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A Guide to American Citizenship
M?MOSESSOHN, LL.B.
Instructor in Civics and Naturalization
in the Americanization School
at Portland, Oregon
Especially adapted for use in the
States of Oregon, Washington
Idaho and California
Official Edition
PORTLAND, OREGON
The J. K. Gill Co.
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Copyright, iqi?
BY M. MOSESSOHN
Pledge to the Flag
I PLEDGE allegiance to my Flag, and to the Republic for which it stands. One nation indi- visible, with Liberty and Justice for all.
PREFACE
From actual experience with foreigners who desire to become citizens of the United States, the author found that the regular text books on civil government are much too difficult for the person whose command of the English language is decidedly limited; and the so-called "How to Become Citizens" pamphlets are mainly composed of questions and answers of more or less value without ex- planations.
In this little volume no pretense is made toward completeness, the object being to ex- plain the main workings of our government in simple language without at all going into details. Repetition has, however, been indulged in, in some instances, to emphasize certain important facts. After the foreigner has mastered the contents, he will have a working knowledge of our federal government, state government, and city government, and will be able to pass naturalization examinations intelligently.
The Author.
CONTENTS
Preface 5
PART I
Chapter i Citizens q
2 Foreign-Born lo
Facts Regarding Citizenship
PART II
Chapter i Divisions Made in Government . . .13
2 The United States 15
3 The Executive Department of the United
States 17
4 Law Making 21
The Legislative Department of the United States
5 The Courts 22
The Judicial Department of the United States
PART III
Chapter i The Party System 23
2 The Constitution of the United States . 25
3 The Declaration of Independence . , 50
4 The States 55
•
6
PART IV
Chapter i The State . . ' ^7
2 The Executive Department of the State . 58
3 The Legislative Department of the State 59
4 The Judicial Department of the State . 60
5 State Officials 63
6 The County 65
7 The City 66
8 The Oregon System 67
PART V Short History of the United States . . . . 6q
PART VI How to Become a Citizen 71
PART I Chapter I
D
Citizens
Persons born in the United States are citizens. It does not matter whether the parents were born in another country. The mere fact that one is bom in the United States makes him or her a citizen. Such a person does not need to take out naturalization papers.
A person born in a foreign country, who comes to the United States, need not take out naturalization papers, if his parents become citizens while he is under the age of twenty-one years and is then residing in the United States. If the parents do not become naturalized, then every child must take out first papers, (Declaration of Intention) when the proper time comes, that is, when he or she becomes at least eighteen years of age.
A girl who is not a citizen, but who marries an Ameri- can citizen, becomes a citizen by the act of marriage.
A girl, whether born in this country or a citizen by naturalization, on marrying a foreigner who is not a citizen, immediately loses her own citizenship, and takes that of her husband.
Chapter II
n
Foreign-Born
Any white person or negro not born in the United States, can become a citizen, provided he or she is at least twenty-one years of age and has lived in this country at least five years.
The person desiring to become a citizen must be of good character; his reputation must be good and he must know how to speak English. The person who applies for citizenship is known as the applicant and must know how the United States is governed.
Anyone who was in trouble in his native land, or in the country from which he comes, cannot become a citizen unless he can show that his troubles were due to politics or religion. It is not the purpose of the Government of the United States to bar this country against political or re- ligious refugees, but it certainly does not want anyone who has committed a crime.
A person who does not believe in government, that is, an anarchist, cannot become a citizen. Neither can one become a citizen who believes in having more than one wife, at the same time, or who has more than one wife at the same time. Polygamy is barred in this country.
No one can retain citizenship in more than one coun- try. If a person wishes to be a citizen of the United States, he must give up all allegiance to his old country and to any country in which he may have resided.
No one can become a citizen who does not intend to reside permanently in this country. A person cannot be-
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come a citizen of the United States and then live the rest of his life in another country.
To become a citizen one must swear to uphold the Constitution of the United States. This means, to obey the laws of the country and by behaving and acting properly, become a good and reliable citizen.
In case a count, a duke, or baron or any other person of the nobility comes to this country and desires to be- come a citizen, he must give up his title. There are no titles of nobility in this country. Every person is equal.
A person coming to this country with his parents who is less than 2 1 years of age and whose father takes out citizenship papers, need not take out any papers for himself. The fact that his father is a citizen makes him one, too, if he is then residing in the United States.
A wife, whose husband becomes a citizen does not need separate citizenship papers. The fact that he is a citizen makes her one, too.
If a man, born in the United States, or who is a natur- alized citizen, marries a woman who is not a citizen, the act of marriage makes her a citizen, and any children of this marriage are citizens.
FACTS REGARDING CITIZENSHIP
Anyone wishing to become a citizen must speak English and at least sign his name in English.
In case a person takes out his first papers and then dies, the widow, and children who were under the age of twentyHDne years at the father's death, may become citizens without taking out any first papers, but they must be examined for their second papers. Also, they must live here at least five years, and the children must be
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at least twenty-one years of age when they file the appli- cation for second or full papers.
A person must live in the state in which he applies for his second papers for at least a year immediately before making the application.
If a person lived in different states during the first four years of the five years which must be covered, he may get two witnesses who are citizens from each state in which he lived, to swear before a judge or notary public or United States Commissioner to the fact that he lived there and they knew he was of good character while there. These statements are called depositions and must be sent to the court by such officer before your examination.
A Declaration of Intention costs $i .00.
A Petition for Citizenship must be accompanied by $4.00.
Do not pay any more. You do not need a lawyer nor anyone else to help you get your citizenship.
(Sec Part VI for information How to Become a Citizen. Page 71.)
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PART II Chapter I
Divisions Made In Government
PRECINCT
Look carefully at the above circles. You will find that inside the big circle, called the United States, is a smaller circle called State; inside the State is a smaller circle called County; inside the County is a smaller circle called City; inside the City is a smaller circle called Ward; and inside the Ward is a smaller circle called Precinct.
Thus you will understand that this country is known as the United States; that it is made up pf States; that the States are made up of counties; that the counties
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are made up of cities; that the cities are divided into wards; and the wards into precincts.
These divisions were made so that it should be easy to govern this country.
There are now forty-eight (48) states in the United States. Each state is divided into a number of counties. Thus Oregon has thirty-six (36) counties; Washington has thirty-nine (39); Idaho has thirty-seven (37) and California has fifty-eight (58) counties. Each county has cities in it. For instance in Multnomah county, Oregon, there are Portland, Gresham and Troutdale; King County, Washington has Seattle, Ballard and Kent; Ada County, Idaho, contains Boise, Owyhee and Kuna; San Francisco County, California, contains San Fran- cisco. Most cities in turn, are divided into wards, and the wards into precincts. In some cities, mainly those having a commission form of government, there are no wards, only precincts. Portland and Boise are examples of such cities.
In this way every part of the country is governed, and not even the smallest part is overlooked.
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Chapter II The United States
The United States is a republic and ours is a republican form of government. A republican form of government is one wherein the people rule. They do so by electing the governing officers from among themselves.
The people expressed their wishes as to how this coun- try should be governed in a document called the Constitu- tion of the United States. This is the fundamental law of this country and is the one by which it is governed. Herein is stated that the United States is governed by three departments. They are called :
1. Executive Department
2. Legislative Department
3. Judicial Department
Executive Department. Executive means highest or head, so the head of this country is in this department. He is the President of the United States. He has certain men whom he appoints to help him. They are known as the President's Cabinet. The Executive Department is thus composed of the President and his cabinet.
Legislative Department. Legislative refers to laws. Thus the Legislative Department is that part of the Government which makes laws. It is called Congress and is composed of two parts; the Senate and the House of Representatives.
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Judicial Department. Judicial refers to judges. So the Judicial Department is that part of our Govern- ment which is composed of the Courts, who explain our laws.
