, 1 FOR THE PEOPLE FOR EDVCATION FORSCIENCE LIBRARY OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY THE GROUSE IN HEALTH AND IN DISEASE VOLUME II THE GROUSE IN HEALTH AND IN DISEASE BEING THE FINAL REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE OF INQUIRY ON GROUSE DISEASE V OLUME II APPENDICES WITH 41 MAPH LONDON SMITH, ELDER & CO., 15 WATERLOO PLACE 191 1 \_All lights reserved] . ^^//7- '%^ ' TABLE OF CONTENTS APPENDICES PAGE A. — List of the Committee, Staff, and Local Correspondents ... .1 B.— List of Subscribers to the funds of the Grouse Disease Inquiry .... 10 C— Abstract of Accounts 19 D.— Schedule of Grouse examined during- the years 1906 7-8 9 with a Note of Principal Characteristics. By Edward A. Wilsun 27 E.— Contents of Crops and Gizzards of Grouse Chicks examined. By P. H. GfilMSHAW 86 F. — Experiments made upon Hand-reared Grouse. By Edward A. Wilson . , 91 All account of some experiments made at the Committee's Observation Area at Friniley for the purpose of noting — (1) The effects of grit starvation. (2) The effects of infection with Strongylosis. (3) The effects of infection with Coccidiosis. (4) The body temperatures and weights of healthy and unhealthy Grouse. G.— Analysis of Weather Conditions, etc., during the period of the Inquiry. By a. S. Leslie and "W. Berky 113 H.— Analysis of Reports on Effect of Frost on Egg's and Young of Grouse in the Spring' of 1908. By A. S. Leslie 132 I.— Series of Maps showing" Incidence of Grouse Disease in Former Years. By A. S. Leslie 137 LIST OF MAPS SERIES OF MAPS SHOWING INCIDENCE OF GROUSE DISEASE IX FORMER YEAHS 141-150 MKAN RAINFALL MAP OF SCOTLAND FOPv TWENTY-FIVE YEARS tO face page 150 VU APPENDIX A. LIST OF COMMITTEE, STAFF, AND LOCAL CORRESPONDENTS. Committee. Chairman — -Lord Lovat. D. W. Dkdjimond. R. Munro-Fergdson, M.P. The Marquis of Ripon. Mackintosh of Mackintosh. Lord Henry Scott. Dr William Somerville. Marqui.s of Tullibardine. R. H. RiJiiNGTON Wilson. T. H. Middleton, of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries. assisted by A. H. Hammond Smith, L.R.C.P., F.Z.S. Edward A. Wilson, M.B., F.Z.S., Memb. Brit. Ornith. Union. H. Lonis Cobbett, M.D., F.R.C.S., Lecturer on Bacteriology to the University of Cambridge. J. C. F. Fryer, B.A., Cambridge. G. S. Grah.ui-Smith, M.D., M.R.C.S., Bacteriologist to Cambridge Town Council, and Lecturer in Hygiene in the University. Percy H. Grimshaw, F.R.S.E., Assistant Keeper of Natural History Depart- ment, Royal Scottish Museum. R. H. Rastall, M.A., F.G.S., additional Demonstrator of Geology in the University of Cambridge. C. G. Seligmann, M.B., late Pathologist to the Zoological Society of London. E. Shipley, Sc.D., Cantab., Hon. D.So. Princeton, F.R.S., Master of Christ's College, Cambridge, and Reader in Zoology in the University. Secretary — A. S. Leslie, B.A., W.S., 33 Queen Street, Edinburgh Assistant Secretary — R. B. Frasek. M.D., M.R.CS., R. H. A. Evans, M.A., F.Z.S., Memb. Brit. Ornith. Union. T. Leiper, B.Sc, M.B., Ch.B., F.Z.S., Helminthologist to the London School of Tropical Medicine. B. Fantham, D.Sc. Lond., B.A. Cantab., A.R.C.S., F.Z.S., Para- sitologist to the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, formerly Assistant to the Quick Professor of Biology in the University of Cambridge. AV. Berry, Ornith. B.A., Union. LL.B., Memb. Brit. Local Coruespondents. The numbers opposite each name denote the Sheet of Bartholomeio's ^ inch to mile Map. ABERDEENSHIRE. 22 Colonel Geo. Milne, Logie, Pitcaple . 17 Lieut.-Col. D. F. Davidson of Dess . 22 Rev. Duncan M. Eoss, Glass, by Huntly 16 Andrew Smith, Esq., Invercauld Estates Office, Eallater 17 Joseph Farquharson, Esq., R.A. 17 W. E. Nicol, Esq., of Ballogie, Aboyne 16 Donald Eraser, Gamekeeper, Gairnshiel, Ballater . 1 6 James Lundie, Gamekeeper, Corndavon, Crathie VOL. II. 1 Glenbuchat. Deeside. Deveronside. Invercauld Estates. Finzean, Aboyne. Ballogie and Forest of Birse. Gairnshiel. Corndavon. A APPENDIX A ABERDEENSHIRE— co«(Mn(erf. 16 Charles Christie, Esq., Estates Office, Strathdon 16 Major W. L. Forbes, Inverernan, Strathdon 22 George Bremner, Clashnadarroch, Gartly . 16 George Forbes, Esq., of Inverernan, Stratlidon ARGYLLSHIRE. t 11 11 7 J. E. M. Macdonald, Esq., of Largie, Largie Castle, Tayinloan J. Austin Mackenzie, Esq., of Carradale, Kintyre . Colonel Burnley Campbell of Ormidale, Colintraive Captain H. Macneal of Ugadale, Lossit, Campbeltown Robert Graham, Esq., of Skipness .... 3, 6, 7, 11 Alfred E. Lowis, Esq., Chamberlain to Duke of Argyll, Inveraray ..... D. Campbell, Esq., of Inverneill, Ardrishaig James S. Bontein, Esq., of Glencruitten, Oban H. L. Macdonald, Esq., of Dunach, Oban Maclachlan of Maclachlan, Castle Lachlan, Strachur ARRAN. 3 David Reside, Gamekeeper, Dougarie, Shiskine 3 Charles M'Hardie, Gamekeeper, Kilpatrick, Shiskine 3 Alexander Eraser, Gamekeeper, The Kennels, Brodick AYRSHIRE. 4 James B. Thorneycroft, Esq., Netherplace, Mauchline 4 A. Fairbairn, Gamekeeper, Wellwood, Muirkirk 4 Earl of Cassillis, Culzean, Maybole 4 J. B. Fergusson, Esq., of Balgarth, Ayr 4 Robert F. M'Ewen, Esq., of Bardrochat 4 John M'Dowall, Gamekeeper, Lagafater Lodge, Newluce . 4 Alexander Smith, Gamekeeper, Craigmulloch Lodge, Loch Doon, Dalmellington ..... 4 Commander E. Hunter Blair, R.N., Blairquhan BANFFSHIRE. W. Steuart Menzies, Esq., of Arndilly J. R. Fiudlay, Esq., of Aberlour W. Green, Gamekeeper, Glenlivet . Harry Michie, Gamekeeper, Strathavon, Ballindalloch John Macleod, Gamekeeper, Inchrory Strathdon Strathdon. Clashnadarroch. Strathdon. Kintyre, W. Carradale. Cowal. Kintyre, S. Do. E. Argyll Estates. Knapdale. Lorn. Do. Cowal. The Arran Estates. Do. Do. Dalmellington. Wellwood. Carrick. Ayr District. Bardrochat District. Ballantrae District. Loch Doon District. 21 21 21 21 21 21, 22 Donald Lindsay, Gamekeeper, Glenfiddich 21, 22 James Warren, Gamekeeper, Lesmurdie, by Huntly 12. W. Phemister, Esq., Drumin, Glenlivet Lower Speyside. Mid Speyside. Livet Water. Strathavon. Glenavon. Glenfiddich, Blackwater, and Glenrinnes. Lower Cabrach. Richmond Estates. APPENDIX A CAITHNESS. 27 D. Mackay, Esq., Freswick Estates, Thurso 27 James Nicolson, Esq., Watten Lodge, Watteu 27 John Black, Gamekeeper, Braal Castle, Halkirk 27 David Black, Gamekeeper, Dalnawillan, Altnabreac 27 James Miinro, Gamekeeper, Loch L)liu, Altnabreac 27 Nicol M'Nicol, Gamekeeper, Sandside, Reay, by Thurso 27 Duncan Macgregor, Gamekeeper, Dorrery Lodge, Calder 27 Jas. M'Leod, Gamekeeper, Mybster, by Watten 27 Colonel E. W. Home of Stirkoke, Wick . 27 G. King, Esq., Portland Estates Office, Berriedale 27 Peter Keith, Esq., Ulbster Estates Office, Thurso DUMBARTONSHIRE. 7 Colonel G. J. Ferguson Buchanan of Auchentorlie, Bowling 7 James Lumsden of Arden, Alexandria 7 Alfred E. Lowis, Chamberlain to the Duke of Argyll, Inveraray ...... Freswick. Watten. Braal. Dalnawillan. Loch Dhu. Eeay. Dorrery. Mybster. Stirkoke. Portland Estates. Ulbster Estates. Kilpatrick Hills. Glenfruin District. Argyll Estates. 5 4 4 DUMFRIESSHIRE. David Lowdou, Gamekeeper, Cairnhill, Springkell, Eccle- fechan ....... A. Smith, Gamekeeper, Holmhead, Langholm J. Bell, Gamekeeper, Drumlanrig Park, Dumfriesshire H. Gladstone, Esq., Capenoch, Thornhill, Dumfriesshire Springkell District. Eskdale. Upper Nithsdale. Nithsdale. FORFARSHIRE. 16 Sir John G. S. Kinloch, Bart., Glenisla House, Alyth 13 Claud Ealston, Esq., Glamis, Forfar 17 David G. Sheill, Esq., Dalhousie Estates Office, Brechin 13 Lord Glamis, Glamis, Forfar Glenisla. Do. and Nowar Districts. Dalhousie Estates. Strathmore. HADDINGTONSHIRE AND BERWICKSHIRE. 9 Thos. Campbell, Gamekeeper, Yester Gifford . . Lammermoors. INVERNESS-SHIRE. 15 G. Malcolm, Esq., jun., Invergarry Estates Office . 15 E. E. Malcolm, Esq., Invergarry Estates Office 21 J. Davidson, Gamekeeper, Glenkyllachy, Tomatin . 20 J. M'Lennan, Gamekeeper, Fasnakyle, Cannich, Beauly 16 Donald Crerar, Gamekeeper, Ardverikie, Kingussie 20 D. Gold, Gamekeeper, Erchless Invergarry Estates. Do. Upper Findhorn. Fasnakyle. Kinloch Laggan. Erchless. APPENDIX A I N VERNESS-SH I B.E— continued. 21 J. Grierson, Gamekeeper, Moy .... 21 John Ferguson, Gamekeeper, Coignafearn, Tomatin 21 Chas. D. Stewart, Esq., of Brin, Inverness . 20 E. G. Eraser-Tytler, Esq., of Aldourie, Inverness . 21 W. Dalziel Mackenzie, Esq., of Fair, Daviot 16 Sir John Macpherson Grant, Bart, of Ballindalloch, Ballin- dalloch Castle ...... 15 Major A. W. Macdonald, Spean Bridge 15 D. Patterson, Gamekeeper, Dell Lodge, Whitebridge 16 John M'Bain, Gamekeeper, Kinrara 15 Donald Cameron, of Lochiel, Achnacarry . 20 G. Grant, Esq., of Glenmorriston .... 20 J. Grant Smith, Esq., Seafield Estates Office, Elgin 20 J. Garrioch, Esq., Beaufort Estates Office, Beauly . 20 Wm. Mackay, Esq., Chisholm Estates Office, Inverness 21 James Cameron, Gamekeeper, Kinveachy, Boat-of- Garten . 21 Peter Stuart, Gamekeeper, Eevack, Grantown 15 Thomas Allison, Esq., Fort William 16 H. B. Macpherson, Esq., Yr. of Balavil, Kingussie . 16 John Carver, Gamekeeper, Crubenmore, Newtonmore 15 Angus Chisholm, Gamekeeper, Glendoe, Fort Augustus 18 Sir Arthur J. Campbell Orde, Bart., of Kilmory, Lochgilphead Moy. Upper Findhorn. Strathnairn. Loch Ness. Strathdearn and Strathnairn. Kingussie District and Ballindalloch. Lochaber. Dell. Kinrara. Lochiel. Glenmorriston. Glenurquhart and Bal- macaau. Lovat Estates. Chisholm Estates. Kinveachy. Eevack. Lochaber. Central Badenoch. Upper Badenoch. Glendoe. North Uist. KINCARDINE. 17 Sydney J. Gammell, Esq., Countesswells House, Bieldside, Aberdeen ...... Fordoun District. 17 Sir John K. Gladstone, Bart., of Fasque, Laurencekirk . Fasque. 17 A. Berowald Innes, Esq., of Eaemoir, Banchory . . Banchory District. 17 James Wyllie, Gamekeeper, Drumtochty . . . Drumtochty. KIRKCUDBRIGHT. 1 Col. J. M. Kennedy, Milton Park Lodge, Dairy 1 W. M'Call, Gamekeeper, The Great Cross, St Mary's Isle, Kirkcudbright ...... Kirkcudbright. St Mary's Isle. LANARKSHIRE. 4 Alex. Telfer, Gamekeeper, Braidlea, Douglas . . Douglas. 4 J. Graham, Gamekeeper, Valleyfield, Abingdon, Lanarkshire Abingdon. 4 Watt, Gamekeeper, Lamington .... Laniington. 4 James Gray, Gamekeeper, Leadhills . . . Leadhills. APPENDIX A MIDLOTHIAN. 8 R. C. Cowan, Esq., Craigiefield, Penicuik MORAYSHIRE. 21 J. Grant Smith, Esq., Seafield Estates Office, Elgin 21 J. W. H. Grant, Esq., Elchies 21 D. M'Queen, Gamekeeper, Carron . 21 Sir Ford North, Laggan 21 J. Munro, Gamekeeper, Laggan 21 W. Esson, Gamekeeper, W. Elchies 21 J. B. Hankey, Esq., Knockando 21 J. Shand, Gamekeeper, Knockando . 21 D. Irving, Gamekeeper, Altyre, Forres 21 J. M'Lean, Gamekeeper, Dallas Lodge, Forres 21 W. Maclaren, Esq., Altyre Estates Office, Forres 21 J. H. Wheatiey, Berkswell Hall, Coventry . 21 Peter Stuart, Gamekeeper, Cromdale 21 John Cruicksliank, Gamekeeper, Tulchan Lodge, Advie PEEBLESSHIRE. 5 Ale.\'. Sim, Gamekeeper, Cramilt Lodge, Selkirk 5 M. Jackson, Gamekeeper, Traquair, Innerleithen . 5 G. Deaus Eitchie, Esq., of Chapelgill, Broughton . 5 James Lait, Hallmanor, Peebles Pentlands. Grantown District. Carron. Do. Laggan. bo. W. Elchies. Knockando. Do. Altyre. Dallas. Altyre Estates. Lochindorb. Cromdale. Tulchan. Meggat Water. Tweed Valley. Upper Tweed. ]\Ianor Water. PERTHSHIRE. 12 W. S. Fothringham, Esq., of Murthly 12 C. A. J. Butter, Faskally Estate Office, Pitlochry . 12 Marquis of Breadalbaue, Taymouth Castle . 12 Col. Stewart, of Ardvorlich, Lochearnhead . 12 Thomas Ferguson, Gamekeeper, Ardvorlich, Finagleu, St Fillans ....... 12 James Carnegie, Esq., of Stronvar, Balquhidder, Perthshire 12 David Purves, Gamekeeper, Drumour, Strathbraan, Dunkeld 12 John Stewart, Gamekeeper, Loch Kennard, Aberfeldy 12 Alex. Stewart, (Gamekeeper, Logiealmond Lodge, Harriet- field, Perth ...... 12 Captain C. H. Graham Stirling, of Strowan, Comrie 12 Duncan Macdiarmid, Gamekeeper, Garth Lodge, Aberfeldy 12, 16 Hugh Mitchell, Esq., Pitlochry .... 16 Claud Ealston, Esq., Glamis, Forfar 12 James Stewart, Gamekeeper, Auchmore House, Killin Murthly Estates. Faskally Estates. Central Pertlishire. Ardvorlich. Do. Balquhidder. Strathbraan. Loch Kennard. Glenalmond. Comrie District. Garth Estates. Pitlochry. Moulin and Kirkmichael District. Killin. APPENDIX A PERTHSHIRE— con o» 03 a; S£ „• _c *3^" 05 < 2 o 3 11 J -s =5 J K ^ — is rt - fH rt J^ o J3 rt J2 H >i rt ^ag 0 .2 W a O -506 **" 'C H y o 5 c 3 n 111 « t— 1 T3 o 0) 9 Q O II lad d -2 03 o ■32^ ill? ular. This is di om worms," "c: Q S5 >— 1 I, 2 i^ ^ M C^T <; S] o M i: X Q < 03 D a: t .2 -a il CH 3 1 H in '" o 0 c Ph o rt c 0 ^ > Ph H 5 11 o V. s S-S i <1 > 1— ( o K P5 o ■A 1 1 bD .2 'E 0 0 0 « £ S w: 0 s- 11 = Sod o o o a O > HI IS a. c .£ 'o c II C c . 0 c: • for the first 0 , and was ue gnosis is giv O 1 ■il 0 0 ^ ® 1^ w u-< O QJ >> C 1 -5 (1 Q c o = «> II gs 5 g c c o 1 rT o > o 6 Sign H-heal female ; juv is adult. Date of colloct Weight in oun County, it! i|§ p^ (N 7:3 TPIO bb- i ^ ,2 T3 ! . 1 *° \ 0 oa 3 3 . a) 1 "E 0. 0 0 >>> > >>> >>>>o>> >> Strongyl. D. urogalli. 0 1 Ilymenoi. i4 >>>>>>>• >>>>>>>>. 1>> -5 0 ;-■ § tiiWtilMWWtil WWMWMMMWM WW 5 ■J) -iJ .2 £g SS ^£ |-3"^'£^S^£;' -3 oo) ojoj S-" rtr, S2 03 Weight in ozs. (Av.). i 1 00000000000000000 00 -J 1 _■ ^' ,_: ^' r-.' r-.' r-' .-<■ r-; r-I .-^1 r-; r-j r- ^ si Oq o' ira CD CD 0 »o 05 CO t^ 00 d is t- 05 ^ -* lO CD t~ 00 0 <35 ^ eo 10 00 0 --■ SJ CO go lOiOCDCDCDCOCDCOt— t-t30Q00000O5OTO3 03OT 28 APPENDIX D s o o a 5 3 a <1 Accidental " Pricked " Accidental "Pricked" and worms Accidental Worms do. £ OS (J o o o > >>00>>>>0>>0>>00 t, > > > 0 ;- > > 0 > > 0 1 > > 1 > > > > > > > > > 09 o > o g I M &• > > .ai'i f > > > > >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >> >>>>■>;>>>>>> > > > 4 ■a o u o a a ti t^ ^^i4i4 tijMWWMt:!^WtiiMWWWWti!WW tao 50 tjo 'T3 T3 ^ "73 C = C £5 1 III be H S 0 0 si a 5 tSso^ ■a -a 'T3 . c c c *i Bi -as 1 1 gl Sod ^T3T3 «2 m 9) CM . (M (M (N TPoc^TCTf-^innojiNOiOM^OM <^^^HC^^(M©^c^^c-^cqr-lc<^l— 'CN(N{M(M(N CMCN . . . .'-^(MtMIMfNr-^CNf-' 0 0 t^ i cq cq CT c-i M oi M CD id O) r-! r- (M (N M CDCDCCCDCOCDCOCOCCCDCDCDCDCOCOCD 0000000000000000 rinrinc6ririncifiriririe6nn ,-lr-,— .-.d t-i id 0 CD X C ^ to •C 1- 0.-'^^.-c^(N(N'M(MtMe-5C>5m«CC 0 0 CO 05 0 ^ CD X 0 ^1 CO 0 I^ Oi co-r-f-riooi-i^xxooxxoo n- CO ».'3 C3 O) A 1 APPENDIX D 29 m -n u o <3 S o o &^ a> ^ >OI>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>00!>>00 3 a m a.s o^ o r?; ■^ rfl i; « - s; ' rr OJ 3- « S-^- >>>>(' >>>>>;>!>>>>>>>>>>>>> >.i: cj > 0.-73 m s ° -a MWWt^ 13 f!^ T3 a; o -a g T? s^ T3 . • 13 -73 . ^ StdbdJ, o => bd ,^ tad —I =.« " rQ p H-H M-( r.^ ^ ^ fi< r^ l-H P^ ^ rQ ^ 5 ^ o o o o P:. Q Pm b^ P^ P^ bo 13 ^ T3 t3 C3 ■73 . . -3 . o 13 13 C3 -M-O 2 .3 - CO f=5 m .2 3 ac M 6 a -i, .J an , — 'i en T" ■ SM>-:iQQ* CO lo lo lo o . ^i>coi>r-3cDt-^»ooac>0(>ia5(>iG4(>ii-Hco»noii>t^odcD^ 14.6.06 14.6.06 14.6.06 19.6,06 CD <33 > >,> > >' O O CD O CD CD O O O O O O CD CD CD CD CD CD CO r-4 ^ r-; C4 CN (M (N CM C > > s := =; irrjQffipSJ : iWffi QQW :K'-' : : : : : :q : 0+*O*TD*0 ^ =3 1^3 3 t-0:)^C0ir5I:^XOG1 CN CN CN t>l CM G-1 CN [>» CM (N (H (Tl (N f?1 <>) (^I G-1 l:^^ Ol (N CO o r^ 05 ■^ Tt^ "^ Tt* (M (M * * * * > 4I 1 00 CO C4 O rH (N CO ^ »0 CD r^ 00 05 O (-H (N CO ■<:^ -^ iO r-r-t-r^i>i:^r-t^i^r^QOQOaooooc oooo in CO 00 00 APPENDIX D 31 1 1 n a; CD c tl Worms Enteritis from Worms Worms do. do. Worms ■p. B el £ o o > > > e.S-s^'" S > > > > o > i > > >■ > > 1 > > > O O > DD o o g O o o O O "o a > > > > > > Is! > > > > > > > > > > > (> > > > > > >>>>;.> .a S •s 1 g 'P. O d BO 60 .£ .S WWW «;^tiiM;f [2 (S 6 6 rara MMMMM tlO !10 .3 .9 a i •5 O a; a; u < sis § ^'^'5 s-^-s s-^^s 3 S > S S a k^ ■Sr^'S d d d '^ 1 S S d o^ C J3 m/.i. .-IN CO CD >r5 CO ; : lO : ; 00 a 00 : o CD ic r^ o . CO r-< r-H ^ (M CD rH 05 P5 Tf oj : : : • .-H (M nH (M CM rH . . . : 1 CD O X CO o QC 00 X X' 1-^ t-^ X t-j £-: X CDCD^OioiOi-Hr-ioO ^.--^-^c^^(Nc^^coco^M 00 oo' d d -■ I-^ CM ,„.„ CDCDCDCDCOCDCD _;^"?^T)i-*T|icD^id H 03 0+ > > . > > CM-CH- > > > 0+*OCH-OCH-ot. > .Si d !5 00 00 00 c350rHIMCOiOCDr-X XOOiC3<3iCi020iO^ Oq CM 0-1 tN CI O O 2 m^ T3 oT 60 =? m 1-^ lluntt lioots eed-h isecta °-^^ — T3 6 ■" ■"- S* I: g > > > > > > o o > § OQ 13 1 > > > > > d g ■g > > •c &< o e3 a > > p- > >. w 3 El s > > > > > > > >>> > > > > > > ^ 60 an 60 "rt TS S « a "2 r^ "g. . '?. s O wwww;^^^^ mmmmmwm:^^^^ «:s W w«w:S w« 0 o s a fl ^ c s SJ s o o O o s s pl^ P^ fe fe fe TS a e3 T3 QJ >> g g s ■ 2 . IB 60 S OJ (V £) •s =5, 01 M d -13 Idia 00 d ^ m ^ Hci HM -^»» -«i -^N ■Sfg >• ■*• r^tOCDift O>C0C0^-tO5-*'f>l uO o o CO : : : lli ... ^^rH(M ^CMG^(MG>1^...CN (N [M O) S4 . • • CD cocdcdcdcdcdcdcdcdcdcocdcdd 00 CO d CD Ol CO T—> 1— 1 1— < 1— 1 I"' i-c r-. (N r- (N (N H 3 OO ♦o O+^D • o+*o **o *o*o*o*o*oo • •■'xj^o *o»o O^ *0»X3CH'X3 ♦o»o : : ^^ ffi iWWffiffiffi :^ ffi'-^ w* K r~ Xa)O^(MC0-*iOCDt^00000iOr-.(MMM'«O»OCDl^ 00 OJ O " tN CO -^ lA cor- o t-tr-(M(N(N(NW(M(M(M(NCMC^C0C0C0MC0«C0COCC n n -^ •rj- Tt *i* Tf ■^' Tjl ■* tz m rocQcocococccocococococoMwwcococswrowcj nn PO W CC CO C*? CO CO CO APPENDIX D 33 >» en O u o u g C o S t— . * 5 o^O =aj= - s fe ^e -e « I ^ c* n3 CO M (-f (_1 <-■ P g o S m > > & !» M 6(1 m -O >^ a> -o n-^ Tl 'O'O fi Cj 3 3 o o |i< in M '^ d d OMM ria -a T3 -o "^ "^ (5 O WW T3 El C3 '(^ (U S o o 1 O) o =1 02 a> hf) C3 13 ■S r, y ■4^ u m ;3 '^ 'c3 t: d d'S d d •^ --O -"O o "^ "^ o m >H tie c d" -^■^ m 1 8 d CD o d d CD CD o o di-; rH rH d03 d i 20.10.06 30.10.06 20.10.06 8 d i g§§8§g Qo (x5 ot> d d d od t^ d '^. 1 '^ (M cf^ CM CO 05 as oq 9.10.06 4.9.06 2.^.10.06 oo ♦o 0+ : : * : 0+ *OCH- ♦00+ d 00 to eo CO •* lO CD O lO lO lO CO CO CO CO CO 00 05 0 rH > > > > > s >>>>>>>;>>>>>>> > > > > > >>;->>>>>>-> >>>>>>>> > t- t- S- > WW WWW etc 3 o wwwwwwwwwwwwwww wwwww wwwwwiw be OJ o » 5 Q -a == -= bo > S' 5 '3 I'd" 52 o OS CT (N r- .(MrMG^(>l(NCNQq(NCM . (M Tf (M 0 -- 0 (N (N +*0*00+*00+0+*00+0+0+*0*0*0*0*0*0*0*0 *0*0*00+0t*0 No. i20qc03fiOCDI^a0050i-HOq«-*iOCDt~00050'-'tNMCDl^QOO:0'-'(N«Tl'OCDe>5TfoCDl^Q005 SOOOOOOOQrHrHrHr-irHr-.rtr-.r-rH >■ > >>>«> > ti-> >>>>> >.>>>^>?.> >>>f. 1 > > > > >>>> > > >> >>> >> >>>>>>> t- >> 1 s > > >>>> > > >>> >^ >?->>>>> s- ^> S ■§ > > > 1 i >> H > > > > > > > > > i.>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>•!>>!>>>>>>>>> i O i- a> g W -a -a o WW WMWWMMWMWMWMMMMWMM WMWWMWMMMMMMWM 1 > 1 — 1 > 2P-. T3 Pi 1 O o| S .S 111 i -a c m in '^ S . .2 2 1 ll^-l'§^-°lll Ill (?^ CM t- 9 q q r—l I— < ooooooooooooggSSoo I-; n-; oq oi (N o^ o4 oj i (N C>1 c4 i^i 04 CT Cr»o»0-^D*0*0'T3'^30+CH--^D ■^3 CH- +0 *t3 O+'^D 0+ +0 *0 *-0 *t>*TD *-0 *0 d -#-^Tt'-<4*^^^uOiOiOiOiCiOOCDCDCOCOCD'X)CDCDCDr-lr-l:-l:-t^I>lr^I^I>t^QOaOcOOOC»OOCOcg 36 APPENDIX D ■a S ■s s 1 Worms Worms Worms Very doubtful Grouse Disease Accidental Accidental CO ■a 1 > > > > '^ > i. > > > > > > o CO >>>>> > > > > >>> > >>>>>>>>> > > > 1 d >>>;>> >> > >>> > -^ > -^ > > > > > > > > 1 > > > > > i « > > > > > > > > > > > > > ii| i. ^ i, i. ^ t, f >>>>>> > >!>>>>>;> ^>>>>>->^^>t»>;->> > > > s 1 o c a .a -S ^ -S « 9 1 1 o o ml^i^ ^ — . O - 0) '5 M ^ "^ C ^ 03 3 til I-- . oi tj) (M : (M o3 oq iri (N iC CO CO 00 QC X' od 00 r^ -^ "(J* oc o5 (M(N(M(N(N5^0)o >n oi oi oi 00 W CQ ffC 00 OC 00 s ' ♦o♦c■^^♦oo+»o♦o*o*o*o♦ocH■c»■*o CH-*o*0*0*0*0*0*0'^'t)'t30+»0'»00+*tDO+»0*00+*0'*0*0 ♦0*0 CH i in It: o o o Its o uo .r: o CO CO CO CO -iHincOl^XOSO^tMCC-^OCOl^OOCSO^C^CO-tfOCOXO— (M COCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCCCCCOCOCOCDCOCO APPENDIX D 37 1 •3 "5 V 1 Accidental Worms Worms Worms Worms i B e8 K 2 o >>> >>>>> > >> >> >> > > > > > > 1 CO > > > > >>>^> >;>>> > > > > > > > > > > > la 1 a > > >>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> > > > > > > > > 1 > > > > s n > > >>>>>>> >>>>>>> > > > > > > > .go's >>>>>>>>> > > > > > > > > > > > > >>>>>>>> > > 1 O 1 C! El O O T3 -O TJ dj a> v CSS 3 3 = r° r° r° |i^ P^ IJ^ o U T3 p| 3d Km a ^M-< :::::::::::: >o :•••■•::::: (N : :::::::::::: (N ::::::::::: CT : oq ^ —1 Tf : M « eo :::::: (^(MCMCM ■(NCM(N r^ w 1- t- t^ t~ i~ t- t^ t^ t~ t^ r^ t- r~ r- r- i~ t^ t~ i- t- i^ i~ t^ i^ oooooooooooooooooooooooooo r-lrt,-(rt,-H,-l^r-lr-lrtrHrH.-lrHr-l(Mr-l(Nr-.,-l(yi,-CtM(NSq 1- 1^ r^ i^ t^ I- t^ 1^ 1^ t^ i^ r^ I-- t^ oooooooooqoooq M M « ^ M n ■* « M CO ^ ■* -^ -*■ c5 d d i-i o d i-! d o" -5 -*' m ■-' nnn «« mco« >< o 6 Z 38 APPENDIX D 1 o OS 1 Accidental Worms Worms Accidental Worms Accidental Worms do. do. do. do. do. B s s >>>>>> > > a a > > s i fc- ^ a) ^ > is i so > > > > > > >>>>>>>>> s n > > > > > > > > > > s S > +- s n > > > > >>t->>>>.> Sil > > >>>> >>>.>. >>>>>>?.>>>.?. >>>>>>>>>> 1 o s a Ill s s ^ ■a -r c -a '^K>'^ d x~~ c o d c o S o T3 13 "^ o W M "^ c la s a i a 1 « c s o o 1 } zs/T^ 'r. ^ yj ■^ £ "i: d d d E "tf c d d ■a c Si? ::::::: ii-i-^t- f-H (— t r-< # 1 1 1 1 1 "^ t: t^ r-t^i^t^ qqqoopo oooo 'T -t -l5 -t -Tl^ ^ .^" .^* ^' ..^ ..^* CO CO 00 C3 05 00 d oi oi d d 1^ 1^ t~ 1~ 1~ t~ t~ t^ t^ 1^ t^ ^ -t -rf 't -t -t Tf* -t -t ^ '-f id ic" id d ^' cd id CD t-^ t^ i-^ r* 1^ w t^ t^ t^ r^ c^ i^ 1^ oooooooooo ^' .*' Tf' -» Tt" -* ■* rr ■<]; Tl-' d d d d d tN ri o4 ej d •A in *0*0*00+*0*0*0*OCH*0*00+* * -•- + *0*00+'OCM-0+0+*00+0+*0 Q : : • : ; i iott>t~ooo50i-i > & > > > > > > 1 £ ci >. > > > > > 3 1 1 a > > ^ > > > > M t4 > >>>>>>>> >>>> >>>> > > > > > 1 •a CI a T3 TS C Ci s s o o 1 to ac •a a J, -a = *< T3 t3 'tj -a -a — "o t3 -a -3 -c c s c3 a c a 3 S S 3 o o o o o 5 T3 1 1 h Iw^cg no -3 , -S . . . C3 ca ri5 Co S'^'^'a o ° S «5 d, fuSPM CI O _Q .^^^^ °^ . . .-a-Hj . . . .E.g • 00 lo CO t~ (M r- >n ,1— tf-Hr— li-HCMr-H(-H in CD : ro : n : : : (M oq . (M .5-1 . . . : : : . .i-Hr-HOli— i^^lCN e, a s a. s o O -r- > 1 't a; ■a : 0) x s 1 =: ::::::: 2 s f JH : 1 o > > > > > > > >*- > C3 > ;:;:;;:- > S 1 p > > >>>>■„ > c- > o c3 ?- te > :;;;;;:= > ■a d O 0 o o o o = I : \ ■ : : : > - - i 1 >« n > > > > > !!.> c8 ci > > > :;:!:;:> > re : 00 > > ^ > ■ > > 4J •. -. S o o o o ^ t. ■* ^ a,T3 T3 T3 13 !* " i > County. Manner of death. •T3 ■« d 'CX! C O 6 6 i> T3-a — T3 T3 '^dddddd'S'^ t3 -a T) 13 -wa T3 ITS d d o 1 1 -s o o o d o o d'o 5"^ T3 13 T3 -73 T! T3 T:? Jl =i ^ itj " o 60 -^ c g S 1 s r3 2 d d d d Sdddddd.a^t^ •^ -o -a 73 T3 -a 13 ^ g g 2 § o t- 3 o d -a .ce ,c3 ?■ g T3 -W T3 -3 T3 T3 g O tr 00 re •^ r-» CD 1^ (N (M (N rH rH (N ■o re 03 r-. (M ,-, re re o rH rH (M I—* :::.::: 50 t^ in 1 oo t^ l~ 1-- t^ Ir* 1— q o q q q q o o >-'^ Lt' ir: o <>i '>> ai ai n n (N CM (N M oq Ol 1^ t- 1^ t^ t^ t^ r^ t^ r^ o o q q q q q o q id »d id id o o id id id cdcdcdcdcdidt-^r-'rH (M(M(M(N(N(NGqrere t^ r^ 1^ o o o cd cd vc rn' r.; ■* 1^ o CO re OOOOOOOjg o cc'cdxccccdvdcd^ cd ■* Tf TT ^ ■* Tf rf" t~ rr o CD re o CD >4 ♦oo CH-D+ ♦0*0*00+^ WQOPtn : -H-l--l--t- -1- ; : : : : : iQWC* Ot»00 o+ 3 > > > > > > :::::::-< O rH ♦o a 1 W'd*inCDt*a005O'— 'rHrHr-lrHtMOrHfMre^lOCD OiOOiftiOiOiOCOCOCDCCiCDCOCDOOOOOOO 1^ l^ t^ l^ l- t^ t^ t- 1> t- t^ 1.. J^ t~ OJ 05 CS 03 05 c: OJ i ro 05 o rH (N re ■<(< lo to OOrHrHrHrHrHrH rH 0iO>O5O5OiO3^O> 0> 03 00 ta APPENDIX D 41 mm o O -a ^ 3 T3 ■K C e.2 ■2 e si=i 03 S •sg ..ox cs ij z; I a> o c^ I a-«i So"' g _^ o d d d a OW S ^d -2 « rt.g- !j V (U *i c! m S ^ tSDS S^ -s^ S .e gr^ o fe o o 05 .:*.<*-, > :g «*H e^ e*- SfcH rt m ClO T3 B -a o m 'o'sb-o 1 ~ -3 ?-c .1 1= W 5 3 1 3 o c 1 o P^ fc( fe I to d ^ J . . -o T3 C3 ■ I bp 3 T3 = M, T3X a bo 3 3 o .S?3 s- 00 O t^ 35 -*1 CO o t~ o o o o CD U3 Cd ^ CO I>^ t~^ CO CO CO CD CO 05 ■* CD CD t^ t— r^ t^ t^ t^ t^ r- t^ t^ t- t^ t^ 1^ r^ r^ q q o oa c> C} o c> c> oa c> <:>(d. .2. ^ : * I n^ ^T' ,'~\ "T^ ^T^ rp n^ n^ .Eo* 03 o „ (M C*5 ^ ■rj CD r^ 00 0> O _^ CO -* lO CD t- en 03 O ^^ rM ^5 -* lO CD t~ 00 03 -M T^ fM rM (M ») Ol o> 05 05 05 03 0: -. 05 03 05 C5 03 03 03 03 03 05 03 42 APPENDIX D .a CO ■o o s 6 Incipient disease — healthy Disease Not examined Disease Healthy do. Incipient disease HI Healthy do. ' do. Disease ? Healthy ? Healthy Healthy do. do. Incipient disease O Healthy do. Disease Disease and « a o Crop sample. >> p5 to a 1 CO in §2 o a* > > :=».!_ C3 d : 1 a a • p d > > |-^ = > c3 : O o 1 o ; c coo : 0 0=00 c : : : : o o O : : o o o a 1 to > : o : ri ^ £ P- o o > : S ° C3 .SB'S "^1 > S > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > O a so o -g CD 1 -a^ o'OrS "I o c f- o O 6 -a 2 ci d-^ d "_ 1 S •r — " >• 2-T3-t;-c-a T3 = « en ED <^_. £t3 o d d^^ > "C -g -a -3 -o 'a ""5 3 3 O o o -5 6 T3 13 c S S a a s 0-3 13 So d S 'S o,a o *i « |x cQ a< i::^ ■a c o a to d •a -*1 : (M : t- M lo : 00 oc o CD 00 r~ r~ r~ 1- t- coooo I-* r-^ r^ i-j r-^ t^ 1^ t^ 1^ t^ t^ r^ o o o o q q o i^ I-; i^ r^ t- t^ t-^ r-; .-: r^ r^ r^ (N (N o CO 00 oq t— t^ t^ t^ oooo t-: t-; CO CD oi oq d d s CO d TO >< GQ > 7o l-^ WK" > KXXX"?