LEHENBAUER sft Growth in Relation te Temperature : { Me ost de i Botany Ph. D. 1914 UNIVOR WUINOIS RABY - > ** wish bee Roe KG rary * = aN GEO OSX SSO 1 Ss We L | CaS EY: Ary oe) NaS ede Otel Pe DN vito Nin thn: ORE Cas = , ‘ hd Re se AES one 4 1 Sake? | IO i 23 ny y a ee gf : r es 7 ° y® - 2 " THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY ID\4 laa bh ~ * > + . 7 ‘ + - A . * ~ y . ie * te . b ; 7 AKG } pS a2 yt we. BIAS ES OOF LES Re ISM SE ees ws : GROWTH IN RELATION TO TEMPERATURE BY PHILIP AUGUSTUS LEHENBAUER A. B. Westminster College, 1907. A. M. James Millikin University, 1909. THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN BOTANY THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 1914 fy. ee. Seer ‘ i ae py nee F %. Te Le ¢ SHAUTAATINGT OF wOrTA tas 1 ve ATUVARUANST B@UTEUDUA SLARG ORE yslloD rateciawes W A AL 8 20@! .yrierevinU oii eomel MA a elesHT Sas alt 10} etnomariipadt oda to tort ilo teite ai tote whe jo sovyod : Be 4 “HqO@GHNI JO AOTIOG sg , . ¥4ATOR UI uI. 1Q0K22 STAUGARO FBT - SuT 4 , | Oe UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS THE GRADUATE SCHOOL May 6, 1914 190 I ] HEREBY RECOMMEND THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY SUPERVISION BY Philip Augustus Lehenbauer ENTITLED ....Srowth in relation to temperature meee rely AS FULFILLING THIS PART OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF... Doctor of Philosophy Ole Ft. In Charge of Major Work Uru, : y 2229.4 M0 > ead of Department Recommendation concurred in: Committee on Final Examination 284602 -3 | TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction - - - - - - - - Apparatus ne ae ee lL. The Thermostats - =- - - - a. Constant Humidity Arrangement 3. The Plant Chambers - - - - Method and Procedure - - - - 1. Manipulation of the Apparatus 6. Preparation of the Seedlings - - Possible Factors of disturbance of Growth 1. Change of Medium - - - - - - @. Sudden changes of Temperature Normal Growth - - - - - - - - Results of Experiments - - - - - = = = 1. The Growth-rate at temperatures 123-43°e for a twelve-hour period - - - - - «) The Growth-rate relation to Van't Hoff's Law - - tty el ee ca a A as 3. The Growth-rate temperatures S143 °C: 4. The Growth-rate temperatures 1as20°C. Discussion - - - 2 ent nee ee Conclusions Bibliography Tables - Plates Vita "aid A ee | rg oat" She oo Beran a i ap ome Nene. a 2 cy beet: sciz 1 NOL FTAGURE 4 oa ris oe + a oh eal BY * i“ Piet ‘4 pn a r os f fai, 3 Avs Ge iret? db i Weil's # Lie f ay i I INTRODUCTION A relation between temperature and growth has long been recog- | nized. That a rising temperature is attended with an increased | rate of growth, and vice versa, is a fact universally accepted. It too is a generally accepted conclusion that the growth curve in re- lation to temperature shows three cardinal points: the minimum, a the optimum, at temperature below which no growth is exhibited; which growth is greatest; and the maximum, at which growth again comes to a standstill. Much discussion has recently appeared in the literature con- cerning the true position and the meaning of the optimun. The earlier investigators, Sachs (1), DeVries (2), Koeppen (3), in their studies on the effects of temperature on growth, subjected the plant to a given temperature for a longer or shorter period of time, and measured the increment of growth for that period. The temperature at which the greatest growth, within the period chosen, took place was considered the optimun. A careful study of the published data on the optimum tempera- } ture for growth reveals a rather wide variance in its position in the curve. Sachs (1) placed it at 34°C. for seedlings of flowering plants, and at 33.7°C. for the plumule of Zea mais. Koeppen (3) | gives as the optimum for the plumule of mais 30°C. and 332; De Candolle (4) places it, for the same seedling, at 28°C. The fact ; that the optimum temperature for the seedling of Zea mais, as well as for the seedlings of other plants, has been placed by different workers at rather widely different temperatures makes it desirable to reinvestigate the problem. The methods used by former investiga- ; 4 ; _ vai ¢ a eee oo ae oo ul fee tovton teat we ab. cea opty eable "La fyuoty od? dads oolevionep: baie eS tu odt retetog Diatbase oot aiee Soe } { 1, ee Edge betid tities ot dtp? cet aie ia 7 ot . ier (Moen edt Bec e 22 eee ae hata ant . ie ~ SSG edit. add wo Betecenrgs Looe! ‘¥ed) nots Large ee entupom ¢6) oe ue yieumeg ) sr i As : 7 a reje@e 2 ms) ne f2tad city nibas 2) Ssor ae ka toe Laird , Colo oe nits tach ‘a bhai P-riicte ie oval £ \ nce awiets os we ‘ ot ean Oo tag tad? 26%, two ag Coe; dog aa b? .sesede, kolve@ sah Aig 2 ee. 2eeOte Pugin ae Be ms iteq Ags Ba ey! tad ad? £6. 4000 Gord tise ond Be Core Ne + oy Ldinow agi As Swe lay ebbw yeaee. 2 ee Ge aD ie to Sui ii bees 7% O° se Bh Sk boone ¢f) & pigs ” .& ton mee +e = AG t, “ugby eae 29%, he, a Hy "Lie ces ry" YOE a Dea. Lo eli jmenthieg ens saF werk a hes * / 1? 4 ’ ‘ . ‘ * i . y F \ 4 ’ ‘ \. ~ ‘ - x j d 4 le é a to 7 e » Fay . OTP 2Ov a Nake é O°, * ‘ % Pp. rei ae i, es F a aw a q ‘ j - P i ® ¢ i" Wiig | Vee * 8 —~ * at e + r, 4 ’ 4 ’ y: } i > U ‘ s er ‘ 4 &. > ww : uf » * ¥ . iM can 7 in“ 7) 2 ; Sart d 4 « ‘ be * . a 7 - ‘ é , ‘ . U itaaes al ed ¥ P ree tq 7 — . ay » ‘ we > As aha Gi rir, j ee iey ‘ares b ‘ ws 9 be —> ss | . he (SR otueetogp ist IS A aan Oe ee viedo 10 aot oe ‘ getcoos ve! agit [ th oF af a | v reading, and that usually taken after the plant had been subjected to a given temperature for a period of forty-eight hours. To be }true some investigators have measured the increments of growth at much shorter intervals but they did not consider a sufficiently wide | range of temperatures. Askenasy (10) in his experiments on the : — of roots of mais did not go beyond 28--29°C. Godlewski (11) }worked only with medium temperatures. True (12) did not carry his experiments beyond a temperature of 30°C. , the so-called optimum. One of the classical papers on the relation of temperature to growth is that of Koeppen (3). Koeppen, working with the seedlings of a number of different plants, showed that the growth-curve in re- lation to temperature is quite irregular and that, in most instances, it shows a double optimum. For mais he finds the two optima to lie at 30°C. and 334°C., with a decided drop in the curve at intervening temperatures. The double optimum of Koeppen is referred to in text-books of advanced Plant Physiology and his data are considered : in greater or less detail in all recent work on growth. Koeppen attempts no explanation for the double optimum. He suggests that possibly between the temperatures of 30°C. and 334°C. some chemical processes are active which have a retarding effect on growth. Owing then to the fact that the optimum temperature for growth | | important paper at two temperatures, a reinvestigation of growth at j@ sufficiently wide range of temperatures, and with due considera- tion of the time factor, was deemed advisable. The investigation was undertaken at the suggestion of Professor C. F. Hottes and was joarried on in the Botanical Laboratory at the University of Illinois. |It is with pleasure that I acknowledge my indebtedness to Professor © : 4 Mab (Pe ‘ ’ A; ma 4 , i iP A 4 sad a ait ra ' a7! " = . : ‘ i MVOLOR Oe to eg: ate F hd re " f. ; whe ie vies! Vi oni ’ wy ae) i ‘ ; 1 Pie h j \ - ‘ ‘ i Y 5) * v : 1D 4 ; ey of é 4 iw is 4 " : BS. ht Pn j oe ra ; [ avs ‘ a ~ Ton | I be ' ee ~ © : i ‘ ¢ ft touts soetyedd: otter d Crh wieb ie gees ¢ in Pay Pee aor ts et re Te 4 i Pi I 26° ep aine pedis Och ene ae pol 2D tegeetox he ad sat 