Rosendahl, Carl Otto, 1875-
Guide to the spring flowers of
Minnesota, field and garden cby]
F, E, Clements, C, 0. Rosendahl
and F, K, Butters. 3ded. 1913.

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Minnesota Plant Studies”.’°*

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I.
GUIDE

TO THE
SPRING FLOWERS OF MINNESOTA
FIELD AND GARDEN

THIRD EDITION

F. E. CLEMENTS, C. O. ROSENDAHL
AND

F. K. BUTTERS

University of Minnesota
Minneapolis
May 1913

-

a ee Nae

Preface

The need for a third edition of the “Guide to Spring Flowers” has made it possible
to broaden the scope of the guide. The period covered has been extended to the middle
of June in the hope of including all the species that might be found by classes during an
unusually early spring. In addition, the cultivated trees and the common garden species that
bloom during this period have been included. In order to give the beginner greater certainty
and readiness in naming plants, about 160 of the more common genera have been illustrated.
Moreover, these have been grouped in plates under the various orders and families with
the object of giving greater clearness to the idea of flower types outlined in the introduction,
and shown in the chart of evolution and relationship.

The flowering plants of the whole school year, from September 1 to June 15, both
cultivated and native, are now covered by the two guides to spring flowers and to autumn
flowers. In a few years it is expected that a summer guide will be prepared, in anticipation
of the time when a completely illustrated book of all the flowers of the state will be possible.

Britton and Brown’s “Illustrated Flora” and Gray’s “Manual” have been freely drawn
upon in the preparation of the present guide, and acknowledgment is hereby made of their
aid. The grouping of the families is essentially that of the Besseyan system of classification.
The sequence is from pines and bvttercups to pinks and mints to roses and asters, and then
to lilies, grasses and orchids.

In addition to the list of publications in the following series, “Minnesota Trees and
Shrubs” is also available for students and plant lovers generally. In fact, it supplants the
“Guide to Trees and Shrubs,” which will not be republished hereafter. “Minnesota Algae”
is also valuable for schools, health officers, water and fish commissioners, as well as to others
who possess microscopes.

MINNESOTA PLANT STUDIES

Guide to Spring Flowers, third edition (15 cents).
Guide to Trees and Shrubs, second edition (10 cents).
Guide to Ferns and Fern Allies (10 cents).
Minnesota Mushrooms (paper, 50 cents; cloth, $1.00).
Guide to Autumn Flowers (15 cents).

School Gardens and Greenhouses (15 cents).

ONY ae oon ho es

Copies of the above publications are sent free to residents of Minnesota. Ten copies of
Nos. 1, 5 and 6 will be furnished tree to the schools and colleges of the state. Additional
copies may be secured at the price indicated. This is the price also for non-residents, who
are not on the exchange list of the Botanical Survey.

FREDERIC E. CLEMENTS,
Head of the Department of Botany and State Botanist.

The University of Minnesota
April 1913

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Introduction

HOW TO USE THE KEY

The name of a plant consists as a rule of two parts or words, for example, Viola blanda,
Ovralis stricta, etc. The first word indicates the genus, and is always capitalized. The second
word indicates the species, or kind, and is rarely capitalized. The meaning of the terms genus
(plural, genera) and species (plural, species)’ may be clearly illustrated by the violets and
pansy. The pansy, the prairie violet, the blue woodland violet, the yellow violet, etc., are
different kinds, or species, of the genus of violets, Viola, each one designated by its species

I. LEAF OUTLINES

4 5
1. Rounded. 2. Cordate (heart-shaped). 3,4. Reniform (kidney-shaped). 5. Peltate (shield-shaped).
6. Sagittate (arrow-shaped). 7. Auriculate (eared). 8. Hastate (halberd-shaped).

name, tricolor, pedatifida, etc. Genera which are related to each other are grouped into fam-
ilies, e. g., Violaceae, the violet family, Liliaceae, the lily family, etc. The ending, -aceae,
which is always used to denote a family, is the feminine plural of the Latin suffix, -aceus,
meaning like or related to. The family name, Liliaceae, is really an adjective agreeing with
plantae, plants, and meaning “plants related to the lily.” Families are themselves grouped
into orders, which also bear a distinctive ending, e. g., Liliales, Poales, etc. This ending is
likewise in the feminine plural, and the meaning of the name is “plant families related to the

Ne
a
a
ie 3

II. Lear OUTLINES AND BASES

6 7 8

4 5

1. Linear. 2. Lanceolate (lance-shaped). 3. Oblong. 4. Elliptic. 5. Oval. 6. Ovate (egg-shaped).
7. Oblanceolate. 8. Spatulate (spatula-like). 9. Obovate (reversed ovate).
10. Cuneate (wedge-shaped).

9 10

’

lily family,” etc. Orders are further arranged into larger groups, such as Monocotyledons,
flowering plants with a single seed-leaf, and Dicotyledons, those with two seed-leaves,
Angiosperms, flowering plants with closed pistils, and usually with sepals and petals, and
Gymnosperms, with open pistils, and no sepals or petals.

vi Introduction

The key to the families, as well as those to the genera and species, is as simple as the
necessary drill in flower structures and relationships will permit. The keys are based on the
method of alternatives, e. g., I. Petals present; II. Petals absent. The two alternatives, rarely
more, are indicated by being indented equally, and by the same series of signs, e. g., 1 and 2,
a and b, (x) and (y), etc. At every step the beginner must consider both alternatives before

Ill. Lear EpGes making a choice, in order to make sure
of tracing a plant readily and certainly.
Terms should be looked up in the glos-
sary as they appear, and their meaning

hg fixed in mind. The temptation to guess
NZ at the points of structure necessary for
Wait following the key must be constantly

at avoided in order to obtain trustworthy

Wi VAN results. When unusual flower types ap-
jig i pear in a family, the family may occur
Hn Mi

\ more than once in the key, or the genus
/ concerned may be given, as “Prunus in

Wi |
} s\n ‘
| Wy Rosaceae.”
\ Niloatt

FLOWER TYFES

1 2 3 4 5 6
1. Serrate (saw-toothed). 2. Dentate (toothed). ae : :
3. Crenate (scalloped). 4. Undulate (wavy). The flower type, which is regarded aS
eee ores 6. Incised Gagged). the simplest or earliest form from which

the types of the various families have developed, has the four parts: calyx, made up of
sepals, corolla, made up of petals, stamens, and pistils. The normal or usual flower has
sepals, petals, stamens IV. LEAF Tips

and pistils. Flowers oft-
en occur in which one or
more of these parts is
lacking. Petals are most
frequently absent, while

sepals are often lacking Ae alt 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
also. Sepals are some- 1. Acuminate. 2. Acute. 2. Obtuse. 4. Truncate. 5. Retuse.
6. Emarginate. 7. Obcordate. 8. Cuspidate. 9. Mucronate.

times colored like the
petals, as in lilies, and seem to be lacking when they are not. When only one kind of flower
leaves is present, it is regarded as the calyx, regardless of its color. Stamens may disappear
in one flower, and pistils in another, giving rise to staminate and pistillate flowers, as in
many of the trees. Both
rarely disappear from the
same flower in nature,
though this frequently
happens in cultivation,
especially in “double”
flowers.

The simplest flower
type, seen in the flower
of the buttercup, or the
mousetail, is made up of
separate sepals, petals,
stamens, and pistils. All
the sepals are alike, as
are the petals, and the
number of stamens and
pistils is large. The four
parts are practically at
the same level, the sepals

outermost and the pistils

Pinnataly: 1. Lobed. 8. Cleft. 5. Parted. 7. Divided. j
Palmately: 2. Lobed. 4 Ceft. 6. Parted. 8 Divided. innermost. The changes
from this simplest type

VY. LOBED LEAVES

a on
«

he

Introduction vii

have given rise to the various family types. These changes have come about by: (1) the
union of parts, especially petals and pistils; (2) by the reduction in number of stamens and
pistils, or the disappearance of one or more parts; (3) by changes in the form and arrange-
ment of parts, especially the petals; (4) by a change in level, in which the sepals become
united with the ovary, and the petals and stamens are placed above it. Some of these

~ l. Odd-pinnate. 2. Tendril-pinnate 3. Even- pinnate.

changes appear in one family, others in another. Few families show them all, and the
emphasis usually falls upon one of the four possible changes. The number of possible com-
binations is very large. This makes it clear why it is possible to get so many flower types
by modifying only four flower parts, sepals,
petals, stamens and pistils, in four different

ways. The three lines of evolution shown in : Yo
the chart (page x) arise from the simple but- Las . \\\ /}
tercups, and, passing through various family \ \
types, end in the three highest groups, orchids, =F \\ l\ A
mints and asters. In the orchids, the petals a NW Z } fo
are still mostly separate; in the mints, the EF Py =
Ovary is superior. In the asters, these changes . <A —_
have been completed, and this group is con- SS : \) 4\ BY ¢ ——.

' sequently the highest of the plant kingdom. ST A Sy NY — af

4. Palmate or digitate. 5. Twice-pinnate.

VI. ComMPouND LEAVES

Certain families have a very distinct type of flower structure, while practically all have
some mark by which they may be told readily after some practice. The beginner should
start with those families which are most readily distinguished. Such are the:pea, the lily,

=. the mustard, the aster and the grass families. From these one may advance readily to irids,
orchids, snapdragons, mints, buttercups, etc. The most convenient way of expressing a

Viii Introduction

flower type and fixing it in the mind is by means of a formula. For example, the formula
for the mustard family is Cat Cot S42 P(2). For the pea family, it is Ca5 Co2-2-1 S9-1 Pl;
that is, the calyx has 5 sepals, the corolla 5 petals, wings, keel and standard; there are 10
stamens in 2 groups and a l-celled pistil. The parenthesis indicates union of the parts con-
cerned, while reversed numbers are used to denote irregularity in shape or arrangement, e. g.,
2-2-1 for the irregular corolla of the pea. Differences in level are shown as in the following

Co S8_
formula for the evening primrose family: Cat _
P(4)
PRONUNCIATION

The names of plants, families, etc., are pronounced as in Latin, except that the con-
sonants c, g, j and v are pronounced as in English. The sound of the vowels may be indicated
as follows: a as ah; e as ay; 7 as ee; 0 as oh; u as 00; Greek y muth like the German ii.
The diphthongs are as follows: ae as aye; au as ow in how; oe as oy; ei aS ay; ew as e00;
ui as ooee. The accent has been indicated for each name. Quantity has not been indicated,
since for the beginner all vowels may well be regarded as long.

VERIFICATION AND DETERMINATION OF SPECIMENS

The beginner will necessarily find occasional plants which he is unable to name. Even
the student of more experience will now and then find very puzzling forms. In such cases,
it is necessary to refer the question to a good herbarium if one is accessible, or to the bot-
anist. The department of botany will be glad to have fresh or dried plants sent to it for
verification or determination at any time. This applies to mushrooms and other lower
forms as well as to flowering plants. Fresh specimens can be sent readily through the
mails by wrapping them in moist paper and placing them in a pasteboard box. The depart-
ment will also be glad to verify the dried specimens in the herbaria of high schools or of
individual students.

EXPLANATION OF THE CHART

The chart on page x is designed to show the general lines of descent of flowering plants
from the ancestral ferns, and to indicate the relationships of the various orders. It is based
primarily upon the development of the flower as a special organ for pollination and seed-
production. Families with the simplest flowers, that is, those with the flowers least changed
from the fruiting organs of the ferns, are placed at the bottom of the chart. Such families
are found in the gymnosperms and in the buttercup order. The flowers of the former are
wind-pollinated, and lack both calyx and corolla. The flowers of most buttercups, on the
other hand, are poilinated by insects, and possess both calyx and corolla, or a showy calyx.
These are regarded as the primitive or earliest type of flower of the angiosperms. From
the specialization of these, in response to insect and wind pollination, have been derived the
orders and families of the three lines of evolution shown in the chart.

In detail, the primitive flower shows a large number of separate stamens and separate
pistils, the petals are alike and separate, and there is no union between any of the four parts,
sepals, petals, stamens and pistils. In the increasing adaptation of a flower to its work of
pollination and seed-production, this primitive form has given rise to the higher or more
specialized forms characteristic of the various orders of the chart. The chief steps by which
this has been brought about are four, namely, reduction in number of parts, union, change
in shape, change in position of the corolla, or elevation, but these changes have not appeared
in the same sequence in all three lines. Reduction in number to a flower plan of 3, 4 or 5 has
been almost universal in the groups just above the buttercups, though flowers occasionally
occur with number plans of 6, 7, 8 and even 9. In flower structure, the arrowheads are
essentially buttercups with parts in threes, while the lilies are arrowheads with the stamens
and pistils reduced:in number, and the latter united to form a compound pistil. In the irises,
the colored perianth of sepals and petals is upon or above the ovary, and in the orchids, the
corolla is strikingly irregular, one petal usually taking the form of a lip or sack.

In the roses, the buttercup type is modified by the gradual growing together of the calyx
and receptacle, and finally of the ovary also, with the result that the corolla and stamens

re Introduction ix

are above the calyx and ovary. In the lower roses, the number of stamens and usually of
pistils also is large, and the pistils are separate. In the higher families, the pistils are united
into a compound pistil. In the madders and honeysuckles, the petals have become united,
and finally, in most of the asters, some or all of the flowers of the characteristic heads
become irregular as to their petals. In the mustards, pinks, and geraniums, the flower parts
are regularly reduced to the number plan of 4 or 5, and the pistils are united. In the
primroses, the petais become united, and in the snapdragons and mints, the corolla as a rule
is highly irregular.

EVOLUTION AND RELATIONSHIP OF THE ORDERS

Monocotyledons Dicotyledons
Asterale
Orchidales eAseee Lamjales
“Orchids” “Mints”
Campanales
“Blugbells”
Scrophulariales

“Snapdragons”
p

Rubiales
“Maliders” Polemonyales
“Phloxés”
Iridales :
G2 53 Cactales Gentianales
Irids Cacti Caan
Sapindales ie
“Maples”
Poales Primulales
“Grasses” Apfales “Primroges”
“Parsleys”
Ericales
“Heaths”
Lythrales Cel I
“Loosestrifes” = i as aa
Juncales 2 “Bittersweets”

“Rushes”
Geraniales

‘Geranijums”

Caryo lales
“Pink ,
iliales stales i
Thi a “Roses” “<a
Malvales

“Mallows”

Brassicafes

“Mu rds” —_ Sarracenia
Alismales “Pitcher-plants”

2 oe

Arale
“Aroids”

Gymnosperms

“Conifers” An bese
ee

Key to Families

I. Petals present
1. Flowers single or in clusters
a. Petals separate
(1) Petals 3, rarely 2
(a) Sepals green, unlike the petals
x. Leaves grass-like, flower withering the first day
y. Leaves broad, flower persistent
(b) Sepals and petals more or less alike in color
x. Flowers irregular, petals unlike
(x) Stamens 1 or 2, fused with the style
(y) Stamens 6-8, borne on the corolla
y. Flowers regular
(x) Ovary inferior
m. Stamens 6
n. Stamens 3
(y) Ovary superior
m. Stamens and pistils in different flowers
n. Stamens and pistils in the same flower
(m) Sepals and petals greenish brown, very small
(n) Sepals and petals never greenish brown
(2) Petals 4
(a) Flowers regular
x. Stamens 4-5, usually shrubs
(x) Thorns present, leaves compound
(y) Thorns absent, leaves simple
m. Leaves evergreen, very small
n. Leaves not evergreen
y. Stamens 6
z. Stamens more than 6
(x) Stamens 9-12, leaves compound
(y) Stamens many, leaves simple
(b) Flowers irregular
x. Flowers spurred, leaves deeply cut or compound
(x) Stamens many, pistils 2-3
(y) Stamens 6, pistil 1
y. Flowers not spurred, leaves simple
(3) Petals 5 or more
(a) Flowers regular
' x. Pistil simple, 1-many
_ - (x) Pistils few-many
m. Twining vines, flowers dioecious
| n. Herbs or shrubs, flowers perfect
(m) Stamens and petals coming off with the calyx
(n) Stamens and petals entirely free from the calyx
(y) Pistil 1
m. Stamens 6-12
n. Stamens many
(m) Woody plants

Commelinaceae
Liliaceae

Orchidaceae
Polygalaceae

Amaryllidaceae
Tridaceae
Smilacaceae

Juncaceae
Liliaceae

Rutaceae
Ericaceae
Cornaceae
Brassicaceae
Capparidaceae

Papaveraceae

Ranunculaceae
Fumariaceae
Onagraceae

Menispermaceae

Rosaceae
Ranunculaceae

Berberidaceae

Prunus in Rosaceae 25

Page

Ss

KEY TO FAMILIES

(n) Herbs
y. Pistil compound
(x) Shrubs or trees
m. Vines with tendrils
n. Woody plants without tendrils
(m) Leaves simple
r. Style 1
s. Styles 2
(r) Ovary superior, usually trees
(s) Ovary inferior, bushes
t. Styles 3-5
(r) Flowers greenish
(s) Flowers white or pink
(n) Leaves compound
r. Leaflets always 3
(r) Flowers white
(s) Flowers greenish
‘s. Leaflets usually more than 3
(r) Thorny shrubs
(s) Thornless trees
(y) Herbs
m. Leaves pitcher-shaped
n, Leaves not pitcher-shaped
(m) Ovary many-celled, aquatic plants
(n) Ovary 5-celled
r. Ovary superior
(r) Leaves simple, evergreen
(s) Leaves deeply cut or compound
h. Leaves deeply cut
i. Leaves trifoliate
s. Ovary inferior
(0) Ovary 1-2-celled
r. Ovary 2-celled
(r) Ovary superior
h. Leaves simple
i. Leaves trifoliate
(s) Ovary inferior
s. Ovary 1-celled
(r) Sepals 5
h. Styles 2
i. Styles 3-5
(s) Sepals 2
h. Stamens many
i. Stamens 5.
(b) Flowers irregular
x. Ovary 3-celled, stamens long-exserted
y. Ovary 1-celled, stamens mostly included
(x) Flowers spurred
(y) Flowers not spurred

b. Petals united

(a) Ovary superior
x. Low mostly evergreen shrubs
y. Herbs
(x) Ovary 1-celled
m. Carpels 2
n. Carpels 5

Ranunculaceae

Vitaceae

Ericaceae

Aceraceae
Saxifragaceae

Rhamnaceae
Rosaceae
Staphyleaceae

Anacardiaceae

Rutaceae
Rosaceae

Sarraceniaceae

Nymphaeaceae

Ericaceae

Geraniaceae
O-xalidaceaé
Araliaceae

Saxifragaceae
Menyanthaceae
Apiaceae

Saxifragaceae

Caryophyllaceae

Papaveraceae
Portulacaceae

Sapindaceae
Violaceae

Fabaceae

Ericaceae

Hydrophyllaceae

Primulaceae

31

18

18

21
19

KEY TO FAMILIES

(y) Ovary 2-celled or 4-lobed
m. Ovary 2-celled
(m) Leafless colorless herbs
(n) Leafy herbs
r. Petals very hairy on the upper face
s. Petals smooth
\ (r) Stamens 5; flowers regular
(s) Stamens 2-4; flowers irregular
n. Ovary 4-lobed or divided
(m) Flowers irregular, stem usually square
(n) Flowers regular
(z) Ovary 3-celled
(b) Ovary inferior
x. Woody plants
(x) Stamens 5
(y) Stamens 8-10
y. Herbs
(x) Stamens 3
(y) Stamens 4-5
m. Stamens united, sap milky
n. Stamens separate
(m) Leaves united by their bases
(n) Leaves not united
(z) Stamens 8-12
2. Flowers in heads
a. Ovary superior

b. Ovary inferior
(1) Petals separate, style simple
(2) Petals united, style 2-cleft
(a) Flowers all ligulate, sap milky
(b) Some or all of the flowers tubular, sap not milky
II. Petals absent
1. Sepals present, rarely very minute
a. Woody plants ;
(1) High climbing vines, petals present but falling quickly
(2) Shrubs or trees
(a) Flowers in catkins, at least the staminate
x. Pistillate flowers in catkins, sap milky
y. Pistillate flowers solitary, sap not milky
(b) No catkins present
x. Style 1, stigma 1, or slightly 2-cleft
(x) Trees with compound leaves
| (y) Low shrubs with simple leaves
m. Leaves green, glabrous
n. Leaves silvery or scurfy
' y. Styles or long sessile stigmas 2
} (x) Leaves deeply cut or compound
(y) Leaves simple, not deeply cut
z. Pistils 2-5, thorny shrub
b. Herbs
(1) Nearly colorless herbs, parasitic on trees
(2) Plants with green leaves
(a) Pistils several-many
(b) Pistil 1, at least the ovary
x. Sepals united into a corolla-like tube

Orobanchaceae
Menyanthaceae

Solanaceae
Scrophulariaceae

Lamiaceae

Boraginaceae
Polemoniaceae

Caprifoliaceae
Ericaceae
Valerianaceae
Campanulaceae
Caprifoliaceae

Rubiaceae
Adoxaceae

Trifolium in Fabaceae

Cornaceae

Cichoriaceae
Asteraceae

Vitaceae

Moraceae
Fagaceae
Oleaceae

Thymeleaceae
Elaeagnaceae

Aceraceae
Ulmaceae
Rutaceae
Loranthaceae

Ranunculaceae

Allioniaceae

28
35

39
38

31

KEY TO FAMILIES

y. Sepals not united in a corolla-like tube
(x) Stamens as many as the sepals
m. Flowers in dense fleshy spikes
n. Flowers not in fleshy spikes

(m)
(n)

(0) Ovary wholly inferior, styles and stigmas 2

Ovary superior, styles and stigmas 3
Ovary half-inferior, style and stigma 1

(y) Stamens more numerous than the sepals
m. Ovary inferior, sepals 3

n. Ovary superior, sepals 4 or 5

(m)

r.
(n)
i
s.
2. Sepals absent,
a. Woody plants

Sepals 4, stamens 6-8

Stamens 6, style and stigma 1
Stamens usually 8, styles and stigmas 2
Sepals 5

Stamens numerous, styles 3, stigmas 6
Stamens 6-8

or occasionally very minute

(1) Leaves scale-like or needle-like, usually evergreen

(a) Leaves resinous, fragrant when bruised; fruit a cone or

several seeded blue berry

(b) Leaves not resinous nor fragrant; fruit a one-seeded red

berry

(2) Leaves not scale-like or needle-like, deciduous

(a) Leaves

simple

x. Fruit with many hairy seeds, flowers dioecious
y. Fruit one-seeded, flowers usually monoecious
(x) Low shrubs with very fragrant leaves

(y) Trees, rarely shrubs; leaves not fragrant
(b) Leaves compound

x. Leaves

alternate, staminate flowers in catkins

y. Leaves opposite, flowers in clusters

b. Herbs

(1) Flowers in heads surrounded by 5 petal-like glands
(2) Flowers in spikes or spikelets

(a) Spike fleshy, with a leafy spathe

(b) Flowers in papery spikelets, with scales

x. Flower enclosed in two scales; stem hollow, round
y. Flower with a single scale; stem solid, mostly triangular

Araceae
Polygonaceae
Santalaceae
Apiaceae
Aristolochiaceae
Brassicaceae

Saxifragaceae

Euphorbiaceae
Polygonaceae

Pinaceae

Taxaceae

Salicaceae

Myricaceae
Betulaceae

Juglandaceae
Oleaceae

Euphorbiaceae
Araceae

Poaceae
Cyperaceae

18
15

45
45

Spermatophytes Flowering Plants
Gymnospermae Gymnosperms
Pinales Pine Order

Pinaceae—Pine Family

Resinous trees or shrubs, usually evergreen; flowers monoecious or dioecious, cone-like;
Staminate of an elongated axis bearing numerous scale-like or peltate stamens; the pistillate
flower, an axis bearing scales in a single or double series, the fertile scales bearing 1-many
(usually 2) naked ovules; fruit usually a cone with hard, dry scales, occasionally berry-like, the
scales becoming fleshy.

