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indicated below:

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GUIDE

To THE Contents

OF THE

AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.

SYDNEY.

1890.

lALlAN HUSEUM

■u

' > ttAtre:

M.D., F.L.S.

TUSTICE.
J'HK •^ aL SECRETARY.

IE Ii"N. 'ilil: ^ N'^Y-GENERAL.

- E HON. T>1J ' AL TREASURER.

THE AUMTOR-Q/Vi::-^ .L.
•IE C.^ITEfTOK Oj JSTOMS.
: '*YOK RAL.

I ■ '-',:cT.

^' lE MEDICAL BOARD.

t'Uc'vvt ': stees:

'^OF. v.siDG ..A., F.R.S.

Pt^^Rt NOR. ,.^ M.L.C., LL.D.

.■>EK'.. M.R.C.S., Kut.

' ''uAD:.r':Y, i:*.

B :UNT, •>-,., ^MG.

CHARLES xMOORE, Esq., F.L.S.

C. S. WILKINSON, Esq,, F.G.S., F.L.S.

THE HON. P. G. KING, M.L.C.

PROF. W. J. STEPHENS, M.A.

W. D. CAMPBELL WILLIAMS, Esq., L R.C.P., &c.

PROF. T. P. ANDERSON STUART, M.D., Ch. M.

STAFF OF THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

JUNE, 1890.

Curator :
E. P. RAMSAY, LL.D.,'f.R.S.E., F.G.S., M.R.LA., &c., &c.

Secretary :
SUTHEEILAND SINCLAIR.

H. BARNES Articulator, Photographer, Modeller, d-c.

G. H. BARROW Ticket Writer, Artist and Registrar.

J. BRAZIER, C.M.Z.S Conchologist.

R. ETHERIDGE, Jux Palaeontologist.

J. D. OGILBY, F.L.S Zoologist.

A. S. OLLIFF, F.E.S Entomologist.

J. A. THORPE Taxidermist.

T. WHITELEGGE, C.R.M.S. ... Invertebrate Zoologist.

A. J. NORTH, F.L.S Engaged in Preparation of Catalogue.

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GUIDE

To THE Contents

OF THE

AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.

SYDNEY.

1890.

NOTE.

This Guide has been prepared and edited at

the request of the Trustees, by the Secretary, Mr.

S. Sinclair, who is indebted to the members of

the staff for valuable assistance in its compilation.

E. P. RAMSAY,

Curator.

CONTENTS.

Plan . . .

Facing title-page

PAGE

I. Introduction... ... ... ... ... ... 5

II. General Arrangement of the Museum... ... 8

III. General Division of the Animal Kingdom ... 15

IV. Mammalia ... ... ... ... ... ... 20

Y. Australian Mammalia ... ... ... ... 39

VI. Birds ... ... ... ... ... ... .., 52

VII. AustralIx\n Birds ... ... ... ... ... 55

VIII. Reptilia and Batrachia ... ... ... ... 62

IX. Fishes... ... ... ... ... ... ... 68

X. Mollusca ... ... ... ... ... ... 75

XI. Insecta ... ... ... ... ... ... 82

XII. Crustacea AND Lower Invertebrata .. ... 91

XIII. Osteology ... ... ... 104

XIV. Paleontology ... ... ... .. ...112

XV. Geology and Mineralogy ... ... 119

XVI. Anthropology and Ethnology ... 139

69752

a-TJIID E

TO THE

AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

I.

INTRODUCTION.

The Australian Museum was founded in the year 1836. It was

originally connected with the Botanic Gardens, and was located

in a room in Macquarie Street. It was managed by a Committee,

which in 1837 consisted of Alexander Macleay, Esq., J. V.

Thompson, Esq., Capt. P. P. King, R.^., Hon. E. D. Thompson,

M.C, Charles Sturt, Esq., George Macleay, Esq., with George

Bennett, Esq., as Secretary. In the year 1837, also, the first

catalogue of the exhibits was published. From this it appears

that there were at that time in the Museum — 43 Specimens of

Mammals; 348 of Birds; 21 of Reptiles; 215 of Insects; 25 of

Shells ; 34 of Skulls ; 63 of Fossils and Minerals ; 55 of Native

Implements, etc.. 804 in all, besides some collections of Fossils

not enumerated.

The Museum was soon afterwards removed to the Surveyor-
General's Office in Bridge Street, where it remained till 1849, in
which year it was again removed to its present site at the corner
of William and College Streets. The building at this time
consisted of one room with a gallery. It still exists as the
" Old Wing " of the present Museum.

B

D. H, HILL LIBRARY

North Carolina State College

6 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

The affairs of the Museum continued to be managed by the
Committee until 1853, when it was incorporated by Act of Parlia-
ment, under a Board of Trustees composed of twelve Official
Trustees, one Trustee named by the Governor and called the
Crown Trustee, and twelve Elective Trustees, who were : Arthur
A'Beckett, Esq., George Bennett, Esq., Rev. W. B. Clarke,
Fred. 0. Darvall, Esq., Capt. P. P. King, R.N., Rev. R. L.
King, William Macarthur, Esq., Hon. W. S. Macleay, George
Macleay, Esq., John Smith, Esq., M.D., Rev. Geo. E. Turner,
and George Witt, Esq., M.D.

The First Crown Trustee was the Hon. W. K. Parker ; who
was succeeded by the Hon. Sir E. Deas-Thompson, in 1857 ;
and the Hon. Sir Alfred Stephen in 1880.

The Hon. Secretaries to the Committee from 1836 to 1853
were— Dr. Bennett, Rev. W. B. Clarke, Lieut. R. Lynd, Rev.
G. E. Turner, and Dr. Witt.

The Secretaries to the Trustees have been — Mr. G. F. Angas,
1853; Mr. S. R. Pittard (Curator and Secretary), 1860;
Mr. Gerard Krefft (Curator and Secretary), 1860 ; Mr. Chas.
Robinson, 1873; Mr. E. W. Palmer, 1877 ; Mr. C. R. Buck-
land, 1879 ; Mr. S. Sinclair, 1882.

The first Curator of the Museum was Mr. W. S. Wall ; he
was succeeded by Mr. S. R. Pittard in 1859 ; Mr. Gerard
Krefft in 1861 ; and Dr. E. P. Ramsay in 1874.

In 1869 a plan for a handsome structure to contain the
Museum, the Free Public Library, and the Art Gallery, was pre-
pared, but only a small part of the portion intended for the
Museum has been erected, viz., the western end, at present the
principal part of the Museum, facing College street. The in-
terior of the building as it now stands consists of a series of five

I. INTRODUCTION. 7

large halls on the ground floor, with extensions from the terminal
halls at each end ; and on the upper floor, which is reached by a
broad handsome staircase, of the same number of halls without
any extension.

The collections are arranged to the best advantage in these halls,
but it is not possible in the unfinished state of the building to
have a thoroughly complete or systematic arrangement. The
exhibits, which in 1837 numbered about 800, may now be counted
by hundreds of thousands, and require for their display far more
space than is at the disposal of the Trustees. In some classes
only a temporary arrangement has been attempted, and allied
specimens, for want of room in the cases,, are occasionally found
in diflerent parts of the building, so that the visitor is requested
to be forbearing until with more accommodation a proper ar-
rangement can be made.

This Guide is intended to help visitors in their examination of
the Museum. For the ordinary visitor, who comes from curiosity
or for amusement, the chapter ' ' General Arrangement of the
Museum," with the help of the plan, will probably be sufficient ;
for those who wish to study, so as to gain at least an elementary
knowledge of the animal and mineral kingdoms, the succeeding
chapters have been prepared somewhat on the lines of a hand
book ; while, for students of special subjects, separate and very
complete catalogues have been ^orepared by order of the Trustees.
A list of these as far as published, will be found appended to
this Guide.

8 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

II.

GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF THE

MUSEUM.

On entering the Museum from College-street the visitor passes
directly into the large Central Hall, from whence other parts of the
building are approached by the grand staircase leading to the
upper floor, and by passages between pillars leading on the left
to the Australian, and on the right to the Osteological Halls,
and through these to the Mineral and the Ethnological Depart-
ments.

The Entrance or Central Hall is a lofty room, with a mosaic
floor, occupying the central portion of the new building. It is
not devoted specially to any one subject, but contains various
specimens of interest. In different places on the floor are
skeletons and mounted skins of animals — among them, Antelopes
and Deer, two species of Rhinoceros, a female specimen of the
Wild Cattle of India, Zebras, and skeletons of the Camel and
Giraffe, and, in cases, mounted specimens of the Gorilla from
West Africa, and Orang Outang from Borneo.

The case immediately facing the entrance contains a collection
of Foreign Snakes in s|)irits ; including the American Boa
Constrictor and the Indian Python, the Anaconda of South
America, the deadly Indian Cobra di Capello, and others from
various parts of the world. In a separate and smaller case is an
articulated skeleton of an Indian Python, and in another part
of the Hall are a few mounted skins of non-venomous snakes
(Pythons and Boas).

On the large central table the most conspicuous objects are
casts of tlie Meyatherium giganteum of South America and of the
tusks of Elephas ganesa of India, a description of which will be
found in chapter XIY. Palaeontology.

Passing nortliwards — that is to the left of the entrance is

the Australian Hall, where specimens of the animals peculiar to
Australia are exhibited.

II. GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OP THE MUSEUM. 9

Beginning at the left is a series of Marsupials. The first cases
contain the Kangaroos and the Wombats. The next contain the
Wallabies, Wallaroos, and the smaller species of Kangaroos. In
the centre case on the end wall are the Jerboa- and Rat-Kangaroos,
the Perameles, the Bandicoots and their allies. The next case to
these in the right hand corner has a group of Tasmanian Mammals,
among which are specimens of the Tasmanian Devil (Sarcophilus)
and Tiger ( Thylacinus). On a shelf in the same case are
Native Cats, &c. The Opossums and Native Bears follow and
occupy one side of the room. The Placentals or Non-Marsupial
Mammals— including Eats and Mice, Bats, the Dingo, Seals,
&c., are further round in the case between the Opossums and
the door leading to the Geological Hall.

Having reached this stage the visitor is recommended to return
to the north end of the Australian Hall and to examine the
Fishes and Reptiles in the table cases.

The Australian Fishes are in three large cases in the centre of
the Hall. One contains mounted specimens, the others princi-
pally fishes preserved in spirits. The two remaining cases in
the end room contain the Australian Snakes, Lizards, and
Batrachians.

Overhead is the skeleton of a Sperm Whale { Physeter macro
ce2)lialas) stranded at Wollongong in 1860. It is about seventy
feet in length. There are many other skeletons of whales in the
Museum, but for want of room they cannot at present all be
exhibited.

Returning now to the door at which we had previously arrived, a
short flight of steps leads down to the Geological Hall. This is the
oldest part of the Museum, and is known as the " Old Wino-."
It is to be devoted entirely to the Departments of Geology and
Paleeontology, but at present is in a transition state. The collec-
tions of insects which were previously deposited here have been
removed to the upper floor of the new wing, and placed in cases
prepared for their reception. The Foreign Mammals, which will
by and by find a more suitable resting place, are in the mean-
time deposited in the wall cases and in the gallery without any
special arrangement.

10 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

The cases in the centre are devoted to specimens of alluvial
gold, auriferous quartz, and other gold-bearing rocks ; the largest
contains gold, models of nuggets, and precious stones. In the
gallery is a series illustrating the geology of the earth, arranged
in the order of the strata, and showing forms of life which
existed in former ages.

Leaving tlie Geological Hall and returning towards the grand
staircase the wall cases on the left hand contain a general collec-
tion of mounted fislies, and in the corner beside the stf^ircase are
cases containing the PaL-eichthyan Fishes, or Sharks, Rays, and
Ganoid.s, which latter are the last survivors of the oldest created
vertebrate animals ; among them is the curious mud fish of
Queensland (Ceratodus forsteri). Other fishes will be found
exhibited in cases on the Upper Floor temporarily arranged.

We have now returned to our starting point and, passing to the
southwards, will visit the Osteological Halls. Here are exhibited
Skeletons, both recent and fossil. Beginning at the left hand is
a series of six aboriginal human skeletons. Beside them are the
skeletons of a Gorilla, a Chimpanzee, and other monkeys Ranged
on the wall behind the skeletons is a series of skulls, and among
them is one disarticulated — that is with the bones separated and
named for the use of students. Further on in the same case is
a collection of casts of heads and faces, from life, of South Sea
Islanders prepared by Dr. Otto Finsch of Bremen , for par-
ticulars of which see chapter XVI., Anthropology and Ethnology.

Continuing along the same row of cases, and passing the pillars
into the next room, we come to skeletons of the Carnivorous
Mammalia, — Lions, Tigers, Wolves, Dogs, ikc. Past the door lead-
ing to the Etlniological Hall and along the end wall are skeletons
of the Bear, Pig, Horse, Zebra, Deer, and other orders of Mam-
malia which for want of space cannot be arranged in their natural
sequence. The case at the side wall opposite the door contains
skeletons of Kangaroos, Wombats and other typical Australian
animals, including \\'hales and Seals, also a skeleton, with the
different bones named, of the gigantic Cod-perch of our eastern
coast ; at the corner beside the pillar are bones of the Moas,
large extinct birds of New Zealand, with skeletons of an Ostrich
and an Emu beside them for comparison ; and in the desk case

II.— GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF THE MUSEUM. 11

between the pillars is a collection of bones of these and other
gigantic New Zealand birds.

Passing round the pillar, are cases containing a further series
of skeletons of Whales, Dolphins, Dugongs, Manatees, &c.

One of the most remarkable fossil skeletons is that of the
great Irish Elk ( Meyaceros hibernicus) with its magnificent
antlers. This splendid animal is now extinct but its bones
are found embedded in the peat bogs of Ireland and elsewhere.
This specimen is considered one of the largest and best pre-
served in any museum. Its antlers measure 9 feet from tip
to tip.

Other large skeletons are those of a Hippopotamus, a Rhino-
ceros, an Elephant, a Crocodile from Queensland, a Camel,
and a Giraffe.

A glass case in the centre of the Hall contains skeletons of
cartilaginous Fishes — Sharks, and Rays. These are exceedingly
difficult to prepare and are very seldom to be seen in any museum.

The skeletons of Birds will also be found in a separate
table case.

In the end room are four desk cases devoted to the fossil
remains of extinct Australian animals ; among which are specially
to be noticed the skull and bones of the Nototherium and
Diprotodon^ extinct gigantic Marsupials allied to the Wombat
and Native Bear, and teeth of the curious Sceparnodon (Ramsay).
These fossils prove that there existed in olden times very large
Kangaroos and other marsupials, compared with which the largest
of the modern Kangaroos would be small, and there have also
apparently been large carnivorous or flesh-eating marsupials which
have been called Tliylacoleo or Marsupial Eions.

The door opening off this room leads to the new annexe which
is devoted to Ethnology and is called the Ethnological Hall. It
is of so much interest that to attempt a description of it in the
limits of this chapter would be useless, and the visitor is requested
to turn at once to chapter XVI., Anthropology and Ethnology.

Returning again to the centre of the building it is time to
ascend to the upper floor and examine the treasures stored there.

