly compound at the base ; periyynia shaped as the last
species, but with a shorter beak, and shorter less spreadiny teeth ; scale about the
length of the mature fruit. — Border of lakes and in bogs, New England to
Pennsylvania, and northward. — Somewhat smaller than the last species in all
its parts. (Eu.)

112. C. mirfita, Dew. Fertile spikes about 2, long-cylindrical, rather
dense, somewhat erect ; perigynia ovate-conical, with a long 2-forked beak, ribbed,
glabrous, about the length of the ovate bristle-pointed or long-awned scale ;
culm (about 2° high) rough. — Shore of Lake Ontario, in Monroe County, New
York, Dr. Bradley. (Having no specimen, the character is taken from Dewey'a
description in Wood's Bot. The Georgian plant referred to it is to be ex-
cluded.)

§ 12. Perigynia much inflated, conspicuously many -nerved, smooth, with a long taper-
ing %-toothed beak: bracts leaf-like, much exceeding the culm : scales tawny or
white : staminate spike stalked, always solitary. — LUPCLIN.&J.
•%• Bracts with very short or obsolete sheaths.

113. C. liystricina, Willd. Sterile spike often bearing a few fertile
flowers at the base or apex ; fertile, spikes 2 — 4, oblong-cylindrical, densely flow-
ered, the uppermost on a very short stalk, the others on long stalks and at length
nodding, the lowest often very remote ; perigynia spreading, tapering from an
ovoid base into a long slender beak with sharp smooth teeth, longer than the awned
scale. — A variety with shorter ovoid spikes, the lowest very remote on a filiform
stalk, 4' - 6' long, with rather smaller perigynia not much longer than the awn,
is C. Cooleyi, Dew. — Wet meadows ; common. — Plant pale or yellowish
green, with fertile spikes f to 1^' long. Distinguished from No. Ill by the
more inflated, less diverging fruit, its beak longer and the teeth shorter; and
from No. 114 by the smaller nodding spikes, many-nerved perigynium, and the
longer and smooth teeth of the beak.

114. C. tciitacillfstsi, Muhl. Fertile spikes 2 -3, ovoid, oblong, or cylin-
drical, densely flowered, approximate and diverging horizontally, the uppermost
sessile, the lower on short exserted stalks ; perigynia spreading, tapering from an
ovoid few- (about 10-) nerved base into a long slender beak with short minutely
tcrrulate teeth, much longer than the lanceolate awned scale. (C. rostrata, Muhl.,
not of Michx.) — Wet meadows ; very common.

115. C. infllllieSCeilS, Rudge. Fertile spikes 1-3, ovoid, loosely ff VD-
(5-8-) flowered, closely approximated, sessile, or the lower on a very shortly
exserted peduncle ; perigynia erect-spreading, tapering from an ovoid 15-20-
nerved base into a long beak, slightly rough towards the apex. (C. folliculata,
ScJik., Michx., not of L.) — Wet meadows and swamps ; very common. — Culm
slender, about 18' high, with the fertile spikes crowded compactly together:
perigynia 6"- 7" long.

116. C. dirayii, Carey. Fertile spikes 2 (sometimes single), globose, densely
(15-30-) flowered, separate and distinct, on short exserted peduncle* ; periyynia.
spreading and deflexed, tapering from an ovoid 25 - 30-nerved base into a long
smooth and shining beak. — Low meadows on the banks of the Mohawk and of

532 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

Wood Creek, New York. Also in Ohio and S. Illinois. -Culm robust

3° high : perigynia |' in length. — Flowers in July, a month later than the last.

* * Bracts conspicuously sheathing.

117. C. follicillata, L. Staminate spike small, short-stalked, or often
sessile ; fertile spikes 3-4, ovoid, very remote, the lower on exserted peduncles;
periyynia erect-spreading, tapering from an oblong base, rather exceeding the ovatr.
white I mg-awned scale. (C. xanthophysa, Wahl.) — Teat-bogs, New England to
Penn., and northward, and sparingly southward. — A robust plant, -2° -4° high,
of yellowish appearance, with long foliaceous bracts, and leaves $' wide.

118. C. rostrala, Michx. Staminate spike small, nearly sessile ; fertile
tpikes 1-3, commonly 2, roundish-ovoid, the lower rather distant on a short ex-
serted peduncle; perigynia erect or somewhat spreading, tapering from an oblong
slightly inflated base into a long slender beak twice the length of the blunt light-
brown scale. (C. xanthophysa, var. nana and minor, Dew.) — Cold bogs, moun-
tains of N. New York, New Hampshire, and northward. — Resembles the last;
but smaller in all its parts, rigidly erect, and with narrow leaves.

119. C. Sllblllata, Michx. Fertile spikes 3-5, very remote, on included
peduncles loosely few- (4 - 8-) flowered, commonly with a few staminate flowers at
the apex ; periyynia awl-shaped, strongly rejlexed at maturity ; the orifice of the
long slender beak furnished with 2 sharp and rigidly dtflexed teeth. (C. Collinsii,
Nutt. C. Michauxii, Dew.) — Cedar swamps, New Jersey to Rhode Island
(Olney) near the coast, and far northward : rare.

120. C. Illpulilia, Muhl. Fertile spikes 2 - 4, d)long-ovoid, erect, the up-
per approximate, the lower on more or less exserted stalks ; perigynia erect, ta]>sr~
ing from the ovoid very inflated base into a conical slightly serrulate beak, much
longer than the lanceolate awned scale. — Var. pOLYSxAciiYA, Schw. & Torr.
(C. lupinilbrmis, Sartwell), has 4-5 longer cylindrical fertile spikes, the lowest
remote on a long peduncle ; and the perigynia more distinctly serrulate on the
angles of the beak. — Swamps and wet meadows ; common. — A coarse robust
species, with very thick spikes 2' -3' in length; the leaves and long leafy bracts
3-4 lines wide, very rough on the margin.

§ 13. Perigynia much injlated, obovoid or obconic, few-nerved, smooth, with an ex-
tremely abrupt and very long slightly roughened beak, terminated by 2 distinct
rather short membranaceous teeth, tawny-brown or straw-colored at maturity,
spreading horizontally, or the lower deflcxed : bracts leaf-like, much exceed
ing the culm. — So.UAUR6s.3E.

* Spikes 1-3, mostly solitary, very rarely 4-5, all of them principally pistillate,
with more or less staminate flowers at the base : sheaths of the upper bracts
obsolete.

121. C. SQliarrosa, L. Fertile spikes owid or oblong, obtuse and very
thick, rigidly erect, on short stalks ; perigynia longer than the lanceolate pointed
scales, which ;irc nearly* concealed by* the densely-crowded liases of the mature
fruit. (C typhina, J//r/*.r.) — Low meadows and copses, S. New England to
Illinois and southward. — Remarkable for its densely-flowered, sbort and thick
spikes, about 1' long, to which the spreading beaks of the perigynia gi\e a bris-
tly appearam e.

CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 533

* * Spikea 4-7; the terminal one entirely staminate, small and linear,* or with
some fertile flowers at the apex : the rest all pistillate : bracts very long,
sheathing.

122. C. Steil6IepiS, Torr. Fertile spikes cylindrical, obtuse, the upper
approximated, nearly sessile on the zigzag stem, the lower remote on exserted
stalks, all ei-ect, very densely flowered ; perigynia shorter than the long a\vn-like
scales. (C. Frankii, Kunth. C. Shortii, Steitd., not of Torr.) — Marshes, W.
Penn. ? and Virginia to Illinois, and southwcstward. — Somewhat resembling
the last ; but the spikes are narrower and more numerous, and of a still more
bristly appearance from the projecting points of the scales : occasionally all are
fertile, the uppermost having no staminate flowers.

{ 14. Perigynia much inflated, nerved (nerveless in No. 132)^ smooth and shining,
becoming straw-colored at maturity, with a tapering more or less elongated 2-toothed
beak: bracts leaf-like, with very short or obsolete sheaths (conspicuously
sheathing in No. 123), much exceeding the culm (except in No. 132) : scales
brown or tawny : staminate spikes 2-5 rarely 1, stalked. — VESIC\RIJB.

123. C. retrdrsa, Schw. Sterile spikes 1-3, the uppermost occasionally
with a few fertile flower?, the rest more or less pistillate at the base ; fertile spikes
4-5, oblong-cylindrical, erect, the upper approximate and clustered on short or in-
cluded stalks, the lowest remote on a long exserted stalk, and (with one or more of
the others) often bearing 1-2 short branches at the base; perigynia crowded,
spreading and at length reflexed, strongly (few-) nerved, tapering from an ovoid
contracted base into a conspicuously toothed beak much longer than the lanceolate
scale. (C. reversa, Spreng.) — Marshy borders of streams, New England to
Penn., Wisconsin, and northwestward. — Culm nearly smooth : leaves and
bracts 3" -4" wide, much exceeding the spikes, which are !'-!£' long.

124. C. gigHlltca, Rudge. Sterile spikes several (3-5); perigynia hori-
zontally spreading and less tumid than in No. 120 : otherwise very like it, but a
still larger plant. — Swamps, along rivers, from the Ohio (near Louisville, Ken-
tucky, Short) southward.

125. C. Scliweinitzii, Dew. Sterile spikes commonly 2, the lower
often pistillate at the base ; fertile spikes 3-4, cylindrical, somewhat drooping,
densely Jlowered, often staminate at the apex, and occasionally the lower rather
compound at the base, on smooth nearly included stalks ; perigynia e/ect, oblong-
ovoid, few-nerved, tapering into a long and smooth short-toothed beak, a little longer
than the. lanceolate long-awned scale. — Wet swamps, New England, New Jersey,
W. New York, and northward; not common. — Culm 10' -15' high, smooth:
bracts and leaves 2" -3" wide, smooth except the margins, much exceeding
the culm : fertile spikes (1^' to 2^' long, rather narrow) and the whole plant
turning straw-color.

126. C. VCSlCaria, L. Sterile spikes 2-3; fertile spikes mostly 2, rarely
3 or solitary, oblong or cylindrical, stout, approximate, the upper sessile, the lower
on a short rough stalk ; perigynia oMong-ovoid, 17 -nerved at base, 10-nerved above,
with a short tapering beak longer and broader than the pointed or long-tapering
awnless scale ; culm sharply angled and rough ; leaves and bracts green, equal-
ling or rath»r longer than the culm. — N. New England ^ and northward.—

534 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

Distinguished from the next by the shorter fertile spikes, on rough stalks, & \d
by the more oblong perigynium, many-nerved at the base. (Eu.)

127. C. moillle, Tuckennan. Sterile spikes 3, rarely 2 or 4 ; fertile spikes
mostly 2, rarely 3 or solitary, long-cylindrical, remote, on smooth stalks, the lowest
often nodding and loosely flowered ; perigynia roundish-ovoid, about 10-nerved,
with a short tapering beak terminating in an oblique orifice, much longei and
broader than the taper-pointed atvnless scale ; culm slender, sharply angled and
rough ; leaves and bracts green, longer than the culm. (C. bullata, var. cyiin-
dracea, & C. vesicaria, var. cylindracea, Dew. ) — Bogs, New England to Ken-
tucky, and northward. — Less robust than the last.

128. C. aillpullacea, Good. Sterile and fertile spikes 2-3, most fre-
quently 2 of each, oblong or long-cylindrical, remote, sessile, or the lower on short
and smooth sometimes nodding stalks, the lowest loosely flowered at the base ;
perigynia roundish-ovoid, about 17-nervcd at the base and 10-nerved at the apex.,
abruptly contracted into a short cylindrical beak ; scales lanceolate, awnless, or the
upper with a rough awn shorter than the perigynium ; culm slender, obtusely angled,
smooth ; leaves and bracts glaucous, often involute, longer than the culm. —
Var. UTRICULA.TA. Staminate spikes 3-4; fertile usually 3; perigynia oblong-
elliptical, tapering ; scales lanceolate, tapering, terminated (especially the lowest) by a
long rough awn ; culm stout, spongy at the base, smooth or rough towards the
summit; leaves and bracts glaucous, wide and much longer than the culm. (C.
utriculata, Boott.) — In swamps ; common northward, and from Arctic Ameri-
ca to the Pacific. — Differs from the last two in the smooth obtuse-angled culm,
glaucous leaves, and particularly by the awned scale. The var. is the prevailing
form in the United Suites, and is a larger and stouter plant ; but the more ellip-
tical fruit, and awned lower scales, do not appear sufficiently constant to sepa-
rate it specifically. (Eu.)

129. C. cylilldl'ica, Schw. Sterile spikes about 2; fertile spikes 2-3,
commonly 3, oblong or cylindrical, stout, somewhat approximate, on rough stalks,
the lowest often nodding; perigynia thin and transparent, much inflated, oblong-
ovoid, obliquely erect, tapering into a rather abrupt long-cylindrical smooth beak,
much longer and broader than the ovate pointed or rough-awned scale ; bracts
very long and, like the narrow leaves, rough and exceeding the rough culm.
(C. bullata, Amer. auth., not of Schk. C. Tuckermani, Dew., Boott.) — Swamps,
W. New York to Kentucky, and northward. — Differs from the next principally
in the more numerous and longer fertile spikes, and the larger, more iridated
and membranaceous ascending fruit, with smooth beaks.

130. C. bullata, Schk. Sterile spikes 2-3; fertile spikes most frequently
only one, sometimes 2, approximated, oblong or cylindrical, stout, sessile or on short
smooth stalks; perigynia spreading, ovoid, tapering into a long-cylindrical rough,
beak, much wider and longer than the obtusely-pointed lanceolate awnless scale;
bracts and leaves narrow, about the length of the smootli or rouglwh culm.
(C. cylindrica, "J'nrktnimii, Torr. N. Y. Fl. (oxcl. syn.), not of Schic.) — Wet
meadows ; not rare, especially southward. — Well distinguished from the last by
the short and stout, commonly solitary fertile spike, which has a sqnarrosc ap-
pearance at maturity from the widely-spreading fruit; its beak minutely (bit
distinctly) serrulate. See Addend.

GRAMINEJE. (GRASS FAMIL1.) 535

131. C. Oligosperma, Michx. Sterile spikes 1-2, slender; fertile
spikes 1-2, short, ovoid, few-flowered, the lower on a very short stalk; perigynia
ovoid, tapering into a short minutely toothed beak, not much longer than tho
ovate awnless scale ; culm ver/ slender; leaves and bracts linear, at length involute
(C. Oakesiana, Dew.) — Borders of lakes and ponds, especially on mountains,
New England, N. New York, Wisconsin, and northward.

132. C. loiigil'OSlrf.-**, Torr. Sterile spikes usually 3, at the summit of
a long slender stalk ; the lower often bearing some fertile flowers ; fertile spike*
2-3, cylindrical, more or less distant, on long Jilifonn at lenyth drooping stalks,
loosely flowered ; perigynia globose-ovoid, smooth and shining, abruptly contracted
into a very long and narrow beak, which is rough on the margin, oblique and 2-
clcft at the membranaceous orlflce, a little longer than the lanceolate light-colored
or white scale. (C. Sprengelii, Dew.} — Shady rocks, N. New England to Wis-
consin, and northward. — Though agreeing with the species of this section in the
numerous staminate spikes and the long-beaked fruit, this plant is perhaps as
nearly allied to No. 97.

ORDER 134. GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.)

Grasses, with usually hollow stems (culms) closed at the joints, alternate 2-
ranked leaves, their sheaths split, or open on the side opposite the blade; the
hypogynous floicers imbricated with ^-ranked glumes or bracts : the outer pair
(glumes proper, calyx, L.) subtending the spikelet of one or several flow-
ers ; the inner pair (palece, outer perianth, li. Br.) enclosing each partic-
ular flower, which is usually furnished with 2 or 3 minute hypogynous
scales (squamulce, Juss., corolla, Micheli, lodicuke, Beauv.). Stamens 1-6,
commonly 3 : anthers versatile, 2-celled, the cells distinct. Styles mostly
2 or 2-parted : stigmas hairy or feathery. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled, form-
ing a seed-like grain (can/apsis) in fruit. Embryo small, on the outside
and at the base of the floury albumen. — Hoots fibrous. -Sheath of the
leaves usually more or less extended above the base of the blade into a
scarious appendage (ligule). Spikelets panicled or spiked. Inner (upper)
palea usually 2-nerved or 2-keeled, therefore probably consisting of two
united. — A vast and most important family, as it furnishes the cereal
grains, and the principal food of cattle, &c. See Plates I. to YIII.

Synopsis.

Taas I. POACE^E, R. Brown. Spikelets 1 - many-flowered, when more than one-
flowered centripetal in development ; the lowest flowers first developing, the uppermost,
if any, imperfect or abortive, the rest all alike in the spikelet (perfect, or occasionally
monoecious or dioecious) ; only in a few exceptional cases with the lowest of the several
flowers less perfect than the upper (viz. stammute only in Arrhenatherum and Phrag-
mites, neutral in Uniola, Ctenium, &c.).

flubtribe 1. ORTZEJE. Spikelets 1-flowered, in panicles, the flowers often monoecious.

Glumes abortive or wanting! Inner paleaj 3 -nerved ! Squamulse 2 Stamens 1-6
1. LEERSIA. Flowers perfect, strongly flattened contrary to the awnless palese
'4. ZIZANIA. Flowers monoecious. Paleae convex ; the lower one awned in the fertile flower*

28

036 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.)

Sabtribe 2. AGROSTIDEJE. Spikelets 1-flowered, perfect, occasionally with the rudiment ct
abortive pedicel of a second flower above, panicled, or the panicle sometimes contracted
into a cylindrical spike or head. Stamens 1-3.

• PnLEOiDE.fi. Glumes equal, strongly keeled, laterally flattened, boat-shaped, somewhat her-

baceous, aa well as the palea;. Squanmla; 2. Grain free. Inflorescence densely spiked.

3. ALOPECURUS Glumes united at the base. Lowc-r palea awned, the upper wanting.

4. PIILEUM. Glumes distinct. Paleae 2, the lower truncate and awnless.

• * TRUE AGROSTIDEJ3. Glumes equal, or often unequal, concave or keelr d, uiembranaceoua
Palea; membranaccous (except in part of No. 12). Squamulae 2. Grain free Inflorescence
panicled, open, or often contracted (glomerate), but not strictly spiked.

*• Glumes and palese neither awned, bristle-bearing, nor mucronate, naked. Flower sessile it
the glumes, naked at the base ; the lower palea 1-nerved. Fruit deciduous.

6. VILFA. S^ed adherent to the closely investing pericarp, forming a caryopsis, or true grain,

as in most Grasses. Panicle spiked or contracted.

& SPOKOBOLUS. Seed loose in the pericarp (utricle) Panicle spiked or diffuse.
«- ••- Glumes or the (3 5-nerved) lower palea awned, bristle-pointed, or mucronate (except in
some species of Agrostis) Flower raised on a more or less evident stalk (callus) in the
glumes, naked, or barely hairy, at the b:ise.

7. AGROSTTS. Glumes equal, or the lower one rather longer, pointless, exceeding the very

thin blunt paleae. Lower palea pointless, commonly awned on the back ; the upper
sometimes wanting. Panicle open.

8. POLYPOGON. Glumes nearly equal long-awned, much longer than the paleae, the lowei

of wi.ich is often short-awned below the apex. Stamens 3 Panicle contracted.

9. CINNA. Glumes acute, the lower about equalling, and the upper slightly exceeding, the

similar paleae. Stamen 1. Palea? raised on a distinct naked stalk, beardless, the lower
one short-awned or bristle-pointed just below the tip ; the upper 1-nerved.

10. MUIILENBERGIA Lower glume mostly smaller. Palea; chiefly hairy-bearded at the

ba^e, the tip of the lower one mucronate-pointed or awued. Stamens 3.

11. BRACIIYELYTRUM Lower glume nearly obsolete, and the upper minute. Lower palene

long-awned from the tip ; the upper grooved on the back and bearing a long and slen-
der naked pedicel of an abortive second flower. Stamens 2.
+- *- «- Glumes and palese not bristle-pointed. Flower hairy-tufted at the base.

12. CALAMAGROSTIS Lower palea mostly awned on the back, shorter than the glumes.

« * * STIPE.*;. Palese coriaceous, or indurated in fruit, commonly shorter than the membra
naceous glumes, on a rigid callus ; the lower involute, terete, closely enclosing the upper and
the grain, mostly 1-3-awned at the apex Squamulie mostly 3. Inflorescence racemose or
panicled : npikclets usually large, the flower deciduous from the persistent glumes.

18. OKY7X3PSIS. Awu simple, straight, deciduous from the palea, or sometimes wanting.

14. STIPA. Awn simple, twisted below. Callus pointed at the base.

15. ARISTIDA. Awn triple. Upper palea small. Callus pointed at the base.

» # * * Palea coriaceous or cartilaginous, awnless Hore the following would be sought by the
student who overlooked the pair of rudimentary flowers in No 55, and was not acquainted
with the recondite theoretical structure of No 56 and 57.

55. PHALAKIS. Spikelets laterally flattened. A rudiment at the base of each palea.

66. MILIL'M. Ppikdets dorsally flatfish, not joinfo-d with the pedicels : flowers all alike.

67. AM I'll 1C A KIT M. PpikHi-ts of two sorts, the fertile subterranean, those of the panicle

separating by a joint without ripening grain.

Sabtribe 3 CHLORIDE.*. Spikelets (rarely 1-flowered, usually) 2 - several-flowered, with one
or more of the upper flowers imperfect, disposed in one-sided spikes! Glumes persist-
ent, the upper one looking outward, llhachis (axis) jointless. Spiked usually race-mod
or digitate. Stamens 2 or a

* Spikelets strictly l-flowered.

68. PASPALUM might be looked for here, having to all appearance merely 1-flowered gpikokts.
K5. MPARTINA. Spikelets imbricated 2-ranked, flat, crowded in alternate spikes.

GBAMINEJE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 537

* * Sp kelets imperfectly several-flowered, but only one perfect flower, and this internediate.

the one or two below it, and as many above, neutral.

17. CTENIUM. Spikelets closely imbricated on one side of the axis of a single curved spike.

* * * Spikelets with one perfect flower below and one or more neutral ones or rudiments above.

18. BOUTELOUA. Lower palea 3-cleft and pointed or 3-awned at the apex. Spikes dense.

19. GYMNOPOGON. Lower palea and the rudiment 1-awued. Spikes filiform, racemed.

20. CYNODON. Flower and the rudiment awnless. Spikes slender, digitate.

« * * * Spikelets several-flowered ; more than one of the lower flowers perfect and fertile.
•t- Spikes digitate at the summit of the culm, dense.

21. DACTYLOCTENIUM. Glumes compressed-keeled ; outer one aw ned : lower palea pointed

22. ELEUSINE. Glumes and palea both awnless and blunt.

•»- «~ Spikes racemed, slender.

23. LEPTOCHLOA. Spikelets loosely spiked. Lower palea pointless or awned at the tip.
gubtribe 4. FESTUCINE^:. Spikelets several- (few -many-) flowered, panicled ; the upper-
most flower often imperfect or abortive. Palea? pointless, or the lower sometimes tipped
with a straight (not twisted nor deeply dorsal) awn or bristle. Stigmas projecting from
the side of the flower. Stamens 1-3.

* Culms herbaceous. Spikelets with the lower flowers all perfect.

•»- Grain free from the paleae. (Also free in one or two species of No. 36.)

*+ Joints of the rhachis of the spikelet at the insertion of each flower, or the whole rhacliis,

bearded. Palese convex, not laterally compressed Glumes and paleae membranaceous.

24. TKICUSPIS. Spikelets 3 - many -flowered. Lower palea hairy -fringed on the 3 nerves, one

or all of which project into awns or mucronate tips, mostly from notches or clefts.
26. DUPONTIA. Spikelets 2 - 3-flowered. Lower palea scariou*, entire and awnless.

•H- -H- Rhachis of the spikelet and base of the flower not bearded.
1T Lower palea 1-poiuted. awned, or acute, the nerves when present running into the point.

26. DiARRHENA. Glumes (short) and the rigid-pointed lower 3-nerved palea coriaceous,

convex-boat-shaped. Stamens 2. Pericarp cartilaginous, large. Panicle loosely few-
flowered.

27. DACTYLIS. Glumes (rather long) and lower palea awn-pointed, herbaceous, compressed-

keeled. Panicle contracted in one-sided clusters.

28. KCELERIA. Glumes (nearly as long as the spikelet) and lower palea membranaceoufl

keeled, acute or mucronate, or rather blunt. Panicle contracted, spike-like.

If 1f Lower palea awnless and pointless, blunt (except one Glyceria), the nerves parallel.

a. Glumes extremely dissimilar, 1J - 3-flowered.

29. EATONIA. Lower glume linear ; the upper broadly obovate and folded round the flower*

b. Glumes aUk0, but often unequal in size.

80. MELICA. Lower palea flattish-convex, many-nerved, membranaceous at the top, hard

ening on the loose grain. Fertile 'Sowers 1-3, the upper enwrapping some deform»
s*eril3 flowers.

81. GLYCERTA. Lower palea convex or rounded on the back, 5 - 7-nerved, scarious at tb

tip. Spikelets many-flowered ; the flowers commonly deciduous at maturity by th
breaking up of the rhachis into joints.

82. BRIZOPYRUM. Lower palea laterally compressed and often keeled, acute, rigid, rathei

coriaceou? smooth, faintly many-nerved. Spikelets flat, spiked-clustered.
23. POA. Lower palea laterally compressed and mostly keeled, 5-nerved, membranaceoua

scarious-margined, the margins or nerves below often cobwebby or pubescent : th*

upper palea not remaining after the lower falls. Spikelets flattened.

34. ERAGROSTIS. Lower palea 3-nerved, keeled, deciduous, leaving the upper persistent OK
. the rhachis. Spikelets flat.

•»- +- Grain aSherent to the upper palea.
85. BRTZA. Lower palea rounded and very obtuse, pointless, many-nerved, flattened parallel

to the glumes, becoming ventricose, broadly scarious-margiued. Spikelets compressed

somewhat heart-shaped.
oG. FESTUCA. Lower palea convex on the back, acute, pointed, or awned at the tip, few

nerved. Spikelets terete or flattish. Styles terminal.

538 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.)

37. BROMUS. Lower palea convex or keel?" on the back, mostly awned or brittle-bearing l:e»

low the 2-cleft tip, 5 - 9-nerved. Styles subterniinal.
* * Culms herbaceous, often tall and reed-like. Lowest flower sterile. Grain free.

88. UNIOLA. Spikclets very flat ; the one or more lowest flowers neutral, of a single empty

palea Flowers strongly compressed keeled, crowded, coriaceous.

89. PHRAGMJTE3. Spikelets strongly silky-bearded on the rhachis, loosely-flowered, the low-

est flower staminate or neutral. Paleae membranaceous.

* * * Culms woody, suffruticose or arborescent.

40. ARUNDJNARIA. Spikelets flattened, loosely 6- 14-flowered : the jointed rhachis naked.

Bubtribe 5. HORDEINE.S. Spikelets 1- several- flowered, sessile on opposite sides of a zigzag
jointed rhachis (which is excavated or channelled on one side of each joint), forming
spike . Glumes sometimes abortive or wanting. — Otherwise as in the preceding subtrib«»
* Spikelets single at each joint of the rhachis, 1-flowered. Spikes often several.

41. LEPTURUS. Spikelets almost immersed in the excavations of the slender rhachis.

» * Spikelets single at each joint of the rhachis, several-flowered. Spike solitary.

42. LOLIUM. Glume 1, external : spikelets placed edgewise on the rhachis.

48. TRITICUM. Glumes 2, transverse (right and left) ; spikelets placed flatwise on the rhach.

* * * Spikelets 2 or more at each joint of the rhachis. Spike solitary.
•«- Glumes anterior, forming a sort of involucre for the cluster of spikelets.

44. HORDEUM. Spikelets 1-flowered, 3 at each joint, but the two lateral usually sterile.

45. ELYMUS. Spikelets 1 - several-flowered, all perfect and similar.

«- t- Glumes none or 1 - 2 awn-like rudiments.
4f,. GYMNOSTICIIUM. Spikelets few-flowered, somewhat pedicelled, 1 - 3 at each joint.

Suotribe 6. AVEXES:. Spikelets 2 - several-flowered, panicled ; the rhachis or base of tbo
flowers often villous-bearded. Glumes mostly equalling or exceeding the flowers. Low-
er palea bearing a twisted, bent, or straight awn on its back or below its apex (hi J'o. 18
between the teeth) ; the upper 2-neryed. Stamens 3.

* Flowers all perfect, or the uppermost merely rudimentary.
•»- Lower palea truncate or obtuse, its summit mostly denticulate or eroded.
47 AIRA. Awn on the back or near the base of the palea, bent or straight.

•i- ••- Lower palea cleft at the apex into 2 acute or sharp-pointed teeth.
** Awn borne between the sharp or awn-pointed teeth ; proceeding from 3 middle nerve*.
48. DANTIIONIA. Lower ^alea rounded on the back ; the a\vn flat, spirally twisted,
•w- ++ Awn below the apex or dorsal, proceeding from the midncrve only.

43. TRISETUM. Lower palea compressed-keeled. Awn mostly bent or flexuous.
60. AVENA. Lower palea rounded on the back. Awn mostly twisted or bent.

* * One of the flowers staminate only.
f>1. AHKIIENATHERTJM. Lower flower staminate ; the perfect one commonly awnless ; tha

uppermost a rudiment : otherwise as No. 50.
62. IIOLCUS. Lower flower perfect, awnless ; the upper staminate and awned : rudiment

none

TRIBE II. PHAL-ARIDEjE, Trin. (not of Kunth). Spikelets 3-flowered ; the upper,
most or middle (terminal) flower perfect; the two lower (one on each side) imperfect,
either staminate, neutral, or reduced to an inconspicuous rudiment.
Subtribe 1. ANTHOXA.NTIIE*. Lateral flowers mostly awned, staminate or neutral, of 1 or 2

palene ; the perfect one awnless and diandrous. Upper palea 1-nerved.
5". II1EROCIILOA Lateral flowers staminate and triandrous, of 2 paleze.
64. ANTHOXANTHCM. Lateral flowers neutral, each of a single awned palea.

Subtribe 2. PHALARIDE* Proper. Lateral flowers reduced to a small neutral rudiment on

each side of the fertile one ; which is awuless and triandrous.

56. PHALARIS. Glumes boat-shaped, keeled, enclosing the coriaceous fertils flower, which if
somewhat flattened laterally.

GRAM1NEJE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 53$

Taisa III. PA1VICEJE. Spikelets 2-flowered ; the lower flower always imperfect, cither
stwninate or neutral ; in the latter case usually reduced to a single empty valYe (placed
next the lower glume, if that be present) ; the upper (terminal) flower (placed next tb«
upper or inner glume) only fertile. Embryo and groove (when present) on the outer
side of the grain ! (next the lower valve of the fertile flower). (Flowers polygamous, or
hemigamous (when the lower flower is neutral), or sometimes seemingly simple and per-
fect, from the suppression both of the lower glume and of the upper palea of the neutral
flower, sometimes monoecious, or rarely dioecious. Rai-ely both glumes are wanting.)

Bubtribe 1. PASPALE.S:, Griseb. Glumes and sterile paleae herbaceous or membranaceous :
paleae of the fertile flower of firmer texture, coriaceous or chartaceous, awuless, not
keeled, more or less flattened parallel with the glumes.

* Spikelets appearing as if simply 1-flowered from the suppression of the lower glume ; the sin-

gle neutral palea of the sterile flower apparently occupying its place. (Awnless.)

66. MILIUM. Spikelets not jointed with their pedicels, all alike in a terminal open panicle.

67. AMPHICARPUM. Spikelets jointed with their pedicels, of 2 sorts ; one in a terminal pan-

icle ; the other subterranean, on radical peduncles.

68. PASPALUM. Spikelets jointed with their short pedicels, all alike, plano-convex, in one

Bided spikes or spiked racemes.

* * Spikelets manifestly 1^-2 -flowered (polygamous, the lower flower staminate or often neu-

tral), the lower glume being present.

69. PANICUM. Spikelets not involucrate, nor the peduncles bristle-bearing. Lower gluine

small or minute. Sterile flower either staminate or neutral.

60. SET ARIA. Spikelets spiked-panicled, the peduncles continued into naked solitary bristles •

otherwise as in Panicum.

61. CENCHRUS. Spikelets enclosed 1-5 together in a hard and spiny globular bur-like invo-

lucre.

Subtribe 2. SACCHARE^E. Fertile paleae membranaceous or scarious, always of thinner and
more delicate texture than the (often indurated) glumes, frequently awned from the tip.
Spikelets usually in pairs or threes, panicled or spiked, some of them entirely sterile
(heterogamous).

* Spikelets monoecious, imbedded in the separable joints of the spike.
63. TRIPSACUM. Staminate spikelets above, in pairs at each joint : pistillate single in each

joint : glumes indurated.

» * Fertile spikelets with one perfect and one sterile (staminate or mostly neutral) flower: low-
er palea of the perfect flower awned.

63. ERIANTIIUS. Both epikelets at each joint of the rhachis alike fertile, invclucrate with a

silky tuft : otherwise as No. 64.

64. ANDROPOGON. Spikelets 2 at each joint of the plumose-hairy spikes, one € them sessifo

and fertile ; the other pedicelled and sterile or rudimentary.

06. SORGHUM. Spikelets in open panicles, 2-3 together, the lateral ones sterile or sometimes
reduced to mere pedicels.

1. L.EERSIA, Solander. FALSE RICE. WHITE. GRASS.

Sjxikelets 1-flowered, perfect, flat, crowded in one-sided panicled spikes or
racemes, more or less imbricated over each other, jointed with the short pedicels.
Glumes wanting. Paleae chartaceous, much flattened laterally, boat-shaped,
ftwnless, bristly-ciliate on the keels, closed, nearly equal in length, but the lower
much broader, enclosing the flat grain. Stamens 1-6. Stigmas feathery, the
hairs branching. — Perennial marsh grasses : the flat leavss, sheaths, &c., rough
upwards (especially in No. 1), being clothed with -very minute hooked
(Named after Leers, a German botanist..)

540 GRAMINE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.)

* Spikelets narrowly oblong, rather loosely crowded.

1. L<. oryzoide§, Swartz. (RiCE CUT-GRASS.) Panicle diffusely brai cl.ed
often sheathed at the base; spikelets fiat, rather spreading in flower (2£" -3'
long); stamens 3 ; paleae strongly bristly-ciliate (whitish). — Wet places; com-
mon. (Eu.)

2. JL. Virginica, Willd. (WHITE GRASS.) Panide simple; the spike-
lets clssely oppressed on the slender branches around which they are partly curved
(H'; long) ; stamens 2 (a third imperfect or wanting) ; paleaa sparingly ciliate
(greenish-white). — Wet woods. Aug., Sept.

# # Spikelets broadly oval, imbricately covering each other (2i"-3" long).

3. Li. leiiticuluris, Michx. (FLY-CATCH GRASS.) Smoothish ; pan!
cle simple ; paleae very flat, strongly bristly ciliate (said to close and catch flies) t
BtPtnens 2. — Low grounds, Virginia, Illinois, and southward.

OKYZA SATIVA, the RICE-PLANT, is allied to this genus.

2. ZIZANIA, Gronov. WATER or INDIAN RICE.

Flowers monoecious; the staminate and pistillate both in 1 -flowered spikelets
in the same panicle. Glumes wanting, or rudimentary, and forming a little
cup. Paleae herbaceo-membranaceous, convex, awnless in the sterile spikelets,
the lower tipped with a straight awn in the fertile ones. Stamens 6. Stigmas
pencil-form. — Large and often reed-like water-grasses. Spikelets jointed with
the club-shaped pedicels, very deciduous. (Adopted from Zi£ui>ioi>, the ancient
name of some wild grain.)

1. Z. aqil£tica, L. (INDIAN RICE. WATER OATS.) Loiver branches
of the ample pyramidal panicle staminate, spreading ; the, upper erect, pistillate
pedicels stronglv club-shaped; lower palece long-awned, rough ; styles distinct;
grain linear, slender. © (Z. clavulosa, Michx.) — Swampy borders of streams
and in shallow water; common, especially northwestward. Aug. — Culms 3°-
9° high. Leaves flat, 2° -3° long, linear-lanceolate. Grain £' long ; gathered
for food by the Northwestern Indians.

2. Z. milificca, Michx. Panicle diffuse, ample, the staminate and pis-
tillate Jlcwers intermixed; awns short ; styles united ; grain ovate. ]\. — Pcnu *
Ohio, and southward. Aug. — Leaves involute.

3. AL-OPECtJRUS, L. FOXTAIL GRASS.

Spikelets 1 -flowered. Glumes boat-shaped, strongly compressed and keeled,
nearly equal,- united at the base, equalling or exceeding the lower palca, which
is awned on the back below the middle: upper palea wanting! Stamens 3.
Styles mostly united. Stigmas long and feathered. — Panicle contracted into a
cylindrical and soft dense spike. (Name from aXa>7rr;£, fox, ar.d oipa, tail, the
popular appellation, from the shape of the spike.)

1. A. ritATENSis, L. (MEADOW FOXTAIL.) Culm upright, smooth (2°
high); paled equalling the acute glumes; awn exserted more than liti/f its length,
tnnsttd ; upper leaf much shorter than its inflated sheath. U — Meadows and
pastures of E. New England and New York. May. (Nat. frjiu Eu.)

GRAMINJLE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 541

2. A. GENicuiAxus, L. (FLOATING FOXTAIL.) Culm ascending, beiit
at the lower joints ; palea rather shorter than the obtuse glumes, the awn from near
ite base aid projecting half its length beyond it ; anthers linear; upper leaf as long
as its sheath. 1J. — Moist meadows: rare. July, Aug. (Nat. from Eu.)

3. A. siriKtiairetus, Michx. (WILD WATER-FOXTAIL.) Glaucous;
culm decumbent below, at length bent and ascending ; palea rather longer than
the obtuse glumes, scarcely exceeded by the awn which rises from just beiow its mid-
dle; anthers oblong. 1J. (A. subaristatus, Pers.) — In water and wet meadows;
common, especially northward. June - August. Spike more slender and paler
than in the last. (Eu.)

4. P II 1. J2 U HE , L. CAT'S-TAIL GRASS. •

Paleae both present, shorter than the rnucronate or awned glumes ; the lower
one truncate, usually awnless. Styles distinct. Otherwise much as in Alope-
curus. — Spike very dense, harsh, (An ancient Greek name, probably of the
Cat-tail.)

1. P. PRATENSE, L. (TIMOTHY. HERD'S-GRASS in New England and
New York.) Spike cylindrical, elongated ; glumes eiliate on the back, tipped
with a bristle less than half their length. ]\. — Meadows, £c. ; very valuable for
hay. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. P. «ll|>i Bill III, L. Spike ovate-oblong; glumes strongly ciliate-fringed
on the back, tipped with a rough awn-like bristle about their own length. 1J. —
Alpine tops of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, and high northward.
(Eu.) See Addend.

5. VIL.FA, Aclans., Beauv. RUSH-GRASS,

Spikelets 1 -flowered, in a contracted or spiked panicle. Glumes 1-nerved or
nerveless, not awned or pointed, the lower smaller. Flower nearly sessile in the
glumes. Paleae 2, much alike, of the same texture as the glumes (membrana-
ceo-chartaceous) and usually longer than they, naked, neither awned nor mu
cronatc ; the lower 1 -nerved (rarely somewhat 3-nerved). Stamens chiefly 3.
Stigmas simply feathery. Grain (caryopsis) oblong or cylindrical, deciduous.
— Culms wiry or rigid. Leaves involute, usually bearded at the throat ; their
sheaths often enclosing the lateral panicle. (Name unexplained.)

1. V. asperil, Beauv. Root perennial ; culms tufted (2° -4° high); low-
est leaves very long, rigid, rough on the edges, tapering to a long involute and
thread-like point ; the upper short, involute ; sheaths partly enclosing the con-
tracted panicle ; palece much longer than the unequal glumes ; grain oval or oblong.
(AgAr-stis aspera, Michx. A clandestina & A. involuta, Mnhl. A. longifolia,
Torr.) — Sandy fields and dry hills ; not rare, especially southward. Sept. —
Spikelets 2" - 3" long. Paleae rough above, smooth or hairy below, of greatly
varying proportions ; the upper one tapering upwards, acute, and one half to
twice longer than the lower, or else obtuse and equalled, or even considerably
exceeded, by the lower !

2. V. vagilliUtlora, Torr. Root annual ; culms slender (6 -12' high)
fiscending ; leaves involute-awl-shaped (!' - 4' long) ; panicles simple aiid spiked.

512 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.)

the lateral and often the terminal concealed in the sheaths ;
about l/te length of the nearly equal glumes ; only one third longer tLan the linear
grain. (Agrostis Virginica, Mahl., not of L. Crypsis Yirg., Nutt.) — Barren
and sandy dry fields, New England to Illinois, and common southward. Sept.
3. V. Yirgillica, Beauv. Root perennial ; culms tufted, slender (5'- 12f
long), often procumbent, branched ; leaves convolute ; palete rather shorter than
the nearly equal acute gluni?s. (Agrostis Virginica,/,.) — Sandy sea-shore,
Virginia (Clayton] and southward. — Spikelets much smaller and more numer
ous than in the last. See Addend.

6. SPOROBOJLUS, R. Brown. DROP-SEED GRASS.

Spikelets 1- (rarely 2-) flowered, in a contracted or open panicle. Flower*
nearly as in Vilfa; the paleae longer than the unequal glumes. Stamens 2-3
Grain a globular utricle (hyaline or rarely coriaceous), containing a loose seed,
deciduous (whence the name, from crrropa, seed, and /3uXA&>, to cast forth).
# Glumes very unequal : panicle pyramidal t open,

1. S. j S3 II CC11S, Kunth. Leaves in col ute, narrow, rigid, the lowest elongat-
ed; culm (l°-2°high) naked above, bearing a narrow loose panicle; glume*
ovate, rather obtuse, the lower one half as long as, the upper equalling, the nearly
equal palete. 1J. (Agrostis juncea, Michx. Vilfa juncca, Trin.) — Dry soil,
Pennsylvania to Wisconsin, and (chiefly) southward. Aug. — Spikelets l"-2
long, shining.

2. S. Iicter61epis. Leaves involute-thrcad-form, rigid, the lowest as long
as the culm (l°-2°), which is naked above; panicle very loose; glumes very
unequal; the lower awl-shaped (or bristle-pointed from a broad base) and some-
what shorter, the tipper ovate-oblong and taper-minted and longer, than the equal
palece. 1J. (Vilfa heterolcpis, Gray.) — Dry soil, Connecticut, N. New York,
Ohio, and Wisconsin. Aug. — Plant exhaling an unpleasant scent (Suuivant),
stouter than the last, the spikelets thrice larger. Utricle spherical (!•' in diam-
eter), shining, thick and Coriaceous !

3. S. crypH&lldrilS. Leaves flat, pale (2" wide) ; the pyramidal panicle
bursting from the upper sheath which usually encloses its base, its spreading
branches hairy in the axils ; upper glume lattceoldte, rather acute, twice the length oj
the lower one, as long as the nearly equal pnlcie; sheaths strongly boarded at the
throat, U 1 (Agr. & Vilfa cryptandra, Torr.) — Sandy soil, Buffalo, New York,
to Illinois, and south and westward. Ipswich, Massachusetts, Oakes. Aug. —
Culm 2° -3° high. Panicle lead-color : spikelets small.