^ : 1— t KW'-'C ■-? ~-^ IS d o in OS r-< (N eo •* O CO t^ o »o ic o ir3 io o C5 Oi 05 05 05 05 05 00 C5 O i-i (M ."0 'i' in O CD CO CD CD CD 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 O CD 1~ 00 05 O — CO CO CD CO CO I^ t^ 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 s OS ■* lO CD 05 05 05 05 APPENDIX 1) 43 T3 ji > B o s i -"3 O O (U C -^ C3 •its -i . . tfJ ^ M CC t^ TJ OS >-> ■g g OS V w Q Q K M 5kS 5 s ^X Q tn 8 oj s° 1 S O. « t- . M s ^ 1 a; (0 >-^ ^* ^ -» o S ro OQ '~' -a CL,fi *>, OJ >> 0) o CJ «::::£ :=- i^ i > a « * o > u 00 a) '^ CO >> CS aS s ~ '■ > - ci = ::•!" :— i"" : S o > : : ^ 05 3 ''o t*H Q o o , o : o ti; o; c j 1 j j c : : jo 1 o o o : : ^ : ^ O g rt +j o C3 ^ rt s s : 03 I =3 O ci > ; : ; ig i i ^ • ?^ a> >• o _§ c3 O) > n ■=3 K > > > > > > > > > > > > t> > > > M-S ^ bO 60 tyD bC CO bo C8 a .S .S'S.S'?.S 'TJ t3 ^ Jj 4J '>^ +j -u >-»*j >> a> ;>-. oj >i II >> O o .a d d d sjj s> 2 OT3 OTJ-a'73'r!T3 "^ -c! ^ -a -a -a T3 -^ 13 S o O 0 o o o o O o o s &q fi< pL,fl^[iHpMfe fe fe fe ■a >> a £ tr 02 ce ^ C a; m 3 O) OJ .^ . . '^ rC 5 r^ d 1 d dl d ■a ■^ s;.s d d « kH H- 1^ I' t^ f^ i^ r^ i^ r- t^ 1^ I^ 99 s B O o o o o o o o q o q o o oooooooo o o o aS CD CD (D (D t-^ i^ r-^ r-^ i>-* t^ CO t^ i>: r-; 1-^ I-: i,' t-^ CO CO CD CO CO Q ^ (^ d d d c5 d rn" id ,-; CD >* CO oi CT d > cu C CH-CM-3 ^ C3 i°:^ .— j^ — ' 2 "^ ■^^ K K S " K Mw«77w HH l-H (-H '7*'-H Q 1— 1 2 :a l-H X o O rH Ol TO -* »ft iX' t— 00 Ci o T— iMTO-i^OCOl^OO 05^g ■^ 23 25 d t^ r^ 00 00 00 00 00 00 CO X CO 00 05 Oi^^OiOi^^^ o o o 15 05 m C) c:i ^ Ci C3 Oi c; 02 ci ci oti 0505030505(350505 0500 o o I— ( 1—4 o f— ( 44 APPENDIX D '^ ■S 5 § S g -S ■^ ■a "5 1 i Is ■a .2 ^ % (5 1 '/i s -3 1 s il ^3 ■§■1 "rf t: '^ d^ 3 d -3 i 5 s c"^. . i.if CD 8 S J 2 >i2 - ^ c > «^ S >-, i^ , s ^ ^ ^ > > ■ > ^ > > > > > > c3 > > > > > > > 1 U B m a >i >^ ■a >s (U OJ >i 5 CW > «*- 3 ° = ■ 3 rt : 1 = 1 O 5 r3 3 = : =~ Q O = o o o o 1 c o o O • O O 0 o O O O o = o 3 >^ b •s -3 ^, ^. >> a 0) >| - o c '■ o SS c : C (J c <*. o a o 0 o > •-« o 3^ .=; c B S=2 S "*^ n a= 42 > > > > > > > > > > '■i> > > >■ > > > m S o 1 -5' s T3 ^1 o ■a to S s d :'« o be O *J ^ o d ^-w 6 g 1 -e-c 1 3 1^ s -c c -o T3 -fr! m 3 ■^ o o O c o o a f^ '^ P^ fi> [i< u. ^ pc< i 2 M c a ^ OJ to ■^a r" OS o6 .2 1 d 2 d3 C o CO o >- <5 S»-. Hm HM-fti ^ HW -*:i-to -w rH(M -*1 -K) -c^-m^-wi -^*-*H oq (N t^ CD f- « n m ec O CO 00 54 t~ oq oq O) (M 1 ^ r-l ■ ^ ^ 3^ 51 oq > > >■ >■ > s: b." 3 3 3 K 3 •^"—i"-~t ,g *o ♦oo M 0+ 0*0 ♦« »o*c 0^ 0+ o •=:CH*<5 0+ »tDCM-*0 ♦00*0 ♦o X W- l-H p WSffi ■w Q 1— 1 Q :Q^ h-H • I * ! r I '-' eS ed C3 ^ lO CO t>s 00 o> o .- o ^ ru n "t d 8 g 8 o o iq rN (M iU o o o o o o o o O O O o o o o o o o o I— ' .— < l-H 1— » '"' r-l r-t r-< ^ .— r^ 1— ■ ''" ^^ "^ '~' \ APPENDIX D 45 A -a *t4 14 o 1-^ OJ s d C d 5^ ■4-3 ■5 m O -C CO -♦J CO 6 ^3 d aj eg ^r* gj CO So "-^ o w |S S! ■o-a CJ o Cft en o w cp S.2 f^'". 'O ?? ■3t3 g"3.a 5 CO ■-*- S£' PQ >S 13 W 1— 1 O IS ►?; i3T3 -3 £ ~i ca , TS a; TJ T1 ^ TT TJ -o a C8 1 la o >> s 1 g e s ca a B s s S S to ca g 02 > a; "r^ CS s a s g a: a; 3 3'c 03 J 8 d P- ca « m o o O OO (o O oo oo o — M o w *?. >v >~. ^ & ? 5 > <« > > > ci! > > > > > > > > g> ;^ S^ > 1 c a s — >■ ;^ >-. 1 3 Ch o C3 CO =« >> S _d c ca S T3 i* d 3 > 1 rf * =1 P tiu 60 > o o o o o ce q; ;>j OJ S^ « o ce c P o o o o o o o o S = o O O > g :o = 1 13 " X M 9 §5 > > ^ > > n 5 bO be bo 1 o to g 2 -^ o o -^ 6 6 6 6 d'O o d"^ o o -s-e -5 o ^Ui o o o T3 T3 "C MT3 ■T3 T3 T3 X3 1 ^ 6 1 '^ Ui § t^ S £ S S 1 W o o o o o o s fc- fe pL,li, 5 o tf * ,— = o o o o 00 00 00 13 0 ,^•5 -a o:z;ij n "2 o d c ld O t- 00 O 00 ,— 1 ,— 1 ,— ( ■— 1 ,— 1 05 O o T3 d S.tS'O <50 S o «-=> rH ,13 en ^SofS ■< -*1 CD : ec 00 1-H . (M nH (M OS (M 1-1 I— ( f— ( r-( ^^ I— ' Ol f 050003 XOS0503OS 03 OJ 05C^r-i CNCCCOrHTjH TtTt' i-lr— i{N i-tC^OlCMOq (M{M o ■* Ci Ci Ci Ci o OJ 05 o o o n o M i> o o t— < r— t d d o o 00 ♦oo w : o^- t-Hi— II— I I— I Q p Q I— ' 0*0 > ' — ) 0+ 0+ ■ *o»o l-H (I^K-I *o»o *o *OOi-CH-*o Qi-i :i-i O+CM- ♦o 6 15 lO CD 22 Ir- aq o 1027a 1028 1028a ce OS 05 O rH to 0 (6 % 2 S "^ rc3T3 1— • aj _s ^ ^o -c com 6 3 ■a ^S a «-« «S ^^ M '"'^S 09 r P4 e s ' S to 2 c ^ o 'J ^. u CO c o e4H t^ >" > t^ <*-> Ph eS 1 i S e 00 -a '3 -a £. C3 s •*-l > :^ S4^ > o t^ c g-- a a Q OJ 2 0 ■"^ > 1 o o o o o o o O o o 0 0 0 1 a; o OJ S o - o 2 o s B o G a d 013 d 13 >i m m to ca 111 > > > > > t» > > > > > > > > u to 5 t 5 1 C)D 0 '0 T3 IB 3 O 'Td o -a d d-S 13 6 s'l -^-g 0 k> 1 '^ ■^ r3 T3-3 13 ■-^ 'C 5 — T3 ^ 0 CO ■0^ H-o ft) a a 1 1 P 3 Sf^§T §T 2 CO s fa 1 £ £ 1 "^til ;gw m t>^ -c ■s to P U3 ^ s ■z s O ^ 4 ■Ms s 1 2 J >> 0 "^^ d -^ s I— 1 <-< •3 > CO »-iPL, -S s ■§ -*I -*1 -♦M-tN -#?> -♦?» nw CD I^ <0 1- -t r- o Oi CD t 05 03 |22 00 • a-X (N .— ' 1— 1 .— 1 .— . l-H (M ■— ' r— 1— t ,-H >— * ^ i~ r~ t~ t~ 1:- I^ I> r^ l^ r^ t^ r^ t^ t^ r* o o o o qo o o o o o 0 00 0 1 •s t~ '"". ''~ 00 00 00 00 00 oc 00 00 00 00 CO I-- r^ —4 ^ CO CO 1-' oc d cj oi t>^ T-i 0 lO n CO « M r- T-H rH r-i 1—4 «-H *o o+ *o 'O ^■^* ♦o ^ 0+ ♦00+ ♦0 *oo+ CM- jD HH »— 1 mQ '-' •— ' HH QH^ t—i Q-' I— 1 o •-> (» n ■— « f— 1 rH 1— • w-t 1— 1 APPENDIX D 47 O) C3 DQ m s b 2 g el Cf3 *j -4^ ■O C a. ^, c: 03 ^Z, rT O M d .2 S"^ ° ?r CO 1— 1 -rH 0)0 .sr s d d no ^ '+2 C3 us ■2 s s Is S - 5 00 TJ ^^^e ^^ s s " 1- S ST) 1 — 1 P. S. 'St^ 1 S 8 a. a : E 8 8 g rf « w s epq "^ e ° s s £; Jt3'« ^.1 > s o e S-'g ^ p^ o o ..- rt 1>S c n! ^ > > ce Ph > Pj . >. t*-. 1 B s 05 .- 1 > j: ^^ ^ o ^ oj - ^ 3 m n S & "S ■S o o o o o O ^ ^ o o o o o : > o S > 1 a> ^ 1 s ■*- 6 •" s ta o o > O 0! > Ji : '^ s >> s « a .i ^ > a O a 1 1 i o P-i6 6 1 d -a 00 'a. WW M t5 .r 1 § T TS A s 6 S CO d 1 6 »^ rS ^ ■^ • ^ T3 is o >) d d 0+ ■'tD CH- 0+0+ 0+ 0+ O+CH- *tD o _ o+-^o 0+ ■^ 0+ HH 1— 1 hH t-H t— 1 w 1— 1 W" HH cc I^ 00 o> o ,__, (M CD 1:^ 00 05 O ^ CM rl ^ G-1 fN oq (M (M (N oq (N cq CO c^ to ^ "^ 'P, I— < 1— 1 t-^ I— t r-i T-^ I—* ^ " ^^ ,H 48 APPENDIX D rt O) aj -, ^ ^ m 2 "1 S ■" fT* ^ n* ^ - — > I CC CO qj g P^ a; 60 1=1 , g O CO J^ o c £ oj o p-ra J3 ' xn ■£b| p.? o S " o : 80= ^ el o ^ .P3 >*- £3 > c3 g = b03 a! s S b > C3 CO ;!, to c o I i I o g CO " I o o -3 TT t^ >> I" 6^ 3 p o c3 '3 o -. CO Oj o o fin O o -a ,a 00*'^ -*» -** --•N HC-I -«1 o -»n -♦j»-**jHw S^ ;~ ^ C5 I^ o o 05 »C 05 t— ;o OO -Tf 05 t^ 1^ c ^ §• q q q o q o q QO 00 00 00 00 X 00 CD CO lO (3> O O Oi 1— c-l rH rt (N (N c— OO qq PC>'^°<^'^. "^ P odod odod odododxoc'oo oo oo cSa5 oo r^ooMcoco eo « CH 0+ +00+ -H:,} ♦o ■kg 0+ 0+ 0+ fo :0 p "-^" : APPENDIX D 4^ ^T3 rt W a a .2 g S ? ca S .S'S I g S a E-a . ^ ^§o ■^fe - o So cn CO Qj « (n d fc ° C3 o m - «, Jr; a) 5 S S _- CL, -^ <1> Oi ^ o <«. QJ m _, :— -^ o "^ 2 ^ ' 0) GJ e ., « OhO 1^ 4) O r^ S'C o^ oj S s „ c - o3 t=^. S w=^ -Si's > > >■ > > > > > > !> > CQ P^ 1 3 W g P4 1 1 3 fS 3 o 12 3 f w 3 -*j .a ^ 1 f§ d 1. c > 3 -3 d d d > o -^ 3 3 ? S fc. -O o a ¥ CO Si C4 '^ rH r^ «D 1—t I— 1 .— " 1— « r— 1 • f— 1 (N l-H oq ^ i-H f— t l-H T— < 1— 1 ^n- l^ !>■ !>■ 1^ I^ t^ !>. t— I^ t^ t-- t-^ r^ I- t^ t^ t^ r^ r^ r^ i^ r^ r^ • O o o oo O o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 1 00 QO 00 00 X 00 CO cc CO 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 cc 00 X 00 X aa Q ^ o -* CO O TT* t^ t^ t- ^ Tj* ^ S.zi cq ^ IN CN CM tM > > S 3 :< 0+ ■^o *^ 0+»t3 *tD 0+ »t3 0+ ♦OCH CH- CH 0+ ■^'XD — I KH P HH H^ 1 — 1 )— I 1 — ( )— 1 t— 1 l-H HH >-H CO iC o r- CO 05 o r- > > > > o tij 60 ■^.5 " 2 >.S 3 *^'.2 > o r 1 "^ I "^•5 WH^ l' - o i4 "= = t^^ c a " I o I 6jD'r^ " 'C ? m u C - I 'a. - 3 6C a 'P. 3 O 3 O en d c d ^ o o t^ d e -a 3 ^.=; »C 02 -i- -rf i^ O (M ^ rN CM <^ f>l ori *ci ZD cD q q q q q a a c: a Ci 5D CC Oi d O o 05 o" o q o o d o d o o o d CO o d ♦t3 ♦« CH*00*00 ♦o CM- *O»o*O*0 ■^ o* 3 :*6 8 1— t o CM oS ,— f— « .— t r- • 1—* APPENDIX D 51 s u 5 to"* a " tn 1^ oj d -^ 03 CO)- ^Sg § ? n « o o T3T3 8 C! g m _i '^ o) S a) 3 to ^2 2 e § a^ e- :3 S OJ 7* O fv» dJ o. a ° e » e s ■3 to c _ S o o £ ^ ^ ^ C4-1 -J V ^ "Eh S c o ft»~ 'ts S S ». t; =a to (3 s _, ™ o _ o a to c 3 o d 6 c 13 I ^ s 3 o 60 CO .S ' 2 3 ■ o fin I to rt-r- Hi t>^ -^ DhO -2^ o o Dh 60 T3 O o o -co o ^ ^ w^ -*?» HN rHp-t HN 50 >o cc (— « CT; CD -^ CO (M 10 (—4 >o (» 00 0 f.2i rH rH ^^ (N *"" I— 1 r— 1 1—1 CM (M (M •^ T-H I—I 1— 1 1— 1 l:~ I^ r^ Jt^ 1^ r- ,^ t~ 1^ r~ . 0 00 0 000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 0 r> 0 0 ^ 0 0 0 0 a r— 1 1— I r— t .— 1 — 1 00 r-i 0 fM CC iC 0 zo r- I- in as CT eq CO CO '~' ^ ■— ' -— ' .— 1 (N CT CT CT ♦0 ♦0 'O 0+0+ -^D 0+ 0+ ^D ♦0 0+ CH- CH»0 0+ Q Q 0 1— ( h- ( l-H 1— I PI ffi Q 1 — 1 t—t a 1— I KH ^- , * * to r^ 00 a; (M CO -r 0 CO I- 00 0 0 CT « -f 000 0 (M C-l CT CT CT S5 rM (^i CM Q-J n-i fM fM (M CM C-: CN 01 oi (M (M CT CT CT ^^ ^^ ■^ ^^ "^ l~H '—' '"' *"* ■"• r— '"' f^ ■"* *"* ^^ '"' ""• ' ' 52 APPENDIX D !>> _OT -a « .3 U3 (3 ■s 4-3 a .t5 O •o 1.2 'eS cn a> § " 1 o "*2 0) d d d d T3T3 T3 T3 2 m d •73 a> T3 -^ fa IS o 9 mm •.* b C a: m ^ g m ^ "g '^ o o ai O V s m"^ ,« .. "^ T? -* -3-0) e ^2S _2 *^ w >> f5 .3 II p fill m S : i .-: > cS cS ai . > > > > > . c4 to . 2 > > 0) • 43 •fj m OJ TS 2 ^ & — ^ ^ > rt o 2 ».&.<« g A ; y ; P( cS > c3 C3 Q t3 «> o O o o c ; o o o o O O g CQ CO P- O 4J o s a s & is o .2 3 1 2 O >. rf cS tn 2 w (-• a .i 0) iac>> ■m t- > > > > > > > > 2 > la « 1 1 ^ •a 1 1 1 o 1 o S-^ 1 ^ M S M 'oi 1 •o X " o a> u T3 o 'i^ O cj "m ^-a 5 ;2 S -5 §o 6 •a g s 3 1 *J rr-J .^i rri *J 2 o gJc 2 ■" S g §~ SP 1 1 -o -a 5 f .to & '5 g 1 ^ ^ O O 3 o ^ 3 a "i^ ^ 3 2 d d -3 1 &0 t-t uD ^ tri M ^ ^ OJ M « O 3 i --♦=> -*N -*?i Weig in oz (At. 1^ OS QO M >— ■ »o t^ n 1^ 00 00 00 r-. 03 " I— « 1— 1 " -« 1—4 t-^ d Q f-< 1— « f-H r— C>5 o5 oi ,— I d d d -^ CO CD d d d o (N lyi 3 M £ CH cv o+ Ot *o CH»0 *0 O o CM-*0 ♦o 0+ " 1— ( 1— 1 ""^ " f— 1 l-H JT^ ^- ' ' t— * ►— ( ^^ in S "^ °Q 3> O -1 (N l» t~ 00 03 O r- CO ■* d (M s s °? % CQ **3 '-3 o ri= ■S.2 cal tis teri ul .2S ^ ™ t- 0) *^ •E ■" , n1 >^ V ^H Bad ent Caeca Don 0 o O 3 o a nr -^ ri tH s Ifl £ 'rt 'ffl M c°; 0 w i='C ■« CD °a3 :2 ■?:.£■ , -5 S * w g ;e t CO O - IS CS - ^ ® O t^j 5^ X >i^^ - « « O 00 CJ X ^ OJ 4J a; T3 :£ fc; £ C m C '" CO . o 2'S — m PhC I 2 S .0 a o 1 a ^ lO CD r^ 00 05 0 1— 1 (M -r 0 lO >o 0 iO 10 0 lO 10 ^ CT . ^ E^ -S -= -a -3 -:: -r ^ ii^P= ^ ' — CO 1-2 i*^ -> OJ >- ' ^ v, « <; -73 S > e -s £ s c > > > s- p. : =« : : : : p, : : rt rt c3 K > > V -■ & — s, . =3 3 4J 5 o O P< ^ • >^ ; : ; ^*" : rf =*- d £ > XI S 3 O 2 S 2 rC rr-J rC tn '-^ o; o Ob" ■3 TJ-d o -C jS M O J o o o o T3 ^3 "^ '^ "T^ ^ « T « "ti! ^ -3 u 2 -l> C ■^ "^ =2 -^ 4) 0. shot labb shot C •^ 1 ^^ 1 Ui-^-i:)^ r° K>-* I -rr 1 g 2 « ■a CO — M c« -^ cc !< . .— . .a; So?;-:; c o o j- o o c ^~ 4J 13^ r- St: S ^•^-3^-0 -r ^ ttj o ^c£q <^£c £ ^ £ <) o ^ -a B «35 ■a cs - 3 o a J" asp ^ §17 1=5 00 O) X o o o a* a OCHO a:-- *r o CD CO o to (X (M Ol CD — c: Ol OJ .— ^ i tri ri d CO CO* CO r-^' r-^ co — fN — a:=:m= • o <— w cc ■* If: CO I' I* I* i~ 1^ t^ i^ C^ ©t (Tl W CT (M JM ^1 :m tN -1- w -1- fM >1 7-1 *o 'o ♦o *o ♦0*0 *o*o*o o* *0 X 0 — 3-1 eo tt 0 CO 00 00 00 00 X 00 on (N M (N O) l» (» O) •"* APPENDIX D 55 5 13 0} 0 2.2 _m oj also d eritis S'^ •v o 5 IS .- 1 = 5 . S-= ea r^ 0 ^ ^ * a-6 go; |ll 3 0 1 1 -t-^ -; E3 C efl as ' 3 i§.2 1 -§ f-H p. B e — 13 ill > • 3 0 0 •- s 0 > > 1 > > > > > OS 1 I "3 IS w 0 &£ £2 a "1 -. : S 0 > > : >"- p. p< •« > c^ . c. ; ca'*- P. i oo 0 0 s .J •3 (U 01 0 • 7! > 0 • 0 £ 0. p^ 00 ■ a ^ s 0 : s 0 ■ 0 ai Q s . 0 : ^ 0 0 : 000 0 00 0 . 0 0 0 & ^ a : ^ 0 0 : C3 0 0 (i. 0 &. G. : o£ : 0 eS ctf w mas > ;- ^ > > > ^ > > > > > > J3 1 bo 0 60 0^0 ClO mS 1 tf 0 T3 0 0 .2 0 1 ■a S^ t3 3t3 d d J4 T3T3 0 •2 ° 00^5 i 1 OS 0 1 si '"O u: " T § 0 ' 0 1 if .So a 3 1 i4 a P^ " fe Pm w fe fe P>H f=H P-H >^ lA T3 g 1) .9 ^ -a a a to t4 0 &- en T^ 4) 0 »^ te 6 1 1 s en 0 c a : >0 00 n< X CD 00 "* ^ Tj- '^f C5 IN ■ 1-^ ^.S-- 00 00 00 QC 00 00 00 00 00 X 00 X X XXX X X X 0 0 0 0 0 000 0 00 0 0 000 0 0 0 09 CN OJ (N n n n n n CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO m CO CO P 10 lO r~ a> 01 (M Tf CO in 05 X 0 03 CO 0 CO CO CD •*■ (M (N I— » »— 1 rH ^ ^ (N Q ^ M « -t 10 CD I^ X OS 0 -- IM CO '^ l~ 52 1-^ d 00 00 0^ OS OS 0 0 000 0 Is (M tM (M (N (N (M CI ^1 > > (a. >J.a «". > 1 §2 g 1 ^ 5 ^-^-^ B CO >-. > 1 ~ ^ '- ^ S > S > 0) « : : > S 2 2 P- • > : : to S s : : - P. !> > > > CO > cC i : : GO £ 2 >i ;e i i : 3 1 1 o c o o o ;- > > 0 0 0 o o : : 0 0000 jo • • ■ 0 : >^ M a « a * • o ~ S S => 0 - --C n - • 0 ■ • S ;1h 0 > 0 : = j I : 2 m ■^4 TO ftfe > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > 1 11 0 rt •i S ^-a 0 0) S oi o o -o ^ d d ^'^ ^-^ d d-S-^ ^* 'tfi T3 d 66666666 d d d -5 d •a T - -r^-'O ■-' T3T3 -o 1 -« -5 1 T3 -a TS'C'dxf'd'CCO -c-o -a a 1^ 5 w n P^ >, >» B C >> o "C '^ v~. T3 T3 a a ■ ^J &- -s- . S d ^ s _ ,o i- c d MO d c t-l d d d d d d d d d d 0 !-■ CM a! -■ £ ^ "i MM ■cSc-c n '3 WO 3 M T3 13 -a Tj -a -a -c T3 -o-o -3 ■Es'-*' -hW. -*» - -4^1 ■5fo> -^ (M CD CD -t Oi 0 ri\ 'r ^ 0 eo ■ X XiOr^CDOSCDXCD 00 0 ^.si " r-. ^ CM rH Ol rt — iM : r- (N CM ss CO 00 m 00 x 00 X X 00 XXX ro X « o o o o o 000 000 000 0 00000000 00 0 ^ CO CO M eo m eo ro ■* CO 't '^ Tf -f ■* Tf CO ^ -+ -i'Tf-^-f--f-^Tj'Tr ■* tC ■"»< M « o .— 1 — — O tCH- ♦00+ ^O O+'O^D CH-*o*0 *0 ■*TD*0*OC»»0»0*00+ :*o ♦0 ffiffi w wa « Q : QWQ QK • Q QQPaOQOQ QO Q „ ^ s> X 05 O '-' CO -T ..O CD i~ X a> 0 ^ S 5 C J? o o CO CO 5 aj o 1J ^P 1 1 0 ■♦J 3 e e K ^ '5. 0 ctf 00 a S (D 35 > > > -^ C5 o C a; 0) B CCS 1^ 0) a; ^ 0 H s > p s en S S S S i c^^ '■•^ a ;>C3g>>>Sg cS ^ cS C3 3I - ce CO "s > 3 > 03 3 ^ V- "3 S s o > = S S S £ : S (^ : p :o g > > > > Sg : > cs 3 3 3 3 3 3 =■ 2 oooo . o O o 0 c 0 0 -« o ^ S o"^ S S'a > > o > > o£ S g c3 OJ p s >> o o g S o s g : g^ a • a; o c3 O m a c c 3 3 s 2 w' CJ 3£> > > >>>>>>> > > > > > > > > a.P.fe 5 M T3 T3 O J4 o to 3 1 bDt/T bo 0 3 3 TS 0 T3 CIS ed 4i T5 CO X) OJ cu o S-S o 6 6 "^ ~ "^ d d d d d d ^TD 6 ddddd'o'^dd d d'-S o'" c 3 ■S'T3T3'T3'r'a'OT3 i3 T3 o-a 13 -a 3 3 ^ T3 -^^ 2 s 1^ 1^ ti(S .1 o w boo o 6h 0 fS stcj pR "H t:; N -d TJ « K t-. CO &4 C: CC CO ri a 5 as ^< -H|e»-4r»-+N -**-»] -*1 -«i-*:M5i «H« c t~ OiO^ CD OS 00 O ;0 .-H 03 t^ I.2S .-• r-C (M ,-1 _, rt IN _ (M ,-, CM .—1 •"^ (Mr-l.-.,-l^ tP -tP -^ -p-fl'-p^^'p'p-p^ tP -* tP ■* -01 Tt ■* tP "^ ici ta n O) M M CO lO CD "* CO CD t^ OOOr-QOO— 'r-tN (N (N o r-i (M CO 'V 0 CD t^ 00 05 O fc -T -r -r -p -T -p -f -r 't 1). .c O lO ic i~ 't i:^ ^. i^ lO CD CD CO CO CO CD CO CO CD CO Z « « n e<5 CO CO CO CO CO fc CO CO « cococococococococo CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO! 58 APPENDIX D ^^;:j S .2 1 Td ,£ fl ^ S > > Ik > a. o C3 ~ i > > > > > ^ s ^ >. s > s > > > a 0) 'tn > > ;^ OQ V OJ I s s = o g > '55 ea > Pj > S > f3 a 3 o .^ P. "5 >* 2 a :3 M > C3 ■" Q Zi o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o O g T3 a i g O C3 > c 3 ' e '•' S S S ^ 3 3 a a ^ 3 >« 3 W O ^s1 > > > ^ > > > "*i 1 o -a .5 na ^■a 6D a ^ ll be i .*H d 6 6 6 6 ^•S-a o d-^ =^ d -a 5 a T3-T3 ^3 T| 'T3 -3 -OT3 x) j: ■£.13 -co -o s-^ -o S V >;^t3 a ma?! 3 3 3 1 3 ^ 3 Y S o S o 1 on o O ' o o ^ o s Ph fe fe W fe fe Cm Pm -"fin ' >> >> ol tS ^ ^ O o ^ c IS m en s en -a t- to a c « do c -ox) m n a a m 0) to £.2 ">■ to d X5 a; 0) c a 2; c d d J 0) a a OJ 1 o a, 3 S M hj O 1 -171 -l;l -^ftl MM*-Hrtl -^Bi -*>1 -*?! M-t- _^-i _,,, .SP3> lO 1- to t^ oo t^ — ■ — 00 1- I- X c X o -r' Z ~.-4i ■M "M 'M ^.S- X 00 QO 00 00 00 OC 00 00 00 00 00 oo oo 00 00 X 00 X 1 o o o o o O CO o o oooo o o o q o "*! -^1 Ti; •^ ^' •*' -1*" -t "t tP •*■*"* '*' -t" •V -f »r^* rf Q 00 00 r^ 00 t-^ o -r ■■:' t^ «' 00 00 00 o d ^! « ^ ai sq (N oi Tl f>\ fr\ Ti -M -> -*:i .a c3 4 S 1 - en 3 |J P- 1 s5 >^. "3 ■a 2 m CO 1 tp - Il m (u ^ o 1 1 > ^. D "^ .3 T ^ 3*^ "3 05 a o c3 w ^ Pi' CO CQ Jj e : : : : 2 o o o o ^ o* e ■ • • * * ?3 •«»> ° 3 2 m x o

= o > =s > > > ^^ S a o 5 : a > > > £ g« . OJ ^ ■3 a >-> g ; > 0 :3 m ;3 —- 2 d a S JS O O O O O 3 o • I o O CO ; o o 0 0 '^ TS & s > O O g O =i t*_ i ; ;:S •2 a = ; S a a > S-t a a. n a .'g ■iU > > > > > -1-3 O 00 ^ i 1 ElO T3 „•« 1 to 0) 5 tlD CD t£ *^'H a ;. to to ^ a ^ a 'T3 c 0 05 o oj a; >• U^f ^ T3 ^ a -o-^ a 1-^ 1^1^ OJ 13 t«' T3 J3-3 ^T3-0-0 3TD -a c3 T3 T3 cans T3 « -ajc i 1 S =1 a a 1 a rt a c 'i r° r° \ &-I (^ t3 t~i ^ 2.'H o a a 1 c 2Pa o « S Tgss 2-^3 S t S ' "1 1 a 1 '1 US s s 1 1 w S 0 >-. >. >> m c3 C3 il: u 4> o O o •^ p^ R S -^ " CO lO « O CD CO CO CD I^ ■* CD O O oq 00 CO 00 I> 10 fM CM r^ r-H .-1 (N 1— < r-i CM f-< oq 1— t r-( 1— t 1— 1 rH ^.S- <» 00 X 00 00 00 00 OC CO 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 9S 9S 00 • o o oooo o o o o o O q o q q q 0 0 as ■* IC O rf iri ■-■ ■n >d o o o »;: »ra lO id id id id id a ^ '^" im' d ^" O lO id •* ■n -t CD CD id id id id '~^ '"' 0+ ♦o *o»o'o*o ♦o o+ ♦o ^3 * *o *o ♦o *o ^ 0+ ^ C KPO-^ a """^ f^ 1— t t—i W t-H H-t Q I—* a o <-. in M -T .- CO I~ OC 35 O rH 0^ M Tf in 5S l-~ 00 d ;5 OS a Oi a> 35 35 05 03 33 05 o o o o o o o 0 0 CO CO M « CC CO « CC « M ^ "* -^ ^ '* ^ ^ -t ^ €0 APPENDIX D a O) u H 1^ ■3 c" c -n 0 --U a Sfi en « c i^ — "C rt-O ■g § O) CO V ^ efl n3 ^ t, m P oi oj ^- O \1 I (U t^E : > s a 3£e TS -73 .Ox) . tT 0 0 0 *7? -n x).a-r3 TS^.a C c -^ s "S (!< |i< Pq [i* ui "" w ;3 o Em to 13 w • •^'S> . o o "-^ s o TJ 'O T3 =^ "XJ IT Pm be o SD I I T3 B C Y O O ' C>4 Pc< O 6 p o T3 O O 000 'O '^ '^ So o o >. 5 o *^ . . •e.s" -iCI Hct ~iy>t — fri HI5MM HN .»g !■ 0 -f 0 [^ l- Oi 1- 01 X 1^ -^ l- « 0 X 01 (M ^ (M C^ ^.s- 00 o in lO -t ■* to »0 UQ -i^ -1^' Tj^ *o »o »o "* iri ic 00 o o *0 ♦XD *0 ♦0'*T3 a -I o c-^ ♦o *oo+*o *o ♦0 0 f— 1 r- GO ei o r-i (N CO O r-l r-t r-H r-l ^3^ TT '^ '^ ■'^ o ;o t~ CO 03 O "— (N .-< 0< (M (>) rj< Tf ^ ^ M •* 10 CO CM (M J3 g ■ S c e o -a E 0 e 1 g f^ o g =« s t- m *; ^ H "o a ^ > c! > aj > > is 3 d s : : m ■|gs > m 1 a) .ci 1 •■S W) I a 'S '^.s^ ^ 'O ^ TS ^ ^ 'O 0 cS 03 m rt rt cj rf OJ U ^ OJ ij >> O) O) OJ .^ OJ •0 -a -^■3-0 ■t: d d 6 6 6'^-^ -a d d d'O - d -a o-^^-n g -a 'O >.T3 t3 13 -a TJ -a 'o-a-o t3 "3 -a TJ T3-13 2 TJ -a'^'a t^T3-5 0 c C t^ C C oj 0-« a a C'^'S d 3 3 a; 3 0 > 0 ^ 3 :=; 3 3 3 31 3 1 0 0 0 t: 0 ° 1 0 0 > 0 a •" fe fl. f-H fe-^ ^q f^H fe &< P^ >-i ca t-i 0 s £■ c S "? 0 0 d gT3'73 -0 • » 0 "? 0 0 0 -r; 000 0 0 ic d d d T3 T3 -0^3X1^ 13 > T3T3 -a -a ■fib ^ ^, -a '~ < •^ . HM -«M-*1 -*1 ^H&l Hff) ^*r) -tel H(N f|g2 CO CD 0 03 05 I^ 03 Oi CO 00 (M oq a> >t5 0 0 I>- 00 Oi 00 0 S ° 6 »— < i-t (N 1— 1 r-4 rH l-H i-t r-l i-H (M (M r-* f-H i-t CN ^.SS 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 CO Of) CO 00 00 00 • 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0000 0 0 000 0 000 0 0 0 0 0 -^ ■* -^ ^ -t "^ 0 0 0 iO lA 0 ■0 in »o 0 0 5 10 iC lO 10 0<1 Tj* Tf 'd^ -^ IN tM (M ^ lO 10 0 lO in ira 0 10 »n i 'TD ♦« ♦« 'TD 0+ »o 0+ *0'T3»0*0 0+ ♦0 o++o'^ ♦0 ■►o^o-^o 0+ P Q G Q 0 a « p«aw Q **« PQ^ •""* PPP P CJ 0 r-< (N « 'J' 0 CO I^ 00 (35 0 F— 1 (?1 M -* >0 CD t^ 00 03 0 ^ (^ m eo m c>; n CO CO M c^ ro Tf tT Tt Tf ^ •* Tf ^ ^ -^ 0 in fei ^ ^ Tf ^ r-H -f -rf '^ -^ -i^ T^ -^ Tf •:1< -J' --p Tf ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ "^ '62 APPENDIX D m *3 CO S ^_ ^ CO C.2 ^3 m f ;3 % '% 1 0 "" V 0 0^ 0 (U 1 2 .2 S rt = S £ s-S 1 « 1— 1 ■3 O 1 1 ^4 ■c §2.5-5.2° oj .2 W 0&: 55 Q ■5 1 |1 1 111 p 5 d 1 g .2.2 ^1 a § £ -Tut. 1 m a> X 5 " ° S i- f^ « n3 T3 e S c^ s -^ 00 "x i >p- i § = S e Q ii! c t^ h^ i Mg > >. >-*::i^ c T3-S rt -4-3 £ §"S > e-i=iJ -5'H u O^^ ^ 3 1 5 !> : j j > s- S > > > > j > i oo 1 > > ; ; ; ; ce g : S CC 9 > " Q i 1 I ' \ o 0 : : : : 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 : ° • 0 0 H 0 1 1 \ '. '. '' -* ; ; C I 0 = f* '' — '-' sz ; ^— ; '. s s >* 0) n § ca "O" c - Ie? > > !> ^ ^ a> 2, "■^^s 0 0 s "3 s T3 ec' c ij> '^ to en T3 o 2 :§^fd d 6 d-"^ 0 0 'S 3 k. T3^-o-a- 5t3- 5-a^ 13 0 0^ ^1 03 13 T3 t3 -CTJ -c -r -^ tS-o •r^.- a 5T 3^5' fsT 5^"^! 1 5 1 5 1 2 m 0. 1 1 c4 o ' o o 0 0 1 0 0 0 ' 0 ' s S ^ fe f^ ' P:^ fe W ^ f^ Pq f^ fci " [j£j « >. >> >a ce « IS t« h fr4 o 0 0 pi^ S -oS 'U s a 3 -^ d 3 d d g'H S a {= rt 1 1 s -^-^ 'tJ -« -E S d S OJ tn s ^.s-^fe 6^ ,1: XJ DO != ■ji "Sb ■e bo > "S *3 3 0 >^.d d 0 w> S 6 6 -r T3 c -3 W t»S ^ c3 CC tH^-c T3 T2H « S sf o -t^t -fri - S '^"^ 00 05 ^ T. \-r -r 0 0 -+ X I^ t^ a> X CD CD — 0 ^ " 2-^ d id id id id id id id id 0 ic id ic id id id id id id »n Q »c 1* If: '" id -^ -r -t «5 cd -t ■>! :c 0 ifr iC id id CD -r -T id l"; M £ ♦O ♦oCK O *0 0+0*0*0 ♦0*0 0+ 0+ ♦O^DCH ♦0 ♦0*0 ♦0 ♦0*0 *o Q o'- *"* QQ \X K'- '~^ *—i aQO Q ^ '~* a a^ '"' m CO ■* »o CO t^ 00 OS 0 ^ (N a "* iC CO t- X OS 0 ^_^ (N n '* o mo lO 0 0 10 I.- CO CC CO CO (£> CD CD CD CO CD t- Xr- r>- 1^ r* is ■* t -a- Tf -^ rf ■* ^ -* -T ■* -I" -r -* ^ Tf -# -f i4< •* ■* ^ ■^ »-* y~K f^ f— 1 l-H i-H .-.,-( rt 1—" 1— I f— < .— I 1— r i-H r- < r-4 •— r-< APPENDIX D 63 Ss ■ J=- .~ tb".2 S t- IT] >* r. 1 t^ sease — sli weal redn cipient d ase — wor nteritis >-, S .'^ s? 1 -"d G m c M -t::! t t-> -1-3 1 r oi ^ *< 1 'TS •c O OJ »-< o .t; ■ O .t= ^H c ^ > d 1 > n— riti len — c 1 u ai->f-.0>t- 'Cot es rt ?• aJT3 ^ OJ >i c« c3 a lU a; S. 0) S g IB 9 tc S ^ R ^ ^ ■e T3 .2 8 6 o o "^ ^ . - o S O) OJ Q ej 1- Q " OS > ^ c-2 c - ^ OJ^ o crt t- C t-. ►S tc t« to a. c •-,3 S'S ffl CO Pri C I s = 6E •r- -iJ 'a to to c >r-j3 (JW rQ w ou 13 TS to j^ ■r to^- g I I o I S 1= s o 3 w o t^ to — o ■.-: uo fr: lO o o l^ o »c iC »o o o "^ Ir~ 1^ CO X X 05 X C3 c^ o »c IC' L- 1> »o ^o 0+i_i „ M t-- a: o X X C3 *o ♦o 0+ Q 64 APPENDIX D s "S IB 5 > 1 red Worms Healthy— casca red egg broken Csecal enteritis Disease — very p6 ■3 0 enteritis Disease — very red c;eca Disease— exces- sively red creca do. Disease Disease Disease — exces- sively red cajca Worms bad Worm enteritis do. Worm enteritis —slight Worm enteritis do. Worms — bad Disease do. 1 CO Q i > > fl. CO CO • CO Mi pi 0 0 > > > \ \ \ \ > 2 s > 3 0 1 > ! ■- : ^ > > > B : '■ > '^ > > > >>>;.-> > > eg Q s : > ; ■- s • c >>':': > CD 0 0 9 'en to CJ 0 X 0) > s 1 : o : ° o 0 0 0 j j 0 0000 c |ooo 0 0 g 5 ; > ; > s = S ^ : : ^ g>^> o:c> = = a .•g GO OhO) > > K- > >- > > > a' g o l-> a ea s 5 CD k> CO 13 03 T3 '^ d 1 6 'a d '^ 6-66 6 1 -r^-73-.2n3dd d-^ c c c m a, a s «-3 =: 0 U CO 1 1 d 1 Of > 0.5 S 6 d T3 ^ 2 d d d d d - F C) , fc, r-3 »— I d Weight in ozs. (At.). CD 00 -f t^ -* 00 t^ CD S5 I- 1- ut 05 r- cc CD '^ 00 0; w* -hi 0 1 g CO 00 o o o in 1^ i--^ 8 q q qqq q id 0 »d >d id id !--• 00 X 00 00 oc' §g§§ §§§88 id >d id id id i.d id id 0 050305CD cdcdx'odr-; § id § 0 d K Q 0* ♦© o+»o»o ■*o 0 P, QOO Q '•t3*t3*0'^3 0+CH-»o*tDO+ ♦0 0 6 lO to 1^ 00 05 OS f— t 1— t OS OS r-t I— 1 (M CO ■- S- O. 0 • ; : ; s : : i > > > : : M 3 1 1 > > > : : : B. c to =c £ "e Ss u 1 ^a fe c o > > > > > > > > '^ > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > ^ V O) _s- >- 1 "m 6 a = > 6 ^ — > > ^ - 3 > > > 3 g > > ^ ^Z s o Q C3 o S q; aj JS o o o o o o o o o o o S O 5 O 0 000 0000 > • o o ^ tn OT 1 a s > s > g > > > g !> s c 2 = S > > > £ 'a > > > ;> j >t a 3££ > > > > > > t* >• !► OQ O.S s be bo &C s BO BD 1 g >,J3 _ o aj oj g§ i3 ^ 3 M 3 0 o -a 'O d d d d d •73 3 O g -a d « "^ ° S -■OTJM^ - 0 -§ ■a a T3T3 T3 -O -o T3 M 3 G a ? S S Y T^'S T a 3 3 1 3 3 I 1 3 3 "3 33 P. 1 g 1 (A ^ ^ (2 1 1 mo 0 0 (in 52;P^ 0 C3 loo' ' >• 'O "5 -*3 09 a tn a § tn S en =3 o 5 2- o •5^ d a > 3 0) 3 d d d d d d d T3 T3 TS n^ ns T3 XI 0 i-- O CO CO O I> -* o 00 r- I> 0 CO Tf 0 0 CD in 00 0 00 CO : ** 111 •-H oq f— 1 t— 1 ,-. _ ,-1 r-. (N Cq r-4 1— 1 1— 1 (N r-i cq . I-H 00 00 00 00 00 00 CO 00 00 00 CO 00 00 00 00 00 00 CO 00 00 CO 00 GO 22 S « o o oo qqoq o q o oqq q 0 q 0 q o^o^<::>^<::>_ 0 0 CO lO lO o >o »o o o o ■d 4n id id ic 0 »n id iri in »n in 0 0 in id id p »-H g4 (ji -H to CO CO 15 ■^ CO G o nH (M CO -^ in <0 t- 00 as o ^_, (N CO ■* 0 CD r- 00 05 0 ^ (N CO -"^t* lO d ^ rM CN M tM Ol CM OI (N CN (N CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO •* 'Tj* Tj* Ti* Tt< Tj* o in ic O lO m lO O tO lO lO o >n »0 iO >0 ITS in 0 in in in in in m »o in r-^ I-H ,— 1 .^ PM ^H '"' r-H ^^ i-H i-H i-H nH r^ r-.r- VOL. II. 66 APPENDIX D Cause of death. 1 tfi 3 QJ 3 C " -a *? q; O t- a o 1 wrong Bad cajcal enteritis Worms Villi very red- — worm enteritis Villi very red (UTS o ;r Bad disease Worms Healthy Incipient disease Healthy Bad disease Worst type worm disease Bad worm enteritis Healthy Very bad worms Bad disease Bad disease — worm enteritis Worst type Very little wrong a V m 3 "^ u Bad disease Disease 1 D. urogalli. Strongyl. Crop uample. : -- > 1~- cS > > > > > > > ^ - ■' ' > > >> > > > > > > H a; 0 crammed o V. a o 0 crammed o crammed o m c; 3 3 3 III III mauy crammed = = a 3 Trichos. O = CO = o o o o o c o o o o o 0 o g a > > a > > > > crammed 0 V. a crammed a 0 ^ = 1- a few crammed 0 crammed T3 3 2 0 «*-• C > > > > > 1 County. Manner of death. Selkirk Found dead — rotten a> 3 3 o fa s o do. Found dead — large bird, poor condition Found dead on nest with two young Found dead Found dead — large bird Found dead do. K — suspicious Found dying- caught by dog do. " Found dying — caught do. Found dead K— .shot Found dead do. do. do. K— shot, suspicious, large bird Found dead Found dying —caught do. Found dead Lancaster Perth Wigtown 3. .sl S o o s CO Moray Aberdeen Argyll Inverness do. Moray Inverness Inverness m 3 ffi 1— 1 do. Caithness Weight ill DZS. (Av.). I- c^ .