►*'. 6o \\ Veronica hedaerifblia Veronica arvenfi# — 5 Veronica Becabunga [ Poa rigida „ ; Poa pratenlk ) Poa trivialis ’ Alopecurus myofuroides ! Bromus hirfutus j Galium Aparine ; Plantago lanceolata Plantago major : Sagina eretfta I Convolvulus arvenfis . Solanum nigrum ; Chenopodium album i Chenopodium -viride' f Chenopodium polyfpermum » Hyacinthus non fcriptus i Juncus campeftris Rumex crifpus Epilobium hirfutum Epilobium villofum Epilobium tetragonum Epilobium anguftifblium Erica cinerea t Adoxa Mofchatellina Chryfofplenium oppofitifolium Saxifraga tryda&ylites Saponaria officinalis Stellaria Holoftea — Oxalis Acetofella — — Lychnis dioica Ceraftium femidecandrum Ceraftium vulgatum Ceraftium vifcofum Geum urbanum Adonis autumnalis — Anemone nemorofa — Ranunculus Ficaria Ranunculus hirfutus Ranunculus auricomus Ranunculus fceleratus Aj uga reptans Glechoma hederacea Lamium album- « Lamium amplexicaule Thymus Serpyllum Erylimum Alliaria Arabis thaliana ■ i - Geranium molle — Malva fylveftris — Fumaria officinalis Trifolium ornithopodioides Trifolium fubterraneum Trifolium fragiferum Lotus corniculatus Medicago lu pul in a • Sonchus oleraceus Tuflilago Petafites Tuffilago Farfara Viola canina — Orchis mafcula . Arum maculatum — Poterium Sanguiiorba Mercurialis perennis Atriplex haftata Qfmunda Spicant Polytrichum fubrotundum Hypnum fericeum Bryum truncatulum Bryum viridulum Agaricus ovatus Agaricus fimetarius 1 - * " C - * * * (k, * * * ****** *’ * * ‘ * * * * * * * ' * * * * * index ii. In which theXatin Names of the Plants are arranged Alphabetically. Arum maculatum -j \ Atriplex haftata • * Adonis autumnalis Adoxa Mofchatellina Arabis thaliana Anemone nemorofa Ajuga reptans • Agaricus fimetarius Agaricus ovatus Alopecurus myofuroides Bryum truncatulum Bryum viridulum Bromus hirfutus Chenopodium viride Chenopodium album Chenopodium polyfpermum Ceraftium vifcofum Ceraftium femidecandrum • Ceraftium vulgatum Convolvulus arvenfis _ • Chryfofplenium oppofxtifoliixm Epilobium villofum •*- Epilobium hirfutum ^ • Epilobium anguftifolium* Epilobium tetragonum Eryfimum Alliaria • • Erica cinerea - Fumaria officinalis . Geum urbanum Geranium molle Glechoma hederacea Galium Aparine Hypnum fericeum Hyacinthus non fcriptus Juncus campeftris Lamium amplexicaule Lamium album Lychnis dioica Lotus corniculatus Medicago lupulina. Mercurialis perennis Malva fylveftris Oxalis Acetofella Orchis mafcula - . Plate. Poa rigida 4 Poa pratenfis Poa trivialis 5 6 Plantago major 1 1 Plantago lanceolata Polytrichum fubrotundum 68 Poterium Sanguiforba 64 Ranunculus Ficaria * 39 Ranunculus hirfutus 40 Ranunculus auricomus 41 Ranunculus fceleratus . . - i 4 2 Rumex crifpus 20 r Sonchus oleraceus S l Saxifraga tridadlylites 28 Sagina eredta • 12 Stellaria Holoftea 3° Solanum nigrum . |. 14 Saponaria officinalis .* 29 Trifolium ornithopodioidea « 53 Trifolium fubterraneum 54 Trifolium fragiferum 55 Tuffilago Petafites s* ^^^--ffilago Farfara . • •Jh -f '♦ • ' .• •' ♦ »'• s . 59 60 Vvmus Serpyllum NX' •’ 47 VFronica hederifolia 1 ' Veronica arvenfis . . • 2 Veronica Becabunga Viola canina • • . 3 61 INDEX III. In which the Englifh Nomes of the Plants are arranged Alphabetically. Anemone Wood • ■ . Allfeed . -* . Avens common • • Birds-foot-Trefoil common . ; r > Bryum brown Bryum green • Butter bur Bugle common Brook- lime • Burnet • • Brome-grafs hairy ftalk d Cuckow-pint ■ Convolvulus field Cranes-bill doves- foot common Coifs tone — ; — - Campion red - Cfowfoot pale-leaved Crowfoot wood Crowfoot celery-leaved Cleavers common Dead-nettle white Dock curleffi Fumitory common Foxtail-grafs field Golden-Saxifrage common Ground-ivy Goofefoot white • • Goofefoot purple-jointed Henbit . . , r • Hypnum filky * * Hyacinth englifh Heath fine-leaved . ‘ •' Medick hop • * * Moufear Chickweed leaft Moufear-Chickweed common Moul'ear-Chickweed broad-leaved Mofchatel tuberous Meadow-grafs hard • Meadow-grafs fmooth-ftalk d Meadow-grafs rough-ftaUc’d • Mercury dogs • /.A* Mallow common Mufhroom egg Mufhroom puckered . Nightfhade garden Orach. fpear-leaved ¥ Orchis early fpotted Pearlwort upright Pheafants-eye * • Podded-moufear Pilewort Plantain narrow-leaved Plantain common Polytrichum dwarf Rufh hairy field * • Speedwell ivy-leaved Speedwell wall . * Sowthiftle common Saxifrage rue-leaved Spleenwort rough Sauce- alone Stichwort greater Sopewort • - • Trefoil fubterraneous Trefoil birds- foot true Trefoil ftrawberry Thyme wild Violet dogs Wood-Sorrel Willow-herb large-flowered Willow-herb hoary* Willow-herb fquare-ftalk’d I Willow-herb rofebay Plate *7 5 6 ' 7 1 59 43 64 > 6 3 J 3 5° 60 4r 42 9 45 20 32 7 2 7 44 J 5 16 46 2 5 57 33 34 35 26 4 5 6 6 5 5 l 73 7 2 14 66 6 ?. b 68 J 9 . X , J - 4 LIST of the SUBSCRIBERS FLORA LONDINENSIS Mr. Stanefby Alchome, Tower, two fets. Mr. Richard Atkinfon, Nicholas'-lane. Mr. George Adams, Fleet-ftreet. Mrs. Adams, Fleet-ftreet. Dr. Jofeph Allen, Dulwich. )r. Edward Archer, Grays-Inn. Mr. William Anderfon, Gracechurch-ftreet. Mr. Thomas Armiger, Apothecary, Queen-ftreet, Cheapfide Mr. Abendroth, Hamburgh. Jofeph Aires, Efq. two Set*. Captain Anningfon. Earl of Bute. Honourable Daines Barrington. Honourable Mrs. Byron, Pinner, Middlefex. Honourable Topham Beauclefc, Adelphi Buildings. Jofeph Banks, Efq. New Burllngton-ftreet. Mrs. Banks, Chelfea. John Blake, Elq. Parliament-ftreet, William Baker, Efq. Hill-ftreet, Berkley-fquare Mr. David Barclay, Younglberry. Mr. John Barclay, Queen-ftreet, Cheapfide. Robert Barclay, Efq. Urie, Scotland. Mr. Robert Barclay, Cheapfide. Mr. Jonathan Bell, Hertford. Mr. Newton Barlctt, Lambs Conduit-ftreet Mr. Edward Binyon, Cheapfide. Mr. Uriah Briftow, Apothecary, Clerkenwell-fquare. Mr. James Bell, Montague-Clofe, Borough. Mr. John Blackwell, Lambeth. Mr. Jofeph Beefely, Worcefter. Mr. John Butcher, Surgeon, Borough. Mr. George Barrett, Loddon, Norfolk. Mr. George Burch, Apothecary, King-ftreet, Weftminfter. Mr. Francis Belham, Trinity-Colledge, Cambridge Mr. James Brougham, Surgeon, Afkrigg, Tori' 1 . Robert Beaumont, Surgeon, Litchfield. John Beaumont, Holbom. Mr. Thomas Bond, Surgeon, Cambridge. Mr. Thomas Baddely, Surgeon, Newport, Shropfhire.. Mr. John Burr, Surgeon, Hertford. Mr. John Brown, Holborn. Captain Boteler, Uxbridge. . .... i Boys, Surgeon, - Browning, Elq- Mafter in Chancery* Chelfea, Rev. Nicholas Bacon, Coddenham, Suffolk. Mr. Brandram, Budge-Row. Mr. Jofeph Beck, Briftol. Mr. Burton, Attorney, Hatton Garden. Mr. John Burlingham, Worcefter. Mr. Buchannan. General Carnac. Richard Clarke, Efq. Newport, Ifie of Wight, Samuel Crawley, Elq. Argylc- Street. - William Conftablc, Efq. Mrs. F. Chambers, Mincing-lane. Mr. Charles Combe, Apothecary, Bloomfbury-fquare. Mr. John Church, Surgeon, Iflington. Mr. Jofeph Cockfield, Upton, two Setw . Mr. John Chorley, Gracechurch-ftreet.' Mr. John Crowley, Gracechurch-ftreet. Mr. Sedgfield Crowley, Camomile-ftreet. Henry Chapman, Efq. St. Mary-at-Hill. Mr. John Chandler, Apothecary, Old- Jewry. Mr. Thomas Collinfon, Lombard -ftreet. Mr. Loftus Clifford, Surgeon, Mansfield, Nottinehamfhire. Mr. Jofeph Elfe, Surgeon, Throgmorton-ftreet. Mr. W. Ellis, Apothecary, Lombard-ftreet. Thomas Frankland, Efq. South Audley-ftreet. Dr. John Fothergill. Dr. George Fordyce. John Ravel Frye, Efq. Charlotte-ftreet, Bloomfbury. Major Ferrand. Thomas Fonnereau, Efq. Leadenhall-ftreet. Mr. Field, Apothecaiy, Newgate-ftreet. Mr. William Fothergill, Carr End, Yorkfhire. Mr. William Ford, Lombard-ftreet. Mr. Ford, Surgeon, Briftol. Mr. Francis Frefhfield, Colchefter. Mr. Francis Fifher, Surgeon, Croydon. Mr. William Fowle, Apothecary, Red-Lyon-lquare. Mr. Ford, Surgeon, Gerrard-ftreet. Gray, Efq. Bruton-ftreet, Berkley-fquare. Mr. Richard Gumey, Norwich. Rev. Henry Greene. Mr. Thomas Green. Mr. John Green, Bunhill-Row. Mr. Chapman George, Bifhopfgate-ftreet. Mr. John Goad, Bifhopfgate-ftreet. Mr. James Gordon, Fenchurch-ftreet. Dr. Grant, Lipie-ftreet. Rev. Dr. Goodenough, Turr^t-Houfe, Ealing, Mr. Henry Gardener. W. M. Godfchall, Efq. Mr. Joel Goring, Uxbvidga, . Captain Goffip. Lady Harris, Finchley. Dr. John Hope, Edinburgh, Dr. William Hunter. Mr. Samuel Hoare, Broad-ftreet. Mr. Jonathan Hoare, Cateaton-ftreet. Mr. William Henly, Borough. Mr. John Hunter, Surgeon, Jermyn-ftreet. Mr. Robert Haycock, Wells, Norfolk. Jofeph Hurlock, Efq. Grays Inn-lane. Mr. Philip Hurlock, Apothecary, St. Paul’s Church-yard. The LIST of SUBSCRIBERS. Mr. Jofeph Harford, BriftoT. Mr. George Hurft, Apothecary, Queen-Square, Holborn. Mr- Jacob Hagen, Mill-ftrect, Dockhead. Mr. Halkey. , c Mr. Richard Haworth, Apothecary, Chancery-lane, two bets, Mr. Robert Holder, Apothecary, Norfolk-itreet, b fraud. Mr. Hoblyn, Chrift Church, Oxford. - Mr. Thomas Horne, Grange Walk. Mr. Harris, Apothecary, Crutched-Friars. - n Mr. W. H. Higden, Surgeon, Manchefter Buddings, Weftminftcr. Mr. Hingefton, Apothecary* Cheapfide. Dr. Hird, Leeds. Mr. Thomas Howard, Surgeon, Uxbridge. Mr. Thomas Hemy, Apothecary, Mancheiter. Mr. John Harrifon, Apothecary. Derby. Mr. Mark Harford, Jun. Briftol. Mr. James Hawkins, Surgeon, Croydon. Mr. Robert Harpur, Heath, near Wakefield. Rev. Mr. Harpur, Britilli .Mufctqn, Hollis, Efq. Great Ormortd-ftrefet. Leonard Troughear Holmes, Efq. 111« of Wight, Mrs. Jane Hyde. J- Mr. James Jcnkinfon, Yealand. John Innys, Efq. Mrs. Jones. Mr. William Ilatt. Mr. Jones, Apothecary, Graccchurch-ftrcet, K. Earl of Kerry, Porttnan-fquare. . Lady King, Dovcr-ftreet, Piccadilly. Rev. Dr. Kaye, Piccadilly. Dr. Knowles', Fenchurch-ftreet. Mr. Robert Kerby, Surgeon, Luton. Mr. George Keith, Graccchurch-ftreet. Tohn Gideon Loten in MUb Zeylano =t Celebe dim Gubernator. Dr. J. C. Lettfom, Great Eaftcheap, .two Sets. Rev. John Lightfoot, Uxbridge. Mr. Charles Lightfoot, Surgeon, Whitby. Mr. James Lee, Hammerfmith. Mr. Longley, Apothecary, Broad-ftreet. Mr. Timothy Lane, Apothecary, Alderfgate-ltrect. Mr. Lloyd, Temple. •Rev. Mr. Lort. Mr. Lifcombc. Dr. Abraham Ludlow, Briftol. _ . c Rev. James Lambert, at Lady Leiccfter’s, Hdl-ftreet, Bcrkley-fquate. M. Earl of Marchmont. Right Honourable Stewart Mackenzie. . Sir William Mufgrave, Arlington-ftreet, Piccadilly, , Mr. Thomas Marfham, Cheapfide. Mr. Daniel Mildred, Tower-liill. Dr. Muzelius, Berlin. Mr. Robert Maddocks, Witney. Mr. James Maddocks, Walworth. Mr. William Mafterman, Gracechurch-ftreet. Mr. Malcomb, Kennington. Mr. William Myers. Mr. Moore, Fleet-ftreet. Benjamin Mee, Efq. Fenchurch-ftreet. Mr. John Micklem, Uxbridge. Edward Muffenden, Efq. Yarmouth. Dr. Moreton, Britilli Mufeum. Hugh Mears, Efq. Vauxhall. N. Duke of Northumberland. Earl of Northington. Nevel, Efq Mr. Robert Norman, Gracechurch-ftreet. Mr. Richard Nairne, Cornhill. Mr. Edward Newell, Surgeon, Colchefter. Rev. Mr. Newbery, Oxford. Mr. Nelfon, Apothecary, Red Lyon-ftrect, Holborn, Captain Nairne. O. Craven Ord, Efq. Charlotte-ftreet, Bloomfbury. Mr. Edward Oxley, Norwich. Duchefs of Portland, two fets. Dr. William Pitcairn, Warwick-court. Ifaac Pickering, Efq. Dr. Lewis Petit, Great ATirlbfirouglv ftreet. Mr. Samuel Palmer, Worcefter. Edward Parker, Efq. Brig, in Lincolnlhire. Mr. Richard Prior, Budge-Row. Mr. Giles Powell, Apothecary, South Audlcy-ltreet. Mr. Robert Pope, Surgeon, Stancs. Major Thomas Pearfon. Mr. Parker, Fleet-ftreet. Rev. Mr. Pierfon, Coxwold. R. . .. Alexander Ramfay, Fafque, Scotland. Sir John Rufiell. Thomas Ruggles, Efq. Cobham. Samuel Rudge, Efq. Cornelius Rodes, Efq. Barlborough-Hall. Dr. Rawlinfon, Watling-ftreet. Mr. Samuel Robinfon, St. Thomas*. Apollles, two-bets. Colonel R&tcliffe.. • * i n S. C. Reynardfon, Efq. Great Ormond-ftre*K Mr. John Ruflell, Lewifham. Mr. Fofter Reynolds, Mitcham. Mr. Roberts, Junior. Mr. Van Rixtell. Lady Strathmore. . * Sir George Savillc, Saville-Houfe, Leicefter Fields. Dr. D. C. Solander, Britilh Mufeum. Edward Salway, Efq. Ludlow, Shroplhire. Mr. Shirley, Surgeon, Iflington. Mr. Jofeph Starrs, Chefterfield. Mr. Jaipes Severn, Apothecary, Carnaby-Market. Mr. Swale, Lmcolns-Inn. Mr. George Stacey, Holborn. Dr. William Saunders. JefferysTquare, St. Mary Ax* • Thomas Sykes, Efq. Hackney. Dr. Hugh Smith, Great Tower-ftreet. N. P. Smith, Efq. Winchefter. Mr. James Smith, Surgeon, Ramfay. S. F. Simmons, Efq. Wingham, Kent. Mr. George Spence, PioeadUly. Mr. Stevens, Stanes. Mrs. Stevenfon,' Queen-fquare, Bloomfbury. Mr. Robert Simplon* Apothecary, Briftol. T. Honourable Mrs. Talbot, little Hillingdon, n?ar Uxbridge. Thomas Tofield, Efq. Wilfick, near Doncafter, Yorklhirc, two fets. Marmaduke Tunftall, Efq. Mrs. Towers, at Hu ntfmorc Lodge, neariver, Bucks. Reverend Mr. La Trobe. Mr. Jofeph Talwin, Bromley-Hall. Mr. John Talwin, Surgeon, Royiior - "r. Ric ' ” .ichard Turner, Uxbridge. Mr. Travis, Surgeon, Scarborough. Mr. John Tilladams, Surgeon, Briftol. Mr. James Vafton, Clapton. Mr. Vine, Surgeon, Gravefend. Mr. Francis Upham, Apothecary. Alexander Wedderbume, Efq. Solicitor General. Weddcl, Efq. Upper Brook-ftreet. Thomas White, Efq, Thames-ftreet, two fets. Reverend Mr. Walker, Iflington, of Trinity Colledge. Mr. Edward Wakefield, Lad-lane. Mr. Jabez Wyatt, Saffron Walden. Mr. William Wooton, Apothecary, Lower Brook-ftreet, Grofvenor- fquare. Mr. John Woodd, Apothecary, Old Burlington-fieect. Mr. Willis, Apothecary, Hermitage, Wapping. Mr. John Ware, Crayford, Kent. William White, M. D. York. Reverend Mr. Wood, Iver, Bucks. Mr. William Wavell, Surgeon, Gracechurch-ftreet. Reverend Mr. White, Jun. Yarmouth, Norfolk. Mr. Walter Williams, Attorney, Apothecaries Hall. Mr. William Williams, Apothecary, Briftol. Dr. Yalden. William Young, Efq. Dekford, near Uxbridge, Mr. John Zachary, Cannon-ftreet. * ■*' '* OMITTED Apothccari«s Company. Mr. Thomas Crowley, Camomile-ftrcet,» 5ylr. Halfhide. Mr. Lowe, Surgeon, Prefton, Lancalln# . Mr. 'Laird, Tokenlioufe-yard. Mr. William Morris, Philadelphia. Mr. Samuel Weft, Abchurch-lane. Hutchir, ton Muir, Efq. — Stirling, Efq. Jamaica. V Mr. William Staniforth, Surgeon, Sheffield, Yorklhire.' Dr. Richard Saunders, Spring Gardens. SINCE ADDED. Reverend Mr. Southgate. Mr. Jolhua Strangman. Reverend Mr. Woodford, Southampton,- Dr. David Orme, Great St. Helens. Mr. MjfviU. Mr. John Harris, Surgeon. William Norford, M. D.^St. Edinondlbuty. J. Sneyd, Efq. Reverend Mr. Davis, Fellow of Merton Colledge, Oxford. Mr. T. G. Cullum, Surgeon? St. Edmondfbury, Suffolk. Dr. A. Hunter, York. This Catalogue is printed more with a view to obtain a compleat one, to be publiflied in the third Fafcicolus, than as one already perfeft : the Author is fenfible that there are many perfons take in this work, whofe names are not inferred, and many errors will probably be found in what is he-- - printed: he will gladly receive any information, (poftage free,) whereby he may infert Rich names and rectify fuch errors. Veronica heder/efolia. Ivy -leaved Speedwell. VERONICA Linncei Gen. PI. Diandria Monogynia. Cor. Limbo 4-partito, lacinia infima anguftiore. Capfula bilocularJk Rail Syn. Gen. 1 8. Herba: fructu sicco singulari flore monopet alo. VERONICA hederafolidy floribus folitariis, foliis cordatis planis quinquelobis. Lift. Syjt. Vegelab. p. 58» Spec. Plant, p. 1 9. Flor. Suecic. p. 7. VERONICA caule ^procumbente ; foliis lobatis, petiolis paucifloris. Haller. Hjft. Helv. n. 550. VERONICA hederafolia. Scopoli FI. Carniol. p. 21. ALSINE Hederulas folio. Bauhin. Pin. 250. i ALSINE Hederuke folio minor. Parkinfon. 760. ALSINE hederacea. Ger. emac. 616. VERONICA flofculis Angularibus, Hederula; folio, Morfus Gallina; minor didta. Ivy-leaved Speedwell, or fmall Henbit, Rati Syn. p. 280. Hudfon. FI. Angi. p. 6. Lighfoot. FI. Scot. p. 76. RADIX annua, parva, fibrofa. CAULIS decumbens, fubramoftrt, feres, crafliufculus, tener, pilis mollibus veftitus, viticulis alfines inftar geniculatus. FOLIA alterna, petiolata, fubcordata, trilobata aut quinquelobata, fubcarnofa, utrinque hirfuta, quinquenervia. PEDUNCULI uniflori, axillares, demum reflexi. CALYX: Periantjiium tetraphyllum, foliolis mag- nis, cordatis, acutis, ciliatis, fig. 1. COROLLA monopetala, rotata, pallide coerulea, la- ciniis ovatis, infima anguftiore, fig. 2, calyce brevioribus ; Faux intus villofa, fig. 3. STAMINA : Filamenta duo, alba : Anthera: coerulefcentes, fig. 4, 5, 6. PISTILLUM : Germen fubrotundum : Stylus fili- formis, albus : Stigma crafliim, album, fig. 7. PERICARPIUM: Capsula magna, obcordata, fub- rotunda, bilocularis, fig. 8 SEMINA duo in fingulo loculamento, magna, nedla- rio Cypripedii haud diffimilia, pallide fufca, intus concava, umbilicata,^. 9, 10, 11. t ROOT annual, fmall, and fibrous. t y STALK decumbent, fomewhat branched, round, I thickifti, tender, covered with foft hairs, and ftringy withinfide like Chickweed. LEAVES alternate, ftanding on foot-ftalks, fomewhat heart-fhaped, with three or five lobes, a little flefhy, and hirfute on each fide. FLOWER-STALKS, each fupporting one flower, proceeding from the bofoms of the leaves, fi- nally bending downward. CALYX: a P erianthium of four leaves, which are large, heart-ftiaped, pointed, and edged with hairs, fig. 1 . COROLLA, of one Petal, wheel-fhaped, pale blue, the fegments oval, the lower one narroweft, fig. 2, fhorter than the calyx ; the Mouth villous within, fig. 3. STAMINA: two white Filaments: Antheras blueifh, fig. 4, 5, 6. PISTILLUM: Germen roundilh : Style thread- ftiaped and white : Stigma thick and white, fig ■ 7- SEED-VESSELL : a Capsule, large, fomewhat in- verfely heart-fhaped, roundilh, with two ca- vities, fig. 8. I SEEDS two in each cavity, large, in form not unlike the Nedlary of the Ladies Slipper, of a pale I brown, hollow within, with a navel- like ap- I pearance, externally convex, and grooved or $ notched, fig. 9, io, 11. THE Veronica hederafolia appears to be a very general plant throughout Europe. Of our Englifh Speedwells , it has the greateft affinity to the Veronica agrefiis, as well in its habit and place of growth, as in the peculiar, formation of its feed-veflells and feeds : but although its feed-veflells are nearly of the fame fize, yet its feeds are confiderably larger : in the one we fcarce ever obierve more than four and often but two ; in the other we generally find eight or more ; hence we are able to account for the remarkable large feed-leaves which occur in this fpecies. Tfa hederafolia differs alfo from the agrefiis in feveral other refpeds- the leaves are more thinly placed on the ftalks, aim have feldom more than two or four notches in them • and the flowers are of a very pale blue colour. ■x. Like the agrefiis it grows in gardens and corn-fields, particularly in the latter, when the foil is light in great abundance; and flowers in April. Its feeds are ripe the latter end of May. * 6 ’ ° T'he farmer may confider it as an harmlefs annual. Its virtues, if any, remain as yet undifcovered. 0TI o >I V ERONICA ARVENSIS. WALL SPEEDWELL. VERONICA hinnai Gen. PI. Diandria Monogynia. Cor. limbo 4-partito, lacinia infima angufliore. Capfula bilocularis. Rati Syn.Gen. 18. Herb.® fructu sicco singulari flor£ monopetalo. VERONICA arvenfis floribus folitariis, foliis cordatis incifis pedunculo longioribus, hin. Syjl. Vegetak p. 57. Sp. Pl. p. 18. VERONICA caule eredto, foliis ovatis, fubhirfutis, dentatis ; petiolis breviflimis. Haller. hifi.helv. n. 548. VERONICA arvenfis. Scopoli. Flor. Carniol. p. 1 8. ALSINE veronicas foliis, flofculis cauliculis adhaerentibus. Bauhin. Pin. 250. ALSINE foliis Veronicas. Gerard, emac. 613. ALSINE foliis fubrotundis Veronicas. Parhinfon. 762. VERONICA flofculis Angularibus cauliculis adherentibus. Rati Syn. p. 2 79, Speedwell Chickweed. Oeder FI. Dan. t. 515. Hudfon FI. Angi. 6 . ed. 2. 6. Lightfoot. FI. Scot. p. 75. RADIX annua, fibrofa. CAULIS palmaris, aut dodrantalis, ere&us, plerum- que ramofus, fubinde fimplex, (rami alter- natim oppofiti, adfcen dentes,) teres, purpuraf- cens, undique hir fu tus. FOLIA inferiora petiolata, hirfuta, fubcordata, inferne faspe purpurea, obtufa, planiufcula, incifa, quinquenervia, fuperiora feffilia, fubtortuofa. FLORES pedunculis breviflimis infidentes, fpicati, bra£tae& lanceolate fuffulti. ¥ ROOT annual and fibrous. t ¥ f STALK upright, from three to nine inches in height, I generally branched, now and then fimple, (the branches alternately oppofite and afcend- I hig,) round, purplifh, and hirfute on every I fide. i I LEAVES on the bottom of the ftalk Handing on foot- f ftalks, hirfute, fomewhat heart-fhaped, often I purple on the under fide, obtufe, flattifli, notched on the edges, having five ribs, the : : upper ones feffile, and fomewhat twilled. FLOWERS fitting on very Ihort foot-llalks, growing in a fpike, fupported by a lanceolate floral- leaf CALYX : Periantiiium quadripartitum, laciniis ovato-lanceolatis, hirfutulis, hirfutie glandu- lofa, duobus inferioribus duplo fere majoribus et longioribus, Jig. 1 . , COROLLA monopetala, fubrotata, coerulea, leyiflimo taftu decidua, tubus breviflimus, albus, lim- bus quadripartitus, laciniis ovatis, infima an- gulliore, fg. 2. STAMINA: Filamenta duo, alba, medio crafliora, corolla dimidio breviora : Anther® fubcor- datte, flavefcentes, fg. 3. • ” * umucu 111 IU luur fegments, which are oval, lanceolate, and hairy ; (the hairs terminated with glands ;) the two lowermoll almoll twice as large and long as the others, fg. 1 . COROLLA monopetalous, and fomewhat wheel- Ihaped, of a blue colour, falling off on the lead touch ; the tube very fhort and white ; the limb deep- ly divided into four fegments, which are oval, the lower one narroweft, fg. 2. STAMINA : two white Filaments thickeft in the middle, half the length of the corolla : An- ther® fomewhat heart-fhaped, and yellowifh, { fg- 3 - PiSTILLUM : Germen obcordatum, compreflum, y PISTILLUM: Germen inverfely heart-fhaped, flat- vifcofum, bafi glandula cindlo : Stylus bre- | tened, and vifcous, furrounded at bottom by viflimus, alhus, redlus : Stigma craflum fub- | a gland : Style very fhort, white, and ftrait; I Stigma thick, with an appearance of being truncatum, fg. 4. cut off, fg. 4. PER 1 CARPIUM: Capsula obcordata, compreffi, J SEED-VESSEL a heart-lhaped flattened Capsule, palude mica, fig. 5, contmens. , of a pale brown colour,^-. S, containing of SEMINA circiter 14 ovata, compreffa, medio deprefl'a, | SEEDS about fourteen, which are oval and flat, with fg' 6 * 7 * % a depreffion in the middle, fg. 6, 7. AS the Veronica agreflis grows chiefly in gardens and cultivated ground, fo this fpecies, which is nearly allied to it, 15 mofl commonly found on walls, alfo in fallow fields, and on the borders of dry paflures. It flowers in April, and the feeds ripen in May. The old botanifts, inattentive to the parts of frudification, diftinguifhed this and fome other fpecies of Veronica by the general name of Affine. r * Students are apt, as we have before obferved, to confound it with the agrejlis, from which it differs in manv refpeds : the ftalk m particular is upright ; the flowers are neatly feffile ; the feed-veflels are much finaller and whennripe form a lpike. * It varies in fize from one to fix or eight inches : and on walls, the bottom leaves are frequently obferved to be purple. * J & /• - I I ' - . ■ ■ V ERONICA Brooklime. TX — — BE C AB U N G A. VERONICA Limuei Gen. PI. Diandria Monogynia. Cor. limbo 5-partito, lacinia iniima anguftiore. Raii Syn. Gen. 18. Herba: fructu sicco singulari, flore monopetalo. VERONICA Hecabunga racemis lateralibus, foliis ovatis planis, caule repente. Linn. Syji. Veget ab. p. 57. VERONICA foliis ovatis, ferratis, glabris, ex alis racemofa. Haller hi/l. n. 534. VERONICA Becabunga. Scopoli FI. Carniol. n. 11. ANAGALLIS aquatica minor folio fubrotundo. Bauhin pin. 252. ANAGALLIS aquatica vulgaris, five Becabunga. Parkinfon 1236. ANAGALLIS five Becabunga. Gerard emac. 620. VERONICA aquatica rotundifolia, Becabunga dida minor. Raii Syn. 280, Common Brooklime. Hudfon FI. Angi. p. 4. Oeder FI. Dan. Icon. 51 1. RADIX perennis, fibrofa, fibris plurimis, capillaribus, albis. CAULES numerofi, repentes, teretes, Iasves, crafli, fucculenti, rubentes, ramofi. FOLIA ovato-obtufa,utrinque glabra, fubcarnofa,‘oppo- fita, dentata, denticulis glandula terminatis. FLORES pulchre coerulei, ocello albo, racematim dif- pofiti, racemis ex utraque ala prodeuntibus. CALYX : Perianthium quadripartitum, laciniis ovato- acutis, 1 zevibus, corolla brevioribus, jig. 2. COROLLA monopetala, fubrotata, coerulea, venis fa- turatioribus ad bafin ftriatis, laciniis fubova- tis, infima anguftiore, Jig. 3. STAMINA : Filamenta duo, alba, medio crafliora : Anthera coerulefcentes : Pollen album fig‘ 4- PISTILLUM : Germen fubrotundum, didymum : Stylus apice incraflatus, purpureus : Stigma capitatum, jig. 3. P ERICA RP IUM : Capsula fubrotunda, comprefla, bilocularis, quadrivalvis, jig. 6. SEMINA plurima, ovata, fufca, jig. 7, 8. ; ROOT perennial, fibrous, the fibres numerous, very fmall and white. STALKS numerous, creeping, round, fhaooth, thick, fucculent, of a reddifh colour, and branched. LEAVES oval and obtufe, fmooth on both fides, fome- what flefhy, oppolite, indented at the edges, each little tooth terminated by a gland. FLOWERS of a beautiful blue colour, with a white eye, growing in racemi or branches which proceed from the bofoms of the leaves on each fide of the ftalk. CALYX : a Perianthium divided into four fegments, which are of an oval pointed fhape, fmooth, and fhorter than the corolla, jig. 2. COROLLA monopetalous, fomewhat weel-fhaped, of a blue colour, ftriped at bottom with deeper veins of the fame colour; the fegments nearly oval ; the lowermoft narrower than the others, fg- 3 ‘ STAMINA : two white Filaments, thickeft in the middle: Antherje blueifh : the Pollen white, jig. 4. PISTILLUM : Germen roundifh, double : Style thickeft at top and purple : Stigma forming: a little head, jig. 5. ° SEED-VESEL : a roundifh, flattened Capsule of two cavities and four valves, jig. 6. SEEDS feveral, oval and brown, jig. 7, 8. BROOKLIME grows very commonly in brooks and muddy waters wbenc j a and July It « an officinal plant, and made ufe of in the /ortatk uicls of the T " J feems to be the only purpofe to which it is applied. juices of the London Difpenfatory, which Hard Meadow-grass. P O A RIGIDA. POA Linncei Gen. PI. Triandria Digynia. Rail Syn. Gen. 27. Herbje graminifoli® flore imperfecto culmifer®. POA rigida panicula lanceolata fubramofa fecunda : ramulis alternis fecundis. Linn. SyJI. Fegetab. p. 98. 'GRAMEN panicula multiplici. Bauhin. Pin. p. 3. GRAMEN exile duriufculum in muris et aridis proveniens. Rail Syn. 410, Small Hard Grafs. GRAMEN loliaceum murorum duriufculum fpica eredta rigida. Hi/l. Oxon. III. 182. i. 2 .Jig. 9. 'GRAMEN minus 'duriufculum. Gerard. GRAMEN arvenfe, filicina, duriore panicula, gracilius. Barrel. Ic. 49. Scheuchz. Agrojl . ed Haller, p. 271. t. 6 . jig. 2, 3. fpicuke tantum. Hudfon FI. Angi. p. 35. ed. 2. p. 42* RADIX annua, paucis fibrillis iuftru&a. CULMI plures, palmares, eredi, ad bafin infradi, plerumque fimplices, heves, binodes. FOLIA lanceolata, laevia, longitudine vaginae, fubereda ; Membrana brevis, obtufa, apice lacera ; Fagina laevis, lineata. PANICULA lanceolata, fefquiuncialis, paululum re- curvata, rigida, fubfecunda. SPICUL^E lineari-lanceolatas, fubodoflorae, acutae, fubcompreffae, Jig. 1. CALYX : Gluma bivalvis, valvulae longitudine et magnitudine inaequales, ad lentem fcabriuf- culae, Jig. 2. COROLLA : Gluma bivalvis, valvulae fubaequales, ovato-acutae, marginibus membranaceis,^. 3. STAMINA : Filamenta tria, capillaria, longitu- dine Corollae: Anther® flavae, minimae, breves, utrinque furcatae, jig. 4, 5. NECTARIA : Glumul® duae, ovato-acutae, longitu- dine Germinis, ope microfcopii vifibiles,^. 6. PISTILLUM : Germen turbinatum : Styli duo ad bafin ufque ramofi, Jig. 7, 8. SEMINA ovato-acuta, hinc convexa, inde concava. 5 ROOT annual, and furnifhed with few fibres. STALKS feveral, about four inches high, upright, crooked at bottom, generally fimple, fmooth, with two knots or joints. LEAVES lanceolate, fmooth, the length of the fheath, and nearly upright ; Membrane at the bafe of the leaf fhort, obtufe, and jagged at top ; Sheath fmooth, and very finely grooved. PANICLE lanceolate, about an inch and a half long, bent a little back, rigid, the fpicul® in fome degree growing one way. SPICUL.E of a fhape betwixt linear and lanceolate, containing for the moft part eight flowers, pointed and flattilh Jig. 1 . CALYX : a Glume of two valves, the valves unequal in length and fize, appearing roughifh when viewed with a magnifier. Jig. 2. COROLLA : a Glume of two valves, the valves near- ly equal, of an oval pointed fhape, the edges membranous. Jig. 3. STAMINA: three Filaments, fine, the length of the Coroll®; Anther® yellow, very minute, fhort, and forked at each end, jig. 4, 5. NECTARIES : two fmall Glumes of an oval pointed fhape, the length of the Germen, vifible by the help of a microfcope, Jig. 6 . PISTILLUM : Germen larger at top than at bottom: Styles two, branched down to the bot- tom, jig. 7, 8. SEEDS of an oval pointed fhape, convex on one fide, and hollow on the other. ■ ?or Soopoli make any mention of this graft. According to Scheuchzer, it is common m Italy and France, in dry fields, and fometimes on walls : with us it is found more frequently on the lat- ter ; and though not fo common as fome of the graflis, yet it is to be found on moft 5f the walls about London, in May and June. In very dry and barren fixations the ftalks fometimes are found fimple, the panicle alfo not branched, and the fpicul®, inftead of containing about eight flowers, which is the ufual number, have no more than three or four: m this ftate Scheuchzer makes another fpecies of it: this alteration, from an excefs or fcantinefs of nounfhment, is what all plants are fubjeft to; and no circumftance feems to have been lefs regarded bv Bo tanifts- To form fpecies or varieties from fuch a caufe, is to multiply plants without end. A compilat knowledge of a plant is only to be attained by observing it at the different periods of its growth, in all the various fitua trous m which it occurs— Information obtained from any other foutcc is not to be -depended on. POA pratensis. Smooth Stalk’d Meadow Grass. POA Linnai Gen. PL Triandria Digynia* Col. 2-valvis, multiflorus. Spicula ovatae ; valvulis margine fcariofis, acutiufculis. Rai Syn. Gen. 27. Herb.® graminifoli® flore imperfecto culmifer®. POA pratenfs panicula diffufa, fpiculis fubquinquefloris, culmo eredto Isevi, membrana foliorum obtufa POA pratenjis panicula diftufa, fpiculis quinquefloris glabris, culmo eredlo tereti. Limati Syjl. Fegetab.p. FI. Suecic. 82. POA pratenjis. Scopeli FI. Carniol. p. 70. n. 100. Diagn. Panicula difFufa fpicuhe 2-3 flor» Glumis inzequalibus, lanugine nulla. POA panicula diffufa locuftis trifloris glabris. Haller tjfl, n. 1465. fecundum Scopuli GRAMEN pratenfe paniculatum medium. Rail Syn. 409, The greater or middle fort of Meadow Grafs. Bauhin Pin. 2. pratenfe minus. Gerard 2. ParKnfin 1156. RADIX perennis, repens , intra terrain fifiurafque mu- rorum facile penetrans. CULMI plerumque pedales, eredti, laves, vix mani- fefte ftriati. FOLIA lawia, faturate viridia, fubinde glauca, mem- brani brevi obtufa inflrudta, fg. 1 1 . PANICULA ere&a, diffufa. SPICULA ovato-acutse, plerumque quinqueflorze, etiam biflora, utrinque comprefl*, fg. i, 2. • CALYX : Gluma bivalvis, valvulis inaequalibus,' acu- minatis, concavis, Jig. 3. COROLLA : Gluma bivalvis, valvulae fubzequales, al- tera concava, carina ad lentem vifa fcabriuf- cula, altera planiufcula, Jig. 4 ; in fundo ca- lycis lanugo obfervanda, evulfs jkfculis,fg. 3, 5. STAMINA : Filamenta tria, capillaria, glumis lon- f giora: Anther® utrinque bifurcae, jig. 6. F I PISTILLUM : Germen ovatum : Styli duo, ad bafin I ufque ramofi, Jig. 7. | ? NECTARIUM : Glumul® duae ad bafin germinis, * fg. 8, audi. | t SEMEN angulofum, acuminatum, bafi lanugine inftruc- | to, fg. 9. nat. mag. fg. 10, audi. | ROOT perennial and creeping, eafily penetrating into the earth and crevices of walls. STALKS generally about a foot high, upright ,fmooth, fcarce perceptibly flriated. LEAVES fmooth, of ^ a deep green colour, fometimes blueilh, furnilhed with a fort blunt mem- brane, jig. 11. PANICLE upright and fpreading. SPICUL^E oval-pointed, generally with five flowers, fometimes only two, flattened on each fide fg • 2. CALYX a Glume of two valves, unequal, acumi- nated and hollow, fg. 3. COROLLA a Glume of two valves, the valves near- ly equal ; the one concave, with the keel ap- pearing fomewhat rough if magnified ; the other flattifh, Jig. 4 : in the bottom of the calyx a filamentofe or wooly fubftance is ap- parent when the flowers are drawn out of k > fg- 3> 5 * STAMINA : three Filaments, thread-lik^ longer than the glumes : Anther® forked at each end, fg. 6. PISTILLUM : Germen oval : Styles two, branched down to the bottom, fg. 7. NECTARY : two little Glumes at the bafe of th* germen, fg. 8, mgnified. SEED angular and pointed, at bottom wooly, of its natural fiz e, fg. 9; magnified,^. 10. indTtPthaf P r a PP roacl1 v ’? r y n«>r each other in their general appearance, fo ranch fo, indeed, that the botamft who is intimately acquainted with them, cannot, if he fees them grow together cifidTifftrences 6 "!, “ “h f “““ ! a ?‘ 1 - j he ch ? raaers from ,vhich >n° d em botanifts have drawn them fpe- lie hat foirad t’h h b ,d° Va P e aIld lndeterm “«e, that the ftudent i. never able to fatisfy himfelf whether marks of Tb ^1“' TV Tt “ not tw0 £ rafe whicl ' afford “°r« obvious or fatisfaBory has made “ &0D j- V' ' 7 1 haVe ex P er,eaced myfelf in the inveffigation of thefe two plants, aTarfurcuhrae of[h™: ntIVe *° ! W ‘“ 1 ^ Nervations, 'joined Thefe Thefe grades differ chiefly in .he foil owing particulars: r =|j^riS white (hoots; but what diftingmfhes them mod fully and Xrr fhort and blunt; in the at the bottom of the leaf, where the Iheath egl \s , * .P f . obvious to the raoft common trivia* it is long and farted : and the Ich in fee and other particulars. si more fo. Tire fraterfi grows generally on wall is ; mdeed there . * ™1‘ J and B oftmt imes to cornea the florets and calyx together : but this appearance, which is indeed a veiy ftiikmg and Angular one, Ind which I have not yet riLw/in any other graflis, takes place nearly in an equal degree m both : thiy fhb- ftaieadheres to the feed when fepanated, and cairfes them to hang to one another as if there were cobwebs amon/them- fo that a perfon ignorant of the caufe, from an examination of inch feed, might Conclude it old and c3 fcr nothing: this appearance-is moil ftriking-in the trivialis. Ray, whole defcr.pt, ous always accord with nature™ andate tfken from the mod obvious ch'araSers of the plant, mentions the roughnefs, (Culm ,wm,,h,l ‘affer, :) but the particular ftiape of the membrane has not, that I know of, been noticed till now. The Pea trw# may be confidere'd as a valuable grafs, and one of thofe which ought to enter into the 1 c.- " L,j rai . or na ft 11 re • I fav compofition, becaufe I imagine every good meadow fhou Id be compounded of a variety of grafles, each having peculiar and valuable properties. We are not to expeft all that catTbewifhed in a meadow in lie grafs: feme arc calculated to produce food, a, nd carry a beautiful verdure even in the depth of winter : forne bring forth early fhoots, and make choice food for cattle m the fpnng . fLe produce a large quantity of fweet tender leaves at bottom ; others by the weight and height of them ftalks, and of theh heads 6 or panicles at top, encreafe the weight of the hay: feme Ihoot ftrongly and produce a Ce aftermath: feme give a more agreeable fmell to the hay. So that to have a good meadow we Ihould have a variety of grqffcs ; and if we may argue from analogy, a variety of food may alio be more grateful to cattle. The principal advantages of the Poa prate»/,! are, that it is a fweet grafs and eaten readily by cattle in aeneral- camiesits vefdure in the winter better than moll others, and throws out young and numerous Cots in the fpring, fo as to make good fpnng 1 food. It produces a good crop of leaves at bottom, which make exceeding fine hay, and is lit for cutting early in the fpnng. , There is a glaucous or blucifh variety of this grafs occurs frequently in meadows : it varies alfo in the num- ber of its floicuies, from three to five, or fometimes more: as likewife in its lize : when growing on walls or dry banks, it does not reach half the height yyhich it does in fertile meadows. II li PoA TRIVIALIS. Rough-stalk’d Meadow Grass. POA Linneei Gen. PI. TriAndria Digynia. Cal. 2 -valvis, multiflorus. Spicula ovata : valvulis margine fcariofls acutiufculis. Raii Syn. Gen. 27. Herbje graminifolia: flore imperfecto culmifer.®. POA trivialis panicula diffufa, fpiculis fubtrifloris, culmo ere&o fcabro, membrana foliorum acuminata. POA trivialis panicula diffufa, fpiculis trifloris bafi pubefcentibus, culmo eretto tereti. Linneei Syjl. Veget ab. p. 97. GRAMEN pratenfe paniculatum medium* Bauhin pin. 5. Raii Syn. p. 409. n. 2* POA trivialis. Scopoli FI. Camiol. p. 69. n. 39. Diagn. Lanugo ad bafin petali exterioris* POA panicula diffufa locuflis trifloris villofis. Haller hijl. n. 1562. fecundum Scopoli. GRAMEN pratenfe minus. Parkinfon 1156. Gerard emac. 2. Hudfon FI. Angi. p. 33. RADIX fibrofa, capillacea. CULMUS erectus, pedalis ad bipedalem, bafi repens, unde perenne evadit hoe gramen, ftriatus, fcabriufculus, fiepe purpureus. FOLIA: Vagina fubcomprefla, ftriata, fcabriufcula : Membrana ad bafin foliorum longa , acuminata , ftg. 1 ; folia ipfa longa, fcabriufcula, fubtus nitida, tenera. PANICULA eredta, diffufa. SPICULzE parvae, btfloras, aut triflorae, (fig. 2. 2. magn. nat. fig. 3. 3. lente au£t,) nonnunquam etiam quadriflora;, ovato-acuminatze, fubcompreffe. GLUMAE calycina; bivalves, valvulis inaequalibus, a- cuminatis, carinatis, carina fcabrS, fig. 4. 'Si glumie corollacete ex calycinis glumis extra- hantur, lanugo (fig . 9 ,) confpiciatur, huic et Poc e pratenfi quoufque obiervavi propria. GLUMzE corollaceje bivalves, valvulis fubaequalibus, ■; acutis. ■ i ; STAMINA: Filamenta tria capillaria, glumis paulo ;; longiora, fig. 6 : Anther.® flavae aut purpu- rafcentes, demum utrinque furcatae, fig. 6. • j PISTILLUM: Germen minimum, ovatum : Styli | duo ad bafin fere plumofi, fig. 7. | % •NECTARIUM : GlumuL’Je duae tenera; ad bafin ger- | minis., fig. 8. $ % SEMEN oblongo acuminatum, angulofum, bafi lanu- | gine- inifrudtum, fig. 10. ¥ ROOT fibrous and capillary. STALK upright, from one to two feet high, creeping at bottom, whence this grafs becomes peren- nial, flriated, rough, and often purple. LEAVES : the Sheath flattifh, flriated, rough i fh ; the Membrane at the bale of the leaf Png, and pointed, fig. 1 : the leaves themfelves long, fomewhat rough, Alining underneath, and ten- der. PANICLE upright and fpreading. SPICULjE fmall, containing two or three flowers, (fig. 2. 2. of their natural fize, fig. 3. 3. mag- nified) and fometimes even four flowers, of an oval pointed fhape, and flattifh. GLUMES of the Calyx compofed of two valves, which are unequal, pointed, and have the keel, or rib on the back, rough, fig. 4. If the glumes of the corolla are drawn out of the glumes of the calyx, a wooly fubflance (fig. 9,) is ob- fervable, and which, as far as I have hitherto noticed, is peculiar to this Grafs and the Poa pratenjis. GLUMES of the corolla of two valves, the valves nearly equal and pointed, fig. 3. STAMINA : three capillary Filaments a little longer than the glumes, fig. 6: Ant her je yellow or purplifh, ' finally becoming forked at each end, fig. 6. PISTILLUM : Germen very fmall and oval : Styles two, feathered almoft to the bottom, fig. 7. NECTARY : two little tender Glumes at the bottom of the germen, fig. 8. SEED oblong and pointed, angular, and furnifhed with a woolly fubflance at bottom, fig. 10. THE means of difhnguifhing this Grafs from the Poa pratenjis, (for which it is the moft liable to be miftaken) with many other particulars relative to it, we have already given under the latter : confidered in an agricultural light, it is certainly one of our heft grafles, both for hay and pafturage ; indeed a good meadow can fcarcely be formed without it. Its chief qualities are, that it produces a large quantity of fweet tender leaves, whicli are preferred by cattle to nroft others, and which are convertible into exceeding fine hay. It is an early grafs, flowering about the beginning of June. It does not bear the frofts of the Winter fo well, nor does it ihoot 10 early in the Spring as the Poa pratenjis', but when the weather comes to be fo warm as to make the grafles in general fhoot, this grows fafter, and produces a greater crop of bottom leaves, (the moft definable parts of grafles, - ) than moft others. v r 6 It grows beft in meadows that are tolerably moift : in dry paftures it is often found, but much fmaller Hints relative to the Culture of the GraJJes. When the advantages refulting to the community from the introdu«ftIon of Wheat, Barley, Rye , Clover, Fares, t. oin, lrejoil, &c. many of which are natives of our own country, daily occur to us: when neither pains nor expence are fpared to improve our arable lands, it feems ftrange that fo little care fhould be taken of the improvement of our meadows and. paftures, which might doubtlefs be made to produce double or treble the crops they already do, by the judicious introdudlion of proper grafles. If If we examine our meadows, paftures, and downs, we fhall find them pretty much ill a fete of nature, excepting thofe paftures which of later years have been fown with Rye Grafs and Clover , full of an lndilcn- minate mixture of plants, fome of which afford good, others bad food ; fome good crops, others lcarce any crops at all. That I may not be thought to fpeak at random on this matter, I fhall here mention a few facts to corroborate what I have afl'erted. My very worthy and much efteemed friend Thomas White, Efq ; with a view to the afcertaining the produce of feveral downs and hilly paftures fed on by fheep, procured from each of the undermentioned differen t downs and commons. In Hampfhire and Suffex, a turf which, though not larger than about fix inches in diameter, and chofen as pure as any part of the pafturage, produced, on being planted in a garden, the following plants. Turf from Selborn Common. 1 Plantago lanceolata. 2 Agroftis capillaris. 3 Avena Jlavefcens. 4 Dadiylis glomeratus . j Fejluca duriufcula. 6 Poa annua. 7 Cynofurus crjjlatus. 8 Trifolium repens. 9 Crepis tedtorum. 10 Achillea Millefolium. 1 1 Galium verum. 12 Hypocharis radicata. 13 Hteracium Pilofella. 14 "Thymus Serpyllum. Narrow-leaved Plantain. Fine panicled Agroftis, Yellow Oat Grafs. Rough Cocksfoot Grafs. Hard Fefcue Grafs. Common dwarf Poa. Crefted Dogs-tail. Creeping or Dutch Clover. Smooth Succory Hawkweed. Y arrow. Y ellow Ladies Bedftraw. Long-rooted Hawkweed. Moufe-ear Chickvveed. Wild Thyme. Turf from Oakh anger. 1 Trifolium repens . 2 Holcus lanatus. 3 Poa annua. 4 Agro/lis capillaris. 5 palufrls. Creeping or Dutch Clover. Meadow Soft Grals. Common dwarf Poa. Fine panicled Agroftis. Marfh Agroftis. Turf from Deortun. 1 Ranunculus repens. 2 Lolium perenne. 3 Holcus lanatus. 4 Prunella vulgaris. 5 Fefuca duriufcula. 6 Agroftis paluftris. 7 Trifolium repens. 8 Crepis teEkorum. 9 Achillee a Millefolium. Creeping Crowfoot. Ray Grafs or perennial Darnel. Meadow foft Grafs. Self-heal. Hard Fefcue Grafs. Marfh Agroftis. Creeping or Dutch Clover. Smooth Succory Hawkweed. Y arrow. Turf from Glynd Hill. 1 Medicago lupulina. 2 Achillaa Millefolium. 3 Poa pratenfs. Black-feeded Medick, Trefoil or Nonfuch. Yarrow. Smooth-ftalk’d Meadow Grafs. Turf from Glynd Hill. 4 Avena Jlavefcens. 5 Fejluca duriufcula. 6 ovina. 7 Hteracium Pilofella. 8 Agrojlis capillaris. 9 Trifolium repens. i o Thymus Serpyllum. Yellow Oat Grafs. Hard Fefcue Grafs. Sheeps Fefcue Grafs. Moufe-ear Hawkweed Fine panicled Agroftis. Creeping or Dutch Clover. Wild Thyme. Turf from Short Heath. 1 Fefuca bromoides. 2 Aira preecox. 3 Juncus campefris. 4 Poa annua. 5 Agrofis capillaris. Barren Fefcue Grafs. Early Aira. Hairy Rufh. Common dwarf Poa. Fine panicled Agroftis. Turf from Mount Cabron. 1 Rumex acetofa. 2 Daucus carola. 3 Medicago lupulina. 4 Poterium fanguiforba. 5 Fefuca duriufcula. Common Sorrel Dock. Wild Carrot. Black-feeded Medick, Trefoil or Nonfuch. Burnet. Hard Fefcue Grafs. 6 Avena favefeens. Yellow Oat Grafs. Turf from Ringmer Down. 1 Linum catharticum. 2 Scabiofa columbaria. 3 Ornithopus perpafhus. 4 Avena favefeens. 5 Fefuca duriufcula. 6 Trifolium repens. 7 Hypocheeris radicata. 8 Crepis te dt orum. 9 Lotus corniculata. 10 Juncus campefris. 1 1 Hieracium pilofella. 12 Feftuca ovina. 1 3 Thymus Serpyllum. 