12 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

We first enter a lofty liall and our attention is at once-
attracted by the mounted examples of large Sunfislies (Ortha-
goriscus molaj, Sharks, Rays, Swordtishes, Dolphins, and Por-
poises, hanging from the gallery; among others the ferocious
White Pointer, Tiger and Hammerheaded Sharks ; the Black
Sting-Ray; and the curious Thresher, which uses its long tail
with no little effect on the back of Whales. Most of these
have been caught in Port Jackson and its vicinity. After
looking at these we should observe also the Crocodiles, Tor-
toises, and other large animals mounted in groups.

In crossing the hall we pass the collections of Insects. These are
at present placed in five cases running across the centre of the room •
Two of these contain the type or index collections of Foreign
Coleoptera (Beetles) and Lepidoptera (Butterflies and Moths) and
the representative collections (Australian and Foreign) of Orthojr
tera (Grasshoppers, Locusts, &c.), Diptera (Flies, &c.), Neuroptera
(Dragon-flies, &c.), Rhynchota (Bugs, &c.), and Eymenoptera
(Bees, Wasps, ifec.) The other cases contain the Australian
collections of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera.

The next cases to demand our attention are those containing
the collections of Shells. These are always attractive from their
beautiful forms and colours. Shells are the homes of soft bodied
animals — the Mollusca — and though it is impossible to understand
their structure and life habits from a study of the shells alone,
yet they are interesting as the skeletons of other animals are
interesting, and they show even a greater variety of form.
Combined with the general collection is the Ilargraves' Collec-
tion, collected by Mr. Hargraves, from whom they were purchased
by the late Mr. Thos. Walker of Yaralla, and presented to the
Australian Museum. The specimens which belong to this collec-
tion are marked " Ilargraves' Coll." This combined collection,
which numbers many thousand species, is considered one of the
largest in the world. As the arrangement of these is still in
progress it will be impossible to say more at j) resent with regard
to their disposition. A Catalogue of the whole will be issued
when the work is completed.

Beyond the cases containing shells is a room devoted at present
to a portion of the Mineral Collection. If the visitor begins at

II. — GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF THE MUSEUM. 13

the left-hand side, and follows the cases round, tlie labels will
explain the specimens. It would not be easy to give an exact
description here, as this department will be subject to frequent
changes until it is removed to its permanent quarters in the old
wing.

In the north wing of this floor is the collection of Australian
Birds in which about 700 species are represented. A passing
glance may be bestowed on a few of the most striking genera pecu-
liar to Australia. Some of the most remarkable are to be found
among the Bower-building birds (ScenoixeidceJ, including the
Cat-birds, Regent-bird, and Satin-birds, which are noted for their
peculiar habits of making playgrounds or bowers of sticks, and orna-
menting them with feathers, bones, shells, berries and other attrac-
tive objects ; the Scrub-birds {Atrichia) with their truly wonderful
powers of ventriloquism ; the L}' re-birds (Menura) noted for
their great power of mimicry ; the many and varied species of
Honey-eaters [Meliphagidce) ; and the gorgeously plumaged
Cockatoos, Parrots, and Lorikeets belonging to the family
Psittacidce. There are also the Mound-raising hirdi^ {Meg ajwdiidce)
which deposit their eggs in large tumuli of decaying vegetable
matter, and leave them to be hatched by the heat from the
fermentation of the mass ; this family includes the Wattled
Talegallus or Brush Turkey (Tcdegallus lathami)^ the Ocellated
Leipoa (Leijwa ocellata) better known to the colonists as the
Mallee-hen, and the Mound-raising Megapode {Megapodius tumu-
lus); the members of this last genus are not confined to Aus-
tralia, but are also found on the adjacent islands, and in New
Guinea. The family Struthionidm is represented by the well
known Emu, now being exterminated, and the Cassowary (Casio-
arius australis), a denizen of the dense and almost impenetrable
scrubs of North-eastern Queensland, which is also rapidly becom-
ing extinct. The peculiar Cape Barron Goose (Cereopsis novce-
hollandice) is worthy of attention, as it is the only species of
the genus, and with the Semipalmated Goose (Anse7'anas melano-
leuca), and the well-known Musk Duck (Biziicra lobafa), is
confined to Australia. The Cereopsis, is allied to a fossil form
(Cnemioi'nis calcitrans) found in the New Zealand Moa-beds.
The Sea Birds are well represented, from the gigantic Albatross,

14 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

with its wide expanse of wing, to tlie little Storm Petrel. Many
of these are not j>eculiar to Australia, although some are only to
be found in the southern seas. Fuller details of the Australian
Birds will be found in Chapter VII.

In the south wing of this floor is the collection of Foreign Birds,
whicli for want of sutlicient space is not arranged strictly in order
of families ; a few of the oiost important genera will be found
mentioned in Chapter VI. Special attention is drawn to the
various groups of Paradise Birds and Trogons arranged in the
pillar cases.

Beyond the Birds, at the north end of the building, are collec-
tions of Invertebrata — including the Crustacea, (Crabs) ; the
Araclinida, (Spiders) ; the Echinodermata, (Star-fishes and Sea-
urchins) 3 the Zoophytes ] and lower forms of life.

III. — GENERAL DIVISION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

15

III.

GENERAL DIVISION OF THE ANIMAL

KINGDOM.

Kingdom is rather arbitrarily divided into
known as the Vertebrata and the

The Animal
two grea
Invertebrata.

Sub-kingdoms

The VERTEBRATA include all animals having a back-bone,
which surrounds and protects a persistent cellular substance, called
the " notochord or spinal marrow " ; they have a bony skull and
skeleton (except in the case of certain classes of fishes hereafter
mentioned), and generally four limbs, which however in some
cases are rudimentary. The vertebrated animals are divided
into five classes, viz., Mammalia, Aves, Reptilia, Batrachia, and
Pisces, which are again subdivided into orders as in the following

tables.

Class I.— MAMMALIA.

Order I.— Bimana

„ II.— Quadrumana

„ III.— Garni vor a

»>

IV.— Insectivora

v.— Chiroptera
VI.— Rodentia
VII.— Ungulata

„ VIII.— Cetacea
„ IX.— Sirenia

Two-handed animals — Men.

Four-handed animals — Monkeys and
Lemurs.

Flesh-eating animals— Lions, Tigers,
Cats, Dogs, Bears, Seals, &c.

Insect-eating animals — Moles, Hedge-
hogs, &c.

Hand- winged Mammalia — Insectivor-
ous and Fruit-eating Bats.

Gnawing animals — Kats, Rabbits,
Squirrels, Porcupines, Beavers, &c.

Hoofed animals — Elephants, Rhino-
ceros, Horses, Pigs, Hippopota-
mi, Camels, Oxen, Deer, Sheep,
Goats.

Aquatic animals — Whales.

— Dugongs & Manatees

J'

16

GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

Order

>»

>>

Class I.— yiAMMKlAK— continued:

X.— Edentata Toothless animals — Sloths, Anteaters, &c.
XI.— Marsupialia Pouched animals — Kangaroos, Wom-
bats, Opossums, &c.
XII.— Monotremata Oviparous or egg-laying Mammals —

Platypus and Echidna.

Class II.— AYES.

del

I.

— Accipitres

Falcons, Vultures, Owls, &c.

n

II.

-Psittaci

Parrots, Cockatoos, &c.

i»

III.

-Picariae

Swifts, Kingfishers, Cuckoos, &c.

»>

IV.-

-Passeres

Swallows, Crows, Birds of Paradise,

*

V.-

-Columbae

Honeyeaters, Finches, Pittas, kc.
Pigeons.

i

VI.-

-Gallinae

Fowls, Pheasants, Megapodes.

>>

VII.-

-Grallatores

Plovers, Snipes, Herons, &c.

»•

VIII,-

-Natatores

Gulls, Ducks, Pelicans, &c.

5<

IX.

-Struthiones,

Cassowaries, Apteryx, Ostriches,
Emus.

Order

Class III.— REPTILIA.

L— Chelonia
II-— Crocodilia
III-— Lacertilia
IV.-Ox)hidia

Tortoises and Turtles.
Crocodiles and Alligators.
Lizards.
Snakes.

Sub-Order

it

Class IV.— BATRACHIA.

I-— Salientia
II-— Gradientia
III-— Apoda

Frogs and Toads
Newts and Salamanders.
Coecilians.

Order

))

Class v.— PISCES.

Sub Class I.-PALJEICHTHYES.

I-- Chondropterygii Sharks, Rays and Chimeeras.
II — Ganoidei Plated Fishes

3»

III. — GENERAL DIVISION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM. 1?

Class Y.—FISG'HIS— continued:

Sub-Class II.— TELEOSTEI.

Order III.— Acanthopterygii Perch, Mackerel. Mullet, &c,

IV.— PharyngOgnathi Parrot-fishes, &c.

v.— Anacanthini Cod, Beardie, Sole, &c.

VI-— PhySOStomi Garfish, Salmon, Herring, &c.

„ VII.— Lophobranchii Sea Horses, Pipe fishes.

„ VIII.— Plectognathi Leather jackets, Toad fishes, &c.

Sub-Class III.-CYCLOSTOMATA.

J, IX.— Petromyzontidse Lampreys.

Sub-Class IV.-LEPTOCARDII,

ti X.— CirrOStomi Lancelets.

The INVERTEBRATA-the second grand division of the
Animal Kingdom — include generally all those forms of animals
which do not possess a backbone. There is, however, such a
great variety in this division that they have been classifiied into
the following sub-kingdoms.

Sub-Kingdom I.— MOLLUSOA.

Class I -CEPHALOPODA.

Sub-Class I-DIBRANCHIATA.

Order 1. — Octopoda Octopus or Poulpe andArgonaut.

,, 2. — Decapoda Squids and Cuttlefishes.

Sub-Class II.-TETRABRANCHIATA
Order — Nautilidse Pearly Nautilus.

Class II — PTEROPODA.

Order 1. — Thecosomata Cavolina, Hyalea, &c.

„ 2.— Gymnosomata Clio.

Class III.-GASTROPODA.

Subclass I.-PROSOBRANCHIATA.

Order 1.— Pectinibranchiata Rock-snails, Whelks, Olives,

Harp-shells, Cones, Strombs
or Wing shells, &c.

„ 2. — Scutibranchiata Nerites, Top-shells, Ear-shells

and Limpets.

„ 3.— Polyplacophora Chitons.

18

GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

Sub-Kingdom 1.— MOhhTJ SO A— continued :

Sub Class II-OPISTOBRANCHIATA.

Order L— Tectibranchiata Bubble Shells, Sea Hares, Um-
brella-shells.
,, 2.— Nudibranchiata Sea Lemons (Doris), &c.

Sub-Class III -NUCLEOBRANCHIATA or Hetero

poda. Firola, Carinaria, Atlanta.

Sub-Class IV.-PULMONATA,
Order 1.— Stylommatophora Slugs, Snails.

2. — B asommat ophora Water-snails, False Limpets .
Class IV.— SCAPHOPODA Tooth-shells [Dentalium).

Class V.-PELECYPODA or LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

Clara -shells (jTrifZacna) Cockles,
Tellens, Wedge-shells,
Gapers, Razor-shells, Wa-
tering pot-shells, Burrow-
ing-shells, &c., &c.

Oysters, Scallops, Pearl-oysters
Mussels, Arks, Trigonia,
River-mussels [Unid), &c.

Order L— Siphonida

„ 2.— Asiphonida

Class VI-MOLLUSCOIDEA.
Order 1.— Tunicata

-Brachiopoda

3.— Polyzoa

Sea-squirts, Cungeeboys, — As-

cidians, Salpae.
Lamp-shells, Terebratula,

Waldheimia, Kraussiana,

Spirifer.
Sea-mats, — Flustra, Cateni-

cella, Lepralia, Membrani-

pora, Retepora.

Sub-Kingdom II.— ARTHROPODA

Class I— INSECTA.
Family 1. — Coleoptera

a

2. — Hymenoptera
3. — Neuroptera
4.— Lepidoptera

5. — DiPTEKA

6. — Aphaniptera

7.— RlIYNCHOTA

8.— Ortiioptera

9.— TUYSANURA

Beetles.
Bees, Wasps, Ants, &c.
Dragon-flies, May-flies, &c.
Moths, Butterflies, &c.
Flies.
Fleas.

Plant Bugs, Water Bugs, &c.
Grasshoppers, Locusts,
Crickets, Cockroaches, &c.
Silver-fish or Lepisma, &c.

III. — GENERAL DIVISION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM. 19

Sub-Kingdom IL—ARTHROFO'D A— co7itinued:

Class II.— MYRIAPODA Centipedes, Millipedes, Forty-

legs (Cermatio).
Class III.— ARACHNIDA Spiders, Scorpions.

Class IV.— CRUSTACEA Crabs, Lobsters, Prawns.

Sub-Kingdom III— VERMES.

Worms, Rotifers, Serpulae, Sea Mice, Earthworms, Leeches, Tapeworms.

Sub-Kingdom IV.— EOHINODERMATA.

Feather-stars, Star-fish, Sand or Brittle-stars, Sea-eggs, Sea-cucumbers

(Trepang.)

Sub-Kingdom V.— COELENTERATA.

Class I.-SCYPHOMEDUSAE Jelly-fish.

Class II.— SIPHONOPHORA Portuguese man-of-war.

Class III.— HYDROMEDUSAE Zoophytes— Sea Firs, Sertu-

laria, Tubularia, Millepora.

Class IV.— ZOANTHARIA Sea Anemones, Reef -building

Corals.

Class V.-ALCYONARIA Gorgonia, Red Coral.

Class VI.— PORIFERA Sponges.

Sub-Kingdom VI.— PROTOZOA.

Infusoria, Foraminifera, Amoeba.

20 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

IV.

MAMMALIA.

Class I. — Mammalia. — Tliese are warm-blooded animals,
having a heart with four cavities, and a complete double circula-
tion ; possessed of two pairs of well developed limbs (except in
certain marine forms), which may be greatly modified to suit
individual rerjuirements ; having the lungs completely separated
from the abdomen ; the skin more or less clothed with hair ; and
in the female producing living young (except in Echidna and
Ornithorhynchus, see pages 49 and 50), which are nourished for
some time after birth, — hence the name Mammalia, from the Latin
Mamrna, a breast. Mammalia are divided into Orders as shown
on page 15.

Order I. — BIMANA, or two-handed animals, is confined to
Human Beings, The history and structure of the different races
of men inhabiting the world are illustrated in the Museum by
skeletons, casts, and Ethnological specimens, which are referred
to more fully in chapters XIII. Osteology and XVI. Anthropology
and Ethnology.

The human skeleton may be taken as a type of other mam-
malian skeletons, and of most other vertebrates. The four limbs
are present in all the Mammalia, whether we call them hands,
feet, wings, fins, or flippers ; the backbone is found in all, and so
is a skull to enclose the brain.

The human race is generally recognised to be essentially one,
but it is divided in a most complex manner into varieties and
groups which cross and recross one another.

Order II.— QUADRUMANA, or four-handed animals,
includes Monkeys and Lemurs. Their teeth are generally the
same as in man, but not always so regular. The thumbs on both
fore and liind limbs can be used as in man's hands — but some-
times the thumbs are wantinsf.

Following modern scientific usage the name Quadrumana is not
correct, as the monkeys have really two hands and two feet, and in

IV. — MAMMALIA. 21

Other respects they are so similar in structure to men that the
Bimana and Quadrumana are now placed in one order and called
Primates. But for convenience the older classification is here
retained, as being more generally understood.

