eee Coast. Ere; es. Che CETA CETA 81-15. WHO! DOCUMENT | \. COLLECTION Guidelines for Establishing Coastal Survey Base Lines by J. Michael Hemsley COASTAL ENGINEERING TECHNICAL AID NO. 81-15 NOVEMBER 1981 G, — ee, Ve, a® Ezine 9 Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. U.S. ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS +e COASTAL ENGINEERING 330 RESEARCH CENTER Us Kingman Building vo $15 Fort Belvoir, Va. 22060 this material republication of any of Army Coastal Reprint or shall give appropriate credit to the U.S. Engineering Research Center. Limited free distribution within the United States of single copies of this publication has been made by Additional copies are available from: this Center. Nattonal Techntcal Information Service ATTN: Operattons Divitston 5285 Port Royal Road Springfteld, Virginta 22161 The findings in this report are not to be construed as an official Department of the Army position unless so designated by other authorized documents. TT f iin O 030) UMN UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Date Entered) ~ READ INSTRUCTIONS REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE 1. REPORT NUMBER 2. GOVT ACCESSION NO, 3. RECIPIENT’S CATALOG NUMBER CETA 81-15 . TITLE (and Subtitle) 5. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVERED Coastal Engineering Technical Aid 6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER 8. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(S) GUIDELINES FOR ESTABLISHING COASTAL SURVEY BASE LINES AU THOR(s) J. Michael Hemsley 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT, PROJECT, TASK AREA & WORK UNIT NUMBERS PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS Department of the Army Coastal Engineering Research Center (CEREN-EV) Kingman Building, Fort Belvoir, Virginia 22060 C31181 12. REPORT DATE | NUMBER OF PAGES 15. SECURITY CLASS. (of thie report) CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS Department of the Army Coastal Engineering Research Center Kingman Building, Fort Belvoir, Virginia 22060 Ta. MONITORING AGENCY NAME & ADDRESS(if different from Controlling Office) UNCLASSIFIED 15a, DECLASSIFICATION/ DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. 16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of this Report) DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of the abstract entered in Block 20, if different from Report) 18. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES KEY WORDS (Continue on reverse side if necessary and identify by block number) Profile lines Survey monuments Base lines Coastal surveys ABSTRACT (Continue on reverse side if necesaary and identify by block number) Too frequently coastal surveys are performed without proper attention to establishing, referencing, and documenting the survey monuments. This report presents guidelines for establishing base lines for coastal surveys and for monumenting, documenting, and referencing those base lines and the profile lines. DD , ees 1473 EDITION OF 1 NOV 65 IS OBSOLETE UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Data Entered) itt ny aN 7 Lana th ayia 7; ot Leo aa heiheliaaing ivah ie ae Fes ah Neate Nine eo chanslee leanne te in bh 7 TAL Ad aA eae a poe ‘ : ; , 5 eer pd prcsenecin CP nara my! : ; : Paha Rvitey! tah 1 SANNA } isan alae ; as ey i ain : ; ‘ i058 Penni Wut fault an ts iF - rant ; ML LTR OF far tA Apt pa lM ces i ais orien US ten dott bt | t pana pea S A ORG EKA ent i) 7 : Fak Ws dd js ‘ Hippy 0 Seria a Perey an ' ut ! ’ = ra \ ie a nt ' : ; 7 | 7 | A “ : 7 pe rr Tiel -remann Lace Piagdlyal Ne Fyeerpeticnn etn i i feo maipay + Rai amperes le cpa thy ot ihony al aon TNE Ge a7 en ao gvttteina, i ba Ms i Fy acy me vt en it y ‘ Pe 2 Hy i 4 : * ; 1 Ar fh i . bea Arn vf 3 Ane ai aah ~ (et atthe, : _ het 1 1 i wd Sel ies ait v mi : ' Shaul ‘ (Rad wr r oy Pea tn oe Ta Opi Ay «done pate ; vean a tte gu yegeliacutetiseraametan tye amas yac sone natn : Mae at ' Dae haa ee ae nyt 1 Dare we #8 aah ASG ; i hte i hi 1 i mt Ve taehiast 1 a Kit Tenet eat tt ty ee PREFACE This report presents guidelines for establishing base lines for coastal surveys and for monumenting, documenting, and referencing those base lines and the profile lines. The work was carried out under the data collection part of the coastal engineering research program of the U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERC). The report was prepared by J. Michael Hemsley, Hydraulic Engineer, under the general supervision of Dr. J.R. Weggel, Chief, Evaluation Branch, Engi- neering Development Division. Helpful reviews by W.A. Birkemeier and A.E. DeWall of CERC, R. Kloker of the U.S. Army Engineer District, Chicago, and R. Spies of the U.S. Army Engineer District, Philadelphia, are acknowledged and appreciated. Comments on this publication are invited. Approved for publication in accordance with Public Law 166, 79th Congress, approved 31 July 1945, as supplemented by Public Law 172, 88th Congress, approved 7 November 1963. s TED E. BISHOP Colonel, Corps of Engineers Commander and Director CONTENTS CONVERSION FACTORS, U.S. CUSTOMARY TO METRIC i CENERODUGETON s: ce ee Eo tA BIS HaENG MAND AST yilaleNbi ion ian ven uel bacn tcl i eline Ii Locating ‘the VBasei limes weer! eh ver Ween De ECOG COMgsavery eneist saree Lene eee AS siete 3. Procedures for Establishing a Base Line III MONUMENTING, REFERENCING, AND DOCUMENTING. IFS SMOnUMeMEWnS sc, ell ust vis Gepitent ot et tedster acy is ZV REORETENETNE, Yon Veloce, (les ves syetetiey, uc ceh eee ve Se DOCUMENEAETOMe ty scien cin cn ener enue IY STUUR DES se dnicneeay om lg. Teron co! og RA ate aona EEPERATURE, CHERDE Sis ver shite fa. eel BEBUMOGRAPRHYVG Riese cate ce eee Wethiciare APPENDIX CHECKLIST FOR MONUMENTING. ........ FIGURE Example of monument documentation. . ........ » (SI). Page 14 CONVERSION FACTORS, U.S. CUSTOMARY TO METRIC (SL) UNITS OF MEASUREMENT U.S. customary units of measurement used in this report can be converted to metric (SI) units as follows: Multiply inches square inches cubic inches feet square feet cubic feet yards square yards cubic yards miles square miles knots acres foot-pounds millibars ounces pounds ton, long ton, short degrees (angle) Fahrenheit degrees by 25.4 D654 6.452 16.39 30.48 0.3048 0.0929 0.0283 0.9144 0.836 0.7646 1.6093 259.0 1.852 0.4047 1.3558 1.0197 28.35 453.6 0.4536 1.0160 0.9072 0.01745 5/9 x 1072 To obtain millimeters centimeters square centimeters cubic centimeters centimeters meters square meters cubic meters meters square meters cubic meters kilometers hectares kilometers per hour hectares newton meters kilograms per square centimeter grams grams kilograms metric tons metric tons radians Celsius degrees or Kelvins! 1To obtain Celsius (C) temperature readings from Fahrenheit (F) readings, use formula: C = (5/9) (F -32). To obtain Kelvin (K) readings, use formula: K = 75/9) (Ck =32) 273515. 7 os Feo eo Sa ene ay, ite GUIDELINES FOR ESTABLISHING COASTAL SURVEY BASE LINES by J. Mtchael Hemsley I. INTRODUCTION "In the past there has been a lack of uniformity in the data secured and in the methods of making studies at beaches before designs for protective works were prepared" (Beach Erosion Board, 1938). This quote is the opening sentence of the Beach Erosion Board's (BEB) "Manual of Procedure in Beach Erosion Studies," written in 1938 (U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Beach Erosion Board, 1939). Unfortunately, little has changed since that report was written. Data are still being taken on some pro- file lines that are inadequately documented or have poorly established survey Monuments. Thus, profile lines are difficult to reestablish or relate to other lines established in the study area, and subsequent calculations suffer from the resulting uncertainties. Because the beach is a dynamic environment, survey monuments are typically short lived. Use of a properly referenced base line will ensure the recovery of profile lines for repetitive surveys during a study, as well as for subse- quent studies. This report reviews the techniques for establishing a survey base line and discusses the monumenting, referencing, and documenting of base lines and profile lines. For consistency, the term profile line throughout this report means a line, generally perpendicular to the beach, along which the profile of the beach and foreshore is measured. Profile line is used in lieu of transect, range, and similar terms. For simplicity, the term base line means a control line, generally parallel to the shore, used to accurately lo- cate a series of profile lines. The techniques discussed in this report can also be applied to situations where widely spaced profile lines are located by monumented control points not on a base line. Beach profiles are obtained to determine changes in the shape of the beach ‘through time. It is important that the profile lines be accurately located, both horizontally and vertically, so that the profile data can be reliably used. For example, small errors in the relocation of a profile line and, there- fore, in the beach profile can cause substantial errors in the volume changes calculated between surveys of the profile line. The haphazard location of pro- file lines can jeopardize the reliability of the data. Surveys are expensive so it is important to ensure the accuracy of the data. One benefit of properly establishing a base line is that the likelihood of reoccupying the profile lines in the future is increased, making the data more valuable since they can be readily compared to profile data obtained in subsequent studies. II. ESTABLISHING A BASE LINE 1. Locating the Base Line. Once the study area has been selected, the duration of the study determined, and the profile lines tentatively located, it is time to locate the base line. Whether an actual base line or a series of control points is used, it is good practice to have the base line located and monumented prior to any survey of the profile lines. Considerable preliminary work in locating the base line can be done in the office to reduce the time spent in the field. The first step is to establish the long-term erosion rate for the area so the base line will be placed far enough landward to ensure a 20- to 30-year lifespan or longer. This is desir- able even in a short-term study to allow the profile lines to be reoccupied in the future or to prevent the lines from being lost during a severe storm. Next, an approximate base line trace should be located on available topographic Maps or aerial photography. This trace can be checked and modified on the ground at a later time. Once this tentative trace has been selected, a source check should be made for existing horizontal and vertical control in the study area. Sources of this information include the Corps of