14 Poa prater Jis. Purging Flax. Sheeps Scabious. Bird’s-foot:. Yellow Oat Grafs. Hard Fefcue Grafs. Creeping or Dutch Clover. Long-rooted Hawkweed. Smooth Succory Hawkweed. Bird’s-foot Trefoil. Hairy Rufh. Moufe-ear Hawkweed. Sheeps Fefcue Grafs. Wild Thyme. Smooth-ftalk’d Meadow Grafs- Thefe experiments prove that our downs and commons, which we in general confider as more free from weeds than moft of our paftures, are altogether an aflbmblage of different plants; and our meadows are much the fame. It mult be allowed that there is a confiderable difference in them ; one meadow, or traift of land ihall naturally contain a greater number of good graffes than another ; another fhall produce little more than a mixture of unprofitable weeds, fuch as Crowfoot, particularly the creeping fort, Docks , Sorrel, Thfles, Mallows , Yarrow Knapweed Nettles Ragwort, tie. moft of which having ftrong perennial or creeping roots, continue in the ground’ impoverifh it, and overun the few good grafles there are ; lb that the ground is very little worth. If the ground be manured, the unprofitable and noxious plants are thereby benefited as well asthegrafs ; for it is the extremity of folly to fuppofe that manure fhall produce good plants if the mots or feeds of them were not in the ground before. It muft be allowed, however, that it there be in the; meadow any ftrong growing grafles, they may from manure overtop and deftroy many annual plants, but not thofe above-mentioned, which with many others, will grow with their growth and ftrengthen with their ftrength. fa f ll n °P his kind i aI ? ne ’ wl > ich . P erha P s . moft mifehievous ; thefe being vifiblc and whXiSh^ r n Td 4 i 4' at the fame timc the S r ° und to overun with bad grafles, which not being fo eafily diftingmlhed by the Farmer, cannot be fo readily deftroyed. Now graffes may be confidered nr,rhf„v U a r rib rid “'/“““j e 4 °^ S' 4 the ? fcl ' , “. P™duce fo fmall a crop\s to bo worth little or nothing, as the early and Jifoei Hair Grafs and Wall Poa : they may, either from their ranknefs, roughnefs, or fome 0 her queues not perceptible to us be Inch as cattle are not fond of, as Cat,-, ail Grafs, Rough Cocklfiol and fome others : they may die on the ground and give the meadows a dead and difagreeable Appearance in the winter ”s fome of the fpecies of Agrojlis : or they may blow late in the futnmer, and be not fit for cutting ’tiU moft of’ the Hern So^nt^fo 1 * * ! ^ “ 4 ^ ‘ n * ,dow “V be fillei noxious plants as equally as if they Surely then it muft be worth the perfons while, who would wifli to lay down his land for meadow or nafture or improve what is already bad, to be at feme pams and expence about it, and fow if with as much clut on as S would to produce a crop of fine Wheat ; the more fo indeed, as when his land is once filled with gooT graffes 1 remains a good meadow or good pafture forever, which will always look pleafing, and if properlv nfanured and the feafon prove not remarkably unfavourable, will each year produce a plentiful a-op. P P 7 d ’ and I have already obferved, in fpeaking of the Poa pratenfs, that a good meadow muft confift of a variety of graffes which ought all to come into bloom nearly at the lame time; and if the graffes be of the ri Jbt l- 1 ,1 S ■?! begin to blow, and the whole meadow be fit for mowing the laft week in May, The adUntagfs of hi ea kYi making are very confiderable : this part of the year is very often extremely favourable in point of weather to ^ making of hay : it is not poftponed to as to interfere with the harveft : cattle may be turnedlhe fooneHnto tbe r Id to graze ; or another crop of hay be produced in good time for the fecolid making. * mt0 da Alopecurus myosuroides. Field Foxtail Grass. ALOPECURUS Llmxi Gin. PI . Triandria Dioynia. Cal. 2-valvis. Cor. i -valvis' RaiSyn.Gtn. 27. Herbie graminifoliie flore imperfecto culmiferje. ALOPECURUS myofiroM's fpica cylindrica longiffima, glumis glabris ; culmo fuberedo. Hudfm FL Angl.p. 23. ALOPECURUS Hgrefiis culmo fpicato ere&o, glumis laevibus. Lin.Syfi. I egetab. p 93. Sp. PI. p. 89. ALOPECURUS culmo erecto, fpicato, calyce ciliato. Haller hift. helv. p. 249. GRAMEN Typhoides fpica anguftiore. Bauhni Pin. 4. GRAMEN cum cauda muris purpurafcente. I. Bauhm. 2. p. 4-73- GRAMEN fpicatum, fpica cylindracea tenuiffima longiore. Scheuch. Gram. 69. GRAMEN myofuroides majus, fpica longiore, ariftis reftis. RallSyn.p. 397, The greater Moufe-tad Grafs. GRAMEN alopecuroides fpica longa majus et minus. Parhnfon 1169. GRAMEN alopecuroides minus. Gerard emac. 10. LightfootFl. Scot. p. 91. Schreber. Gram. 140. /. r 9 - f£' 2 - RADIX annua, fibrofa, fufca. CULMUS pedalis, ere&us, bafi faepe infrattus, ngidiuf- | cuius, teres, geniculatus. f ? FOLIA triuncialia, ad duas lineas lata, lawia, ftriata, | bafi membrana obtufa inftrufta. | t SPICA longa, tenuis, fubcylindracea, purpurafcens. | I I SPICULiE unifloras, ovato-acutae, in fpicam imbrica- | tim congeftse, externe convexulae, interne * planse, fig. 1. | CALYX: Gluma bivalvis, uniflora; valvulae fubas- * quales, muticae, nervofae, bafi annulo cinfta, | fS • 2> 3- I I COROLLA univalvis, valvula calyce paulo longiore, $ membranacea, laevi, fig. 4, Arifta re£ta, e | bafi valvulae exferta, fpicula duplo fere lon- $ giore inftru&a, fig. 5. I ■% STAMINA: Filamenta tria, capillaria, ere£ta, val- | vulis calycinis duplo longiora: Anthers ^ oblongae,* utrinque furcate, fig. 6. | ¥ t PISTILLUM: Germen minimum,^-. 7: Stylus | brevis, bafi tumidus,^. 8 : Stigmata duo, ^ letacea villofa apice reflexa, fig. 9. | SEMEN unicum, minimum, fubrotundum, corolla et | calyce obveftitum, fig. 10. ¥ ROOT annual, fibrous, and brown. STALK a foot high, upright, often crooked at bot- tom, ftiffilh, round, and jointed ; the joints fmooth and purple. LEAVES about three inches long and two lines broad, fmooth, ftriated, furnilhed at bottom with an obtufe membrane. SPIKE long, flender, fomewhat cylindrical, and pur- plilh. SPICULaE uniflorous, of a pointed oval fhape, lying clofely one over another in a fpike, externally roundilh, internally flat, fig. 1 . CALYX : a Glume of two valves, containing one flower ; the valves nearly equal, not termina- ted by any ihort Arifta, ftrongly rib’d, and fur rounded at bottom by a ring, fig. 2, 3. COROLLA of one valve, the valve a little longer than the calyx, membranous, and fmooth, fig. 4, furnifhed with a ftraight Arifta, which proceeds from the bafe of the valve, and is nearly twice the length of the fpicula, fig. 5. STAMINA: three Filaments, very fine, upright, twice the length of the valves of the calyx ~ Anthera: oblong, and forked at each end, fig- 6. PISTILLUM: Germen very fmall, fig. 7: Style fhort, fwelled at bottom, fig. 8 : Stigmata two, tapering, villous, bent back at top,^r. 9. SEED one, very minute, enclofed by the corolla and calyx, fig. 10. THE Field Foxtail Grafis, with refpeift to agriculture, may be confidered rather as a weed than as an ufeful pafture grafs. It is very common in cultivated ground ; and often abounds fo much in corn fields, as to be prejudicial, among rubbifh, and on banks by the tides tff fields, it is alfo frequently found; but fcarce ever in meadows. It flowers early, and continues to blofl'om till Autumn ; and comes into bloom the quickeft, after being fown, of any grafs that I have hitherto noticed. It is diftinguilhed from the other fpecies of the fame genus, by its long flender fpike, which tapers to a point, and has fome refemblance to a moufes tail, whence J. Bauhine’s and Mr. Hudson’s names. This fpike is generally of a purplilh colour, at leaft on that fide which is raoft expofed to the fun ; though ibmetimes the whole fpike appears of a whitilh colour. The form of the fpike, and its place of growth, will, in general, point out this fpecies plainly enough. But if thefe fhould be found deficient, the ftudent may have recourfe to the annulus or ring, which lurrounds the bafe of each Ipicula, vid. fig. 3. I have found this fpecies cffefted with the difeafe called Ergot , defcribed under the Flote Fefcue Grafs. ■ - . - - . ' ... ■ ■ : r.ii: ■ ' Bromus hirsutus. Hairy -Stalk’d Brome- Grass. BROMUS Lintuel Gen. Pl. Triandria Digynia. Cal. 2-valvi?. Spicula oblonga, teres, difticha ; arifta infra apicem. Rail Syn. Gen. 27. Graminifolia: flore imperfecto culmiferje, BROMUS hirfutus panicula nutante fcabra, fpiculis teretibus fublinearibus decemfloris, ariftis re&is, vaginis foliorum hirfutis. BROMUS ramofus panicula nutante fcabra, fpiculis linearibus decemfloris, arifta longioribus, foliis fcabris. Hudfon FI. Angl. p. 40. BROMUS foliis hirfutis, per oras afperrimis, locuftis glabris, teretibus, novemfloris. Haller bift.n. 1503. BROMUS giganteus. Scopoli Flor. Cam. var. 2. villofa et major. GRAMEN Avenaceum dumetorum panicula fparfa. Rail Syn. p. 415. Hift. Piant, p. 1289. Bulli or Wood Oat-Grafs, with a fparfed panicle. GRAMEN Avenaceum dumetorum paniculatum majus hirfutum. H. Ox. 3. 213. 27. RADIX perennis, plurimis fibris, flexuofis, flavefcen- tibus inftru&a. CULMUS tripedalis, ad orgyalem aut etiam fupra, ereftus, tribus plerumque nodis articulatus, folidus, ftriatus. FOLIA: Fagina ftriata, pilis longis, crebris , rigidiufculis, deorfum verjis hirfuta: Folia ipfa pedalia, fe- muncialia, deflexa, ftriata, rarioribus et brevi- oribus pilis iifque ad margines et mediam kCoftam prascipue donata. PANICULA pedalis, fparfa, rami binati aut ternati, patentes, nutantes, fcabri, fispe flexuofi. SPICULAE plerumque bina:, fefquiunciales, tenues, te- retiufculas, reflas, vix hirfutae, decemfloras, ad bafin annulo diaphano notatas, 3 : Arista: breves, fcabras, rediufculas, Jig. 1. CALYX: Gluma bivalvis, Jig. 2; valvulis inasquali- bus, majore concava, interne nitida, trinerve, mucronata, nervis fcabris, minore unicarinata acuminata. COROLLA : Gluma bivalvis, valvulis inaequalibus, exteriore trinerve, nervis exftantibus, nervo medio inAriftam refliufculam Corolla brevio- rem delinente, interiore planiufcula, ciliata, breviore, Jig. 4, 5, 6. NECTARIUM Glumula duas ad bafin Germinis, fg- 8. STAMINA: Filamenta tria, capillaria : Anthers bifurcas, flavas, Jig. 7. PISTILLUM : Germen lubovatum, bafi nudum, a- pice villofum : Styli duo, ufque ad bafin ramofi, fg. 10. SEMEN planiufculum, ariftatum, glumis adhasrenti- bus, Jig. n, 12, 13. ROOT perennial, furniftied with numerous, crooked, yellowifh fibres. STALK from three to fix feet high, or more, upright, confifting generally of three joints, folid and >- finely grooved. LEAVES : th tjheath ftriated, covered with numerous long hairs , which are fomewhat rigid, and bend back - p wards : the Leaves themfelves a foot long, and half an inch broad, befet with fewer and Ihor- ter hairs, and thofe chiefly at the edges and midrib. PANICLE a foot long, fpreading, the branches grow- ing two or three together, hanging down, rough, and often crooked. SPICULAS generally growing two together, an inch and a half long, {lender, roundifh, ftraight, fcarcely hirfute, containing ten flowers, and marked at the bale with a pellucid ring. Jig. 3. The Arista Ihort, rough, and nearly ftraight, fg • i- CALYX : a Glume of .two valves, Jig. 2 ; the valves unequal; the larger one concave, and Ihining within, having three ribs, and terminating in a Ihort point, the ribs rough ; the fmaller one having only one rib, and a more tapering point. COROLLA : a Glume of two valves, the valves une- qual, the exterior one having three prominent ribs, the middle one of which terminates in a ftraightifti Arifta, ftiorter than the Corolla; the inner one flattifh, edged with hairs, and Ihorter than the other, fg. 4, 5, 6. NECTARY ; two little Glumes at the bafe of the Germen, fg 8. STAMINA : three Filaments, very fine: Anthera forked and yellow, fg. 7. r PISTILLUM: Germen fomewhat oval, naked at bot- tom, at top villous: Styles two, branched quite to the bottom, 10. SEED flattifh, terminated by an Arifta, the Glumes adhering to it , fg. 11, 12, 13. THAT 'he plant here figured, is not the Bromus ramfm of J^nkjeus, I have learned from Dr. Solander and Mr. Banks, whole authority in this matter will not be controverted. I have therefore called it hirfutus, horn a wiih that a trivial name might be given it, which ihould not only characterize the plant, but at the fame time, diftmguilh it from a Grafs which is undoubtedly often miftaken for it as it frequently grows with it, is nearly of the fame height, and flowers about the fame tune: I mean the Bromus gtgmteus of Limveus, figured by Schreber, the leaves and folks of which are perjeflly Jmooth. . The Bromus hirfutus is the tailed of our Englilh grades, often exceeding fix feet in height which rendets it a very confpicuous grafs. The F'Jlum tiatior, and Bromus gigmtcus, will however often grow nearlv as high in particular iituations. b J . 11 ° ccurs f °? °f hed Sf i n T he environs of London, particularly about Hampjkttd-, abundantly alfo m Kent ; and flowers in June and July. J Exdufive of its height before mentioned, it is diflinguifhed from all our other graflis by the hairinefs of Its ftalk, or rather the fheaths of the leaves which cover it ; and this, fo far as I have hitherto obferved is an infallible criterion. » It appears to be too coarfe a grafs to be cultivated for cattle ; and we do not learn that it has been an. plied to any other purpofes. P /uju/duj 'mm/j Y 1 \ M---V 'V' Galium a par in e. Cleavers OR Goose Grass. GALIUM Linn tel. Gen. PI. Tetrandria Monogynia. Cor. i -petala, plana. Sent. 2, fubrotunda. Rail Gen. 12. Herba: stellata. GALIUM Aparine follis oftonis lanceolatis, carinis fcabris retrorfum aculeatis, geniculis villofis, fru&ibus hilpidis. Linnai Syjl. Vegetab. p. 127. Sp. PI. 157. Flor. Suecic. p. 45. GALIUM caule ferrato, foliis fenis, linearibus, lanceolatis, ferratis, petiolis unifloris. Haller bift. helv. n. 723. GALIUM Aparine. Scopoli FI. Carniol. n. 157. APARINE vulgaris. Bauhin Pin. 334. APARINE Gerard emac. 1122. Parkinfon 567. Raii Syn. p. 225, Cleavers or Goofe-Grafs. Hudfon FI. Angl. p. 57. Oeder Flor. Dan. icon. 495. Lightfoot Flor. Scot. p. 11 7. RADIX annua, fibrofa. CAULIS tetragonus, angulis retrorfum aculeatis, de- bilis, fragilis, geniculatus, bafi articulorum villofus, ramofiflimus, ad quatuor et ultra pe- des altus, proxima quasque fcandens, adhae- refcenfque. RAMI oppofiti. FOLIA fena ad oCtona, lanceolato-linearia, mucronata, fuperne fcabra, inferne glabra margine et ca- rina retrorfum aculeatis. FLORES pauci, parvi, albidi, petiolis fcabris infiden- tes. CALYX nullus. COROLLA minima, monopetala, rotata, albida, qua- dripartita, laciniis ovato-acutis, fg. 1. STAMINA: Filamenta quatuor, brevia, alba: An thera luteas, fig. 2. PISTILLUM : Germen didymum, inferum, villo- fum : Styli duo Corolla breviores: Stig- mata globola, fg. 4, 5, 6. PERICARPIUM : Bacca duae, ficcae, globofas, coa- lit*, hifpidas, aculeis recurvis, fg. 7. SEMINA folitaria, reniformia, magna. ROOT annual, fibrous. STALK quadrangular, the angles furnifhed with aculei or prickles, which bend backward, weak, brittle, and jointed ; the bottom of the joints villous, very much branched, growing to four feet or more high, climbing and adhering to every plant near it. BRANCHES oppofite. LEAVES growing fix or eight together, of afhape be- twixt lanceolate and linear, terminating in a point, rough on the upper fide, on the under fide fmooth, the edge and midrib, or keel rough, with fharp prickles bending back- wards. FLOWERS few, fmall, andwhitilh, fitting on rough foot-ftalks. CALYX wanting. COROLLA very minute, monopetalous, wheel-fha- ped, of a whitifh colour, divided into four oval pointed fegments, fg. 1. STAMINA ; four fhort white Filaments : Anthe^- ra yellow, fg. 2. PISTILLUM: Germen double, below the Corolla, villous : Styles two, fhorter than the Corol- la : Stigmata globular, fg. 4, 5, 6. SEED-VESSEL: two dry globular Berries, flightly joined together, rough with prickles bending back at the point, fg. 7. SEEDS fingle, fomewhat kidney lhaped, and large. THIS plant has moft probably obtained its name of Cleavers, from its cleaving or adhering to whatever it comes In contact with, which it is in a peculiar manner enabled to do, by its hooked prickles ; and that of Goofe-Grafs from its being a favourite food of Geefe. It abounds in all cultivated ground, and by its quick growth, is apt to overpower many plants both in the garden and field. Young quickfet hedges, in a particular manner, fhould be carefully freed from it. It is an early blowing plant, and produces its feed from June to September. Dioscorides obferves, that the ihepherds made ufe of it as a ftrainer to filter their milk through. If the accounts given of it, by writers 011 the Materia Medica, are to be depended on, it is not without t-onfiderable medicinal powers. The expreffed juice of the feeds, ftalks, and leaves, are powerful againft the bites of vipers and fpiders ; and the fame dropt into the ears, cures the pain of them ; Raii bift. p. 484. The herb mixed with lard, diflolves fcrophulous fwellings; idem. The tops are an ingredient in fpring broth, for purifying the blood ; Rutty Mater. Med. The feeds have been made ufe of by fome inftead of coffee ; idem. A llrong decodtion of the herb, taken to the quantity of twelve ounces, morning and evening, has brought away gravel in many cafes ; idem. The root eaten by birds, has tinged their bones of a red colour, as in experiments made with madder ; idem. A decottion of the plant has proved highly ferviceable in a fimple gonorrhea; D. Palmer apud Dale. Of late this plant has been much celebrated in fcrophulous and cancerous fores : but experiments carefully made with it, in St. Thomas's Hofpital, have not turned out in its favour. It is eaten by horfes, kine, lheep, and goats, but refufed by fwine ; Linn. Armen. Acad. The Calyx in this fpecies, is certainly wanting. . ♦« i . • •• • ' : i - ; ; ’ . ’ v '* 1 * ■ • .tr: v. H-\y f • . 'i i..:.' • ..’ij i -.si... ' I «iiJr.-JrI.-Ci--» r; r..,r. .1 / . ; ( fs-- ne Io T: r ; fy • •' i : >'-■ •ns«..»d? e.: . . - 't br:.: --.r i :r . ' 3nJ /’ - ' ! : : ' -r,;,; 1 ..jy/, ' .... -Ii 03 rjdmc I . iu jgE-ntni • Hj no vfi- • ■><./ r.-;: • ,. a ;, v . Plantago lanceolata. Narro w-leaved Plantain or Ribwort. PLANTAGO Linneei Gen. Pl. Tetrandria Monogynia. Cal. 4-fidus. Cor. 4-fida : limbo reflexo. Stamina longifiima. Caps. 2-locularis, circumfcifla. Rail Syn. Gen. 22. Herb.® vasculifer®, flore tetrapetalo asomal®. PLANTAGO lanceolata foliis lanceolatis, fpica fubovata nuda, fcapo angulato. Llnn.SyJi. Vegetab.p. 131. PLANTAGO foliis lanceolatis quinquenerviis, fcapo nudo, fpica ovata. Haller hifi. n. 656. PLANTAGO lanceolata. Scopoli FI. Carnlol. p. 108. n. 163. PLANTAGO anguftifolia major. Bauhln Pin. 189. PLANTAGO quinquenervia. Gerard emac. 422. PLANTAGO quinquenervia major. Parkinfon 495- Ran Syn. p. 314» Ribwort or Ribwort-Plantain, Hudfon FI. Angl. p. 52. Oeder FI. Dan. icon. 437. RADIX perennis, fufca, fibris mullis inftru&a, per | • tetatem pramiorfa. | ! FOLIA longe petiolata, bafi purpurea, lanuginofa, lan- | ceolata, quoad latitudinem infigniter variantia, % quinquenervia, rariter dentata, hirfutula, e- | refta, nonnunquam vero patentia. ^ t SCAPUS foliis longior, fimplex, fulcato-angulofus, | fubtortuofus, ere&us. f * SPICAE ovato-oblongse, nigricantes. | BRACTiEA finguloflolculoimpofita, ovato-acuminata, $ concava, Jig. 1. | CALYX: Perianthium triphyllum, foliolis inasquali- $ bus, duo lateralia cymbiformia, acuta, fig.. 3, | dorfale ovatum, obtufum, emarginatum, lineis | duabus viridibus notatum, fig. 2. t COROLLA monopetala, tubulofa, membranacea, cy- | lindraceo-globofa, limbus quadripartitus, la- ^ ciniis ovato-acutis, patentibus, dempto calyce | reflexis, fig. 4. | STAMINA: Filamenta quatuor -longifiima : An- | ther® albida; aut flavefcentes, fig. 5. f PISTILLUM : Germen ovatum : Stylus filiformis, J flaminibus dimidio brevior : Stigma fimplex, | fig. 6. _ | PERICARPIUM : Capsula ovata, bilocularis, cir- | cumfcifla, diflepimento libero, fig. 7, 8. ■% ¥ SEMINA duo, oblonga, nitida, fuccinei coloris, hinc | convexa inde concava, Jig. 9, 10, 11. ROOT perennial, of a brown colour, furnifhed with numerous fibres, when grown old appearing as if bitten off. LEAVES ffanding on long foot-ftalks, purple and woolly at bottom, lanceolate, varying remarka- bly in their breadth, having five ribs, and a few teeth at the edges, fomewhat hairy, up- right, but fometimes fpreading. FLOWERING-STALK longer than the leaves, Am- ple, angular and grooved, flightly twifted and upright. SPIKES of an oval oblong fhape and blackiffi colour. BRACTEiE or floral leaf, placed under each flofcule, oval-pointed, and concave, fig. 1 . CALYX: a Perianthium of three unequal leaves, the two fide ones boat-ffiaped, and pointed, fig. 3 ; the back leaf oval, obtufe, emarginate, fig. 2, and marked with two green lines. COROLLA monopetalous, tubular, membranous, of a form betwixt globular and cylindrical ; the limb quadripartite ; the fegments of an oval pointed fhape, and fpreading, on the removal of the calyx turning back, fig. 4. STAMINA: four very long Filaments : Anther® white or yellowifh, fig. 5. PISTILLUM : Germen oval : Style filiform, half the length of the flamina: Stigma Ample, Jig- 6. SEED - VESSEL : an oval Capsule of two cavities, dividing horizontally in the middle, the difle- pimentum or partition loofe, fig. 7, 8. SEEDS two, oblong, fhining, of an amber colour, convex on one fide and concave on the other, fig. 9, 10, 11. THE Farmers in general confider this fpecies of Plantain as a favourite food of fheep, and other cattle, hence it is frequently recommended in the laying down of meadow and pafture land ; and the feed is for that purpofe kept in the fhops. How far the predilection of cattle for this herb is founded in truth we cannot at prefent determine ; nor do we pretend to fay how far it is oeconomical (fuppofing the fa£t to be fo) to fubftitute this plant in the room of others which produce a much greater crop, and which they fhew no averfion to. We fhould be rather inclined to think, that Plantain (or Rib-Grafis as it is called) fhould be but fparingly made ufe of, particularly if the Farmers chief aim be a crop. When the Plantain grows among pafturage, its leaves are drawn up to a confiderable height : but when it occurs in a dry and barren foil, they are fhorter, broader, and more fpread on the ground; and fometimes they aflume a filvery hue. It grows fpontaneoufly by the fides of roads, and in dry paftures ; flowering early in the fummer. i). %. cAt - t ■ f . " ■-’> » • • * ' common Plantain. % Plantago major. PLANTAGO Linruet. Gen. PI. Tetrandria Monogynia. Raii Syn. Gen. 22. Herba: vasculifer®: flore tetrapetalo anomaly. PLANTAGO major foliis ovatis glabris, fcapo tereti, fpica flofculis imbricatis. Lin. Syjl. Vegetal, p. 131. Spec. Plant, p. 163. FI. Suecic. n. 129. PLANTAGO foliis petiolatis, ovatis, glabris; fpica cylindrica. Haller, hijl. Helv . n. 660. PLANTAGO major. Scopoli. FI. Carniol. n. 161. PLANTAGO latifolia finuata. Bauhin pin. 189. PLANTAGO latifolia Ger. emac. 419. PLANTAGO latifolia vulgaris. Parkinfon. 493. Raii Syn. 314. Great Plantain or Way bread. Hud- fon FI. Angl. p. 51. Ocder. FI. Dan. ic. 461. Lightfoot. FI. Scot. p. 117. RADIX vetufta pollicaris, przemorfa, plurimis fibris albidis alte demiffis, terram firmiter apprehen- dens. FOLIA petiolata pramorfa, ovata, feptemnervia, glabra, juniora vero hirfutula, palmaria, margine mi- nutim remoteque dentata. PETIOLI longi, fubtus convexi, fupra concavi, bafi fubvaginati. SCAPI teretes, ere&i, pubefcentes, foliis longiores. SPICAE cylindricae, longae, floribus undique imbricatae. BRACTEA lanceolata, concava, fub fingulo flofculo. fg- 1- CALYX : Perianthium tetraphyllum, foliolis ovatis, concavis, obtufis, laevibus, fubaequalibus, per- fiftentibus. fg. 2. COROLLA monopetala, perfiftens, marcefcens; Tubus cylindrico-globofus, brevis, laciniis ovato-acu- tis, reflexis, fg. 3. STAMINA: Filamenta quatuor, capillaria, patentia, corolla multo longiora ; Anther.® purpureae, biloculares, fingulo loculo bafi mucrone termi- nato.^. 4. PISTILLUM : Germen ovatum ; Stylus filiformis, flaminibus brevior, villofus ; Stigma fimplex. fg- 5 - 6 - PERICx^RPIUM : Capsula ovata, circumfcifla, fufca, continens Semina circiter 20 inaequalia, fufca. fg. 7. 8.9. 10. ? ROOT when old the thicknefs of ones thumb, ftump- \ ed, laying ftrong hold of the earth by its fibres, which ftrike deeply into it and are of a whitifh ■ colour. J LEAVES ftanding on footftalks, oval, having feven ribs, fmooth, but fomewhat hairy when young, about four fingers in length, the edge minutely and remotely indented. FOOT-STALKS of the leaves long, convex on the under fide, concave above, each forming a kind of fheath at its bafe. FLOWER-STALKS, round, upright, pubefcent, and longer than the leaves. SPIKES cylindrical, long, furrounded on every fide with flowers lying one over another. BRACTEA lanceolate, and hollow, under each flower. fg- i- CALYX : a Perianthium of four leaves, which are oval, concave, obtufe, fmooth, nearly equal and continuing, fg. 2. COROLLA monopetalous, continuing, of a withered appearance ; Tube of a cylindrical globular form, and fhort ; the Segments oval, pointed, and turned back. fg. 3. STAMINA : Filaments four, very fmall, fpreading, much longer than the corolla ; Anther®: pur- ple, bilocular, each cell terminating at bottom in a point, fg. 4. PISTILLUM: Germen oval; Style filiform, fhorter than the Stamina, villous ; Stigma limple. fg. 5. 6. SEED-VESSEL: an oval Capsule, dividing horizon- tally in the middle, and containing aliout 20 unequal brown Seeds, fg. 7. 8.9. 10. This fpecies of Plantain grows plentifully in Meadows, Gardens, and by the fides of Paths, and fecms to flourifh moft in places moderately trodden on, whence perhaps its name of Way-bread. In rich ground the leaves often grow to an enormous fize ; and in gardens we often find cultivated, a very finfm- lar and monftrous variety of this plant, the Plantago rofea of fome botanifts, or Rofe Plantain of the Gardeners in which the flowers appear to be converted into leaves, which fpread open fomewhat like a rofe. Cattle in general appear very readily to eat the leaves, and the feeds are well known to afford food to many of the finall birds. 3 It ufed to be held in confiderable efteem as a Medicine of the vulnerary kind: In the prefent pra&ice the diftil- led water is fometimes made ufe of, and chiefly in ulcerations of the Mouth and Throat. By the common peo- ple the leaves are often applied to frefh wounds, and burns. ” It differs remarkably in the number of its feeds from the Plantago lanceolata , in which we conftantly find t\ large feeds ; but in this I have moft commonly found about twenty fmall ones ; yet what is verv extraordinary* Rat and Scopoli mention its having only two. ' II A: agina erecta. Upright Pearlwort. SAGINA Linmei Gen. PI. TetSandria TetragynJa. Cal. 4-pbyllus. Pelala 4. Caps. 1 locularis, 4 valvis, polyfperma. RallSyn. Gen. 24. Herb* pentapetal* vasculieer*. SAGINA ereBa caule eredo fubunifloro. Linn. SjJl. Vegetai. p. ,42. Sp. PI. p. l8j . ALSINELLA foliis caryophy lleis. Cat. Gifs. 47. SAGINA fcapis unifloris. Guelt. Stamp, p. 2 J 6 . Dalib. Pam. p. j6 . ALSINE verna glabra. Magn. Menfp. 14. VaiU. Paris. 6. 3 . ft. 2 . S yn. fig. 4 . /. ij. p. , 44 the leaft Stich-wort. ^ ^ 44 Hudfon. FI. Angl. ed. 2. p. 73. Lightfoot. FI. Scot. p. 125. RADIX annua, fimplex, fibrofa. J ROOT annual, Ample, and fibrous. CAULES plerumque plures, fupra terram expanfi, af- I STAI rq „u n r , cendentes, bi aut triunciales, teretes! purpu- 1 S 7 °* ^ ’ ex f anded on *1= rafcenfps. and a a httfc tetter than the petals, fe!a- & 4 I c-ous: Anther* roundilh, double, ofayel- + lowifh colour, fg. 3, 4. J PISTILLUM: Germen ovatum: Stylus breviflimus, ? PTSTTT T TTlvr . rv , „ longitudine flaminum: Sttomaxa I Germen oval: S longitudine flaminum : Stigmata quatuor' villofa, reflexa, fg. 5, 6. PERICARPIUM: Capsula oblongo ovata, merxibra- nacea, unilocularis,univalvis, calyce paulo lon- gior, ore plerumque deCemdentato, /fg. 7 Q fg. 8, aud. h 9t SEMINA plurima, e fufco aurantiaca ; fubreniformia, fcabra, fg. 10, 11. 1 .t, r — 0' ^ TYLE very Ihort, the length of the flamina : Stigmata four, vil- lous, and turning back, fig. 5j PERICARPIUM : an oblong, oval, membranous Cap- sule, of one cavity and one valve, a little longer than the calyx, the mouth opening ge- nerally with ten teeth, fig. y, 9 . ft? g, m B g n . SEEDS numerous, of an orange brown colour, fome- what kidney-Ihaped, and rough on the furfece fig- IO, II. . treating of this little plant, we have been rather at at Infs wh^t-hor •_ it with the Sagina of Linnjeus : for though it agrees with the W, ■ r on ^ ( ? er Jt ^ new genus, or arrange as having a Calyx and Corolla each confiftfng offour leases together wfth°fof, r °q, ltS char aSers, fudi veflels, which probably Linnasus might not have feen in anerfeS ftaTr b ^ r “m PlftlUa < y et in its ted- sisttz If the feafon prove dry, as hath been moll unufuallv the cafe this v«r .1, a ■ if the ground be moift, it throws out many ftalks, which firftforead on the Zfth*' j"! ls S eneran y Ample ; but as is reprefented in the middle figure. ‘ P 0n the eaith ’ ai,d stewards become upright. . ■ ' . ■ , . Convolvulus arvensis. Field Convolvulus. CONVOLVULUS Lirmxi G,a. PI. Pentandria Monogynia. Cor. campanulata, plicata. Stigm. 2 difpermis. Raii Syn.Gen.i 8 . Herbie fructu sicco singulari Caps. 2-locularis : loculis FLORE MONOPETALO. CONVOLVULUS arvenfis foliis'fagittatis utrinque acutis, pedunculis fubuniflons. Lin. Syfi. Veget.fi. 1 68- Sp. PI. P- 218. Flor. Suecic. p. 64. CONVOLVULUS foliis fagittatis, latefcentibus, petiolis onifloris, ftipuHs remotis fagittatis. Haller. hi/L helv. n. 664. CONVOLVULUS arvenfis. Scopoli FI. Cam. n. 219. CONVOLVULUS minor arvenfis. Bauhin. pin. 294- CONVOLVULUS minor vulgaris. Parlinfon. 171. SMILAX In vis minor. Gerard tmac. 861. Rail Syn. p. 27 S’ Small Bindweed. Httdjbn FI. Angl. ed. u p. 74- ei. 2. p. Lightfoot FI. Scot. p. 140. Oeder FI. Dan. icon. 4 59' RADIX perennis, craflitudinis pennae coracis, teres, ; albida, laftefcens, repens, vix extirpanda. j CAULES plurimi, tenues, tortuofi, procumbentes, ramofi, plantas vicinas contorquendo adfcen- : dentes et faepe fuffocantes. _ ^ , FOLIA alterna, haftata, laevia, poftice acute hamata. . PETIOLI foliis breviores, inferne convexi, fuperne ; ; canaliculati. _ _ . • ' PEDUNCULI uniflori, biflori aut triflori. CALYX: Perianthium quinquepartitum, mini- mum, perfiftens, foliolis ovatis, obtufiufcu- ; lis» fig‘ '• , COROLLA monopetala, campanulata, patens, plica- ta, albo et rubro eleganter pi&a, interdum penitus alba, jig. 2. ; ; STAMINA: Filamenta quinque fubulata, alba, ; ; Corolla dimidio breviora: Anther.® fubfa- y gittatae, alb se, fg. 3. , ' . | PISTILLUM : Germen fubrotundum, glandula cinc- | tum : Stylus filiformis, Staminibus paulo ^ longior : Stigmata duo, oblonga, latiufcu- | la, fg- 4, 5, 6. • | PERICARPIUM : Capsula fubrotunda, mucronata. * SEMINA angulofa, fufca. * ROOT perennial, the thicknefs of a crow quill, round, white, milky, creeping fo as Icarce to be eradicated. STALKS numerous, flender, twilled, procumbent, branched, twining round, and often fuffocating the plants growing near them. LEAVES alternate, haftate, fmooth, running out into two points behind. LEAF-STALKS Ihorter than the leaves, on the lower part convex, on the upper part channeled. FLOWER-STALKS fupporting one, two, or three flowers. CALYX: a Perianthium deeply divided into five fegments, minute and permanent, the leaves oval and fomewhat blunt. Jig. 1 . COROLLA monopetalous, bell-Ihaped, fpreading, plaited, elegantly painted with red and white, fometimes wholly white. STAMINA: five Filaments, tapering, white, about half the length of the Corolla ; Anther®: fomewhat arrow-fhaped, and white. Jig. 3. PISTILLUM : Germen roundifh, furrounded by a gland; Style filiform, a little longer than the Stamina ; Stigmata two, oblong, and broadifh. Jig. 4. 5. 6. SEED-VESSEL: a roundifh, pointed Capsule. SEEDS angular, and brown. BEAUTIFUL as this plant appears to the eye, experience proves it to have a moll pernicious tendency 111 agriculture : the field of the flovenly farmer bears evident teftimony of this ; nor is the garden wholly exempt from its inroads. . r , The following experiment may ferve to fhow what precaution is necellary in the introduction of plants into a garden, efpecially when we want them to grow in fome particular fituation. & Tempted by the lively appearance which I had often obferved fome banks to affume, from being covered with the blofloms of this Convolvulus , I planted twelve feet of a bank, in my garden, which was about four feet in height with fome roots of it : it was early in the fpring, and the feafon was remarkably dry, fo that I fcarceex- peCted^o fee them grow ; but a wet feafon coming on, foon convinced me that my apprehenfions were unneceflary, for they quickly covered the whole furface of the bank, to the almoft total extirpation of every other plant. It being a generally received opinion, that if a plant was cut down clofe to the ground, it would thereby be de- ftroyed or at leaft very much weakened, I was determined to try the validity of this opinion by an experiment, and accordingly, the whole of the Convolvulus was cut down fomewhat below the furface of the earth : in about a month the bank W'as covered with it thicker than before. I then had recourfe to a fecond cutting, and afterwards to a third but all thefe were infufficient ; for now at this prefent writing (Auguft) the bank is wholly covered with it ; nor do I expeCt to deftroy it, but by levelling the bank and deftroying its roots. This experiment feems to determine a matter of no fmall confequence in agriculture, viz. that the cutting down thefe plants which have creeping roots, rather tends to make them lpread farther than deftroy them ; and that nothing lhort of actual eradication, will effeft the latter. It is°feldom that this plant is highly prejudicial to meadows, or paftures ; but many fields of corn are every year deftroyed by it, or rendered of little value. It flowers in June and July. The blofloms vary confiderably in their colour, being fometimes quite white, but moft commonly painted more or lefs,^with a lively red. Linnaeus’s charafter of this plant, pedunculis unifioris, does not always hold good ; the flower-ftalks being frequently branched, and fupporting two or three flowers. The leaves fometimes appear quite narrow, and the blofloms have been obferved to be divided almoft: to the bafe, vid. Ray's Synopf.s, ed. 3, p. 276. !3 119 Solanum nigrum. Garden Nightshade SOLANUM L.mxi Gen. PI. Pentandria monooynia. bUocukrU 1 ' J ’“ h > 49 - 576 . CniAw™ officmaram - p. ®66. S Cra'aw™ vulgare. Parkinfim. 346. SOLANUM hortenfe, Ger. 339. - ^ T- >54- Hudfi^FL angi p. ? 8. Oeifo-. Da». 4 6o. Tota planta contufa tetrum odorem fpirat. RADIX annua, ramofa, albida. CAULIS pedalis aut bipedalis, ramofiffimus, fubangu- loliis ex folus decurrentibus, fcabriufculus, lolidus, ad geniculos paululum incraflatus, obfcure viridis, feu ex viridi purpureus prefer- tim ad bafin et ad nodos. 1 pnr,'? 01 ' pla f ' vhen . bruifed fmeils ver y difagreeably. f annual, branched, and whitifh. • I STALK from one foot to two feet high, very much branched, fomewhat angular from the leaves running down the ftalk, roughifh, folid, fome- what fwelled at the joints, of a dirty green or rather a purplifh green colour,- particularly at bottom and at the joints. : BRANCHES alternate, like the ftalk. LEAVES alternate, Handing on long footftalks, {light- ly running down the ftalk, of an oval pointed TTT r»w™o Pe ’ an .g ul ?rly indented, with a foft hairinefs. £ LOWERS growing in a kind of Umbell ; Footstalk of the flowers fpreading, and arifinp from the middle of the joint. , CALYX : a Perianthium divided into five fegments, which are oval, continuing, and when the fruit ; is ripe, turning fomewhat back. Jig, i. ■ COROLLA monopetalous, fomewhat wheel-fhaped of a white colour, the fegments oval and pointed fig • >• STAMINA: five very (hort white hairy Filaments, fig\ 4- Antherie oblong, yellow, fomewhat united, of two cavities, each having a hole at the top. fig. 5. PISTILLUM : Germen rdundifh, and green fig. 6 ; Style tapering, green, the lower part villous; PERICARPIUM : Bacca rotunda, prifmim viridis 1 SEED-VESSEL: aTutd’bfwyffirft green and after SFMTNA T Um mgra ’ . t b ' loc " lar ' s 4%h 9- . | wards black, of two carities. fe n SEMINA plurima, reniformia, flavefcentia. fig. ro. | SEEDS fevdral, kidney fhaped and yellowilh./g. IO , R AMI alterni, cauli fimiles. 1' GLIA alterna, longe petiolata, fubdecurrentia, ovato- acuta, angulo fo-dentata, hirfutie molli. sc TORES fubumbellati ; Petiolus patens ex intermedio nodorum. AL\ X : Perianthium quinquepartitum, foliolis o- vatis perfiftentibus, fructibus maturis paululum reflexis, fg. i. COROLLA monopetala, fubrotata, alba, laciniis ovato acutis, fg. 2. STAMINA: Filamenta quinque breviffima, villofa, zlhzfg. 4 : Anther® oblongs, flavaj, fub- coalitie, bilocularis, loculis apice perforatis. fg. 5. PISTILLUM : Germen fubrotundum, viride fg. 6 ; Stylus fubulatus, viridis, parte inferiore villofa fg. 7 ; Stigma fubrotundum. fie;. 8. A TJ PTT 71\/T U . ..a. AniguL wm penecL iar ecy ue given ; and, as he imagined, with great benefit to mankind ir the med.cal praditioner could do little more than fympathize with his diftreflbd patients ’ ruA , WaS . induC , e f- tomake jome expenments with the Night/hades, from reading an account of a cancerous cafe “ VkT A £ of dead . 1 y Nightfhade ; but not bring able at that particular Lfon of the year, to procure the deadly Nightfhade, lie was obliged to make ufe of the dried leaves of the Solanum nigrum, or Garden Nigltjhade here figuret! which he found to be very powerful m its operation ; even fo fmall a quantity as one grain irighTof the leaf, mfufedm about an ounce of boding water, would fometimes produce a vhry confiderable effeift : bft two or hree grains feldom fail d either to vomn purge or fweat the patient moderately, or toincreafe the quantity of urine It fometimes oecafioned a head-ach, giddmefs, d.mnefs, and drowfinefs ; but its moft common effefls were a hS or warm h diffufed over the whole body a few hours after taking the medicine, a plentiful fweat fucceeding this heat and a gentle purging the next day : if a fweat did not break out, an extraordinary difeharge of urine was the confequence which was fometimes followed likewife by a purging : one or more of the natural evacuations were almoft HwTvs ■ increased. After premifing this general account of the aftion of the medicine, he proceeds to enumerate feveral SL 111 wblch th ! s mt . ;™ appeared to him to be efficacious i the principal of thefe were, two cafes of a cancerous nature j-a large ill-conditioned fore of long Handing in the leg, attended with fever and inflamation-aviolent bruife on the loins and h.ps;-a fwellmg and fiveral painful fores on one leg ;-feveral fcrofulous fores in the thigh and foot the body covered with lcorbutic eruptions ;-a malignant corroding ulcer in the back part of the throat L two cafes of Dropfy in feveral cancerous cafes where it was made ufe of, very little advantage was reaped. In moS ° btbe above cafes, the garden Negbtjhadt was made ufe of, between which and the deadly, he found, as to the r effefts, very little difference : he found the medicine to ad differently on different conftitutions ; and it was h s pradhee to begin with halt a grain of the dried leaf in infufion, increafing the dofe according to its effefts and ~ peating it every iecond or third night. ° ' ’ He remarks that the Solamm nigram was formerly in nfe for many difeafes ; yet there were fome who decried the ufe of. t internally : and W epper gives an account of three Children poifoned by it: neverthelefs fome authors mention it as uled m food. But lurely it an infufion of a few grains of this plant be capable of producing fuch vi- olent effedts on the human body, thole authors muft have been miftaken. 6 About rhe fame time, fome experiments were alfo made by Mr. Bromfield, Surgeon to St. Georees and the Lock Hcfpitals ; and as the one author feems to have written prejudiced in favour of the Medicine, fo the other feems to have had his prejudices agamft it ; for we find the experiments of the latter differing widely from thofe of the for- mer. According to Mr. Bromfield, the iymptoms were not only not relieved, but new ones were often brought on, and the patients health rather injured than benefited. In the feveral cafes of inflamation, ulcers &c where this medicine had been given, it often oecafioned pains in the fores, naufea, complaints of the head, temporary lofs of fight, delirium, violent vomitings, gnpingsaiid purgings, and even death itfelf to one perfon under his own in- lpeccion ; though the dole of the garden Nightfhade did not exceed one grain at a time. After giving this account, we lhall leave it to our readers to determine with what propriety it is di Regarded in the prefent pradice ; and would juft remark, that from the apparently inconteftible proofs of its deleterious qualities perfons cannot be too nice in feledhng their Pot-herbs, particularly thofe who make a practice of gathering from Dunghills and Gardens, a ipecies of Orach, by fome called Fat-hen, by others Lamb s-quar ten, &c. as there is fome diftant fimihtude betwixt the two plants, and their places of growth are the fame. _ The figure and defeription above given, will enable any one to diftinguilh this plant. It is an annual flowering m July, and producing its black berries in Autumn, which moft probably are alfo poifonous. It varies in fixe as well as m the hairinefs of its leaves ; and the maimer of the flowers growing from the middle of each joint is both fmgular and curious. J i ;i? ; i tr iit • •. ii ■ ' shf • r 'Iwr Chenopodium album, white Goosefoot. CHENOPODIUM Lin. Gen. PI. Pentandria Digynia. Cal. 5 phyllus, 5 gonus. Cor. o. Sent. 1, lenticulare, fuperum. Raii. Syn. Gen. 5. Herb.® flore imperfecto seu stamineo vel apetalo potius. CHENOPODIUM album foliis rhomboideo-triangularibus erofis poftice integris, fummis oblongis, racemis eredis. Lin. Syfi. Veget ab. p. 21 6. Spec. Plant, p. 319. FI. Suecic. p. 79. CHENOPODIUM foliis fubtus farinofis, rhomboideis, dentatis, fuperioribus integerrimis. Haller, hijl. n. 1579. CHENOPODIUM fylveftre opuli folio. Vaillant, Paris. 36. t. 7. fig. 1. BLITUM Atriplex fylveftris didum. Raii Syn. p. 154. Common wild Orache. ATRIPLEX folio finuato candicante. Bauh. pin. 1 1 9. ATRIPLEX fylveftris vulgatior finuata major. Parlinfon. 748. ATRIPLEX vulgaris Ger. emac. 326. Hudfon. FI. Angi. p. 91. Lightfoot. Flor. Scot. p. 148. RADIX annua, fibrofa, alba. | ROOT annual, fibrous and white. CAULIS eredus, pedalis ad tripedalem, parum flex- | STALK upright, from one to three feet high, flightly STAMINA : Filamenta quinque, fubulata, alba, ca- t STAMINA : five white tapering Filaments oppofite lycis foliis oppofita et paulo longiora ; An- | to and a little longer than the leaves of the ther® fubrotundae, didymae, flavas, jig. 2. * Calyx ; Anthera compofed of two roundifh * yellow cells, jig. 2. PISTILLUM: Germen orbiculatum ; jig. 3 ; Stylus | PISTILLUM: Germen orbicular; jig. 3; Style If any plants ftand in need of figures to illuftrate them, rather than defcriptions, it is furely the different fpecies of Chenopodium and Atriplex. By figuring the outline of the leaf of any of thefe plants, we convey to the moft tranfient obferver, a perfed idea of its fhape, without that ambiguity which muft ever attend the defcription of leaves fo irregularly formed, fo variable, and fo difficult of definition. Belides figures, thefe plants feem alfo to require every other kind of elucidation ; and if the altering and fixing diftind englifh names to different Genera, be in any cafe juftifiable, it muft be here, where three different Genera are called indifcriminately by the names of Orach , Goofefoot, and Blite. I have therefore prefumed to call the Genus Chenopodium Goofefoot , and propofe confining the term Orach to Atriplex, and Amaranth to Amaranthus ; the term Blite , by'which a fpecies of the laft mentioned Genus has been called, feems moft applicable to the genus Blitum. The Chnopodium album is the moft common with us of the whole genus ; it occurs in every Garden, flourifhes on every Dunghill, and abounds in moft of our Corn-fields. To the Gardener it is a quick growing troublefome Weed ; to the Farmer it is an injurious one, and generally introduced into his fields by that flovenly pradice of fuffering every kind of weed to feed on his Dung-heap. Like the other fpecies of this Genus, it varies exceedingly in its appearance when young, and when in its feed- ing ftate. Indeed all thefe plants require that the ftudent fhould nQtice them from the earlieft to the lateft periods of their growth ; or he never can attain a perfed knowledge of them. It is whiter in its whole appearance than moft of the Chenopodiums ; the leaves being more generally covered with thofe pellucid particles refembling meal, which are charaderiftic of thefe Genera. Mr. Lightfoot noticed its being eaten as a Pot-herb in fome parts of Scotland. FOLIA 5 “—, — -- /• ”* J'p’ /• ...... — , r •“* f ■** *°& “_■*“* V muwii.v,u, .mm, UV1U1I ' u jJ p £ m /• rina copiofe adfperfa, fummis oblongis minus t a'blueifh green colour, plentifully covered par- profunde dentatis, aut etiam integris. | ticularly on the under fide with a mealy pOW- ^s] ripr f n f- linnprmnir 1 r- c . - p c r\K1nnrr 1 r-Tc A r... 1 .r rina copiofe adfperfa, fummis oblongis minus % a'blueifh green colour, plentifully covered par- profunde dentatis, aut etiam integris. | ticularly on the under fide with a mealy pow- X ripr f n f- linnprmnir 1 r- : n c r\K1n«rr 1 .Tc A r... 1 .r profunde dentatis, aut etiam integris. der, the uppermoft leaves oblong, lefs deeply ? indented or even entire. der, the uppermoft leaves oblong, lefs deeply ? indented or even entire. CALYX Perianthium pentaphyllum, perfiftens, fo- ? CALYX: a Perianthium of five leaves: and conti- nuinp - . the feprnents oval, hnllnw. memhra- RACEMI axillares, eredi, fpicati, floribus glomeratim | RACEMI axillary, upright, forming a fpike of flowers difpofitis. ^ * growing in little balls or clufters. 11-11. 1-, 0 - . — 1- f nuing, the fegments oval, hollow, membra- ceis, pulverulentis^. I. poftice vifum. aud. y nous at the edges and powdery fig. i. feen COROLLA nulla. COROLLA nulla. ^ COROLLA wanting. on the back part, and magnified. brevis, bipartitus ; Stigmata obtufa. jig. 4. $ fhort, divided in two; Stigmata obtufe. I fig- 4- SEMEN unicum, lenticulare, lseve, caftancum. fig. 6. $ SEED one, lens-fhaped, fmooth and of a chefnut co- f lour. fig. 6. ft V 1 1 ,/ . ' ■ ■: • • ■ V' • «:■ i v 'ivrl , ,a- : . • aarZ .1 .«D - i y":! ■ .f ,i«« mi nvhz S, i .dfioi • i • . • • ; / i! !.n ■ : ! rm - • ;j*an: =■.-/; j:i ^ - ..