The MONKEYS are represented in the Museum by the
Anthropoid, or manlike Apes— viz. the Gorilla, the Orang-
Outang, the Chimpanzee, the Gibbon, and by other Monkeys less
like man.

The Gorilla {Troglodytes gorilla) is represented by specimens
in a case between the pillars at the north side of the Central
Hall and by a skeleton in the Osteological collection. It is the
most manlike of the Monkeys, but its ferocious appearance shows
it to be far below even the lowest men. It is a native of Western
Africa. Many tales are told of its daring and its encounters with
travellers in the African forests. The ordinary height of the
Gorilla is about five feet six inches. The jaws are of tremendous
weight and power. The huge eye-teeth or canines of the male,
which are fully exhibited when, in his rage, he draws back his
lips and shows the red colour of the inside of his mouth, lend
additional ferocity to his aspect. The arms are very long and
powerful, extending nearly as low as the knees. The legs are
short and decrease in size from below the knee to the ankle,
having no calf. The great length of the arms and the shortness of
the legs form two of the chief differences between it and man. From
the structure of its skeleton, the Gorilla is not adapted for the erect
posture ; its favorite attitude is semi-erect with the weight partly
resting on the knuckles of its long arms, and in this way it
swings itself along as with a pair of crutches. It has been seen,
however, to walk with its hands clasped across the back of its
head and when enraged it is said to stand erect beating its chest
with its hands.

The Chimpanzee {Troglodytes 7iiger) is also a native of
Africa. It is a much less formidable animal than the Gorilla,
although it is quite able to defend itself against its foes in the
forest. A specimen is to be seen in one of the cases in the gallery
of the " Old Wing."

22 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

The Orang-OutangS {Simia satyrus and S. morio) are in a
case near the Gorilla, in the Australian Hall. These Monkeys are
natives of Borneo and Sumatra. They live in the trees and pro-
gress by climbing among the branches from tree to tree. " The
Orangs all have ruddy-brown hair, the tinge being decidedly red,
a dark face, with small eyes, small nose and great projecting jaws.
What strikes one directly, on looking at a well-mounted specimen,
is the great length of the fore-limbs, which reach far towards the
ankle, the length of the, muzzle and the extraordinary breadth of
the face under the eyes, where the flatness resembles a mask more
than a natural growth. In the females and young this growth of
the cheek-bone and its covering of fat and skin are not seen ;
and it appears to be a mark of male beauty, as are also two sets
of ridges on the skull which greatly resemble those of the Gorilla."

The Gibbon {Thjlohates leudscus) also from Southern Asia
and the Malay Archipelago, is in the Gallery of the " Old
Wing." It is remarkable for its fore-limbs being so long as almost
to reach the ground when the animal stands erect.

Other Monkeys are exhibited in cases in the " Old Wing."
The principal specimens are —

Sacred Apes {Semnopithed) from India and Java and one from
Tonga, South Seas {'S". ohscurus) distinguished by their slender
forms, round heads, long tails, and by the fore limbs being much
shorter than the hind limbs, and the thumbs small, sometimes
almost rudimentary.

The Colobi, allied to the last, but natives of Africa.

The Patas — {Cercopithecus or Chlorocebus ruber) and

The Moustache Monkey {Cercopithecus cephus) from Western

Africa, which have check pouches large enough to stow away a

supply of food.
The Red Teetee — {CalUthria' ruber) a.-nd several representatives

of the Maca(pie family from India and the Eastern Archipelago.

One species of this Monkey is to be found on the Rock of

Gibraltar and on the opposite coast of Africa.

The Egyptian Sacred Ape.

The 'BayjOOrL—{Cy7wcep/<alus bahouin) and Mandrill [Mormon
maimon or Vapio mormon) from Africa and Arabia. These have
the fore and hind limbs of nearly equal length, and have very
powerful jaws.

IV. MAMMALIA. 23

The Monkeys of America are distinguished from those
of the Old World by their having broad noses and widely separated
nostrils. They are all of small size, and are niostly natives of
Brazil. They are represented by: —

The Howling Monkeys (Mycetes seniculusj , the males of which
have a most extraordinary cry.

The Spider Monkeys (AteUs), with long slender hmbs.

The Marmoset (Hapale jacchus), and the Pigmy Marmoset

(H. pygmcea), which are great favourites, being of grotesque
appearance and easily tamed.

The LEMURS form the lowest family of Quadrumana. They
have very long hind limbs, and bushy tails. They habitually use all
four feet in locomotion like the lower groups of Monkeys,
They are agile climbers, and are able to grasp firmly with the
hind foot, but the tail is not usually prehensile. The form of
the skull and the simpler structure of the brain indicate a lower
grade than the Monkeys. A remarkable peculiarity is the
presence of a fringe or frill situated on the floor of the mouth
in front of the tongue. The head-quarters of the Lemurs is
the island of Madagascar ; but members of the family are to be
found also on the continent of Africa and in some of the islands
of the East-Indian Archipelago. Some species chiefly subsist on
fruits, but many are insect-eating and others prey upon small birds
and eggs. The largest is only about three feet high (Indris). The
most remarkable is the Aye Aye (Chiromys madagascariensis) from
Madagascar, The middle finger of its fore-foot is long and slender,
and is used for extracting worms and caterpillars from their holes
in the branches of trees, and its front teeth are very sharp for
gnawing the stems of plants. Other specimens are the Black-
faced Lemur and the Anguan Lemur from Madagascar ; and
Galago demidoffi and G. galleni from Africa.

Order III.— OARNIVORA.— This order comprises the
flesh-eating animals, or beasts of prey. It includes Lions, Tigers,
Cats, Dogs, &c., on the land, and Seals, Walruses, &c., in the
water. They have well developed teeth, and four or more claws
on each foot.

24 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

The FELID^E, or Cat family, comprises Lions, Tigers, Cats, &c.,
and is the most highly developed of the Carnivora. These animals
have short jaws and rounded heads, and generally four toes
visible on the hind, and five on the front feet. Tliey have
powerful limbs, and spring on their prey. Their claws are
retractile or capable of being drawn back when not in use. They
walk on their toes, and the heel does not touch the ground —
hence they are called digitigrade. They are to be found all over
the world, except in Madagascar and Australia. This family is
represented in the Museum by the following specimens : —

The Ijion— {Fells leo) found throughout Africa and South-western
Asia.

The Tiger— (^e^'"s ti(/ris) found in almost all countries of Asia. It is
a more dangerous animal than the Lion, and is remarkable for the
beautiful stripes on its body.

The Leopard— (i^e^is jxcrdiLs) a native of Africa, and Asia,
extending its range to Japan and Saghalien.

The Vumo.- {Felis concolor) of America; a powerful, but rather
cowardly animal, seldom known to attack man.

The Cats— Nubian Cat; Java Cat; Pampas Cat; Wild Cat of
Europe and Northern Asia ; Spotted American Cat ; Common
Domestic Cat. The Nubian Cat is supposed to be the ancestor
of the Douicstic Cat.

The "Lynx—iFelis lynx) closely allied to the cat, but with a shorter
tail.

The Spotted KydeillQ.—f Bycena crocuta) from South Africa.

The Civet C^X—{Viverra zihetha) from Ceylon, (F. civetla) from
South Africa, ( V. indica) from India.

The Gene\Xe—[Genetta tigrina) from South Africa, which resem-
bles a cat.

The Ichneumons— ( Heiyestes paludimsus) from South Africa
and (H. javatiicus), which are sometimes tamed and used to keep
down snakes, lizards, etc.

The MongoOSe—iHesjyestes griseus) from India.

The CANID^,.or Dog family, comprises Dogs, Wolves, Foxes
and Jackals. Like the Felidcs, they are digitigrade, or walk on their
toes, and have four toes visible on the hind, and five on the front
feet ; they do not, however, spring on their prey in the same

r^: H, HILL LJBRARY

F!#^rfh Carolina State CQllega

IV. MAMMALIA. 25

stealthy manner, but rather run it down. They differ from the
Cats in having non -retractile claws and the fore part of the skull
elongated. They are represented by the following specimens :-

The 'Dog—{Oanisfamiliaris). The Blood Hound ; the Terrier ; the
Poodle. It is uncertain from what wild species the dog has
descended. It is only known now in the domestic state, and such
wild dogs as exist are evidently offshoots from some domestic
dog. The dogs of different countries show a remarkable resem-
blance to the wild species found in the same countries. The
different varieties of dogs will interbreed, and will do so even
with the wolf and the jackal.

The Wolf— {Oanis lupus) found all over Europe, Asia, and North
America,

The Jackal — fCanis aureus and C. mesomelasj from India and
South Africa.

The Foxes — (Fw((/?^s) differ somewhat from the other Canidce
They are found in both the old and new worlds. Specimens
exhibited are : — The Common Fox— [Vulpes vulgaris); the Arctic
Fox ( V. lagopus) from the Arctic regions of both hemispheres,
one variety of which is of a blue colour all the year round, and
another is of a brown colour in summer and changes to white
in winter ; the Red Fox of Canada ( F. fulvus) ; and others.

The MUSTELID^, or Weasel family, includes a number of,
smal), long-bodied, but short-legged Carnivora. Many of them
have the power of ejecting a most disagreeable odour, by means
of a secretion from a specially developed gland. The following-
species of this family are exhibited : —

The Marten, [Martes ahietum) from Great Britain.

The Common W e2iSe\—{Mustela vulgaris).

The Japanese Weasel— (^^wsie^« itatsi).

The Polecat — {Mustela putonus).

The Ferret — {Musteiafwo).

The Stoat or Ermine — [Mustela erminea) famed for its fur.

The Minx (Mustela vison) from North America.

The Chorok — [Mustela siberica).

The SlLTlIlk.— {Mephitis mephitica) which has the most powerful
odour of all Mustelidse. No amount of washing will remove it
from one's clothes if it once touches them.

The Badger — {Meles taxus) of Europe.

26 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

The Otters— [Ltitra vulfjaris) and {L. chinmsis) or Chinese Otter,
-^vliieh are nearly allied to the Weasels. They have webbed feet.
and live in lioles in the banks of rivers and lakes. One species
(not yet represented in the collection) is a sea otter, and is
found on the coasts of the North Pacific.

The URSID^E, or Bear family, is distinguished from the fore-
crouv* l)V walkiiif' oii the soles of the foot : it is, therefore, called
plantigrade. The Bears have long fur, straight claws, short tails,
and are generally large heavily-built animals. They are not
solely carnivorous, most species using vegetable food. They are
found in Europe, Asia, and America ; but are not known in South
Africa or Australia. The following specimens are shewn : —

The Polar Bear— (C^^sws or Thalassarctosmaritlmus). This is the
largest of the Bears. It inhabits the Arctic Ocean, and lives on
fish, seals, etc. It is a good swimmer.

The Grizzly Bear — {Ursus ferox). An inhabitant of Western
North America, and the most dangerous wild animal of that
continent. Fossil remains show that at one time it was found
in Europe.

The Brown Bear— (^^sm.s arctos). The Bear of Northern Russia
and Siberia. This is the species that until recent times was found
in Great Britain.

The Racoons— (^^oc?/07i) are small animals very closely allied to
the Bears. They belong exclusively to America, but species
resembling them are found in other parts of the world.

The PINNIPEDIA, or Seal family, differs very materially
from all land carnivora. It consists, however, of flesh eating, air-
breathing mammals fitted for an aquatic life. These have close
warm fur, short tails, and flippers instead of feet. In the water
their locomotion is rapid and graceful, on shore it is laborious and
awkward. They range over all seas, and are often found far from
land, but always come to the shore at the breeding season. The
best known species are : —

The Earless Seals— (P/jocW^^) found in nearly all seas of the
Northern Hemisphere, and even in the inland Caspian Sea,
and a few in the Southern ocean. They sometimes reach a
length of ten feet. Their fur is short and close.

IV. MAMMALIA. 27

The Eared Seals --{Otarmlre) have small external ears, and a
beautiful soft under-fur. They are better able to get about on
land than the Phocidce. The Seals found on the coast of N.S. W.
are { Arctocephahis cinereus, and {Stenorhynchus leptonyx) the
former i& a Fur or Eared 8eal ; the latter commonly called the
Sea Leopard, is one of the Phocidce. Specimens are shown in
the Upper Floor, (_ entral Hall.

The Walrus — [Trichechidce) of which there are two species, are
distinguished by their immense canine teeth, which project
downwards like tusks to a length of twenty inches or more.
Skulls of both species are exhibited in the Osteological collection.

Order IV— INSEOTIVORA.— This order comprises a
number of small animals, such as Moles, Shrews, and Hedo-ehoo-s
which feed on insects and worms. They are found in all parts
of the world, except Australia and South America. The molars
of animals of this order are sharp serrated teeth, but the teeth
vary considerably in the different genera. They are nearly all
nocturnal animals, that is they come out by night to search for
food and sleep by day ; and some of them hybernate, or remain
dormant during the winter months.

The MOLES {Taljndce) are formed for burrowing in the earth.
They have short powerful claws, very small eyes, and beautifully
soft fur, which will lie either way, and offers no impediment to
the animal's progress through its tunnels. But one group of
Moles [Myogale) has its feet and tail modified so as to fit it for an
aquatic life. They are represented by : —

The Coninion 'NLo\e—[Talpa europcea) of Europe.

The Water Mole — [Myogale pyrenaka) from the Pyrenees.

The Golden Mole — (Ghnjsochloris capensls and 0. villosa) from
the Cape of Good Hope.

THE SHREWS (Soricidce) are little animals very like
mice in outward appearance.

THE K^DGEKOGrS—iFrinaceidce) are well known by
their spines, and their habit of rolling themselves into a
ball for defence purposes when frightened.

The Common Hed^elaO^—iErinaceus europceus) is a native of
Great Britain and other parts of Europe.

28 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

Order V.— CHIROPTERA.— This order comprises the Bats,
which are distinguislied by their adaptabiHty for flight. The fore
limbs and fingers are enormously elongated ; and a membrane,
which is a continuation of tiie skin of the body, stretched over them
forms the wings. The hind limbs are short, but have large
hooked claws by which the animals hang, head downwards, in
the trees when at rest. The Bats are mostly crepuscular in their
habits, tliat is they sleep by day and come out to search for food
in the twiliglit, and many of them hybernate. They are found in
all parts of the world. There are two suborders — the Insect-
eating, and the Fruit-eating.

The INSECT-EATING BATS are very common, and typical
species of foreign genera are : —

The Great Bat — {Me<jaderma) of Asia and Africa.
The Large Bat — [Vesperwjo noctula) of England.
The White 'QdX—{Diclidurus albus) of South America.
The Vampire — {Vampyrus) of America.
The Blood- Sucking Bat— (^esmorfws) of America.

A number of specimens will be seen also in the Australian
collection.

The FRUIT-EATING BATS, known in Australia as Flying
Foxes, attain a great size. The largest of these Bats {Pterojous)
lias often four or five feet expanse of wing, while the smallest
{Macrofflossus minimus) is about the size of a large mouse.
Typical specimens shewn are : —

Pteropus poliocephalUS of Australia.

Pteropus jubatus of the Phillipine Islands.

Pteropus ^randis of the Solomon Islands.

Pteropus alboscapulatUS of the Duke of York Islands.

Macroglossus minimus of New Guinea and Australia.

Harpyia macrocephalus, var. of New Guinea and New
liritain.