I, Leaves linear, needle-like, alternate or in fascicles (Tribe Abietineae)
1. Foliage leaves all scattered, alternate
a. Leaves flat, linear, more or less twisted into two ranks
(1) Buds small, round, resinous; cones upright with deciduous
scales Abies
(2) Buds scaly, not resinous; cones pendent with persistent scales
(a) Leaves about 2 cm. long, their scars scarcely raised; bracts

of cone long Pseudotsuga
(b) Leaves about 1 cm. long, their scars raised on woody pro-
jections; bracts of cone short Tsuga
b. Leaves four-sided in section, not at all two-ranked, their scars raised
on woody projections Picea
2. Foliage leaves or some of them in fascicles
a. Leaves deciduous, some scattered, others in large fascicles Larix
b. Leaves evergreen, in fascicles of 2-5 Pinus
II. Leaves needle-like or scale-like, opposite or in whorls (Tribe Cupress-
ineae)
1. Cones woody; twigs and spray flat; leaves scale-like of two alter-
nating types Thuja

2. Cones fleshy; twigs and spray not flattened; leaves scale- or needle-
like, all alike on any twig
a. Leaves usually opposite, scale-like on mature twigs Sabina
b. Leaves in whorls of three, all needle-like Juniperus

Pirate 1: A, Abies balsamea; B, Pseudotsuga taxifolia; C, Tsuga canadensis; D, Picea
mariana; E. Larix laricina; F, Pinus banksiana; G, Thuja occidentalis; H, Sabina vir-
giniana; I, Juniperus communis; J, Taxus canadensis ; K, Ginkgo biloba.

Abies—Balsam Fir
(L. and Gr. abies, fir tree)
PIs hes A
1. Native tree; leaves dark green above, fragrant, 1-2 cm. long A. balsdmea
2. Cultivated West-American tree; leaves pale above. 2-3.5 cm. long A. céncolor

6 PINACEAE—TAXACEAE

Pseudotsuga—Douglas Fir
(Gr. pseudes, false, Japanese tsuga, hemlock)
PLY hie: 5
Cultivated West-American tree with flat soft leaves Ps. taxifélia

Tstga—Hemlock
(Japanese tsuga, hemlock)
Bia) fie. iC -
Native and cultivated tree with small dark green flat leaves T. canadénsis

Picea—Spruce
(L. picea, spruce or fir tree, from pix, pitch)
PI he.
1. Twigs spreading horizontally; cones less than 8 cm. long
a. Twigs smooth; cone-scales flexible

(1) Leaves very stiff and blue, 25-30 mm. long; cultivated P. ptingens
(2) Leaves slender, 10-25 mm. long; native P. canadénsis
b. Twigs minutely hairy; leaves 5-15 mm. long; cone-scales stiff;
native P. mariana
2. Twigs drooping; cones 10-20 cm. long; cultivated P. abies
Larix—Larch, Tamarack
(L. larix, larch tree)
IDE ies itea ld:
1. Native tree; mature cones 1-1.5 cm. long L. laricina
2. Cultivated tree; mature cones 2.5-3.5 cm. long L. decidua
Pinus—Pine
(L. pinus, the pine tree)
Pl. 1, fig. F
1, Leaves in fascicles of 5; cones 15-20 cm. long P. strébus
2. Leaves in fascicles of 2; cones 2-5 cm. long
a. Leaves more than 1 dm. long
(1) Leaves thin, flexible; bark reddish; native P. resinésa
(2) Leaves thick, stiff; bark gray; cultivated P. laricio austriaca
b. Leaves less than 1 dm. long
(1) Trees usually 4-20 m. high
(a) Leaves flexible, blue-green, 2.5-7 cm. long; cones reflexed;
cultivated P. silvéstris
(b) Leaves stiff, yellow-green, 2.5-5.5 cm. long; cones pointing
forward; native P. banksidna
(2) Low branching shrub, 1-4 m. high; leaves 4-7 cm. long; cul-
tivated P. niontdna
Thuja—W hite Cedar, Arbor-vitae
(Gr. thyia, the arbor-vitae)
Pl. 1, fig. G
Native tree, often cultivated, with flat fragrant spray T. occidentalis
Sabina—Savin, Red Cedar
(L. herba sabina, the Sabine plant)
Pil ee
1. Small upright tree S. virginiana
2. Low creeping shrub S. horizontdlis
Juniperus—Juniper
(L. juniperus, the juniper)
Piao
Shrub with stiff needle-like leaves, and blue berries J. communis

Taxaceae—Yew Family
Evergreen shrubs or trees; flowers dioecious or monoecious; staminate flowers cone-like,
consisting of an axis bearing stamens; pistillate flowers not cone-like, much reduced, the ovules
commonly solitary and exposed; seeds exposed, with a fleshy outer integument.

GINKGOACEAE—MAGNOLIACEAE—RANUNCULACEAE 7

Taxus—Yew
(L. taxus, yew tree)

ls Lantlieven

Low evergreen shrub; fruit a red berry T. canadénsis

Ginkgoales Ginkgo Order
Ginkgoaceae—Ginkgo Family
Deciduous tree; flowers dioecious; staminate flowers cone-like, consisting of an axis bearing
numerous stamens; stamens stalked, furnished with two pendant pollen-sacs; pistillate flowers con-
sisting of a naked stalk bearing at its summit a pair of ovules, each surrounded: at its base with a
collar-like growth; seeds drupe-like, the integuments consisting of an outer fleshy coat, a firm stony
coat, and a thin papery layer. Consisting of only the following genus and species:

Ginkgo—Maiden-hair Tree
(The Chinese name)
PI. 1, ig. K
Tree with fan-shaped leaves

Angiospermae

DICOTYLEDONS
Ranales Buttercup Order
Magnoliaceae—Magnolia Family

Angiosperms

G. biléba

Trees or shrubs, with alternate leaves; sepals 3, petals 6-9, in whorls of 3, stamens ,many,
pistils many, free or cohering; flowers apopetalous, hypogynous, and regular.

Magnolia—Cucumber-tree

(Named for the French botanist Magnol)

A cultivated tree, 15-20 m. high; flowers greenish yellow

Ranunculaceae—Buttercup Family

M. acumindta

Herbs or climbing shrubs; sepals 3-15, petals 0-15, stamens 5-many, pistil 1-many; flower apo-

carpous, apopetalous or apetalous, hypogynous, usually regular.
I. Flowers regular
1. Petals present

a. Petals spurred Aquilegia
b. Petals not spurred
(1) Pistils several to many
(a) Pistils several, stalked in fruit Coptis

(b) Pistils many, not stalked
x. Submerged aquatics; flowers white
y. Terrestrial plants; flowers yellow or greenish

Batrachium

(x) Flowers on a leafless stem, greenish Myosurus
(y) Flowers on a leafy stem, yellow Ranunculus
(2) Pistil1 Actaea
2. Petals wanting, staminoids occasional
a. Sepals white or colored, petaloid
(1) Plant climbing or creeping; staminoids present Clematis
(2) Plant not climbing or creeping -
(a) Stem with a whorl of leaves, an involucre, below the flower
x. Styles long, plume-like Pulsatilla
y. Styles short or none, not plume-like
(x) Involucre of 3 entire leaves close to flower Hepatica
(y) Involucre some distance below the flower
m. Involucre leaflets many, simple, petioled Syndesmon
n. Invoijucre leaflets 2-3, compound or cut Anemone
(b) Stem leafy, without an involucre
x. Leaves simple; flowers yellow or greenish white
(x) Leaves entire, dentate; flowers bright yellow Caltha
(y) Leaves deeply lobed, serrate; flowers greenish white Hydrastis
y. Leaves compound; flowers white Isopyrum

b. Sepals green, flowers dioecious
II. Flowers irregular

Thalictrum
Delphinium

8 RANUNCULACEAE

Piate 2: A, Caltha palustris, 1, flower, 2, fruit; B, Ranunculus septentrionalis; C, Aquilegia
canadensis, 1, flower, 2, fruit; D, Actaea rubra, 1, flower, 2, fruit; E, Thalictrum dioecum,
1, pistillate flower, 2, staminate flowers; F, Delphinium albescens.

Aquilégia—Columbine
(L. aquila, eagle, derivation doubtful)

Pl. 2 fic. Gxde2z

1. Native perennial; flowers scarlet and yellow A. canadénsis
2. Cultivated short-lived perennials
a. Spurs short and hooked; flowers purple or white A. vulgaris
b. Spurs long and slender, not hooked
(a) Flowers blue, sepals wide spreading, 3-4 cm. long A. caeriilea
(b) Flowers yellow, sepals ascending, less than 3 cm. A. chrysantha

Céoptis—Goldthread
(Gr. koptos, cut, from the leaves)
Leaves trifoliate; flowers white; root yellow C. trifdlia
Batrachium—lrogwort
(Gr. batrachion, frogwort)
Leaves divided into thread-like segments, submerged B. trichoph¥llum
Myostirus—Mouse-tail
(Gr. mys, myos, mouse, ura, tail)
Sepals and petals minute; pistils many on a long axis
Ranunculus—Buttercup, Crowfoot
(L. ranunculus, a little frog)
Bip Zane bs
1. Aquatic or mud plants with finely cut leaves
a. Flower 7-14 mm. wide; lobes of submerged leaves not thread-like FR. Piirshii
b. Flower 15-30 mm. wide; lobes of submerged leaves thread-like R. delphinifolius
2. Terrestrial plants
a. Leaves all lobed or divided
(1) Flowers less than 10 mm. wide, style hooked R. recurvatus
(2) Flowers 15-25 mm. wide, style not hooked

M. minimus

(a) Plant low, tufted and silky; leaflets narrow R. fascicularis
(b) Plant over 2 dm. tall; leaf segments broad
e x. Plant very hairy R. hispidus
y. Plant slightly hairy R. septentriondalis
b. Basal leaves mostly not lobed or divided
(1) Plants creeping, rooting at the nodes; basal leaves linear to
spatulate R.flammula var. réptans
(2) Plants erect; basal leaves reniform or ovate
(a) Basal leaves reniform; flowers less than 10 cm. R. abortivus
(b) Basal leaves ovate; flowers 10-30 cm. R. ovdalis
Actaea—Baneberry
(Gr, aktea, elder)
Pie2, Hees Le
1. Pediceis slender; berries ovoid-ellipsoid
a. Berries red A. riibra
b. Berries white A.ribra forma neglécta
A. alba

2. Pedicels thick; berries globular-ovoid, white

RANUNCULACEAE—BERBERIDACEAE

Clématis—Virgin’s Bower
(Gr. clematis, a climbing plant)
Vine with opposite compound leaves and purple flowers

Pulsatilla—Pulsatilla, Pasque Flower
(L, pulsatus, beaten, perhaps meaning windflower)
Flowers pale purple, appearing before the leaves f
Hepatica—Liver-leaf
(Gr. hepatikos, liver-like)
1. Lobes of the leaves rounded or obtuse at apex
2. Lobes acute at apex

Syndésmon—Rue Anemone

C. verticilldris

P. hirsutissima

H. hepatica
H. actita

(Gr. syn, together, desmos, bond, 1. e., uniting the rue and anemone)

Flowers several, erect, pink, surrounded by long-petioled leaflets

Anemone—Anemone, Windflower
(Gr. anemone, windflower)
1. Stem simple, one-flowered
a. Sepals 6-20; leaves with narrow segments
b. Sepals usually 5; leaves with broad segments
2. Stem branched, several-flowered
a. Flower white, 2.5-4 cm. wide; stem leaves sessile
b. Flower greenish, 1-2 cm. wide; stem leaves petioled
(1) Head of fruit cylindric
(2) Head of fruit oval

Caltha—Marsh Marigold
(L. caltha, marigold)
Plates AS sr tere

Leaves heart-shaped; flowers many, bright yellow

Hydrastis—Golden Seal, Orange-root
(Of doubtful origin and meaning)
Leaves deeply palmately lobed; flower single, greenish white, sepals falling
early

Isopyrum—lIsopyrum
(Gr. isopyron, name of a plant)
Leaves twice compound; flowers white

Thalictrum—Meadow Rue
(Gr. thaliktron, meadow rue)
Pir 2; fe; Biel} 2
Leaves twice compound; flowers greenish, drooping
Delphinium—Larkspur
(Gr. delphinion, larkspur)
P12, fig vk
Flowers whitish, with 5 sepals and 4 petals

Berberidaceae—Barberry Family

Herbs or shrubs, with alternate simple or compound leaves; flower parts usually in whorls of

S. thalictrotdes

A. carolinidna
A. quinquefélia

A. canadénsis

A. cylindrica
A. virginiana

C. palistris

FH. canadénsis

I. biterndtum

T. dioécum

D. albéscens

3, sepals 6-9, stamens 6-18, pistil 1, simple; flowers apopetalous, hypogynous, regular.

I. Spiny shrub
II. Herbs
1. Leaves simple, deeply cut; flower white, single
2. Leaves compound; flowers greenish, clustered
Bérberis—Barberry
(Arabic name)
1. Leaves serrate; flowers and fruits in racemes
2. Leaves entire; flowers mostly one to each leaf cluster
Podophyllum—May Apple
(Gr. podos, foot, phyllon, leaf)
Herbs with two large lobed leaves, with a solitary white flower

Berberis

Podophyllum
Caulophyllum

B. vulgéris
B. Thunbérgi

P. peltdtum

10 MENISPERMACEAE—PAPAVERACEAE—FUMARIACEAE

Caulophyllum—Blue Cohosh
, (Gr, kaulos, stalk, phyllon, leaf)
Herb with compound leaves and greenish 6-parted flowers C. thalictroides

Menispermaceae—Moonseed Family :
Twining vines with alternate leaves; sepals 4-8, petals 6-8, stamens 12-24, pistils 2-4; flower
apocarpous, apopetalous, hypogynous, regular.
Menispérmum—Moonseed

(Gr, mene, moon, sperma, seed)
Twining vine with ovate leaves and greenish flowers ; M. canadénse

Nymphaeaceae—Waterlily Family
Aquatic herbs; sepals 3-5, petals 5-many, stamens 5-many, pistils 1 compound or 3-many sim-
ple; flower apopetalous, hypogynous, regular.
Nymphaea—Yellow Pond Lily

Herb with floating and submerged leaves and yellow many-parted flower. . advéna

Brassicales Mustard Order

Pirate 3: A, Papaver nudicaule, 1, flower, 2, fruit; B, Sanguinaria canadensis, 1, flower, 2,
fruit; C, Bicuculla cucullaria, 1, flower, 2, fruit; D, Bicuculla canadensis; E, Capnoides
-aureum ; F, Polanisia graveolens, 1, flower, 2, fruit: G, Brassica nigra, 1, flower, 2, fruit;
H, Brassica juncea; I, Draba caroliniana, 1, flower, 2, fruit; J, Polygala paucifolia, 1,
flower, 2, fruit.

Papaveraceae—Poppy Family
Herbs with colored sap; sepals 2, petals 4-12, stamens many, ovary 1-celled; flower syncar-
pous, apopetalous, hypogynous, regular.
1. Flowers yellow or red; leaves pinnately lobed Papaver
2. Flowers white; leaves palmately lobed Sanguinaria
Papaver—Poppy
(Latin name of the poppy)
PEs e-wAG lege
Leaves basal; stem 3-12 in. high; flowers 1-3 in. wide P. nudicaule

Sanguinaria—Bloodroot
(L. sanguis, blood, from the color of the sap)
Pigs nes iB oes ee
Herb with red juice; leaf 5-9-lobed; flower single, white S. canadénsis
Fumariaceae—Fumitory Family

Herbs with dissected leaves; sepals 2, petals 4, 1 or 2 of them spurred, stamens 6, ovary 1-2-
celled; flower syncarpous, apopetalous, hypogynous, zygomorphic.

I. Flower with two spurs Bicuculla
IJ. Flower with one spur Capnoides
Bicuctlla—Bleeding Heart, Dutchman’s Breeches, Squirrel Corn

(L. bi-, two, cuculla, cowl, from the two spurs)
PIA3s fick Come rand
1. Flowers 2.5-3 cm. long, bright pink-red B. spectdbilis
2. Flowers 1-2 cm. long, white to pink
a. Flowers in a raceme, white
(1) Spurs prominent and spreading B. cucullaria
(2) Spurs round and short, sack-like B. canadénsis
b. Flowers in a branched cluster, pink B. eximia

CAPPARIDACEAE—BRASSICACEAE V

Capnoides
(Gr. capnodes, smoke-like, from the color of some species)
Pl. 3, fig. E
1. Flowers pink C. sempérvirens
2. Flowers yellow
a. Flowers 4-5 mm. long C. flavulum
b. Flowers 10-12 mm. long C. dureum

Capparidaceae—Caper Family
Herbs with compound leaves; sepals 4, petals 4, stamens 9-12, ovary 2-celled; flower syncar-
pous, apopetalous, hypogynous, regular.

Polanisia
(Gr. polos, pole, anisos, unequal, probably from the unequal stamens)
PES te. Kisii, 2
Strong-scented herbs; leaves trifoliate; flowers yellowish P. gravéolens

Brassicaceae—Mustard Family
Herbs; sepals 4, petals 4, stamens 4 or 6, 2 shorter; ovary 2-celled; flower syncarpous, apo-
petalous, hypogynous, regular.
I. Pod globose, rounded or triangular

1. Pod globose Alyssum
2. Pod pear-shaped Camelina
3. Pod round and flat
a. Seeds several in each cell of pod Thlaspi
b. Seeds one in each cell of pod Lepidium
4. Pod triangular Bursa
II. Pod oblong to linear
1. Flowers purplish Iodanthus
2. Flowers yellow
a. Pods round Brassica
b. Pods four-angled Barbarea
c. Pods flattened Draba
3. Flowers white
a. Plant aquatic Roripa
b. Plant terrestrial
(1) Flowers on a leafless stem Draba
(2) Flowers on a leafy stem ,
(a) Stem bulbous at base, leafy throughout Cardamine
(b) Stem not bulbous at base
x. Leaves entire to pinnately cut Arabis
y. Leaves palmately divided Dentaria

Pirate 4: A, Alyssum alyssoides; B, Thlaspi arvense; C, Lepidium apetalum; D, Bursa
bursa-pastoris ; E, Iodanthus pinnatifidus; F, Barbarea stricta; G, Roripa nasturtium; H,
Cardamine bulbosa; I, Arabis hirsuta; J, Dentaria laciniata.