-:i ■ jnrf! ■ v>lp ~ • ■■ u fHb ‘-imy. J -u . Chenopodium viride. Purple-jointed Goosefoot. CHENOPODIUM. Linnai Gen. PI. Pentandria Digynia. Raii Syn. Gen. 5. Herba: flore imperfecto, seu stamineo, vel apeta- lo POTIUS. CHENOPODIUM viride foliis rhomboideis dentato-finuatis, racemis ramofis fubfoliatis. Limuet Syjl. Vegetab. p. 216. Sp. Pl. 319. Flora Suecic. p. 79. CHENOPODIUM foliis rhomboideis, dentatis, fubtus incanis. Haller, hijl. helv. p. 267. n. 1580. CHENOPODIUM viride. Scopoli FI. Carniol. n. 280. Hudfon FI. Angi. p. 9 1 . Lightfoot Flora Scot. p. 149. n. 6. I have been cautious in referring to the fynonyma of authors on this plant, feeing they differ fo much in their opinions refpedting it; and have rather wifhed that the plate here given, might ferve as a recon- ciliatory reference. Linnaus and Haller both feem to doubt its being a fpecies diftindt from th & album, and it muft be confefled there is a great fimilarity betwixt them ; yet if my obfervations are juft, there is every reafon to conlider them as two plants perfectly diftindt. They agree in this, that they are both annual plants, both grow In the fame foil and fituations, are nearly alike in their fize and habit, and both flower about the fame time; and yet they differ in many refpedls very eflentially. That which in a more ftriking manner diftinguifhes the viride from the album , is the gteener appearance of the whole plant, the bright red colour at the angles of the joints, which is conftant, and the lhape of the leaf, fig. 1, which is always much longer than that of the album. The album is loaded with an appearance of meal, which gives it its white colour ; the viride , though not deftitute of it, has it not in that profufion. When the feed are ripe, the tops of the ftalks, in the viride , are more apt to hang down ; the parts of the frudtification, fig. 1, 3, 4, 5, are very fimilar, but fmaller; and the calyx is not quite fo much covered with little globules : the feeds of each differs very confiderably, and affords a very curious and fatif- fadtory diftindtion : in the album it is perfe&ly fmooth, glaber ; in the viride it is fmaller, and reticulated with impreffed dots, reticulatus pun diis imprejjis , fig. 6. Like fome of the other fpecies of this Genus it is eaten as a pot-herb. C HTr NOPODIUM Linnai Gen. PL Pentandria Digynia. Cal. 5-phyllus, 5-gonus. Car. o. Seni. 1. lenticulare, fuperum. Rail Syn. Gen. 5. Herb.® flore imperfecto seu Stamineo (vel apet alo potius.) CHENOPODIUM Polyfpermum foliis integerrimis ovatis, caule eredto, calycibus frudtus patulis. CHENOPODIUM Polyfpermum foliis integerrimis ovatis, caule decumbente, cymis dichotomis aphyllis axillaribus. Lin. Syjl. Veget ab. p. 216. Spec. Plant, p. 231. FI. Suecic. p. 80. CHENOPODIUM caule eredlo, foliis ovatis integris. Haller hijl. heh. p. 2 66. CHENOPODIUM Polyfpermum. Scopoli FI. Carniol. n. 279. BLITUM polyfpermon a feminis copia. Bauhin pin. 118. Gerard emac. 325. Parkinfon 753. CHENOPODIUM Bets folio. Inf. R. H. 506. Raii Syn. p. 157. Upright Blite, or All- feed. Lightfoot FI. Scot. p. 150. Hudfon FI. Angl. ed. 1. p. 92. ed. 2. p. 107. CAULIS plerumque fuberedtus, pedalis aut bipedalis, . tetragonus, lasvis; Rami diffufi, longiffimi. FOLIA petiolata, ovata, integerrima, lasvia, margine ] venifque rubro fs pe tindtis. FLORES axillares, fubcymofi, Cymis dichotomis, a- phyllis. CALYX: Perianthium pentaphyllum, concavum, perfiftens, laciniis ovatis, viridibus, fig. 1. COROLLA nulla. STAMINA : Filamenta quinque bafi latiora, alba, demilfo polline Calyce longiora; Anther® fubrotundae, didyms, flavas, fig. 2. PISTILLUM : Germen orbiculatum; Stylus biparti- tus, breviffimus ; Stigmata obtufa,y?g. 3, 4. PERICARPIUM nullum. SEMEN orbiculatum, rufum, Calyci patulo innixum, non vero inclufum, fig. 5. ROOT annual, fibrous, and reddilh. STALK in general nearly upright, about a foot or two in height, four-cornered and fmooth ; Bran- ches far extended, and like the ftalk. LEAVES Handing on foot-ftalks, oval, entire at the edges, fmooth, the margin and veins often tinged with red. FLOWERS axillary, forming a kind of Cyma, which ' divides into two at bottom, and is leaflefs. CALYX: a Perianthium of five leaves, concave and permanent, the fegments oval and green, fig. 1. COROLLA wanting. STAMINA: five Filaments, broadeft at the bale, of a white colour ; the Pollen being thrown out, they become longer than the Calyx : Anther® roundilh, double, and yellow, fig. 2. PISTILLUM : Germen orbicular : Style divided into two, very fhort : Stigmata blunt, fig. 3, 4» SEED-VESSEL wanting. SEED orbicular, reddilh brown, fupported by the Ca- lyx, which Ipreads open, and does not cover it, fig . 5 . ALTHOUGH there are many of the Chenopodiums which are not to be diftinguilhed without much care and attention, yet foine are very eafily made out, of which number is the prefent fpecies. Its fquare ftalk, which is generally of a bright red colour, its long extended branches, and its reddilh feeds, which are numerous and ftrikingly vifible, from being only in part covered with the calyx render this plant fufficiently obvious. J ’ It is not uncommon in gardens and on dunghills, flowers in July and Auguft. To the gardener it is a troublefome annual, but fcarcely injurious to the farmer. Filh are faid to be fond of it, Lin. FI. Suecic. ex Loes , when thrown into filh ponds. Hyacinthus non scriptus. English Hyacinth. HYACINTHUS Linnai Gen. PL Hexandria Mono&ynia. Cor. campanulata : pori 3 melliferi germinis. Raii Syn.Gen.26. Herba: radice bulbosa prodita:. HYACINTHUS non fcriptus corollis campanulatis, fexpartitig, apice revolutis. Lin. Syjl, Veget, p. 276, HYACINTHUS oblongo flore coeruleus major. Bauhin Pin. 43. HYACINTHUS anglicus. Gerard, emac. m. HYACINTHUS anglicus belgicus vel hifpanicus. Parkinfon. Parad. 122. Raii Syn. p. 373, Englifo Hyacinth, or Hare-bells. HYACINTHUS non fcriptus. Hyacinth. Diofcoridis. Dod. Ludg. Hudfon. FI. Angl. 123. ed. 2. p. 141- Lightfoot. FI. Scot. p. 183. RADIX : bulbus fubrotundus, magnitudine nucis my- rifticae, candidus, fucco vifcido repletus, ex ima parte plurimas fibrillas albidas dimittens. ¥ ROOT 4 roundifh bulb, the fize of a nutmeg, of a white colour, and full of a vifcid juice, fend- | ing down from the bottom numerous whitifh I fibres. SCAPUS nudus, femipedalis aut pedalis, ere&us, teres, lasvis, folidus. FOLIA quatuor, fex, interdum plura, fcapo duplo breviora, femunciam lata, carinata, concava, laevia, nitida. FLORES odio ad duodecem ; fepe plures, odorati, coe- rulei aut violacei, rarius carnei aut albi, fpi- cati, fecundi, nutantes. STALK naked, from half a foot to a foot in height, upright, fpund, fmooth, and folid. LEAVES four, fix, lometimes more, twice as fhort as theftalk, about half an inch broad, keeled, hollow, fmooth, and fhining. FLOWERS from eight to twelve, often more, fweet fmelling, of a blue or violet colour, feldom flelh coloured or white, growing in a fpike, all one way, and hanging down. BRACTEzE bin», fuberefl:», lanceolat», fig. 1. COROLLA fubcylindracea, fexpartita, laciniis revolu- tis, fig- 2, 3. STAMINA : Filamenta fex, tria longiora tubum corollas asquantia, inferne corollse adnata, fu- perne libera, fetacea, albida: AnthertE e- reft», incumbentes, fubfagittatas, flavefcen- tes , fig. 4- FLORAL-LEAVES two to each flower, lanceolate, and nearly upright, fig. 1. COROLLA almofi: cylindrical, divided into fix feg- ments, the tips of which turn back, fig. 2, 3. STAMINA: fix Filaments, the three longeft of which equal the tube of the corolla, below at- tached to the corolla, above free from it, ta- pering, and whitifh: Anthera: upright, in- cumbent, fomewhat arrow-fhaped, of a yel lowifh colour, fig. 4. PISTILLUM : Germen conicum, angulato-fulcatum, albidum : Stylus corolla brevior, apice vio- laceus : Stigma obtufum, villofum, fig. 5 * PISTILLUM: Germen conical, angular and grooved, of a whitifh colour: Style fhorter than the corolla, at top of a blueifh colour : Stigma blunt and villous, fig. 5. PERICARPIUM : Capsula triquetra, trilocularis, | trivalvis, valvis ovatis, mucronatis, fig. 6. ^ t f SEMINA plurima, violacea, nitida, fubrotunda, fig. 7. | SEED-VESSEL: a three-cornered Capsule, of three cavities and three valves, the valves oval, and terminating in a fhort point, fig. 6. SEEDS numerous, of a fine blue colour, and roundifh fhape, with a polifhed furface, fig. 7. THE Hyacinth is confidered by the Dutch Florifts, as the firft of flowers, and as fuch ranks in their catalogues ; in one of which, via. that of Meffrs. Vooriielm and Schneevoot, of Hacrlim, for the year 1778, the Gloria Solis is marked at a 1000 guilders, eleven of which make one pound fterling. The fpecies which is the objeft of fo much care and cultivation, and from whence fuch numerous and beautiful varieties are produced, is not our Englifh Hyacinth, but the Hyacinthus orientalis of Linnieus : neverthelefs, the prefent fpecies is often to be met with in gardens, though in a ftate not much improved, being generally Angle, and retaining its charafter of drooping flowers, by which charafter it is obvioufly diftinguifhed from a plant very fimilar to it, which is much more common in gardens, and flowers at the fame time ; a plant overlooked by Linnasus ; but named by Mr. Banks Scilla campanulata r . Our meadows woods, and hedge-rows, are beautifully decorated with the bloffoms of this plant in the fpring months. Its feeds are not ripened till the end of the year ; and thofe, on being fown, did not vegetate till the '“he term of non fcriptus was applied to this plant by fome of the earlieft botanifts, as may be feen in Bauhin' s pinax and Ray's Hill. Plant, and implies, that the flowers were not marked with any kind of character, which the Hyacinth of the antients is fuppofed to have been, mid. Bauh. Pin. p. 47. and Rail. Hid. f. 1 1 J 5. The great uncertainty in which the antients have left us, by their vague and imperfeS defcnptions, appears in a ftrong light by what can be collefted from their writings concerning the Hyacinth Flower. Since the revival of letters, commentators and botanifts, have taken great pains to alcertain the plant which the antient poets and nnturalifts called bv this name ; but with what fuccefs, may be eafily gathered, when we find them feverally fixing upon flowers of fuch very different appearances as the Martagon, Larkfpur, and Ins, for the true Hyacinth. Juncus campestris. Hairy Field Rush. JUNCUS Linruei Gen. PL Hexandria Monogynia. Cal 6-phyllus. Cor. o. Capfula i-locularis. RaiiSyn.Gen.27. HERBJE GR AMINIFOLIjE FLORE IMPERFECTO CULMIFERaE. JUNCUS campejlris foliis planis fubpilofis, Ipicis feffilibus pedunculatifque. Lin. Syjl. Vegetab. p. 280. Sp. PI. p. 468. JUNCUS planifolius; fpicis petiolatis, nutantibus; petalis ariftatis. Haller, hiji. JUNCUS campejlris . Scopoli FI. Carniol. p. 258. GRAMEN hirfutum capitulis Pfyllii. Bauhin. Pin. 7. GRAMEN exile hirfutum. Gerard, emac. 17. GRAMEN nemorofum hirfutum minus anguftifolium. Parkinfon. 1185. 1 Rail Syn, p. 416, Small Hairy Wood-Grafs. Hudfon. FI. Angl. 132, ed. 2. p. 152. Lightfoot FI. Scot. 186. RADIX perennis, craffitie pennie coracis, fublignofa, fibris plurimis nigricantibus inflrudta, repens. CULMUS fimplex, palmaris, aut dodrantalis, ereftus, foliofus, bafi tumidus, teres, laevis, enodis. FOLIA plana, pilofa, pilis e margine foliorum erum- pentibus, acuta, apicibus fiepe rufis, mem- brana deflituta, foliola duo erefta inaequalia fpiculis fubje&a culmum terminant. SPICUL^E plerumque tres, fubovata;, jig. 1. florefeen- te planta ere&a, pedicellis inaequalibus infi- : dentes, inferiore fubfeflili. ;; PEDUNCULI filiformes, e vagina ciliata prodeuntes. ■’ FLORES decem aut duodecem circiter in fingula fpicu- : ' la, feffiles. ;; CALYX: fquamulae plerumque quatuor, ovato-acutas, : : membranacea, insquales, foliolis calycinis ;; multo breviores, fingulum flofculum ambiunt, : | jig. 2. : : CALYX proprius, hexaphyllus : foliolis lanceolato- ; ; acuminatis, patentibus, perfiftentibus, nitidis, $ carinatis, e fufeo-purpureis, Jig. 3. COROLLA nulla. STAMINA: Filamenta fex, fubulata, breviflima : ;; Antherje oblongae, calycem aequantes, fla- : vx, quadrifulcatae, bicufpidatas, Jig. 4, 5, ■ demiflo polline tortuofie. . ; PISTILLUM : Germen viride, triquetrum, acumina- ; ; tum: Stylus brevis, filiformis : Stigmata tria, longa, filiformia, flexuofa, villofa, Jig. 6. : ' PERICARPIUM : Capsula te£la, triquetra, unilocu- :: laris, trivalvis, Jig. 7, 8, 9. SEMINA plerumque tria, fubrotunda, olivacea, 10, ¥ * ROOT perennial, the fize of a crow quill, fomewhat woody, furnifhed with numerous blackifh fibres, creeping. STALK Ample, from three to nine inches high, up- right, leafy, fomewhat enlarged at bottom, round, fmooth, and without joints. LEAVES flat, hairy, the hairs proceeding from the edges of the leaves, pointed, the tips often of a reddilh brown colour, not furnifhed with any membrane : two fmall, upright, unequal leaves, placed under the fpicula?, terminate the ftalk. upright when the plant is in flower, fitting on uneven foot-flalks, the lowermofl fpicula nearly feffile. FLOWER-STALKS thread-fhaped, proceeding from a fmall fheath edged with hairs. FLOWERS about ten or twelve in each fpicula feffile. * CALYX : moil commonly four fmall feales, of an oval pointed ffiape, membranous and uneven, and much ffiorter than the leaves of the true Calyx, furround the bafe of each floret, Jig. 2. CALYX: the proper Calyx is compofed of fix leaves, fpear-fhaped, with a long point, fpreading* permanent, fhining, keeled, of a brownifh purple colour. Jig. 2. COROLLA wanting. STAMINA: IixFilaments, tapering, and very ffiort: AntherjE oblong, the length of the Calyxj yellow, with four grooves, terminating in two points. Jig. 4, 5 ; on fhedding the Pollen becoming twilled. PISTILLUM : Germen green, three-cornered, poin- ted : Style ffiort, thread-ffiaped : Stigmata three, long, thread-ffiaped, crooked, and vil- lous, Jig. 6. SEED-VESSEL: a Capsule covered by the Calyx, three-cornered, of one cavity and three valves* Jig • 7, 8, 9. SEEDS ufually three, of a roundiffi ffiape, and olive colour, y5rg-. 10, 11. THE above defeription is taken from the Juncus campejlris when growing' in its moll nf„ a l A-,»,, • j paftures; in fuch fixations it has feldom rnor/than threYor four flcuS; 8 i^Xlndfeh £ «1,“ P a7 ttcuiarly on boggy ground xt will often have a much greater number: but though it varies in fee aid the number of its parts, it Hill continues very diflmdl from the pilofus, or Hairy WoodRuJh. d th It flowers in April and May, and ripens its feeds in June. The hairs of this, and fome of the other Junci, are of a very Angular kind: a ftnmrer m nlom-e. fuppofe that fome animal had been robbed of its hair by rubbing on it. ^ P‘ nts , wou ^ The appearance of this plant indicates a dry, and confequ'ently not very luxuriant pafturage. Rumex crispus. Curled Dock. RUMEX Linncci Gen. PI. Hexandria Trigynia. Cal. 3-phyllus. Petala 3-conniventia. Sent, i, triquetrum. Pall Syn. Gen. 5. Herbie flore imperfecto seu stamineo vel apetalo potius. RUMEX crifpus floribus hermaphroditis : valvulis integris graniferis, foliis lanceolatis undulatis acutis. Linn. Syjl. Veget ab. p. 284. Spec. Plant, p. 47 8 - FL Suec!c ‘ P‘ 11 7* LAPATHUM foliis crifpis, imis ovatis, fupremis lanceolatis, calycibus verrucofis. Haller hijl. n. 1589. LAPATHUM crifpum. Scopoli FI. Carniol. p. 261. LAPATHUM folio acuto crifpo. Bauhin. Pin. 115. LAPATHUM acuti varietas folio crifpo. Ger. emac. 387. LAPATHUM acutum minus. Parkinfon. 226. Rail Syn. p 141. Sharp-pointed Dock with curled leaves. Hudfon FI. Angl. p. 134. Lightfoot FI. Scot. 108. RADIX perennis, flavefcens, fufiformis, per astatem | fu perne ramofus evadit. y % CAULIS bipedalis aut tripedalis, ere&us, flriatus, Ite- ; ; vis, ramofus. ' : FOLIA lanceolata, undulata, acuta, fubtus venofa, pe- . tiolis fulcatis. FLORES in fpicas denfiffime glomerati, caulem peni- i ; tus fere occultantes. CALYX: Perianthium triphyllum, foliolis cymbi- ]• .formibus, corolla brevioribus,^. 1. j! COROLLA: Petala tria, ovata, concava, demum conniventia, magna, granifera, venofa, reti- : : culata, integra. Semen unicum, triquetrum, ; ; nitidum, pallide fufcum foventia, 3, 7, 8,9. : STAMINA: Filamenta tria, capillaria, brevia: :: Anthere flavae, fig. 3. ;; PISTILLUM : Germen triquetrum : Styli tres, : ; reflexi: Stigmata laciniata,^-. 4, 5, 6. ;; ROOT perennial, tapering, of a yellowifh colour, be- coming branched at top as it grows old. STALK two or three feet high, upright, finely grooved, fmooth, and branched. LEAVES lanceolate, waved, pointed, underneath vei- ny, the foot-ftalks grooved. FLOWERS crouded very thickly together in Ipikes, and almoft entirely hiding the ftalk. CALYX: a Perianthium of three leaves, which are boat-ftiaped, and Ihorter than the Corolla, fig- *• COROLLA : three oval, hollow Petals, finally be- coming clofed, and large; each bearing a grain, veiny, reticulated, entire at the edges, including a three-cornered. Aiming, pale brown Seed, 3, 7, 8, 9. STAMINA : three very fine fliort Filaments : An- ther a: yellow, Jig. 3. PISTILLUM : Germen three- corner’d : Styles three, turning back: Stigmata jagged, fig- 4, 5> 6 - THE Docks, like the feveral fpecies of Goofefoot and Orach , are with difficulty diftinguiflied from each other. The fpecies here figured, is one of the moft common, as well as the mof! injurious as a weed. It is found in almoft every kind of foil and fituation ; as in wet meadows, by the fides of roads, and in cultiva- ted. ground, into which it is generally introduced with dung. I have remarked fome Clover fields in which this plant formed nearly one half of the crop. \ Epilobium hirsutum. Large-flower'd Willow-herb. EPILOBIUM Limed Gen. PI. Octandria Monogynia. Cal. 4-fidus. Pe la/a4 . cap, oblonga, infera. Sent. pappofa. EPILOBIUM A 7 VASCmi »™ apetalo LOBIUM ^ f„fo 8 ovato- lanceolatis, femiamplexicaulibus, hirfotis; cauIe ramo(iffimo ; ^ repente. l,c EPILOBIUM Urfutu* foliis oppofitts lanceolatis ferratis decurrenti amplexicaulibus. X». ^ ^ /• 471 . M*. p. 49+ . pier. Su ecic f IJ3> *** EPILOBIUM foliis femiamplexicaulibus, lanceolatls, hitfntis. Hr. « j* f , CHAMvENERION hrfutum. Scepoli FI. Canid. 270. LYSIMACHIA ffiquofi hirfuta magno floro. Bauhin, pin. Ms . LYSIMACHIA filiquofa. Ger. emac. 476. Mi Syn. p. 311. Great hairy codded Loofeftrife or Willow-herb, called alfo Codlings and Cream. Huifon. FI. Angl. p. 141. 3, e J. 2 , ^ i62- ^ Lighlfiot. F/. Scot. p. 157. Oeder. FI. Dm. ic. 326. RADIX perennis, furcnlofa, fibris capillata, e cujus * capite erumpunt germina majufcula, rubentia i 111 fumma tellure, rpnrmrm r.. i ’ t “J tellure reptantia, quibus fe late I diffundit et propagat. $ CAULIS tripedalis ad orgyalem, ereflus, ramofifllmus, teres, ad bafin fubtetragonus, hirfutus, pur- puraicens; Rami cauli ikniles, adfcendentes. FOLIA ovato-Janceolata, argute denticulata, hirfuta, fe- miamplexicaulia, venofa, ramorum fubtortuofa. FLORES magni, fpeciofi, purpurei, fubcampanulati, paululum nutantes. ^YX: Perianthium fu perum, ere&um, quadri- partitum, bafiangulofum, laciniis ovato-acutis, fundo villofo, fig. 1 . COROLLA : Petala quatuor, obcordata, emargina- ta, purpurea, bali albida, calyce duplo lon- g 10ra , fig. 2. STAMINA: Filamenta ofto, quorum quatuor lon- giora, alba, fubulata : Anthers oblonga:, biloculares, flavefcentes, fig. 2 . PISTILLUM : Germen oblongum, villofum, infe- rum, tetragono-fulcatum, glandulis minimis coronatum : Stylus filiformis, declinatus, Sta- minibus longior : Stigma craffum, quadrifi- dum, laciniis revolutis, villofis, fig. 4, 5 6. PERICARPIUM : Capsula triuncialis, obtufe tetra- gona, fulcata, ut in germine glandulis termi- nata, leniter hirfuta, quadrilocularis, quadri- valvis. ^ ROOT perennial, foil I of ihoots, with numerous fibres, fending off from the upper part Roles of a confiderable thicknefs, creeping un- der the ftrface of the ground, fpread widely „ J* ,d propagate the plant. 3 bTALK from three to fix feet high, upright, very much branched, round, fomewhat quadran- gular at bottom, hirfute, andpurplilh: Bran- LPAVFR f E$ l‘ ke th f flalk ’ nea rly upright. LEAVES betwixt oval and lanceolate, finely toothed at the edges, hirfute, half embracing the flalk FLOWERsT’ th °^ 011 the brauclles a little twilled. ’ f LOWERS large Ihowy, of a purple colour, fome- CALYX W i 1 p b ped ’ a “i d him £ in g down a little. CALYX, a Perianthium placed above the Germen npnght, angular at the bafe, deeply divided t ? * ur ,%roe>«s, which are oval and poin- coroi r< b S ttom m the inflde villous . A i. COROLLA: four Petals inverfely heart-lhaped, e- margmated, of a purple colour with a white \ and tW1CC the len E th °f the Calyx, STAMINA: eight Filaments, four of which are ihorter than the others, white and tapering; ■ ^Anther je oblong, bilocular, and yellowiffi, PISTILLUM? Germen oblong, villous, placed be- low the Calyx, four-corner’d and grooved, crowned with very minute glands : Style miform, hanging down, and longer than the Stamina: Stigma thick, divided into four legments, which are villous and roll’d back jig. 4, 5, 6. ’ SEED-VESSEL, a Capsule about three inches long obtufely four cornered, and grooved, termi- nated as in the Germen with glands, flightly SEFm , te \ h , aTm S four cavities a ” d four valves. SEEDS oval, pale brown, numerous, downy, viewed with a magnifier on one fide convex, and roughilh, on the other, flattifh and grooved, affixed in rows to a four-cornered, loofe, flexi- ble Receptacle,^. 7 . SEMINA ovata , palhde fofca, plurima, pappofa, len- | te vifa nine convexa, fcabriufcula, illinc com- I preflo-fulcata, Receptaculo tetragono, libe- * ro, flexili feriatim affixa, fig. 7. | rfL*,* are con- viewingVhL fo foefom: hff^™ namt ^ * a » d Hudson, name of hirfutum for the fmaller flowering one : but as the lamer lt / a ”°>" ! V a " d «tains the has difiinguifhed by the name of hirfutum there anoears 5 ■ S e f f ecles "' hlc h Linnjeus giving a new name to what he - ^ *** ' “ ado P'‘”S name for the fpecies, and The fpecies here figured, grows very commonly in and by the fides nf „ generally to the height of five feet. * 7 d * 1 dltches > P on ds, &c. nfing It flowers in July and Auguft. A variety with a white flower fometimes occurs ; and a fort with variegated leaves is fold hv the „ i Having a creeping root, it is very apt to increafe too much if not proper r n J± Vea ' hlmDEaPPeara,1Ce; andifbr “ ifid ' f “ dfo « h “ a g«-bl=Ul, wWe^sIam^fot^ Is it not a plant deferving the notice of the Farmer ? If cattle are found to ear it „ , , not he cultivated to advantage it wet fixations, where other ufeful plants will not grow i ° “ dl7ed ’ “ ay l£ -• . . ■ . I . - f: . • . , ■ .... • Epilobium villosum. Hoary Willow-herb. EPILOBIUM Linneei Gen. PI. Octandria Monogynia. Cal. 4-fidus. Petala 4. Caps, oblonga, Infera. Sem. pappofa. Ran Syn. Gen. 21. Herbie vasculiferie flore tetrapetalo anomalas. EPILOBIUM villofum foliis oblongo-lanceolatis, dentatis, pubefcentibus, caule tereti villofo. EPILOBIUM hirfutum foliis Ianceolatis ferratis fubdecurrentibus ; inferioribus oppofitis, caule fubfim- LYSIMACHIA filiquofa hirfuta parvo flore. C. Bauhin. pin. 245. Prod. 116. LYSIMACHIA filiquofa hirfuta flore minore. I. B. IT. 906. LYSIMACHIA filiquofa fylveftris hirfuta. Parkinfon ? Rail Hift. PL p. 861. Syn. ed. 3. p 31 1. COROLLA : Petala quatuor, obcordata, calyce du- | COROLLA : four Petals inverfely heart-fhaped, al- Grr n ^ moft twicft the Iencri-1» nfthpPnlwv 4tn IN three refpe&s does this plant particularly, and invariably, differ from the hirfutum ; of which, as hath before been obferved, it is confidered by Linn^us and other writers, as a variety only ; viz. in its blojj'oms , root , and pubefccnce ; either of which would appear alone fufficient to conftitute it a diftinft fpecies. The blofloms in the firft place, are not in general more than one third as large ; the root does not creep ; and the ftalk and leaves, are covered with numerous foft hairs, which give the whole plant a whitifh or hoary appear- ance, that is particularly ftriking. Belides thefe chara&ers, the plant is alfo much fmaller ; and in general, is not fo much branched. I have often gathered fpecimens of it not more than a foot in height, with a Ample ftalk ; and have alfo frequently found it much higher, as well as much branched, when there was no reafon to fuppofe the plant had received any injury, which Mr. Hudson aflerts is always the cafe, when the plant occurs in the latter ftate. The Calyx and Stigma, differ alfo very materially in the two plants. It is very common with us on the banks of rivulets, and in watery places ; and flowers in July and Auguft. No particular qualities are afcribed to it. plici. Hudfon FL Angl. ed. 2. p. 162. The leffer hairy codded Loofeftrife or Willow-herb, with fmall flowers. Lightfoot. FI. Scot. p. 198. var. hirfut. RADIX perennis, fibrofa. CAULIS pedalis ad tripedalem, fimplex, aut ramofus ROOT perennial and fibrous. pro loco natali, teres, villofus. STALK from one to three feet high, fimpleor branch- ed according to its place of growth, round, hoary , and purplifh. FOLIA oblongo-lanceolata, connata, non vero decur- rentia, rare dentata, dentibus glandulofis, mollia, pubefcentia, fubtus albida, patentia, in locis ficcioribus faepe erefta. LEAVES oblong and lanceolate, uniting at bottom around the ftalk, but not running down it, teeth at the edge few and glandular, loft, downy, underneath whitifh, fpreading, but in more dry fituations frequently upright. FLORES parvi, purpurei. CALYX: Peri ant hium tetraphyllum, fuperum, fo- FLOWERS fmall and purple. liolis ovato-lanceolatis, hirfutulis, fig. 1. CALYX : a Perianthium of four leaves, placed a- bove the Germen, oval, pointed, and flight-» ly hirfute, jig. 1. pio fere longiora, fig. 2. STAMINA: Filamenta o&o ; fubulata, alterna breviora: Antherje ovales, compreflie, ob- tufte, fig. 3. STAMINA : eight Filaments, tapering, the four alternate ones fhorteft : Anthers oval, flat- tened, and obtufe, fig. 3. PISTILLUM: Germen cylindraceum, longiffimum: Stylus filiformis : Stigma craflum, quadri- fidum, laciniis vix vero revolutis, fig. 4. PISTILLUM : Germen cylindrical, very long : Style filiform : Stigma thick, divided into four fegments, which are fcarcely rolled back, fig- 4 - PERICARPIUM : Capsula prselonga, rubefcens. SEMINA plurima, pappo coronata. SEEDS numerous, covered with a pappus or down. SEED-VESSEL, a long Capsule, of a reddifh colour. Epilobium tetragonum. Square - Stalk’d Willow-Herb. EPILOBIUM Llmteei. Gen. PI. Octaothia Monogynia. Cal 4-fidus. Petala 4. Caps, oblonga, Infera. Sent, pappofa. Kali Syn. Gen. 22. Herb* vascu lurry: flore tetrapetalo akomall. EPILOBIUM tetragonum foliis lanceolatis denticulatis ; caule tetragono ; ftigmate integerrimo. EPILOBIUM foliis lanceolatis denticulatis ; imis oppofitis, caule tetragono. Lm. Syjl. Vegetat, p. 297. Sp. Piant. 495. EPILOBIUM foliis lanceolatis, glabris, dentatis. Haller, hjjl. p. 426. n. ,997. CHAMyENERION tetragonum. Scopoli. Flor. Carniol. p. 271. 454- LYSIMACHIA filiquofa glabra media five minor. Gerard, emac. 479. LYSIMACHIA filiquofa glabra minor. Bauhin. Pin. 245. Raii. Syn. p. 31 1. 5, Middle fmooth-leaved codded Willow-herb, or Loofeftrife. Hudfon FI. Angl. ed. 1. p. 141. ed. 2. p. 162, Lightfoot. Fl. Scot. p. 198. RADIX perennis, fibrofa, fibris albidis, ftolonibus quo- tannis reparata, non vero repens. CAULIS ereCtus, fuperne valde ramofus, bipedalis, rigidus, inferne purpurafcens, fubtetragonus, lasvis. FOLIA fubdecurrentia, unde caulis angulofus, inferi- ora lanceolata, fuperiora lineari-lanceolata, ferrata, venofa, glabra. FLORES parvi, purpurei. CALYX : Perianthium quadripartitum, foliis lan- ceolato-acuminatis, pubefcentibus, carinatis, apicibus rufis, fig. I. COROLLA: Petala quatuor, purpurea, venis fa- turatioribus fiepe ftriata, calyce paulo longio- ra, emarginata, fig. 2. STAMINA : Filamenta oCto, quorum quatuor bre- viora: Anther.® flavefcentes, fig. 3. PISTILLUM : Germen tetragonum, pubefcens : Sty- lus brevis, albus : Stigma craflum, album, integerrimum , fig. 4. PERICARPIUM : Capsula longiffima, fere triunci- alis, pedunculis triplo brevioribus infidens. SEMINA plurima, pappofa-i ROOT perennial, fibrous, the fibres whitifh, repaired yearly by new ftioots, but not creeping. STALK upright, at top much branched, about two feet high, ftiff, at bottom purplifh, fmooth, and fomewhat fquare. LEAVES fomewhat decurrent, whence the angular appearance of the ftalk ; the lower ones lan- ceolate ; the upper ones narrower, lerrated, veiny, and fmooth. FLOWERS fmall and purple. I CALYX : a Perianthium divided into four fegments, i which are narrow and tapering to a point, I downy, the midrib projecting on the under ¥ fide, the tips reddifh, fig. 1. I COROLLA : four Petals, purple, often ftreaked i with veins of a deeper colour, fomewhat longer I than the calyx, with a notch at top, fig. 2. * I STAMINA: eight Filaments, four long and four I ftiort: Anther® yellowilh, fig. 3. 4 I PISTILLUM: Germen fquare, downy : Style fhort I and white : Stigma thick, white, zndper- I fedily entire, fig. 4. t SEED-VESSEL a very long Capsule, approaching I to three inches, fitting on a flower-ftalk thrice ¥ as Ihort. 4 y SEEDS numerous and downy. THE prefent fpecies of Epilobium, takes Its name of tetragonum from the apparent fquarenefs of its ftalk, which however is not fo completely fquare as that of the Hypericum quadrangulum, but aflumes rather an angular appear- ance, ariling as in many other plants, from projecting lines running from the leaves down the ftalk : this however is one of the moil ftriking characters of this fpecies : to which may be added the narrownefs of its leaves, the un- common length of its pods, and its undivided ftigma.* Thefe are the peculiarities by .which this plant may rea- dily be diftiiiguilhed : but too much ftrefs muft not be laid on fome of them. The breadth of a leaf, its being placed on a peduncle, or fitting clofe to the ftalk, are in general confidered as excellent fpecific characters; but in this plant, as well as fome others, we have a proof of their fallibility; the leaves being fometimes nearly as broad as thofe of the montanum, and placed onfoot-ftalks of a confiderable length. When I firft accidently met with this variety, 1 was led to conclude it to be a diftinCt fpecies ; but a careful at-> tention to it, afterwards convinced me it was only a variety. The Epilobium tetragonum is no uncommon plant with us ; but is generally to be met with in watery ditches, bv the fides of roads ; and where it does occur, it ufually abounds. Among a variety of other places, I have obferved it in the Lane leading from Newington to Hornfey Wood. It flowers with the other Willow-herbs. The farmer has no reafon to complain of it : nor is it celebrated in the annals of phyfic. •Ttis cluit&er feems firft. to have been noticed by Ray : his words are Stylus non ut in pracedentt quadrifidus ejt, Hift. PI. p. 86 L EpiLOBIUM ANGUST1FOLIUM. RoSEBAY WlLLOW-HERB. EPILOBIUM Linneei Gen. PL Octandria Monogynia. Cal. 4-fidus. Petala 4. Caps, oblonga, infera. Sent. pappofa. Rail Syn. Gen. 22. Herbje vasculifera: flore tetrapetalo anomale^ EPILOBIUM angufiifolium folxis fparfis lineari-lanceolatis, floribus inasqualibus. Linnai Syfi. Vegetal . p. 296. Sp. PI. 347^ EPILOBIUM flore difformi, foliis lanceolatis, tranfverfim nervofis. Haller hijl. n. 427. CHAMiENERION angujlifolium. Scopoli FI. Cam. LYSIMACHIA fpeciofa, quibufdam onagra difta flliquofa. Bauhin hifi. IT. 906. LYSIMACHIA Chamasnerion di£ta anguftifolia. Bauhin. pin. 245. Rail Synop. 310. Rofebay Willow-herb. Hudfion Flor. Angl. p. 140. Light foot Flor. Scot. p. 197. Oeder Dan. ic. 289. RADIX perennis, repenS. CAULIS ere£tus, tripedalis, ad orgyalem, ramofiflimus, teres, pubefcens, ramis alterne oppofitis. FOLIA lanceolata, alterna, fubdecurrentia, glabra, margine minute remoteque dentata, nervo medio albido. BRACTEtE foliis fimiles. FLORES purpurei, fpeciofi, fubfpicati, raro ultra quatuor aut quinque una in eadem fpica flo- rentes. CALYX : Perianthium tetraphyllum, fuperum, fo- liolis lanceolatis, coloratis, furfum curvatis, fiS- I- COROLLA : Petala quatuor, purpurea, patentia, fubrotunda, emarginata, unguibus anguftis, Jig. 2, duobus inferioribus remotioribus. STAMINA : Filamenta o£to, fubasqualia, purpu- rafcentia, primum deflexa, demum fubere&a, Piftillo breviora : Antherje rubrae, bilocula- res : Pollen viride, fig. 3, 4. PISTILLUM : Germen inferum, oblongum, longi- tudine Styli, • fubtetragonum, glandula coro- natum : Stylus filiformis, albus, prope bafin villofus : Stigma quadrifidum, magnum, la- ciniis villofis revolutis, fig. 5, 6, 7. PERICARIUM : Capsula cylindracea, incurvata, quadrilocularis, quadrivalvis. SEMINA numerofa, ftriata, pappo coronata Recepta- culo longiffimo tetragono, libero, flexili affixa, fis- 8 > 9 - ROOT perennial and creeping. STALK upright, from three to fix feet high, very much branched, round, and pubefcent ; the branches alternately oppofite. LEAVES lanceolate, alternate, running flightly down the ftalk, fmooth, the edge minutely and rarely indented, the midrib whitifh. FLORAL-LEAVES like thofe on the ftalk. FLOWERS purple, fhowy, growing in a kind of fpike, feldom more than four or five flowering together on the fame fpike. CALYX : Perianthium of four leaves, placed above the Calyx; the leaves lanceolate, coloured, and bending upwards. COROLLA : four roundifh Petals of a purple co- lour, fpreading, the claws narrow, fig. 2 ; the two lowermoft fomewhat remote from each other. STAMINA : eight Filaments, nearly of an equal length, of a purpliffi colour, at firft bending down, finally becoming fomewhat upright, fhorter than the Piftillum : Anthera red, having two cavities ; the Pollen green, fg- 3’ 4 - PISTILLUM : Germen below the Calyx, oblong, the length of the Style, flightly quadrangular, crowned by a gland : Style filiform, white, villous towards the bottom : Stigma large, divided into four fegments, which are villous, and turn back, fig. 5, 6, 7. SEED-VESSEL : a Capsule of a cylindrical form, fomewhat incurvated, of four cavities and four valves. SEEDS numerous, ftriated, crowned with a down, and affixed to a very long, loofe, flexible Recep- tacle,/^. 8, 9. IN the third edition of Ray’s Synopfis, this plant is faid to have been found growing wild near Alton , in Hampjhire : in confirmation of this, I have myfelf found it growing, in a wild unfrequented wood near the fame place. The fhowy appearance of its blofloms, has long fince introduced it into our gardens ; where, by means of its creeping roots, it is apt to increafe more than is defirable: and from the refufe of gardens, we fufpe& thofe plants, which we have here and there noticed about town, have arifen. Mr. Hudson, in his Flora Anglica , mentions its growing on Maize Hill , beyond Greenwich. It continues in bloflom through July, Auguft, and September. Haller, from feveral authors, mentions, that the young ffioots are eatable, although an inftffion of the plant ftupifies ; that the pith alfo is eatable; which when dried, is boiled, whence it becomes fweet, and by * a proper procefs, affords good beer; as alfo vinegar : that it is alfo added to the Cow Parfnep, to enrich the fpirit which is prepared from that plant : that it likewife affords good fodder for cattle ; and the down of the feeds, mixed with beavers hair, has been manufactured into feveral articles of cloathing. It is too diftinCt to be miftaken for any of the other fpecies ; and is fometimes found with white flowers. Erica cinerea. Fine LEAVED Heath. ERICA Linnai Gen. PI. Octandria Monogynia. Cal 4-phyllus. Cor. 4-fida. Filamenta receptaculo inferta. Anther re bifids. Caps. 4-locularis. Rail Syn. Arbores et Frutices. ERICA cinerea foliis ternis glabris linearibus. ERICA cinerea Antheris criftatis, Corollis ovatis, Stylo fubexerto, foliis ternis, Stigmate capitato. Linnai Syfl. Vegetal. p. 303. ERICA humilis, cortice cinereo Arbuti flore. Rauhin p. 486. ERICA virgata five FI Clufii. Parkinfon 1483. ERICA tenuifolia Gerard emac. 1380. Raii Syn. p. 471, Fine leaved Heath. Hudfon FI. Angi. p. 144. Oeder Dan. icon. 38. RADIX perennis, lignofa. | ROOT perennial and woody. CAULES fuffruticofi, pedales, lignofi, cortice cinereo, 4 STALKS fhrubby, about a foot high, woody; the ramofi, ramis oppofitis. | bark of an afh colour, branched ; the branches $ oppofite. FOLIA terna, linearia, patentia, fupra glabra, nitida, | LEAVES growing three together, linear, fpreading, tranfverfim rugofa, infra canaliculata, faturate t above fmoothandfhining, tranverfiy wrinkled ; viridia,^, r, 2. | below hollow, of deep green colour, 1, 2. FLORES faturate purpurei, taftu fonori, fpicati, fpicis | FLOWERS of a deep purple colour, fonorous when longis, verticillato-glomerati, terminalibus. | touched, growing in long, cluttered, whirled fpikes, which are terminal. CALYX Perianthium tetraphyllum, foliolis lanceo- latis, acuminatis, margine membranaceis, co- loratis, perfiftentibus, foliolis duobus acutis et multo minoribus ad bafin, fg. 3, 5. COROLLA monopetala, ovata, ore quadrifido, laciniis obtufis, faspe emortuis, perfiftens, fg. 4. STAMINA : Filamenta o£to, fubulata, alba, Corolla breviora, receptaculo inferta ; Anthers fub- fagittatze cohaerentes, biloculares, bicornes, cornibus laciniatis, ad bafin rubris, biforami- nofe, fg. 6, 7. PISTILLUM : Germen cylindraceum, fulcatum ; Stylus fubulatus, purpureus, Corolla inclu- fus, Staminibus longior ; Stigma fubrotundiim fg. 8, 9, 10. CALYX. 4 a Perianthium of four leaves, of a pointed oval fhape, membranous at the edge, coloured, continuing, with two pointed and much fmaller leaves at the bottom of them, fg. 3, 5. COROLLA of one Petal, oval, the mouth divided into four fegments, which often occur wither- ed, continuing, fg. 4. STAMINA : eightFiLAMENTs, tapering, white, fhor- ter than the Corolla, inferted into the Recep- tacle : Antherje fomewhat arrow fhaped, adhering together, with two cavities open at top, and two little horns which are j’agcred and red at bottom, fg. 6, 7. PISTILLUM : Germen cylindrical, grooved : Style tapering, purple, inclofed within the Corolla, but longer than the Stamina : Stigma roundilh, fig. 8, 9, 10. PERICARPIUM Capsula fubrotunda, quadrilocula- I SEED-VESSEL a roundifh Capfule of four cavities and ns, quadrivalvis. | four valves. SEMINA plura, fubovata, ftperficie reticulata, Tetra- 1 SEEDS feveral, of an oval fhape, the furfhce reticulated hcis quadruplo majora. | four times larger than thofe of the crofs leaved t Heath. THIS fpecies of Heath, which produce* the moll Ihowy flowers, grows generally with the crofs-leaved and common Heath ; and flowers in July and Auguft. ° J J As it grows to a pretty confidence height it is applicable to the fame nfes as the common Heath. . “T 4 " 1 from *e crofi-leaveJ Heath, by the finenefs, fmoothnefs and deep green colour of its leaves- Its flowers alio grow more in fpikes, and are of a deeper purple colour. Adoxa moschatellina. Tuberous Moschatel. ADOXA Litirni Gen. PI. Octandria Teyragynia. Cal. 2-fidus, inferus. Cor. 4 -f. j-fida, fupera. Baeca 4 -f. 5-Ioculans, ca- lyce coalita. RaiiSyn.Gen. 16. Herb® Baccifer®. ADOXA Mofchatelllna. Lima! Syjl. Fegetab. p. y 5. Sf. PI. 527. FI. Suecic. p. 132. MOSCHATELLINA Bailer hi/l. 429. MOSCHATELLA Adoxa. Scopoli. II. Carniol. f. 281. MOSCHATELLINA foliis fumaria: bulbofe. I. B. in. 206. RANUNCULUS nemorofus Mofchatella diftus. Parhnfon 226. RANUNCULUS nemorum Mofchateliina diaus. Baubm. Pm. 178. RADIX CAVA minima viridi flore. Gerard emac. 1091. Ball Syn. p. 268, Tuberous Mofchatel. Hudfon FI. Angl ed. 2. p. 172. Lightfoot FI Scot. p. 209. Oeder FI Van. ic. 139. RADIX perennis, repens, dentata, alba. FOLIA radicalia tria aut quatuor, tri-ternata, xncifa, glabra, lobis ovatis, mucronatis, caulina duo brevius petiolata. oppofita. ROOT perennial, creeping, toothed, and of a white colour. LEAVES: radical leaves commonly _ three or four, triply ternate, deeply cut in, fmooth, and Shining ; the fegments or lobes oval, with a fhort point : thofe of the ftalk two in number, Handing on Ihorter foot-ftalks, and oppofite. CAULIS folia fuperans, fimplex, fubtetragonus. PEDUNCULUS quadrangularis, nudus, terminalis. CAPITULUM tetragonum, ex cpiatuor floribus verti- cillatis, quinto terminali. CALYX: Per ianthium inferum, faepius triangulare, planum, perfiftens, fig. 1 • STALK fomewhat taller than the leaves, Ample, and nearly fquare. FLOWER-STALK fquare, naked, and terminating the ftalk. HEAD fquare, from the union of four of the flowers, and terminated by the fifth. CALYX : a Perianthium placed beneath the ger- men, moft commonly triangular, flat, and permanent, jig. 1 . COROLLA monopetala, rotata, plana, aut quinquefida, laciniis ovatis, ce longioribus, fig. 2, 3, 4* quadrifida, acutis, caly- COROLLA monopetalous, wheel-fhaped, flat, divi- ded into four or five fegments, which are oval, pointed, and longer than the calyx, fig • 2 > 3» 4- STAMINA: Filamenta otto aut decern, fubulata, longitudine calycis: Antheras flava:, piante, orbiculata, jig. 5 • PISTILLUM : Germen fubrotundum, calyce cinttum: Styli plerumque quatuor, fimphees, eretti, longitudine ftaminum, perfiftentes : Stigma- ta fimplicia, fig. 6. PERICARPIUM: Bacca globofa, viridis, quadrilo- cularis, cum calyce coalita, fig. 7. SEMINA folitaria, ovata, compreffa, fig. : STAMINA: eight or ten Filaments, tapering, the length of the calyx : Anther.® yellow, flat, and round, fig. 5. ; PISTILLUM : Germen roundifh, furrounded by the calyx : Styles generally four, Ample, up- right, the length of the ftamina, permanent : Stigmata fimple, jig. 6. ; ! SEED-VESSEL ; a round Berry of a green colour, having four cavities, and united to the calyx, fig • 7- 1 SEEDS fingle, oval, and flattened, fig. 8. It is one of the bacciferous plants of Ray, but its berries are rarely produced, and not to be drfeovered without a nice examination. It varies much in the divifrons of its CalyK, and Corolla, as well as in the number of its Stamina, even in the terminal flower. In Charlton Wood we find it abundantly, flowering in April and May. Chryfofplemum Oppofitifolium. Common Golden Saxifi age. CHRYSOSPLENIUM Lirmai Cm. PI. Decandsia Dibynia. Cal. 4-f. 5-fidus, coloratus. Car. o. Caps. 2-roftris, i lo- cularis, polyfperma. RaiiSyn.Gen. 5. Herbie flore imperfecto seu stamineo vel apet alo. potius. CHRYSOSPLENIUM oppofitifolium foliis oppofitis. Lin. Syfi. Vegetal, p. 342. Sp. Pl. 569. CHRYSOSPLENIUM foliis conjugatis. Haller. Hljl. No. 1549. SAXIFRAGA rotundifolia aurea. Bauhin. pin. p. 309. SAXIFRAGA aurea. Ger. emac. 841. Parkinfon 425. Paii Syn. 158. Golden Saxifrage. Hudfon FI. Angi. p. 156. Oeder FI. Dan. ic. 365. Lightfoot FI. Scot, p . 220. RADICES perennes, fibrofze, capillares. CAULES bafi repentes, quadrati, tenerrimi, ere&i, palmares et ultra, pilis raris hirfuti ; ramofi, fuperne dichotomi. FOLIA oppofita, connata, petiolata, patentia, fubro- tunda, pilis raris albidis hirfuta, dentato- crenata, fubcarnofa, e flavo virefeentia, fubtus albida, fuprema profundius crenata. FLORES flavi, fefliles, fummis ramis infidentes, co- rymbofi, faftigiati. CALYX: Perianthium quadripartitum, rarius quin- quepartitum, patens, flavum, perfiftens ; la- ciniis ovatis, fubasqualibus, fig. 1 , 2. COROLLA nulla. STAMINA : Filamento odo, (in fupremo flore de- cem aliquando obfervantur,) fubulata, ereda, longitudine fere calycis : Anthers didyma;, fubrotundze, flava;, fg. 3, 4. NECTARIUM fquamula crenulata germen cingens, fig' 5 - PISTILLUM : Germen inferum, definensin Stylos duos, fubulatos, longitudine flaminum : Stig- mata obtufa, fig. 6. PERICARPIUM : Capsula biroftris, bipartita, uni- locularis, bivalvis, calyce viridi cinda. SEMINA plurima, minuta, aurantiaca. * ROOTS fibrous, capillary, and perennial. STALKS creeping at bottom, fquare, very tender, upright, about four inches in height, befet with a few ftiffifh hairs, branched, and fork- ed at top. LEAVES oppofite, connate, flanding on foot-ftalks, fpreading, of a roundifh figure, befet with a few white ftiffifli hairs, indented or crenated at the edges, fomewhat flefliy, of a yellowifh green colour, but whitifh underneath ; the uppermoft leaves more deeply notched. FLOWERS yellow, feflile, fitting on the tops of the branches, forming a corymbus perfedly flat at top. CALYX : a Perianthium divided into four fegments, feldom into five, fpreading, of a yellow colour, and continuing; the fegments ovate, and nearly equal, fig. 1, 2. COROLLA wanting. STAMINA: eight Filaments, (in the top flower ten are fometimes obfervable,) tapering, up- right, almoft the length of the calyx : An- thers double, roundifh, and yellow, _/%•. 3, 4. NECTARY a fcale with a crenated edge, furrounding the germen, fig. 5. PISTILLUM : Germen placed below the calyx, end- ing in two tapering Styles, the length of the Stamina : Stigmata blunt, fig. 6. SEED-VESSEL; a Capsule having two beaks or horns, dividing in the middle, of one cavity, and two valves, furrounded by a green Calyx. SEEDS numerous, minute, of an orange colour. THE antient botanifts fhewed no fmall botanic difeernment in confidering this plant as a Saxifraga ; and al- though in flridl propriety it may be neceffary to form a different genus of it, yet its affinity muft be con- fefled to be very great. The part which Linnjeus calls the Receptaculum angulatum , appears to be more properly a kind of NeSlarium ; the Stamina proceed from beneath, not out of it. As the terminal flower in this plant is rarely divided into more than four fegments, and has only eight Stamina, it would perhaps be more proper to place it in the clafs Octandria. It grows in great abundance in the boggy part of Charlton Wood ; and flowers in April. The feeds ripen in May. Authors are filent as to its ufeful or noxious qualities. . ' , . ' , Saxifraga tridactylites. Rue-leaved Saxifrage. SAXIFRAGA tridabiyUtes foliis caulinis cuneiformibus trifidis alternis, caule ere&o ramofo. Linncei Syft. Vegetal. p. 344- s p. pl - t- 57 8 - Fl ■ Succic ' t- '+3- SAXIFRAGA foliis petiolatis trilobatis caule erefto ramofo et foliofo. Haller, hij. belv. p. 422. n. 986. SAXIFRAGA tridaBylites. Scopuli. Fl. Carniol. p. 237. n. 500. SEDUM trida&y lites teaorum. Baubin. Pin. 283. PARONYCHIA rutaceo folio. Gerard, emac. 624. PARONYCHIA foliis incilis. Parbinfon. 356. SAXIFRAGA verna annua humilior. I. R. H. 252. Ran Syn. p. 354, Rue Witlow-grafs. IN the months of April and May, this little plant fucceeds the Draba verna, and is no fmall ornament to the tops of our walls. It grows alfo on houfes, and among rubbilh. It Varies in fize from one to fix inches, or even more in particular fixations : the larger it grows, the more branched it becomes, and the more numerous are the divifions of its leaves : on the contrary in its fmall Hate, the ftalk is frequently Ample, and the leaves undivided. Its medical virtues, if any, are not fufficient to preferve it in the prefeut pradice. SAXIFRAGA Lirnxi Gen. PI. Decandria Digynia. Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. 5-petala. Caps. 2-roftris, r locularis, polyfperma. Rail Syn. Gen. 24. Herbie pentapetalje vasculiferv. Hudjon Fl. Angl. p. 159. ed. 2. 182. Lightfoot Fl. Scot. p. 224. RADIX annua, fibrofa. ROOT annual and fibrous. 4 ted inape, ana nearly uprignc. * I FLOWERS white, fmall, and upright. STAMINA-FiLAMENTAdecem,fubulata:AitTHEEjE f STAMINA: ten Filaments, tapering towards the fubrotundte, 8avs, jig. 3. | t°P = Anthers roundifli and yellow, jg. 3. PISTILLUM ■ Gekmen inferum, calyce obteaum, I PISTILLUM : Germen placed below the calyx and fubrotundum, delinens in Stylos duos bre- f covered by it, of a roundifh ihape, and termi- ves : Stigmata villofa, jg. 4. t nating in two Ihort Styles : the Stigmata fubrotundum, delinens in Styli ves : Stigmata villofa, Jig. 4. nil, v-aij oo.wiv — , , in Stylos duos bre- I 4- I villous, Jig. 4. t $ PERICARPIUM • Capsula fubrotunda, bilocularis, | SEED-VESSEL a roundifli Capsule of two cavities biroftris, ore aperto, ovato, integro. | and two beaks, the mouth oval, open, and $ intire. I SEEDS very minute, of a blackifli brown colour. intire. SEMINA minima, nigricantia. 0 SOPEWORT. Saponaria OFFICINALIS. SAPONARIA Linn. Gen . PI. Decandria Digynia. Cal. i-phyllus, nudus. Petala 5, unguiculata. Caps, oblonga, i-locularis. Rail Syn. Herb® pentapetal® vasculifer®. SAPONARIA officinalis, calycibus cylindricis foliis ovato-lanceolatis. Lin. Syjl. Vegetal, p. 347. Spec. PI. 584. SAPONARIA foliis ovato-lanceolatis, trinerviis; floribus tubulofls, umbellatis. Haller hijl. heh.n. 980. LYCHNIS officinalis. Scopoli. FI. Carniol. p. 303. n. 510. SAPONARIA major laevis. Bauhin. pin . 206. SAPONARIA Ger. emac. 444. SAPONARIA vulgaris. ParkinJbn. 641. LYCHNIS Saponaria diCta. Rail Syn. p. 339. Common Sopewort. FI. Dan. icon. 543. Hudfion Fl. Angl. p. 339. Oeder. RADIX perennis, cortice rubente te&a, profunde de- | ROOT perennial, covered with a reddilh coloured barkj fcendens, lateque reptans, gemmis vivacibus inftruCta, hinc tritici repentis aemulus, ex hortis difficillime extirpatur. CAULES pedales et ultra, ereCti, rigidi, teretes, fub- rubentes, geniculati, fuperne ramofl, ramis oppofitis. FOLIA ovato-lanceolato, connata, brachiatim oppofita, glabra, trinervia, patentia. FLORES terminales, fubutnbellati, carnei. CALYX : Perianthium monopyllum, tubulofum, baft intropreffiim, fcabriufculum, oblongum, quinquedentatum, fig. t. ftriking deep into the ground, and fpreading wide, furnifhed with living buds, whence, like Couch-Grafs, it is with the greateft difficulty rooted out of gardens. STALKS a foot or more in height, upright, rigid, round, of a reddiffi colour, jointed, at top branched, the branches oppoftte. LEAVES of an oval pointed ffiape, connate, alternate- ly oppofite, fmooth, with three ribs, and fpreading. FLOWERS terminal, forming a kind of umbell, fleffi coloured. CALYX ; a Perianthium of one leaf, tubular, preffed in at the bafe, roughilh, oblong, with five teeth. Jig. COROLLA: Petala quinque; mgues angufti, angu- | COROLLA: five Petals, the claws narrow, angu- i..: 1 — . „ * lar a lit-t-lp Inncrpr than flip Gnlvv. ficr. n. a : lati, calyce paulo longiores, Jig. 3, 4 ; limbus ? planus, obcordatus, bafi bidentatus, Jig. 3. | lar, a little longer than the Calyx, fig. 3, 4 ; the limb flat, inverfely heart-lhaped, furnifhed at bottom with two little teeth, fig. 3. STAMINA Filament a decem, fubulata, longitudine J STAMINA ^ ten ^ Filaments,^ tapering,^ the .^length tubi corollae, alterna unguibus petalorum ferta : Anther.® oblongas, pallidae, fig. 5. PISTILLUM : Germen oblongum. tubi corollas, alterna unguibus petalorum in- | t ¥ teretiufculum, ~ tranfverle rugofum, viride: Styli duo, fu- bulati, albi : Stigmata fimplicia,^. 6, 7, 8. PERICARPIUM : Capsula oblonga, unilocularis, longitudine calycis, ventricola, calyce teCta, ore quadridentato, fig. 9. SEMINA plurima, nigricantia, reniformia, fuperficie granulata, fig. 10, 11 of the tube of the Corolla ; the alternate ones inferted into the claws of the petals : Anthe- r® oblong, of a pale colour, fig. 5. PISTILLUM : Germen oblong, roundifh, tranverfly wrinkled, and green : Styles two, taper- ing, and white; Stigmata Ample, fig. 6, 7, 8. SEED-VESSEL: an oblong Capsule of one cavity, the length of the Calyx, bellying out, cover- ed with the Calyx ; the mouth having four teeth, fig. 9. SEEDS numerous, blackifh, kidney fhaped, the fur- face granulated, fig. 10, 11. The name of Sopewort has been given to this plant, from its anfwering in a confiderable degree, the purpofes of foap, forming like it, a lather with water, and taking out fpots of greafe, &c. from cloth in the fame manner ; whence it has alfo been called the Fullers-herb. . . Some botanifts are ready to doubt whether this herb be a native of Great Britain ; but the teftimomes of Gerard and Ray, appear fufficient to confirm it as fuch. Being often cultivated in gardens, on account of its beauty, it is no doubt often found among the refufie of gardens-, and the plants which we have here and there met with in a few places about town, may probably have been of this kind. It is faid naturally to grow in moift fituations ; and flowers during the months of July, Auguft and September. There are feveral varieties of it cultivated in the gardens, from the perfectly white to the deep purple bloiTom’d, both Angle and double ; as alfo that Angular variety the Saponaria concava anglica of Bauhine and Morison, in which the leaves furround the {talk, and the bloffom becomes monopetalous, but generally fplit, and deftitute of the other parts of the fruCtiftcation ; found originally by Gerard, in a fmall grove of a wood called the Spiney, near Lich- barrow, in Northamptonjhire ; where, according to the teftimony of Morton, hifi. nat. agr. North, it is no longer to be found ; and which variety appears more like a lufus naturae, as Ray conAders it, than a mule plant, produ- ced betwixt a Gentian and the Sopewort, as Linn®us ftrft fuggefted. All thefe varieties are eaAly cultivated : indeed much care is required, that they do not fpread too much in the garden. , A decoCtion of the dried herb, does not form a lather fo well as that of the frefh herb. A decoction of the dried root, makes a lather exaCtly like a folution of foap, but not fo flippery ; Berg. Mat. Med. Greafe and dirt were wafhed out with it, but not ftains ; idem. The root tailed not bitter, but fweet ; afterwards warm and biting in the throat ; Rutty Mat. Med. The tafte of the leaves bitter, mucilaginous, {lightly auftere, and acrid, and if chewed long, quite acrid : the decoCtion alfo bitter, and auftere ; but not changed by vitriol of iron ; idem. The watery infufion of the dried herb, fuddenly became of a blackifh green colour, by the addition of vitriol of iron ; but not the infufion of the root ; Bergius. In baths and lotions, it has been made ufe of to cleanfe and beautify the Ikin ; idem. Internally the deco&ion of the whole herb is fudoriftc, and promotes the menfes ; idem. If the decottion be very ftrong, it proves purgative ; idem, ex Mangeto. The leaves and root are made ufe of in the aflhma : half a dram of the root taken with honey, promotes expectoration ; idem. _ In the jaundice, chronic difeafes, and obftruCtions of the vifcera, it has been recommended by Boerhave; Haller hijl '. helv. . . , By others it has been recommended in venereal and fcrophulous difeafes, particularly m the former by Stahl, w ho deemed it fuperior to Sarfaparilla ; Newman's Chem. by Lewis. /' Stellaria Holostea. The greater Stichwort. STELLARIA Linnai Geti. Pl. Decandria TrigyniA. Cal 5-phyllus, patens. Petal. 5. bipartita. Caps, i-locularis, poiyfperma. RaiiSyn.Gen. 24. Herba: Pentapetala: vasculifera:. STELLARIA Holo/lea foliis lanceolatis ferrulatis, petalis bifidis» Lin. Syjl. Vegetab. p. 352. FI. Suecica. p. 150. ALSINE foliis gramineis ciliatis. Baller hifl. No. 884. STELLARIA Holojlea. Scopoli FI. Carniol. p. 314. CARYOPHYLLUS holofteus arvenfis glaber flore majore. Bauhm pin. 210. GRAMEN leucanthemum. Gerard emac. 47. Parkmfon. 1325. Raii Syn. 346, The Greater Stichwort. Hudfon FI. Angi, p . 1 66. RADIX tenui et infirma radicula, fummo cefpite ge- niculata reptat, demiffis tamen altius fibris. CAULES plures, denfe nafcuntur, erefti, pedales, qua- drati, geniculati, fcabriufculi, fragiles, bafi pertenues. FOLIA lanceolato-acuminata, fubconnata, rigidula, in- ferne carinata, ferrulata, feu potius fetis rigi- diufculis ciliata, fuperiora adfcendentia, mar- ginibus revolutis, e coeruleo-virefcentia, infe- riora crebriora, breviora, deorfum flexa, flava. FLORES albi, longis petiolis fcabriufculis infidentes, e dichotomia caulis prodeuntes. CALYX : Perianth ium pentaphyllum, foliolis ova- to-lanceolatis, concavis, marginatis, laevibus, patentibus, perfiftentibus, fig. i. COROLLA: Petala quinque, magna, bipartita, ob- cordata, alba, nervofa, bafi virefcentia, paten- tia, fig. 2. STAMINA : Filamenta decem, alba, fubulata, cor- rolla breviora, alterna' glandula flavefcenti ad bafin inftru&a : An thera: flavae, oblongae, infidentes, fig. 3. PISTILLUM : Germen fubrotundum : Styli tres, filiformes patentes : Stigmata obtufa, fig. 4. PERICARPIUM: Capsula fubrotunda, membrana- cea, unilocularis, fexvalvis, fig. 6. SEMINA plerumque quinque aut fex majufcula, auran- tiaca, reniformia, pulchre crenulata, fig. 7. t ROOT weak, {lender and jointed, creeps on the furface I of the ground, fending down fibres to a confi- 4 derable diftance. ? I STALKS feveral, growing thickly together, upright, a foot high, fquare, jointed, roughilh, brittle, I very {lender at bottom. I LEAVES narrow and pointed, at their bafes {lightly I uniting, fomewhat ftiff, underneath keel- fh;.ped, ferrated at the edges, or rather edged with very I fine ftiffhairs or briftles ; the upper leaves grow- er ing fomewhat upright, the edges turning back, ? of a bluilh green colour ; the lower leaves more I numerous, {horter, bending back, and of a I yellow colour. I FLOWERS white, {landing on long rough foot-ftalks, and proceeding from the forked divifion of the I ffklk. t I CALYX: a Perianthium of five leaves, of an oval pointed {hape, hollow, edged, fmooth, fpread- I ing and continuing, fig. 1 . I COROLLA: five white Petals, large, divided at top, I heart-lhaped, rib’d, green at bottom, fpread- 4 ing, fig. 2. ? I STAMINA: ten white Filaments, tapering, Ihorter 4 than the corolla, the alternate ones furnilhed I at bottom with a yellowifli gland : An thera: I yellow, oblong, fitting on the filaments, fig. 3. * I PISTILLUM : Germen roundifli : Styles three, 4 thread-lhaped, fpreading : Stigmata bluntilh, I fig • 4 - ¥ SEED-VESSEL a roundilh membranous Capsule, I of one cavity and fix valves, fig. 6. I SEEDS for the moft part five or fix, largeifh, of a deep 4 orange colour and beautifully notched, fig. 7. THE Stellaria Holojlea grows very common with us, and with its white delicate bloffoms enlivens our woods and banks early in the Summer. Its feeds are very beautiful and like the Chick-weed, but larger. A very pretty Moth, called by the Aurelians the leajl Yellow Underwing, whole hiftory is unknown, is by them frequently caught hovering over the flowers of this plant when the fun Ihines ftrong. OXALIS ACETOSELLA. WoOD-SoRREL. OXALIS Llnnai Gen. PI. Decandria Pentagynia. Cal. 5-phyllus. Petala unguibus connexa. Caps, angulis dehifens, 5-gona. Paii Syn. Gen. 18. Herb,® fructu sicco singulari flore monopetalo. OXALIS Acetofella fcapo unifloro, foliis ternatis obcordatis, radice dentata. Linnai. Syjl. Vegetab. p. 360. Sp. Pl. p. 620. FI. Suecic. n. 406. OXYS fcapo unifloro, foliis ternatis, radice fquamofo-articulata. Haller, hijl. p. 402. OXYS Acetofella. Scopoli FI. Carniol. n. 561. TRIFOLIUM acetofum vulgare. Baubin. pin. 330. Parlinfon. 746. OXYS alba. Ger. emac. 1261. ACETOSELLA et Lujula feu Alleluja Offic. Raii Syn. p. *281, Wood-Sorrel. RADIX perennis, horizontalis, fquamofo-dentata, ru- berrima. FOLIA terna, obcordata, ex flavo-virefcentia, fubtus ftepe purpurea, pilis raris adfperfa, petiolis longis infidentia. PETIOLI palmares, ereftiufculi, teneri, e bulbillo vaginante prodeuntes, ad bafin ruberrimi, te- retes, fuperne ad unum latus lulcati. FLORES albi aut carnei, venis rubris eleganter ftriati. SCAPI uniflori, longitudine foliorum, bra&asis duabus ovato-acutis vagiuantibus prope apicem in- ftrudti. CALYX : Peri anthium quinquepartitum, breve, per- fiftens, maculis purpureis fepe notatum, laci- niis obtufiufculis margine membranaceis, _/£§-. 1 . COROLLA : Petala quinque, unguibus paululum incurvatis receptaculo affixa, et paulo lupra ungues cohaerentia, obtufa, fubcrenata, bafi flavedine tin&a, fig. 2. STAMINA: Filamenta decem, erebta, alba, quin- que exteriora breviora, fig. 3, 4 : Anther® flavefcentes, biloculares,'^. 5. PISTILLUM : Germen quinquangulare, viride : Styli quinque capillares, flaminibus paulo longiores: Stigmata obtufa,^-. 6, 7. PERICARPiUM : Capsula fubovata, pentagona, maculata, quinquelocularis, angulis longitudi- naliter dehifcentibus, fig. 8, 8. SEMINA : tria in fingulo loculamento, cordata, per longitudinem ftriata, utrinque convexa, rufa, Arillo nitido albo elaftico inclufa, quo dif- rupto ejiciuntur, Jig. 9, 9. Hudfon. FI. Angi. p. 173. Lightfoot. FI. Scot. p. 238. | ROOT perennial, horizontal, fcaly, and of a bright I red colour. I LEAVES growing three together, inverfely heart- . ; fliaped, of a yellowilh green colour, frequent- ly purple underneath, befet with a few hairs, ; and fitting on long foot-ftalks. ■ ■ LEAF-STALKS about three inches long, nearly up- right, tender, proceeding from a little bulb ; ; Which forms a kind of {heath to it ; at bottom : very red and round ; the upper part grooved on one fide. FLOWERS white or flelh coloured, and elegantly ftreaked with red veins. ; FLOWER-STALK, fupporting a fingle bloflom, the length of the leaves, furnilhed near the top ; with two oval pointed Bratteae, which partly furround it. ■ CALYX : a Peri anthium deeply divided into five feg- ; ments, fhort and permanent, often {potted with purple ; the fegments bluntifli, and membranous at the edges, fig. 1. ’ COROLLA : five Petals, affixed to the receptacle by the claws, which bend a little inward, juft ; above the claws adhering together, blunt, ; flightly crenated, and tinged at bottom with : yellow, fig. 2. ; STAMINA: ten Filaments, upright and white, the five exterior ones lhorteft, fig. 3, 4; Anthe- r® yellowilh, and bilocular, fig. 5. ; PISTILLUM : a Germen, four corner’d and green : Styles five, very {lender, and a little longer than the Stamina: Stigmata blunt, fig. 6, 7. SEED-VESSELL : a Capsule fomewhat oval, five cornered, {potted, with five cavities, the an- ; gles burfting longitudinally, fig. 8, 8. : SEEDS : three in each cavity, heart-ffiaped, and grooved longitudinally, convex on both fides, of a bright reddilh brown colour, andinclofed within a Ihining white elaftic Arillus, which burfting they are thrown out, fig. 9, 9. IN this little plant, there is a delicacy of ftru&ure fuperior to what we obferve in moft : there are fomecircum- ftances alfo in the oeconomy of the plant not lefs worthy our attention ; and which, I believe, have not hitherto been noticed. The firft of thefe is the fame procefs, with refpedt to the plants feeding, which we obferve in the Violets. If this plant be attentively obferved, it will be found to continue producing feed-veflels and feeds, during the greateft part of the fummer, without any appearance of expanded blofloms, which are only obfervabk at one particular feafon of the year. As foon as the plant has done flowering, the flower-ftalk, as in many other plants, bends down ; and when the feed is ripe, again becomes upright. The fecond is, if thefe feed-veflells, when ripe’ are {lightly prefled, they open at the angles, and the feeds are thrown out at the apertures ; but not from any elafticity in the capfule itfelf, which continues unchanged : but the caufe of their propulfion is a ftrong white ftii- ning arillus, which covers the feed, and which burfting, by its elafticity throws the feeds to a confiderable diftance. There are but few woods about us in which the Wood-Sorrel does not occur. It will not grow in a garden unleis it has {hade. April and May are the months in which it flowers. It is faid to vary with blueilh and purple- coloured blofloms. The leaves in wet weather, are expanded ; but in dry weather they droop ; LinnH FI. Suecic. They are alfo faid by fome authors, to manifeft a degree of fenfibility on being ftruck. Poflefling a very grateful acid tafte, luperior to common Sorrel, they have been ufed as an antileptic medicine, in malignant fevers, the fcurvy, and all thofe difeafes in which acids are indicated. The only form at prefent in ufe, is a conferve of the leaves: but the fyrup, infufion, and juice of the leaves, and the leaves themfelves, have been ufed indifferently. The eflential fait, extrafted from it by chryfiallization, is made ufe of for taking out iron moulds and fpots of ink from linen : for this purpofe, the ftained part is dipped in water, fprinkled with a little of the' powdered fait, then rubbed on a pewter plate, after which the fpot is wafhed out with warm water ; Newman's Chan, by Lewis. Twenty pounds of frefh Sorrel leaves yielded lix pounds of juice ; from which were obtained two ounces, two drams, and one fcruple of chryftalline fait ; ibid. According to experiments made by Dr. Lobb , a piece of human calculus was diflolved in the juice of this plant in nine days ; Rutty's Mat. Med. ■ " :: r : TI 1« «fST/IOi l f ! : rl JA t - - ■UJfrl: 3 fa : 1 i.. • < v ' . . : • .. .. ...... • i ■■ -t . Cl . ■ . AV* 1 * . . . 1 . r - • : ' - fc(i • ?. ..... / W 5 , - ; /]» : ‘ f. t. . - • v ' : • . VJ : : ; . ‘4 - 1 Lychnis dioica flore rubro. Red Campion. LYCHNIS Limai Gen. PI. Decandkia Pentagykia. hrec fpecies vero dioica eft. Cal. i -phyllus, oblongus, lsvis. Petala 5 ungmculata. Limbo fubbifidcr. Caps. 5-locularis. Ran Syn. Gen. 24. Herb® pentapetal® vasculifer®. LYCHNIS dioica floribus dioicis. Unmet Syjl. Vegetab. p. 362. FI. Suecic. p. 156. Sp. PI. p. 626. LYCHNIS floribus fexu diftindis. Haller, hift. n. 923. LYCHNIS dioica. Scopoli FI. Carniol. n. 530. LYCHNIS fylveftris five aquatica purpurea fimplex. Bauhin pin. 204. LYCHNIS fylveftris flore rubro. Parkinfon. 631. LYCHNIS fylveftris rubello flore. Gerard emac. 469. Rail Syn. 339, Red Flowered Wild Campion. Hudfon FI. Angl. 174. RADIX perennis, minimi digiti craflitudine, alba, fa- | pore fubacri et amaro, fibris multis donato. * t CAULES ex una radice plures, eredi, pedales, aut tri- | pedales etiam, teretes, hirfuti, geniculati, pur- f purei, geniculis incraflatis, ramofi, ramis fu- | perioribus dichotomis. _ _ ; : FOLIA oppofita, connata, ovato-acuminata, hirfuta, • fubnervofa. I CALYX: Perianthium monophyllum, tubulofum, . ; hirfutum, ftriatum, purpureum, quinqueden- : tatum, perfiftens, jig. 1; in feminea turgidior, , fg. 2. _ ;; COROLLiV : Petala quinque obcordata, purpurea, ; patentia, fg. 3 ; ad bafin laminas, unguiculas : obtulie, bifidas aut quadrifidae, fg. 4. ; ; STAMINA: Filamenta decem fubulata, alba, quo- rum quinque longiora : Anther.® flavefcentes, fg. 5. PISTILLUM: Germen ovatum: NeElario ad bafin cindum, fg. 6: Styli quinque longi : albi: villofi : Stigmata fimplicia, fg. 7. PERICARPIUM : Capsula unilocularis, ore decem- dentato, fg. 8. SEMINA plurima, cana, fcabriufcula, fg. 9. ROOT perennial, the thicknefs of the little finger, white, of a {lightly acrid and bitter tafte, furr nifhed with numerous fibres. STALKS feveral from one root, upright, from one to three feet high, round, hirfute, jointed, pur- ple, the joints fwelled, branched, the uppermoft branches forked. LEAVES oppofite, connate, oval-pointed, hirfute, and {lightly nervous. CALYX : a Perianthium of one leaf, tubular, hairy, ftriated, purple, having five teeth, and con- tinuing, fg. 1 ; in the female more turgid, fg . 2. COROLLA : five purplifhheart-fhaped Petals, fpread- ing, fig. 3 : at the bottom of the lamina or broad part of the petal, are two or four fmall upright white blunt leaves, or additional petals, fg. 4. STAMINA : ten white tapering Fit aments, of which five are longer than the others: Anther® yellowilh, fg. 5. PISTILLUM : Germen oval, furrounded by a NeSla- riurn at bottom, fg. 6: Styles five, long and white: Stigmata fimple, fg. 7. SEED-VESSEL a Capsule of one cavity, the mouth having ten teeth, fg. 8. SEEDS numerous, grey and rough, fg. 9. THE Lychnis tribe in general produce both Stamina and Styles in the fame flower; but in this fpecies we fee a remarkable inftance of the capricious inconftancy of nature, who feems to fpurn the fetters of lyfte- matic diftindion, and laughs at mans attempt of fubjeding her to particular rules ; for here the Stamina and Styles grow on feparate plants ; yet they are placed by Linn®us in his Clafs Becandria. What could he have done in this cafe ? had he placed it under Monoecia , he would have feparated plants evidently of the lame genus : ftill, however, it may be faid, he would have made the inveftigation of the plant eafier to the botanic ftudent ; n0 r’ would it’ have been the only inftance where plants nearly fimilar are difunited, as in the Anthoxanthum and Holeus, which evidently belong to the Grafles, yet are in feparate Clafles. Exclufive of this Angular variation with regard to the fex, there is a no lefs remarkable difference with refped to the colour of the flowers in different plants ; fome being conftantly white and others as conftantly red' : this with fome other circumftances relative to the two plants, has led me to fufped that they are not varie- ties but diftind fpecies : cultivation and farther attention to them, will enable me to fpeak of this with more certainty. The red fort here figured, grows in great abundance jp moift ftiady ditches and by the fides of hedges, and lometimes in woods. It flowers in May and June. Both the white and red are cultivated when double, and called by the Gardeners about town Batchelors Buttons, a name which feems with more propriety to belong to fome of the double flowering Crowfoots, as the Ranunculus acris and aconitifolius. The Aurelians, or thofe who colled Infeds of the Moth and Butterfly kind, frequently catch the Sphinx porcellus, or f mall Elephant Hawk Moth, on the flowers of this plant in the evening, and where it grows in abundance. The iceds are liable to be eaten within the feed-veffel, in July and Auguft, by a Caterpillar which produces a brown jh coloured Moth, not figured, nor I believe hitherto noticed by any Entomologift. Ceraftium femidecandrum. Lead Moufe-ear Chickweed. CERASTIUM Lmntei Gen. PL Decandria Pentagynia. . .. Cal. 5-phyllus. Petala bifida. Caps, umloculans, apice dehilcens. RaiiSyn. Gen. 24. Herba: pentapetala: vasculifera:. CERASTIUM femidecandrum floribus pentandris, petalis emarginatis. Lin. Syjl. Vegetab. p. 362. Sp. PI. 627. FI. Suecic. n. 416. MYOSOTIS caule fimplici, foliis ovatis, hirfutis, tubis ternis. Haller, hifi. n. 894. CENTUNCULUS femidecander. Scopoli. FI. Carniol. n. 549. MYOSOTIS arvenfis hirfuta minor. Vaillant. tab. 30. fig. 2. CERi\STIUM hirfutum minus parvo flore. Raii Syn. ed. 3./. xv. fig. 1. Hudfon. ed. 2. p.200. Ligbtfi p.2\\. RADIX annua, fibrofa, albida. ... | CAULIS in locis ficciflimis fimplex, biuncialis, ere&us ; ^ ftepius vero ramofus, aut pluribus cauliculis ¥ compofitus, ficut in icone exprimitur ; primo | vere cauliculi fupra muros aut terram expan- ■$: duntur, tandem fubere&i, triunciales, aut | etiam femipedales fiunt, colore purpurafcen- y te, et pilis glanduliferis veftiti. | t ? FOLIA radicalia oblongo-ovata, prope apicem dilata- | ta, acuta, punfto rufo terminata, bafi anguf- ; ■ tata, connata, leviufcula, medio per longitudi- ] • nem fulcata, caulina ovata, villofa. BRACTEA duas, concavae, vifcofe, membrana mar- ginatae, fub lingula dichotomic caulis. FLORES albi, pedunculari, fubcorymbofi. PEDUNCULT villofi, ad bafin paululum incraflati, florefcente planta longitudine calycis, eredi ; perada florefcentia deorfum fleduntur, et du- plo longiores evadunt, demum eriguntur. CALYX : Perianthium pentaphyllum, foliolis lan- ceolatis, membrani acuminata Corolla lon- giore terminatis, vifcofis, fig. 1, 2. COROLLA: Petala quinque, oblonga, calyce bre- viora, apice acute emarginata, fzepe erofa, fig- 3’ 4- STAMINA: Filamenta plerumque quinque, fubin- de fex, raro plura, alba, Corolla breviora : Antherje fubrotundte, flavefcentes, fig. 5. PISTILLUM : Germen ovatum : Styli quinque, capillares, albi, villofi: Stigmata fimpli- cia, fig. 6, 7. PERICARPIUM : Capsula membranacea, fcariofa, quinquenervis, ore decemdentato, fig. 8. SEMINA plurima, minima, ovata, flavefcentia,^. 9, 10. ROOT annual, fibrous, ofawhitifli colour. STALK in very dry places is fimple, upright, and a- bout two inches high ; but more commonly is branched, or compofed of numerous fmall ftalks, as expreffed in the figure : thefe early in the fpring, are expanded on the walls or earth, finally become nearly upright, three inches, or fometimes even fix inches high, of a purplifh colour, and covered with hairs having glands at their extremities. LEAVES near the root of an oblong oval fihape, dila- ted near the top, terminating in a fharp red point, narrower towards the bafe, and uni- ting around the ftalk, nearly fmooth, and grooved down the middle : thofe of the ftalk oval and villous. FLORAL-LEAVES two, hollow, vifcous, and edged with a membrane, placed under each divi- fion of the ftalk. ELOWERS white, {landing on foot-ftalks, and form- ing a kind of Corymbus. FLOWER-STALKS villous, and thickened a little at bottom, while the plant is in flower the length of the Calyx, and upright, the flower- ing over they are bent backward, and become twice as long, finally they again become up- right. CALYX: a Perianthium of five leaves, lanceolate, vifcous, and terminated by a pointed mem- brane, which is longer than the Corolla, fig • L 2. COROLLA : five Petals, which are oblong, and fhorter than the Calyx, fharply cut in at top, and often appearing jagged, fig. 3, 4. STAMINA: Filaments generally five, nowand then fix, leldom more, white, Ihorter than the Corolla : Anthers nearly round, of a yellowifh colour, fig. 5. PISTILLUM : Germen oval : Styles five, very fine, white, and villous: Stigmata fimple, fig. 6, 7- SEED-VESSEL, a membranous Capsule, fonorous when touched, having five ribs, the mouth opening with ten teeth, fig. 8. SEEDS numerous, very minute, oval and yellowifh, fig. 9, 10. MUCH praife is due to the great Linnjeus, for the accuracy with which he has defcribed the more common Cera/hums, and particularly the prefent fpecies. To Monfieur Vaillant the public are alfb much indebted, for the accurate and elegant figures, which he has given of them in his Flora Parifienfis. In the third edition of Ray’s Synopfis , the femidecandrum is added by Dillenius, who has there given a figure of it, which, although expreffive of the plant as it commonly grows on heaths, yet tends to millead the ftudent with an idea, that minutenefs is its chief chara£teriftic : the defcription alfo has a fimilar tendency. It fays, that the ftalks are not vifcous, and that it flowers fomewhat later than the vifrofum ; whereas in both, the ftalks are evidently vifcous towards the upper part ; the femidecandrum alfo flowers equally early ; and infiead of being lefs branched, as is there aflerted, it is in a common way more fo. It is true that both fpecies, when they grow in very barren places, (and in which this fpecies feems chiefly to have been fought for,) have only a fimple ftalk, and often do not arife to the height of two inches. 1 he femidecandrum is a much more common plant than is generally imagined ; and is diftinguifhed, particularly when in bloflom, from all the other Cerq/liums with the greateft facility. There is fcarce a wall or heath around town, on which this plant may not be found in abundance ; particularlv about Hackney ; as alfo under Greenwich Park Wall , facing Black-heath , as well as on the heath itfelf. It comes into bloflom foon after the Draba verna, and, like that plant, foon disappears. It may be diftinguifhed from the Cerafiiums, when in bloflom, by having only five flamina, whence its name. I have fometimes found more; but this number is fufficiently conflant to form a very good fpecific chara&er. Linna:us remarks its having ten flamina, five of which produce no Anthers : thefe I muft confefs never to have fecn. ^ Scopoli obferves, that he always found it with ten flamina, and attributes the want of Antherje in Lin- naeus s five, to the five exterior ones quickly lofing their Antherte. It is poflible that in Carnicla, this plant may occur with ten flamina ; but here, like the Alfine , it certainly lofes one half of them. The petals form a more invariable chara&er, being always fhorter than the calyx, acutely cut in at top, as if a piece had been taken out with a pair of fciflars, and frequently irregularly jagged or gnawed: they are alfo much broader than thofe of the Ceraftium vifcofum. .The calyx too is often of confiderable ufe in determining this fpecies, (as it may be obferved when neither the fla- mina or petals are vifible,) at leaft from the vulgatum, its leaves being very thickly covered with hairs, having glands at their extremities, vid. fig. 1, 2. which glands are altogether wanting in the vulgatum. The membrane alio, which terminates the leaves of the calyx, is remarkably long in this fpecies. Thefe cireumftances if attended to, together with the remarks to be hereafter made on the Cerajtium vulgatum, will. It is hoped, enable the ftudent to mveftigate thefe plants, and fix them with certainty. No virtues are attributed to it : and it is too inconfiderable to be noxious in agriculture. Ceraftium vulgatum. Common Moufe-ear - Chickweed. CERASTIUM Linnai. Gen. PL Decandria Pentagynia. Calyx 5-phyllus. Petala bifida. Caps, unilocularis, apice dehifcens. Raii Syn. Gen. 24. Herbie pentapetal® vasculifer®. CERASTIUM vulgatum foliis oblongo-ovatis, hirfutis, caulibus diffufis, hirfutie nudff. CERASTIUM vulgatum foliis ovatis, petalis calyci aequalibus, caulibus diffufis. Lin.SyJl. Veget ab. /.362. Sp. Pl. p. 627. FI. Suecic. n. 415. MYOSOTIS foliis ovato lanceolatis, petalis calycis longitudine. Haller. Hi/l. Helv. p. 390. n. 893. MYOSOTIS arvenfis hirfuta, parvo flore albo. Vaillant . Paris. 142. t. 30. /. 1. ALSINE hirfuta magno flore. Bauhin. pin. 251. AURICULA muris quorundam flore parvo, vafculo tenui longo. I. B. III. 359. ALSINE hirfuta myofotis. Adv. 193. Raii. Syn. p. 349, Narrow-Leaved Moufe-ear Chickweed. Hudfon. FL Angi. p. 175. ed. 2. p. 200. Ltghtfoot. FL Scot. p. 240. ROOT perennial and fibrous. RADIX perennis, fibrofa. CAULES plurimi, diffufi, teretes, purpurafcentes, hir- futi, ramofi. FOLIA hirfuta , inferiora oblongo-ovata, bafi angufta- ta, carinata, connata, fuperiora ovata, mar- ginibus fubrevolutis. CALYX : Perianthium pentaphyllum, foliolis ovato- lanccolatis, margine membranaceis, apice purpurafcentibus, hirfutis, hirfutie nudd fve glandulis defit ut a, fig. 1 . COROLLA : Petala quinque, alba, obtufe bifida, calyce plerumque longiora, bafi flavefcentia, fg- 2 * STAMINA: Filamenta decem, filiformia, corolla breviora; alterna breviora : Anther.® fub- rotundas, flavae, fig. 3. PISTILLUM: Germen ovatum: Styli quinque, capillares, albi, ad bafin fenfim tenuiores: Stigmata fimplicia, fig. 4. PERICARPIUM : Cap sul a ovato-cylindracea, mem- branacea, paululum recurvata, calyce duplo fere longior, ore decemdentato. SEMINA plurima, flavefcentia, ad lentem fcabriufcu- la, fig ■ 5, 6. STALKS numerous, fpreading, round, purplifli, hir- fute, and branched. LEAVES hirfute ; the lowermoft of an oblong oval (hape, narrowed at the bafe, midrib project- ing on the under fide, uniting around the ftalk ; the uppermoft leaves oval, the edges fomewhat rolled back. CALYX : a Perianthium of five leaves, which are oval and pointed, membranous at the edges, and purplifli at top, covered with hairs which have no glands at their extremities, fig. 1. COROLLA: five white Petals, bluntly notched at top, generally longer than the Qalyx, yellow- ifli at bottom, fig. 2. STAMINA: ten Filaments, thread-fhaped, and (horter than the corolla ; the alternate ones (horteft; Anther® roundifli, and yellow, fig- 3 - PISTILLUM : Germen roundifli : Styles five, very {lender and white, gradually leflening to the bottom : Stigmata Ample, fig. 4. SEED-VESSEL : a Cap sule ovally-cylindrical, mem- branous, turning up a little, almoft twice the length of the calyx, the mouth opening with ten teeth. SEEDS numerous, yellowifli, appearing roughifli when magnified, fig. 5, 6. THE Cerafiium vulgatum is often confounded with the two fpecies already figured in this work ; viz. the vifcofum and femidecandrum. The attentive botanift will, however, readily diftinguifli it ; particularly when aflifted by the following obfervations. Firft, this fpecies is certainly perennial ; and although it has only a fmall fibrous root, it continues through the winter, and from the fame root throws out new (hoots ; while the other two are ftri&ly annual. Secondly, the hairs on the (talks, leaves, and calyx, are much longer and coarfer, than in either of the other two ; and what particularly deferves to be noticed, they are not terminated at the extremity by a vifcous globule, a character alone fulficient to diftinguifli it. — And thirdly, it is not only a larger and more fpreading plant, but alfo with relpeCt to (ituation more univerfally common. It is fubjeCt to many variations ; fometimes being very hirfute, at other times but thinly covered with hairs ; and it is faid to have been found by Doody quite fmooth.-j- It differs in fize from an inch to two feet. In the breadth of, its leaves alfo, like the Polygonum aviculare , it varies very confiderably. The bJoffoms likewife are fub- jeCt to vary in fize. In general, the ftronger the plant the fmaller the petals, and vice verla ; hence by the fize of its petals alone, it is lufficiently diftinguifhed on heaths, where it frequently grows about two inches in height, and is often taken for the femidecandrum. The name given to this plant by Monfieur Vaillant, is certainly improper; the petals being often twice as large as either of the other two. There is one point alfo in which Linn®us’s obfervation does not accord with ours : in comparing the leaves with thofe of the vifcofum , he fays they are minus lanceolata magifque ovata , the reverfe of which is generally obfervable in our plant. It comes fully into bloom about May ; but may be found in blofl'om during the whole of the fummer. It grows not only on walls, but alfo by the (ides of roads, in meadows, and among rubbifh. Like the other Ceraf turns, it is not known to be particularly noxious in agriculture ; nor has it any virtues to recommend it. ■[Raii Syn. ed. 3. p. 349, ■ > : ' i ' • . .. j . ' • ' ' • • . . ' * *c • . - ' •• " • ; * ; ■' •' : ; :?A • s 'Cl. 1 r: . ‘ jvlia . •> ./ effort r. 3 ‘. 'll Lit «fili . ■ . J 1 " ' . 1 /-: ibv 'ia •.?: r..-,-.; •C - 8 •?' «OXpr.-. Vr \ : r -r .! r . ... .. . . ’ ' . . s:r/: -■>/. mil: : ■ c.i .vav.V...-\ .wa^-gK? .. v.r/.yr .?• » c;i h <:■: i h>ci: >'• ; Jwfi .,,!■• ... ‘i osf oil? •••! 'vi;ri*»y : j-j j _ ; 7= - : - -'i: • ;. . i ' ii ■’ ’• ••' : !:•' t:-."- rri J.rr.ftj .*-?• i • i* i-’ f r bne li lo crilaorr: ru i. ■::/ :rr. ryir ; : •; ;;; - : ;{l • ' ' ' I : .• .j -.j i:l ..... 4 •) y, v*'f: : . »1 «.;? <: •• • . V V. ;• ;» • ■> • '■ :! • ••• Cerastium viscosum. Broad - leaved Mouse - ear / Chickweed. CERASTIUM Linnai Gen. P. Decandria Pentagynia. Cal. 5-phyllus. Petala bifida. Caps, unilocularis apice dehifcens. Rai Syn. Gen. 24. Herba: pentapetala vasculifera. CERASTIUM vifcofum ere£lum villofo-vifcofum. Linn a i Syjl. Vegetab. p. 362. FI. Suecic. n. 414. MYOSOTIS hirfuta et vifcofa. Haller hift. n. 895. MYOSOTIS hirfuta altera vifcofa. Fail!. Paris. 142. t. 30. fig. 1. ALSINE hirfuta altera vifcofa. C. Bauhin. pin. 25 u ALSINE vifcofa. Parkinfon. 768. ALSINE hirfuta Myofotis latifolia praecocior. Cat. angl. ALSINE Myofotis humilior et rotundo folio. Merret. pin. The Broader-leaved Moufe-ear Chickweed, Raii Syn. p. 348. Hudfon. FI. Angl. p. 175. RADIX annua, | t CAULIS palmaris ad pedalem, bafr ramofus, medius t caulis eredtus, laterales adfcendentes, dichoto- | mus, pilis glanduliferis Veftitus, unde fub vif- | cofus evadit. | $ ? t FOLIA ovata, fubconnata, villofo-vifcofa, ad inferio- | rem partem caulis bafi anguftiora, e flavo vi- | refcentia. 4 t FLORES in fummitatibus caulium planta adhuc in- | fantili arde ftipantur, adquindecem aut plures. ^ ¥ * CALYX Perianthium pentaphyllum, foliolis ovato- $ acuminatis, longitudine petalorum, apice pur- | purafcentibus, vifcofo-pilofis, fig. x. % ! COROLLA : Petala quinque alba, oblonga, angufta, | baii villofa, apice bifida, fig. 2. STAMINA : Filamenta decem, fubulata,. quorum % quinque longiora, bafi glandula inftruda, | fig- 3. 6 - I PISTILLUM: Gekmen ovatum: Styli quinque vil- | lofi germine breviores: Stigmata obtuftuf- 4 cula, fig. 4, 5. | ■% PERICARPIUM : Capsula corniformis, ore decem- 4 dentato calyce dimidio longiore, fig. 7. | % SEMINA plurima, flavefcentia, fuborbiculata, crenu- | lata, fig. 8, 9. ROOT annual. STALK from three inches to a foot in height, branched at bottom, the middle ftalk upright, the fide ones bending upward, forked at top, covered with numerous hairs, each of which is termi- nated by a gland, whence it becomes flightly vifcid. LEAVES oval, flightly connate, hoary with a little clamminefs, at the bottom of the ftalk narrower at the bafe, of a yellowifh green colour. FLOWERS, while the plant is young, are clofely crouded together on the tops of the ftalks to the number of fifteen or more. CALYX: a Perianthium of five leaves, which are of an oval pointed fhape, the length of the petals, purplifh at top, and covered with vifcid hairs, fig. I . COROLLA: five white Petals, oblong, narrow, at bottom villous, bifid at top, fig. 2. STAMINA : ten Filaments, tapering, of which five are longer than the others, and furnifhed at bottom with a fmall gland, fig. 3, 6. PISTILLUM : Germen oval : Styles five, villous, fhorter than the germen : Stigmat a bluntifh, fig- 4,. 5 - SEED-VESSEL a Capsule, horn-fhaped, twice the length of the calyx, the mouth furnifhed with ten teeth, fig. 7. SEEDS feveral, yellowifh, roundifh, and notched, fig. 8, 9. AMONG the plants which are with difficulty diftinguifhed by the young Botanift, we may properly reckon three of our common Cerafiiums, viz. the vifcofum, vulgatum , and femidecandrium , as all of them have fome fimilarity in their appearance, occur frequently in the lame fituations, and are lubjedt to be much altered in their appearance, according to the foil and lituation in which they grow. ■ The figure which is here given of the vifcofum, reprefents that plant in its medium ftate ; on walls it is found much fmaller; in meadows it is found much larger; and in both thefe fituations, as well as on dry banks and ant hills, it occurs very plentifully, and flowers in the months of April and May, being one of the earlieft in bloom. It is diftinguifhed from the others by the upright manner of its growing, by its broad hoary leaves, the narrownefs of its petals, and the crouded or cluftered appearance of its flowers before they blow : its leaves alio in general are of a paler colour than the reft. It is not remarked for any particular ufe; neither is it noxious to the Farmer or Gardener. Linnjeus obferves that the plant is liable to be much disfigured by a fpecies of Chermes. Rail Syn. Gen. 15. Herby semine nudo polyspermy. GEUM urbanum floribus ere&is, frudibus globofis villofis: ariflis uncinatis nudis, foliis lyratis. LinnteiSyJl. Vegetab. p. 399. Sp. Pl.p. 716. FI. Sueclc. p. 179. GEUM foliis pinnatis, pinna ultima trilobata ; floribus patulis, tubis aduncis. Haller hifi. n. 1130. CARYOPHYLLATA urbana. Scopoll FI. Carniol. p. 364. CARYOPHYLLATA vulgaris. Bauhin pin. 321. CARYOPHYLLATA Gerard emac. 995. Parkinfon 1 36. Rail Syn. Avens, Herb Bennet. Hudfon. FI. -Angi p. 198. Lighlfoot FI. Scot. p. 273. RADIX perennis, fibrofa, fufca, fapore et odore aro- matico Caryophyllorum. CAULES plures, pedales aut bipedales, fubere&i, pa- rum flexuoli, fubangulofi, hirfutuli, ramofi. FOLIA radicalia admodum variantia, plerumque vero pinnata, petiolata, vagina petiolorum ciliata, » pinna extima magna, trilobata aut tripartita pinnis lateralibus paucis, parvis, inaequalibus, omnibus incifo-ferratis, venofis, hirfutulis, caulina tripartita aut terna. STIPULiE duae, magnae, fubrotundae, foliis fimiles. PEDUNCULI folitarii, fuberedi, teretes, hirfutuli. CALYX : Perianthium monophyllum, decemfidum, patens, laciniis alternis minimis, acutis, hir- futis, demum reflexis ; laciniis majoribus in- terne villofis, margine craffis, fig. 1. COROLLA: Petala quinque rotunda, flava, longi- tudine calycis, remota, unguibus breviffimis, fig. 2. STAMINA: Filamenta plurima, flavefcentia, fubu- lata, calyci affixa, primum inflexa, demum ereda: Anthery fubrotundaj, flavae, de- mum fufcae, Jig. 3, 4. PISTILLUM : Germina numerofa, in capitulum col- leda, pilofa : Stylus medio geniculatus, a~ pice paululum incraffato : Stigma fimplex, fiS- 5- SEMINA numerofa, comp refla, hifpida, Stylo longo ge- niculato ariftata, fig. 6, receptaculo paleaceo infidentia, fig. 7. ROOT perennial, fibrous, of a brown colour, with the aromatic tafte and fmell of Cloves. STALKS feveral, from one to two feet high, nearly upright, a little crooked, flightly angular, hairy, and branched. LEAVES : radical leaves varying very much, mofl: commonly pinnated, and Handing on a foot- ffalk, the {heath of which is edged with hairs, the outermoft leaf or pinna large, divided a little way down the leaf, or nearly to the bafe ; the lateral leaves few, fmall and unequal, all of them deeply ferrated, veined, and hairy ; the leaves of the {talk deeply divided into three fegments, or entire leaves. STIPULriE two, large, of a roundilh figure like the leaves. FLOWER-STAKS Angle, nearly upright, round and hairy. CALYX: a Perianthium of one leaf, divided into ten fegments, and fpreading ; the alternate fegments very minute, pointed, hirfute, fi- nally turning back ; the larger fegments vil- lous on the infide, and thick at the edge, fig • i- COROLLA: five roundiffi yellow Petals, the length of the Calyx, at a little diftance from each o- ther, having very fhort claws, fig. 2. STAMINA: Filaments numerous, of a yellowiffi colour, tapering, affixed to the Calyx, atfirft bending inward, laftly becoming upright : Anthery roundiffi, of a yellow colour, fi- nally brown, fig. 3, 4. PISTILLUM : Germina numerous, colledted into a head, hairy : Style jointed in the middle, a little thickened at top : Stigma fimple,^. 5. SEEDS numerous, flattened, hifpid, terminated by a long Arifta, crooked near the extremity, fig. 6, feated on a hairy receptacle, fig. 7. THE Geum urbanum is a very common plant with us, in woods and hedges, flowering from May to September. The root poffefles a degree of aftringency, joined to an aromatic flavour like that of Cloves, whence its name of Caryophyllata. Infufed in beer, it renders it more fragrant, and prevents it from foon turning four ; Linnai FI. Suede. Chewed in the mouth, it takes off from a difagreeable breath ; Rutty. Mat. Med. An infufion of the root in water, given in malignant fevers, has been attended with, bad effe&s, producing deli- rium: but an infufion of the root in wine, ftrengthens the ftomach and bowels, and is lerviceable in the diarrhoea and dyfentery, wounds, chronic difeafes arifing from a laxity of fibre, and intermitting fevers ; Haller hifi.p. 53. x. 2. The root is faid to poflefs the moft virtue when it grows in a dry fituation. It is eaten by Kine, Goats, Sheep, and Swine ; but not readily by Horfes. It is diftinguiffied from our other Geum by its yellow flowers. Adonis autumnalis. P h e a s a n t s-e y.e. ADONIS Untuei Go. PL Polyandria Polygynia. . . Cal. s-phyllus. Ptlala quinis plura abfque neSano, Sm. nuda. Rali'Syn. Gen. 15. Herbie semine kudo iolyspermai. ADONIS autumnalis floribus o&opetalis, fruftibus fubcylindricls. Unnai Syft. V^ub. f HP S t- PI. p. 771 . ADONIS radice annua, flore oftopetalo. Haller Lijl. n. nj8- ADONIS autumnalis. Scaptii Flor. Carmol. n. 677. ADONIS hortenfis, flore minore atrorubente. Saubin Pin. 178. FLOS ADONIS Parkinfon Par ad. 293. FLOS ADONIS flore rubro. . r r ■ * ‘ROOT annual, the thicknefs of the little finger, ta- RADIX annua, craffitie digiti minimi, fufifon s, ? R perins;, furniflied with few fibres, paucis fibrillis inftrufta. f CAULIS pedalis, ere&us, fubangulatus, fiftulofus, purpurafcens, villofus, ad bafin ufque ramo- fus. RAMI plurimi, fparfi, cauli fimiles, erefli, caulem primo florentem plerumque fuperantes. FOLIA alterna, e flavo viridia, infima petiolata, fu- prema feffilia, pinnata, pinnis multifidis, ca- pillaribus, acutis, fubtus nitidis. STALK about a foot high, upright, fomewhat angu- lar, hollow, purplilh, hoary, branched quite to the bottom. BRANCHES numerous, placed irregularly on the ftalk, which they refemble, upright, and general y taller than the ftalk producing the firft flower. LEAVES alternate, of a yellowilh green colour ; the lower ones Handing on foot-ftalks ; the upper ones feffile, pinnated; the pinnae divided in- to numerous capillary fegments, pointed, and /1' ' nl , tire. linnpr 1 1 n CALYX : Perianthium pentaphyllum, foliolis fub- ovatis, obtufis, inaequalibus, concavis, purpu- reis, deciduis, corolla brevioribus, apicibus dentato-erofis, fig. i, 2. COROLLA : Petalo odo, raro plura, fiepe pauciora, inaequalia, obcordata, coccinea, apice erola, bafi interne nigra, externe viridante, /g. 3, 4. CALYX * a Perianthium of five leaves, which are fomewhat oval, obtufe, unequal, hollow, purple, deciduous, Ihorter than the corolla, the tips appearing as if bitten, jig* 1. 