Engineers, U.S. Geo- logical Survey, National Ocean Survey, National Park Service, and State and local highway departments. The latter often have an established control tied in to the State coordinate system for building and maintaining roads. Whenever possible, existing monuments should be used to minimize the effort required to establish the base line and ensure the recoverability of the profile lines. In every case that an existing monument is to be used, the control data should be examined to determine whether the monument has been recently recovered or has been affected by a recent disturbance, such as a storm or road construction. A monument should not be considered a permanent part of the control until its worth has been proven. The lack of established or permanent monuments nearby need not delay the initial survey of the profile lines. If it is determined that establishing control would be time consuming, an assumed elevation may be assigred to a Monument and the rest of the control set from that monument. So that it is obvious, the assumed elevation should be highly exaggerated. The profile lines can then be surveyed, but, before the data are analyzed, control for the base line must be established and the data adjusted. Selections of the sites for base line monuments must consider certain re- quirements such as the permanence of the bench marks, wishes of property owners, proximity to the area of interest, and accessibility. The final selec- tions, which will require considerable judgment in determining, will usually be based on a compromise of these requirements. First, the base line must be located in a stable area where it is not in danger of immediate damage from erosion. In their report on coastal construc- tion in Florida, Purpura and Sensabaugh (1974) list the following considera- tions for determining a setback line which can also be applied to determining the location of a base line: (a) Ground elevation in relation to historical storm and hurricane tides, (b) predicted maximum wave uprush, (c) beach and offshore ground contours, (d) vegetation line, (e) erosion trends, (f) the dune or bluff line, and (g) existing upland development. While it is impossible to predict the changes that will occur at a site over a period of years, it is the responsibility of the reconnaissance engineer to consider the possibilities to the best of his ability and establish the marks with some degree of permanence. Even in the short run, changes are difficult to predict, but good judgment and common sense help. In establishing a base line, certain events can be considered likely: relative sea level will continue to change, areas of rapid erosion will continue to erode, bluffs will recede, roads will be widened or repaved, open areas will be developed, etc. The person es- tablishing a base line must consider these incidents at the potential location of each monument and the possible benefits of tying the base line into an es- tablished grid system. While accessibility is important when a station is being established or reestablished, the most accessible sites are often the most exposed. Acces- sibility, therefore, must often be subordinated somewhat to other conditions affecting the permanence of a mark. The most accessible sites are sometimes not very representative of local conditions and trends. For example, a profile line established at the end of a street is certainly accessible, but it is far from representative of local conditions if the end of the street is followed by a pathway or vehicle access over the dunes or by a storm drain outfall. Pro- file lines, and therefore the base-line monuments, must be sited carefully to accurately represent the area of interest. 23> Protocol: A sometimes overlooked aspect of establishing a base line is the contacting of property owners and local authorities. Local authorities and governing bodies in the study area should be contacted in person, if possible, to answer any questions that might arise so misconceptions concerning the purpose of the study can be avoided. Frequently, local officials can provide valuable infor- mation such as changes to monuments by local survey or maintenance crews, or areas that experience unusual or recurring conditions that should be recorded or avoided. If a personal visit is not possible, a letter should be sent be- fore any surveying is done. Although this coordination is considered a courtesy, failure to coordinate may produce bad feelings toward the Corps. Similar rapport must be established with the property owners upon whose land a monument is to be established or whose land is to be crossed during a survey. The contact should be in person, if possible, so the purpose and im- portance of the study can be briefly and simply explained. A person who would normally grant a request may resent what appears to be the taking of undue lib- erties and refuse to give permission to use his property without his prior consent. Unfortunately, once a person is committed to that attitude he is likely to stick to it. If a personal visit to the landowner is not possible, a letter explaining what is to be done and requesting his consent should be sent to him along with a self-addressed franked envelope. Since some land- owners in the past have neglected to reply, the letter should be written so that failure to reply denotes consent. However, it is important to give the owner a chance to state any objection he might have. If it is determined that the property is sold during a survey period, the new owner should be contacted to explain the work that has been done on his property and the purpose of the study. The importance of the continued use of his land must be stressed. 