“Alyssum
(Gr. alyssos, curing madness, probably from supposed medical properties)
, ; Pl. 4, fig. A
1. Flowers white, 4 mm. wide A. maritimum

2. Flowers yellowish, 2 mm. wide A. alyssoides

*

12 BRASSICACEAE

Thlaspi—Penny Cress

(Gr. thlaspi, cress, the seeds of which were crushed [thlao])

Pl. 4, fig. B
Leaves undivided; pod broadly winged

Lepidium—Peppergrass

(Gr, lepidion, little scale, referring to the pods)

Pi Aho ©
Leaves deeply cut; petals lacking

Bursa—Shepherd’s Purse

(L. bursa, purse, referring to the pod)

Piva ne.
Leaves deeply cut, often entire on the stem; flowers white

TIodanthus—Purple Rocket

Th. arvénse

L. apétalum

B. bursa-pastéris

(Gr. ion, violet, anthos, flower, referring to the color)

Pl. 4, fig. E
Leaves mostly dentate; flowers purplish, petals with a long claw

Brassica—Mustard
(Latin name of the cabbage)

Piso Goel. Zrandnet
1. Upper leaves clasping

a. Leaves smooth, glaucous, not eared at base
b. Leaves hairy, eared at base
2. Upper leaves not clasping
a. Beak of pod sword-like; pods much constricted between seeds
b. Beak round; pods not constricted between seeds
(1) Pods 2.5-5 cm. long; beak 6-15 mm. long
(2) Pods 1-1.5 cm. long; beak 2-10 mm. long
(a) Beak 2-4 mm. long
(b) Beak 8-10 mm. long

Barbaréa—Yellow Rocket
(Named for Saint Barbara)

Pl. 4, fig. F
1, Pods spreading

2. Pods erect, appressed
Draba—Whitlow-grass

I. pinnatifidus

B. oleracea
B. campéstris

B. alba
B. jtincea

B. nigra
B. arvénsis

B. barbaréa
B. stricta

(Gr. drabe, name for a plant of the mustard family)

Bins y perl 2
1. Flowers white; stem leafy at base only
2 Flowers yellow ; stem leafy

Roripa—W ater-cress
(Meaning of name unknown)
Pl. 4, fig. G
Leaves pinnate, of 3-9 leaflets; flowers white

Cardamine—Bitter Cress
(Gr. kardamine, a cresslike herb)
PISA, hg. Eb
Basal leaves oval; stem leaves oblong; flowers white

Arabis—Rock Cress
(Referring to Arabia)

Pl. 4, fig. I
1. Pods ascending or erect

a. Basal leaves pinnatifid
b. Basal leaves mostly dentate
(1) Pods ascending
(a) Seeds wing-margined
(b) Seeds not wing-margined
(2) Pods erect, appressed
2. Pods spreading, recurved

D. caroliniana
D.nemorésa «

R. nastirtium

C. bulbésa

A. lyrata

A. brachycarpa
A. dentdta
A. hirsita
A. levigdta

POLYGALACEAE—VIOLACEAE—SARRACENIACEAE 13

Dentaria—Toothwort
(L, dentaria, an herb that cures the toothache)
Pl. 4, fig. J
1. Stem leaves 3, the divisions lanceolate D. laciniéta
2. Stem leaves 2, the divisions ovate D. diph¥lla

Polygalaceae—Milkwort Family
Herbs with entire leaves; sepals 5, 2 larger, petals 3, somewhat united, stamens 8, ovary 2-
celled; flower syncarpous, slightly sympetalous, hypogynous, somewhat zygomorphic.
Polygala—Milkwort
(Gr. polys, much, gala, milk)
Pied, tes jee 2
1. Flowers many in a spike, white P. sénega
2. Flowers 1-4 in a raceme, rose-purple P. pauctfdlia
Violaceae—Violet Family

Low herbs with simple entire to deeply cut leaves; sepals 5, petals 5, stamens 5, ovary 1-
celled, carpels 3; flower syncarpous, apopetalous, hypogynous, zygomorphic.
Viola—V iolet
> (L, viola, the violet)
1. Flowering stems not leafy
a. Leaves lobed or cut
(1) Petals bearded toward the base

(a) Lobes of the leaf broad, especially the middle one V. palmdta
(b) Lobes narrow, linear ; V. pedatifida *
(2) Petals not bearded V. pedata

b. Leaves entire, crenate or dentate, sometimes cut at the base
(1) Petals blue or violet, rarely white
=. (a) Leaves reniform to ovate, base not cut
x. Plant glabrous

(x) Spur nearly as long as the petals V. Selkirkii
(y) Spur much shorter than the petals V. papiliondcea
y. Plant hairy V. soréria
: (b) Leaves mostly lanceolate, base often cut V. sagittata

(2) Petals white, veins often purplish
(a) Leaves reniform, blade not decurrent

x. Plant glabrous V. blanda
y. Plant hairy V. renifdlia
(b) Leaves linear to lanceolate, glabrous V. lanceolata
2. Flowering stem leafy
a. Petals yellow V. pubéscens

b. Petals purple to white
(1) Spur short, blunt

(a) Stipules entire; flowers white or pinkish V. canadénsis
(b) Stipules toothed or cut; flowers purple
x. Plant smooth or nearly so V. labradérica
y. Plant hairy or puberulent V.arendria
(2) Spur long, acute V. cornita
c. Petals many-colored V. tricolor

Sarraceniales Pitcher-Plant Order

Sarraceniaceae—Pitcher-Plant Family
Herbs with pitcher-like leaves; sepals 4-5, petals 5, stamens many, ovary 3-5-celled; flower
syncarpous, apopetalous, hypogynous, regular.

Sarracénia—Pitcher-Plant
(Named for Dr. Sarracin, a Canadian botanist)

Pa Leaves erect, pitcher-like, winged; flowers purple S. purptirea

14 CARYOPHYLLACEAE

Caryophyllales Pink Order
Caryophyllaceae—Pink Family

Herbs with opposite entire leaves; sepals 4-5, petals 4-5, rarely none, stamens 4-10, ovary 1-
celled, rarely 3-5-celled; flower syncarpous, apopetalous, hypogynous, regular.
I. Sepals united
1. Styles 2

Dianthus
2. Styles 3 Silene
3. Styles 4-5 Lychnis

II. Sepals separate
1. Petals entire
2. Petals deeply 2-cleft or parted
a. Pod ovoid to oblong, opening by valves Alsine
b. Pod cylindric, opening by teeth Cerastium

Moehringia

Piate 5: A, Dianthus barbatus; B, Silene antirrhina; C, Lychnis alba; D, Alsine media; E,
Cerastium_ nutans; F, Claytonia virginica; G, Portulaca grandiflora; H, Allionia nycta-
ginea; I, Populus deltoides, 1, flower, 2, fruit; J, Salix fluviatilis, 1, flower, 2, fruit.

Dianthus—Pink
(Gr. dio-, of Jupiter, anthos, flower)
Plo heels
Petals toothed; flowers in a flat-topped cluster D. barbatus

Siléne—Catchfly

(Gr. Seilenos, a companion of Bacchus)

PLS) fies 1B
1. Stem sticky about the nodes; flowers pink; day-flowering . S. antirrhina
2. Stem with sticky hairs all over; flowers white; night-flowering S. noctifléra

Lychnis—Ragged Robin
(Gr. lychnos, lamp, from the use of one species for wicking)
PS fos ne
1. Flowers white, dioecious; petals 1-lobed L. alba
. Flowers red; petals 4-lobed L. flos-cticuli

NO

Moehringia—Sandwort
(Named for Moehring, a German naturalist)
Leaves oval or oblong; flowers single or few in a cluster, white M. laterifléra
Alsine—Starwort
(Gr. alsine, a kind of chickweed)
Pi 5: fies D
1. Leaves broad, ovate or oval A. média
2. Leaves narrow, linear A, longifélia

Cerastium—Chickweed
(Gr. keration, a little horn, from the shape of the capsule)

PS hee eh
1. Petals longer than the sepals
a. Flowers 4-5 mm. wide C. longipedtincule
b. Flowers 8-10 mm. wide C. arvénse
2. Petals equalling or shorter than the sepals ;
a. Pedicels not longer than the calyx C. viscésum

b. Pedicels at last much longer than the calyx C. vulgdtum

PORTULACACEAE—POLYGONACEAE—SALICACEAE 15

Portulacaceae—Purslane Family
Fleshy herbs; sepals 2, rarely 5, petals 4-5, stamens 4-30, ovary I-celled; flower syncarpous,
apopetalous, hypogynous, somewhat irregular.
1. Flowers white to pink; stamens 5 Claytonia
2. Flowers mostly yellow or red; stamens more than 5 Portulaca
Portulaca—Purslané) Moss Rose

(L. portulaca, purslane)

Pl. 5, fig. G
1. Flowers 5-6 mm. wide, yellow; leaves flat, wedge-shaped P. oleracea
2. Flowers 3-5 cm. wide, many-colored; leaves round, linear P. grandifléra

Clayténia—Spring Beauty
(Named for Clayton, an American botanist)
Pl. 5, fig. F
1. Leaves linear C. virginica
2. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate C. caroliniana

Poly gonaceae—Buckwheat Family

Herbs with simple leaves; sepals 2-6, often somewhat united and petal-like, seein 0, stamens
2-9, ovary l-celled, fruit an achene; flower syncarpous, apetalous, hypogynous, regular.

1. Leaves round, 1 ft. or more across; petioles fleshy, sour Rheum

2. Leaves lanceolate or lance-oblong; petioles not fleshy Rumex

Rhéum—Pie-plant, Rhubarb

(Gr. rheon, name of a medicinal plant)
1. Leaves deeply lobed

a. Leaves rough R. palmatum
b. Leaves hairy R. of ficindle
2. Leaves entire or nearly so R. rhapénticum

Rumex—Sheep Sorrel

(L. rumex, sorrel)
1. Leaves arrow-shaped, sour R. acetosélla

2. Leaves lanceolate or lance-oblong, somewhat bitter
a. Leaves curled at edges; valves of flower grain-bearing

R. crispus
b. Leaves hardly curled; usually 1 valve grain-bearing R

. obtusif dlius

Allionaceae—Four O’Clock Family

Herbs with simple leaves; sepals 5, united into a bright corolla-like tube, petals 9, stamens 3-5,
ovary l-celled, fruit 1-seeded, achene-like, enclosed in the base of the calyx; flower syncarpous,
synsepalous, apetalous, apparently epigynous, usually regular.

1. Stamens 3 Allionia

2. Stamens 5 Mirabilis

Allié6nia—Wild Four O’Clock
(Named for the Italian botanist, Allioni)
BIsS.? fie VEL
Flowers pink; leaves ovate A. nyctaginea
Mirabilis—Four O'Clock
(L. mirabilis, wonderful)
Flowers many-colored; leaves ovate M. jaldpa

Salicaceae—Willow Family
Trees or shrubs with simple leaves; sepals 0, petals 0, stamens 1-60, ovary 1-celled, capsule
2-4-valved, seeds hairy; flowers dioecious, calyx and corolla both lacking.
I. Bracts entire; stamens usually less than 10 Salix
II. Bracts cut or fringed; stamens usually more than 10 Populus
Salix—W illow
(L. salix, a willow-tree)

Pe tee J Sle
1. Leaves and stipules with glands* S. hicida

*No attempt has been made to make a complete key to the willows, since it is impossible to
determine them without the fruit.

16 SALICACEAE—MORACEAE—GERANIACEAE " s ¥

2. Leaves and stipules without glands
a. Leaves glabrous on both sides when mature

(1) Leaves narrow, linear-lanceolate; low shrub S. fluviatilis
(2) Leaves broader, lanceolate to ovate
(a) Leaves oblong-lanceolate, merely acute S. discolor
(b) Leaves acuminate S. nigra
b. Leaves pubescent or tomentose below
(1) Leaves oblong; low bog shrub S. candida
(2) Leaves broadly lanceolate, or oblanceolate
(a) Leaves elliptic to lanceolate S. bebbidna
(b) Leaves oblanceolate
x. Leaves 5-10 cm. long S. hiimilis
y. Leaves 2-5 cm. long S. tristis

Pépulus—Poplar, Cottonwood, Aspen
(L. populus, a poplar-tree)
Pl She.d 202
1. Crown cylindric; branches erect P. nigra itdlica
2. Crown rounded; branches spreading
a. Leaves with strongly flattened petioles

(1) Leaves coarsely wavy-toothed P. grandidentdta
(2) Leaves more finely crenate-toothed
(a) Leaves round or ovate, short-pointed P. tremuloides
(b) Leaves truncate at base, long-pointed P. deltoides
b. Leaves with round or channeled petioles P. balsamifera

Malvales Mallow Order

Moraceae—Mulberry Family

Trees with simple leaves and usually a milky juice; sepals 4-5, petals 0, stamens 4-5, ovary
l-celled; flower syncarpous, apetalous, hypogynous.

Morus—Mulberry
(Gr. morea, mulberry-tree)
Tree with milky sap and dentate leaves M. riibra

Ulmaceae—Elm Family
Trees with alternate simple serrate leaves; sepals 3-9, petals 0, stamens 3-9, ovary 1-celled,
stigmas 2; flowers perfect to polygamous, syncarpous, apetalous, hypogynous.
I, Fruits winged, in clusters Ulmus
II. Fruits globose, single a Celtis
Ulmus—Elm

(L. ulmus, elm-tree)

Plx6, fipsht el 2.03

1. Bud-scales densely brown hairy; samara not ciliate U. fiilva

2. Bud-scales smooth; samara ciliate
a. Some of the twigs with corky lines; sides of fruit hairy U. racemosa
b. None of the twigs with corky lines; sides of fruit smooth U. americana

Céltis—Hackberry
(L. celtis, lotus-tree)
PlGp ie: 1G rls Zod
Tree with ridged bark, and simple serrate leaves C. occidentalis

Geraniales Geranium Order

Geraniaceae—Geranium Family
Herbs with deeply cut leaves and perfect flowers; sepals 5, petals 5, stamens 5-10, ovary 5-
celled; flower syncarpous, apopetalous, hypogynous, regular.
I. Stamens with anthers 10 Geranium
II. Stamens with anthers 5 Erodium

GERANIACEAE—OXALIDACEAE—RUTACEAE 17

Piate 6: A, Geranium maculatum, 1, flower, 2, fruit; B, Oxalis stricta, 1, flower, 2, fruit;
C, Ruta graveolens, 1, flower, 2, fruit; D, Ptelea trifoliata, 1, flower, 2, fruit; E, Euphor-
bia corollata; F, Euphorbia glyptosperma, 1, flower; 2, fruit; G, Celtis occidentalis, 1,
anate flower, 2, pistillate flower, 3, fruit; H, Ulmus americana, 1, cluster, 2, flower,
3, fruit.

Geranium—Geranium, Cranesbill
(Gr. geranion, cranes bill, geranium)
PL 6, fie. Ay IZ
1. Flowers 2-3 cm. broad G. maculdtum
2. Flowers 5-12 mm. broad G. bicknéllii

Erédium—Storksbill
(Gr. erodios, heron)
Leaves pinnate, deeply cut; flowers pinkish E. cicutadrium

Oxalidaceae—Oxalis Family
Herbs with trifoliate leaves; sepals 5, petals 5, stamens 10-15, ovary 5-celled; flower syncar-
pous, apopetalous, hypogynous, regular.

Oxalis—Oxalis, Wood-sorrel
(Gr. oxalis, sorrel)
PIO, Hebe te 2
1. Flowers yellow, on leafy stems O. stricta
2. Flowers white, pink or purple, on leafless stems
a. Flowers rose-purple, 3-12 together O. violdcea
b. Flowers pink, rarely white, single O. acetosélla

Rutaceae—Rue Family
Trees or shrubs, usually with compound leaves; sepals 4-5 or none, petals 4-5, stamens 4-10,
pistils distinct, 2-5, or compound; flower apocarpous or syncarpous, apopetalous, hypogynous, reg-
ular.
1. Herbs
a. Flowers greenish yellow; petals usually 4 Ruta
b. Flowers red-purple to white; petals 5 Dictamnus
2. Small trees
a. Leaflets 3; branches smooth Ptelea .
b. Leaflets 9-11; branches prickly Xanthoxylum
Ruta—Rue
(Latin name of the rue)
Pi Ooh: leas
Bushy herb, 2-4 ft. high; flowers in corymbs R. gravéolens

Dictamnus—Dittany, Fraxinella
(The Greek name)
Aromatic sticky herb, 2-3 ft. high; flowers in a raceme D. fraxinélla

Ptélea—Hop-tree
(Greek name of the elm)
Pl. 6, fig: D:-1,-2
Small tree, 15-30 ft. high; fruits winged P. trifolidta

18 EUPHORBIACEAE—ERICACEAE

Xanthoxylum—Prickly Ash
(Gr. xanthos, yellow, xylon, wood)
Small tree; leaves pinnate, leaflets 5-11; flowers greenish

Euphorbiaceae—Spurge Family

X. americanum

Herbs with monoecious flowers; sepals 0, petals 0, stamen 1, pistil 3-parted, several staminate
and one pistillate flower enclosed by an involucre bearing glands often resembling petals.

Euphorbia—Spurge

(Gr. euphorbion, spurge)

Pll 6hesEvand F--1, 2
1. Glands of the involucre with conspicuous petal-like appendages
2. Glands without petal-like appendages

Heath Order

Ericaceae—Heath Family

Ericales

E. corollata
E. cyparissias

Herbs or shrubs with simple leaves, usually evergreen; sepals 4-5, petals 4-5, stamens 4-10,
ovary 2-5-cclled; flower syncarpous, apopetalous, sympetalous, hypogynous or epigynous, regular.

I. Low herbs with basal leaves only
II. Leafy shrubs
1. Flower hypogynous, i. e., ovary within the corolla
a. Petals separate
b. Petals united
(1) Corolla saucer-shaped
(2) Corolla bell-shaped or cylindric
(a) Erect shrubs
x. Stamen filaments bearded
y. Stamen filaments smooth
(b) Trailing shrubs
x. Corolla salverform
y. Corolla cylindric
2. Flower epigynous, i. e., ovary below the corolla
a. Petals nearly or quite free
b. Petals clearly united
(1) Ovary half-inferior; low trailing shrub
(2) Ovary inferior; erect shrub

Pirola—W intergreen
(L. pirum, pear, referring to the leaves)
Pl. 7, fig. A
i. Flowers greenish white, style straight
2. Flowers rose or purple, style bent

Lédum—Labrador Tea
(Gr, ledon, an oriental shrub)
Evergreen shrub with simple entire leaves; flowers white
Kalmia—Swamp Laurel
(Named for Peter Kalm)
Evergreen shrubs with purple flowers

Andromeda—Moorwort
(Named from Andromeda)
Evergreen shrub with linear leaves; white flowers in umbels

Chamaedaphne—Leatherleaf
(Gr. chamae, on the ground, Daphne)

Leaves oblong, scurfy, denticulate; flowers white, in l-sided racemes

Epigaéa—Trailing Arbutus

(Gr. epigeios, on the earth)

Leaves oval; flowers rose-colored

Arctostaphylus—Bearberrv

(Gr. arctes, bear, staphyle, grape)

PI ipebe 21) 2

Leaves spatulate; flowers white or pinkish

Pirola

Ledum

Kalmia
Andromeda
Chamaedaphne

Epigaea
Arctostaphylus

Oxycoccus

Chiogenes
Vaccinium

P. secinda
P. asarif élia

L. groenlandicum
K. glauca

A. polifolia

C. calyculdata

E. répens

A. uva-trst

ERICACEAE—PRIMULACEAE 19

Oxyedoccus—Cranberry
(Gr. oxys, sour, kokkos, berry)

1. Leaves oval or oblong, obtuse O. macrocdrpus
2. Leaves ovate, acute O.7 oxycéccus
Chidgenes—Snowberry
(Gr. chion, snow, genes, born)
Creeping evergreen shrubs with oval leaves; flowers white C. hispidula

PLATE ae A, Pirola secunda; B, Arctostaphylus uva-ursi, 1, flower, 2, fruit; C, Vaccinium
pennsilvanicum, 1, flower, 2, fruit; D, Primula farinosa ; E, Dodecatheon meadia; F,
Trientalis americana; G, Androsace occidentalis; H, Forsythia suspensa.