- ^1 ;:: o -^ cc t^ j= -C — oi — CO 1^ !N CC 1 i 19.5.08 s ITS 00 15..5.08 20.5.08 19.5.08 22.5.08 22.5.08 22.5.08 22.. 5.08 22.5.08 23.5.08 24.5.08 23.5.08 24.5.08 23.5.08 20.5.08 19.5.08 20.5.08 20.6.08 20.5.08 19.5.08 X 00 q q in i-"^- d n 22.5.08 22.5.08 *o ! ■>!< in CO CO CO CO CD 0 in in in f—" r-t w* r-* I^ X CO CD m in 1 1569 1570 APPENDIX D 67 tc 00 t3 J= rt C rt ^ CO "- ^ 2 S3 - K Oi tfl 3 £ 1 T3 g ^ a 3 £0 fc. .2 5-2 fl ■2 "S . ■- to ^ C8 a '•-* en 0.2 -r! ■.S > i3 ■op-.''-' ■ QJ s g s-S s ^ •„ t-l ^ o o o o ■73 . V . >~ ^ 0 ^ 0 r- >: ^ X !« 0 tC t- a - a g s t- ri3 t- > C 2^ E -o S 0 rg-s 0 III 1 -A S I'i O <5 > > > > >5 a > ^ ; ; > -3 >> > > '^ > > > - > > > t> > s (13 = ■^ 73 i> 0} s s - 2 rf C3 C _. j; a . . . c5 : > : 5 > 3 •S a Q u = o 3 o c o m > 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 c j ; : C : = : 0 0 & ^ f—l a; s a s -o-B 5 =2 ;.s 0 5 0 °^ a 0 : ; : a ! "^ : 0 a 0 t»> cfi rf rt a a 0 U .ail :> > > to tjD tc 1 ^ c tc s o 'en 13 6 ■^ tp j ^ S -a T3 0 d '73 ra T) 0 0 0 c ^3 0 "•OX! S'3 -a 0 0 o.^ STSr-l j; -B r^ -a 3 C u a G T3 '^ s =i> CT3'Ca-m d'o ,'1 -a-o-o a V 3 Stbs a c Y 1 3 3 3 3 3 0 2 3 3 fafa 3 3 ^ 0 ' o loo 0 r° ^l o J3 ' 0 0 ' 0 3 ce 0 fapS --^f^ 0 1^^ f^ fi- &4 fa fa a fa M fa fa fa fa a a i £i 1 .S3 ^ 3 H m -<>^;5 K^ a.?^>-H 1— ' .— 1 ■— • (—1 r-< F— * - f— < 1— t l-H r-H — (N CO CC CO 00 00 GO 00 00 00 c» 00 00 00 GO 00 00 00 (Y) XX X o 000000 00000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0000 00 0 0 0 s o 0 0 ir: ic lO >-'^ "O 0 lO lO CD CO ;e CO CO CD CD CD CD CO CD CD CO CD CO CO r- CO « CC CO CD t-- I- 1^ 05 t^ .— ( (N (M ec ■* IN 00 0 0 CO CD ^ mm as 0 O) CM (M C^ (N CM Ol ^ ,- — . O) (N (M IM cc M *o *o*oo+"^do+*~o ■^0*OCH— 1 f^ HH ^ Q P'-^ •"• ^ Cq CO ^ »0 CD *- X 05 0 —■ IN « 't i*^ CO 1^ 00 05 0 — C3 as ^ ^c iC 0 ir: 0 lO in 0 "-~ »o iC 10 'C »c 0 XT-. iC 1^ >.': tc 0 '." »f2 >f2 0 0 lO 68 APPENDIX D ji S o u 1 Coecal worms Healthy Worms and oversitting do. do. Damage by fence and worms Worms and oversitting Bad worms and split bill Exhaustion from over- sitting Accidental. Case of re- covered worm disease Exhaustion from over- sitting Oversitting and bad case worms Bad disease do. Healthy Exhaustion from over- sitting and worms B S 1 ^ ^ ^ '^ > P3 ^ - =* fq ;- > "' s s S -S CO 0) s.. ;t 03 ll 13 c 1- ! Strongyl. &. .St: > ^ g g c > > ^ Si ta ■a s S > a o ■s s. t- > > > c > en 2 S 2 1 2 0) S O C3 O o p. 3 •§ s o o o o o o o o o o o o goo o i 1 o «> B 1) i ^ ° - > o o o 2 o 1 1 1 1 o a 1 d -o 6 T3 -a "O c S 1 s 'Si ■^ -^^-a d ^ » 1 g> bcro ■S >> If 1" £ O a >H -§ 1 1 i i 1 i S CO fV, d -£j^ m en a> S > Hi WeUht in ozs. (Av.) 1- ttl X t^ CO t~ -** ir; X >r: o' -r f; X O CD 13 1 § §§ § § g t-j i-| t-| 1-: t~-' t--: -r -t X o o o g § § 1^ 1- I- CD CO ri g g 1- t-; g gggg — ^ ^ ^ (M q CD *0 ♦OCH- 0+ 0+ ♦o ^„ „ ^ „ 0+ ♦O CH " a '-' *0 D* t— < d !5 03 O ^ (M M ■* O: O O O O O O ^ CD O CD (O O CD I^ 8 § 8 f-« l-H S 5 S 5 S * O CD CO CD APPENDIX D 69 o T3 § a .2 be m s s a QD O .S - ti 3 J) M O OJ OT o o >, ICO gj.2 g S^ rt S ?? ^ -^ "^ ^ :s cs w <; ^ P'^^ J do cstc c 5§"^ w OF - _ o E-i "» CT S r 3 S " o ^ C "3 ?^ ^ rC -^ ci 1 > g^ te ^ rf 03 - 2 a cc p O r- — 00 o O ^ '-I X 00 00 o 00 0+ *o o* 0+ Q " ch- 0+ 0 r-l (N « -* 0 ^ CD «D 05 1— < CC CD JD CD CD p— 1 CD f— 1 CD I-H CO CO CO CO 1— ( CD I-H I-H 70 APPENDIX D "5 6 Cystic seb- aceous disease of skin il O ^ and worms Overset do. a o i Oversitting and worms Worms Worms and exhaustion from o\'er- sitting Worms : re- covering with berry diet Slight worms Exhaustion from over- sitting and worms Worms and oversitting Worms do. C3 -a Crop sample. ft, e m i-3 a; o gf fe " « 1 •u -S Pi 1 o^l 's. £ P5 w C3 8 II to i > > > > > r! ^ - > i ^ 2 m a. > > = =, D. urogalli. > s c; 13 Is- = 2 >> s c o 2 g = 1 hi o o c ° : : = 00 £ GO : o o o o c 1 >• O CS S C3 O • : C t3 . S o s c : : > o ill 1 O • a B o 1 to '>. o to ^ 1 1 *'^ ^ S .2 o o' o' 1 A s m 4 ^1 1 3 O o c o o J :^ i SI lit. 1 (n 1 o' •T3 He C f— < t— 1 ^ t- QC 1- 1— < l-H I— 1 •^ Tt (O O 1— » •— 1 T-« 00 l-H a § x X X o o o6 x' §§S q GO X CO CO -t CO co' X o s g g X' 00 00 ci 'N c^ g gg od X 00 g gg CO 00 QO 1— t 1— 1 .— 1 g OO' ■<# r-t s 0+ 0+CH*O *0 1— H- It— 1 h-l 5 .zi o o+ Ot 1 d /5 CO to l-H n n CO 'f -r o ^ to O CO I^ CO CO ;o 5 ?s CO CO CO 1--5 CO APPENDIX D 71 A* s TI O 1 Worms and ex- haustion from oversitting Worms and oversitting Worms Oversitting and worms do. Worms do. do. Bled to death by lungs — worms Worms — caecal enteritis Bad case worms Oversitting and worms Worms, but killed by damage to lung Worms and oversitting do. i 1 s.„2^^l1-g t.^-%^^l^4t %^ "l^- i g>rt = -rS = zt A > > ct d > > 1 to O •g ooooco o o joooo oo o a a w 0) OJ ^ CO m c3 5 -a o a p . 1 §= ■g '^'sb-SSd d d d "= -g-^-SS-a^ tiJM T3 ^ -a =^ 5-^ -a T? -3 -a j3 T3 ^ o-o-r 3|2YI.H 3|3|-2 52 1 "2 c r< a Weight in ozs. (At-). « i-ocoo 00 CQ en o:t coi-oo) co':o Date. 17.8.08 13.8.08 7.8.08 12.8.08 12.8.08 12.8.08 12.8.08 12.8.08 8.08 17.8.08 17.8.08 18.8.08 20.8.08 19.8.08 19.8.08 No. 1652 1653 1654 1655 1656 1657 1658 1659 1660 1661 1662 1663 1664 1665 1666 72 APPENDIX D hr n oj S m s n S 5! f^ a t- O OJ oj en ° c" . S W 2 o uio >,„ ^ £ S-n few eads roun 0. e Ga -full C flower, rush-h ripeCr Low g food d A littl ~ C3 S^>( >, a> J) 2 0,0;^^ "^ 5 ''- S a; '*- ?,- ^ ^ S i3 S ^ -S" S c rt „ ^ O en a) CO 13 d e M t- ^ 5 o :> -*j ^ o ^ cu =3 >» ^ ^- s e -« ^ o T3 tlOT3 60 a -« C -^-a T1 S to P 1 3 3 w f2S O KO T3 t^ I S c g M c g gtb^j C3 >> u; " r ^ u ^- «v -5 I.LS I ggr s^ w o .13 o m -.J P-, TS •n e or) e CO S 43 □ ^ .c 13 ,13 ■t-3 3 fl 3 03 HH Ol ■»3 . -*?» HOI H« -4n Him HM -*i -+* Hoi .S'o^ ^ COCO t- ■^ 00 Tj< O r^ lO 00 CO lO lO '^ t: e 1 ? 3 8 - ST3 f, — OJ c^ O q3 t ci^^^ o a aj H 3 ,c b ;»> 5-8 t, Ci t< « _ a OJ s ai::3 ^ =3 & S j: -^3 g e o ~ o a H O cc ,e ca £ w "i o =15 t nj t;:; CO IS 0 e ci3 ^Isagg a f^ P5W e w w M i > ea > > > 4- 1 ||^a>>i OQ " > cs a X >^ '^ 1 > 1 ^1 > ce o 1 ca S c ca ca ca > > o b "" 3 c« iS 9 — 3 -H g m 3 o O" &i C m o ■"■ c ■3 g o o o o o o O O C5 o 5 o o H tn 1 !J0 „ CO ,4J & > = -i^g OJ o t> o b a a' ca £ > > o ^e > 3 t4-t C ^^1 GO Q.^ ^* 60 ri a T3 '?> O ■^ W 1 Z'^ « fed w|-§WM « 1 o d T3 T a 3 o \ 0 1 a 1 >-, CO 03 O n ^ 43 . CD « o 05 o 00 OD CD -t t^ O lO CD cd'^ ^ (M C-l 1— 1 I— 1 ^H ^ G^ ^ (N (M rH I-H (N 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 oo 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 OJ • o o o q q o o o o o o o o o o o o 00 00 00 oo' 00 00 oo" oo' 00 oo' X 00 X X' X' 00 oo' Q CD oo' (N I-H ^ CO CD Tf Tfi CD C£5 (N oq !N (M CM (N >: > >■ >■_• ^3 T3 -6 -a TJ 3 3 3 3 3^ M C3 Oj ca ca C3 •r^ .r^ •^^■'^ ™ 00 ♦o O CH- 0+ 0+ CH- 0+ i : *t3 oJ *o *o*o*o :*o t— 1 : K •"• *"* I— ( t-H ^H ^X : : ;w : w CO ^ in CD i> 00 o o 05 C3 03 Tl< in CD t^ X 03 d 21 00 GO 00 00 CO 00 03 03 CD 02 05 O; 03 CD CD CO CD CD CD CD CD CO CD CO CD 03 CD CD CD CD nH t-H r-J i-H fH rH I— 1 rH r- 1 rH T-H T-H rH I-H rH rH f-H 74 APPENDIX D _ — _ P- ■^^ ji .2 J! S 3 tH CO "-' 3 .:. 3 <" 3 iI, S •a S m 11. o e* "1 >■ •S o tC.y, -= tJ O V ■ '3 > ^> M O 60 o 5 B 5 dj OJ a> >.;:: >-. 03 .^ o S.i: > > f' ■2 S 3 i> en en m en 11 ''Js »-• >■ 0) V --*- > CO ^ 3 w 4 X X X lU ea =" a> O) 0) a> 4> (U rogslll. o eg s . ^ 1 ii T3 a) 13 . _ Q -, -a 1 o w WW 1 g^ 1'^ S S gT3T3 1 O p2 3 3 o 1 o -a 1 CO ^ S g S S 3 -3 "cS d -a . CO •s % i-' /^ >■ K-l t>H < fe: l> 'A ^ ^; 4^ . ^s7 1-, X '^ O 00 lO OJ HOI (N s 1—4 tor~ W 00 -451 I—* >— 1 P-* CN ^■ss 96 95 2 9S S 00 00 00 00 00 00 1 o o o o o o o o o o o OO o o oo O O 00 00 00 OO 03 0> 03 00 00 00 CO 00 00 00 00 00 « X X Q O 03 O 03 r- T— • 1— < (M 00 00 TI (M 71 >J CM 04 (N IN (M (N (N (N ^'■^■^ i n3 '^ -d _; 'rr TJ T3T3 ■o -d T3-0 r— ; -f-J K •—^•^^ « c« ctf ca ca ra ca ca rf rt 00 CH-ftDO+ ^3 ♦© *t3 ♦© 0+ ♦o *o tJ c»o+ ♦o ♦« *o*o ^^CH■ : -Q '. *~* Q "-I ^^ t— 1 S tu t— 1 HH 1— ( 1— 1 W" H- — cS 99 s S (M M -t S CD t- OS o o o o O iD o o o O o O o — S5 t- I^ I- r- I- t- t- I' r^ APPENDIX D 75 3 >a5 .SPS o (3 O £' O QJ O OJ :3 > m O 3 - d C ^ O X ■ H' ^°^ o S i*t m cQ eS •F-* *^ m 'j- S ni c-S c 2 S g 2 d Co h «J tc n c 11 c o c: eo s 3 -c ^ '^ O JO • Is ^ >>■ ;^ —I CO -■ W, c eU OJ 0) O C3 CJ o tic ^ C3 ^ > 5 E -a o an 1 o -^ o -a .a bo 1 3 m ^> r" o ajT^ c 'S^'a 3^^ 5 n3 3 « "o o^ o "^ pn Ph W tc 3 s nr C.2 'n cih P- Ti '^ := -T-! C m 33 o ^« W P^ W_o« tsi M N - •2 fi 3 cS o 1:1 01 CO ,a OJ p T3 t—i .— CD QC £ s 00 00 OC 00 q q q o X od 00 00 od oo' co' <— ' 01 'M 'M CO -T3 T3 ♦O 0*00+ ♦0*0 0+ g g 00 0 33 00 03 ♦o T3 ♦o a^ q o+*o o 05 *o *o -a *o q q q jC iC >0 ■'oo+'o OJ 0 r-H (M M .-H (N oq a ■^fn C 1= 5 != 2 CO r^ c SP 'P 0 3 ^ ,a 0 " 0 fS" OS P^ fe M Wo I -co o Wfr. o ex Oi j^t; = t. o o o 5 eu^; ts? ^ OC 00 03 CD 10 : 05 0 1- i-t ^' •*1 5-^ fc.si ■ 1— t " ^ . ■— (N i-H o> 05 33 05 05 a> 05 05 05 05 C2 05 03 05 05 03 CO eo TO in 0 m « « eo (N !M la 0 lO OS t^OS •^ f-* r-< I-* rH p— 1 f-H ^ l-H I-* "S T3 T3 T3 T3 ■o > « T3 -TJ T! 13 •C M eS IS ■•-~ w^ rt oj ed rt C3 £ *o ♦0 *o ♦0 ♦0 ♦0 CM- ♦0 *o 0+ 0*0* l-H l-H : Q i--t i t— t HH ^^^*-^ t— I hH ss t— 00 03 0 ^^ e^ ro -i< »o CD r- 00 . * 0 0 tM ^ lO CD 0 « •» f ■^ '^ -^ rr -r -t M" -r ic 0 lO 0 0 ^ (, 1, |, I, I, 1- 1- t- i- I- t^ I^ '" '~' ""^ *"■ "^ ■"■ ^" APPENDIX D 77 n PC 03 Cfl r at oj t; w CO - = I c 5? g 1"- I ° fc«S].2 ►-^ T3 O TO V o t. 1= -a o o a " I I'? .2^ S c S 2.S TO ^g-a 0) T3 =" d 3 G " fl t» C 3 "5 3 2 3 2 3 pE< pL| plH PLI o TO rt :« ^-a 5 s 2 o 60 R ■a c jS ^ o o T3 O O R-^ ^ T3 ^ K^^ ^ >-, a> a£i>- 3 3 ,3 CQ 3 •*^ (-1 o o 00 3 o o .S o O o OS OJ 00 d n o OS 00 0 § OS OS 00 00 00 o 05 00 o OS n 00 CO 00 o 9 P OS OS OS CC CO CO oq (M i>^ *o ♦o »o T3 03 "a CD CD ♦o : *o 0+ ^O CD t^ CO CD CO I- t-' r^ 00 CD OS CD T3 T3 'U 'O ti eS cd ^ O rH (N CO ■* t~ t~ r- r- t~ r- t^ t^ t^ 1^ 78 APPENDIX D ;3 . « °s O T3 O o ° = ° ° S S •"O i:? T3 T? --H o ^ ^ > -1^ F 1 c S 0 p a -2 ;; cu 1 > > Calluna, rush heads, few red berries V V V Mass of insect ■- \ <" fi OT -» , m en :i ^ CO ^ ^ u — -O ^' 4J •^ I t- 3^ c ( •vf-B S C > 13 s o .2 CO t« en t* '^ -^ — ^ |.HS ° 5 w 3 o' CO . I ce ElO -r a o ■§ !»> o '^^'^ c- tJ>TJ 2 c to be 1^ 5 I Sm a o c o -^ P4 fe "== >.S 3 -aT3 Y f^ O -S ^ ^ r-< 1-c M 00 o d o 05 ■": d .-• CO t3 C« 0+ . > CS-— . 00 o d *o X o d *o 00 o d o d ♦o o d 00000 d d d d X X o d X o d ♦o :? eg 0+ 'O'C-c -r-c- cs cs cs c; eS 1^ i^ ir: CD t^ X ci X X X X X t- t- I- 1- r- APPENDIX D 79 Oi tr. 3 5 Incipient dis- ease only- scabs and irritable sores from ticks Incipient dis- ease— healthy Disease do d c •3« Disease ; coc- cidia present do. Healthy Healthy ; coc- cidia present p. 1 " 1 CO > '^ is ^1 ^ SO g.'i S-a g 1 • • s 1 QJ M -J ^ t t^ 0 S S "^ fa > 1 " £ S > c3 fi = = : OJ 1 =* 1 = o > ce § o ; > s ^ : ° J o o o o o o o o ] 0 0 0 : ° g n o go o o s. o > I 0 0 c : ° Skin pre- served. > Manner of death. .2 E>? f !:= 14 t> S to tC«! •2 .S.SS ft, 'O'O j3 So- -v-^t .1 S o S to B ■>. -a — 3 o fa fa , 0 s^ 1 >> at) g l: d 1 « 05 .2 3 0 '' 1 Weight in 0Z8. (Av.) 00 M ■* CO f I- (M (M i Q 00 QC 00 O O O o d o .— CM ^ gg gg d d d d c: c; d t-^ gg d d 0 q q 0 -r 00 00 d d ♦O ♦O CH- ■^CH CH-O- ♦0*0 0+ 0+ CH- »-H t-H 0 CH 1 d IN n f .- -- r^ 00 0 0 0 0 1- QC i 00 0 X 00 00 00 oc C5 80 APPENDIX D 5 o 3 3 Disease ; coc- cidia present Healthy ; coc- cidia present do. Bad cacal enteritis Disease begun Disease 0) >> 0 :r 13 enteritis Casoal enteritis d 5" s J) £ 5 before Healthy Worms, and probably accident 5 S _ >%-= ■ _ =8 m C 0 S e 6CS S S3 3 3 2 ^ 0 ^ 82- 0 53 0 0 ^ rt •> i. tn 0 ^ j 1 " 6 > 'a =^ S3 S « S X ce > cj rt s 0 rt g§op. 3 (1. > o > > > 0 0 ca C3 g CS O ■c o o o o o ; 0 0 0 0 0 a ca S 00 1 o c « a n o o o o > o : ° 0 0 0 0 0 00 .Si-g > f> > 5!j > w •O a i a 1 ^ o W o 1 -^ "do CO T3 T3 1 13 m 3 .0 'E. tn 3 to 1 K 2 ii It d T3 'to 3 1 1 1 i i a d d -1^ d :§ --s 0 0 (-1 d T3 ■1-3 c2 1 Eu 3 — < r~ 00 § 2^2 GO 00 00 00 e<5 •* 00 00 ■0 00 CD 00 * •*- 00 05 0 r^ ^ (M 00 00 00 r- oq TO 00 00 00 o APPENDIX D 81 rt ? c — O P ^ • • o ^ " .X r^ O O ii -^ (U ^ 03 C -^ s-§ r'^ .P o 3 O O " <1J o C3^ d -a .2 g s « o cd ^& I — I rt +j S 3 m a O , "'^ ^ Pi o ^ 2 ^ 5^ a, W & o c3 S M fS § S I ^ 3 m J C5rt [S -2 &, .^ > =3 ci > CT-: Si s I 2 ^ ^ ::I > t- > .(J ^ . £rfl 2 -^ > ~ 13 IS O j3 60 T3 g T3 -73 '•a 0 13 t>v 0) I^ g MMMM ws T3 13 '^ d o d rrt T3 "TS "73 f^Ui e: a CI a" iS 3 3 3 o o o o p^ fi( ta f^ I -a c o o o o 13 13 13 o 13 "3 l=j (3 i:^ O o e3 n m a o s O 3 o Ross do. do. Invernes d d 13 13 (2 Hadding do. Peebles Hadding d d •^ Invernes do. do. 6 13 5 w^ -.p?i -K^ "*?) -Wi 3S> o ire n ire Tfi CO in • CO CD CO 1~ O .o Ol 00 I-, ^ I^ CD Ol ^ (M .— 1 (M (M (M : : r>7 ^ .-H ,-1 (M M I-H "" I-H 03 03 O! 03 Oi 33 03 03 C3 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 d o o o o o o o o oo o o o o o o O o O O O o 5 n CC CO CO CO CO C»5 CO CO -rf -f 'i^ -r ^ -* ■* -t^ ^ -f -* Tf Tl< Q ^H n ^ o ire »re o -1^ -t< 00 -f 03 03 33 t^ I^ [^ CD t- t^ t^ £^. (M ^ CO CO fN rM Ol (M IN CM (N (M fM r^:| (N (N IN (N Ol CM M 0+ CM-O o+ *0'^*0'^3 n^^^ 0+ CH-CH-»o*T3 *o 0+ ^D CH-0+0+ 0+ W "W p WMWW KQ HH QQQ-^ i—i a 1— t QQQ Q -* lO CO 1^ 00 OS O r-H CM CO -t O CD t^ 00 03 o ,_, (M CO Tj< ire IN CO B O li o 1^ w iiiii 'g o o gJ o "p-ro -e ol "a 5 K^ 2.2 9 s a H t 5 ^ ii i 1 11 3 "3 c g 1 r}! P. S PL, O cS O of S ^ - II ll 1 't-' w CD g 3 1 IS^ J o 3 >> K ^ '^ .12 . tN > >-s > 1 ra s > ~ : f^ d Q a > CS o S X X S 0) a, n 03 03 s OS .- ^ ^ TJ ^ x) to ^ ce S ^ S S 2 c >• o a ; cS ^r r cS C ° S '■' Q s ? u o CS ce o •g o o o o o o c c o o o o o a o o o 0 o CS & ^ =a i OS • s > s rt o ^ "^ 'rt 6 = ^ « = b 1 1 > a t- 75 0) .sii as ■a 13 Clo 09 be •c .2 C T3 ■5; s o o C^"3 T3 T3T3 *''0 §-« -c -a 6 3 s K fe 3 O 1 3 3 0 0 S t^ W P^ m > 13 T3 a e rt S a O) OS 1 ^ 1 d s a ^ So 6 ■2 3 tog a a a ^ 3 0 (2 M t'^'^ "^ a, 0) ,^ -g ^ ■£ ? T3 -C a 0; O 1— i-i ;z; CO ^ (S Ss^ ■*> •^ -m <-«M -«S> fM S S t- so o in Tl" lO fit- (M ^ CO a f— ' " rt r-l (N ■-1 (M (M »— 1 1— i fH OS 2 CT) OS CS O C3 OS o o O O o o o o o o o o OC 0 0 0 « in »o in "^ O -J* ■* o m lo o in lO m 10 m >o P M •<* n OS O) r—* IN (N 00 00 c> in (N r- 1— 1 f— t t- I 1 o *o ♦O Ot O+O-^O CH- ♦OCH 0+»t3 ^OtD 0* ♦o ♦0 Q Q Q W noo Q_ ^Q*-" aje K'-' - 0 » * -*- -t- 4- 4n CO 2 9-:; MMTf OCDi--oOOi 0"-H (M n in o o in 4C m in irs CD CO CO CO 55 OC 00 00 OC X Xi XX X OC X XX X X XXX X X ■" ^^- «^ r— •— 1 »— 1 ^— r-l 1 APPENDIX D 83 (U -1^ CO 1 C 0) 1 tn A S <*-« 2 S2 SSS.ai 1 ^id :-R| .11 O O ^ " o o " I to 3 " o a. o tn m d 'S m o 53 S ^ O -a gas T3 -a s wT wT'aj •« ,i s p.&,£; ^ QJ 4J I'M S 3. s 22 g 8 =" Orop 8a in 0) =3 a ¥ ^2 Is en OJ 1g ;^^ =- ^ > w a £ a ^ a > > a) =8 K •^ > s : £ > sa 1 3 -a = & " s o o > : o g:-5 > :> ca C!i?2 - : : : Q > OJ ""* i S JS o o 03 o o c o j o o o o o o I H ca 2 (U fl I— 1 B a a o a s s : o o > > £ c ■ o • >» u m H £ a .•§ 3S£ CD eg ■ m 4 to KO CO &0 S ■a fl _o T3 (3 C c '« g s ed --^ o ca ■" "^ ■o S t»^ S !>-, >, 2 « '?» ^ ^ ■a -o 6 -a d 6 •73 CO 6 d "^ d '^ Lii "^ -c t; -c 13 -a 6 T3 9 2 9 s c c c >> 5 c a 1 = 33 t* ^^ 3 a o o 1 o o o V O O S f^ f^ w '^ t^ fR > (in fc< >* 1 J< t 1 02 0) a> 1 ' S 6 n "3 (2 CO t-l d •< So d •o -*< -«1 -*! -pv«i HCl MO ^• t~ Tf '^ «5 -^ lO r^ in o CO ; ; -^ O X ^ (33 ■* « c < rH ^^ 1— ' rH i-^ 1 — 1 r^ ^-H . . 1— 1 l-H t— 4 (^ -- 1 — 1 fc-S 03 C3 o 03 05 35 03 C3 C5 03 03 03 A 03 (33 0> 03 03 as 9 o o o O O O q o q q o q q O O o o o o >o o lO" lO O iri tri id o in iO 1^3 o id o id CD CO CD Q i> t-^ r-^ c-^ 00 o> ci oj cj cvj r-: t-; Tf ^" t^ t- o J^ > GO *0 CH 0+ CM- 0+ o+ *o 0+ CH- CH CH +0 »0 o+*o ♦O *O.S,rS O* 1 Q " >-^ " ►-I HH 1— 1 >-' Q a -^ : " M 1-4 « Q : C*3 * * 03 O t-l (N « ^ o CD r^ X a o rH CM CO ^ in CD 1- X 03 d CD t^ t^ t^ t^ r^ I^ I> IT' t^ t- 00 X GO 00 X X X XX X iz; 00 GO 00 CO 00 00 00 00 OC CO 00 00 X 00 00 X X X XX X I— I .— . -— t— I '"' '~' ""■ i— ■ r—l f— ' —4 1—1 '"' 84 APPENDIX D 1 "S IB 3 5 a § 1 o enteritis do. Worms 1 CO CO Coccidiosis Healthy 2t3 0 2 0 ?! t*-i C» 0 0 en C3 CO or: 1 "0 6 Worms disease Healthy do.' Oversitting and Avorms Disease do. Worms— caBcal en s s CD • P. a 1 ,-^ ■8 00 tn S. i? 0 5 0 i •S . rt a a; IS cc «3 ^ CA C3 > CO O tn 0 • p ■7; J^ rt OJ 7: > - 0 ■ ■ >> c X 0 0 •^ M 5 to s CO i > ; 0 ; a • i i 0 09 0) CO P •^ GD ja o o o '■ 0 : I ; : : ; : =3 . C . •— 0 : : 0 •c ' . * > ■ H o a a C3 =« E i > £ I a ce 1 rt on 1=! a> -5 3 "^ cs a en _ J CO en ut °° '^s s 60 1 3 ^ » ■T3 _g '^ 13 /i T3 ^ -d 0 1 0 3 t3 ^ t5 ^ (U u OJ 0 O TS TS g o-a -a • ;:s«« en -a c C T3 11, 'T3 ZA s d c a c c c -; en c c s (^ a g s o3 s 3 3 3 — 1 = 3 o > 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 ' 0 3 Ix< f^ pt( 1^ fin fe P^ fe fcW fe [S ^« ^ X >-, 0 ^ c 1 CO > 1^ a) < "Is •5 3 >■, 3 CO d p en m > a I—" 1 "Si's of cr! ^ to C •S o-Sd CC;- Sg-f H^'l «t-t<'3W ^ HtMn -«1 HN -«N mS > « "•"g t^ »o £ 1— < 0 OS eo in ; ■^ OS in |.si ^^ f-H 1 1— 1 1 1— < M .-. (N ^ . r~* r~* i-t Oi ^2 05 Oi CT> 05 add o> C33 Oi 01 a OS 0: cs OS OS OS C o 0 0 000 c 0 0 0 0 0 0 c cdoo 000 ^ CD CD CD a M 0 n p_ 00 0 05 in w 0 r^ t^ t^ CO CD t- r- ^ r-< (M « (M cc ■ > >■ > > . -itt 5 0+ ♦0*0 0-0+ : '■^.E,*« rt 0 *o 0 0+ > 3 : 0 3 3^0 *o'ot'CH-Vti(5. Q ■ : i!^ 1—' '■ : - :W :hh i-i»-iQ cS^ eo -* >n m in cc r^ OC 03 s M^^: o <» a: a> 03 c: c: o> 0 0 d c 0 z OC 00 00 00 00 00 00 05 a> Oi CT OS OS OS OS 0: c; OS OS OS 5: OS ^ ' '" "" — ^ "" '- APPENDIX D 85 o 5 1 o iz; wrong — pricked Worm disease en (3 Disease — bumble knee, worms, shot or wounded Healthy- damaged head and neck Pricked liird — not diseased Worm disease — liack bruised Pricked bird — healthy. CO rr. S §■ c 5: 2 ti-73 lii ^ ii t- o i~ c ' — i 1) - t*-. a; u ^ ^ -S -c "<^- ^ 13 -a t3 N^ > :: g ^i-> > = OJ g. « ^ •^ CO > 2 -^ i=e = 1 QJ o o > O • o 3 IK ;3 m Q m O ' •g I o o o ■s ' H . 1 . B o o **-« : o >t CO c3 a ■§£l 55=-S EC ^ 1^ 1 S T3 -3 --> -^ ^ cS u ■o V o o "I. d d d ■a c 1 — o > o 3 cS 1 o CS S -^ !i< f^^ c^ O >-i >s (1> ^ ^ a =1 ^i fe- o 03 d d d d 3 S-S S-, d "7^ o T3 n3 13 13 « 5'3 0) :ii o >H CM MO CU M >^ is ^T -*;i "r* f^-t WM "^11 -^1 _„ — >^l Mg > CD o 35 m lO O « CD o — to 05 C5 <:> a o o o o o o o o o q q q q S d d d o d d d d d — ^ t-H s S so CD ;c X d 00 X r-." oi 0-1 —. (M >■ > TJ ^ >< O^ ♦o 13 CH- o O O+CH- *o 'XJ'O o+ ; 1 — 1 t— ( ■^ :s a s "-* * ic CD 1^ X C3 O — !>1 C<5 tC O CD r- d (N CM fn 02 3i C5 03 35 C: 03 | ^^ *"* f— < ^- t— ( — < t— ■ ^— ^^ 1 APPENDIX E. CONTENTS OF CROPS AND GIZZARDS OF GROUSE CHICKS. MOOR No. 1. CROP 1. (3S to40 days old.) Heather tips. Heads of Juncus. 2 small insects (Homopteron and ? Cipnpid). GIZZARD 1. (3S to 40 days old. ) No insects. CROP 3. (18 to 20 days old.) Heather tips only. GIZZARD 3. (18 to 20 days old.) No insect remains. CROP 5. (36 to 40 days old. ) A few heather tips. 1 Omithomyia lagopodis. GIZZARD 6. (36 to 40 days old.) No insect remains. CROP 3. (3S to 40 days old.) A few lieather tips. Portion of frond of bracken. GIZZARD 2. (3S to 40 days old.) 1 specimen of Omithomyia lagopodis. CROP 4. (36 to 40 days old.) 5 tips of heather only. GIZZARD 4. (36 to 40 days old.) Elytra of a beetle, undeter- mined. CROP 6. (28 to 30 days old.) A few tips of heather. GIZZARD 6. (28 to 30 days old. ) 2 specimens of Omithomyia lagopodis. MOOR No. 2. CROP 1. (28 to 30 days old.) Heather tips. Several heads of Juncus. I Cyrtoma spuria. 1 Anthomyiid. 3 legs of an undetermined insect. GIZZARD 1. (28 to 30 days Old.) No insect remains. 86 APPENDIX E 87 MOOR No. 3. CROP 1. (7 to 14 dayB old. ) Mostly tips of heather. A few flowers of Vaccinium. 1 male of Bibio ? lacteipennis. GIZZARD 1. (7 to 14 daya old.) 1 Cyrtoma S2)uria. Eggs of a small insect. Fragments of legs of a Bibio. Crushed vegetable remains the greater part of the contents. CROP 2. (7 to 14 days old. ) Mostly tips of heather shoots. 1 female of Ceratopof/on sp. 1 specimen of Cyrtoma spuria. 1 crushed Molophilus ater. GIZZARD 2. (7 to 14 days old.) ments of leaves of heather. s, undetermined. Frai Seec ? Nematode worm. Very minute fragments of insects. Quartz fragments. CROP 3. (7 to 14 days old. ) Mostly tips of heather shoots. 2 or. 3 flowers of Vaccinium. Small dipteron, very broken, but probably a Chironomus. Body of a male Molophilus ater. Remains of 2 females of Ceratopogon. Remains of 1 male of Ceratopogon. Fragments of 1 male Molo- philus ater. GIZZARD 3. (7 to 14 days Old.) Fragment of one of the Perlidce — ? A small species of Leuctra. Fragment of Cyrtoma spuria. 2 legs of Cyrtoma spuria. Vegetable fragments, mostly leaves and tips of shoots of heather. Crop 4. (7 to 14 days old. ) Mostly tips of heather. Fragments of male and female Ceratopogon. Male Molophilus ater. Fragment of male Molophilus ater. 1 Cyrtoma spuria. 1 Braconid, undetermined. 3 specimens of a Staphylinid beetle, undetermined. 1 small Chalcid or Procto- trypid. Gizzard 4. (7 to 14 days old.) 1 nearly entire Perlid. Minute fragments, probably of Corymbites. CROP 6. (7 to 14 days Old.) A few tips of heather. 1 flower of Vaccinium. 1 male Bibio {johannis group). 1 Empis or Rhamphomyia. GIZZARD 5. (7 to 14 days old.) Minute insect fragments, pro- bably of a beetle. CROP 6. 2 spiders, undetermined. 4 elaters, undetermined. 3 Bibio, undetermined. 2 Anthomyiids, undeter- mined. 1 small Acalyptrate muscid. 1 Chalcid. 1 dipterous fragment. Heather tips. GIZZARD 6. Body and 2 loose Elytra of an elater. Head and thorax of Elytra of an elater. Many small fragments, un- determined. Legs of ? Bibio sp. Fragments of heather. CROP 7. (7 to 14 days old.) 1 male and 1 female Molo- philus ater. 1 phytophagous beetle, un- determined. GIZZARD 7. (7 to 14 days old. ) Leg and wing of ? Cyrtoma spuria. Fragment of larger wing and leg ? — An Ichneumonid. Fragment of chitin, undeter- mined. Femur of ? beetle. CROP 8. (20 to 28 days old.) 1 female Empis. 1 female Molophilus ater. Small crushed insect, un- determined. GIZZARD 8. (20 to 28 days old. ) Abdomen and legs of female Empis. Fragments of insects, un- determined. Fragmentary small dipteron — ? Molophilus. CROP 9. (7 to 14 days Old.) Empty. Very small crop. GIZZARD 9. (7 to 14 days old.) Fragments of Molophilus, viz., legs, portions of wings, and tips of alidomens with male genitalia. CROP 10. (1 to 7 days old.) No insect remains. Very small crop. GIZZARD 10. (1 to 7 days old.) Absolntely empty. APPENDIX E CROP IX. No insect remains. GI2ZARD 11. 1 or 2 fragments of insects, undetermined. CROP 12. (1 to 7 days old. ) 56 specimens of Molophilas ater. 1 female lihamphomyia — 1 cdboseymentata. GIZZARD 12. (1 to 7 days old.) 1 specimen of weevil, un- determined. Innumerable fragments of Molop/iilus ater. CROP 13. (1 to 7 days old.) 2 specimens of Ceratopofjon sp. GIZZARD 13. (1 to 7 days old. ) Many indeterminable frag- ments of insects — ? Cole- opterous. CROP 14. (7 to 14 days old. ) 1 specimen of Diastata nebu- losa, Fin. 2 Staphylinid beetles — ? Homalota sp. Small male Limnohiid, in- determinable. -Another fragment of same. 1 Braronid, undetermined. 1 male and 1 female Cerato- pogon. Leg of ? Tipidid. GIZZARD 14. (7 to 14 days old.) A number of insect frag- ments— ? Coleopterous. CROP 15. (1 to 7 days old.) 34 specimens of Molophihis ater. 1 Braconid, undetermined. Portion of body of a chelifer. GIZZARD IS. (1 to 7 days old.) A large number of fragments of MoUiphilns ater., chiefly portions of legs. CROP 16. (1 to 7 days old.) Portions of 6 specimens of Molophihis ater. Fragment of a Homopteron, possibly a PsiiUid. GIZZARD 16. (1 to 7 days old.) Minute fragments of wings, legs, etc., quite indeter- minable. CROP 17. (7 to 14 days old.) Heather tips only. GIZZARD 17. (7 to 14 days old. ) Crushed vegetal ile and insect fragments, quite indeter- minable. CROP 18. (1 to 7 days old.) Heather tips. 1 female Molophihis ater. 3 legs of a small Limnobiid ? 1 Ichneumon, undetermined. GIZZARD 18. (1 to 7 days old. ) Unrecognisaljle fragments of insects among a mass of crushed tips and leaves of heather. CROP 19. (7 to 14 days old.); Tips of heather. Leaves of Vacciniurn myrtillus. Remains of 3 specimens of Nemoiira sp. 1 male Molophilus ater. 1 female Ceratopogon sp. 1 dipteron, undetermined. GIZZARD 19. (7 to 14 days old. ) A few small fragments of a Perlid. Grits and fragments of heather. CROP AND GIZZARD 20 (contents mixed). (1 to 7 days old.) Body of a female Curntopogoji . Minute fragments of legs — ? Coleopterou.s. Fragment of wing, undeter- mined. Grit and vegetable fragments. CROP 21. (1 to 7 days old.) Heather tips. About 50 specimens Molophihis ater. of GIZZARD 21. (1 to 7 days old.) Crushed fragments of heather. Fragments of legs, wings, etc., of Molophihis ater. A few grits. CROP 22. (18 to 20 days old.) Heather tips. Over 100 specimens of Molo- phihis ater. 1 male Dicranota bimaculata. 