3. Procedures for Establishing a Base Line. Survey accuracy for establishing local control for base lines should be third order, one part in 5,000 for horizontal control and Q.05Vd or 12 millimeters VK, where d and k are the distance of level line in miles or kilometers, tespectively, for vertical control. Traversing and leveling, or other third-order techniques, should be used to establish the horizontal and vertical control, respectively. III. MONUMENTING, REFERENCING, AND DOCUMENTING 1. Monumenting. In order for it to serve its intended purpose, a base line must be properly monumented. The monuments must have a degree of permanence, be positively iden- tified, and be easy to locate and occupy. The Appendix provides a helpful checklist for monumenting. Because the permanence of a monument is affected by the weather, waves, erosion, and man's activities, including vandalism, consideration must be given to the monument's construction and placement. The potentially harsh environ- ment on the beach must also be considered when selecting the type of monument to be used. The lifespan of the materials to be used and the resistance of the monuments to movement are important in an area where a monument may be subjected to freeze-thaw, windblown sand, waves, and erosion. Detailed descriptions of the types of monuments, their construction, and placement can be found in a variety of sources, including Larrabee (1954), Gossett (1959), Woodward (1967), and Baker (1968) for a general discussion of monuments; Davis, Foote, and Raynor (1928) on pipe monuments; Kulp (1970) on deep control points; and U.S. Army (1970) on concrete monuments. While a detailed discussion of monumenting is beyond the scope of this report, there are some considerations that should be raised. First, fixed points may be used instead of actual monuments. These fixed points could be any stable objects, such as a fire hydrant, telephone pole, foundation corner, or curb. One advan- tage of using such points is that they are less attractive to vandals. A second advantage is that objects such as piles, poles, and hydrants are likely to be resistant to waves and currents. Disadvantages of such features include settlement and the possibility of disturbance. There are several procedures that can be used to discourage vandalism, although each introduces other difficulties. Obviously, a monument can be hid- den in an area of dense foilage or can be buried, but these techniques make it more difficult to find. This can be a significant problem when frequent sur- veys are planned so the monument location must be very accurately described. Another technique is to simply increase the size of a monument, thereby discouraging vandalism because of the effort required to move it. This has the added advantage of reducing the necessity for repairs due to storms or other natural or accidental events. When using a pipe as a monument, a plate 10 can be welded to the bottom of the pipe, making it more difficult to remove by vandals. Unfortunately, it is also more difficult to install. It is important to mention that while much of the damage to monuments is caused by vandalism, some of it results from a misunderstanding of what the monument is actually for. If possible, every monument should be clearly marked by a plate or sign briefly describing its function and the penalties resulting from its disturbance. While this will not eliminate vandalism, it will reduce the number of monuments lost. Other considerations, identified by Larrabee (1954) and Czerniak (1972b), that contribute to the value of a monument include marking the monument with its station along the base line and its date of placement, the provision of a definite center or point, and the placement of a protective flag or pole where there is danger of displacement. Because the base line should be some distance from the beach, it is often convenient to establish a temporary control point to facilitate the surveying of a profile line. When a temporary control point is used, it should be estab- lished with sufficient accuracy to allow recovery of the point within 1 foot of the original location and within +0.05 foot of the original elevation (Czerniak, 1972a), which is normally accurate enough. With the exception of the accuracy of placement, a temporary control point should be established in the same manner as a base-line monument. Since it can be easily reestablished from the base line, its permanence is not critical and it can be made of wood or pipe placed close to the beach. One technique to quickly determine if a temporary or any other control point has been disturbed is to install two points. By comparing the two, it can be easily determined if they have been disturbed. Proper referencing of a temporary control point will reduce the effort required to verify its correct location, as well as the time required to reestablish it. 2. Referencing. The ability to accurately reestablish a survey monument is very important, because it ensures that the data will be comparable both throughout the study and with data acquired years later. The inability