=H * Glumes almost equal, shorter than the broad. pale(e : panicle racemnse-elongcJfd,
open, thr p,'di'rf/fi capillary: sheaths naked at the throat : spikelets not Wlfreqwmtlg
2-Jlotcered. (Colpodium '<)

4. S. COmpr<>SSUS, Kunth. Very smooth, leafy to the top; culms tufted,
stout, very Jltl ; sheaths flattened, much longer than the internoder ; leaves erect,
narrow, conduplicate-ehannelled ; glumes acntish, about ono third shorter than
the obtuse ]i;ilea\ 1J. (Agrostis comprcssa, Torr. Vilfa, Trin.) - Bogs in the
pine burreiis of New Jcrscv. Sej)t. — Forming strong tussocks, l°-2D high.
r;;uid>' 8' - 12' long: spikelets 1'' long, purplish.

GKA:,I1N!:.E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 54£

5 S. SCr6tilillS. Smooth; culms very slender, fattii, (8' -15' high),
few-leaved; leaves very slender, channelled; panicle so<m much txsertcd, the dif-
fuse capillary branches scattered; glumes ovate, obtuse, about half the length
of the paleas. (X ? (Agr. & Vilfa serotina, Torr. V. tcnera, Trin. Po.a ? uni-
flora, Muhl. P. raodesta, Tuckerm.) — Sandy wet places, E. New England to
New Jersey and Michigan. Sept. — A very delicate grass; the spikc'cts, &c.
«maller than in the last.

71. AGROSTIS, L. BENT-GRASS.

Spikclets 1 -flowered, in an open panicle. Glumes somewhat equal, or the
lower rather longer, usually longer than the palcaa, pointless. Paleoj very thin,
pointless, naked; the lower 3-5-nerved, and frequently awned on the hack, the
upper often minute or wanting. Stamens chiefly 3. Grain (caryopsis) free.
— Culms usually tufted, slender. (Name from dypos, a field, the place of
growth.)

$ 1. TRICII6DIUM, Michx. — Upper paka abortive, minute, or none.

1. A. data, Trin. (TALLER THIN-GRASS.) Culms firm or stout (2°-3°
high) ; leaves flat (l"-2" wide) ; upper ligules elongated (2"-3" long) ; spike-
lets crowded on tlte branches of the spreading panicle above the middle (1^'long);
lower palca awnless, slightly shorter than the rather unequal glumes ; the upper
wanting. 1|. (A. Schweinitzii, Trin. ? A. altissima, Tuckerm., excl. var. laxa.
Tfich. elatum, Pursh.) — Swamps, New Jersey and southward. October.

2. A. pereimaiis, Tuckerm. (THIN-GRASS.) Culms slender, erect from
a decumbent base (l°-2° high); leaves flat (the upper 4' -6' long, l"-2"
wide) ; panicle at length diffusely spreading, pale green, th* branches short, divided
and flower-bearing from or below the middle ; lower palea awnless (rarely short-
awncd), shorter than the unequal glumes ; the upper minute or obsolete. 1J.
(Cornucopia? perennans, Walt. Trich. perennans, Ell. T. decumbens, Michx.
T. scabrum, Haiti., not Agr. scabra, Willd. Agr. anomala, Willd.) — Damp
shaded places. July, Aug — Spikelets, &c. as in No. 3, into which it appear*
Ho vary.

3. A. SCabra, Willd. (HAIR-GRASS.) Culms very slender, erect (l°-2°
high) ; leaves short and narrow, the lower soon involute (the upper 1' - 3' long,
less than 1" wide) ; panicle very loose and divergent, purplish, the long capillary
benches flower-bearing at and near the apex ; lower palea awnless or occasionally
thort-awned on the back, shorter than the rather unequal very acute glumes; the
upper minute or obsolete. 1J. (2.) ? (A. laxiflora, Richard. A. Michauxii, Trin.
partly. Trich. laxiflorum, Michx. T. montanum, Torr.) — Exsiccated places,
common. June, July. — Remarkable for the long and divergent capillary
branches of the extremely loose panicle ; these arc whorled, rough with very
minute bristles (under a lens), as also the keel of the glumes. Spikelets 1'
long. — A variety ? from about the White Mountains, &c. ( var. moutana,
Tuckerm.), has a more or less exserted awn, thus differing from the T. monta-
nunr, Torr. (A. oreophUa, Trin.), which is a. dwarfed form, growing in tufi.s in
hollows of rocks, &c.

544 GKAMINL.E. (GRASS FAMILY.)

4. A. CAxL\A, L. (BROWN BUNT-GRASS.) Culms slender (1°- 2° high) •
root-leaves involute-bristle-form, tliose of the culm flat and broader, linear ;
branches of the short and loose erect-spreading panicle slender, branching above
the middle ; lower paha a little shorter than the almost equal glumes, bearing a
'•ong (at length bent or somewhat twisted) awn on the back a little below the middle,
the upper one minute and inconspicuous (only half the length of the ovary);
spikelets greenish, turning brown or purplish, about 1" long, ty — Meadows,
&c., E. New England : scarce. (Nat. from Eu.)

Var. alpliia, Oakes (var. ? tenella, Ton: ; A. rubra, L., cd. 1. ; A. Picker-
ingii & A. concinna, Tuckerin.), is a lower, often contracted mountain form, with
spikelets l£" long. Mountain-tops, Maine to New York. July, Aug. (Eu.)

9 2. AGROSTIS PROPER. — Upper palea manifest, but shorter than the lower.

5. A. Vlllgaris, With. (RED-TOP. HERD'S-GRASS of Penn., &c.)
Rootstocks creeping; culm mostly upright (l°-2°high); panicle oblong, with
spreading slightly rough short branches (purple) ; leaves linear; ligule very short,
truncate; lower palea nearly equalling the glumes, chiefly awnless, 3-nerved ;
the upper about one half its length. 1J. (A. polymorpha, Huds. partly. — Varies
with a rougher panicle (A. hispida, Willd.), and rarely with the flower awned
(A. pumila, L.} — Low meadows ; naturalized from Eu. Also native in North-
ern New York and northward. (Eu.)

6. A. ALBA, L. (WHITE BENT-GRASS.) Culm ascending, rooting at the
lower joints (l°-2° high) ; panicle narrow, contracted after flowering (greenish-
white or barely tinged with purple), the branches rough ; ligule oblong or linear ;
lower palea rather shorter than the glumes, 5-nerved, awnless, or rarely short-
awned on the back ; otherwise as in the last. 1J. — Varies with the panicle
more contracted (A. stolon ifera, L., Fiorin Grass) ; and var. ARJSTATA, with
the lower palea long-awned from near its base. (A. stricta, \Yilld.) — Moist
meadows and fields. A valuable grass, like the foregoing. (Nat. from Eu.)

§. POL.YPOGON, Desf. BEARD-GRASS.

Spikelets 1-flowcred, in a contracted somewhat spike-like panicle. Glumes
nearly equal, long-awned, much longer than the membranaceous paleae, the lower
of which is commonly short-awned below the apex. Stamens 3. Graia. frse.
(Name composed of TroXv, much, and Trcoycoi/, br.ard; from the awns.)

1. P. MONSPELIENSIS, Desf. Panicle interrupted ; glumes oblong, the awn
from a shallow notch at the summit ; lower palea awned. (j — On the coast,
Isle of Shoals, New Hampshire (Oakes $- Robbins), Virginia? and southward.
(Nat. from Eu.)

9. CINNA, L. WOOD REED-GRASS.

Spikelets 1-flowcred, much flattened, crowded in an open flaccid panicle.
Glumes lanceolate, acute, strongly keeled, hispid-serrulate on the keel ; the lower
rather smaller, the upper a little exceeding the paleae. Flower manifestly
•talked in the glumes, smooth and naked ; the paleae much like the glumes ;
the lower longer than the upper, short-awned or bristle-pointed on the back be

GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 545

low the pointless apex. Stamen one, opposite the 1-uerved upper palea ! Grain
linear-oblong, free. — A perennial, rather sweet-scented grass, with simple and
upright somewhat reed-like culms (2° -7° high), hearing a large compound ter-
minal panicle, its branches in fours or fives, broadly linear-lanceolate flat leaves
(£'-£' wide), and conspicuous ligules. Spikelets green, often purplish-tinged.
(Name unexplained.)

1. C. arimdiiiacea, L. — Moist woods and shaded swamps; rather
common, both northward and southward. July, Aug. — Panicle 6' -15' long,
rather dense ; the branches and pedicels spreading in flower, afterwards erect.
Spikelets 2^" - 3" long. Awn of the palea either obsolete or exserted.

Var. pciiclula. Panicle loose and more slender, the branches nearly
capillary and drooping in flower ; pedicels very rough ; glumes and paleae more
membranaceous, the former less unequal; spikelets l£"-2"loug; upper palea
obtuse. (C. pendula, Trin. C. latifolia, Griseb. C. expansa, Link. Blyttia
suaveolens, Fries.) — Deep damp woods, N. New York to Lake Superior and
northward, and on mountains southward. — A northern, more delicate state of
the last, as is shown by intermediate specimens. (Upper palea as long as the
lower, but shorter, as figured in Anders. Gram. Scand., only not with 3 stamens,
but monandrous, both in American specimens and in Norwegian, given in Fries,
Herb. Norm.) (Eu.)

10. MUIILENBERGIA, Schreber. DROP-SEED GRASS.

Spikelets 1 -flowered, in contracted or rarely open panicles. Glumes mostly
acute or bristle-pointed, persistent ; the lower rather smaller or minute. Flower
very short-stalked or sessile in the glumes ; the palea? usually hairy-bearded at
the base, herbaceous, deciduous with the enclosed grain, often equal ; the lowt r
3-nerved, mucronate or awned at the apex. Stamens 3. (Dedicated to the
Kev. Dr. Muhlenberg, a distinguished American botanist.)

§ 1. MUHLENBERGIA PROPER. — Panicles contracted or glomerate, terminal
and axillary: perennials (in our species) with branching rigid culms, from scaly
creeping rootstocks : leaves short and narrow.
# Lower palea barely mucronate or sharp-pointed. (Sp. of Cinna, Kunth, Trin.)

1. M. SOboIifera. Culms ascending (l°-2° high), sparingly branched ;
the simple contracted panicle very slender or filiform ; glumes barely pointed, almost
equal, $ shorter than the equal palece ; lower palea abruptly short-mucronate.
( Agrostis sobolifera, Muhl.) — Open rocky woods, Vermont to Michigan, Illi-
nois, and southward. Aug. — Spikelets less than 1" long.

2. M. glomerata, Trin. Culms upright (l°-2° high), sparingly
branched or simple ; panicle oblong-linear, contracted into an interrupted jlomerate
spike, long-peduncled, the branches sessile ; glumes awned, nearly equal, and
(with the bristle-like awn) about twice the length of the unequal very acute
paleae. (Agr. racemosa, Michx. A. setosa, Muhl. Polypogon racemosus,iV;rtt.)
— Bogs, &c. ; common, especially northward. Aug. — Panicle 2' -3' long.

3. IH. IWe.xicaiia, Trin. Culms ascending, much branched (2c-3a
high) ; panicles lateral and terminal, often included at the base, contracted, the

646 GRAUIXE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.)

branches densely spiked-clustered, linear (green antl purplish) ; glumes awnlesi tharp
pointed, unequal, the upper ahout the length of the very acute lower palea
(Agr, Mexieana, L. A. lateriflora, Michx.) — Varies with more slender pani-
cles (A. filiformis, <\fuhl.) — Low grounds; common. Aug.

* * Lower palea bristle-aimed from the tip : flowers short-pcdicelled.
4 M. sylvatica, Torr. & Gr. Culms ascending, much branched and
diffusely spreading (2° -4° long); contracted panicles d<-nsr-ly many-flowered;
glumes almost equal, bristle-pointed, nearly as long as the lower palea, which hears an
awn twice or thrice the length of the spikelet. (Agr. diffusa, MulJ.) — Low 01
rocky woods ; rather common. Aug., Sept. — Aspect between No. 3 and No. 5.

5. HI. Willdeiiovii, Trin. Culms upright (3° high), slender, simple or
sparingly branched; contracted panicle slender, loosely flowered ; glumes slightly
unequal, short-pointed, half the length of the lower palea, which bears an awn 3-4
times the length of the spikelet. (Agr. tenuiflora, Wi/td.) — Rocky woods;
rather common. Aug.

6. M. diflfiisa, Schreber. (DROP-SEED. NIMBLE WILL.) Culms dif-
fusely much branched (8' -18' high) ; contracted panicles slender, rather loosely
many-flowered, terminal and lateral] glumes extremity minute, the lower obsolete,
the upper truncate ; awn once or twice longer than the palea. (Dilepyrum
minutiflorum, Michx.) — Dry hills and woods, from S. New England to Michi-
gan, Illinois, and southward. Aug., Sept. — Spikelets much smaller than in the
foregoing, 1" long.

$ 2. TR1CH6CHLOA, DC. — Panicle very loose and open, the long branches and
pedicels capillary : leaves narrow, often convohite-brtslle-fonn.

7. M. capillaris, Kimth. (HAIR-GRASS.) Culm simple, upright (2°
high) from a fibrous (perennial?) root; panicle capillary, expanding (G'-20;
long, purple) ; glumes unequal, J to ^ the length of the long-awncd palcae, the
lower mostly pointless, the upper more or less bristle-pointed. — Sandy soil, W.
New England to New Jersey, Kentucky, and southward. Aug. — Pedicels V -
2' long, scarcely thicker than the awns, which arc about 1' long.

11. BRACHYEI.YTRUUI, Beauv. BRACHYELYIRUM.

Spikelets 1-flowered, with a conspicuous filiform pedicel of an abortive second
flower about half its length, nearly terete, few, in a simple appressed racemed
panicle Lower glume obsolete; the upper minute, pointless, persistent, shortei
than the wi Ith of the thick stalk of the flower. Palcae chartacco-hcrbaceous, in
volute, enclosing the linear-oblong grain, somewhat equal, rougli with scattered
short bristles ; the lower fi-nerved, contracted at the apex into a long straight
awn ; the upper 2-pointcd ; the awn-like sterile pedicel partly lodged in the groove
on its back. Stamens '2 : anthers and stigmas very long. — A perennial grass, with
simple culms (l°-3° high) from creeping rootstocks, downy sheaths, broad and
flat lanceolate pointed leaves, and large Spikelets V long without the awn. (Name
Composed of fipaxvs, short, and e'Xvrpoz/, /tusk, from the very short glumes.)

1. B. aristiitlllll, Beauv. (Muhlenbcrgia crecta, Schrcb. Dilepyrum
arjfttosum, Michx. \-Roeky woods; rather common. June.

GRAMINE^E. (GRAfcS FAMILY.) 547

12. C AL,AMAGRO§TI§, Adaus. REED BENT-GKASS.

Spikulets 1 -flowered, and often with a pedicel or rudiment of a second abor-
tive flower, in an open or spiked panicle. Glumes keeled or boat-shaped, often
acute, commonly nearly equal, and exceeding the flower, which is surrounded
at the base by a copious tuft of white bristly hairs. Paleae membranaceous, or
in the second and third sections of a firmer texture ; the lower bearing a slender
awn on the back or below the tip, rarely awnless ; the upper mostly shorter.
Stamens 3. Grain free. — Perennials, with running rootstocks, and mostly tall
and simple rigid culms. (Name compounded of KaAa/ios, a reed, and dypdo-ris,
a grass.)

$ 1. CALAMAGROSTIS PROPER.— Flower, frc. much as in Agrostis, except
the hairy tuft : the boat-shaped glumes and the palete membranaceous ; the former
equal or the lower one rather longer : loioer palea 3 - 5-nerved, awned on the back :
panicle open. (All the following have a rudimentary plumose pedicel of a second
Jlower.)

* Glumes open or loose after flowering.

1. C. CailcUlcnsiS, Beauv. (BLUE JOINT-GRASS.) Panicle oblong,
loose (often purplish) ; lower palea nearly as long as the lanceolate acute glumes,
not exceeding the very fine hairs, bearing an extremely delicate awn below the middle
scarcely equalling or exceeding the hairs ; rudimentary pedicel minute. ( Arun-
do Canadensis, Michx. C. Mexicana, Nutt.) — Wet grounds; common north-
ward, and southward along the Alleghanics. July. — Rather glaucous, 3° - 5°
high: leaves flat. Glumes rough, 1^" long. See Addend

* * Glumes closed in f.uit.

2. C. COllfiniS, Nutt. Panicle elongated, narrow (5' -8' long), the
branches appressed after flowering, pale ; lower palta nearly equalling the oblong-
lanceolate acute glumes, % longer than the hairs (excepting those of the conspicuous
rudiment), bearing between the middle and the base a rather stout and slightly exserted
awn. (Ar. confinis, Willd. I C. incxpansa, Gray.} — Swamps, N. and \V. New
York (especially Penn Yan, Sartwell) and Pennsylvania. July. — Spikelets
rather larger than m the last; upper glume more or less shorter.'

3. C. coarctata, TOIT. Panicle contracted, dense (3' -6' long); lower
palea shorter than the taper-pointed tips of the lanceolate glumes, almost twice the length
of the hairs (excepting the strong tuft borne by the conspicuous rudiment), bear-
ing a rigid and exserted short awn above the middle. (C. Canadensis, Nutt.) —
Wet grounds, Mass, to Wisconsin? and (chiefly) southward. Aug. — Culm
3° - 5° high. Glumes 4" long. Grain hairy, crowned with a bearded tuft.

4. C. Pickei'iligii. Panicle dense and narrow (3' -5' long, purplish) ;
palea; nearly equal, rather shorter than the ovate-oblong merely acute glumes ; awn
inserted between the middle and the base, stout, often a little bent, not exceeding the
glumes ; hairs very short and scanty, \ the length of the palea;, half as long as the
small plumose rudiment. — Alpine region of the White Mountains of New
Hampshire; first collected by Dr. Pickering and Mr. Oakes. Sept. — Culml0
high. Spikelets smaller and glumes less pointed than in C. sylvatica, DC, to
which belongs C. purpurasccns, R. Br. ? Leaves short and flat

548 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.;

$ 2. CALAMOVlLFA. — Glumes and equal palace rattier chartaceous, compresscl-
keeled ; the lower. glume shorter than the upper and shorter than the palece, of which
the lower is \-ncrcei1 and entirely awnless ; the upper strongly 2-keeled : rudiment
wanting : panicle open and loose.

5. C. brevipilis. Branches of the diffuse pyramidal panicle capillary
(purplish) ; glumes ovate., mucronate ; the upper slightly, the lower nearly one half,
•hotter than the palew, which arc above twice the length of the hairs and bristly-beard-
ed along the keels. (Arundo brevipilis, Torr.) — Sandy swamps, pine barrens of
New Jersey ; rare. Sept. — Culm slender, 3° - 4° high : leaves nearly flat.

6. C. loilgifolia, Hook. Culm (l°-4° high) stout, from thick running
rootstocks ; leaves rigid, elongated, involute above and tapering into a long thread-
iik'e point ; branches of the pyramidal panicle smooth ; glumes lanceolate, the
upper as long as the similar palcse, the lower | shorter ; the copious hairs more
than half the length of the naked paleat. — Sands, Illinois, Michigan, and north-
westward. Spikelets |' long. Sheaths clothed with deciduous wool.

§ 3. AMM6PHILA, Host. — Glumes nearly equal and rather longer than the equal
similar paleoe, scarious-chartaceous, lanceolate, compressed-keeled: lower palea 5-
nerved, slightly mucronate or obscurely awned near the tip ; the upper 2-kceled:
rudiment present and plumose above : squamulce lanceolate, much longer than the
ovary : panicle spiked-contracted: spikekts large (^ long}.

7. C. areiiaria, Roth. (SEA SAND-REED.) Culm rigid (2° -3° high)
from stout running rootstocks ; leaves long, soon involute ; panicle contracted
into a dense cylindrical spike (5' -9 long) ; hairs only J the length of the pa-
leae. (Arundo, L. Psamma, Deanv.} — Sandy beaches, New Jersey to Maine,
and northward ; also Lakes Michigan and Superior. Aug. (Eu.)

13. ORYZOPSIS, Michx. MOUNTAIN RICE.

Spikelets 1 -flowered nearly terete. Glumes herbaceo-membranaceous, sev-
eral-nerved, ; .early equal, commonly rather longer than the oblong flower, which
is deciduour at maturity, and with a very short obtuse callus. Lower palea cori-
BCCOUS, at 'ength involute so as closely to enclose the upper (of the same length)
and the oMong grain ; a simple untwisted and deciduous awn jointed on its
apex. S.amens 3. Squamulae 2 or 3, conspicuous. Styles sometimes united:
stigmas 'jlumose.' — Perennials, with rigid leaves and a narrow raceme or panicle.
Spikele.s greenish, rather large. (Name composed of opv£a, rice, and fyis,
likeness, from a fancied resemblance to that grain.)

* * Styles distinct, short : culm leafy to the summit : callus glabroua.

1. O. mclauocarpa, Muhl. Leaves lanceolate, taper-pointed, flat;
iheaths bearded in the throat ; panicle simple or sparingly branched, the branches
divergent; spikelets loosely raeemed ; awn thrice the length of the blackisJi paleve
(nearly 1' long). (Milium racemosum, Smith. Piptatherum nigrum, Torr.) —
Rocky woods ; not rare. Aug. — Culm 2° - 3° high.

* * Styles united In low, slender : culms tufted, naked above : callus bearded.

L>. O. :csjM'i iJolia, Michx. Culms (9'- 18' high) clothed with shoatlis
bearing a mere rudimentary blade, overtopped by the long and rigid linear letif

GI? A MIX !•:.<£. (GRASS FAMILY.) 543

from the base; panicle very simple and raceme-like, few-flowered; awn 2-3
times the length of the rather hairy whitish palece. (Urachne, Trin.) — Hill-sides,
&c., in rich woods ; common northward. May. — Leaves concave, keellcas,
rough-edged, pale underneath, lasting through the winter. Squamulae lanceo-
late, almost as long as the inner palea !

3. O. Canadensis, Torr. Culms slender (6'- 15' high), the lowest
sheaths leaf-bearing; leaves involute-thread-shaped; panicle contracted (l'-2'
long), the branches usually in pairs ; palcae pubescent, whitish ; awn short and
very deciduous, or wanting. (O. parviflora, Nutt. Stipa juncea, Michx. S. Can-
adensis, Poir. Milium p ungens, Torr. Urachne breAacaudata, Trin.} — Rocky
hills an 1 dry plains, W. New England to Wisconsin, and northward ; rare.
May. — Glumes l"-2'' long, sometimes purplish. — Through the species, *or
perhaps variety, Urachne micrantha, Trin., this genus is strictly connected with
Stipa.

14. STIPA, L. FEATHER-GRASS.

Spikelets 1 -flowered, terete : the flower falling away at maturity, with the con-
spicuous obconical bearded and often sharp-poiuted stalk (callus), from the mem-
branaceous glumes. Lower palea coriaceous, cylindrical-involute, closely em-
bracing the smaller upper one and the cylindrical grain, having a long and
twisted or tortuous simple awn jointed with its apex (naked in our species).
Stamens mostly 3. Stigmas plumose. — Perennials, with narrow involute leaves
and a loose panicle. (Name from OTimr), toiv, in allusion to the flaxen appear-
ance of the feathery awns of the original species.)

* Callus or base of the floiver short and blunt ; glumes pointless.

1. S. Richard SOilii, Link. Culm (1^°- 2° high) and leaves slender ;
panicle loose (4' -5' long), with slender few-flowered branches; glumes nearly
equal, oblong, acutish (2^" long), about equalling the pubescent linear.oblong
lower palea, which hears a tortuous or geniculate awn 6" - 8" long. — Pleasant
Mountain, near Sebago Lake, Maine, C. J. Sprague ; and northwestward.
(Flowers rather smaller than in Richardson's plant, as described by Trinius
and Ruprecht.)

* * Callus or base of the flower pungently pointed : at maturity villous-bearded : louver
palea slender and minutely bearded at the tip : glumes taper-pointed.

2. S. avenacea> L. (BLACK OAT-GRASS.) Culm slender (l°-t*
high) ; leaves almost brist.^-form ; panicle open; palece blackish, near/y as long at
the almost equal glumes (about 4" long), the awri bent above, twisted below (2'-
3' long). — Dry or sandy woods, S. New England to Wisconsin, and (chiefly)
southward. July.

3. S. spa rtea, Trin., not of Hook. (PORCUPINE GRASS.) Culrn rather
stout (l£°-3° high) ; panicle contracted; palece linear, f'-l' long (including the
long callus), pubescent below, shorter than the lanceolate slender subulate-pointed
greenish glumes ; the twisted strong awn 3^' -7' long, pubescent below, rough
above. (S. juncea, Fursh?) — Plains and pr?iries, from Illinois ani N Mk-bi
gan northwestward

550 GRAMINK.E. (GRASS FAMILT.)

15. A It 1ST I DA, L. TRIPIE- IWNED GRASS.

Glumes unequal, often bristle-pointed. Lower palea tipped with three awns *,
the upper palea much smaller. Otherwise much as in Stipa. — Culms branch-
ing : leaves narrow, often involute. Spikclcts in simple or panicled racemes
or spikes. (Name from arista, a beard or awn.) All grow in sterile, dry
Boil, and all ours have the awns naked and persistent, and flower towards tho
end of summer.

* Awns separate to the base, not jointed icith the palea.

•»- Awn very unequal; the 2 -lateral merely short erect bristles, scarcely \ or \ the
length of the horizontal at length recurved middle one : root annual : culms tufted,
much branched throughout, low (5'- 18' high} : racemes short and spike-like.

1. A. <licli6tOBlia, Michx. (POVERTY GRASS.) Culms erect or ascend-
ing; spikelets small, mostly crowded and panicled; glumes \-nerred, ^'-J long,
exceeding the flower, which bears a middle awn of about its own length. — Com-
mon in old fields, &c., especially southward.

2. A» ramosissima, Engelm. mss. Culms diffuse ; spiked raceme sim-
ple and loosely flowered; glumes $'-$' long, 3 - 5-nerved, aboat equalling the
flower, the soon recurved middle awn 1' long. — Dry prairies of Illinois (Engel-
mann), and Kentucky (herb. Michaux). — Glumes short-awned ; the lower 4 -5-
nerved; the inner and longer one 3-nerved, 2-cleft at the tip. Lateral awns of
the palea only l£" - 2" long. Ligule truncate, bearded.

•»- •»- Awns unequal but similar ; the 2 lateral about half the length of the horizontally
bent middle one : root annual: culms branched only towards the base, naked above,
bearing a long and slender spiked raceme or virgate panicle.

3. A. griicilis, Ell. Culms slender, erect (6' -18' high); flower as long
as the glumes (2£" -3" long) ; lateral awns as long as the palea, the middle one
£'-§' long. — Sand, E. Massachusetts and New Jersey to Illinois, and south-
ward. •

•»-•»-•»- Awns nearly equal, divergently spreading : root perennial.

++ Culms simple or nearly so (l°-2° high), terminated by a long and strict virgate

many-flowered spiked panicle from 6' to 18' in length.

4. A. Stricta, Michx. Leaves soon involute-filiform, rigid, dou-ny or gla-
brous; lower palea smooth, 3" -4" long, the equally spreading awns £ long, or
«.he lateral rather shorter. — Virginia and southward.

5. A. purpliraSCCns, Poir. Lcnrcs glabrous, less rigid ; lower palea
rough or minutely serrulate-hispid on the keel and 'he slender lateral nerves,
4"- 5" long; the divaricate middle awn 1' long, the lateral a little shorter and
at first erect. (A. racemosa, Muhl. A. Geyeriana, Staid.) — Massachusetts to
Michigan, Illinois, and southward ; common.

«-* ** Culms branching bcloir (1°- H° high), the branch*'* naked above an 1 r.icemosdy
or panicitlately several- (4 - 12-) flowered*

6. A. oligrtiitlia, Michx. Spikelets large, very short-pcdicolled ; glumes
equalling the flower, 8"- 10" long, the lower 3-5-nerved and 2-cleft at the lip,
the upper 1 -nerved and more awned at the tip ; awns of the palea !£' -3' long,

GR AMINES (GRASS FAMILY.) 551

divaricate, the lateral a little shorter than the mkldle one. — Virginia to Illinois,
and south westward. — Resembles small forms of the next.

* * Aivns unittd below into one, jointed with the apex of the palea: root annual.

7. A. tiibercilldsa, Nutt. Culm branched below (6' -18' high), tumid
at the joints ; panicles rigid, loose ; the branches in pairs, one of them shori and
about 2-flowered, the other elongated and several-flowered; glumes (!' long, in-
cluding their slender-awned tips) longer than the palea ; which is tipped with
the common stalk (about its own length) of the 3 equal divergently-bent awns
(1|' -2' long) twisting together at the base. — Sandy soil, E. Massachusetts to
New Jersey ; also Wisconsin, Illinois, and southward.

16. SPAR TIN A, Schrebcr. CORD or MARSH GRASS.

Spikelets 1 -flowered, without a rudiment, very much flattened laterally, spiked
in 2 ranks on the outer side of a triangular rhachis. Glumes strongly com-
pressed-keeled, acute, or bristle-pointed, mostly rough-bristly on the keel ; the
upper one much larger and exceeding the pointless and awnless paleas, of which
the upper is longest. Squamulce none. Stamens 3. Styles long, more or less
united. — Perennials, with simple and rigid reed-like culms, from extensively
creeping scaly rootstocks, racemed spikes, very smooth sheaths, and long and
tough leaves (whence the name, from (TTrapTivrj, a cord, such as was made from
the bark of the Spartium, or Broom).

.*- Spikelets compactly imbricated, rough-hispid on the keels: spikes more or less pedurtr-
cled: culm and leaves rigid.

1. S. cynosuroides, Willd. (FRESH-WATER CORD-GRASS.) Culm
rather slender (2° -6° high) ; leaves narrow (2° -4° long, ^' or less wide below),
tapering to a very slender point, keeled, flat, but quickly involute in drying,
smooth except the margins ; spikes 5-14, scattered, spreading ; rhachis rough on
the margins ; glumes awn-pointed, especially the upper, the lower equalling the lower
palea, whose strong rough-hispid midrib abruptly terminates below the membra-
nous apex. (Trachynotia cynosuroides, Michx. Limnetis, Pers.) — Banks of
rivers and lakes through the interior, chiefly northward. Aug. — Spikes 2' -3'
long, straw-color. Glumes strongly serrulate-hispid on the keel ; the awn of the
upper one about \' long. Paleae somewhat unequal. — Certainly distinct from
the next, to which, in strictness, the Linnaean name belongs.

2. S. polystacliya, Willd., Muhl. (SALT EEED-GRASS.) Culm taH
and stout (4° - 9° high, often 1' in diameter near the base) ; leaves broad (Q to I'),
roughish underneath, as well as the margins ; spikes 20-50, forming a dense obfang
raceme (purplish) ; glumes barely mucronate, the lower half the length of t/ie equal
paleie, of which the rough-hispid midrib of the lower one reaches to the apex.
(Trachynotia polystacliya, Michx. Dactylis cynosuroides, L.I in part, excl,
var.) — Salt or brackish marshes, within tide -water, especially southward.

3. S. jtiaicea, Willd. (llusn SALT-GRASS.) Culms low (1°~2° high;
and slender; leaves nairoiv and rush-like, strongly involute, very smooth ; spikes 1-5,
on vety short peduncles; the rhachis smooth ; glumes acute, the lower scarcely J
the length of the upper, not half the length of the lower palea. (Dactylxs pa-

552 GBAMINILE. (GRASS FAMILY.)

tens, Ait. )-- Salt marshes, and sancy sea-beaches, common. Auguit. (Also
in otic locality in S. of Eu.)

* * Spiktkts loosely imbricated, or somewhat remote and alternate, the keels sligfitly
hairy or ronyhisli under a lens: spikes sessile and erect, soft; leaves, rhachis, frc.
very smooth : culm, $-c. rather succulent.

4. S. strict;!, Roth. (SALT MARSH-GRASS.) Culm l°-3° high, leafy
to the top; leaves convolute, narrow; spikes few (2-4), the rhachis slightly
projecting at the summit beyond the crowded or imbricated spikelets ; glumes
acute, very unequal, the larger 1 -nerved, a little longer than the palese. — Salt
marshes, Pennsylvania, &c. (Muhl.) (Eu.)

Var. glabra, Muhl. (S. glabra, Muhl., partly.) Culm and leaves mostly
longer; spikes 5-12 (2' -3' long), the spikelets imbricate-crowded. — Common
on the coast.

Var. alterui flora. (S. alterniflora, Loist/. Dactylis cynosuroidcs, var,
L.) Spikes more slender (3' -5' long), and the spikelets rcmotish, barely over-
lapping, the rhachis continued into a more conspicuous bract-like appendage ;
larger glume indistinctly 5-nerved (not so evidently as in the Eu. and Trop.
Amer. plant) : otherwise as in the preceding form, into which it passes. — Com-
mon with the last. — Odor strong and rancid.

17. CTENIUM, Panzer. TOOTHACHE-GRASS.

Spikelets densely imbricated in two rows on one side of a flat arcuate-curved
rhachis, forming a solitary terminal spike. Glumes persistent ; the lower one
(interior) much smaller ; the other concave below, bearing a stout recurved awn,
like a horn, on the middle of the back. Flowers 4-6, all but one neutral ; the
one or two lower consisting of empty awned palese, the one or two uppermost
of empty awnlcss paleae : the perfect flower intermediate in position ; its paleaa
membranaceous, the lower awned or mucronate below the apex and densely
ciliate towards the base, 3-nerved. Squamula3 2. Stamens 3. Stigmas plu-
mose. (Name Krei/ioi/, a small comb, from the pectinate appearance of the spike. )

1. C. American!!!!!, Spreng. Culm (3° -4° high) simple, pubescent
or rough ish ; larger glume warty-glandular outside and conspicuously awned.
1|. (Monocera aromatica, EU.) — Wet pine barrens, S. Virginia and southward.

- Taste very pungent.

18. BOUTEL.OIIA, Lagasca (1805). MUSKET-GRASS.

Spikelets crowded and closely sessile in 2 rows on one side of a flattened
rhachis, comprising one perfect flower below and one or more sterile (mostly
neutral) or rudimentary flowers. Glumes concave-keeled, the lower one shorter.
Perfect flower with the 3-ncrvcd lower palea 3-toothed or cleft at the apex, the
2-uerved upper palea 2-toothcd, the teeth, at least of the former, pointed or subu-
late-nwnc. I. Stamens .'3 : anthers orange-colored or red. Rudimentary flowers
mostly 1 -3-awned. Spikes solitary, raeenied, or spiked ; the rhachis somewhat
extended bryond the spikelets. (Named for Claudius Boutdou, a Spanish writer
upon floriculture and agriculture )

GRAMINKJE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 553

t 1. CHONDR6SIUM, Desv. — Spikes pectinate, of very many spikelets, oblong
or linear, very dense, solitary and terminal or few in a raceme : sterile flowers 1—3
on the summit of a short pedicel, neutral, consisting of I -3 scales and awns.

1. B. oiigOStadiya, Torr. Glabrous, perennial (6' -12' high) ; leaves
very narrow; spikes 1-5, the rhachis glabrous; glumes and lower fertile palea
sparingly soft-hairy ; the lobes awl-pointed ; sterile flower copiously villous-tufted at
the summit of the naked pedicel, the 3 awns equalling the larger glume.
(Atheropogon, Nutt.) — W. Wisconsin? and westward. — Glumes obscurely
if at all papillose along the keel. Middle lobe of the lower palea 2-cleft at the
tip. Sterile flowers often 2, the second mostly a large awnless scale, becoming
hood-like and coriaceous. (Near B. gracilis : perhaps B. juncifolia, Lag.)

2. B. llii'SUta, Lagasca. Tufted from an annual? root (8' -20' high);
leaves flat, lance-linear, papillose-hairy or glabrous ; spikes 1 - 4 ; upper glume
hispid with strong bristles from dark warty glands ; lower palea pubescent, 3-cleft
into awl-pointed lobes ; sterile flower and its pedicel glabrous, the 3 awns longer than
the glumes and fertile flower. (Atheropogon papillosus, Engelm. Chondrosium.
hirtum, H. B. K.) — Sandy plains, Wisconsin, Illinois, and south westward.

{ 2. ATHEROPOGON, Muhl. — Spikes short, numerous in a long and virgate
one-sided spike or raceme, spreading or rejlexed, each of few (4-12) spikelets:
sterile flowers neutral, rudimentary.

3. B. curtipendula. Culms tufted from perennial rootstalks (l°-3°
high) ; sheaths often hairy ; leaves narrow ; spikes £' or less in length, nearly
sessile, 30 to 60 in number in a loose general spike ( 8'- 15' long) ; flowers
scabrous ; the lower palea of the fertile with 3 short awl-pointed teeth ; sterile
flower reduced to a single small awn, or mostly to 3 awns shorter than the fertile
flower, and 1 or 2 small or minute scales. (B. racemosa, Lagasca. Chloris
curtipendula, M'ichx. Atheropogon apludioides, Muhl. Eutriana curtipendula,
Trin.) — Calcareous dry hills and plains, S. New York to Wisconsin, and south-
ward. July -Sept. — Passes by transitions into

Var. JiB'isl osa. Spikes mostly shorter ; sterile flower of a large saccate
lower palea, awned at the 2-cleft tip and from the lateral nerves, the stout mid-
dle awn often exserted, and sometimes with a rudiment of an inner palea,
(Eutriana affinis, J. D. Hook.) — Illinois (Geyer), Penn. ? and southward.

19. GYUINOPOGON, Beauv. NAKED-BEARD GRASS.

Spikelets of one perfect flower, and the rudiment of a second (consisting of
an awn-like pedicel mostly bearing a naked bristle), sessile and remotely alter-
nate on long and filiform rays or spikes, which form a crowded naked raceme.
Glumes lance-awl-shaped, keeled, almost equal, rather longer than the somewhat
equal mcmbranaceous palcae ; of which the lower is cylindrical-involute, witi«
the midrib produced from just below the 2-cleft apex into a straight and slender
bristle-like awn ! the upper with the abortive rudiment at its base. Stamens 3.
Stigmas pencil-form^ purple. — Leaves short and flat, thickish, l'-3' long.
(Name composed of -yu/iros, naked, and 7rd>yo>v, a beard, alluding to ths reduc-
tion of the abortive flower to a bare awn.)

554 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.)

1. Cr. raceiiiOSUS, Bcauv. Culms cl istered from a short rootstock (1*
high), wiry, leafy; leaves oblong-lanceolate; spikes Jlower-l>eariny to the bos*
(5' -8' long), soon divergent; awn of the abortive flower shorter than its stalk,
equalling the pointed ylumcs, not more than half the length of the £wn of the fer-
tile flower. Ij. (Anthopogon lepturoides, Nutt.) — Sandy pine barrens, New
Jersey to Virginia, and southward. Aug., Sept.

2. O. brevifolillS, Trin. Filiform spikes long-pedunded, i. e. flov;er-bear-
iiKj only above the middle; lower palca ciliate near the base, short-awned ; awn
o/' the a'onrtiri' j!v/c< r obsolete or minute ; yhunes acute. 1J. (Anthopogon brevifo-
lius & liliformis, Nutt.) — Sussex County, Delaware, and southward.

2O. CVNODON, Richard. BERMUDA GRASS. SCUTCH-GRASS.

Spikelets 1 -flowered, with a mere naked short-pedicelled rudiment of a second
flower, imbricate-spiked on one side of a flatfish rhachis ; the spikes usually
digitate at the naked summit of the flowering culms. Glumes keeled, pointless,
rather unequal. Paleae pointless and awnless ; the lower larger, boat-shaped.
Stamens 3. — Low diffusely-branched and extensively creeping perennials, with
short flattish leaves. (Name composed of KVCOI/, a tloy, and oSovs, a tooth.)

1. C. DACTYLON, Pers. Spikes 3-5; paleae smooth, longer than the blunt
rudiment. — Penn. and southward; troublesome in light soil. (Nat. from Eu.)

21. DACTYL.OCTEJVIUM, Willd. EGYPTIAN GRASS.

Spikelets several-flowered, with the uppermost flower imperfect, crowded on
one side of a flattened rhachis, forming dense pectinate spikes, 2-5 in number,
digitate at the summit of the culm. Glumes compressed laterally and keeled,
membranaceous, the upper (exterior) one awn-pointed. Lower palea strongly
keeled and boat-shaped, pointed. Stamens 3. Pericarp a thin utricle, contain-
ing a loose globular and rough-wrinkled seed. — Culms diffuse, often creeping
at the base. (Name compounded of fiuKrvAos. Jinyer, and KTCVLOV, a little contbt
alluding to the digitate and peetinate spikes.)

1. I>. ^GYPT!ACUM, Willd. Spikes 4- 5; leaves ciliate at the base. (J)
(Chloris mucronata, Michx.) — r Cultivated fields and yards, Virginia, Illinois,
and southward. (Adv. from Afr. ?)

22. EL.EUSINE, Grcrtn. CRAB-GRASS. YARD-GRASS.

Spikelets 2 - G-flowcrcd, with a terminal naked rudiment, closely imbricate-
gpikcd on one side of a flattish rhachis ; the spikes digitate. Glumes memblU-
naccous, pointless, shorter than the flowers. Paleaj awnless and pointless ; the
lower ovat:', keeled, larger than the upper. Stamens 3. Pericarp (utricle) con-
taining a loose oval and wrinkled seed. — Low annuals, with flat leaves, and
tnn.'h ••'- in I>("i- (Name from 'EXfumV, the town where Ceres, the god-
harvests, was worshipped.)

1. E. INDICA, Gu?rfn. (DO<;'S-TAIL or WIRK GRASS.: Culms ascend«
ing, flattened ; spikes 2-5 (2f long, greenish). — Yards, &c., .'.hiefiy southward
(Nat. from Ind. ?)

GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 555

23. J.EPTOCHL.OA, Beauv. (OXYDEMA, Nutt.)

Spikelets 3 - many-flowered (the uppermost flower imperfect), loosely spiked
on one side of a long filiform rhachis : the spikes racemed. Glumes membra-
naceous, keeled, often awl-pointed, the upper one somewhat larger. Lower pa-
lea 3-nerved, with the lateral nerves next the ciliate or hairy margins awnless, or
bristlc-awncd at the entire or 2-toothcd tip, larger than the upper. Stamens 2 or
3. Seed sometimes loose in the pericarp. — Leaves flat. (Name composed of
XeTTTos, slender, and x^oai grass, from the long attenuated spikes.)

§ 1. LEPTOCHLOA PROPER. — Lower palea awnless or simply awned,

1. JL. mucroiiata, Kunth. Sheaths hairy; spikes numerous (20-40,
2' -4' in length), in a long panicle-like raceme; spikelets small ; glumes more
or less mucronate, nearly equalling or exceeding the 3-4 awnless flowers. ©
— Fields, Virginia to Illinois, and southward. August.

$2. DIPLACHNE, Beauv. — Lower palea bristle-aivned from the 2-toothed apex ;
the marginal nerves often excurrent into lateral teeth or points.