1 female Limnobiid, undeter- mined. GIZZARD 22. (18 to 20 days old.) Crushed fragments of heather. A mass of fragments of legs and other parts of Molo- phihis (iter. CROP 23. (1 to 7 days old.) A few tips of heather. GIZZARD 23. (1 to 17 days old. ) Fragments of heather. A few remains of some un- determined coleopterous insect. CROP 24. (1 to 7 days old.) Tips of heather. 1 crushed male of ? Rhypho- loph us sp. 1 male of Cyrtoma sptiria. 1 male of Sphftrophoria men- thdstri. ? 1 JJiiienra sp. GIZZARD 24. (1 to 7 days old.) Fragments of hojither. Many insect fragments, minute and indeterminable. APPENDIX E 89 CROP 25. (7 to 14 days Old.) Tips of heather. 2 flowering lieads of Erica sp. Unripe fruiting capsule of moss — ? Fuiiaria. Small male Chironomid, un- determined. Larva of a dipteron — ? A Limnobiid. 3 males of Ceratopogo7i sp. Female of Ceratopoyon sp. 2 legs of a dipteron, un- determined. GIZZARD 25. (7 to 14 days old. ) A mass of crushed heather tips and numerous minute fragments of insects, quite indeterminable. CROP 26. (1 to 7 days old. ) Tips of heather. 4 males and 7 females of Molophilus ater. GIZZARD 26. (1 to 7 days old.) Crushed fragments of heather. Remains of insects, much crushed and indetermin- able, including head of a beetle, fragments of legs, etc. CROP 1. (1 to 7 days old. ) 2 small fragments of heather. GIZZARD I. (1 to 7 days old. ) Fragments of heather. CROP 2. (1 to 7 days old.) A few fragments of heather. GIZZARD 2. (1 to 7 days old.) A few fragments of heather. CROP 3. (1 to 7 days old. ) Fragments of heather. GIZZARD 3. {1 to 7 days old.) Fragments of heather. A number of seeds, undeter- mined. 1 small spiny fragment, possibly the femur of some aquatic larva. MOOR No. 4. CROP 4. (7 to 14 days old.) Entire Phalangid, undeter- mined. Entire Anthomyiid, probably a Phorbia. 3 fruits of Empetrum nigrum (green). Portion of leaf of Vaccinium myrtillus. Several tips of heather. 3 corolljs of Vaccinium. GIZZARD 4. (7 to 14 days old.) Crushed fragments of heather. 4 fruits of EmpetruTn 'nigrum. Legs of Phalangid. Specimen, in several frag- ments, of Strophosomus lateralis. Several other minute frag- ments of insects, undeter- mined. CROP 5. (18 to 20 days old. ) Filled with tips of heather. 1 fruit of Empetrum nigrum. 1 head of Jnncus. GIZZARD 5. (18 to 20 days old.) Crushed fragments of heather. Seeds, undetermined. A few indeterminalile frag- ments of insects. CROP 6. (20 to 28 days old. ) Tips of heather (chief con- tents). Fragment of leaf of Vac- cinium myrtillus. Coxilius sp. 1 female of Platychirus mani- catus. 1 female of Spluerophoria menthastri. Female of an Ichneum/mid, undetermined. ? Proctotrypid, undetermined. Fragment of an Ephemerid. 3 bodies and a head of Strophosomus lateralis. GIZZARD 6. (20 to 28 days old.) Crushed fragments of heather. 1 Tineid moth, undetermined. CROP 7. (20 to 28 days old.) Tips of heather. Tips of flowering shoots of Erica sp. Small Staphylinid beetle, undetermined. 1 male and 1 female of Ceratopogon sp. GIZZARD 7. (20 to 28 days old.) Fragments of heather (chief contents). Seeds, undetermined. A few minute indetermin- able fragments of insects. 90 APPENDIX E CROP 8. (20 to 28 daTBOld.) 1 tip of heather. Odd leaves of heather. 1 flowering head of Erica — ? Heather. About a dozen capsules of a moss. Empty skin of some insect — ? Hemipterous. GIZZARD 8. (20 to 28 days old. ) Very finely crushed remains of heather. A few indeterminable frag- ments of insects. CROP 9. (20 to 28 days old.) Heather tips only. OIZZIRD 9. (20 to 28 days old. ) Very fine fragments of heather. CROP 10. (20 to 28 days old. ) Tips of heather (chief con- tents). 5 fruits of Empetrum nigrum. 1 much crushed Limnobiid, undetermined. GIZZARD 10. (20 to 28 days old.) Finely crushed fragments of heather. Seeds, undetermined. 1 specimen of Sciara sp. CROP 11. (28 to 30 days old.) A few tips of heather (sole contents). GIZZARD 11. (28 to 30 days old.) Finely crushed fragments of heather (sole contents). CROP 12. (18 to 20 days old.) A few tips of heather (sole contents). GIZZARD 12. (18 to 20 days old). A mass of finely crushed fragments of heather. A few minute fragments of insects, quite indetermin- able. APPENDIX F. EXPERIMENTS MADE UPON HAND-REARED GROUSE. By Edivard A. Wilson. The experiments of which an account is to be given in this chapter were conducted at St Catherine's, Frimley, where, upon a tract of heather, observa- the Committee had reared a considerable number of tame Grouse.^ '°° ^'^^^' A stage in the Inquiry had been reached, at which it became imperative to practically demonstrate the cause of " Grouse Disease." For this Artificial purpose certain healthy birds were infected. Care was taken to infect '° ^^ '°"' the smallest number necessary for the success of the experiment. The attempt to infect hand-reared Grouse with "Grouse Disease" by con- taminating their food and water with the larvfe of the Trichostrongylns pergracilis was for some time unsuccessful ; but as it led to a far Experi- more complete knowledge of the life history of the nematode ™rs° unsuo- in question, and of the manner of its admission to the Grouse, the '"'^^ " ' initial failure, which lasted over a period of some months, ultimately con- tributed to the final success. The Grouse, twelve in number, were from one to two or three years old, and all of them had been hand reared, either from the eggs of Birds sub- wild birds picked up on the Grouse moor, or from eggs laid in ix*peri-° captivity at Frimley. ™^° " For the purpose of the experiments, it was necessary to arrange a smooth flooring to the coops or runs in which the birds were confined, so that the collection of every portion of the dejecta was made possible. The Flooring of board floors were built with care, and made smooth and close-fitting ™°P®- to the run. There was thus no possibility of losing any part of the droppings, and the floor was left clean after each observation. ' Vide chap. xxii. p. 48.3. 91 92 APPENDIX F The amount of csecal dejecta, i.e., the softer pasty matter which is passed from the caecum directly after the harder dropping, varied considerably from Ceeoai ^^Y ^0 ^'"-W- ^^^ ^ rule, the health of the bird was obviously better ejecta. ■^vhen the csecal dejecta was very abundant. When a bird was sick and moping, the csecal dejecta was often greatly reduced in quantity. (1). Experiments on Grits. One of the objects of the experiments was to learn something of the method of passage and the use of the grits which are normally in the gizzard of the Grouse. On 17th October two healthy Grouse cocks A and B were enclosed Grit star- Separately in wire runs with boarded floors, and were given no stony ration. gj-j^g^ On the tenth day of grit starvation both birds were given the Effects of opportunity of eating ripe and half-ripe blackberries, as only two or diets. three grits per day were being passed. It was thought that the hard pip of the blackberries might increase the rate of loss of the stony Black- grit, as it often appears to do in wild birds (see chapter iv. pp. 98-99). The opportunity was continued for five days, but neither of the birds would eat the berries. As the birds were being fed on dari, a search was made to discover whether any whole seeds were passed unbroken suggesting the want of stony _ . grit to break them. But no unbroken seeds were found, so it was Dan. ° ' safe to conclude that at this, the twelfth day of grit starvation, sufficient grit remained in the gizzard to grind up the seed. The pieces of rice and dari in the dejecta were always small and hard, but not powdered, and probably a good deal passed thus undigested. The heather seemed to be sufficiently broken up and digested even after twelve days of abstinence from grit. The droppings of both birds were at this time formed always of well- teased heather fibres, and rice and grain remnants. No whole grains were passed, and when castor oil was administered there was no increased loss of stony grits. The question then arose as to the amount of grit remaining to deal with the food which was being eaten. It seemed probable that the larger pieces of grit were being retained, aud were sufficient for a certain definite and APPENDIX F 93 reduced amount of work and no more ; hence the insufficiently digested fragments of rice and dari orrain. In the wild bird old age is often indicated by the size and wear of the grains of quartz in the gizzard. For example, an old cock will have some small pieces, but a far greater number of smooth-worn large pieces. On October 2nd the droppings continued to show that the food was broken up, both dari, rice, and heather shoots, but not in all cases sufficiently for complete digestion. On October 3rd all seed and grain food was cut off, and only heather and green food were allowed to A and B. Cranberries which were given both whole and chopped in pieces were not touched. On October 5th birds A and B were being fed on heather and green food only, and they began to pass far more bulky and well-formed droppings, amounting to a third more than before, and of larger and green Tn food. calibre. The bird B, a young cock Grouse, died on October 7th after having Dg^th of survived complete abstinence from stony grits for twenty-one days, first bird B. The post - mortem examination of this bird showed no immediate cause for death, and no really pathological change except some inflammation of the cseca, and some Coccidiosis. A great many coccidia were found in the duodenum, stomach, and casca, as well as in the main gut. mortem The pancreas was hyperfemic and congested, as was also the intestine. But the Coccidiosis did not seem sufficiently severe to have caused death alone. All the other organs, heart, lungs, and spleen, liver and kidneys were normal. The gizzard, however, was very small and very horny within, the lining being more resistant than in any old, wild bird. The organ still contained a good deal of grit and food. Death must have been accelerated by the diminished digestion and absorp- tion of food which resulted from the reduced intake, for the bird's appetite appeared to keep pace with its capacity for grinding food up in q^^_ the gizzard. This is a point which bears upon the conditions affect- '=i"'^'°"s- ing a wild bird in time of heavy snow. Then the Grouse probably undergoes an involuntary grit starvation, resembling that of the above experiment. But the conditions would be worse, for the bird would have less food to choose from, and certainly less soft food to eat. 94 APPENDIX F It appears from the experiment that when a Grouse is fully supplied with food and grit, much grit is picked up, and much is passed through the bird each day. The ejected grit consists chiefly of the smaller pieces and of the sand which have been formed partly from the rubbing together of the smaller sharp, edged bits. If, however, whilst maintaining the same food supply, the grit is suddenly cut off, the gizzard, having no more small pieces and no more sand to pass, will not, on that account, allow the larger pieces to pass. These are retained, and it is only by an accidental passage through the sphincter of the gizzard that a few particles of grits of any size can make their appearance in the intestine lower down, and eventually in the excreta. Larger and rather smoother grits are required for permanent use, and these are evidently retained and used for a long period; hence the smooth, worn, and comparatively big grits in the gizzard of an old Grouse. Smaller, rougher grits are required for immediate use, and are constantly being swallowed, and as constantly passing through, and being replaced by a fresh supply. After a snowfall, when all but the roughest and most woody foods are buried out of sight, and no grits can be obtained, the Grouse must starve to some extent, for it is quite conceivable that without the sharp edges of the smaller freshly collected grits the rounder sides of the older and larger grits make but little impression upon the woody fibres of old, dry heather such as alone remains exposed after a heavy snowfall. This is the time when a clearance or two here and there to expose a roadside "scrape" or gravelly bank will make a great diflference to the conditions of life for the Grouse. Given grit they can manage to subsist on poor food, but given no grit they will wander in search of it and starve if they do not find either more grit or much softer food. Several questions remain still to be answered in this connection, owing to the fact that the two birds experimented upon refused to eat berries with hard Marked sccds, and also refused to eat grits which could be recognised afterwards grits. gmjj^ g^g garnets. Samples of these stones were counted and then thrown in amongst the food ; but they were never taken as grits. It is hard to say why they should have been refused, for they were small, and hard and rough and of the same character as the ordinary quartz eaten by the Grouse in nature. The colour alone differed ; but the colour of grits in a Grouse's gizzard varies sufficiently to show that this could not have been the reason for their rejection. APPENDIX F 95 Broken glass beads of various recognisable colours were also tried, but left untouched, thus making the problem of admitting recognisable grits coloured a difficult one. e^^^^- With a scarcity of grit soft food is eaten with greater appetite than harder food, hence if corn is put out for Grouse in the winter as an extra qj,jj. feed the greatest care should be taken that the birds have equal ^'jth^hl'S opportunities for supplying themselves with grit. If not they will ^°°^- not use the corn at all, or if they do it will do them as much harm as good. Woody seeds undoubtedly bring about a loss of the larger and more permanent grits in the gizzard, and although for a time the seeds do the gizzard's woody work they cannot permanently take the place of the stony grits. ^®'*'^^- In both birds experimented upon even after a grit starvation of twenty-one days in one case, and of forty-three days in the other, there was still enough quartz grit in the gizzard to grind up dari and rice grains, as well as to some extent, heather stalks, but the last named were not really sufficiently crushed for proper digestion. Castor oil produced purging but no loss of gizzard grits, so the probability is that the mechanical assistance of hard foreign bodies like hard seeds simulating grits will always be found the most efficient agent in removing grits from the gizzard. TABLE OF DAILY OBSERVATIONS MADE UPON GRITS PASSED BY (a) DURING GRIT STARVATION. Grouse A. was a healthy cock Grouse, two years old. 1908 Weight in ozs. Sept. 17 25 Was put on board flooring, and was fed only on dari, rice, and heather. No grits or gravel of any kind was given. The droppings were collected and washed for grits daily. First day, quite one hundred small pieces of quartz and flint and a lot of sand were passed. ,, 18 ... The hard formed droppings, when powdered, just filled a dipping glass (4 x 1^ inside measurement). About thirty small grits of quartz and flint were passed, and much that was like sand, either the result of attrition in the gizzard or picked up with seeds, etc. from the peaty soil before the experiment was begun. 96 APPENDIX F 1908 Weight iaozs. Caecal droppings scanty, but entirely free from nematode or cestode eggs or worms. There were, however, some coccidian spores present. Sept. 19 23 Very few grits were passed, about eight small bits and a good deal of quartz sand. ,, 20 24 Passed seventeen pieces of quartz and flint all small and rough, except two or three which were larger and worn. ,, 21 23f Appetite failing, and droppings less in quantity and smaller in calibre. Was given dari, rice, and fresh pulled heather daily. About fifteen small grits passed. Caecal droppings were examined daily. Coccidia spores only were found. There were no ova of Trichostrongylus. ,, 22 ... Wet weather. Caecal excreta more abundant. Only fourteen or fifteen small grits were passed. Five small grits were passed. No grits were passed. Two grits were passed. No grits were passed. Blaeberry leaves given to-day. Seven grits were passed, all small. Ten grits were passed, all of fair size except three or four. Three small grits were passed. Three small grits were passed. Oct. 1 23 Three grits were passed. Gave red cranberries, but none were eaten. Three small grits were passed. No grits were passed. Droppings became reduced in quantity much less than those of the companion bird B. One small grit was passed. Twentj'-five small grits were passed. 23 22| 24 24 25 23| 26 23i 27 24 28 23i 29 23-i- 30 23 1 23 2 221 3 22f 4 22^ 5 23 1908 Weight in ozs. Oct. 6 22 )> 7 221 >) 8 22 )J 9 22 J> 10 22^ J) 11 22| >) 12 221 M 13 221 14 221 15 21f 16 211 17 21 18 211 19 21i 20 221 22 22i 24 22| 28 221 30 22 APPENDIX F 97 One small grit was passed. Ten small grits were passed. Twelve small grits were passed. Gave dari and rice again with twenty garnets. No garnets eaten. No grits were passed. One small grit was passed. No grits were passed. Still no garnets eaten. No grits were passed. One grit was passed. Healthy birds were now passing three or four times as much of the ceecal droppings as A, suggesting that much less than the normal quantity of food w^as being eaten by A. Tried A with broken glass, coloured green, and simulating quartz. One grit was passed. Gave A yellow glass, took away the green, which had not been touched. No grits were passed. Five small grits were passed. Removed all the glass. Twelve small grits were passed. No grits were passed. Gave white glass beads. Fifteen grits were passed, all very small. Cleaned away all the glass, none had been taken. Fifteen grits were passed, very small, almost like sand. Three grits were passed, very small. This experiment then came to an end. No more droppings w^ere collected. The bird had lost something like 3 ounces of weight in forty days of starvation from grits, but with abundance of food. More than half of the whole grits passed in those forty days was passed on the first day. The total amount of grits passed in the forty days equalled half the amount of grits found normally in a healthy Grouse cock's gizzard. VOL. II. G 98 APPENDIX F Table of Daily Observations made upon Grouse (B) under Grit Starvation Grouse (B) was a healthy cock Grouse, hatched four months before the experiment, and well grown. 1908 Weight in oas. Sept. 18 14| Was put on board flooring, being fed only with dari, rice, and heather, but with no grits or gravel of any kind. (B) passed about twice as much of the solid dejecta as (A) during the first twenty-four hours, also passed quite one hundred and sixty grits, all small except about twenty, and a lot of sand. Examined caecal dejecta and found no trace of Tricho- strongylus in it, neither eggs nor worm larvae of cestode or nematode, but a number of coccidian spores were present as usual. ,, 19 15 Twenty - seven small grits were passed. Very little of the grit was larger than coarse sand. ,, 20 15 Thirteen small grits were passed. ,, 21 14f Two small grits were passed. The droppings were more scanty and smaller in calibre. The bird's appetite was apparently failing ; gave dari, rice, and fresh heather daily, but no grits. Examined caecal droppings daily, found no nema- tode larvse or ova, but numbers of coccidia. Nine small grits were passed. Two small grits were passed. Two small grits were passed. Three small grits were passed. Three small grits were passed. Ten small grits were passed. Blaeberry leaves were given to-day and more grits were passed. 28 15 Twelve small grits were passed. 22 15i 23 15 24 15 25 15 26 14 27 14i 1908 Weight ii Sept. 29 I5i 3) 30 14i Oct. 1 15i JJ 2 15 3J 3 15i 59 4 14 APPENDIX F 99 s. Three small grits were passed. Seven small grits were passed. Two small grits were passed. Gave red cranberries, a numbered quantity, which were not eaten, with the dari, rice, heather, and blaeberry plants. Five grits were passed. Two grits were passed. Gave castor oil. Three grits were passed. No more grits than usual, though the motions were very loose, but ceecal and ileal, in consequence of the castor oil. The bird was weak and unwilling to move. Coccidian spores passed in large numbers. ,, 5 14 Seven grits were passed. ,, 6 124^ Six grits were passed. ,, 7 12 After death. Three grits were passed. Death occurred after three weeks' abstinence from grit, and the amount of grit remaining in the gizzard was just about equal to the amount lost and collected during the period of the experiment. This bird had therefore lost 2f ounces of weight in exactly twenty - one days, and had then died, partly perhaps of Coccidiosis, and partly of the result of grit - starvation. The amount of gritg passed the first day was again more than half what was passed during the remaining twenty days, in fact very nearly two-thirds. All the grits passed were found in the harder formed dropping, never in the caecal drooping. Only once in a sick bird has grit ever been seen by us in the caecum. That two birds should have passed so great a quantity of grits on the first day of an experiment of this kind may at first seem accidental, and unreliable as an observation. So three other Grouse were put each on a board floor, and their excreta collected and washed out to make certain that the normal output of grits was as great as it seemed to be. In each case it was so, and this ^ ^ Experi- means that a healthy Grouse with an abundant supply of food mentre- ■' . peated on and quartz grits, passes between a quarter and a third of the fresh contents of its gizzard every day, but that the amount which is passed consists chiefly of the smaller pieces and the sand. 100 APPENDIX F (2). — Experiments on artificially infecting Birds with Thichostrokgylus After the completion of the experiments in grit starvation, attention was turned to the possibility of infecting birds artificially with infection Trichostrongyliis lyergracilis, the active agent in " Grouse Disease," Strongyie and to the discovery of the method by which this infection is effected in nature. It was obvious that no wild Grouse escaped ^reatoe^^ infection, and already at Beauly Dr A. E. Shipley had, by of heather. gQ^king some heather in water and centrifuging the residue, thrown light upon the method of infection. This experiment was therefore carried out on a considerable scale, and even- tually the process of infection became clear. In the chapter written by Dr Leiper, the details of the early life history of the larval IVichostrongylus which plays so important a part in the Grouse infection, will be found fully described. Having begun the investigation by centrifuging the washings of some heather which had been used for packing a brace of birds in a game box, and having discovered living microscopic larval nematodes in it, which appeared to be true larvae of TricJiostrongylus, it was decided to make a further and more systematic examination of heather from all parts of the country. Samples were obtained and examined from a great variety of Grouse moors at various heights and in different counties, and it at first appeared as though it would be impossible to obtain a sample of heather Analysis of . . . '■ heather which did uot Carry upon it the larvae of these threadworms, and samples. therefore the possibility of infection, disease, and death. Larval nematodes, many of them closely resembling the larval Tricho- strongyliis in appearance, were to be found in every handful of heather picked between Land's End and the Shetlands. That Grouse were unknown in the area from which the heather often came, as, for example, from Dorsetshire, appeared at first sight to make no difference whatever to the wealth of young nematodes, but gradually it was realised that the great majority of the larval worms were entirely unconnected with disease, and were really free living and not parasitic nematodes. Birds were then chosen out at Frimley for experimental feeding Experi- , ./ i & mental with food and water contaminated by the centrifuged residues of the washings of heather from several selected moors. APPENDIX F • 101 Further cultures were made also of the Trichostro7iglyus larvae Larval hatched from the ova passed in the coecal excreta of infected birds, cultures. No difficulty was experienced in obtaining these. The csecal dejecta full of ova, having been placed in water, produced a very large number of larval worms actively moving in the water within a day or two. But the difficulty was to keep these larval worms alive and growing for a sufficient length of time to enable them to undergo their proper metamorphosis. It was at this point in the inquiry that Dr Leiper was called in to assist the Committee with his special knowledge of Helminthes. Cultures of early T7-ichostro7igylus larvae had already been administered to birds in which there were no nematodes, but without any result ■ , •' Failure of and the reason of this was soon discovered by Dr Leiper, who showed earlier ex- periments. that up to a certain stage in its metamorphosis the larval Tricho- strongyhis could be swallowed in any numbers by a Grouse without any ill effect. The proper metamorphosis occurred a variable number of ^ ^ . ^ Metamor- days (sometimes eight and sometimes as many as seventeen days) phosis of after hatching from the egg, and until this metamorphosis had taken place the larval Trichostrongylus would be simply digested or passed through the intestine of the Grouse. This metamorphosis is described fully by Dr Leiper, who gives a complete account of the development and life history of the Trichostrongylus pergracilis,^ while its anatomy has been described by Dr A. E. Shipley.' It remains here to explain how the experiments were carried on at Frimley, by which these views were confirmed, and by which the theory of "Grouse Disease" held by the Committee was shown to tiou of ex- periments, be the true one. The first unsuccessful experiments were made on three young Grouse, (If) ( P) and {S) of the year, i.e., of about four months old. Early ex- (M)— Weight 15i OZS. periments. (P)_Weight 16^ „ (5)— Weight 16 „ Oct. 9th. — The droppings of these three birds were carefully examined and were all found to be wholly free from Trichostrongylus and from other nematodes and from cestode worms, so far as could be ascertained by examination of the droppings, which in an infected bird almost invariably carry the ova of these worms. ' Vide vol. i. chap. x. p. 224. ^ Vide vol. i. chap. .