4 s for suggesting the problem, and for valuable and helpful crit- ¥ ms, especially in the construction of the apparatus. I es II APPARATUS In taking up this complex problem it becomes essential to ob- serve a number of fundamental factors that seriously affect the ac- }curacy of the results. It must be recognized at the outset that ithe air in the plant chamber be pure, that is, that the vitiated air lof the laboratory be excluded: that its moisture content be possible of accurate adjustment and maintenance: that the temperature be maintained uniform for relatively long periods of time and be changed readily and conveniently when desired: and, finally, the readings of the growth increments be made with accuracy and without disturbing the plant or altering the conditions for its growth. The apparatus, illustrated in Plate I, was devised to secure these conditions. It consists in the main of the following parts; 1. The thermostats @. The constant humidity arrangement 3. The plant chambers 1. The Thermostats There are four thermostats. One is a large tank, 1 x 24 x 34 jwith glass front and back, covered during the experiment with an opaque leatheret curtain to exclude the light. The thermostats are supplied with electric heating coils so ar- |} ranged that the water is constantly driven through them by a set of j}four stirrers. A thermometer, suspended in the water, registers : ae tae J ‘ - wie olga ae 4 een —: ag a =. a be we vg? = » ; - : j , J ie be | 7 J = “ + f % a -s & a iw & i; * a ne , . ry Jee ee OR - ¢ i. 9 ee, a oon abe i he t 7 6S a eae bg Be! - rine aL. Levy i 7 a { & _- — “T. ¢, + ene a b> od a) [8 i?” 9 i. ~ 4 eet Sat SE aT A emp ee ——_ .-S—S——tOM the temperature. The temperature is controlled and kept constant by means of a set of Smith automatic thermo regulators. The regulators, properly secured to a base, are placed in Eastman 4 x 5 plate developing tanks, provided with lead outlets for theelectric connections. These tanks proved very serviceable, since the lids can be removed readily for adjusting the regulators, and are absolutely water tight. 8. Constant Humidity Arrangement Air drawn from out-of-doors is deprived of its moisture by pass- ing it through calcium chloride and concentrated sulphuric acid. It is then recharged with a definite amount of moisture by passing it through a large chamber containing a salt solution of definite and known concentration and constant temperature. The tension of the water vapor above such a salt solution is less than that formed above distilled water, and diminishes as the concentration of the salt solution increases. The hygrometric condition of the air after passing through such a solution may be calculated by means of the formula 1— na*; in this formula saturation is taken as unity; n equals the number of grams of salt dissolved in 100 grams of water, and a is a constant; this for sodium chloride is 0.00601. The air, charged with a definite amount of moisture, takes a course as follows: By means of two aspirators, so connected that they may be used singly or together, the air is exhausted from the | plant chambers. These in turn are furnished with fresh air from *Cf. LeSage--Ann.Sci.Nat.Bot. (8) 1: 309, 1895. RAS Tae ae ee ns ea = F tesdacod bes nonesn i 2 * if lévleu legume is i: pdetolnic Bas poe wer: oo cmOUEYG Os .aoebet date A . r AA £ a: vk ory Yr aint 2 ‘ * ve PHS (20 aesrs ke ban’ er sleie ° ; tw £ 4 & agi ‘ 5 0 ft aw ve ’ ' ‘ eyes £8 ei aet At seedt f 2 tie nedasatp wot taTee ir mt Fat SER Pn a Cae 7 oye an ik 7 stats, in which the air is recharged. By means of mercury mano- jmeters, connected with the plant chambers, and a series of stop- cocks in the supply pipes, the rate of the flow of air and the pres- sure are regulated. 3. The Plant Chambers The plant chambers were constructed of glass jars, 94 x 4-3/4 x 4-3/4 inches, with parallel walls. A top of tin, six inches high, and slightly larger in diameter than the neck of the glass jar, was securely attached to it by means of plaster of Paris, followed by @ mixture of rubber and resin. The tin top was painted, inside and out, with black acid-proof paint. Two nipples near the upper end of the top provide for the entrance and exit of the air. The one through which the air is aspirated is continued on the inside of the plant chamber to near the bottom. A tightly sealing friction lid allows free access to the chamber. The plant chambers are immersed in the water of the termostats. When completely furnished for an experiment, they contain two plants, a thermometer and a Lambrecht polymeter. Readings of the tempera- ture and relative humidity were made hourly and recorded with the hourly increments of growth. bere kany | 32 09 oslTy, . obeen, Bee rosediey’ Ode Of erent nals ind pani ‘hs to wolt ede Fo leten ag esaie. vig “ ae h ae (eGmei) tneLd, gies Gy) Rit td Geey B eile fel letag th te c. oem, ag et ts tetamelh 62 vegies peda ,otsala ha anton. uo a2) oF pestedd oe ‘ad olyvite cue tebe. ooig-Rice oeale tive hes etpietdis, exe 202 obLVOT bouniioes bl Setprioas 6h SEs Ree es se vidadeidi a mod ted, ett, naae), ot cat etinede ett OF eenee sett sufss eng ef Sgeromms oh SLY many tena Ser stegKe me Lox bested wee * peaee sts) items cy geeotiames bar > Avot se FOhe ’ 7 a a ¥ 7 = — & i j n ¥ . oy my ; d ee III METHODS 1. Manipulation of the apparatus. It is important at this point to give some details concemning the method of procedure in the use of the various parts of the ap- paratus. In beginning an experiment the thermostats and the plant }Chambers were first brought to the temperature desired. Care was exercised to give sufficient time to allow the glass walls of the plant chambers to attain the temperature of the water of the thermo- stats. When working with low temperatures the water in the thermostats was first cooled with ice or snow, the thermo regulators maintaining the somewhat higher temperature desired. On cold days it was found advantageous to open the windows and thus to cool the laboratory be- low the temperature of the thermostat. After the desired temperature had been attained within the plant chambers, the plants, polymeter and thermometer were placed into them and the top securely closed. The aspirators were started and the various stopcocks adjusted to get a constant and uniform flow of air. A sufficient interval (two hours) was allowed for the plant con- tainers, polymeter and thermometer to attain the temperature of the } Chamber, and for the plant to accomodate itself to the new condi- tions. After two hours, readings of the growth increment were started, it having been found, as will be discussed later, that this j interval is sufficiently long. The plants during the period of experimentation were grown in the dark. Light for measuring the growth increment was provided by an electric bulb immediately in front of the thermostat. The plant + “ » ¢ os | . hee se Saar been Pe eee oi? to seer odd Te oetetessqad duty aiden. al icy od a: us tow off) Serta tsaome? Wee tf sates Se uiteey acme eft. lr eee te oF oe eimomrey | tee SytecTae fe _ | pat et "7 TOR +t . ih Cy 4 : ie “ie Me # ey Lederle Fe ie he Paes | PSOA) Siete Vin « re Bond CR batts te sade y Robie. yas a8: eeu side ae vigheeot Al ba re. wtee te: S74 Obie TAMER spas golmacetal f es 4 a i ee atieokh wirtetseame?d 8f7' of Sept tate : i ary om sagtg ath Wetip ot wet sreadue valet va wets jFired) On raf: etd Wonk oa eeu ae [ oft Jodo ov vo bee evobery eee Rane tevoorted? og8 to oats '{4oe feotedte spec Dae erageteares tye daa alte Tow TeTvemoni ons Hie sekeey log siaera ony — bLOUBTL IRE $ T ecole ylstacee gov sm ; a + bob J ixadanee 