The following chart will aid in remembering the above :
|
United States Government |
||||||||
|
1 |
Executive |
L |
Legislative |
I |
Judicial |
|||
|
President |
Cabinet |
Congress |
Courts |
|||||
|
Senate |
House of |
|||||||
|
Representatives |
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Chapter III The Executive Department
The President. The President of the United States is elected every four years by the citizens. He is not voted for directly. The citizen casts his ballot for electors. Electors are persons who pledge themselves to certain men for whom they will vote for President, if the citizens will elect them as electors. Thus on the ballot that the citizen gets when he goes to vote are the names of the electors and opposite their names it states whom they favor for President and for Vice President. The citizen then puts an X opposite the name of the elector who voices his wish for President and Vice President.
Each state has as many electors as it has Senators and Representatives. Thus, in Oregon there are two (2) Senators and three (3) Representatives making a total of five men whom this state sends to Congress. So Oregon is entitled to fiveelectors. Washington has two (2) Senatorsand five (5) Representatives. This gives Washington seven electors. Idaho has two (2) Senators and two (2) Repre- sentatives making a total of four (4) electors. California, having two (2) Senators and eleven (11) Representatives, by the same method of figuring has thirteen (13) electors.
After the Presidential election which is held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November every four years, the electors meet in the capital of the state (In Oregon, it is Salem; in Washington it is Olympia; in Idaho it is Boise; in California, it is Sacramento) and cast their votes for President and Vice-President. Three
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copies are made of the result. One copy is sent to the United States Judge in the District, another copy is mailed to the President of the Senate at Washington, D. C, the capitol of the United States ; and the third copy is delivered in person by one of the electors to the President of the Senate.
Later the Senate and the House of Representatives meet together in joint session and count the ballots cast for President and Vice President. Those receiving the highest number of votes for President and Vice President are declared elected.
On the fourth day of March following, the newly elected President and Vice President are inaugurated, that is, they take office.
The Cabinet. One of the first things the new Presi- dent does is to select his assistants. These are the ten members of his Cabinet. The first man to be appointed and the most important is the Secretary of State. He is the same as a prime minister or premier.
The Secretary of State attends to the foreign affairs of this country. All of the Ambassadors and Ministers sent by the United States to other countries serve under him.
The next important officer to be appointed is the Secretary of the Treasury. Just as a business needs some- one to look after its finances so does a country. The Secre- tary of the Treasury looks after receiving money due this government and paying out what we owe. It is this de- partment, too, that issues all money and securities of the United States and has charge of the customs service.
The Secretary of War has charge of our army, and also attends to the improvement of our rivers and harbors.
The Attorney General is the lawyer for the government.
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The Postmaster General has charge of all our postoffices, the delivery of mail, the printing of stamps and money orders and the government of the postal savings banks.
The Secretary of the Navy has charge of all our battle- ships, submarines, etc.
The Secretary of the Interior, just as the name shows, has charge of our internal affairs, such as our homesteads and other public lands, Indians, seeing that our resources are not wasted, etc.
The Secretary of Agriculture helps the farmer. He has experts who are always making experiments which show the farmer in . various sections of the country what to plant, how to plant, how to ged rid of bugs, etc.
The Secretary of Commerce attends to business matters, such as trade between foreign countries and the United States, internal trade, and the development of the fishing industry, navigation, and the like. He has charge of the taking of the census, and of watching the big corporations so that they stay within the law.
The Secretary of Labor helps the laboring man and also has charge of immigration into this country.
The above cabinet officers are mentioned in the order of their importance.
Thus, if the President dies, the Vice President becomes President. If both of them die, the Secretary of State becomes President, and so on down the line.
The present officers of the Executive Department of the United States are:
President, Woodrow Wilson *
Vice President, Thomas Marshall
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Also, the following, who comprise the President's Cabinet :
Secretary of State, Robert Lansing Secretary of the Treasury, William G. McAdoo Secretary of War, Newton D. Baker Attorney General, Thomas W. Gregory Postmaster General, Albert S. Burleson Secretary of the Navy, Josephus Daniels Secretary of the Interior, Franklin K. Lane Secretary of Agriculture, David F. Houston Secretary of Commerce, William C. Redfield Secretary of Labor, William B. Wilson
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Chapter IV
n
Law Making
The Legislative Department. Every state, no matter how many people it has, is entitled to two Senators. They are elected directly by the people every six years and meet in Washington, D. C.
Representatives, however, are elected according to population. Every state is allowed a representative for every 211,877 people. Thus, Oregon with about 800,000 people has three representatives, Washington has five, California has eleven, Idaho has two.
Representatives are elected every two years and meet in Washington, D. C.
Both the Senate and the House of Representatives are called Congress. They make the laws which govern this country.
It takes the majority vote of both the Senate and the House of Representatives to pass a measure.
After it is passed, it is sent to the President of the United States for his signature. After he signs it, it be- comes a law.
The Vice President of the United States is the Presi- dent of the Senate and is its presiding officer.
The head of the House of Representatives, called the Speaker, is elected by the Representatives from among themselves.
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Chapter V
n
The Courts
The Judicial Department. The principal United States Courts are District, Circuit Court of Appeals, and Supreme Courts. The lowest of these is the District Court. The highest is the Supreme Court. There is not less than one District Court in every state and territory. Appeals may be taken from the District to the Circuit Court of Appeals. There are nine of these courts. From the Circuit Court of Appeals, appeals may be taken to the United States Supreme Court.
Assisting the United States Courts are the United States District Attorneys, Clerks, Marshals, Reporters, Commissioners and Referees in Bankruptcy,
The president appoints all Judges of the United States Courts, also the United States District Attorneys and Marshals.
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PART III Chapter I
D
The Party System
The politics of the United States is based on what is known as the party system. The two great parties are the Republican and the Democratic parties. There are also the Progressive Party, the Prohibition party and the Socialist party.
The main differences between the parties are:
The Republican Party. The Republicans believe in a tariff for protection, that is, that goods coming into this country should have such heavy duties put upon them, so they could not be sold here for less than the same goods can be made here. The Republicans also believe in the supremacy of the Federal Government.
The Democratic Party. The Democrats, on the other hand, believe that the only duty that should be put on goods coming into this country should be just enough to pay some of the expenses of this government. The Democrats also believe in state's rights — that the state government should be given as much freedom as possible.
The Progressive Party. The Progressive Party is an offshoot of the Republican Party and represents the more radical, or progressive legislation.
The Prohibition Party. The Prohibitionists work for one thing — that no liquor shall be either manufac- tured or brought into or sold in this country.
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The Socialist Party. The Socialists believe in the Government controlling public utilities.
Party Conventions. In the early part of the year in which the Presidential election is held, each party calls a convention. Each state is allowed to send to this con- vention twice as many delegates as it has Senators and Representatives. Thus, Oregon sends ten delegates to each convention. Here the relative merits of each candi- date for each party are discussed, nominating speeches are made for various people who want to be President of the United States, and the man who gets the highest vote for President becomes the nominee of his party for this office; that is, he is selected as the candidate. Thus, each party selects one candidate for president. The vice presidential candidate is selected the same way. In the following Nov- ember, electors are chosen to vote for them.
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Chapter II The Constitution of the United States
The basis of government in this country is the Con- stitution of the United States. This was adopted in 1789 and tells the duties of every department. It is well for you to read it over carefully as it is the basis of all laws govern- ing this country.
THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES
Preamble We THE PEOPLE of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domes- tic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.
ARTICLE I
Legislative SECTION I. All legislative Powers herein Powers granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.
House of Section II. i. The House of Representa-
Representativea ^^jyes shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature.
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Qualifications of i. No Person shall be a Representative Representatives ^j^q gj^^jj ^^^ ^^^^ attained to the Age
of twenty-five Years, and been seven Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen.
Apportionment of 3. [Representatives and direct Taxes Representatives gj^^j^ ^^ apportioned among the several states which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons ] The actual Enumeration shall be made within three years after the first Meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent Term of ten Years, in such Manner as they shall by Law direct. The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one Repre- sentative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode- Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five. New- York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten. North Carolina five. South Carolina five, and Georgia three. (See Article XIV. Amendments.)