Vaccinium—Huckleberry, Blueberry, Cranberry

(L. vaccinium, blueberry)
elfen. Goals 2

1. Flowers mostly 4-parted and stamens 8 V. uligindsum
2. Flowers 5-parted and stamens 10
a. Leaves entire, pubescent beneath V. canadénse
b. Leaves serrulate, glabrous beneath V. pennsilvénicum

Primulales Primrose Order

Primulaceae—Primrose Family
Herbs with simple leaves; sepals usually 5, petals 5, rarely wanting, stamens 5, opposite the
corolla lobes, ovary 1-celled; flower syncarpous, sympetalous, hypogynous, regular.
I. Stem leafless

1. Flowers erect, salverform Primula
2. Flowers inverted, corolla reflexed Dodecatheon
II. Stem leafy
1. Flowers yellow, in an oblong spike Naumburgia
2. Flowers white
a. Leaves whorled at the top; corolla conspicuous Trientalis
b. Leaves whorled at the joints; corolla inconspicuous Androsace

Primula—Primrose
(L. diminutive of primus, first)

PL 7, fe; D
1. Flowers rose to lilac
a. Leaves usually white-mealy beneath; scape 4-18 inches high P. farinésa
b. Leaves green on both sides; scape 1-6 inches high P. mistassinica
2. Flowers yellow P. acdulis

Dodecatheon—Shooting Star
(Gr. dodekatheon, a medicinal plant)
Pl 7, fig. E
Leaves basal, spatulate; flowers purple to white D. meddia

Trientalis—Starflower
(L. trientalis, a third of a foot)
Pi she.
Leaves 5-10 at the summit; flowers white or pink T. americana

20 MENYANTHACEAE—OLEACEAE—POLEMONIACEAE

Andrésace—Androsace
(Gr. androsakes, a kind of plant)
Del aly gs i Tee
Low much-branched herb; flowers very small, white A. occidentalis

Gentianales Gentian Order

Menyanthaceae—Buckbean Family

Aquatic or marsh herbs with trifoliate leaves; sepals 5, petals 5, stamens 5, ovary 1-celled;

flower syncarpous, sympetalous, hypogynous, regular.

Menyanthes—Buckbean
(Gr. menanthes, moon-flower)
Leaves trifoliate, leaflets entire; flowers white or purple M. trifoliata

Oleaceae—Olive Family

Trees or shrubs with simple or pinnate leaves; sepals 4, petals 2-4 or none, stamens 2-4,
ovary 2-celled; flowers perfect to dioecious, syncarpous, often apetalous, hypogynous, regular.

1. Petals none; trees

Fraxinus
2. Petals present; shrubs
a. Flowers yellow Forsythia
b. Flowers not yellow
(1) Flowers lilac, rarely white; petals small, united Syringa
(2) Flowers white; petals 1 in. long, nearly free Chionanthus
Fraxinus—Ash
(L. fraxinus, ash-tree)
1. Lateral leaflets sessile F. nigra

2. Lateral leaflets stalked
a. Wing mostly at the end of fruit
b. Wing extending down the sides of fruit
(1) Leaves and twigs velvety F. pennsilvdnica
(2) Leaves and twigs smooth F. lanceolata

F. americana

Forsythia—Forsythia
(Named for Forsyth, an English horticulturist)
Pils, Beate

1. Corolla golden yellow; leaves ovate

F. suspénsa
2. Corolla greenish yellow; leaves lanceolate

F, viridissima
Syringa—Lilac
(Gr. syrinx, tube, of doubtful application)
1. Corolla much longer than calyx
a. Flower clusters from lateral buds

(1) Leaves cordate or truncate at base S. vulgaris
(2) Leaves narrowed toward base S. pérsica
b. Flower clusters usually on terminal leafy branches S. villésa

2. Corolla little longer than calyx S. amurénsis

Chionanthus—Fringe Tree
(Gr. chion, snow, anthos, flower, from the color)

Flowers with long ribbon-like petals C. virginica

Polemoniales Phlox Order

Polemoniaceae—Phlox Family

Herbs with entire to dissected leaves; sepals 5, petals 5, stamens 5, alternate with the corolla

lobes; ovary usually 3-celled; flowers syncarpous, sympetalous, hypogynous, regular.
I. Leaves simple

1. Leaves opposite; flowers large Phlox

2. Leaves alternate; flowers minute

Collomia
II. Leaves pinnate

Polemonium

POLEMONIACEAE—SOLANACEAE—BORAGINACEAE 21

Prate 8: A, Phlox divaricata, 1, flower, 2, fruit; B, Hydrophyllum virginicum ; en Macrocalyx
nyctelea, 1, flower, 2, fruit; D, Atropa belladonna; E, Hyoscyamus niger; F, Lithosper-
mum canescens, l, flower, 2, fruit: G, Mertensia paniculata; H, Myosotis palustris.

Phl6x—Phlox, Sweet William
(Gr. phlox, a flame)
12) BOERS 5 Cb en Ue
1. Leaves linear-lanceolate; flowers pink or purple P. pilésa
2. Leaves oblong-ovate; flowers blue or bluish P. divaricdta

Coll6mia—Collomia
(Gr. kolloma, glue)

Leaves linear-lanceolate, entire; flowers purplish C. linearis
Polemonium—Polemonium

(Gr, polemonion, name of a plant)

Stem reclining; leaflets 3-9; flower blue P.réptans

Hydrophyllaceae—Waterleaf Family
Herbs, usually hairy; sepals 5, petals 5, stamens 5, alternate with the petals, ovary 1-2-celled;
flower syncarpous, sympetalous, hypogynous, regular.
I. Stamens exserted Hydrophyllum
II. Stamens included, calyx very large Macrocalyx
Hydrophyllum—Waterleaf
(Gr. hydro-, water, phyllon, leaf)
Pl. 8, fig. B
1. Small appendages between the sepals H. appendiculatum
2. Small appendages lacking H. virginicum

Macrécalyx—Macrocalyx

(Gr. makros, large, kalyx, calyx)
Pies nese ei} 2

Leaves deeply pinnatifid; flowers white or bluish M. nyctélea
Solanaceae—Potato Family
Herbs or shrubs, with alternate, usually strong-scented leaves; sepals 5, united, petals 5,
united, ovary usually 2-celled, sometimes 3-5-celled, stigma 1, sometimes 2-lobed, fruit a berry or
capsule; flower syncarpous, sympetalous, hypogynous, regular or sometimes irregular.
1. Leaves ovate, entire; corolla and berry purple Atropa
2. Leaves clasping, toothed; corolla yellowish Hyoscyamus

Atropa—Belladonna
(Named for Atropos, one of the Fates)
Pl. 8, fig. D
Flowers single or in pairs A. belladénna
Hyoseyamus—Henbane
(Gr. hyos, hog, kyamos, bean)

Pl. 8, fig. E
Flowers in 1-sided spikes H. niger

Boraginaceae—Borage Family
Herbs with mostly entire and hairy leaves; sepals 5, petals 5, stamens 5, alternate with the
petals, ovary usually of 4 nutlets; flower syncarpous, sympetalous, hypogynous, mostly regular.

22 BORAGINACEAE—SCROPHULARIACEAE

I. Nutlets armed with barbed prickles Lap pula
Il. Nutlets not armed
1. Corolla tubular, lobes erect
2. Corolla funnelform, lobes spreading
a. Flowers yellow or white
b. Flowers blue-purple

Onosmodium

Lithospermium

Mertensia
3. Corolla salverform
a. Flowers blue Myosotis
b. Flowers red-purple Cynoglossum
Lappula—Stickseed
(L, lappula, a little bur)
Leaves entire, rough-hairy; flowers blue L. lap pula
Onosmodium—Gromwell
(Gr, onosma, a borage)
Stem bristly; leaves entire, rough; flowers yellowish white O. mélle
Lithospérmum— Puccoon
(Gr. lithos, stone, sperma, seed)
12) Vite ate Gb 2
1, Flowers bright yellow or orange
a. Corolla lobes entire
(1) Rough-hairy, corolla tube bearded at base within L. gmélini
(2) Smooth-hairy, corolla tube not bearded L. canéscens
b. Corolla tubes toothed or fringed L. angustifolium
2. Flowers white or yellowish
a. Flowers white; leaves lanceolate L. arvénse
b. Flowers yellowish; leaves ovate L. latifélium
Merténsia—Lungwort
(Named for Mertens, a German botanist)
Pl. 8, fig. G
Leaves thin, ovate; flowers blue-purple M. paniculata

Myosotis—Forget-me-not
(Gr. mys, mouse, otis, ear, from the hairy leaves)

PIS 8) fe. et
1. Flowers 2-3 mm. wide M. arvénsis

2. Flowers 6-8 mm. wide M. palistris

Cynoglossum—Hound’s Tongue
(Gr. kynos, dog, glossa, tongue)
Leaves spatulate to lance-oblong, downy C. officinale

Scrophulariales | Snapdragon Order

Scrophulariaceae—Snapdragon Family
Mostly herbs with simple leaves; sepals 5, petals 5, stamens 2-5, ovary 2-celled; flower syncar-
pous, sympetalous, hypogynous, mostly irregular, i. e., 2-lipped.
I. Leaves deeply cut; flower hooded Pedicularis
II. Leaves entire or toothed
1. Corolla 2-4-lobed

a. Corolla usually 2-lobed, flowers in a dense spike Synthyris
b. Corolla 4-lobed, flowers in racemes Veronica
2. Corolla 5-lobed, 2-lipped
a. Flowers with large red or yellowish bracts Castilleia
b. Flowers without colored bracts
(1) Corolla inflated, flower small, yellowish brown Scrophularia
(2) Corolla tubular, flower white, purple or yellow, conspicuous
(a) Fifth stamen present as a sterile filament Pentstemon
(b) Fifth stamen entirely lacking
x. Corolla closed, spurred Linaria

y. Corolla open, not spurred Digitalis

SCROPHULARIACEAE—OROBANCHACEAE

Pedicularis—Pedicularis
(L. pedicularis, lousewort)
‘ Pl. 9, fig. A %
Leaves pinnately parted; flowers yellow P. canadénsis
Synthyris—Synthyris
(Gr. synthyris, doors together)
Leaves ovate; flowers greenish yellow S. billii
Verdénica—Speedwell
(Named for Saint Veronica)

Piso her B12

1, Flowers solitary, white V. peregrina
2. Flowers in racemes, blue or bluish V.americana
Castilléia—Painted-cup
(Named for Castillejo, a Spanish botanist)
Pl. 9, fig. C
1. Bracts greenish C. sessilifléra
2. Bracts red C. coccinea
Scrophularia—Figwort
Coarse herb with square stem and toothed leaves S. leporélla

Pentstémon—Beard-tongue
(Gr. pente, five, stemon, stamen)

Pl. 9, fig. D
1. Flowers white P. dlbidus
2. Flowers purple to blue
a. Corolla throat nearly filled with hairs P. hirstitus
b. Corolla throat open
(1) Corolla an inch or less long P. gracilis
(2) Corolla 2 inches long P. grandiflorus
Linaria—Butter-and-Eggs
(L. linum, flax, from the resemblance)
Bone Bs 1, 2
1. Plant creeping; leaves round; flowers blue L. cymbaléria
2. Plant erect; leaves lance-linear; flowers yellow L. vulgaris

Digitalis—Foxglove
(L. digitalis, finger-like, from the corolla)
Flowers purple, in a spike D. purptrea
Orobanchaceae—Broom-rape Family
Leafless parasitic herbs; sepals 5, petals 5, stamens 4, of two lengths, ovary 1-celled; flower
synearpous, sympetalous, hypogynous, irregular.
Thalésia—Broom-rape
(Named for the Greek philosopher, Thales)
Stalks 1-flowered; flowers white to violet : T. uniflora

PLATE 9: A, Pedicularis canadensis; B, Veronica peregrina, 1, flower, 2, fruit; C, Castilleia
coccinea; D, Pentstemon gracilis; E, Linaria vulgaris, 1, flower, 2, fruit; F, Scutellaria
parvula, 1, flower, 2, fruit; G, Mentha piperita; H, Lamium album, 1, flower, 2, fruit.

24 | LAMIACEAE—ROSACEAE

Lamiales Mint Order

Lamiaceae—Mint Family
Aromatic herbs, usually with opposite leaves and 4-angled stems; sepals 5, petals 5, stamens
2 or 4, ovary 4+lobed; flower syncarpous, sympetalous, hypogynous, mostly irregular.

1. Corolla regular, 4-cleft Mentha
2. Corolla irregular, 2-lipped
a. Leaves round; trailing herbs Glechoma
b. Leaves linear to ovate
(1) Leaves linear, fragrant; flowers small, pinkish ‘Hedeoma
(2) Leaves lance-ovate; flowers blue Scutellaria
(3) Leaves ovate; flowers large, white Lamium

Méntha— Mint
(The Latin name)
Pl. 9, fig. G
Leaves lanceolate, petioled; flowers in spikes ' M. piperita

Glechoma—Ground lvy
(Gr. glechon, pennyroyal) at
Stems creeping; leaves round; flowers blue G. hederdcea

Hedeoma—Pennyroyal
(Gr. hedyosmos, fragrant)
Leaves linear, entire, hispid; flowers clustered, bluish H. hispida

Scutellaria—Skullcap
(L. seutella, a salver)
Pi ON fe Be 2
Leaves ovate to lanceolate; flowers solitary, blue S. parvula

Lamium—Dead Nettle
(Gr. lamia, throat, from the gaping corolla)
: Pino. fie. EesLeZ
Flowers white; leaves ovate, petioied L: album

Rosales Rose Order

Rosaceae—Rose Family
Herbs, shrubs or trees with alternate simple or compound leaves; sepals 5, often with 5 brac-
teoles alternating with them, petals 5, or rarely 0, stamens 5-many, pistils 1-many, simple and free
or with the ovaries united into a 2-10-celled compound ovary; flower apocarpous or syncarpous,
apopetalous, hypogynous or mostly perigynous, regular.
I. Shrubs or trees
1. Pistils several to many
a. Pistils free
(1) Pistils on a raised receptacle; fruit an aggregation of drupelets Rubus
(2) Pistils in a cup- or urn-shaped receptacle

(a) Fruit fleshy, carpels more than 5, becoming bony nutlets Rosa
(b) Fruit dry, carpels 3-5, becoming many-seeded follicles Spiraea
b. Pistils several, usually more or less united
(1) Leaves compound, pinnate Sorbus

(2) Leaves simple
(a) Flowers large, scarlet, white or rose color, in simple, umbel-
like cymes or few-flowered clusters
x. Flowers scarlet, ovules numerous in each cell; low, spiny

shrub Cydonia
y. Flowers rose color, ovules 1-2 in each cell; trees Malus
(b) Flowers smaller, numerous, white, in racemes or compound
cymes

x. Flowers in simple racemes, ovary becoming 10-celled Amelanchier

ROSACEAE

y. Flowers in compound cymes, ovary 2-5-celled

(x) Styles separate to the base; ripe carpels bony; shrubs
or trees, mostly armed

m. Tall thorny shrubs or trees; ovule 1 in each cell or 2

unlike Crataegus
n. Low shrub; 2 ovules in each cell, alike Cotoneaster
(vy) Styles united at the base; low unarmed ‘shrub Aronia

- 2. Pistil one Prunus
IL. Herbs

1. Flower nodding, rose-purple Geum.
2. Flowers erect, yellow or white
a. Flowers yellow , Potentilla

b. Flowers white
(1) Leaves basal; sepals seemingly 10 Fragaria
(2) Leaves on the stem; sepals 5 Rubus

Prate 10: A, Potentilla canadensis; B, Rubus parviflorus, 1, flower, 2 fruit; C, Spiraea Van
Houttei, 1, flower, 2, fruit; D, Geum ciliatum, 1, flower, 2, fruit; E, Amelanchier can-
adensis, 1, flower, 2, fruit; F, Prunus pennsvlvanica, 1, flowers, 2, fruit.

Rubus—Blackberry, Raspberry

(L. rubus, bramblebush)

Pi OAs Bs lz

1. Stems herbaceous, trailing, unarmed R. triflérus
2. Stems shrubby, more or less prickly
a. Stems trailing or at least prostrate towards the ends R. villdsus
b. Stems erect or arched ascending
(1) Prickles stout; petals much exceeding the sepals R. allegheniénsis
(2) Prickles small; sepals and petals about the same length
x. Young stems with weak glandular bristles; fruit red R. strigédsus
y. Young stem with hooked prickles; fruit black R. occidentalis

Rosa—Rose
(L. rosa, a rose)
1. Leaflets 5-7; flower branches unarmed or nearly so R. blanda
2. Leaflets 7-11; stems all densely prickly R. arkansdéna

Spiraea—Spiraea
(Gr. spiraea, perhaps originally from the twisted pods)

PEO fe? CS) 2
1. Corymbs terminating short leafy shoots; leaves lobed S. Van Héuttet
2. Umbels sessile, subtended by a few small leaves; Jeaves not lobed S. arguta

Sorbus—Mountain Ash

(L. sorbus, service tree)
1. Leaflets acuminate, smooth on both sides; fruit 4-6 mm. long S. americana
2. Leaflets more or less obtuse, thicker; fruit 6-12 mm. long
a. Leaflets pubescent below, especially along the veins; native S. sambucif lia
b. Leaflets always more or less pubescent on both sides; introduced S. aucupdria

26 ROSACEAE

Cydonia—Quince
(L. cydonia, quince, from Cydonia, a town of Crete)
Flowers typically scarlet red, in 2-6-flowered clusters, appearing before the

leaves C. japonica
Malus—Apple ;
(L. malus, apple-tree)
1. Leaves and outer surface of sepals glabrate; cultivated shrubs or trees
a. Leaves thick; flowers very numerous; fruit 1-1.2 cm. or less, red M. floribiinda
b. Leaves thin; flowers less numerous; fruit 1.5-2.5 cm., yellow M. baccata
2. Leaves and outer surface of sepals persistently tomentose; native or
cultivated trees
a. Leaves rounded or cordate at the base; pome 5-10 cm. in diameter ;
cultivated M. silvéstris
b. Leaves mostly narrowed at the base; pome 2.5-3.5 cm. in diameter;
native M. ioénsis

Amelanchier—June-berry, Service-berry
(The Savoy name)
BE 0 fig EasalieZ
1. Petals narrowly oblong, 14-25 mm. long; leaves finely and sharply
serrate A. canadénsis
2. Petals oblong to obovate, 4-12 mm. long
a. Flowers in 5-many-flowered racemes; leaves obtuse or cordate at

the base
(1) Leaves oblong, finely serrate; blossoming April 10-May 15 A. oblongifélia
(2) Leaves oval; blossoming May 15-25 A. spicata
b. Flowers 1-4, in terminal clusters; leaves acute or somewhat wedge-
shaped at the base A. oligocarpa

Crataégus—Thorn, Hawthorn
(Gr. krataegos, a thorn)
1. Leaves ovate, elliptic-ovate or nearly orbicular in outline, mostly lobed,
more than 4 cm. wide
a. Leaves cordate to truncate at the base, densely tomentose below;
fruit pubescent C. mollis
b. Leaves cuneate at the base, glabrous or pubescent; fruit glabrous
(1) Leaves ovate-orbicular, coarsely serrate, glabrous on both sides C. rotundifélia
(2) Leaves rhombic-elliptic, pubescent at least on the veins beneath,
coarsely serrate

(a) Leaves coriaceous, dark green and shining above C. macracantha
(b) Leaves thin, dull green, pubescent and with impressed veins
above C. tomentésa

2. Leaves obovate, oblanceolate, or spatulate, slightly or not all lobed,
mostly 2-4 cm. wide
a. Leaves dull, gray-green, pubescent C. punctata
b. Leaves bright green, glabrous and shining C. crus-galli
Cotoneaster—Fire Thorn
(Name New Latin, signifying quince-star)
Flowers cymose, small and white; leaves leathery and sometimes evergreen C. acutifolia
Aronia—Chokeberry
(L. aronia, formed from aria, the beam-tree)
Flowers white or pink, in terminal compound cymes A. nigra
Prunus—Plum, Cherry
(Classical L. name of the plum-tree)
PESO; necheeee ee
1. Flowers single (not filled) Cherries and Plums
a. Large shrubs or trees
(1) Flowers in racemes, terminating the season’s growth :
(a) Small tree or large shrub; leaves broadly ovate P. virginiana
(b) Large tree; leaves narrowly ovate or lanceolate P. serétina

ROSACEAE—FABACEAE 27

(2) Flowers in scaly umbels or corymbs, expanding with or before
the leaves
(a) Branches usually thorny or armed; fruit sub-globose, borne
singly Plums

x. Teeth of leaves obtuse, gland-tipped; stone flat P. nigra
y. Teeth of leaves acute, bristle-tipped; stone round P. americana
(b) Branches not thorny or armed; fruit globose or sub-globose
Cherries

x. Flowers in corymbs, small, petals 4-6 mm. long; fruit 3-6 mm. P. pennsylvdnica
y. Flowers in umbels, large, petals 8-12 mm. long; fruit 8-15

mm. P. cérasus
b. Dwarf shrubs (1-4 ft.), with narrow leaves
(1) Shrub with wand-like branches; leaves thin P. primila
(2) Bushy shrub; leaves thick P. Bésseyi
2. Flowers double or filled Flowering Almonds and Plums
a. Leaves lanceolate; flowers 2-3 cm. broad P. japénica
b. Leaves ovate, mostly 3-lobed; flowers 3-5 cm. broad P. triléba

Geum—Avens

(L. geum, avens)

PIO n6r Dal 72
1. Leaflets 1-9; style jointed G. rivdle
2. Leaflets many; style not jointed G. cilidtum

Potentilla—Cinq foil
(L. potens, powerful)
Pl. 10, fig. A
1. Leaf pinnate, smooth above, quite hairy below P. anserina
2. Leaves palmately 5-foliate P. canadénsis

Fragaria—Strawberry
(L. fragum, strawberry plant)
1. Leaves thick, dark green; berry round; nutlets sunken in pits F. virginiana
2. Leaves thin, light green; berry long; nutlets projecting F. americana

Fabaceae—Pea Family

Herbs, shrubs, vines or trees with alternate mostly compound leaves; sepals 4-5, petals 5, rarely
fewer, stamens 10, usually in two groups, pistil 1, simple, 1-many-seeded; flower apopetalous,
hypogynous or perigynous, irregular. The typical flower of this family, e. g., the pea, has the
sepals united into an irregular cup. The petals are of three forms, an upper odd petal (standard),
two lateral spreading petals (wings) and the two lower ones (keel) more or less united and
enclosing the stamens and pistils. The stamens are usually united by their filaments in a group of
nine, the tenth stamen being free.