\. p. 207. 102 APPENDIX F Oct. 10. (if)— Weight lU ozs. (P)_ Weight 16 „ (S)— Weight 16 The droppings were again examined with no discovery of nematodes or cestodes. Gave to (M) some centrifuged heather washings containing a large number of active and quiescent larval nematodes. Gave to (P) some concentrated culture of larval Tiichostrongylus pergracilis, taken from the dejecta of an infected Grouse, and recently prepared, not more than three days before, from very active worms. Gave nothing to {S), which was to be kept as a control. Oct. 12. — Examined caecal excreta of all and found nothing. (ili)— Weight 14| ozs. (P)- Weight 16J „ (^)_Weight I7i „ All were fully infected with Coccidiosis, as the number of spores in the dejecta clearly showed. Oct. 13. — Examined C8ecal excreta with no result. (if)— AVeight 15i ozs. (P)_ Weight 16| „ (/S)— Weight 16f „ The following weights were taken with the hope that some los.s would show itself as the infection became established. But no infection took place. Nevertheless, as a series of daily weights showing daily variations, due presumably to food, they are not altogether without interest, and are therefore given. (M) (P) (S) October 14 . Weight in ozs. Weight in ozs. Weight in ozs. 1.5i 17 17 15 14| 15i 16| 16| 17* „ 16 16| „ n 15" 17 16j 18 \H 16| 17' 19 14 16| 17i 18| 20 16 17| „ 22 14i 16 16; „ 24 16 j 18 18| „ 28 15| 17f 18; „ .30 1,H 17* isj APPENDIX F 103 Thus day by day the weight of each bird was taken, and its caecal excreta, collected from the clean board floor, were examined without the discovery of a single Trichostrongylus ovum. Even on November 5th, when the excreta were again examined, neither of the birds had become infected. This was a month after exposure to what was then believed to be infection. M. might have been infected by the heather washings. P. might have been infected by the larval Trichostrongylus. S. was a control, and would have remained unaffected. It was at this point that Dr Leiper suggested a new plan for experimental infection, but it was not put at once into execution, as the difiiculties of keeping cultures of Trichostrongylus larvae alive were not yet completely over- New come. Almost every culture died off before complete metamorphosis method of had taken place, chiefly on account of the difiiculty of feeding the larvae, and yet avoiding decomposition in the food. In pure water they always died. The following experiments were therefore made later. Briefly, they can be summarised as follows, the notes referring to weight, dosage, and temperatures being given in greater detail below. Of three adult Grouse purposely infected with Strongylosis, two died of marked Strongylosis. One, still living in May 1910, proved very resistant, although infected slightly. One adult Cxrouse accidentally infected with Trichostrongylus died with marked signs of Strongylosis. Of six young Grouse purposely infected with Trichostrongylus, two were killed accidentally, one of which gave no result, but the other was distinctly infected with Strongylosis. One died of marked Strongylosis. One died markedly infected with Strongylosis. Two are still living. May 1910. Of four young Grouse purposely infected with coccidia, one died and three were killed, all four showing Coccidiosis. Of three young Grouse accidentally infected with coccidia, all died showing marked signs of Coccidiosis. 104 APPENDIX F Grouse (A), Addlt 6, One Year old. Oz». Temperature. June 19, 1909 Degrees. » -"^1 )1 17 „ 26 „ July 1, „ 15 !) 3 „ >i ^ » i2 Dosage. let dose 2nd dose 3rd dose none Fresh culture (Metamorphosis doubtful.) Culture, twenty-three days old. Bird looks fit. Shows unfertilised ova in droppings — first time. There is a very slight infection with coccidia in this bird. Culture, thirty days old. Died, and was examined by Dr Leiper. "Tissues preserved. Also complete lung showing discoloration that may be 'pneumonic,' but the ciBca were intensely injected with a good deal of blood in cpecal contents. Rectum full of chalky fluid. The intestines seemed normal. Spleen was enlarged, this I also pickled." — R. T. L. " I had a look over sections of the lung and found some of the culture in the bronchioles. The cfecal condition remains the same, even though we ultimately decided that death was due to the culture in the lung." " Trichostrongylus in this case required at least seventeen days outside the body, a very much longer time to arrive at the stage of development necessary for infection than analogy would lead one to expect." — R. T. L. " I notice that in the warm weather complete metamorphosis is accom- plished in eight days." — R. T. L. Grouse {B), Adult ?, One Year old. July 17, 1909 1) 23 „ Aug. 6 „ ., 10 „ „ 20 „ II 28 „ Sept. 4 „ >, 11 ,, >i 18 „ „ 29 „ Oct. 7 „ Ozs. Temperature. Dosage. Degrees. 1st dose 1" 15| 15 ... 2nd full none 3rd dose 15 4th dose 15 5th dose 14| 1041 6th dose l.^i 13l 106-4 none none none 111 none Culture, forty-four days old. This bird was kept on the same ground, self-infected, throughout. Culture, fifty days old. Culture, seventy days old. E.vamined, and found to contain living sheathed worms, though not very many. Ciecal droppings — \ery full of Triclwstrongylut ova — used for making culture, August 23rd. Culture made on August 6th, pretty good, twenty-two days old. Same culture, thirty days old. C;ecal droppings very full of Trichodronyylus ova. Very weak. Very weak. One or two ova in every one-si.\th of field. Salt was put within reach and a little salt also in its drinking water. On board floor. The bird died and was examined by Dr Leiper. Weight lost, 5^ ounces in eighty-three days. APPENDIX F 105 "The cseca were thin and contained very moderate amount of faeces. I should say they were partially empty. No sign of mucus or other accumula- tion. The walls were very thin and there were numerous Trichostrongylus pergracilis. The contents showed large numbers of eggs. The mucosa of the cseca did not show any petechial spots or appear to be congested, but this may have passed off. The mesenteric veins were not dilated. Lungs showed i^ost-mortem staining." — R. T. L. Grouse {C), Adult i, One Year old. July 17, 1909 ,/ 23 „ Aug. 6 „ ,, 10 „ » 11 „ ., 20 „ 1) 28 „ Sept. 4 „ „ 11 „ „ 18 ,, Oct. 15 „ 23 „ 27 Nov. 13 „ May 17, 1910 Ozs. Temperature. 18 19 19 19i 19 19 19 20 20 19| 18l Degi-ees. 106-2 106-2 104-4 107-7 105-2 107-3 Dosage. 1st dose none none 2nd dose 3rd dose 4th dose 5th dose 6th dose 7th dose none 8th dose 9th dose Full dose of forty-four days' old culture. This bird is kept on same fouled ground all through to end of experiment. Used a culture seventy days old, in wliich were mo-\dng sheathed worms. Examined cKoal e.\creta. No Trichostrongylus ova and very few coccidia. A full dose of August 6th's best culture. Same culture used, twenty-two days old. Used centrifuged culture of August 6th, now twenty-nine days. Used very old culture with living slieathed worms. The bird is strong and well. A very full dose of metamorphosed worms, made (B) August 23rd. Cajcal excretion contains still only a few ova, one or two ova in one inch field. A very few coccidia. Ctecal excreta — a uniform but spare infection, not more than one or two to the one-inch field. Culture of September 14th. Caecal excretion show two or three ova in one-inch field certainly more than before. Full dose of September 14th, culture. Living and meta- morphosed worms in considerable quantity. Still strong and brisk and very lively. (This was the last visit I made to Frimley.) Examined csecal excreta and found a good many Trichostrongylus ova and a number of coccidia sporulating. The bird, now two years old, is small, but looks well, and in good feather. Has mated with two hens this season, both now laying. This young cock has proved himself to be extraordinarily resistant to infection, compared with the young hen (B), which died in less than twelve weeks, after six doses of culture. This bird is still quite healthy, though dosed nine times with similar cultures, and kept on the same ground all the while for auto-infection. 106 APPENDIX F Even DOW it is not at all heavily infected, and has hardly lost any weight. Grouse (d), Chick ?. Om. June 12, 1909 „ 19 „ „ 26 „ July 3 „ „ 9 ,, „ IV „ „ 23 „ „ 28 „ Temperature. Degrees. Dosage. 1st dose 2nd dose 3rd dose 4th dose 5th dose none none Hatched out. Doubtfully metamorphosed culture. Culture of twenty-three and twenty-six days mixed. Looks weak and moping. Culture of thirty days. Same culture — now thirty-six days. Some worms active — most quiescent. Same culture — now forty-four days. Chick looks very sickly. Chick died and was examined. Its skull was broken — clot over brain. Probably pecked and killed. Proximal end of each ciscura, about half the length, was abnormally translucent, pale, and fatty in appearance, with injected vessels. No redness of mucosa within any part of gut, but very abundant Trichostrongylus and ova. No coccidia in caecum ; a few only in duodenum. Grouse {e), Chick. 02S. Temperature. Dosage. June 28, 1909 Degrees. ... Hatched out— one of five of "Lassie's." No coccidia in csecal excreta before July 9th. July 9 )) 1st dose Pill of rich coccidian csecal paste. » n 2nd dose Same dose. Aug. 6 )i H 3rd do.se Fed with coccidia from (c). Two untreated controls weigh 5J and 5| ounces respectively, being members of same family — (5) and (/)— treated as («) — weigh 4 and 4^ ounces. „ 10 6 4th dose Same dose. „ 20 n none „ 28 9 5th dose Used coccidia from Frimlcv bird. Sept. 4 n 9 105-3 Again used coccidia from Frimley, Yorkshire bird. The chick looks sick and is throwing " white-wash " for the first time. » 5 j> ... none Died, and was sent to Dr H. B. Fantham. Sixty-nine days old. Fifty-eight days after first infection. APPENDIX F 107 Grouse {g), Chick. Ozs. Temperature. Dosage. Degrees. June 22, 1909 > •* One of two chicks — hatched. Aug. 6 „ 1st dose Fed with coccidia from (c). „ 10 „ 8 2nd dose Do. Do. „ 20 „ 10 none „ 28 „ 12 3rd dose Again fed with Frimlej' Yorkshire birds' coccidia. Sept. 4 „ 14| 105-8 4th dose Do. Do. Do. „ 11 „ none „ 18 „ 16 105-4 5th dose Gave three pills of coccidia sent by Dr Fantham. Oct. 15 „ ... none Was sent alive to Dr Fantham. Looked well, but wasi decidedly small and undersized. " Was, I think, aneemic, but showed practically no coccidia — ^nor worras in its gut, only few spores." — H. B. F. Grouse (h), Young Bird S. OZB. Aug. 10, 1909 18 )» 20 )j 18| isJ )» 28 t? Sept 4 )» 19| 11 20i )) 18 5) 2U Oct. 15 )) n 23 »1 »» 27 » 20 Temperature. Degrees. 105-8 164-7 l66-4 Dosage. 1st dose 2nd dose 3rd do.se 4th dose 5th dose 6th dose none 7th dose Mixture of culttues — Tricliosirongylus. August 6th best culture. Same culture, August 6th. Same culture centrifuged. Culture of July 30th. Full dose of culture from {B) of August 23rd. {i) and (_; ) in same coop were first dosed. Examined cfecal excreta from the coop (three birds). Two samples were considerably infected ; the third was infected, but slightly. Examined csecal excreta ; again nothing further. Full dose of September 13th culture. 108 APPENDIX F Grouse {i), Young Bird 6. Ozs. Temperature. Dosage. Sept. 18, 1909 23 Degrees. 105-2 Ist dose Culture of August 23rd from {B) — Tricltosfrongyhis. This liird is in coop with (h) and (j ). One bird is not infected, as proved liy e.\anunation of ca?cal droppings to-daj', though one bird is very lightly infected as yet. Oct. 15 „ none Examined coecal excreta, found ova in all three. ,. 23 „ none Uo. Do. Nothing further. „ 27 „ 22i 106-8 2nd dose Full dose of September 13th culture. Grouse (J), Young Bird i. Oz>. Temperature. Dosage. Degrees. Sept. 18, 1909 2U 1060 1st dose Culture from (B) August 23rd, Trichostrongylus. Examined ccecal excreta, found no worms. Oct. 15 „ none Examined excreta, three samples, all infected. Bird looks well. „ 23 „ none Uo. Do. Nothing further. n 27 „ 19| 107-4 2nd dose Full dose of September 13th worms. UNFINISHED EXPERIMENTS. (c) Chick — cue of five hatched June 12th, 1909. Was dosed on June 19th with worm culture, and accidently killed — broken leg — two days later. (d) and (/") Chicks, hatched with three others on June 28th, were dosed with coccidia on July 9th ; previously proved free of spores in excreta; again dosed with coccidia July 17th. Were taken alive to Cambridge by Dr Fantham, August Gth, showing effects of Coccidiosis, in poor health and retarded growth; their weights 4 ounces (/) and 4i ounces (d) as compared with two controls of same family, which were untreated, 5;^ ounces and 5f ounces. APPENDIX F 109 (e) Died of Coccidiosis on September 5th, i.e., fifty-seven days after commencement of treatment. {D) Adult <^ — October 27th, 1909 — was given a solution of common salt, one dose of which killed this healthy bird in thirty-six hours. {E) Adult c? — October 27th, 1909. Very sick with Strongylosis. Was given same dose of salt as above, and died in twenty-four hours. UNTREATED BIRDS — ACCIDENTALLY INFECTED 1. No 16. A Grouse chick of Family {A) kept as control — no treatment. Hatched out June 12th, 1909. Died July 8th, 1909, "with intense Coccidiosis and marked congestion of caeca. I did not find any parasitic worms." — R. T. L. This was a case of natural infection at Frimley, Surrey. 2. Young Grouse of the year. Died without treatment and was sent to Dr Fantham at Cambridge, August 22nd, 1909. " Csecal contents very fluid — no worms — Coccidiosis without a doubt. Caeca crowded with cysts. No Strongylus or ova. No tapeworms. Epithelium much degenerated." — H. B. F. This was also a case of natural infection at Frimley. 3. Young Grouse of the year. Died without treatment, and was sent to Dr Fantham, August 22nd, 1909. " Same report. No Strongylus found but some ova. Caeca crowded with coccidia. No tapeworms. Certainly died of Coccidiosis. Epithelium much degenerated." — H. B. F. 4. Young Grouse of the year. Died without treatment and was sent to Dr Fantham, August 22nd, 1909. "No Strongylus or ova. Tapeworm present. Crowded with coccidia. Certainly died of Coccidiosis. Caecal contents, fluid and ha^morrhagia. Epithelium much degenerated." — H. B. F. 110 APPENDIX F 5. Young Grouse $. Died without treatment; was a bird of the year. Sent from Yorkshire, August 20th, 1909. Died. Hi- ounces, very thin. Heemorr- hagic fluid contents of cajcum made up of coccidia spores. Caseous nodules and flocks of lymph in peritoneum. Very large spleen. Hsemorrhagic petechiie in serous covering of caeca. Mesenteric vessels engorged. (3) Body Temperatukes of Healthy and Unhealthy Grouse. Healthy jrouse. Grouse with Strongylosis. Grouse with Goccidiosis. Degrees F. Degrees P. Degrees F. August 28, 1909 Ad. 0 106-3 • .. 1mm. 0 105-6 Ad. 0 104-3 Imm. 0 105-6 September 4, „ Ad. 0 105-1 Ad.o (B) 104.1 Imm. (e) 105-3 Ad. 0 (c) 106-2 Imm. 0 (/() 15-8 Imm. (g) 105-8 11 1^1 11 Ad. 0 (<■) 106-2 Ad. 0 (B) 106-4 Imm. ((/) 105-4 Imm. 0 (V) 105-2 Imm. 0 (/i) 104-7 Imm. 0 105-9 Imm. 0 (j) 106-0 Imm. 0 107-7 October 15, „ Ad.o 104-3 Imm. 0 Imm. 0 104-4 107-1 11 23, „ Ad. o (c) Ad. 0 Ad. 0 Imm. Imm. 107-7 107-6 105-8 106-6 108-2 Ad. 0 105-0 Imm. 0 104-5 11 ^'i 11 Imm. 0 Imm. 0 (h) Imm. 0 (i) Imm. 0(7) 106-4 106 4 106-8 107-4 Ad. 0 (<•) 105-2 Imm. 0 105-6 November 13, „ Ad.o . Ad. 0 Imm. 0 (It) Imm. 0 (i) Imm. 0 (j) 107-3 106-3 106-3 106-6 106-3 Averages 106-4i r F. 105-07° F. 105-7 °F. For Grouse ii full health For cases of Strongylosis For cases of Goccidiosis The inference to be drawn from the above figures is that in both Strongylosis and in Goccidiosis, the wasting and exhaustion is accompanied by a subnormal temperature at times. There is probably also at times a certain amount of fever. The average for health is probably too low, for tlie amount of food in the crop must always have given a lower temperature than that of the blood. APPENDIX F 111 (4) Table showing the Change in Weight of Grouse artificially infecteij WITH Strongylosis and Coccidiosis. (>4) (B) {G) (il (G) («) {!) {•J) Ozs. Oes. Oza. Ozs. 0Z3. Ozs. Oz«. Ozs. June 12, 1909 i» 19 ,, 11 22 „ 17 ,1 26 „ 15 1, 28 „ ... July 3 „ 15 11 8 „ 12 „ IV 1, ... 11 23 „ 17 18 11 28 „ Aug. 6 „ 151 19 5i 11 10 „ 15 19 6 8 18 „ 20 „ 15 19i 7i 10 18| 18i „ 28 „ 15 19 9' 12 Sept. 4 „ 14| 19| 9 14| 19| 5 11 ^ 1) „ 11 ,1 13* 19 20i )J ^^ 1-i 13l 19 16 2lJ 23 2U 1, 27 „ ... Oct. 5 „ i'if ... 11 18 „ 20 „ 23 „ ,1 27 „ 20 20 22J: i9i Nov. 13 „ 19| May 17, 1910 18* A. Strongylosis case, died seventeen days after first infection, having lost 5 ounces of weight. B. Strongylosis case, died eighty-three days after first infection, having lost 5j ounces of weight. C. Stroiu/ylosis. Still living on May 17th, 1910, but witli a significant loss of weight. E. Chick, died of Coccidiosis fifty-eight days after first infection with coccidia. Loss of weight not apparent as the bird was a young, growing chick. G. Coccidiosis case in a chick, which was apparently resistant to some extent to infection. Growing bird. H. Strongylosis case, in a young growing bird still living May 1910. Not badly infected. I. Strongylosis case, in a young growing Grouse still living May 1910. Not badly infected. /. Strongylosis case, in a young growing Grouse still living in April 1910. See note on p. 112. NOTE. The inference to be drawn from these figures is that a marked sign of Strongylosis is loss of weight, and even in the case of Grouse (C), which appears to be very resistant to .infection (though treated almost exactly in the same way as Grouse (B), the bird that died with very typical Strongylosis), there was in May 1910 a very significant loss of weight at the season of the year when it invariably shows itself in the wild 112 APPENDIX F bird on the moor. (C), having been kept on fouled ground all the winter, was as likely as any wild bird to pick up an excessive number of larval Trichostrongylus, as spring temperatures roused the worms to activity. In the case of (//), (/), and (./), three birds purposely infected at various times during August, September, and October in 1909, and kept on fouled ground, all three remained healthy until the spring, though gradually losing weight. One of them succumbed on April 12th, 1910, and was examined by Dr Hammond Smith, who found "plenty of Trichostrongylus" and the "liver studded all over with white spots, which were hard and gritty." This bird was probably (-/), but. unfortunately, the identification was lost. [H) and (/) were alive and well on May 17th, 1910, and weighed respectively 22 ounces and 21 ounces, the latter having quite a heavy infection of Trichostrongylus, to judge by the number of ova in the csecal excreta. The former very few. APPENDIX G. ANALYSIS OF WEATHER CONDITIONS, ETC., DURING THE PERIOD OF THE INQUIRY. By A. S. Leslie and W. Berry. During each of the years 1906, 1907, 1908 the Committee have obtained exhaustive Reports. on the conditions affecting the numbers and health of the Grouse stocks in different districts of England, Scotland, and Wales. The main points dealt with in these Eeports were : — (1) Health and numbers of stocks at beginning of year. (2) Weather in breeding season. (3) Success or failure of breeding season. (4) Food supply throughout the year. (5) Eesults of season as evidenced by bags. (6) Health and numbers of stocks at end of year. It was hoped that, by making a careful collation of facts extending over a considerable period, it might be possible to learn, with some approach to accuracy, which of the various natural conditions had the most marked effect upon the health and reproductive powers- of the Grouse ; especially it was hoped that some light might be thrown upon such problems as the following : — (1) What are the conditions of weather and food supply during the winter which tend to ensure a healthy and vigorous stock at the commencement of the breeding season ? (2) Are the reproductive powers of the stock most noticeably affected by the health of the birds themselves, or by the character of the weather which they experience in. the breeding season ? In other words will a healthy stock breed successfully in spite of adverse weather conditions, or would a better result be obtained from a less robust stock provided the weather in the pairing, sitting, and hatching seasons is ideal ? (3) What are the ideal weather conditions required to ensure a successful breeding season ? (4) What are the ideal weather conditions required to ensure a good food supply ? (5) What are the ideal weather conditions required to ensure that the chicks when hatched will live to maturity ? (6) What are the weather conditions usually associated with mortality from Strongylosis ? (7) What are the weather conditions usually associated with mortality from Coccidiosis ? (8) What connection, if any, can be established between the food supply of one year and the health of the stock in the following year ? The Eeports obtained on these and other matters are full of detail, and reflect the greatest VOL. II. 113 H 114 APPENDIX G credit ou the powers of observation of the correspondents who drew them up, but the work of abstracting and analysing the material has proved long and laborious, and it is to be feared that in some respects the results may not appear conclusive. Perhaps more definite results might have been obtained had the Eeports been spread over a longer period, but it is reasonable to suppose that as a matter of fact the direct effect of any one natural agency is incapable of exact definition owing to the impossibility of eliminating the various other natural agencies which form factors in the case. Thus it might conceivably happen that -a fine dry breeding season, which is favourable to the hatching and growth of the young chicks, mi"ht also be favourable to the development of one or other of tlie parasites which cause their destruction. The frost, snow, and rain which brings privation to the nesting hen and hardship to the growing brood may also serve to purify the ground of many a harmful taint. Eecorded eflects of different natural conditions are often unexpected, and still more often quite inconclusive as a guide to the conditions which make for the welfare of the Grouse. In such cases we must be satisfied with negative evidence, and in face of some of the beliefs which have been universally accepted in the past, even negative evidence and inconclusive results are not without their value. Hitherto, it has quite naturally been assumed that bad weather in the breeding season is universally destructive to the young stock, and must necessarily mean a bad shooting season, yet from the detailed reports now received it is surprising to find the extent to which this hardy bird may rise superior to mere climatic discomfort. Conversely an apparently perfect breeding season is sometimes followed by an unexpected shortage of young birds in August. The reason for these unexpected results must remain a subject for speculation in each case, for in each case the combination of natural conditions will be different, but at least the study will be useful if it checks the tendency to indulge in generalisations founded upon reason rather than observation. It became evident at an early stage of the Inquiry that no Eeports could be of value for the purpose of striking an average for the year unless they dealt with a similar set of conditions ; it was therefore decided to divide the whole Grouse-producing area into a series of districts, each having common characteristics in respect of latitude, rainfall, altitude, etc., and then, by tracing the history of the Grouse stock in each district from one year to another, to endeavour to find a solution to some of the problems which are enumerated at the beginning of this chapter. The Districts adopted for the purpose were those used by the British Meteorological Committee, and embraced the following geographical areas : — Meteorological District 0. Scotland, North — Caithness, Sutherland, Eoss, Cromarty. Inverness. Meteorological District 1. Scotland, East (Northern Half) — Moray, Banff, Aberdeen, Kincardine, Forfar, Berth and Fife. Meteorological District 1. Scotland, East (Southern Half) — The Lothians, Berwick, Peebles, Selkirk and Eoxburgh. Meteorological District 6. Scotland, West — Argyll, Bute and Arran, Stirling, Dumbarton, Eenfrew, Lanark, Ayr, Wigtown, Kirkcudbright and Dumfries. Meteorological District 2a. England, North - East — Northumberland, Durham and Yorkshire (North Biding). APPENDIX G 115 Meteorological Districts 7a and 7b. England, North -West, and North Wales — Cumberland, AVestmoreland, Lancashire, Cheshire, Denbigh, Montgomery. Meteorological District 4. England, Midland Counties — Yorkshire (West Elding), Derbyshire. Even by making use of the foregoing subdivisions it was found that many districts •contained a very varied assortment of climates, altitudes, etc. Nevertheless the main •climatic tendencies in each district were approximately uniform, and enabled certain broad generalisations to be made. Before examining the records of the separate districts it may be pointed out that this department of the Inquiry commenced under favourable auspices in respect that the year 1905 had been singularly free from "Grouse Disease." In spite of the Committee's endeavours to hear of an outbreak, mortality was only reported from one district in Scotland, and then only in a mild form.i In fact 1905 may be regarded as one of the most disease-free years within the memory of the present generation. The stock throughout Scotland, therefore, must have commenced the period under review in a condition of perfect health, and any mortality that occurred in 1906 and the subsequent •two years must have been due to the conditions which prevailed during that period, and could not have been the result of sickness lingering from the previous year. Let us now consider what these conditions were. Commencing with the North of Scotland we find : — District 0. Scotland, North. 