to accurately relocate a monument lost through man's activity or natural events can result in costly survey data becoming worthless. Proper referencing of a monument can be achieved quickly by tying the monument to nearby established cultural (manmade) features. Whenever possible, the monuments, whether for the base line or pro- file line, should also be tied into a national or State coordinate system. These techniques will ensure the accurate relocation of a monument. In referencing, redundancy is important to ensure that a monument can be relocated or, if necessary, that the entire base line be reestablished. Peri- odically, each monument should be inspected and resurveyed, especially during a long study, to determine if it has been disturbed. Regular inspection of the monuments can provide some warning of the imminent loss of a monument, thus allowing relocation and continued use of the profile lines affected. a. Referencing to Nearby Cultural Features. When referencing a monument, no fewer than three reference points should be used so that some redundancy is provided. These points should be within a tape length's distance of the monument so that its location can be reestablished by swinging arcs from any two of the points. When an existing control point is not nearby, auxiliary con- trol points should be established near the profile after the elevation of the monument is determined. If the monument is temporarily assigned an assumed ele- vation, the auxiliary control points should be established using the same assumed datum. When the actual elevation of the monument is determined, all the assumed elevations can be corrected. Poststorm photos of coastal areas show that telephone poles, piles, and similar objects stay in place through storms very well, due to their shape and good foundations, making them excellent reference points. Examples of such ob- jects that may be found near a beach are (1) power, phone and light poles; (2) pier and boardwalk piles; (3) house piles; (4) stubby pile-type road barricades; and (5) fire hydrants. Other good references include objects not likely to be affected by storms, such as manhole cover seats, concrete abutments or curbs, and corners of buildings or foundations. For long-term projects, consideration must be given to the potential stability of cultural features. For example, over the course of several years a road may be repaved or widened, an addition added to a house, or a boardwalk improved. When using a reference point as a position reference, the actual spot on the object should be clearly defined in the documentation and marked with paint. An elevation reference can be provided by using the tops of short piles, spikes in phone poles, or another solid, defined location on a reference point. It must be noted, though, that placing spikes or nails in phone or power poles creates a potentially dangerous condition for linemen using climbing spikes and is illegal in some states, such as Pennsylvania. If no stable references are available in the vicinity of the monument, additional monuments must be set to serve as reference points. These monuments should be placed even far- ther landward than the base line to ensure that they are in a stable location and allow for the reestablishment of the base line if lost. To provide addi- tional permanence, consideration should be given to extending each of the pro- file lines landward to include a very stable section. This stable section would be surveyed for only a few of the profile lines during each periodic sur- vey, but frequently enough to detect leng-term changes. This infrequent survey of the landward extension of each profile line will provide additional data in the event of major beach changes, as well as for future comparison. b. Referencing to Grid System. Even though a base line may be established for only a short-term study, consideration must be given to referencing the base line to some type of control system, such as a state or national grid system or geodetic coordinates, to provide some degree of permanency. The cost of such a referencing program, which has been reduced significantly with the advent of electronic distance measuring equipment, must be weighed against the value of the need to reoccupy the profiles in 10 or 20 years or after a particularly severe storm. This decision need not be made at the start of a study; if the data produced are judged to be valuable for future comparison, the base line can be permanently referenced later during the study. This allows the option of maximizing the long-term use of good data or minimizing the cost of refer- encing and documenting a study subsequently found to have been poorly conducted or to have produced results of questionable value. If funding limitations will not allow referencing to a grid system, the study should be brought to the atten- tion of appropriate State or Federal agencies in the event that they would want to provide more permanent reference for their own future use. 12 3. Documentation. Any program of repeated beach profile surveys requires suitable documenta- tion of the monuments and profile lines. The documentation must include enough information to permit the accurate reestablishment of the monuments, including pertinent notes on the local conditions in the vicinity of each profile line. Proper documentation ensures the compatibility and comparability of