I. Trees and shrubs

1. Thorny trees; flowers white, in drooping racemes Robinia
2. Thornless shrubs; flowers yellow or purple
a. Flowers yellow, 1-5 in a cluster Caragana
b. Flowers purple, in dense erect spikes, only 1 petal Amorpha
II. Herbs

1. Leaves pinnate
a. Leaflets more than 3; plants perennial
(1) Leaves tendril-bearing at the tip

(a) Style round, hairy-tufted at the tip Vicia

(b) Style flattened, bearded along the inner face Lathyrus
(2) Leaves not tendril-bearing

(a) Keel prolonged into a tip Aragalus

(b) Keel obtuse Astragalus

b. Leaflets 3; plants biennial Melilotus

28 FABACEAE

2. Leaves palmate
a. Flowers in heads or interrupted, bracted spikes
(1) Plants silvery gray; leaflets 3-5; flowers purple, in interrupted
spikes ;
(2) Plants not silvery gray; flowers pink, white or yellow, in heads
b. Flowers in elongated spikes
(1) Leaflets 7-11; flowers generally blue
(2) Leaflets 3; flowers cream color

Robinia—Locust
(Named for the brothers Robin)
Flowers white and fragrant, in drooping racemes
Caragana—Pea-tree
(Tatar name of original species)
1. Small tree; leaflets 8-18
2. Shrub; leaflets 4, almost palmate

Amorpha—False Indigo
(Gr. a-, without, merphe, form, i.e., unlike the pea)
1. Tall shrub, 1-3 m.; leaflets 2-5 cm. long
2. Low shrub, 3 dm. or less
Vicia—V etch
(L. vicia, a vetch)

1, Racemes dense, 1-sided, 15-20-flowered
2. Racemes loose, 1-20-flowered

a. Leaflets ovate, about one-third as wide as long

b. Leaflets linear, about one-tenth as wide as long

Lathyrus—Sweet Pea
(Gr. lathyros, a kind of pulse)

1. Stipules broad and leaf-like

a. Flowers yellowish white

b. Flowers pink-purple
2. Stipules narrow, much smaller than the leaflets

a. Leaflets broadly ovate, 15-20 mm. wide

b. Leaflets lanceolate, 5-10 mm. wide

Aragalus—Loco Weed
(Name doubtful)
Leaves all basal; flowers purple

Astragalus—Ground Plum, Buffalo Pea

; (Gr. astragalos, a kind of pulse)
1: Flowers violet-purple

a. Flowering in April and early May; calyx not black hairy
b. Flowering about June first; calyx markedly black hairy
2. Flowers yellow; plant long hairy

Melil6tus—Sweet Clover
(Gr. meli, honey, lotos, a plant)
Flowers yellow, in long slender racemes

Psoralea—Psoralea
(Gr. psoralecs, scurfy, from the glands or dots)
Plants densely silvery pubescent; flowers purple
Trif6lium—Clover
(L. tri-, three, folium, leaf)
1. Flowers yellow, heads 8-12 mm. in diameter
2. Flowers white to pink, heads more than 12 mm. in diameter
a. Stems creeping; flowers white or pinkish
b. Stems erect or ascending
(1) Heads sessile, involucrate; flowers deep pink
(2) Heads stalked, not involucrate; flowers white or pinkish

Psoralea
Trifolium

Lupinus
Baptisia

R. pseudacdcia

C. arboréscens
C. digitata

A. fruticésa
A. ndna

V.crdcca

V. americana
V. linearis

L. ochroleticus
L. maritimus

L. venésus

L. palistris

A. lambérti

A, crassicarpus
A. hypogléttis
A. lotiflérus

M. officindlis

P. argophilla

T. proctimbens
T. répens

T. praténse
T. h¥bridum

SAXIFRAGACEAE

Lupinus—Lupine
(L. lupinus, lupine)
Herbs with erect racemes of showy blue flowers

Baptisia—False Indigo
(Gr, baptizo, to dye, used as indigo)
1, Plants pubescent; stipule leaf-like
2. Plants glabrous and succulent; stipules linear

Saxifragaceae—Saxifrage Family

_ I. Herbs

1. Petals present

© a. Stamens 5

__b. Stamens 10

7. (1) Petals entire

(2) Petals fringed

2. Petals absent

II. Shrubs

1. Stamens 5, ovary 1-celled

2. Stamens 20-40, ovary 3-5-celled

ii

\
u
Ys ears

flower, 2, fruit.

Hetichera—Alum Root
(Named for the botanist Heucher)
Ble tlAfo.. Cs h2

Leaves long-petioled, mostly basal; flowers slightly irregular

Saxifraga—Saxifrage
(L. saxifragus, stone-breaking)
Pl.11,. fig. A .:-1,2
1. Swamp plant with entire basal leaves; flowers greenish

2. Dry land plant; leaves dentate; flowers white

Mitélla—Mitrewort
(Gr. mitra, headdress)
PL ih fe. Bi'1,'2;'3
1. Flowering stem with two opposite leaves below the flower

2. Flowering stem naked or a small leaf below the. flower

Chrysosplénium—Golden Saxifrage
(Gr. chrysos, golden, splenion, spleenwort)
PL al fis Di: 3, 2

Low herbs with opposite leaves and inconspicuous flowers

L. perénnis

B. bractedta
B. leucantha

Heuchera

Saxifraga
Mitella
Chrysosplenium

Ribes
Philadelphus

Prate 11: A, Saxifraga pennsylvanica, 1, flower, 2, sige B, Mitella diphylla, 1, flower, 2
and 3, fruit; C, Heuchera hispida, 1, fruit, 2, flow er; D, Chrysosplenium americanum, 1,
flower, 2, fruit; E, Ribes floridum, 1, flowers, 2, fruits ; K, Philadelphus grandiflorus, 1,

H. hispida

S. pennsilvdnica
S. virginiénsis

M. diphyilla
M.ntida

C. americanum

29

Herbs or shrubs; sepals 5, rarely 4, petals 5, rarely none, stamens 5-10, or many, ovary 1-sev-
eral-celled; flowers syncarpous, apopetalous, perigynous to epigynous, regular or irregular.

30 SAXIFRAGACEAE—ONAGRACEAE—RHAMNACEAE

Ribes—Gooseberry, Currant
(The Arabic name)
Pl 11) fee be wsZ
1, Stems with spines or prickles or both
a. Flowers 1-4, rarely 5 Gooseberries
(1) Cultivated shrub, sometimes escaped; spines stout, usually in 3’s R. grossuldria
(2) Native shrubs; spines mostly slender

(a) Calyx lobes shorter than the tube; berries mostly bristly R. cynésbatt
(b) Calyx lobes as long or longer than the tube; berries smooth
x. Calyx 9-12 mm. long, stamens long-exserted R. gracile
y. Calyx 5-7 mm. long, stamens not exceeding the calyx R. oxyacanthoides
b. Flowers in elongated racemes, mostly numerous; stems densely
prickly R. lactstre
2. Stems smooth, without spines or prickles; flowers in racemes Cur-
rants
a. Calyx flat or saucer-shaped
(1) Ovary and berries glandular bristly R. prostratum
(2) Ovary and berries smooth
x. Calyx purplish; shrubs decumbent R. triste
y. Calyx greenish yellow; shrubs erect; cultivated R. vulgare
b. Calyx campanulate to long-tubular
(1) Racemes erect or ascending, calyx white R. hudsonidnum
(2) Racemes drooping
x. Calyx greenish white R. floridum
y. Calyx bright yellow R. atireum

Philadélphus—Syringa, Mock Orange
(Gr. philadelphon, a sweet flowering shrub)
PIP. obs 1eeZ

Shrub 2-3 m. high, with opposite leaves and large white flowers P. grandiflorus

Lythrales Loosestrife Order

Onagraceae—Evening Primrose Family

Herbs with opposite or alternate leaves, sepals (usually) 4, petals 4, stamens 4 or 8, ovary 4-
celled; flower syncarpous, apopetalous, epigynous, regular or somewhat irregular.

Gautra—Gaura
(Gr. gauros, proud)
Plant gray-pubescent with scarlet somewhat irregular flowers G. coccinea

Aristolochiaceae—Birthwort Family
Herbs or shrubs with alternate or basal leaves, often aromatic; sepals 3 or 6, petals 0, stamens
6-many, ovary 6-celled; flower syncarpous, apetalous, epigynous, regular.
Asarum—Wild Ginger
(Gr. asaron, name of a plant)
Aromatic herb with two basal leaves, flower dull red A. canadénse

Celastrales Bittersweet Order

Rhamnaceae—Buckthorn Family

Shrubs or small trees, with alternate simple leaves; sepals 4-5, petals 4-5, rarely none, stamens
4-5, ovary 2-5-celled; flower syncarpous, apopetalous or apetalous, perigynous, regular.

Rhamnus—Buckthorn
(Gr, rhamnos, buckthorn)
1. Flowers usually dioecious; nutlets deeply grooved
a. Petals present, sepals and stamens 4; cultivated R.cathartica
b. Petals lacking, sepals and stamens 5; native R. alnif élia
2. Flowers perfect; nutlets smooth; cultivated R. frangula

VITACEAE—ELAEAGNACEAE—STAPHYLEACEAE 31

Vitaceae—Grape Family

Woody vines with alternate leaves; sepals 4-5, often minute, petals 4-5, often disappearing as the
flower opens, stamens 4-5, ovary 2-6-celled; flower syncarpous, apopetalous, hypogynous or perigy-
nous, regular.

Vitis—Grape
(L. vitis, grapevine)
1. Lower leaf surface velvety; berries large; cultivated V. labrisca
’ 2. Lower leaf surface smooth; berries small; native V.vulpina

Thymeleaceae—Leatherwood Family
Shrubs with simple leaves; sepals 4-5, petals 0, stamens 8-10, pistil 1, simple; flower apetalous,
perigynous, regular, the sepals more or less fused into a bell-shaped calyx.
Dirca—Leatherwood
Shrub with entire ovate leaves and minute bell-shaped flower D. palistris
Elaeagnaceae—Oleaster Family

Shrubs with silvery leaves; sepals 4, petals 0, stamens 4-8, pistil 1, simple; flower apetalous,
apparently epigynous, regular, often dioecious.

; I. Stamens 4, flowers often perfect Elaeagnus
II. Stamens 8, flowers dioecious Shepherdia
_ Elaeagnus—Silverberry
(Gr. elaiagnos, a marsh shrub)
Shrub with fragrant silvery flowers and silvery fruit E. argéntea

Shephérdia—Buffalo Berry
(Named for John Shepherd, an English botanist)
Shrub with silvery leaves and scarlet fruit S. argéntea

Santalaceae—Sandalwood Family
Herbs with alternate simple leaves; sepals 3-6, petals 0, stamens 3-6, ovary l-celled; flower
-syncarpous, apetalous, partly epigynous, regular.
Comandra—Toadflax
E (Gr, coma, tuft of hairs, amer, man, referring to the anthers)
Slender herb with clusters of small white fowers C. umbellata

Loranthaceae—Mistletoe Family
Parasitic green or almost colorless herbs or shrubs; sepals 2-6, petals 0, stamens 2-6, ovary 1-
celled ;.flowers apetalous, epigynous, regular, monoecious or dioecious.
Razoumofskya—Small Mistletoe

(Named for a Russian botanist)
Minute, yellowish, leafless herb, parasitic on branches of spruce trees R. pusilla

Sapindales Maple Order

Pirate 12: A, Acer saccharum; B, Acer negundo, 1, staminate flowers, 2, pistillate flowers;
C, Betula papyrifera, 1, staminate catkin, 2, pistillate catkin; D, Corylus americana, 1,
staminate catkin, 2, pistillate cluster; E, Juglans cinerea, 1, staminate catkin, 2, pistillate
cluster; F, Quercus macrocarpa, 1, staminate catkins, 2, pistillate flowers.

Staphyleaceae—Bladdernut Family
Trees or shrubs with opposite pinnate leaves; sepals 5, petals 5, stamens 5, ovary 2-3-celled,
fruit bladdery; flower syncarpous, apopetalous, perigynous, regular.

32 SAPINDACEAE—ACERACEAE—JUGLANDACEAE

Staphyléa—Bladdernut
: ‘ PAM (Gr. staphyle, a bunch of grapes)
Leaves pinnately trifoliate; flowers white S. trifélia

Sapindaceae—Soapberry Family
Trees or shrubs, with alternate, sometimes opposite, compound leaves; sepals 4-5, petals 3-5,
stamens 5-10, rarely numerous, ovary 2-4-celled; flowers syncarpous, apopetalous, hypogynous, dioe-
cious or polygamous, mostly irregular.

Aésculus—Horse Chestnut, Buckeye
(The Latin name)
1. Flowers white, yellow or purple-spotted; leaflets sharply acuminate A, hippocdstanum
2. Flowers yellow; leaflets acuminate; bark fetid A. glabra

Aceraceae—Maple Family
Trees or large shrubs with opposite lobed or compound leaves; sepals 5, petals 5 or 0, stamens
usually 5 or 8, ovary 2-celled, fruit a pair of winged pistils; flower syncarpous, apopetalous or
apetalous, perigynous, dioecious or polygamous, usually regular.
Acer—Maple
(L. acer, maple tree)
PI AZ hie. Avene. Be leaZ,
1. Leaves simple
a. Shrubs; flowers in racemes or narrow panicles; native A. spicdtum
b. Trees; flowers in panicles, corymbs, or umbel-like clusters; native
and cultivated
(1) Leaves pinnately veined, irregularly serrate; flowers in terminal
panicles A. tatdricum
(2) Leaves palmately lobed; lobes coarsely dentate-serrate or cut, or
alinost entire; flowers in corymbs or umbel-like clusters
(a) Flowers greenish, appearing with the leaves
x. Flowers in erect, flat-topped panicles; wings of fruit ‘long,
spreading A. platanoides
y. Flowers in pendant, umbel-like clusters, long-pedicelled; wings
of fruit short, not spreading
(x) Leaves with shallow lobing; sinus at the base closed;

petioles and veins beneath pubescent - A. nigrum
(y) Leaves with deeper lobing; sinus at the base shallow or
none; petioles glabrous A, saccharum

(b) Flowers red or yellowish red, appearing from separate buds
before the leaves
x. Flowers vellowish red; leaves deeply 5-lobed; lobes narrow

at the base A. saccharinum
y. Flowers brilliant red; ieaves about 3-lobed; lobes not narrow
at the base A. ribrum
2. Leaves compotmd; flowers strictly dioecious A. negiindo

Anacardiaceae—Sumac Family
Trees, shrubs. or woody vines. usually with compound alternate leaves; sepals 3-7, usually 5,
petals 3-7. or 0, stamens 3-7, ovary l-celled, styles 1-3; ower synearpous, apopetalous, perigynous,
regular. : F
Rhus—Poison Ivy
(Gr. rhous, sumac)
Low shrub or tall vine, with glossy trifoliate leaves; poisonous R. rddicans

Juglandaceae—Walnut Family

Trees with alternate odd-pinnate leaves; flowers monoecious, the staminate in catkins; stamin-
ate flower with sepals 3-6 or 0, petals 0, stamens 3-many; pistillate flower, sepals 3-5, petals 4 or 0,
ovary l-celled, styles 2; flowers syncarpous, apopetalous or apetalous, epigynous, regular.
I. Staminate catkins sessile, solitary or grouped; outer leaflets smaller

than the middle ones : Juglans
II. Staminate catkins in groups of three with a common stalk; outer leaflets

at least as large as the others Carya

mn dog? BETULACEAE

(L, juglans, walnut tree)
Pi. 12 fig, E 33, 2

% . Bark gray; twigs and foliage viscid hairy

2. Bark dark brown; twigs and foliage almost smooth

Carya—Hickory

Sad 2? (Gr. carya, nut, walnut)

1. Bark shaggy; leaves white-tufted at margin

2. Bark not shaggy; mature leaves almost smooth

_ Betulaceae—Birch Family

ar.
. Pistillate flowers clustered, not in a raceme or catkin
II. Pistillate flowers in a raceme or catkin
‘1, Pistillate catkin small, terminal, few-flowered
a. Fruiting bract leaf-like, 3-lobed; bark smooth
__ b. Fruiting bract closed, sac-like; bark rough
2. Pistillate catkin compact, many-flowered
a. Pistillate bracts 3-lobed, 3-flowered
__ b, Pistillate bracts 5-lobed, 2-flowered

Corylus—Hazel-nut
(Gr. korys, helmet)
12) Use Wn cel a

CL. Twigs. and petioles densely hairy; involucre of nut short

_ 2. Twigs and petioles smooth; involucre with a beak

ae *.: Carpinus—Hornbeam

‘ (Gr. karpinos, fruitful)

‘Small tree with smooth gray bark and very hard wood

4
o>

a

¥ Ostrya—Ironwood

Small tree with furrowed bark and very hard wood
; Bétula—Birch
} (L. betula, birch-tree)
+s PZ fignGi tk Z
1, Trees with white bark -
a. Leaves serrate or toothed, not deeply cut
(1) Bark peeling in papery layers; leaves ovate; native

t

leaves triangular
+b. Leaves deeply cnt
(1) Leaves with long slender points
* (2) Leaves cut but not very long pointed
___-2. Trees or shrubs with gray, yellow, or dark bark
) a. Trees
(1) Twigs fragrant; bark very ragged, yellowish gray
(2) Twigs not fragrant; bark reddish brown; trunk scaly
b. Shrubs
(1) Tall shrubs, 4-8 m. high; leaves ovate
(2) Shrub 1-2 m. high; leaves ovate to orbicular

Alnus—Alder
nn (L. alnus, alder)
1. Leaves finely serrate, resinous beneath when young

2. Leaves coarsely serrate, not resinous

7
anys

Juglans—Butternut, Black Walnut

(Gr. ostrya, tree with very hard wood)

(2) Bark peeling slightly above, dark and furrowed at the base;

J. cinérea
J. nigra

C. ovata
C. cordiférmis

ye Trees or shrubs with alternate simple leaves; flowers monoecious, rarely dioecious, the stamin-
ate and often the pistillate also in catkins; staminate flower, sepals 2-4 or 0, petals 0, stamens 2-10;
ate flower, sepals minute or 0, ovary 1-2-celled, style 2-cleft; flower syncarpous, epigynous,

Corylus
Carpinus
Ostrya

Betula
Alnus

C. americana
C. rostrata

C. caroliniana

O. virginiana

B. papyrifera

B. verrucosa

B. populifélia lacinidta
B. verrucésa lobata

B. liitea

B. nigra

B. Sandbérgii
B. piimila

A. alnobétula
A. incdna

34 FAGACEAE—MYRICACEAE—ARALIACEAE

Fagaceae—Beech Family
Trees or shrubs with simple often deeply lobed or cleft leaves; flowers monoecious, the stam-
inate in catkins; staminate flower, sepals 4-7, petals 0, stamens 4-20; pistillate flower, sepals dis-
appearing, petals 0, ovary 3-celled; flower syncarpous, epigynous, regular.
Quercus—Oak
(L. quereus, oak tree)
BL AZ tite. hese, 2,
1. Leaves lobed; lobes acute, bristle-pointed (Black Oaks)
a. Leaves dull green; lobes cut about half way to the midrib; acorn
cup shallow O. ribra
b. Leaves glossy: the lobes cut about three-fourths to the midrib;
acorn cup about one-half as long as acorn

(1) Scales of cup loose, pubescent O. velutina
(2) Scales of cup appressed, smooth
(a) Acorn elongated; autumn foliage brown O. ellipsoiddlis
(b) Acorn nearly round; autumn foliage scarlet Q. coccinea

2. Leaves with rounded lobes or crenate or toothed; lobes not bristle-
tipped (White Oaks)
a. Leaves deeply round lobed

(1) Leaves dull, smooth; acorn cup not fringed O. alba
(2) Leaves glossy above, hairy below; acorn cup fringed QO. macrocarpa
b. Leaves crenate or dentate, not deeply lobed
(1) Tree; leaves broadly rhombic; acorn long-peduncled O. bicolor
(2) Shrub or small tree; leaves more than twice as long as broad;
acorn short-peduncled O. prinoides

Myricaceae—Bayberry Family
Shrubs or trees with alternate aromatic simple leaves; flowers in catkins, monoecious or dioe-
cious; staminate flower, sepals 0, petals 0, stamens 2-16; pistillate flower, with 2-8 bracts, sepals 0,
petals 0, ovary 1-celled, stigmas 2; flower syncarpous, naked.
I. Leaves entire or slightly serrate Myrica
II. Leaves deeply cut Comptonia

Myrica—Sweet Gale
(Gr. myrike, tamarisk)
Fragrant swamp shrub, resembling a small willow M. gale

Comptonia—Comptonia
(Named for Bishop Compton)
Fragrant shrub with thick, linear, deeply cut leaves C. peregrina

Apiales Carrot Order

Pirate 13: A, Aralia nudicaulis, 1, flowers, 2, fruits; B, Sanicula marylandica, 1, young
flowers, 2, nearly mature fruits; C, Zizia aurea, 1, flowers, 2, fruits; D, Osmorhiza
claytoni, 1, fruits, 2, flowers; E, Cornus stolonifera, 1, flowers, 2, fruit: F, Cornus can-
adensis, 1, single flower, 2, flower cluster, 3, fruit cluster.