Order VI.— RODENTIA.— Thisisone of the largest orders
among the Mammalia both in the numbersof its genera and species,
although the animals themselves composing it are usually of small
size. It includes the Piats, Mice, Rabbits, Squirrels, &c. These

IV. — MAMMALIA. 29

animals are distinguished by their having no canine teeth and
by having their incisors or cutting teeth large, curved and sharp.
The lower jaw has two of these sharp teeth ; the upper jaw in
some cases two and in others four. A peculiarity of these front
teeth is that they are not covered with enamel on the inner
side, so that constant use wears away the bone and maintains a
sharp cutting edge. Hence they are called gnawing animals.
Of those having two incisor teeth in the upper jaw, many speci-
mens are exhibited among which are : —

SQUIRRELS—

The Common Squirrel— (-^cmrws vulgaris).

The Sharp-nosed Squirrel— ('S. latkaudatus) from Borneo.
The Bajing — (*S'. plantani) from Java.

The Carolina Squirrel— C'S'. caroUnensis) from North America.
The Blackbanded Tupai— ('S'. nigrovlttatus) from Java.

The Brazilian Squirrel— ('S^. cestivans) from Brazil.

The Chickaree— (-S". hudsonius) from North America.
The Grey Squirrel— (*y. cinereus) from North America.
The Italian Squirrel— (-S'. italicus) from Tuscany.

The Western Grey Squirrel — , -S*. fossor) from California.

The Tamias — (Tamias striatus) from North America.

Townsend's Striped Squirrel— (^am^as toionsendi) from
California.

The Flying Squirrel — (Scmropterus volucella) from Canada.

The Marmot — {Arctomys marmotta) from Switzerland.

BEAVERS — {Castor) Northern Europe and America.

DORMICE—

The Dormouse — [Myoxus avellanarius) from Europe.

RATS and MICE—

The Common Rat— C-^iTws decumanus).

The Common Mouse — (Mus musculus).

The Field Mouse — {Mus sylvatkus) from Canada.

The Alpine ArviC0le—(^ ^'vico^a nivalis) from Switzerland.

30 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

The Water Rat — {Arvicola ompMhius) from Britain.

The Musquash— C^^er zibethicus) from North America.

The Jerboa,— {Dipus a>gyptius) from Egypt, [D. jaguhis) from
Africa, and (D. gerhoa).

The Hajnster—iCricetiuiJirom N. America, and (C. frumentarms)
from Europe.

PORCUPINES—

The Porcupine— C-^ys^ru' cristata) from Africa and Asia.

The Tree Porcupine— f'S'y/ie^^eres insidiosus) from Granada,
South America.

GUINEA PIGS—

The Guinea Tig—(Cavia aperea) from Brazil.

The Golden Agouti — {Dasypwcta aguti) from South America.

The Coypu or Racoonda — [Myopotamus coypus) from Central
America.

Of those that have four incisor teeth in the upper jaw there
are sliown —

RABBITS—

The Ha^hhit—iLeptis cuniculus) from Europe.

The H^LVe—iLepus timidus) from Europe.

The Black-necked Rabbit— (-Z^. nigncoHls) from North
America.

The Snow or Mountain Hare— (i^. variabilis) from Scan-

danavia. Rabl)its and Hares are common all over Europe, and
a white variety of the latter is found in Scandanavia, Scotland
and Ireland.

Order VII.— UNGULATA, or HOOFED ANIMALS.

— Til is order includes sucli diverse forms as the Elephant, Rhino-
ceros, Horse, Pig, Camel, Ox, Deer, Sheep, etc. They are
mostly of large size and well known. The common feature which
groups them together is the hoof, a horny covering enclosing and
protecting the last joint of the toes. The front teeth are some-
times wanting, but the molars are broad and flat, suitable for

IV. — MAMMALIA. 31

grinding, as all the Ungulata are vegetable feeders, except Pigs,
which are omnivorous. With such a variety of animals in one
order it is necessary to classify them into Sub-orders, and for this
purpose several methods have been proposed.

The following is that in use at the British Museum : —

Sub-Order I.— Proboscidea •• Elephants.
II.— Hydracoidea •• Coneys.

III. — Perissodactyla : Rhinoceroses, Tapirs, Horses, Asses

IV.— Artiodactyla ;

Section 1. Suina : Pigs, Hippopotamus.

2. Tylopoda : Camels and Llamas.

3. Tragidina : Chevrotains.

4. Pecora: Oxen, Antelopes, Deer, Sheep, etc.

The specimens of Ungulata in this Museum are not arranged
in accordance with this or any other plan as space does not
permit it, but they are mostly large and can easily be found.

Sub-Order I.— Proboscidea, consists only of the Elephants,
of wliich there are two living species — the Indian Elej)hant,
and the African Elephant. They have no canine teeth, but their
incisor teeth grow to a great length and form the tusks, and their
molar teeth are few but large. The trunk, or proboscis, is however
the peculiar feature of the Elephant ; it is both nose and hand to
its possessor and is an organ of great delicacy of touch. Elephants
have broad flat feet with five toes encased in a common hoof.
A skeleton is exhibited in the Osteological Hall. The extinct
Mammoth and Mastodon belonged to this order.

Sub-Order II.— Hydracoidea, contains only the Coneys,
small animals found in Africa and Arabia. These are sometimes
classed with the Rhinoceros in the next order. The only specimen
in the Museum is a Hyrax, of which a skeleton is exhibited in the
Osteological Hall.

Sub-Order III.— Perissodactyla. The name of this order

is derived from the Greek imrissos odd and daktylos a finger, and

32 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

implies that the animals composing it have an odd number of
toes, one or three, on each hind foot. The existing genera are
Avidely separated in other respects, but fossil forms complete
the series and justify their being grouped together.

The Rhinoceroses (Hhinoceros sondaicus and Ceratorhinus
unmalniisisj^ ou the lloor of the Central Hall, are natives of
.Java and Sumatra, wlicre they live in the marshes and swamps.
They have three toes on each foot ; species of the former genus
have one horn, the latter two, placed on the snout. There
are mounted specimens on the floor of the Central Hall, and
also a skeleton in the Osteological Hall.

The Tapir (Tajm-us sumatranus) is in a case; and {T. leucogenys),
is on tloor of Central Hall. These are usually nocturnal in
their habits and are found in the swamps and rivers of South-
eastern Asia, and of South America. Their snout is prolonged
till it may be called a short trunk.

The Horse. The genus Equus includes wild and domesticated
horses of all kinds, asses, and zebras. These have one toe only
in use on each foot, corresponding to our middle finger, and they
walk on the point of it. A skeleton of a horse is exhibited ou
the first landing of the staircase.

The Zebra {Equus hurcheWA to be seen on the floor of the Central
Hall, is a native of South Africa. Two mounted specimens are
exhibited, and a skeleton is in the end case of the Osteological
Hall.

Sub- Order IV.— Artiodactyla (derived from Gr. artios,
even ; daktylos, a finger), implies that the number of toes on
each foot is even — two or four. This sub-order is aofain divided
into non-ruminant and ruminant animals. In the former the
teeth have tuberculated crowns ; in the latter they are crescent
shaped.

THE NON-KUMINANTS are the Pigs or Boars and the
Hippopotamus.

Section I., Suina. The Pigs have four toes visible, two of
whicli are covered by hoofs, but the other two are not fully
developed; they have a long snout capable of considerable
motion, and very small eyes. In some of the Wild Pigs the
canine teeth grow into large curved tusks. In America the Pigs
are represented Ijy the Peccaries, which differ in a few respects

IV. — MAMMALIA. 33.

from the true Pigs, and are much smaller. Specimens exhibited
are : —

The Wild Boar— (^S'ws scrofa) of Europe.

The Wild Pig— (*S'r(sp(729z<ews2s) of New Guinea.

The Collared Peccary- (i>^co«y?es tajaru) from S. America.

The Hippopotamus— (i^. amphihius) a native of Africa, where
it is called the River Horse. Its teeth are very powerful,
especially the canines, which have sharp chisel like edges. A
skeleton may be seen in the Osteological Hall.

THE RUiVIINANTS are the most important of all to man,
as the majority of our domestic and food-supplying animals
belong to this group. They are distinguished by their complicated
stomachs. They have, as a rule, no front teeth in the upper
jaw. The stomach of a ruminant consists of four parts, some-
times called separate stomachs. The first receives the food direct
from the mouth, moistens it with certain fluids, and passes it
on to the second stomach ; this is a small bag which rolls the
food in balls and returns it to the mouth ; it is then leisurely
chewed and mixed with the saliva — a process known as "chew-
ing the cud " — and once more swallowed, this time passing into
the third stomach ; here the proper digestive processes are con-
tinued, and finally the food is passed on to the fourth stomach,
whence it goes into the intestines. The ruminants include Camels,
Oxen, Sheep, Goats, Deer, etc.

Section II. — Tylopoda. The Camels are found in Central
Asia and North-eastern Africa. They have long necks, very broad
and flat feet, humps* on the back, and a more than usually compli-
cated stomach. They are invaluable as beasts of burden in sandy
countries within or near the tropics, and have been introduced
into Australia for that purpose, but they are often ill-tempered
and not easily managed. Allied to the Camels are the Llamas
of South America. There is a skeleton of a Bactrian Camel
{Camelus hactrianus), from the Himalayas, in the Entrance Hall,
and a mounted Llama {Lama peruana)^ temporarily in a case in
the "Old Wing."

* The True Camel or Dromedarj' has one hump, the Bactrian Camel two.

34 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

Section III.— Traguiina. The Ohevrotains are pretty

little animals like miniature goats, but no larger than a terrier
clog, and are found in Southern India. In a case in the "Old
Wing" are specimens of the Musk Deer or Napu {Tragulus
javanicus) from Java.

Section IV. — Pecora, contains the Bovidce, Cervidce, and
Camelopardalidce.

The BOVID^ include Goats, Oxen, Buffaloes, Sheep, Ante-
lopes, &c. ; all of which are too well known to need description
here. The following specimens are exhibited : —

The Gaur or Wild Ox— (5os gaums) from India, in Central

Hall.
The Sheep— (Om aries).
The GQ7)X—[Capra hirca).

The Soemmerring's kxiielo^e -{Gazella sxmmerringi) from
Abyssinia.

The Pronghorn — [Antilocapra americana) from the prairie lands
of N. America.

The Indian Antelope— (C'emco/^ra bezoartica) from India.

The Gnu — {Catoblepas taurina) from South Africa, in Central Hall.

The Sable Antelope — [Hippotragus niger) from South Africa, in
Australian Hall.

The Oryx — {Oryx Uucoryx) from Africa.

The Chamois — (■'^"/'ica^W'a trarjus)iYom. Switzerland.

The Sassaybi Antelope — {-3Sgocerus lunatus) from South
Africa, in Central Hall.

The Blaue Bok— (^i/ocent-s leucophceus) from Africa, in Central
Hiill.

The Grys Bok— (-Veo<m/7?fs mdanotis) from Africa.
The Spring 'B6)s.—[Antidorcas euchore) from Africa.

The CAMELOPARDALID^ contain but a single species.

The GiVdi^e—iCamdoimrdalis giraffa) from Africa, skeleton in
Central Hall,

The CERVIX)^ consist of the antlered ruminants only, such
as the Deer. In the Bovidae the horns grow over a projection on
the bone of the skull, are never shed, and are not branched. In

IV. — MAMMALIA. 35

the Cervidse, horns, strictly speaking, are not present, but are
replaced by antlers, which grow from the skull, are covered with
a delicate skin while growing, and are shed annually; the males
only possess antlers, except in the case of the Reindeer. The
following species are represented : —

The "M-WHtiak—iCervulus sdateH and Cervulus muntjak) from
India.

The Red Deer or Stag— (Cerv?<s elephas) from Germany and
Ireland.

The Roe DeeY—iCapreolus caprcea) from Scotland, found also in
Europe.

The Spotted Deer — {Axis maculata) from India.

The Irish "Elk " — now extinct— (Megaceros hibernicus) a skeleton
of which from Ireland, is in the Osteological Hall.

Orders VIII and IX.-CETACEA and SIRENIA—

These two orders were formerly considered as one, but a know-
ledge of their structural differences have now led zoologists to
separate them. The Cetacea comprise most of the aquatic
Mammals : — "Whales, Porpoises, and Dolphins. The Sirenia
contain the Manatees, and Dugongs, and the now extinct Rhytina
stelleri.

The largest living animal known is the Whale, of which there
are many species. On account of its large size only skeletons can
be preserved and shown in a museum. The principal are : —

The Baleen Whales, of which the Greenland Whale {Balcena
mysticetus) is perhaps the best known. Its characteristic is
the "whalebone" which serves as a strainer to separate the
food from the water when it fills its mouth. The Greenland
Whale is a native of the Arctic Ocean. It sometimes attains
a length of 80 feet, and is hunted for its Whalebone and Oil.
It is not found in Southern Seas, and there is no specimen in
this Museum, but smaller species of BalcBncB or Whalebone
Whales exist here. Some of these, of which skeletons are
exhibited, are : —

Balsena antipodarum.
Balsena novse-zealandise.

«

Balsenoptera marginalis.

36 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

The Sperm Whale {Physeter macrocephalns) is of equal
importance in commerce to the Baleen Whale on account of the
spermaceti found in the cavity of the head, and the sperm oil
from its blubber. Its mouth is not provided with whalebone,
but has permanent teeth in the lower jaw. There is a skeleton
supported oveihead in the Australian Hall. The whale, from
which it was taken, was caught off Wollongong in November
18G0, and was over 70 feet long. Over the cases in the same
Hull are specimens of smaller species of Sperm Whales —

Mesoplodon thomsonii, ^ , ^,

'- both very rare species.

Dioplodon seychellensis, J

and in the Osteological Hall other skeletons and skulls will be
found, including several of the rarer species, as Gray's Whale
(Ko(/ia breuiceps), &c.

The Dolphins and Porpoises also belong to the order

Cetacea. The common Dolphin {Deljyhinus) is found in the
Atlantic and Mediterranean, but a species closely resembling
it occurs on the Australian coast and elsewhere, while other
species or varieties are found all over the world. The Porpoise
ditiers slightly from the Dolphin in outward appearance but
chiefly in the shape of its head and form of its teeth. The
species which is familiar to boatmen in Port Jackson is how-
ever a Dolphin, having teeth in both jaws. The "Killer"
(Orca) is the Grampus. Mounted specimens are to be seen
in the Central Hall, Upper floor. Skeletons of Dolphins, Por-
poises, and Grampuses are also to be found in the Osteological
Hall.

The Manatees and DugOngS form the order Sirenia
(from the Greek Seiren a Mermaid), and are very peculiar animals.
They inhaV»it the estuaries of the large rivers and the bays of the
tropics. There are skeletons of two species of Manatees and
one of the Dugong in the Osteological Hall, and mounted speci-
mens in the Central Hall, Upper floor.

The Manatee — [Manatus australis) of South America, and
(il/. senegalemis) of Western Africa.

IV. MAMMALIA. 37

The Dugong (HaUcore dugong) is found as far south as Moreton
Bay on the Queensland coast, and westwards through the Indian
Ocean to the east coast of Africa, inhabiting shallow waters of
bays and inlets and feeding on sea-weed. When adult it may
be as much as 10 feet in length ; the colour of the smooth
glossy back varies from flesh colour to light brown, the under
surface being lighter. The full-grown males have a pair of
conspicuous tusks in the upper jaws, which are not developed
in the females. The flesh is valued as food by the natives ; the
oil is of excellent quality, and has been used with good results
as a substitute for cod-liver oil ; but the number of the animals
is limited, and the fishery is yearly becoming less productive.