expensive data throughout the life of the study, the adequacy of the information needed to correctly interpret the data, and the capability of reoccupying the profile lines for future comparisons. Essentially, the documentation should allow someone unfamiliar with the study area to quickly and accurately locate and reoccupy the profile lines. It is through documentation that a degree of per- manency is provided the profile lines. Considerable information is required to properly document a study area. DA Form 1959, Description or Recovery of Horizontal Control Station (Fig.), is typically available to Corps surveyors and may be used for documentation, although any form that provides adequate documentation is acceptable. a. Data on Monuments. (1) Type of Monument. Provide a description of the monument or refer- ence point used to locate the position of the base line or profile line in the field. For a profile line, this is typically the landwardmost point (0+00). (2) Description of Location. Provide written description of the location of the monument. (3) Map Coordinates and Grid Control. If the base line or profile line is referenced to a coordinate system, the grid coordinates and name of the grid to which they refer should be shown for the monument. If the profile con- trol point is not referenced to a U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) on USS. Coast and Geodetic Survey (USCGS), now National Ocean Survey (NOS) monument, details on how the coordinates were obtained should be provided. (4) Latitude and Longitude. Again, if the base line or profile line is referenced to a coordinate system, the latitude and longitude of the control point should be given. (5) Elevation and Datum. The datum to which the control point eleva- tion refers should be provided. If the profile control point is referenced to a permanent monument, the order of the leveling between the two points, the order of the originating points (two originating points are required to verify that these points are accurate), the date the elevation of the profile control point was established, and any information on changes of the profile control point should be listed. (6) Tie-In Data. The data of the survey and lengths and angles of the ties between the profile control point and the permanent control points should be given. (7) Base Line Data. If the profile line is tied into a surveyed per- manent base line, sufficient information for permanently referencing the pro- file line to the base line should be provided. 13 COUNTRY TYPE OF MARK COR STATION Profi le line 5 a ee ee | LOCALITY Ludlam Island | STAMPING ON MARK AGENCY (CAST IN MARKS) ELEVATION SP 59MEnl Strathmére, NJ BE-E ~0+35 Corps of Engineers cw LATITUDE LONGITUDE Eee Bis 22a DATUM i { 39911'13, 36" 74°39'58.79" North American, 1924 NGVD (1929) (NORTHING $988 ROOK (ET) | (EASTING RH ORTOKRX (FT) |GRID AND ZONE ESTABLISHED BY (AGENCY) | 128 824 MX 2 000 095 mxXNJ Trans, Merc. i, gi (EASTING)(NORTHING) (FT)|GRID AND ZONE aac ie ea (NORTHING)(EASTJNG) (FT) TO OBTAIN GRID AZIMUTH, ADD TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH (m4) TO OBTAIN GRID AZ. (ADO0)(SUB.) TO THE GEODETIC AZIMUTH , AZIMUTH OR DIRECTION ree GEOD. DISTANCE GRIO DISTANCE OBJECT ee raeaiee BACK AZIMUTH (METERS) (FEET) (METERS) (FEET) The station is located on Ludlam Island, 0.65 miles south on Landis Avenue from the intersection of Commonwealth Avenue (Landis Avenue extended) and Putnam Road in Strathmere, New Jersey, It is approximately 14 feet west of the west edge of the roadway and on line with the pole line. The monument is flush with the ground, Reference 1 is a railroad spike in the centerline of Landis Avenue, 35.00 feet east of the station, (Station 0+00 on the section line) Reference 2 is a PK nail, 1,0 feet above the ground, in Pole 332-09802, 45,80 feet north of the station, Reference 3 18 a PK nail, 1,0 feet above the ground, in Pole 333-W17021, 91.10 feet south of the station, NJ Grid Azimuth of Line BE-E 304247! Ref.2 ie 332 oO @ 2 0 BE-E € Sta-Ot3 23.0€ A \ ve) N i a To Sea tale! City Ref.3 Ci EE eee Ea | Soi eee smercur en Fas ype A ae FORM AERC ACES CAIRORMS 1058 DESCRIPTION OR RECOVERY OF HORIZONTA N DA .ocT al 959 A te pala. For vse of this form, see TM 5-237; ha Beilin Lamar h ea agency le U.S.Continentol Army Command, Figure, Example of monument documentation. 14 (8) References. The distances and angles from each monument to its referencing points, as well as the elevations of reference points, should be provided. (9) Distance Between Profiles. The distances and azimuths between pro- file lines must be provided if grid coordinates are not given. (10) Photos. Photos should be taken of each monument and its vicinity to assist in its description. The general direction of each photo should be noted. When possible, aerial photography should be acquired to show the base line, which should be marked so that points are visible on the photos. b. Data on Profile Lines. (1) Azimuth. The azimuth of each profile line from land to sea should be provided. It may be referenced to any standard, such as true north or the base line, as long as the standard is consistent between profile lines and throughout the study. (2) Change in Location. The date and details of any change in the lo- cation or orientation of a profile should be added to the documentation. (3) Photos. Photos taken looking seaward from the