1906—22 Reports. Weather. — In the early months average winter weather inclining to wet and snow ; a fair spring and early summer with a sharp snowstorm in the middle of May ; a dry shooting season ; an open winter with a heavy snowstorm at Christmas. Heather. — The young heather gi-ew well, there was little damage by frost, the bloom was good but rather late, except in Easter Eoss where the reports were not so favourable. Stock. — At the beginning of the year the stock was above the average in numbers and healthy ; the breeding season was unequal ; in the north and south reports were good, but in East Eoss and Mid Eoss there was destruction of eggs and young by frost, snow, and floods. A few isolated cases of mortality were reported (eleven birds from four Eeport centres, of which seven birds came from Easter Eoss),- but nothing amounting to an outbreak. On August 12th the stock was universally above the average and very healthy ; the bags were excellent, especially in the north, and the stock at the end of the year was well above the average in numbers and quite healthy. Remarks. — A first-class season all round, large stocks, large bags, no disease. The snowfall in May apparently did no harm, though birds were sitting at the time. The ' See map 1906, Appendix I. ^ Ibid. IIG APPENDIX G unfavouraljle reports from Easter Eoss appear to have been exaggerated ; but the poor heather growth in this district may be found to have affected the health of the stock in 1907. 1907—26 Reports. Weather. — An uneventful season. In the early spring the weather was open except in the Highlands of Inverness - shire, where there was a good deal of snow in the late spring (breeding season), normal in the north, wetter in the south ; August wet, September fine ; mild open winter. Heather. — In the north reports of heather growth were good, but damage by spring frosts was reported. In some places autumn burning gave better results than spring burning. Further south the heather growth was not so good; in Badenoch the heather was blighted where the drifts lay long ; the bloom was late and poor, and the heather seed did not ripen very well. Stocl,-. — At the beginning of the year the stock was above the average in numbers and healthy; but the breeding season was extremely bad, both nesting and hatching, owing to cold and wet. There was much destruction of chicks by floods, a good many second broods and many late broods; from Iloss-shire two nests were reported as having hatched after August 12th. There was little mortality from disease (sixteen birds sent for examination from seven Eeport centres).^ The stock on August 12th was a good average and very healthy; the bags were above the average, in some places abnormally good, especially in Strathnairn and Badenoch. Tiie stock at the end of the season was a good average and healthy. In Badenoch an overstock was left. Remarhs. — A bad breeding season followed by a bumper shooting season, this year furnishes an example of how a healthy stock may survive unfavourable weather con- ditions, probably, however, the big stock left from 1906 helped to equalise the losses in the breeding season. The mortality from disease was not appreciably greater in Easter Eoss than in other districts in spite of bad heather growth reported in 1906. The poor heather growth in this year will probably be found to affect the healtli of the stock in 1908, especially when combined with an overstock in Badenoch and Strathnairn. 1908—2-1 Reports. Weather. — In the first three months of the year average winter weather in the north, more snow in the south ; April and May were cold, June and July fine. The shooting season was very fine, dry, and warm. The winter was fine and open with a severe snowstorm in the north at Christmas. Heather. — Unanimous reports of exceptionally good heather season : growth good owing to fine summer, little damage by frost, bloom exceptionally luxuriant and early^ seed ripened extremely well and early all over. ' Vide map, 1907, Appendix I. APPENDIX G 117 Stock. — At the beginning of the year the stoclv was rather over the average and apparently healthy ; but as the spring advanced mortality was reported from forty-eight centres, and of the birds examined a large proportion came from Badenoch and Strathnairn though Caithness, Sutherland and, to a less extent, Eoss were also severely affected. ^ The breeding season was exceptionally good in Caithness ; further south and west it was not good, there was a shortage of young birds which some reporters attributed to the effects of frost on the eggs, but this explanation is not quite satisfactory;^ in Inverness it was better. On August 12th there was a fair average as regards numbers, but there still remained some signs of disease. The bags were up to the average with one notable bag of five thousand and ten brace on a high-lying moor in Inverness-shire.^ The stock at the end of the year was about an average in numbers and quite healthy. Remarks. — An interesting season — a fairly good breeding season was interrupted by a sharp attack of disease; this was probably due to the poor heather year of 1907 which kept the birds short of food during the winter of 1907-1908. The outbreak was most severe where the largest stocks had been left. The mortality might have assumed much larger proportions but for the timely advent of fine weather and a luxuriant growth of heather, consequently the stock was not seriously affected, and had quite regained its health by the end of the year. The series of Reports comes to an end with the year 1908, but we may be permitted to glance at the map for 1909* to see whether the fine heather growth of 1908 has had the beneficial effect upon the following season that might have been expected. The result comes up to our expectations, for we find that, throughout the whole district which in 1908 had been filled with piners and sickly birds, there has not been a single case of disease except in those districts lying between Badenoch and Loch Ness where we anticipated some mortality on account of the large overstock left from 1908. District 1. Scotland East (Northern Half). 1906—25 Reports. Weather. — For the early parts of the year the Eeports vary. Near the coast the weather was rather open, inland it was much colder with snow in Perthshire. In May there was a very severe snowstorm in the north-east, particularly in the high ground of Aberdeenshire. In Perthshire May was wet, cold, and frosty. The weather in the shooting season was good, though in some places August was wet. After that the weather was normal till Christmas, when there was a severe snowstorm. ' Vide map, 1908, Appendix I. - Vide Appendix H. p. 133. ^ This bag is of special interest owing to the fict that tliis moor was under snow during the whole winter, and had not a single bird on it till the month of May, when a breeding stock appeared simultaneously with the disappearance of the snow. This stock was particularly healthy and prolific, probably owing to the heather haying remained uncontaminated for so long ; a much larger bag might have been killed. ]'ide Table (Jloor No 7) vol. i. p. 456. ^ Vide map, 1909, Appendix I. 118 APPENDIX G Heather. ^YoMn^ heather grew fairly well ; but in tiiis district it grows very slowly after burning. Several reporters express favourable views on the effect of autumn burning ; the bloom was late but good, and the seed ripened well throughout the district. Stock. — At the beginning of the season the stock was above the average and healthy. The breeding season was reported to be very bad with good nesting but bad hatching weather; much damage reported from snow and frost in May. Owners were in despair at the bad breeding season, and in some cases, especially in Alierdeonshire, even cancelled their arrangements for shooting their ground. Yet on the 12th the stock was universally good and very healthy, and the bags throughout the district were far above the average. Only one case of disease was reported,^ and at the end of the season the stock was above the average and very healthy. Bemarlcs. — A first-rate season all round, large stocks, large bags, no sickness, in spite of conditions which were at the time believed to be disastrous. The prospects for 1907 are fairly good ; but there is a danger owing to the large stock left. 1907—54 Reports. Weather. — In the early part of the year the weather was normal, with stormy weather on the hills, snow on the east coast and in Perthshire, and some frost. The breed- ing season was generally wet and cold, August was wet, September fine ; the winter was variable and rather open. Heather. — Over the whole district the heather growth was poor, both young and old ; many reports received of damage by frost, bloom universally late and poor. Seed ripened very badly, and there was little of it; a very bad heather year. Stock. — At the beginning of the year the stock was above the average and healthy ; but some weak spots developed later, especially in Perthshire. Over eighty birds were received from thirty-five centres, eight from Moray and Banff, fifteen from the Borders of Aberdeen and Kincardine, five from Forfarshire, and forty-two from Perthshire." The breeding season was universally bad owing to wet and cold, especially in Kincardine and I'erthshire, where many young were destroyed ; not many second broods except in Perthshire. On the 12th the stock in Moi-ay and Banff was far above the average in numbers, Aberdeen above the average, Kincardine and Forfar not so good, Perth poor, being very patchy with few young birds. The shooting season showed corresponding results, very large bags in Moray and Banff, good bags in Aberdeen and Kincardine, not so good in Perth. The stock at the end of the year was healthy throughout, and the numbers left were above the average in the north and normal in the south. llemarks. — A very bad breeding season and a very bad heather year ; the former might have been expected to affect the stock of young liirds equally throughout ' n/c map, 1906, Appendix I. - Hile map, 190", Appendix 1. APPENDIX G 119 the district. In actual fact this did not occur, for tlie birds in the north were not affected by the bad breeding season, whereas in certain districts in the south the shortage of young birds was very serious. The reason for the shortage was obviously bad health rather than bad weather, for in those parts of Perthshire where the stock was healthy, the bags were good in spite of the bad breeding season. There does not appear to be any reason why the stocks should have been more healthy in the north than in the south. The prospects for 1908 are not good ; 1907 having been a l)ad heather year, the danger will be greatest in the north owing to the large stocks left. 1908—47 Reports. Weather. — A fine open January and February, March cold and stormy with wet and frost in places, April very wintry with hard frosts at the end of the month and in the beginning of May (17°, 16°, and 18° Fahren.), May, June, and July universally line, dry and warm, August dry, September wet, followed by fine weather with a snowstorm in December. Heather. — The growth was excellent ; on one moor in Perthshire birds were reported to be feeding on ground burned this spring. The growth was checked temporarily by the frosts in April and May ; but the bloom was exceptionally good and early, and the seed ripened well all over the district ; a first-rate heather year. Stoch. — At the beginning of the year the stock was above the average in numbers but in one or two places it was reported not very healthy. The breeding season was disappointing considering the favourable hatching weather, the nests were very badly filled, and a mysterious disappearance of chicks was reported from many districts. A good deal of disease was reported, especially from Moray, Banff, and Aberdeen,^ wliere the large stock had been left from 1907. On the other hand, from one district which had been swept by disease in 1907 the reports were excellent — well-filled nests, plenty of young birds, no disease." On August 12th the stocks were reported unequal, but the majority were below the average in numbers, and in many cases birds were reported still sickly ; afterwards the stock recovered, and at the end of the year was reported to be a fair average in numbers and very healthy. Eemarks. — This season offers an opportunity for considerable speculation ; very cold weather in the mating season, frost in the nesting season, magnificent weather in the hatching season, and a fine warm summer. Why were the results so bad ? Many reporters consider that the shortage was due to loss of eggs by frost; but there is little evidence in support of this view, for what eggs there were seemed to have hatched out unusually well ; and it must be borne in mind that the shortage was noted before the frost came for there were few eggs in the nests. Possibly the wintry weather in the mating season may have caused the birds to postpone their pairing, and so delayed and disorganised their usual breeding haljits ; colour is lent to tliis view by the fact that many barren birds ' Vide map, 1903, Appendix I. '' Vide Note in Appendix H. p. 13-4. 120 APPENDIX G were seen, the inference being that these liirds might have mated and bred had the weather conditions been more favourable. Against this theory we have the experience of 1906 and 1907, where it was conclusively shown that a healthy stock of birds can breed prolifically even under the most unfavourable weather conditions. And so we are forced to adopt the view that the solution of the problem must have something to do with the condition of the parent stock rather than with the weather. We know that the stock has wintered badly, we know that many birds are pining and sickly, and we also know from anatomical investigation that a bird when attacked by Strongy- losis often becomes incapable of breeding owing to the non-development of the reproductive organs.' One point of exceptional interest is the mysterious disappearance of chicks in a season which appeared to be ideal for the growth and development of young birds. This phenomenon seems to have puzzled many of the reporters. Some ascribe the loss of chicks to drought, others blame migration, but for the reasons given in another part of this book neither of these solutions appears to be the correct one.- The view already expressed that the mortality may be due to Coceidiosis ^ is suggested as a more probable explanation, and is supported by the fact that wai-m, dry weather appears to be favourable to the development of this parasite.* Until more evidence is obtained on the subject, however, the question cannot be regarded as settled. If we again refer to the map for 1909, we find that the fine heather year in 1908 has had the effect of entirely restoring the health of the birds. Only two isolated cases of mortality were reported throughout the whole of this extensive district.* District 1. Scotland East (Southern Half). 1906—6 Reports. Weather. — A normal year, except for much snow in May ; a very wet August and October, and more snow in December. Heather. — Young heather grew well, especially after autumn-burning ; some damage by frost in the Lammermoors and Peebles. The bloom was variable, but the seed ripened well. Stock. — The year began with a healthy stock, above the average in numbers. The breeding season was bad, many eggs and young birds being destroyed by snow, frost, and rain. Mortality was reported in the spring from several districts, more especially Peebles and Selkirk.^ The stock on August 12th was below the average, but quite healthy. The bags were below the average, and the stock left was about an average and quite healthy. Remarks. — Here for the first time we find the stock seriously affected by the bad weather in the breeding season, for the "disease" does not seem to have been suffi- ciently severe to account for the great shortage of young birds, though it may have ' Vide vol. i. cliap. v. p. 127. " Vide vol. i. cliap. ii. pp. 15, 16. ' Ibid. p. 16. * Vide vol. i. chap. xi. p. 264. ' Vide map, 1909, Appendix I. " Vide map, 190C, Appendix I. APPENDIX G 121 contributed. The nesting season is described as the worst for years, nearly all the early broods were destroyed in some places, and everywhere there were many second broods. These second broods and late hatchings will probably affect the health of the stock in 1907, for late birds have not the same stamina as early ones, and the heather crop is only moderate. 1907—10 Reports. Weather. — Variable in the early months. The breeding season was rather cold and wet. A wet August was followed by a dry September, and the winter was open. Heather. — The spring growth was poor, but grew best after autumn - burning ; the bloom was late and poor, and the seed ripened badly — a bad heather year. Stock. — A good healthy stock at the beginning of the year. The breeding season was unfavourable owing to cold and wet ; but the losses do not appear to have been serious. There was a good deal of sickness throughout the district^ with a remarkable three weeks' outlireak on the Lammermoors in April, which swept off 10 per cent, of the birds, nearly all cocks. The attack passed away as suddenly as it had come, and the stock on August 12th was much over the average in numbers and very healthy. Elsewhere the stocks on the 12th were irregular, and the bags variable; the stock left was about an average in numbers and quite healthy. Eemarl's. — As was to be expected there were a good many scattered cases of mortality, though the outbreaks were nowhere very severe except on the Lammermoors, where an excellent example was furnished of a quick recovery before any harm had been done. The cause of the recovery was probably a sudden burst of young growth on the heather which enabled the birds to obtain food on uncontaminated ground. As is usually the case when an outbreak occurs in April, it was chiefly cocks that died ; ^ had the attack extended into May and June hens also would have been affected, and the effect on the young stock would have been serious. The prospects for 1908 are not difficult to forecast. The bad heather year in 1907 will make the wintering poor, and there is sure to be some mortality in the spring ; but it will probably not be very serious for the birds of this year were hatched early and are consequently vigorous, they are in excellent condition and no over- stocks are reported. 1908—10 Reports. Weather. — A normal winter with a cold, wet March, followed by a very severe frost in April and snow in places May and June ; rather cold July ; August and September fine, hot, and dry. A fine open winter. Heather. — As in other districts this was an exceptionally good heather year. Some damage was caused by the frost in April ; but the bloom was excellent, and the seed ripened well. ' Ktrfemap, 1907, Appendix I. - Fide vol. i. chap. vi. p. 136. 122 APPENDIX G Stock. — At the beginning of the season there was an average stock, all healthy except on one moor in Midlothian. The nesting season was favourable except for losses from frost in April, and on the Pentlands from snow which covered the nests for ten days.^ Every- where there were a number of unhatched eggs left in the nests, and broods were small. A certain number of isolated cases of "disease" were reported, but it was nowhere serious except on the Midlothian moor referred to where early mortality was reported.- On August 12th there was a fair stock of healthy birds, the bags were a little below the average, and an average healthy stock was left. Remarks. — The only unusual event was on the Midlothian moor where mortality was reported at a much earlier date than is usually the case. The fact that many eggs were left unhatched in the nests may have been due to damage by frost, or because their fertility was impaired owing to the parent birds being in indifferent health and condition after bad wintering.^ The good heather year in 1908 resulted as before in an improvement in the health of the stock in 1909, though this improvement was not so marked as in some of the other districts.* DisTEicT 6. Scotland, We.st. 1906—32 Reports. Weather. — The reports vary considerably in different parts of the country ; the early part of the year appears to have been rather wet ; the breeding season was good in Argyllshire, but, further south. May was wet. August was hot, September fine. The end of the year was wet and stormy, with snow at Christmas. Heather. — The reports were contradictory ; on the whole a normal year for growth, bloom, and seed. The reports as to the effect of frost vary greatly. Stock. — The year began with a good average stock of healthy birds. Tiie breeding season in Argyllshire was good, with some flooding in May. Elsewhere it was a bad breeding season, eggs were frosted, birds drowned, and there were a good many second broods. A few cases of mortality were reijorted, but there were no serious outbreaks.' The stock on August 12th was a good average, counting second broods, and quite healthy; in some places the stocks were exceptionally good. The bags ranged from a good average to exception- ally good, and the stocks left were above the average and healthy. Bemarks. — It is difficult to deduce information from the reports owing to the variety of conditions in the district. The mild climate of West Argyllshire is so distinct from that of ' Vide vol. i. cliap. ii. p. 10. - FiVA' map, 1908, Appendix I. ' Vide Appendix H. p. 1,33. ^ Vide map, 1909, Appendix I. ' Vide map, 1906, Appendix I. APPENDIX G 123 Lanark and Dumfries that wet weather in the first-named county may be represented by liard frost in the last two. The season as a whole was good all over, and justifies the view that a good healthy stock will breed a good healthy stock in spite of bad weather in the breeding season. 