The Rhytina— (-SAy^zwcfc s^eZ?e7-«) of Alaska. This species is now
extinct^ but a skeleton (not quite perfect), and some casts have
been obtained for this Museum. It was the largest of the Sirenia,
sometimes measuring 25 feet long. It was formerly abundant at
Behring's Strait. The head was small in proportion to the body.
The neck was short, the body rapidly diminishing behind. The
short fore arm terminated abruptly without fingers or nails, and
was overgrown with a short stiff brush of hair, the hind legs being
replaced by a whale-like fluke. The animal was destitute of
teeth, but instead was provided with two masticating oral
plates, one in the upper, the other in the lower jaw. *

Order X.— EDENTATA.— The word Edentata is used
by naturalists to signify toothless mammals. This order in-
cludes the Sloths, Ant-eaters, etc., which are peculiar to South
America and Africa. The Sloths are animals with long curved
claws suited for tree-climbing, but not at all suited for walking on
the ground. Existing species seldom exceed three feet in length,
but in ancient times gigantic species existed, as witness the Mega-
therium (see Chapter XI Y. Palaeontology). The Anteaters have
long pointed snouts, and a narrow tongue which they shoot out
rapidly to a consideral^le distance to capture the ants, on which,
as their name implies, they feed. The Armadilloes are the most
remarkable of the Edentata. Their bodies are covered with horn-
like plates or scales, on the back and over the tail and joints,
while the bellies are only protected by ordinary soft hairy skin.
A few species of Edentata are found in other parts of the ^vorld
— the Pangolins of Asia, and the Aard-varks of Africa — but
they differ in many respects from the South American species.

* Vojage of the Vega. Vol. 2, p. 272.
D

38 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

Tlie following specimens are exhibited in the Museum —

The Sloth— (Bradypus torquatusj from South America.

The Armadillo — ( Tatusiapeba) hom Central and South America.

The Hairy or True AniedXer—iMyrmecopliagatetradactyla,
and M. didadyla) from South America.

The Scaly Anteater or VoXlgolin—iManis j)entadactyla) from
India, (J/. Utradactyla and 31. longicaudata) from Africa.

The Great '^Q:n.i^—[l^holidotus giganteus) from Africa.

The Aard Vark or Cape Ant "BediX—iOrycterop^ts capensis)

from Africa.

Orders XI and XIL-MARSUPIALIA and MONO-

TREMATA. — These orders include the Kangaroos, and most
of the otlier Australian mammals, and as they are for the most
part peculiar to the Australian region they are of special interest
to visitors to this Museum. A chapter Avill therefore be devoted
to these alone (Chapter Y.). The peculiarity which groups these
animals together is the presence of certain bones, known as the
" marsupial bones," which are always accompanied by a more
or less well defined pouch, in which the female carries her
young after birth until they are able to take care of themselves.

We say the Marsupials are peculiar to Australia, but there is
one exception — the Opossum — which is found in America. This
is a pretty little animal with a long nose, naked tail, and feet fitted
for tree-climbing. The Virginian Opossum was the first dis-
covered marsupial, known long before the Australian species were
found. A specimen {Didelphis cancrivora) is to be seen in the
Museum.

V. AUSTRALIAN MAMMALIA. 39

V.

AUSTRALIAN MAMMALIA.

ORDER MARSUPIALIA.— Australia is remarkable for an
order of animals almost peculiarly its own — the Marsupials — which
have no living representatives elsewhere, if we except the single
family which contains the true Opossums {Didelphidce), found
in America (see page 38). The name is derived from the Latin
marsupium, a pouch, and is given to these animals because the
females of all species are provided with a pouch, into which they
convey the young immediately after birth, and in which they nurse
them until they are capable of caring for themselves. Marsupials
are brought forth at a much earlier stage of development than
is usual among mammals, and when first placed in the pouch
they adhere so firmly to the nipples as to give some apparent
foundation for the popular error that they grow there like buds
on a tree. The skeleton has the general characteristics of all
mammals, but is peculiar in having also what are known as the
" marsupial bones," which consist of a pair of small bones attached
to the pelvis, supposed to support the pouch. The skull is elongate,
and the brain large ; the angle of the lower jaw is bent inwards ;
and there are other peculiarities which will be noticed under the
difierent species.

The Marsupials include Herbivorous, Carnivorous, and Insectivor-
ous forms. In other words the land Mammals of Australia, with the
exception of the Dingo, the indigenous Rats and Mice, and the Bats,
are all Marsupials, and have become adapted to widely different
habits and modes of life, some being herbivorous, some frugi-
vorous, some insectivorous, some carnivorous, some fleet runners,
and some living habitually in trees. There are, however, if we
except the Tasmanian Tiger, no large carnivorous mammals among
them. Some remarkable fossil forms have been discovered, which

40 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

are described in chapter XIY. Paleeontology ; our Australian
animals are in fact living representatives of races which in former
eras peopled the whole world.

There are seven families of Marsupials, six of which are found
in Australia and New Guinea, and the remaining one on the
American Continent.

The followintr table shows the Families and Genera into which
the existing forms of the Order BrARSUPIALIA are divided : —

Family I. Macropodidae — Macropus; Osphranter; Hal-
maturus ; Petrogale ; Dendrolagus ; Dorcopsis ; Onychogale ;
Lagorchestes ; Bettongia ; Hypsiprymnus.

Family II. Pleiopodidae— Hypsiprymnodon.

Family III. Peramelidae — Perameles ; Peragale ; Chcero-
pus.

Family IV. Phalangistidse — Phalangista ; Cuscus ;

Petaurista ; Belideus ; Acrobata ; Dromicia ; Tarsipes.

Family V. Dasyuridse — Thylacinus ; Sarcophilus ; Dasy-
urus. ; Phascologale ; Antechinus ; Podabrus ; Antechinomys.

Family VI. PhaSCOlomyidaB— Phascolomys; Phascolarctos.

Family VII. Didelpllidse — Didelphys; Chironectes (Ameri-
can).

FAMILY 1.— :\[ACROPODID^ or Kangaroos. The mem-
bers of this family are distinguished by their long hind legs, very
short fore legs, and powerful tails ; their usual mode of progression
is by leaps in which only the hind legs touch the ground, and the
tail oscillates up and down as a balance or counterpoise to the
body ; they attain a considerable speed, and it requires a good
horse to surpass them ; a large kangaroo has been known to leap
25 feet in one bound.

In the hind foot of the Kangaroos the first toe is wanting ;
the second and third are very slender and enclosed in a common
skin, appearing outwardly like one toe with a double nail ; the

V. AUSTRALIAN MAMMALIA. 41

fourth is very large and encased in a strong pointed claw — it is
the principal part of the foot j the fifth toe also is in a sheath but
is much smaller. The foot has thus the appearance of having
one large and two small toes. The fore feet have each the usual
live toes of nearly uniform size.

Kangaroos are also distinguished by the end of the nose being
hairy, and the eyes having eyelashes, as they are the only marsupials
that move about and feed in the daytime ; the head being long
and narrow ; and the pouch opening forward. The usual number
of teeth is 20 in the upper jaw and 14 in the lower arranged
thus :— incisors ^ ; canines ^, or y'.t > pi'emolars ^.t > BQolars |^;f ^
Total II or ff.*"

The front or incisor teeth are powerful, but the others are
small. They are vegetable feeders, eating grass and leaves. In
size they vary from the great black Kangaroo, 6 feet high, to
the Rat Kangaroo, which can go into one's pocket.

The Kangaroo was discovered by Captain Cook in 1770, and
first described in Dr. Hawkesbury's account of the Voyage. The
earliest name given to it was Yerboa gigantea, which was con-
sidered inappropriate, and the name Macropus, given by Dr. Shaw
in 1790, is now used. Macropus is from the Greek, makros,
large and j^ous, a foot. Kangaroo was supposed to be the native
name.

The specimens of Kangaroos in the Museum are exhibited in
the "Australian Hall" in cases Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4. The follow-
ing are some of the principal species.

Macropus major; the great Grey Kangaroo found all over
N.S,W., South and West Australia, and Tasmania. In a
full grown specimen the skull is 7 or 8 inches long, and
the animal itself often 6 feet high.

M. ocydromus; a form closely resembling II. major fouud in
West Australia.

M. erubescens ; a rare species from South Australia.

M. parryi ; a pretty silver-grey kangaroo found in the central
parts of N.S.W., and known as Parry's Kangaroo.

*For explanation of formula see in Chapter XIII. Osteology.

GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

Osphranter antilopinus ; tins animal has shorter hind legs
th:ni Macropus, but a larger central toe ; the hair is hard,
and the head and muzzle broader. (There is not a spe-
cimen of 0. antilcjnnus in the Museum at present.)

O. rufus ; the male of this has short, woolly fur of a bright
rusty colour. The female is light grey.

O. robustus ; the Black Wallaroo or great Rock Kangaroo of
N.S.W., is a slate colour in the male, and grey in the
female.

Halmaturus dorsalis ; the Black Striped Wallaby of N.S.W.
and Queensland.

H. agilis ; inhabits the scrub in the Northern Territory. The
fur is coarse and the colour a yellowish brown.

H. ruficollis ; so called on account of its red neck ; is a native
of N.S.W., and is the most common of the genus. It
was first discovered by Peron and Lesueur on King Island.

H. bennettii ; Bennett's Wallaby ; the Brush Kangaroo of
Tasmania. It is supposed to be a variety of S. ruficollis
although somewhat darker in colour.

H. thetidis ; the Pademelon of N.S.W. This is a pretty
Wallaby, with long soft fur. One was taken to Paris
alive by the " Thetis."

H. manicatus (or irma) ; the Black Gloved Wallaby of AVest
Australia.

H. ualabatus ; the Black Wallaby of N.S.W. The animal itself
is brown — only the feet and tail are black.

II. parma ; is a reddish-coloured Wallaby found in N.S.W.

H. derbianus ; Derby's Wallaby, West Australia.

H. brachyurus ; the Short Tailed Wallaby of West Australi a.
H. crassipes ; a New Guinea Wallaby fiom Port Moresby.

V, AUSTRALIAN MAMMALIA. 43

H. masters! ; Masters' Wallaby, Queensland.

H. greyi ; from South Australia, named after Captain George
Grey.

H. wilcoxi ; from the Richmond and Clarence Rivers district.
H. brownii; a Wallaby from New Ireland.
H. billardieri ; the Tasmanian Wallaby.

Petrogale penicillata ; the Rock Wallaby of N. S. W.

P xanthopus ; a yellow-footed Rock Wallaby from Flinder's
Range, South Australia.

P. longicaudata ; Long-tailed Rock Wallaby, N. S. W.
P. sp. ; from Derby, West Australia.

DendrolagUS ursinus ; D. inustus and D. dorianus ; these
are Kangaroos with the anterior extremities large and
powerful and with large foreclaws ; they are found in
New Guinea, and two other species are found in Queens-
land.

Dorcopsis luctuosa ; is a Wallaby found in New Guinea. It
differs from other genera in its dentition.

Onychogale unguifer ; is a Kangaroo from the North West
and other parts of Australia, it is of a slender and graceful
form, about the size of a rabbit, of a pale red colour, and
is characterised by the horny point to its tail, from which
it is called the nail-tailed kangaroo.

0. lunata ; is from West Australia.

O. frenata ; is from the lower Murray district, N. S. W.

Lagorchestes leporoides; the Hare Kangaroo, found in
South and West Australia and in N. S. W. This is a
very active little animal, with small and delicate feet and
velvety fur. It differs from the Great Kangaroo in its
upper teeth. The name is derived from the Greek lagos
a hare and 07xhestes, a dancer.

44 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

L. fasciatus ; from AVest Australia.
L. leichardti ; from West Australia.
L. conspicillatus ; from N. W. Australia.
L. hirsutus ; from West Australia.

Bettongia rufescens : the Rat Kangaroo, so called from its
small size. This species is found in N. S. W.

B. o.ijilbii ; from West Australia.

B. peuicillata ; from N. S. W.

B. cuniculus ; from Tasmania.

B. grayi ; from AVest Australia, and N. S. W.

B, campestris ; from South Australia.

Hypsiprymnus murinus ; a pretty little animal with long
dark fur found in N. S. W.

H. apicalis ; also found in IS". S. W.

H. platyojis I

-both from West Australia.
H. gilberti I

FAMILY 2.— PLEIOPODIDx^ — There is only one genus
known as yet in this family ; it is a little animal, in all respects
like the smaller kangaroos except in the toes, of which it has five
fully developed. It has been described and named by Dr.
Ramsay,

Hypsiprymnodon moschatus ; from specimens found at
Rockingham Bay, Queensland. It is regarded by Prof.
Owen as forming the type, not merely of a new genus,
but of a new family.

FAMILY 3.— PERAMELID.^ or Bandicoots.— The animals
comprising this family in outward appearance resemble rabbits or
small kangaroos, but in the fore feet some of the toes are rudi-
mentary while the hind feet are like the kangaroo's. They have
six incisor teeth in tlie lower jaw, whereas the kangaroos have

V. AUSTRALIAN MAMMALIA. 45

only two. The tail is short. The pouch opens backwards, that
is, towards the tail. The usual arrangement of the teeth is: —
incisors Lo • canines \'.]- ; premolars f :-| ; molars ^',^ total |4.
They are vegetable-feeders. The Bandicoots represented in the
Museum are in cases 5 and 6. The principal species are : —

Perameles gunni ; Gunn's Bandicoot, from Tasmania, This
was the first species described.

P. broadbenti ; Broadbent's Bandicoot, from New Gruinea.

P. nasuta ; the long-nosed Bandicoot of N.S.W.

P. myosurus ; the saddle-backed Bandicoot of Western Aus-
tralia.

P. fasciata ; the striped Bandicoot from South Australia.
P. moresbiensis ; Port Moresby Bandicoot.
P. cockerelli ; a Bandicoot from New Ireland.

Peragale lagotis ; sometimes called the Kabbit-rat. This
animal is rather different from the Perameles ; it has very
long ears and long soft fur. It is found in N.S.W. and
in South Australia.

Ohceropus castanotis ; a peculiar little animal like a rat with
the feet of a pig, that is, with two toes only on the fore
feet, while the hind foot has one well-developed toe. It
has a soft grey or brown fur,

FAMILY 4.— PHALANGISTID^— These are also vegetable
feeders, living on grass, leaves and young shoots. They are good
climbers and most of them have long prehensile tails, with which
tney can swing themselves from branch to branch; in some species,
however, the tail is wanting. There are five toes on each foot,
the second and third toes on the hind feet are united with a
common skin. The arrangement of the teeth is : — incisors
f; canines ^l]- or ^l^; premolars ^l-j- ; molars fl|^ or §'.f;
which allows for considerable variation. They are all nocturnal
in their habits. Specimens are in cases 5 and 6.