2. L. fasciculi! ris. Smooth; leaves longer than the geniculate-decum-
bent branching culms ; the upper sheathing the base of the crowded panicle-like
raceme, which is composed of many strict spikes (3' -5' long) ; spikelets slightly
pedicelled, 7 - 11 -flowered, much longer than the lanceolate glumes; pale*
hairy-margined towards the base ; the lower one with 2 small lateral teeth and a
short awn in the cleft of the apex, (j (Festuca fascicularis, Lam. F. polysta-
chya, Michx. Diplachne fascicularis, Beauv., Torr. ) — Brackish meadows,
from Rhode Island southward along the coast, and from Illinois southward on
the Mississippi. Aug. — Makes a direct transition to the next genus.

24. TRIC1ISPJS, Beauv. (URALEPIS & WINDSORIA, Nutt.)

Spikelets 3-12-flowered, somewhat terete; the terminal flower abortive.
Glumes unequal. Rhachis of the spikclet bearded below each flower. Pales
membranaceous or somewhat chartaccous ; the lower much larger than the 2-
toothed upper one, convex, 2-3-toothed or cleft at the apex, conspicuously
hairy-bearded or villous on the 3 strong nerves, of which the lateral are mar-
ginal or nearly so and usually excurrent, as is the mid-nerve especially, into a
short cusp or awn. Stamens 3. Stigmas dark purple, plumose. Grain ob-
long, mostly gibbous. — Leaves taper-pointed: sheaths bearded at the throat.
Panicle simple or compound ; the spikelets often racemose, purplish. (Name
from the Latin tricnspis, three-pointed, alluding to the lower palea.)

t 1. TRICUSPIS PROPER. (Windsoria, Nutt.) — Glumes shorter than the
crowded flowers : lower paka ^-cuspidate by the projection of the nerves, and usu-
ally with 2 intermediate membranaceous teeth ; the upper palea naked.
1. T. seslerioicles, Torr. (TALL RED-TOP.) Culm upright (3° -5°
high), very smooth, as are the flat leaves ; panicle large and compound, the rigid
capillary branches spreading, naked below; spikelets very numerous, 5 - 7-flow-
ered, shining, purple (£'long); the flowers hairy toward the base. 1J. (Poa
flava, L. ! P. seslerioides, Michx. P. quinquetida, Pursh. Windsoria, pose-

556 GRAMINE.E. (GRASS FAMII.f.)

formis, Nutt. Uralcpis cuprea, Kunth.) — Dry or sandy fields, S. New York to
Illinois, and southward. Aug. — A showy grass, with the spreading panicle
sometimes 1° wide. Points of the lower palea almost equal, scarcely exceeding
the intermediate tenth, thus appearing 5-toothed.

§2. TRIPLASIS, Beauv. (Diplocea, Ruf. Uraiepis, Null.)— Glumes much
shorter than the somewhat remote Jiowers : both palae strongly fringe-bearded ; the
lower 2-cleft at the sujnmit, its mid-nerve produced into an awn between Hie truncate
or awn-pointed divisions.

2. T. purplirca. (SAND-GRASS.) Culms many in a tuft from the
same root, ascending (6'- 12' high), with numerous bearded joints ; leaves invo-
lute-awl-shaped, mostly short ; panicles very simple, hearing few 2 - 5-flowered
spikelets, the terminal one usually exserted, the axillary ones included in the
commonly hairy sheaths ; awn much shorter than the palea, frequently not exceeding
its eroded-truncate or olttuse lateral lubes. (5) ? (Aira purpurea, Walt. Diplocea
barbata, Raf. Uralcpis purpurea and U. aristulata, Nutt.) — In sand, Massa-
chusetts to Virginia along the coast, and southward. Aug., Sept. — Plant acid
to the taste.

T. CQRNtiTA (Uraiepis cornuta, Ell. and Triplasis Americana, Beauv. !) may
perhaps extend north to the borders of Virginia.

25. DUPONTIA, R. Brown. See Addend.

Spikelets 2-4-flowered, rather terete. Glumes membranaccous, nearly equal-
ling the remote flowers. A cluster of villous hairs at the base of each flower.
Paleae thin and membranaceous or scarious ; the lower one convex, scarcely
keeled, faintly nerved, entire, mostly acutish, pointless. Stamens 3. Stigmas
plumose. Ovary glabrous. — Perennial and chiefly Arctic grasses, with linear
flat leaves, their sheaths closed at the base, the spikelets in a loose panicle.
(Named for M. Dupont, a writer on the sheaths of the leaves of Grasses.)

(A genus, according to its author, most allied to Deschampsia (Aira), from
which it differs in its entire and awnless palere, — an alliance strengthened by
the following remarkable new species which I venture to place in it ; — leaving
the genus among the Festucincae on account of the technical character, as it
wants the awn, and because it may include Arctophila of Ruprecht, which verges
very close on Colpodium and Glyceria. Fluminia, Fries, or Scolochloa, Link,
(which may occur within our northwestern borders,) is intermediate in character
between Dupontia and Tricuspis, but might perhaps be ranged with Arctophila
in spite of its teeth, of which there are traces in some genuine Glyceriaj.)

1. D. Coolcyi. Tall (2° or more high) ; leaves roughish, sparsely hairy
above ; panicle ample, compound ; glumes very unequal, the upper (3" long)
scarcely shorter than the spikelet, their midrib and the pedicels rough, the slen-
der rhachis conspicuously and unilaterally bearded for its whole length. — Bor-
ders of a swamp, Washington, Macomb County, Michigan. — Flowers in the
spike mostly 2 or 3 and a sterile pedicel, whitish, the palea longer and of a
firmer texture than those of Aira ca'spitosa and A. Bothnica, perfectly entire,
aeutish, and with a somewhat keel-like roughish midrib : no trace of an awn.

GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 567

26. DIAKRIIENA, Eaf. DIARRHZXA.

Spikelets several- flowered, smooth and shining, one or two of the uppermost
flowers sterile. Glumes ovate, much shorter than tlie flowers, coriaceous ; the
lower one much smaller. Lower palea ovate, convex on the back, rigidly cori-
aceous, its 3 nerves terminating in a strong and abrupt cuspidate or awl-shaped
tip. Squamulse ovate, ciliate. Stamens 2. Grain very large, obliquely ovoid,
obtusely pointed, rather longer than the palese, the cartilaginous shining peri-
carp not adherent to the seed. — A nearly smooth perennial, with running root-
stocks, producing simple culms (2° -3° high) with long linear-lanceolate flat
leaves towards the base, naked above, bearing a few short-pedicelled spikelets (!'
long) in a very simple panicle. (Name composed of Si's, two, and apprjv, man,
from the two stamens.)

1. D. Americana, Bcauv. (Festuca diandra, Michx.) — Shaded river-
banks and woods, Ohio to Illinois and southward. August.

27. DACTYL.IS, L. COCK'S-FOOT or ORCHARD GRASS.

Spikelets several-flowered, crowded in one-sided clusters, forming a branching
dense panicle. Glumes and lower palea herbaceous, keeled, awn-pointed, rough-
ciliate on the keel ; the 5 nerves of the latter converging into the awn-like point ;
the upper glume commonly smaller and thinner. Stamens 3. Grain lance-
oblong, acute, free. — Perennials: leaves keeled. (Name SoKrvAi's, a finger's
breadth, apparently in allusion to the size of the clusters.)

1. D. GLOMERATA, L. Rough, rather glaucous (3° high) ; leaves broadly
linear; branches of tbe panicle naked at the base; spikelets 3-4-flowered. —
Fields and yards, especially in shade. June. — Good for hay. (Nat. from Eu.)

28. K<ELERIA, Pers. KOJLERIA.

Spikelets 3-7-flowered, crowded in a dense and narrow spike-like panicle.
Glumes and lower palea membranaceous, compressed-keeled, obscurely 3-nerved,
barely acute, or the latter often mucronate or bristle-pointed : the former moder-
ately unequal, nearly as long as the spikelet. Stamens 3. Grain free. — Tufted
Grasses (allied to Dactylis and Poa), with simple upright culms ; the sheaths
often downy. (Named for Prof. Kohler, an early writer on Grasses.)

1. K. cristiitsi, Pers. Panicle narrowly spiked, interrupted or lobed at
the base ; spikelets 2- 4-flowcred ; lower palea acute or mucronate; leaves flat,
the lower sparingly hairy or ciliate. — Var. GRAciLis, with a long and narrow
spike, the flowers usually barely acute. (K. nitida, Nutt.) — Dry hills, Penn. to
Illinois, thence northward and westward. (Eu.)

29. E A T 6 W I A , Raf. (JlEBOt^E A, Kunth, not of Eaddi. )

Spikelets usually 2-flowered, and with ah abortive rucument or pedicel, nu-
merous in a contracted or slender panicle, very smooth. Glumes somewhat
equal in length, but very dissimilar, a little shorter than the flowers ; the lower
narrowly linear, keeled, 1-nerved; the upper broadly obovate, folded round the

558 GRAMINEJE. (GRASS FAMILY.)

flowers, 3-nervcd on the back, not keeled, spurious-margined. Lower palea ob
lon^, obtuse, comprcssed-boat-shapccl, naked, cbartaceous ; tbe upper very thin
and hyaline. Stamens 3. Grain linear-oblong, not grooved. — Perennial, slen-
der grasses, with simple and tufted culms, and often sparsely downy sheaths,
flat lower leaves, and small greenish (or rarely purplish-tinged) spikclcts.
(Named for Amos Katon, author of a popular Manual of the Botany of the
United States, which was for a long time the only general work commonly
available for students in this country, and of several other popular treatises.)

1. E. Obtaisflta. Panicle dense and contracted, somewhat interrupted, the
spikelets much crowded on the short erect branches ; upper glume roundcd-obovate,
trunaite-obtusp, rough on the back ; the flowers lance-oblong. (Aira obtusata,
Micltx. A. truneata, MM. Koelcria truncata, Ton: K. panictilata, Nutt. lie-
boulca gracilis, Kunth, in part. R. obtusata, ed, 1. Eatonia purpurascens,
Raf.f) — Dry soil, N. Penn. to Wisconsin, and southward. June, July.

2. E. Pcillisylviillica. Panicle long and slender, loose, the racemose
branches somewhat elongated ; upper glume obtuse or bluntly somewhat pointed
the 2 (rarely 3) flowers lanceolate. (Kceleria Pennsylvania, DC. Aira mollis,
MM. Reboulea Penusylvanica, ed. 1.) — Varies, with a fuller panicle, 6' -8
long, with the aspect of China (var. MAJOU, Torr.) ; and, rarely, with the lower
palea minutely mucronatc-pointed ! — Moist woods and meadows ; common.

3O. UIEL.ICA, L. MELIC-GRASS.

Spikelets 2-5-flowered ; the 1 -3 upper flowers imperfect and dissimilar, con-
volute around each other, and enwrapped by the upper fertile flower. Glumes
usually large, scarious-margined, convex, obtuse ; the upper 7 - 9-nerved. Falese
papery-membranaccous, dry and sometimes indurating with age ; the lower
rounded or tlattish on the back, 7 - many-nerved, scarious at the entire blunt
summit. Stamens 3. Stigmas branchcd-plumose. — Leaves flat and soft. Pani-
cle simple or sparingly branched ; the rather large spikelets racemose-one-sided.
(An old name, from /xc'Xt, honey.)

1. JTI. in illicit, Walt. Panicle simple or branched ; glumes unequal, the
larger almost equalling the spikclct ; fertile flowers 2; lower palea naked, gla-
brous but minutely scabrous on the nerves. 1J. (M. glabra, Mic/t.r. M. speciosa,
A/u/tl.) — Var. GL\HRA (M. glabra, Pursh.) has the panicle often few-flowered
and rather simple, the lower palea very blunt. — Var. i> IFF {ISA (M. diffusa,
Pursh) is taller, 2£° -4° high, with a more compound and many-flowered pani-
cle; the lower palea commonly more scabrous and its tip narrower. — Rich
soil, W. Penu. to Wisconsin, and southward. June.

31. GL.YCERIA, R. Brown, Trin. MANNA-GRASS.

Spikelets terete or flattish, several- many-flowered ; the flowers mostly early
deciduous bv the breaking up of the rhachis into joints, leaving the short and
unequal 1 -3-nerved membranaceoua glumes behind. Paleiv. na'\ed, of a rather
firm texture, nearly equal ; the lower rounded on the back, scariour- (and some-
times obscurely toothed) at the blunt or rarely acute .summit, glabrous. 5-7-

(GRASS FAMILY.) 559

I

nerved, the nerves parallel and separate. Stamens 3 or 2. Stigmas plumose,
mostly compound. Ovary smooth. Grain oblong, free. — Perennial, smooth
marsh-grasses, mostly with creeping bases or rootstocks ; the spikelets in a race-
mose panicle. (Name from yXv^epos-, sweet, in allusion to the taste of the grain.)

$ !• GLYCERIA PROPER. — Lower palea conspicuously nerved: styles present:
plumes of the stigma branched or toothed: grain grooved on the inner side: leaves
flat, the sheaths nearly entire.

* Spikelets in a crowded panicle, ovate, turgid, more or less compressed; the flowers
crowded : lower palea ovate, entire, not very strongly nerved, of a flrm texture, in
No. I. becoming ventricose after flowering (almost as in Briza) : upper palea very
obtuse and entire : stamens 2.

1. O. Canadeiisis, Trin. (RATTLESNAKE-GRASS.) Panicle oblong-
pyramidal, at length spreading, and the tumid 6 - 8-flowered spikelets drooping ;
lower palea acutish, longer than the notched upper one ; leaves long, roughish.
(Briza Canadensis, Michx. Poa Canadensis, Beauv.) — Boggy places, New
England to Penn., Wisconsin, and common northward. July. — A handsome,
stout grass, 2° — 3° high. Spikelets 2" long, becoming very broad: glumes purplish.

2. Cc. ol>tiisa, Trin. Panicle narrowly oblong, dense; the 6 -7-flowered
spikelets erect, sJiort-pedicelled ; lower palea obtuse, the upper as long when old.
(Poa obtusa, Muhl.) — Bogs, E. New England to Penn., near the coast ; rare.
Aug. — Culm stout, l°-2° high, very leafy: leaves long, smooth. Spikelets
3" long, pale.

3. O. elongata, Trin. Panicle narrowly racemose, elongated (1° long),
recurving; the branches appressed, bearing the 3-4-flowered erect short-pedi-
celled spikelets nearly to the base ; lower palea obtuse, rather longer than the
upper; leaves very long (1° or more), rough. (Poa elongata, Torr.) — Wet
woods, New England to Michigan, and northward. July. — Spikelets pale, 1"-
l£» long.

* * Spikelets oblong, diffusely panicled, nearly terete : lower palea oblong or oval, trun-

cate-obtuse, prominently 1 -nerved; the upper one ^-toothed: stamens 3 or 2.

4. O. nei'Vata, Trin. Branches of the broad and open panicle capillary,
fit length drooping, the very numerous small spikelets ovate-oblong, 3 - 7-flowered ;
leaves rather long. (Poa nervata, Willd. P. striata, Michx. P. parviflora,
Pursh.) — Moist meadows; very common. June. — Culm erect, l°-3° high.
Spikelets seldom 2" long, commonly purplish.

5. O» |»saSIi«l«l, Trin. Branches of the rather simple panicle capillary, erect-
spreading, rough ; the spikelets usually few, somewhat appressed, oblong-linear, 5-9-
flowered (pale, ^ long) ; lower palea oblong, minutely 6-toothed, the upper lancer
late, conspicuously 2-toothed; leaves short, sharp-pointed, pale. (Windsoria
pallida & Poa dentata, Torr.) — Shallow water ; common, especially northward.
juiv. — Culms slender, l°-3° long, ascending fiom a creeping Inse.

6. O. aqiultica, Smith. (REED MEADOW-GRASS.) Panicle much
branched, ample (8' - 15' long) ; the numerous branches ascending, spreading with age;
spikelets oblong or linear-oblong, 5-9-flowered (usually purplish. 2'' - 3' long)j

29

560 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.)

%

lower palea entire; leaves large (l°-2° long, J' to £' wide . — Wet meadows,
&c. ; common northward. July. — Culm stout, upright, 3° - 5° high. (Eu.)

* # * Spikelets linear (£'-!' long), terete, pale, oppressed on the branches of the
long and narrow racemose panicle : palece minutely roughish ; the upper 2-toothed :
stamens 3: squamuUe unilateral or united: ligule long: culm flattened, ascending
from a rooting ba.se. (Glycerin, Zt. Brou.~n.)

7. G. (1 flit a sis, R. Brown. Spikelets 7- 13-flowcred ; lower palea oblortg,
obtuse, or the scuriuus tip acutLsh, entire or obscurely 3-lobed, usually rather
longer than the blunt upper one. (G. plicata, Fries.) — Shallow water; com-
mon, especially northward. June - Aug. — Culm thiekish, 1 ° - 5° long. Leave*
short and rather broad, very smooth. Panicle l°long: the simple branches
appressed, finally spreading below. (Eu.)

8. G. acutiflora, Torr. Spikelets 5 - 12-flowered, few and scattered;
lower palea oblong-lanceolate, acute, shorter than the long tapering point of the upper
one. — Wet places, Penn. to New England ; rather rare. June. — Resembles
the last ; but the erect leaves smaller, the separate flowers twice the length ($'
long) and less nerved.

$ 2. HELEOCHLOA, Fries. ( Sclerochloa, ed. 1.) — Lower palea inconspicuously
or obsoletely 5-nerved : stigmas nearly sessile and simply plumose : grain hardly
grooved : saline species : panicle contracted with age.

9. G. maritima, Wahl. (SEA SPEAR-GRASS.) Sterile shoots procum-
bent runner-like; flowering culms erect (l°-lj° high); branches of the panicle
solitary or in pairs ; spikclets oblong or linear, 4 - 8-flowcrcd ; lower palea round-
ed at the summit, slightly pubescent towards the base ; leaves somewhat invo-
lute; ligule elongated. (Poa maritima, Huds.) — Sea-coast; not rare. (Eu.)

10. G. distailS, Wahl. Culms gcniculate at the base, ascending, des-
titute of running shoots ; branches of the panicle 3-5 in a half whorl, spreading ;
spikelets 3 - 6-flowered ; lower palea truncate-obtuse ; leaves mostly flat ; ligule
short. (P. fasciculata, Torr. P. distans, L, P. arenaria, Retz ) — Salt marsh-
es along the coast. — Probably only a form of the last. (Eu.)

32. BRIZOPYRUUI, Link. SPIKE-GRASS.

Spikelets and numerous flowers compressed, crowded in a densely spiked or
capitate panicle. Glumes herbaceous or mcmbranaeeous ; the lower faintly
many-nerved. Lower palea rather coriaceous, flattcned-boat-shaped, indistint Jy
many-nerve-.!, acute. Ovary stalked. — Flowers mostly dioecious, pretty large.
Leaves crowded on the culms, involute, commonly rigid. (Name compounded
of Briza (No. 35), and irvpos, u-heat.)

1. B. spicatiim, Hook. Culms tufted, from creeping rootstocks (9;-
18' high); spike oblong, flattened (I' long); spikelets ovate or oblong, 5-10-
flowered ; flowers smooth and nuked ; grain pointed. (Uniola spicata, L. Poa
Michauxii, Knnlh.) — Salt marshes and shores. Aug. — Pistillate flowers more
rigid and almost keeled, with very long plumose stigmas; the sterile smaller
and somewhat rounded on the back.

GJRAMIXEyE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 56t

$3. POA, L. MEADOW-GRASS. SPEAR-GRASS.

Spikclets ovate, or lance-ovate, compressed, several- (2 -10-) flowered, iu an
open panicle. Glumes mostly shorter than the flowers ; the lower smaller. Low-
er palea membranaceo-herbaceous, with a delicate scarious margin, compressed-
keeled, pointless, 5-nerved (the intermediate nerves more obscure or obsolete),
the principal nerves commonly clothed at and towards the base with soft haini
or long and crisped cobweb-like wool ; upper palca membranaceous, 2-toothed.
Stamens 2 or 3. Stigmas simply plumose. Grain oblong, free. — Culms tufted.
Leaves smooth, usually flat and soft. (An ancient Greek name for Grass.)
* Root annual : branches of the short panicle single or in pairs.

1. P. aiiBiiut, L. (Low SPEAR-GRASS.) Culms spreading or deeum-
Dent (3' -8' long), flattened; panicle often 1-sided; spikelets crowded, very
short-pedicelled, 3 - 7-flowercd ; lower palea delicately more or less hairy on the
nerves below. — Cultivated and waste grounds, everywhere : but doubtful if real-
ly indigenous here. April -Oct. (Eu.)

* * Root perennial : culms tufted, ofien stoloniferous at the base.

+- Branches of the simple panicle mostly solitary or in pairs, short but slender, smooth^

bearing single or few purplish spikelets. (Alpine.)

2. P. I:V\a, Hasnke. Culms upright (4' -9' high) ; panicle nodding, often
racemose-contracted ; spikelets ovate, 3 - 5-flowered ; lower palea obscurely
nerved, villous on the midrib and marginal nerves below ; leaves narrow ;
ligules elongated. — Alpine mountain-tops of Maine, New Hampshire, and 1*.
New York, and high northward. (The nearly related P. alpiua is found iu
Canada, and may occur within our borders.) (Eu.)

•4- -i— Branches of the very loose panicle long and capillary, mostly in pairs or in
threes, naked below (more 01- less scabrous) : spikelets few or widely scattered, pretty
large (3" -4" long, pale-green, sometimes purple-tinged), loosely 3 - 5-flowered :
culm fiattish (l°-2° high), plant soft and smooth, flowering in spring.

•«•«• Flowers (oblong) obtuse, as also the larger glume : panicle diffuse : lower palea
rather cons])icuously scarious at the apex, villous below the middle on the keel and
marginal nerves.

3. P. brevifolia, Muhl. Culm stoloniferous from tLtj base, 2 - 3-leaved,
the upper leaves very short (^'-2' long), lanceolate, all abruptly cuspidate-tipped}
branches of the short panicle mostly in pairs ; lower palea rather obscurely nervedt
cobwebby at the base. (P. pungens, Nutt., excl. syn. Ell. P. cuspidata, Barton.
The older and also more appropriate name is here restored.) — Rocky or hilly
woodlands. Pennsylvania, Virginia, and sparingly westward. April, May. —
Culm scarcely surpassing the long root-leaves.

4. P. flcxuosa, Muhl. Culm slender (not stoloniferous?); its leave*
all linear (2' -5' long) and gradually taper-pointed ; panicle very effuse (its branches
2' -4' long to the spikelets or first ramification) ; lower palea prominently nerved,
no web at the base. (P. autumnalis, Muhl. in Ell. P. campyle, Schult.) — Dry
woods, Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. Feb. -May. — Wrongly con-
founded with the last, though near it. P. autumnalis is an inappropriate name,
and there is now no obstacle to restoring the earlier published and unobjection-
able (but not descriptive) name of P. flexuosa.

562 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMI1 T.)

•*•«• •*-+ Floivers (oltlong -lanceolate) and both glumes acute: panicle nan.no.

5. P. alsodes. Leaves rather narrowly linear, acute, the uppei nosi
(2^'-4' long) often sheathing the base of the panicle, the capillary branches of
which are appresscd when young, and mostly in threes or fours ; spikclets 3-
flowercd (pale green, soft) ; lower palea very obscurely nerved, villous on the
keel below, and with a narrow cobwebby tuft at its base, otherwise glabrous.
(P. nemoralis, Torr. §• ed 1 : but wholly different from the European species cf
that name.) — Woods, on hill-sides, New England to Wisconsin. May, June.
•*-•«-•*- Branches of the rather narrow but loose long-peduncled panicle in threes or

fives, or rarely in pairs, short or shortish, above bearing scattered and rather few
8}>ikelets; these barely 2" long, pale green, rather loosely 2 - ^-flowered : flower*
(oblong) and glumes obtuse ; lotuer jjalea scarcely scar ions-tipped: plant very smooth,
slender (l£°-3° hiyh) : culm-leaves lance-linear, acute, l£'-3' long, sofl.

6. P. debilis, Torr. Culm terete, weak ; branches of the small panicle
slender (the lower l^'-2' long to the few spikelcts), in pairs and threes ; flowers
very obtuse, smooth and glabrous, except a sparing web at their base. — Rocky
woodlands, Rhode Island and N. New York to Wisconsin. May.

7. P. sylvestris. Cnlmflattish, erect; branches of the oblong-pyramidal
panicle short, in fives or more ; lower palea villous on the keel for its whole lengtht
and on the margins below the middle, sparingly webbed at the base. — Rocky woods
and meadows, Ohio to Wisconsin, Kentucky, and southward. June.

•+- *- •«-•«- Branches of the narrow or oblong panicle mostly short, in Jives or some-
times in twos and threes, rough, mostly compound and bearing very numerous closely-
fioicered spikelets : flowers acute or acutish, more or less webbed at the base.

** Panicle open, its branches in Jives : the 3 - 5-flowered spikelets all distinctly pedicelled,
acute, slightly flattened ; lower palea villous or pubescent on the keel and marginal
nerves, the Intel-mediate nerves obsolete: culms erect (2° - 3° high), terete, growing
in tufts, not at all stolon iferous at the base.

8. P. serotiiia, Ehrhart. (FALSE RED-TOP. FOWL MEADOW-GRASS.)
Leaves narrowly linear; li yules elongated ; spikelets 2-4- (rarely 5-) flowered (!"-
2" long) ; flowers acutish, green, often tinged with dull purple. (P. nemoralis,
Pursh. P. crocata, Michx. belongs to this or the next.) — Wet meadows and
low banks of streams ; common everywhere northward. July, Aug. — A good
grass for moist meadows. (Eu.)

9. P» IiemorilliS, L. Leaves linear; I ig ides obsolete or very short; spiks*
lets 4-5-flou-ered, rather larger, and the flowers and glumes more sharply aci^e and
narrower ; otherwise nearly as in the preceding, which is too nearly related to
it. — Wisconsin ( Lapham), and northward. ( Eu. )

•«-*• •»-*• Panicle with the flattened spikelets crowded on the branches, mostly shori-pedi-
cellcd, sometimes almost sessile: culms stoloniferous at the base, except in No. 10.

10. P. TKIVIAI.IS, L. (ROUGH MEADOW-GRASS.) Culms (l°-3° high)
and sheaf/is iimutllij rntln-r rom/h ; branches of the pyramidal diffuse panicle mostly
in fives ; spikrk'ts 3 — 5-Aowered ; /foirem e&vte, promitteiitly 5-wrm/ a little hairy
on the keel, otherwise glabrous; ligule. unite, oblong. — Moist meadows; less
common and less valuable than the next. July. (Nat. from Eu.)

GRAMINE^E. IGRASS FAMILY.; 563

11. P. i>rnteii§is, L. (GREEN or COMMON MEADOW-GRASS.)

(1° -3° high, from a creeping base) and sheaths suooth: branches of the py-
ramidal panicle commonly in fives, spreading ; spike)ets 3 - 5-flowered ; flowers
^-nerved, lance-ovate, acute, hairy on the marginal nerves and keel ; ligule blunt,
short. — Common in dry soil : imported for pastures and meadows. Indigenous
at the White Mountains of New Hampshire and northward. May- July. (Eu.)

12. P. conipressa, L. (BLUE-GRASS. WIRE-GRASS.) Culms much
flattened, obliquely ascending (9' -18' high) from a creeping base, the uppermost
joint near the middle ; leaves short, bluish-green ; panicle dense and contracted
(expanding just at flowering), partly one-sided; the short branches often in
pairs, covered to near the base with the 4-9-flowered flat spikelets; flowers
linear-elliptical, rather obtuse, hairy below on the lateral nerves and keel ; ligule
short and blunt. — Dry fields and banks, probably introduced with other and
more valuable grasses ; rarely in woods : apparently truly indigenous north-
ward. (Eu.)

34. ERAGROSTIS, Beauv. ERAGROSTIS.

Spikelets 2 - 70-flowered, nearly as in Poa, except that the lower palea is but
3- (rarely 1-) nerved, not webby-haired at the base, and deciduous; the upper
persistent on the entire rhachis after the rest of the flower has fallen. — Culms
often branching. Leaves linear, frequently involute, and the ligule or throat of
the sheath bearded with long villous hairs. Panicle various. (An early name,
probably from tpa, earth, and Agrostis, in allusion to the procumbent habit of
the original species.) .

# Prostrate and creeping, mueh-brttoched : root annual : spikelets flat, imperfectly

dioecious, clustered, almost sessile, in the more fertile plant almost capitate.

1. E. re plans, Nees. Spikelets linear-lanceolate, 10- SO-flo'wered, almost
sessile ; flowers lance-ovate, acute ; leaves short, almost awl-shaped, smoothish.
(Poa reptans, Michx.) — Gravelly river-borders; common. August. — Flower-
branches 2' - 5' high.

# * Diffusely spreading, or the flowering culms ascending, low (6' -15' high) : spiles
lets large (i'-f long], densely -flowered, flat, forming a narrow crowded panicle.

2. E. POJEOIDES, Beauv. Lower sheaths often hairy; leaves flat, smooth,
spikelets short-pedicelled, lance-linear or oblong-linear, 8 - 20-fiowered, lead-
colored (2" -5" long) ; flowers ovate, obtuse, the lateral nerves evident. (Pea
Eragrostis, L.) — Sandy waste places, eastward ; scarce. (Nat. from Eu.)

Var. MEGASTACHYA. Sheaths mostly glabrous ; spikelets larger (^'-|' long),
becoming linear, whitish when old, 10-50-flowered. (E. megastachya, Link
Bri/a Eragrostis, L.) — Similar situations, and more common. Aug.-— Emits
a sharp, unpleasant odor. (Nat. from Eu.)

# * * Erect, or in No. 3-5 diffusely spreading and ascending : panicle open, its
branches capillary ; the spikelets proportionally small, sometimes minute. (Number
of flowers in the spilcelet very variable, according to age, $-c.)

»- Culms slender, branching and decumbent or spreading at the base, from an annual
root : leaves narroiv, flat, soft : branches of the narrow panicle rather short and
thickly-flowered, no': b&irded in the axils, except sometimes the lowest spaiingly.

564 GRAMINE.E. (GUASS FAMILY.)

3. E. ML6SA, Bcauv. Panicle elongated-oblong, with rather ercc; branches
(except at flowering-time) ; spikelets 5 - 1 2-flowered (2" -4" long, purplish-lead-
color), becoming linear, about equalling their pedicels ; glumes (small) and lower
valea obtuse, the latter broadly ovate, \-nerved (lateral nerves obsolete). (P. pilo-
sa, L. P. Linkii, Kunth.) — Sandy or gravelly waste places, S. New England
to Illinois, and southward. Aug. — Plant 6' - 12' high. (Nat. from Eu.)

4. E. Frailkii, Meyer. Much branched, diffuse (3' -8' high); panicle
ovate-oblong, rather dense, spreading; spikdets 2 - 5-flowered (1"-!^" long) on
slender pedicels; glumes very acute; lower palea ovate, acute, rather obscurely 3-
nerved. (E. erythrogona, Nees, from the joints of the culm being mostly red-
dish.)—Low or sandy ground, Ohio to Illinois (opposite St. Louis, Drummanet,
Engelmann), and southwestward. Aug.

5. E. Pursllii, (Bernh.?) Schrad. Sparingly branched at the decum-
bent base, then erect (|°-2°,high); panicle elongated, the branches widely
spreading, very loose; sjnkelets 5-lS-flowered, oblong-lanceolate, becoming
linear (2" -4^" long), mostly much shorter than their capillary pedicels ; glumes and
lower palea ovate and acute, or the latter acutish, 3-nerved. (Poa tenella1? Pursh.
P. Caroliniana, Spreny. P. pectinacea of authors, not of Michx.) — Sandy or
sterile open grounds, New Jersey to Virginia, and southward.

•»- -»- Culms simple or branching only at the very base, firm, erect, from an annual or
perennial root, mostly forming thick tufts : leaves very long ; panicle very large, com'
pound, often longer than the culm, with elongated and loosely flowered branches ; their
axils often bearded.

6. E. tennis. Panicle virgately elongated (1°-2|° long), very loose, the
spreading branches bearded in some of the lower axils, their remote divisions
wad long diverging pedicels capillary; spikeletS'2-6- (sometimes 7 -12-) flow-
ered, pale or greenish ; glumes lanceolate or awl-shaped, very acute (l£"- 2" long),
membranaceous, as are the oblong-lanceolate acute flowers ; lower palea distinctly 3-
nerved; the upper ciliate-scabrous. ty? (Poa tenuis, Ell. P. capillaris, Michx.
P. trichodes, Nutt. ^E. Geyeri, Steud.) — Sandy soil, Illinois, Virginia? and
southward. Aug. -Oct. — Leaves rather rigid, l£°-2° long, glabrous or spar-
ingly hairy : the sheaths hairy or glabrous ; the throat strongly bearded. Flow-
ers much larger than in the next, fully l£" long.

7. E. capillaris, Nees. Panicle widely exj'xmdiny, usually much longer
than the culm, its spreading brandies (mostly naked in the" axils) and long
diverging pedicels capillary; spikelets rather terete, very small, 2 - 4-flowered,
greenish or purplish ; glumes and flowers ovate, acute (less than l''long); lower
palea oltscurely 3-nerved, scarcely keeled, the upper rough-ciliate. r- (Poa capil-
laris, L. P. hirsuta, Afichx.) — Sandy dry soil and fields; common, especially
southward. Aug., Sept. — Leaves and sheaths cither very hairy or nearly gla-
brous, the former about 1° long, not rigid. Panicle l°-2° long, becoming very
wide and diffuse.

8. E. pectinacea. Panicle widely dijfuse, its rigid divergent main
brunches bearded in the axils ; the capillary pedicels more or le&i oppressed on the
Becondary branches; spikelets flat, 5- 15-flowcred, becoming linear, purple or
purplish-tinged ; glumes and flowers ovate or oblong-ovate, acutish ; lower paled

GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 565

ttronyly 3-n^t vea , the upper hirsute-ciliate. 1J. ? (Poa pectinacea, Miclx., ex char.
P. Virginica, Ziu c. ? P. hirsuta, Amer. auth., not of Michx. E. Unionis &
cognata, Steud. ?) — Leaves long, rigid, mostly hairy, the sheaths especially so.
— Var. SPECTABILIS. Leaves and sheaths mostly glabrous; branches of the
panicle (the lower reflexed with age) and pedicels mostly shorter; spikelets
rather larger. (E. spectabilis, ed. 1. Poa spectabilis, Pursh.) — Sandy dry
ground, from E. Massachusetts southward near the coast, and from Ohio and
Illinois southward. Aug. - Oct. — Plant 1 ° - 3° high. Spikelets 1 £" - 3" lon£,
about 1" wide, closely flowered.

35. BItiZA, L. QUAKING GRASS.

Spikelets many-flowered, ovate or heart-shaped, flattish-tumid ; the flowers
closely imbricated. Glumes roundish, unequal (purple). Lower palea round-
ish and entire, flattened parallel with the glumes, ventricose on the back, heart-
shaped at the base, papery-membranaceous and becoming dry, scarious-mar-
gined, obscurely many-nerved; the upper palea very much smaller, ovate, flat.
Stamens 3. Stigmas branched-plumose. Grain flattened parallel with the palese,
adhering to the upper one. — Leaves flat. Panicle loose, diffuse, with the largo
and showy spikelets often drooping on delicate pedicels (whence the name, an
ancient Greek appellation for some kind of grain, from /3pt£<o, to slumber (Linn.),
or ftpida, to bend downwards}.

1. JS. MEDIA, L. Panicle erect, the branche^ spreading; spikelets 5-9-
flowered (3" long); glumes shorter than the lower flowers. 1J. — Pastures;
sparingly in E. Massachusetts and in Pcnn. June. (Adv. from Eu.)

B. MAXIMA, L., an annual with much larger and many flowered spikes, 'a
occasionally cultivated for ornament.

36. FESTIJCA, L FESCUE-GRASS.

Spikelets 3 - many-flowered, panicled or racemose; the flowers not webby at
the base. Glumes unequal, mostly keeled. Paleas chartaceous or almost coria-
ceous, roundish (not keeled) on the back, more or less 3-5-nerved, acute,
pointed, or often bristle-awned, rarely blunt; the upper mostly adhering at
maturity to the enclosed grain. Stamens mostly 3. — Flowers, and often the
leaves, rather dry and harsh. (An ancient Latin name.)

# Flowers bristle-pointed or awned from the tip : panicle racemose-contracted.

1. F. teiiella, Willd. Panicle spike-like, somewnat one-sided (2' -3'
long); spikelets 7 - 3 -flower ed ; awn of the involute-awl-shaped palea slender ; leaves
bristle-form, (i) — Dry sterile soil ; not rare. July. — Culms very slender,
6' -12' high.

2. F. ovina. (SHEEP'S FESCUE-GRASS.) Panicle narrow ; spikelets 2-
B-Jlowered ; awn much shorter than the lanceolate palea, or almost wanting ; leaves
convolute-filiform; culms 6' -15' high, forming dense-rooted tufts. It — N. E.
New England, Lake Superior, ard northward. — Var. vivfpARA (which with as
has running rootstocks), with the spikelets partially converted into leafy shoots,
is found on the alpine summits of the White Mountains of New Hampshire, and
high northward. (Eu.)

GRAMINEJE. (dlASS FAMILY.)

Var. clill'iAsciila. Taller; {.anicle more open or compound; leaves
flat, becoming convolute; spikelets 4 - 8-flowered. (F. duriuscula, L.) — N.
New England and northward. Also sparingly naturalized from Europe in dry
pastures eastward. June.
* # Flowers awnkss and mostly almost pointless : panicle open: grain often free!

3. F. EiATion, L. (in part). Panicle contracted before and after flowering,
erect, with short branches; spikelets crowded, 5 - 1 0-flowered (about £ long) ; the
flowers rather remote, oblong-lanceolate; leaves flat; culms l°-4° high from a
short creeping rootstock. 1J. (F. pratcnsis, lluds.) — Moist meadows and near
dwellings. June. — A pretty good meadow-grass. (Nat. from Eu.)

4. F. llllfclllS) Willd. Panicle of several long and slender spreading branch-
*e», mostly in pairs, droopiny when old, rough, bearing near their extremity a few

ovate 3-5-flowercd spikelets (%' long) on pretty long pedicels ; jlotvers ovaie-
oblong, rather obtuse, close tot/ether, coriaceous, smooth, very obscurely 5-nerved.
1J. — llocky woods and copses. July. — Culm 2° -4° high, naked above:
leaves broadly linear, taper-pointed, dark green, often rather hairy.

37. BROMUS, L. ,BROME-GKASS.

Spikelets 5 -many-flowered, panicled. Glumes unequal, membranaceous ,
the lower 1 - 5-, the upper 3 - 9-nerved. Lower palca either convex on the back
or compressed-keeled, 5 -9-nerved, awned or bristle-pointed from below the
mostly 2-cleft tip : upper palea at length adhering to the groove of the oblong
or linear grain. Stamens 3. Styles attached below the apex of the ovary. —
Coarse grasses, with large spikelets, at length drooping, on pedicels thickened
at the apex. (An ancient name for the Oat, from 0p<V°*» food.)

$ 1. EtlBROMUS. — Lower palea convex on the Ixick; the flowers inicr^cated over

one another before exjiansion : lower glume 3 - 5-, the upper 5 - 3-nerved.

# Annuals or biennials : introduced.

1. 15. SECAL.INUS, L. (CHEAT or CHESS.) Panicle spreading, even in fruit,
the drooping peduncles but little branched ; spilcclds oblong-ovate, turgid, smooth, of
8 -10 rather distant flowers ; lower palea rather longer than the upper, its awn short,
sometimes very short or none ; sheaths nearly glabrous. — Grain-fields, too com-
mon: also escaped into barren or waste grounds. June, July. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. B. RACEM6SD8, L. (UPRIGHT CHESS.) Panicle erect, simple, rather
narrow, contracted in fruit ; flowers closer, more imbricated; lower palea decided-
ly exceeding the upper, bearing an awn of its own length ; culm more slender ;
sheaths sometimes hairy : otherwise nearly as in the last, for which it is often
mistaken in this country. — Grain-fields ; not rare. (Adv. from Eu.)

3. 15. MOLLIS, L. (SOFT CHESS.) Panicle erect, closely contracted in fruit ;
spikelets conical -ovate, somewhat flattened ; the flowers closely imbricated, downy
(as also the leaves, ^ce.) ; loir, r palea ttcutc., long-awned. — Wheat-fields, New
York and Pen n. ; scarce. June. (Adv. from Eu.)

* * Perennial: indigenous. (Loiccr glume strongly 3-, the upper 5-nernd.)

4. B. Kfilmii. (WiLD CHESS ) Panicle simple, small (3'-4' long),
the spikelets drooping on capillary peduncles, closely 7 - 12-flowered,

GRAMINEJ2. (GRASS FAMILY.) 567

silky all over ; awn only one third the length of the lance-oblong flower ; lower
palea 7 -9-nerved, much longer and larger than the upper; culm slender (l£°-
3° high) ; leaves and sheaths conspicuously or sparingly hairy. (B. ciliatus,
Maid. B. purgaus, Torr. FL N. Y.) — Dry woodlands and open places; com-
mon northward. June, July. — This is preserved in the herbarium of Linuasua
under the name of B. ciliatus, though it is not the plant he has described ; thence
has arisen much confusion.

§2. SCHEDONOEUS, Beauv., Fries. — Lower palea somewhat convex, but
keeled on the back^ laterally more or less compressed, at least above : jlowers soon
separating from each other- : lower glume 1- the upper 3-nvrved.

5. K. Ciliatus, L. Panicle compound, very loose, the elongated branches at
length divergent, drooping; spikelets 7- 12-flowered; flowers lanceolate, tipped
with an aivn half to three fourtlis their length ; lower palea silky with appressed
hairs near the margins, at least below (or rarely naked), smooth or smoothish
on the back (B. Canadensis, Michx. B. pubescens, MM.) ; — or, in var. PUR-
GANS (B. purgans, L. !), clothed all over with very short and fine appressed
hairs. }| — River-bunks and moist woodlands ; rather common. July, Aug.

— Culm 3° -4° high, with the large leaves (4'-^' widej smooth or somewhat
hairy ; the sheaths in the larger forms often hairy or densely downy near the top.

— Variable as to the pubescence, &c., and comprising several forms, including
both the Linnasan species ; for which the present name is preferable to the inap-
plicable purgans, which was taken from Feuille's South American species. — la
a large- flowered form, two obscure additional nerves appear in the upper glume.

6. IS. STERILIS, L. Panicle very loose, the slender and nearly simple branches
drooping ; spikelets of about 6 rather distant and 7-nerved rcugJiisk linear-awl-
shaped long-awned Jlowers ; leaves rather hairy. © — Penn Yan, New York,
SarttvcU. July. (Adv. from Eu.)

3§. UJ\iOL,A, L. SPIKE-GRASS.

Spikelets closely many-floAvered, very flat and 2-edged ; one or more of the
lowest flowers sterile (neutral) and consisting of a single palea. Glumes lance-
olate, compressed-keeled. Lower palea coriaceo-membranaccous, strongly later-
ally compressed and keeled, striatc-ncrved, usually acute or pointed, entire, en-
closing the much smaller compressed 2-kceled upper one and the free laterally
flattened smooth grain. Stamen 1 (or in U. paniculata 3). — Upright smooth
perennials, growing in tufts from strong creeping rootstocks, with broad leaves
and large spikelets in an open or spiked panicle. (Ancient name of some plant,
a diminutive of unio, unity.)