2 ‘col Gc ube t ear ghovcgaH'e wopy 192 Lawel Le ‘ome Correct Qed? Lavee sn coe “a " fo La) ot: Mt Of ° Seed) e¢wbongngs éd) dhe tg tetera fexngt Arnos eae Id at ipso ereor Kat Tg vevel becaertrt Lb ec [isw Ge bane? Toes ne Be re ieee aie stan ‘obi sarpomtanand te bo thin off, ai -s - on a ag sath . faceomrscdih ene 42 feo7t at Mees p tial shall fi ; i ca 4 ; caw taghestig patnomgl itt apes deeam never was exposed to the light for a period longer than forty sec- j onds. Under these conditions the mais seedlings grew perfectly erect. Readings of the growth increments were made with telescopes sup- plied with cross hairs. A scale graduated in half-millimeters, im- jmediately behind the plant, permitted a ready and accurate measure- ment of the growth increment. @. Preparation of the Seedlings The plumules of Zea mais seedlings were exclusively used in these experiments. Reed's Yellow Dent, of the previous year's har- vest, and grown on the Illinois Agricultural Plots, was used. The corn was of uniform good quality as shown by the high percent of germination. The grains were soaked in water for about ten hours, and then placed in sphagnum for germination. Germination took place in a dark room in the basement of the building at a temperature varying between 27°C. and 29°C. The room was free from gas pipes. When the seedlings had attained a sufficient size for experi- mentation they were transferred, on the evening previous, to a wide- mouthed bottle containing a nutrient solution. The nutrient solu- | tion was that recommended by Pfeffer, and known as Tollen's Solution. It is made up as follows:- (a) . x - - = $5 ¢c.c. H90 (b) " KNO Pio leen Se ele. B20 LO -e Jc. Ree 3 ee | aS Ole. 980 ¢.¢. H=0 Add a few drops of FeCl, The water of the nutrient solution had been distilled from a Wi i ‘ ? ri A} t ee nae oy 1 bat re | a . a pt J: sant .8gRss Bo st £ eh eh f Bom ie: : be. bie ae \) ciie obBo etew stmedetegse itroey. | fei at Bbetnubers “efase & cote hig Vhedy a beitieieg cake ate & . homer age $e esoiiheec efi to dol tae ov ate seep syolst “9% shel 68 to euolvetq ent Bo, -sned pwollet es Boas ae, 6 as sew oCTS Leer tpotesé el ogrert aaa ao ot Loreq dséid ede yd Bwoda es viiierp Seog ioe Pe ie = : 2 _oiuod ae? tyode tof cegew af. Dangqe eae, ; at seal¢a duod aoriemintae woliteniteg 10> ae Ate ‘sisquet 2 ta palbiige ode to dmeaeesy) Some asx wort est} cme mage SAT , avs he . te toetolttue & Samhetse Gad enn etpsouee 5 ' ee 3 Fyveidg veiteqs od AO- (eee eee? Sao . teitdun of? © .cobtutoe @esieian a gata aaeeee See a ito® e'¢adfioc? a seoal bee) Sees ee Lelaprmooet . ad -eeetiot ae aig cal - — g08gm .1% hh ae ¢ a i | Oph .b.c GE = SO ae * gOS Lr Oe 38 iu a ee et fo 0.8 } dite 9.0 gihet tq 4x08 rat £ or) Lellige lt asec, Be welatos taro bx Yun ols Te ‘. eres ao a wo i zi hoi Fe Os OT ———2 os ae 10 ae still and then redistilled from hard glass. Before using, jit was shaken up with a small amount of Carbon Black (G.Elf) as rec- | ommended by Schreiner and Skinner (15) to remove any trace of toxic substance which might be present. A new solution was prepared for ory experiment. | The wide-mouthed bottle, of 125 c.c. capacity, was provided with Ja tightly fitting cork with two perforations. The roots of the seed lings were passed through the perforations in the cork, and the seed- lings held in place by means of cotton. Evaporation was reduced to @ minimum by a heavy coating of paraffin. The bottle was wrapped with black, opaque paper. The air within the plant chambers had a constant relative humidity of 95%. f tay . i ' Ps a r ar As r he 7 "eet - i if | ye fy = Ai Mae A P 7 | f iz , Pe ils Seed aes b wd ba tft rbex es i Sing cn weidutee won A Nee ee vag tat A A “ vee i fx. Ge a | ) sort. wie eq oF CRE coniaate Wen Epis “4 b! Ut Lange. 6. Serio ae Mhi ved bedzison A ia Ay | eH me sro tre otrow - cee iat 08) — M Ail L. : t foe. -ateoe ect at GR AatoPres “ts vudads ane nw Meitasveqeys (Het Tio. 298 wiLee ms oS eon (teed ent Rebeka 26, Bate saco) eva a - At & Files ony oa terw ee. eit egg ba ¥ . rae to yeLpinds } ~ - i rs ' i | | ua > k , ; P ‘ee is? vy ® P : 7 4 alka IV POSSIBLE FACTORS OF DISTURBANCE OF GROWTH 1. Change of Medium. Transferring the seedlings from the sphagnum to the bottle of nutrient solution necessitated a handling and a change of medium yout by Askenasy (10). An interval of twelve hours, between the | transfer and the reading of the growth increment, however, was found amply sufficient to allow the seedling to accommodate itself to the new conditions. The transfer was made rapidly and carefully so that the shock incidental to handling is reduced to a minimum. When- ever the experiment called for a marked difference btween the cultur- al temperature and the experimental temperature, the nutrient solu- tion was gradually brought to the latter before the plant was placed into the plant chamber. @. Sudden Changes of Temperature. Very often the temperature at which the growth of the seedlings was studied was several degrees higher or lower than the temperature at which they were grown. Before proceeding it was necessary to satisfy oneself of the length of period necessary for the plant to recover from the temporary depression or acceleration incident to the change in temperature. A number of investigators have studied the effects of sudden | Changes of temperature on plant growth. One of the first to take | up the problem was Koeppen (3). He came to the conclusion that an | abrupt change of temperature, from lower to higher or vice versa, | brought about a reduction in growth. He maintained that it is the Sudden change rather than the temperature that affects the growth. Pedersen (13) in 1874 repeated the above experiments and ob- 2 Seen eae eee TROAD 10 @OSRGRRTSION ae BO TOM AaWIER vy. Tek bs i mire hok. Be. jae dt ek aa ane 1) oF musgadqa edd 4e2 ounthont eae um 229906 BS DO¢& DOLLARS onset swomn sd? at eoqgbeereeds: nei see na «evytewd te fa sweseh chy ORD, 1” ‘od , dente sonl 4werm sabe ee sastenai $: efaboumooon be antthuew) etaeesia ae $e he -a> has viblent> obat ecw? Tee edt “e ia Ey & OF : Pu a's eA Rie © ALE og Lotaesieae i id sunova tia wears 708) ee: “ie “ 5 ie a as | woty euf dehdy ta eeu ee a a ont, wed : ies ecg + vowal “9 SOdg1a segiges Latoved oye rT. oe shuygeoty otoler HOSE BO SOe, 8g kK * qele xo vpepeoved Dols Po deysek Sari te ve +patical teidepeleces vecmbeeeeageh) weet Geeee She sua tequel 4 ve %O erosate + hethuve ovedt® erotmgs .eaviek Eas anil, aw i. oe 38s “ae ae ST UsIazTOg nor@ulonco sit g# @ano-38 2) go prec ones >¢ solv. to nedgid of yore h cont, (eae eae te og | tadd bedietatened = denote ses alee ep sta, se efoe ths todd stvtazeqe@ed cnt) nadits ei teu laggae VOCs eat botseqes Bins: a ws ns “or # 12 } tained results diametrically opposed to the generalizations of Koep- He found that by exposing roots of seedlings of Vicia faba to jsudden and to gradual changes of temperature between 10° and 26° Rie no evidence of any retardation of growth was manifested. He found | that the growth-rate depended solely on the absolute temperature, the act of change being without influence. In 1890 the problem again was taken up by Askenasy (10). His observations were confined to the roots of mais. He found that the influence due to a sudden change of temperature depended on whether the temperature from which the transfer is made lies above or below the minimum temperature for growth. When the minimum temperature used still permitted growth a change to the higher temperature was followed by an immediate ressumption of the rate of growth character- istic for the higher temperature. When, however, the