46 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

Group 1.— Phalangistinae ; Phalangers, or Austialian
Opossums, are found all over Australia. They have long
prelicnsile tails. The Phalangistas proper are natives of
Australia and Tasmania ; the Cuscus are natives of the
islands north of Australia. The tail of the Cuscus is often
devoid of hair. They are not really Opossums, but are
so called from their resemblance to the true Opossum,
which is a native of America. The principal specimens
are : —

Phalangista cookii (or Cook's Phalanger) was discovered by
Sir Joseph Banks on Capt. Cook's first voyage to Australia.

P. laniginosa, the Woolly Phalanger (or King Tailed Opossum),
a native of N.S.W.

P. fuliginosa ; the Sooty Phalanger, of Tasmania ; is distin-
guished by its long bushy tail and black fur.

P. vuli)ina ; the Vulpine Opossum found in Tasmania and
N.S.W.

P. viverrina ; Viverrine Phalanger, from Western Australia.

P. canina ; the Canine Opossum of New South Wales ; has grey
fur and a black tail.

Cuscus chrysorrhous ; the New Guinea Opossum.

C. orieutalis ; from New Ireland and the Solomon Islands. The
native name of this species in the island of Amboyna is
said to be Coes-Coes.

C. maculatus ; the Spotted Phalanger, from Cape York.

C. brevicaudatus ; also from Cape York.

Dactylopsila trivirgata; from Rockingham Bay, Cape York,
and New Guinea.

Dromicia gliriformis, is a very small species, with soft grey
fur and large eyes. It feeds on honey from the Eucalyptus
flowers and Banksias, and partly hybernates in winter.

Group 2.— Petauristinse; Flying Phalangers. The tail
in this group is very long, but not prehensile. There is a
membrane between the fore and hind legs which adapts
the animal for flight.

V. AUSTRALIAN MAMMALIA. 47

Petaurista taguanoides ; the Great Flying Phalanger, a
native of N.S.W. Its fur is long and soft, brown above
and dull white beneath.

Belidens ariel, fioru Cape York and New Guinea.

B. breviceps ; the Short Headed Flying Phalanger of N.S.W.

B. flavi venter ; from N.S.W.

B. sciurus ; the Squirrel-like Flying Phalanger, from Queens-
land, and N.S.W.

Acrobata pygmsea; the Opossum Mouse from N.S.W., and the
smallest of the tribe.

Group 3. — PbaSCOlarctinae ; the Koala or Native
Bear. These are quiet, peaceable animals ; their fur is
very thick and soft, generally grey in colour. Their favourite
food is the leaves of the Eucalypti, though they eat some
kinds of roots and in confinement will live a short time
on bread and vegetables. The young is carried on the
mother's back till it is able to climb alone. There are several
examples in cases 9 and 10,

Phascolarctos cinereus, is the only known species.

Group 4.— Tarsipedinae.

Tarsipes rostratus ; this animal is remarkably different from
others in the family. It is about the size of a mouse, has
very small teeth, a sharp nose and long tail, it has also
five toes on each foot ; it is a native of Western Australia,
and lives on honey obtained from the proteaceous plants.

FAMILY 5.— DASYURID^.— The members of this family
are carnivorous ; they live on birds and eggs, insects, and other
mammals. The feet are of the usual marsupial type, viz. : five
toes in the front and four in the hind feet, the second and third
toes of the hind feet are, however, not united, and the tail is not
prehensile. They have eight incisors in the upper and six in the
lower jaws, and seven molars in each jaw. The specimens are to
be seen in cases 7, 8, and 9.

Dasyurus viverrinus; the Native Cat of N.S.W., and Tas-
mania.
D. maculatus ; the Tiger Cat of Tasmania, Victoria & N.S.W.

48 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

D. geoflfroyi ; Geoffroy's Dasyure from South and West Aus-
tralia.

D. luillucatus ; the slender tailed Dasyure of North Australia is
the smallest of the genus.

D. gracilis ; from Queensland.

Sarcophilus ursinus ; the Tasmanian Devil. This is now-
confined to Tasmania.

Thylacinus cynocephalus ; the Tasmanian Tiger or Wolf
is tlie largest of the Dasyuridce. In outward appearance
this very much resembles a dog ; it was in past ages
an inhabitant of Australia, where its fossil remains are
still found. It is njDw found alive only in Tasmania, and
even there it is fast being exterminated.

Phascologale penicillata ; the Ring-tailed Rat of Western
Australia and of N. S. W. is a little animal smaller than
the D. haUuccUus mentioned above. It chiefly lives on
%'o^) youi^g birds, and insects. There are other species of
Pliascoloyale not represented in the collection.

Chastocercrus cristicaudatus ; from South Australia, (type
specimen).

Antechinus ; There are several species of these pretty little
animals in the cases. Representatives of the genus are
found all over Australia. In size and appearance they are
very like the connnon mouse, but in stiucture and habits
very different.

Antechinus Swainsoni ; Tasmania.

A. unicolor ; N.S.W.

A. flavipes; N.8.W.

A. apicalis ; South and West Australia.

A. albipes ; West Australia.

A. fuliginosus ; West Australia.

A. murinus ; N.S.W.

A. maculatus ; Queensland.

Podabrus macrurus ; from Queensland.

Antechinomys lanigera; from N.S.W

V. AUSTRALIAN MAMMALIA. 49

Myrmecobius fasciatus ; the Australian Ant-eater. This is
a gentle, easily tamed animal, with a long, slender tongue
formed for licking up ants, a pointed snout, short, strono-
legs, and a bushy tail. It is peculiar in having an unusually
large number of teeth, their arrangement being |-:|^; -|-;i ;
|^:f ; Total, 52. The female has no pouch.

FAMILY 6. — PHASCOLOMYID^, or AVombats, are
dijfferent in many respects from other marsupials. They have
stout bodies, large heads, and small eyes. Each foot has five
toes, fui-nished (except the first toe of the hind foot) with
broad, solid nails or claws, to burrow for the roots on which they
feed. Their tail is so short as to be entirelv hidden bv the fur.
The teeth are : Incisors, J ; premolars, \\\ ; molars, J:f ; Total, if,
all without roots, and only fixed in the gums. The specimens are
in cases 1 and 2 under the Kangaroos. There are also bones of
fossil species in the Osteological collection.

PhaSCOlomyS wombat is the common species. It is found

in New South Wales, "Western Australia, and Tasmania.

It is a nocturnal animal, growing to over 3 feet in length

and 60 lbs. in weight.
P. latifrons, from South Australia, has marked differences in

the teeth.

FAMILY i:— DIDELPHID^, or true Opossums, are
natives of America. (See page 38.)

Order MONOTREMATA.— This order also is peculiar to
Australia and the Austro-Malayan sub-region, and may be called
one of the wonders of the world. It forms a connecting link
between the mammals, the birds, and the reptiles, having features
common to each. The Monotremes lay eggs like birds or reptiles,
hatch them, and suckle their young like mammals, and nurse
them like marsupials. They were originally classed with the
marsupials ; but the differences are so great that they are now
placed in a separate order by themselves. The marsupial bones
are present but the pouch is said to be wanting in the Platypus,
and found in the Echidna only when she has eggs or young,
and there are considerable differences in the brain and in the
skeleton. There are two genera of Echidnidre, but only one of

50 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

Platypus; specimens are to be seen in case 10. Bones of a very
large fossil species of Echidna have been found in the Wellington
caves.

Ornithorliynchus paradoxus ; the Platypus. This has a
bill like a duck and webbed feet for swimming, the
fore feet also have claws for burrowing. It has short
velvety fur ; it lives in the water and makes its nest in
holes in the bank ; it feeds on larvae, and minute aquatic
animals which it finds in the water and in the mud ; it has
8 horny teeth ; it grows to about 18 inches in length.

TachyglosSUS aculeatus ; the Australian Porcupine, or
Echidna. This is about the size of the Platypus, which
also it resembles in most of its internal structure, but is
covered with spines like a porcupine on the back, with
coarse hair intermixed. It is not a water animal, but
lives on land and feeds on insects. It has a long snout,
with a small opening for the mouth, and a round slender
sticky tongue with which it secures its food. The feet
have very strong claws, by which the animal can bury
itself in the ground very quickly. It has been known
to penetrate two feet of loose garden soil in two or
three minutes. There is a spine on the hind legs of the
male connected with a gland. From this the name Echidna
(Greek, a viper) is derived, as it was erroneously supposed
to be poisonous. Other species are : —

T. setosa ; Tasmania. This species has shorter spines and
more hair than the others.

T. lawesii ; New Guinea.

AcanthoglosSUS bruyni ; New Guinea. Casts of the skull
and lower jaw of this species are to be seen in the Museum

Other orders— PLACENTALS.— Although Australia is the
home of the Marsupials and Monotremes, other orders are not
altogether unrepresented. There are no Monkeys, and few large
Carnivora ; the hoofed animals, as the Horse, Rhinoceros, Deer,
ttc, are w-anting, as are also the Edentata, or toothless animals.
The following are, however, represented : —

V. — AUSTRALIAN MAMMALIA^ 51

CANID^ or DOGS.

Oanis dingo ; the Native Dog. It is a moot point whether
or not the Dingo is indigenous or has been introduced
by man. There is evidence of its having been in the
country before the arrival of the first white settlers, so
that it must have come from the very early navigators
or by way of the Northern Islands and Torres Straits.
The real Native Dog, however, is called by the aborigines
the Worregal, and the Dingo is only the black man's
name for the white man's dog. There are specimens in
case 11.

PINNIPEDIA or SEALS.

ArctocephaluS cinereUS, the Eared Seal commonly found
on the coast of N.S.W.

Stenorhyuchus leptonyx, the Sea Leopard

Specimens are to be seen in case 11, and in the Central Hall,
Upper Floor (see pages 26 and 27).

INSECTIVOROUS BATS.— The insect-eating Bats found in
Australia are represented in the Museum by the following genera :

Molossus; Plecotus; Taphozous; Nyctophilusi
Vespertilio; Vesper ugo; Patalia; Rhinolophus;

and ScotophiluS.

FRUIT-EATING BATS are represented by :—

PteropUS, the flying fox; and Harpyla and others,
from New Guinea (see page 28).

RODENTIA. Of this Order the Rats only are indigenous
to Australia. These are well represented by various species, in
case No. 11, of MUS, or ground Rats ; HYDROMYS, or Water
Rats, said to be peculiar to Australia and New Guinea; and
HAPALOTIS, or Tree Rats, which construct nests in trees or
among dense vines.

CETACEA ; Whales (see page 35).
SIRENIA ; Dugongs (see page 36).

52 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

VL

BIRDS.

Birds, like mammals, are air-breathing animals, with a back-bone
and four limbs, — feet and wings, though in some cases the latter
are not used for flying. In species adapted for flight the bones
are hollow or cellular, combining strength with lightness. In
living birds the temperature of the blood is much higher than in
mammals, reaching sometimes 110°. Some fossil forms of birds
resemble reptiles in certain respects, and Prof. Huxley has there-
fore grouped them together in a division called SaurojJsida.

Birds are divided into Orders, as shown on page 16.

In the wall cases of the southern wing on the Upper Floor is
the FOREIGN COLLECTIOiSr OF BIRDS; but for want of
si)ace it is not arranged in its respective orders.

Order AOCIPITRES. There is a splendid collection from
all parts of the world of birds belonging to this order, but in
consequence of the large amount of space required for its exhibit,
it is partly arranged for the present in the gallery of the " Old
Wing." Nearly all the principal families are well lepresented,
from the Condor (Sarcoramj)hus gry2)us) of the Andes to the
smallest Falcon known (Faico fringillarius) of Java. Of the
nocturnal birds of prey the Eagle-owl (Bubo maximus), the
Snowy Owl (Siirnia nyctea), and Long-eared Owl (Strix otus) are
worthy of attention.

Order PSITTACI. This order is exhibited in Bay No. 2.
It includes the varied and richly -plumaged species of Parrots and
Cockatoos (Psittacidcr). The curious Owl-Parrot or Kakapo
(JStriyops habroptilus) of New Zealand, is worthy of notice.

VI. — BIRDS. Ko

Order PIOARI^. This order will be found in the wall
cases of Bay No. 3. The most striking are the Orange-hacked
Woodpecker {Brachy^ptermiis aurantius) of India, the Yellow-
fronted Woodpecker {Picus flavifrons) from Brazil, and the Pigmy
Woodpecker {Picumnus mimUissirrms) of Bahia ; and amono- the
Cuckoos, the brilliant Emerald Cuckoo {Chrijsococcyx smaragdinus)
of South Africa is deserving of special attention.

Order PASSERES, in Bay No. 4 includes the genera Corvus,
Paradisea, Sturnella, Aplonis, Pastor, Ampelis, and the brilliant
plumaged Cock of the Rock (Rupicola crocea), Cotinga, Oriolus, &c.

In the centre case of Bay 3 will be found the different
species of Toucans (Buceros,) Finches {FringillidcE), and Tanagers
i^TanagridcB).

In the wall case of Bay No. 3 is a fine group of Paradise
Birds, including the " Rifle," and " Bower-building Birds " from
New Guinea.

Order OOLUMB-ffi are placed in Bay No. 2. The curious
Tooth-billed Pigeon {Diduncidus strigirostris) allied to the extinct
Dodo, and the Nicobar Pigeon (Geojphilus nicoharicus) are worthy
of attention.

Order GALLING will be found in Bay No. 1. This
includes all the different species of Pheasants, of which the
Argus, Golden, Impeyan, and Silver are worthy of notice on
account of their striking and varied plumage ; there will also be
found here Quail, Partridges, Grouse, Peafowl, and many other
game birds. In Bay No. 7 will be found the genus Otis, repre-
sented by the well known Otis tarda of Europe.

Order GRALLATORES are in the floorcase of Bay No. 7,
the most conspicuous being the Scarlet Ibis from South America,
the Snipe (Gallinago), the Rail {Porzana), and the Parra {Parra
gallinacea) ; and in Bay No. 8, the Pratincole ( Olareola), Bittern
(Butoroides).

E

54 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

Order NATATORES are in Bay No. 6. The principal
genera exhibited are : — The Albatross [Diomedea), the Gulls
(Laj'us), the Terns (Sterna), and the Cormorant (Graculus). In
the floor case of tliis Bay will be found the different species of
Ducks {AnatidcE) and Grebes (Podicipedidae). Bay No. 7 also
contains Swimming Birds, principally Ducks, Swans and Geese.

Order STRUTHIONES are in Bay No. 5, the principal
species represented being the Cassowaries [Casuarius) from
Queensland and New Guinea, and the Apteryx representing the
"Wingless Birds from New Zealand ; a very fine albino specimen
of the latter genus will be found with others.

VII. — AUSTRALIAN BIRDS. 55

VII.

AUSTKALIAN BTEDS.

The upper floor of the north wing contains the collection of
Australian birds. Altogether, there are about 760 species found in
Australia and the adjacent islands, of which nearly 700 are
represented in the Museum. Our avi-fauna possesses some curious
genera, such as Menura, Ptilonorhynchus, Ghlamijdodera, Seenopceus,
Leipoa, Talegallus, Pedionomus, and others. For beauty and striking
contrasts of plumage, the birds of Australia are unrivalled, and the
idea that they have no note or song is without foundation. In
the Australian Bush, what is more pleasant than to listen in the
early morning to the flute-like notes of the piping Crow-shrike
{Gymnorhina tibicen) and the rich and varied natural notes of
the Lyre-bird {Menura superba), far excelling those of the Song-
thrush, and having immense powers of mimicry and ventrilo-
quism. This power of ventriloquism is also possessed by the
Atrichias, and the Oreoica, while the cheerful notes of the Robins,
Flycatchers, and many others of the smaller birds testify to the
fact that our birds have both a pleasing note and varied song.