survey control point, landward and seaward from other significant features, and landward from the waterline are useful in the description of the profile if they show stable, iden- tifiable features. (4) Directions. In order to survey a profile line, it must first be found by the surveyor. Written directions or a map should be provided to each monument from the main routes of access. IV. SUMMARY The proper monumenting, referencing, and documenting of base line and pro- file lines is cost effective, ensures the viability of the profile data through- out the study period, and allows the reoccupation of profile lines years after their establishment. The proper establishment of base lines and profile lines, which is a requirement for a good study, reduces the chance for misinterpreta- tion of the data and supports the accuracy of the data obtained. When establishing base lines and profile lines, the monuments should be: (a) Made relatively permanent by (1) locating the monuments far enough back from the shore to be in a stable area, and (2) pro- tecting the monuments from vandalism. (b) Located horizontally with enough redundancy to ensure rees- tablishment if lost or destroyed. (c) Located vertically such that their elevation with respect to other bench marks and datums, such as a tidal datum, is known. (d) Checked periodically for location and elevation. (e) Documented carefully, both when originally established and if updated or changed. 15 LITERATURE CITED BAUER, L.S., "Specifications for Horizontal Marks," Technical Memorandum C&GSTM-4, Environmental Science Services Administration, U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Rockville, Md., 1968. CZERNIAK, M.T., “Review of Survey Procedure: BEP Profiles on Long Island, New York,'' CERRE-CP Memorandum for Record, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Washington, D.C., 11 Feb. 1972a. CZERNIAK, M.T., "Review of Survey Procedure: BEP Profiles in North Carolina," CERRE-CP Memorandum for Record, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Washington, D.C., 20 Apr. 1972b. DAVIS, R.E., FOOTE, F.S., and RAYNOR, W.H., Surveying Theory and Practice, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, 1928. GOSSETT, F.R., "Manual of Geodetic Triangulation,'' Special Publication No. 247, U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington, D.C., 1959. KULP, E.F., "Levels with Automatic Instruments," Journal of the Surveying and Mapping Diviston, Vol. 96, No. 502, Sept. 1970, p. 131. LARRABEE, B.M., ''The Role of Monuments in Surveying," Journal of Surveying and Mapping Diviston, Vol. 14, No. 2, June 1954. PURPURA, J.A., and SENSABAUGH, W.M., "Coastal Construction Setback Line," SUSF-SG-74-002, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Marine Advisory Pro- gram, 1974, U.S. ARMY, "Geodetic and Topographic Surveying," Technical Manual 5-441, Feb. 1970. U.S. ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS, BEACH EROSION BOARD, “Manual of Procedure in Beach Erosion Studies,"' Paper No. 2, Dec. 1938, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1939. WOODWARD. L.A., "Survey and Property Corner Monumentation," Journal of the Surveying and Mapptng Diviston, Vol. 93, No. 2U2, Oct. 1967, pp. 74-81. BIBLIOGRAPHY BOWDITCH, N., Amertcan Practical Navigator, U.S. Navy Hydrographic Office, Washington, D.C., 1958, pp. 853-856. BUCKNER, R.B., "A New Pholosophy on Preservation of Survey Evidence," Journal of the Surveying and Mapping Diviston, Sept. 1970, pp. 215-223. CZERNIAK, M.T., “Review of Survey Procedures: BEP Profiles in New England," CERRE-CP Memorandum for Record, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Washington, D.C., 10 Apr. 1972. CZERNIAK, M.T., "Review of Survey Procedures: BEP Profiles in New Jersey," CERRE-CP Memorandum for Record, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Washington, D.C., 13 Apr. 1972. 16 CZERNIAK, M.T., "Adequate Documentation of Beach Profiles," CERRE-CP Memorandum for Record, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., 2 Feb. 1973. CZERNIAK, M.T., "Report Summary for Project 02-2022 (BEP Survey Criteria) ," CERRE-CP Memorandum for Record, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engi- neering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., 20 Mar. 1973. DRACUP, J.F., "National Geodetic Survey Data: Availability, Explanation, and Application,"' Technical Memorandum NOS NGS-5, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Survey, Rockville, Md., 1976 (revised 1979). DRACUP, J.F., FRONCZEK, C.J., and TOMLINSON, R.W., "Establishment of Calibration Base Lines,'' Technical Memorandum NOS NGS-8, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Survey, Rockville, Md., 1977. ELLIS, M.Y., ed., "Coastal Mapping Handbook," U.S. Departments of Interior and Commerce, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1978. FEDERAL GEODETIC CONTROL COMMITTEE, "Classification, Standards of Accuracy, and General Specifications of Geodetic Control Surveys," National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Survey, Rockville, Md., 1974. FEDERAL GEODETIC CONTROL COMMITTEE, "Specifications to Support Classification, Standards of Accuracy, and General Specifications of Geodetic Control Surveys,'' National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Survey, Rockville, Md., 1975. FRONCZEK, C.J., "Use of Calibration Base Lines,'' Technical Memorandum