Vacancies 4. When vacancies happen in the Repre-
how Filled sentation from any State, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill such Vacancies.
Officers how 5. The House of Representatives shall choose Appointed their Speaker and other Officers; and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment.
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Senate SECTION III. I. (See Article XVII Amend- ments.) The Senate of the United States shall be com- posed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six Years; and each Senator shall have one Vote.
Classification of 2. Immediately after they shall be assem- Senators j-,jgj jj-^ Consequence of the first Election,
they shall be divided as equally as may be into three Classes. The Seats of the Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the Expiration of the second Year, of the second Class at the Expiration of the fourth Year, and of the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth Year, so that one-third may be chosen every second Year; and if Vacancies happen by Resignation, or otherwise, during the Recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary Appointments until the next Meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such Vacancies.
Qualifications 3 . No Person shall be a Senator who shall of Senators ^^^ j^g.^^ attained to the Age of thirty
Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen.
President of 4. The Vice President of the United States the Senate ghall be President of the Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless they be equally divided.
Other Officers 5. The Senate shall choose their other Officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the Office of Presi- dent of the United States.
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Senate— A Court 6. The Senate shall have the sole Power
Imp™ctme„ts '° '^ a" Impeachments. When sitting tor that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or Affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And no Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence of two thirds of the Members present.
Judgment in Case 7. Judgment in Cases of Impeach- of Conviction ^^^^ ^j^^jj ^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^
removal from Office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office of honor, Trust or Profit under the United States; but the Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment, Trial, Judgment and Punishment, according to Law.
Elections of SECTION IV. I. The Times, Places and
Senators and Manner of holding Elections for Senators Representatives 1 t->
and Representatives, shall be prescribed
in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such Regulations, except as to the Places of Choosing Senators.
Meeting of 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once Congress ^^ ^^^^^ year, and such Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by Law appoint a different Day.
Organization of SECTION V. i. Each House shall be Congress ^^^ j^^g^ ^^ ^^^ Elections, Returns and
Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business; but a smaller Number may adjourn from day to day, and may be au- thorized to compel the Attendance of absent Members, in such Manner, and under such Penalties as each House may provide.
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Rule of 2. Each House may determine the Rules of
Proceedings jj-g Proceedings, punish its Members for dis- orderly Behavior, and, with the Concurrence of two thirds, expel a Member.
Journals of 3. Each House shall keep a Journal of its
Each House Proceedings and from time to time publish
the same, excepting such Parts as may in their Judgment require Secrecy; and the Yeas and Nays of the Members of either House on any question shall, at the Desire of one fifth of those Present, be entered on the Journal.
Adjournment 4. Neither House, during the Session of of Congress Congress, shall, without the Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other Place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting.
Pay and Privileges SECTION VI. i . The Senators and Repre- of Members sentatives shall receive a Compensation
for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They shall in all Cases, except Treason, Felony and Breach of the Peace, be priv- ileged from Arrest during their Attendance at the Session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any Speech or Debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other Place.
Other Offices 2. No Senator or Representative shall. Prohibited during the Time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil Office under the Authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the Emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time; and no Person holding any Office under the United States, shall be a Member of either House during his Continuance in Office.
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Revenue Bills SECTION VII. I. All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills.
How Bills 2. Every Bill which shall have passed the
Become Laws House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a Law, be presented to the Presi- dent of the United States; If he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his Objections to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the Objections at large on their Journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such Reconsideration two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the Bill, it shall be sent, together with the Objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of that House, it shall become a Law. But in all such Cases the Votes of both Houses- shall be determined by Yeas and Nays, and the Names of the Persons voting for and against the Bill shall be entered on the Journal of each House respectively. If any Bill shall not be re- turned by the President within ten Days (Sundays ex- cepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the Same shall be a Law, in like Manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their Adjournment prevent its Return, in which Case it shall not be a Law.
Approval and Veto 2. Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to Powers of the which the Concurrence of the Senate and
House of Representatives may be neces- sary (except on a question of Adjournment) shall be pre- sented to the President of the United States; and before the Same shall take Effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds
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of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the Rules and Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill.
Powers Vested SECTION VIII. I. The Congress shall in Congress have Power to lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States;
2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States ;
3. To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes;
4. To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies through- out the United States;
5. To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Meas- ures;
6. To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and current Coin of the United States;
7. To establish Post Offices and post Roads;
8. To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and In- ventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries;
q. To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court ;
10. To define and punish Piracies and Felonies com- mitted on the high Seas, and Offenses against the Law of Nations ;
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11. To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water;
12. To raise and support Armies, but no Appropria- tion of Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years;
13. To provide and maintain a Navy;
14. To make Rules for the Government and Regula- tion of the land and naval Forces ;
15. To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions;
16. To provide for organizing, arming, and disci- plining the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress;
17. To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Govern- ment of the United States, and to exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legisla- ture of the State in which the Same shall be, for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, dock- Yards, and other needful Buildings; — And
18. To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof.
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Immigrants How SECTION IX. I . The Migration or Im- Admltted portation of such Persons as any of the
States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thous- and eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each Person.
Habeas Corpus 2. The privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it.
Attainder 3. No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed.
Direct Taxes 4. No capitation, or other direct Tax shall be laid, unless in Proportion to the Census or Enumera- tion herein before directed to be taken.
Regulations Re- 5. No Tax or Duty shall be laid on garding Customs Articles exported from any State.
Duties 6. No Preference shall be given by any Regula- tion of Commerce or Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of another; nor shall Vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay Duties in another.
Moneys, How 7. No Money shall be drawn from the Drawn Treasury but in Consequence of Appro-
priations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time.
Titles of Nobility 8. No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States : And no Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them, shall, without the Consent
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of the Congress, accept of any present, Emolument, Office, or Title, of any kind whatever, from any King, Prince, or foreign State.
Powers of SECTION X. I . No State shall enter into State Defined Qj^y freaty. Alliance, or Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin Money; emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of At- tainder, ex post facto Law, or Law impairing the Obli- gation of Contracts, or grant any Title of Nobility.
2. No State shall, without the Consent of the Con- gress, lay any Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection Laws; and the net Produce of all Duties and Imposts, laid by any State on Imports or Exports, shall be for the Use of the Treasury of the United States; and all such Laws shall be subject to the Revision and Con- trol of the Congress.
3 . No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any duty of Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, enter into any Agreement or Compact with another State, or with a foreign Power, or engage in War, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent Danger as will not admit of delay.
ARTICLE II
Executive Power, SECTION I. I. The executive Power in Whom Vested ghall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term of four Years, and, together with the Vice-Presi- dent, chosen for the same Term, be elected, as follows :
34
Electors 2. Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole Number of Senators and Representa- tives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress; but no Senator or Representative, or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector.
Proceedings of 3. (See Article XII Amendments.) [The Electors Electors shall meet in their respective
States, and vote by Ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an Inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a List of all the Per- sons voted for, and of the Number of Votes for each; which List they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the Seat of the Government of the United States, di- rected to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the Presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the Certificates, and the Votes shall then be counted. The Person having the greatest Number of Votes shall be the President, if such Number be a majority of the whole Number of Electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such Majority, and have an equal Number of Votes, then the House of Repre- sentatives shall immediately choose by Ballot one of them for President; and if no Person have a Majority, then from the five highest on the List the said House shall in like Manner choose the President. But in choosing the Presi- dent, the Votes shall be taken by States, the Representa- tion from each State having one Vote; A quorum for this Purpose shall consist of a Member or Members from two- thirds of the States, and a Majority of all the States shall be necessary to a Choice. In every Case, after the Choice of the President, the Person having the greatest Number
35
of Votes of the Electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal Votes, the Senate shall choose from them by Ballot the Vice- President.]