On entering the northern wing the first thing to arrest
attention is a large case containing two groups of Lyre-birds
{Menura superha). On the left hand side is a nest containing the
young bird, with the male and female close at hand. On the
other side is a nest in which the single egg laid by this bird for
a sitting is shown. Two adult birds, male and female, complete
the group. A very good representation is given of the
localities which these birds love to frequent and of their breeding
places.

To the right of the above case is another (No. 86), containing a
group of Mortier's Tribonyx {Trihonyx moriieri), ten in all,
showing the difierent stages of plumage, from the young just out
of the shell to the fully adult stage. A very good idea of the
habits of these birds is given by the representation of a rush-
bordered stream. On the left-hand side of the group of Lyre-birds

56 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

is a case containing several of the curious Bower-building
Birds, the Satin Bower-bird {PtilonorTiynchus violaceus), and a
bower or playing-ground constructed by them. The bower is
composed of small sticks, twigs, <tc., stuck upright in the ground,
surrounded by a platform of sticks, and ornamented with land
shells, bones of small animals, feathers, ikc. These bowers
are usually constructed beneath the lower undergrowth in thickly
timbered mountainous parts of the country, and when near the
settlers' houses are often ornamented with pieces of broken
china, ^^lass, &.C. The bower must not be confounded with the
nest, which is built in the fork of a tree not far from the ground.
This case contains two adult males, three females, and one
immature male, the latter showing a mixture of the violet-black
and greyish-green stage of ])lumage. Close at hand is a group
of another species of Bower birds (GJilamijdodera cerviniventrisj,
the Fawn-breasted Bower bird of Cape York, and New Guinea.
The bower of this bird is longer, thicker, and more closely
constructed than that of the Satin Bower bird. This is the only
species of the genus Chlamydodera that has not the beautiful
rose-coloured frill on the nape of the neck. In the central
portion of the northern wing is Case No. 88, containing several
<Troups of birds, among which are the Eastern Bower-bird
(Chlamydodeva orientalis), the Rifle-bird (Ptilorhis paradisea), the
Re'T'ent-bird ( Sericuliis melinus), with its gay and striking con-
trasts of golden and velvety black plumage ; the Cat-bird
(Ailurcedus viridis), so called on account of its harsh and extra-
ordinary notes, resembling the cries of a cat ; and on the rockwork
at the bottom of the case is a group of Noisy Pittas (Pitta
strepitans). At the back of this case is another containing Prince
Albert's Lyre-bird {Menura alherti) adult male and female ;
also, the nest hidden by a projecting fern-covered bank. Midway
down the centre of the main hall is a large case, containing a
group of Cassowaries (Casuarius australis) from the dense scrubs
of North-eastern Queensland ; this bird almost equals the Emu
in size and weight of body. This is the last of the groups in
separate cases.

On each side of the northern wing of the Museum are wall
cases, from wliich others spring at right angles at various intervals,

VII. AUSTRALIAN BIRDS. 57

forming bays, in which the birds will be found arranged in their
respective orders. Returning to the south-western portion of the
northern wing, or left-hand side, will be found the first order.

Order ACOIPITRES. Every known species on the Aus-
tralian continent is here represented. In the first Bay is a group
of Wedge-tailed Eagles fAquila audaxj, and the White-bellied
Sea Eagle {Ilaliaetus leucogaster). These birds are almost equal
in size, and are the largest of all the Australian Birds of Prey.
The Whistling Eagle [JSaliastur sphenurus) is also in this case.
In the centre of this bay, in the wall case, is a collection of
Hawks, Harriers, Kestrels, &c., the most conspicuous of them
being the Grey-backed, or New-Holland Goshawk (Astur cinereus),
the Tasmanian Goshawk (^Astur novce-hollandice), the former of
which in the male has snow-white plumage, and in the female an
ashy-grey back ; but in the latter both sexes are white. Both
species are found in Australia, but the latter form appears to be con-
fined to Tasmania. The Black- shouldered Kite {Elamis axillaris),
the Nankeen Kestrel ( Tinnunculus cenchroides), the Collared Spar-
row Hawk {Accipiter cirrhocepTialus), the Black Falcon (Falco
subniger), and the Black-breasted Buzzard {Gypoictinia melano-
sternon), are all deserving of careful examination. On the right-
hand side of this bay will be found the White-headed Osprey
{Pandion leucocephalus), the Crested Hawk {Baza suhcristata), the
Red-backed Eish-Eagle {Haliastur girrenera, a sub-species of E.
Indus), the Brown Hawk (^Hieracidea orientalis), and the commonest
of all our Australian birds of prey. On the lower portion
of this case are several specimens of the Powerful Owl (Ninox
strenua). On entering bay No. 2, other members of the family
will be found, among which may be pointed out the Winking
Owl {Ninox connivens), and the Boobook Owl (Ninox hoohooh).

Order PSITTAOI are exhibited in Bay No. 4. This Order
is well represented in Australia, from the Great Palm Cocka-
too, {Microglossus aterrimus) to the Little Lorikeet {Tricho-
glossus pusillus) ; the Cockatoos {Calyptorhynclms and Cacatua),
are interesting forms, but for brilliancy of plumage the
Red-winged Lory (Ptistes erythropterus), Barraband's Parrakeet
{Polytelis harrahandi), Banded Parrakeet {PlaUjcercus zonarius),

58 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

and many others surpass the larger and noisier members of the
family Psittacidce. The others most worthy of attention, are the
Beautiful Parrakeet (Psephotus pw^cAerrwjiws), Elegant Grass-
Parrakeet (Euphema elegans) Bourke's Grass-Parrakeet (Eup»hema
hourkii) and the Porphyry-crowned Lorikeet {Triclioglossus por-
j)hijrocephalus). In the right hand corner at the bottom of this
case is a group consisting of the male and female Ground
Parrakeet ( Pezoporus forinosus)^ togetlier with the nest and eggs.
This species and an allied form found in Western Australia are
the only Australian members of the family known to make nests
of grass or rushes on the ground, as all the rest resort to the hollow
limbs of trees usually at a great height from the ground for the
purpose of breeding.

Order PIOARI^. At the top of the case, in Bay 2, are
several representative families of the CAPRIMULGID^, in-
cluding jEgotheles, Cajn'imulgus, Eurostopodus, and Podargus.
Attention should be given to the Tawny-shouldered Podargus
{Podargus strigoides), better known to many under the erroneous
local name of " More pork," — the bird which utters the peculiar
note resembling these words being the Boobook Owl ; also to the
smallest bird of the family, the Owlet Nightjar {JEgotheles novce-
hoUandice). The Dollar Bird {Eurystomus pacificus), the Bee-
eater {Merops ornatus), and the different species of King-fishers
belonging to the genera Dacelo, Ealcyon, Alcyone and Tanysiptera
will be found in the same case. On the bottom of this case are
the various species of Cuckoos found in Australia.

Order PASSERES, are in the wall case of Bay No. 2.
This is the largest order of birds in Australia and only
a cursory glance can be bestowed on the leading families.
The family HIRUNDINID^ comprises several graceful
genera in the Swallows, and Martins; a pure white or
alljino specimen of the Fairy Martin, (Lagenoplastes artel) will
be found in this case, and at the bottom of it are the Wood
Swallows (Artamidce). A faithful representation is given of the
position in which the Diamond Bird (Pardalotus punctatus), forms
its burrow, at the end of which it constructs its nest of loosely
interwoven strips of bark or grasses; members of the same
family will be found in close proximity. On the right hand

VII. AUSTRALIAN BIRDS. 59

side of the Bay are different species of the genera JSfrepera,
Gymnorhina, and Grallina ; albino specimens of the two latter
are exhibited. Lower down are members of the genus Graucalus,
and the Flycatchers, representing the genera Rhipidura, iSaulo-
procta, Piezorhynchus, Monarcha, and Machcerirhynchus, of which
the White-shafted-Fantail (Ehipidu7'a albiscapa), calls for special
attention on account of its curiously formed nest, which may be
seen in one of the table cases. The Coach-whip-bird (Psoj)Jiodes
crepitans), Noisy scrub bird (Atrichia clamosa), Crested Wedge Bill
( Sphenostoma cristatum), and the numerous members of the genus
Sericornis, are worthy of attention. At the bottom of this case
will be seen a group consisting of the male, female, and nest
of the Downy Pycnoptilus (Pycnoptilus Jloccosus). It is only
during the last few years that this bird has been found within
fifty miles of Sydney ; it is a lover of the dense thickets and
scrubs of the Illawarra and Blue Mountain ranges. Specimens
of Menura alherti, and M. superha, are also shown. At the top
of bay No. 3 on the left hand side are the Crow-Shrikes belonging
to the genera Cracticus and Gipnnorhina, lower down are the
Thickheads {Pachycephala), Colly riocinclae, and Crested Oreoica
( Oreoica cristata), the Scarlet-breasted or Legge's Robin {Petroica
leggii), Red-capped Robin {P. goodenovii), Rose-breasted Robin
{Erythrodryas rosea), and several species of Yellow Robins
[Eopsaltrice), the Superb Warblers (^Maluri), and the curious little
Emu WreQ (Stipiturms malachurus) ; on the bottom of this case are
the Ephthianurse, one of them, the Orange-fronted (E. aurifrons),
represented with its nest and eggs, a group of the Australian
Meadow Pipit [Anthus australis), the White-faced Xerophila
{X. leucopsis), the Eield Calamanthus (C campestris), and the
Bristle-bird {Sphenura brachyptera). At the back of the bay or
wall case on the top row will be found, with but few exceptions, all
the members of the family Ploceidce known in Australia. Many
of these are very gay plumaged birds, notably the Beautiful Grass
Finch (Poephila mirabilis), the Crimson Finch (Estrilda phaeton),
and the Painted Finch (Emblema picta) ; on the second row
are the Pittas and Ground Thrushes, the different species of
Bower-building birds (Scenopoiidae), and groups of Cat Birds
(Ailuroedus viridis, and A. maculosus), and the curious Tooth-
billed Scenopseus (Scenopceus dentirostris), which has a habit

60 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

of clearing a space of ground in the scrub, and ornamenting
it with gaily tinted leaves, flowers and bright berries. The
Regent Bird (Set'iadus melinus) is also shown with its bower. A
very good idea of the breeding places of the Rock Warbler
( Origma ruhvicata) is given, a group of these birds being set up
with their long pensile nests attached to an overhanging rock.
Close by is a group of Noisy Pittas {Pitta strepitans) showing
their manner of obtaining food by breaking shells against a stone,
in time accumulating thereby a large heap of broken shells. On
the right hand side of this bay we come to the largest family
of birds in Australia — the MelipJiagidce or Honey-eaters ; these
birds procure their food from various native flowers, principally
the Eucalyyti, their brush- like tongue being well suited for the
purpose ; the family consists of many genera, the principal of
which are Jlelioniis, Ghjciphila, Ptilotis, Philemon, Myzomela,
JUelithreptus, and Myzantha, the different species of which are
well re[)resented in the collection.

Order COLUMB^. Crossing to the eastern side of the
northern wing, we And in Bay No. 5 the order Columbae or
Pigeons, many of which are of bright colours, especially the
Ptilinopi or Fruit-eating Pigeons. The Bronze-wing (Phaps
chalcoptera), the Wonga Wonga (Leucosarcia 2^i'Cata)j and the
Partridge Bronze-wing (Geophaps scripta), are worthy of notice,
and many of them are esteemed great delicacies for the table.

Order GALLIN-^iE. At the bottom of the case in Bay
No. 5 are several families representing the order Gallinae the
principal of which are the Perdicidce or Quails; these birds
aflbrd good sport in the season, and are much sought after,
especially the Stubble Quail {Coturnix ijectorcdis), and the
Varied Turnix or Painted Quail [Turnix varius), two of tlie
largest species of tlie family in New South Wales. The
Collared Plain-wanderer (Pedionomus torquatus)'^ a most inter-
esting form and peculiar to Australia is also represented.
At the top of the floor case of this Bay are the Mound-raisers,
a group of birds which deposit their eggs in large mounds of

* There is some doubt to which order this bird belongs, some orni-
thologists preferring to place it among the Grallatores.

VII. AUSTRALIAN BIRDS. 61

leaves, debris, and sand, scraped together by the birds, the heat
from which while decomposing relieves the parent birds of all
further responsibility as regards their incubation. The Mound-
raising Megapode (^Megapodius tumulus) and the Wattled Tale-
gallus [Taleg alius lathami) are found in the rich brushes of the
Northern and Eastern coast of Australia, while the Ocellated
Leipoa {Leipoa ocellata) gives preference to the Mallee scrubs
of the interior.

Order GRALLATORES. The Order Grallatores comes
next in Bay No. 6, and includes many genera ; several groups
are shown, one of them being the Australian Bustard {Eupodotis
australis), which is worthy of attention as being the largest of all
our game birds. Among the Wading Birds the most interesting
are the Bed-headed Avocet ( Recurvirostra rubi'icollis), the Banded
Stilt ( Cladorhynchus pectoralis), and the White-headed Stilt
{Himantopus leucocepJialus). In this bay will be found also the
diflferent species of Water Crakes, Ibises, Dotterels, Gallinules,
Spoonbills, Herons, Bitterns, &c.

Order NATATORES. The species representing this order
are in Bay No. 7. These are the Ducks, Geese, Grebes, &c.,
and the large and varied species of sea birds found frequenting
the seas that wash the Australian coast ; among these may be
pointed out the different species of Albatross, Gulls, Petrels and
Cormorants. In this bay is a group of the Bed-tailed Tropic
Bird (Phaeton ruhricauda), representing the breeding place with
an egg of the species.

Order STRUTHIONES or Running Birds. We now
come to the last of the Australian Birds, which for want of space
are placed in Bay No. 8, viz., a group of Emus (Dromaius novce-
JioUandice) with their eggs and young. It is a matter of regret
that this fine bird is being so rapidly exterminated, and that in
a few years, the only examples likely to be met with will be from
the interior of Australia.

62 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

YIII.

t

EEPTILIA AND BATRACHIA.

The reptiles and the BATRACHIANS have so manjr
characteristics in common tliat it is convenient to study them
side by side, althougli the modern system of classification does not
group them together. ,

REPTILES include snakes, lizards, tortoises, turtles, croco-
diles, and alligators ; they are air-breathing animals, with large
lungs and cold blood.

BATRACniANS differ from reptiles in having the skull
united to the backbone by two joints or condyles, while reptiles
have only one, and by having no scales. Most of the Batrachians
have four limbs like the higher animals. They lay eggs and have
cold blood. The Batrachians consist of animals which during the
early stage of their development undergo a complete metamor-
phosis, living in water and breathing like fishes by means of
gills, which in the adult state disappear and are replaced by
lungs, while at the same time the tail, in the greater number of
forms, is shed, and four limbs are developed.

Reptiles and Batrachians are divided into orders as on page 16.