2. COROLLA: eight Petals, feldom more, oftener fewer, unequal, inverfely heart-Ihaped, fear- let, the tip irregularly notched, the bottom internally black, externally greenifh, fig. 3, 4- STAMINA : Filamenta plurima, quadraginta cir- citer, filiformia, alba; Anther* ovatse, ob- tufie, incurvatas, compreffas, atropurpureae : Pollen croceum, jig. 5. PISTILLUM : Germina plurima, in capitulum bre- ve fubconicum imbricarim congefta, eretta: Stigmata acuta reflexa, fig. 6, 7. SEMINA fubangulata, acuta, reticulato-rugofa. STAMINA : Filaments numerous, about forty, thread-fhaped, and white: Anther* oval, obtufe, bending inward, flattened, of a black- ilh purple colour: Pollen ofafaffron colour, fig* 5- PISTILLUM : Germina numerous, upright, col- lefted one over another into a fhort head, fomewhat conical: Stigmata pointed, the points turned back, fig. 6, 7. SEEDS fomewhat angular, pointed, with a kind ot network wrinkled appearance. THE Pheafants-ye has a peculiar claim *° n “ er “he mLe" mLy“n^StS be doubted, which are annually cried about our ftreets fir fr ^ ^ den t0 the dungheap, and from thence become ^orname»,ai a! 'annualTeed inLafiy of theLn-fields in Kent, and other Counties adjacent to London, m which ftfeems as much at home, as the Ranunculus arvmfs, or Corn Crowfoot. There is no plant mote variable in its Petals, both with refpea to number and Ere ; they therefore form a had fpecific chara&er. Shis' fp^e? —iJs rf t wm moft S probably ^ 8 In the gardens, (where it is common,) it ufually flowers through great part of the Summer. -.1 > ,5 Anemone Nemorosa. W ood Anemonv. ANEMONE Limati Gen. PI. Polyandkia Polygynia. Cal. o. Petala 6-9. Sem. plura. Rati Gen. 15- Hebbk semine nudo folyspekmje. ANEMONE Nemonfa feminibus acutis, foliolis incilis, caule unifloro. Lumatt. Sjt/1. Vegetal, f. 4*5- Flora Suecic. p. 190. ANEMONE feminibus nudis, caule unifloro, foliis radicalibus nullis, caulims quinque-partitis, lobis tripartitis inicifis. Haller. Hijl. Helv. 2. p. 64. ANEMONE Nemorofa. Scopoli FI. Carniol. p. 383. n. 660. ANEMONE fylveftris alba major. Bauhin Pin. 1 76. ANEMONE nemorum alba. Gerard emac. 383. RANUNCULUS nemorofus albus fimplex. Parkinfon. 325. Rail Syn. 259, Wood Anemony. Hudfon FI. Angi. 208. Oeder Fl. Dan. tab. 549. RADIX teres, per terram oblique repens, craflitie pen- nae coracis, externe caftanea, intus alba, fragilis, fibrillis fufcis praedita. CAULIS teres, fimplex, triuncialis circiter, purpuraf- cens, pilis mollibus vcftitus, trifoliatus. FOLIA terna, fubtus hirfutula, tripartita, . lobis incifis, lateralibus fere ufque ad bafin divifis. PETIOLI breves, vaginantes. SCAPUS uniflorus, nutans. CALYX nullus. COROLLA : Petala fex aut feptem, oblongo-ovata, alba, fubtus incarnata, patentia, fubemargi- nata, fig. 1. STAMINA : Filamenta numerofa, inaequalia, ca- pillaria, filiformia, alba: x^nthere flavae fubrotundae, biloculares, compreflae : Pollen album, fig. 2, 3. PISTILLUM : Germina in capitulum colle&a, ovata, villofa : Styli fubulati, incurvati: Stigma fimplex, fig. 4, 5. SEMINA plurima, nuda, oblonga, liirfuta, mucrone incurvo, fig. 6, 7, au£t. ROOT round, creeping obliquely under the furface of the earth, the thicknels of a crow quill, externally chelnut colour’d, internally white, brittle, furnifhed with brown fibres. STALK round, Ample, about three inches high, pur- plifh, covered with foft hairs, and bearing three leaves. LEAVES growing three together, flightly hairy under- neath, formed of three fegments ; the fide lobes divided nearly down to the bafe. FOOT-STALKS of the leaves fhort, and forming a kind of fheath. FLOWER-STALK fupporting one flower, and droop- ing at top. CALYX wanting. COROLLA : fix or feven Petals, of an oblong oval fhape, white, underneath purplifh, fpreading, flightly notched in at top, fig. 1 . STAMINA: Filaments numerous, unequal, very fmall, thread fhaped and white : Anthers yellow, roundifh, of two cavities, flattifh. Pollen white, fig. 2, 3. PISTILLUM: Germina collected into a little head, oval, villous : Styles tapering and bending downwards : Stigma Ample, fig. 4, 5. . SEEDS feveral, naked, oblong, hairy, the top bending downwards, fig. 6, 7, magnified. FROM the obfervations of feveral Authors, the Wood Anemone may be confidered as a poifonous plant. According to Linnjeus, Cattle which have been brought from open to woody paftures, and. have eaten of this, plant, have been affe&ed with the bloody Flux, and have made bloody Urine. Haller informs us, that in Kamtfchatka, the inhabitants are faid to poifon their Arrows with a fpecies of Anemone, the wounds from which produce certain death. . The Wood Anemone produces its flowers early in the Spring. In molt of our Woods the ground is nearly covered with them, in the months of April and May. In fine clear weather the bloffoms are expanded, and become fo erett as to face the fun but in the evening, and in wet weather, they are clofed and hang down, whereby the delicate parts of the flower are fecured from injury. The chief variation obferved in it, is the colour of its Petals, which ate fometimes quite white : and ac- cording to Merret, they occur in Devonjhire wholly red : both forts, particularly when double, are cultivated by the Gardeners : and were the fame pains to be taken with it, as with fome of our foreign Anemonies , it might probably be very much improved in the eye of the Florift. The leaves of divers plants, particularly the Euphorbia Heliofcopia, are fubjeft to be covered with fmall yel- low dots, the effe&s of fome Infett : this alfo fometimes happens to the Wood Anemone. InC. Bauhine, we And it mentioned under the name of Anemone nemorofa Jlerilis foliis pun blatis. This variety is fomewhat un- fortunately Agured in Dillenius’s edition of Ray’s Synopjis, and deferibed as a Fern, to which it Certainly lias no pretenfions, as is evident from the irregularity of its dots. Ranunculus ficaria. P i l e w o r t. 1 RANUNCULUS Linnai Gen. PL Polyandria Polygynia. Cal. 5-phyllus. Cor. 5 -petala. Sem. plurim. Petala ungue ne&arifero. Raii-Syn. Gen. 15. Herbie semine nudo Polyspermy. RANUNCULUS Ficaria foliis cordatis angulatis petiolatis. Linnai S)Jl. Fegetab. p. 428. Fl.Suecic.p. 193. FICARIA Haller hifl. helv. n. 1 1 60. Hudfon FI. Angi. p. 213. RANUNCULUS Ficaria. Scopoli FI. Camiol. p. 395. CHELIDONIA rotundifolia minor. Bauhin Pin. 309. CHELIDONIUM minus. Gerard emac. 816. Parkinfon 617. Raii Syn. 246, Pilewort or the lefler Celandine. Oeder FI. Dan. icon. 469. RADIX tuberofa, tuberibus numerofis, congeftis, pal- f ROOT tuberous, the knobs or bulbs numerous, croud- lidis, fubpyriformibus, modo brevibus, modo | ed, of a pale colour, fomewhat pear-fhaped, longe protends ; efunimo tuberum oriuntur fi- ? fometimes fhort, fometimes extended to a con- brilliE plurima;. | fiderable length ; from the top of them arife I many fmall fibrous roots. CAULES plures, palmares et ultra, teneri, glabri, ad | STALKS numerous, four inches or more in length, bafin rubri, ramofi, decumbentes, nonnunquam | tender, fmooth, red at bottom, branched, de- etiam repentes, bulbillis in axillis foliorum * cumbent, fometimes even creeping, from little radicantibus. f bulbs in the bofoms of the leaves taking root. FOLIA radica/ia fubrotundo-cordata, variantia, longe | LEAVES next the root of a roundifh heart-fhaped figure, pctiolata, maculis albis interdum notata, gla- | variable, ftanding on long foot-ftalks, fometimes bra, venis fuperne impreflis, fubcrenata, caulina ^ fpotted with white, fmooth and lhining ; the fubtriangularia, ringulofa. t veins on the upper fide of the leaf prefled in, t differently notched in different leaves ; thofe I of the ftalk triangular with an angular mar- t gin. PEDUNCULI uniflori, fulcati, perafta florefcentia re- | FOOT-STALKS of the flowers, fuftaining one flower curvati. | on each, grooved, when the bloffom is fallen t bending backwards. CALYX: Perianthium triphyllum foliolis concavis, | CALYX: a Perianthium of three leaves, which are deciduis bafi fua caulem ampleftentibus, 1. f hollow and deciduous, and embrace the top of I the ftalk, Jig. 1 . COROLLA : Petala plerumque o&o, quoad formam | COROLLA : generally eight Petals, which vary ex- valde variantia, plerumque vero ovato-lanceo- | ceedingly in their form, moft commonly of an lata, lutea, nitida. Jig. 2, 3. | oval-pointed fhape, jellow and lhining,/^. 2,3. STAMINA : Filamenta numerofa ; Anthery flavas, y STAMINA: Filaments numerous; Anthery yel- oblongas, compreflie. Jig. 6, 7. | low, oblong and flat, Jig. 6, 7. PISTILLUM : Germina numerofa, in capitulum collec- | PISTILLUM: Germina numerous, forming a little ta; Sticmata parva, jig. 8. f head; Stigmata very fmall. Jig. 8. SEMINA plurima fubovata faspius abortiva, Jig. 9. | SEEDS numerous, fomewhat oval, moft commonly ¥ abortive, fig. 9. NECT ARIUM fquamula ad bafin petalorum, fg. 4, J. | NECTARY a little fcale at the bafe of the petals, f fg ■ 4. 5- BOTANISTS feem very much divided in their opinions refpefting the genus of this plant, fome malting it a Ranunculus, others a genus diftinft from it. Thofe who objeft toils being a Ranunculus urge its not having the charafters of that genus ; that the Calyx, Inftead of having five leaves, has only three, while the Petals are more numerous thanin the Crowfoots : this is granted : but is a deficiency in, or an addition to any of the parts of the frufhfl- cation a fufficient reafon for founding a new Genus ! I fhould apprehend not ; for fuch inftances we meet, with in plants almoft every day : habit and peculiar charafteriftics are more to be attended to : and in this cafe, its gloily Petals, with its fquamula or fcale at the bafe of each; its grooved peduncles joined to its general appearance, feem fully to juftify the great reformer of Botany in making it a Ranunculus. Although the Calyx in general has only three leaves, it fometimes occurs with four and five. As the Pilewort blows earlier than any of our other Crowfoots, it is liable to have its parts of fruffificatlon injured bv the inclemency of the weather, to fecure it from which, it has a power of doling it Petals in a much greater decree than the others, and in this Hate we ufually find it in the mornings and evenings, and in wet weather j and mav not nature to produce this effea deviate from the ufual ftrudure of the flowers of this genus ? Is not the Calyx by being in three leaves ftronger than if it had been in five ? And will not the Petals by being more numerous make lels refinance to the doling power of the Calyx ? , Jn its firft appearance in the Spring, this plant is fmall and extends but little ; but in the month, of May, parti- cularly bv the fides of moift ditches, it grows much more luxuriantly, and in this Hate, fmall bulbs, like grains of wheat are obfervable in the bofoms of the leaves, which, as the ftalks lie on the ground, get into the earth, and become the tuberous roots of young plants 1 this provifion of nature for its encreafe, feems the more neceflary, as it is butfeldom that its feds come to perfe&ion. Now andthenahead with perfeft feeds is obfervable, and when the plant Rands fingly the fialk fupporting them bends towards the ground, fo that the feeds may infumate themfelves : thus nature appears to have been abundantly careful in its prefervation. The Roots, like thofe of the Orchis and other bulbous plants, are renewed every year. In fome Meadows, Paftures and Orchards, it very much abounds, to the. exclufion of more ufeful plants : as Cattle do not appear to eat It, it would be good hufbandry to dig it up, and fow the ground with luch plants as are m °The b rarSar form of Its roots ferns firft to have introduced it as a medicine for the Piles, in which diforder, like many other remedies more rationally recommended, it may palliate, but will fcarcely cffeS a cure. It is cultivated in Gardens with a double flower. - . • • . v • • V 'V •■••••' .V ’ .• • • . ... _ : . . . ■ i -.,V1 Vv ■ V- . J . ; / i. ; • •• ' a . ■ " 'i .tit . .. • ■' - ' • " ■ I- u-.':-: . ' : -• • ; - ■ V : •• ■ . • : / ' : - • ■ ; ’ : • :ir>t , . .v l ; ■ ■ • v •, 1 Ranunculus hirsutus. Pale -leaved Crowfoot. RANUNCULUS birfutus radice fibrofa annua, caule hirfuto, calycibus papillofo-liifpidis acuminatis, demum reflexis. RANUNCULUS re&us foliis pallidioribus hirfutus. J. Baubin. in. 4*7- Ratl s y n - P- 2 47> Upright pale-leaved Crowfoot. Rail Hi/l. Plant, p. 582. FROM having repeatedly obferved, and carefully cultivated this plant, I find it to be perfeftly diftindt from the bulbofus, of which it is made a variety by fome authors; ’though Ray and Bauhine long fince confidered it as diftindt. As its ftiff hairs are one of its charadteriftics, and conftitute a part of its name in Bauhine, I have made that its trivial name ; and fliall by way of contrail, enumerate the feveral particulars in which it differs from the bulbofus , to which in its general appearance it is nearly allied. The root of the bulbofus , which forms one of the chief chambers of that plant, is round and folid like a fmall turnip, remaining in the ground from year to year, and annually fending up new flowering items : the root of the birfutus on the contrary is limply fibrous and annual. The ftalk of the hirfutus is generally more branched and fpreading, producing a greater number of flowers, and covered with ftiffer and longer hairs, than in the bulbofus : the hairs indeed in the latter plant are more numerous and foft, approaching to pubefcence or downinefs, while in the former they are more rigid, or ap- proaching to hifpidity. The foot-ftalks of the bottom leaves in the hirfutus are hollow, and if cut afunder, the nerves appear projedting into the infide of the tube; the leaves themfelves are more perfeftly trilobate than in the bulbofus ; the middle and outermoft lobe rounder, and lefs deeply divided at the edges. From the inner edge of each of the two fide lobes a bit appears as if cut away. Thefe leaves are frequently of a white or pale colour, in irregular fpots, not unlike what we fometimes meet with in the Ranunculus picaria ; and the upper iurface is full of little projedting points, from whence the hairs ifliie. We come now to a charadter which this plant has in common with the bulbofus , viz. its reflexed calyx : this has been the caufe of its having been confidered by moft botanifts as the bulbofus : not finding in Linn jeus any other Ranunculus with a reflexed calyx, without any farther examination they concluded this to be the fame. But although the calyx when turned back refembles that of the bulbofus , yet before the opening of the flower it is effentially different, being much more pointed, or as if it had been fqueezed to a point with the fingers ; and the outfide of it is very vifibly covered with little papillae or projedting points, from whence the hairs proceed. The flowers of this plant, as well as the feed, are alfo fmaller than thofe of the bulbofus. Such are the charadters whereby thefe two plants may with attention be diftinguiftied. Nor do they differ lefs in their places of growth and times of flowering. The bulbofus grows in dry paftures, and flowers in the month of May. The hirfutus flourifhes more by the fides of roads, in gardens, and rubbifh, flowering from June to the end of the year. I have obferved this plant growing in great plenty by the fide of the road betwixt Croydon and Mitcham ; and I remember to have feen it near Gravefend ; and plentifully by the fea-fide ; on the gravelly banks about Southampton ; alfo in various places near London : and there is no doubt but it is a much more common plant than botanifts may imagine. No particular ufes have been attributed to it. : '' lv • ';n . • . nr. ;;!t A;,' ,1 b/hv . r - ,'t^o !•:• -.Isi ' i i::.n " .nil m . :f 1 : ■ i n r • •' ' ' '' OT ' •' , i. - o-*,-*! !;•»! ...v -s;.. ..ton-aht • '■■■ : 1 <> '■ > m A>-’i ■: it , r ■ i : ! - JO/TT >! ■' , ; . : - 'r ./;! : oft':-; r' . '■ ' •' - ’’ ■" i." ■ tie£i \ll3w3 «It no {aUt-tA 0* ipl : van si nasi «sri -./ vitemsT I bar I 1 ®02 OTOITI lb".TI £ : «(Oil - • ■ U.T ! .. ’ t.'!:: C3n i : - ■<*' ■ 1 - ‘ : . - ■ _■ ; > : : • i.-. * v . --.I' a yiH c i': ; i • 3r?J • . ' ' • • •' • “ . . A JUGA REPTANS. COMMON BuGLE. AJUGA Linnai Gen. PL Didynamia Gymnospermia. Corolla labium fuperius minimum. Stamina labio fuperiore longiora. Rail Syn. Gen. 14. Suffrutices et Herba; verticillata:, AJUGA ftolonibus reptantibus. Linnai Sp. Pl. p. 705. BUGULA foliis ovato dentatis, flagellis reptans. Haller hifi. n. 282. BUGULA reptans. Scopoli FI. Carniol. n. 7x6. CONSOLIDA media pratenfis coerulea. Bauhin. pin. 260. BUGULA vulgaris. Parkinjon 525. BUGULA Gerard emac. 631. Rail Syn. p. 245, Bugle. Hudfon FI. Angi. p. 219. RADIX perennis, fibrofa. STOLONES plurima;, repentes, ex fuperiore parte ra- dicis nafcuntur. CAULIS ere&us, femipedalis, quadratus, hirfutus, pre- fertim inter flores, purpureus. FOLIA oppofita, ovata, bafi anguftiora, connata, den- tata, venofa, fiepe purpurea et nitida ; Bradteae purpureae, foliis limiles at minores et breviores. FLORES coerulei, fpicati, verticillati. CALYX : Perianthium monophyllum, femiquinquefi- dum, pilofum, nervolum, coerulefcens, laci- niis lubasqualibus, acutis, duobus inferioribus magis approximatis, Jig. 1. COROLLA monopetala, ringens, tubus cylindraceus, incurvus, labium fuperius breviffimum, bi- dentatum, inferius trifidum, fubtus hirfutulum, coeruleum, venis albis piftum, Jig. 2, 3. STAMINA: Filamenta quatuor alba, reda, labio fuperiore longiora : Anthera: flavae, Jig. 3. PISTILLUM : Germen quadripartitum : Stylus fi- liformis, fitu et longitudine Staminum : Stig ma bifidum, minimum, Jig. 4, 5, 6. NECTARIUM Glandula flava ad bafin Germinis unde Calyx fubventricofus fit, Jig. 7. SEMINA quatuor, ovata in fundo Calycis, Jig. 8. ROOT perennial and fibrous. CREEPERS or Ihoots, in great numbers fpring from the upper part of the root, and creep on the ground. STALK upright, about fix inches high, fquare, hairy, particularly among the flowers, of a purple colour. LEAVES oppofite, oval, narroweft at bottom and join- ing together, indented at the edges, veiny, often purple and fhining ; Floral-leaves like the others, but fmaller and fhorter. FLOWERS blue, growing in whirled lpikes. CALYX a Perianthium of one leaf, half divided in- to five fegments, hairy, nervous, blueifh ; the fegments nearly equal, fharp ; the two lower- moft approaching neareft together, Jig. j. COROLLA of one Petal, gaping, the tube cylin- drical, bent downward ; the upper lip very fhort, with two teeth ; the lower lip trifid, a little hairy underneath, of a blue colour, painted with white veins, Jig. 2, 3. STAMINA: four white Filaments, ftrait, longer than the upper lip of the Corolla : Anthera: yellow, Jig. 3. PISTILLUM: Germen divided into four parts: Style thread-fhaped, the length of and in the direc- tion of the Stamina: Stigma bifid and very fmall, Jig. 4, 5, 6. NECTARY a yellow gland at the bafe of the Germen which makes the Calyx protuberate, fig . 7. SEEDS four, of an oval fhape in the bottom of the Calyx, fig. 8. THE Bugle is another of our Englifh plants which may be recommended as an addition to our gardens. It is fond of a fhady and moift fituation, and readily propagates itfelf by means of its creeping fhoots. According to Ray, a variety with red flowers grows plentifully in the fecond field on the left hand going from JVefion Green to El/ bam and with white flowers it has been found in Charlton Wood. The leaves in the Winter are often of a beautiful purple colour. It flowers in all our woods about town from May to July. The character of this genus is taken from the fhortnefs or rather want of the upper lip of the flower : exclufive of this mark, it is very nearly related to the genus Glechoma or Ground Ivy. It has a coniiderable large gland at the bafe of the germen in the bottom of the calyx, which occafions the latter to protuberate. This gland, however, is not peculiar to this genus, but occurs in molt of the plants of the lame clafs from whence the bees colledt a great part of their honey. It has been confidered by the old writers as an excellent vulnerary, applied both inwardly and outwardly particularly fo in France , where, according to Ray, it is common for them to lay that thoje who have Bulle and Sanicle need no Surgeon. 6 fJPT Glechoma hederacea. Ground-ivy. GLECHOMA Linnai. Gen. PI. Didynamia Gymnospermia. Antherarum fingulum par in formam crucis connivens. Calyx 5-fidus. Rati Syn. Gen. 14. Suffrutices et Herbie verticillate. GLECHOMA hederacea. Lin. Syjl. Vegetab. p. 445. foliis reniformibus crenatis. Spec. PI. p. 807. FI. Suecic. p. 202. CHAMiECLEMA caule procumbente radicato, foliis reniformibus rotunde crenatis. Haller hi/i. n. 245. CALAMINTHA hederacea. Scopoli. FI. Carniol. p. 423. CALAMINTHA humilior, folio rotundiore. Fourn. Injl. R. H. 194. HEDERA terreftris. Banhin. Pin. 306. HEDERA terreftris. Gerard, emac. 856. HEDERA terreftris vulgaris. Parkinfon. 676. Raii Syn. p. 296, Ground-ivy, Gill-go-by-ground, Alehoof, or Tunhoof. Hudfon. FI. Angi. p. 224. RADIX perennis, fibrofa. CAULES feu potius Flagellae plures, tetragoni, humi repentes et late fe diffundentes, unde exfur- gunt caules floriferi palmares aut femipedales, quadrati, hirfuti, (pilis deorfum verfis,) e- re£ti, infirmi, geniculati, geniculis pilofis. FOLIA oppofita, longe petiolata, fubreniformia, cre- nata, venofa, petiolis fuperne fulcatis. FLORES purpurei, verticillatim circa caulem difpofiti. PEDUNCULI triflori. INVOLUCRUM univerfale et partiale, 7%. 2, 3, di- phyllum, fetaceum, fed in flofculo interme- dio, Jig. 4, partiale defideratur. CALYX: Perianthium monophyllum, tubulofum, quinquedentatum, dentibus fubsequalibus, a- cuminatis, hirfutum, ftriatum, Jig. 5. COROLLA monopetala, tubulofa, ringens, tubus tenu- is, fuperne compreflus, labium fuperius erec- tum obtufum, femibifidum, inferius patens, majus, trifidum, lacinia intermedia majori, emargmata, ad bafin hirfuta et maculis fa- turatius purpureis notata, jig. ), 8. STAMINA : Filamenta quatuor fub labio fuperiore, quorum duo breviora : An there conmven- tes in formam crucis, albae, Jig. 9. PISTILLUM : Germen quadrifidum, Jig. 1 1, glandu- la cinftum, Jig. 10. Stylus filiformis, corol- la longior : Stigma bifidum, acutum. PERICARPIUM nullum, calyx in finu fovens SEMINA quatuor, ovata. ROOT perennial and fibrous. STALKS, or rather Shoots, numerous, fquare, creep- ing on the ground, and l'preading wide, from whence arife the flowering ftalks, which are from four to fix inches high, fquare, hirfute, (the hairs turning downward,) upright, weak, jointed, the joints hairy. LEAVES oppofite. Handing on long foot-ftalks, fome- what kidney-fhaped, notched, veiny, the Ifeaf-ftalks grooved on the upper fide. FLOWERS of a purple colour, difpoled in whirls a- round the ftalk. FLOWER-STALKS fupporting three flowers. INVOLUCRUM both univerfal and partial, Jig. 2, 3, each compofed of two fine pointed leaves, which however are wanting in the middle flower, jig. 4. CALYX : a Perianthium of one leaf, tubular, with five teeth, (which are nearly equal, and long pointed,) hairy, and finely grooved. Jig. 5. COROLLA monopetalous, tubular, ringent, the tube {lender, and comprefled above ; the upper lip upright, obtufe, divided half way through ; the lower lip larger, fpreading, divided into three fegments, of which the middle one is largeft, with a flight notch, hairy at its bafe, and marked with purple fpots of a deeper co- lour, Jig. 7, 8. STAMINA : four Filaments placed under the upper lip, two lhort and two long : Anthere white, forming a crofs, fig. 9. PITSILLUM : Germen divided into four. Jig. 1 1, fur- rounded' by a gland, Jig. 80 : Style thread- ihaped, larger than the corolla : Stigma bifid, and pointed. SEED-VESSEL none, the calyx in its cavity contain- ; ing four • SEEDS of an oval fhape. GROUND- IVY has an aromatic, though not very agreeable fmell ; and a quick, bitterifh, warm tafte. This herb Is an ufeful corroborant, aperient, and detergent ; and hence fends recommended againft laxity, debility, and obftru&ions of the vifeera. Somg have had a great opinion of it for cleanfing and healing ulcers of the inter- nal parts, even of the lungs ; and for purifying of the blood. It is cuftomary to infufe the dried leaves in malt liquors ; a praaice not to be commended, though it readily communicates its virtue, and likewife helps to fine them down: fcarce any other herb has this effeft more remarkably than Ground-ivy. Lewis's Dijp. p. 150. From the latter ufe, the plant has obtained the names of Alehoof and Funhoof Raii hifi. p. 567. The juice of the plant drawn up the noftrils, not only mitigates, but totally removes violent and inveterate headachs. Ibid. * . . , ,. . Notwithftanding the credit which this plant has obtained with former writers on the Materia Medica, the modern pra&ice holds it in little eftimation. Red hairy tumours are frequently found on it, which are occafioned by the Cynips Glechoma, Lmnat Faun. Suecic. n. 1520. _ . It flowly expels thofe plants which grow next it, and hence impoverifhes paftures. Lm. FI. ouecic. p. 202. Cattle are not fond of it, and horfes are faid to be hurt by feeding on it : . to make amends for this however, the juice of the herb, mixed with a little wine, and applied morning and evening, is faid to take away the film on horfes eyes. Linn. FI. Suecic. ex Loes. 123. . The plant is well known to grow under hedges, in woods, on banks, and fometimes in dry paftures. It varies in fize according to its fituation ; the flowers alfo vary in the degrees of purple; and make their appearance in April, May, and June. I Lamium album. White Dead-N ettle. LAMIUM Limat Gen. Pl. Didynamia Gymnospermia. Corolla lab. fup. integrum, fornicatum ; lab. inf. 2-lobum, faux utrinque margine dentata. RaiiSyn. Gen. 14. Suffrutices et Herb;e verticillatje. LAMIUM album foliis cordatis, acuminatis, ferratis, petiolatis, verticillis vigintifloris. Lin. Syjl. Vegetal- p. 446. Sp. pl. p. 446. Flor. Suecic. p. 203. LAMIUM foliis cordatis, acutis, ferratis, verticillis multifloris. Haller, hifi. helv. n. 271. LAMIUM album. Scopoli FI. Carniol. n. 700. LAMIUM album non foetens folio oblongo. Bauhin. Pin. 231. LAMIUM album. Gerard emac. 782. LAMIUM vulgare album five Archangelicum flore albo. Parkinfon. 604. Rati Syn. 240. White Archangel or Dead-Nettle. Hudfon. Fl. Angl. ed. 1. p. 225. ed. 2. 255. Lightfoot Fl. Scot. p. 308. RADIX perennis, alba, geniculata, repens. CAULES plurimi, pedales, fuberefti, fimplices, bafi tenuiores, quadrati, fiftulofi, hirfutuli, in a- pricis ex rufo-purpurafcentes, furculi debiles, adfcendentes. FOLIA petiolata, cordata, acuta, deflexa, inaequaliter ferrata, apicibus denticulorum rufis introrfum verfis, venofa, fuperne et inferne hirfutula, fummis ut caules faepe coloratis, circa radi- cem folioli etiam occurrunt fubrotunda, cre- nulata. FLORES verticillati, majufculi, albi ; haud infrequenter etiam rubore quodam tindfi ; verticilli decem quindecem aut vigintiflori. CALYX : Perianthium monophyllum, tubulofum, feflile, nervofum, quinquedentatum, denti- bus fetaceis, hirfutum, perfiftens, inferne ad bafin maculis purpureis notatum et bra&aea brevi lineari fuffultum, jig. x, 2. COROLLA monopetala, ringens ; tubus longitudine fere labii fuperioris, curvatus, antice inferne prominulus, fuperne intropreflus, faux inflata, margine utraque denticulis duobus plerumque notata, labium fuperius fornicatum, pilofum, emarginatum, aliquando etiam dentatum, li- neis duabus elevatis ad verticem coadunatis notatum, labium inferius bifidum, reflexum, crenulatum, ad bafin maculatum, jig. 3, 4. xvuu 1 perennial, white, jointed, and creeping. STALKS numerous, a foot high, nearly upright, un- branched, {lender at bottom, fquare, hollow, and {lightly hairy ; in expofed fituations, of a reddilh purple colour : the young flioots weak and riling upward. LEAVES Handing on foot-ftalks, heart-fliapcd, point- ed, hanging down, unequally ferrated ; the tips of the little teeth red and turned in- ward, veiny, above and beneath fomewhat hirfute ; the uppermoft leaves, as well as the ; ftalks, frequently coloured ; the leaves about : the root are often fmall, round, and crenated. ; FLOWERS growing in whirls, largilh, ofayellowilh white colour, not uncommonly tinged with red ; the whirls having ten, fifteen, or twen- ty flowers in them. CALYX : a Perianthium of one leaf, tubular, feflile, rib’d, hirfute and continuing, having five teeth, which are fetaceous ; on its lower fide, at bottom, marked with purple fpots, and fupported by a {hort linear bra&eal leaf,j%-. 1, 2. COROLLA monopetalous and ringent ; the tube nearly the length of the upper lip, and crook- ed, anteriorly prominent below, and prefled in above ; the mouth inflated, and marked generally on each fide with two little teeth ; the upper lip arched, hairy, with a flight notch, and fometimes indented, difiinguiflied by two elevated lines, which unite at the crown ; the inferior lip bifid, turned back, {lightly notched, and fpotted at bottom, jig. 3, 4. STAMINA: four Filaments, filiform, white, the tips villous, a little thickned, and bent in- ward: Anthers purple and hairy ; Pollen yellow, jig. 5. PISTILLUM : Germen divided into four, jig. 6 , fur- rounded by a gland, jig. 7. Style filiform, of the fame length and fituation as the Stami- na : Stigma bifid and acute, jig. 8, 9. SEEDS four, in the bottom of the Calyx, three corner- ed, with a little appendage at bottom, jig-. 10. THE White Dead-Nettle or Archangel , is one of our earliefl: fpring plants, ornamenting our banks in Aoril and May ; and is much reforted to by Bees for the fake of its honey, which isfecreted into the bottom of the tube in confiderable plenty, by a little gland furrounding the bafe of the germen. The flowers have been particularly celebrated in uterine fluors, and other female weakneffes ; asalfoin diforders of the lungs ; but they appear to be of very weak virtue : Lewis's Difp. part. 2. p. 16- The bruifed leaves are recommended to difcufs tumours, even of the fchrophulous kind ; Rutty's Mat Med. i 271 • but very little dependance is to be placed on fuch recommendations. There is fcarce a plant but what (if we mav believe the antients) poflefles fome wonderfully healing power of this kind. \ j Like the other Lamiums, it has a difagreeable fmell when bruifed. Boys make whiftles of the ftalks. In the fouth of France, it is faid to occur with a purple flower. I have frequently found it flip-htlv tinned „4 The Phalxna Cbryjitis, Burned Bra/s MM, Lin. Faun. Suecic. p. 3,:. ^ Sweden the leaves are eaten in the fpring as a pot-herb ; Lin. Flor. Suecica. ' ’ ' nd m Fanned 2 1 Cr£epinS -P erennial root ’ and bein S a P laut vvhich c attle diflike, it {hould be extirpated by the STAMINA: Filamenta quatuor, filiformia, alba, apicibus villofis, paululum incraflatis et in- curvatis : Anthers purpureae, hirfutae ; Pollen flavum, jig. 5. PISTILLUM: Germen quadrifidum, jig-. 6, glandu- la cin&urn, jig. 7: Stylus filiformis longi- tudine et fitu Staminum : Stigma bifidum acutum, jig. 8, 9. SEMINA quatuor, in fundo calycis, trigona, appendi- culata, jig. 10, a/Htrr/n maHmk fee s'*' ^7< lr\i 1 4/ vSfCr S - r--& Lamium amplexicaule. Henbit Dead-Nettle. LAMIUM Linneei Gen. Pt. Didynamia Gymnospermia. Corolla lab. fuper. integrum, fornicatum ; lab. inf. 2-lobum ; faux utrinque margine dentata. Rail Syn. Gen. 14. Suffrutices et Herbas verticillatae. LAMIUM amplexicaule foliis floralibus feflilibus amplexicaulibus obtufis. Linnai Syfl. Vegetab. p. 446. Spec. Plant, p. 203. Flor. Suecic. p. 809. LAMIUM foliis radicalibus petiolatis, lobatis, fuperioribus caulem ambientibus* rotunde incilis. Haller hifii. n. 273. LAMIUM amplexicaule. Scopoli FI. Carniol. n. 702. LAMIUM folio caulem ambiente majus et minus. Bauhin pin. 231. ALSINE hederula altera; Gerard, emac. 616. ALSINE hederula folio major. Parkinjon 762. Raii Syn. p. 240. Great Henbit. Hudfon. FI. xingl. p. 225. Lightfioot FI. Scot. p. 309. ROOT annual, fibrous, and of a whitilh colour. STALKS, feveral from one root, nine inches or a foot high, nearly upright, fquare, fmooth, with a few oppofite branches. LEAVES oppofite, the lower ones Handing on foot- ftalks, of a roundilh heart-lhaped figure, deeply crenated, veiny, flightly hairy; the foot-ftalks grooved on the upper part, and longer than the leaves ; the upper ones lemi- orbicular, cut in at the edges, the fegments fomewhat blunt. FLOWERS growing in whirls to 15, of two kinds, perfedt and imperfedt ; the imperfedt ones Ihort, a little longer than the Calyx, the tips very red, hairy, and clofed, fig. x, 2 ; the perfedt ones four times the length of the Ca- lyx, of a bright purple colour, and generally breaking out from the tops of the {talks, fig. 3. CALYX in the perfedt ones , a Perianthium with five teeth, tubular, fcarce manifeftly ftriated ; the teeth equal, acuminated, and hirfute, fig. 4. COROLLA : the Tube very long, cylindrical, nearly upright, the mouth inflated, the edge turned back, fpotted, and marked with two little teeth ; the neck a little prominent ; the up- per lip arched, hirfute, and nearly entire ; the lower lip turning down, having two lobes, which are fpotted with purple, fig. 5, 6, 7, 8. STAMINA : four Filamen ts, two long and two Ihort, of a white colour, placed under the upper lip : Anthera: hairy, filled with a faffron-colour- ed pollen, fig. 9. PISTILLUM: Germen divided into four parts: Style filiform, of the fame length and fitua- tion with the Stamina : Stigma bifid and acute, fig. 10. SEEDS four, in the bottom of the Calyx, with a lit- tle appendadge to each, fur face covered with white {pots, fig. 11, 12. IN the flowering of this plant, there are fome circumftances well deferving of attention. Two kinds of blofloms are obfervable on it ; the one a very fmall Ihort one, like the rudiments of a flower, a little longer than the Calyx, with the mouth clofed, very hairy, and of a bright red colour ; the other a flower like that of the Lamium purpureum, but much longer. The firft of thefe blofloms, which fo far as refpedts the Corolla, are evidently imperfedt, appear very early in the Spring, in February and March : the long and perfedt blofloms do not make their appearance till May or June, when they are obfervable on the tops of the {talks : and if the progrefs of the flowers be watched, the Corolla will be found to be gradually enlarged in different blofloms, till the weather being fufficiently warm, they come forth fully formed. Thofe who have attended to the changes of Infedts, mult have obferved, that if a Caterpillar has, previous to its changing into the chryfalis or pupa flate, been deprived of its proper quantity of food, the Fly has come forth perfedt in all its parts except the wings, which are crumpled up, and never expand ; fo this plant, for want of a fufficient degree of warmth, is not able to pulh forth an expanded Corolla ; yet being perfedt in every other part, the fpecies fuffers no diminution. I had for feveral years imagined, that the imperfedt flowers were the rudiments of the long blofloms ; but on a more minute enquiry, I found that they never grew any longer, but decayed. I was then ready to fuppofe that they were barren flowers ; but on difledting them, I found that each had both Stamina and a Piftillum. Since the above oblervations were made, I find, on looking into the Flora Suecica, that Lin naius takes notice of its fcarce ever producing perfedt blofloms in Sweden. Here then is a procefs l'omewhat fimilar to what we obferve in the Violet and fome other plants, where perfedt feed is produced, although the Corolla be not perfectly formed. It grows with us frequently on walls ; and in the greateft abundance in the fields and gardens about Batterfea and Lambeth , where the foil is light. KALUA annua, nbrola, albida. CAULES ex una radice plures, dodrantales, aut peda- les, fuberedti, quadrati, 1 ceves, ramis paucis oppofitis. FOLIA oppofita, inferiora petiolata, fubrotundo cordata, incifo-crenata, venofa, hirlutula, petiolis fu- perne concavis foliis longioribus, fuperiora feflilia, femiorbiculata, incifa, laciniis obtufiuf- culis. FLORES verticillati ad 1 5, duorum generum, manci fcilicet et perfedti, manci breves, calycibus paulo longiores, apicibus ruberrimis hirfutis claufis, fig. 1 , 2; perfedti calyce quadruplo longiores, purpurei, e fummitatibus caulium utplurimum erumpentes, fig. 3. CALYX in perfediis, Perianthium quinquedentatum, tubulofum, vix manifefte ftriatum, dentibus aequalibus, acuminatis, hirfutis, fig. 4. COROLLA: Tubus praelongus, cylindraceus, fub- eredtus, faux inflata, margine reflexa maculata, denticulis duobus notata, collum prominulum, labium 1'uperius fornicatum, hirfutum, fub- integrum ; labium inferius deflexum, bilobum, maculis purpureis notatum, fig. 5, 6, 7, 8. STAMINA : Filamenta quatuor, quorum duolon- giora, alba, fub labio fuperiore : Anthera: pilofae, polline croceo refertae, fig. 9. PISTILLUM : Germen quadrifidum : Stylus fili- formis, longitudine et fitu flaminum : Stig- ma bifidum, acutum, fig. 10. SEMINA quatuor in fundo calycis, appendiculata, pundtis albis notata, fig. 1 1 , 12. Thymus Serpyllum. Common Wild Thyme. THYMUS Linnai Gen. PI. Didynamia Gymnospermia. Calycis bilabiati faux villis claufa. Rail Syn. Gen. Suffrutices et herb® verticillatje.' THYMUS Serpyllum floribus capitatis, caulibus repentibus, foliis planis obtufis, bafi ciliatis. Linntei Syjl Veget ab. p. 452. THYMUS foliis ovatis ad bafin ciliatis. Haller hijl. n. 235. THYMUS Serpyllum Scopoli FI. Carniol. n. 736. SERPYLLUM vulgare minus. Bauhin Pin. 220 * SERPYLLUM vulgare. Gerard emac. 570. SERPYLLUM vulgare minus. Parkinfon 8. Rail Sym p. 230, Common Mother of Thyme. Hudfon FI. Angi. p. 229. RADIX lignofa, fibrofa, fufca, perennis. CAULES numerofi, quadrangulares, duriufculi, pro- cumbentes, ramofi, ramis alternis. FOLIA ovata, petiolata, integerrima, plerumque las- via, glandulis pundata, petiolis ciliatis,^. 1,2. FLORES in fummitatibus caulium verticillatim dif- pofiti, et in capitulis fubrotundis congefti. CALYX : Perianthium monophyllum, tubulatum, ftriatum, fauce villis claufo, fig. 9, femibifi- dum in duo labia, labium luperius latius, tri- dentatum, dentibus reflexis ; inferius bifetum dentibus ciliatis, fig. 3, 4, 5. COROLLA monopetala ; Tubus longitudine fetarum calycis, labiu m l uperius reflexum, emarginatum, obtufum, inferius trifidum, longius, laciniis obtufis medio longiore, fig. 6. STAMINA: Filamenta quatuor ina:qualia; An- ther® minimae, fig. 7. PISTILLUM: Germen quadripartitum ; Stylus Co- rolla longior, recurvatus ; Stigma bifidum, acutum, fig. 8. SEMINA quatuor, parva, fubrotunda, fufca, fig. 10, ri. ROOT woody, fibrous, of a brown colour, and perennial. STALKS numerous, fquare, hard, procumbent, and branched ; the branches alternate. LEAVES oval, Handing on foot-ftalks, entire at the edges, generally fmooth, dotted with little glands; the foot-ftalks furnifhed with long hairs, fig. 1, 2. FLOWERS placed in whirls on the tops of the ftalks* and forming fmall roundifh heads. CALYX : a Perianthium of one leaf, tubular, ftriated, the mouth clofed up with hairs, fig. 9, divided into two lips ; the uppermoft having three teeth which bend back ; the lowermoft twefy much longer, narrower, and edged with hairs, A- 3’ 4 > 5- COROLLA monopetalous : the Tube the length of the Calyx ; the upper lip turning back, notch- ed in and blunt ; the lowermoft longer, divi- ded into three fegments, the fegments obtufe# the middle one longeft, fig. (u STAMINA: four Filaments of unequal lengths: Anther® very minute, 7. PISTILLUM : Germen dividing into four parts ; Style longer than the Corolla, and turning upwards ; Stigma bifid and pointed, fig. 8. SEEDS four, fmall, roundifh, of a brown colour, fig. 10, 11. FEW Plants are fubjedt to fo many varieties as the Wild thyme. In its moft natural ftate, when found on dry expofed Downs, it is fmall and procumbent: when growing among Furze or other plants, which afford it fhelter, it runs up with a {lender ftalk to a foot or more in height, and afl'umes an appearance which might puzzle the young Botanift. It differs alfo very much in the fmoothnefs and hairipefs of its leaves : and there is a Angular variety of it, remarked by Linn®us, with woolly heads, (Capitulis tomentofis) which are the nidus of fome Infeft. We have feen whole banks covered with this turgid variety. The Veronica Chanuedrys, Glechoma hederacea, Valeriana Locujla, and other plants, are frequently diftorted, and appear under the fame difguife from a fimilar caufe. On dry chalky Downs the Wild 'thyme abounds all over England; flowering in July and Auguft. It has been a received opinion, that Thyme and other aromatic herbs, give a flavour to the flefh of Sheep that feed where thefe plants are found : but curious obfervers haVe remarked, that Sheep neither eat Thyme nor any other aromatic herb when they have a free choice of pafturage.* The Antients planted Thyme for the fake of their Bees, who collect. Honey very largely from it ; which at that period was of more value than at prefent : the cultivation of Sugar in the Weft India Iflands, has contributed much to reduce its confequence in domeftic ceconomy. Theophrastus relates, that thyme produced no feed that could be difeovered ; but that the plant might be encreafed by fowing its flowers. Pliny copies this paflage from Theophrastus ; and inftead of doubting the fatt, remarks “ quid non tentavere homines ?" What experiments have not mankind tried ? The credulity of the Antients is very wonderful ! Whatever one Author advanced, the next took for granted, to the great de- triment of natural hiftory. — Inveftigation was never thought of ! Dr. Armstrong, in his elegant and claflical poem on health, recommends the foil where this plant (thyme or Marjoram ) abounds, as particularly healthful and proper for habitations. “ Mark where the dry Champaign “ Swells into chearful hills ; where Marjoram “ And thyme, the love of Bees, perfume the Air. “ there bid thy roofs , high on the bajking Jleep. “ Afcend : there light thy hof pit able fires". * See account of Sheep-walks in Spain, Gent. Mag. 1764. Erysimum Alliaria. Sauce-alone. ERYSIMUM Linnai Gen. PI. Tetradynamia Siliquosa. Siliqua columnaris, exade tetraedra. Cal. claufus. RaiiSyn.Gen. 21. Herbae Tetrapetalae Siliquosa et Siliculosa®. ERYSIMUM Alliaria foliis cordatis. Linnai Syjl. Vegetab. p. 499. Sp. PI. p. 923. FI. Suecic . n. 600. ERYSIMUM Haller Hijl. p. 208. n. 480. SISYMBRIUM Alliaria. Scopoli FI. Cam. n. 825. ALLIARIA Bauhin Pin. no. Gerard emac. 796. Parliinfon 112. HESPERIS allium redolens. Rail Syn. 293. Jack by the Hedge, or Sauce-alone. Hudfon . FI. Angl. ed. 2. p. 286. Lightfoot FI. Scot. 186. ROOT biennial, of a whitifh colour, tapering, and furnifhed with numerous fibres. STALK upright, from two to three feet high, round, fmooth, fomewhat Hriated, at bottom purple, and llightly hoary, at top branched. BRANCHES few, alternate, and upright. LEAVES alternate, Handing on foot-Halks, heart- fhaped, veiny, and fomewhat wrinkled ; the lower ones Handing on long foot-flalks, and round at the tips ; the upper ones pointed, and unequally toothed or fawed. FLOWERS white, terminal, upright, Handing on flalks the length of the flowers. CALYX: a Perianthium of four leaves, which are oblong, of a pale green, obtufe, the tips in- ternally concave, externally gibbous. Jig- 1. COROLLA: four Petals, inverfely oval, and claw- ed ; the claw ered and linear ; the limb fpreading, and grooved with a few veins, fig. 2. STAMINA: fix Filaments tapering, and white; the two fhorter ones bending inwards ; the four longer ones upright, the length of the Style, Jig. 3, 6: Anthers of an oblong heart fliape, yellow, incumbent, and upright, fig- 4 » 5 - NECTARY, a fmall round fingle gland, placed on each fide at the bafe of the longefl Stamina ; but the bafe of each of the fhortefi Stamina, is wholly furrounded by a glandular fubHance. PISTILLUM : the Germen obfcurely four corner’d, and oblong, 7 %-. 7 : Style very fhort ,fig. 8 : Stigma, forming a little head, appearing as if cut off. SEED-VESSEL : a Pod about two inches long, round, obfcurely quadrangular, with a fine prominent line between each angle, of two cavities and two valves,^ - . 9. SEEDS numerous, oblong, brown, fhining, finely grooved, obliquely cut off at each end, and partly buried in the diflepimentum on each fide, jig. 10. THE whole of this plant, on being rubbed, difcovers a flrong fmell of Garlic, whence its name of Alliaria. Medicinally, the leaves are recommended internally, as fudorifics and deobflruents, fomewhat of the nature of Garlic, but much milder ; and externally, as antifeptics, in gangrenes and cancerous ulcers : Lewis's Difp. p. 78. Dietically it is ufed in fauces ; and by the country people eaten with bread and butter : Ran Hifi. PI. et Syn. The feeds bruifed, and put up the nofirils, are faid to promote fneezing : Rail Hijl. PI. p. 792. The Curculio Alliaria, Linn. Faun. Suecic. n. 580, perforates and dwells in the Halks of this plant : FI. Suecic. If eaten by Cows, which it appears to be from Linnaeus’s experiments, it will be liable to give a difagreeable tafie to the milk ; fhould this happen, the Farmer will eafily deflroy it, as it is a biennial. It grows very common by hedge fides ; flowers in April and May. Scopoli obferves that it does not retain the generic charader of an Eryfimum, wherefore he arranges it as a Sijymbrium. RADIX biennis, albida, fufiformis, plurimis fibrillis inflruda. CAULIS eredus, bi aut tripedalis, teres, laevis, fubfiria- tus, inferne purpureus, villofus, fuperne ra- mofus. RAMI pauci, alterni, eredi. FOLIA' alterna, petiolata, cordata, venofa, fubrugofa, inferiora longius petiolata, rotundata, fuperi- ora acuta, inaequaliter dentato-ferrata. FLORES nivei, terminales, eredi, pedunculis longi- tudine florum infidentes. CALYX: Perianthium tetraphyllum, foliolis oblon- gis, pallide virefcentibus, obtufis, deciduis, apice interne concavis, externe gibbis, fig. 1. COROLLA: Petala quatuor, obovata, unguiculata, unguis eredus, linearis, limbus patens, venis paucis exaratus, fig. 2. STAMINA : Filamenta fex, fubulata, alba, duo bre- viora incurvata, quatuor longiora ereda, lon- gitudine Styli , fig. 3, 6: Antherae oblongae, cordatae, flavae, incumbentes, eredae, fig. 4, 5. NECT ARIUM : glandularotundafolitariautrinque ad bafin Staminum longiorum, bafis vero Stami- num breviorum glandula cingitur. PISTILLUM : Germen obfcure tetragonum, oblon- gum, fig. 7 : Stylus brevilfimus, fig. 8 : Stigma capitato-truncatum. PERICARPIUM : Siliqua biuncialis, teres, fubte- tragona, lineata, bilocularis, bivalvis, fig. 9. SEMINA plurima, oblonga, fufca, nitida, firiata, u- traque extremitate oblique truncata, diflepi- mento utrinque nidulantia,^. 