minimum tem- perature was near the zero Pelee the transfer to a higher tempera- } ture was followed by a more or less tardy resumption of the normal growth-rate. In 1894 True (12), in Pfeffer's laboratory, obtained results which confirm those of Askenasy. He found that the effect of a sudden change of temperature depends upon "the position of the lower cimit*". True concludes as follows:- "Following a sudden fall or a sudden rise of the temperature between 18°- 21°C. and 0.5°- 1.5°C. | as extremes, the first effect seen is a slight turgor-change due to physical causes, producing, or tending to produce, a shortening in | length if the temperature be lowered; or in case the temperature be raised, producing an elongation. Following this mechanical action @ period of depressed growth usually follows. The duration of the depression-period depends on the position of the lower temperature ( mn 4 ipa 4 ie f rs : ) ‘ ; | a Bi ; oe ; : : wa ; } We an, d cr a i ’ ‘ i 527 A AY =: ahem a psbil uake on L.0 Dams. O° LE ar Re: de ome st useregaer Fe ms OF ane - s Bao -puamaie Jat AS hi es naam: cette tect ott” i wt , ey os aK let ORR (eouhesg, OF wit 2beneg 4% gatoubesg | coe -umet @8e eeee of 167° phewewel ad stusetoqant § Sivsd! bid Aphwonses ie rae te, ita | igh thon * a (ay Be an 7 scitereb eft) vaeweiies vitae dtworg, hqase rien ee rae Res te 4 wet teol Sit To goltheow edd he ebanaeh Pe | +: ay ey | : 13 limit and on the length of time of exposure to this temperature." If higher temperatures are used he finds that "every change from 30° to 18°C. is followed by a reduction of the growth-rate during the ensuing one-fourth hour. Further effects plainly due to the change are not to be traced in the later growth. It increases or diminishes according to he internal conditions prevailing. The transfer from 18° to 30°C. is always followed by an increased amount of elongation during the ensuing fifteen minutes. As before, the growth-rate gives no further evidence of being influenced by the temperature- || change. In both cases, the traceable effects of the change disap- pear within fifteen minutes". Before proceeding with the study of the relation of temperature to growth it was deemed necessary to repeat some of the experiments jon the effects of sudden changes of temperature on growth, especially in so far as this affects the problem under consideration. The following results show the influence of a sudden change of temperature of five degrees on the rate of growth of mais seedlings. The temperature was kept constant at 25°C. for six hours and then raised, within five minutes, to 30°C. F , , ’ ° “ + oki f iy a \ ¢ fe ‘ a J ' fe a . ay A «i | » , ‘ tac ; on x wy ORM 24 JGarsaed @dGR) Bere uy A Ms Pum y Kg S ar Te val henaltam trowia eoreirwds * ilo = a Olek iw a foatiea! sigue cett oft: somes cod (he ‘odd. *6 vhute odd ade e 11 pee Cte shete de hy, oe he i in Ly mts hI f q ea ee nat ie" ‘co wi hteroee 2 Let len fr98 osowt ho. 1eceree agen " ice 3th Mewes: arts ae pepe . , or ee ; ; i de) ee us vend eeryr hres ape RSs. sth oe te ht be ce) ;? ais) setunret dob2et't ecm a ” wth; rast noe | pe Setaoy! OF Yt) 2 yy pomeete' Ss >? ~< ¥ sis alla ie rode, o 1 7 ebirge matderid: oi avve tie alae . a ne yosoullet edt fod Oe a , ot? so enetgeb eythe 4 i A 7 ih : 20° ot Mea avi oe: 4 Lact * - i) "y J > Bly Sige he A... Mbt TE Ls i Li re | é wo er Z aa” » 4 i —— me _~ aes ae x TABLE A Showing Effect of a Sudden Change of Temperature. Temperature changed in 5 minutes* Temp. 25°C. Temp. 30°C, rae 8 Bra SEF (obi e 75 50 100 100 100 ip. 50 125 100 100 75 100 175 150 1285 75 75 150 150 125 to 4 150 125 75. 60 150 100 50. 775 150 125 20). 75 125 125

) a ne e mM ve if i ft iy w! a » we ‘ 5 \ ty: A. GaaaT Geeky ; } tee: Ney i 1 A , % my i ; } fT a " Fa Mi erat sebhut @ $0. Pedigree, ee ‘ : : ad - - ee, witawogneT 26 Aine b ; ; ® me, } ‘eoviatia Gnh, Segeede saree aeame Ee O° 08s Gast O°8S ceaet ; t r ¢ rie Bs E en LE “OOLr . OO L” ay 3. a 2: ey 2 f COOL: OGL. date cae ay Ge 6%) @y ; ‘ee S bk Ma ay iad Gor 91s 3 Oy Fe We y 4 i @86h°, 080i Oe ae ay ey aie oF be Cor ay 5 ay Ce ap reat Oita es 0 St" Oe | be L ve oe at ay as aay sat it er ; st SL BL Cale er ath ay OG a: ey \ : of SSt) Odk" ian OOD COL ie Sof aGl’ “SRL Get ee ar BR) Rees mn), "T tly acd r6k Pane otona ehshor ent’ ‘te’ , ction jit. besegtodd ms. ve pebmoqout ehh rae a ee Poet it sit talte Osnt Seebetoed 2 wodtgs te. ge 2. ei .0°88 ue Shab set eataao dtwony Vooca au : ; } J ahip i Ugh oee EO Be : =. te ee Beans coved wa et two ego Teste Beas bri ero te’ " Si t ' if ee th. oat) 20 epitloeed xa cade Ane eaodd Loe Wor id oe ha a) i st TSG paltave * $i? To osvaceer Saree ‘exe ‘daw ro. Oh A Gs Sa a Sa ST vORO JSIOe Teves & +f SécexoPB2D, 26 todnonleptal Ss eat efove. sop ciech eet .calwesddo baa Lomo léones ae tgeliey te camer oct ‘siagia .mumietais oe ert subere, of. jxalt . bee eee an tele sod 28 sremts agse vrebay, GLlaesbtvings aay bebeo et’ ‘ordd 4 a 197 edtgd boda. agit edd dias to) laige Bees 2 otnaie ) ca S| ey tohienoa: (Lists. ef ecény)+ aeael gee aio htvsowed otondel ¥ razoed .féwoty to Geode SgetOVa ads ee sod tents fz 6 a teat tovevods tat és. enogg to ees 8 acd ‘Bives ot aoa to. roktetebd e . of Cot ok? dpge ebelons, of, bee viigp: slo doworTR. Bo bie:. sacle, esniibaa meen s ad egiiarta eletieeg © C48) eekpalah cota red its ce ao alo a". tye pdibateais needs bas wong. 4 fiscte oy le stem sober (ta tae, senate i cio J6f fexae? teats iat 208 pono yi es Lo? a ie ue ‘ cunts ctcgW” oe): teume mura: see ob Bare a me > re ae “ Ar se mo mee ex ree cee o 18 | Wurzeln erst eine Zeit lang bei einer dem Optimum nahen Temperatur 1(26-29°) beobachtet und alle Wurzeln, die unter 1.7 mm. sttindlichen |) Zuwachs zeigten, verworfen. Pedersen bemerkt allerdings, 'dass es jnicht erlaubt wa re, jede langsam wachsende Wurzel als krank und |abnorm zu betrachten, bloss deshalb weil sie langsam wa chst'. Ich }bin aber anderer Ansicht. Viele Umstande, die auf das Wachsthum der Wurzeln ungunstig einwirken, sind uns nicht genugend bekannt, wir nehmen sie nur an ihren Folgen wahr, und wir werden sicherer gehen, wenn wir abnorm langsam wachsende Wurzeln verwerfen." (p.63). True (12) in his work evidently eliminated the plants showing an abnormally rapid or slow growth. He states:- "In the investi- gation only those specimens were used which, by at least an average | erowth, indicated a normal condition" (p.368). | The seedlings used in the present studies were grown from se- |lected ears and, so far as possible, those of each series were from as taken from the same ear. They were grown under identical iconditions and only those of the same age and approximately the same eich were chosen (16). All seedlings whose plumule was more than twelve and less than ten millimeters in length were rejected. Fin- ally, the seedlings, vefore they were placed in the plant chambers, ; Were grown in nutrient solution for from eight to ten hours at nearly ae optimum temperature (27-29°) and the growth-rate noted. All seedlings whose growth-rate deviated widely from the average were re- | jected. TA dao) Osect ae ee 7 H ite ao ul) tees Be at 19Lecs Tatoned heehee a : Costa: ,aosan cae rehash hated “ be Ones a2. 8 > fev tages Ln nese ipyt | 1 as ve SPR Sis baie. "omen whtex tie See. ited neato et 21 6Wt OV, BLSeay obi eabguey as. . 