Time of 4. The Congress may determine the
Choosing Electors j-^^^ ^f choosing the Electors, and the
Day on which they shall give their Votes; which Day shall be the same throughout the United States.
Qualifications of 5 . No person except a natural born Citi- the President ^en, or a Citizen of the United States at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any Per- son be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty-five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States.
Provision in Case 6. In Case of the Removal of the Presi- of his Disability ^^^^ f^om Office, or of his Death.Resigna- tion, or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the said Office, the same shall devolve on the Vice Presi- dent, and the Congress may by Law provide for the Case of Removal, Death, Resignation or Inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what Officer shall then act as President, and such Officer shall act accordingly until the Disability be removed, or a President shall be elected.
Salary of the 7. The President shall, at stated Times, re- President ceive for his Services, a Compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the Period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not re- ceive within that Period any other Emolument from the United States, or any of them.
36
Oath of the 8. Before he enter on the Execution of his President Office, he shall take the following Oath or Affirmation: — "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States."
Duties of the SECTION II. I. The President shall be President Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States; he may require the Opinion in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices, and he shall have Power to Grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offenses against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment.
May Make 2. He shall have Power, by and with
Treaties, Appoint ^.j^g Advice and Consent of the Senate, to
u ges, m assa- j^^ Treaties, provided two-thirds of the dors, Etc. '^
Senators present concur; and he shall
nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Min- isters and Consuls, Judges of the Supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law: but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments.
May Fill 3 . The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session.
37
May make Recom- SECTION III. He shall from time to time mendations to and gj^g ^q ^.j^^ Congress Information of Convene Congress , <- r i t t • i
the otate ot the Union, and recom- mend to their Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordi- nary Occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in Case of Disagreement between them, with Respect to the Time of Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such Time as he shall think proper; he shall receive Am- bassadors and other public Ministers; he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed, and shall Commis- sion all the Officers of the United States.
How Officers May SECTION IV, The President, Vice Presi- Be Removed ^^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^i^jl Officers of the United
States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of. Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.
ARTICLE III
Judicial Power Section I. The judicial Power of the How Invested United States shall be vested in one su- preme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good Behaviour, and shall, at stated Times, receive for their Services a Compensation which shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office.
To Wliat it Section II. i. The judicial Power shall ex- Extends tend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority; — to all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other
38
public Ministers and Consuls; — to all Cases of admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction; — to Controversies to which the United States shall be a Party ; — to Controversies between two or more States ; — Between a State and Citizens of an- other State; — between Citizens of different States; — be- tween Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under Grants of different States, and between a State, or the Citizens thereof, and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects.
Jurisdiction of the 2. In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, Supreme Court other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before mentioned, the supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to Law and Fact, with such Excep- tions, and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make.
Rules Respecting 3 . The trial of all Crimes, except in ^^^^^^ Cases of Impeachment, shall be by Jury;
and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been committed; but when not com- mitted within any State, the Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the Congress may by Law have directed.
Treason Defined SECTION III. I. Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on the Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on Confession in open Court.
Kow Punished 2. The Congress shall have power to de- clare the Punishment of Treason, but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of Blood, or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person attainted.
39
ARTICLE IV
Rights of States SECTION I . Full Faith and Credit shall be and Records given in each State to the public Acts, Records, and Judicial Proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in which such Acts, Records and Proceedings shall be proved, and the Effect thereof.
Privelegesof SECTION II. I. The Citizens of each State Citizens gj^^u ^^ entitled to all Privileges and Im-
munities of Citizens in the several States.
Executive 2. A Person charged in any State with Requisitions Treason, Felony, or other Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State, shall on demand of the executive Authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having Jurisdiction of the Crime.
Laws Regulating 3. No Person held to Service or Labour Service or Labor j^ ^^^ State, under the Laws thereof, es- caping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or Regulation therein, be discharged from such service or Labour, but shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or Labour may be due.
New States, How SECTION III. I. New States may be mitt^d** ^°** ^^ admitted by the Congress into this Union ; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States, or parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress.
40
Power of Congress 2. The Congress shall have Power to Over PubHc Lands dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Con- stitution shall be so construed as to Prejudice any Claims of the United States, or of any particular State.
Republican SECTION IV. The United States shall guar-
Govemment g^tee to every State in this Union a Repub- Guaranteed ,. „ .^ 1 1 n
lican rorm 01 Government, and shall protect
each of them against Invasion; and on Application of the
Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature
cannot be convened) against domestic Violence.
ARTICLE V
Constitution, How The Congress, whenever two-thirds of Amended both Houses shall deem it necessary,
shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the Application of the Legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, shall call a Convention for proposing Amendments, which, in either Case, shall be valid to all intents and Pur- poses, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the several States, or by Conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed by the Con- gress; Provided that no Amendment which may be made prior to the Year One thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner affect the first and fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section of the first Article; and that no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate.
41
ARTICLE VI
Validity of Debts j. All Debts contracted and Engage- Recognized ments entered into, before the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the Confedera- tion.
Supreme Law of 2. This Constitution, and the Laws of the Land Defined ^.^g United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding.
Oath, of Whom 3 . The Senators and Representatives Required and for before mentioned, and the Members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial Officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirm- ation, to support this Constitution; but no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States.
ARTICLE VII
Ratification of the The Ratification of the Conventions of Constitution ^^j^^^ 5^^^^^ 3^^jj ^^ sufficient for the
Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the Same.
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Articles in Addition To, and Amendment Of, the Constitution of the United States of America, Proposed by Congress, and Ratified by the Leg- islatures OF THE Several States, Pursuant to THE Fifth Article of the Original Constitution.
[article i]
Religion and Congress shall make no law respecting an Free Speecli establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.
[article ii]
Right to Bear A well regulated Militia, being necessary to ■^*""^'' the security of a free State, the right of the
people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.
[article hi]
Soldiers in Time No Soldier shall, in time of peace, be of Peace quartered in any house, without the con-
sent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.
[article iv]
Right of The right of the people to be secure in their per- Search sons, houses, papers, and effects, against un- reasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describ- ing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized,
43
[article v]
Capita Crimes No person shall be held to answer for a and Arrest capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless
on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.
[article vi]
Riglit to In all criminal prosecutions, the accused
Speedy Trial shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be in- formed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have com- pulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence.
[article VI i]
Trial by Jury In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.
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[article VII i]
Excessive Bail Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punish- ments inflicted.
[article ix]
Enumeration of The enumeration in the Constitution, of Riglits certain rights, shall not be construed to
deny or disparage others retained by the people.
[article x]
Reserved Rights The powers not delegated to the United of States States by the Constitution, nor prohibited
by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.
[article xi]
Judicial Povi'er The Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens of another State, or by Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign State.
[article xii]
Electors in The Electors shall meet in their respec- Presidential j-j^g States and vote by ballot for Presi- Elections ^^^^ ^^^ Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as Presi- dent, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign
45
and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the govern- ment of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes for President shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the high- est numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Repre- sentatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitu- tional disability of the President. — The person having Vice-President the greatest number of votes as Vice- President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-Presi- dent; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States.
46
[article xiiiJ
Slavery Prohibited SECTION I . Neither slavery nor in- voluntary servitude, except as a punishment . for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.
Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
[article xiv]
Protection for All SECTION I . All persons born or natur- Citizens alized in the United States, and sub-
ject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
Apportionment of SECTION 2. Representatives shall be of Representatives apportioned among the several states according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Execu- tive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of repre-
47
sentation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens 21 years of age in such State.
Rebellion Against SECTION 3. No person shall be a Sena- the United States ^qj. qj. Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a mem- ber of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two- thirds of each House, remove such disability.
The Public Debt SECTION 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void.
Section 5. The Congress shall have power to en- force, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.
[article xv]
Right of SuflFrage SECTION I . The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by
48
the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude —
Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
[article xvi]
Taxes on Incomes The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration.
[article XVI i]
Senators Elected i . The Senate of the United States shall by the People j^g composed of two Senators from
each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures.