Araliaceae—Ginseng Family
Herbs with compound leaves; sepals 5, often tiny, petals 5, stamens 5, ovary 2-5-celled; flower
syncarpous, apopetalous, epigynous, regular.
1. Leaves in whorls; styles 2-3 Panax
2. Leaves alternate; styles 5 Aralia

APIACEAE—CORNACEAE

<oF Panax—Ginseng
= (Gr. panax, a heal-all plant, a panacea)
gr Leaves in whorls of 3, digitate; root globose, small
Araélia—Wild Sarsaparilla
(Name unexplained)
PF 13, fig. A: 1, 2
af usually solitary, pinnate; flowers greenish

Apiaceae—Carrot Family

___ Herbs with alternate and usually compound leaves ;

5, ovary 2-celled, styles 2; flower syncarpous, apopztalous, epigynous, regular.
I, Ovary bristly ; flowers monoecious
II. Ovary not bristly; flowers perfect
1, Flower white or pinkish
a. Lobes of leaflets linear; fruit round, flattened
__b. Lobes of leaflets broad; fruit long, pointed
2. Flower yellow
; a. Fruit flattened, winged
b. Fruit neither flattened nor winged

,

Sanicula—Snakeroot
(L. sano, to heal)
Bbeioe hee 2 le 2

1. Flowers greenish white, sepals lanceolate, acute

2. Flowers yellow, sepals short, obtuse

Lomatium—Wild Parsley
(Gr. lomation, fringe)
ow herb with much dissected leaves

Osmorhiza—S weet Cicely -
(Gr. osme, odor, rhiza, root)

BiSto, tes ly 2

—

1. Hairy; style and stylopodium short
_ 2. Nearly smooth; style and stylopodium long

7

Thaspium—Meadow Parsnip
(Gr. thapsia, a plant with a yellow dye)
‘Tall herb with biternate, cut leaves

>
“*
=a

Zizia—Zizia
(Named for the botanist Ziz)
Pi t3, ne Cost
1. Basal leaves simple, cordate
2. Basal leaves compound, 2-3 times ternate

7 i Cornaceae—Dogwood Family

Cornus—Dogwood
(L. cornus, cornel)
Bis weap ilo fie Bo sul 2.3
1. Dwarf herb; flowers tiny, in a head with 4-6 white bracts
2. Shrubs; flowers without bracts
a. Leaves opposite
(1) Twigs green; leaves broadly ovate or orbicular
(2) Twigs red or yellowish; leaves much longer than broad
(a) Leaves woolly, pubescent beneath
(b) Leaves smooth beneath
b. Leaves alternate

eS

P. trifolium

A. nudicaiilis

sepals 5, often very tiny, petals 5, stamens

Sanicula
Lomatium
Osmorhiza

Thaspium
Zisia

S. marylandica
S. gregaria

_ P. nudicaiile

O. claytoni
O. longistylis

T. barbinéde

Z. cordata
Z. atirca

Shrubs and trees, rarely herbs, usually with opposite leaves; sepals 4, edecky’ 5, petals 4, stamens
4 pistil 1-2-celled, style 1; flower syncarpous, apovetalous, epigynous, regular.

C. canadénsis

C. circindta

C. baileyi
C. stolonifera
C. alternifélia

36 RUBIACEAE—CAPRIFOLIACEAE

Rubiales Madder Order

Pirate 14: A, Galium boreale, 1, flowers, 2, fruits; B, Houstonia angustifolia, 1, flowers, 2,
fruits; C, Viburnum pubescens; D, Lonicera dioica, 1, flowers, 2, fruits; E, Diervilla
lonicera, 1, flower, 2, fruits; F, Triosteum aurantiacum, 1, flowers, 2, fruit; G, Linnaea
borealis, 1, fruit, 2, plant with flowers.

Rubiaceae—Madder Family
Herbs with simple opposite or whorled leaves; sepals usually 4, often disappearing, petals 4,
stamens 4, ovary 1-several-celled, styles 1 or 2; flower syncarpous, sympetalous, epigynous, regular.
1. Leaves in opposite pairs; flowers funnelform

a. Creeping herbs; flowers in pairs, the ovaries united Mitchella
b. Erect plants; flowers in many-flowered cymes, ovaries not united Houstonia
2. Leaves in whorls of 4 or more; flowers nearly flat Galium

Mitchélla—Partridge Berry
(Named for the botanist Mitchell)
Leaves round, opposite; flowers white M. répens
Houstonia
(Named for Dr. Wm. Houston, an English botanist)
TEMS mca etme it)
Stems tufted; flowers blue, corolla bearded inside H. angustifélia
Galium—Bedstraw
(Gr. galion, bedstraw)
BL IAD fis Ase please,
1. Ovary and fruit bristly

a. Stem weak, with coarse bristles; flowers greenish G. aparine
b. Stem upright, not bristly; flowers white G. boredle
2. Ovary and fruit smooth G, tinctorium

Caprifoliaceae—Honeysuckle Family

Herbs, shrubs or vines with opposite leaves; sepals 3-5, often ‘very tiny, petals 5, stamens 5,
ovary 1-6-celled, style 1, often cleft; flower syncarpous, sympetalous, epigynous, regular or irregular.

I, Erect or climbing shrubs

1. Leaves pinnately compound Sambucus
2. Leaves simple
a. Corolla regular, rotate; erect shrubs Viburnwn
b. Corolla bell- or funnel-shaped ; somewhat 2-lipped
(1) Leaves entire; sepals vestigial Lonicera
(2) Leaves serrate; sepals present, lanceolate Diervilla
II. Herbs, or nearly herbaceous
1. Creeping, slightly woody; flowers in pairs on long stalks Linnaea
2. Low erect herb, with sessile axillary flowers Triosteum
Sambucus—Elder

(L, sambucus, elder tree)
Shrub with yellowish white flowers and red berries S. piibens

CAPRIFOLIACEAE—ADOXACEAE

Vibturnum—V iburnum, Cranberry-tree
(L. viburnum, the wayfaring-tree)
Eh i4 fie C.sal, 2

1, Leaves palmately veined, 3-lobed

_ a. Flowers all perfect and alike; leaves not deeply lobed V. pauciflérum
___b. Some or all of the flowers sterile; leaves more deeply 3-lobed and

coarsely dentate

(1) Outer flowers large and sterile, inner ones smaller and perfect =". americénum
_ (2) All of the flowers sterile, in nearly spherical clusters V’. épulus sterilis
om Leaves not lobed, pinnately veined, dentate or serrate

a. Leaves finely serrate, not prominently veined

(1) Leaves and inflorescence densely pubescent; cultivated V’. lantana

(2) Leaves and inflorescence glabrous; native V’. lentégo
: ob Leaves coarsely dentate, veins prominent V’. pubéscens
feca Lonicera—Honeysuckle

ARS (Named for the botanist Lonitzer)

& Pl. 14, fig. D: 1, 2
‘1. Flowers terminal, in dense clusters or interrupted spikes; upper leaves
connate-perfoliate; usually vines

a. Margin of leaves parchment-like, not ciliate
(1) Leaves nearly or quite glabrous L. dioica
(2) Leaves pubescent beneath L. dioica zlaucéscens
_b. Margin of leaves green, ciliate L. hirstita
- 2. Flowers in pairs, on axillary peduncles; leaves not connate-perfoliate ;
mostly upright shrubs
a. Peduncles long and slender, over 1 cm. long
(1) Leaves pubescent ; native shrubs

*

7 _ (a) Leaves thick, woolly; corolla 2-lipped L. oblongifélia
i. (b) Leaves thin, bristly; corolla nearly regular L. canadénsis
_-—«- (2+) Leaves glabrous; corolla not 2-lipped; cultivated L. tatdrica
bb. Peduncles mostly under 1 cm. long; leaves thick and veiny
(1) Ovaries united; berry blue-black; native L. coérulea
(2) Ovaries separate; berries red; cultivated L. Morréwi
Diervilla—Bush Honeysuckle
(Named for Dierville)
=| PEs hes Eek. 2
1. Native; flowers less than 2 cm. long, yellow D. lonicera
2. Cultivated ; flowers more than 2 cm. long, rose-pink or white D. flérida
Linnaéa—T winflower
¥% (Named for the great Swedish botanist Linné)
; PE 14 fed, Z
Creeping vine with opposite evergreen leaves, and pink flowers L. borealis
" Tridsteum—Horse Gentian
4 (Gr. tri-, three, osteon, bone)
ie. iss kee
ia eaves ovate, sessile; flowers purple-brown T. aurantiacum

Adoxaceae—Muskroot Family

_ Herbs with basal and opposite compound leaves; sepals 2-3, petals 4-6, stamens 8-12 in pairs,
3-5-celled, styles 3-5-cleft ; flower syncarpous. sympetalous, half epigynous, regular.

Ad6xa—Muskroot
? (Gr. adoxos, obscure)
H Pl. 15, fig. A: 1, 2
Leaves twice ternate; flowers small, greenish A. moschatellina

_

“et

Sass

—

38 CAMPANULACEAE—VALERIANACEAE—ASTERACEAE

Campanales Bluebell Order

“OMT
CERT

Pirate 15: A, Adoxa moschatellina, 1, plant, 2, flower; B, Campanula rotundifolia; C,
Valeriana edulis, 1, pistillate flowers, 2, single pistillate flower, 3, cluster of staminate
flowers, 4, staminate flowers enlarged, 5, fruit; D, Senecio, 1, heads, 2 and 3, single
flower, 4, fruit; E, Antennaria campestris, 1, staminate plant, 2, staminate flower, 3,
pistillate plant, 4, single pistillate flower; F, Crepis runcinata, 1, flowering heads, 2,
fruiting heads, 3, fruit.

Campanulaceae—Bluebell Family

Herbs with alternate leaves and milky juice; sepals 5, petals 5, stamens 5, united by their anthers,
ovary 1-5-celled, ovules numerous, style 1; flower syncarpous, sympetalous, regular or irregular.

Campanula—Bluebell, Harebell
(Latin diminutive of campana, a bell)
Pl. 15, fig. B
Basal leaves round, stem leaves linear; flowers blue, bell-shaped C. rotundifélia

Asterales Aster Order

Valerianaceae—Valerian Family

Herbs with opposite leaves; sepals vestigial in the flower, but developing into plumy hairs on
the fruit, petals 5, stamens 1-4, ovary 1-3-cellel. stigmas 1-3; flower syncarpous, sympetalous,
epigynous, somewhat irregular.

Valeriana—Valerian
(L. valeo, to be strong)
PISS - fier (CEs BARS
1. Leaves thick, parallel-veined; leaflets entire; native V. ediilis
2. Leaves thin, reticulate-veined; leaflets dentate; cultivated V. officinalis

Asteraceae—Aster Family

Herbs (shrubs or trees) with watery juice and flowers often of two kinds in dense involucrate
heads; sepals (pappus) in form of bristles, scales, teeth, etc., or wanting, petals 5, stamens 5 or 0,
united by their anthers; ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled, style 1, 2-cleft, stigmas 2; flower syncarpous, sym-
petalous, regular or irregular, epigynous. All the flowers of the head or more commonly only the
central ones are bell-shaped or salver-shaped and regular (disk flowers). The marginal flowers
of the head are often ligulate. The receptacle is flat or more or less conical, naked (i. e., bearing
only the flowers) er bearing scales among the flowers. The head is surrounded by 1 or more rows
of involucral bracts.

I. Leaves finely dissected Achillea
II. Leaves entire to coarsely cut
1, Flowers yellow Senecio
2. Flowers purple to white
a. Heads staminate and pistillate, on different plants Antennaria
b. Heads perfect
(1) Ray flowers lacking or very small; basal leaves very large Petasitcs
(2) Ray flowers conspicuous, ribbon-like Erigeron

Achilléa—Y arrow
Heads very small A. millefélium

ASTERACEAE—CICHORIACEAE—ARACEAE 39

Senécio—Groundsel, Ragwort
Peto, np Dee, 3, 4
“1. Heads 10-14 mm. high; plants 3-15 dm, tall; bracts acute, or obtuse,
_ mostly black-tipped; leaves denticulate S. higens
2. Heads 6-10 mm. high; plants 1.5-3 dm. tall
a. Basal leaves oblong, 2.5-7.5 cm. long; stem woolly below, achene

f hispid S. balsdmitae
b. Basal leaves cordate or subcordate; plants mostly glabrous S. atireus
-_¢. Stem leaves sinuate-dentate ; swamp plants S. paliistris
J Antennaria—Ladies’ Tobacco
ad Pleo gititeabi tile 2. SA
Bs sal leaves distinctly 1-nerved A. campéstris

Petasites—Coltsfoot
a Leaves round, deeply lobed P. palmata
_ 2. Leaves arrow-shaped, margin sinuate ‘ P. sagittata

Erigeron— Daisy
Bs Stems simple; heads 2.5-4 cm. broad E. pulchéllus
=, ie Stem branched; heads 1-2.5 cm. broad E. philadélphicus

Cichoriaceae—Chicory Family

Herbs with milky juice and flowers all alike in dense involucrate heads; sepals (pappus) in
form of scales or bristles or wanting, petals 5, fused into a ligulate corolla, stamens 5, united by
their anthers; ovary l-celled, l-ovuled, stigmas 2; flower syncarpous, sympetalous, irregular, epigy-
us. The corolla has a short tube, beyond which it extends as a flat, strap-shaped ray.
Leaves entire, long-pointed Nothocalais
II. Leaves serrate, or deeply cut
1. Achene long-beaked Taraxacum
_ 2. Achene beakless
‘ 7A a. Flower bright yellow Crepis

b. Flowers orange Adopogon

a k Nothocalais

_ Heads yellow, solitary; leaves narrow N. cuspiddta
* Taraxacum—Dandelion

Pieases irregularly coarsely dentate T. tardxacum

Crépis
Bly 1Sphigil hel: 28 5
Stem nearly leafless, branched; heads several, yellow C. runcindta
Adopogon
l-leaved, branched above; heads 2-6 A. virginicum
MONOCOTYLEDONS

Araies Arum Order
Araceae—Arum Family

__ _Herbs with flowers in a spike which is subtended or surrounded by a spathe; sepals 4-6 or 0,
petals 0, stamens 4-7, ovary 1-celled; flowers syncarpous, apetalous, ovary sunk in the fleshy axis.
I. Sepals present

1. Spadix with a leaf-l’ke spathe, i. e., naked; leaves grass-like Acorus

2. Spadix covered by a hood-like spathe; leaves broad Symplocarpus

IL. Sepals absent

_ 1. Flowers perfect; leaves simple Calla

cs Flowers staminate and pistillate ; leaves compound Arisaema

ARACEAE—COMMELINACEAE—LILIACEAE

PEATE: 165. JA, Acorus calamus ;
C, Calla palustris; D, Arisaema dracontium ;
3, pistillate flower, 4, staminate flower.

B, Symplocarpus foetidus, 1, spathe, 2, spadix, 3, flower;

E, Arisaema triphyllum, 1, spathe, 2, spadix,

Acorus—Sweet Flag
(Gr. akoros, sweet flag)
Pl. 16, fig. A.
Leaves sword-shaped; spadix apparently lateral on a triangular scape

Symplocarpus—Skunk Cabbage
(Gr. symploke, connection, karpos, fruit)
(Spathyema)
PLAGY hoe ela
Leaves broad, simple, ill-smelling when crushed

A. cdlamus

S. foétidus
Calla—W ater Arum

(L. calla, name of a plant)

REG fe <C
Leaves heart-shaped; spathe open, white C. paliistris
Arisaema—Jack-in-the-pulpit, Dragon Root
(Gr. arisaron, arum, haema, blood)
ARGS priesiD iy ele sz
1. Leaves with 3 leaflets; spadix covered by spathe A. triphyllum
2. Leaves with 5-17 leaflets; spadix exserted beyond the spathe A. dracéntium

Liliales Lily Order

Commelinaceae—Spiderwort Family

Grass-like herbs with fleshy leaves and muciliginous sap; sepals 3, petals 3. stamens 6, ovary

3-celled; flower syncarpous, apopetalous, hypogynous, regular.
Sepals green, petals colored

Tradescantia
Tradescantia—Spiderwort
(Named for Tradescant)
1. Sepals and nedicels smooth T. refléxa
2. Sepals glandular pubescent
a. Leaves and bracts 5-10 mm. wide T. occidentalis
b. Leaves and bracts 1-2 cm. wide T. bracteata

Liliaceae—Lily Family
(Including the Melanthaceae and Convallariaceae)
Herbaceous plants, with scapes or leafy stems growing from bulbs, corms or rootstocks; sepals
3, petals 3, stamens 6, ovary 3-celled; flowers syicarpous, apopetalous or sometimes sympetalous,
hypogynous, regular.
I. Sepals green, petals colored; leaves in a whorl of 3, broad Trillium
II. Sepals colored like the petals
1. Native plants
a. Flowers in a cluster at the top of a Jeafless stem, i. e., a scape
(1) Plant bulbous, with a strong onion-like odor Allium
(2) Plant with a rootstock, nearly odorless Clintonia

iw ; x ,s

2 LILIACEAE 41
Si a.

ve i Flowers borne on a leafy stem
———s (1):- Flowers or flower clusters borne at the nodes

os (a) Flowers mostly in clusters of 2-6, borne in the axils of the

leaves Polygonatum
(b) Flowers mostly solitary, borne beside the leaves Streptopus

a (2) Flowers or flower clusters terminal

ns (a) Flowers single or few
ay x. Stem unbranched, leaves 2 Erythronium
+ 43 y. Stem branched, leaves numerous Uvularia
i. (b) Flowers numerous in a raceme or panicle :

a x. Petals with a gland at the base; plant bulbous Zygadenus

y. Petals without glands; stem arising from a rootstock
(x) Sepals 3, petals 3 Smilacina
he (y) Sepals 2, petals 2 Maianthemum

2. Cultivated plants
a. Flowers on leafless stems; leaves all basal
(1) Sepals and petals free, some of the flowers often solitary, others
in racemes Scilla
(2) Sepals and petals united at the base, flowers clustered
(a) Flowers small (less than 2.5 cm. long), lasting for several days
x. Flowers wheel-shaped, free part of sepals and petals longer

than the united bases Chionodoxa
y. Free part of sepals and petals shorter than the united bases
(x) Flowers globular Muscari
(y) Flowers bell-shaped
m. Leaves linear; plant bulbous Hyacinthus
n. Leaves ovate-lanceolate; plant with a rootstock Convallaria
(b) Flowers large (6-10 cm. long), trumpet-shaped, lasting but
one day Hemerocallis
b. Flowers large (over 2.5 cm. long), borne at the top of leaf-bearing
stems
(1) Flower erect, solitary; stem leaves few Tulipa

(2) Flower nodding, solitary or clustered; stem leaves several-many Fritillaria

A \ B c Es+

PLATE 17: A, Trillium nivale; B, Allium canadense; C, Clintonia borealis; D, Polygonatum
biflorum; E, Streptopus longipes; F, Uvularia grandiflora; G, Erythronium albidum; H,
ha elegans; I, Smilacina racemosa, 1, inflorescence, 2, flower; J, Maianthemum
canadense.