2 Me Bees ee , pag et ee Wit cehd ve alee ocd ee. opge tees) edirotg Mele ‘oe ba ' vit Rh Soy Dees ate i Ghee ‘" 66a | Tey rag tA tbe Oxy. pasa $8 row ds bhota ineseie ony, me beats agatt peak PNG hy re ot) anew eae ee) “ene euedi ek o ite eyo orig ods Fe ong sais , sla esotw eat lbeee: 158 ABE) 2 osow dtgael Ar she gemi ities ate, eat ae 't) ot Deoele ere meas sxarsd, ‘egaey ot tdgis ost tees cogprit ys. sorts uid dos U05 58) exten VI RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS 1. The rate of growth for a twelve-hour period, for the tem- |peratures 12--43°C. In all the experiments excepting those dealing with tempera- tures near the minimum and maximum, readings of the growth incre- j}ments were made hourly. At temperatures near the minimum and max- imum the growth increment is so small that hourly measurements are made with difficulty and the error resulting is correspondingly great. Readings at these temperatures, consequently, were made at three-hour intervals. Readings at temperatures between 20° and 30° |}C. were continued hourly for twelve hours; at other temperatures they were continued for longer periods--twenty-one to thirty-nine hours. The tables Numbers I to XXXVI record the results of my measure- |ments of 430 plants, at temperatures varying from 12°C. to 43°C... and | for periods from twelve to thirty-nine hours. The hourly increments of growth for temperatures between 31° and 43° are recorded in Tables II to XVI inclusive; those for temperatures between 12° and 20° in Tables XVII to XX. The record of the hourly growth increments of | the large number of plants measured between the temperatures of 20° }and 30°C. would greatly increase the bulk of this work and add little if anything, for discussion. These hourly readings have, therefore, | been omitted and the average hourly growth increments for a twelve- | hour period computed. These have been included in Table I. In the tables that follow the figures express the growth increments in :- ws ( b ’ e z ee 4 a! a : Sraay is ta WO atqieE ee p ; tot boltey! twodsevlewe wee dimotg toe ae ‘ bate ci al A 06 oP Bis ~e" t d¢iw wortiped 60d? gkiageans etree -etonk Tiners sa 29 ORSlEAes Tearepiahuny i sriddaghn . Aen bia Sumi ie. one ‘non BStvtRs> uae vA heel Re i * re i : rigs a Vy 2 eis etnoite tere vitver gene Leas 8 6b Files 0a in vivatonoidéetzon Bio GREPtLoResy towne. li ‘bh vatodee ‘ te Sham: orvéWo )¥Bincwpesier ee rere y ease hres POG agewtod’ ¢s2bdate qobe 28 opr inen rad ‘tests o die eed evsowa dot Sh ig-YO LT La Oe anu-~tttawd-sehbited tesa TOS set hh —<“tuersn way BS aid ote’ $i. Bx 0guy I VALE” Ge “Y epadctatt, . . v2 Cb OF ORL MOS Lei Vea agisteisaqees tz fataeh Girish tonk Yitvor ome pated S6StA-Veri ae of “ovleua’ ‘ & ees es fern’ obScSae Muon ei) lo. g Lind: ede) Seseeare videergeat cost vey egninser Yt cube enoat sol epuved oy $ . oviews * to) ehaeme ted “tenors er seetens ong . ‘ i. toca bedi Gad Nand ovea eke ji Q Swpastoat S2WOTs s 20 sent the average hourly growth increments of individual plants for a period of twelve hours. The figures at the base of the columns rep- |} resent the average hourly growth increments for a given temperature of all the plants observed. By following these figures from 12°C. upward it will be noted that the greatest average hourly growth, based on a period of twelve hours, takes place at 32°C. The opti- mum for the plumule of mais was found by De Caudolle (4) at ae°e.., by Sachs (1) at 34°C., by Koeppen (3) at 30° and 334°, and by Davenport (21), using Koeppen's data, at 33.4°C. Beyond 32°C. the growth in- crement decreases and at 43°C. averages 0.06 mm. per hour. The temperatures 12° and 43°C. are not the minimum and maximum tempera- tures for growth in mais seedlings. The manner of preparation and selection of seedlings for experi- }mentation has already been discussed. It is interesting to note that even after such preparation and selection the average hourly growth increment differs widely in different individuals. This in- dividual variation is most marked in the seedlings subjected to tem- peratures below and above the optimum (32° C.). If the growth increments as given in Table I are compared with those of Koeppen (3, p.40), a number of rather wide differences are : at once apparent. It will be noted that the average hourly incre- | ment of growth as given in Table I gradually increases as the temper- ature rises to ad and that it decreases beyond that temperature. At no time did I get the irregularities in rate of growth at success- ] ively higher temperatures as did Koeppen. A double optimum at 30° and oa. C., obtained by Koeppen, and said by him to be due probably to "eine chemische Verbindung in einer solchen Weise dass dadurch das | Wachsthum eine Verzogerung erleidet", is not in the slightest degree [Gee ane . ts ova, © r- re iis a roel: tavasd: et 6 deraete roa co pgry oS fe ser te aT = ‘avian rs 5 Ty) yore ay ee %. \ exclave :oeeee oaks, Latoh #4 célq segaty oars Wr Eee te oF etxd Bast bew, ata, Io ctl! bate pe $2) €E ‘neqgeor: Me one seat cyos! ..20n. 86 te aes ‘Ae cHed. Pek ‘ : ee ‘ BO.) Gare ne aan ia! ‘toe 49 181 intake ea tod eae Rais. LO& alsbese stent, ah 908 E0F. SE Dottsea sidt bnovel MPL o8. fe viene wish nan. tse. e yivole ytev gati ls? —eese: aageiel eyies wae (oi ond pedw Dentaeem with moms hettoia svxuee 9 te 4 SLOOE sent no-~ydnewd 2 to etaorerodh away say wort hadtose bi oF mm tigo .odt. broted PER lgee: eLatn eqony { OV; water Oe tat rte asters ionedetes Pa: .L. Wo a ee tee lh to ¢¢eo ent Wate em e1hgeeg ) rae asd S624, of mf PLIG LSis ow twecet° Te vewer easoro.) ode. of os teatena) seoke erode Ramee t to exon’. ese eeinolens ovid eupgue Peon ise au mt dutd te somyors le alates, er bees : . a9. | bs iy Me di +erenso bos 13 riemeT AA ci Se ‘ Sal Pal? ¥ Fel ¥ a4 Oe Ne ae . ne, i i Te i a, a Pat “as ‘ase i> Of, ~, =! a” Ad a : \- > er VIII CONCLUSIONS 1. The conclusion of Koeppen that the curve of growth in re- lation to temperature shows two optima is erroneous. a. The optimum temperature of mais, for a twelve-hour period, de 32°C. 53. The optimum temperature in the curve of growth shifts as the length of the period of observations is increased. 4. At high temperatures (31°C. and above for mais) the initial growth-rate is not maintained, but there is a falling off in the rate. 5. The decrease in the growth-rate at high temperatures makes it necessary to consider the time-factor in determining the position of the optimum of growth. 6. The curve for the rate of growth constructed from readings extending over a sufficiently long period of time, is very similar to the curve representing the activities of other functional processes. 7. At temperatures near the minimum (i22234°6. } no decrease in the growth-rate is shown. 8. The growth-rate at medium temperatures accords fairly well with Van't Hoff's Law. BET 'ER “ote Ligv dS 2% avant get. tel sg sow ok Seite Osman IT Bt ood SE, ued sttose’ | j~aviewg A Io a aes ote shat uot 3 PROTS eves 3, OGL Re vrncavegees Yoel “ be ape sone ote teeley Sey beiide ae act (phe Yot avedte UbmaNTee 12) ae fide i te stérediwen> emkee costae s ‘+ salalpre TOR ae eer eagerly eae robishem, ae a e as taht. Ih ee: “% Dedgoumdeooo thee fo etnt’ eae Tot) r iY tem [inte \Wew of st [0 Dottem Raos yeaa are " | | | ait: Ce APO. Se sige te selelylece eee gen aber uae senerceh ot (. 0 RD--EL }: tether ee ant whe’ | wily OE pied sbicwtie Netuteveqned’ mae se acess tome not 0 Hol BIBLIOGRAPHY Sachs - Textbook of Botany (Eng. Trans.) De Vries -"Materioux pour la connaissance de l'influence de la temperature sur les plants" Arch.Neerlandais, 5: 385. Koeppen - "Warme und Pflanzenwachsthum". Diss.- Bull.de la Soc. Imp. des Nat. de Moscau, 1870. De Candolle - Citation from Sachs, Textbook of Botany. Claussen - "Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Athmung der Gewachse und des pflanzlichen Stoffwechsels". Laudw.Jahrb. 