1907—40 Reports. Weather. — The season as a whole was cold, wet, and cheerless, with frost and snow in the- early part of the year. April normal. May and June very wet and cold, July fine. The shooting season was wet, and the end of the year wet and cold. Heather. — A poor heather year ; growth was moderate, but the bloom was late and poor, and the seed ripened badly. Stock. — At the beginning of the year the stock was rather above the average and healthy. The nesting season was bad, and the hatcliing season very bad. Many losses of nests and much drowning of chicks was reported, and in some districts there were many second broods. Mortality from " disease " was reported in April and May from many places throughout the district,^ but though general it nowhere assumed the importance of a serious outbreak,, and by August 12th the birds had practically recovered their health. The stocks on the 12th were mostly below the average, and bags were poor with one or two striking exceptions,, especially in Lanarkshire where stocks were good. The stocks at the end of the season rather below the average and quite healthy. Remarks. — A cold, wet season, a bad heather year, much mortality in nesting season resulting in small bags, some losses from disease. Here, again, we find losses in the nesting season owing to exceptionally bad weather ; but the results were not so bad as might have been expected, and in some cases the bags were good in spite of adverse circumstances. As a rule it was found that the nesting results were worst on those moors where birds were unhealthy. The reason for the birds being unhealthy cannot be stated with certainty, but was probably connected with delay of the young growth owing to the backward spring. It is to be expected that the bad heather year will have a bad effect on the stock in 1908,, but the fact that the stocks are moderate may go far to save them from serious disaster. 1908—26 Reports. Weather. — The first three months were good, with some wet weather in Kintyre ; the- nesting season was dry and favourable, but a severe frost was reported universally in the third week of April, ranging from 10' to 22° F. according to the district; a fine summer except September, which was wet ; snow at the end of the year. Heather. — A good year for growth, but much frosting of heather was reported from Argyllshire ; the bloom was universally excellent, and the seed ripened well throughout. Stock. — At the beginning of the year the stock was moderate in numbers and healthy. The nesting and hatching seasons were unequal, good in Argyllshire, not so good in Ayr and ' Vide map, 1907, Appendix I. 124 APPENDIX G Lanark, where it was reported that eggs were destroyed by frost ; in some places many young birds disappeared mysteriously in the dry weather, and most of the reporters ascribe this to -drought. A good deal of mortality from disease was reported from North Ayrshire, especially on those moors where a large stock had been left.i On August 12th the birds were almost universally healthy, but below the average in numbers, and the bags were small. Tlie stocks left at the end of the year were rather below the average and quite healthy. Remarks. — The general health of the stock was only moderate, but was better than might have been expected considering the poor heather year in 1907. This was probably due to small stocks being left. The reports of heather being frosted in Argyll were probably incorrect, for there was less frost in that county than in any other, and it passed away long before the young growth of heather had made an appearance. The cause of damage was far more likely to have been the heather beetle (Lochmcca sutumlis)," which did a good deal of harm in this year. With regard to the disappearance of young birds in the dry weather see the remarks ■on this subject on p. 120. The good heather year in 1908, combined with the light stocks left at the end of the year, resulted as before in a marked improvement in the health of the birds in 1909 ; only one isolated case of "disease" being reported for that year.^ UisTKicT 2a. England, North-East. 1906—11 Reports. Weather. — A normal year with an unfavourable nesting and hatching season, and a snowstorm in December. Heather. — No outstanding facts were reported. Autumn-burnt ground made the quickest •growth, and heather grew best where the ground was wet at the time of burning. The bloom and seed were not very good. Stock'. — The year commenced with a good average of healthy birds. The breeding and hatching seasons were disastrous, eggs were destroyed by snow, frost, and Hoods, and young birds by cold and floods. There were many second broods, yet in some cases eggs bleached quite white with rain hatched out. Only five diseased birds representing two moors were sent to the Committee for examination. The stock in the shooting season was rather below the average, as also were the bags ; but at the end of the year the stock was up to the average and healthy. Eemarks. — An abnormally bad nesting and hatching season, yet the stock was surprisingly good, doubtless owing to the excellent health of the birds. ' yklc map, 190S, Ajijiendix 1. - Fide vol. i. cbup. xix. jip. 414 ct se<]. '•' rule map, 1909, Appendix I. APPENDIX G 125 1907—15 Reports. Weather. — At tirst normal with a fine March, cold and wet in April and May, better ia June and July, August wet, September fine, thereafter inclined to wet. Hratltcr. — The growth was universally bad, much damage being caused by frost, especially to old heather. The bloom was late and poor, and the seed ripened very badly. Stoclc. — The reports vary, but on the whole the stocks at the beginning seem to have been rather over tl\e average, and healthy except in the North Tyne district. The nesting season was bad, and tlie hatching season very bad, owing to frost, hail, wet, and cold ; there were a good many second broods. "Disease" was reported from nine districts, and twenty-two specimens were sent up for examination ; but the outbreak was only severe in the North Tyne area, and the district as a whole was healthy. The stock on August 12th was exactly an average and quite healthy. Except in the North Tyne district, the bags were up to the- average, and at the end of the year the stock was a good average and universally healthy. Eemarlis. — Eather a cold, wet season and a very bad heather year ; the breeding season, was unusually bad, yet once more the young birds did well, except where the parent birds were unhealthy. 1908 will probably be a bad year. 1908—12 Reports. Weather. — Average winter weather for the first three months with snow and frost in April, a normal summer and a fine mild winter. Heather. — A very good year for growth ; damage by frost reported in one case only. The bloom was good and early except in Weusleydale, and the seed ripened well except on the high ground. Stork. — At the beginning of the year the stock was rather above the average and healthy ; except in the North Tyne district where " disease " reappeared early in the year. Tlie breeding season was unfavourable, snow and frost destroyed many eggs but not many chicks ; there were many second (or late) broods. On the whole the birds were fairly healthy, though on some moors they were reported to be in poor condition, and a few were found dead. The reports of the stock on August 12th were very variable, as also were the bags, and neither of these can be summarised. At the end of the year there was a good average stock, and the birds were quite healthy. Remarks. — The year was unexpectedly healthy considering the unfavourable wintering conditions. As might be expected after the good heather year in 1908, the stock in 1909 was- exceptionally healthy. 126 APPENDIX G District 7a and 7b. England, North-West and North. 1906—6 Reports. Weather. — No special features, some snow and rain in May, otherwise a fair average season. Heather. — Growth of young heather was fair, spring-burnt being the best ; the bloom was poor and late, and the seed ripened badly. Stock. — At the beginning of the year there was a good healthy stock. The breeding season was very unfavourable, both eggs and young being destroyed, yet only in a few places was the stock on August 12th below the average on the bags affected ; there was no " disease." At the end of the season the stock was up to a fair average and healthy. Eemarks. — An uneventful year. The bad growth of heather may have a detrimental effect upon the health of the stock in 1907. 1907—11 Reports. Weather. — Normal at first, then wet and cold, especially in May and June ; but July was warm and dry, August wet, September fine, and the autumn wet. Heather. — On the whole the growth was bad — best after autumn-burning. The bloom was universally late and poor, and the seed ripened badly except in Wales. Stock. — At the beginning of the year the stocks were a good average and healthy, except on one moor in Cumberland. The breeding season was universally bad. Eggs were destroyed by frost and iloods, young birds lost in large numbers by drowning. A good deal of disease was reported. The stock on August 12th was below the average, so were the bags. At the end of the year a fair average stock was left. Eemarks. — Nothing calls for special attention. The bad heather year in 1906 does not seem to have affected the stock seriously ; but the birds were not in really good condition. 1908—11 Reports. Weather. — A wet and snowy winter was followed by frost and snow in April (6°, 7°, and 17°), then finer; but heavy rain in June. A fine August and wet September were followed by a fine, mild, open winter with some snow in December. Heather. — A good year for growth ; the bloom was good and early, and the seed ripened well. Stock.— At the commencement of the year there was a fair average stock and quite APPENDIX G 127 healthy, except on one moor in Lancashire, where the stock was small and the birds were dying in large numbers. In the breeding season there was an outbreak of mortality in one or two places ; it was chiefly cocks that died, and when this occurred the eggs were unfertile. Frost and snow destroyed many nests, and there were many second broods. The reports on August 12th were conflicting. At the end of the year there was a fair stock and quite healthy. Hemarks. — Two bad heather years have had their effect upon the health of the birds, but there has been no "eneral outbreak of " disease." District 4. England, Midland Counties. 1906—10 Reports. Weather. — A mild season till May, when the weather turned wet and cold with snow in parts. August was wet, September fine, and the end of the year was very wet with snow in December. Heather. — Young heather grew well, especially when burnt in spring. There was some damage by frost in May ; the bloom was fairly good but late, and the seed ripened fairly well. Stock. — At the beginning of the season the stock was above the average and healthy. The breeding season was most unfavourable, eggs were destroyed by frost, and chicks by floods and cold. There were many second broods, but these did well owing to first broods being early. The stock on August 12th was fair on the low ground and bad on the high ground, the bags were rather below the average, and at the end of the year there was a fair average of healthy birds. There was no "disease." 1907—9 Reports. Weather. — The early part of the year was normal, but rather wet and cold. The breeding season was very wet and cold, especially in the hatching season. August was wet, September fine, and the end of the year was wet and cold. Heather. — A bad heather year ; young growth poor and much damaged by frost. Bloom universally bad and late ; seed ripened badly except in a few places where it ripened fairly well in spite of late bloom. Stock. — At the commencement of the year there was a fair average of healthy birds. The nesting and hatching seasons were fairly good, though some eggs were lost ; but there was a great mortality among the young birds owiug to extreme wet and cold in May and June. There were not many second broods. A few cases of "disease" were reported. The stocks in the shooting season were all below the average, and the bags were poor. A fair average stock was left, and very healthy. 128 APPENDIX G 1908—7 Reports. Weather. — Wintry weather in beginning of the year. April very cold with snow and frost, thereafter fine and normal. Heather. — Young heather grew well ; the bloom was good, and the seed ripened well. Stock. — The year began with a good average stock and healthy. The snow in April did much damage to eggs. There were a good many second broods. On August 12th the stock was up to the average and healthy, the bags were below the average, and the stocks left were below the average but healthy. Hemarks. — The health of the stock in 1909 was excellent, only one isolated case of " disease " being reported. Summary of Eesults Obtained. From the foregoing abstract of Eeports, it will be seen that the weather conditions varied considerably in different parts of the country. In the majority of cases the combinations of natural causes produced results which might have been expected — this is especially well marked in Scotland. In other cases the results came as a surprise, but were sufficiently conclusive to justify us in amending some of the theories which have hitherto been regarded as established. The Eeports are capable of various constructions, but the following may be regarded as a reasonable interpretation of some of the facts observed. 1. Good Heather Growth, i.e., good growth of leaf, flower, and seed, is followed by a healthy stock in the following year. We have a striking example of this in 1908-1909, when a first-rate heather crop was succeeded by a disease-free year. It follows that when the heather growth is good a large stock may he left. 2. Bad Heather Groivth is usually followed by some mortality, and where stocks are large this mortality may assume serious proportions. It follows that when the heather growth is poor stocks should be killed down. 3. The Direct Effect of Weather Conditions on Grouse. — The direct effect of weather upon Grouse seems to be slight, though the indirect effect as affecting their food sui:)ply is enormous. Adult Grouse seem to be unaffected by cold, snow, wet, or frost, and even in the breeding season the destruction of eggs and young caused by climatic conditions does not seem to be disastrous except in a few extreme cases. It is true tliat many reporters speak to the fact of eggs being destroyed by frost, snow, and rain, and chicks being killed liy wet and cold ; but as the statement is often followed by a favourable report upon the young stock on August 12th it is obvious that the damage cannot have been so serious as was supposed, or that what damage there was had been repaired. We have too much faith in the accuracy of the Eeports to suppose that no such losses have occurred ; but we believe that where the stock is healthy the nests contain a larger proportion of eggs, and that a larger proportion of these are fertile, consequently a loss of even 25 per cent, of eggs and chicks might still leave a very satisfactory stock of young birds. Then, again, there is APPENDIX G 129 always a possibility that these losses may be repaired by means of second broods, and where the parent stock is healthy there is more chance of these second broods being successfnl. The case is different where the stock is unhealthy, for then the nests contain fewer eggs, the eggs are less fertile and the parent birds have not sufficient stamina to produce successful second broods. This seems to be a reasonable explanation of the rather puzzling fact that it is only where the parent bii-ds are unhealthy that the young stock seems to be seriously reduced by bad weather in the breeding season. Anotlier possible explanation is that the weather does not affect the case at all, and that the only reason for the failure of the young stock is that the parent birds are unhealthy, and therefore not prolific. But this explanation would entail the discarding of the unanimous evidence of the reporters on the subject, and we think that the evidence goes far to establish the following points. («) Eggs may be destroyed by (1) snow; (2) frost; (3) wet ; their liability to destruction depends upon the stage of development they have reached. If they have not yet been sat on probably none of these agencies will destroy them, provided the hen does not desert or lose the nest. We know of cases when eggs have been buried in snow for many days,^ or have been covered to a depth of several inches with water without suffering any harm. On one occasion (May 14th, 1911) a sitting hen was driven off her nest by flooding ; the eggs were covered with water and their colour washed off, nevertheless the hen returned, and on May 25th the whole clutch hatched out. Frost, unless very severe, is probably less destructive than rain or even snow, for while the hen is sitting the eggs are safe, and before she has begun to sit it is doubtful if they are damaged unless the frost is hard enough to split them. (b) Young chicks may be destroyed by drowning, but are seldom killed by frost, snow, or extreme cold. (c) Very hot, dry weather after hatching has sometimes been associated with loss of chicks ; a possible solution is suggested on p. 264 vol. i. 4. Eelation of Weather Conditions to Health of Stock. — If the stock is healthy bad weather in the breeding season does little harm ; if the stock is unhealthy bad weather at nesting and hatching time will result in a failure of young birds. The effects of a good breeding season upon a healthy and unhealthy stock respectively cannot be stated with certainty, for during the three years under review there was no really good breeding season. The nearest approach to favourable conditions occurred in the east of Scotland in 1908, and then the results seemed to indicate that even where the weather conditions are favourable an unhealthy stock will not be prolific.^ In the light of the foregoing remarks we may now with some confidence attempt to answer the list of queries with which this chapter opened. (1) The weather during the winter appears to be immaterial, provided the food supply is good. The winter food supply depends on (a) good spring growth; (b) good summer bloom ; (c) good autumn seed in the preceding year. The first-named ' Vide vol. i. chap. ii. p. 10. 2 rirfepp. 119-120. VOL. II. I 130 APPENDIX G item is probably the most essential, and the second is probably only a result of the first, but as it is more easily noticed it forms the best guide to the prospects of the following year. A good year for corn crops is usually a good year for heather. (2) The health of the birds is of far greater importance than the weather iu the breeding season. (3) It is believed tliat the best weather conditions in the breeding season are an early spring and an absence of all climatic extremes. Mere cold probably does little harm, and rain or snow in moderation may be disregarded. The important matter is that the stock should pair early and proceed with their nesting without interruption. The value of early hatchings is referred to elsewhere.^ (4) From the reports it would appear that fine, dry, warm weather from May to July is associated with the best growth of leaf and bloom, and early bloom is followed by well-ripened seed, unless the autumn is unusually wet. Occasionally late bloom may result in a well-ripened crop of seed if the autumn is fine and warm. It would appear from the Eeports for 1908 that a hard frost in April is not injurious to growth, but probably frost in May would retard it seriously. (5) Once the chicks are hatched they will survive all ordinary weather conditions ; but excessive wet soon after hatching means great danger from drowning. A very hot, dry summer has been associated with a disappearance of the young stock, but the exact reason for this requires further investigation.- The rapid growtli and development of chicks probably depends entirely on a good food supply, i.e., a good spring growth of heather. (6) Strongylosis is probably caused by insufficient or inferior food during the mouths of February to April rather than by any particular weather conditions at the date of the attack. Insufficient food causes the winter feeding areas to be restricted, and so the ground becomes contaminated with the Strongyle worm. Weather conditions may indirectly affect the case, but to what extent cannot be stated with certainty. Heavy snow would, doubtless, be beneficial by covering certain feeding areas and keeping them uncontaminated until the snow has melted ; on the other hand, it would tend to further restrict the feeding areas so long as it lay on the ground. It has been thought that heavy rain might be beneficial as a means of purifying the ground, but e.xperiments have proved that the larvu' of this worm seem to flourish best in damp surroundings.* Frost and dry cold may do something to suspend the vitality of the larva- for a time, but drought is the only climatic condition which appears to do it any permanent harm. (7) Coccidiosis as a disease in Grouse chicks has oidy recently come under investiga- tion, and the study of the subject is attended with much difficulty. From experiments in the laboratory it has been found that the Coccidium develops most rapidly under conditions of warmth and drought, and it is certain that ' fide vol. i. chap. xxi. \i]i. 470 et seq. '^ Vide antea, ji. 129, vol. i. cliaji. ii. i>. 16. chap. xi. p. 264. ' Vide vol. i. chap. x. pp. 23'2-233. APPENDIX G 131 in the hot, dry summer of 1908 there was a loss of Grouse chicks from some unknown cause. (8) The foregoing Keports have established a clear connection between a good heather year and a healthy stock the following spring. It may be thought that the foregoing observations are of little practical value to moor-owners and sportsmen, since they only go to prove that the welfare of the Grouse is in the hands of Providence, and that there is nothincr that man can do to improve the spring growth of heather or moderate the rainfall of May ; but apart altogether from the general necessity of knowing the natural conditions which affect the bird, it is believed that the ascertainment of the foregoing facts may be of some real practical value to game preservers. It has already been pointed out that the condition of the heather may be a useful guide as to the manner in which the stock should be regulated in accordance with the probable food supply available for wintering ; but it is also hoped that by proving the supreme importance of good winter food on the health of the bird, owners and their servants may be encouraged to give more attention to the question of heather culture. It is true that in a poor heather year the heather on a well-burned moor will suffer equally in proportion with that on a badly-burned moor, but the total area of winter feeding on the former is so much greater than on the latter, that the well-burned moor can better stand the strain of a lean harvest, and its stock will manage to struggle through the winter without serious loss ; while on less well managed ground the mortality may be very heavy. Heather culture is better understood and more extensively practised in England than it is in Scotland, and to this is probably due the fact that the health of the Grouse in that country does not appear to have been so seriously affected by the bad heather crop of 1907 as it was in Scotland whenever the heather crop failed. On those moors in Scotland, where heather burning has been carried out on proper lines, it is found that the stock is not so hard hit after a bad heather year, and always makes a more rapid recovery than when the heather has been neglected. APPENDIX H. ANALYSIS OF REPORTS ON THE EFFECT OF FROST ON THE EGGS AND YOUNG OF GROUSE IN THE SPRING OF 1908. By A. S. Leslie. In the summer of 1908 the following letter was sent to about three hundred correspondents in England and Scotland : — " The Committee is anxious to obtain information as to the efl'ect of frost upon the eggs of Grouse. It has been said that Grouse eggs may be frozen hard to the nest without impairing their fertility. The Committee would like to have the evidence of gamekeepers on this point. It has also been stated that when eggs have been destroyed by frost the hen will not desert the nest and rear a second brood, but will go on sitting on the frosted eggs, and will sometimes succumb in consequence ; that second broods only occur where eggs have been completely destroyed or lost as a consequence of accident, floods, snowstorms, etc. The present year was marked by a very severe frost at the beginning of the nesting season ; but there were no other unfavourable conditions, such as floods and snowstorms. Yet it has been reported from some districts that many of the young birds are very small, apparently hatched about the end of June, and having all the appearance of second broods. It would be interesting to know whether these are in fact second broods or merely first broods hatched late owing to the cold spring causing the birds to postpone nesting operations. I shall be obliged if you will kindly let me have your views on this question." This letter was followed by a series of questions on specific points with a view to ascertaining the amount of damage done by frost, and the following is a brief summary of the answers received. District 0. Scotland, North — Caithness, Sutherland, Eoss, Ckojiarty, and Inverness. 