# Spikelets large (£' - 2' long), ovate or oblong, 9 - 30-Jlowered: panicle open.

1. U. pailicillftta, L. leaves narrow when dry, convolute; spikelets
ovate, short-pedi celled ; flowers glabrous, bluntish, several of the lower sterile ; the
fertile with 3 stamens ; culm and panicle elongated (4° -8° high). — Sand-hilla
on the sea-shore, S. Virginia and southward.

2. U. Isitifdlsa, Michx. Leaves broad and flat ($'-!' wide); spikelets at
length oblong, hanging m lon$ pedicels ; flowers acute, ciliate on the keel, all but

5C8 GRAMINEJS. ^GKASS FAMILY.)

the lowest perfect and monandrous. — Shaded rich hill-sides, S. Fenn. to Illinois
and southward. Aug. — Culm 2° -4° high : panicle loose.
# # Spikelets small: panicle contracted and wand-like: perfect flowers long-pointed.
3. U. Krarilis Michx. Spiktltts sltoft-jtediceUtil (2" -3" long), broadly
wedge-shaped, acute at the base, 4- 8-Jlowered: the flowers ovute and divergent-
ly beaked, long, the lowest one neutral. — Sandy soil, from Long Island to Vir-
ginia, near the coast, and southward. Aug. — Culm 3° high, slender.

39. PIIRAGU1ITES, Trin. REED.

Spikelets 3 - 7 -flowered ; the flowers rather distant, silky-villous at their base,
and with a conspicuous silky-bearded rhachis, all perfect and 3-androus, except
the lowest, which is either neutral or with 1-3 stamens, and naked. Glumes
mcmbranaceous, shorter than the flowers, lanceolate, keeled, sharp-pointed, very
unequal. Paleae membranaceous, slender; the lower narrowly awl-shaped,
thrice the length of the upper. Squamulaj 2, large. Styles long. Grain free.
— Tall and stout perennials, with numerous broad leaves, and a large terminal
panicle. (^pay/iiT^ff, growing in liedyes, which this aquatic Grass does not.)

1. P. COllllllUlliS, Trin. Panicle loose, nodding; spikelets 3-5-flow-
ered ; flowers equalling the wool. (Arundo, L.) — Edges of ponds and swamps ;
common northward. Sept. — Looks like Broom-corn at a distance, 5° -12°
high : leaves 2' wide. (Eu.)

4O. ARUNDINARIA, Michx. CASK

Spikelets flattened, 5 — 1 4-flowered ; the flowers somewhat separated on the
jointed rhachis. Glumes very small, membranaccous, the upper one larger.
Palete herbaceous or somewhat membranaceous ; the lower convex on the back,
not keeled, many-nerved, tapering into a mucronate point or bristle. Squamulce
3, longer than the ovary. Stamens 3. Grain oblong, free. — Arborescent or
shrubby Grasses, simple or with fascicled branches, and with large spikelets in
panicles or racemes ; the flowers polygamous, vi/.. perfect and staminate. (Name
formed from arundo, a reed.)

1. A. lliacrosperillU, Michx. Spikelets (!£'- 3' long) rather few in a
simple panicle, sometimes solitary on a slender peduncle ; leaves linear-lanceo-
late, pubescent beneath : — in the SMALL CANE §'-!' wide, in the TALL CANH
]'-2' wide. Culm of the latter sometimes 20° -35°, in cane-brakes ; but it very
rarely blossoms. — In rich soil, Virginia, Illinois, and southward. April.

41. L.EPTIJRUS, R. Brown. LEPTIJRUS.

Spikelets solitary on each joint of the filiform rhachis, and partly immersed
in the excavation, 1 -2-llowcrcd. Glumes 1 -2, including the 2 thin pointless
palcse. Stamens 3. Grain free, oblong-linear, cylindrical. — Low and branch-
ing, often procumbent Grasses, chiefly annuals, with narrow leaves and slender
spikes (whence the name, from XeTrroy, sl'ndt-r, and oupa, tail).

1. L«. ! paniculfitllS, Nutt. Stem slender (6' -20' long), naked and
curved above, bearing 3-9 racemoscly disposed thread-like and triangular

GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 569

ppikes; glumes 2, transverse. — Open grounds and salt licks, Illinois (Mead),
and westward. Aug.

42. L,6L,IUUI, L. DARNEL.

Spikelets many-flowered, solitary on each joint of the continuous rhachis,
placed edgewise ; the glume, except in the terminal spikelet, only one and exter-
nal: — otherwise chiefly as in Triticum. (The ancient Latin name.)

1. JL. PERENNE, L. (COMMON DARNEL. RAY- or RYE-GRASS.) Gluma
much shorter than the spikelet ; flowers 6-9, awnless, rarely awn-pointed. 1|. —
Meadows and lots ; eastward. June. — A pretty good pasture-grass. (Nat.
from Eu.)

2. Li. TEMULENTUM, L. (BEARDED DARNEL.) Glume fidlij equalling the
5 - 7-flowered spikelet; awn longer tlwn the flower (^' long). (J) — Grain-fields,
Massachusetts to Illinois : rare. — Grain noxious ; almost the only such instance
among Grasses. (Adv. from Eu.)

43. TRITICinil, L. WHEAT.

Spikelets 3 - several-flowered, single at each joint, and placed with the side
against the rhachis. Glumes transverse (i. e. right and left), nearly equal and
opposite, herbaceous, nerved. Lower palea very like the glumes, convex on th-3
back, pointed or awned from the tip : the upper flattened, bristly-ciliate on tht
nerves, free, or adherent to the groove of the grain. Stamens 3. (The classical
name, probably from tritus, beaten, because the grain is threshed out of the
spikes.) — The true species are annuals, with the glumes ovate-oblong and ven-
tricose-boat-shaped, as in common Wheat (T. VULG\RE). Others are perennial,
with nearlv lanceolate acute or pointed glumes, and 2-ranked spikes, never fur-
nishing bread-corn (§ AGROPYRON, Gcertn ) ; to which the following belong.

1. T. repeit§, L. (COUCH-GRASS. QUITCH-GRASS. QUICK-GRASS.)
Rootstocks creeping extensively ; spikelets 4 - 8-flowered ; glumes 5 - 7-nerved ;
rhachis glabrous, but rough on the angles ; awn none, or not more than half the
length of the flower ; leaves flat, roughish or hairy above. — Var. NEMOR\LE, An-
derson. Brighter green; paleoe pretty long-awned ; spike slender. — Open

^grounds, northward : principally in meadows and cultivated grounds, where it is
naturalized (from Europe) and very troublesome, multiplying rapidly and widclj
by its creeping slender rootstocks. June -Aug. (Eu.)

2. T. caiiiiium, L. (AWNED WHEAT-GRASS.) No creeping rootsttxk ;
spikelets 4-5-flowered; glumes 3-5-nerved; rhachis very rough; awn longer
than the smooth flower ; leaves flat, roughish. — Woods and banks, W. New York
to Wisconsin, and northward. Also sparingly naturalized in fields. (Eu.)

3. T. Clasystacliyum. Culm (/°-3° high, from a strong creeping root-
stock) and narrow mostly involute leaves very smooth and glaucous; spikelets downy-
hairy all over, whitish, 5 - 9-flowercd ; glumes 5 - 7 -nerved ; rhachis rough on the
edges ; uwn sometimes about half the length of the flower, sometimes nearly
wanting. (T. repens, var. dasystachyum, Hook.) — Sandy shores of Lakes Ha
ron and Superior, and northward. Aug.

570 GRAMINF^E. '3RA3S FAMILY.)

44. HORDEUM, L. BARLEY.

Spikelets 1 -flowered with an awl-shaped rudiment on the inner bide 3 at each
joint of the rhachis ; but the lateral ones usually imperfect or abortive, and
short-stalked. Glumes side by side in front of the spikelets, 6 in number, form-
ing a kind of involucre, slender and awn-pointed or bristle-form. Paleae herba-
ceous, the lower (anterior) convex, long-awned from the apex. Stamens 3.
Grain oblong, commonly adhering to the palcae. Khachis of the dense spike
often separating into joints. (The ancient Latin name.)

1. II. jlibatum, L. (SQUIRREL-TAIL GRASS.) Low, lateral flowcn
abortive, neutral, on a short pedicel, short-awned ; the perfect flower bearing an
extremely long awn (2' long) about the length of the similar capillary glumes, all
spreading. (j2) — Marshes and moist sand of the sea-shore and the Northern
lakes. June.

2. II. piisilliiiii, Nutt. Lateral flowers imperfect and neutral, awnlcss
but pointed, the perfect flower bearing an awn nearly twice the length of Us palea,
equalling the short awns of the rigid glumes, which rise, the central from an awl-
shaped, the middle ones from an oblong base ; spike linear, (j — Saline soil,
Ohio, Illinois, and westward. — Too near H. maritiinum of Europe. Culm
4' -10' high.

H. DfsxiCHUM, L., is the cultivated TWO-ROWED BARLEY. II. VULG\RE,
L., is the common FOUR- (or Six-) ROWED BARLEY ; the lateral spikelets being
also fertile, probably as a consequence of long-continued cultivation.

SEC\LE CERE\LE, L., the RYE, is a well-known cultivated grain of this
grc up, nearly allied to the Wheat in botanical character.

45. EL.YJJIUS, L. LYME-GRASS. WILD RYE.

Spikclcts 2-4 at each joint of the rhachis, all fertile and alike, sessile, each

1 - 7-flowered. Glumes conspicuous, nearly side by side in front of the spikelets,

2 for each spikelet, forming an involucre to the cluster. Paleae coriaceous ; the
lower rounded on the back, acute or awned at the apex. Grain adherent to the
involving paleae (whence the name, an ancient one for some grain, from «Xuo:,
to roll up).

* Glumes and lower palcw rigid, both or only the latter awnrd : spih-lfts 1-5-
fou-ered : perennials, mth slender culms and ratitr harsh fo/iagi:

1. E. Virgin hits, L. Spike rigidly upright, dtnst and thick (3' long), on
a short peduncle usually included in the sheath ; spikelets 2-3 together, 2 -3-flow-
en (1, smooth, rather short-awned, about the length of the rough and thickened
strongly-nerved and bristle-pointed lanceolate glumes. — River-banks; not rare.
Aug. — Culm stout, 2° -3° high: leaves broadly linear, rough.

2. E. < :m:i<l< nsis, L. Spike rather loose, curving (5' -9' long), on an
exserted peduncle; spikelets mostly in pairs, of 3 - 5 long-awncd rough or rough-
hairy flowers; the l<inre-<iirl-s/«i/>f</ <//u»us tij>/in! irith short t-r aims. (E. Philadel-
phicus, L. !) — Var. GLAUCIFOLIUS (E. glaucifVilius, Miihl.) is pale or glaucoui

throughout, the flowers with more spreading awns (!£' long). — River-banks,
_ *

ate. ; common.

(GRASS FAMILY.) 571

3. E. StriatUS, Willd. Spike dense but slender, upright oi slightlj nod-
ding (3' -4' long) ; spikelets mostly in pairs, 1 -2- (or rarely 3-) flowered, mi-
nutely bristly-hairy ; glumes linear-awl-shaped or truly awl-shaped, bristle-awned,
about thrice the length of the flowers, not counting their capillary awn (which is 1
long); leaves (rather narrow) and sheaths smooth or hairy, or downy. — Var.
VILLOSUS (E. villosus, Muhl. !) has a somewhat stouter spike and very hairy
glumes — Rocky woods and banks; rather rare. July. — The most slender
and smallest-flowered species.

* * Glumes and palece both awnless and soft in texture: reed-like perennials.

4. E. mollis, Trin. (not of 11. Br.) Stout (3° high) ; spike thick, erect
(8 long); spikelets 2 or 3 at each joint, 5 - 8-flowered ; the lanceolate pointed
5- 7-nerved glumes (!' long) with the pointed paleae soft-villous, the apex of the
culm velvety ; rhachis of the spikelets separating into joints. — Shore of Lakes
Huron, Superior, Maine ( Tuckerman ;) and northward. (Near E. arenarius.)

46. OYMN^STICHUPtt, Schreb. BOTTLE-BRUSH GRASS.

Spikelets 2-3 (or sometimes solitary) on each joint of the rhachis, raised on
a very short callous pedicel, loosely 2-4-flowered (when solitary placed flatwise
on the rhachis). Glumes none ! or small awn-like deciduous rudiments (whence
the name of this genus [otherwise nearly as in Elyinus], from yv^vos, naked, and
OTI'^OS, a rank).

1. G. Ilystrix, Schreb. Spike upright, loose (3' -6' long); the spread-
ing spikelets 2-3 together, early deciduous; flowers smoothish, or often rough
hairy, tipped with an awn thrice their length (!' long); leaves and sheaths
smoothish. 1J. (Elyinus Hystrix, L.) — Moist woodlands; rather common
July.

47. AIR A, L. (in part). HAIR-GRASS.

Spikelets 2-flowered, in an open diffuse panicle; the (small) flowers both per-
fect (sometimes with a third imperfect), usually shorter than the membranaceous
keeled glumes, hairy at the base ; the upper remotish. Lower palea truncate
or mostly denticulate or eroded at the summit, bearing a slender bent or straight
awn on its back. Stamens 3. Styles plumose to the base. Ovary glabrous.
Grain oblong. (An ancient Greek name for Darnel.)

i 1. DESCIlAMPSIA, Beauv., Trin. — Lower palea thin and scaric^s or mem-
branaceous, delicately 3 - 5-nerved, eroded or toothed at the truncate summit ; the
tnvn attached mostly a little above the base : grain not gi-ooved, mostly free : glumes
al)out equalling the flowers.

1. A. flexuosa, L. (COMMON HAIR-GRASS.) Culms slender, nearly
naked (1°- 2° high), from the small tufts of involute-bristle-form leaves (l'-6f
long) ; branches of the small spreading panicle capillary ; awn about twice th*
length of the palea. 1J. — Dry places ; common. June. (Eu.)

2. A. csespitosa, L. Culms in close tufts (2° -4° high); leaves flat,
linear; panicle pyramidal or oblong (6' long) ; awn l>arely equalling the palea.
U. — Shores of lakes and streams ; not rare northward. June, July. (Eu. )

672 GRAMINEvE. (GRASS FAMILY.)

| 2. VAHLODEA, Fries. — Glumes more boat-shaped, lonaer than the flouers
lower palea of a Jirin or coriaceous texture, nerveless, the truncate-obtuse, tij) mostly
entire; the awn borne at or alwve the middle : grain grooved, flatfish, fiee.

3. A. atropurpurca, Wahl. Culms 8' -15' high, weak; leaves flat or
rather wide ; panicle of few spreading branches ; awn stont, twice the length of
the paleae. 1|. — Alpine tops of the White Mountains, and those of N. New
York. August. (Eu.)

48. D ANT HO N I A, DC. WILD OAT-GRASS.

Lower palca (oblong or ovate, rounded-cylindraccous, 7 -9-nerved) bearing
between the sharp-pointed or awn-like teeth of the tip an awn composed of the
3 middle nerves, which is flattish and spirally twisting at the base : otherwise
nearly as in A vena. Glumes longer than the imbricated flowers. (Named for
Danthoine, a French botanist.)

1. D. Spicftta, Beauv. Culms tufted (l°-2° high) ; leaves short, nai
row and soon involute ; sheaths bearded at the throat ; panicle simple, racemo
like (2' long) ; the few spikelcts apprcssed, 7-ilowered ; lower palca broadlj
ovate, loosely hairy on the back, much longer than its lance-awl-shaped teeth
1J. — Dry and sterile or rocky soil. July.

49. TRISETUlfl, Persoon. TRISETUM.

Spikclets 2 - several-flowered, often in a contracted panicle; the lower palea
compressed-keeled, of about the same merabranaceous texture as the glumes
bearing a bent or flexuous (rarely twisted) awn below the sharply 2-toothed or
2-pointcd apex (whence the name, from tris, three, and seta, a bristle) : other-
wise nearly as in Avena.

1. T. Sllbspicatlim, Beauv., var. mo He. Minutely so ft -downy ; pani-
cle dense, much contracted, oblong or linear (2;-3' long) ; glumes about the length
of the 2 -3 smooth flowers; awn diverging, much cxserted. (Avcna mollis,
Michx.) 1|. — Mountains and rocky river-banks, N. New England to Wisconsin,
and northward; rare. July. — About 1° high: leaves flat, short. (Eu.)

2. T. pa lustre, Torr. Smooth; panicle rather long and narrow (5' long),
loose, the brandies cafiillary ; sptkdets flat (3" long) ; glumes shorter than the 2
smooth lanceolate flowers, of which the upper is on a slightly naked joint of the
rhaehis, and hears a slender spreading or bent awn next the short 2-pointed tip,
while the louxr one is commonly awnless or only mucronate-pointed. 1|. (Avena
palustris, Miclix. Aira pal lens, Mulil.) — Low grounds, S. New York to Illinois,
and southward. June. — Culm slender, 2° -3° high : leaves flat, short. Spike-
lets yellowish-white, tinged with green.

50. AVENA, L. OAT.

Spikelcts 2 -many-flowered, panic-led; the flowers hcrbaceo-chartaccous, or
becoming harder, of firmer texture than the large and mostly unequal glumes ;
the uppermost imperfect. Lower palca rounded on the back, mostly 5-11-
nerved, bearing a long usually bent or twisted awn on the back or below th«

(GRASS FAMIL* ) 573

acutely 2-c'eft tip proeeeiing from the mid-nerve only. Stamens 3. Grain
oblong-linear, grooved on one side, usually hairy, free, but invested by the upper
pnlea. (The classical Latin name.)
§ 1. AVENASTRUM, Koch. — Spikelets rather small, several-flowered ; the

flowers rentotish ; glumes 1- and 3-nerved ; lower palea about 7 -nerved : root

perennial.

1. A. Stl'iikta, Miehx. Culms tufted, slender (l°-2° high) ; leaves nar-
row; panicle simple, loose, drooping with age; the few 3 - 5-flowcred spikelets
on rough capillary pedicels, much longer than the very unequal purple glumes;
lower palea with a short bearded tuft at the base, much longer than the ciliate-
fringed upper one (J' long), bearing a long straightish awn just below the taper-
ing very sharply cuspidate 2-cleft tip. (Trisctum purpurascens, Ton.) — Rocky,
shaded hills, N. New England, New York, and northward. June.

4 2. AIR6PSIS, Desv., Fries. — Spikelets very small, of 2 closdy approximate
flowers, and with no rudiment of a third: glumes l-nerved: lower palea obscurdy
3-5-nerved: root annual. (Forms a genus intermediate between Aira and
Avena, here appended to the latter for convenience.)

2. A. PR.ECOX, Beauv. Dwarf (3' -4' high), tufted; leaves short, bristle-
shaped ; branches of the small oblong panicle appressed ; awn from below the
middle of the flower. (Aira prsecox, L.) — Sandy fields, New Jersey to Vir-
ginia: rare. (Nat. from Eu.) See Addend.

A. SATIVA, L., the COMMON OAT, belongs to the section with annual roots,
and long, 7 - 9-nerved glumes.

51. ARI1HE1VATIIERUM, Beauv. OAT-GRASS.

Spikelets open-panicled, 2-flowercd, with the rudiment of a third flower ; the
middle flower perfect, with its lower palea barely bristle-pointed from near the
tip ; the lowest flower staminate only, bearing a long bent awn below the mid-
dle of the back (whence the name, from apprjp^ masculine, and dtir/p, awn) : —
otherwise as in Avena, of which it is only a peculiar modification.

1. A. AVENACEUM, Beauv. Leaves broad, flat ; panicle elongated (8'- 10'
long); glumes scarious, very unequal. 1J. (Avena elatior, L.} — Meadows and
lots scarce: absurdly called Grass of the Andes. May -July. (Nat. from Eu.)

52. HOL.CUS, L. (partly). MEADOW SOFT-GRASS.

Spikelets crowded in an open panicle, 2-flowered, jointed with the pedicels ;
the boat-shaped membranaccous glumes enclosing and much exceeding the re-
motish flowers. Lower flower peifect, but its papery or thin-coriaceou* lower
palea awnless and pointless ; the upper flower s>mia ate only, otherwise similar,
but bearing a stout bent awn below the apex. Stamens 3. Styles plumose to
the base. Grain free, scarcely grooved. (An ancient name, from O\KOS, draught,
of obscure application.)

1. If. LAN\TUS, L. (VELVET-GRASS.) Soft-downy, pale ; panicle oblong
(l'-4' long) ; upper glume mucronate-awned under the apex ; awn of the stam-
inate flower recurved. i|. — Moist meadows ; scarce. June. (Nat. from Eu.)

574 GRAMINKJE. (GRASS FAMILY.)

53. II I £ It 6 €111,0 A, Gmclin. HOLY-GRASS.

Spikelets plainly 3-flowered, open-panicled ; the flowers all with 2 paleae the
two lower (lateral) flowers staminate only, 3-androus, sessile, often awned on the
middle of the back or near the tip ; the uppermost (middle) one perfect, short-
pcdicellcd, scarcely as long us the others, 2-androus, awnless* Glumes equalling
or exceeding the spikelet, scarious ; paleae chartaceous. — Leaves linear or lan-
ceolate, flat. (Name composed of tfpos, sacred, and x\6a, grass; these sweet-
scented Grasses being strewn before the church-doors on saints' days, in the North
of Europe.)

1. II.. borealis, Roem. & Schultes. (VANILLA or SENECA GRASS.)
Panicle somewhat one-sided, pyramidal (2' -5' long); peduncles smooth;
Btaminate flowers with the lower palea imicronate or bristle-pointed at or near
the tip ; rootstock creeping. 1J. (Holcus odoratus, L.) — Moist meadows, Mass.
to Wisconsin, and northward, chiefly near the coast and along the Lakes. May.
— Culm l°-2° high, with short lanceolate leaves. Spikelets chestnut-color;
the sterile flowers strongly hairy -fringed on the margins, and the fertile one at
the tip. (Eu.)

2. II. alpilia. Roem. & Schultes. Panicle contracted (l'-2' long); one
of the staniinate flowers barely pointed or short-awned near the tip, the other
long-awned from below the middle; lowest leaves very narrow. 1J. — Alpine
mountain-tops, New England, New York, and northward. July. (Eu.)

54. A N T II O X A W T H U I»I , L. SWEET-SCENTED VERNAL-GRABS.

Spikelets spiked-panicled, 3-flowcred ; but the lateral flowers neutral, consist-
ing merely of one palea which is hairy on the outside and awned on the back :
the central (terminal) flower perfect, of 2 awnlcss chartaceous palea;, 2-androus.
(Jinnies very thin, acute, keeled; the upper about as long as the flowers, twice
the length of the lower. Squamulac none. Grain ovate, adherent to the enclos-
ing paleae. (Name compounded of (Iv0os, flower, and av&u>v, of flowers. L.)

1. A. ODOR\TUM, L. Spikelets spreading (brownish or tinged with green);
one of the neutral flowers bearing a bent awn from near its base, the other short-
awncd below the tip. ty — Meadows, pastures, &e. ; very sweet-scented in dry-
ing. May -July. (Nat. from Eu.)

55. PIIALARIS, L. CANARY-GRASS.

Spikelets crowded in a dense or spiked panicle, with 2 neutral mere rudiments
of a flower, one on each side, at the base of the perfect one, which is ilattish,
awnlcss, of 2 shining paleae, shorter than the equal boat-shaped and often winged-
keeled glumes, finally coriaceous or cartilaginous, and closely enclosing the
flattened free and smooth grain. Stamens 3. — Leaves broad, flat. ( 'The an-
cient name, from <£u\oy, sliinin;/, alluding either to the palea; or the <_«rain.)

1. P. ariindiiiacca, L. (KKED CANARY-GRASS.) Panicle more or
less branched, clustered, a little spreading when old; (/lames wingless, with flat-
tened pointed tips ; rudimentary flowers hairy, ] the length of the fertile one. ty

GRAAIINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 575

<P. Americana Terr., not of Ell. Digraphis arundinacea, Trin. ) — "Wet grounds ;
very common northward. July. — Culm 2° - 4° high. Leaves 3" - 5" wide. —
The RIBBON-GRASS of the gardens is a state of this species, with variegated
leaves. (Eu.)

2. P. CANARI£NSIS, L. (CANARY-GRASS.) Panicle spiked, oval ; glumes
wi.ng-keeled ; rudimentary flowers smooth, half the length of the perfect one. Q) —
Waste places, New York and New England : sparingly cultivated. July- Sept.
— It yields the Canary-seed. (Adv. from Eu.)

56. MILIUM, MILLET-GRASS.

Spikelets diffusely panicled, not jointed with their pedicels, apparently con-
sisting of 2 equal memhranaccous convex and awnlcss glumes, including a sin-
gle coriaceous awnless flower : but theoretically the lower glume is wanting,
while an empty single palea of the lower (neutral) flower, resembling the upper
glume, fulfils its office, and stands opposite the narrow upper palea of the terete
fertile flower. Stamens 3. Stigmas branched-plumose. Grain not grooved,
enclosed in the palea;, all deciduous together. (The ancient Latin name of the
Millet (which however belongs to a different genus), probably from mille, a thou-
sand, because of its fertility.)

1. M. eflfusiliBi, L. Smooth (3° -6° high) ; leaves broad and flat, thin,
panicle spreading (6' - 9' long) ; flower ovoid-oblong. 1|. — Cold woods ; com-
mon northward. June. (Eu.)

57. AMPHICAKPUM, Kunth. (MILIOM, Pursh.)

Spikelets jointed with the apex of the pedicels, apparently 1 -flowered, of two
kinds ; one kind in a strict terminal panicle, like those of Milium, except that
the rudiment of the lower glume is ordinarily discernible, quite deciduous from
the joint, commonly without ripening fruit, although the flower is perfect: tho
other kind solitary at the extremity of slender runner-like radical peduncles
(which are more or less sheathed towards the base), much larger than the
others, perfect and fertile, subterranean ; the enwrapping glume, and similar
empty palea many-nerved. Flower oblong or ovoid, pointed. Stamens 3 (small
in the radical flowers). Stigmas plumose, deep .purple. Grain ovoid, terete,
not grooved, in the radical flowers very large (2" -3" long), the embryo next
the lower palea. Neutral palea somewhat exceeding the glume and the fertile
flower. — Leaves lanceolate, flat, copious on the lower part of the culm, clothed
like the sheaths with spreading bristly hairs (Name from d^iKapnosj doubly
fruit-bearing. )

1. A. Piirsliii, Kunth. (Milium amphicarpon, Pursh.) — Moist sandy
nine barrens, New Jersey. Sept.

58. P ASP ALUM, L. PASPALUM.

Spikelets spiked or somewhat racemed in 2-4 rows on one side of a flattened
or filiform continuous rhachis, jointed with their very short pedicels, plano-
convex, awnless, apparently only one-flowered, as in Milium ; but, on the other

576 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.)

hand, differing from Panicum merely in the want of the lower glume ; which,
however, is occasionally present in some species, as a small scale. Glume and
empty palea few-nerved. Flower coriaceous, mostly orbicular or ovate, flat on
the inner side, convex on the outer. Stamens 3. — (Said to have been a Greek
name for Millet.)

# Spikes very numerous in a spiked raceme ; their thin and membranaceous or folia-
ceous rhachis broader than the spikelets, and keeled or boat-shaped.

1. P. flllitaiis, Kunth. Glabrous; stems procumbent below and rooting
In the mud or floating; leaves lanceolate; rhachis (1" wide) projecting beyond
(he small slightly pubescent spikelets into a tapering point, scabrous on the

-back. (D (Ceresia fluitans, Ell.) — River-swamps, Virginia, S.Ohio, Illinois,
and southward. Oct. See Addend.

* * Sj)ikes one or few ; the rhachis narrower than the spikelets.
•«- Spikelets very ol)tuse, orbicular : spikes one terminal, and oftert'l -5 lateral.

2. I*, sctaceum, Michx. Culm ascending or decumbent (1°- 2° long),
slender; leaves (2" wide, flat) and sheaths clothed with soft spreading hairs;
spikes very slender (2' -4' long), smooth, mostly solitary on a long peduncle, and
usually one from the sheaths of each of the upper leaves on short peduncles or included ;
spikelets (£" wide) nairouiy 2-rowed. 1J. (Also P. debile and P. ciliatifolium,
Michx.) — Sandy fields, Massachusetts, near the coast, to Illinois, and southward.
August.

3. P. lifcve, Michx. Culm upright, rather stout (l°-3° high) ; the pretty
large and long leaves with the flattened sheaths smooth or somewhat hairy ;
strikes 2-6, the lateral ones somewhat approximated near the summit of an elon-
gated naked peduncle, spreading (2' -4' long), smooth, except a bearded tuft at
their base; spikelets broadly Z-rowed (over 1" wide). ]\. 1 — Moist soil, S. New
England to Kentucky, and southward. August. — Either glabrous or sometimes
the lower sheaths, &c. very hairy.

•»- •»- Spikelets acute: spikes always a pair at the summit of the naked peduncle.

1. P. disticlllini, L. (JOINT-GRASS.) Nearly glabrous, rather glau-
cous; culms.ascending (about 1° high) from a long creeping base ; leaves linear-
lanceolate (2' -3' long) ; spikes short and closely-flowered ($'-2' long), one short-
[nilnnclfd, the. other sessile; rhachis flat on the back ; spikelds orate, slightly pointed
(hardy l£" long). U (**• notatum, Flwyge, frc.} — Wet fields, Virginia and
southward. July - Sept.

5. P. HM^itfjria, Poir. Culms ascending (l°-2£° high) from a creeping
base; leaves lanceolate (3' -6' long, $'-£ wide); spikes slender and rather
sparsely flowered (l'-4' long), conjugate, both sessile at the apex of the slender
peduncle ; spikelets ovate-lanceolutc (2'' long). (Milium paspalodes, £11.) — Vir-
ginia (Pursh), and southward.

59. PANICUM, L. PANIC-GRASS.

Spikelets panic-led, racemed, or sometimes spiked, not involucratc, 1^-3-
flowcrcd. Glumes 2, but the lower one usually short or minute (rarely want-
ing), niembranaceo-horbaceous ; the upper as long as the fertile flower. Lowei

GRAMINEJS. (GRASS FAMILY.) 577

flower cither neutral or staminate, of one palea which closely resembles the up-
per glume, and sometimes with a second thin one. Upper flower perfect, closed,
coriaceous or cartilaginous, usually flattish parallel with the glumes, awnlcss,
enclosing the free and grooveless grain. Stamens 3. Stigmas plumose, usually
purple. (An ancient Latin name of the Italian Millet, P. Italicum (now Seta-
ria Italica), thought to come from panis, bread ; some species furnishing a kind
of bread -corn.)

$ 1. DIGITAllIA, Scop. — Spikelets crowded 2 - 3 tor/ether in simple anu mostly
l-stded clustered spikes or spike-like racemes, wholly aivnless and pointless lower
flower neutral, of a single palea: lower glume minute, sometimes\'>bsoltte or want-
ing: root annual : plant often purplish.

* Spikes erect; the rhachis filiform, nearly terete.

1. P. filifdrme, L. Culms very slender (1°- 2° high), upright; lower
sheaths hairy; spikes 2 - 8, alternate and approximated, filiform ; spikelets ob-
long, acute (I" long) ; upper glume equalling the flower, the lower almost
wanting. — Dry sandy soil, Massachusetts to New Jersey along the coast, Illi-
nois, and southward. Aug.

* * Spikes spreading ; the rhachisjlat and thin.

2. P. GLA.BRUM, Gaudin. Culms spreading, prostrate, or sometimes erect
(5'-12' long), glabrous; spikes 2-6, widely diverging, nearly digitate; spikelets
ovoid (about 1" long) ; upper glume equalling the flower, the lower one almost want-
ing. — Cultivated grounds and waste places ; common southward, and not rare
northward : in some places appearing as if indigenous, but probablv an intro-
duced plant. Aug., Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)

3. P. SANGUINA.LE, L. ( COMMON CRAB-GRASS. FlNGER-GRASS.) GullDS

erect or spreading (l°- 2° high) ; leaves and sheaths glabrous or hairy; spikes
4-15, spreading, digitate ; spikelets oblong (1 j" long) ; upper glume half the length
of the flower, the lower one small. — Cultivated and waste grounds, and yards ;
common. (Nat. from Eu.)

§ 2. PANICUM PROPER. — Spikelets scattered, in panicles, awnless.
* Panicle elongated and racemose, wand-like or pyramidal; the numerous and usually

pointed spikelets short-pedicelled, excepting No. 7.
«- Sterile flower neutral, fully twice the length of the lower glume : spikelets small

(not more than 1" or 1^" long).
+-*• Neutral flower consisting of 2 palece,

4. P. ailCCpS, Michx. Culms flat, upright (2° -4° high); leaves rather
broadly linear (l°-2° long, 4"- 5" wide), smooth; panicle contracted-pyram-
idal ; spikelets ovate-lanceolate, pointed, a little curved ; upper glume 7 -nerved',
neutral flower £ longer than the perfect one. 1J. — Wet soil, pine barrens of
New Jersey to Virginia, and southward. Aug. — Allied to the next : spikelets
and branches of the panicle longer.

5. P. agTOStoides, Spreng. Culms flattened, upright (2° high) ; leaves,
long, and with the sheaths smooth ; panicles terminal and often lateral, pyram-
idal (4' -8' long); the spikelets racemose, crowded and one-sided on the spread-
ing branches, ovate-oblong, acute (purplish) ; upper glume b-nerved, longer than the

578 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.)

neutral flower, which exceeds the perfect one. (P. agrostidiforme, Lam. f P.
multiflorum, Pair.) — Wet meadows, E. Massachusetts to Virginia, Illinois,
and southward. Aug.

•»-«• *+ Neutral flower consisting of a single palea.

6. P. prolifemin, Lam. Smooth throughout ; culms thickened, succulent,
Iranched and geniculate, ascending from a procumbent base ; sheaths flattened ;
ligule ciliate; panicles terminal and lateral, compound, pyramidal, the slender
primary branches at length spreading; spikelets oppressed, lance-oval, acute (pale
green), lower glume broad, i to ^ the length of the upper; neutral flower little
longer than the perfect one. (i) — Brackish marshes and meadows; common
along the coast from Massachusetts southward : also along the Ohio and Mis-
sissippi. Aug.

7. P. capillarc, L. Culm upright, often branched at the base and form
ing a tuft; leaves (large) and especially the flattened sheaths very hirsute; panicle
pt/ramiilal, capillary, compound and very loose (6' -12' long), the slender straight
brunches somewhat reflexed when old; spikelets scattered on long pedicels, oblong-
ovoid and pointed; lower glume half the length of the neutral palca, which is
longer than the ovoid-oblong obtuse perfect Jlower. (1, — Sandy soil and cultivated
Ik-Ids everywhere. Aug., Sept.

8. P. ailtlimnalc, Bosc ! Culm ascending, very slender (1° high), branch
ing below ; leaves small (!' — 2' long, linear-lanceolate) and upper sheaths glabrous ;
panicle as in depauperate states of the last, but glabrous, except the strongly
\!,,n-(l.<-d main axils, its capillary much elongated divisions mostly simple and
bearing solitary spindle-shaped spikelets; lower glume minute ; perfect Jlower nar-
rowly oblong or lance-oblong, acute, nearly equalling the lance-oblong obtusish up-
per glume and the neutral palea. 1J. 1 (P. dichotomiflornm, Michx. ?) — Sand-
lulls, Mason County, Illinois (Mead), and southward. — This well-marked spe-
cies is either rare, or has been generally overlooked.

•»- •*- Sterile Jlower staminate, of 2 palece; lower glume little or % shorter : spikelets
large (W-2$>' long).

0. P. vir^atiitii, L. Very smooth ; culms upright (3° -5° high) ; leaves
iv/;// long, fiat; branches of the compound loose and large panicle (9' -2° long) at
Miglh spreading or drooping; spikelets scattered, oval, pointed; glumes aud
sterile paleae pointed, usually purplish. 1J. — Moist sandy soil; common, espe-
cially southward. Aug.

10. P. am a I'll 111, Ell. Nearly smooth, rigid ; culms (l£° high) sheathed
to the top ; leaves involute, glaucous, coriaceous, the uppermost exceeding the contract&i
panicle, the simple racemose brandies of which are appressed, very smooth ;
spikelets ovate, pointed (pale) ; lower glume little shorter than the sterile flow-
er. 1J. — Sandy shores, Connecticut (Barratt, Robbing), Virginia, and south-
ward. Aug., Sept.

# # Panicle loosely spreading or diffuse, short.
«- Lower (sterile) flower formed of 2 paletc (the upper one scarious and sometime*

small and inconspicuous), neutral, except in No. 11, and OCCttnifmaliy in No. 11.

where it is staminate.

GRAMINE./E. (GRASS FAMILY ) 679

•»•* Calm-leaves broadly lanceolate or wider, with 9-15 principal nerves.

11. P. latifolilim, L. (excl. syn. Sloane, &c.) Culm (l°-2° high),
•mooth ; the joints and the orifice of the throat or margins of the otherwise
smooth sheaths often bearded with soft woolly hairs ; leaves broadly oblong-lanceolate
from a heart-clasping base (often 1' wide), taper-pointed, 11 - 15-nerved, smooth,
or sparingly downy-hairy ; panicle more or less exserted (2' -3' long), usually
long-peduncled, the branches spreading; spikelets obovate, \^" long, downy; low-
er glume ovate, not half the length of the many-nerved upper one ; sterile flower
often (but not always) with 3 stamens. 1|. (P. Waited, Poir.) — Moist thick-
ets ; common. June - Aug.

12. P. eland estlilU in, L. Culm rigid (l°-3° high), very leafy to the
top, at length producing appressed branches, the joints naked; sheaths rough with
•papillae, bearing very stiff and spreading bristly hairs ; leaves oblong-lanceolate
from a heart-clasping base, very taper-pointed ; lateral panicles and usually also
the terminal panicle more or less enclosed in the sheaths, or, in var. pEDUNCUiA-
TUM (P. pedunculatum, Torr.), with the terminal one at length long-pedunclcd :

— otherwise resembling No. 1 1 ; but the spikelets more ovoid, often smooth ; the
lower flower (always?) neutral. — Low thickets and river-banks; rather com-
mon. July - Sept.

13. P. microcarpon, Muhl. Culm and sheaths as in No. 11; the
broadly lanceolate leaves nearly similar, but longer in proportion and less point-
ed, not dilated at the rounded bristly-ciliate base, very rough-margined, the up-
per surface roughish ; panicle soon exserted on a slender peduncle, very many-
flowered, narrowly oblong (3' -7' long) ; spikelets about £" long, ovoid, smooth
or srnoothish ; lower glume orbicular and very small. 1J. (P. multiflorum, Ett. 1
not of Poir.) — Dry or moist thickets, Pennsylvania and Michigan to Illinois,
and southward. July -Sept.

14. P. xailtliopliysilin, Gray. Culm simple, or at length branched
near the base (9' -15' high); sheaths hairy; leaves lanceolate, very acute (4' -6'
long by I' wide), not dilated at the ciliate-bearded clasping base, smooth except the
margins, strongly 9- 1 1 -nerved ; panicle long-pedunclcd, simple, contracted, the ap-
pressed branches bearing few roundish-obovate spikelets (about l£" lony) ; lower
glume ovate, acutish, one third or half the length of the 9-ntrved upper one. 1J.
— Dry and sandy soil, Maine to Wisconsin, and northward; rare. June. —
Plant yellowish-green : spikelets minutely downy : sterile flower sometimes
staminate.

15. P. viscid Hill, Ell. Culms upright or ascending, at length much
branched, leafy to the top, densely velvety-downy all over, as also the sheaths, with
reflexcd soft and often clammy hairs, except a ring below each joint ; leaves likewise
velvety all over, lanceolate (£' wide), 11 -13-nerved; panicles spreading, the lateral
ones included ; spikelets obovate, 1" or l£" long, downy; the roundish lower
glume scarcely one fourth the length of the 7-nerved upper one. — Damp soil,
S. New Jersey to Virginia, and southward. Aug.

16. P. paiicifloruin, Ell.? Culms upright, at length much branched
and reclining (l°-2° long), roughish; leaves lanceolate (3' -5' long by £'- \' wide),
rather faintly 3-ncrved, hairy or s mooth, fringed on the whole margin or next the

680 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.)

base witii long and stiff spreading hairs, the sheat/is bristly throughout with similar
hairs ; panicle open, nearly sinijile, bearing few tumid-obovate hairy or smoothish
spiki-lets about \^" long ; lower glume roundish, about half or a quarter of the
length of the upper one. (P. leucoblcpliaris, Trin. ?) — Wet meadows and
copses, W. New York to Wisconsin, and soutlnvard. June, July. — Distin-
guished hy its much larger spikelets, more nerved leaveS, and coarser aspect,
from any form of the next. It has probably been described under several
names, some of them earlier than Elliott's.

•*-*• *+ Leaves linear or lanceolate, with few or indistinct primary nerves.

17. P. clicliotonilini, L. ! Culms (8'-20 high) at first mostly simple,
bearing a more or less exsertcd spreading compound panicle (l'-3' long), and
lanceolate flat leaves (those tufted at the root usually ovate-lanceolate and very
short, thickish) ; but commonly branching later in the season, the branches often
clustered, and bearing nearly simple and included small panicles; spikelets £" to
about I" long; oblong-obovate, downy or smooth; lower glume roundish, one third
or a quarter the length of tlie 5 - 1-nerved upper one. — Founded on an autumnal
state of the species, much forked and with densely clustered lateral branch lets
and panicles. (P. nodifiorum, Lam.) — Exhibits an interminable diversity of
forms ; of which a shaggy-hairy and larger-flowered variety is P. pubcscens,
Lam.; and one with smaller spikelets is P. laxiflorum, Lam. ; while the varied
smooth or smoothish states with shining leaves are P. nitidum, Lam., and (the
more slender forms) P. barbulatum, Michx., P. ramulosum, Michx., Sf-c. — Dry
or low grounds; everywhere common, especially soutlnvard. June -Aug. —
Some of these species arc likely to be revived ; but if distinct, I am wholly
unable to limit them.

18. P. depaupcratllin, Muhl. Culms simple or branched from the
base, forming close tufts (6' -12' high), terminated by a simple and few-flowered
contracted panicle, often much overtopped by the narrowly linear and elongated (4' - 7')
upper leaves ; s]>ikelets |" - 1|" long, oval-obovate, commonly pointed when young ;
the ovate lower glume %tlie length of the *J-3-nerved upper one. 1J. (P. strictum,
Pursh. P. rectum, Rozm. $• Schult.) — Varie , with the leaves involute, at leas/
when dry (P. involutum, Torr.), and Wicn the sheaths either beset with long
hairs or nearly smooth : the panicle cither partly included, or oftener on a long
and slender peduncle. — Dry woods and hills; rather common, especially north-
ward. June.

•*- •*- Lower Jtoiver destitute of an upper palea, and neutral.