10. 1 : ■ : : : •- '■'>!. • ' • ■ ■' , ■ ' ■ ■ • : .• •- • .i ,;.. T '• ' . • ' • 1 , I Arabis thaliana. Podded Mo u s e - e a r. ARABIS Limat Gen. Pl. TetradynaMia Siliquosa. Glandular ne£larifera:-4, fingula: intra Calycis foliola, fquama: inftar reflexa. Rail Syn. Gen . 21. Herbje tetrapetalje siliquosje et siliculosa:. ARABIS thaliana foliis radicalibus ovato-lanceolatis, dentatis, pundlato-fcabris. ARABIS thaliana foliis petiolatis lanceolatis integerrimis. Linn. Syjl. Veget ab. p. 501. FI. Suecic. n. 605. ARABIS foliis radicalibus petiolatis, ovatis, dentatis caule fubnudo ramofo. Haller hift. n. 452. TURRITIS vulgaris ramofa. Rail Syn. 294, Moufe-ear. BRASSICA fpuria minima, foliis hirfutis et glabris. Rail Syn. ed. 2. 166. BURSvE paftoria: fimilis liliquofa major et minor. Bauhin Pin. 108. PILOSELLA filiquofa. Thai. tab. 7. PARONYCHIA major ct altera minor. Parhnfon 55 6 . Hudfon FI. Angi. p. 255. RADIX annua, fimplex, fibrofa, albida. FOLIA radicalia oblongo-ovata, petiolata, dentata, pre- fertim prope bafin, hirfuta, utrinque fcabra pun&is prominulis, caulina feflilia dentata, jig. 1,2; hirfuties ad bafin foliorum fimplex, ad marginem et fuperficiem bi et trifurcata. CAULIS femipedalis ad pedalem, ere&us, fubramofus, | teres, rore glauco tedtus, hirfutus, ramuli ^ alterni, nutantes. % % % CALYX : Perianthium tetraphyllum, foliolis ovatis, | concavis, hirfutulis, jig. 3. audi. ^ % COROLLA : Petala quatuor, calyce duplo longiora, | apice dilata, integra, obtufa, jig. 4. audi. $ STAMINA : Filamenta quatuor fubulata quorum duo | breviora, jig. 5 ; An thera: flava:, parva:. f | PISTILLUM : Germen oblongum, tenue ; Stylus | breviflimus longitudine Staminum ; Stigma | obtufum, jig. 6. $ 1 PERICARPIUM : filiqua tenuis, femuncialis, bivalvis, $ jig. 7, 8, continens | ¥ SEMINA plurima, flavefcentia, jig. 9. ? ROOT annual, Ample, fibrous, whitifh. LEAVES of an oblong oval fhape, Handing onfoot-ftalks, indented, efpecially near the bafe of the leaf, hairy, rough on each fide, with little promi- nent points ; leaves on the {talk feflile and indented, fig. 1 2 ; the hairs at the bafe of the leaf Ample, thofe at the edges and on the furface dividing into two or three forks. STALK from fix to twelve inches high, upright, fome- what branched, round,- crooked, covered with a bloom, hairy, the little branches alternate and drooping. CALYX : a Perianthium of four leaves, which are oval, concave, and flightly hairy, jig. 3, mag. COROLLA of four Petals, twice the length of the Calyx, dilated at top, entire and obtufe, jig. 4. STAMINA : four tapering Filaments, two of which are fliorter than the others, Jig. 5 ; Anthers fmall and yellow. PISTILLUM: Germen oblong, {lender. Style very fhort, equal in height to the Stamina; Stigma blunt, jig. 6. SEED-VESSEL : a fmall {lender pod about half an inch long, of two valves, jig. 7, 8, containing SEEDS. Several yellowifh feeds, jig. 9. AT firft fight this little plant, in its larger Hate, forms fome refemblance to the Shepherds Purfe ; and when fmall, may be overlooked or miflaken for the Draba verna, particularly as it grows in fimilar filiations - but by its {lender pods it may readily be diftinguifhed. We have it frequent enough on our walls, and fometimes on dry ground, about town: and it may be found in great abundance on thefouth fide of Greenwich Park Wall, the top of which, facing the late Sir Gregory Page’s is in particular parts almoft covered with it ; while the bottom of it, is at the fame time, beautifully orna- mented with the Geranium Cicutarium. ’ J It flowers in March and April, and the feed is ripe in May. No particular virtues or ufes are afcribed to it. Like all other plants (which is a circumftance that cannot be too often inculcated into the mind of the young Botanift) it varies very much in fize; fometimes being not more than an inch or two in height and at other times more than a foot. 6 * The Glandula NeStarfera , often found at the bafe of the Stamina, in the plants of the Clafs Petr adynamia and which according to Linnjeus form the charadler of the Genus Arabis, are in this fpecies fo very minute’ as'fcarcely to be difcerned with a magnifier J * Geranium molle. Common Doves-footCranes-bill. GERANIUM Um Gen. PL Monadelphia Decantoia. Monogyna. Stigmat. 5. FruHus roftratus, j-coccus. Rail Syn. Gen. 24. Hemjs pentapetalje vascdlipeea!. GERANIUM molle pedunculis bifloris, foliifque floralibus alternis, petalis bifidis, calycibus muticis, caule erefliufculo. Limati Syjl. Vegetab. p. s 15. Sp. Pl. p. 955. K Suecic. p. 577. GERANIUM foliis molliffimis, hirfiltis, reniformibus, femiquinquefidis, lobis femitripartitis, obtufis. Haller hifi. n. 939. GERANIUM molle. Scopoli FI. Carniol. an noftra planta ? GERANIUM columbinum villofum, petalis bifidis purpureis. Valli Paris. 79. t. 15. fig- 3. GERANIUM columbinum. Ger. emac. 938. GERANIUM columbinum vulgare. Parkinfon 706. Rail Syn. p. 3 5 9, Doves- foot, orDoves-foot-Cranes-bill, GERANIUM folio malvae rotundo. Bauhin. Pin. 318. Hudfon FI. Angi. p. 265. Lightfoot FI. Scot. p. 370. RADIX annua, fufiformis, fimplex. CAULES plures, utplurimum procumbentes, teretes, rubicundi, dodrantales aut pedales, villofi, ramofi. FOLIA radicalia petiolis longis, teretibus, villofis, m- fidentia, fubrotunda, villofa, fubtus venofa, feptemfida, laciniis incifis, caulina alterna xn lacinias pauciores, anguftiores et acutiores divifa. $ ROOT annual, tapering, and fimple. L STALKS feveral, procumbent, round, of a reddifh : : colour, from nine inches to a foot in length, ; ; villous, and branched, ; ; LEAVES : thofe next the root fitting on long, round, ; ; villous foot-ftalks, of a roundifh form, hoary, :: and veiny underneath, deeply divided into ; ; feven fegments, which are jagged : the leaves : on the ftalk alternate, divided into fewer fegments, which are narrower and more poin- j I ted. STIPULAE ad fingula genicula quaterna, membrana- cea;, marefcentes. PEDUNCULI longitudine et forma petiolorum iifque oppofiti, bifidi, biflori : pedicelli pedunculo triplo fere breviores, ftipulis minoribus ad bafin cindtis, ad lentem fubvifcofis. STIPULAE four at each joint, membranous, and wither- ing. FLOWER-STALK : general flower-ftalk the length and form of the leaf-ftalks, and growing op- pofite to them, bifid, and fupporting two flowers : partial flower-ftalks nearly three times fhorter than the general one, furround- ed at their bafe by fmaller ftipuhe, fome of the hairs on which appearing glandular if viewed with a glafs. CALYX : Peri anthium pentaphyllum, foliolis ovato- acutis, trinervibus, pilofis, insqualibus, brevi mucrone, rufo, non admodum acuto, termi- natis, fig. I . COROLLA: Petala quinque purpurea, obcordata, calyce paulo longiora, unguibus parvis, utrin- que ciliatis. CALYX: a Perianthium of five leaves, oval, poin- ted, having three ribs, hairy, unequal, and terminated by a reddifh and fomewhat blunt point, fig. 1. COROLLA : five purple Petals, inverfely heart- fhaped, a little longer than the Calyx, the claws fmall, and edged on each fide with hairs. STAMINA: Filamenta decem, alba, aequalia, bafi | STAMINA: ten white Filaments, of an unequal lata, vix coalefcentia : Anthera: coeruleae, * length, broad at bottom, but not perceptibly jig. 2t I united : Antherje blue, fig. 2. PISTILLUM: Germen quinquangulare : Stylus I PISTILLUM: Germen five-cornered : Style taper- fubulatus, vifcofus : Stigmata quinque, | ing, with glandular hairs : Stigmata five, rubra, reflexa, fig. 3, 4. $ of a red colour, and turning back, fig. 3, 4- SEMINA quinque, ovata, glabra, fig. 5, 7, 8. Arillo | SEEDS five, oval and fmooth, fig. 5, 7, 8, covered rugofo teda, fig. 6. * with a wrinkled Arillus , fig. 6. THE Geranium molle is the moft common of all our Geraniums , and one of the earlieft in bloflom, beginning to blow in April, and continuing through the Summer. Its moft natural fituation is on a dry bank ; yet it very often is found in paftures, and under walls. If growing by itfelf, the ftalks are ufually procumbent ; among other plants it is often drawn upright. It varies very much in fize ; the flowers alfo vary much both in fize and colour. In the Lawn before Chelfea Hofpital , I have noticed this plant almoft as large as the pyrenaicum of Linnaeus. Its flowers are fometimes white, fometimes pale red, with many gradations of purple. It is moft likely to be miftaken for the rotundifolium and pyrenaicum , neither of which are common plants with us : in what refped it differs from thefe, we fliall mention when they come to be defcnbed. We may remark here, that the Arilli , or coverings of the feeds, fig. 6, are curioufly wrinkled ; but the feed* themfelves are perfectly fmooth. M ALVA SYLVESTRIS. COMMON M ALLOW. MALVA Limat Gen. PI. Monadelphia Polyandria. Cal. duplex : exterior triphyllus. Arilli plurimi monofpermi. Rail Syn. Gen. 15. Herbje semine nudo polyspermy. MALVA fylvefris caule erefto herbaceo, foliis feptemlobatis acutis, pedunculis petiolifque pilofis. Linnai Syjl. Veget ab. p. 520. MALVA caule e reft o ; foliis lobatis : lobis ferratis, quinis et feptenis. Haller hifi. n. 1069. MALVA fylvefris. Scopoli FI. Carniol. n. 859. MALVA JylveJlris folio finuato, C. Bauhin. pin. 314. MALVA vulgaris Parkinjon. MALVA fylvejris Gerard. Raii Syn. p. 269, Common Mallow. Hudfon FI. Angi. p. 268. RADIX perennis, albida, craffitie digiti, in terram alte ¥ defcendens, fibris paucis majufculis inftrufta, I . fapore dulci et vifcido przedita. ■ [ CAULIS plerumque ereftus, pedalis ad tripedalem, : teres, pilofus, ramofus. ;; FOLIA petiolis praelongis hirfutis infidentia, quinque L aut feptemlobata, ad bafin macula purpurea • • faepe notata, fubplicata, crenata, fuperne laevia, ;; fubtus hirfutula. : : FLORES ampli, purpurei, axillares, fubumbellati, J. venis faturatioribus pifti. • ' STIPULAE duae ad bafin cujufvis petioli. CALYX: Peri anthium duplex, perfiftens, hirfutum, i exterius triphyllum, foliolis lanceolatis, Jig. 1 ; $ interius femiquinquefidum, majus, laciniis ;; ovato-acutis, Jig. 2. • • COROLLA : Petala quinque, obcordata, praemorfa, . bafi coalita, plana, Jig. 3. :: STAMINA: Filamenta plurima in tubum purpu- f rafcentem coalita, Jig. 5, fupernelaxa, reflexa : ■ Anther y reniformes, albidae, Jig. 6, auft. ; 1 PISTILLUM : Germen orbiculatum : Stylus cylin- ; ; draceus, brevis : Stigmata plurima, fetacea, ■ rubicunda, longitudine Styli, jig. 7, 8, 9. ' SEMINA plurima reniformia Ari Ilo introrfum dehifcen- : 1 te tefta, fg. 10, 11. * ROOT perennial and whitifh, the thicknefs of ones finger, ftriking deep into the earth, thinly fumifhed with large fibres, and having a fweetifh vifcid tafte. STALK generally upright, from one to three feet high, round, hairy and branched. LEAVES Handing on long hairy foot-flalks, having five or leven lobes, often marked at bottom with a purple fpot, fome what folded, crenated or notched at the edges, fmooth above and flightly hairy beneath. FLOWERS large, purple, growing in a kind of um- bel! in the bofoms of the leaves, painted with deeper veins of the fame colour. STIPULAE two at the bottom of each foot-ftalk of the leaf. CALYX : a double Perianthium continuing, and hairy ; the outer one compofed of three leaves, which are narrow and pointed, fg. 1 ; the inner one larger and divided into five fegments, which are broader and pointed, fg. 2. COROLLA: five Petals heart-fhaped, a piece of the apex as if bitten out, uniting at bottom, and flat, fg. 3. STAMINA : Filaments numerous, uniting into a purplilh tube, fg. 5, above unconnefted and turning back : Anther je kidney- lhaped, and whitifh, fg. 6, magnified. PISTILLUM: Germen orbicular : Style cylindri- cal, and Ihort : Stigmata numerous, thread- fliaped, of a red colour, the length of the Styles, fg. 7, 8, 9. SEEDS numerous, kidney-fhaped, covered with an Arilltis which opens inwardly, fg. 10, 1 1. EVERY part of this plant, but more particularly the root, contains within it a juice fomewhat mucilaginous, hence it has been ranked by writers 011 the Materia Medica among the emollients, and confidered as ferviceable in all cafes where emollients are proper : but it has more particularly been ufed in difeafes of the urinary paffages, where the parts have been either injured by calculous concretions, or inflamed from other caufes ; as in the Hone, gravel, bloody urine, ftrangury, gonorrhoea, &c. In cafes of cough, hoarfnefs, roughnefs of the fauces, &c. it has alfo been recommended. Its ufe however has been much fuperfeded by the Marjhmallow , which poflefles all its valuable qualities in a fuperior degree. The’ method of ufing it is by making a decoftion of the leaves or root : or it may be made into a fyrup in the manner of Marfmallows. In fomentations and clyfters the leaves are alfo not unfrequently ufed. Mallows were formerly eaten as food by the Romans ; not the fpecies here figured however ; but according to Haller, the Malva rotundifoli a it alica fore amplo of Tournefort was ufed for this purpofe. This author alfo informs us, that a tree of the Mallow kind is in like ufe with the Egyptians and that the Chinefe mix dried Mallow leaves with their food. _ Cattle do not appear to be fond of it ; and as it is a firong growing plant, it often does much harm in good rich ground : the root however, though perennial, is not of the creeping kind, and confequently is eradicated without much difficulty. The beft inftrument will be found to be what is called a docking-iron, of which we ffiall give an account in defcribing fome one of the Docks ; and the beft time for taking them up is late in the Autumn . when the herbage being eat down pretty clofe, the leaves of the Mallow are eafily difcerned, and the herbage fufl'ers little from the operation. ° The Mallow flowers from June to the end of Summer. The Anther® before the opening of the flower, while they are yet entire, afford a very pleafing fpeftacle, and are figured by Grew, in a magnified ftate in his Anatomy of Plants. Fumaria officinalis. Common Fumitory, FUMARIA Linai. Gen. PI. Diadelphia Hexandria. Cal. diyhyllus, Cor. ringens. Filamenta 2, membranacea, fingula Antheris 3. Rail Syn. Gen. 10. Herbie flore perfecto simplici, seminibus nudis solitariis seu AD SINGULOS FLORES SINGULIS. FUMARIA officinalis pericarpiis monofpermis racemofis, caule diffufo. Linnai. Syjl. Vegetal, p. 43 c. Sp. Pl. p. 984. FI. Suecic. p. 245. FUMARIA foliis multifidis ; lobis fubrotunde lanceolatis ; frudibus monofpermis, Haller, hijl. helv. n. 346, FUMARIA officinalis. Scopoli FI. Carniol. p. 47, FUMARIA officinarum et Diofcoridis. Bauhin pin. 143* FUMARIA purpurea. Gerard, emac. 1088. FUMARIA vulgaris. Parkinfon. 287. Rati Syn. p. 284, Fumitory. Hudfon FI. Angi. p. 270. Lightfoot FI. Scot. p. 379. RADIX annua, fibrofa, ex flavo-fufija. CAULES dodrantales aut cubitales, diffufi, angulofi, geniculis tumidis, ramofi, glabri, teneri, fub- flexuofi. FOLIA alterna, petiolata, duplicato-pinnata, glauca, pinnulis trilobatis, mucronatis, lobis extimis bifidis aut trifidis. FLORES racemofi, purpurei, racemi eredi, multiflori, floribus fparfis, pedunculatis, pedunculis clava- tis. BRACTEAE lanceolat®, apice purpuree, fingulo pedun- culo fubjede, fig. 1. CALYX : Peri anthium diphyllum ; foliolis oppofitis, equalibus, lateralibus, acutis, denticulatis, deciduis, fig. 2, 3. COROLLA oblonga, ringens, palato prominente fau- cem claudente. Labium fuperius apice dilatatum, carinatum, fubtus concavum, margine paulu- lumreflexa, bafiobtufa, incurvata. Labium infe- rius longitudine labii fuperioris et fimile quoad apicem, ceteroquin lineare, bafi paulo latiore. Petala lateralia five ale apice coherent fau- cemque tetragonam efformant fupra infraque tridentatam, fig .4, 5, 6, 7. STAMINA : Filamenta duo, alba, membranacea, bafi lata, germen ampledentia : Anthers tres, flavefcentes in fingulo filamento, termina- les, fig. 8 . PISTILLUM : Germen ovatum : Stylus filiformis longitudine flaminum, adfcendens : Stigma compreflum, villofum, fig. 9. PERICARPIUM Silicula unilocularis, fubcordata, fig. 10. SEMEN unicum, fubrotundum, fig. 1 1. ROOT annual, fibrous, of a yellowifli broton colour. STALKS from nine to feventeen inches in height, fpreading, angular, enlarged at the joints, branched, fmooth, tender, and fomewhat bend- ing- . . . LEAVES alternate, ftanding on foot-ftalks, twice pin- nated, of a blueilh green colour, the pinnulae or little leaves trilobate, terminating in a fhort point, the outermoft lobes bifid or trifid. FLOWERS growing in a kind of fpike, of a purple colour ; Ipikes upright, fupporting many flow- ers, which are placed, without any regular order, on foot-ftalks, thickeft at the extremity. FLORAR-LEAF lanceolate, and purple at top, placed under each flower- ftalk, fig. 1. CALYX : a Peri anthium of two leaves, the leaves oppofite, aequal, lateral, pointed, with little teeth at the edges, and deciduous, fig. 2, 3. COROLLA oblong, ringent, the palate prominent, and doling the mouth : upper lip dilated at the tip, keel-lhaped, hollow beneath, the margin turning a little upwards ; the bafe obtufe, and curled inward : the lower lip the fame length as the upper one, .and fimilar as to fhe top, in other refpeds linear ; the bafe a little broader : the lateral Petals , or wings, cohere at top, and form a four corner’d mouth, in which there are three divifions on the upper and lower part, fig. 4, 5, 6, 7. STAMINA: two white Filaments, membranous, broad at bottom, and embracing the germen : Anthers three, of a yellowilh colour, fitting on the tops of the filaments, fig. 8. PISTILLUM : Germen oval : Style thread-lhaped, the length of the flamina, rifing upwards : Stigma comprefled, and villous, fig. 9. SEED-VESSELL a fmall Pod of one cavity, fomewhat inverfely heart-lhaped, fig. 10. SEED one, of a roundilh figure, fig. 1 1 . FUMITORY in its flower and fruit, has certainly a confiderable affinity with the papilionaceous plants, although that affinity is not very obvious at firft fight : and at the fame time, fome parts of its ftrudture feem altogether peculiar to itfelf. The pofterior part of the corolla terminates in a kind of neftarium, like what weobferve in the Violet. But the part in which it djffers moft from the papilionaceous flowers, is its calyx, which confifts of two fmall lateral leaves, .more like ftipulas than a calyx. The filaments, as in papilionaceous flowers, are diftindtly divided into two bodies, on the top of each of which, in a very Angular manner, are placed three anther®, each ftanding on a little footftalk. The feed-veflell in this fpecies, has not much refemblance to thofe of the papiliona- ceous tribe ; but in fome of the other fpecies it has a very confiderable one, as in the Claviculata. This difference of ftru&ure in the feed-veflells, caufed Ray to divide the plants of this genus, and place them in different clafles : but by Linnjeus they are clafled together with the diadelphous plants. When this plant grows luxuriantly, and near other plants, the leaves acquire a power of a&ing as tendrils, and fupporting the plant : this is the principal variety to which it is fubje£t. It grows very commonly in corn-fields, gardens, and on the fides of banks ; flowering from April to July. The juice of it given to two ounces, with whey, gently opens the body, purifies (as it is called) the blood, refills the fcurvy, removes eruptions of the lkin, and a too great rednefs of the face, if exercife in the fpring be joined with it. The extraft, or infpifl'ated juice of it, appears to be the moft eligible form, of which one dram loofens the belly ; Haller, hijl. 'helv. p. 1 50. Kine and Sheep eat it ; Goats not readily ; Horfes and Swine not at all. •MS*» Trifolium ornithopodioides. Birds foot Trefoil. TRIFOLIUM Lintitei Gen. PL Diadelphia Decandria. Flores fubcapitati. Legumen vix calyce longius, non dehifcens, deciduum. Rali Syn. Gen. 23. Herbae flore papilionaceo seu leguminosaj. TRIFOLIUM ornithopodioides leguminibus nudis oftofpermis fubternis, calycibus duplo longioribus* caulibus declinatis. Linnai Syjl. Vegetab. p. 571. Sp. Pl. 1078. MEDIC AGO leguminibus ternatis, eredis, recurvis, defeendentibus, pedunculo communi. Hort . Cliff. 3*- 6. TRIFOLIUM filiquofum loto affine filiquis ornithopodii. Pluk. phy t. t. 68 .fig. 1. FAENUMGRA£CUM humile repens, ornithopodii liliquis brevibus eredis. Rail Syn. p. 33 r, Fenu- greek with Birds-foot Trefoil Pods, tab. 14. fig. r. Hudfon FI. Angl. p. 282. Oeder FI. Dan. icon. 368. Lightfoot FI. Scot. p. 403. RADIX fimplex, albida, fibrofa, tuberculis obfita. CAULES plures, procumbentes, in humidiore aut pin- guiore folo palmares aut fefquipalmares alias vix quandrantales, craffiufculi, et fubrigidi. FOLIA perexigua, terna, obeordata, profunde denti- culata et veluti erofa, kevia, venis redis non ramofis, fig. 7. STIPULAE ad bafin foliorum binae, magnae, venofae, acuminatae. FLORES axillares, carnei, pedunculis breviffimis in- fidentes, terni, bini aut etiam folitarii. CALYX : Perianthium tubuloffim, quinquedenta- tum, perfiftens, lawe, ftriatum, dentibus a- cuminatis, nudis, duobus fuperioribus longi- oribus, fg. 1. COROLLA papilionacea : Vexillum reflexum : Alje divergentes, fig. 2. PISTILLUM : Germen oblongum, villofum, fig. 3. PERICARPIUM : Legumen magnum, calyce duplo longius, apice mucronata incurva, in duas val- vulas aegre dehifcens, fig. 4, 5. SEMINA fex ad decem, difformia, pallida, maculata fg- 6 . | ROOT Ample, whitiffi, fibrous, and befet with little I knobs or tubercles. ¥ I STALKS numerous and procumbent, in a moifl: or % rich foil from four to fix inches in length, t but molt commonly from two to three, thick- : iffi for the fize of the plant, and fome what rigid. , LEAVES very fmall, growing by threes, inverfely heart-Ihaped, deeply notched, fo as to appear ;; as if gnawed, fmooth, the veins ftraight, and j not branched, fig. 7. ; STIPULAE at the bafe of the leaves two, large, veiny, and pointed. FLOWERS axillary, pale red, fitting on exceedingly ffiort foot-ftalks, growing three or two toge- ther, fometimes fingly. CALYX: a Perianthium which is tubular, with five teeth, permanent, fmooth, ftriated, the teeth acuminated, naked, the two uppermofi: ;; longeft, fig. 1. COROLLA papilionaceous; the Standard turning back ; and the Wings feparating, fig. 2. ° , PISTILLUM : Germen oblong and villous, fig. 3. ; SEED-VESSEL, a large Legumen, twice the length of the Calyx, the tip ending in a point and ; bending downward, with difficulty fplitting ; ; into two valves, fig. 4, 3. ; SEEDS from fix to ten, irregular, pale and fpotted t fig • 6 . “ mmQn “ tUS C ° Untry ‘ han ” SeneraUy ima E i,Kd ’ a " d h- Probably foa > whkh th = “S Bl “ C,l ‘ a,h ■ Mr - H ™“ mentions its grow- f tle - at “ d n^ nCe - but is to be -Jifcoverod the other fpecies. Its 'leaves are fmooth and much notch”!?* 1, thefe 1S , 110 difficulty 11 } difhnguifhmg it from its feed-veflels remarkably large and growing mofi rnmmo f naWe< * edges ; its flowers are pale red ; fomewhat refemble a bird’s claw’ but no? T 1 TrL T 7 ° r n thre f to g^er, in which ftate they feed-veflels are fometimes fcgll’ ^ “ l ° ‘ degree as the °r Birds-foot does ; the Cultivated in a garden, it grows to a much larger plant than is reprefented on the plate. Trifolium subterraneum. Subterraneous Trefoil. TRIFOLIUM Linruei Gen . Pi. DiadelphiA Decandria. Flores fubcapitati. Legumen vix calyce iongius, non dehifcehs, deciduum.' Pali Syn.Gen. 23. Herbje flore papilionaceo seu leguminosa:. TRIFOLIUM fubterraneum capitulis villofis fubquinquefloris, coma centrali reflexa rigida frudum obvolvente. Linncei Syjl. Vegetab. p. 572. Sp. Ph p. 1080. TRIFOLIUM pumilum fupinum, flofculis longis albis. Ph. Brit. Rail Syn. p. 31*]. tab. xni. fg. 2. TRIFOLIUM parvum Monfpefliilanum album cum paucis floribus. I. Bauhin. 11. 380. TRIFOLIUM album tricoccum fubterraneum reticulatum. Morifon. Hijl. Ox. 11. 138. s. ir. t. 14. f 5. TRIFOLIUM fubterraneum feu folliculos fub terram condens. Magnol. Botan. Monjp. 265. Gouan FI. Monfp. p. 198. Hudfon. FI. Angi. p. 286. ed. 2. p. 328. RADIX annua, fimplex, fibrofa. CAULES teretes, craffiufculi, ramofi, procumbentes et terras velut apprefli, villoli. STIPULA ovato-lan ceol atas, nervofae. PETIOLI pedunculis paulo longiores, denfe pilofl. FOLIA terna, obcordata, mollia, villofa, integerrima, maculis purpureis faepe variegata. PEDUNCULI triflori aut quadriflori, pera&a floref- centia verfus terram inflexi. FLORES albi, longi, procul confpicui. CALYX: Perianthium oblongum, tubulatum, fu- perne rubrum, quinquedentatum, dentibus fe- taceis, pilofis, longitudine tubi, fg. 8, aud. COROLLA oblonga, calyce duplo longior, alba : Vexillum venis dilute purpureis ftriatum : Ala: conuiventes, vexillo breviores : Carina parva, brevis, alis inclufa, fg. 1. PISTILLUM: Germen ovatum: Stylus longus, tenuis, adfcendens : Stigma fubrotundum, fig- 9« PERICARPIUM: Legumen fubrotundum, mono- fpermum, fg. 6. SEMEN magnum, nitidum, fpadiceum, fg. 7. OBS. perada florefcentia, pedunculi verfus terram de- fleduntur, et filamenta alba radiculis asmula extremitatibus fuis exferunt, fg. 2. hae vero terram nequaquam penetrant, at furfum eri- guntur, mox apices ftellatim expanduntur, fg. 3. et demum pericarpia obvolvunt,/^-. 5. ROOT annual, Ample, and fibrous. STALKS about three inches in length, frequently much longer, round, thickifh, branched, pro- cumbent, and as it were prefled to the ground, covered with foft hairs. STIPULAE oval, pointed, and ribbed. LEAF-STALKS a little longer than the flower-ftaiks, and thickly covered with hairs. LEAVES growing by threes, inverfely heart-fhaped, foft, villous, intire at the edges, and frequent- ly variegated with purple fpots. FLOWER-STALKS fupporting three or four flow- ers, and bending towards the earth as they decay. FLOWERS white, long, and confpicuous at a dis- tance. CALYX : a Perianthium oblong, tubular, on the upper part red, having five longflender hairy teeth the length of the tube, fg. 8, mag. COROLLA oblong, twice the length of the calyx, white : Standard ftriped with faint purple veins : Wings doling, Ihorter than the ftandard : Keel fmall, inclofed within the wings, fig. 1. PISTILLUM: Germen oval: Style long, flender, afcending: Stigma roundilh, fig. 9. SEED-VESSEL : a roundilh Pod containing one feed, fig. 6 . SEED large, fhining, of a purplilh colour, fig. 7. OBS. The flowering being over, the flower-ftalks are bent towards the earth, and from their extre- mities put forth white filaments like roots, fig. 2. thefe do not however penetrate the earth, but rife upwards, their tips foon ex- panding into little liars, fig. 3. and finally inclofe the feed-vefl’els, fig. 5. NOTWITHSTANDING this plant appears to have obtained its name of fubterraneum from a mifapprehenfion of its oeconomy, we have chofen to retain it, rather than introduce confufion by altering a name fo long eftablifh- ed, efpecially as it has a tendency to excite an enquiry into the hiftory of the plant. Ray, in his Hifi. PI. has given a very accurate defcription of this plant, and related every circumftance which takes place in its oeconomy with his ufual precifion, except the following ; “ Flofculis delapfis aut marcefcentibus “ calices ad pediculum refle&untur et capitula fub terra condunt .” Here he aflerts, that the capituli or little heads, are buried in the earth by means of the calyces or flower cups, but does not explain in what manner. In the third edition of his Synopfis , publilhed by Dillenius, in a note added to this plant, contained in a parenthefis, the following account occurs : “ Calices flofculis exaridis deorfum tendunt, radicefque extremitatibus fuis agere vi- “ dentur, mox vero laciniis eorum furfum verfis peculiaribus fibris humo affiguntur, quo tempore unum alterumve “ femen terreni humoris beneficio intumefcit, novzeque plantas produttioni inferyit.” Here is an attempt to ac- count for the manner in which the heads are buried, founded however on a miftaken obfervation ; for notwith- ftanding what authors have related, the feeds are not buried in any unufual way, nor is there any apparatus to effe& it. It muff be allowed, that on the firft examination of this plant, one would be tempted to think that young roots did actually fpring from fome part of the feed as it lay on the ground con netted with the plant; but a more Arid obfervation would difcover, that thofe white filaments which have the appearance of roots, were not roots in reali- ty ; that they fprung from the end of the foot-ftalk which fupports the flowers, and not from either the calyx or feed ; that inftead of penetrating into the earth, they foon turned upward, put on a ftar-like appearance at their ex- tremities, and finally inclofed the feed-veflels in a kind of prickly head. There is certainly fomething very extraordinary in this procefs of nature, yet it does not appear to be ufeful in any other way, than as affording fome kind of fecurity to the feeds, which have not that thick coriaceous covering afforded to many of the T refoils. This fpecies, from thefe Angular circumllances, is eafily diftinguifhed from the others. It is not mentioned ei- ther by Haller, Scopoli, or Linnaus in his FI. Sur,cic. but occurs in Gouan’s FI. Mo?fpeliac. It grows with us in expofed gravelly fixations, particularly on heaths, and is diflinguilhab'le even at a diftance by its” white blofioms. It occurs on many parts oi Black-heath ; and flowers in June, July, and Auguft. , . ■ . . ‘ , . •: ' ' ' : • . . T • . . - • .. •••'; ro:x e :o h i" • ■ ' ■ - • •- . . . ■*. • . . ■ . - I ■ v •• ■■ : .■ ■■ - . ■ . ■ r. - ; 'f .v ! :s :'i: T. ■ ' l ft .. - . n: - hr . • •• - r ' . ' ■ -< t »] <1 :.t: .hviwuaivjT ,b~) ' ' : . : : : r- . " ■ ; •; / • «( : - ■- ! 1 • •:oq^;:h: >r.j s 7 ' . 37 'til ■ ... - : J i -• 1 ■ ■ U;;. , 0‘ffJ ■ 3ri:h - : :■ '^nrri fi V ri; ..uhj hr .1 . , . • 3-' I . .i. : i;r /d ;» : •*; ■ ■ • • ' - . . ... . . - : ... • •_ i;-r; J i . . :• ' Trifolium fragiferum Strawberry Trefoil. TRIFOLIUM. Linnai Gen . PL Diadelphia Decandria. Plores fubcapitati. Legumen vix calyce longior, non dehifcens, deciduum. Rail Syn. Gen. 23. Herbae flore papilionaceo seu leguminosa:. TRIFOLIUM fragiferum fpicis fubrotundis, calycibus inflatis bidentatis reflexis, caulibus repentibus. Lintuei Syjl. Vegetal p. 574. Sp. Pl. p. 1086. FI. Suecic. p. 26. TRIFOLIUM caule repente ; fpicis glabris ; calycibus fericeis, ampullafcentibus. Haller, hijl. n. 370. TRIFOLIUM fragiferum Scopoli FI. Carniol n. 933. TRIFOLIUM fragiferum frificum. Bauhin pin. 329. TRIFOLIUM fragiferum Gerard, emac. 1208. Raii Syn. 329. Strawberry Trefoil. Hudfon FI. Angi. p. 286. RADIX perennis, fimplex, alba, granulis oblita. CAULES repentes, purpurafcentes, in longum exten- fi, ramofi, teretes, heves. STIPULAE ovato-acuminatze, reticulatas. PEDUNCULI folitarii, longi, teretes, lseves, ere&iuf- culi. CAPITULI floriferi parvi, fubrotundi, Trifolii repen- tis asmuli, at minores, et magis purpurei ; his fuccedunt Capituli fruttiferi, rotundi, carnei, magnitudine nucis myrifticas parvas, Fraga- riis mentientes. FOLIA terna, petiolis hirfutulis infidentia, obovata, Iasvia, juniora vero leniter hirfuta, acute fer- rata, mucronata, venis ad marginem divarican- tibus. CALYX : Involucrum polyphyllum, foliolis fetaceis, Perianthium tubulofum,villofum,fupra gib- bofum, quinquedentatum, dentibus tribus in- ferioribus asqualibus acuminatis viridibus, duo- bus fuperioribus paulo longioribus, fubulatis, rigidulis, apicibus rufis, fg. 2. 3. 4. pars gib- bofa calycis demum mire mutatur, augetur, inflatur, reticulata fit, et pericarpium obtegit ; dentes vero retinet, fg. 8. COROLLA papilionacea, purpurea ; Vexillum Alis longior, comprefliim, lineis rofeis pidtum ; Ala: breves, minima; ; Carina Alis brevior; fg. 2 : unufquifque flofculus palea concava, fubulata, fuffiilcitur. fg. 1. STAMINA ut in plerifque hujus generis ; Anthera: flavas, fg. 6. PISTILLUM : Germen ovatum: Stylus longitudine flaminum: Stigma capitatum, fg.'j. PERICARPIUM : Legumen ovatum comprefliim dif- permum aut monolpermum, calyce inflato ob- te£lum. fg. 9. 10. SEMEN ovato-reniforme, nitidum, fg. 1 1 . ROOT perennial, white, befet with little grains. STALKS creeping, purplifh, extending to a confiderable length, branched, round, and fmooth. STIPUL/E oval, with a long point, and reticulated. FOOT-STALKS of the flowers, Angle, long, round, fmooth, and nearly upright. HEADS of the flowers fmall, roundifh, like thofe of the Creeping or Dutch Clover, but fmaller and more purple : to thefe fucceed the heads con- taining the fruit, which are round, flelh co- loured, the fize of a fmall nutmeg, and very much refembling Strawberries. LEAVES growing three together, fitting on foot-ftalks, flightly hairy, inverfly oval, fmooth; the younger ones fometimes hairy, fharply fer- rated, and terminating in a fhcrt point ; the veins divaricating at the margin. CALYX : Involucrum confiflingof many fetaceous fo- lioli or little leaves : Perianthium tubular, villofe, gibbous above, having five teeth, the three lowermoft of which are equal, with long green points, the two uppermoft a little longer, with tapering rigid reddifh points, fg. 2. 3. 4. the gibbous part of the calyx at length becomes wonderfully changed, increa- fed, fwollen, reticulated, and covers the peri- carpium ; ftill however retaining its teeth. fg. 8. # COROLLA papilionaceous, and of a purple colour; the Vexillum longer than the Alae, flat and ftreaked with rofe-coloured lines ; the Wings Ihort and very fmall ; the Keel fhorter than the Wings, fg. 2. each flofculeis fupportedby a fmall, tapering, hollow leaf, or palea, fg. 1. STAMINA like moft of thofe in this genus : Anther a: yellow, fg. 6. PISTILLUM :. Germen oval : Style the length of the Stamina: Stigma forming a little head._/g-. 7. SEED-VESSEL : an oval, flatten’d Legumen, con- taining one or two feeds, and cover’d over with the inflated calyx, fg. 9. 10. SEED of an oval kidney fhape and fhining. fg. 1 1. The beautiful Strawberry like appearance of the capituli or little heads, containing the feed of this plant, and which a rife from a very peculiar circumflance, the inflation or enlargement of the calyx after the blofiom is over, in a very ftriking manner diftinguifhes this fpecies from the Trifolium repens , to which in its general habit it is very nearly allied. It differs from the repens alfo in feveral other refpefls ; the whole plant is fmaller ; the bloffoms are of a more purple hue ; its place of growth is alfo fomewhat different : the repens feems to delight in a dry gravelly foil, the fragiferum on the contrary, moft ufually occurs in a moift fituation ; nor is it fo common a plant as the repens ; yet it abounds in many places about London. I have obferved it plentifully in the lanes about Horn fey alio near Paticras, and in many other parts. It flowers and produces its feeds in Auguft. J ' ’ It may with great eafe be cultivated in a Garden, if it fhould be thought worthy a place there. Haller quotes an Author, * who fays, they have begun to cultivate it in Ireland for Cattle, and that when fown it has grown to the length of feven feet : without controverting this fad, which borders a little on the incredible’ we would obferve, that the Dutch Clover is certainly a much ftronger plant, and to be preferred in a dry fituation ■ in moift fixations, there are many of the Grafles which may be cultivated to far greater advantage as neither of thele Trefoils produce much of a crop ’till late in the Summer. 0 ’ Baker Experim, p 98. Lotus CORNICULATUS. Birds-foot Trefoil. LOTUS Linnai Gen. PL Diadelphia Decandria. Legumen cylindricum, Aridum. AU furfum longitudinaliter comiiventes. Cal. tubulofus. Rail Syn. Gen. 23. Herb® flore papilionaceo seu leguminos®. I.OTUS corniculatus capitulis depreffis, caulibus decumbentibus, leguminibus cylindricis patentibus. Lin. SyJl. Vegetab. p. 576. LOTUS floribus umbellatis ; Aliquis cylindricis 5 rediffimis. Haller, hijl. helv. p. 572. n. 3. LOTUS corniculatus. Scopoli FI. Carniol. p. 86. LOTUS Ave melilotus pentaphyllos minor glabra. Bauhin Pin. 332. TRIFOLIUM Aliquofum minus. Gerard, emac. 1191. Raii Syn. 334, Birds-foot Trefoil* Hudfon Flor. Angi. p. 288. Lightfoot Flor. Scot. p. 41 1. RADIX perennis, fubfuAformis', in terram alte defcen- dens. CAULES plurimi, tenues, procumbentes, fubquadrati, pedales, ramofl. FOLIA terna, ovata, mucronata, foliolo medio baA anguftata, glabra aut hirfutula. STIPULAE duae, foliis quodammodo Amiles at magis latae et acuminatae. FLORES fubumbellati, ad 12, petiolis nudis longis infidentes. CALYX : Perianthium tubulofum: infra medium annulo prominulo ciudum, quinquedentatum, dentibus fetaceis, hirfutulis, duobus fiiperio- ribus furfum tendentibus, tribus inferioribus reflexis, Jig. 1. COROLLA papijionaetwyrfhrra . Vexillum reflexum, fuperne aurantiacum, interne ad baAn lineis odo circiter notatum : Al® dutc* flavit, api- cibus obtuAs : Carina inferne gibba, adfcen- dens, acuminata, Jig. 2. STAMINA: Filamenta decem, novem in tubum coalita, Amplici libero, apicibus omnium di- latatis, albis : Anther® parvae, flavae, jig. 3, 4 , 5 ? 6 - PISTILLUM : Germen tenue, teretiufculum, incur- vum: Stylus adfcendens, redus : Stigma minimum, ^. 7, 8, 9. PERICARPIUM : Legumen cylindricum, bivalve, iflhmis quafl interceptum, more raphani, fig- IO- SEMINA- plurima, Liltra xx, parva, fubreniformia* maculata, 11, 12. THE following extrad relative to this plant, is felt relating to Agriculture and rural affair s t page 419. ROOT perennial, tapering, linking deeply into the earth. STALKS feveral, flender, procumbent, fomewhat fquare, a foot in length, and branched. LEAVES growing three together, ovate, terminating. in a fhort point, the middle leaf narrowed at its bafe, fmooth or flightly hirfute. STIPULAE two, in fome degree like the leaves, but broader, and more pointed. FLOWERS growing l’omewhat in the form of an um- bell, to twelve, fitting on long foot-ft.ilks. CALYX: a Perianthium tubular, below the mid- dle Unrounded by a prominent ring, having Ave teeth, which are fetaceous and a little hairy, the two upperniofl: riAng upward, the three lowermoft bending back. Jig. 1. COROLLA papilionaceous and yellow : the Vexil- lum turned back ; on its upper part of an o- rai.go eolbur, underneath, at its bafe, marked with about eight lines : Wings two, yellow and blunt at the tips : Keel gibbous below, riAng upwards, and pointed. Jig. 2. STAMINA : ten Filaments, nine uniting in aTube ; the Angle one loofe ; the tips of all of them dilated, and white : Anther® fmall and yellow, /g. 3, 4, 5, 6. PISTILLUM : Germen flender, roundifli, and bent downward : Style riAng upwards* and flraight : Stigma very minute, ^ 8, 9. SEED-VESSEL: a cylindrical Legumen of two valves, divided into a kind of cells, fomewhat in the manner of the Radifh, Jig. 10. SEEDS numerous, more than twenty,, fmall, fome- what kidney- fhaped, and fpotted, Jig. 1 1, 12.. ed' from the flrfl volume of Mr. Anderson’s Effays While the practical remarks, and judicious hints; fcattered through* this performance, fhew the author to be a man of real genius, and far fuperior to the common run of writers on thefe fubje&s, we cannot but regret, that a want of botanic knowledge pervades the whole, and in fome degree, defeats the laudable deflgn of the ingenious eflayift. In no one plant, is this inaccuracy more obfervable than in the prefent, which we fhall point out ; hoping, that as the author has in fome parts of his work, lhewn himfelf well acquainted with chemical know- ledge, fome future edition may demonflrate, that he thought Botany equally worthy of his attention. “ Milk- vetch, liquorice-vetch, or milk- wort, as it is differently called, — the *AJlragalus glycyphyllos of Hudfon, “ is a plant common in every part of the ifland; although it has never yet, that I have heard of, been attempted “ to be cultivated.” “ The general appearance of this humble plant, is, in fome refpe&s, very like that of the common white- “ clover; although its leaves upon a nearer examination are not exa&ly Amilar to them. From the top of the “ root *It is very evident, from the whole tenor of the authors defeription, that he has given a wrong name to the plant he wiflied to recommend. The plant he delcribes, is the Lotus corniculatus of Hudson, or Birds-foot J ref oil, and not the AJlragalm Glycyphyllos, or Liquorice-Vctch , which is by no means a common plant. 