Filling of 2. When vacancies happen in the representa- Vacancies ^jqj^ q^ ^j^y State in the Senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provided, That the legislature of any State may empower the executive thereof to make tem- porary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct.
3. This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution.
49
Chapter III
D
The Declaration of Independence
The Declaration of Independence was adopted July 4, 1776, by the original thirteen states. These were Dela- ware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, Connect- icut, Massachusetts, Maryland, South Carolina, New Hampshire, Virginia, New York, North Caro- lina, and Rhode Island.
The Declaration of Independence reads as follows:
The unanimous declaration of the thirteen United States of America. When in the Course of human events it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitles them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.
We hold these truths to be self evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights. Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, That whenever any Form of Government becomes de- structive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shewn, that mankind are more disposed to
50
suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world.
He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most whole- some and necessary for the public good.
He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of im- mediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them.
He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommoda- tion of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only.
He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.
He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people.
He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the Legislative powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exercise; the State remaining in the meantime exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within.
He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturali- zation of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage
51
their migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands.
He has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary Powers.
He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.
He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to harass our people, and eat out their substance.
He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislature.
He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil power.
He has combined with others to subject us to a juris- diction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation :
For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us :
For protecting them, by a mock Trial, from punish- ment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States :
For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world :
For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent :
For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by jury:
For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pre- tended offences :
For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighboring Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies :
For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments :
For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.
He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us.
5^
He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people.
He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation.
He has constrained our fellow-Citizens taken captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands.
He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions.
In every stage of these Oppressions We have Peti- tioned for Redress in the most humble terms.
Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A Prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.
Nor have We been wanting in attentions to our British brethren. We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwar- rantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which would in- evitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of con- sanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind. Enemies in War, in Peace Friends.
WE, THEREFORE, the Representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly PUBLISH and declare, That these United Colonies are,
53
and of Right ought to be free and independent States ; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as free and independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, con- tract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which independent States may of right do. And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, We mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes, and our sacred Honor.
54
Chapter IV
D
The States
The forty-eight (48) states that compose the United States are :
Alabama
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
WiSCONISN
Wyoming
In addition to the above there are the territories of Alaska, Hawaii and Porto Rico, the Phillipine Islands, Virgin Islands (formerly Danish West Indtes), and the District of Columbia. \ ^.
55
PART IV Chapter I
D
The State
(NOTE — In studying about the State, students should learn particu- larly about the State in which they reside).
The State, just as the United States is governed by three departments :
1 . Executive
2. Legislative
3. Judicial
Executive Department. The head of the state is called the Governor. While the Governor has no cabinet just as the President has, still there are State officers elected, who handle different matters for the State. The Governor and these state officers compose the Executive Department.
Legislative Department. The Legislative De- partment is composed, just like in the national govern- ment, of the Senate and the House of Representatives. In California, instead of the House of Representatives, there is the Assembly. The Legislative Department of the State is not called Congress; it is called The Legislature.
The Legislature meets every two years in the capitol of the state.
Judicial Department. The Judicial Department, just as in the national government, is composed of the Courts.
57 - .
Chapter I I The Executive Department of the State
State Officials. The Governor is elected every four years in Oregon, Washington, and California. In Idaho he is elected every two years. He sees to it that the laws of the State are carried out properly. He is elected by the citizens of his state.
The next important officer in the state is the Lieuten- ant-Governor. He acts as the President of the Senate and takes the place of the Governor should the latter die, or be disabled. Oregon has no Lieutenant-Governor.
The Secretary of State keeps the records for the state.
The State Treasurer has charge of the state's finances.
The Attorney General is the lawyer for the state.
The Superintendent of Public Instruction has charge of the schools of the state.
The State Printer does all the printing of books and papers for the state.
The State Food and Dairy Commissioner sees that all dairies and other places which produce food are kept clean and sanitary.
The State Engineer looks after all engineering projects for the state.
The State Health Officer looks after the health of the people within the state and especially does everything possible to prevent epidemics of disease.
The Corporation Commissioner has general supervision and control over investment companies and corporations doing business within the State.
The Insurance Commissioner sees that all insurance companies comply with the law.
58
Chapter III
n
The Legislative Department of the State
The Legislative Department of the state, known as the Legislature is composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives (except in California where the Legis- lature is composed of the Senate and the Assembly), and meets in the capitol of the state every two years to make laws for the state.
Senators are elected every four years in Oregon, Washington and California. In Idaho they are elected for two years. Representatives are elected every two years.
Thirty Senators and sixty Representatives form the Legislature in Oregon. Forty-two Senators and ninety- eight Representatives comprise the Legislature of Wash- ington, thirty-seven Senators and sixty-five representa- tives are in the Idaho Legislature and forty senators and eighty assemblymen form the California Legislature.
In Oregon, the chairman of the Senate is elected from among the Senators, and is called the President of the Senate. In Washington, Idaho and California the Lieutenant-Governor is the President of the Senate; and the chairman of the House of Representatives (in Califor- nia of the Assembly) is elected from among the Repre- sentatives and is called the Speaker.
59
Chapter IV
D
The Judicial Department of the State
Oregon. The courts in Oregon are divided as follows:
Municipal Court Justice Court County Court Circuit Court Supreme Court
The Municipal Court, also known as the Police Court, is located only in cities, and has jurisdiction over minor offenses against the law and examines into all crimes.
The Justice Court also has jurisdiction over minor offenses against the law, makes examinations of crimes committed in the county, and also of any civil cases in- volving sums of less than $250.00.
In Portland, the Justice Court is known as the Dis- trict Court and has jurisdiction over civil cases of less than $300.
From the Municipal, Justice and District Court, one may appeal to the Circuit Court. Civil actions in any sum, and criminal cases are determined in this Court. Divorce proceedings are also heard here.
From the Circuit Court one appeals to the Supreme Court at Salem (in Oregon). This is the highest Court in the State.
Another important court is the County Court. This court takes up matters affecting insane persons and estates.
60
In Oregon the County Judge also has charge of the Juvenile Court which deals with offenses of children under eighteen years of age.
The main differences between the State courts and the United States courts are these:
Suits brought between citizens of one state are taken up in the State courts.
Generally, suits brought between citizens of one state and citizens of another, are brought in the United States Courts.
Offenses against the State laws are taken up in State Courts. Offenses against the laws of the United States are taken up in the United States Courts.
Washington. In Washington there are the muni- cipal, justice, superior and supreme courts.
The Municipal and Justice Courts have the same jurisdiction as in Oregon. From these Courts appeal is taken to the Superior Court. The Superior Court in Washington has practically the same jurisdiction as the Circuit and County Courts in Oregon.
The Supreme Court has the same jurisdiction as the Supreme Court in Oregon.
Idaho. The lowest courts in Idaho are the Municipal and Justice Courts. The Justice Court is limited to mat- ters involving less than $300.00.
The Probate Court handles the estates of those who died, the estates of insane persons, juvenile work and mat- ters involving less than $500.
From the above courts appeals may be taken to the District Court. The District Court also handles criminal matters.
The highest Court is the Supreme Court.
61
California. In California there are the Municipal, Justice and Superior Courts, the District Court of Ap- peals and the Supreme Court.
The Municipal and Justice Courts have practically the same jurisdiction as in the other states. Appeals may be taken from these to the Superior Court. From the 6"^- perior Court appeals may be taken to the District Court of Appeals and to the Supreme Court. There is also a Juvenile Court that deals with offenses by children.
62
Chapter V State Officials
Oregon. Governor, James Withycombe
Secretary of State, Ben W. Olcott
State Treasurer, Thomas B. Kay
Attorney General, Geo. M. Brown
Supt. of Public Instruction, J. A. Churchill
Dairy and Food Commissioner, John D. Mickle
State Labor Commissioner, O. P. Hoff
State Engineer, John H. Lewis
Corporation Commissioner, H. J. Schulderman
Insurance Commissioner, Harvey Wells
Master Fish Warden, R. D. Clanton
State Game Warden, Carl D. Shoemaker
State Health Officer, Dr. Calvin S. White
State Printer, Arthur W. Lawrence
The above are state officials. There are also seven judges of the State Supreme Court.