19. P. vcrrucosuiil, Muhl. Smooth; culms branching and spreading,
rery slender ( 1 ° - 2° long), naked above ; leaves linear-lanceolate (2" - 3 wide),
shining; branches of the diffuse panicle capillary, few-flowered; spikt lets oral,
acute, 3" long, warty-roughened (dark green) ; the lower glume one fourth the
length of the obscurely nerved upper one. (5) ? — Sandy swamps, New Eng-
land to Virginia, near the coast, and southward. Aug.

13. ECIIIN6CHLOA, Beauv. — Spikelets imbricatcd-spiked on the branches of
the simple or compound raceme or panicle, rough with oppressed stijff hairs : louvt
palea of the sterile flower awl-pointed or awned.

20. P. CRUS-GALLI, L. (BARNYARD-GRASS.) Culms stout blanching

GRAMINF^E. f GRASS FAMILY.) 581

frcm the base (l°-4° high); leaves lanceolate (£' or more wide), rough-mar
gined, otherwise with the sheaths smooth; spikes alternate (I' -3' long), crowd
ed in a dense par icle ; glumes ovate, abruptly pointed ,* lower palca of the neu-
tral flower bearing a rough awn of variable length. ® — Varies greatly ;
sometimes awnless or nearly so ; sometimes long-awned, especially so in var.
HfspiDUM (P. hispidum, MuhL, P. longisetum, Torr.), a very large and coarse
form of the species, which has the sheaths of the leaves very bristly. — Moist
and chiefly manured soil : the variety in ditches, usually near salt water ; possi-
bly indigenous. Aug. -Oct. (Nat. from Eu. ?)

60. SETAKIA, Beauv. BRISTLY FOXTAIL-GRASS.

Spikclcts altogether as in Panicum proper, and awnless, but with the short
peduncles produced beyond them into solitary or clustered bristles resembling
awns (not forming a real involucre). Inflorescence a dense spiked panicle, or
apparently a cylindrical spike. — Annuals, in cultivated grounds, with linear or
lanceolate flat leaves : properly to be regarded as a subgenus of Punieum.
(Name from seta, a bristle.)

* Bristles single or in pairs, roughened or barbed downwards.

1. S. VERTICILL\TA, Beauv. Spike cylindrical (2' -3' long, pale green),
somewhat interrupted, composed of apparently whorled short clusters ; bristles
short, adhesive. (Panicum verticillatum, L.) — Near dwellings: rare north-
ward. (Adv. from Eu.)

# * Bristles in clusters, roughened or barbed upwards.

2. S. GLAtiCA, Beauv. (FOXTAIL.) Spike cylindrical, very dense, tawny yd-
fow (2' -4' long) ; bristles 6-11 in a cluster, much longer than the spikelcts ; per-
fect flower transversely winkled. — Very common in stubble, barn-yards, &c.
(Adv. from Eu.)

3. S. vfRiDis, Beauv. (GREEN FOXTAIL. BOTTLE-GRASS.) Spike nearly
cylindrical, more or less compound, green ; bristles few in a cluster, longer than tho
Bpikclets ; perfect flower strlate lengthwise and dotted. — Common in cultivated
grounds. (Adv. from Eu.)

4. S. ITALICA, Kunth. Spike compound, interrupted at the base, thick, nod-
ding (6' -9' long, yellowish or purplish) ; bristles 2 or 3 in a cluster, either much
longer or else shorter than the spikelcts. — S. Gcrmanica, Beauv. is a variety
Sometimes cultivated under the name of MILLET, or BENGAL GRASS: rarel?
•pontaneous. (Adv. from Eu.)

61. CEN"CHRUS,L. HEDGEHOG- or BUR-GRASS.

Spikelets as in Panicum, awnless, but enclosed 1 to 5 together in a globular
and bristly or spiny involucre, which becomes coriaceous and forms a deoid-
uous hard and rigid bur : the involucres sessile in a terminal spike. Styles
united below. (An ancient Greek name of Setaria Italica, transferred, for no
evident reason, to this genus.)

1. C. tribllloides, L. Culms branched at the base, ascending (l°-2°
long) ; leaves flat; spike oblong, composed of 8-20 spherical heads; involucre
prickly all over with spreading and downwardly barbed short spines, more or

682 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY)

less downy, enclosing 2 or 3 spikelets. (I) — Sandy soil, on the coast, and along
the Great Lakes; ascending the larger rivers for some distance. Aug. — A
vile weed.

62. TRIPSACUM, L. GAMA-GRASS. ' SESAME-GRASS.

Spikelets monoecious, in jointed spikes, which are starninate above and fertile
below. Staminate spikelets 2, sessile at each triangular joint of the narrow
rliachis, forming a 1-sided and 2-rankcd spike longer than the joints, both alike,
*2-flowered : glumes coriaceous, the lower one (outer) nerved, the inner one boat-
shaped : paleae very thin and mcmbranaceous, awnless : anthers (turning orange
or reddish-brown) opening by 2 pores at the apex. Pistillate spikelets single
and deeply imbedded in each oblong joint of the cartilaginous thickened rhachis,
occupying a boat-shaped recess which is closed by the polished and cartilagi-
nous ovate outer glume ; the inner glume much thinner, pointed, 2-flowered ;
the lower flower neutral ; the paleae very thin and scarious, crowded together,
pointless. Styles united : stigmas very long (purple), hispid. Grain ovoid,
free. Culms stout laid tall, solid, from very thick creeping rootstocks. Leaves
broad and flat. Spikes axillary and terminal, separating spontaneously into
joints at maturity. (Name from Tpi/3&>, to rub, perhaps in allusion to the
polished fertile spike.)

1. T. dactyloides, L. Spikes (4' -8' long) 2-3 together at the sum-
mit (when their contiguous sides are more or less flattened), and also solitary
from some of the upper sheaths (when the fertile part is cylindrical); some-
times, var. McmosTXciiYOM, the terminal spike also solitary. — Moist soil, Con-
necticut to Pennsylvania, near the coast, thence west to Illinois, and southward.
Aug. — Culm 4° - 7° high : the leaves like those of Indian Corn. — This is one
of our largest and most remarkable Grasses. It is sonjetimes used for fodder at
the South, where better is not to be had.

63. ERIANTIIUS, MSchx. WOOLLY BEARD-GRASS.

Spikelets spiked in pairs upon each joint of the slender rhachis ; one of them
•essile, the other pedicelled ; otherwise both aiike ; with the lower flower neu-
tral, of one membranaceous palea; the upper perfect, of 2 hyaline puleae, which
are thinner and shorter than the nearly equal membrannceous glumes, the lower
nwned from the tip. Stamens 1-3. Grain free. — Tall and stout reed-like
Grasses, with the spikes crowded in a panicle, and clothed with long silky hairs,
especially in a tuft around the base of each spikelet (whence the name, from
fpiov, wool, and av6os, flower).

\. E. alopccuroides, Ell. Culm (4°-6° high) woolly-bcankd at the
joints; panicle contracted; the silky hairs longer than the spikelets, shorter than the
straight awn ; or at length contorted ; stamens 2. 1[ — Wet pine barrens, New
Jersey, Illinois, and southward : rare. Sept., Oct.

2. E. bretfibarbis, Michx. Culm (2° -5° high), somewhat bearded at
the upper joints ; panicle, rather open ; silky hairs shorter than the spikelets. 1|

-Low grounds, Virginia and southward.

GRAMIXF.JE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 583

64. ANDROPOGON, L. BEARD-GRASS.

Spikclets in pairs upon each joint of the slender rhachis, spiked or raccmed ;
one of them pcdicelled and sterile, often a mere vestige : the other sessile, with
the lower flower neutral and of a single palea ; the upper perfect and fertile, of
2 thin and hyaline palese shorter than the herbaceous or chartaceous glumes, the
lower awned from the tip. Stamens 1 -3. Grain free. — Coarse and mostly
rigid perennial Grasses, with lateral or terminal spikes commonly clustered or
digitate ; the rhachis hairy or plumose-beai'ded, and often the sterile or stami-
nate flowers also (whence the name, composed of dvfjp, av&pos, man, and Trcoya)?,
beard).

# Ststrile spikelet staminate (stamens 3), awnless: spikes digitate.

1. A. f lire situs, Muhl. Culms (4° high) and leaves nearly smooth,
bearing 3-5 straight and rather rigid hairy spikes together at the naked summit
(or fewer on lateral branches) ; spikelets approximated, rouglush-downy ; awn
bent. — Sterile soil ; common, Sept.

* * Sterile spikelet neutral, reduced to a small pointed glume raised on a long bearded
pedicel ; the fertile 2 - 3-androus, bearing a slender mostly bent or twisted awn : culms
paniculate-branched.

2. A. sco parius, Michx. Culms slender (2° - 4° high), with many pa-
niculate branches ; the lower sheaths and the narrow leaves hairy ; spikes mostly
tingle, terminating the short branches, peduncled, very loose, slender (2' long, often
purple), sparsely silky with dull white hairs; the zigzag rhachis hairy along the
edges ; pairs of spikelets rather distant. — Sterile or open sandy soil ; common.
July - Sept.

3. A. argcnteilS, Ell. Culms rather slender (about 3° high) ; spikes in
pairs, on a peduncle exceeding the sheaths, dense, very silky with long white hairs
(l£'-2; long) ; rudimentary flower much shorter than the hairs of its pedicel. —
Sterile soil, Virginia, Illinois? and southward. Sept., Oct. — Spikes much
denser, and the flowers larger and more silky, than in the next ; which it con-
siderably resembles.

* * * Sterile spikelet abortive, reduced to a mere aum-like plumose pedicel, or bearing
distinct rudiment of a Jlower ; the fertile \-androus, and bearing a straight slender
awn : spikes clustered, lateral and terminal, partly enclosed in the flattened bract"
like sheatlis ; the slender rhachis, $*c. clothed ivith copioui very long and silky
(white) hairs.

4. A. VirglltlCUS, L. Culm flattish below, slender, sparingly short-
branched above (3° high) ; sheaths smooth ; spikes 2 or 3 together in distant oppressed
clusters, weak and soft (!' long). — Sandy soil ; Massachusetts to Illinois, and
southward. Sept.

5. A. msicroftrilS, Michx. Culm stout (W- 3° high), bushy-branched ax
the summit, loaded with numerous spikes forming dense leafy clusters; sheaths
rough, the upper hairy. — Low grounds, New York to Virginia, near the coast,
and southward. Sept., Oct.

30

684 GRAMiNE.fi. (GRASS FAMILY)

65. SORGZIURI, Pcrs. BROOM CORN.

Spikclets 2-3 together on the ramifications of an open panicle, the lateral
ones sterile or often reduced merely to their pedicels ; only the middle or ter-
minal one fertile, its glumes coriaceous or indurated, sometimes awnlcss : other-
wise nearly as in Andropogon. Stamens 3. (The Asiatic name of a cultivated
species.)

1. S. niitsuis. (INDIAN GRASS. WOOD-GRASS.) Culm simple (3°-
5° high), terete ; leaves linear-lanceohite, glaucous ; sheaths smooth ; panicle
narrowly oblong, rather crowded (6' -12' long); the perfect spikclets at length
drooping (light russet-brown and shining), clothed, especially towards the base,
with fawn-colored hairs, lanceolate, shorter than the twisted awn ; the sterile
spikelets small and imperfect, deciduous, or reduced to a mere plumose-hairy
pedicel. 1J. (Andropogon nutans, L.) — Dry soil ; common, especially south-
ward, where it exhibits several more or less marked varieties. Aug.

S. VULG\RE, Pei-s., the INDIAN MILLET, has several cultivated varieties or
races, such as the GUINEA-CORN and BROOM-COIJN.

ZEA MAYS, the INDIAN CORN, is a well-known Paniceous Grass.
SACCHARUM OFFICINARDM, L., the SUGAR-CASE, is a tropical Grass,
closely allied to Erianthus, p. 582.

EQUISETACE^E. (HORSETAIL FAMILY.) 685

SERIES II.

CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS.

VEGETABLES destitute of proper flowers (stamens and
pistils), and producing, in place of seeds, minute bodies of
homogeneous structure (called spores), in which there is
no embryo, or plantlet anterior to germination.

CLASS III. ACROGENS.

Cryptogamous plants with a distinct axis (stem and
branches), growing from the apex only, containing woody
fibre and vessels (especially ducts), and usually with dis
tinct foliage.

ORDER 135. EQUISETACE^E. (HORSETAIL FAMILY.)

Leafless plants, with rush-like hollow and jointed stems, arising from run-
ning rootstocks, terminated by the fructification in the form of a cone or
spike, u'hich is composed of shield-shaped stalked scales bearing the spore-
cases underneath. — Comprises solely the genus

1. E<£UISETUM,L. HORSETAIL. SCOURING EUSH. (Tab. 14.)

Spore-cases (sporangia, thecce) 6 or 7, adhering to the under side of the angled
shield-shaped scales of the spike, 1 -celled, opening down the inner side and dis-
charging the numerous loose spores. To the base of each spore are attached 4
thread-like and club-shaped elastic filaments (elaters), which roll up closely
around them when moist, and uncoil when dry. — Stems striate-groovcd, rigid,
the hard cuticle abounding in silex, hollow, and also with an outer circle of
smaller air-cavities corresponding with the grooves ; the joints closed and solid,
each bearing instead of leaves a sheath, which surrounds the base of the inter-
node above, and is split into teeth corresponding in number and position with
the principal ridges of the stem : the stomata always occupying the principal
grooves. Brandies, when present, in whorls from the base of the sheath, like
the stem, but without the central air-cavity. (The ancient name, from cquus
horse, and seta, bristle. \

566 EQUISETACE^E. (HOKSETAIl, FAMILT.)

* Stems annual (not surviving the winter] : fructification in spring (April and May).

(Stomata irregularly scattered over the whole surface of the grooves.)

•t- Fertile stems different from the sterile ones, earlier, brownish.

** Fertile stems never branching, decaying early after fructification : the sterile stenit

bearing simple branches.

1. E. arvense, L. Sterile stems smoothish, 12-1 4-f arrowed, and produc-
ing ascending sharply 4- (or 3 - 5-) Angled long branches, with 4 herbaceous lanceoiate
pointed teeth; sheaths of the fertile sterns (8'- 15' high) remote, large and loose. —
Dump places ; common. (Eu.)

2. E. cburiiciiin, Schreber. Sterile stems very smooth, ivory-white,
about 3Q-furrowcd, the rough usually 4-angled branches again grooved on the angles,
and with awl-shaped fragile teeth ; sheaths of the fertile stems crowded, deeply
toothed. (E. fluviatile, Smith.) — Shore of the Great Lakes, and northward. —
Fertile stems 1° or more high, stout; the sterile 2° -5°. (Eu.)

•»-*• •*•«• Fertile stems remaining and producing herbaceous branches after fructification.

3. E. pratciise, Ehrh. Sterile and finally also the fertile stems bearing
whorls of simple straight branches ; sheaths of the stem split into separate ovate-
lanceolate short teeth, those of the branches 3-toothed : otherwise much like the
next; in its simple branches resembling No. 1, but narrower in general outline,
and blunt. (E. umbrosum, Willd. E. Drummondii, Hook.) — Michigan ( Cooley,
$-c.) and northward. (Eu.)

4. E. sylvaticum, L. Sterile and fertile stems about 12-furrowed,
bearing whorls of compound racemed branches; sheaths loose, with 8-14 rather
blunt membranous more or less united teeth ; those of the branches bearing 4 or 5,
of the branchlets 3, lance-pointed divergent teeth. — Wet shady places ; common
northward. (Eu.)

•»- •«- Fertile and sterile stems similar and contemporaneous, both herbaceous, or all the
stems fertile, fruiting in summer, producing mostly simple branches from the upper
or middle joints, or sometimes quite naked.

5. E. limosiilll, L. Stems tall (2° -3° high), smooth, slightly many-
furrowed, usually producing upright simple branches after fructification ; sheaths
appressed, with 10-22 (commonly about 18) dark-brown and acute rigid short
teeth. (E. uliginosum, Muhl.) — In shallow water; rather common. — Air-
cavities none under the grooves, but small ones under the ridges. (Near this is
the European E. PALT^STRE, with a strongly grooved roughish stem, large air-
cavities under the grooves, and pale 6 - 9-toothed sheaths ; also attributed to
this country by Pursh, probably incorrectly.) (Eu.)

* # Stems perennial, bearing fructification in summer, lasting over the next winter
and longer, mostly rough (the cuticle abounding in silex), simple or rarely branclied.
(Stomata in regular rows, in our species \~roiced on each side of the groove.)

-t- Stems large, mostly single: *h«itlts nppressed. (Probably all forms of No. 8.)

6. E. li£ vigil til III, Braun. Stems l£°-4° high; the ridges convex, ob-
Imc, smooth or minutely rough with minute tulxTrU's ; sheaths elongated, with a
narrow black limb and about 22 linear-aivl-sfiapcd caducous teeth, \-keclcd ia/ou?.—
I)ryi.-h clay soil, Illinois and southward.

FILICES. (FERNS.) 587

7. E. rolmstlim, Braun. Stems 3° -6° high; the ridges narrow, rough
with oiie line of tubercles ; sheaths short, with a black girdle above the base, rarely
with a black limb, and about 40 deciduous 3-keeled teeth with ovate-awl-shaped points.
— lliver-banks, Ohio to Illinois, and southward. — Too near the last ; and passes
by var. AFFINE, Engelm. (a smaller plant, with 20-25 awl-pointed more per-
sistent teeth) into the next.

8. E. liyeiiiale, L. (SCOURING RUSH. SHAVE-GRASS.) Stems l£°-
3° high, the ridyes roughened by 2 more or less distinct lines of tubercles ; sheaths
elongated, with a black girdle above the base, and a black limb, consisting of
about 20 (17-26) narrowly linear teeth, l-keeled at the base and with awl-shaped
deciduous points. — Wet banks ; common, especially northward. Used for scour-
ing. (Eu.)

+- •*- Steins low and slender, growing in tufts : sheaths loose or enlarging upwards ;
the summits of their 4-keeled ovate membranaceous and persistent teeth tipped with
a fragile awn or cusp.

9. E. varicgatum, Schleicher. Stems ascending (6' -12' long), simple,
from a branched base, 5 - ^-grooved ; the ridges rough with 2 rows of tubercles
which are separated by a secondary furrow ; sheaths gi-een variegated with black
above ; the 5-9 teeth tipped with a deciduous bristle. — Shores or river-banks,
New Hampshire (Bellows Falls, Carey) to Wisconsin, and northward ; rare.
(Eu.)

10. E. SCirpoicles, Michx. Stems thread-like (4' -8' high), bent 01 curved,
rough, 3 - 4-grooved alternately with as many bristle-pointed teeth, and with the
same number of intermediate furrows of equal width ; sheaths variegated with
black ; central air-cavity wanting. — Wooded hill-sides, New England to Penn-
sylvania, Michigan, and northward. (Eu.)

ORDER 136. FILICES. (FERNS.)

Leafy plants, with the leaves (fronds) usually raised on a stalk or petiole
(called the stipe}, rising from a root or mostly from prostrate or subterranean
rootstocks. separately rolled up (circinate) in the bud (except in Suborder
III.), and bearing, on the veins of their loiver surface or along the margins, the
simple fructification, which consists of \-celled spore-cases (sporangia), open-
ing in various ways, and discharging the numerous minute spores. (An-
theridia and pistillidia formed on the seedling plantlet !) — Comprises three
very distinct Suborders, which now are by many received as separate
families : —

SUBORDER I. POLYPODINE^E. THE TRUE FERNS.

Sporangia collected in dots, lines, or variously shaped clusters (sori or
fruit-dots} on the back or margins of the frond or its divisions, stalked,
cellular-reticulated, the stalk running into a vertical incomplete ring, which
by straightening at maturity ruptures tLe sporangium transversely on tho
inner side, discharging the spores. Fruit-dots often covered (at least when

588 FILICES. (FERNS.)

young) by a membrane called the indusium, growing either from the back
or the margin of the frond. (Tab. 9-12.)

TaiBB I. POI.YPODIE.flE. Fructification dorsal, naked, entirely destitute of any in-
dusiuin, iu roundish separate fruit-dots.

1. POLYPODIUM. Fertile fronds like the sterile ones, wholly leaf like, not rolled up. Fruit-

dots scattered on the back, borne each on the end of a veinlet.

2. 8TKUTIIIOPTEKIS. Fertile frond very different from the sterile, contracted and rigid, its

pinnate divisions rolled up from each margin into a closed necklace-like body, conceal-
ing the fruit-dots within, which are borne on the middle of a vein.

TRIBE II. PTERIDE^E. Fructification marginal or intrauiarginal, provided with a
general iudusium formed of the (either altered or unchanged) margin of the frond, and
which is therefore free and opens on the inner side, towards the midrib, transverse oa
respects the veins. Venation in our genera free.

• Indusiuui continuous, consisting of the entire reflexed and altered (scarious-menibranaceoufl)

margin of the fertile frond or of its pinnae or pinnules.
8. ALLOSORUS Sporangia borne on the free and separate extremity of the veins 01 veinlets,

becoming confluent laterally. Indusiuui broad.
4. PTEKIS. Sporangia borne on a continuous receptacle, in the form cf a slender marginal

line, which connects the tips of the v inlets.

• * Indusium the summit or margin of a separate lobe or tooth of a fertile frond or of its

divisions turned over. Sporangia borne on the free end.s of the veins or veinlets.

6. AD1ANTUM. Sporangia borne on the under side of the strictly reflexed indusium. Mid

rib of the pinnules marginal or none.

<J. CHEILANTIIES. Sporangia borne on the frond, the unaltered herbaceous summit ot
margins of the lobes of which are recurved to form an imperfect involucre. Midrib
central.

TRIBE III. BL.ECII1VE.3E. Fructification dorsal ; the oblong or linear fruit-dots borne
on cross veinlets parallel to the midrib, transverse as to the principal veins, covered with
a special indusium (entirely separate from the margin of the frond), which is flici by
the edge that looks towards the margin, but free and opening towards the midrib.

7. WOODWARDIA.' Fruit-dots oblong or linear, distinct or contiguous : veins more or leaa

reticulated.

TMBB IV. ASPLENIE^E. Fructification dorsal; the more or less elongated fruit-
dots borne on the back of the frond, on direct veins oblique or at right angles to the mid-
rib and margins, each with a special iudusium fixed to the fruitful veiu by one margin,
and free and opening at the other.

8. CAMPTOSOKUS. Vtins reticulated except near the margin. Fruit-dots irregularly scat-

tered over the frond, inclined to approach in pairs.

9. SCOI-Ol'ENDllIUM. Veins simply forked, straight and free. Fruit-dots linear, confluent

in i>airs, which appear like a single one with a double iudu.Mum, opening down the
middle

10. ASPLEXiUM. Veins forked and free. Fruit-dots oblique, separate, each on the upper
(inner) side of a vein, rarely some of them double, when the two indusia ar« on tho
same vein, back to back.

TUBE V. DICIiSOariEjE. Fructification marginal: fruit-dots roundish, borne on

the apex of a free veiu, furnished with an iudusium in the form of a cup, open at the

top, formed iu part of (or confluent with) a toothlet or portion of the margin of the frond.

11. DICKSONIA § SITOLOB1UM. Indusium hemispheru-al-cup-fliaped or almost globular.

niembrau:iceous.

TEIBK VI "WOODSIE^E. Fructification dorsal : the globular fruit-dots borne on th»
back of a free vein, furnished with a special (soinetiries evanescent) iiidu-ium ia tlio toi m
Of a membrane attact-ed underneath all round, and bursting open at the tup.

FILICES. (FERNS.) 589

13. WOODSIA. Indusium very thin or obscure and evanescent, bursting into irreguLir lobe*
9r cleft into a fringe of hairs.

TKIBK VII. ASPIDIE^E. Fructification dorsal: the fruit-dots borne on the back
(rarely on the apex) of a vein, orbicular or roundish, rarely oblong and then placed
across the vein, furnished each with a special indusium which covers the sporangia when
young, and is fixed by the centre or by one side, opening at the other side or all around
the margin. No general or accessory indusium formed of the margin of the frond.
* Veins all free (none anastomosing) : fertile fronds not very different from the sterile

13. CYSTOPTERI3. Indusium hood-like, broadly fixed by the inner side partly under the

fruit-dot, free and early opening on the outer.

14. ASPIDIUM. Indusium flat, orbicular or kidney-shaped, opening all round the margin.

* * Veins of the sterile frond reticulated : fertile frond very unlike the sterile.
16. ONOCLEA. Fertile frond contracted, the divisions rolled up into globular bodies enclosing
the fruit-dots.

SUBORDER II. O S M UN D I N E ^E . THE FLOWERING FERN FAMILY.

Sporangia variously collected (large), destitute of any proper ring, cel-
lular-reticulated, opening lengthwise by a regular slit. (Tab. 13.)

TRIBE VIII. SCHIZE^E. Sporangia oblong or oval, sessile, with a circular striate-rayed
portion at the apex, opening down the outer side.

16. SCH1ZJSA. Indusium none : sporangia covering one side of the linear pinnse of the naked

and stalk-like fertile frond.

17. LYGODIUM. Indusia in the form of scales imbricated in 2 ranks on one side of the fer-

tile lobes of the leafy climbing frond.

TRIBE IX. OSMUNDI3.9S* Sporangia globose, peuicelled, opening down the outer side
BO as to be two-valved.

18. OSMUNDA. Sporangia naked, covering contracted fronds or parts of the frond.

SUBORDER III. OPHIOGLOSSE^E. THE ADDER'S-TONGUE FAM.

Sporangia spiked, closely sessile, naked, coriaceous and opaque, not re-
ticulated or veiny, destitute of a ring, opening by a transverse slit into 2
valves, discharging very copious powdery spores. — Fronds straight, never
rolled up in the bud ! (Tab. 13.)

19. BOTKYCIIIUM. Sporangia distinct, crowded in compound or pinnate spikes. Sterila

frond divided.

20. OPIIIOGLOSSUM. Sporangia cohering in a 2-ranked simple spike. Sterile frond entire.

SUBORDER I. FOL.YPODINEJE. THE TRUE FERN FAMILY.

1. POLYPODIUUI, L. POLYPODY. (Tab. 9.1

Fruit-dots round, naked, variously or irregularly scattered over the back of
the flat and expanded leaf-like frond, each borne on the end of a vcinlct. - '
Rootstocks creeping, often covered with wool-like chaff, and with tufted branches
(whence the name, from TroXu, many, and TTOUS, foot).

4 1. POLYPODIUM PKOPER. — Veins free (not connected by cross veinlets).
* Fronds simply and deeply pinnatifid, evergreen, glabrous : frail-dots large.

590 F/LICES. (FERNS.)

1. P. Vlllgare, L. Fronds oblong in outline, green both sides (6'-10
high); the divisions linear-oblong, obtuse, minutely and obscurely toothed. —
Rocks; common. July. (Eu.)

* # Fronds twice pinnatijid, triangular, membranaceous, annual : fruit-dot? minute.

2. P. PllCg6pt<i>ris, L. Sialk somew/iat chaffy and downy ; frond nar-
rowly triangular in outline, longer than broad (3' -6' long), hairy on the veins;
pinnae linear-lanceolate, closely approximated, the lowest pair deflexed and
standing forwards ; their divisions linear-oblong, obtuse, entire, each bearing
about 4 fruit-dots towards the base and near the margin. (P. connectile, Michx.)
— Damp woods ; common northward. July. (Eu.)

3. P. llCXag-01l6ptcriim, Michx. Stalk smooth ; frond broadly trian-
gular, the base (I1 - 12' broad) usually exceeding the length ; pinn* rather distant,
the lower of the lanceolate obtuse divisions toothed, decurrent and forming a
conspicuous wing to the rhachis. — Rather open woods; common, especially
southward. — Smoother and larger than the last.

* # # Fronds membranaceous, ternate, the primary divisions mostly twice pinnate.

4. P. Dry6pteriS, L. Stalk slender and brittle, smooth ; frond smooth
(pale light-green, 4' -6' wide) ; the 3 principal divisions widely spreading; lobes
oblong, obtuse, nearly entire; fruit-dots marginal, finally contiguous. — Var.
CALC\REUM (P. calcareum, Smith) is more rigid, and minutely glandular-mealy
on the rhachis and midribs. — Rocky woods; common northward. July. (Eu.)

{ 2. MARGINARIA, Bory. — Veins reticulated, forming mostly 6-sidtd meshet
around the free veinlets which bear the fruit-dots : stalks and back of the thick or
coriaceous frond beset with firm scurfy chaffy scales. (This is probably a distinct
genus ; but in our species the veins are so hidden in the coriaceous frond, that
they can seldom be seen at all.)

5. P. incfillUin, Willd. Fronds oblong, 2' -6' long from extensively
creeping firm rootstocks, grayish and very scurfy underneath with thick peltate
scurfy scales, almost concealing the fruit-dots, which are borne on the margins
of the broadly linear entire lobes. — Rocks and trunks of trees, Virginia and
Ohio to Illinois, and southward.

2. STRUTHIOPTERIS, Willd. OSTRICH-FERN. (Tab. 9.;

Fruit-'lots round, on the pinnae of a separate contracted and rigid frond, the
margirs sf which are rolled backward so as to form a somewhat necklace-shaped
body enclosing the fruit : there are 3-5 pinnate free veinlets from each primary
Tein, each bearing a fruit-dot on its middle : the fruit-dots arc so numerous and
crowded that they appear to cover the whole inside. — Sterile fronds large
(2° -3° high), very much exceeding the fertile, pinnate, the many pinnae deeply
ninnatifid, all growing in a close circular tuft from thick and scaly matted
rootstocks. Stalks stout, angular. Pinnate veins free and simple. (Name
compounded of <rrpov06s, an ostrich, and irrfpis. a fern, from the plume-like
arrangement of the divisions of the fertile frond.)

1. S. Germailica, Willd. (S. IVnnsylvanica, Willd.)— Alluvial soil ;
not rare northward Aug. — Fronds of this in a curious abnormal state, inter-

FILICES. (FERNS.) 59J

mediate between the sterile and fertile condition, (bearing a few fruit-dots on coil-
tructed but still herbaceous and open pinnae,) were gathered at Brattleborough,
Vermont, by Mr. D. C. Eaton. (Eu.)

3. ALL.OSORUS, Bernhardi. ROCK BRAKE. (Tab. 9.)

Fruit-dots a small collection of sporangia borne on the ends of (or extending
down on) the forked, or rarely simple, free veins, which terminate just within
the margin of the frond, soon becoming confluent laterally, so as to imitate the
marginal continuous line of fructification of Ptcris, covered when young by a
continuous (rarely interrupted) rather broad scarious-membranaceous indusium
consisting of the reflexed and altered margin of the fruit-bearing pinnule or
division. Fronds once to thrice pinnate ; the fertile ones or fertile divisions nar-
rower than the sterile. (Name from aXXos, various, and <ro)pos, sorus, a heap,
used for fruit-dot.)

1. A. gr&cilis, Presl. Smooth, low (3' -6' high, and delicate) ; fronds
mcmlranaceous, of few pinnae, which are pinnately parted into 3-5 divisions,
those of the fertile frond oblong or linear-oblong, of the sterile ovate or obovate,
crenate or incised ; veins of the fertile fronds mostly only once forked. (Pteris
gracilis, Michx.} — Shaded calcareous rocks, Vermont to Wisconsin, and north-
ward; rare. July.

2. A. atropurpftreilS. Smooth, except some bristly-chaffy hairs on
the midribs and especially on tbe dark-purple and polished stalk and rhachis, 6'-
15' high ; frond coriaceous, pale, once or below twice pinnate; the divisions
Broadly linear or oblong, or the sterile sometimes oval, chiefly entire, somewhat
heart-shaped or else truncate at the stalked base; veins about twice forked.
(Pteris atropurpurea, L. Platyloma atropurpurea, J. Smith.) — Calcareous dry
rocks, in shade, Vermont to Wisconsin, and southward : not* common.

A. (CRYPTOGRAMMA, R. Br.) ACROSTICHOIDES, remarkable for its sporan-
gia extending far down on the oblique veins, so as to form linear lines of fruit,
may occur within our northwestern borders, having been found as near as Isle
Royale, Lake Superior.

4. PTERIS, L. BRAKE. BRACKEN. (Tab. 10.)

Fruit-dots a continuous slender line of fructification, occupying the entire
margins of the fertile frond, and covered by its reflexed narrow edge which
forms a continuous membranaceous indusium : the sporangia attached to an
uninterrupted transverse vein-like receptacle which connects the tips of the
forked and free veins. — Fronds 1 - 3-pinnate or decompound. (The ancient
Greek name of Ferns, from Trrepov, a winyt on account of the prevalent pinnate
or feathery fronds.)

1. P. aquilina, L. (COMMON BRAKE.) Frond dull green (2° -3°
wide), ternate at the summit of an erect stout stalk (l°-2°high), the widely <
spreading branches 2-pinnate ; pinnules oblong-lanceolate, the upper undivided,
the lower more or less pinnatifid, with oblong obtuse lobes, margined all round
with the indusium. — Thickets and hills ; common northward. Aug. (EuJ

592 FILICES. (FERNS.)

Var. caildata. Frond somewhat more coriaceous; the pinnules wiili
narrower and less crowded lobes, the terminal one linear and prolonged (l'-2'
in length), entire, forming a tail-like termination, or the whole of many of the
pinnules sometimes linear and entire. (P. cauclata, L.) — Common southward,
and at the north varying into the typical form.

5. ADlAttTUOT, L. MAIDENIIAIR. (Tab. 10.)

Fruit-dots marginal, short; borne on the under side of a transversely oblong,
crescent-shaped or roundish, more or less altered margin or summit of a lobe or
tooth of the frond reflexed to form an indusium : the sporangia attached to the
approximated tips of the free forking veins. — Main rib (costa) of the pinnules
none, or at one margin. Stalks black and polished. (The ancient name, from
a privative and oWi/to, meaning unwetted, the smooth foliage repelling rain-drops.)

1. A. pcdifitiiiii, L. Frond forked at the summit of the upright slender
stalk (9' -15' high), the forks pedately branching from one side into several
slender spreading divisions, which bear numerous triangular-oblong and oblique
short-stalked pinnules ; these are as if halved, being entire on the lower margin,
from which the veins all proceed, and cleft and fruit-bearing on the other. —
Rich, moist woods. July. — A delicate and most graceful Fern.

0. CIIEIL.ANTI1I2S, Swartz. LIP-FERN. (Tab. 10.)

Fruit-dots small and roundish, solitary or contiguous next the margins or tips
of the lobes, which are recurved over them to form a hood-like (herbaceous or
membranaceous) indusium; the sporangia bome on the tips of free forking
veins. — Fronds 1-3-pinnate, the sterile and fertile nearly alike; the divisions
not halved, the main rib central. (When the indusium becomes continuous, the
genus passes into Allosorus.) (Name composed of ^elXos, a lip, and av6ost
fencer, from the shape of the indusium.) See Addeud.

1. C. VCSlita, Willd. (not of Hook.?) Fronds 2-pinnate (slender, 4' -7
high), and stalks hirsute with loose and rather scattered rusty hairs; pinnules ob-
long, pinnatifid (2" -4" long), their lobes oval or oblong, the recurved portion
forming the indusium herbaceous. — Shaded rocks, S. Penn., Virginia, Ken-
tucky, and southward. — Fronds soon nearly glabrous above.

2. C. tOltlClltosa, Link. Fronds (1°-1^° high) with the rather stout
stalk, &c. densely woolly and villous throughout (the upper surface becoming smooth-
Lsli with age), thrice pinnate; pinnules obovate or roundish, nearly entire, sometimes
confluent, the recurved narrow margin* forming an almost continuous involucre.
(Nephrodium lanosum, Michx. in part?) — Mountains of Virginia? Kentucky;
thence westward and southward.

•7. WOODWARDIA, Smith. WOODWARDIA. (Tab. 10.)

Fruit-dots oblong or linear, approximate or contiguous, parallel to and near
the midrib, on transverse anastomosing veinlets, in one or rarely two rows ; the
veins reticulated towards the midrib, mostly forking, free towards the margin of

FILICES. (FERNS.) 593

the frond. Indusium fixed to the outer margin of the iruitful veinlet, free and
opening on the side next the midrib. — Fronds pinnatifid or pinnate. (Named
for Dr. Woodward, an English naturalist of the last century.)

§1. WOODWARDIA PROPER. — Indusium strongly vaulted : veins (at hast of
the sterile frond) with several rows of reticulations.

1. W. angustifolia, Smith. Sterile fronds (1° high, thin, bright green)
leeply pinnatifid, with lanceolate serrulate divisions ; the fertile simply pinnate,
arith contracted linear pinnae (2" -4" wide), its single row of cross veins bearing
(he fruit-dots (5' long) as near the margins as the midrib. (W. onocleoides,
Willd.) — Bogs, Massachusetts, near the coast, to Virginia, and southward:
rare. Aug.

i 2. D06DIA, R. Brown. — Indusium Jlattish: cross veins only one or two rows.

2. W. Virginica, Willd. Fertile and sterile fronds similar (2° high),
pinnate ; the pinnie lanceolate, pinnatifid, with numerous oblong lobes ; fruit-
dots contiguous or soon confluent, forming a line on each side of the midrib,
both of the pinnae and of the lobes. — Swamps, Vermont and New York to Vir-
ginia, and southward. July.

8. CAMPTOSORUS, Link. WALKING-LEAF. (Tab. 11.)

Fruit-dots linear or oval-oblong, irregularly scattered on the reticulated veins
of the simple frond, variously diverging, inclined (especially those of the second-
ary reticulations) to approximate in pairs by the side at which the indusium
opens, or to become confluent at their ends, forming crooked lines or singles
(whence the name, from fca/iTrro?, bent, and o-topos, for fruit-dot).

1. C. rhizophyllus, Link. (Asplenium rhizophyllum, L. Antigram-
ma, J. Smith, Torr. Also C. rumicifolius, Link.) — Shaded rocks, W. New Eng-
land to Wisconsin, and southward ; rare. July. — Fronds evergreen, growing
in tufts, spreading or procumbent (4' -9' long), lanceolate from an auricled-heart-
shaped base, tapering above into a slender prolongation like a runner, which
often roots at the apex and gives rise to new fronds, and these in turn to others ;
hence the popular name. — A singular form is found at Mount Joy, Penn., by
Mr. Stauffer, having roundish fruit-dots and inconspicuous veins.

9. SCOL,OPENDRIUUI, L. HART'S-TONGUE. (Tab. 11.)

Fruit-dots linear, elongated, almost at right angles with the midrib of the sim-
ple frond, borne in pairs on the contiguous sides of the two parallel forks of the
straight free veins, one on each, but so confluent side by side as to appear like
one, opening by an apparently double indusium down the middle. (The ancient
Greek name, so called because the numerous parallel lines of fruit resemble the
feet of the centipede, or Scolopendra.)

1. S. Officinartim, Swartz. Frond oblong-lanceolate from an auricled-
heart-shaped base, entire or wavy-margined (7' -18' long, 1'- 2' wide), bright
green. — Limestone rocks, in a deep ravine at Chittenango Creek, below the
Falls, where it abounds, and also, perhaps, in some other places in W. New
York ("near Canandaigua," Nuttall). (Eu.)

594 FILICES. (PERNS.)

1O. ASPI/lVIUUI, L. SPLEENW»RT. (Tab. 11.)

Fruit-dots linear or oblong, oblique, separate ; the indusium attached length-
wise by one edge to the upper (inner) side of the simple, forked. or pinnate, free
veins, and opening along the other: — rarely some of the fruit-dots are double
(DIPLAZIUM), two indusia being then borne on the same vein, back to back
(Named, from a privative and OTrXqi/, the spleen, for supposed remedial prop-

$ 1. ASPLENIUM PROPER. — Indusium narrow, fixed by its whole length.
* Indusium flat or flattish, thin. (Fronds evergreen.)

1. A. pinnatifidum, Nutt. Fronds (3' -6' long) diffusely spreading,
lanceolate, pinnatifid, sometimes pinnately parted near the base, tapering above into
a slender prolongation, the apex sometimes rooting ; lobes roundish-ovate, obtuse, cut-
toothed or nearly entire; the midrib evanescent by forking below the apex. -
Cliffs on the Schtiylkill and Wissahickon, near Philadelphia, and southward
along the Alleghanies ; also sparingly westward : rare. July. — Resembling
the Walking-Leaf (Camptosorus), but the venation is that of Asplenium : fruit-
dots irregular, numerous, even the slender prolongation fertile.

2. A. moiltaillllll, Willd. Fronds (3f-5' high, bright green) lanceolate
or triangular-oblong in outline, pinnate ; the ovate pinnce 3-7 '-parted (or the upper
barely cleft) and cut-toothed ; the veins forking from a midrib. — Cliffs, in the
Alleghany Mountains, from Pennsylvania (Mr. Lea) to Virginia, and southward.
July. — Rhachis green: stalk brownish. — Much smaller than the European A.
Adiantum-nigrum.

3. A. Ituta-Illliraria, L. Fronds (2'-4'lohg) b-pinnate below, rimply
pinnate above, ovate in outline, the few divisions narrowly rhombic-wedge-shaped,
toothed at the apex, without a midrib, the veins all rising from the base. — Lime-
stone cliffs, Vermont to Michigan, Virginia, and southward along the moun-
tains; scarce. July. (Eu.)

4. A. Triclltimanes, L. Fronds (3'- 8' long) in dense spreading tufts,
linear in outline, pinnate: pinnce numerous, roundish-oblong or oval (3" -4" long),
unequal-sided, obliquely wedge-truncate at the base, attached by a narrow point, the
midrib evanescent ; the thread-like stalk and rhachis purple-brown and shining.
(A. melanocaulon, Willd.) — Shaded cliffs ; common. July. (Eu.)

5. A. ebencuill, Ait. Fronds upright (8'- 16' high), pinnate, lance-linear
in outline ; piimr, (£'-!' long) many, lanceolate, or the lower oblong, slightly
scythe-shaped, finely serrate, sessile, the dilated base auriclcd on the upper or
both sides ; fruit-dots numerous on both sides of the elongated midrib ; stalk
and rhachis blackish-purple and shining. — llocky, open wood.-; ; rather common.

* * Indusium strongly convex or vaulted, thickish : fruit-dots numerous and crowded
on both sides of the midrib, parallel, some of them occasionally double, especially in
No. 7. (Fronds thin, smooth, decaying in autumn, H°-.'3° high.)

6. A. ailgUSti folium, Michx. Fronds simpy pinnate; pinnae linear-
lanceolate, acute, mill itely wavy-toothed (3' -4' long ; fertile frond* more con-

FILICES. (FERNS.) 5V5

traded; fruit-dots linear, often curved. — Rich woods, W. New England to Michi.
gan, Illinois, and southward along the mountains. Oct.

7. A. thelypteroides, Michx. Fronds pinnate ; pinnae deeply piimat(fid9
linear-lanceolate (3' - 5' long), pale ; the lobes oblong, obtuse, minutely toothed,
crowded, each bearing 3-6 pairs of oblong fndt-dots. — Rich woods ; not rare.
July.-Sept.

$ 2. ATHYRIUM, Roth. — Indusium of tfie shorter (barely oblong) fruit-dots some-
times free at the ends, turgid or vaulted, but thin, often becoming curved or crescent
shaped.