NOS NGS-10, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Survey, Rockville, Md., 1977. INGHAM, A.E., Sea Surveying, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., London, England, 1975. JEFFERS, K.B., Hydrographic Manual, Publication 20-2, U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington, D.C., 1960. MITCHELL, H.C., and SIMMONS, L.G., "The State Coordinate Systems (A Manual for Surveyors),'' Special Publication 235, U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington, D.C., 1945 (revised 1977). MUSSETTER, W., "Manual of Reconnaissance for Triangulation," Special Publica- tion No. 225, U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington, D.C., 1959. MYERS, J.J., ed., Handbook of Ocean and Underwater Engtneering, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, 1969. RAPPLEYE, H.S., "Manual of Leveling Computation and Adjustment," Special Publication 240, U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington, D.C., 1948. RAPPLEYE, H.S., "Manual of Geodetic Leveling," Special Publication 239, U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington, D.C., 1948 (parts of text are obsolete). U.S. ARMY, "A Guide to the Compilation and Revision of Maps," Technical Manual 5-240, Sept.. 1955. U.S. ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS, COASTAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER, "Guidelines for Planning Beach Surveys," Coastal Engineering Technical Note TN-VI-5, Fort Belvoir, Va. ,.Jan.) L98is, WHALEN, C.T., "Control Leveling," Technical Report NOS 73 NGS 8, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Survey, Rockville, Md., 1978. APPENDIX CHECKLIST FOR MONUMENTING 1. Have I contacted the appropriate local officials and property owners? 2. Is the base line located far enough from the beach to be in a relatively stable area? 3. Are the monuments located and constructed to avoid vandalism? 4. If I gave my documentation to a reasonably competent surveyor, would he or she be able to locate all monuments and know their elevation? 5. If a monument is lost, can it be accurately reestablished or a new monu- ment placed so that the profile line can be reused? 6. Is the monument referenced with enough redundancy that it can be reestab- lished even if one reference point is lost? i" ay Bere by) , a RE r 1 1 AP. ot Re Win beian ‘ Asian ST-18 °ou eBITecn® €02OL L£e9 *saTieg *I] “*eTITL ‘1 *s3se0p *¢ «“BuTAaAING *Z *syreM YOUaY °T *SOUTT ATTjord ay pue sauTT aseq asoy Bupouarezer pue ‘Sutjuewnoop ‘suTjuewnuow 103 pue skaaans [e}seOd AOJ souTT aseq BUTYSTTQeISe OJ sauTTeptns squasead jaodea sty, *sjueumuow AGVAINS |9y BuTJuewNdsop pue ‘B8uToUsiazear *BuTYST[qeqyse 0} uoTIUAaIIe atedoid jnoyitTM pewiozied aie skaains [e seo AT UeNbaaz oo] sot sd :hydes80tTqT¢_ «* T86T Taqueaon,, *3TIT} 1aA09 (ST-18 ‘ou £ pre TeoTUYyIe] BuTIseuTsua Teyseoy)--*wo /z § *T{T : «d {6T] *T861 ‘SILN Worz atTqe{tTeae : *eA ‘pTatTgz3utadg {$ adquag yoreasay 3uT -JeouTsug Teyseog Away *S*n : “eA SATOATOgG 104--*AhaTSWOH TAeUOTW °F 4q / seutyT aseq AdAins Te seod BuTYSTTqejse 1OJ sauTTaptng TeeuIM er ‘AaTsway Le9 ST-18 °ou BITScN* £02OL *seTieg *I] *eTITL ‘1 4 °s3se0op *¢ “BuTAeAANS *Z7 *syaPW YoUEg °] *SOUTT aTTjoid ay j pue sauT{T aseq asoy. B3upToUarazai pue ‘ZuTjuownosop ‘8uTjuewnuow Oy puke SAB9AINS [e}SeOD OJ SOdUTT aseq BUTYSTTQeIse JO} sauTTep—ns squasead jaodaa sty, *szuaumuow ABAINS ay BuTJuewnsop pue ‘B8uTouatazar “Butysttqeyse 0} uot uae dedoad ynoyjitM pewaoziad are sfaains Teqseoo ATJUenbaaz oo] ‘gt sd = :hyder8otTqT¢ »* T86T 19queAoN,, *8TITI AVACD t= sou £ pre TeoTUYyde BuTAssuTsue TeIseog)--*wo /z $ “TTT : ¢d aa 2 *T861 ‘SIIN WOIZ eTqeTTeae : sea ‘SpTaty3utads § asjQuaQ Yyoreasay But -Jeoutsuqg ~Tejseop Amiy *S*f : *eA SATOATAaG J1IOq—-*AdTSWAY TEey TW “LC &q / sautyT eseq AadAins Teqseod BuTYSTTqe3Se 1Oj souTTaptny TeeyotW cr ‘AaTsuay £69 SI-Tg *ou eBaTgsn* £02OL *saTdag “II ‘“8TITL *1 *saseop *¢ *BuzTAaAIng *Z *syieM YoUEg *] *SOUTT 8TTyoad ay} pue sauT[ aseq asoyq ButToUeTeze1 pue ‘Sutjueunsop ‘8utjUueuNnuow 103 pue skaAINS [eISeOD AOJ seUTT aseq BUTYSTTGQeISe 1OJ seuTTeptn3d squaesead qaodea sty, *szuaeunuow Asains vy} Bup~Juaewnoop pue ‘ZupToustazaa ‘B8uTYsT[qejyse oO} uoTIUAaIIe adadoid JnoyiIM pawsojziad sae skaaans [eyseod AT Uaenbaay oo] “91 sd = :kyder80t 1 qT «* T86T tequeaon,, *eTII2 1aA0D (ST-18 ‘ou ! pte TROTUYDs] BuTIseuTsua Tejseoj)--*wd 77 £ *TTT : *d [6T] *T861 ‘SIIN Wo1z eTqeTTeae : sea ‘ptTetTy3utads { aaquag yoaeasay 3ut -leeuTsuqg ~Teqseop AWAy °*S°N : *eA SATOATOG JAOY¥--*AaTSWaY TEeeyoTW °C &q / sautT{T aseq Addins Te ISeOD BuTYSTTqejse 10jZ SauTTepinyg TeeuITW ¢*f SAaTSWAaY 179 ST-Tg *ou eBaTesn* £02OL *seTias “JI ‘“aTITL “1 *saseop *¢ “B8uTAaAINg *Z *sy1eW YoUag °*T *SOUTT eTTJoad |yj pue sauTT aseq asoy. BuToUerazer pue ‘3uTjueunsop ‘Zutjuaeunuow i10z pue sksAANS [e}SeOD AOJZ saUTT aseq SUTUSTTQeISA IOJ SaUuT[eptTNs squasead qaodaa sty, *szueumuow AdAINS ay ButTquawunsop pue ‘Zupyouadezai ‘BuTYsT{Tqeqyse 0} uoTIUAIIe aadoid jnoyz}~M pawiozied aie sKkaains Teqyseod AT uUanbarjZ oo] sg] sd = :hyders0t qT «° T86T 2equesoN,, *aTIT2 IaAOCD (ST-18 sou $ pre TeoTuYyde] BuTisouTsua yTeyseoj)--*wo /z £ *TTT : *d [6T] *I861 SSIIN Wo1z aTqeTTeae : cea ‘plTaetTydutads £ aaquay yoieasay But -lasuT3suq Teyseog Away *S*n : *eA fATOATEgG JIO4--*ABTSWAaY TEeeYOTW °F &q / seutyT aseq Aaaans [ejseod BuTYSTTqeysa 10J sauTTapyny JeeyoTN ¢f ‘AaTSUAaH