1 t v,„ comes out io the Iprinsr a great number qf fmall (boots that fpread along the fiuface of the ground • &fehfrife a great many ciphers of bright yellotv ‘ of common broom in lhape, fee and colonr ; winch are fucceeded by hard found pods : Sr pS, Sf an open hand , they have from this circnmftance been by the vul- ‘ gar in fome places called ladies-fingers ; while others more (truck with the reiemblance that thefe pod» bear to ‘ the foot of a bird, have diflingnilhed it by the name of crow-toes ; and others from the appearance of the b!o( ■ fom and the part where the plant is found, have called it fed, or by corruption fell broom. It is found plenti- 1 fully almolt every where in old grafs-fields ; but as every fpecies of domeftic animal eats it, almoft in preference ‘to every other plant, it is feldom allowed to come to dower m paliure grounds, unlefs where they have ‘ been accidentally lived from the cattle for fome time ; fo that it is only about the borders of corn-fields or the < fides of in clotures to which cattle haye not accefs, that we have an opportunity of obferving it. As it has been ‘ imagined that the cows which feed on thefe paftures where this abounds, yield a great quantity of rich milk, ‘ the plant has from that circumftance obtained its moft proper Englifh name of milk-vetch. “ But the circumftance that firft recommended it to my notice, was the having obferved that it grows and flou- “ rifhes in poor barren ground where almoft no other plant can be made to live. 1 have feeq it in the midlt «* of a barren moor, where the foil was fo poor that even heath, or ling ( erica communis ) could hardly grow, and upon bare obdurate clays where no other plant could be made to vegetate ; infomuch that the fur face remained “ entirely uncovered, unlefs where a plant of this kind chanced to be eftablifhed; yet even in thefe unfavourable “ circumftances, it flouriftied with an uncommon degree of luxuriance, and yielded as tender and lucculent, though “ not fuch abundant fhoots, which affumed as fine a verdure as if they had been reared in the richelt maiiuredhelds. “ I have likewife feen it in dry and barren fands, where almoft no other plant could be made to live; and there alio “ it fends out fuch a number of healthy fhoots allround, as covers the earth with the clofeft and moft beautiful “ carpet that can be defired.” “ The ftalks of this plant, as has been faid, are weak and {lender, fo that they fpread upon the furface of the “ ground, unlefe they are fupported by fome other vegetable. In ordinary foils, they do not grow to a great length, “ nor produce a great many flowers, — branch out a good deal, but carry few or no flowers or feeds : and as 1 hrlt “ took notice of it only on poor foils, it was purely with a view to pafture that I firft refolved to cultivate it ; and “ with this intention fowedit with my ordinary hay-feeds, expefting no material benefit from it till I deli: ed from “ cutting my field ; but found myfelf agreeably disappointed, as it grew the firft feafon as tall as my great clover, “ and formed the fineft hay I ever faw ; it being fcarce diftinguiftiable from Lucerne, but by the flendernels of the “ ftalk and proportional fmallnefs of the leaf.” “ It is nearly allied to Lucerne in its botanical chara&ers ; and refembles that valuable plant in many other ref- “ pe£fs. Like it, it is perennial, — fends down a long root to a great depth in the foil, which is_at firft fmall and gi a- “ dually increafes with age, till it at length becomes of a very confiderable fize ; fo that it is feveral years after it “ is firft lowed before it attains its full perfedion : but when it is once eftablifhed, it probably remains there for a te prodigious number of years in full vigour, and produces annually a great quantity of fodder. In autumn i .3, “ I cut the ftalk from an old plant of it that grew in a very indifferent foil ; and after having dried it thoroughly, “ found that it weighed fourteen ounces and a half. Like Lucerne, it is never affected with the fevereft droughts “ that wc experience : but it does not referable it in delicateuefs of conftitution,- as it Thrives in the ftiffelt clays, ** and is able to ftand its ground amoug giafs-eu^any .other weeds,” « As this plant only produces feeds in abundance upon poor hungry foils that could hardly afford nourifhment to “ any other, and as the flalks fpread out clofe upon the furface of the ground, it feems to me, that the greateft bar il to the cultivating thereof, will be the difficulty of obtaining the feeds in abundance ; as in thefe circumftances they tc mu ft ahvays be gathered by the hand : but as it is an abiding plant, thofe who have fuch foils as moft ftand in <« n eed of having plants of this fort fowed upon them, may be at a little trouble and expence to get them once properly tt i a id down with this grafs, as it will be only once that they will need to do it. But it is poffible, that future ex- “ perience may difeover fome eafier way of procuring the feeds than hath as yet occurred to me. » “ The ftalks of this plant die down entirely in winter, and do not come up in the fpring till the fame time that “ clover begins to advance ; fo that it can never be of ufe but as a fummer pafture: — Neither does it advance very “ faft after it is cut down, or eat over even in fummer. — But the great clolenefs of the fhoots may probably counter- “ balance that defeft.” Whether this plant be deferving of the encomiums here beftowed on it, the practical farmer muft determine. There appears no reafon why feed might not be obtained from it, as well as from any of the other papilionaceous plants ; and it fhould feem, that thofe forts of land which are not rich enough to bear Clover and other ftrong growing plants, might be much improved by the introdu&ion of the birds-foot Trefoil. In wet and boggy fituations this plant grows much taller and becomes very hairy. The infeft called by Linnaeus I’brips glauca, fometimes renders the flowers tumid and monftrous. high f FI. Scot , Medicago lupulina. Hop Medic k. MEDICAGO Linnai Gen. PI* DiAdelphia Decandria. Legumen comprefliim, cochleatum. Carina corolla: a vexillo defle&ens. Rail Syn. Gen. Herba; flore papilionaceo seu leguminosa. MEDICAGO lupulina fpicis ovalibus, leguminibus reniformibus monofpermis, caulibus procumbentibus. Linn. Syjl* Veget ab. p. 577. Flor. Suecic. n. 678. MEDICA caule difFufo, capitulis hemifphasricis, filiquis reniformibus. Haller hijl. No. 380. v. 1. MEDICA lupulina. Scopoli FI. Carniol. No. 940. TRIFOLIUM pratenfe luteum, capitulo' breviore. Bauhiit. pin. 328. TRIFOLIUM luteum lupulinum. Gerard emac. 1186. Raii Syn. 331. Melilot Trefoil. TRIFOLIUM montanum lupulinum. Parkinfon i 105. Hudfon. FI. Angi. ed. 1. p. 282. ed. 2. p. 330. Lightfoot. FI. Scot. RADIX biennis, fuliformis, paucis fibrillis inftru&a, profunde penetrans. CAULES procumbentes, numerofi, pedales, fuban- gulofi, hirfutuli, ramofi. FOLIA terna, obcordata, aut obovata, obtufiufcule dentata, mucrone brevi lata terminata, mol- lia, pubefcentia, averfa praecipue parte. STIPULAE duge, ovato-lanceolata:, acuminata:, den- ticulatae. SPICULAE primum fubrotund^e, poftea ovales, apici- bus fubincurvatis, bafi ad unum latus nudis. CALYX : Perianthium monophyllum, fubpilofum, quinquedentatum, dentibus inaequalibus, tri- bus inferioribus longioribus, duobus fuperio- ribus brevioribus, remotis. COROLLA lutea, parva. Calyce longior ; Vexillum reflexum, emarginatum, inferne patens ; Ala; et Carina: minima:, fubtequales. STAMINA: Filamenta connexa: An thera lu- tes. PISTILLUM : Germen fubovatum comprefliim : Stylus longitudine Staminum, craflum, fur- fum curvatum : Stigma capitatum. PERICARPIUM : Legumen reniforme, comprefliim, rugofum, nigrum, fpiraliter cochleatum, fub- villofum, fig. 1 . SEMEN unicum, ovatum, lteve, flavefcens, fig. 2. t ROOT biennial, tapering, furnifhed with few fibres, I and penetrating deep into the earth, f STALKS procumbent, numerous, about a foot long, I fomewhat angular, flightly hairy, and bran- X ched. i LEAVES growing three together, inverfely heart or I egg-fhaped, fomewhat bluntly indented, ter- X minated by a broad fhort point, foft, pubef- | cent, particularly on the under fide. X STIPULAE two, ovato-lanceolate, acuminated, notch- ed with little teeth. I SPICULAE, firfl roundifh, afterwards oval, the tips X fomewhat incurvated, and naked at bottom on one fide. I CALYX a Perianthium of one leaf, fomewhat hai- ry, having five teeth, which are unequal ; the three lowermoft longeft ; the two upper X ones fhorter, and remote from each other. I COROLLA yellow, fmall, longer than the Calyx i I Standard turning back, with a flighj notch, X fpreading below : Wings and Keel very I fmall, and bending below. X STAMINA conne£ted by the Filaments : An the- ra yellow. I PISTILLUM : Germen fomewhat oval and flat : X Style the length of the Stamina, thick, and I bending upwards : Stigma forming a little X head. ¥ SEED-VESSEL: a kidney-fhaped Legumen, flat, I wrinkled, of a black colour, fpirally twilled, and flightly villous, fig. 1 . I SEED Angle, oval, fmooth, and of a yellowiih colour, I fig- 2- MANY of our firefioils bear a confiderable affinity to each other, and the prefent plant is often confounded with fome of them : but fimilar as it may be in its leaves, its parts of fructification will always direft the fludent aright in his inveftigation of it ; its feed-vefl’ells in particular, being totally different from thofe of the fir ef oils. vid. fig. 1, 2. The leaves and ftalks of this plant are frequently more hairy than thofe firefioils for which it is liable to be miftaken, except the fiubterraneum, which is ufually fmaller ; and in general the more barren the foil in which this plant grows, the more downy does it appear : by culture it grows much larger and becomes fmoother. Its flowers are fmaller and more clofely compadted than thofe of the firifolium agrarium and procumbens, to both of which it bears a great fimilarity ; nor are the fpikes fo exadtly round as in thofe plants, but ufually of an oval, or oblong fhape, particularly when fomewhat advanced ; and when the feeds are ripe, the plant is diftinguilhed at firfl fight, by its black feed-veflells. The Hop Medick has of late years, been much cultivated in different parts of the kingdom ; and in different counties, it has been diftinguilhed by different names, as thofe of firefoil, Black Seed, and Non-uch. As the name of firefoil tends to confound this plant with the true firefioils, or Genus firifolium, I have ventured to call it Hop Medick, there being already a plant called Hop firefoil, viz. firifolium agrarium, which though not at prefent in culture, may perhaps be introduced at fome future period. The Hop Medick is often fown by itfelf, and often with Ray Grafs ; and though it does not produce fo large a crop as the Broad-leaved Clover, it is fuppofed to afford a fweeter one, and a food particularly adapted to Sheep. Its natural fituation is a dry one, and its foil landy, hence we find it wild on dry banks and on hilly paflures, flowering in June and July. Its feed is ripe in Auguft. , I J Sonchus oleraceus. Common Sowthistle. SONCHUS Linntei Gen. PA Syngenesia Polygamia aqualis. Recept. nudum. Cat imbricatus ventricofus. Pappus pilofus. Rail Syn. Gen. 6. Herb;e fLore composito, natura pleno lactescentes; SONCHUS oleraceus pedunculis tomentofis calycibus glabris. Linnai Syjl. Vegetab. p. 594. Flor. Suecic. p. 269. Sp. Piant, p. 11 16. SONCHUS foliis amplexicaulibus, dentatis, integris aut femipinnatis, calycibus lzevibus. Haller, hjjl. p. 10. n. 21; HIERACIUM oleraceum. Scopoli FI. Carniol. p. 110. SONCHUS hevis laciniatus latifolius. Bauhin...Pin. 124. SONCHUS laevis. Ger. emac . 292. SONCHUS vulgaris. ParJtinfon . 8054 Rail Syn. 162. Hudfom FI. Angi. p. 294. ed. 2. p. 336. Lightfoot Fh Scot. p. 428. RADIX annua, fimplex, fibrofa, albida, Ia&efcens. CAULIS pedalis ad tripedalem, laevis, purpurafcens, tener, fiftulofus, ad baiin teres fuperne fub- aligulofus, ramofus. FOLIA amplexicaulia, laevia, glauca, nervo medio purpurafcente, inferiora pinnatifida, pinnarum paria duo aut tria, pinnis dentatis fpinulo ter- minatis, lateralibus ovatis, terminali magno triangulari, fuperiora integra, ovato-acuta, bafi lato. PEDUNCULI tomentofi, per aetatem nudi; CALYX communis ante fiorefcentiam cylindraceus, et quali truncatus, poftea ventricofo-conicus, fquamis plurimis, inaequalibus, lasvibus, a- cuminatis, fig. 1 , 2; COROLLA compofita, imbricata, uniformis: Flos- culis monopetalis, ligulatis, quinquedenta- tis, fig- 3. STAMINA in cylindrum coalita : Anthers flavae* apicibus nigricantibus. PISTILLUM: Germen fubovatum : Stylus filifor- mis, flaminibus longior: Stigmata duo, tenuia, patentia. SEMEN oblongum, compreffum, fulcatum, fcabriuf- culum: Pappus feflilis, fimplex, tenuiflimus, fig- 4 , 5 * RECEPTACULUM nudum, pun&is prominulis fca- brum, lucidum, fig. 6. ROOT annual, fimple, fibrous, whitifh, and milky; STALK from one to three feet high, fmooth, purplifli, tender, hollow, at bottom round, towards the top lomewhat angular, and branched. LEAVES embracing the ftalk, fmooth, glaucous ; the midrib purplilh ; the lower ones piunatifid, confifling of two or three pair of pinna;, which are indented, and each terminated by a little fpine ; the fide ones oval, the end one large and triangular; the upper leaves in tire, oval, pointed with a broad bafe. FLOWER-STALKS downy, but becoming fmooth by age. CALYX : the common Calyx before the flowering, cylindrical, and as it were cut off at top, af- terwards bellying out, and forming a cone, covered with numerous fmooth* unequal, pointed feales* fig. 1, 2. COROLLA compound, imbricated and uniform ; the Floscules monopetalous, the upper part flat, with five teeth, fig. 3. STAMINA uniting into a cylinder: An Therae yel- low, the tip blackifh. PISTILLUM : Germen nearly oval : Style filiform, longer than the Stamina: Stigmata two, flender and fpreading. SEED oblong, flattened, grooved, roughifli : Down feflile, fimple, very fine, fig. 4, 5. RECEPTACLE naked, rough with little prominent points, and fliining, fig. 6. THE Sowthifile is fubjedt to many varieties, fome of which have differed fo much from the common appearance of this plant, as to have occafioned them to be confidered as diftinft fpecies. Thus Haller makes the Sonchus afper, or pr icily Sowthifile , a diftindf lpecies : and the old Botanifts formed feveral other fpecies of it from different cir- cumftances ; as fize, breadth, divifions of its leaves, &c. But the generality of Botanifls feem now difpofed to confider them all as the fame, varying from foil, fituation, &c. The prickly variety feems to be the only one that has any pretenfions to be confidered as diftindt : but if any perfon will be at the paiils to examine a garden overun with thefe plants, he will readily trace it into the fmooth. This plant appears to have been little regarded as a medicine ; but as a favourite food of Hares and Rabbits, it is collected with great avidity. It abounds mofl in gardens and cultivated ground ; yet is fometimes met with on walls. Being a large plant, and of quick growth, it is one of thofe which ufually appear in negledted gardens, overunning mofl others, and proving more injurious to the flovenly gardener than the farmer. It flowers chiefly in July, Auguft, and September. According to the experiments made by fome of Linnaeus’s pupils, and publifhed originally in the Amoenitates * Academica-, it appears that it is eaten by Goats, Sheep, and Swine, but not relifhed by Horfes. The young tender leaves are in fome countries, boiled and eaten as greens; Lightfoot FI. Scot. *In die 2d. vol. of Efiays relating to Agriculture and rural affairs, by Mr. Anderson, dierc is a tranflation of thefe experiments. Tussilago Petasites. Butterbur. TUSSILAGO Lin. Gen. PI. Syngenesia Polyoamia Supeeelua. Recept. nudum. Pappus (implex. Cal. fquama: aquales, dlfcum mquantes, fubmembranace®. RaiiSyti.Gen.j. Herba: flore composito, semine papposo non lactescentes flore DISCOIDE. TUSSILAGO Pelajites Thyrfo ovato, flofclilis omnibus hermaphroditis. Lin. Sp, PI, p. 1215. FI. Suecic. n. 746. PETASITES floribus denfe fpicatis, flofculis androgynis. Haller hijt. n. 143- TUSSILAGO Petajites. Scopoli FI. Cam. n. 1058. PETASITES major et vulgaris. Batth. p. 197. PETASITES Gerard etnac. 814. PETASITES vulgaris. Parkinfon. 419- S )’ n - P- * 79 » Butterbur, Peftileiit-wort. Hudfon. FI. Angl. 3 51. ed. 2. 36 4. Lightfoot. FI. Scot. 4 77 " RADIX perennis, repens, albida, craflitie digiti, mul- to etiam major in adultis plantis, horizontalis, fibras plurimas praelongas dimittens, verfus apicem fenfim incraflatas. PETIOLI radicales, teretiufculi, ftriati, villofi, cana- liculati, bafi vaginati, purpurafcentes. FOLIA cordata, rotundata, margine inaequaliter den- tata, denticulis rufis, inferne fubtomentofa, deflorata planta increfcentia, tandem amplifli- ma. SCAPUS radicalis, fpithamaeus, teres, fiftulofus, albi- dus, tomentofus, adfperfus fquamis lanceolatis, purpurafcentibus, nervofis, inferioribus folio- lo crenulato terminatis. THYRSUS primum ovatus, dein oblongus, demum fubconicus, pedunculis unifloris, braftaeatis. BRACTEAE ad bafin pedunculorum lanceolatae, apice purpurafcentes, delicatulae, longitudine pe- dunculi, jig. 1. CALYX communis, turbinatus, laevis, fquamis fub- aequalibus, lanceolatis, apice fubincurvatis, fig- 2 ' COROLLA compofita; corollultr omnes hermaphroditae, tubulofae, propria pallide purpurea, infundi- buliformis, tubo filiformi, elongato, limbo campanulato, quinquefido, laciniis reflexis, fig' 3 • ANTHERiE purpures, in tubum coalitae, jig. 4. PISTILLUM: Germen teres, nudum: Stylus albi- dus, antheris longior : Stigma craflum, al- bum, bifidum, jig. 5. SEMINA oblonga, marcida, nigricantia, flerilia, pap- po fimplici coronata, jig. 6. RECEPTACULUM nudum. ¥ ROOT perennial, creeping, whitifh, the thicknefs of I ones finger, or much larger in full grown * plants, running horizontally, and fending I down numerous long fibres, which grow £ thicker towards the extremity. ? LEAF-STALKS proceeding from the root, roundifh, I floated, villous, hollow on the infide, form- % ing a fheath at bottom, and purplifh. I LEAVES heart-fhaped, rounded, the edge unequally I indented, the teeth reddifh, underneath fome- ? what woolly, growing very large after the I plant has flowered. y SCAPUS proceeding from the root, about feven inches high, rounch hollow, whitifh, woolly, co- I vered with lanceolate fcales or leaves of a purplifh colour, ribbed, the lower ones of- | ten terminating in a fmall notched leaf, f: THYRSUS firfl oval, then oblong, laflly nearly coni- | cal : the flower-flalks fupporting one flower I each, and furnifhed with floral-leaves. t FLORAL-LEAVES at the bafe of the flower-flalks I lanceolate, purplifh at top, delicate, and the ¥ ^ length of the flower-flalk, jig. 1 . I CALYX common to many florets, broad at top, and fmall at bottom, fmooth, the fcales or leaves nearly equal, lanceolate, and bending in fome- | what at top, jig. 2. 4 COROLLA compofed of many florets, all of which I are hermaphrodite and tubular, of a pale I purple colour, and funnel-fhaped ; the tube t long and flender ; the brim bell-fhaped, divi- | ded into five fegments, which are turned back, $ fig- 3 - I ANTHERiE purple, united into a tube, jig. 4. I PISTILLUM: Germen round and naked: Style whitifh, longer than the Stamina : Stigma I thick, white, and bifid, fig. 5. I SEEDS oblong, withered, blackifh, flerile, crowned with Ample down, fig. 6. I RECEPTACLE naked. THE Butterbur though differing widely from the Coltsfoot in the appearance of its bloom, yet agrees with it in many particulars ; the root efpecially, poflefles the fame power of increafing the plant, by creeping under the earth to a very great diftance ; hence when once introduced into a garden, it is fcarce to be rooted out, efpecially if the foil be a moifl one. Was it not for this pernicious effect, the beautiful mode of its flowering, joined to its early appearance, would entitle it to a place in the gardens of the curious. The blofloms, like thofe of the Coltsfoot, make their appearance before the leaves. If the fprino- be mild the fpike will be formed by the middle of March ; but April is the month in which it oftener blows. * It does not, like the Coltsfoot, expand its pappus or down, but the flowers change to a dirty brown colour • and the feeds on examination, appear altogether barren. It appears difficult to account for the caufe of this flerility* as the parts of the fructification l'eem evidently perfeCl. This lofs is however amply Applied in another way, as will be evident from the followino- experiment April the iff. 1778, I planted in my garden a piece of the Butterbur root, two inches long, the thicknefs of the little finger, with a tuft of leaves to it. November the 3d. 1779, this root with its increaie, was dug up many of the (hoots had extended themfelves to the diftance of lix feet, and penetrated two feet in depth ; the whol walhed from the furrounding dirt, weighed eight pounds. A very ingenious Swedilh botanift informed me, that the early appearance of this plant, induced the rural oecon mill in Sweden, to plant it near their bees, who refort much to its blofloms. The above experiment ffievvs that tu" cuftom Ihould be adopted with caution, fince where this plant abounds, the ground is lo (haded with its a ] S leaves, as to produce few others. ‘ P e The foil in which it flourilhes moft is a moift one, hence it is rnoft commonly found on {he banks of river d ftreams. Near London it grows on the north fide of the River Thames, betwixt iVefiminfier Bride e and ChclJ? ^ Formerly it was a medicine of great repute in peftilential and othei fevers ; but in the modern practice it i/l- litflp. retrarded. * s TussilagoFarfara. Coltsfoot. TUSSILAGO Linnai Gen. PL Syngenesia Polygamia SuperfluA. Recept. nudum. Pappus iimplex. Cal. fquama: a?quales, difcum ztquantes* fubmembranacea;. Raii Syn. Gen. 17. Herba: flore composito, Semine papposo non lactescentes, FLORE DISCOIDE. TUSSILAGO Farfara fcapo unifloro imbricato, foliis fubcordatis angulatis denticulatis, hinnai Syjl. V ■’.get ab. p. 629. Spec. Plant, p. 1214. FI. Suecic. n. 743. PETASITES fcapo unifloro ; flofeulis in ambitu lingulatis. Haller hi/l. n. 143. TUSSILAGO Farfara. ScopcllFl. Carnlot. n. 1059. TUSSILAGO vulgaris Bauhin pin. 197. TUSSILAGO Gerard emac. 81 1. TUSSILAGO Parkinfon 1220. Raii Syti. p. 173, Common Coltsfoot. Huilfon FI. Angi. p. 31 5. Oeitf FI. Dan. icon. 595. RADIX pradonga, craffitie minimi digiti, albida, fub t terra reptans et late fe propagans, ex una parte | folia ex altera flores emittens. | t ¥ FOLIA fubrotundo-cordata, angulofo-dentata, inferne ¥ tomentofa, albida, fuperne viridia lkpe cum | tantillo tomenti. | * SCAPI uniflori, ftriati, tomentofi, foliofi, foliolis lan- | ceolatis, adpreffis, rubicundis, perafta florei- :: centia nutantes, demum eredti. ;; CALYX (communis) cylindraceus ; fquamis oblongis, acutis, alternis anguftioribus, fig. 1, 2. COROLLA compofita, Corollula: in difeo herma- phroditae, tubulofae, flavte ; limbo quinquefi- do, acuto, reflexo, j/2fr. 4; Anthera in tu- bum coalita;, apicibus acutis, fig. 5 ; Germen breve, fig. 8 ; Stylus filiformis, Antheris longior, fig. 9; Stigma capitatum,^. 10. COROLLULiE in radio femines, flava;, bafi tubulofa;, limbus linearis, fig. 3 ; Germen oblongum, fig. 6; Stigma bifidum, tenue, fig. 7. SEMEN oblongum, pallide fufeum; Pappus feffilis, fimplex, fig. 1 1 . ROOT very long, the thicknefs of ones little finger, whitilh, creeping under the ground, and pro- pagating itlelf far and wide ; from one part of it lending forth leaves, from another part flowers. LEAVES of a roundilh heart-fhaped figure, angular and indented, underneath downy and whitilh ; above green, oftentimes covered with a little down. STALKS lupporting one flower, channeled, downv, covered with leaves, which are lanceolate’ prefled to the ftalk and reddilh, upright, when the bloflbms are over hanging down, finally becoming upright. CALYX (common to all the florets) cylindrical ; the lquamae or little leaves oblong, pointed ; the alternate ones narroweft. COROLLA compound: the Florets in the center hermaphrodite, tubular, yellow; the limb di- vided into five fegments, which are pointed and turn back, fig . 4 : Anther a: uniting into a tube, the tips pointed, fig. 5 : the Germen ^ ort > fig- 8 : the Style filiform, longer than the Anthers, fig. 9 : the Stigma forming; a little head, fig. 10. ° FLORETS in the circumference yellow, at bottom tu- bular, the limb very narrow, fig. 3: Germen oblon g> ^ 6: Stigma bifid, {lender, fig. 7. SEED oblong, of a pale brown colour ; Down hand- ing on the leed, not feathered, fig. 1 1 . NEXT to the Hay, the Call, fiat is the firft flower which appears with us in the Spring ; and there is this remark- able cncumftance attending it, that its blofloms come up generally at feme diftance from, and before its leaves- the% 5 ^ gathered by many perlons who make a Syrup or Tea of them when dried, which is genem ly confidered as a Peftoral, or ufefulmdi&rdersoftheLungs. The leaves make a principal ingredient in the B?itiih Srb . “ th i? ® ow f \. are °f of bloom > aud the fetIs w!tb P»PP«s or Down, as yet moift are inclofed with in the Calyx, the heads hang down as reprefented in the figure : as the moifture oflhe feeds m ripening they become lighter and are again erefled ; and now the Pappus fully expandf and puts on 1 "° dCed thiS liL & ~ -ke place in and “ d mmy ° thcr pllCK ab0 “ ToW ”’ the Col,S f M Is P kntiful ^ugh S flowering in February Farmers are difpleafed with the appearance of this plant and impoveriffied loil ; but is with much difficulty, from the on their ground, as it not only indicates a poor, length of its creeping roots, efte&ually deftroyed. cold. The The cuftom of fmoaking this plant, which ftill prevails, is of antient date : Pliny diredts the dried leaves and root of Coltsfoot to be burned, and the fmoak drawn into the mouth through a reed and fwallowed, as a remedy tor an obftinate coup-h ; the patient lipping fome raifin wine with each draught of the fmoak : “ Hujus anda cum radice “ fumus, per Arundinem haujlus et devoratus , veterem fanare dicitur tujfim ; fed mfingulos haufus paffum gufandum efl .” This is the only account amongft the antients, that we have hitherto been able to difcover, which tends towards the practice of fmoaking : but we cannot acquiefce in the common opinion, that fmoaking of Tobacco, or at lead: fome kind of plant, was unknown in the old word ’till Sir Walter Raleigh brought it from America. Is it p -obable that the inhabitants of Africa fhould fo foon have univerfally adopted a cuftom from Europe that was unknown two centuries ago ? Or that the Afatics , fo tenacious of their own manner's, cuftoms and habits, fhould in fo fmall a time, have agreed to extend this uncouth kind of luxury over a vaft continent, from the confines of Conjlantinople to the extremities cf China ? C untries thinly inhabited are much molefted with Gnats. Travellers tell us, that the Northern Afatic 'Tartars confantly carry on their arrr\s, during the Summer, a pot of burning Touchwood, fometimes prepared from the root of this plant, to defend themfelves by the fmoak, from the annoyance of thefe infedts. It is probable one more ingenious than the reft contrived to keep this fire alive, by a communication with his breath ; and this expedient by degrees produced a Tobacco-pipe. A propenfity to intoxication, fo natural to mankind, would give a preference to Tobacco before moft other vegetable fubltances ; and thus a cuftom that in the beginning was taken up for felf-defence, at laft might become a luxury. The firft difcoverers of America probably found the natives fmoaking Tobacco : but might they not bring this practice with them from the northern parts of Europe or Afa, which were never penetrated by the Roman arms ; from whence it appears probable that America was peopled ? A room or bed-chamber may at any time be cleared from Gnats, by fetting the windows open, and fmoaking or burning fome Tobacco, from which the infedts are obliged immediately to efcape. Thole that are offended by its fmell, may fubftitute this plant in its ftead. But cultivated and inhabited countries are in a great meafure defended from infupportable fwarms of Gnats by a provilion of nature little attended to. Of the four kinds of Swallows which frequent this iflaud, whofe food confifts intirely of flying infedts, three of them are domeftic, and could with diffi- culty find fuitable couveniencies for building their nefts, without attaching themfelves to the habitations of men, around which they are perpetually hawking for their prey : hence it is apparent why deferts particularly abound with Gnats. The Poet obferves that the Martin or Martlet, one fpecies of fwallow, choofes a delicate air for its refidence. Who then can luffer its neft to be difturbed after reading the following lines ? efpecially lince this bird pays luch 3 compliment to the fweetnefs of the fituation ? “ This guejl of fummer , v “ The temple-haunting Martlet, does approve , “ By his lov'd manjionry , that heavens breath “ Smells wooingly here: no jutting frieze, “ Buttrefs, nor coigne of vantage, but this bird “ Hath made his pendent bed and procreant cradle. “ Where they mojl breed and haunt , I have obferv' d “ The air is delicate A Although we have wandered from our fubjedt, the candid and humane will forgive our interceding foravifitor, who claiming the rites of hofpitality, places unreferved confidence in us, and feems diredtcd by providence to attend on mankind for purpofes the moft friendly and beneficial, Viola canina. VIOLA Linnai Gen. Pi. Syngenesia Monogamia. Calyx pentaphyllus. Corolla pentapetala, irregularis, poftice cornuta. Capfula fupera, trivalvis, unilocularis. Raii Syn. Gen. 24. Herba: pentapetala vasculieer.®. VIOLA canina , caule adultiore adfcendente, foliis oblongo-cordatis. Linnai Syjl. Vegetal, p. 668. VIOLA caule procumbente, ramofo, foliis petiolatis cordatis. Haller hijl. helv. n. 563. VIOLA canina. Scopoli FI. Carniol. n. 1098. VIOLA martia inodora fylveftris. Bauhin. pin. p. 364. VIOLA canina fylveftris. Ger. emac. 851. VIOLA fylveftris. Parkinfon 755.. Raii Syn. p. 364, Wild or Dogs Violet. Viola canina minor, Raii Syn. 364. t. 24. Jig. 1. Hudfon FI. Angl. p. 331. RADIX perennis, craflitie pennze coracis, obliqua, fi- bras longiufculas, tenaces dimittens, luperne fubdentatus ex reliquiis petiolorum. CAULIS fuberejftus, triuncialis, fubangulofus, Ia vis, folia Jlorefque ferens. FOLIA cordata, laevia, crenata, fubtus fiepe purpuraf- centia, fuperiora oblongo cordata. STIPULAE caulinae lanceolate, pilis rigidiufculis cilia- PEDUNCULUS tetragonus, braCtasis duabus fetaceis ; inftruCtus. FLOS purpureus, inodorus, majufculus. i CALYX : Perianthium pentaphyllum, foliolis lan- ; ceolatis, acuminatis, nervofis, bafi dentatis ; ; tribus fuperioribus fuperne tuberculofis, api- • cibus recurvatis, duobus inferioribus longiori- ; bus, fig. I. ; COROLLA, ut ut Stamina cum Piftillo, a duabus fpe- j cibus jam defcriptis (vid. odorata et hirta) ■ vix difcrepant, petala lateralia bafi barbata ; funt, jig. 2, petalumque inferius ad bafin li- : neis faturate purpureis pingitur. CAPSULA oblonga, trigona, trivalvis, valvulis cym- biformibus, fig. 3. SEMINA plurima, glabra, pallida, flavefcentia, in finguH valvula, 7, 9, fig. 4. ROOT perennial, about the thicknefs of a crow quill, oblique, fending down fome longifti fibres of a toughilh fubftance, on the upper part lo:ne- what toothed or knobbed, from the remains of the leaf ftalks. STALK nearly upright, about three inches high, fome- what angular, fmooth , bearing both leaves* and flowers. LEAVES heart-fliaped, fmooth, crenated, and often- times purplilh underneath.; the upper leaves of a longer lhape. STIPULAE of the ftalk lanceolate, and edged with . ftiffilh hairs. ; FLOWER-STALK fquare, furnilhed with two nar- row pointed floral-leaves. . FLOWERS purple, fcentlefs, and rather large. /CALYX: a Perianthium of five leaves, which are lanceolate, pointed, rib’d, and indented at the bale ; the three uppermoft a little uneven on their upper furface, the points bending upward ; the two lowermoft longer, fig. 1. ; COROLLA, as well as the Stamina and Piftillum, differ very little from the two fpecies already ; defcribed, (viz. the fweet-fcented and hairy) having the lateral petals, bearded at the bafe, fig. 2 ; and the bafe of the lowermoft petal, painted with deep purple lines. ; CAPSULE oblong, three cornered, having three valves, which are boat-fhaped, fig. 3. ; SEEDS numerous, fmooth, of a pale yellowifh colour, in each valve 7 or 9, fig. 4. THE Dog Violet differs from the Sweet Violet in many particulars; the chief of which are, Firfi, The flowers have no fmell. Second, The flowers grow on foot-ftalks which fpring from the ftalk, and not the root, and are in general of a larger fize. ‘Third, The ftipulse, next the root and on the ftalk, are very ftrongly edged with ftiff hairs. Fourth, The fegments, or leaves of the calyx, are pointed. Fifth, The feed-veflel is oblong and three corner’d. It differs from the hairy Violet alfo, in all thefe refpe&s except the firft. The fame peculiar circumftance of producing feed during the fummer months, without any expanded corolla, takes place alfo in this fpecies. . It grows with us in greater abundance than either the Viola odorata or hrta , in our woods, and under hedges ; and begins to flower in April, when both the others are going out of bloom. It varies in colour, being fometimes found with white blofloms ; in fize alfo, according to the expofed or Ihel- tered fituation in which it grows, it differs very much : and there is little doubt, but the Violet reprefented in Ray’s Synopfis, pi. 24, fig. 1, is the Viola Canina in its fmall ftate, though the figure be imperfeCt as to its characters. Haller obferves, that thofe who coiled Violet blofloms for making the fyrup, are apt to fubftitute this fpecies : but this cannot often happen : lhould thefe flowers alone be expofed for fale, they may be detected by their want of fmell ; lhould they be mixed with a few of the fweet ones, they may be difcovered by the pointed lhape of the leaves of the calyx. • • ' • •• •• • . Orchis Mascula. Early Spotted Orchis. ORCHIS Linruei Gen . PI. Gynandria Diandria. Ne Barium corniforme pone florem . RaiiSyn.Gen. 26. Herbje radice bulbosa i>r;edit;e. ORCHIS mafcula bulbis indivifis, ne&arii labio quadrilobo crenulato : cornu obtufo petalis dorfalibus reflexis. Lin. Syjl . Vegetab. p. 674. FI. Suecic. p. 319. n. 795. ORCHIS radicibus fubrotundis ; petali lateralibus reflexis ; labello trifido ; fegmento medio longiori* bifido. Haller hifi. n. 1283. tab. 33. ORCHIS mafcula. Scopoli FI. Carniol. n. mi. ORCHIS morio mas foliis maculatis. Bauhin. pin. 81. Parkinfon. 1346. CYNOSORCHIS morio mas. Gerard, emac. 208. Rail Syn. p. 376. n. 3, The Male Fool-ftones. Hudjon. FI. Angi. p. 333. Oeder. FI. Dan. t. 457. Lightfoot. FI. Scot. p. 515. RADIX Bulbi duo fubrotundi, majufculi. CAULIS pedalis, ere&us, teres, folidus, fupernepur- purafcens, nudus, inferne foliis vaginantibus veftitus. FOLIA latiufcula, maculis atropurpureis plerumque infignita, inferne carinata. SPICA longa, fpeciofa, laxa. BRACTEiE purpurea?, lanceolatze, fubmembrana- cea?, germine paulo breviores, apicibus pau- lulum contortis. COROLLA: Petala quinque purpurea ; duo ovato- acuta, ereSia , carinata, apicibus incurvatis, tria conniventia in galeam : Labellum am- plum, trilobum, medio produftiore, omnibus acute crenulatis, et bafi maculatis: Faux alba. Explic. Fig. Fig. — T, Bradfoea. 2, 3, Petala. 4, Labellum. 5, Ne&arium, nat. magnit. 6, Glandula ad bafin Filamenti. 7, Filamentum. 8, Anthera. 9, Receptaculum glandularum Filamentorum. 10, Theca Antherarum clauia. 11, Eadem aperta. 12, Anthera extenfa. 13, Stigma. 14, Germen, audi. t ROOT : two Bulbs of a roundilh form, and fome- | what large. ■$: STALK a foot high, upright, round, folid, above na- ked and purplifh, below cloathed with fur- sp rounding leaves. ¥ LEAVES broadifh, moft commonly marked with dark I purple fpots, the midrib proje&ing Iharply $ on the under fide. I SPIKE long, Ihowy, loofe. % FLORAR-LEAVES purple, lanceolate, fomewhat ¥ membranous, a little fhorter than the Germen, I the tips a little twifted. % COROLLA: five purple Petals, two of which are of an oval pointed Ihape, upright , with a I projecting rib, the tips bending inward ; the ¥ remaining three form the galea or helmet i I the Lip large, with three lobes, of which the $ middle one is the longeft, all of them Iharply I notched, and fpotted at the bafe : Mouth I white. Explanation of the Figures. I Fig. — 1, The Floral-leaf. I 2, 3, The Petals. I 4, The Lip. I 5, The Nedtary of their natural fize. y 6, The Gland at the bafe of the Filament. t 7, The Filament. I 8, The Anthera. ¥ 9, The Cavity containing the Glands of the t Filaments. I 10, The cafe containing the Anthera? clofed. t 11, The fame opened. I 12, The Anthera ftretched out. $ 13, The Stigma. ? 14, The Germen, magnified. STUDENTS in general, find a difficulty in obtaining a clear idea of the parts of frudtifi cation in the Orchis tribe. There is a peculiarity of ftrudture runs through the whole of them, very different from what we meet with in plants in general. The greater part of this genus have bulbous roots, which are yearly renewed ; fome have fibrous roots, which alfo partake of the fame nature. As a proof of their being yearly renewed, we always find, when there are two bulbs, that one of them is in a more withered Hate than the other ; and if we take the roots up in Autumn, we find one bulb only. Thefe plants multiply themfelves very little. The fmall increafe they make, appears to be from off-fets. Hi- therto we have no fatisfadtory proof of their being propagated from feed ; yet the feed-veflels in many of them, are large, well formed, and filled with feeds ; which though extremely minute, appear perfedt. The fmallnefs of the feed is, however, no argument againft its vegetating : fome of the Ferns , whofe feeds are much fmaller, are well known to fome ingenious nurferymen near ^London, to be propagated from feed, and to come up fpontaneoufly in their hot-houfes, where the original plant has fcattered its feed : and it is moft probably owing to a want of minute attention, that the progrefs of the Orchis feedlings has not yet been obferved. Were we however difpofed to doubt the vegetative power of thefe feeds, we might urge, that their barrennefs was owing to their not being properly impregnated ; the Antherae in the Orchis tribe, appearing to be totally dif- ferent in their ftrudture, from thole of plants in general ; and not containing, fo far at leaft, as I have yet been able to difcover, any fimilar pollen, or impregnating dull. Each flower has two ftamina, whofe ftrudture is well deferving the attention of the curious : each of thefe fla- mina is contained within a bag or cafe, the edges of which fold over each other, and open anteriorly, as the plant advances toward maturity, fig. 10, 11. At this period, in many of the Orchis tribe, they hang down out of their cafes towards the ftigma, and are particularly vifible in the Bee Orchis, and fome others : on the flighteft pull they are drawn out, and then at the bafe of each filament, we difcover a fmall tranfparent globule, fig. 6 ; and at the top a club-fhaped lubftance, moft commonly of a yellow colour, and granulated furface, which muft be confider- ed as the Anthera, fig. 8. On ftretching this fubftance before the view of a microfcope, it appears to be compoled of a number of cubic or irregularly fquare corpufcles, united together by fine elaftic threads,^. 12 : that thefe corpulcles produce the effedt of Pollen feems highly probable, though in a manner, at prefent unknown to us. There is no difficulty in diftinguilhing this lpecies from all our other Orchis's : its fpotted leaves and early bloom, will in general be fufficient. The beauty of its leaves and flowers, juftly intitle it to a place in the gardens of the curious ; and in which, if planted in a fhady fituation, it will readily grow. It flowers in April and May. About London it is become fomewhat fcarce ; but in the woods and meadows in moft parts of England, no plant more abounds. Should it ever be found pradticable, as well as profitable, to cultivate this genus of plants, for the purpofe of making Salap, this fpecies appears as likely to anfwer as any of them. The extraordinary invigorating powers of the roots of thefe plants, have been handed down to us with ceremo- nv, by many great names amongft antiquity : but we readily fubferibe to the opinion of Monfieur Garidel, who in (peaking of the Orchis , fays that great names have introduced many abfurd medicines. *Melfrs. Lee and Gordon. ■ • . A RUM MACULATUM. CuCKOW-PINT. ARUM Pinnai Gen. PI. Gynandria Polyandria. Spatha monophylla, cucuUata, Spadix fupra nudus, inferne femineus, medio flamineus. Rail Syn.Ger. 16. Herb® baccifer®. ARUM maculatum acaule, foliis haftatis integerrimis, lpadice clavato. Pin. Syjl. Vegetab. p. 690. ARUM foliis fagittatis ; fpathare&a: clava cylindrica. Haller, hijl. helv. n. 1302. ARUM maculatum. Scopoli FI. Carniol. n. 1138. ARUM vulgare maculatum. Bauhin pin. 195. ARUM vulgare. Gerard, emac. 834. ARUM maculatum et non maculatum. Parh 373. Raii Syn. p. 2 66, Wake-Robin, Cuckow-pmt. Hudfon. FI. Angl. p. 342. Bightfoot FI. Scot. p. 528. RADIX perennis, tuberofa, albida, magnitudine nucis myriflicas majoris, tranfverfa, fibras plurimas, fimplices undique in terram demittente, fa- pore acerrimo, tuberculis e lateribus egermi- nantibus fe propagante. FOLIA : ex una radice duo tria vel quatuor, rarius ! plura exeunt, fagittata, petiolata, nitida, ve- ■ nofa, venis intra marginem terminatis, maculis ; purpureis fiepe notata. : PETIOLI bafi vaginantes, fubtriquetri, externe con- • vexi, interne canaliculati. ; FRUCTIFICATIO fpathl inclufa. : CALYX : Spatha monophylla, maxima, oblonga, bafi < convoluta, apice connivens, ventre comp refla ; ' Spadix clavatus, fimpliciflimus, fpatha paulo ! brevior, purpureus aut albidus, inferne ger- : minibus obvallatus, marcefcens fupra germina, ; fig ' 4 - i COROLLA nulla. j STAMINA: Filamenta nulla : Anther® plurimae, • fefliles, tetragonas, purpureae, fpadici adnata;, ; fig- i- _ | NECTARIA corpufcula plurima, bafi crafla, definentia •' in cirrhos filiformes fupra et infra flamina, fig- 3 • _ i ; PISTILLUM: Germina plurima, bafin fpadicis vef- ;; tientia, infra flamina collocata, obovata : Styli ; • nulli: Stigmata villis barbata, fig. 2. ’ PERICARPIUM : Bacc® totidem, coccineae, globo- I fae, uniloculares, fig. 5. $ SEMINA plurima, fubrotunda. i ; ROOT perennial, tuberous, whitifh, about the fize ; of a large nutmeg, growing tranfverfely, fend- ing forth on every fide a great number of ; Angle fibres, of a moft biting tafle, propaga- ting itfelf by little tubercles, fpringing from its fide. ; LEAVES : from one root two three or four, feldom more proceed, arrow- fhaped, Handing on foot-flalks, fhining, veiny, the veins terminating within the margin, often marked with purple fpots. ■ LEAF-STALKS at bottom forming a fheath, three- cornered, externally convex, internally chan- nelled. i FRUCTIFICATION inclofed in a fheath. : CALYX : a fi:cath of one leaf, very large, oblong, the edges wrapping over each other at bot- tom, at top clofing, the middle part com- prefled, the tongue club-fhaped, Angle, fhor- ter than the fheath, purple or of a whitifh colour, below furrounded by the germina, and withering above them. COROLLA wanting. STAMINA: Filaments wanting: Anther.® nu- merous, feflile, four cornered, purple, grow- to the tongue, fig. 1. NECTARIES feveral roundifh bodies, terminated by a tapering thread, placed above and beneath the flamina, fig. 3. PISTILLUM: Germina numerous, furrounding the bafe of the fpadix or tongue, of an oval fhape, placed beneath the flamina : Styles wanting • Stigmata bearded with little hairs, fig. 2 . BERRIES correfponding in number with the germina, fcarlet, round, of one cavity, fig. 5. SEED numerous and roundifh. BOTANISTS who have noticed the hiflory of this plant, well know that it appears under two very different forms in the fpring and autumn : but the generality of people are not aware, that the naked duller of fcarlet jr* j- C0 TO CU0US “ ' hc hedges at the clofe qf the fummer, .is the produce of what are ufually called Lords nuT 1 ’ whl ?\ at “ a ® tlle ? ot > ce of children in the fpring, and which are obfervable under moft lhady hedges The leaves of the Cuckouj-pmt are fubjeft to vary very much in their (hape, and often appear fpotted with purple’ rfine^purple d01:S ^ 1 the ton E lle Wltlun the Iheath varies alfo much in its colour, from a yellowifh green to All authors agree, that the root of the Arum, in its recent Hate, is extremely acrimonious: but they in general agree, that it lofes its biting quality when dried, and with it its medicinal powers. 7 S that lh LER th ?r roots are generally gathered b the fpring, when the leaves are in full vigour fo that the roots Ihnnk, and foon lofe their pungent quality ; but thofe which are taken up when the leaves decay will continue good a whole year, and retain their pungency the fame as when firft taken up ; Gard. Dili 4/0 c d I he lame mode is recommended by Bergius, in his Mat. Medic. * * * Tt^awiM 31 ^ powdered, they become eatable, and afford nourilhment fomewhat fimilar to fago or falep root > as alfo a powder prepared by drying its juice, have been in ufe as cofmetira The root alfo, like that of the Sopewort, has been occafionally fubftituted for fope ; Ray Rjittv Many of thesis have mild roots, which are eaten by the inhabitants of al‘l the hot countries, where they grow naturally, and fome of the forts are cultivated by the rnhabitants of the fugar colonies as efculeut plants - S the GW S 25 A'? e0ftWfpeCleSOfthem ’ called Ini,m Kak . are. boiled, and fupply the want of other greens; Miller's The berries are equally acrimonious wfith the roots ; Scopoli. When ftimulating medicines are proper, which at the fame time increafe the fecretions, as in fome fnecies of afthma and dropfy, the Anmm ay probably be found ferviceable : at prefent, however it is not much Tu fo pu^rpTrt^ulartyttpt"’ the r00tS " the W00dS *» eaKn b7 di «" notwithilandin’g their POTERIUM SaNGUISORBA. Burnet. POTERIUM lAnnai Gen. PI. Monoeci a Polyandria. Rail Syn. Gen. io. Herb^: flore perfecto simplici, seminibus nudis solitariis SEU AD SINGULOS FLORES SINGULIS. POTERIUM Sanguijorba inerme caulibus fubangulofis. Lin. Sp. Pl. 141 1. PIMPINELLA polyftemon. Haller hijl. n. 706. S AN GUISORB A minor. J. Bauhin III. 2. 113. PIMPINELLA Sanguiforba minor hirfuta. Bauhin pin. 1 60. PIMPINELLA vulgaris minor. Parkinfon 582. PIMPINELLA fylveftris. Gerard emac. 1045. Raii Syn. p. 203, Burnet. Hudfon. FI. Angi. p. 358. RADIX perennis, fimplex, albida, in terram alte de- $ fcendens. | CAULES plures, fuberefti, dodrantales aut pedales, t ramofi, ftriati, fubangulofi, rubicundi, lasves, | ad bafin hirfutuli. | $ FOLIA alterna, pinnata, pinnis inferioribus fubrotun- | dis, plerumque oppofitis, ferratis, laevibus, t fubtus coerulefcentibus, nervo medio hirfutu- | lo, caulinis ovatis et ovato-acutis. ^ t STIPULiE dentate. I FLORES in capitulis fubrotundis congefti, fuperiores | feminei, inferiores mafculi, faepe etiam her- | maphroditi. % CALYX: Periantiiium triphyllum, inferum, folio- t lis membranaceis, marcefcentibus, jig. 1. | % COROLLA quadripartita, laciniis ovatis, faepe colora- | tis, concavis, patentibus, bafi coalitis, Jig. 2 : | in flore mafculo feu hermaphrodito et calyx et * corolla majores funt. | STAMINA : Filamenta circiter triginta, longa, ¥ pendula, rubra : Anther je flava;, biloculares, | loculis femilunatis, jig. 3, 4, 5. $ PISTILLUM in flore femineo : Germen quadrangu- ? Ium : Stylus capillaris : Stigma ruberri- | mum, penicilliforme, jig. 7, 8, 9, au&. Styli f et Stigmata duo faepe occurrunt : in flore her- | maphrodito Styli duo breviores, Stigmatibus $ minus expanfis, jig. 10. PERICARPIUM Bacca exfucca, tetragona, lateribus | rugofis, continens Semina duo, pallide fufca, y f s . ii, 12. * ROOT perennial, Ample, whitifh, penetrating deep into the earth. STALKS feveral, nearly upright, from nine inches to a foot in height, branched, ftriated, fomewhat angular, of a reddifh colour, fmooth, but flightly hairy at bottom. LEAVES alternate and pinnated ; the lowermofl: pinnae, or fmall leaves, roundilh, generally oppofite, ferrated, fmooth, underneath blueifli ; the mid- rib ilightly hairy ; the leaves of the ftalk oval and pointed oval. STIPULE indented. FLOWERS growing in little round heads, the upper- moft female, the lowermoft male, and often- times hermaphrodite. CALYX: a Per ianthium of three leaves, placed be- low the Germen ; the leaves membranous and withering, jig. 1 . COROLLA divided into four fegments, which are oval, often coloured, concave, fpreading, and uni- ting at bottom, jig. 2 : in the male or her- maphrodite flower both the Calyx and Cor- rolla are larger. STAMINA : Filaments about thirty, long, pendu- lous, and of a red colour : Antherje yellow, bilocular, the cavities femilunar. Jig. 3, 4, 5. PISTILLUM in the female flower : Germen quadran- gular: Style capillary : Stigma very red, and pencil-lhaped, jig. 7, 8, 9, magnified. Two Styles and Stigmata often occur : in the hermaphrodite flower the Styles are fhorter, and the Stigmata lefs expanded, jig. 1 o. SEED-VESSEL a juicelefs Berry, having four wrink- led fides, and containing two pale brown Seeds, jig. 11, 12. BURNET is one of thofe plants which has for fome years pafl: been attempted to be introduced into agriculture, but not anfwering the farmers expectations, is now in a great degree laid afide. Cattle are faid not to be fond of it ; nor is its produce fufficient to anfwer the expence attending its culture. It is to be lamented that perl'ons do not pay a little more attention to the nature of plants before they fo warmly recommend them. It fhould feem very unlikely a priori , that a fmall plant, fcarce ever met with but 011 hilly and chalky ground, and to which cattle in fuch fituations do not fliew any particular attachment, fhould afford better, or more copious nourifhment, than the Clovers and other plants already in ufe. It is not meant by this, however, to dilcourage that laudable fpirit of improvement which fo happily prevails at prefent ; but to caution fuch as introduce any new plant, to make themfelves thoroughly acquainted with its natural hiftory. The leaves of this plant, when bruifed, fmell fomewhat like Cucumber ; and are ufed by fome as a fallad ; and by others added to cool tankard to give it an agreeable flavour. Linnaeus places it among his Monoicous plants, the flowers on the top of the heads being female, and thofe at the bottom male, contrary to what occurs in moll plants of that Clafs : but it happens very frequently, that the bottom flowers have likewife in them two Piftils, although not fo conlpicuous as in the female flowers, the Stigmata being not fo much branched ; hence there being female and hermaphrodite flowers on the fame plant, it would perhaps with more propriety be placed in the Clafs Polygamia. Do not thefe obfcure hermaphrodite flowers con- tribute to the fertility of the plant ? Mercurialis perennis. Dogs Mercury. MERCURIALIS MERCURIALIS MERCURIALIS MERCURIALIS MERCURIALIS MERCURIALIS MERCURIALIS CYNOCRAMBE Linnai Gen. Pl. Dioecia Enneandria. Masc. Cak 3-partitus. Cor. o. St am. 9-s. 12. Anther te globofW, didymsE. Fem. Cal. 3-partitus. Cor. o. Styli 2. Caps dicocca, 2-locularis. i-fperma. Rail Syn. Gen. 5. Herb® flore imperfecto seu stamineo vel apetala potius. perennis caule fimpliciffimo foliis fcabris. Linnai Syjl. Vegetab. Sp. Pl. 1465. caule perenni fimplici, foliis ovato-lanceolatis hirfutis. Haller hi/l. helv . n. 1601. Cynocrambe. Scopoli FI. Carniol. p. 2 66 . n. 1225. perennis repens Cynocrambe didta, Rail Syn. p. 139. Hudfon FI. Angi. p. 371. montana te.fticulata et Mercurialis montana fpicata. Bauhin. pin. 123. fylveftris Cynocrambe di£ta vulgaris mas et femina. Parkinfon 295. mas et femina, Gerard emac. Oeder FI. Ban. 400. RADIX perennis, repens, alba, fibrofiffima. CAULIS eredlus, fimplex, pedalis, foliofus, inferne nudus, teres, alterne anceps. FOLIA oppofita, ovato-acuta, petiolata, hirfutiefcabri- ufcula, ferrata, ferraturis obtufiufculis, glandula alba ad lentem confpicua terminatis. STIPULAE duae, parvae, acutae, caulis utrinque ad ba- fm petioli. PEDUNCULI verfus fummitatem caulis prodeunt, op- pofiti, axillares, hirfuti, in maribus caulem fu- perant in feminis intra folia reconduntur. FLORES feminei pauci, mafculi plures, fefliles, glome- rarim et verticillatim quali caulem femiamplec- FEMINA. CALYX : Perianthium tripartitum, laciniis ovato- lanceolatis, fuberedlis, jig. x, 2. COROLLA nulla. NECTARI A acumina duo fubulata ad fingulum latus germinis lingula. PISTILLUM: Germen fubrotundum, compreflum: Styli feu potius Stigmata dua, acuta, re- flexa, fig. 4. PERICARPIUM : Capsula fubrotunda, didyma, bi- locularis, Jig. 5, 6. SEMEN folitarium, fubrotundum, purpureo-fufcum, fg ■ 7 • M A S. CALYX: Perianthium ut in femina. STAMINA: Filamenta novem plerumque, capilla- ria, refla, longitudine calycis : An ther* globofae, didymae, primo flavae, mox coerulef- eentes, Jig. 3. ¥ ROOT perennial, creeping, white, and very fibrous. I STALK upright, Ample, a foot high, leafy, naked y below, round, flightly winged alternately. t LEAVES oppolite, oval, pointed, Handing on foot- | ftalks flightly hairy and rough to the touch, $ ferrated; the teeth bluntilh, and terminated by a whitilh gland, vifible only by a magnifier. $ STIPULAE two, fmall, pointed, on each fide the flalk at the bafe of the foot-ftalk. I FOOT-STALKS of the flowers proceed from the bo- 's: foms of the leaves near the top of the ftalk, are oppolite and hairy ; in the male plant they are longer than the flalk ; in the female they are hid among the leaves. FLOWERS in the female few ; in the male numerous, felfile, growing fomewhat whirl-like in little clufters, and half furrounding the flalk. FEMALE. CALYX : a Perianthium divided into three fegments, which are oval, pointed, and fomewhat erefl, Jig- L 2 * COROLLA wanting. NECTARY two lmall pointed filaments, one on each fide the germen. PISTILLUM : Germen roundilh and fome\yhat flat- tened : Styles, or rather Stigmata, two, pointed and turning back, fg. 4. SEED-VESSEL: a roundilh double Capsule of two cavities, fig. 5, 6. SEED : one in each cavity, roundilh, of a brownilh purple colour, fig. 7. MALE. CALYX : a Perianthium the fame as the female. STAMINA: nine Filaments, for the moll part, ca- pillary, flrait, the length of the calyx : An- ther.