20 Reports. Three days of very severe frost occurred on April 23rd, 24th, and 25th — the thermometer readings in several places being as low as 12°, 13°, 14°, and 15°. A universal opinion was expressed tliat the frost did little or no harm — no eggs were split by the frost. But the hatching season was late, and a good many unfertile eggs 132 APPENDIX H 133 were left in the nests. A large number of barren birds were seen, and the coveys were very irregular — in some cases only one or two young birds in a covey. Remarks. — The failure of the breeding season seems to have been due to the poor condition of the stock rather than to frost. The heather in 1907 had been bad. District 1. Scotland, East (Northern Half) — Moray, Banff, Aberdeen, Kincardine, Forfar, Perth. 39 Keports. As in District 0 there were three days' severe frost — the readings being as low a.s 4°, 8°, 9°, 10°, 12°, 14°. Only five out of thirty-nine correspondents considered that the eggs had been damaged by frost, and these did not write from the places where the frost had been most severe. Seven cases were reported of eggs being split by the frost. The number of eggs in each nest was about six and a half, or rather below the average ; a good number of unfertile eggs were left in the nests, probably an average of about one egg in each nest. On August 12th there was an unexpected scarcity of young birds, only an average of three and a half in each covey, which implied heavy mortality amongst the chicks. Except in a specially favoured district, when the conditions appear to have been favourable in all respects, every reporter spoke to an exceptional number of barren birds. Remarks. — This series of Eeports gives material for much speculation. In view of the exceptional frost in the nesting season the natural tendency was to blame the frost for the failure of the young stock ; but the frost does not seem to have done much harm, and even if every egg left unhatched had owed its destruction to frost it would only have accounted for a loss of one bird in each covey, whereas the actual shortage averaged three in each covey. The results would be more striking were it not that in one district from which seven reports were received the results were excellent, the clutches averaged eight ' eggs in each nest, the young birds on the 12th averaged six in each covey, and there were no barren birds. It is not easy to account for all the facts observed, but the following suggestions have been offered. (1) Apart from the specially favoured district referred to, the breeding season was a failure — small clutches, unfertile eggs, many barren birds ; all this would imply that the health of the parent stock was low at the beginning of the nesting season. (2) Another view is that the exceptionally cold, frosty weather interrupted breeding operations at a critical period, and consequently many birds bred badly, while some did not breed at all. (o) The mortality amongst chicks was not due to the bad health of the parent stock or to the frost, but must have been caused by some infantile disease such as Coccidiosis. 134 APPENDIX H (4) The special exemptions of one district from the universal failure might have been due to the fact that the frost there was a few degrees less severe than in tlie remainder of the district. (5) The only other point which distinguished the exempted area from the remainder of the district was that in the spring of 1907 there had been a very severe outbreak of mortality in the exempted area, thus greatly reducing the stocks ; this reduction may have been a reason for their having maintained their health in a bad heather season. The fact that the adult birds in the exempted area maintained their healtli and vigour right through the spring of 1908, whereas in the rest of the district there was considerable mortality, suggests a connection between the health of the parent stock and the success of the breeding; season. District 1. Scotland, East (Southerx Half) — Lotiiians, Berwick, rEEBLE.s, Selkirk, and Eoxburgiishike. 9 Reports. In tliis district the frost was not so severe as it was further north, the lowest readings being given as 7°, 7°, 10°, 12°, 13°, 15°, from different centres, yet the damage from frost was reported as serious, more than one-half of the reporters expressing the opinion that eggs had been destroyed by the frost on April 2.3rd and 24th. Five reporters spoke to eggs being split. The breeding season was a bad one, the clutches averaged seven in a nest ; but many eggs were left unhatched, and only about four young birds in each covey came to maturity. There were many barren birds. Remarks. — The results from this district certainly point to the fact that the eggs were damaged by the frost in April, and this view is strengthened by the statement that in several places second broods, hatched from eggs laid after the frost had gone, did much better than the earlier broods, thus implying that the failure was not due to the condition of the parent stock. Why the frost should have caused more damage here than further north cannot be stated with certainty, but the following solutions have been suggested : (1) That a larger number of eggs had been laid in the nests at the date of the frost than on the later moors further north ; (2) That the eggs that were laid had reached a more advanced stage, and were therefore more susceptible to extremes of temperature ; and (3) That the Grouse in this more southern district were less well acclimatised to severe weather conditions than in the north and north-east of Scotland, and that, therefore, they and their eggs were more seriously afiected by the severe frost than were the stocks accustomed to a more rigorous climate. Tlu're is no evidence to support any of these contentions, and the question must remain one for surmise. An interesting case is recorded from Roxburghshire as follows : " 10° of frost will do Grouse eggs no harm ; 17° will split them. I have known a Grouse and Pheasant lay together, the Pheasant had four eggs, the Grouse three. There were 10' of frost, APPENDIX H 135 the Grouse eggs hatched, and the Pheasant eggs were all split. The Pheasant laid other three eggs after the frost, which she hatched out along with the three Grouse eggs." District 6. Scotland, West — Argyll, Bute and Akran, Stirling, Dumbarton, Eenfrew, Ayr, Lanark, Wigtown, Kirkcudbright, Dumfries. 3.3 Reports. The frost in this district was far less severe than towards the north and east. With one doubtful exception there were no readings lower than 13°, 14°, 1.5°, and 18". In Argyllshire the lowest recorded temperature was 17', yet even in this county we find that much damage from frost has been observed, while throughout the whole district fifteen out of twenty-five reporters speak to eggs being destroyed by frost, thirteen out of twenty-one report that they found eggs split, and sixteen out of twenty - seven state that a few unfertile eggs were left in the nests. The nests were fairly well filled and, except for the eggs which were believed to have been frosted, the clutches hatched out well, yet out of an average of 7"4 eggs in each nest only 3"7 young birds came to maturity — a result which cannot be altogether accounted for by the relatively few unfertile eggs left in the nests. Hcmarks.— -There seems to be definite evidence that the frost did cause some damage ; but the extent of the damage was probably exaggerated owing to the necessity of finding some reason to account for the shortage of young birds in August. This shortage seems to have been due to losses after hatching rather than to damage to the eggs. District 2. England North-East — Northumberland, Durham, and Yorkshire (N. Eiding). 10 Reports. The frost was generally more severe than in the two last-mentioned districts — the readings being 7°, 7", 9\ 10°, 11°, 13°, 16°, yet the majority of the reporters state that the eggs suffered no damage, and only one states that he found an egg split by frost. The eggs hatched out well, only a few being left in the nests, and many of these contained young chicks, thus showing that their failure was not due to the frost in April. There were few barren birds, and the coveys contained a fair average number of young birds. Remarks. — The same puzzling results are again observed. Though the frost is more Severe the losses seem to be less instead of greater. Districts 7a and 4a. England, North-West and North Wales — Cumberland, Westmoreland, Lancashire, Cheshire, Wales, Midland Counties — Yorkshire West Eiding, Derbyshire. 16 Reports. The reports from the north-west of England are complicated by the fact that the frost was accompanied by heavy snow, and any damage that was reported might have been. 136 ■ APPENDIX H due to the snow; as a matter of fact not much damage was reported. The eggs hatched out well ; those that were left unhatched contained chicks. In many cases there were few barren birds, and the coveys were up to the average in numbers. Remarks. — There are not many records of temperatures for this district, and from those supplied it would appear that the frost was not so severe as it was further north, 16' being the lowest recorded reading. The deductions to be drawn from the foregoing analysis, though negative, are never- theless of considerable interest. They may be summarised as follows : — (1) Frost in the breeding season does not cause universal destruction to eggs. (2) In some cases it seems to do little or no harm, even though relatively severe. (3) In other cases it seems to do more harm even though relatively less severe. (4) The effects of a hard frost in the breeding season are apt to be exaggerated, if from any other less obvious cause there happens to be a shortage of young birds in the shooting season. How it happens that eggs in one district seem to be better able to withstand frost than those in other districts must remain a subject for conjecture. Acclimatisation appears a more probable solution than any other> for it is clearly brought out by the Reports that in the more rigorous climates of the north and east the eggs were less afiected by frost than in the milder climate of the west. Possibly it may be that in the colder districts instinct teaches the parent birds to take greater precautions, e.g., to nest under the shelter of long heather rather than in open situations. Many cases are recorded of Grouse protecting their eggs from frost by covering them with loose twigs of heather. APPENDIX 1. SERIES OF MAPS SHOWING THE INCIDENCE OF "GROUSE DISEASE" IN FORMER YEARS. By A. S. Leslie. The following series of maps has been prepared to show the localities in which "Grouse Disease " has occurred during the last thirty-eight years, and the local distribution of the various outbreaks. Scotland alone has been dealt with, for the information obtained from that country on the subject of " G-rouse Disease " has always been fuller and more accurate than from England. The series of maps commences with the year 1872, which, with 1873, will always be notorious as the date of one of the most severe and widespread epidemics of " Grouse Disease " ever known. An endeavour was made to go back to 1867, the year of another serious outbreak which, especially in the Border districts, seems to have rivalled 1873 in severity ; but at this earlier date the interest in the subject does not appear to have found expression in the form of recorded observations, and the evidence is scanty and inconclusive.^ The records have been obtained by a systematic search of private memoirs and published material, and of the latter the annual reports contained in the Field newspaper have been of the utmost value. Most of the material was collected at an early stage of the investigation when a sharp line of distinction was drawn between the severe outbreaks causing wide- spread mortality and the mild or sporadic cases which were not then believed to be cases of " Grouse Disease " in the true sense of the term. At that time the more serious attacks were alone thought worthy of mention, and the earlier maps in consequence contain a smaller number of recorded outbreaks than if a note had been made of every moor on which dead birds had been picked up. As the work of the Inquiry proceeded it became evident that the milder outbreaks of mortality were only different in degree, and not in kind, from the more serious ones, and in the later maps every place is marked from which even a single case of Strongylosis had been reported. The maps were prepared by Dr Wilson, and were arranged and reproduced after his departure on the 1910 Antarctic Expedition. In the original maps each place from which " Disease " was reported was marked by name, but for the present purpose it is thought undesirable to do more than indicate by a dot the district in which the outbreak occurred. ' But vide vol. i. chap. xxi. pp. 456-457. 137 138 APPENDIX I Beginning with the year 1872 it will be seen that "Grouse Disease" was general throughout the greater part of Scotland, and when it is remembered that only the most severe epidemics were noted it may be imagined that the country as a whole was very severely affected. The really disastrous year, however, was 1873, when the mortality was so widespread that the stock was reduced to a condition from which it took years to recover. What moors were not cleared of Grouse in 1873 were swept by the scourge in 1874, and then there commenced a series of lean years during which there were few Grouse and little disease. The first appearance of another outbreak was in 1878 when a certain amount of mortality was reported, more especially in the south of Scotland. This district may have been more liable to attack owing to its having been less severely aflected in 1873. The northern moors also had not long to wait before they were visited by another outbreak ; in 1880 a sharp attack was reported from Moray, Banff, Perth, and Forfar. 1882 and 188.3 were also bad years, but after that there followed a succession of healthy seasons up to the record years of 1886 and 1887, when a very severe outbreak occurred in the south of Scotland. In 1889 there was a widespread epidemic throughout the whole of Scotland, the disease being noticeably severe in Forfar and Kincardine; the sickness lingered through 1890, and broke out afresh in 1891. From 1892 to 1898 the country was never free from disease, though the principal centres of attack changed each year. Then followed two comparatively healthy years only to be succeeded by further scattered outbreaks. In 1905, the year of the Committee's appointment, there was less disease than there had been for many years, a fact which at the time caused some disappointment, but which in reality was of the greatest assistance to the Committee, since it enabled them to study the natural history of the normal Grouse under the most favourable conditions. From that year onwards to the close of the Inquiry the history of each outbreak has been carefully followed, and an endeavour has been made to ascertain the predisposing causes of the epidemic.^ No very serious outbreaks have occurred within the period of the Inquiry, and the fact that the maps for 1907 and 1908 show a very large number of disease centres is due rather to the more complete system of collecting information than to the severity of the attacks. Had the same facilities existed in 1872, 1873, 1874, 1880, 18S7, 1889, 1891 the probability is that each of these years would have shown a very much larger number of cases. Indeed, it is believed that since the principles of stock regulation and moor management have come to be more generally recognised and practised, the conditions which gave rise to the disastrous outbreaks of "disease" in 1867 and 1873 no longer exist to the same extent as before. The deduction to be drawn from the study of the series of maps is that there is no Grouse-producing district which can claim to be entirely immune from attack. Occasionally an individual moor may show a clear record for a long period ; but even this is probably due to strict control of stock and freedom from immigration rather than because that particular piece of ground possesses characteristics which protect the Grouse stock from disease. The only true test of freedom from disease is the dissection of the birds themselves. If it can be shown by dissection that the birds from any particular moor are at all times free from tiie Strongyle worm it may fairly be claimed that that moor is disease-free. But up to now ' Vide Appendix G. APPENDIX I 139 only one moor has been formed which reaches this exceptional standard, and that moor is affected by abnormal circumstances.^ The fact that no district is immune from " Grouse Disease " is proved by the two maps which are reproduced at the end of the series. These maps show approximately the districts in England and Scotland respectively from which authentic Eeports of " Grouse Disease" have been received during the past thirty-eight years. Where reports were received from the same centre in more than one year additional dots were marked as close as possible to the correct spot upon the map, and thus, though the maps are useful as showing the general distribution of mortality, they must not be regarded as a reliable guide to the exact position of the moors on which the outbreaks occurred. In spite of the fact that the reporting in some centres was better organised than in others, it will be seen that during the period under review the mortality has been impartially distributed amongst the Grouse-producing districts of England and Scotland, and more- over that it bears an exact proportion to the importance of each district from a sporting point of view. Thus it will be seen that on the finest Grouse ground of Caithness, Eoss, Inverness, Banff, Aberdeen, Forfar, Perth, Argyll, and the Border counties disease has occurred more frequently than in the lightly stocked areas of the same countries, while from the extreme west coast and the deer forests of the Central Highlands little or no mortality has been reported. The map of Northern England shows the same results, though not quite so conclusively, since the reports from that country are less complete than from Scotland. " Grouse Disease " then is not confined to any particular geogi'aphical area, but seems to bear a relation to the number of Grouse in each moorland district, and the maps accordingly form an interesting record of the districts in which the largest numbers of Grouse are to be found. An attempt has been made to trace a connection between the numbers of Grouse, and their liability to " disease " in a particular district, and the geological formation or meteorological conditions in that district. So far as geological formations are concerned there does not appear to be any close connection. The best Grouse-producing district in Caithness has a mineral sub-soil of old red sandstone on the east and granite on the west ; Sutherland, in addition to the above-named rocks, has oolites and gneiss, Easter Eoss consists principally of old red sandstone. The famous Grouse moors of Strathnairn, Strathdearn, and Badenoch lie principally on a bed of gneiss or gneissose rocks ; the equally productive moors of Upper Banffshire on quartzite, mica schist, and graphitic mica schist with smaller areas of old red sandstone and granite. The upper districts of ' The moor in question is Tentsmuir in the county of Fife. A stretch of sandy soil of about 1,000 acres lying on the edge of the Nortli Sea, and only a few feet above higli water mark — it has a good but somewhat irregular growth of heather. Until 1872 there were no Grouse on the moor, liut in that year a few wild birds were turned down, and speedily became established. The moor now yields an annual bag of from forty to sixty brace. This moor is entirely free from any ajipearance of Strongylosis, and the Grouse obtained from it are the only Grouse examined liy tlie Committee which, on dissection, show no trace of the Strongyle worm. The absence of this parasite maj- be due to the fact that the moor is isolated from other Grouse ground ; but this can hardly be the correct explanation, seeing that the original wild liirds by which the moor was stocked must presumably have Ijeen infected with the normal quota of this nematode. A more probable explanation is that the salt from the sea spray has so impregnated the ground as to make it impossible for the worm to exist, for it has been proved by experiment that even a mild solution of salt is fatal to the Strongyle in the larval stage. On the other hand, hand-reared Grouse are often entirely free of the Strongyle worm, and it is for this reason that they are the only birds which can be usefully employed for experimental purposes. (Vide Ajipendix G.) 140 APPENDIX I Strathdon and Strathdee contain an assortment of nearly all the above-named formations with a few others in parts. The Forfarshire and Central Perthshire moors lie principally on quartzite and mica schist. Ayr, Strath clyde, and the Lothians contain a large assort- ment of different carboniferous rocks, while in the Southern Highlands from Wigtown on the west to Berwick on the east the most representative formations are graptolite shale, Llandovery, old red sandstone, Ludlow, and Wenlock. "With regard to meteorological conditions the case is different, as may be seen at a glance from the Rainfall Map of Scotland published by Messrs Bartholomew for the Journal of the Scottish Meteoroloi/ical Socidi/ for the years 18G6 to 1890, and here reproduced by the kind permission of Messrs Bartholomew and of the Society. It will be seen that the principal Grouse-producing areas coincide almost exactly with the districts of low and moderate rainfall, the only exceptions being in the western districts of Sutherland and Eoss and the islands of the Outer Hebrides. Whether the heavy rainfall has a directly detrimental effect upon the Grouse, or merely affects it indirectly by preventing the best development of the heather on which it feeds, may be a matter of conjecture, though the latter seems the most probable explanation. The fact remains that where the rainfall is heavy Grouse are few, and it is feared that this fact will always prevent the Grouse moors in certain rainy districts from being brought to the same standard of productiveness as in more favoured regions. The points brought out by the series of maps may be summarised as follows : — (1) " Grouse Disease " is one of the natural risks to which Grouse are subject, and is to be found wherever Grouse are numerous. (2) Except in specially favourable seasons there is always a certain amount of " Grouse Disease" in one district or another. (3) "Grouse Disease" does not usually persist in the same locality for more than one, or two years. This is probably due to the fact that by the reduction of the stock the risk of further attack is lessened. (4) There is no connection between " Grouse Disease " and the geological formation of the district in which it occurs. (5) Where the rainfall is heavy there are few Grouse — and Where the rainfall is heavy there is little " Grouse Disease." APPENDIX I 141 1872 1875 1674 1875 142 APPENDIX I 1676 1877 1878 1879 APPENDIX I 143 laso 1861 1882 1663 144 APPENDIX I 1884 1565 1866 1887 APPENDIX I 1666 145 1869 1690 1691 i4(; APPENDIX I 1892 1895 1894 1895 APPENDIX I 147 1696 1897 1898 1899 148 APPENDIX I 1900 1901 1902 1905 APPENDIX I 149 1904 1905 1906 1907 150 APPENDIX I 1908 1909 M_ ^ r .. .,,Ton.„„cron,,cc Map SHEWING THE PRINCIPAL CENTRES OF OUTBREAKS OF Grouse Map shewing the principal centres of outbreaks of Grouse p 5 ,372 ,303 (^(.^^jiyg Disease in England during the period from 1872 to 1909 inclusive Plate LXX. RA.IKFALL OF SCOTLAND FOR 25 ^TIARS, 186G - 90 MEAN ANNUAL AEuchaii. cWf. £ artbokmunT, £ jisf Scale of" Rainfall in Inches uNDEfl 30 30 - 40 40 - 60 60 - 80 above i Repfinted i?vm ihr JowrnaL of the, Scottish MeteorologicaL Society Printed at The Edinburgh Press, 9 and ii Young Street.