Trillium—W ake-robin
(Of uncertain origin, but probably from Gr. tri-, three)
Pi 17; 58g) 2h
1. Leaves oval or ovate, obtuse, 2.5-5 cm. long; flowers in April T. nivale
2. Leaves broadly ovate or rhombic, acuminate, 5-17 cm. long; flowers
mostly in May
7 Petals very large, 3.5-6 cm. long, more or less erect T. grandiflérum

ee

%

42 LILIACEAE

b. Petals 1.5-3.5 cm. long, spreading or strongly recurved
(1) Peduncles of the flower 3-10 cm. long, erect or declined, petals

spreading T. declinadtum
(2) Peduncles of the flowers 3 cm. long or less, recurved beneath
the leaves, petals recurved T. cérnuum

Allium—Onion
(L. allium, garlic)

Pl. 17, fig. B
1. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, in earliest spring, withering before the flowers
appear A. tricéccum
2. Leaves linear, present during flowering
a. Flowers mostly replaced by bulblets; fruit not crested A, canadénse
b. Flowers rarely replaced by bulblets; fruit crested A. reticuldtum
Clintonia
(Named for DeWitt Clinton)
PL 17, fe5C
Herb with broad basal leaves, and an umbel of drooping flowers C. boredlis

Polygonatum—Solomon’s Seal
(Gr. polygonaton, knot-grass)

PI ten
1. Leaves pubescent beneath; filaments slender, rough P. biflérum
2. Leaves glabrous; filaments smooth and flattened P. commutdtum

Stréptopus—T wisted-stalk
(Gr. streptos, twisted, pous, foot)

Pie
1. Leaves smooth, strongly clasping; pedicels of flowers abruptly bent
in the middle S. amplexifélius
2. Leaves hispid along the margin, slightly clasping; pedicels of flowers
slightly bent S. longipes

Erythronium—Adder’s-tongue (Dog’s-tooth Violet)
(Gr. erythronion, a plant with red)

Pl. 17, fig. G
1. Stem with a fleshy offshoot below the leaves; flowers rose-colored E. propillans
2. Stem without a fleshy offshoot
a. Flowers yellow, stigmas very short E. americanum
b. Flowers white or tinted with purple, stigmas recurved E. dlbidum
Uvularia—Bellwort
(L. uva, the soft palate)
Piano
1. Leaves perfoliate; flowers lemon yellow
a. Leaves glabrous, glaucous; sepals and petals rough within U. perfoliata
b. Leaves pubescent beneath; sepals and petals smooth within U. grandifléra
2. Leaves sessile; flowers greenish yellow U. sessilif élia

Zy gadénus—Zygadenus
(Gr. zygon, yoke, aden, gland)
Piel7, fie. El
Gland of the petal obcordate, petals 8-10 mm. long Z. élegans

Smilacina—False Solomon’s Seal
(Diminutive of Smilax)
(Vagnera)
Pig /sneo gees

1. Leaves numerous

a. Flowers numerous, panicled S. racemésa

b. Flowers few-several, racemose S. stellata
2. Leaves 2-4; flowers few-several S. irifolidta

LILIACEAE 43

Maianthemum—False Lily-of-the-valley
(L. Maius, May, Gr. anthemon, a flower)
(Unifolium)
Pl. 17, fig. J
Leaves 1-3, usually 2, cordate; flowers small, white M. canadénse

Prate 18: A, Scilla sibirica; B, Chionodoxa Luciliae; C, Muscari botryoides, +; flower, 2,
inflorescence ; D, Hyacinthus orientalis, 1, inflorescence, 2, flower; E, Convallaria majalis ;
F, Hemerocallis flava; G, Tulipa gesneriana; H, Fritillaria meleagris.

/

Sceilla—Squill
(L. scilla, squill)

Pl. 18, fig. A
1. Flower bell-shaped, raceme long stalked
a. Pedicels about 1 cm. long S. festalis
b. Pedicels about 3 cm. long S. hispanica
(2. Flowers nearly flat, raceme few-flowered, and with solitary basal
flowers S. sibirica

Chionod6xa—Glory-of-the-snow

(Gr. chion, snow, doxa, glory)

Pl. 18, fig. B
Flowers in loose racemes, blue with a white edge C. Luciliae
Muscari—Grape Hyacinth
(Named for the musky odor of some species)
PHRAS fet: 1, 2

: Bulbous plant with small blue globular flowers M. botryoides

Hyacinthus—Hyacinth
(Gr. hyakinthos, a youth from whose blood sprang this flower)
Pils fie Ds 22
Bulbous plant with a dense raceme of fragrant bell-shaped flowers H. orientalis
Convallaria—Lily-of-the-valley
(L. convallis, a closed valley)
Pl. 18, fig. E
Plant with lance-ovate leaves, and a loose raceme of white fragrant bell-
shaped flowers C. majalis

Hemerocallis—Yellow Day Lily, Lemon Lily
(Gr. hemera, day, kallis, beauty)

Pl. 18, fig. F
1. Flower orange, margin of petals membranous and wavy H. Dumontii
2. Flower yellow, margin of petals smooth H. flava

Tulipa—Tulip
(Name probably Turkish)

Pl. 18, fig. G
Most of the garden tulips are considered to be forms of the following
me species:
1, Pubescent; flowering in April and May T. suavéolcns

2. Smooth: flowering in late May T. gesneridna

a
all Y |

44 SMILACACEAE—JUNCACEAE

Fritillaria—Fritillary, Crown Imperial
(L. fritillus, a dice-box)

Pl. 18, fig. H ;
1. Flowers solitary, petals and sepals marked like a checker-board F. meledagris
2. Flowers clustered, bad smelling, petals and sepals red or orange F. imperidlis

Smilacaceae—Smilax Family
Plants with woody or herbaceous stems, most'y vines, often prickly; leaves broad, net-veined;
sepals 3, petals 3, stamens 6, ovary 3-celled; flowers syncarpous, apopetalous, hypogynous, regular,
dioecious.

Pirate 19: A, Smilax herbacea, 1, leaf, 2, staminate flower, 3, pistillate flower, 4, inflorescence;
B, Juncus tenuis, 1, inflorescence, 2, flower; C, Heleocharis palustris, 1, spike, 2, flower,
3, fruit; D, Scirpus, 1, S. pauciflorus, spike, 2, flower, 3, fruit, 4, validus, inflorescence;
E, Eriophorum angustifolium, 1, inflorescence, 2, flower, 3, fruit; F, Carex pennnsyl-
vanica, 1, inflorescence, 2, staminate flower, 3, pistillate flower, 4, fruiting scale, perigyn-
ium, and achene.

Smilax—Greenbrier

(Gr. smilax, bindweed)

Pl A9; fies VAP 1234
1. Stem annual, herbaceous, without prickles

a. Stems climbing; petioles with tendrils S. herbdcea
b. Stems erect growing; tendrils lacking or sometimes slightly devel-
oped S. ecirrhdata

2. Stems perennial, woody, generally with prickles
a. Leaves rounded or lanceolate, with 5 veins, prickles not very nu-
merous S. rotundifélia
b. Leaves with 7 veins, prickles very numerous S. hispida

Juncales |§ Rush Order

Juncaceae—Rush Family
Grass-like, more or less tufted herbs with small brownish green or brown flowers; sepals 3,
petals 3, stamens 6, ovary 3-celled; flowers syncarpous, apopetalous, hypogynous, regular.
I. Leaves grass-like, sheaths closed; capsule 3-seeded Lusula
IT. Leaves rounded, sheaths open; capsule many-seeded Juncus

Luzula—W ood-rush
(From Ital. luciola, glow-worm)

(Juncoides)
1. Inflorescence umbellate, 1 or 2 flowers on each of its branches L. saltuénsis
2. Inflorescence of 2-12 spike-like or capitate clusters L. campéstre

Juncus—Rush
(L. juncus, rush)
PEAS shes Bik, 2
1. Leaves without blades, scale-like sheaths at the base of the stem,
inflorescence appearing lateral J. cffiisus
2. Leaves with blades, inflorescence appearing terminal, subtended by a
narrow leaf J. ténuis

CYPERACEAE—POAVCEAE 45

Poales Grass Order

Cyperaceae—Sedge Family

) -Grass- or rush-like herbs, leaves with closed sheaths and narrow blades or blades sometimes

‘ing: stems solid, often triangular; flowers in spikelets, either solitary or clustered; sepals 0,
petals 0, stamens 1-3, ovary 1-celled, flowers in the axil of a scale, naked or with hairs, bristles or

a perigynium, hypogynous.

I. Flowers perfect, pistil surrounded by bristles or hairs

1. Base of the style swollen, persistent Heleocharis

2. Base of the style not swollen, deciduous

_ a. Pistil surrounded by 1-6 bristles : Scirpus
_ b. Pistil surrounded by 6-many smooth hairs Eriophorum
il. Flowers staminate and pistillate, pistillate one surrounded by a peri-
ae gynium Carex
Heleocharis—Spike Rush
- (Gr. helos, marsh, charis, grace)
4e4 PIO; fig. Ci: 1, 2,3
- Style 2-cleft; creeping rootstock; perennial H. paliistris
F Scirpus—Clubrush, Bulrush
(L. scirpus, rush)
P19 feeb el; 2,344
‘1. Spikelet solitary and terminal; involucral leaf or bract lacking S. pauciflorus
2. Spikelets more than one, appearing terminal or lateral; involucral
ms leaf 1
; a. Culm sharply 3-angled; spikelets 2-several; involucral leaf long S. americanus
_ b. Culm round, tall; spikelets many; involucral leaf short, appearing
Le like the tip of the stem S. vdlidus
a 3. Spikelets several; involucral leaves 2; stem stout, triangular S. fluviatilis
Eriophorum—Cotton-grass
a 2 (Gr. erion, wool, phora, bearing)
> BE 19) fie: 1,2,:3
1. Spikelets solitary E. cdllitrix
2. Spikelets in a cluster
a. Spikelets in an umbel, hairs white
(1) Flowering stems less than 1 mm. thick at the top: basal leaves
wanting E. gracile
(2) Flowering stems 1-2 mm. thick at the top; basal leaves present,
flat
(a) Leaf-sheaths green, scales of inflorescence with a strong mid-
rib to the tip E. viridi-carinadtum
(b) Leaf-sheaths with a dark top, scales of inflorescence with a
papery, nerveless tip E. angustifoélium
+b. Spikelets in a head, hairs brown E. virginicum

Carex—Sedge

(L. carex, sedge)
hl Est 9 Jah af A A a |
A large genus, several species of which begin to blossom before June 1. Since the ripe fruit is
-mecessary for a correct determination of the species a key to the species is not given. Carex pennsyl-
- vanica has mature achenes before the end of May.

= Poaceae—Grass Family

. Perennial herbs with narrow sheathing leaves; stems round with nodes and internodes; flowers
in spikelets; sepals 0, petals 0, stamens 2 or 3, flower naked, between two scales, hypogynous.

__ I. Spikelet with but 1 perfect flower

1. Axis of spikelet jointed below the empty scales, scales firm and shiny Panicum

&. Se

46 POACEAE

2. Axis of spikelet jointed above the empty scales
a. Flowering scale with more or less elongated awn
(1) Awn short, less than 12 mm. long, not twisted

(a) Awn about 10 mm. long, spikelets stalked, in a panicle Oryzopsis
(b) Awn 1-5 mm. long, spikelets in a dense spike Alopecurus
(2) Awn long, twisted, bent at the middle Stipa
b. Flowering scale awnless
(1) Spikelets in dense narrow panicles, 1-flowered Phalaris

(2) Spikelets in loose panicles
(a) Spikelets 3-flowered, the two lower staminate; plants fragrant Hierochloe
(k) Spikelets 1-flowered Milium
II. Spikelets with 2-many perfect flowers
1. Flowering scale 1-3-nerved
a. Spikelets 2-flowered, second empty scale broader than the flowering

scale Sphenopholis
b. Spikelet 2-7-flowered, second empty scale not broader than the
flowering scale Koeleria

2. Flowering scale 5-many-nerved
a. Flowering scale more or less strongly compressed and keeled,
mostly webby at the base Poa
b. Flowering scale rounded on the back, at least below, not webby
(1) Spikelets solitary at each node

(a) Stigmas at the apex of the ovary Festuca
(b) Stigmas below the apex of the ovary Bromus
(2) Spikelets in pairs at the nodes Asprella

PLate 20: A, Panicum, 1, part of panicle, 2, spikelet; B, Oryzopsis asperifolia, 1, raceme, 2,
spikelet; C, Alopecurus pratensis, 1, spike, 2, spikelet; D, Stipa spartea, 1, spikelets, 2,
grain; E, Phalaris arundinacea, 1, part of panicle, 2, spikelet; F, Hierochloe odorata, 1,
panicle, 2, spikelet; G, Milium effusum, 1, part of panicle, 2, spikelet; H, Spenopholis
obtusata, 1, panicle, 2, spikelet; I, Koeleria cristata, 1, panicle, 2, spikelet; J, Poa pratensis,
1, part of panicle, 2, spikelet; K, Festuca octoflora, 1, spike, 2, spikelet; L, Bromus; M,
Asprella hystrix, 1, spike, 2, spikelet.

Panicum—Panic Grass
(L. panicum, panic grass)
PIP 20. fig Ar a
Annual or perennial grasses with small, 1 or 2-flowered spikelets, mostly in paniculate inflo-
rescences ; flowering scales generally firm and shiny. Many species, dificult of determination.

Oryzopsis—Mountain Rice
(Gr. oryza, rice, opsis, look)
Pll 20M ietBass2
Leaves crowded at the base, spikelets 6-8 mm. long O. asperifdlia
Alopectrus—Foxtail Grass
PIS 20 shoe German

Spikelets about 5 mm. long, in a dense spike-like panicle A. praténsis

POACEAE—AMARYLLIDACEAE 47

Stipa—Porcupine Grass
(L, stipa, tow)

. as Ela fig: D': 1.2

De ves convolute, long twisted awns S. spdrtea
} Phalaris—Reed Canary Grass, Ribbon Grass

(Gr. phalaris, a kind of grass)
Pern Es i.2

1. Leaves green P. arundinacea

2. Leaves striped with white P. arundinacea picta

Hierdéchloe—Seneca Grass
(Gr. hieros, sacred, chloe, grass)

4

(Savastana)
Pi! 2 fie. F 27, 2
Aromatic grass with short leaf blades H. odorata
* Milium—Tall Millet Grass

(L. milium, millet)
Pi, 20, fig. G : 1, 2
_ Spikelets in loose panicle; branches slender M. efftisum

Sphenopholis

(Gr. sphen, a wedge, pholis, a scale)
(Eatonia)
PIG 20) Gee ea
Spikelets in a close panicle, second scale obtuse S. obtusata
Koeléria

: (Named for the botanist Koeler)
Piy20) figiDs ik; 2
Spikelets in a spike-like panicle K. cristata
Poa—Meadow Grass
(Gr. poa, grass)
IEA otters is
1. Pedicels shorter than the spikelets

a. Flowers cobwebby at base P. praténse
b. Flowers not cobwebby at base P. annua
2. Pedicels longer than the spikelets P. Wolfii

Festtica—Fescue Grass
(L. festuca, straw)

Pl. 20, fig. K: 1, 2

1. Annuals; awn about as long as scale F. octofléra
2. Perennials

a. Leaves rolled, scales awn-pointed F. ovina

b. Leaves flat, scales obtuse F. niitans

Bromus—Brome Grass
(Gr. bromos, oats) -
A BIS 20, fg. Le ‘.
7 Annual with numerous drooping spikelets B. tectorum

Asprélla—Bottle-brush Grass
(L. asper, rough)
(Hystrix)
: Pi fie Mis he?
Spikelets with many long spreading awns A. hystrix

Iridales Iris Family
Amaryllidaceae—Amaryllis Family

- Herbaceous plants, usually with scapes or leafy stems from bulbs, corms, or rootstocks ; sepals

_ 3, petals 3, stamens 6, pistil 1, ovary 3-celled, inferior; flower syncarpous, sympetalous or rarely

48 AMARYLLIDACEAE—IRIDACEAE

apopetalous, epigynous, regular or somewhat irregular; sepals petal-like, the perianth tube often
bearing a conspicuous crown within the petals.

I. Flowers with a crown-like or tubular appendage within the perianth Narcissus
II. Perianth unappendaged
1. Petals and sepals alike; native Hypoxis
2. Petals smaller than the sepals; cultivated Galanthus

Narcissus—Narcissus, Daffodil
(Gr. Narkissos, a mythological character changed into this flower)
Pines
1. Flowers solitary
a. Crown as long as the petals and sepals N. pseudo-narcissus
b. Crown shorter than the petals and sepals
(1) Flowers yellow or whitish, crown about one-half the length of

the sepals and petals N. incomparabilis
(2) Petals and sepals pure white, crown short with a red or orange
margin N. poéticus
2. Flowers in clusters
a. Leaves 3-5 mm. wide; flowers bright yellow N. jonquilla
b. Leaves 10-30 mm. wide; flowers white to yellow ; N. tazétta and its hybrids

The last named, the commonest greenhouse species, is not hardy, but some of its hybrids such
as those with N. pocticus are hardy.

Hypoxis—Star-grass
(Gr. hypoxys, sour)
IDG AL, it (esl 2
Leaves grass-like, arising from a corm; flowers yellow FH. hursiita

Galanthus—Snow-drop
(Gr. gala, milk, anthos, flower)
TEM AL, Seve 133
Drooping white flowers in earliest spring, the petals small and marked
with green G. mvalis

PLaTE 21: A, Narcissus pseudo-narcissus; B, Galanthus nivalis; C, Hypoxis hirsuta; D, 1,
Sisyrinchium campestre, 1, flower, 2, stamens and pistil; E, Crocus vernus; F, Iris ger-
manica.

Iridaceae—Iris Family

Herbaceous plants with bulbs, corms, or rootstocks, from which come the solitary flowers,
scapes, or leafy stems; sepals 3, petals 3, stamens 3, pistil 1, ovary 3-celled, inferior, style with
three branches; flower syncarpous, sympetalous or apopetalous, epigynous, regular or somewhat
irregular; sepals petal-like, but sometimes differing considerably from the petals.