The Governor, Secretary of State and State Treas- urer are the Board of Control of the State of Oregon.
Washington Governor, Ernest Lister
Lieutenant-Governor, Louis F. Hart
Secretary of State, I. M. Howell
State Treasurer, W. W. Sherman
Attorney-General, W. V. Tanner
Supt. of Public Inst., Josephine Preston
Insurance Commissioner, H. O. Fishbeck
Commissioner of Public Lands, C. V. Savage
63
Idaho Governor, M. Alexander
Lieutenant-Governor, E. L. Parker Secretary of State, W. T. Daugherty State Treasurer, John M. Eagleson Attorney-General, T. A. Walters Supt, of Public Inst., Ethel Redfield Auditor, Clarence Van Dusen Mine Inspector, R. N. Bell
California Governor, William D Stephens. Lieutenant-Governor, Vacant. Secretary of State, Frank C. Jordan State Treasurer, F. W. Richardson Controller, John S. Chambers Attorney-General, U. S. Webb Supt. of Public Instruction, Edward Hyatt Surveyor-General, W, S. Kingsbury
64
Chapter VI The County
The county is governed by Commissioners and in some places also by the County Court. They have con- trol over all territory not covered by cities. As before stated there are thirty-six counties in Oregon, thirty-nine in Washington; thirty-seven in Idaho and fifty-eight in California.
Other officers of the county: The Sheriff serves all papers in civil and criminal actions issuing from the Circuit Court, collects the taxes (where the office of Tax Collector does not exist) and keeps order in the county; the Assessor figures out how much taxes each person should pay; the Auditor examines the accounts of the County officers; the Clerk acts as secretary for the county; the District Attorney is the lawyer for the county, and also acts as lawyer for the state in all criminal matters occur- ing within the county; the Treasurer takes care of the funds of the County ; the Health Officer looks after the health of the people; the School Superintendent looks after educa- tional matters within the county; the Coroner investigates all cases of death by other than natural causes.
65
Chapter VII
D
The City
Most cities have a Mayor and Councilmen or Alder- men, who are elected by the people.
In San Francisco they are known as Supervisors. The Mayor is the head of the city.
The City is divided into districts and wards and each ward elects a Councilman to represent it. The Mayor and the Councilmen meet and make the laws or ordinances for for the city. Seattle, Washington, and San Francisco, California are governed this way.
The City has other officials such as the City Auditor who acts as secretary for the city. The City Treasurer looks after the finances; the City License Officer attends to the granting of licenses; the Building Inspector sees that all buildings constructed within the city are safe; the City Health Officer looks after the health of the people in the city; the Chief of Police is the head of the Police Department, and the Chief of the Fire Department heads the firemen.
In Portland, Oregon, and in Boise Idaho, there is a commission form of government. This does away with the selection of councilmen from various wards and instead the people elect a Mayor and four commissioners. Each commissioner has charge of a special department and is responsible for what happens in it. Commissioners are generally elected for a term of four years. The Mayor is also generally elected for a term of four years.
66
Chapter VIII The Oregon System
In Oregon there originated another system of making laws besides the Legislature. It is called the Initiative and Referendum.
Initiative. Under the Initiative, the people can make laws direct. This is done by getting voters to sign petitions to put a certain measure on the ballot for the people to vote on. Only a small percentage of voters is necessary to sign the petition. When the measure is put on the ballot, the people vote on it direct. If a majority favor it, it becomes a law.
Referendum. Under the Referendum, the people by the same system of passing a petition around for signa- tures, can take a law already on the books of the state and give it to the people to vote on to either keep it or do away with it.
All laws passed by the Legislature must receive the signature of the Governor. Laws passed by the people under the Initiative or Referendum do not need the Governor's signature.
Other parts of what is known as the Oregon System are the Recall, the Corrupt Practices Act and the Direct Primary.
The Recall. The Recall is a means by which if a public officer does not do his duty, he can be recalled, that is discharged by the people. This is done also by petition
67
of signers. After a sufficient number of signatures is secured, the officer's name and the names of others who desire the office are put on the ballot and the one receiving the highest number of votes, is elected.
The Corrupt Practices Act. This is a law whose aims are to make election of officers fair and to help the person in office to do his duty. It provides that no one can offer a voter any kind of pay either in the form of money, position, or anything else for his vote. It also limits the amount of money a candidate for office can spend to be elected.
The Direct Primary. The Direct Primary law gives the people the right to nominate candidates for office. A few months before elections, those desiring to run for office get a certain number of signatures on peti- tions. Their names are then put on the ballot at a special primary election. Voters of the various parties then select the persons who should represent the party in the elections. The one receiving the highest number of votes from among the Republicans is the Republican candidate for the office he desires, the one who receives the most Democratic votes is the Democratic candidate. At the regular elections the people select from among these whom- ever they wish for the various offices.
The Initiative and Referendum, Direct Primary, and Recall are in force in Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and California. In Idaho, the recall does not apply to Judges.
The Corrupt Practices act is in force in all the men- tioned states except in Washington.
68
PART V
Chapter I
Short History of the United States
The history of the United States can be said to have begun with the discovery of America by Columbus in 14Q2. This started others coming, so that for various reasons people came from Europe until in the eighteenth century this country was settled by persons from almost every part of Europe. The eastern part located on the Atlantic seaboard was mainly settled by the English. The British King and the British government did not treat them justly so the people in these colonies revolted and on July 4, 1776, adopted the Declaration of Inde- pendence in which they stated their grievances and declared that the colonies wanted to be and are free. After or- ganizing armies and defeating the British armies who were sent here, the United States of America became a nation, and in 1789 a Constitution was adopted. Elections were held and George Washington, the general who led the American army, was elected the first president.
In 1 803 an immense body of land known as Louisiana was purchased from France for $15,000,000.
In 1 81 2 another war was had with Great Britain because it did not respect the sovereignty of this country and the English were again defeated.
In i8iq, Florida came into the United States.
In 1845, Texas was annexed.
In 1846, the Oregon country became a part of the United States.
6q
In 1848, the United States had a war with Mexico and defeated the Mexicans.
In 1853, the Gadsden purchase was made and what is now New Mexico and Arizona became a part of this country.
In 1 86 1 the Southern States seceded and the Con- federate States of America were established. From 1861 when President Lincoln abolished slavery, to 1865, the Civil War raged. Finally the North won, and since then this country progressed.
In 1867 Alaska was purchased from Russia for $7,200,- 000.
In i8q8 Hawaii was annexed to this country. In this year, too, the United States had a war with Spain and was again victorious. As a result the Philippine Islands, Porto Rico and other islands became a part of the United States in i8qq.
In I goo a few islands of the Samoan group were an- nexed and in 1904 the country through which the Panama Canal was dug, was purchased.
In iqi7, the Danish West Indies were acquired by purchase and renamed the Virgin Islands.
On April 6, IQ17, war was declared against Germany.
70
PART VI Chapter I
D
How To Become A Citizen
A person desiring to become a citizen, must be at least eighteen years of age. He can apply either to the County Clerk or whoever else may act as Clerk of the Circuit Court in the County in which he then resides, or to the Clerk of the United States District Court, of the district in which he then resides. He is given an applica- tion to fill out as follows:
FACTS FOR DECLARATION OF INTENTION
U. S. Department of Labor Naturalization Service
NOTE. — A copy of this form should be furnished by the clerk of the court to each applicant for a declaration of intention, so that he can at his leisure fill in the answers to the questions. After being filled out the form is to be returned to the clerk, to be used by him in properly filling out the declaration. If the applicant landed on or after June 2q, iqo6, his declaration should not be filed until the name of the vessel is definitely given (or the name of the rail- road and border port in the United States through which the alien entered), as well as the date of arrival.