19: 893, 1890. Matthaei - "Experimental Researches on Vegetable Assimilation and Respiration". Phil, Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. Ser.B 197: 47, 1904. Chudiakow - "Untersuchungen uber die alkohalische Gahrung". Laudw. Jahrb. 23: 391, 1894. Blackman - "Optima and Limiting Factors". Ann. Bot. 19: 881,190% Jost - "Ueber die Reaktions-geschwindigkeit im Organismus". Biel. Centrbl. 26: 225, 1906. Askenasy - "Ueber einige Beziehungen zwischen Wachsthum und Tem- peratur". Ber.d.D.Bot.Ges. 8: 61, 1890. Godlewski - "Ueber die Beeinflussung des Wachsthums der Pflanzen durch aussere Factoren". Anz.d.Akad.d.Wissensch.in Krakow 4690: 166. True - "On the influence of sudden changes of Turgor and of Tem- perature on Growth". Ann. Bot. 9: 365, 1895. Pedersen - "Haben Temperatur schwankungen einen ungunstigen EFin- fluss auf das Wachsthum?" Arb.d.bot.Inst.in Wurzburg, 1: 563, 1874. a kAMOTSHER ees ¢. “Ket? eT +s Tee ve Sacee T) ORS 38 f ees el tery] castrate Ole iat eth ' ore hep wel te) atwtareg Bey “aur 61 lea oon ions tol wegen oh) tet spay Ly A ype to) aaa ae tinkenwa’ ~ yet No moraine 1a ok A Ore, ee > la Gar taag ot Soma! OF Tyery } , Sn fey Ole i % ny ree ctw fot lye Ea (Oh aige tony? ie caddies ook) Leta tees * Ba ee ee ay ee ks (A0ites Lam ae a8 me witeiisdodftes eet. ede » ometb yp tered s! ‘ai wy ~~ ” pret ae 7t& oe stata 4 tek .8 aod 6h wird 2 ba. ee Baa ae an | iS pborr edo epeenos? «naa ait xine F a ie S (RG 4 Od weet age "roi bie: et ‘toe bw Seyret aed tide Tage Te Lf. £Gam 59 aed dod Gb ee oP a iyades! cel) Gbcneehineeete ere cite Ghee a. eee, a8 .bi meth een oeead eiwedis oa ! 2s. taille thet 2 Peet eee abies SiG Hone etd ee oh ; Ps war ROO ta pie? eee wags pe Ae wn tee ees Ct eee aE Yat fais a eA ice sidity a" nat oe * sd iad rh. a a > yh TD ; . r i F d Pod ee 5 orf Mow Hs : ey aes ~ - mt ne a th 8 reve a ——e a 33b Balls - "Temperature and Growth". Ann. Bot. 26: 557, 1908. Schreiner and Skinner - "Ratio of Phosphate, Nitrate and Potas- Sium on Absorption and Growth." Bot.Gaz. 50: 9, 1910. Peetzer — "Physiology of Plants." II: 15, and 79. Van't Hoff - Vorlesungen u. theoret. Chem. 1898, Part I: 3227 (Eng. Trans.) Hober - Physik. Chem. d. Zelle u. d. Gewebe. 1912. (Citation from Blackman). Herzog - Zeitsch. f. Physiol. Chem. 37: 396, 1903. (Citation from Blackman). Kirchner - "Ueber das Langenwachsthum von Pflanzenorganen bei niederen Temperaturen." Biol. d. Pf. 3: 335, 1883. Davenport, C.B. - Experimental Morphology, 1908. Eidam -"Die Einwirkung verschiedener Temperatur und des Ein- trochnens auf die Entwicklung von Bacterium termo." moon's Beitr. 2. Biol. I, 3: 308, 1875. Ward - "On the Biology of Bacillus ramosus (Fraenkel), a Schizo- mycete of the River Thames." Proc.Roy.Soc.Lond. 58: 365, 1895. Ewart - "On the physics and physiology of protoplasmic streaming aft Plante." Oxford, 1903. Pantenelli - "Abhangigkeit der Sauerstoff ausscheidung belichte- ter Pflanzen von ausseren Bedingungen." Jahrb. f. wiss. Bot. 39: 167, 1904. Tammann - "Zur Wirkung ungeformter Fermente." JZeitschr. f. physik. Chem. 18: 426, 1895. Winterstein - "Ueber die Wirkung der Warme auf den Biotonus der Nervencentren." Zeitschr.f.allgem.Physiol. 1: 1289, 1902. ae VY Oe Coal | gy, +P L5t* (ee oO ae a beeas We hos baa ae v4 ns Foe oieoe te aod ie Aer se ot alah tis ee iio .. votodte ae raion Be ok bee et NG eng i. Vecualila a RY eek ee ede ‘ ae dopa len ~ Weeoel lt cow eee ee eri ae aks ria li) y me ve hie 2" 7 78 ere VE EAE r= A ge 2 exoceat a2 OGL yaad Lat eh tees Ba ~ YoaToOst Bo smria Bakelite sat ib 3. ATs | ami aes PATEL: . CR a ee Ya ig no tan 3th at 2 Gen OReR, Sot LORE "26 cob babe ao 063. oR: Doe So eee gowns _ pee Losey ae wea hone nde bre eycevady oad oN g MORE seated M ets swans Stoker same phase! 2 bite Saeed 4 t octal crea changes t SRE rer eea us nay coon i | OGLE TRS hae hte a ink " ettaatee? gelageiis ae Hoeghn age ba fic | | MRL LBS (sige a roh Ane omy diiges Baa ene, iatute TABLE I Averages of Growth of Plumule of Nais for 12 hours. 12° 13° 14° 15° 18° 20° 21° 22° 23° 24° 25° 26° 27° 290 Sees 2p. 16 25. 52 54, 54 56 62 102 87, 102 me :086 16 20 35 45 54 70 66 54 79 ton LOZ meeoeo 25 20. 35 54 52, 39 54 75 Sig > Lip mao 22 25 20 $7 50 75 87 66 92 gL ee x19 14 19 39 46 83 63 106 06 .08 23 21 31 58 83 98 98 16 48 73, 69 79 89 19 46 tay 36 Si, 106 19 54 1 63 130 23 44 54 91 118 41 64 56 50 58 Beeeeeoo LY 18 26 45 S2 59 64 69 75 82 90 Ls ee ro . al efi ct o Cp ohh’ wh Set net acy Sama An v yt ‘ an jee & Qi ae ed a Lem WAS ? % { : ie ie | 4 ~ r iz hor mf F Bre: a ~ 4) ae i Hi ‘ ’ iy , 4 ‘ fs anh ad he = 4 : al ¥ i he \ ~y a oe eh ae \ ae ; , GA . ‘ in “Se a ee a b yet , - " i t ‘ i ‘ “ i , > A : 5 * = 7 i, ae ‘ ay, ia Ok ba i ‘ " weary 7m V & c $ bj od { ' 4 is ~ a TABLE I (continued) Ga 24°'°se 36°57" 38°99" "40° 42° 435° Sl 69 118 79 54 54 44 31 15 94°100 635 133 S52 62 69 35 10 86 94 104 79 69° 77 S2 31 10 £G0 462 1278 79 56 ..52 46 31. 10 a2. 210 86°87 75.62 29 .08 116 102 96 92 62. 60 So” 12 S& -73 46,77 79, 60 29 104 133 69 73 65 50 29 66.119 69. 79 %3 208.108 89. 60 177 110 17% 64. 87 96 96° (94 77. 61 87 96 129 96 108 110 100 14... o9n LOG 222-62 116 96 98 189 104 116 104 96 146 108 148 dot, ble 129 141 94 141 150 94 129 96 131 100 neers id 115 009 106 97..84 7O 58 50 31 11 .06 Pe pabe é fief ¥ OD FEL. kOL F. \ eat th OTe ee bi ve: O8 8B: GOR ACE \ 1 -. TE. 86. TY) 2a Ts re “AY be . BY ae Coy a¢ wo ree BOL eC EW ied mae ot %, SLE Ce feo 08" BE Ok = pete: BGR ees | _ een foro i, St TABLE II Increments of Growth for 39 hours oi, €- la lb 2a 700 725 800 750 825 950 1100 1200 1350 1500 1600 1750 1900 2050 2175 2500 2450 2600 2750 2850 3000 3125 3250 3400 3525 5650 3800 3975 4150 4300 4450 4600 41750 4900 5050 5200 5350 5500 5900 ae ae oe 3: 4; ae 6: Pi: 8; 9; 10): a Le: tx r- 3: 4; &:: 6:; y ja Bi: 9: el ll oe rProroO Ea rPOWOOMYNO OhADW BLATUEE 4 QGRs a) OBS LB 1O'l sewear) Dr eC aoe 2OCR ae BEDE . sek & Pn O84 TI. QIGAT ° a {3 or Ch ri At Die Of) o00 oueEs Vou QOe8s éseas OG0E GSC eva'd HOKE nee OOVE eae oyeG COLDS Ugh OOo ager. Gvyh eves oo0¢e C&t4 Ofee TOR OGEer OCs. iy. GSeze a GORD Pbe tuk Cay os Cte UB? erase a’ Cort Hges OM pt Ocal CEG E Cre VOR Ls: de OOOS Cree OGRE " oe Se Pal Pas Gh OE CERE OGRE, hy he = MER oc? OH) BE SBRRE CORP: " Lg St ee > on "4 os ee ee ae: 4c Sa73-e-3/k pra? Oe TABLE III Increments of Growth for 21 hours ge° Cc. Lo 28 2b 3a 1 4 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 aa Le af 2 3 a 5 6 4 coat Ober’ CaPl ooeceE ! ee i rare + Gr a Lu Seas Sh I. 1eges OS. [ \ OVE ic \ mas | OORE J Ot . Cet Sted f rie OG OCA ‘ ng Whe OOS. eavi 8S Lf GS ogc: ao rf “! Uc {0 BA © es is Of 6 ay O&he . COUR \ Tes O@ER is OVS Oct Vi O2e O@85 vk A Oe i ats £ o d : N Au f 4; Ob f Vust a) £¢ ' Ae) : y Vit £ a ak ; a” } ~ bea fas 19 FE AD Lc i] aé gb a vor a Oe0L oT eh OBy evil Once 6S Ow cpa ne Ott I ) ; th c Yas OoUS.L O¢ OO¢ y : ret : ay . i J ; may y \ mE ie i , F ian i ae ioe t Lit). Weezy G } ‘ a, cok aiwort, Te 6s Rnb ie ™“ ah HBO! aCe | est SOL eres Ox £ eh Ef) BOLE ewes ater. coms ea Eye} ie nade OosSs 10GE Ae)”, AY SOE ave Es OC ERY OVAS CASS avvs SKUs 23.05 rig “ ep a COZ OCP OGHEe Ce Ve Cb8é veg evor qo“ OCBS O22 ésor asta TABLE IV Increments of Growth for 39 hours 32°C. la lb 2a 2b 700 775 850 925 1000 1100 1225 1325 1450 1575 1700 1850 2000 2150 2500 2450 2600 2725 2850 2975 3100 3250 5650 4100 4500 4900 5400 5800 be BRE DOMOVAORUNENEO | ed b ie: ite = rRPONBPRFPONO OF OD 9 — Ee ? i bo Rai ba —a a ee Vv fF Q me) A , ty t AP Oey bes, ot it Og 4% ‘ es > ’ Le ¢ es r*. F \ i Wee a “Fe rele OF ‘ af ud yer Se Jeet O¢ce#es cd Ly vO 7. m - og ts oases ¢ sas OL34 : § “a { h i OOGe ORME GTEh O58 IS, O08G