8. A. Filix-fcemina, R. Brown. Frond 2-pinnate (l°-3° high,
smooth), oblong or lanceolate in outline; pinna lanceolate, numerous; the nar-
rowly oblong pinnules confluent on the rhachis by a narrow margin, sharply pin-
natifid-toothed ; fruit-dots 4-8 pairs on each pinnule. ( Aspidium Filix-foemina
& A. asplenioides, Swartz.) — A narrow form is Aspidium angustum, Wittd. —
Moist woods; common. July. (Eu.)

11. DICKSONIA, L'Her. § SITOLOBIUM, Desv. (Tab 11.)

Fruit-dots globular (small), marginal, each placed on the apex of a free vein
or fork, enclosed in a membranaceous cup-shaped special indusium open at the
top, and on the outer side partly covered by the thin apex of the fruit-bearing
toothlet of the frond, forming a sort of accessory indusium. Sporangia borne
on a somewhat elevated globular receptacle. (Character from our species,
which is perhaps to be separated.) (Named for J. Dickson, an English Cryp-
togamous botanist.)

1. D. pliuctiltibllla, Hook. Minutely glandular and hairy (2° high) }
fronds ovate-lanceolate and pointed in outline, pale green and very thin, with
strong stalks rising from slender extensively creeping rootstalks, pinnate, the
lanceolate pinnae twice pinnatifid and cut-toothed, the lobes oblong ; fruit-dota
minute, on a recurved toothlet, usually one at the upper margin of each lobe.
(D. pilosiuscula, Willd. Nephrodium punctilobulum, Michx. Patania, Presl.)
— Moist, rather shady places, very common : odorous. July.

12. WO 6 1> SI A, R. Brown. WOODSIA. (Tab. 12.)

Fruit-dots globular, borne on the back of simply-forked free veins ; the very
thin and often evanescent indusium attached by its base all around the recepta-
cle, tinder the sporangia, either small and open, or else early bursting at the top
into irregular pieces or lobes. — Small and tufted pinnatcly-divided Ferns.
(Dedicated to Joseph Woods, an English botanist.)

§ 1. HYPOPELTIS, Torr. — Indusium conspicuous, at first perfectly enclosing the
sporangia, but early opening at the top, soon splitting into several spreading jagged
lobes.

1. W. obtilsa, Torr. Frond broadly-lanceolate, minutely glandular-
hairy (6' -12' high), pinnate; the pinnae rather remote, triangular-ovate or ob-
long (I' or more long), bluntish, pinnately parted ; pinnules oblong, very

596 FILICES. (FERNS;)

obtuse, crenately pinnatifid-toothed, with a single smooth fruit-dot just
the sinus between each rounded minutely-toothed lobe. (W. Perriniana. Hook.
fr Grev. Aspidium obtusum, Willd.) — Rocky banks and cliffs; common, es-
pecially westward. July.

$2. V^OODSIA PROPER. — Indusium minute or evanescent, open and flattened
froid an early staye and concealed under the fruit-dot, except the fringe of bristly-
chaffy hairs into which its margin is dissected.

2. W. HveilSiS, R. Brown. Frond oblong-lanceolate (2' -4' long by 1'
wide), smoothish and green above, thickly clothed underneath as well as the stalk
with rusty bristle-like chaff, pinnate ; the pinnae crowded, oblong, obtuse, sessile,
pinnately parted, the numerous crowded pinnules oblong, obtuse, obscurely crcnate,
almost coriaceous, the fruit-dots near the margin, somewhat confluent when old.
(Nephrodium rufidulum, Michx.) — Exposed rocks, common, especially north-
ward, and southward in the Alleghanies. June. (Eu.)

3. W. glabella, R. Brown. Smooth and naked throughout ; frond linear
(2' -5' high), pinnate ; pinnce rather remote towards the short stalk, rhombic-ovate,
very obtuse (2" - 4" long), cut into 3-7 rounded or somewhat wedge-shaped lobes. —
Rocks, Little Falls, New York ( Vasey) ; Willoughby Mountain, Vermont ( Wood,
C. C. Frost) ; and high northward.

13. CYST6PTERIS, Bcrnhardi. BLADDER-FERN. (Tab. 12.)

Fruit-dots roundish, borne on the back of a straight fork of the free veins ;
the delicate indusium hood-like or arched, attached by a broad base on the inner
side (towards the midrib) partly under the fruit-dot, early opening free at the
other side, which looks toward the apex of the lobe, and is somewhat jagged,
soon thrown back or withering away. — Tufted Ferns with slender and deli-
cate 2-3-pinnate fronds; the lobes cut-toothed. (Name composed of KVOTIS,
a bladder, and Trrcpis, Fern, from the inflated indusium.)

1. C. blllbifcra, Bcrnh. Frond lanceolate, elongated (l°-2° long), 2-
pinnate; the pinnae lance-oblong, pointed, horizontal (!'- 2' long) ; the rhachis
and pinnce often bearing bulblets underneath, wingless; pinnules crowded, oblong,
obtuse, toothed or pinnatifid ; indusium short, truncate on the free side. (As-
pidium bulbiferum, Swartz. A. atomarium, Muld.I) — Shaded, moist rocks J
common. July.

2. C. frazil is, Bernh. Frond oblong-lanceolate (4' -8' long, besides the
stalk which is fully as long), 2-3-pinnate ; the pinnae and pinnules ovate or lan-
ceolate in outline, irregularly pinnatifid or cut-toothed, mostly acute, dccurrcnt
on the margined or winged rhachis ; indusium tapering or acute at the free end. —
Var. DENT\TA, Hook, is narrower and less divided, barely twice pinnate, with
ovate obtuse and bluntly-toothed pinnuleu. (Aspidium tcnuc, Swartz.) — Shaded
cliffs ; common : very variable. July. (Eu.)

14. ASPIDIUM, Swartz. SHIELD-FERN. WOOD-FERN. (Tab.12.)

Fruit-dots round or roundish, borne on the back or sometimes on the ex-
tremity of (in our species) pinnate and free veins, scattered, vf sometimes

FILICES. (FERNS.) 597

crowded. Indusium flat, scarious, orbicular or round-kidney-shaped, covering
the sporangia, attached to the receptacle at the centre or at the sinus, opening
all round the margin. — Fronds mostly 1 -3-pinnate. {Name tzo-TrtSiof, a small
shield, from the shape of the indusium. )

} 1. DRY6PTERIS, Adans., Schott. (Nephrodium, Rick, in part, Lastrea,
Bory. ) — Indusium round-kidney-shaped, or orbicular with a narrow sinus, fixed at
Uie sinus : fronds membranaceous or thinnish.

*• Veins simple or simply forked and straight : fronds annual, decaying in autumn,
the stalks and creeping rootstocks nearly naked. (Thelypteris, Schott.)

1. A. TlielypteriS, Swartz. Frond pinnate, lanceolate in outline; the
•lightly rcflexed or horizontal pinnce gradually diminishing in length from near the
tase to the apex, sessile, linear-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid, with oblong nearly
entire obtuse lobes, or appearing acute from the strongly revolute margins in fruit;
veins mostly forked, bearing the crowded fruit-dots (soon confluent) near their mid-
dre. (Polypodium Thelypteris, L.) — Marshes; common. Aug. — Stalk 1°
long or more, usually longer than the frond, which is of thicker texture than in
the next, slightly downy ; the fruit-dots soon confluent and covering the whole
contracted lower surface of the pinnae. (Eu.)

2. A. NoveboraceilSC, Willd. Frond pinnate, oblong-lanceolate in out-
line, tapering below, from the lower pinna; (2 -several pairs) being gradually shoiier
and dcjiexed ; the lobes flat, broadly oblong; their veins all simple except in the
lowest pairs, bearing scattered fruit-dots (never confluent) near the margin. (Poly-
podium Noveboracensc, L. A. thelypteroidcs, Swartz.) — Swamps and moist
thickets; common. July. — Frond pale green, delicate and membranaceous,
nearly as the last, except in the points mentioned.

* * Veins, at least the lowermost, more than once forked or somewhat pinnately branch'
ing ; the fruit-bearing veinlets often obscure or vanishing above the fruit-dot .» fronds,
at least the sterile ones, often remaining green through the winter : stalks and apex
of the scaly thickened rootstocks chaffy, and often the main rhachis also when young.

+ Frond twice pinnate and with the pinnules pinnatifid or deeply incised : indu-
sium deciduous.

3. A. SpinilloSlllll, Swartz. Frond oblong or ovate-oblong in outline
(1° -2° long), lively green, smooth; pinnules oblong or oblong-linear, mostly
obtuse, horizontal, crowded, the lower deeply pinnatifid into linear-oblong obtuse
lobes which are sharply cut-toothed, the upper cut-pinnatifid or incised, with the
shorter lobes few-toothed at the apex ; margin of the indusium denticulate or
beset with minute stalked glands. (A. intermedium, Muhl? Dryopteris inter-
media, ed. 1.) — Woods, everywhere common. July. — Exhibits a variety of
forms, some of them clearly the same as the European plant, mote commonly-
intermediate in appearance between it and

Var. di I citatum* Frond broader, ovate or triangular-ovate in outline ;
pinnules lance-oblong, the lower sometimes pinnately divided ; indusium smooth
and naked. (A. dilatatum, Willd.) — A dwarf state, fruiting when only 5' -8'
high, answers to var. (of Lastraea dilatata) duinetorum. A peculiar form (A
campy lopterum, Kunze? and Dryopteris dilatata, chiefly, ed. 1) has the pinna),
pinnules, and their divisions remarkably crowded, and directed o' 'iqucly forwards

598 FILICES. (FERNS.)

or rather scythe-shaped. — N. New England to Wisconsin, clacfly in mountain
woods, and northward. (Ea.)

Var. I£o6t tie. Frond elongated-oblong or elongated-lanceolate in outline ;
pinnules broadly oblong, very obtuse, the lower pinnatifid, the upper and smaller
merely serrate ; indusium minutely glandular. (A. Boottii, Tuckerm. Dryop-
teris rigida, ed. 1 ; not Aspidium rigid um, Swartz.) — E. Massachusetts, Boolt,
&e. Connecticut, D. C. Eaton, and northward. — The least dissected fonn, in-
termediate in appearance between A. spinulosum and A. cristatum, but passing
into the former.

•*- •*- Frond once pinnate, and the pinnce deeply pinnatifid, or at the base nearly twice
pinnate : fruit-dots within the margin, large ; the indusium thinnish and Jlat.

4. A. cristfitum, Swartz. Frond linear-oblong or lanceolate in outline
(1 J° to 2J° long and very long-stalked) ; pinnce short (2' -3'), triangular-oblong,
or the lowest nearly triangular-ovate, from a somewhat heart-shaped base, acute,
deeply pinnatifid; the divisions (8-13 pairs) oblong, very obtuse, finely serrate or
cut-toothed, the lowest pinnatifid-lobed ; fruit-dots as near the midrib as the margin,
often confluent. (A. Lancastriense, Su-artz.) — Swamps, &c. ; common. July.
— Stalk bearing broad and deciduous chaffy scales. (Eu.)

5. A. Ooldiiinum, Hook. Frond broadly ovate, or the fertile ovate-
oblong in outline (2° -3° long), short-stalked; pinnae (6' -9' long) oblong-lan-
ceolate, pinnately parted ; the divisions (about 20 pairs) oblong-linear, slightly
scythe-shaped, obtuse (!' long), serrate with appressed teeth, bearing the distinct
fruit-dots nearer the midrib than the margin (these smaller than in No. 4). — Rich

and moist woods, from Connecticut to Kentucky, and northward. July-
Sept. — A stately species, often 4° high ; the fronds decaying in autumn. In-
dusium often orbicular without a distinct sinus, as in Polystichum.
••- •*- *• Fronds (thickish and mostly persistent through the winter, as in Foly-

stiehum), twice pinnate, but the nearly entire upper pinnules confluent, some of

the, lotcer pinnated-toothed : fruit-dots close to the margin ; the indusium tumid,

and its edges turned under.

C. A. Niarginnle, Swart?;. Frond ovate-oblong in outline (1°- 2° long),
pale green ; pinnae lanceolate from a broad almost sessile base ; pinnules ob-
long, obtuse, crowded. — Rocky hill-sides in rich woods ; common, especially
northward. July.

§ 2 POLYST1CIIUM, Roth. — Indusium orbicular and entire, peltate, (or rarely
round-kidney -shaped in the same species, as in No. 7,)>m/ by the depressed centre:
fronds rigid and coriaceous, evergreen, very chaffy on the rhachis, frc. : the pinna
or ]>innules auriclcd at the base on the upper side, crowded, the teeth or lobes bristle-
tipped.

# Fronds twice pinnate or nearly so.

7. A. fra grans, Swartz. Fronds (4' -9' high) glandular and aromatic,
pinnate, with the linear-oblong pinna; pinnately parted; their crowded division
(2" long) oblong, obtuse, covered with the fruit-dots, the rusty-brown great in-
dusia nearly equalling them in breadth; rhachis, &c. chaffy with very large
scales. — Shaded trap-rocks, Falls of the St. Croix, Wisconsin. Dr. Pany, and
high northward.

FTLICES. (FERNS.) 599

8. 4. acilleatum, Swartz, var. Braimii, Koch. Frond spreading,
2 pinnate (l^°-2° long), oblong-lanceolate in outline, with a tapering base, the
lower of the many pairs of oblong-lanceolate pinnae gradually reduced in size
and obtuse ; pinnules ovate or oblong, obtuse, ti-uncate and almost rectangular
at the base, short-stalked, or the upper confluent, sharply toothed, beset with
long and soft as well as chaffy hairs. (A. Braunii, Spenner.) — Deep woods,
mountains of New Hampshire, Vermont, N. New York, and northward. (Eu. )

* * Fronds simply pinnate, mostly upright.

9. A. acrosticlioides, Swartz. Frond lanceolate (l°-2^° high),
stalked ; pinnce linear-lanceolate, somewhat scythe-shaped, haJf-halberd-shaped at
the slightly stalked base, serrulate with appressed bristly teeth ; the fertile (upper)
ones contracted and smaller, bearing contiguous fruit-dots near the midrib, which
are confluent with age, and cover the surface. (Nephrodium acrosticlioides,
Michx.) — Var. INCISUM (A. Schweinitzii, Beck) is a state with cut-lobed
pinnae, a not unfrequent case in the sterile fronds ; sometimes the tips of almost
all of them fertile more or less. — Hill-sides and ravines in woods ; common
northward, and southward along the Alleghanies. July.

10. A. LoncllitiS, Swartz? Frond linear-lanceolate (9' -20' high), scarce-
ly stalked, very riyid ; pinnae, broadly lanceolate-scythe-shaped, or the lowest triangular,
strongly auricled on the upper side and wedge-truncate on the lower, densely
spiny-toothed (!' or less in length), copiously fruit-bearing; fruit-dots contigu-
ous and near the margins. — Woods, southern shore of Lake Superior, and

northwestward. (Eu.)

*

15. ONOCL.EA, L. SENSITIVE FERN. (Tab. 12.)

Fertile frond twice pinnate, much contracted ; the pinnules short and revolute,
usually so rolled up as to be converted into berry-shaped closed involucres filled
with sporangia, and forming a one-sided spike or raceme. Fruit-dots one on
the middle of each strong and simple primary vein (with or without sterile cross-
veins), round, soon all confluent. Indusium very thin, hood-like, lateral, fixed
by its lower side, free on the upper (towards the apex of the pinnule). — Sterile
fronds rising separately from the naked extensively creeping rootstock, long-
stalked, broadly triangular in outline, deeply pinnatifid into lance-oblong pinnae,
which are entire or wavy-toothed, or the lowest pair sinuate-pinnatifid (decaying
IP autumn) ; veins reticulated with fine meshes. (Name apparently from ovos,
a vessel, and /eAeuo, to close, from the singularly rolled up fructification.)

1. O. seiisi bills, L. — Moist or wet places, along streams; common.
July. — A rare abnormal state, in which the pinnae of some of the sterile fronds,
becoming again pinnatifid and more or less contracted, bear some fruit-dots
without being much revolute or losing their foliaccous character, is the var.
OBTUSILOB\TA, Torr. N. Y. State Fl. (Yates County, New York, Sartwell,
and Washington County, Dr. Smith. New Haven, Connecticut, D. C. Eaton.)
This explains the long-lost O. obtusilobata, Schkuhr (from Pennsylvania), which,
as figured, has the sterile fronds thus 2-pinnately divided. (Ragiopteris, Presl.
is founded on a young fertile f-ond of this species and the sterile frond of some
different Fern.)

600 FILICES. (FERNS.)

SUBORDER II. OSMUNDINE^E. FLOWERING-FERN FAMILY.

16. SCIIIZvEA, Smith. SCHIZJSA. (Tab. 13.)

Fertile fronds of several contracted linear pinnae, which are approximated in
pairs at the apex of a slender stalk ; the under (inner) side covered with the
fructification, consisting of two rows of sessile naked sporangia, which are oval,
vertical, furnished with a striate-rayed crest at the apex, and opening by a lon-
gitudinal cleft down the outer side. Sterile fronds linear or thread-like, some-
times forked and cleft (whence the name, from <r;(i£a>, to slit).

1. §• pusilla, Pursh. Sterile fronds linear-thread-form, simple, tortuous,
much shorter than the fertile, which bears about 5 pairs of short crowded pinna
at the apex of a slender stalk (3; -4' high). — Low grounds, pine barrens of New
Jersey; rare.

17. LYGODIUITI, Swartz. CLIMBING FERN. (Tab. 13.)

Fronds twining or climbing, bearing stalked and variously lobed divisions in
pairs, with free veins ; the fructification on separate contracted divisions or spike-
like lobes, one side of which is covered with hooded scales for indusia, imbri-
cated in two ranks, fixed by a broad base, each enclosing a single sporangium, or
rarely a pair. Sporangia much as in Schizrea, but oblique, fixed to the vein by
the inner side next the base. (Name from \vy<a8r)s, flexile.)

1. !-•• pa I 111 a turn, Swartz. Very smooth; stalks slender, flexile.and
twining (l°-3°long), from slender running rootstocks; the short alternate
branches or petioles deeply 2-forked, each fork bearing a rounded heart-si laped
palmatcly 4-7-lobed sterile frondlet; fertile frondlets above, contracted and
several times forked, forming a terminal panicle. (Hydroglossum, WiUd.) —
Shaded or moist grassy places, Massachusetts to Virginia, Kentucky, and spar-
ingly southward ; rare. July. *

18. OSUH'JNDA, L. FLOWERING FERN. (Tab. 13.)

Sporangia globular, short-pedicellcd, naked, entirely covering the fertile frond*
or certain pinna; (which arc contracted to the mere rhachis), thin and reticulated,
not striatc-rayed at the apex, opening opposite the pedicel into two valves.
Spores green. — Fronds tall and upright, from thickened rootstocks, 1 - 2-f innate \
reins forking and free. (Osmunder, a Saxon name of the Celtic divinity Thor.^
# Fronds twice pinnate, fertile at the top.

1. O. rcgalis, L. (FLOWERING FERN.) Very smooth, pale green
(2° -5° high); sterile pinnules 13-25, lance-oblong, more or less serrulate,
otherwise mostly entire, oblique (or often auricled on the lower siJe) at the
nearly sessile base (1-2' long) ; the fertile racemose-panicled at the summit of
the frond. (Eu.)

Var. spcctribilis. Pinnules ordinarily narrower and less auricled, or ob-
liquely truncate at the slightly stalked base. (0. spectabilis, Wittd ) — Swamps
and wet woods ; common. June, July.

FILICES. (FERNS.) 601

# # Sterile fronds once pinnate ; the pinnce deeply pinnatifid ; the lobes entire,

2. O. Cliiytoiiiana, L. Clothed with loose wool when unfolding, soon
perfectly smooth (2° -3° high) ; pinnce oblony -lanceolate, with oblong obtuse
divisions; some (2-5 pairs) of the middle pinnce fertile, these entirely pinnate ;
sporangia greenish turning brown. (0. interrupta, Michx., frc.) — Low grounds ;
common. May: fruiting as it unfolds. — This, being Clayton's plant (as I as-
certained in 1839, both from the Clay Ionian and Linnaean herbaria), must bear
the original Linnajan name, though wrongly described, from young specimens in
which the fructification was thought to be terminal.

3. O. ciiiBiamoiBifa, L. (CINNAMON-FERN.) Clothed with rusty
wool when young ; sterile fronds smooth when full grown, the lanceolate pinnae
pinnatifid into broadly oblong obtuse divisions; fertile fronds separate, from the
same rootstock, contracted, 2-pinnate, covered with the cinnamon-colored spo-
rangia.— Var. FROND^SA is a rare occasional state, in which some of the fronds
are sterile below and more sparsely fertile at their summit. (O. Claytoniana,
Conrad, not of L.) — Rarely such fronds are fertile in the middle, otherwise
sterile. — Swamps and low copses ; everywhere. May. — Growing in large
bunches; the fertile fronds in the centre, perfecting fruit as they unfold, l°-2°
long, decaying long before the sterile fronds (at length 4° -5° high) get their
growth.

SUBORDER III. OPHIOGLOSSE^E. THE ADDER-TONGUE FAM.

19. rf O T R Y C II I U UI , Swartz. MOONWORT. (Tab. 13.)

Frond ternately or pinnately divided or compound, rising straight from the
roots (of strong clustered and thickened fibres) ; the lateral division sterile, with
forking free veins, the terminal one wholly fertile : spike contracted, the spikes
pinnately panided. Sporangia sessile, clustered but distinct, rather coriaceous,
veinless, transversely 2-valved, shedding the copious powdery sulphur-colored
spores. (Name a diminutive of /Sorpus, a cluster of grapes, from the appearance
of the fruitful fronds.)

1. 15. immrioillcs, Swartz. Sterile frond petioled, from near the base,
2 - 3- tern ate, or the ultimate divisions often pinnate or pinnately parted, broadly
triangular in general outline ; the lobes or divisions obovatc, somewhat kidney-
shaped, roundish, or oblong, somewhat crenate ; fcrti'e stalk 3' -6' high; fruc-
tification mostly 2-pinnate. (Botrypus lunarioides, Michx. Botrychium fuma-
rioides & matricarioides, WiUd.} — Dry, rich wcods, mostly southward. July.
— A state, from Hingham, Mass. (C. J. Spragm], has the t\vo lateral primary
divisions of the sterile frond changed into long-stalked fertile fronds. (Eu.)

Var. oblaqilltlll (B. obliquum, M uhl.) is mostly larger (6'- 17' high) ;
the fertile frond more compound ; the sterile with oblong or lanceolate divisions,
either obtuse or oblique at the base, nearly entire, toothed, or irregularly pin-
natifid.— New England to Wisconsin, and southward; rather scarce.

Var. diSSectuni (B. dissectum, MM.). Divisions of the sterile frond
ccmpoundly and laciniatcly cut into narrow small lobes and ietth : otherwise as
the lost, into which it passes, and with which it grows.

602 LYCOPODIACK^K. (CLUB-MOSS FAMILY.)

2. B. Tii-giilicum, Swartz. Sterile frond sessile above the middle of the
Btalk of the fertile one, ternate ; the short-stalked primary divisions once or twice
pinnate, and then once or twice pinnatitid, thin, the lobes cat-toothed towards
the apex, oblong; fructification mostly 2-pinnate : plant 1°-2C high, or often
reduced to 5' -10', when it is B. gracile, Pursh. — Rich woods; common.
July, Aug. (Eu.)

Var. ? Simplex (B. simplex, Hitchcock] appears to be a remarkably de-
pauperate state of this, only 2' - 5' high ; the sterile frond reduced to a single
short-stalked division, and simply or doubly pinnatifid, the kbes obovate or
oblong, thinner, and the veins more perceptible than in the European B. Luna-
ria. — W. New England, New York, and northward.

2O. OPIIIOGL-OSSUITI, L. ADDER'S-TONGUE. (Tab. 13.)

Frond a naked stalk rising straight, bearing a lateral sterile portion resembling
in form an entire leaf with finely reticulated immersed veins, and a simple
terminal spike, on the edges of which the opaque and coriaceous sessile veinless
sporangia are closely packed, in 2 ranks, all more or less coherent together, so
as to appear necklace-jointed, transversely 2-valvcd. Spores copious, sulphur-
color. (Name compounded of 6'<£iy, a serpent, and -yXooao-a, tongue.)

1. O. VuDgatum, L. Sterile frond (in the N. American form) obovate
or ovate with a tapering sessile base (l'-3' long), and mostly home below the
middle of the stalk of the fertile spike. — Bogs and meadows : not common,
June. (Eu.)

ORDER 137. LYCOPODIACE^E. (CLUB-Moss FAMILY.)

Low plants, usually of Moss-like aspect, with their solid and often woolly
tttems tiiickly clothed with sessile aid-shaped or lanceolate persistent and .si'w-
ple leaves , bearing the 2 - 4-valved spore-cases sessile in their axils ; repre-
sented by only two genera.

1. 1.Y CO PODIUM, L., Spring. CLUB-MOSS. (Tab. U.)

Spore-cases of one kind (sporangia, much like those of Ophioglossum, only
larger), coriaceous, flattened, usually kidney-shaped, 1 -celled, opening by a trans-
verse line round the margin, thus 2-valvcd, discharging the subtile spores in the
form of a copious sulphur-colored inflammable powder. — Perennials, with ever-
green 1-nerved leaves, imbricated or crowded in 4-16 ranks. (Name compound-
ed of Xu/cof, a wolf, and TTOVS, foot, from no obvious resemblance.)

4 1. Sporangia scattered in the axils of the ordir.ari/ and uniform (dark-green and

shining, rigid, about 8-ranked) leaves.

1. L.. lucid Ilium, Michx. Stems thick, 2 or 3 times forked, the branches
nscemling (6'-12' high); leaven widely spreading or rrfcrcd, linear-lanceolate,1
acute, minutely toothed. — Cold, damp woods ; common northward. Axigust. —
Little bulblets form in the axils of the loaves of young shoots, Austin, Roth-

LYCOPODJACE^E. (CLUB-MOSS FAJIILT.) €08

2. L,. SclTigfO, L. Stems thick and rigid, erect, fork-branched, forming a
level topped cluster (3' -6' high) ; leaves spreading, lanceolate, pointed, entire. —
Tops of high mountains, Maine to New York, on the Alleghanies southward ;
also shore of Lake Superior, and northward ; rare : both the variety with more
erect, and that with widely spreading, leaves. (Eu.)

§ 2. Sporangia borne only in the axils of the upper (bracteal) leaves, thus forming
terminal spikes or catkins.

* Leaves of the creeping sterile and the upright fertile stems or branches, and those of

the simple spike all alike, many-ranked (sporangia opening near the base).

3. li. inundatum, L. Dwarf; creeping sterile stems forking, flaccid ;
the fertile solitary (l'-4' high), bearing a short thick spike; leaves lanceolate or
lance-awl-shaped, acute, soft, spreading, naked, or sometimes bearing a few minute
spiny teeth. — Leaves (curving upwards on the prostrate shoots) narrower in the
American than in the European plant (perhaps a distinct species), and passing
into the var. BiGEL,6vn, Tuckerm. : with fertile stems 5'- 7' high, its leaves
more awl-shaped and pointed, sparser and more upright, often somewhat teeth-
bearing. (L. Carolinianum, Bigel., not of L.) — Sandy bogs, northward, rare:
the var. from New England to New Jersey and southward, near the coast.
Aug. (Eu.)

4. L<. alopecuroides, L. Stems stout, very densely leafy throughout;
the sterile branches recurved-procumbent and creeping ; the fertile of the same
thickness, 6' -20' high ; leaves narrowly linear-awl-shaped, spinulose-pointed, spread-
ing, conspicuously bristle-toothed below the middle ; those of the cylindrical spike with
long sotaceous tips. — Pine-barren swamps, New Jersey to Virginia, and south-
ward. Aug., Sept. — Stems, with the dense leaves, £' thick ; the comose spike,
with its longer spreading leaves, |' to 1 ' thick.

* * Leaves (bracts) of the catkin-like spike scale-like, imbricated, yellowish, ovate ot

heart-shaped, very different from those of the sterile stems and branches.

•»— Spikes sessile (branches equally leafy to the top), single.

b. li» atllltitillllllB, L. Much branched; stems prostrate and creep ny
(l°-4° long) ; the ascending branches similar (5' -8' high), sparingly forked, the
sterile ones making yearly growths from the summit; leaves equal, spread! ny, in
about 5 ranks, rigid, lanceolate, pointed, minutely serrulate (pale green) ; spike
solitary, oblong-cylindrical, thick. — Var. PUNGENS, Spring, is a reduced sub-
alpine or mountain form, with shorter and more rigid-pointed erectish leaves.
(Var. montanum, Tuckerm.) — Woods; common northward: the var. on tho
White Mountains, with intermediate forms around the base. July. (Eu.)

6. Li. dendroideiini, Michx. (GROUND-PINE.) Stems upright (6'-
9' high) from a subterranean creeping rootstock, simple below, and clothed with
homogeneous lanceolate-linear acute entire leaves appressed-erect in 4 - 6 rows,
bushy -branched at the summit ; the crowded branches spreading, fan-like, with the
lower row of leaves shorter and the lateral spreading, — in var. OBSctiRUM
appearing flaj;, from the leaves of the upper side being also shorter and ap-
pressed. (L. obscurum, L.) — Moist woods. Aug. — Kemarkabh for its tree
like growth. Spikes cylindrical, 4-10 on each plant.

604 LYCoroDiACE,«. (CLUB-MOSS FAMILY.)

•*- •«- Spikes pedunded : viz. the leaves minute on the fertile branches.

** Leaves homogeneous and equal, many-ranked : stems terete.
1. JL. Clavatliiu, L. (COMMON CLUB-MOSS.) Stems creeping exten
sively, with similar ascending short and very leafy branches ; the fertile termi-
nated by a slender peduncle (4' -6' long), bearing about 2-3 (rarely 1 or 4)
linear-cylindrical spikes ; leaves linear-awl-shaped, incurvcd-spreading (light
green), tipped, as also the bracts, with a fine bristle. — Dry woods; common
northward. July. (Eu.)

** •*-*• Leaves of two forms, few-ranked: stems or branches flattened.

8. L.. Caroliiiiaiilllll, L. Sterile stems and their few short branches
entirely creeping (leafless and rooting on the under side), thickly clothed with
broadly lanceolate acute and somewhat oblique 1 -nerved lateral leaves widely
spreading in 2 ranks, and a shorter intermediate row appressed on the upper
side; also sending up a slender simple peduncle (2' -4' high, clothed merely
with small bract-like and appressed awl-shaped leaves), bearing a single cylindri-
cal spike. — Wet pine barrens, New Jersey to Virginia, and southward. July.

9. L. CO HI plan a til ill, L Stems extensively creeping (often subter-
ranean), the erect or ascending branches several times forked above; bushy branch-
lets crowded., flattened, all clothed with minute imbricated-appressed awl-shaped leaves
in 4 ranks, with dccurrent-unitcd bases, the lateral rows with somewhat spread-
ing tooth-like tips, those of the upper and under rows smaller, narrower, wholly
appressed; peduncle slender, bearing 2-4 cylindrical spikes. — Woods and
thickets ; common : the typical form with spreading fan-like branches abundant
southward ; while northward, especially far northward, it passes gradually into
var. SABiN.*F6LiDM (L. sabinaefolium, Willd., L. Chamaecyparissus, Draun),
with more erect and fascicled branches. (Eu.)

2. SEL.AGINELL.A, Bcauv., Spring. (Tab. 14.)

Fructification of two' kinds, namely, of spore-cases like those of Lycopodium,
but very minute and oblong or globular, containing reddish or orange-colored
powdery spores ; and of 3-4-valvcd tumid oophoridia, filled by 3 or 4 (rarely 1-
6) much larger globose-angular spores; the latter either intermixed with the
former in the same axils, or solitary (and larger) in the lower axils of the leafy
4-ranked sessile spike. (Name a diminutive of Selago, an ancient name of a
Lycopodium, from which this genus is separated.)

* Leaves all alike, egualli/ imbricated ; those of the spike similar.

1. S. Kdagiiioldes. Sterile stems prostrate or creeping, small and slen-
der; the fertile thicker, aacending, simple (l'-3' high); leaves lanceolate, acute,
spreading, sparseli/ spinuloae-ciliate. (S. spinosa, Beauv. S. spinulosa, Braun.)
— Wet places, New Hampshire (Pursh) and Michigan, Lake Superior and
northward; pretty rare. — Leaves larger on the fertile stems, thin,

green. (Eu.)

2. S. 1 llprsllis. Spring. Much branched inclose tuft'; (l'-3^high) ; leaves
densely appressed-imbricated, linear-lanceolate, convex and with a grooved keel,
minutely ciliate, bristle-tipptd ; those of the strongly 4-angular spike rather broad

:

HTDROPTERIDES. (MARSILEACE2E.) 605

er-f the two sorts of fructification in the same axils. (Lycopodium rupestre, L.)
— Dry and exposed rocks; common. — Grayish-green in aspect, resembling a
rigid Moss.

* # Leaven of 2 sorts, the shorter above and below, resembling stipules, the larger

lateral, 2-ranked.

3. S. apllS, Spring. Stems tufted and prostrate, creeping, much branched,
flaccid ; leaves pcllucid-membranaceous, the larger spreading horizontally, ovate,
oblique, mostly obtuse ; the others smaller, appressed, taper-pointed ; those of
the short spikes nearly similar; oophoridia copious at the lower part of the
Bpike. (Lycopodium apodum, L.) — Low, shady places, N. New England,
near the coast, to Illinois, and southward. — A delicate little plant, resembling
a. Moss or Jun<rermannia.

ORDER 138. HYDROPTERIDES. (MARSILEACE^, R. Br.)

Aquatic cryptogamous plants, of diverse habit, with the fructification borne
at the bases of the leaves, or on submerged brandies, consisting of two sorts
of organs, contained in indeJiiscent or irregularly bursting involucres (sporo-
carps): — here represented by only two genera; one of them, Isoetes,
nearly related to Club-Mosses in structure ; the other, Azolla, much like a
floating Liverwort.

1. ISOETES, L. QUILLWORT. (Tab. 14.)

Stem a mere succulent base or crown, rooting from underneath, and covered
above with the dilated imbricated bases of the elongated terete awl-shaped or
stalk-like cellular leaves. Sporocarps ovoid and plano-convex, pretty large,
sessile in the axils of the leaves and united with or enveloped by their excavated
dilated base, very thin, traversed internally by transverse threads, forming a
kind of partitions ; those of the central leaves filled with very minute powdery
grains (analogous to the spores of Lycopodium) ; the exterior filled with largei
spherical-quadrangular spores (oophoridia), at first cohering in fours, their crus-
taceous integument marked by 3 radiant lines. (Name composed of io~os, equal,
and eroy, year ; perhaps intended to indicate that these aquatic plants are un-
changed by the season, i. e. alike the year through.)

1. I. lacfistl'is, L. Crown or rootstock broad and depressed ; leaves whol-
ly submersed, dark green, rigid and fragile, awl-shaped (2' -6' long), the dilated
base as broad as long ; spores (oophoridia) roughish-granulated, scarcely reticu-
lated.— Bottom of ponds and slow streams ; not rare northward. — New Eng-
land specimens agree well with the European plant, and also seem too nearly
like the next. The following species are admitted in deference to authority :
but probably all are forms of one. (Eu.)

2. I. riparia, Engelm. Crown small ; leaves slender, soft, yellowish
green (4/-(/ long), the base broader than long ; spores minutely farinaceous
and reticulated. — Gravelly borders of lakes and streams, Delaware to

606 HYDROPTERIDES.

New Hampshire, often partly emersed : probably throughout the Middle
States.

3. I. Eilgcliliuillii, Braun. Leaves long and slender (9' -12' long),
entirely emcrsed in summer, soft and flaccid, light yellowish-green, the dilated
base longer than broad; spores coarsely farinaceous and reticulated. — Shallow
ponds of the Western States, and southward.

2. AZOLL.A, Lam. AZOLLA. (Tab. 14.)

Plant floating free, pinnately branched, clothed with minute imbricated leases
appearing like a small Jungermannia : fructification sessile on the under side of
the branches, of 2 sorts. Sporocarps covered at first with an iudusium of a
single diaphanous membrane, ovoid ; the smaller kind opening transversely all
round, containing several roundish-angular antheridia ? peltately borne on the
sides of a central erect column : the large or fertile kind bursting irregularly,
filled with numerous spherical sporangia rising from the base on slender stalks,
each containing a few globular spores. (Name said to come from a£o>, to dry,
and oXXw, to kill, being destroyed by dry ness.)

1. A. Carolinian*!, Willd. Leaves ovate-oblong, obtuse, spreading,
reddish underneath, beset with a few bristles. — Pools and lakes, New York to
Illinois, and southward. — Plant £' to 1' broad. — Probably the same as A.
Magellanica of all South America.

MUCRONATA and perhaps M. VKST!TA may occur in the western
parts of Illinois and Wisconsin. See Addend.

SALvfNiA NXxANS, L., said by Pursh to grow floating on the surface of
small lakes in W. New York, has not been found by any other person, and prob-
ably does not occur in this country. It is therefore omitted.

INDEX.

*T tne Classes, Subdl&sses, and the Latin names of Orders, are In full capi-
tals ; of the Su*-r«vi«, Vnbt*, \.c., in 6moL capitals ; of the Genera, &c., as well as popular

and sy noiiyw,^, U *«ii^\^c* type.

Page

Pago

Abele,

419

Agave,

4M

Abelmoschus,

69

Agropyron,

.%9

Abies,

422

Agrostenima,

57

ABIETINE.E,

420, 421

AGROSTJI>BA,

h.S6

Abutilon,

67

Agrostis,

f»43

Acacia,

109

Ailanthus,

75

Acalypha,

389

Aira,

571

ACANTHACEjE ( Acanthus Yam-

Airopsis,

573

Hy),

296

Ajuga,

.302

Acaulon,

£15

AJUGOIDE.S5,

3UO

Acer,

84

Alchemilla,

115

Acerates,

354, 704

Alder,

H2

ACERINE^E,

82, 84

Mctris,

tva

Achillca,

225

Alisma,

»37

ACHVRANTHE.E,

367

ALISMACE^S,

t.%

Acnida,

369, 370

ALISME^B,

436, 4^7

Aconite,

13

Alkanet,

329

Aconitum,

13

Alligator Pear,

37 *

Aconis,

429

All him,

46*)

ACROCARPI,

608, 614

Allosorus,

591

ACROGENS,

585

Allspice, Wild,

379

Actaea,

14

Almond Familj,

110, 111

Actinomeris,

219

Alnaster,

412

Adam-and-Eve,

453

Alnus,

ft a

Adam's Needle,

472

Alopecurus,

540

AdderVMouth,

451

Alsine,

57

Adder's-tongue,

471, 602

ALSINE^E.

53, 57

Adder's-tongue Family,

589, 601

Althaja,

66

Adclia,

358

Alum-root,

144

Adenocaulon,

189

ALVSSINE^J,

2*

Adiantum,

592

Alvssum,

40

Adlumia,

27

AMARANTACE^E

(Amaranth

Adonis,

15

Family),

36?

,/Eschynomene,

98

Amaranth,

367, 369

^Esculus,

83

Amarantus,

367

jEthusa,

154

AMARYLLIDACE^E (Amaryl-

Agathophyton,

365

lis Family),

455

Agriniouia (Agrimony),

114

Amaiyllis,

455

31

INDEX.

Ambrina,

364

Apple of Ft ru,

34- [

Ambrosia,

211

Apricot,

11 J

Amelanchier,

125

AQUI FOLIAGES,

263

American Aloe,

456

Aquifolium,

263

American Columbo,

344

Aquilegia,

12

Aiuianthium,

477

ARABIDE^K,

28

Ammannia,

128

Arabis,

33

Ammophila,

548

A RACEME,

426

Amorpha,

95

Aralia,

159

Ampelopsis,

78

ARALIACEJ2,

159

Ainpbicarpsea,

106

Arbor-Vitae,

424

Amphicarpum,

575

ARBUTE^E,

C45

Anisonia,

349

Arbutus,

250 ?51

AjfTODALEJB,

110, 111

Arcliangelica,

163

Anacamptodon,

662

Archemora,

153

ANACARDIACE^E,

76

Archidium,

614

Anacharis,

441

Arctium,

235

ANAGALLIDE^J,

271

Arctoa,

619

Anagallis,

274

Arctophila,

556

Andrea,

613

Arctostaphylos,

250

ANDR^ACE-E,

613

Arcnaria,

58

Andromeda,

253

Aretbusa,

449

ANDROMEDE.E,

245

ARETHUSE^E,

443

Andropogon,

583

A rm 'in one,

25

Androsace,

271

Ariel in um,

455

Anemone,

4

Arisaima,

426

ANEMONES,

2

Aristida,

550

Aneura,

689

Aristolocliia,

360

Ancthum,

159

AR1STOLOCIIIACEJE.

359

Angelica,

153

Armeria,

270

Angelica-tree,

159

Arnica,

231

Angelico,

155

Arrhenatherum,

573

ANGI08PERMEJE,

1

Arrow-grass,

437

Anise llvssop,

311

Arrow-grass Family,

426, 437

ANONACEJE,

17

Arrow-head,

438

Anomodon,

658

Arrow- wood,

IG 7

ANOPHYTES,

607

Artemisia,

227

Antennaria,

.229

AltTOCAKPEJE,

394, 397

Anthemis,

225

Arum.

427

A&thopogon,

554

Arum Family,

426

Anthoceros,

685

Aruncus,

114

ANTHOCEROTE^E,

684

Arundinaria,

568

AN THOXANTHEyE,

538

Arundo,

547, 568

Antlioxanthum,

574

Asarabacca,

359

Anticlea,

476

Asarum,

359

Antigramma,

593

A SCLEPIAD/. £EJR,

350

AM IRRHINE.«,

282

Aselcpias,

351, 704

AM IRRHINIDE^:,

282

Ascyrum,

49

Antirrliinum,

284

Ash,

357

Antitrichia,

667

Asimina,

17

Anycliia,

62

.ASPAKAGEA,

465

Apalanthe,

441

Asparagus,

466

Apetalous Exogenous riants;

359

Aspen,

418

Aphanorhegma,

652

Asi'HODELEJB.