TO THE applicant— The fee of one dollar must be paid to the clerk of the court before he commences to fill out the declaration of intention. No fee is chargeable for this blank.
My name is
(Alien should state here his true, original, and correct name in full.)
Age: years.
(Give age at last birthday)
71
Also known as
(If alien has used any other name in this country, that name should be shown on line immediately above.)
Occupation:...-
Color: Complexion
Height: feet inches. Weight pounds.
Color of hair Color of eyes
Other visible distinctive marks
(If no visible distinctive marks, so state)
Where born ,
(City or Town) (Country)
Date of birth , ,
(Month) (Day) (Year)
Present residence ,
(Number and street) (City or town)
(State. Territory or District)
Emigrated from ,
(Place where alien got on ship or train to (Country) come to the U. S.)
Name of vessel
(If the alien arrived otherwise than by vessel, the character of conveyance or name of transportation company should be given.)
Last place of foreign residence ,
(City or Town) (Country)
*I am married; the name of my wife
is ; she was * born
*NOTE TO CLERK OF COURT— The two lines indicated by the ♦ contain information which is provided for by blanks on the latest declaration of intention form; until such time as you may be sup- plied with forms containing these blank spaces the information called for herein should be inserted immediately above the twelfth line, which begins "It is my bona fide intention" etc., as requested in circular letter of January y, iqi6.
72
at and now resides
at -
I am now a subject of and intend to renounce allegiance
to
(Write name and title of sovereign and country of which now a subject, or if citizen of a Republic, write name of Republic only.)
Port of Arrival ,
(City or Town) (State or Territory)
Date of arrival in United States , ,
(Month) (Day) (Year)
The foregoing is the form of application for Declara- tion of Intention or first papers and can be secured at any time after the applicant reaches the age of eighteen years. Further questions are asked the applicant by the clerk who swears the applicant to his statements on payment of the fee of one dollar. The Declaration of Intention (first papers) is then handed to the applicant. This must be kept by him because he must have it with him and give it to the clerk of the court when he applies for his
SECOND PAPERS.
To get the second papers, the applicant must be in this country at least five years when he applies for them. Not less than two years and not more than seven years
73
must pass between the time he makes his declaration of intention and makes application for his second papers.
If the applicant arrived in the United States after June 2Q, iqo6 (the date of the passage of the present natur- alization law), he must first secure, from the clerk of the court in which he expects to file his application for second papers, a blank paper which is a request for the certificate from the Department of Labor showing the date and place of his last arrival in the United States and the name of the ship, or railroad line on which he came.
The government will then get from the Immigration Officers at the port where the applicant entered the United States the certificate of his arrival. This certificate is not sent to the applicant but to the clerk of the court. At the same time the applicant is notified by the Department to go to the Clerk's office with two witnesses to file his ap- plication for second papers.
This certificate of arrival is not given to the applicant himself — at any time.
The request for certificate of arrival is shown below :
74
Request for Certificate of Arrival
For Use of Aliens Arriving After June 29, igo6
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Naturalization Service
NOTICE TO THE CLERK OF THE COURT:
This form is to be used only where an alien arrived in this country after June 2Q, I gob.
When an alien desires to petition for naturalization, this form should be given to him before he is permitted to file his petition, and the execution of the petition for naturalization should not be com- menced until the certificate of arrival is received by the clerk of the court. The alien should be directed to complete the letter below and carefully fill in all the blanks in this form, as the infor- mation is necessary to obtain the certificate of arrival, and will aid the clerk of the court in filing the petition for naturalization. The alien should then mail this form to the Commissioner of Naturalization, Department of Labor, Washington, D. C.
That official will at once take steps to obtain and forward to the clerk of court the certificate of arrival required by section 4 of the act of June ig, 1906, to be attached to and made a part of the petition at the time of its filing. The statement of facts will also be forwarded to the clerk of the court. Notice will also be given to the alien that the certificate has been sent to the clerk of the court named by him.
COMMISSIONER OF NATURALIZATION.
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR,
WASHINGTON, D. C.
SIR: I came to this country after June zq, iqo6. Please obtain a certificate showing my arrival in the
United States and forward it to the Clerk of the
(Give on these two lines title of court, and city or town, and county and State where court is located in which the petition will be filed.)
for filing as the law requires, with the petition for naturali- zation which I intend to file in that court.
In the accompanying statement I have given the date I landed and the place of my arrival and shown the
75
facts which will go in my petition for naturalization when it is filed.
Respectfully,
(Sign Name in Full)
(Give Address Here)
NOTE TO THE APPLICANT FOR NATURALIZATION: Please send your declaration of intention to the Bureau of Naturaliza- tion, with this application. It will be filed with the clerk of the court for you at the time the certificate of your arrival is sent to him.
ONLY ALIENS WHO ENTERED THE UNITED STATES THROUGH CANADA OR MEXICO SHOULD ANSWER THE QUESTIONS ON THIS PAGE AND THEY SHOULD BE ANS- WERED IN ADDITION TO THE OTHER QUESTIONS ON THE REMAINING PAGES.
Refer to your passport, ship's card, and baggage labels, if you have any to help you answer these questions. Mail your passport or ship's card to the Bureau of Naturalization with this form and it will be returned after it has been examined.
1 . My full name as given at time of sailing from Europe
was
2. My age as given at time of sailing from Europe
was.,
I sailed on the vessel
(Give name. If you cannot remember name of vessel, give the line)
The following are the names of the members of my family who came with me and other passengers on
the vessel on which I sailed
fCanada
5. I arrived at seaport of in-{
[Mexico
on , ,
(Month) (Day) (Year)
76
6. My destination in | ^^^^^ was.
(If alien informed immigration authorities at port of embarkation and at port of arrival in Canada or Mexico that he had no intention of re- maining in that country, please so state.)
7. I was going to join.
(Here give name of person and address)
8. I was examined for admission into the United
(If not examined write "not" in blank space)
States at
(If you were examined on a train, state this fact, also.)
Q. My full name as given when examined for admission
into the United States was
10. I entered the United States on
(Month)
- , at
(Day) (Year) (Give name of place
at border of the United States)
77
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
Naturalization Service Facts for Petition for Naturalization
My name is
(Alien should state here his true, original, and correct name in full)
Also known as
(If alien has used any other name in this country, that name should be shown on line immediately above)
I. My place of residence is ..,
(Number and name of Street) (City or Town)
(County) (State. Territory or District)
2. My present occupation is
3. I was born on the day of , iq.
at , and my last foreign residence
(City or Town) (Country)
was ,
(City or Town) (Country)
4. I emigrated to the United States from
(Place where alien
, -^ on
got on ship or train to come to the U. S.) (Country)
or about the day of , iq , and
arrived at the port of , ,
(Port of arrival) (State)
on the day of , iq , on the
vessel , of the Line, by
first cabin , second cabin , steerage
(If the alien arrived otherwise than by vessel, the character of con- veyance or name of transportation company should be given.)
78
at which time my height was feet inches,
complexion ; color of hair ; color
of eyes ; occupation ; destined
to , , and accompanied
(City or Town) (State)
by ; destined to
(Person or persons to whom destined)
(If the alien came under some other name than his own name, the name used on the steamship must be given here, or the record of arrival cannot be found)
(If the alien arrived as a stowaway or deserting seaman, or in any other manner, than as a passenger, please so state.)
5. I declared my intention to become a citizen of the
United States on the day of , iq ,
at , in the ': Court
(Location of Court) of
6. 1 am married. My wife's name is
(Petitioner, if a widower, should give the name of his wife when living, and state place of her birth, and fact of her death; if not married, he should enter "not" in the first sentence)
She was born in , and
(City or Town) (Country)
now resides in , ,
(Number and street.) (City or Town)
I have children, and the name....,
(Country)
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date , and place of birth, and place..
of residence of each of said children is as follows :
, born day of , i....
at ; resides at
, born day of , i...
at ; resides at
, born day of , i...
at ; resides at
, born day of , i....
at ; resides at
7. I now owe allegiance to
(Name of sovereign and country of which alien
is now a subject.)