I. Style branches petal-like, concealing the stamens, petals unlike the sepals /ris
Il. Style branches not petal-like, stamens obvious, petals and sepals similar

1. Stemless; flowers rising directly from the corm Crocus
2. Flowers borne in a cluster at the summit of a scape Sisyrinchium

IRIDACEAE 49

lris—Blue Flag, Fleur-de-lis
‘ ; (Gr. iris, rainbow)
we Pl. 21, fig. F
. Plants with rootstocks and flat straddling leaves
a. Sepals bearded
(1) Beard of sepals forming a line along the midrib, sepals usually
larger than the petals
(a) Plants dwarf; the flowering stalks 3 dm. tall or less
x. Plant about 1 dm. tall, nearly stemless; flowers purple, yel-
lowish or white I. primila
y. Plants 1.5-3 dm. tall; flowering stem manifest
(x) Bracts green; flowers resembling /. pumila, but larger —_ hybrids of J. pumila
with J. germanica, elc.
(y) Bracts papery; flowers bluish lavender, beard white I, Cengialti
(b) Plants more than 3 dm. tall (German iris)
x. Flowers usually in May
(x) Bracts green tinged with purple, flowers various shades

of purple, beard yellow I. germanica
(y) Bracts papery, flowers nearly white with purple veins,
fragrant I. florentina (orris-root)

y. Flowers in late May and June
_ Various garden hybrids chiefly of the following species:

wi

(t) Sepals yellow, petals pale yellow I, flavéscens
(u) Sepals yellow, veined and shaded with brown, petals

yellow I. variegdta
(v) Sepals dull purple, beard yellow, petals dull lilac, or

yellowish I. squdlens
(w) Sepals veined with red purple, otherwise as (v) I. sambucina
(x) Flowers white, edged with lavender I, plicdta
(y) Flowers violet to nearly white I. pallida
(z) Flowers lilac with a white beard, stem leafless, forking

low TI. aphyilla

(2) Beard not confined to the midrib of the sepals, petals larger than
the sepals (Cushion iris)
(a) Petals and sepals marked with black on a silvery white ground /. susidna
(b) Petals and sepals variously colored, usually marked with
/ purple or brown on a white ground
Numerous species little cultivated; the best are hybrids of /. Korolkéwi
b. Sepals not bearded
x1) Dwarf and nearly stemless ; flowers with a long narrow perianth
. tube, and crested sepals [. cristata
: Aa) Flower stems 4-10 dm. long, perianth tube short
(a) Cultivated; leaves 5-8 mm. wide
x. Flowers numerous, bright blue or white, bases of old leaves

very fibrous I. sibirica
y. Flowers 2-3, pale lilac-blue, bases of old leaves not fibrous I, missouriénsis
(b) Native; leaves 8-18 mm. wide . I. versicolor

Plants with bulos; leaves not straddling

. Dwarf; stemless; flowers with a long perianth tube

(dy) Leaves flat; petals very small, spreading I. pérsica

_ (2) Leaves thick; petals narrow, erect, flowers purple, very fragrant /. reticulata

__b. Flowering stem 2-4 dm. long, perianth tube short, flowers of various

colors I, xiphium
Créocus—Crocus

(Gr. krokos, the crocus)

Pl. 21, fig. E
rE yellow
thers orange, sepals brownish on outside C. susidnus
hers pale, sepals clear yellow C. moesiacus
ers violet to white ' C. vérnus

| =
+P

50 ORCHIDACEAE

Sisyrinchium—Blue-eyed Grass
(Gr. sisyrinchion, a bulbous iris)
Pl 2h se 2 oe
1, Leaves 2-6 mm. wide; stem prominently winged; spathe and bract

glabrous S. angustiféliwmn
2. Leaves .5-2 mm. wide; stem narrowly winged; spathe and_bract
scabrous or puberulent S. campéstre

Orchidales Orchid Order

Orchidaceae—Orchid Family

Perennial herbs, with bulbs, corms or tuberous roots, leaves sheathing sometimes reduced to
scales; flowers irregular, with one of the petals more or less modified into a lip-like structure, often
with a spur below the lip, ovules minute and numerous; sepals 3 (or 2 by fusion), petals 3, sta-
mens 1 or 2, ovary 1-celled; flower syncarpous, aponetalous, epigynous, irregular,
I. Lip slipper-like, stamens 2 Cypripedium
II. Lip not slipper-like, stamen 1

1. Leaves of current season absent or concealed at time of flowering

a. Rootstock coral-like; plant entirely leafless Corallorhiza
b. Plants with corms; leaves present in late summer or autumn
(1) Flowers numerous, small; leaf appearing in autumn Aplectrum
(2) Flower solitary, large; leaf appearing at close of flowering
season Arethusa

2. Leaves conspicuously present at time of flowering
a. Flowers showy, pink and white

(1) Flower solitary; lip sack-shaped Calypso =
(2) Flowers in a raceme, lip flat
(a) Sepals and lateral petals spreading, the latter thread-like Liparis
(b) Sepals and lateral petals convergent, lanceolate Orchis
b. Flowers greenish, lip flat Habenaria

Prate 22: A, Cypripedium hirsutum; B, Corallorrhiza trifida, inflorescence, flower, root-
stock; C, Aplectrum hiemale, inflorescence, flower, plant in winter condition; D, Arethusa
bulbosa; E, Calypso bulbosa; F, Liparis liliifolia; G, Orchis spectabilis; H, Habenaria

bracteata.
Cypripédium—Ladies’ Slipper, Moccasin Flower
(Gr. Cypris, Venus, pedion, slipper)
Pl. 22 chp A
1. All three sepals separate C. arietinum
2. Lateral sepals grown together, forming a single structure behind the lip
a. Plant with two basal leaves; plant with one flower C. acaiile
b. Plants with stems leafy to the top
(1) Lip pink and white, large, as long as the sepals C. hirsutum (C. reginae)

(2) Lip yellow or white, shorter than the sepals
(a) Lip yellow
x. Lip 1.3-3 cm. long, sepals purple-brown C. parviflorum
y. Lip 3-5 cm. long, sepals brownish yellow C. parviflérum pubéscens
(C. hirsutum)
(b) Lip white C. candidum

ORCHIDACEAE

Corallorhiza—Coral-root
(Gr. korallion, coral, rhiza, root)
—- Pl. 22, fig. B
of the flower two-lobed above the base C. trifida

Apléctrum—Adam-and-Eve
(Gr. a-, without, plektron, spur)
PI. 22, fig. C
ers dull yellowish brown, leaf lasting through the winter, sometimes
till present at flowering time A. hiemdle

Arethtisa—Arethusa
(Classical name of a nymph)
Pleo ie. DD
with a solitary flower, and a single grass-like leaf which appears as
1¢ flower withers A. bulbésa
Calypso—Calypso
. (Gr. and L. Calypso, the name of a goddess)
be Pl. 22, fig. E
ant with a single basal leaf and a pink flower with a sack-like lip C. bulbésa
: Liparis—Twayblade
oa (Gr. liparos, fat, in allusion to the smooth and greasy looking leaves)
a Pl) 22, fig. F
with two basal leaves and a small raceme of pink-purple flowers L. liliifélia
Orchis—Showy Orchid
a (Gr. orchis, orchid)
- ae Pl. 22, fig. G
lowers showy, leaves 2, broad, basal O. spectabilis
cay Habenaria—Rein Orchid .
(L. habena, a rein, in allusion to the strap-like lip or spur)
(Coeloglossum)
Pi 225 fie. TH
toothed at the tip, bracts longer than the flowers H. bracteata

7a

F ' aePeoee eo 2 ~ =

51

Glossary

Achene A dry, one-seeded fruit

Acuminate Gradually tapering to a point

Acute Sharp-pointed

Alternate Not opposite; with a single leaf at each place of attachment

Annual Lasting only one growing season

Anther The upper part of the stamen, containing the pollen; the pollen pouch

Apetalous Without petals

Apex Tip or upper end

Apocarpous’ Having or consisting of separate carpels

Apopetalous Having or consisting of separate petals

Appressed Lying close to or against another organ

Aquatic Growing in the water

Ascending Growing obliquely upward ie re

Awl-shaped Narrowed upward from the base to a slender, rigid point

Awn. A slender bristle-like structure

Awn-pointed Tipped with an awn

Axil The angle between leaf and stem

Axillary Borne in the axils of leaves

Axis A term generally applied to that portion of a branch which bears the flowers or the
parts of a flower

Barbed Having a tip like a fish-hook

Basal Arising from the base

Beak An elongated tapering structure

Beaked Bearing a beak

Bearded With hairs limited more or less to a certain area of an organ
Berry’ A fruit in which the seeds are imbedded in a soft or fleshy substance
Biternate Twice ternate

Blade The flat, expanded part of a leaf

Bract A leaf, usually small, standing below a flower or a flower-cluster
Bracteole A small leaf or scale on the pedicel below the flower

Bristle A stiff hair or any similar outgrowth

Bulb’ A short stem with fleshy scales, usually subterranean

Bulblets Small bulbs

Bulbous’ Like a bulb; bearing bulbs

Capsule A dry fruit consisting of two or more carpels

Carpel A simple pistil, or one member or division of a compound pistil

Catkin An elongated axis covered with scales all around that bear either stamens or pistils

Cell A cavity or chamber in an ovary

Ciliate Provided with marginal hairs

Claw Applied to the much narrowed lower portion of a petal

Cleft Cut about half way to the middle

Climbing Growing upon a support of some kind

Compound Composed of two or more similar parts united into one whole

Compound leaf One divided into separate leaflets

Cone An elongated axis bearing stamens or thickened scales with naked ovules; the flower
and fruit of conifers

Convolute Rolled up lengthwise

Cordate MHeart-shaped

GLOSSARY 53

a ‘
n A swollen fleshy base of a stem ie]
A flat-topped or convex open flower cluster
Growing along the ground
Scalloped; with rounded, shallow teeth
ate-toothed With rounded teeth
syme_ A flower cluster in which the terminal or middle flower blossoms first; usually some-
what flat

Yeciduous ‘Falling off at the close of the growing period
lined Bent down

urrent Applied to leaf bases, running down the stem
lentate Toothed, with outwardly projecting teeth
lenticulate With small teeth
lepressed Vertically flattened
pecious Bearing pistils and stamens on different plants
An enlargement of the axis of a flower around the base of the pistil: the group of
R ~ tubular flowers in the Asteraceae
sected Cut or divided into numerous segments
ided Lobed to the base

Without lobes, divisions, or teeth
pigynous Applied to a flower with the parts upon the ovary
rect Standing upright

serted Projecting beyond the surroundir g parts

cicle <A dense cluster
icled Borne in dense clusters

ertile Bearing seeds, or bearing pollen

nent The stalk bearing the anther
shy Soft, containing more or less sap

Flow An axis bearing stamens or pistils or both; generally sepals and petals are asso-
ciated with these
Fruit A ripened ovary, sometimes that part of the axis which becomes, fleshy as the seeds

ripen

brous Without hairs
nd <A secreting surface or structure; any small appendage or protuberance having the
appearance of such an organ |
ndular With glands or gland-like
ucous Covered with a bluish or white, fine, mealy substance, a bloom
bose Spherical or nearly so
e The small scale of the spikelets of grasses and sedges

ate <Arrow-shaped but with the basal lobes diverging

A dense cluster of sessile or nearly sessile flowers on a very short axis
A non-woody plant which dies down to the ground annually

‘baceous Of the nature of herbs

With somewhat coarse, stiff hairs

With bristly stiff hairs

ogynous Applied to a flower with the other parts below the ovary

luded Not projecting beyond the surrounding parts
dehiscent Applied to fruits that do not open or split to let out the seeds
or Applied to an organ situated below another one
Inflorescence The portion of a plant bearing the flowers; mode of arrangement of flowers
I ment A protecting layer or coat, as the covering of a seed
1 er node The part of the stem between two successive nodes
olucre <A group of leaves or scale-like leaves borne just underneath a flower or a close
cluster of flowers
2 olucral Of an involucre
Applied to a flower in which the petals, or other parts, are unlike

d
=

54 GLOSSARY

Keel The two fused lower petals of the flower of the Pea Family
Keeled Ridged, like the keel of a boat

Lanceolate Shaped like a lance

Ligule A strap-shaped organ, as the rays in the Asteraceae

Ligulate In the form of a strap

Linear Long and narrow with sides nearly parallel

Linear-lanceolate Narrowly lance-shaped

Lip Each of the main upper and lower divisions of a zygomorphic corolla or calyx; the
peculiar modified petal of an orchid flower

Lipped Having a lip

Monoecious’ Bearing stamens and pistils on the same plant but in different flowers

Nerve One of the lines or ridges running through a leaf

Net-veined Veins running in various directions and connecting with each other
Netted-veined Veins running in various directions and connecting with each other
Nodding Hanging on a bent pedicel

Node The part of the stem which normally bears a leaf

Nut A dry, one-seeded, indehiscent fruit with a stony shell or covering

Nutlet A diminutive nut

Obcordate Inversely heart-shaped

Oblanceolate Inverse of lanceolate

Oblong Somewhat longer than broad, with the sides nearly parallel
Oblong-lanceolate Broadly lance-shaped

Obtuse Rounded or blunt

Opposite Applied to organs inserted at the same level but 180 degrees apart
Orbicular Circular

Ovary The part of the pistil in which the young seeds are borne

Ovate Shaped like the outline of an egg

Ovule A young seed

Palmate Radiately lobed or divided

Palmately Ina palmate manner

Panicle A compound flower-cluster, the lower branches longest and blossoming first

Pappus’ The bristles, hairs, awns and like structures which are borne upon the fruit in the
Chicory and Aster Families

Parasitic Growing upon and getting its nourishment from some other plant

Parted Deeply cleft

Peduncle The stalk of a flower or of a flower-cluster

Pedicel The stalk of a flower in a flower-cluster

Peltate Shaped like a shield with a stalk attached in the middle below

Perennial Lasting from year to year

Perfect A flower having both stamens and pistils

Perfoliate Leaves appearing to be pierced by the stem

Perigynium The sack-like membrane enclosing the ovary or the achene in the genus Carex

Perigynous Applied to a flower in which the parts are united into a cup around the ovary

Persistent Organs that remain attached after the growing season

Petal One of the inner set of flower leaves, usually brightly colored, of a corolla

Petaloid Resembling a petal, especially as to color

Petiole The stalk of a leaf

Pilose With long soft hairs

Pinnate Leaves divided into leaflets or segments along a common stalk

Pinnately In a pinnate manner

Pinnatifid Pinnately cleft to the middle or beyond

Pistil The central or terminal organ in a flower, containing the young seeds

Pistillate With pistils but without stamens

Plumose Having fine hairs on each side like a feather

GLOSSARY 55

Plumy = Feathery

Pod A dry fruit made up of one carpel and splitting along two sides
Polle The minute grains found in the anther

ent With very short hairs

scent With hairs

Raceme A more or less elongated axis bearing flowers with about equal pedicels
Ra y One of the marginal flowers in the Asteraceae
Receptacle The end of a flower stalk or axis bearing the floral organs; in the Asteraceae
bearing flowers :
ved Bent back
Having the members of each part alike in size and shape
Kidney-shaped
Bearing resin
Turned downward or backward
In outline like a rhombus; obliquely four-sided
otstock An underground stem
e Flat and circular in outline; wheel-shaped
sh-like Resembling a rush

Salverform Having a slender tube, abruptly expanded into a flat limb
A winged fruit

ibrous Rough

e A minute or much reduced leaf
Scape AA leafless or nearly leafless stalk bearing a flower or a cluster of flowers and arising

_ from the underground portion of a plant

Scurfy With small bran-like scales on the epidermis

yment One of the parts of a leaf or similar organ that is cleft or divided
3 One of the outer set of flower leaves, usually green
errate With teeth projecting forward
’ ate Finely serrate
le Without a stalk or pedicel
th The part of a leaf or leaf base which clasps or encloses the stem
ieathing A term applied to the manner in which the base of a leaf wraps the stem
rub A woody plant; smaller than a tree
mple Of one piece, not compound
With strongly wavy margins
A fleshy axis bearing sessile flowers
A leaf-like structure standing below an inflorescence
ate Spoon-shaped, shaped like a spatula
An axis bearing sessile flowers .
ikelet A small few-flowered spike, the flower cluster of grasses and sedges
ne A sharp, woody or rigid outgrowth from the stem
Provided with spines
) A hollow projection from the sepal or petal of a flower
tamen The organ of a flower which bears the pollen

minate With stamens but without pistils

minoids A sterile stamen
Standard The large upper petal of the flower of the Pea Family
Stigma The top of the pistil to which pollen grains become attached

ipule Outgrowths of, or appendages to, the base of a petiole
shaped Long and narrow in outline
le The narrowed or pointed part of the pistil, bearing on its top the stigma
lopodium A disk-like expansion at the base of the style, as in the Apiaceae
Submerged Under water |
Subtend To stand below on the axis
Superior Applied to an organ situated above another one

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56 GLOSSARY Se ee
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Sympetalous Having or consisting of united petals “age Phd ae

Syncarpous’ Having or consisting of carpels joined together

Teeth The regular projections along the se of a leaf
Tendril A slender coiling organ

Ternate Consisting of three leaflets

Terrestrial Growing on the ground

Thorn A stiff sharp-pointed outgrowth from the bark or rind
Tomentose Covered with dense, matted, wool-like hairs
Trailing Creeping along the ground

Trifoliate Having three leaflets

Truncate Terminated by a nearly straight edge or surface
Twining Winding spirally about a support

Umbel A flower-cluster with all the pedicels arising from the same point
Umbellate Borne in umbels
Unarmed Without spines, thorns, or prickles

Valve One of the portions into which some dry fruits split; a trapdoor-like o
the pollen chambers of some anthers .

Vestigial Reduced almost to disappearance

Villous With long soft hairs not matted together

Webby With a tuft of slender, curly hairs

Whorl A group of three or more similar organs, as leaves, radiating from the
attachment

Whorled Borne in a whorl

Wing One of the two lateral petals of the flower of the Pea Family

Zygomorphic Applied to a flower with petals of different form

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Index

Page
Baptisia 29
Barbarea 12
Batrachium 8
Berberidaceae 9
Berberis 9
Betula 33
Betulaceae 33
Bicuculla 10
Boraginaceae 21
Brassica 12
Brassicaceae 11
Brassicales 10
Bromus 47
Bursa 12
Calla 40
Caltha 9
Calypso 51
Campanales 38
Campanula 38
Campanulaceae 38
Capnoides 11
Capparidaceae 11
Caprifoliaceae 36
Caragana 28
Cardamine 12
Carex 45
Carpinus 33
Carya 33
Caryophyllaceae 14
Caryophyllales 14
Castilleia 23
Caulophyllum 10
Celastrales 30
Celtis 16
Cerastium 14
Chamaedaphne 18
Chiogenes 19
Chionanthus 20
Chionodoxa 43
Chrysosplenium 29
Cichoriaceae 39
Claytonia 15
Clematis 9
Clintonia 42
Coeloglossum 51
Collomia 21

. “tah eee > in

Comandra
Commelinaceae
Comptonia
Convallaria
Coptts
Corallorhiza
Cornaceae
Cornus
Corylus
Cotoneaster
Crataegus
Crepis
Crocus
Cydonia
Cynoglossum
Cyperaceae
Cypripedium
Delphinium
Dentaria
Dianthus
Dictamnus
Digitalis
Diervilla
Dirca
Dodecatheon
Draba

Eatonia
Elaeagnaceae
Elaeagnus
Epigaea
Ericaceae
Ericales
Erigeron
Eriophorum
Erodium
Erythronium
Euphorbia
Euphorbiaceae

Fabaceae
Fagaceae
Festuca
Forsythia
Fragaria
Fraxinus
Fritillaria
Fumariaceae

Galanthus
Galinm
Gaura
Gentianales
Geraniaceae
Geraniales
Geranium
Geum
Ginkgo
Ginkgoaceae
Ginkgoales
Glechoma
Gymnospermae

Habenaria
Hedeoma
Heleocharis
Hemerocallis
Hepatica
Heuchera
Hierochloe
Houstonia
Hyacinthus
Hydrastis
Hydrophyllaceae
Hydrophyllum
Hyoscyanus
Hypoxis

Hystrix

Todanthus
Tridaceae
Tridales
Tris
Tsopyrum

Juglandaceae
Juglans
Juncaceae
Juncales
Juncoides
Juncus
Juniperus

Kalmia
Koeleria

Lamiaceae
Lamiales
Lamium
Lappula
Larix .
Lathyrus
Ledum
Lepidium

7 se

Page
Liliaceae 40
Liliales 40
Linaria 23
Linnaca 37
Liparis 51
Lithospermum 22
Lomatium 35
Lonicera 37
Loranthaceae 31
Lupinus 29
Lusula 44
Lychnis 14
Lythrales 30
Macrocalyx 21
Magnolia 7
Magnoliaceae 7
Maianthemum 43
Malus 26
Malwales 16
Melilotus 28
Menispermaceae 10
Menispermum 10
Mentha | 24
Menyanthaceae 20
Menyanthes 20
Mertensia 22
Milium 47
Mirabilis 15
Mitchella 36
Mitella 29
Moehringia 14
Moraceae 16
Morus 16
Muscari 43
Myosotis 22
Myosurus 8
Myrica 34
Myricaceae 34
Narcissus 48
Nothocalais 39
Nymphaea 10
Nymphaeaceae 10
Oleaceae 20
Onagraceae 30
Onosmodium 22
Orchidaceae 50
Orchidales 50
Orchis 51
Orobanchaceae 23
Oryzopsis 46
Osmorhiza 35
Ostrya 33

Phalaris

- Podophyllum
‘Polanisia

Panax
Panicum
Papaver é
Papaveraceae
Pedicularis ;
Pentstemon
Petasites

Philadelphus
Phlox

Picea
Pinaceae
Pinales
Pinus

Pirola

Poa

Poaceae
Poales

Polemoniaceae
Polemoniales
Polemonium
Polygala
Polygalaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonatum
Populus
Portulaca
Portulacaceae
Potentilla
Primula
Primulaceae
Primulales
Prunus
Pseudotsuga
Psoralea
Ptelea
Pulsatilla

Quercus

Ranales
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculus
Razoumofskya
Rhamnaceae
Rhamnus
Rheum
Rhus
Ribes
Robinia

rracenia
raceniaceae
arraceniales
vastana

} vifraga
ragaceae

fi
‘ophularia
ophulariaceae

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INDEX

Page
Scrophulariales 22
Scutellaria 24
Senecio 39
Shepherdia 31
Silene 14
Sisyrinchium 50
Smilacaceae s4
Smilacina 42
Smilax 44
Solanaceae 21
Sorbus 25
Spathyema 40
Sphenopholis 47
Spiraea 25
Staphylea 32
Staphyleaceae 31
Stipa 47
Streptopus 42
Symplocarpus 40
Syndesmon 9
Synthyris 23
Syringa 20
Taraxacum 39
Taxaceae 6
Taxus 7
Thalesia 23
Thalictrum 9
Thaspium 35
Thlaspi 12

Thuja
Thymeleaceae
Tradescantia
Trientalis
Trifolium
Trillium
Triosteum
Tsuga

Tulipa

Ulmaceae
Ulmus
Unifoliun

Uvularia

Vaccinium
Valeriana
Valerianaceae
Veronica
Viburnum
Vicia

Viola
Violaceae

V agnera
Vitaceae
Vitis
Xanthoxylum
Zizia
Zygadenus

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