465

" Aphyllou,

281

Asi'lDIE^E,

589

Apios,

105

Aspiditim,

596

Apium,

159

ASI-LENIE^E,

588

Aplectrum,

453

Asplenium,

594

APOCYNACE^E

349 Aster, 18S,

190, 199

Apocynum,

350 1 Asteranthcmum,

467

Apple,

124 1 ASTEROIDEJC,

17V

END EX

Astilbe,

142

Beech,

4P*

Astomuw,

616

Beech-drops,

262. 280

ASTRAOALE^!,

89

Beet,

3t>7

Astragalus,

97

Beggar's Lice,

325

Atamasco Lily,

456

Beggar-ticks,

221

Atheropogon,

553

Bellflower,

243

Athyrium,

595

Beilis,

200

Atragene,

3

Bell wort,

473

Atrichum,

640

Bellwort Family,

472, 473

Atriplex,

365

Bengal Grass,

581

Aulacomnion,

643

Benjamin-bush,

379

Avena,

572

Bent-Grass,

543

Avenastrum,

573

Benzoin,

379

AVENE^E,

538

BERBERIDACE^,

19

Avens,

116,117

BEUBERIDE^E,

19

Awlwort,

39

Berberis,

19

Azalea,

256, 258

Berchemia,

79

Azolla,

606

Bergamot,

310

Bermuda Grass,

554

Baccharis,

208

Berula,

157

Bald-Rush,

503

Beta,

367

Baldwinia,

224

Betonica,

317

Ballota,

318

Betony,

317

Bairn,

308

Betula,

410

Balm of Gilead,

419

BBTtJLACEJE,

410

Balmony,

285

Bidens,

221

Balsam,

73

Bigelovia,

207

Balsam Family,

73

Bignonia,

278

BALSAMINACE^E,

147

73

BIGNONIACE^E (Bignonia lam-
ily), 277

Baneberry,

14

BlGNONIE^E,

278

Baptisia,

107

Bilberry,

247

Barbarea,

35

Bind- weed,

334

Barberry Box-thorn,

341

Biotia,

190

Barberry,

19

Birch,

410

Barberry Family,

19

Birch Family,

410

Barbula,

626, 680

Birthroot,

464

Barley,

570

Birth wort,

360

Barnyard-Grass,

v 580

Birth wort Family,

359

Barren Strawberry,

117

Bishop's Cap,

145

Bartonia,

347 (135)

Bishop-weed,

156

Bartramia,

649

Bistort,

371

Bartsia,

294

Bitter Cress,

32

Basil,

304, 308, 318

Bitter-nut,

403

Basil-Thyme,

307

Bitter-sweet,

81. 339

Bass wood,

69

Bitter-weed,

212

Bastard Toad-flax,

381

Bladder Fern,

596

Batatas,

334

Bladder Ketmia,

69

Batodendron,

248

Bladder-nut,

82

Batrachium,

7

Bladder-nut Family,

82

Batschia,

322

Bladder-pod,

37

Bayberry,

409

Bladderwort,

275

Beach Pea,
Beak-Rush,

103
504

Bladderwort Family,
Black Alder,

275
264

Bean,

104

Blackberry,

121, 122

Bearberry,

250

Blackberry Lily,

460

Beard-Grass,

544

Black Bindweed,

375

Beard-Tongue,

286

Black Grass,

483

Bear-Grass,

471

Black Haw,

107

Beaver-poison,

157

Black-Jack,

406

Bedstraw,

169

Black Moss,

458

INDEX.

Black Oat-Grass,

549

Brizopyrum,

560

Black Thorn,

112, 124

Broccoli,

40

Blasia,

690

Bromc-Grass,

566

Blazing-Star,

184, 478

BHOMELIACE^E,

458

BLKCIINEJE,

588

Bromus,

566

Blcphilia,

310

Broom-Corn,

584

Blessed Thistle,

232

Broom-rape,

280, 281

Bk-tia,

451

Broom-rape Family,

279

Blite,

364

Brooklime,

290

Blitttin,

364

Brook-Moss,

655

Blojd-root,

26

Brook-weed,

274

Blood wort Family,

457

Broussonetia,

398

Blue Beech,

409

Bruchia,

616

Blueberry,

247

Brunella,

313

Bluebottle,

232

BRYACE^B,

614

Blue Cohosh,

20

Bryuin,

643

Blue Curls,

302

Buchnera,

291

Bkiets,

172, 174

BUCHNEREJE,

282

Blue Flag,

459

Buffalo-Berry,

381

Blue-eyed Grass,

460

Buffalo-Nut,

382

Blue Grass,

563

Buckbean,

348

Blue-Hearts,

291

Buckeye,

83

Blue Joint-Grass,

547

Buckthorn,

79, 8f 267

Blue Tangle,

247

Buckthorn Family,

78

Blue- weed,

320

Buckwheat,

375

Blyttia,

545

Buckwheat Family,

371

Bo3hmeria,

399

Bugle,

302

Bog-Asphodel,

479

Bugle-weed,

303

Bog-Hush,

480

Bugloss,

320

Boltonia,

200

Bugbane,

7, 14

Boncset,

187

Bulrush,

498

Borage,

325

Bumelia,

267

Borage Family,

319

Bunch-berry,

161

BORRAGE.35,

319

Bunch-flower,

475

BOUHAGINACEJE,

319

Bunch-Pink,

54

Borrago,

325

Buplcurum,

156

Borrichia,

213

Bnrmannia,

442

Botrychium,

601

BURMANNIACE-3S

(Burman-

Botrypns,

601

nia Family),

442

Botryois,

364

Burdock,

235

Bottle-brush Grass,

571

Bur- Grass,

581

Bottle-Grass,

581

Bur-Marigold,

221

Bouncing Bet,

55

Buniet,

115

Bouteloua,

552

Burning-Bush,

81

Bowman's Root,

114

Bur- reed,

429

Bow-wood,

398

Bush-Clover,

101

Box,

393

Bush Honeysuckle,

166

Boxberry,

251

Buttcr-and-eggs,

284

Box-Elder,

85

Buttercup,

7, 10

Boykinia,

143

Butterfly Pea,

106

Bnichyelytrum,

546

Butterfly-weed,

354

Bnu-hyehoeta,

200

Butternut,

401

Brachythecium,

675

Butter- weed,

198

Brake" Bracken,

591

Butterwort,

277

Bramble,

120

Button-bush,

172

Brasenia,

22

Button-weed, .

171

Brasiletto Family,

90, 108

Buttonwood,

400

Brassica,

40

Buxbaumia,

639

BKASSICK/E,

29

Buxus,

393

Bread-fruit and Fig Family,

394, 397

Briza,

565

Cabbage.

40

INDEX.

CABOMBACE^E,

22

Carex,

507

Cacalia,

230

CARICE^E,

491

CACTACE^E (Cactus Family),

136

Carnation,

54

Cactus,

136

Carolina Allspice,

126

Csenotus,

C.ESALPINIE^E, 90,

198
108

Carolina-Allspice Family,
Carphephorus,

126
185

Cakile,

39

Carpinus,

409

CAKILINE^E,

29

Carrion-Flower,

463

Calamagrostis,

547

Carrot,

152

Calaminth,

307

Carum,

159

Calamintha,

307

Carya,

402

Calamovilfa,
Calamus,

548
429

C A R YOPH YLL ACE ^E,

Cashew Family,

52

76

Calico-bush,

255

Cassandra,

252

Calla.

427

Cassena,

263

Calliergon,

672

Cassia,

108

Calliastrum,

190

Cassiope,

253

Callicarpa,

299

Castanea,

407

Callirrhoe,

66

Castilleia,

294

CALLITRICHACE^E,

384

Castor-oil Plant,

393

Callitriche,

384

Catalpa,

279

Calomelissa,

307

Catbrier,

461

Calopogon,

450

Catchfly,

55

Caltha,

11

Catgut,

97

CALYCANTHACEJE,

126

Catherinea,

640

Calycanthus,

126

Cat-Mint,

311

Calycocarpum,
Calypogeia,

18
702

Catnip,
Cat-tail,

311

429

Calypso,

450

Cat-tail Family,

429

Calystegia,
Camassia,

334
469

Cat-tail Flag,
Cat's-tail Grass,

429
541

Camelina,

38

Cauliflower,

40

CAMELINE^E,

29

Caulinia,

432

Camellia Family,

70

Caulophyllura,

20

CAMELLIACE^E,

70

Cayenne,

341

Campanula,

243

Ceanothus,

80

CAMPANULACE2E (Campanula

Cercis,

108

Family),

243

Cedar,

424, 425

Campion,

55

Cedronella,

312

Campto.sorus,

593

Celandine,

25

Campylium,
Campylopus,

677
619

Celandine Poppy,
CELASTRACE^E,

25
81

Canary-Grass,

574

Celastrus,

81

Cancer-root, 280,

281

Celery,

159

Candy-tuft,

40

Celtis,

396

Cane,

568

Cenclirus,

581

CANNABINE^E, 395,

400

Centaurea,

232

Cunnabis,

400

Centaurella,

347

Canterbury Bells,

244

Centaury,

342, 343

Caper Family,

40

Centrosema,

106

Caper Spurge,

389

Centunculus,

274

CAPPAUIDACEJE,

40

Cephalanthus,

172

Capraria,

287

Cerastium,

60

CAPRIFOLIACE^E,

163

Cerasus,

112

Caprifolium,

164

Ceratodon,

623

Capsella,

39

CERATOPHYLLACEjE,

383

Capsicum,

341

Ceratophyllum,

383

Caraway,

159

Ceratoschanus.,

504

Cardamincv

32

CluBrophyllum,

158

Cardinal-flower,

242

Chtetocyperus,

497

OarJuus,

234

Chaff-seed,

294

INDEX.

Chaff- weed,

274

Climacium,

666

Chamaelirium,

478

Climbing Fern,

600

Cluimomile,

225, 226

Climbing Fumitory,

27

Cheat,

566

Clinopodium,

308

Cheekerberry,

251

Clintonia,

468

Clu-ilanthes,

592

Clitoria,

106

Cheiranthus,

40

Clove-Pink,

54

Chelidonium,

25

Clover, 92, 93, 95

Chelone,

285

Clotbur,

212

ClIKLOXE^,

282

Cloud-berry,

120

CIIENOPODIACE^E,

361

Cnicus,

232

CHENOPODIE.E,

362

Cnidoscolus,

389

Chenopodina,

366

Club-Moss, 602,

604

Chenopodium,

362

Club-Moss Family,

602

Cherry,

111, 112,113

Club-Hush,

498

Chess,

566

Cocculus,

18

Chestnut,

407

Cocklcbur,

212

Chervil,

158

Cock's-foot Grass,

557

Chick-pea,

104

Cockspur Thorn,

124

Chickweed,

58

Cohosh, 14

, 20

Chickweed Family,
Chickweed-Wintergreen,
Chiloscyphus,

53, 57
272
691

Colchicum Family,
Colic-root,
Collinsia,

472
458

285

Chimaphila,

260

Collinsonia,

308

Chinquapin,

408

Coltsfoot, 188,

189

Chiogenes,

250

Columbine,

12

Chionanthus,

357

Columbo,

344

Chironia,

342

Comandra,

381

Chives,

470

Comaropsis,

117

CHLORIDES,

536

Comarum,

119

Choke-berry,

125

Comfrey, 320,

3'2i

Chondrosium,

553

Commelvna,

485

Chrysastrum,

201

COMMKI.YNACE^E,

485

Chrysogonum,

209

Compass-Plant,

210

Chrysopsis,

207

COMPOSITE (Composite Fam.),

177

Chrysosplenium,

145

Comptonia,

410

Cic-er,

104

Cone-flower,

214

ClCIIORACEjE,

235

CONIFERS,

420

Cichorium,

235

Coniosclinum,

154

Cic-hory,

235

Conium,

153

Cic-uta,

157

Conobea,

287

Cimieifuga,

14, 15

Conoelinium,

188

ClMICIFUGE-S,

3

Conomitrium,

625

Cinchona Family

169, 171

Conopholis,

280

ClNCHONK.K,

169, 171

Conostomum,

650

Cinque-foil,

118, 119

Conostylis,

458

Cinna,

544

Conyallaria,

467

Cinnamon Fern,

601

CONVOLVULACE^E (Convol-

Circaea,

133

vulus Family),

382

Cii-sitim,

232

Convolvulus,

334

Cistacea:,

45

Coprosmanthus,

4C3

Cissus,

78

Coptis,

11

Cladium,

506

Coral-berry,

164

ClHdrustis,

107

Corallorhiza,

452

Clasmatodon,

660

Coral -root,

452

Claytonia,

65

Corema,

393

Cleft rweed,

399

Coreopsis,

219

Cleavers,

169

Cord-Grass,

551

CT/BMATIDEJS,

2

Coriander,

159

Clematis,

3

Coriandrum,

159

Clethra.

254

COKNACE^E,

L60

INDEX.

Corn-Cockle,

57 CurRESSiNE.s:,

420, 421

Cornel,

161

Cupressus,

424

Corn-flag,

460

Cupseed,

18

Corn Salad,

175

CUPULIFERyE,

403

Cornus,

161

Currant,

136, 137

Corpse-Plant,

262

Currant Family,

136

Cqrydalis,

27

Cuscuta,

336

Corylus,

408

CUSCUTINE^:,

333

Coseinodon,

637

Custard-Apple Family,

17

Cosmanthus,

328

Cut-Grass,

540

Cotton-Grass,

501

Cyanococcus,

249

Cotton-plant,

69

CYCLOLOBE^S,

362

Cotton-Rose,

229

Cycloloma,

362

Cotton- wood,

419

Cydonia,

126

Couch Grass,

569

Cylindrothecium,

664

Cowbane, 153,

157

CYNARE.E,

182

Cowberry,

248

Cynodon,

554

Cow-Herb,

55

Cynodontium,

620

Cow-Parsnip

152

Cynoglossura,

324

Cowslip, 271,

272

Cynthia,

236

Cow-Wheat,

296

CYPERACE^E,

490

Crab- Apple,

125

CYPERE-<E,

490

Crab-Grass, 554,

557

Cypertis,

491

Cranberry,

247

Cypress,

424

C ran berry -tree,

168

Cypress Family,

420, 424

Crane-fly Orchis,

451

Cypress-Vine,

333

Cranesbill,

72

CYPKIPEDJE/E,

443

Crantzia

151

Cypripedium,

454

CRASSULACE.E,

139

Cystopteris,

596

Crataegus,

123

Cratoneuron,

673

Dactylis,

557

Crocus,

460

Daetvloctenium,

554

Crossopetalum,

345

Daffodil,

455

Crotalaria,

91

Dahoon,

264

Croton,

391

Daisy,

200

Crotonopsis,

392

Dalca,

95

Crowberry,

393

Dalibarda,

120

Crowberry Family,

393

Daltonia,

656

Crownbearcl,

222

Dandelion, 235, 236

239, 240

Crown Imperial,

472

Danthonia,

572

Crowfoot,

7

Dangleberry,

247

Crowfoot Family,

2

Darnel,

569

CRUCIFER./E,

28

Dasystoma,

293

Cryphaea,

656

Date Plum,

267

Crypsis,

542

Datura,

340

Cryptotaenia,

157

Daucus,

152

Crvosanthes,

455

Day-flower,

185

CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS,
Cryptogrammftj

585
591

Day-Lily,
Deadly Nightshade,

468
341

Ctenium,

552

Dead-Nettie,

318

Cuckoo-flower,

33

Deerberry,

24S

Cucumber,

139

Deer-Grass,

127

Cucumber-tree,

16

Delphinium,

12

Cucumis,

139

Dentaria,

31

Cucurbita,

139

Deschampsia,

571

CUCURBIT ACE^E,

138

Desman thus,

109

Cudweed,

228

Desmatodon,

628

Culver's Root or Culver's Physic,

290

Desmodium,

9y

Cunila,

304

l^ewberry,

121

Cuphea,

129

Devil's-Bit,

478

Cup-plant,

210

Devil-wood,

357

INDEX.

Dianthcra,

297

Dropwort,

114

Dianthus,

54

Drummondia,

632

Diapensia,

332

DRYADEJS,

111

DlAPENSIfi^,

329

Dryas,

116

Diarrhena,

557

Dryopteris,

597

Dicentra,

27

Dryptodon,

638

Dichelyma,

655

Duck's-meat,

431

Dichondra,

335

Duckweed,

431

DlCHONDRE-iE,

333

Duckweed Family,

430

Dichromena,

504

Dulichium,

494

Dicksonia,

595

Dumortiera,

686

DICKSONIE.S:,

588

Dtipontia,

556

Dicliptera,

297

Dutchman's Breeches,

27

DICOTYLEDONOUS

PLANTS, 1

Dutchman's Pipe,

360

Dicranella,

621

Dyer's Rocket,

41

Dicranodontium,

619

Dysodia,

223

Dicranum,

620

Didymodon,

628

Eatonia,

557

Diervilla,

165

EBENACEJE (Ebony

Family \ 266

DIGITALE.E,

282

Eofaioacea,

214

Digitaria,

577

Echinochloa,

580

Dilepyrum,

546

Echinodorus,

438

Dill,

159

Echinospermum,

324

Diodia,

171

Echinocystis,

139

Dionsea,

47

Bchites,

350

Dioscorea,

460

Echium,

319

DIOSCOREACE.S,

460

Eclipta,

213

Diospyros,

267

Eel-grass,

432, 441

Diphvlleia,

20

Egg-Plant,

339

Diphyscium,

640

Egyj)tian Grass,

554

Diplachne,

555

Elaeagnus,

381

Diplazium,

594

EL^EAGNACE^E,

380

Diplocea,

556

Elutine,

52

])iplopappus,

199

ELATINACE^E,

52

Dipsacus,

176

Elder,

166

DII'SACEJE,

176

Elecampane,

208

Dipteracanthus,

297

Eleocharis,

495

Dirca,

380

Eleogcnus,

496

l>iscopleura,

156

Elephant'g-foot,

184

Distich! am,

628

Elephantopus,

184

Ditch-grass,

433

Eleusine,

554

Dittany,

304

Ellisia,

327

Dock,

376

Elm,

395

Dodrratheon,

272

Elm Family,

39 1, 395

Dodder,

336

Elodea,

52 (441)

Dogbane,

350

Elodinm,

668

Dogbane Family,

349

Elymua,

570

Do^-'s-tail,

554

KSlTETRACEJE,

393

Dog's-tooth Violet

471

Erape train,

393

Dogwood,

161

Encalypta.

6.10

Dogwood Family

160

Enchanter's Nightshade,

138

Doodia,

593

ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 426

Door-weed,

373

Enemion,

11

Drab-a,

36

EngL'lmannia,

392

Dracocephalum,

312,313

Enslenia,

355

Dragon-Arum,

426

Entosthodon,

651

Dragon-head,

312, 313

Epigtea,

251

Dragon-root,

427

Ephcmerum,

614

Drop-seed Grass,

542, 54 5

Epilobium,

130

Drosera,

47

Epipactis,

449

DUOSEUACE^E,

47

Epiphegus,

280

INDEX.

EQUISETACE^E,

585

False Rice,

5-19

Equisetum,

585

False Rocket,

31

Eragrostis,

563

False Spikenard,

467

Ere-chthites,

229

Featherfoil,

9.75

Erianthus,

582

Feather Geranium,

3G4

ERICACEAE,

245

Feather-Grass,

549

KKJCINEJB, 245,

250

Fedia,

175

Erigenia,

159

Fegatella,

€87

Erigeridiurn,

199

Fennel,

159

Erigeron,

197

Fennel-flower,

15

E KIOCAULONACEJ3,

488

Ferns,

58

Eriocaulon,

488

Fescue-Grass,

565

Eriopliorura,

501

Festuca,

565

Erodium,

73

FESTUCINEJS,

537

Erophila,

37

Fetterbush,

254

Ervum,

103

Fever-bush,

379

Eryngium,

151

Feverfew,

226

Erysimum,

35

Fever-wort,

166

Erythraea,

343

Figwort,

284

Erythronium,
ESCALLONIEJE (Eicallonia Fam-

471

Figvvort Family,
Filago,

281

229

ily), 142,

146

Filbert,

408

Eschscholtzia,

26

FILICES,

587

Eubotrys,

252

Fimbriaria,

€88

Euchroma,

294

Fimbristylis,

502

Eulophus,

158

Finger-Grass,

577

Euonymus,

81

Fir,

422

EUPATOHIACE.E,

179

Fireweed,

229

Eupatorium,

186

Fissidens,

624

Euphorbia,

385

Five-Finger,

118, 119

EUPHORBIACE^E,

385

Flax,

71

Euphrasia,

295

Flax Family,

70

EUPHRASIEJS,

283

Flcabane,

197

Eurhynchium,

669

Fleur-de-Lis,

460

EUSMILACE^E,

461

Floating Heart,

348

ISustichium,

629

Floerkea,

74

Euthamia,

206

Flower-de-Luce,

459

Eutoca,

329

FLOWERING PLANTS,

I

Eutriana,

553

Flowering Ferns,

589, 600

Euxolus,

369

FLOWERLESS PLANTS,

585

Evening- Primrose, 130, 131,

132

Fhiminia,

55€

E vcn ing-Primrose Family,

129

Fly-Poison,

477

Everlasting, 228,

229

Fly-catch Grass,

540

Everlasting Pea, 103,

104

Fog-fruit,

299

EXOGENOUS PLANTS.

1

Fontinalis,

654

Eyebright,

295

Fool's Parsley,

154

Forked Chickweed,

62

Fsxba,

104

Forget-me-not,

323

Fabronia,

661

Fossombronia,

690

Fugopyrum,

375

Fothergilla,

148

Fagus,

408

Four-o'clock,

360

Farkleberry,

248

Four-o'clock Family,

360

False Asphodel,

478

Fowl Meadow-Grass,

562

False Bugbane,

7

Foxtail Grass,

540, 581

False Flax,

38

Forestiera,

358

False Foxglove,

293

FORESTIERBJB,

356

False Hellebore,

476

Forsteronia,

349

False Indigo, 95,

107

FOTHERG I LLE JB,

147

False Mermaid,

74

Fountain Moss,

654

False Mistletoe,

382

Fragaria,

119

False Pimpernel,

288

Frangula,

80

INDEX.

Frasera,

344

Glaux,

FHAXINE«,

356

Gleelioma,

F rax in us,

357

Gleditschia,

French Mulberry,

29«J

Globe Amaranth,

Fringe-tree,

357

Globe-flower,

Fnelichia,

370

G'laphalium,

Frog's-bit,

440

Glyceria,

Frog's-bit Family,

440

Goat's-Beard,

Frost-weed,

45

Goat's Rue.

Frullania,

697

Golden Aster,

Fuirena,

503

Golden-club,

Fwnaria,

28

Golden-rod,

FUMARIACEJE,

26

Golilen Saxifrage,

Fumitory

28

Goldthread,

Fumitory Family,

26

Soraphrena,

Fun aria,

650

GOMI'HUKXE^S,

Funkia,

468

(ionolobus,

Good- King-Henry,

GALACINE^E

262

Goodycra,

Galactia,

105

GoosebciTy.

Galanthus,

455

Groosofoot,

Galatella,

190

Goo^efbot Family,

Galax,

262

Goose-Grass,

Gahix Family,

262

Gordon ia,

GALEGEJ&,

89

Gossypium,

Galeopsis,

316

Gourd,

Gulingale,

Galinsoga,

491

225

Gourd Farnilv,
GRAM1NEJE,

Galium,

169

Grape,

Gall-of-thc-Earth,

238

Grass family,

Gama-Grass,

582

Grass of Parnassus,

Gorget,

361

Grass of the An les,

Garlic,

469

Grass-wrack,

(iaultheria,

251

Gratiola,

Gaura,

132

G RAT I OLE,*:,

Gaylussacia,

247

Greek Valerian,

( rcisi-U-ria,

391

Greenbrier,

Golsemium,

296, 703

Green Dragon,

GELSEMINE.JG,

283

Green Violet,

Genista,

91

Grimaldia,

GKNISTKJfi,

89

(irinnnia,

Gentian,

345

Groimvcll.

1 irmiann,

345

(iUOSSULACETE,

GENT1ANACE2E

(Gentian Fani-

Grossularia,

ily),

341

Ground Cherry,

Goo-alvx,

691

Ground Hemlock,

GERANIACEJE,

72

Ground-Ivy,

Geranium,

72

Ground Laurel,

Grraniuiu Family

72

Ground-Nut,

Gerardia,

202

Ground Pine,

> ihi; .vi:i>iE2B,

283

Ground Plum,

Germander,

302

Groundsel,

G&un,

116

Groundsel-Tree,

Giant Hyssop,

311

Grove Sand wort,

Gill,

312

(luclder-Rose,

Gillcnia,

114

Guinea-Cora,

Giuscng,

159

Gum-Tree,

Ginseng Family,

159 Gyimiadenia,

GlftdiolM,

460 Gymnocladus,

(ilasswort,

366 Gymnomitriom,

Gluuciuui,

26 , Gymiiopogon,

274
312

109

371

II

228
558

114, 142

97

207

428

200, 207
145
11
371
367
355
365
447

136, 137

362, 366
361

1G9, 373

70

09

J39

138

535

77

535

48

573

432

287

282

329

461

427

41

687

637

320,3-^1
136
136
339
425
312
25]

105, 160
603
97
230
208
57
168
5S4
162
444
109
696
553

INDEX.

GYMNOSPERM^,

Gymnostichum,

420
571

Herd's-Grass,
Hemianthus,

541, 544

288

Gymnostomum,

617

Hemlock,

158

Gynamblosis,

392

Hemlock Parsley

154

Gyromia,

465

Hemlock Spruce,

423

Heracleura,

152

Habenaria,

444

Hercules' Club,

159

Hackbeny,

396

Herpestis,

287

Hackmatack,

423

Hesperis,

40

H7KMODO RACEME,

457

Heteranthera,

484

Hair-cap Moss,

641

Heterocladium,

677

Hair-Grass,

543, 546, 571

Heterotropa,

359

Halcnia,

344

Heuchera,

144

Halesia,

266

HIBISCEJB,

65

HALOKAGE/E,

129, 134

Hibiscus,

68

HAMAMELACE^:,

147

Hickory,

402

HAMAMKLE^E,

147

Hieracium,

236

ilumamelis,

147

Ilierochloa,

574

Harbinger-of-Spring,

159

Highwater-shrub,

211

Hardback,

114

H 1 PPOCAST AM K.aC,

82

Harpidiiun,

673

Hippuris,

135

Harebell,

244

Hoary Pea,

96

Haricot,

104

Hobble-bush,

168

Hawkbit,

236

II axel-nut,

408

Hawk weed,

236

Hog Pea-Nut,

106

Hawthorn,

123

Hog- weed,

212

J leal-all,

313

Holcus,

573

1 leart's-ease,

42

Holly,

263

Heath Family,

245

Holly Family,

263

Hedera,

160

Hollyhocks,

66

Hedeoma,

308

Holosteum,

60

Hedgehog-Grass,

581

Holy-Grass,

574

Hedge-Hyssop,

287

Komalothecium,

663

Hedge-Mustard,

35

Honesty,

40

Hedge-Nettle,

316

Honey-Locust,

109

Hcdwigia,

639

Honeysuckle,

164, 256

HKDYSAKKJS,

89

Honeysuckle Family,

163

Hcdysarum,

98

Honkcnya,

57

Hedyotis,

173

Honcwort,

157

Heleuium,

223

Hookeria,

666

Ileleochloa,

560

Hop,

400

Helianthemum,

45

Hopea,

266

Holianthus,

216

Hop-Hornbeam,

409

Iloliophytum,

325

Hop-tree,

75

lleliopsis,

214

Hordeum,

570

Heliotrope,

325

HORDE i NE^E,

538

HELIOTROPE.®,

319

liorehound,

315, 318

Ilelictropium,

325

Hornbeam,

409

Hellebore,

12

Horned Rush,

504

Helleborus,

12

Hora-Poppy,

26

HELLEBOUINE^,

2

Hornwort,

383

Helonias,

478

Hornwort Family,

383

Hemcrocallis,

468

Horse-Balm,

308

llcroicaipha,

495

Horsechestnut,

83

Hemp,

400 Horse-Gentian,

166

Hemp Family,

39!\ 400 Horse-Mint,

309, 310

Hemp-Nettle^

316 Horse-Nettle,

339

Hemp-weed,

188 Horseradish,

31

Henbane,

340 Horse-Sugar.

266

Hepatica,

6 Horse- weed,

198

HEPATIC®,

682 Horsetail,

5Ua

INDEX

Horsetail Family,

585

Inkbcny,

204

Hottonia,

275

Inula,

21)8

HOTTOXIE.E,

271

lodanthus,

31

Hounds-Tongue,

321

Ipecac,

114

IIu use-Leek,

1 4 1 Ipomosa,

333

Houstonia,

17'i i Iresine,

370

Hyacinth,

47? IKLDACE^E,

459

Hydrangea,

141

Ins,

459

IlA D K AX G i KM ( Hydrangea

Farui

Iris Family,

459

iy),

142, 146

I run- weed,

183

Ilvdrastis,

14

Iron-wood.

409

liYDROCHAKIDACE^E,

440 Isanthus,

302

Hydroeharis,

440 Isatis,

40

Hydrocotyle,

150 1 Isnardia,

133

Hydrog]os.sum,

600 IsoCtes,

605

Hvdropeltis,

22

Isopyrum,

11

HYDROPHYLLACEJ6,

326

Isothccium,

069

Ilvdrophvllum,

326

Italian May,

114

UVDHOPTERIDES,

605

I tea,

146

Hyloeomiitm,

068

Iva,

211

llynu'iiocallis,

456

Ivy,

160

Hymcnopappuf,

223

Ilvoscvainus,

340

Jacob's Ladder,

330

HYPEltl CACEJB,

48

Jagged duckweed, /

60

Hvperieum,

49

Jamestown Weed,

341

Uypuum,

667

Jatropha,

389

lIvi'OLYTREJB,

490

Jefferson ia,

20

Hypopekis,

595

Jerusalem Artichoke,

219

Hypopitys,

262

Jerusalem Oak,

364

Ilypo.xys,

456

Jerusalem Sage,

318

Hyssop,

304

Jessamine,

296

Ilyssopus,

304

Jewd-wecd,

73

Huckleberry,

247, 248

Joe-Pyc Weed,

186

Hudsonia, *

46

Joint-Grass,

576

Ihnriulus,

40d

Jointweed,

374

Huntsman's Cup,

24

Jonquil,

458

Judas-tree,

i(te

Iberis,

40

JtJGLANDACE-fi,

401

Ictodcs,

428

Juglans,

401

Ilex,

263

JUNCACE7K,

47 '1

IU,ECEHRE.«,

54, 61

JUNCAGINE.E,

436, 43;

llysantlu's,

288

Jnncus,

4S(/

Impatiens,

73

June-berry,

12-)

Indian Bean,

279

Jungcrmannia,

693

Indiuii-Cliickweed,

63

rJ 1 1 N G K K M AN N I A CKJR,

68'J

Indian-Chic kweod Family,

54, 63

Juniper,

423

Indian Corn,

584

Juniperaa,

4J5

Jn ii.in Ciu-nmber root.

464

Jussia?a,

152, 703

Indian Currant,

164

Josticia,

297

Indian Fig,

136

Indian-Uruss,

584

Ku-leria,

557

Indian Hemp,

350

Kalmia,

255

Indian Millet,

584

Kentuc'ky CoflTee-tree,

109

Indian Physic,

114

Kidney Bean,

104

Indian Pipe,

262

Kinnikinnik,

181

Indian-Pipe Family,

246, 261

Knawel,

63

Indian Plantain,

230

Kmnvel Family,

54, 63

Indian Poke,

476

Knapweed,

232

Indian Hice,

540

Knot-Grass,

373

Indian Tobacco,

242

Knotweed,

371

Indian Turnip,

94, 426

Knotwort Family,

54. 6)

INDEX.

K isteletzkya,

68

Leptochloa, 555

Kohl-Rabi,

40

Leptodon, 657

Krigia,

235

Leptopoda, 224

Kulmia,

186

Lepturus, 568

Kyllingia,

494

Leskea, 659

Lespedeza, 101

LABIATE,

300

Lettuce, 240

Labrador Tea,

258

Leucanthemum, 226

Lachnanthcs,

457

Leucodon, 656

Lachnocaulon,

489

Leucobryum, 623

Lactuca,

240

Leucojum, 455

Ladies' Tresses,

448

Leucothoe, 251

Lady's Mantle,

115

Lever-wood, 409

Lady's Slipper,

454

Liatris, 184

Lady's Thumb,

373

LlGULIFLOR^E, 83, 235

Lambkill,

255

Ligusticum, 154

Lamb-Lettuce,

175

Ligustrum, 356

Lamb's-Quarters,

363

Lilac, 356

Lamiura,

318

LILIACE^E (Lily Family), 465

Lampsana,

235

Lilium, 470

Laportea,

398

Lily, 470

Lap pa,

235

Lily of the Valley, 467

Lapsana,

235

LIMNANTHAOEJE, 74

Larch,

423

Limnanthenmra, 348

Larix,

423

Limnanthes Family, 74

Larkspur,

12

Limnetis, 551

Lastrea,

597

Limnobium, 140, (671)

Lathyrus,

103

Limnochloa, 495

LAU RACEME {Laurel

Family), 378

"Limosella, 289

Laurel,

255, 257

LINACE^E, 70

Laurestinus,

167

Linaria, 284

Laurus,

379

Linden, 69

Lavandula,

318

Linden Family, 69

Lavender,

318

Linderuia, 288

Lead Plant,

95

Linnaea, 163

Leadwort Family,

270

Linum, 71

Leaf-Cup,

209

Lion's-foot, 238

Leather-Leaf,

252

Liparis, 452

Leather-flower,

4

Lippia, 299

Leather-wood,

380

Liquidambar, 148

Lea ven worthia,

31

Liriodendron, 1 7

Leehca,

46

Listera, 449

Leoontia,
Ledum,

427

258

Lithospermum, 321
Lizard's-tail, 383

Leek,

469

Lizard's-tail Family, 383

Leersia,

539

Live-for-ever, 140

LEGUMINOSJE,

88

Liverleaf, 6

Leiophyllum,

259

Liverworts, 682

Lejeuma,

698

LOASACE^E (Loasa Family), 135

Lemna,

431

Lobadiurn,

LEMNACEJE,

430

Lobelia, 241

LENTIBULACEJE,

275

LOBELIACE^E (Lobelia Fam.), 241

Lcontodon,

236

Locust-tree, 96

Leonurus,
Lepachys,

317

215

Loblolly Bay, 70
LOG ANiE^'LoganiaFam.),! 69,1 74,703

Lepidanche,

337

Loiseleuria,

LKJTDISE.*,

29

Lolium, 569

Lepidium,

38

LOMENTACE^E,

Lepidozia,

702

Long Moss,

Leptandra,

290

Lonlcera, 164

Leptanthus,

485

LONICEREJ5, 163

INDEX.

Loosestrife, 128, 132

272, 273

Marigold,

223

Loosestrife Farailj ,

127

Mariscus,

494

Loplianthus,

•Lil

Marjoram,

3%s 318

Lophiola,

457

Marrubium,

315

Lophoeolea,

692

Marshallia,

224

Lopseed,

299

Marsh Elder,

211

Loquat,

126

Marsh Fleabare,

208

LORANTIIACE^E

382

Marsh Grass,

551

LOTE^E,

89

Marsh-Mallow,

66

Loose wort,

295

Marsh Marigold,

11

Lovage,

154

Marsh Pennywort,

150

Lucerne,
Ludwigia,

93
132

Marsh-Rosemary,
Marsh St. Jolm's-wort,

270
52

Lunaria,

40

Marsilea,

606

Lungwort,

322

MARSILEACE2E,

605

Lupine,

91

Martynia,

279

Lupinus,

91

Maruta,

225

Luzula,

479

Marvel of Peru,

360

Lyclmis,

57

Masterwort,

152

Lycium,

341

Mastigobryum,

701

Lvcopcrsicura,
LYCOPODIACE^

339
602

Matricaria,
Matrimony-vine,

226
341

Lycopsis,

320

Matthiola,

40

Lycopus,

303

Mayaca,

487

Lygodium,

600

May- Apple,

21

Lyme-Grass,

570

May-flower,

251

Lyouia,

254

May-weed,

225

Lvsimachia,
LYTHRACEjE,

272
127*

Meadow-Beauty,
Meadow-Grass,

127
561

Ly thrum,

128

Meadow-Parsnip,

155

Mca dow-Rue,

6

Madura,

398

Meadow Soft-grass,

573

Macro mitrium,

635

Meadow-Sweet,

113, 114

Macrotys,

15

Meconopsis,

25

Madder,

171

Medeola,

464

Madder Family,

168

Medicare,

93

Madotheea,

699

Medick,

93

Magnolia,

15

Meesia,

648

MAGNOLIACRfi,

15

Mclampvnim,

296

Magnolia Family,

15

MKLANTIIACE^E,

472

Mahonia,

20

MELANTIHE^E,

472, 475

Maianthemum,

467

Melanthium,

475

Maidenhair,

592

MELASTOMACEJE (Mclastoma

MALAXIDE^E,

443

Family),

127

Malaxis,

452

Meliea,

558

Mallow,

66, 67

Melic-Grass,

558

Mallow Family,

65

Melilot,

93

Mains,

125

Melilotus,

93

Malva,

66

Melissa,

308

MALVACEAE,

65

Melothria.

139

MALVE*,

65

MENI SPERMACE ^E,

18

Mandrake,

21

Menispermum,

18

Mangel Wurtzel,

367

Men t ha,

303

Manna-Grass,

558

Mentx.elia,

. 135

Man-of-the-Earth,

334

MEXYANTHBJB,

342

Maple,

84

Menyanthes,

348

Maple Family,

82,84

Menxiesia,

256

Marchantia,

686

Mercurialis,

393

MARCHANT i ACE^,

686

Mercury,

S89

Marc's-tail,

135

Mermaid-weed,

134

Marginaria,

590

Mertcnsia,

823

NTeteoriiim,

681

Moss Pink,

332

Metzgeria,

689

Motherwort,

317

Mexican Tea,

364

Mountain-Ash,

125

Mezereum family,

380

Mountain Holly,

264

Micromeria,

307

Mountain Mint,

3tM

Microstylis,

451

Mountain Rice,

548

Mignonette,

41

Mouse-ear,

323

Mignonette Family,

41

Mouse-ear duckweed,

00

Mikania,

188

Mouse-tail,

10

Milfoil,

226

Mud Plantain,

484

Milium,

575

Mud wort,

289

Milk Tea,

105

Mug wort,

227

Milkweed,

351, 354

Muhlenbergia,

545

Milkweed Family,

350

Mulberry,

31J7

Mi Ik wort,

85

Mnlgedium,

240

Mi Ik wort Familr,

85

Mullein,

283

Milk tTetch,

97

Mullein Foxglove,

292

Millet,

581

Mullein Pink,

57

Millet-Grass,

575

Muscadine,

78

Ml.MOSE/E,

91, 109

MUSCI,

€07

Mimosa Family,

91, 109

Muskit-Grass,

552

Mimulus,

286

Muskmclon,

139

Mint,

303, 304

Musk-plant,

287

Mint Family,

300

Musquash-Hoot,

157

Mirabilis,

360

Mustard,

36

Mist-flower,

188

Mustard Family,

28

Mistletoe Family,

382

Myosotis,

323

Mitchella,

172

Myosurus,

1-0

Mitella,

145

Mvrica,

4G£

Mitreola,

174

MYRICACEJE,

409

Mitre-wort,

145, 174

Myriophyllum,

134

Mniuin,

647,681

Myurella,

661,681

Moccason-flower,

454

Mocker-nut,

402

Nabalus,

2.37

Mock-Orange,

146

Naiad,

432

Modiola,

68

NAIADACE^E,

431

itoehringia,

58

Nnias,

432

Mxjenchia,

61

Naked-beard Grass,

553

MOLLUGINEJC,

54, 63

NANDINE^E,

19

Mollago,

63

Na])jea,

67

Momordica,

139

Narcissus,

455

Monarda,

309

Nardosmia,

188

MOXARDE^E,

301

Narthecium,

479

Moneses,

260

Nasturtium,

SO (74)

Monkey-flower,

286

Nuumlmrgia,

273

Monkshood,

13

Neckera,

€65

Monocera,

552

Neckweed,

291

MONOCOTYLEDONOUS

Negundo,

85

PLANTS,

426

NELUMBIACEJS,

21

Monopetalous Exogenous Plants, 163

Nelumbium,

21

Monotropa,

262

Nelumbo,

21

HONOTBOPEJE,

246, 261

Nelumbo Family,

21

Montelia,

369

Nemopanthes,

264

Moonseed,

18

Nemophila,

327

Moonseed Family,

18

NEOTTIE^;,

443

Moon wort,

40, 601

Nepeta,

311

Moose-wood,

84,380

NEPETE^!,

301

Morning-Glory,

333

Nephrodium,

597

Moro carpus,

365

Nerium,

350

Morus,

397

Nessea,

128

Mosses,

607

Nettle,

398, 399

INDEX.

Nettle Family,

394, 393

Orchis,

4iH 444

Nettle-tree,

396

Origanum,

306

New Jersey Tea,

SO

Oritrophium,

196

Nicandra,
Nk'Otiana,

340
341

Ornithogalum,

OUOBANCIIACE2E,

468
279

Nfgeila,

15

Orontium,

428

Nightshade,

339, 341

Orpine,

140

Nightshade Family,

338

Orpine Family,

13?

Nimble Will,

546

Orthomeris,

196

Nine-Bark,

113

Orthotrichum,

632

Nondo,

155

OBTZKJB,

535

Nonesuch,

93

Oryzopsis,

548

North American Papaw,

17

Osage Orange,

398

Nothoseordum,

470

Osier,

413

Notothylus,

685

O.smorrhiza,

158

Nupliar,

23

Ot>munda,

60C

Nut-Grass,

f$3

OSMUNDE.S:,

589

Nut-Rush,

506

OSM UNDINES,

589 600

NYCTAGINACEJB,

360

Ostiieh-Fcrn,

590

Nvmphaea,

22

Ostrya,

409

NYMPHJEACETR,

22

Oswcgo Tea,

310

Nyssa,

162

Otophylla,

293

OXALIDACE^E,

71

Oak,

404

Oxalis,

71

Oakesia,

394

Ox-eye,

213, 214

Oak Family,

403

Ox-eye Daisy,

226

Oat,

572

Oxybaphus,

361

Oat-Grass,

572, 573

Oxycoecus,

248

Obeliscaria,

215

Oxydendrum,

254

Obione,

• 366

Oxvdenia,

555

Obolaria,

347

Oxyria,

376

Ocymum,

318

Oxytripolium,

197

Odoncetis,

450

CEnothera,

130

Pacliysandra,

392

Oil-nut,

382

Padu's,

113

Okra,

69

Paionia,

15

Oldenlandia,

172

Pajpalanthus,

489

Olea,

356

Painted-Cup,

294

OLEACE^E,

356

Puiiax,

160

Oleander,

350

1'ancratium,

456

Oleaster Family.,

380

PANICK2B,

539

Olive,

356

Panic-Cirass,

576

Olive Family,

356

Panicum,

576

Omalia,

665

Pa paver,

25

ONAGRACE^R

129, 130

PAPAVERACE^E,

24

Oneostylis,

503

1'ajK'r-Mtilberry,

398

Onion,

469

I'Al'ILIONACK.-K,

88, 91

Onoclca,

599

I'aplioosoroot,

20

Onopordon,

234

Papyrus,

491

Unosmodium,

320

Par dan thus,

460

Ol'lIIOGLOSSE^,

589, 601

Parietaria,

399

Ophioglotfsum,

602

Parnassia,

43

Oi'HKYDK.i;,

442

PARNASSIACEJI

48

O])lotheca,

370

1'arnnssia Family,

48

Opulus,

168

Paronychia,

62

Opuntia,

136

Tars ley,

159

Onvche,

365

Paretoy Family,

148

Orange-root,

14

i'arsnip,

152

Orange-grass,

51

I'artlicnium,

211

Orchard-Grass,

557

Partridge-berry,

172, 251

ORCHLDACE^E (Orchis

Fam.), 44 -2 Partridge Pea,

108

INDEX

PASPA LE.E,

539

Physcomitrium,

G51

Paspalum,
Pasque-flower,

575

4

Phvsostegia,
PHYTOLACCACE.E

313
361

Passiflora,

138

Picca,

423

PASSIFLORACE^E,

138

Pickerel-weed,

484

Passion-flower,

138

Pickerel-weed Family,

403

Passion-flower Family,

138

Pieris,

254

Pastinaca,

152

Pigeon-Berry,

361

Patania,

595

Pig-nut,

403

Pavia,

83

Pigweed,

362, 308

Peach,

113

Pilea,

399

Pear,

124 Pilinophvtum,

391

Pear Family,

111, 123

Pilotrichum,

654, 681

Pearhvort,

61

Pimpernel,

274

Pecan-nut,

402

Pine,

421

Pcdieularis,

295

Pine- Apple Family,

458

Pellia,

690

Pine-drops,

261

Pellitory,

399

Pine Family,

420, 421

Peltamira,

427

Pine-sap,

261, 262

Pen ci 1-Flo wer,

102

Pine-weed,

51

Pennyroyal,
Pentalophus,

302, 308
322

Pinguicula,
Pink,

277
54

Penthorum,

141

Pink Family,

52, 54

Pentstemon,

286

Pink-root,

174

Pepperbush,

254

Pinus,

421

Peppergrass,

38, 40

Pimveed,

46

Peppermint,

303

Pinxtcr-flower,

257

Pepper-root,

31

Pipe- Vine,

360

Pepperwort,

38

Pipe wort,

488, 489

Pepperidge,

162

Pipcwort Family,

488

Periploca,

355

Pipsissewa,

260

PER IP LOCK JB,

351

Piptathcrum,

548

Periwinkle,

350

Pisum,

104

Persea,

378

Pitcher-Plants,

23

Persicaria,

372

Plugiochasma,

688

Persimmon,

267

Plagiochila,

69.1

Petalostemon,

95

Plagiothecium,

679

Phacelia,

328

PI an era,

398

PILENOGAMOUS PLANTS, 1

Planer-Tree,

396

Phalacroloma,

198

Plane-tree,

400

Pkalangium,

469

J 'lane-tree Family,

400

PlIALARIDE^E,

538

PLANTAGINACE^S,

268

Phalaris,

574

Pktntago,

268

Pharbitis,

333

Plantain,

268

Phascum,
PHASEOLE.E,

614

90

Plantain Family,
PLATANACEJ3,

268
400

Pliaseolus,

104

Platanthera,

444

Pheasant's Eye,

15

Platanus,

400

Phelipaea,

280

Platygyrium,

663

Philadelphus,

146

Platyloma,

591

Phleum,

541

Pleuranthe,

692

Phlomis,

318

Pleurisv-root,

354

Phlox,

330

PLEUROCARPI,

609, 654

Phoradendron,

382

Pleurozium,

668

Pliragraites,

568

Pluchea,

208

Phryma,

299

Plum,

111, 112, 113

Phyllanthus,

392

PLUMBAGINACEJE,

270

Phyllodoce,

255

Pneumonanthe,

346

Physalis,

339

Poa,

561

Physocarpos,

113

POACE^B,

535

Physcomitrella

615

PODALYRIE-S:,

9d

INDEX.