8. I am able to speak the English language. Q. I have resided continuously in the United States since the day of , iq...., and in the
}
Territory of
State }■ since the day of
District
., iq.
10. I have heretofore made petition for United
States citizenship.
(If petitioner has heretofore made application for citizenship, the facts required should be fully stated in the following blanks)
80
I previously petitioned for citizenship to the.
Court, at
(City or Town)
(State, Territory or District)
on the.
.day of , I , which was
denied for the following reason:
The cause of such denial has since been cured or re- moved.
Give names, occupations and residence addresses of two witnesses, citizens of the United States, who have known you for at least five years, last past, as a resident of the State in which petition is made, who will make affidavit that you are a person of good moral character that you are qualified in every way to be admitted a citizen of the United States and who will appear with you before the clerk when petition is filed and also be present at the hearing of the petition by the court.
If you have resided in the State in which petition is made for at least one year, last past, but less than five years, the two witnesses must verify the entire period of residence within said State, and the remain- ing portion of the five years" residence in some other state must be shown at the hearing by the testimony of the same or other witnesses appearing in person, or by depositions taken under section lo of the naturalization act of June 2q. iqo6. The required form for notice to take depositions may be obtained from the clerk of court when petition is filed.
(Name)
(Occupation) (Residence Address)
(Name) (Occupation) (Residence Address)
Names of witnesses who will be substituted by me if those appear- ing with me at the time of filing my petition for naturalization are unable to appear at the time of the hearing:
(Name)
(Occupation) (Residence Address)
(Name)
(Occupation) (Residence Address)
8i
My Declaration of Intention to become a Citizen of the United States is sent with this application.
If, however, the applicant arrived before June iq, iqo6, he is not required to furnish a certificate of arrival and may make his petition for second papers by taking his two wit- nesses and his first papers to the Clerk's office.
When the applicant appears in the Clerk's office with his two witnesses, he must pay the clerk of court, Four Dollars ($4.00) and his declaration of intention (first papers) and the certificate of his arrival in the United States must then be there. The applicant is then required to swear to the following petitions, and his two witnesses to the affidavit attached to it. A copy of the petition, with the affidavits, follow:
82
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Petition for Naturalization
No
To the Honorable the Court...
The petition of hereby filed respect- fully showeth:
First My place of residence is
(Give number, street, city or town, and state)
Second My occupation is
Third I was born on the day of , Anno
Domini i , at
Fourth I emigrated to the United States from
on or about the day of _ , Anno
Domini i , and arrived in the United States,
-at the Port of on the
day of Anno Domini i , on the ves- sel
(If the alien arrived otherwise than by vessel, the character of con- veyance or name of transportation company should be given).
Fifth I declared my intention to become a citizen of the
United States on the day of ,
Anno Domini i , at , in the
County of '.
Sixth I am married. My wife's name is
She was born at ,
and now resides at
(Give number, street, city or town, and state)
^3
I have children, and the name , date
and place.... of birth and place of residence of each of said children is as follows:
Seventh I am not a disbeliever in or opposed to organized government or a member of or affiliated with any organization or body of persons teaching disbelief in or opposed to organized government. I am not a polygamist nor a believer in the practice of polygamy. I am attached to the principles of the Constitution of the United States, and it is my in- tention to become a citizen of the United States and to renounce absolutely and forever all alle- giance and fidelity to any foreign prince, potentate,
state or sovereignty, and particularly to
, of whom at this time, I am a
subject, and it is my intention to reside perma- nently in the United States.
Eighth I am able to speak the English language.
Ninth I have resided continuously in the United States of America for the term of five years, at least, im- mediately preceding the date of this petition,
to-wit, since the day of , Anno
Domini i , and in the State of
continuously next preceding the date of this
petition, since the day of , Anno
Domini i , being a resident within this State
of at least one year next preceding the date of this petition.
84
Tenth I have not heretofore made petition for citizenship to any court. I made petition for citizenship to
the Court of on the
day of , Anno Domini i ,
and the said petition was denied by the said Court for the following reasons, and causes, to-wit:
and the cause of such denial has since been cured or removed.
Attached hereto and made a part of this petition are my declaration of intention to become a citizen of the United States and the certificate from the Department of Labor, together with my affidavit and the affidavit of the two verifying witnesses thereto, required by law. Where- fore your petitioner prays that he may be admitted a citizen of the United States of America.
(Complete and true signature of petitioner)
Declaration of Intention No and Certificate of
Arrival No from Department of Labor filed this
day of iqi
NOTE TO CLERK OF COURT— If petitioner arrived in the United States on or before June zq. iqo6, strike out the words reading
"and Certificate of Arrival No from Dept. of Labor."
85
AFFIDAVITS OF PETITIONER AND WITNESSES
>-ss.
The aforesaid petitioner being duly sworn, deposes and says that he is the petitioner in the above entitled proceed- ings, that he has read the foregoing petition and knows the contents thereof, that the said petition is signed with his full, true name; that the same is true of his own knowledge except as to matters therein stated to be alleged upon information and belief, and that as to those matters he believes it to be true.
(Complete and true signature of petitioner) ; occupation
residing at
and ; occupation
residing at
each being severally, duly and respectively sworn, deposes and says that he is a citizen of the United States of America,
that he has personally known „
the petitioner above mentioned to have resided in the United States continuously immediately preceding the
date of filing his petition, since the day of
Anno Domini, i , and in the State in which the above
entitled petition is made, continuously since the
day of... , Anno Domini i , and that he has
personal knowledge that the said petitioner is a person of good moral character, attached to the principles of the Constitution of the United States and that the petitioner
86
is in every way qualified, in his opinion, to be admitted a citizen of the United States.
(Signature of Witness)
(Signature of Witness)
Subscribed and sworn to before me by the above named petitioner and witnesses in the office of the Clerk
of said Court this day of Anno
Domini iq
Clerk
(SEAL)
By Deputy Clerk
No
In order to get the second papers, called Certificate of Naturalization, the above petition must be signed and two witnesses who are citizens of this country must sign as above.
After the petition for naturalization is made, ninety days elapse, then the applicant must again appear in the court in which his petition was filed, accompanied by the two witnesses who signed the petition. He is asked questions regarding the government and history of this country, which can be answered by anyone studying this book. The witnesses swear as to the time he has been in this country and as to his moral character. He swears to uphold the Constitution of the United States and is then admitted to citizenship.
He signs his name to the oath of allegiance to this country and a certificate of citizenship is given to him. This certificate of naturalization reads as follows :
87
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CERTIFICATE OF NATURALIZATION
No
Petition Volume Number
Description of holder. Age years; height feet
inches, color Complexion , color of
eyes , color of hair visible distinguishing
marks
Name, age, and place of residence of wife
Names, ages, and places of residence of minor children
(Signature of Holder)
State of )
> ss. County of )
Be it remembered that
then residing at number street. City of
State of , who previous to his
(or her) naturalization was a sibfSt °^ » ^^^~
ing applied to be admitted a citizen of the United States
of America pursuant to law, and at a term of the
88
Court of , held at
on the day of in the year of our Lord,
nineteen hundred and , the court having found that
the petitioner had resided continuously within the United States for at least five years and in this state for at least one year immediately preceding the date of the filing of his (or her) petition, and that said petitioner intends to re- side permanently in the United States, had in all respects
complied with the law in relation thereto, and that he
was entitled to be so admitted, it was thereupon ordered by the said court that. ...he be admitted as a citizen of the United States of America. ,
IN TESTIMONY WHEREOF the seal of said court
is hereunto affixed on the day of in the year
of our Lord, nineteen hundred and , and of our In- dependence the one hundred and ,
(Clerk of Court) (Deputy Clerk)
8q
788876
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APR G - 1933
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