* round, double, firft yellow, afterwards becoming bluilh. IN the third edition of Rays Symffi, Siit Hans Sloane communientes a very particular account of the pernicious effefls of this plant. It was, as it appears from thence gathered by the miftrefs of a family in the fields, (in arris are the words,) fried with bacon, and eaten for fupper by the wife, the hulband, and three children; the children in about two hours awaked out of their fleep violently fick ; on being removed to the fire they both vomited, and purged, and in about half an hour afterwards they again fell a fleep : two of them continued in this flate of ftupor for twenty-four hours, when they awaked, and after more copious evacuations re- covered. The third child awaked not till the third day, and then juft opening its eyes, was feized and carried oft by convulfions. The man being of a robuft conftitution was not fo violently aftedted ; but after a longer fleep than ufual, went about his bufinefs, feeling no other inconvenience than a burning heat in his chin, to nlluago which he was obliged for the whole day to apply cold water. The woman, after being more than ufually op- prefled with fleep, found her felf ill, and did not recover for feveral days. ft From From fo circumftantial an account, it would appear that there was little doubt of the noxious quality of this plant to the human fpecies ; yet it is remarkable, that this fhould be the only inftance of fuch effe&s mentioned by authors, when the plant has by many been recommended as a pot herb : fuch violent effects do not appear to have been known to the antients, by fome of whom it is recommended as a laxative medicine. It appears to be well worth afcertaining whether it really poffefles thole poifonous qualities ; whether it be nox- ious early in the lpring, or later in the fummer ; and whether it loofes them in boiling. Linnjeus, in his Flora Suecica , mentions it as being hurtful to Sheep. Thefe ufeful animals are fometimes found to all appearance poifoned by eating fome particular plant, which the farmer would do well to difcover. As many poifonous plants, tinder proper management, prove highly beneficial to mankind, fo it is not impro- bable but this plant alfo might make ample amends. It has been obferved by many, that thofe plants which change blue in drying, will generally dye blue : this is re- markably the cafe with this plant, nearly as much fo as with the Polygonum TinSlorium, lent’ to England from China by the late ingenious and indefatigable Mr. Blake, whofe untimely death every fincere friend to this country mull deplore : and was it to undergo a proper management, it is prpbable that it would produce an In- digo fomewhat fimilar. The Dogs Mercury grows plentifully in mod woods and under hedges, flowering from the end of March to the middle of May. It has a ftrong creeping perennial root like Couch-grafs , whereby it may be readily diftinguiftied from the annual French Mercury. The antients have taken notice that this plant was of two fexes ; but they miftook the female for the male. The cultivation of the Date-bearing Palm furnifhed the Egyptians with the firft obfervations on the fexes of plants. The fruit of the female was of the utmoft importance, as it fupplied many of them with the principal part of their food. The inhabitants of countries where Palms grew naturally, might eat the fruit regardlefs of their manner of fructification ; but when other countries, that were deftitute of this ample provifion of nature, attempted to tranlplant and cultivate Palms, they muft necefl'arily have been obliged to attend to the two kinds, the male and the female, as the firft bore no fruit, and the latter would prove barren if it was removed too far from the male. It does not appear that the Jews were acquainted with the fexes of Palms, although they are often men- tioned in the Bible as growing in Judea : but it was well known to Theophrastus, who defcribes the method of impregnating the female bloom with the farina of the male, in the fame manner as modern travellers have feen it performed.* But although it is now two thoufand years fince this author wrote, yet no progrefs was made in demonftrating the lexual lyftem of plants until this prefent century ; before which time, all the writers on botany, inftead of afcertaining what plants were of different fexes, mention male and female oaks, and other kinds of trees, that have both male and female bloom, on the fame plants. The utility of this kind of knowledge appears in the management of the Date-bearing Palm ; for want of attending to it, the cultivators of hemp frequently meet with confiderable difappointments : and it is pro- bable that the planters of hops, by their cuftom of deftroying the male plants, may alfo be fufferers. We do not remember that any of the early poets have mentioned the different fexes or mutual love of trees. Claudian, w'ho was well acquainted with Egypt, has very happily introduced it in his defeription pf the beautiful retreat of Venus in the If and of Cyprus. “ Vivunt in Venerem frondes , omnifque viciffim “ Fcelix arbor amat, nutant ad mutua palmee “ Feeder a, populeo fujpirat populus idtu “ Et platana platanis, alno ajfbilat alms “ Branches on branches twin'd compofe the grove, c - And Jhoot, and fpread, and blojfoiti into love: “ ’The trembling palms their mutual vows repeat, “ And bending poplars bending poplars meet: “ The d if ant platanes feem to prefs more nigh. And to th.e Jighing alders alders fgh." Eusden. The reader will determine how far this tranflation deferves the ceirfure that it lies tinder, and whether the following paffage that accompanies it is worthy of its author: “ As fibers, which are the lowe/l ofveze- tabks, are the moji gaudy and do many times grow in great plenty at the bottom of fends and ditches 1 ' Art pf finking in Poetry, publifhed by Pope. r ®'Yid. Hasselquist. Atriplex hastata. Spear-leaved Orach. ATRIPLEX Linnai. Gen. Pl. Polygamia Monoecia. Hermaphrod. Cal. 5-phyllus. Cor. o. Siam. 5. Stylus 2-partitus. Sem. 1, depreflum. Fem. Cal. 2-phyllus. Cor. o. Siam. o. Stylus 2-partitus. Sem. 1, com- preflum. Rail Syn.Gen. 5. Herba; floreTmperfecto seu Stamineo (vel apetalo potius.) ATRIPLEX hajlata caule herbaceo, calycis valvulis femineis magnis deltoidibus finuatis. Linnai. Syjl. Vegetab. p. 764. Sp. pl. 1494. FI. Suecic. n. 921. ATRIPLEX foliis triangularibus, ball produ£ta, valvulis triangularibus, fubafperis. Haller hijl.n. 1617. ATRIPLEX fylveftris folio haftato feu deltoide. Raii Syn.p. 1 5 1 , Wild Orache with a fpear-pointed leaf. Hudfon FI. Angi. ed. 1. p. 337. Lightfoot FI. Scot. p. 636. RADIX annua, fimplex, fibrofa, albida. CAULIS plerumque ere&us, pedalis aut tripedalis, te- tragonus, angulis obtufis, lateribus fubfulca- tis, ad geniculos tumidiufculus, laevis, pur- purafcens, ad bafin ufque, ramofus ; Rami oppofiti, inferiores longiflimi, caulem ipfum interdum aequantes, utplurimum procum- bentes. FOLIA ima triangularia, margine plus minufve den- tata, farina fubtus copiofe adfperfa, faepe ve- ro penitus glabra, oppofita, petiolata, fuperio- ra ovato lanceolata, integerrima, alterna. FLORES in fummis caulibus et ramulis, in fpicas an- guftas rubentes, digefti. Flos hermaphroditus Jlerilis. CALYX : Perianthium pentaphyllum, foliolis ova- tis, concavis, marginibus membranaceis lace- ris, fig. 1. COROLLA nulla. STAMINA; Filamenta quinque, calyce paulo lon- giora; An therje fubrotundae, didymas, ru- brae, fig. 3. PISTILLUM ; Germen in centro flofculi minimum fterile. Flos femineus. CALYX; Perianthium diphyllum, foliolis ovato- acutis, eredtis, granulis diaphanis obdudtis, fig. PISTILLUM : Germen ovatum,^. 6 : Styli duo, etiam tres, filiformes, albi, fig. 4, 5. PERICARPIUM nullum. Calycis valvse magnae, cor- datae, afperas, inter fe includentes femen, fig. 7, 8. SEMEN unicum, orbiculatum, compreffum, fig. 9. ROOT annual, fimple, fibrous, and of a whitifh colour. STALK generally upright, from one to three feet in height, four cornered, the angles obtufe, the fides fomewhat grooved, a little fwelled at the joints, fmooth, of a purplifh colour, and branched quite to the bottom : the Branches oppofite ; the lowermoft very long, fome- times almoft equal with the flalk itfelf, and for the moft part procumbent. LEAVES on the lower part of the flalk triangular, with the edge more or lefs indented, fprink- led plentifully on the under fide with meal, fometimes quite fmooth, oppofite, ftnd Hand- ing on foot-flalks ; the upper leaves oval, pointed, intire, and alternate. FLOWERS difpofed on the tops of the flalks and bran- ches in narrow reddifh fpikes. Hermaphrodite Flower fierile. CALYX : a Perianthium of five leaves, which are oval and concave, the edges membranous and jagged, fig. 1. COROLLA wanting. STAMINA: five Filaments a little longer than the Calyx ; Antherje roundifh, double, and of a red colour, fig. 3. PISTILLUM : a very minute barren Germen in the center of the flofcule. Female Flower. CALYX : a Perianthium of two leaves, which are oval, pointed, upright, and covered ovr with tranfparent grains or globules, fig. 2. PISTILLUM : Germen oval, fig. 6. Styles two, fometimes three, filiform and white, fig. 4, 5. SEED-VESSEL none. Valves of the Calyx large, heart-fhaped, rough, including the feed, fig. 7 . 8 . SEED fingle, orbicular, and flattened, fig. 9. BOTANISTS have happily divided the plants of this tribe into two Genera, each ftrikingly diflinguifhable by the particular form of its ieed-veflells : without this divifion, great indeed would be the difficulty of invefligating The Chenopodium has hermaphrodite flowers only, which produce a feed contained within the calyx, compofed of five leaves, which as the feed ripens, does not inlarge itfelf. The Atriplex produces female blofloms, and male or hermaphrodite ones ; the feed is contained within the calyx of the female bloffom, which is compofed of two leaves or valves, which increafe as the feed becomes ripe ; and in this flate only, is it obvioufly diflinguifhable from the Chenopodium ; for at the time of its flowering, fo fmall are the female blofloms, as fcarce to be diflinguifhed without a magnifying glafs. The plant here figured, is one of the moft common of this genus, and one of the moft variable in nature. Firft it varies exceedingly according to its age, the perfon who had been accuftomed to gather it in its young ftate, would fcarce recognize it when far advanced : fecondly, it varies according to its fituation ; on dunghills it grows very ftrono- and luxuriant ; by the road fides, it is a much weaker plant, and its branches long and procumbent ; in wet places, it is apt to become much more upright, the leaves fometimes are veiy mealy on the under fide, particular- ly when it grows on the fea fhore ; at other times they are altogether fmooth : in general, the broad triangular leaf readily diftinguifhes this fpecies : but on dunghills, a variety fometimes occurs with leaves not exactly corref- ponding to this figure, but approaching more to an oval, with an intire edge. In its young ftate, this plant is frequently gathered under the name of Fat-hen , Lambs-quartcrs, &c. and eaten in lieu of Spinach and other greens. Birds, particularly that milchievous one the fparrow, are very fond of the feeds of the Orach's. I have frequent- ly had a plant of this Genus, ftript of its feeds by them in a very fhort time. Cattle do not feem to be fond of it. In the garden and cultivated ground, it is a very troublefome annual. The farmer, as we have before hinted, would do well to weed his dung-heap of this and the other fpecies, which are equally noxious. ■ ar O da'v/i.'-M c. ■ r.~~: - • i .. ' . .... . . j ■ • i •••■• ifahVfr .artL'/t I 'SMUNDA spicant. Rough Spleenwort. OSMUNDA Linnai Gen. PI. Cryptogamia Filices. Spica ramofa: FruCtific. globofis. Raii Syn. Gen. 4. Herba: capillares et affines. OSMUNDA Spicant frondibus lanceolatis pinnatifidis : laciniis confluentibus integerrimis parallelis. Linnai Syji. Vegetab. p. 780. Sp. Piant. 1522. FI. Suecic. n. 936. STRUTHIOPTERIS, Haller, hift. n. 1687. STRUTHIOPTERIS Spicant. Scopoli Flor. Carniol. n. 1258. STRUTHIOPTERIS frondibus Herilibus pinnatifidis, pinnulis denfis, oblongis falcatis ; frU&ificantibus majoribus, laxius pinnatis, anguHioribus. Weh. Cryptog. p. 287. SPICANT Tragi et Germanorum. LONCHITIS afpera minor. Bauhin Pin. 359. Parkinfon 1042. LONCHITIS afpera. Gerard emac. 1140. Raii Syn. p. 118, Rough Spleenwort. Oeder FI. Dan . ic. 99. Hudfon FI. Angi. 382. ed. 2. p. 450. Lightfoot FI. Scot. p. 634. FRONDES Heriles plures ex una radice fibrofa, in or- bem difpofitae, femiere&ae, aut reclinata:, fpi- thamea:, immo pedis longitudinem squantes, Polypodio vulgari fimiles, fimplices nempe et pinnatifidae, pinnis denfis, alternis, lanceolatis, oblongis, 2 lineas circiter latis, integerrimis, furlum curvis, mediis maximis, (uncialibus, felquiuncialibus,) fupernis et infernis brevio- ribus, nervofis, margine cartilagineo, fubcre- nato, retrorlum flexo. STIPES five nervus medius inferne fufcis fquamulis obfitus. E medio centro harum frondium furgunt frondes fruCti- ficantes aliae, etiam pinnatae, at duplo illis longiores, graciliores, atro purpureae, pinnis laxis alternis, lineam latis, mediis quoque longioribus, fuperioribus et inferioribus fen- fim decrefcentibus, capfulis refertis. CAPSULAE denfe coagmentatae, duas lineas diflin&as, marginibus parallelas efformant, et ab initio coloris Hint lutefcentis, fenfim per maturita- tem fufci. Fig. 1, Foliolum feu pinna 01171 capfulis auCt. Fig. 2, Capfula difrupta, cum annulo. LEAVES : feveral barren leaves proceed from one fi- brous root, orbicularly difpofed, either half upright or reclining, from three inches to a foot in length, fomewhat like the common Polypody, viz. {imple and pinnatifid ; the pin- na: let clofely together, alternate, lanceolate, oblong, about two lines broad, perfectly en- tire, bent upwards ; the middle ones largeH, (even an inch or an inch and a half in length ;) the upper and lower ones fhorter, ribbed, the edge cartilaginous, very flightly notched, and bent backward. STALK or midrib, befet on its lower part with finall brown fcales. From the center of thefe leaves arife other leaves bear- ing the fructifications, which alfo are pinna- ted, but twice as long, and more flender, of a dark purple colour ; the pinna: loofely fet, and alternate, a line in breadth, longefl alfo in the middle, the upper and lower ones gra- dually decreasing, filled with capfules. CAPSULES clofely crouded together, forming two diflinCt lines parallel with the edges of the leaf, at the beginning of a yellowifh colour, becoming brown as they ripen. Fig. 1, one of the fmall leaves or pinna:, with the capfules magnified. Fig. 2, a capfule burll open, with its ring. BOTANISTS appear much divided as to the genus of this plant; fome confidering it as an Ofmunda, among whom isLinnjeus ; while others of great eminence contend for its being a $truthiopteris ; of the latter opinion are Haller, Scopoli, and Weis. The divifion of the Ferns into diflant Genera, is perhaps as difficult a talk as any in Botany. From the mecha- mfm of the fructifications little is to be expefted, as a great fimilarity feems to pervade the whole. The various modes m which the capfules are placed on the plant, in fome of them are Hrikingly different, and appear to form very diflinCr and fatisfaCtory characters ; but when as a tribe, they come to be more minutely invefliffated the characters of one are frequently loH in thofe of another, and a precife generic character is in vain fought for. In the prefent doubtful cafe we have adopted the name of Linnaeus. The defcription of this plant given by Weis, in his Plant. Ctypttg. is fo very accurate, that defpairing of a bet- ter, we have in ithe prefent cafe adopted it ; not however meaning to eflabliih it, as a precedent : from originality we flail never fwerve in our figures nor in our defcriptions, but as fddom as poffible; taking care that whenever we do, it ihall not be to the prejudice, but rather advantage of the work. The Ofmnnda Spicant grows plentifully in the environs of Caen Wood, near Hampjkad-Heatb, the feat of Lord Mansfield; and produces its fructifications in July, AuguH, and September. POLYTRICHUM SUBROTUNDUM. DwARF PoLYTRICHUM. POLYTRICHUM Linnai. Cryptogamia Musci. Calyptra duplex, interior membranacea, l*vis, exterior floccida. Rail Syn. Gen. 3. Musci. POLYTRICHUM fubrotundum caule fimplici anthera fubrotunda. Hudfon FI. Angl. p. 400. MNIUM Polytrichoides calyptra villofa. Lin. Syft. Veget ab. p. 796. Sp. PI. p. 1576. FI. Suecic. p. 385. MNIUM calyptra villofa, acaulon, foliis ferratis, capfulis cylindricis eredis. Haller, hjl. n. 1837. POLYTRICHUM Aloefolium. Scopoli FI. Carniol. p. 309. n. 1290. POLYTRICHUM nanum, capfulis fubrotundis galeritis, aloes folio non ferrato. The dwarf round- headed Aloe-leaved Polytrichum, Dillen. Mufc. 428. t. 55 . f. 6. POLYTRICHUM nanum capfula cylindrica ereda ; furculis limplicibus, breviffimis, foliis ferrulatis. Weis Plant. Cryptogam, p. 173. MUSCUS capillaceus minor, calyptra tomentofa. Vaill. paris. 13 1. t. 26.fi. 15. ADIANTUM aureum medium, in ericetis proveniens. Vaill. paris. 429. t. 55. f. 7. MUSCUS coronatus rigidus minoret humilior capitulis villofis brevioribus. Moris. hifi. %.p. 630. t. y.fi 7. POLYTRICHUM minus capfulis fubrotundis, calyptra quafi lacera coronatis. C. G. 221. Raii Syn. p. 91. RADIX tomentofa. CAULIS breviflimus, vix ullus. FOLIA brevia, rigida, intus concava, extus convexa, acuta, margine minutiflime ferrata, bafi lato membranaceo caulem ampledente, ficcata in- curvata teretiufcula, fig. 1. PEDUNCULI fimplices, unciales, rubicundi, fubdiapha- ni, flexuoli, Jig. 3, demum tortuofi, fig. 21. CAPSULAE fubrotunda:, fig. 4. Fig. 2, Folia per lentem vifa. 5, Calyptra exterior magn. nat. 6, Eadem magn. aud. 7, Eadem inverfa ut Calyptra interior appareat. 9, 9, Calyptra interior in litu naturali. 10, 10, Eadem auda. 1 1 , Calyptra interior feparata ab exteriore et feorfim exhibita. 12, Eadem in fitu naturali cum exteriore connexa. 13, Capfula magn. nat. nuda. 14, Eadem aud. 15, Eadem ad maturitatem magis accedens. 16, Operculum. 17, 17, Cilia:. 18, 18, 18, Membrana mucronata in fummo cap- ful* cui adneduntur cili*. 19, 19, Cilia: in fedione longitudinali Capful* exhibit*. 20, Receptaculum feminis. t ROOT woolly. I STALK very fhort, fcarce any. $ LEAVES lhort, rigid, hollow within, round with- I out, lharply pointed, the edge very finely $ ferrated, embracing the ftalk by a broad mem- branous bafe ; when dried bending inwards, $ and of a roundifh form, fig. 1. % FOOT-STALKS fimple, an inch high, reddifh, fome- I what tranfparent, crooked, fig. 3, finally I twilled, fig. 2 1 . ¥ CAPSULES roundifh, fig. 4. I Fig. 2, The leaves viewed through a magnifier. ^ 5, The exterior Calyptra of its natural fize. I 6, The fame magnified. I 7, The fame inverted, that the inner ¥ Calyptra may appear. I 9, 9, The inner Calyptra in its nat. fituation. ¥ 10, 10, The fame enlarged. I 11, The inner Calyptra feparated from the ^ outer one, and fliewn by itfelf. i 12, The fame in its natural fituation, con- | neded with the outer one. y 13, The Capfule of its nat. fize uncovered. 14, The fame enlarged. * 1 c. The fame approaching; more to maturity f , 6, The Cover i 17, 17, The Cili*. $ 18, 18, 1 3 , A pointed Membrane at the fummit I of the Capfule, to which the Ciliae I are conneded. 19, 19, The Cili* fhewn in a longitudinal fec- I tion of the Capfule. ¥ 20, The Receptacle to which the feeds ¥ are conneded. ABOUT two years ago, (1776) on examining the flrudure of the Polytrichum commune , in a very young flate, I found one of the heads, (Anthera Linn.) after I had diverted it of its woolly Calyptra, covered with a membra- nous fhining fubftance, and which 1 had no fooner feen, than I judged it to be a Calyptra, being fo very fimilar to the Calyptra’s of forne Mofles I had juft before been examining; and on a more minute inveftigation, I found it to be a real Calyptra, not accidental to the plant then under examination, but occurring in all thofe which I, at that time, had an opportunity of difleding ; and afterwards found to be in the dwarf variety of the fame fpecies, growing on heaths, and in the prefent plant. Thofe who fhall take the pains of inveftigating the flrudure of thefe Mofles, will think it ftrange that a part fo very obvious to the naked eye, fhould not have been noticed before; but this is eafily accounted for. No one, when he fits down to examine thefe Mofles, conceives a priori, that they have any more than one Ca- lyptra ; finding that which is peculiar to this Genus, he refts fatisfied, pulls it off, and proceeds to the examination of the remaining parts, not imagining that a membranous Calyptra is clofely conneded by its apex to the woolly one, pulled off with, and covered by it, and fcarce difcovered but by totally inverting it : but that this is adually the cafe, any one may fatisfy themfelves in the courfe of this and the fucceeding months, February and March. This inner Calyptra differs very little from the Calyptra of other Mofles ; at firft it wholly furrounds the unripe Capfules, as they increafe in fize it fplits at bottom, and finally becomes very fhort. I was the more pleafed with this difcovery, as I conceived hopes it would place the genus Polytnchum in a more pleafing and fatisfadory point of view ; and I have accordingly ventured to alter its generic charader as above : by this alteration it is brought from the Mniums, among which it is placed by Linnalus and Haller, and arranged with the Polytrichums of Dillenius, Hudson, Scopoli, and Weis, to which its habit alone certainly entitles it, was it not found to accord with the Polytrichum in the efl'ential charader now difcovered. Why nature fhould have been thus careful in covering this genus of plants with a warm additional coat, while many of the other Mofles, at the fame time of the year, are thinly clad with a Angle membranous veil, does not appear. In the flrudure of the two Calyptra’s, there is amort efl'ential difference ; the outer one being a woolly fubftance clofely matted together, without any conneding membranous fubftance ; the inner one conlifting wholly of membrane. The plant here figured, is the Polytrichum capfulis fubrotundis of Dillenius, and of which that, with the capitulis oblongis, feems to be only a variety growing in warmer and lefs expofed fituations. It is by no means an uncommon Mofs on our heaths, and expofed hilly and fandy places about town. It throws out its ftalks in November and December , and ripens its Capfules in January and February , H Y P N U M SERICEUM. Silky Hypnum. HYPNUM Linnat Gen. PI. Cryptogamia Musci. Anther a operculata. Calyptra levis. Filamentum laterale ortum e perichsetio. Raii Syn. Gen. 3. Musci. HYPNUM fericeum furculo repente, ramis confertis ere&is, foliis Tubulatis, antheris eredis. Lin. Syjl. Vegetab. p. 801. Sp. P/. p. 1595. FI. Suecic. n. 1036. HYPNUM fericeum. Scopoli. FI. Carniol. p. 340. HYPNUM ramis teretibus ; foliis pilo praepilatis ; capfulis cylindricis, eredis, ariftatis. Haller, hijl. n. 1 7 50. HYPNUM vulgare fericeum recurvum, capfulis eredis cufpidatis. Dillen. Mufc. 323. /. 42. f. 59. MUSCUS terreftris luteo-viridans fericeus repens. Moris • hijl. 3. p. 626. f 15. t. 5. fig. 25. MUSCUS arboreus fplendens fericeus. Vaill. Paris. 132. t. 27. fig. 3. HYPNUM repens trichoides terreftre luteo virens vulgare majus, capitulis eredis. Raii Syn. p. 84. Hudfon. FI. Angi. ed. 1. p. 428. Lightfoot. FI. Scot. v. 2. p. 762. CAULES five viticuli longi, repentes, fibrillis copiofis, tomentofis adhaerentes, valde ramofi, in den- fos caelpites congefti, ramis creberrimis, fur- redis, brevibus, fubteretibus, inficcitate in- curvis, fig. 1, tadu rigidis, in humiditate redis mollibus. FOLIA ovato-lanceolata, fig. 2, in pilum longum terminata, denfiffime imbricata; in ficcitate apprelfa, capillaria; humida latiora, patula, ex obfcuro viridia, cum fericeo fplendore ad luteum vergente. PEDUNCULI femunciales, unciales, purpureae, pe- richaetio fquamofo cindae, fig. 3, confertae, circa medium furculi ortae. CAPSULiE oblongas, teretes, eredae, inferne paulu- lum incraflatas, ex livido fufcae, fig. 6, 7, per medium difciffa, fig. 10. CALYPTRA pallida. OPERCULUM breve, roflratum, miniatum, fig. 8. CILLE albidae, eredae, una tantum feries, fig. 9. STALKS, or fhoots, long, creeping, adhering by nu- merous finall, woolly fibres, very much branched, and forming clofe tufts ; branches numerous, upright, fhort, and roundifh ; when dry, bending down at top, and fome- what ftitt, fig. 1 ; when moifi;, upright and foft. LEAVES oval and pointed, fig. 2, terminating in a long hair, lying clofely one over the other, when dry prefled together, and very fine ; when moifi; broader, and more lpreading, of a dullifh green, inclining to yellow, with a Ihining filky appearance. FOOT-STALKS an inch and a half or an inch long, purple, at bottom covered with a fcaly peri- chaetium, fig. 3, arifing from about the mid- dle of the fhoots. CAPSULES oblong, round, upright, fomewhat en- larged at bottom, of a livid brown colour, fig. 6, 7 ; cut down the middle at fig. 10. CALYPTRA pale brown. OPERCULUM fhort, ending in a beak of a bright red colour, fig. 8. CILLE or hairs whitifti, upright, and one row only, fig- 9- THE Hypnum fericeum is one of our moll common, as well as one of our earliefl: Mojfes , producing its Capfules from September to February. It generally puts forth its fru&ifications in the greatefi: plenty, on the tops of old walls. It creeps alfo on the ground, as well as on the trunks of trees. None of our Mojfes afford a more beautiful carpet : it frequently exhibits all the richnefs and foftnefs of filk, particularly when dry. But thofe patches of it, which put on this yellow and fhining appearance, by which it is fo readily diftinguifhed, do not always produce fructifications in the greatefi; abundance. It may be diftinguifhed from the Hypnum rutabulum , which often occurs with it, by having longer and more upright Capfules. Dillenius has defcribed this Mofs with his ufual accuracy, which is modernized, and fomewhat im- proved by Weis, from whom our defcription is almofi: literally taken. Brown Bryum. Bryum truncatulum. BRYUM Linmei Gen. Pi. CryptogAmia Muscr. Rail Syn. Gen. 3. Musci. BRYUM truncatulum antheris ere&is fubrotundis, operculo mucronato. Lin. Syjl. Vegetal, f. 798; Sp. PI. 1584. FI. Suecic. 391. Dillen. Mufc. 347. t. 45. fig. 7. Rail Syn. 94. Hudfon FI. 'Angi. 408. ed. 2. p. 477. Lightfoot. FI. Scot. p. 730. CAULES fimplices, breviffimi, lineas tres raro fupe- rantes, caffpitofi, Jig. 1, 6. FOLIA ovato-lanceolata, mucronata, Jig. 13, fplen- dentia, carinata, fuperiora majora, in ftellu- lam expanfa. PEDUNCULI fimplices, fubinde bini, trium quatu- orve linearum, purpurafcentes* CALYPTRA pallida, obliqua, acuminata, Jig. 7, 8, 9, 10. OPERCULUM primo roftratum, obliquum, delapfa calyptra contrahitur ere&umque evadit, /g-. 1 1, 12. CAPSULA primo ovata, Jig. 8, 9, flavefcens, demum rufa, truncata, annulo ciliifque deftituta, fig • Plantula microfcop. au£t. fg. 14- t STALKS fimple, very fhort, feldom exceeding three lines, growing in tufts, fg. 1, 6. I LEAVES oval, lanceolate, terminating in a point, I fig • * 3 ’ fhining, with a projecting midrib; I thofe on the top of the ftalk larged, with a ftar-like expanfion. 1 PEDUNCLES fimple, fometimes growing two toge- ther, three'or four lines in length, of a pur- I plifh colour. * I CALYPTRA pale, oblique, and terminating in a I long point, fg. 7, 8, 9, 10. I OPERCULUM, at firft having a beak, placed oblique- t ly on the capfule, on the falling off of the I calyptra becoming fhorter and upright, /g-. 1 1 * $ 12. t I CAPSULE, at firft oval, fg. 8, 9, of a yellowifh co- ¥ lour, finally of a reddifh brown, as it were I cut off at top, and deftitute of both ring and * cilia;, fg. 11, 12* t I The whole plant magnified, fg. 1 4* THE Bryum truncatulum is one of the leaft of our Moles, and diftinguilhable at firft fight by the great number of its little brown heads, which, when the operculum falls off, have their margin entire, fo that they appear as if cut acrofs, whence its name of truncatulum. It is very common almoft ever j whereon banks, producing its fruftifications from September to February. It varies much in fize. Hasselquist, in his journey to Palejline, finding the malls of Jerusalem covered with this Me P'“ f > ca “ s Hyjbpus Salomonis, from a fuppofition that it was the plant which Solomon meant, when he fpake of trees from the Cedar in Lebanon to the Hyflop which fpringeth out of the wall. Bryum viridulum. .444 > 444 444444*' *4 444 44 444 * 444444 Green Bryum. BRYUM viridulum antheris ereftis ovatis, foliis lanceolatis acuminatis imbricato-patulis. Lmnxt Syfi. r,getab.f. 798. Sf. PI. 1584. FI. Suecic. 100a. Dillen. Mufc » 380. t. 48. fg. 43- Syn. 97. Hudfon. FI. Angl. 408. ed. 2. 487. Lightfoot. FI. Scot. 731. Expl. Fig. Fig. 1» 2, 3 , 4, Plantae nat. magnitude Fig. 5, 7, Plantae au£t. Fig. . 6, Folium au£t. Fig. 9, 10, 11, Capfulae cum Calyptra. Fig. 8, Calyptra feorfim exhibita. $ Explan, of Fig. * I Fig. 1, 2, 3, 4, Plants of their natural fize. ¥ I pig. 5, -7, Plants magnified. ¥ I pig. — 6, a Leaf magified. I Fig- 9? 10, 11, Capfules with the Calyptra. I Fig. 8, The Calyptra exhibited feparately. ... j-ir f above in many particulars. It grows in clofe foft tufts, which are in general THIS fpecies differs fn ° m the ftalks are frequently branched ; the leaves are much finer, being nearly larger, and of a more ye ow hue t! he ft ,1 ^ off> is narrower than the middle, hence it bears a capillary ; the mouth of the caplule, w ^ xtrem ity cut off; while the truncatulum approaches more to the form of S“'n re “S^ ra ?fhe mouth is alfo very finely ciliated. The viridulum grows in great abundance on the banks bounding Charlton mod; and produces its fruffi- fications with the truncatulum. A GARICUS OVATUS. PuCKE R’D M USHROOM. AGARICUS Linnai Gen. PI. Cryptogamia Fungi. Rail Syn. Gen. i. Fungi. AGARICUS ovatus pileo ovato fubplicato, ftipite nudo ad bafin attenuato fcabriufculo ; lamellis creber- rimis fubcoalefcentibus. AMANITA pileo ovato ftriato, cinereo, annulato, fugaci. Haller hifl. helv. n. 2479. AGARICUS ovatus. Scopoli FI. Carniol. n. 1579* Diagn. Albus , cefpitofus ; vertice rufefcente ; Jlipite cy- lindrico et annulo fugaci cinSto. AGARICUS ; volva exceptus, pileo campanulas, ftriato, vertice lasvi, petiolo annulato, cylindraceo, fiftulofo, in bafin roftratum definente. Gleditch , Method. Fungor, p. 89. FUNGUS, qui volvam vix egreflus in atramentum refolvitur, pileolo campanulas, plumbeo, vertice lajvi, reliqua parte ftriato, pediculo cylindrico, albo, fiftulofo, radice roftrata. Michel. N‘ PI. G. 189. t. 80. f 5. FUNGUS multiplex ovatus cinereus. Vaill. p. 73. f. 1 2. fig. io, 11. FUNGUS fuperficiei murini coloris, lamellis albicantibus. Rail Syn. p. 5. 21. AGARICUS plicatus , ftipitatus, pileo ovato ftriato plicato cinereo, vertice laevi, ftipite annulato fiftulofo, bafi fubulato. Pucker’d Agaric, Lightfioot Flora Scotica, p. 1023. Schaffer, icon. tab. 17, 67, 68. STIPES : Stipites plures e terra aut ligno femiputrido aggregati rh afliirgentes, inferne extra pileum fcabriupculi ; ad bafin attenuati, fufci, fuperne in- tra pileum albiffimi, fubfulcati, ad apicem fenfim attenuati, in adultis ftipes femipedalis, fubcylindricus, laevis, craffitie minimi digiti aut major evadit, modice firmus et carnofus, fiftulofus, nudus ; tranfverfim fe&us circulos in came exhibens. VOLVA nulla. PILEUS primum ovatus aut obtufe conicus, circa orem contraftus, et fubplicatus, folidus, pondero- fus, pallide fufcus ; in adultis fubcampanula- tus, latitudine ad tres uncias accedens, muri- nus, maculis umbrinis aut ferrugineis praeci- pue ad verticem notatus, vertex faturatius co- lorata, laevis, fubinde vero fubfquamofa ; late- ra plus minufve fulcata, demum fere planus, margine revoluto. LAMELLA creberrima , compa5la, latae, filamentis tranfiverfis nudo oculo inconfpicuis connexa , unde, ita coalefcunt (prefertim in junioribus) ut la- mellam integram vix feparare queas, primum alba;, mox pars inferior dimidia nigrefcit, et tandem totae lamellae in liquamen atramento- fum refolvuntur ; fuperficies interna pilei in junioribus farina fubtiliffima cana adfperfa. STALKS, generally fpringing from the earth, or de- cayed wood, in clufters ; the lower part, without the cap, roughifh, of a brown co- lour, and tapering to the bafe ; the upper part, within the cap, very white, {lightly grooved, and tapering gradually to the top ; when full grown, it becomes fix inches high, nearly cy- lindrical, fmooth, and the thicknefs of the little finger, or larger, moderately firm and flefhy, hollow and naked, and cut through the middle ftiews circles in the flefhy part. RING wanting. CAP firfi oval or obtufely conical, the mouth contract- ed, and puckered around the ftalk, folid, heavy, and of a light brown colour ; in the full grown ones , fomewhat bell-fhaped, about three inches in breadth, of a moufe colour, marked with umber coloured or ferruginous fpots, particularly at the top ; the top of a deeper colour, fmooth, but fometimes {lightly chopped ; the fides more or lefs deeply grooved, becoming finally almoft flat, the edge curling up. GILLS very numerous , compact, and broad, connected together by tranfiverfie filaments , inconfpicuous to the naked eye , whence they fo coaiefce, that it is difficult to feparate a Angle gill entirely ; at firft white, quickly the lower half becomes of a blackifh colour, and laftly the whole of the gills diflolves into a black inky liquid ; the internal furface of the cap, in the young ones, is fprinkled over with a very fine grey powder. IT appears to be a matter of much doubt, whether this Fungus, common as it appears to be in mol parts of Europe be defcribed by Linnseus. Certainly there are none of his Agaric's, which accord exaflly with ours: neither’ do Haller, or Scopoli, quote Linnjeus in their defcriptions of it. Schjeffer, who appears to be too fond of multiplying plates, has given it in no lefs than three. It is true, by this means, the plant is reprefented in its various ftates ; but, perhaps, thefe might have been fatisfaftorily exhibited in a fingle one.— If plants are thus to be delineated in all their varieties, natural hiftory muft fink under its own weight. I fufpeft this fpecies to be the Fungus Juperficie murini colaris lamellis albicantibus of Rav, p. j. n. 21. but cannot fixit with certainty Scopoli has given it the name of ovatus, which I have retained, with Mr. Lightfoot’s Enaliih name who has very accurately defcribed it. I agree with him entirely in confidering it as a fpecies diftinS from the fimet’arius, and with which, in my opinion, it has but little real affinity. The defcnption and figure here eiven when contrafted, will make it unnneceffary to particularize the pecuharties which diftinguilh each. But there ’is a fmeularity of llruaure, occuring in the ovatus, which feems worthy of remark. The Gills are connefted together by immerous tranfverfe bars or filaments, difcoverable only when greatly magnified : the ufe of thefe ap- pear* to be to keep the Gills at an equal dlflance from each other, and thereby prevent the fruflifications which are lituated on the flat furface of the lamelte, from being preffed on, and deftroyed, by their very great clofenefs. I have not hitherto obferved this peculiarity of ftrufture in any other Fungus: in the finetarms it certainly does not exifl: Thefe connefting filaments in the ovatus, make it exceeding difficult to feparate one of the lamellae entire. Thefe Funri are very common with us in the borders of wet meadows, near the roots of willow trees, 111 gardens alfo near houfes, and bv the fides of roads. They are found in the greateft plenty from the beginning of Sep- tember to the end of October. I have alfo found the fame fpecies in July. From the time oftheir fpringing up, to the time oftheir beginning to decay, is about five days. Their manner of decaying is fimilar to that of the fmetarius, and feveral others ; the gills diliolving into a very black liquor, like ink, which dropping, car r.es with it the feed of the Mufhroom, which is obfervable m the liquor if greatly magnified. It varies in fize, and alfo in colour, chiefly from a lighter to a paler brown. The Gills are often found full of little maggots. There isnoreafon to fufpeft its being poifonous, nor yet can it be recommended as eatable. A GARICUS FIMETARIUS Egg M USHROOM. AGARICUS Linnai Gen. PI. CryptogAmia Fungi. Fungus horizontalis fubtus lamellofus. Rail Syii. Gen. i. Fungi. AGARICUS fimitarm ftipitatus, pileo campanukto lacero, lamellis nigris lateraliter flexuofis, ftipite fiftulofo* Un. Syft. Vegetal, p. 820. Spec. PI p. 1643. M Suede, a. 1215. AMANITA albus, campanulatus, fquamoflls, nlgrefcens. Haller, lift. helv. p. 157. n. * 2357. AGARICUS fimetarm. Scapoli FI. Carmel. . n. 1484. AGARICUS pileo campanulato, contrado, ftriato et viUofo, lamellis tenuiffimis ; petiolo cylindraceo, annulo fugaci, diftindto, vel nullo. Gleditch. Fung. p. 122. FUNGUS albns ovum referens. Buxbaum. Cent. 4. i. 27. Jig. 1. Rail Sym p. 5. v. 22. H udfoti. FI. Angl. p. 493. Lighlfool. FI. Scot. p. ro2r. Schaffer tab. 7. 8. 46. 47. 100. Gregatim plerumque nafeuhtur hi Fungi, ftibinde vero * folitarii inveniuntur; | STIPES primum pileo penitus obtegitur, mox femipe- ¥ dalis, evadit, cylindricus, filtulofus, albiffimus, | medulla filiformi , intra tubum libera. | t VOLVA nulla» fed margo inftar volvas ex margine pi- | lei lacero ftipitem cingente infra laminas. $ ¥ PILEUS albus, in junioribus oblongus digitalis, mox I fubcampanulatus, demum fere planus ; Caro ' ' tenuis, Cutis in fquatnas fufeas laciniatas furfum ;; revolutas feparans, quse ccelo intempeftivo pluviis : ; fepe abluuntur, pileo decorticato albo relifto. : : LAMELLaE numerofe, lineas tres latie, primum albif- fima, farina quali adfperfze, in adultis laxa;, fiexuofce cum ruboris tindhira, demum nigri- cantes, in liquorem atramentofum diffluentes. Thefe Mufhrooms moft commonly rife out of the ground in clufters, fometimes they growlingly. STALK atfirft is wholly covered by the Pileus or Cap, but loon grows to the height of lix inches, is cylindrical, hollow and very white, the pith within the tube is Jhaped like a thread and loofe. RING proper, none, but a flight edging like a ring from the tom edge of the cap furrounds the llalk below the gills. CAP white, in the young ones oblong , the length of the finger, prefently becoming fomewhat bell- Ihaped, finally almolf flat; the Flesh thin; the Skin feparating into brown fiakes which curl upwards , and which in lhowery weather are often walhed off by the rains, leaving the Cap naked and white. GILLS numerous, three lines broad, at firft exceeding white and covered as it were with powder, when full grown they are loofely connected and waved, with a tinge of red, finally they become black and diflolve into an inky liquor. The Fungi, generally known in Englilh by the names of Mufhrooms and Load-fools, are a tribe of plants, which, while they have afforded abundant matter of curious inquiry to the philofophic naturalift, have hitherto eluded the ffloft unwearied attempts of the Botanift to reduce them to their feveral fpecies and varieties. Although, in point of Utility to mankind, they may not compare with many other families of plants, yet are they by no means without their importance in the general ceconomy of nature. Whatever is not immediately ap- plicable to our own wants, we are apt to think too lightly of ; forgetting, that the infinitely more numerous Inha- bitants of this terraqueous Globe, are equally the objedts of the care of an all bountiful Creator. A great variety of Infedts feed bn the different fpecies of Fungi, particularly the larva or maggots, of many of the Fly kind, Mufca Linn. In fome Countries, Mufhrooms are made much more an objedt of food than with us; this prompts the inhabitants often to eat fuch as are in their natures poifonous, whence direful effedts have too often proceeded. With us they are ufed more as an article of luxury, and the markets being chiefly fupplied by the cultivators of them, who propagate one particular fpecies, thefe fatal accidents fcarce ever happen here. To prevent, however» any accidents of this kind, perhaps the befi advice would be to caution perfons in general, to meddle with no other fort than the common field Mufhroom, which is generally cultivated ; and rather to pro- cure fuch of thofe who cultivate them, than of thofe who may occafionally offer them to fale : and to render a know- ledge of this fpecies more obvious, we propofe, in a future number, to give a figure of it in all its ftates, and Ihall endeavour to diftinguifh it from the others in the plaineft manner. From the obfervations already made on this Genus, we are led to think, that the feveral fpecies of them are more diftindf, and lefs liable to thofe amazing alterations, which Botanifts inform us of, and which indeed, are fufficient to intimidate the Student, and deter him, from entering on a field, where he is to expedt nothing but confufion, and be loft in the perplexing mazes of endlefs varieties. There is one pleafing circumftance attends the Fungi: they make their principal appearance in Autumn, at a time of the year, when the Botanift is moft at leifure to obferve them, and when fcarce any other plants engage his attention. Next fucceed the wintry Mofles : and thus the Botanifts perpetual fummer is rendered compleat. The fpecies here figured is not eaten with us ; yet there appears no reafon to fufpedt its being in any degree poifonous. It occurs very frequently, towards the end of September, by the fides of Roads, growing out of the ground, probaly where there has been fome dung intermixed. It is diftinguifhed from the other Fungi by its oblong oval lhape ; and in a more particular manner, by the ragged- nefs of its outer coat, which curls up in flakes ; but it is apt to be walhed off in heavy rains. The gills are large, nu- merous. and waved , at firft of a reddifli purple colour, and often white, finally difolving into a black liquid, like many others of the fame kind. T ; v: OH 1 > 3 0 A • • - -V. / 0 - ■> , :: r '.••• " . • ' ’ -V' . : • f a.. : i- • , ,;t -ill .. . ■ ,iocpil ' -i lit aylor. 1 . ir.jyii ::: . » -r t t ybttihzr.iatt J«* ii iv*-;r.aw .-:a •- ; nr.-: :• : ' 5 ••• ■ • -I *o ; • i eib'io Vu - • ••••• J • f ■ . . rxhr t rnr.:!; 3D ■.“< * v.-' ' - v : : , 1 ■ *'