Podophvllam,
PODOSTEMACBJ&

21

384

Primrose,
Primrose Family,

271
270

Podostemon,

384

Primula,

271

Pogonatum,

641

PRIMULACE^E,

270

Fogonia,

450

PRIMCLEJS,

270

Poison Hemlock,

158

Prince's Feather,

368, 372

Poison Ivy,

76

Prince's Pine,

261

Poison Oak,

76

Prinos,

264

Poison Sumach,

76

Privet,

356

Poke,

361

Prosartes,

474

Poke weed Family,

361

Proserpinaca,

134

Polanisia,

40

Prunella,

313

POLEMONIACE^E (Polemonium
Fiunily), 329

Prunus,
Psilocarya,

111, 112

503

Polemonium,

329

Psoralea,

94

Polianthes,

472

PSORALE^E,

89

Polygala,

85

Ptelea.

75

POLYGALACE^E,

85

PTERIDE^E,

588

POLYGONACE^E,

371

Ptcrigonium,

663

Polygonatum,

466

Pteri<ryuandram,

663

Polygonum,

371

Pteris,

591

Polymnia,

209

Pterospora,

261

Polypetalous Exogenous Plants,

2

Ptilidium,

701

POLYPODIES,

588

Ptilium,

673

POLY IODINES, 587,

589

Ptychomitrium,

635

Poly pod him,

589

Puccoon,

321

Polypogon,

544

Pulmonuria,

323

Polysnchum,

598

Pulsatilla,

4

Polyta:nia,

152

I'ulsc Family,

88

POMEJS, 111,

123

Pumpkin,

139

Polytrichum,

641

Purslane,

64

Pomine Blanche,

94

Purslane Family,

63

Poinnie de Prairie,

94

Putty-root,

453

Pond Spice,

380

Pycnanthemum,

304

Pond weed, 432,

433

Pycrcus,

491

Pomlwccd Family,

431

Pylaisasa,

662

Pontcderia,

484

Pyrola,

259

PONTEDERIACKfi,

483

PYROLES (PjTola Family)

246, 259

Poor Man's Weather-glass,

274

Pvrrliopappus,

240

Poplar,

418

Pyrularia,

382

l>(>PJ»y»

25

Pyrus,

1-24

P<»pj>y Family,

24

Tyxidanthera,

332

Popuhis,

418

Porcupine Grass,

549

Quaking Grass,

565

Portulaca,

64

Quamash,

469

PORTULACACEJB

63

Quamoclit,

333

Portuna,

253

Queen-of-the-Prairie,

114

Potamogeton,

433

Quorcus,

404

Potato,

339

Quick-Grass,

569

Potcntilla,

118

Quill wort,

605

Poterium,

115

Quince,

126

Pottia,

629

Quitch-Grass,

569

Poverty Grass,

550

Prairie Clover,

95

Racomitrium,

638

Prairie Dock,

210

Radish,

89,40

Prcissia,

686

Kadula,

700

Prenanthee,

237

Ragged Robin,

57

Prickly Ash,

75

Ragweed,

211

Prirkly Pear,

136

Ragwort,

231

Prickly Poppy,

25

Ram's-head,

455

Prim,

356

Kamsted,

284

INDEX.

RAXUNCULACEJE,

2 Rock Cress,

RAXUNCULE^E,

2 Rocket,

Ranunculus,

7 Rock-rose,

RAI'HANEJB,

29

Rock- rose Family,

Raphanus,

39,40

Roman Wormwood

llaphidostegjura,

670

Rosa,

Has pi jerry,

120, 121

ROSACE^E,

Rattle-box,

91

Rose,

Rattlesnake-Grass,

559

HOSEJK,

Rattlesnake-Master,

151

Rose-bay,

Rattlesnake-Plantain

447

Rose Family,

Rattlesnake-root,

237

Rose-Mallow,

Rattlesnake-weed,

237

Rosin-Plant,

liny-Grass,

509

Rosin-weed,

Rcboulua,

557

Roubieva,

Rcboulia,

687

Rowan-tree,

Rod Bay,
Red-bud,

379
108

Rubia,
RUB LACE JE,

Red-Osier,

161

Rubus,

Red Pepper,

341

Rudbeckia,

Red-Hoot,

80

Rue-Anemone,

Red-Root,

- 457

Ruellia,

Red-top,

544, 555, 562

Rue Family,

Reed,

568

Ruinex,

Reed Bent-Grass,

547

Ruppia,

Reed- Grass,

544, 551

Rush,

Reed-mace,

429

Rush Family,

Reed Meadow-Grass,

559

Rush-Grass,

Rensseheria,

427

Rush Salt-Grass,

Jlfiseda,

41

RUTACE^K,

RJESEDACEJE,

41

Rye,

Rhabdoweisia,

618

Rye-Grass,

RHAMNACKffl,

78

Rhamnus,

79

Sabbatia,

Rlieuiu,

378

SACCHARK^B,

Rhexia,

127

Saccbarum,

RlIINANTITIDE^S,

282

Sacred Bean,

Rhinanthus,

295

Sage,

Rhododendron,

257

Sagina,

Rhodora,

258

Sagittaria,

RllOUOREJS,

246

St. Andrew's Cross,

Rhubarb,

378

St. John's-wort,

Rhus,

76

St. John's-wort Family,

Rhynchosia,

105

St. Peter's-wort,

Rhynchospora,

504

SALIC ACE JE,

RUVNCUO8PORE2B,

490

Salieornia,

Rhynehostegium,

670

SALICORXIE^B,

Rhytidiuin,

675

Salix,

Ribbon-Grass,

575

Salsola,

gibes,

136

SALSOLE^E,

Ribgrass,

268, 269

Salt Marsh-Grass,

Ru-cia,

683

Saltwort,

RlCClACExE,

683

Sal via,

Richweed,

309, 399

Salvinia,

Rieinus,

393

SAMHUCEJE,

Ripplegrass,

269

Sambucus,

River-weed,

384

SAMOLEA;,

River-weed Family,

384

Samolus,

Robinia,

96

Samphire,

Robin's Plantain,

198

Sandalwood Family,

Rock Brake,

591

Sand- Grass,

33

40

45

45

212

122

110, 113
122
111
25?

UO, 113
68
209
210
364
125
171
168
120
214
6

297
74
376
433
480
479
541
551
74
570
569

342

539

584

21

309

61

438

49

49

48

49

413

3£6

302

413

367

362

552

367

309

606

163

166

271

274

366

381

550

INDEX.

Sand Myrtle,

259

Sea-Rocket,

89

Sand wort,

58

Sea Sand-Reed,

548

Sanguinaria,

26

Sea-Sandwoit,

57

Sanguisorba,
Sanicle,

115
151

Sea Spear-Grass,
Secale,

560
570

Sanicula,

151

Sedge,

507

SANTALACEJE,

381

Sedge Family,

490

KAPINDACEJE,

82

Sedum,

140

Sr.ponaria,

54

Seed-box,

133

SABOTAGED,

267

Selaginella,

604

Sappodilla Family,

267

Seligcria,

618, 680

Surcoscyplms,
Sarracema,

696
23

Self-heal,
Sempcrvivura,

313
141

SARRACENIACEjE,

23

Scndtnera,

701

Sarsaparilla,

159

Scnebiera,

39

Sassafras,

379

SENEBIERE;E,

29

Saturcia,

307

Seneca-Grass,

574

SATURETE^,

300

Seneca Snakeroot,

87

SAURURACE^E,

383

Senecio,

230

Saururus,

383

SENECIONIDE.E,

180

Savin,

425

Senna,

108

Savory,

307

Sensitive Briar,

110

Saxifraga, 142,

143

Sensitive Fern,

599

SAXIFRAGACE^E (Saxifrage

Sensitive Plant,

109

Family), 141,

142

Sensitive Joint Vetch,

98

Saxifrage, 142,

143

Sericocarpus,

189

SAXIFRAGES,

141

Service-berry,

125

Scapania,

695

SESAMES,

278

Schedonorus,

567

Sesame-Grass,

582

Scheuclizeria,

437

Sesuvium,

64

Schizsea,

600

Setaria,

581

SCHIZE*:,

589

Seymeria,

292

Schistidiuin,

636

Shad-bush,

125

Schcenus,

506

Shag-bark,

402

Schollera,

485

Shave-Grass,

587

Schrankia,

110

Shell-bark,

402

Schwalbca,

294

Sheep-berry,

167

Schweinitzia,

261

Shell-flower,

285

Scilla,

469

Shepherd ia,

381

SCIRPE^S,

490

Shepherd's Purse,

39

Bcirpidiom,

496

Shield-Fern,

596

Srirpus, 498,

502

Shin-leaf,

260

SCLKKAXTHE2E, 54

, 63

Shooting-Star,

27i>

Srlcnmthus,

63

Shrubby Trefoil,

75

Sclcria,

506

Shrub Yellow-root,

13

SCLERIE^,

490

Sibbaldia,

115

Sclerochloa,

560

SinrnoKPiEA,

282

ScliTolcpis,

184

Sickle-pod,

34

Scoko,

361

Sieves,

138

Scolochloa,

556

Sida,

67

Scolopendrium,

593

Side-saddle Flower,

23

Sclotheimia,

635

Sievcrsia,

117

Scorpion-Grass,

323

Silene,

55

Scouring Hush, 585,

587

SlLBNBJB,

63, 54

Stropbtuaria.

S C R OPHUL ARIACEJE,

284
281

SlLICCLOS^,
SlLIQUOS-fi,

29
28

Scutch-Grass,

554

Silkwecd,

851

Scutellaria,

313

Silphium,

209

Sett-Lavender,

270

Silver-bcll-Tree,

266

Sea-Milkwort,

274

Silver-Berry,

881

Sea-rurslane,

64

Silver-Weed,

Ud

INDEX.

Sinapis,

SlHYMBRIEJB,

36
29

Spikenard,
Spike-Rush,

Sisymhrium,

35

Spinach,

Sisyrinchiura,

460

Spinacia,

Sitoiobium,

595

SPINACIE.B,

Slum,

157

Spindle-tree,

Skullcap,

313

Spiraea,

Skunk Cabbage,

428

SPIR^E^E,

Sloe,

112

Spiranthes,

Smart- weed,

373

Spirodela,

SMILACE^E (Snulax Family),

461

Sri ROLODEX,

Smilacina,

467

Splachnum,

Smilax,

461

Splcenwort,

Smyrniura,
Snake-head,

156

285

Spoon- wood,
Sporobolus,

Snakeroot, 151 184, 188,

360

Spring-Beauty,

Snapdragon,

284

Spruce,

Sneeze-weed,

224

Spurge,

Sneezewort,

226

Spurge Family,

Snow-ball Tree,

168

Spurred Gentian,

Snowberry, 164,

250

Spurge Nettle,

Snowdrop, 266,

455

Spurrey,

Snowflake,

455

Spurrey Sandwort,

Soapberry Family,

82

Squash,

Soapwort,

54

Squaw-root,

SOLANACE^E,

338

Squaw- weed,

Solanum,

339

Squill,

Solea,

41

Squirrel-Corn,

Solidago,

200

Squirrel-tail Grass,

Solomon's Seal, 466,

467

STACHYDE^E,

Sonchus,

241

Stachys,

SOPHOKE.E,

90

Staff-tree,

Sorbus,

125

Staff-tree Family,

Sorghum,

584

Stagger-bush,

Sorrel, 71, 376,

378

Staphylea,

Sorrel-tree,

254

STAPHYLEACE^E,

Sour-wood,

254

Star-Cucumber,

Southern-wood,

228

Star-flower,

Sow-thistle,

241

Star-grass,

Spanish Bayonet,

471

S t ar-of-B e th lehem,

Spanish Needles,

222

Star-Thistle,

Sparganium,

429

Starwort,

Spartina,

551

Staticc,

Spatter-Dock.

23

Steeple-bush,

Spear-Grass,

561

Steet/.ia,

Spearmint,

303

Steironema,

Spcarwort,

8

Stcllaria,

Specularia,

244

STELLATE,

Speedwell,

289

Stcnactis,

Spergula,

62

Stcnanthium,

Spergularia,

61

Stickseed,

Spermacoee,

171

Stillingia,

Sphserocarpus,

684

Stipa,

SPHAGNACE.E,

610

Stitchwort,

Sphagncecetis,

692

Stock,

Sphagnum,

610

Stone-crop,

Spice-bush,

379

Stone-root,

Spiderwort,

486

Storax,

Spiderwort Family

485

Storax Family,

Spigelia, 174
Spike-Grass, 560, 5C7

Storksbill,
STRATIOTIDEJB

ICO
495
367
367
362

81
113
111
448
431
362
652
594
255
542

65
422
385
385
344
389

62

61
139
280
231
469

27
570
301
316

81

81
254

82

82
138
272

456, 458
468
232

58
270
114
690
273

58
169
198
476
324
391
549

59

40

140, 141
309
265
265

73
440

INDEX.

Strawberry,
Strawberry Bush,

11

8

Tansy,
Tansy Mustard,

226

36

Strcptopns,

47

Tape-Grass,

4H

Strophostyles,

10

Taraxacum,

2;i9

Strutliiopteris,

59

Tare,

IOJ

Sruarria,

9

TAXINEJB,

42(>. 425

Stylipua,

11

Taxodiura,

424

Stylisma,

33

Taxus,

425

Stylophorum,

2

Tea-berry,

251

Stvlosanthes,

10

Tear-thumb,

375

STYUACACEJE,

26

Teasel,

176

STYRACE.K,

26.

Teasel Family,

176

Sty rax,

26

Tecoma,

278

SL*/KDE;E,

36

Tclmatopbace,

131

Subufaria,

39

Tephrosia,

Q6

StJDCLABlJEJB,

29

Tetragonotheca,

213

Succory,

2-3.

Tetranthera,

379

Sugarberry,

397

Tetrajihis,

630

Supir-Cane,

584

Tctraplodon,

653

Sullivantia,

144

Tetrodontium,

630

Sumach,

76

Teucrium,

302

Summer Haw,

124

Thalictrum,

6

Summer Savory,

SO1

Thamnium,

669

Sundew,

47

Thapsia,

156

Sundew Family,

47

Thaspium,

155

Sunflower,

216, 223

Thelia,

660

Supple-Jack,
Swamp- Honeysuckle,

79
257

Thelypteris,
Thimbleberry,

597
121

Sweet-Brier,

123

Thin-Grass,

543

Sweet Cicely,

158

Thistle,

232, 233

Sweet Fern,

410

Thorn,

123, 124

Sweet Fla<j,

429

Thorn-Apple,

341

Sweet Gale,

410

Three-leaved Nightshade,

463

Sweet-Gale Family,

409

Three-thorned Acacia,

109

Sweet-Gum Tree,

148

Thorough-wax,

156

Sweet-Leaf,

266

Thproughwort,

186

Sweet IVa,

104

Thrift,

270

Sweet Potato,

334

Thuidium,

667

Sweet Scabious,

198

Thuja,

424

Sweet-scented Sbrub,

126

Thyme,

306

Sweet-scented Venial-Grass,

574

TliYMELEACE^E,

880

Sweet- William,

54, 330

Thvinus,

306

Swine-Cress,

39

Tmrella,

145

Sycamore,

401

Ticksced,

219

Syeiia,

487

Ticksecd Sunflower,

220

Sympnoricarpui,

164

Tick-Trefoil,

99

Symphytuin,

320

riedeniannia,

153

Symplocarpus,

428

Tiper-flowcr,

460

SVMI'LOCINK^E,

265

Fipridia,

460

Symploeos,

266

Tilia,

69

Syrmndra,

312

TILIACKffl,

69

Synthyrii,

289

Tilla;a,

140

Syfinga,

146

rillandsia,

458

Syrrhopodon,

631

Timmia,

642

Timothy,

541

Tacnmanac,

419

1'ipularia,

451

Ttenidia,

156

^oad-Flax,

284

Tn<retcs,

223

'obacco,

841

Tulinum,

64

'ofieldia,

478

Tamarack,

423

""omato,

339

Toiiomum,

226

Toothache -Grass,

559

INDEX.

Tooth wort,

Tower Mustard,

Toxicodendron,

Tradeseaatia,

Tragia,

Trautvctteria,

Trachynotia,

Treacle Mustard,

Tread-Softly,

Trefoil,

Trematodon,

Tree-ot-IIeaven,

Triantha,

Trichelostylis,

Trichochloa,

Trichocolca,

Trichodium,

Trichophorura,

Tnchosteraa,

Trichostomum,

Tricuspis,

Tridynia,

Tricntalis.

Trifolium,

Triglochin,

TRII.LIACK^C,

Trillium,

Trillium Family,

Triodallus,

Triosteum,

Triplasis,

Triple-awned Grass,

Tripsacura,

Tripterella,

Trisetum,

Triticura,

Trollius,

Tropieolum,

Troximon,

Trumpet-flower,

Trumpets,

Trumpet- Weed,

Tuberose,

TUBULIFLORJE,

Tuckermannia,
Tulip,

Tulip-tree,

Tupelo,

Turuip,

Turritis,

Tussilago,

Turtle-head,

Twayblade,

Twig- Rush,

Twin-Hower,

Twin-leaf,

Twisted-Stalk,

Tvpha.

TYFllACEjE,

31
34

76

486 |
390

551 I
35|

389 |

92 '

620 !

75 I
478!

to3 1

546 I
701
54S|
501
302
626
555
272 i
272 |
89
92
437

461, 463
463

461, 463

244

166

556

550

582

442

572

569

11

74

239

278

24

186

472

177

394

472

465

17

162

40

34

189

285

449, 452
506
163
20
474
429
429

Udora, 44 1

ULMACE^E 394.-VJ5

Ulmaria, 114

Uliiius, 395

UMBELLIFERJE, 148

Umbrella-Grass, 5<>3

Umbrella-leaf, 20

Umbrella-tree, 1 6

Unicorn-plant, 279

Uniola, 5(i7

Urachne, o-*a

Uralepis, 555

Urtica, 398

URTJCACE^E, 394

UUTICS/E, 394, 398

Utricularia, 275

Uvularia, 473

UVULARIE^S, 472, 473

Vaccaria,

VACCINIE^B, 245,

Vaceinium,

Vablodea,

Valerian,

Valerian a,

VALEHIANACE^E (Valerian

Family),
Valcrianella,
Vallisneria,
VALLISNERIEJB,
Vanilla-Gruss,
Vanilla-plant,
Velvet-Grass,
Velvet-Leaf,
Venus's Fly-trap,
Venus's Looking-glass,
Veratrum,

Verbascum,

Verbena,

VKKBKNAOEJS,

Verbesina,

Vernal-Grass,

Vernonia,

VEUNONIACE^E,

Veronica,

VERONICE.E,

Vervain,

Vervain Family,

Vesicaria,

Vetch,

Vetchling,

Viburnum,

Vieia,

VICIE.E,

Vilfa,

Vinca,

Vine Family,

Viola,

VIOLACE^E,

Violet,

55
247
247
572
1 75
175

174

176

441

440

574

185

673

68

47

244

476

282

283

298

298

222

574

183

179

289

282

298

298

37

102

103

167

102

90

541

850

77

42

41

42

INDEX.

Violet Family,
Vipci 's Bugloss,
Virgaurca,
Virgilia,

Virginian Cowslip,
Virginian Creeper,
Virginia Snakeroot,
Virgin's-Bower,
Viscum,
VITACE^E,
Vitis,
Vitis-idaea,

Waahoo,

Waldsteinia,

Walking-leaf,

Wall-flower,

Wall-pepper,

Walnut,

Walnut Family,

Wart-Cress,

Washington Thorn,

Water-Beech,

Water-Cress,

Water-Dropwort,

Watcr-IIcmloek,

Water-Hemp,

W ater- Horehou nd,

Waterleaf,

Waterleaf Family,

Water-Li ly,

Water-Lily Family,

Water-Locust,

Water-Marigold,

Watermelon,

Water-Milfoil,

Water-Milfoil Family

Water-Nymph,

Water-Oats,

Water-Parsnip,

Water-Pepper,

Water-Plantain,

Water-Plantain Family

Water-Rice,

Water-shield Family,

Water-shield,

Water Star-Grass,

Watcr-Starwort,

Water-Stanvort Family,

Water- Violet,

Water-Willow,

Water-weed,

Water-wort,

Water-wort Family,

Wax-Myrtle,

Wax-work,

Wayfaring-tree.

Wcisia,

Whahoo,

Wheat,

Wheat-Grass,

41

Whin,

91

319

White Alder,

254

201

White Daisy,

226

108

White Grass,

539

323

White Hellebore,

476

78

White- weed,

226

360

White Lettuce,

238

3

White Thorn,

123

383

Whitlow-Grass,

36

77

Whitlow-wort,

62

77

Whortleberry Family,

245, 247

248

Wake-Robin,

464

81

Wicopy,
Wild Balsam-apple,

380
139

,117

Wild Elder,

160

593

Wild Ginger,

359

40

Wild Hyacinth,

469

141

Wild Ipecac,

387

401

Wild Liquorice,

170

401

Wild Potato-vine,

334

39

Wild Rve,

570

123

Willow,"

413

409

Willow Family,

413

30

Willow- Herb,*

130

153

Windflower,

4

157

Windsoria,

555

370

Winterberry,

264

303

Winter Cress,

35

326

Wintergrcen,

251, 259, 261

326

Winterlia,

264

22

Wire-Grass,

554, 563

22

Wistaria,

96

109

Witch-Hazel,

147

222

Witch-Hazel Family,

147

139

Withe-rod,

167

134

Woad,

40

134

Woad-Waxen,

91

22
540

Wold,
Wolfbcrry,

41
164

157

Wolfslmne,

13

373

Wood Anemone,

6

4.37

Wood Betony,

295 317

436, 437

Woodbine,

' 164

540

Wood-Fern,

596

22

Wood-Grass,

584

22

Wood-Rush,

479

485

Woodsia,

595

384

WOODSIFJE,

588

384

Wood-Sage,

302

275

Wood-Sorrel,

** 1

297

Wood-Sorrel Family,

71

441

Woodwardia,

592

52

Wool-Grass,

501

52

Worm-Grass,

174

409

Worm seed,

364

81

Wonnwood,

227

168

Woundwort,

316

618

396

Xanthinm,

212

569

Xerophylium,

477

509

Xylostcori,

164

INDEX.

XTTR1DACEJE,

487

Yew Family,

Xyris,

487

Yucca,

Yam,

460

Zapania,

Yam Family,

460

Zannichellia,

Yard- Grass,

554

Zanthorhiza,

Yarrow,

225

ZANTEIOXYLACE<«,

Yaupon,

263

Zanthoxylum,

Yeliow-eyed Grass,

487

Zca,

Yellow-eyed Grass Family

487

Zephyranthes,

Yellow Pond-Lily,

23

Zizania,

Yellow Puceoon,

14

Zizia,

Velio w-Kattle,

295

Zostera,

Fellow- Wo. xi.

107

Zygadcnus,

Yew,

4ltf

Zy«odon.

420, 42&
471

299

432

13

75

75

584

455

540

156

432

47i

631

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Genera of Gramiiiese, or Grasses*

TAB. I.

LEERSIA. — Panicle of L. oryzoides, reduced in size (1); a branchlet of the same with its

spikelets, of the natural size (2) ; and an open spikelet in flower, enlarged (3).
ZIZANIA. — A staminate (1) and a pistillate (2) flower or spikelet of Z. aquatica •, a magnified

pistil with a pair of squamuke or hypogyrious scales (3) ; a grain (4) ; and a magnified

longitudinal section of the lower part of the same, showing the embryo at the outside

of the base of the albumen.
ALOPECURUS. — Part of a plant of A. geniculatus, in flower (1); a few spikelets from the

spike-like inflorescence, moderately magnified (2) ; an open spikelet in flower, more

magnified (3), and the single lower palea detached (4).
PHLEUM. — One spikelet of P. pratense, having the flower with its palese raised above the

glumes, magnified.
CRYPSIS. — Inflorescence (1) of C. schoenoicles (see Addenda, p. xcix.)j a separate enlarged

spikelet (2) ; and the same open, in flower (3).

VILFA. — An enlarged spikelet of V. vaginseflora (1) 5 and the same displayed (2).
SPOROBOLUS. — A spikelet of S. cryptandrus, magnified (1) ; the same with the flower open,

the paleas raised above the glumes (2) ; and the fruit (3), more magnified, showing the

seed loose in the pericarp (utricle).
AGROSTIS. — Panicle of A. vulgaris (1) ; with an enlarged open spikelet of the same : also (3)

the rough pedicel and glumes of A. scabra, with the flower separated, the latter having

no upper palea.

TAB. II.

POLYPOGON.— Spike-like contracted panicle of P. Monspeliensis (1) ; an enlarged- detached
spikelet, showing the long awns to the glumes (2) 5 the same open in flower (3) ; and a
separate flower without the glumes (4).

CINNA. — A magnified spikelet of C. arundinacea (1)-, and the sam« open, displaying the
palese, the single stamen, and the pistil (2).

MUHLENBERGIA. — A magnified closed spikelet of M. sylvatlca (1) ; the same with the open
flower raised out of the glumes (2). A magnified spikelet of M. diffusa (3) ; its minute
and unequal glumes more magnified (4) ; and an open spikelet of the same (5).

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

fcRACHYELYTRUM. — A spikelet of B. aristatum enlarged (1) ; the same displayed (2).
CALAMAGROSTIS. — An open spikelet of C. Canadensis, enlarged, displaying all the parts (I) ;

the same with the flower raised out of the glumes, showing the hairy rudiment behind

the upper palea (2).

ORYZOPSIS. — An open magnified spikelet of 0. asperifolia (1) ; and the flower of the same
removed from the glumes (2). Notice the remarkably long squarnulss or hypogynoua
scales, which here nearly equal the palese in length.

STIPA. — Glumes and flower (a little separated) of S. avenacea, enlarged.

ARISTIDA. — A spikelet of A. purpurascens, enlarged.

TAB. III.

SPARTIN A. — Portion of the inflorescence of S. stricta, of the natural size (1) ; a spikelet en
larged (2) -, and the same displayed, the flower raised above the glumes (3).

CTENIUM. — Spike of C. Americanrum (1) ; a single spikelet magnified (2) ; and the same dis-
played, the glumes separated (3).

BOUTELOUA. — A portion of the compound spike, of the natural size (1) ; and a spikelet dis-
played and magnified (2), the flowers raised out of the glumes.

GYMNOPOGON. — Inflorescence of G. racemosus, reduced in size (1) ; and a magnified spikelet
. with the parts displayed (2).

CYNODON. — Inflorescence, of digitate spikes (1 j a spikelet magnified and displayed, show-
ing a perfect flower and a rudiment (2).

DACTYLOCTENIUM. — Inflorescence of D. .ffigyptiacum, of digitate spikes (1); one of the
spikelets magnified (2) •, the fruit magnified (3), showing the seed loose in the thin peri-
carp (utricle) ; and (4) the wrinkled seed more magnified.

ELEUSINE. —One of the spikes from the digitate inflorescence of E. Indica (1) ; a magnified
spikelet (2) ; the same with the flowers more displayed (3) ; a flower from the last show-
ing its parts (4) ; the fruit magnified, showing the seed loose in the utricle (5) ; and the
wrinkled seed detached (6).

LEPTOCHLOA. — Small portion of the inflorescence of L. fascicularis (1) 5 one of its spikelets
displayed and magnified (2; ; an open flower of the same (3).

TAB. IV.

TRICUSPIS. — Magnified spikelet of T. seslerioides (1) •, the same displayed and the lowest
flower open (2) ; back view of the lower palese spread out (3). -*

DUPONTIA, or, as it should be, GRAPHEPHORUM (see Addenda, p. c.). — A magnified spike-
let of Dupontia Cooleyi or Graphephorum melicoides, displayed (1) ; a part of the hairy
rhachis and one flower of the same (2).

DIARRHENA. — A spikelet of D. Americana, enlarged (1) : the grain and palese (2).

DACTYLIS. — A spikelet of D. glomerata magnified and displayed.

KGELERIA. — A magnified spikelet of K. cristata, expanded, showing the glumes, the three
flowers, and a rudiment (1) ; lower half of a lower palea, partly spread open (2) ; it is
much more folded and keeled in its natural condition.

EATONIA. — A magnified spikelet of E. obtusata, expanded, showing the glumes, the two flow-
ers, and a rudiment.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

MELICA. —A magnified spikelet of M. mutica, expanded, showing the glumes, two perfect

flowers, and an abortive one.
GLYCERIA. — A magnified spikelet of G. nervata (1) 5 a separate flower with one joint of the

rhachis (2) ; and (3) the lower half of a lower palea, showing its form (rounded on the

back, not keeled.)
BRIZOPYRUM. — A pistillate spikelet of B. spicatum, enlarged (1) ; a flower from the same (2) ;

and a flower from a staminate spikelet (3).
POA. — Panicle of P. compressa, reduced in size (1) ; a magnified spikelet (2) 5 a separate

flower more magnified (3) ; a lower palea cut across and somewhat outspread (4).
ERAGROSTIS. — A spikelet of E. pilosa, enlarged (1) ; the same, from which the glumes and

all of six lower flowers except the upper palea have fallen away (2) ; a magnified flower,

open (3) ; the lower palea of the same outspread (4).
BRIZA. — A spikelet of B. media, enlarged (1) ; a separate flower (2).
FESTUCA. — A spikelet of F. elatior, enlarged (1) ; a separate flower (2) ; lower part of a

lower palea, outspread (3).
BROMUS. —A spikelet of B. secalinus, or Chess (1) ; a separate flower, enlarged (2).

TAB. V.

tNIOLA. — A spikelet of U. latifolia, of about the natural size (1) ; a flower, enlarged (2) j
empty lower palea of the lowest (sterile) flower (3).

PHRAGMITES. — A spikelet of P. communis, enlarged (1) ; one of the perfect flowers, en-
larged (2) 5 and the lowest flower (3), which has stamens only.

ARUNDINARIA. — A spikelet of A. macrosperma (1) ; a separate flower, magnified (2).
LEPTURUS. — Portion of the spike of L. paniculatus, enlarged (1) •, a flower magnified (2).
LOLIUM. — Portion of the spike of L. temulentum (1) ; a separate flower, magnified (2).

TRITICUM. — Portion of the spike of T. repens, or Couch-Grass, of about the natural size (1) ;
a flower magnified (2).

HORDEUM. — The three one-flowered spikelets from one joint of the spike of H. jubatum,
with their awn-like glumes, the lateral flowers abortive and neutral, the middle one alone
perfect (1) 5 this perfect flower (with an awn-like rudiment) open and enlarged (2).

ELYMUS.— The two spikelets of one joint of the spike of E. Virginicus, about the natural
size (1) ; the glumes and the flowers of one spikelet, enlarged and displayed (2) ; and
an open flower, more magnified (3).

GYMNOSTICIIUM. — A spikelet of G. Hystrix (1), and an expanded flower, magnified (2).

TAB. VI.

AIR A. — Panicle of A. flexuosa (1) ; a spikelet, magnified, the parts displayed (2) ; and one
of the flowers detached and open (3).

DANTIIONIA. — Panicle of D. spicata (1) 5 a spikelet enlarged (2); and a separate flower
from the same (3).

TRISETUM. — A spikelet of T. subspicatum, var. molle, expanded and magnified (1) ; and a
separate open flower (2).

AYENA. — A spikelet of A. striata displayed and magnified (1) ; and a separate flower (2).

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

ARRENATHERUM. — A spikelet of A. avenaceum displayed and magnified : 1, the glumes ;

2, the flowers, the lower one staminate only, the next perfect, and the third a rudiment.
HOLCUS.— A spikelet of H. lanatus magnified (1); the same displayed to show the two

flowers, the lower one perfect and awuless, the upper staminate and awned (2).

TAB. VII.

HIEROCHLOA. — A spikelet of H. borealis, enlarged (1) ; the same displayed, the flowers
separated from the glumes, the two lateral ones with three stamens and no pistil ; the
middle or terminal one with a pistil and only two stamens (2).

ANTHOXANTHUM. — The spike-like inflorescence of A. odoratum (1) ; a spikelet magnified
(2) ; another with the parts displayed, the flowers raised from the glumes, the lateral ones
neutral, each of a single and awned palea, the middle one perfect and diandrous (3).

PHALARIS. — A spikelet of P. arundinacea enlarged (1) ; the glumes and the perfect flower
with a hairy rudiment on each side of it (2).

MILIUM. — Portion of the panicle of M. effusum(l) ; a closed spikelet magnified (2) ; and the
same displayed (3).

AMPHICARPUM.— A spikelet from the panicle of A. Purshii, magnified (1) ; the same with
the parts displayed (2) ; and a radical (fertile) spikelet, enlarged (3).

PASPALUM. — Inflorescence of P. Iseve (1) ; a closed spikelet, enlarged (2) ; the same with
the parts displayed (3).

PANICuff. — Part of a spike of P. (Digitaria) sanguinale (1) ; one of its spikelets magnified
(2) ; the same with the parts displayed (3) : in this the lower flower is neutral and of a
single palea. A spikelet of P. capillare, magnified (4), and the same displayed (5) :
the lower flower a single palea. A spikelet of P. clandestinum, magnified (6), and the
same displayed (7) : the lower flower neutral, of two paleae. A spikelet of P. virgatum,
magnified (8) ; the same displayed (9) : the lower flower of two palese and' staminate.

SETARIA. — A magnified spikelet of S. glauca, with the accompanying cluster of bristles (1) ;
the spikelet displayed, showing the neutral lower flower of two paleae and the perfect
flower (2).

TAB. VIII.

CENCHRTJS. — A spiny involucre of C. tribuloides, in flower, enlarged (1) ; longitudinal sec*
tion of the same (2) ; a spikelet detached and displayed (3) : the stigmas should belon?
to the right-hand or upper flower ; the left-hand or lower flower is only staminate.

TRIPSACUM. — Piece of the spike vof the natural size), pistillate below, staminate above (1) ;
a longitudinal section of one of the pistillate spikelets (2) ; a pistillate spikelet with iU
parts displayed (3) ; a staminate (2-flowered) spikelet, with its parts displayed (4).

ERIANTHUS. — Part of the hairy inflorescence with two spikelets of E. alopecuroides, en-
larged (1) ; one of the spikelets displayed (2).

ANDROPOGON.— Small portion of the spike of A. furcatus, enlarged, with one fertile and
awned spikelet, and one staminate and awnless spikelet (1) •, the fertile spikelet (2), and
the staminate spikelet (3) displayed.

SORGHUM. — A fertile spikelet of S. nutans, enlarged, with a sterile pedicel on each side (1) ;
the spikelet displayed (2).

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Ociicra of Filicc§.

TAB IX.

POL YPODIUM.— Plant; piece of the fron* (t) ; n magnified sporangium \rith Its stalk,
and another bursting and discharging spores, of P. vulgare, L.

BTKUTHIOPTERI9.— Pinna of the sterile froud (i)cf S. Germanlca, WilM.; portion of e
fertile frond (2); apiece of one pinna cut ofifto^hcwtho manner in which it is rolled
np (8); and a portion of the last, magnified, with on^» side unrolled (4) ; towards the
base the sporangia all removed, to show how tho fruit-dots are bo.ne each on tlw
middle of a vein.

ALLO8ORUS.— Sterile and fertile plants of A. gracilis, Prv&.; md ^ portion of the fortfU
frond (1) enlarged, with a piece of the marginal lndns<um turned ba^k <x> display
the fruit; the sporangia are all removed from the fruit-bearing Upb of th« two fork."
of the lower vein.

TAB. X.

PTERIS.— A pinnule of P. aqulllna, Z., var. caudata; and a piece of on» <* the lob<*

enlarged (2), the marginal indnsinm rolled back on one side, displnyii.g thr frilt,

the sporangia all removed from the lower part to show the receptacle that NJ:»\

thorn, viz. a cross line connecting the tips of the veins.
ADIANTUM.— Piece of the frond of A. pedatum. L. (1) ; a pinnule somewhat enlarci-d (3^

and a piece of one (8) more enlarged, with the Indusium of one fruit-dot turned b:uj*

to show the attachment of the fruit.

CITEILANTHE8.— Small plant of C. vestita(l); and a fruit-bearing pinnule. enlarged (2)
WOODWARDIA.— Portion of the sterile (1) AIKI of the fertile frond (2^ r>f W. anirust!-

folia; a piece of the latter enlarged (8); piece of the'frond of W. Virginlca (4j ; and

part of a fruiting lobe (5), enlarged.

TAB. XI.

CAMPTO3ORU8.— Plant of (1 rhizophyllus, IAnk.; and a portion of a frond, with fruit

dots, enlarged (1).
t»COTX)PKM>i:i I'M.— Tip of a fertile frond of S. offlclnarum; and (2) a piece enlarged,

with two fruit-dots.
&.SPLKN IUM.— A i-inna of A thelypteroides, Mh-hx. (1) ; and part of 11 lube (2) in fruit,

enlarged.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

DICKSONlA, §SITOLOBIUM.— Pinna of D. punctilobula, /Too^.(l); portion of a pinnule
^2), enlarged; and a fruit-dot in its cup-shaped indusium (8).

TAB. XII.

CYSTOPTERIS.— Piece of the frond of C. bulbifera, Bernh. (1); a lobe tn fruit (2),
enlarged ; and a small portion more magnified (8), bearing a fruit-dot with its indu-
siom thrown back.

WOODSIA.— Small frond of~W. glabella,/?. Br. (1): a part of a fruiting pinna of the same
(2), magnified ; and a separate indusium (3), more magnified ; a piece of a fruitful
pinnule of W. obtusa, Torr. (4), enlarged; and a fruit with the opened indusium
beneath (5), more magnified.

ASPID1UM,— Pinna of A. (Dryopteris) marginale, Swarfc: (1); and a magnified fruiting
portion (2) ; piece of A. (Polystichum) acrostichoides (3); and a small fruiting por-
tion (4), magnified.

ONOOLE A.— Sterile arid fertile frond of O. sensibilis, L.; front view of a fruiting contracted
pinnule, enlarged (1); and the same laid open and viewed from the other Bide (2)'
on one lobe the sporangia are removed from the veins.

TAB. XIII.

SCH12.iEA.— Plant of S. pnsilla, Purxh; a fertile pinna with eleven sporangia (1), mag-
nified; and a separate sporangium (2), more magnified.

LYGODIUM.— Summit of frond of L. palmatum, Swart3(l), with fertile and sterile divi-
sions ; a fruiting lobe enlarged < 2). with two of the lower scales, or indusia, removed,
displaying a sporangium under each ; and a sporangium more magnified (8).

OSMUND A.— Small piece of the frond of O. Claytoniana, L. (1), with a fertile and a
sterile pinna; a portion of the fruit magnified (2); and one sporangium more mag-
nified (8).

BOTRYCH1UM.— Plant of B. lunarioides, Swarta; and a portion of the fruit (1), with sb
sporangia, magnified.

OPH1OQLOSSUM.— Frond of 0. vulgatum, L.; and a portion of the fruiting spike en-
larged (1).

Genera of Eqniftetaceae, I^ycopodiaccaB, and
£1 ydroptcrides.

TAB. XIV.

EQFISETUM.— Upper part of fertile plant of E. limosum, L. (1); one of the shield-
Khnped scales or receptacles of the spike, with the six sporangia underneath (2),
enlarged; same seen from below, discharging the spores (8); a magnified spore
with the club-shaped filaments spreading (4) ; and (5) the same with the filaments
coiled up.

LYXJOPODIirM.— Plant of L. Carolinianum, /,.,• and (1) a magnified scale of the spike
removed, with the sporangium in its axil, discharging powdery spores.

8ELAG I NELL A.— Plant of 8. rupestria. Spring ; part of a fertile spike, enlarged (1) ; scale
from the tipper part of it (2), with its sporangium, contai nine in numerable powdery
spores; scale from the base (3), with its sporangium coiituiiiing few huge sporea
and (4j three large spores.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

ISO ETES.— Plant of I. lacustris (1); sporocarp containing minnte spores, cut acr IBS (2)
enlarged; same divided lengthwise (5); sporocarp with coarse spores, divided
lengthwise (8j ; and (4) three coarse spores more magnified.

AZOLLA.— Plant (1): a portion magnified (2), with two kinds of organs; s'erile sporocarp,
or antheridium, more magnified (3) ; fertile sporocarp more magnified (4); the same
burst open, showing the stalked sporangia (5) ; one of the latter more magnified
($); another bursting (7) ; and three spores (8), beset with bristles.

THE KYT>.

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Gray's lessons in

botany and vegetable
physiology-

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QKL17

071
1862

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293971

3 1175 00849 7540