Poos SOs ah a r 4 i pT vena Sev ae ae iy i. ue eye] of ay re ie deheknee tay ‘ fa, ee en aes Hae: oy OOY. avy gre «| * = QoL CcEl evOs Ques Ce eee Say weet OeVva ray caer ie: ‘gonge Oty" ev Re CORE asgger 4 gee w one We ees ty DOOR 4: DUCE On ee Qoge Carp CUGE 0092. ass: "ain lege Pee & a; a= » P ae ~; Poy eed at oe e - a = oe a <2 J ae a ~ ae fo? Ad > = po) 1 2B 3 4 5 6 b 4 8 9 10 ~ = “IO On G00 FH 0 Increments 1100 1150 1250 1325 1400 1475 1575 1700 LT12 1900 2000 2100 2200 8350 8475 2600 2700 2825 2900 3085 3150 32350 TABLE V of Growth for 21 hours 3a 33°C. 3b 4a 4b 5a 5b 6a 6b 1075 950 1125 1000 1175 1025 1275 1100 13875 1175 1500 1875 1625 1375 1750 1475 1875 1575 2000 1725 8150 1850 2275 1950 8400 32075 2550 22800 8675 2350 8800 2500 89285 2650 3050 2800 3175 28900 3275 3050 3400 3800 3550 3300 way —— : f. J, ‘ he) ee ane Jif Ges - EL Dee! , Sree TOLl Stee gee, i f Gest’ CRIS Yaaleoeor ot os i Oost evil sfos eorl Se évsL/Veol tae A Gs 2 2 E i t OV2VE Oe L WEek Cate on cus TEE E Cees Cees: Cees L @yei Degg as. CSO Coes { Cy faa ae eit ea OCF Ae ; aL ih -s on état Tis deel BS GRRL COS Ges Wea’ a Qlts: HOE GUCE aoe f Oe . VOLS; Coes Gee OF "CS: QOB8 HEE: OORS Bie ety i's Gaye OBER Cvs Olee rac dvaS. OAsd. AMee ase Daee On OOBR Wes 4206 esee. coc j OC OTE COLe Bye OCsse ar rs he 5 Vi OC@Sh, BHBG Hess Geese Py cieal ove 0888 eb & Slee : G GOs Gs. cVGE COCs 00as 12 (2 vat So. OELS OSTe = ‘4 a P we vis Tee 4a SoS ERO ‘lee - z ~O88£ Oe ‘Or aL: 088 evar i i - 7 J to ; ; 5 ‘ « Pit “ uf im) ay , , 4S, t vt Os pity we a & CGE 1. ‘i | ceok’ 2a ‘is COTE evsz GOEL Go08 eens ele Gece TABLE VI Increments of Growth for 36 hours 333°C. la lb 2a pat o 975 900 1000 975 1050 1075 1150 LLTS 1200 1275 1300 1400 1400 1500 1475 1625 1550 1'750 1650 1900 1700 1975 1800 2100 1850 2200 1975 2529 2025 2400 eL2o 2475 2200 2600 2275 2675 2400 2750 2475 2850 2625 2950 2700 3000 3025 3325 3250 3425 3375 3500 3425 3575 3550 3650 3650 3750 3725 3825 3775 3900 3900 3975 4050# 4050 4100 4125 4275 4200 bt | od be be HOWODVOAOhRUANED bh a3 7 a oe: 4: 2s 6: se 8: O: =) # Coleoptile opened Kweew. Sos topmenbet oon) 7, pees ed 248 . Coats CON SRE om ‘ wv re, rs SAL eG e ck % » UUG¢ Ginte& Cie LORS. NYG Wier et di Og TA Gk6s WONG ey vs. Odes 8s L* -WOGs TABLE VII Increments of Growth for 21 hours 1 a 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ck 12 2 a 3 4 5 6 ns AM M PM a” wita? wi etal enone Sahara tate Se aa 1b 900 950 1000 975 1000 1000 1085 1075 1075 1175 1175 1875 1300 1400 1425 1500 1525 1600 1625 1725 1775 1900 1875 2000 1975 2150 8050 2875 8150 28400 8850 2550 8400 8700 2525 38875 8650 3000 2800 3150 8975 3300 3075 3450 2a ab 3a 34°. 3b 4a 4b 5a Sb 6b 1425 1500 1575 1650 1750 1875 2000 8150 23500 B450 8575 2725 2850 8975 3125 3325 3350 3475 36285 3775 3875 4000 700 775 800 875 975 1050 1150 12875 1400 1500 1600 1735 1825 1900 2000 2100 8300 2300 2975 2475 2550 26285 1I¥ BJGAT he cae . 4 . : f sujet 16 ts ciwoty to, et oamereel 0S > O80 @E6L RES. 2eOl Ooe GEO! cv Lie eee , ee SEL OOeL COLE @Be OOLL ONS! CYEL OOS Ree i" Y OObL GNC QRGE ANE OBtl ocei Osi Gea ave os) OBL CMal 2SGR9RSCl Gal OObL Gees tame ; 158 OOALL OCT L. GRR RrerOL Gel Ofer evat, Oomt ¢ age Ll SYS BRAl aVil eal ocal Oceh Gees Sl GREL OOO8 Peal RBI. goer - oct l- Gest ‘COL ATPL o@8f6 OOSL BREL SYSL cvsl Seek eee oe hl evil OOLS OSE ETAT OBRL SPtl) 0S0S Oona eee we CEL OG txts dsc. at P| eas. 27 Bs Cale ae ; a | LO OER E8GR 0078 @S5I GOOG ETSs Bye meee Ef COGS | gars oS BTVlL SBLe OOfR GYRE tee af @&6a8 OBB4 26F8 OOS L. GARE Och Geek ice ; TOE SAT Cael EVER iNds Cel ares ? esis COCR BYGl OGRR OOBG BLE Clee a “VL SOO8 SRE GROE OODLE CSRs OCCR CECE gaae - AGH 2vLé Sak @RES SOULS SVR OOLe Hees gare MAO L Bake ered ARBRE OGES OORR OURS GYRE cee. o "2, BOG O&D5 BGSe OGHE 0088 COGS Cehe Bus aes "AY EVLS Jone Bvve c8B8 oases ATL Otel dase woes 22 OOS StlTE erat Svee Case OOee 0406 Gc Oere ieee 58 JOES GOBE COOL OBBE OSYS COSE GeVE EOS SUS Games TABLE VIII Increments of Growth for 21 ge". 1b 2a 2d 3a 3b £ 2 3 “ 5 6 q 8 9 a Ho = VOOR ANWED the t- = i. Seo LILY AoA 7 “or rewes Te: 6 tesoute Pane ad 1 ats a t Gut OO = VSn WUSS ; ; e at GF CGSes Si GBe cvee deer CTE. pao L 2eL Oe Ne: Gey I Owes ¥ a “cen a" ; See a ee a Oe Gee hod ORS be 9 he | } SB EO: a IZ: Le Be 3; 4; S: 6: ps 8; os eet Pwr O bt Oronrnranhb oan TABLE IX Increments of Growth for 31 hours 36°C. 1b AL Relea? PRS Ly Mabe Te sige “#9 oh ye Whey aut oe Oe Fi ees Oa Oe een 9” BiB) HS i eae Gey Ota (1 Com ‘ cVOGs cars Los a3 At > 4 eé26 UG fs SOL2 OOt: TABLE X Increments of Growth for 21 hours 37°C. 3b 4a 4b 5a 5b 6a 1450 875 1500 950 7550 1000 i We) 1075 1650 1175 1700 1250 1750 1325 1825 1375 1900 1425 1975 1500 2025 EST S 2075 1625 2125 1650 2175 1750 2250 1825 2520 1875 1950 2050 2450 ZieD 2200 ST's 2550 Zoa0 Q I a ae Bb. rs ‘ nh | i] ea + As > A ue e, bi Gi: Goo! MWe Ot suOt i be Ot! | ) Gans see! agen oe: G08 § 068 ge evat eae eh ioe a 3s Ses OthL? OW ages Oodle Pre rPwMrO 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 fe) 1 4 v4 3 4 5 6 7 TABLE XI Increments of Growth for 21 38°C. Lb 2a 2b a Gaal a Sorod Bue L UGE! ea ett fr “ F rey Ee Ate Ad Ou m4 get 200%: nga ‘0b Gow. Oat « Oe sae Si ays bee ok fr od. " ite ay BVT UOSit ee ae i. CEST ere R Sam |, DGG.0 ae OOF DL : BY £758: TABLE XII Increments of Growth for 21 hours 39°C. la Lb 2a 2b 3a 3b 4a, 4b 5a 5b 6a 6b 1250 950 600 450 1325 1050 700 550 1425 1150 850 ‘1700 1550 1400 975 850 1650 1500 1100 975 1675 1625 1200 1100 1750 Irs. Leto. tees L775 1875 °1375° 1325 ] et i Motes, ; £ f f ¥ ¢ eae | . he Ds x B) . [ef “ay Mf fe My Foie Temet, - Gd ce ip = ae ee i oF es wi i) ee ' ; : \, - a ait te fh ra oe “ ee ron 711 i Pes 3 Cs y i? oi de ae oie. |. Wee Me: DO. OU OG ree “Pe ae es ee (Oi? ioe D: US dt CN) b: Cae et an tL eee cy. eee 2 ff TURE Woes Bre I tO) CORE eT GL mer a He bot i ike s oe aves eves CON: Pa ane he. borh oak OS, aie: ay : : t + i ii Ly ’ wan i. Nin * Ma oh ee: “ fj, 1a TABLE XIII Increments of Growth for 21 40°C. la lb 2a 2b 3a ——— ee q Desh ELECT . . . St Ode LE Cat sy more te és fe on rit iy ‘ ai [ ye * fi wy ary ef \ ri Rvs a Hones TABLE XIV Increments of Growth for 18 hours 4106 1b 850 900 1000 1050 1100 1125 1125 v oy : * "2a, See Os f ride iy ‘ an Dt € i ai t Ua “WEE yaad a's a a BL easter: eee ee TABLE XV Increments of Growth for 21 hours 42°C. 1b be 0; AS A*: es 10; ant ae ee “ae iW Fo. we of Gye cores eto he & 4 J (ety Tha oo a 7. - Ay a Faeg | \ va eS eres Fe SA 3 ne “ 3 e, co ae SA a a's : A 7 a ; _ ae . 1 AG : Ls ‘ as cdiremee i, iW ay : le “an - x oy ez PA 1 < « A a “ae 84 ha al . »- ¥ <= es TABLE XVI Increments of Growth for 21 hours 43°C. 1b my e wa s 00 AM 6O # 00 "! 00 AM “oo, " 700 +" 725 775 775 800 oe . ee we pRB ore 2 a pat Goa, ; aid ' WT i , weth Cee) ee id é ee | ‘| ae H a ‘ wal ve & yi 0 CRiNO TERRE Q 4 3 °o S MN a ha oO G4 ae ve) = [2] I] e5 G4 Oo n S e & 9 Ss eH ; | ae ‘ ‘ ee t toe VERWOOD “ad wd zr OR Bae ee * Cee” a j a, oe 7 ’ ; nate ai sh i] i? : j ity ae 8 fis 20r. ck OCR One EP eee | | é. rh . OS) coe tht 5 ee | om te - te fr ch@paous..! i ie TABLE XVIII Increments of Growth for 34 hours 13°C: lb ; ~~" ae foal pa. re Ja. \. » 3 aie | ee rs hee ' " : my aw 7 mea 2 Os > TEIN Vieat a¢ t " £ & i , iy ed Ut E- ne te Bete eae pe OMe ONL ; rs £ wae eh . Cc, = Sy aE ae : OP te as : £3 Ki OC Ost Got. < eae ‘ ood fel ane car OWe rs . dda of ‘ © SGX MAY eS vis Fed OE aa > Cea; ved ‘eet (ey OG 45e5. HSN Se GPee Con. 298 og: aly. a ver Fe ave Bee ath Vp Gt "G08 ATE Ch8." ne * ae 96] yee 805 S00! OY ES fate « f Te nie a 4. i Aate Ont £ Cae s w ¥ fs OR: | Heys ' ere. uf L oO at ha wae BN, , 7 aa ) ? » * f 7. F * x —™ ~~ nH oe te ri j Fi d i > ‘ ‘ z m,) a & ? ’ » ‘ 44 is - m7 J wr ae) 5 ie! - + ys + eee TABLE XX Increments of Growth for 48 Hours L5°C: la Lb 2a PA) 3a 3b 4a 4d 5a 5b 1000 725 850 1050 775 900 2079 800 975 1125 900 1050 m200- 975 1150 1275 1050 1225 1300 1075 1225 \& ® ay " > Pt) j . i e: o 7 4 ‘ » ft é + 5 > —_ 4 y , 6 + ue ‘g i i | on. i a - , ih re < . ‘ cy Med oat OES a ay ; ; s, > % é f) cs e , a ~ , 2 a! i fs i 1 A cor t ae ee Eee eS NN Oe TABLE XXI Averages of Total Growth Determined At Three-Hour Intervals 31°C. 2a 2b 3a 3b 96 87 , “y : | LxX RIGAT eee hanietesoe iwOR fo7@hoke A hak.’ | alavie det Aiol!-se tet: EAS Bech i - a 2 = aha 99 ~ ) a avs $? ee +e c< Jt ? Rate EG oh aE | cay AG E COE 56 f° ag Es avs cil “se es AOL Fe tages Be isc £ eas’ SOs fe = BOs GRE. a — . Ba { 33 4 og Bs i Cee. cos ae hit £e GIT Cel = ESE ot G ast Sif Let Gif eel awa A Ses eet , Yo “ ey baw er’ fet... fa co OF Co hong Gory: Fis edhee denim, te 4) “64 (% — & te hoe P23 - 3 i Se | oe eee TABLE XXII Average hourly Growth Determined for 3; 6; 9; etc.;. hours $2°C. 3a 25 91 97 a 3 7 | . Hi id i : } { t i] la ‘ ¥ } Twn 7, vy. iy | wn TABLE XXIII Average hourly Growth Determined for3;°6,: 9; ueto.,-hours 32°C. 2a 2b 75 91 ben liveth ea WORT Ni paiam | SR i a (eos ch) nw y - hd we ‘’ 1 6 ie Ww = it - , ee hs oy ae ae ae | ; Pee a1 pe aye Weed Ge ten / ae: |, Sallam. ae ) cox Uh rr (Aber == b> - #307 — Paes i a) he v2 fing em ¢ =) . ae ‘her eS ne oe i> Lea va oe | nf rs eer SSE Pas 2 Vv a a Soe tomy # 9. : poe ro] >, » My i va ) . ‘ KA : i H f ie Pay me We i . ; 479 hs Bri bs eV a a ol | wi 2 3 f * i iy i ¥} > ¥ Ad) kosgy yer, nh ; f TABLE XXIV Average’ hourly Growth Determined for 3, 6,°9, eto., hours a5°C. la -lb 2a 3b 4a 4b 5a 5b 6a 83 75 66 50 50 66 75 83 &7 91 ol TLS 6S 7S Gt ot OF 102 86 86 94 88 108 100 104 110 91 96108 92 103 116 115 95 105 113 100 107 185 161 126 97°209 116 100 108 130 105 228 100°21e 118 102 138 112 f y i a nye q Hf + an ‘ ” a vier 4 as. ee . ‘ : ‘i : ive : NY he, man ' eee ¥ ai * - =, Re 1 wy ¥ + ; a ¥ eH Su AT : me et. imcimretb@ Hiwommrcoe Cokie saoe vate eog@a |. cae. ea Bix 0% a OES ‘ | evA 6&2 Jc 20, Ch oh GG ah OG aS) ME ts al: fo O2@ 5B. BY. be Gao, Oa vee Canven ag | ay) 6 £0 £6) QF ta .29. 45 (oe tencge ey 22 938 80f BB ag) BE Sa. BAL 2Or 267 eee ars 20 sor dé £6 Of 80 36° RO OGe { Gol 5€ Gel OLf Ge. Bee rr: Bor we aif COL Te ‘Ske whe oe BLS Cf Och SOL 8£8 SL2 OOL BLE Bir a q SS SPR eee eet: - TABLE XXV Average hourly Growth Determined for 3, 6, 9, etc., hours 333°C. 2a } 2b 50 Al 79 46 97 58 62 123 68 73 76 81 85 88 89 91 Fe 4 id , 9 " ra 5° a" ; 18 a Been? Oe eas es ae ' 30 " aa) ' 36 i" z | ” g = VIR SAD’ | obimaeagt - weaeihaeniasig -— ey, | athe Sete me” a 2s 1988 | “TABLE XXVI Average hourly Growth Determined for 3;°6,''9,~ etex > hours 34°C. 3a 3b 75 66 83 94 ? {7 aA sé 9 f tet \ pe Ars ‘ ; \ : { ' > 4a } j . J ' ff > dh tp Pet ee aa otirod % Ma ¢ 4 id ft ae ¢ r r whe } oh “ Wi : \ HLS a : * &} id ep Line aya oe j wey aed Ms * . ng i ¥ be TLE Py i Py iran an a Sie RR 7) SQ ers TABLE XXVII Average hourly. Growth Determined for 3, 6, 9, etc., hours 35°C. 3a 3b 33 50 50 ig 58 81 64 85 igh) 91 oa oe 75 Vaw ads A ‘we Hi oy. . oh Reig . e @. vs, TABLE XXVIII Bporaee: hourly . Growth Determined for 3,66, 9, ete., houre 36°C. 2a 66 66 wr 79 83 82 81 Ke) 75 12 ee. on ” = 7 iP " > * _ EREREE Ree | 3 Hrs " n cis ty " i W " " ue a <- 7 a ~ me ol —_ Ss a Se 4 Ror na @® a3 2 = # — 2 hours “7S » a ps . £t cod \ a TABLE XXIX Average hourly Growth Determined for 3, 6, 9, etc., hours 37°C. ae) soo 75 58 83 62 75, 61 70 62 66 60 64 54 61. 50 WDA Bale E i © eae a ff “oy ie ne ba ¥ Aged: ade aR. 3 al Ure O La Pos SS eae Average hourly Growth Determined for 3, 6, 9, etc., hours CES Rath eye cere oon aire aes AN LEAT | : \ kines) sae ye “ag cic : re ie é a bie aC at e ha \ ce ; 4 ve ‘ae ue x ce ->-cu eee oy ~ -< TABLE XXXI Average hourly Growth Determined for.3, 6, 9,:ete., hours 39°C. 30 33 41 52 56 56 54 51 ie 40 Sa 33 58 66 64 61 59 57 5b 33 50 55 58 56 55 53 a fect ce», ani Om. Gi8 CA, ; ot . oe - atom TABLE XXXII Average hourly Growth Determined for 3, 6, 9, etc., hours 40°C. . LEAR BISAL ¥ Sark: coral tA waste ayqerevs Ma te Tied. Wirt pe: areas ny his TABLE XXXIII Average hourly Growth Determined for 3, 6, 9, etc., hours ATC. 2a oJ i i Gh “* on j oa eal el of ss Ra Y&. a . es on cs i i is Bs ao | gs - - ~~” ~~ - i — & a > ~ -— a , oe 7 i at i 4 re, & . ends fy ¢ » Pr rr. J ve a MY i Fi As ta of a * qe Ein ay Ly P ae fi ae ee ai Jae Ve AF a SE, a Li me >) Y Pete: ' q pat lt vor) Tt eee epee ve ¥, Oe). TABLE XXXIV Average hourly Growth Determined for 3, 6, 9, etc., hours apc. la LLB 2a 08 08 13 12 a nial 10 10 10 10 08 08 0” 07 n Sssastsee 72 hes Sires sg = ‘ ° “ 7 ‘+ 2. ; 2%) ae ae to oa z mn iil . eh TER el 1aon BRT Ry : OSS uy girs TABLE XXXV Average hourly Growth Determined “wi : ‘ie _ , for 3, 6, 9, ete. hours 4350. 10 No growth “ “ ba Pe ae ti com ae oy TABLE XXXVI Average hourly Growth-Rate of all Plants For Periods of 3, 6, 9, 12, etc., hours gar tas 6. Sga° aa. 635° 36° 37° 38° 68 58 59 47 55 31 83 76 65 65 46 94 89 72 69 55 97 74 70 58 "6, 72 57 110 76 %O 56 73 68 53 71 70 65 Ao woxe 0 artiee 4 CHE) ie om anos i 39 nen wes ¥ ee mA vi Ve ao ‘ * \ heehee 09ee ¢ i ¥ Li Wes = on } week J as: ‘ ‘ Me -* 4 ».. a ree ea 7 ‘ 1) af +e ee = aa Ea a = fr A" ; Ce hey a4 7 <<: a a PLATE I mm eee ee ‘ HPS 7 a ae w Pea “We Pd “eorrapee Pil . wr i ri ene > — Pe w sy . BD ib eg wu ; , es weed a + F* i T . 5.5. FORM 2 SEELEY Ee 73 UU. OF 1.S.S.FORM3 | aJataps f= SS a ot aa ac See epee tetas atatars WB) Hd ey TEV i ol Giff ra ales [ Les e 4 Ayes “ve ‘ ws Q bee \ of = “ aj eg mnie 4 cnn aD as aoe ly : . oT ; a B her bees as ve : rr (plied £3121 a ia ABR Seon i Fe 1S fe at Ft U. OF 1.S.S. FORM 3 be ee MM, ospale v “ th mani: on a ‘ a —- he a = = = > = a : “ s ' ra 4 > pri ND te — 1. = _— > a iy ta a “ 75 ae v PLATE V 7 —_ Tr ia U. OF I.S.S. FORM 3 BED ReSEEIHGGHCGHEGtE feet 1 si V Y PL Cera EEA ee essa Ha \ Poace| AN AA NY Pt PEER EE CEE SEWERAGE SS AROSE AAA C| = Eituichaledatalopeletalobetatela DED DORSE BROMO PALoaM Mae SE Deen eeE Bana boas Ha FH Ee U. CF I. S.S. FORM 3 baletotet EEoe see tt Pele te et ryt 144 ti oa r | fee I ae258 SEDER - ae rey i Be J i} ri [ape For: Goes heeas ECoeeeeoorp WS Yt OS OD | | Phillip August Lehenbauer Vita 1883, Nov. lst. Born in Marion County, Missouri. 1890-1897 Attended German Lutheran Parochial School, West Ely, Missouri. 1897-1899 Attended Public School, West Ely, Missouri. 1899-1901 Attended Van Rensselaer Academy, Rensselaer, Missouri 1901-1902 Attended Westminster Academy, Fulton, Missouri. 1902-1903 Taught in Public Schools, West Ely, Missouri. 1903-1907 Attended Westminster College, Fulton, Missouri. Student Assistant in Chemistry, 1906-1907. 1907-1909 Student and Assistant in Biology in James Millikin University, Decatur, Illinois. 1909-1912 Assistant in Botany, University of Illinois, Urbana. 1912-1914 Fellow in Botany, University of Illinois, Urbana. 1907 - A.B. Degree, Westminster College. 1909 - A.M. Degree, James Millikin University. ee 001 eee oy & ett P24 oa \ oy bal eA £ . j #5, 9 BY GF eor, ‘ *_" a! wee ' as a a ae e;* #) rere x 4} « ‘ et a c ate ef nag a al ph \s aA . 2 * " as ~ im "9 . - . a ri * - , Po) ha . ; yr a | é ots .9 5 *e 2 9 ecw * ’ : iy a yo & . a — T le - 7 eo bo i FORK he a ‘ im Pat ie at EE , , . 3 AC ’ ee + q ~~ i .* ~ ne e4 j c ne % *F y ma 4 vee. a's & ey Chey Ae. an 4 A £ id as * AD O28 a. ig bp a Fe ? J _* = * % 3 i “ so & > » ay > a = i ie ae * , » oh rae a! . y d 2 fe m9 x & * * - . ¢ ay s; - ta Fh r.. prneriy es 2 # : “Bee ~ 7 eohe i ae « ok - at iy