REPTILIA— Order I.— OHELONIA.— The Tortoises
and Turtles which form this order are the only reptiles which have
not distinctly elongated bodies. They are protected by a hard
bony outer skeleton, technically known as the exo-skeleton,
formed of horny plates. The vertebrae are united, making the
backbone practically one straight bone. They have no teeth,
these being replaced by a horny beak. The head, limbs, and
tail protrude from openings in the carapace, and can, in most
si)ecies be withdrawn at will. In the Central Hall, upper floor,
are specimens shewing the formation of the skeleton, and the
following mounted examples : —

The Murray River, or Long-necked Tortoises {Chdodina

longicollis and C. ohlonga.)

VIII. — REPTILIA AND BATRACHIA. 65

Sphargis COriacea, from Newcastle, N.S.W. and E. Australia.

Carettochelys inSCUlptUS, (Ramsay), a new remarkable form

from New Guinea.
Chelonia squamata, from Northern Australia.

Order II.— OROOODILIA,— The Crocodiles, Alligators
and Caymans inhabit both the fresh and salt waters of tropical
countries, and are the largest reptiles now existing, having
been known to grow to 25 feet in length. They have a fully
developed backbone and ribs and four limbs, the hind pair being
fully webbed ; the outer covering consists of horny scales, with soft
skin interposed.

Crocodiles have one tooth on each side of the lower jaw longer
than the others, so that it is seen outside when the mouth is shut ;
and the hind feet are webbed. Alligators do not show the long
tooth when the mouth is closed, and the hind feet are only
partially webbed. Specimens are shown in the Central Hall,
Upper Floor, and skeletons in a case in the Osteological Hall,
Ground Floor. Crocodiles are found in Africa, India, North
Australia, South and Central America. Alligators are found
only in the warmer parts of North and South America.

The Australian species are —

Crocodilus porosus.

johnstonii.

)>

Order III.— LAOERTILIA, or LIZARDS.— In general

appearance these reptiles are well known. The four limbs are
usually well developed, but in some snake-like forms they are
rudimentary. The teeth are not set in sockets in the jaws, but
are often united to the bone. The skin is covered with scales.
The backbone is composed of many vertebrae, and there is usually
a long tail. The Lizards are not poisonous, with one exception
— the Heloderma of Mexico and Arizona — which has a poison
gland and fangs in its upper jaw, and whose bite is occasionally
fatal even to man.

There are many families of Lizards, distinguished mainly by
the form of the feet, the former being either furnished with
disk-like plates (as in the Geckonidce) which enable their

6-4 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

owners to pursue their insect prey on walls and even ceilings,
with well developed clawed toes (as in the Agamidce) or with
rudimentary feet (as in the Pygopodidce). In some the tongue
is long, slender or worm-like, in others it is short and fleshy.

The specimens of Australian Lizards are shown in Case 156 in
the Australian Hall, Ground Floor. Some of them worthy of note
are : —

Gymnodactylus platurus —The Gecko, a very harm-
less little lizard.

Pygopus lepidopus — A Snake-like Lizard.

Amphibolurus barbatus — The Bearded Lizard.

Moloch horridus — Spined Lizard, a purely Australian
form.

Varanus varius — The Australian Iguana or Lace Lizard,
but the name Iguana is a misnomer, the true Iguanas
being American.

TrachysaurUS rugOSUS — The Stump-tailed Lizard.

Tiliqua SCincoides — The blue-tongued Lizard.

LygOSOma taeniolatum— The common striated Lizard.

Order IV.— OPHIDIA, or SNAKES.— The Snakes have a
terrible fascination, on account of the dangerous venom possessed
by many. They possess an internal skeleton composed of very
numerous vertebrae, and an external covering of horny scales,
which they cast at intervals, during which time they are partially
blind ; some serpents, notably the Boas and Pythons, have as
many as 400 vertebrae. The lower jaw is united to the upper by
muscles only, and even the two sides of the lower jaw are loose,
so that they are able to open their mouth to an enormous
extent. The teeth are not set in sockets, as rhey are not used for
mastication, but only for siezing the prey. Snakes have no feet,
but the backbone and ribs are very flexible, and the locomotion
is effected by means of the latter. The tongue is forked, and is a
very sensitive organ of touch ; often it is considered by persons

VIII. REPTILIA AND BATRACHIA. 65

with no scientific knowledge, to be the agent by which the poison
is introduced into the system, but the poison glands lie at the root
of a pair of fangs, one on each side of the upper jaw, and the poison
is ejected through a groove in the tooth. The poisonous snakes
have few teeth, while the non-poisonous have many. Australian
snakes are in Case 15a Australian Hall. Foreign Snakes are in
a Case in the Central Hall.

Snakes are divided into the following sub-orders* :

Sub-order I. SOLONOGLYPHA, which includes Vipers

and Rattlesnakes. — These have broad, flat, triangular heads,
with one large moveable fang and a poison gland. The common
adder or viper of Europe, the vipers of Africa, the puff adder
of South Africa, and other similar snakes form one family of this
sub-order. Another family is composed of the rattlesnake of
America and similar species.

Sub-order II. PROTEROGLYPHA— This sub-order

includes some of the most deadly of all snakes, and is well represen-
ted in Australia. Its peculiarity is that the poison fano-s are
grooved in front and are not movable, while behind the fangs are
one or more teeth. It is divided into two families.

1. The Elapidce, which have a very broad head. The Cobra
{Naja tripudians) of India, and the Speckled Snake {Faja haje)
of Egypt belong to this family, as also the Hamadryad or Tree
Snake of India, and others. The principal Australian forms

are :-

Acanthophis antarctica — Death Adder.

HoplOCephaluS CUrtUS— Brown-banded Snake.

„ variegatus— Broad-headed Snake,

jj COronoides — Tasmanian Snake.

» Signatus — Black-bellied Snake.

Diemenia superciliosa — Brown Snake.

„ reticulata— Whip Snake.

* This classification is from Nicholson's Zoology. 7th ed. 1SS7.

66 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

Pseudechis porphyriacUS — Black Snake, and the most
common of the hirger venomous snakes of Australia.

Brachysoma diadema — Scarlet-spotted Snake, which
seldom grows over a foot and a half in length.

Tropidechis carinata — Keeled-scaled Snake.

Vermicella annulata — Ringed Snake.
Pseudonaja nuchalis — Collared Snake.

2. The Ili/drophicke, or Sea Snakes. — These are all venomous,
and are distinguished from land snakes by the formation of
the tail, which is flattened for swimming. They are air-breathing
animals, although living in the water, and the nostrils are on the
top of the snout. Three species found about Port Jackson are : —

Pelamis bicolor — Yellow-bellied Sea Snake.
Platurus SCUtatus— Ringed Sea Snake.
Hydrophis elegans— Elegant Sea Snake.

Sub-order III.— OPISTHOGLYPHA. In this sub-
order the head is lonsj, the fangs are behind, and there are several
teeth in front. It is not certain whether they are poisonous or
not. The American whipsnakes belong to this sub-order, but
they are not found in Australia.

Sub-order IV.— AGLYPHODORTA. The snakes of
this order are not poisonous ; they have no grooved fangs, but
have numerous teeth. This order includes the Pythons or Rock
snakes, of which the Boa Constrictor is a notable example. Aus-
tralian specimens are : —

Morelia spilotes — Diamond Snake.
„ variegata — Carpet Snake.

Aspidiotes ramsayi — Rock snake, which grows to a
length of 20ft., and is one of the largest snakes in
Australia.

Liasis childreni— Rock Snake.
Dendrophis punctulata — Green Tree Snake.
DipsaS fusca — Brown Tree Snake.
Nardoa gilberti — Gilbert's Rock Snake.

VIII. — REPTILIA AND BATRACHIA. 67

Sub-order V.— ANGIOSTOMATA. This group con-
tains a number of small snakes not included in any of the pre-
ceding groups. The mouth is narrow, and the jaws are not so
moveable as in other orders. In some species teeth are wanting.
Australian specimens are : —

Typhlops nigrescens— Blind Snake.
„ rueppelli— „

„ guentheri— „

They live principally in the ground on minute ants and their
eggs. They can really see as well as any other snakes.

BATRAOHIA-Sub-Order L-BATRAOHIA SALI-

ENTIA. — This sub-order comprises Batrachians, such as Fro»s
and Toads, the members of which in the adult state are tail-less,
but are provided with four well developed limbs. Specimens of
those belonging to Australia and the South Sea Islands are in
Case 155 in the Australian Hall, Ground Floor. Some of the
species on view are : —

Hyla caerulea — Green Tree Frog.

Notaden bennetti — Bennett's Toad, a very rare and
purely Australian form.

Limnodynastes peronii — Marsh frog.

Pseudophryne australis— Speckled bellied frog.
Sub-Order II.-BATRAOHIA GRADIENTIA. This

sub-order includes Batrachia which retain their tails through life
and have also four limbs ; while many lead an aquatic life, — for
example, the Newts, the Salamanders, the Axolotls, &c., of which
there are no Australian examples.

Sub-Order III.— BATRACHIA APODA, or CCECI-

LIANS. — This Sub-order is characterised by the habits of the
animals composing it being serpent or worm-like, having no limbs
and only a rudimentary tail — for example, " Mud Eels." They
live in marshy ground in tropical countries, but are not found in
Australia.

GS GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

IX.

FISHES.

'i'liESE are the lowest recognized forms of vertebrated animals.
The earliest known — and now for the greater part extinct — forms
liad a cartilagenous skeleton, that is to say the bones, even in the
adult state, were represented by a substance resembling "gristle,"
but many of the later, and sometimes extinct groups, dating back
as far as the cretaceous period, are true Teleosteans, which implies
that they possess a bony skeleton and completely formed vertebrae,
and to this highly specialized sub-class the greater number of recent
fislies belong ; they are cold-blooded animals, destitute of lungs,
which are replaced by gills, a character whose permanency
constitutes the chief difference between this and the preceding
class. Most fishes are oviparous, but a few genera are ovo-
viviparous. The majority of the genera are provided with a
scaly covering to the epidermis, as in Perca, but in some the
skin is absolutely naked, as in Conger^ while a few of the
older forms are protected by bon}" scutes, as in the Ganoids, and
some recent genera have a hard continuous carapace, as shewn in
Ostracion and Aracana. They are almost always wholly aquatic,
a few species only being able to exist for a time under other
conditions ; that certain genera can sustain life out of their natural
element has, however, been long known ; for example we may
mention, (1.) the "Climbing Perch" Anahas, of India, which
is not only able to leave the water, but by means of its strongly
denticulated opercles has been known to climb the sloping
sides of trees to a height of several feet, presumably for the
purpose of feeding on the insects concealed in the crevices
of th(i bark ; (2.) the Eel {AnguiUa) which migrates over
land from place to place in search of water, and has also been
proved to make nightly excursions over the meadows adjoining
its haunts; (3.) many fishes in tropical climates where the supply
of water is precarious, are accustomed to bury themselves in

IX. — FISHES. 69

sand or mud on the approach of drought, and are able to survive
thus for many months, when rain comes they emerge in wreat
numbers, which accounts for the so-called "showers" of fishes
frequently reported in the newspapers, (4.) the Queensland
" Mud-hopper" or " Climbing Fish" {Perio]jhthalmus) which leaves
the water, progressing in advance of the flowing tide by a series
of leaps, and even ascends the mangrove trees ; many other
instances might be adduced but the above are sufficient for our
purpose.

Fishes, although living almost entirely under water, breathe
oxygen, which they obtain from the water by means of their
gills ; and although nearly all fishes are oviparous, some hatch
out the eggs inside the body (Cristtceps, Mustelus, &c.) ; others
in a sub-caudal pouch (Syngnaihus, &c.) ; others again in the
mouth of the male parent (Hemipimelodus, &c.)

Fishes are the oldest recognised types of vertebrate animals,
remains having been found in the Upper Silurian strata, near
Ludlow. They are classified as on pages 16 and 17.

The first sub-class, the PAL^IOHTHYES, has been sub-
divided into two orders (i.) the Chondropterygii, including
Sharks, Rays, and Chimseras, and (ii.) the Ganoidei, which latter
are but little represented in recent times though at one time
they existed in large numbers.

Order OHONDROPTERYGYII. The principal families
of this order are (1) the Carchariidm, to which belong such
formidable creatures as the Blue Shark {Owrcharias glaums),
the Whaler (C. macrurus), the Tiger Shark (^Galeocerdo ratjneri),
and the Hammer-head [Si^hyrna zygcEna), with many smaller
forms ; (2) the Lamnidce, containing the no less formidable Blue
and White Pointers {Lamna glauca and Carcharodon rondeUiii), the
Grey Nurse {Odontaspis taunts), the curious Fox Shark or Thresher
(Alopias vulpes), and the still more curious Basking Shark
{Getorhinus m^'ajmws), which grows to over thirty feet in length,
but is quite harmless ; (3) the Heterodontidod, to which belong
the Port Jackson or Bull-head Sharks [Heterodontus phillipi and
E. galeattis), stud which is interesting on account of its great

F

70 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

age in point of time, this being the only surviving genus out of
the twenty-tive which have been described from remote eras of the
earth's history; (4) the Spinacidce of which two very curious forms
Centn'na salviani and £chh)orhi7ms spinosiis are exhibited in Case
1Gb; (5) the PristiophorichE and (6) the Pristidce bear a strong
outward resemblance to one another, but the former are true
Sharks, the latter true Rays ; (7) the Torpedinidoe, or " Electric
Rays," of which our common " Numb-fish " {Hypnos mhnigrum)
is a good example, and whose battery is sufficiently powerful to
give a most unpleasant shock ; (8) the Trygonidcs or " Sting-
Rays " armed with a strong serrated spine on the tail, with which
they can inflict a severe, and in some cases, dangerous wound.
Numerous species are found on our coast, the "Black Sting-
Ray " {Tryrjon pastinaca) being the largest, (9) the AlyliohatidcB
or " Eagle Rays, " some genera of which grow to an enormous
size, even as much as fifteen feet in breath, and attain to a weight
of 1,500 pounds ; Ceratoptera alfredi in the Central Hall, Upper
Floor, will give a good idea of this family; (10) the Chiniceridce, a
small but interesting family representing the suh-order Hoi ocejjhala
and forming a connecting link between the Chondropterygii and
Ganoidei ; CaUorhynchus antarcticus, the *' Elephant-fish," of
Bass' Straits, is the only Australian representative ; the exhibits
belonging to this order are placed in Cases 13a, 13b (mounted
and in spirits), while Case 12 in the Osteological Hall contains
skeletons ; the large mounted species are hung round the Central
Hall, Upper floor. Other families represented in the Museum
are (11) Notidanidce, Seven-gilled shark; (12) Scylliidce, Dog-
fishes; (13) RhinidcE, Monk or Angel fish; (14) Rhinohatidce,
Shovel-nosed, and Fiddler Rays, and (15) Raiidce, true Rays or
Skates.

Order GANOIDEI— Of this order, a fairly representative
series is on exhibit, six of the eleven living genera being on view
in Case 13a. These are as follows: Families (1) Sirenidce, re-
presented by Protopterus annectens from Tropical Africa, and
Ceratodus forsteri, the only Australian representative of this almost
extinct order ; (2) Acipenseridce, by the Sturgeons, natives of the
northern heniisphere, and valuable commercially as affording the
best quality of isinglass and caviare ; (3) Poly odontidm, by Polyodon

IX. FISHES. 71

folium, from the Mississippi, remarkable for the great length of its
spoon-shaped upper jaw ; (4) Folypteridce, by Polypterus bichir,
from Tropical Africa, and (5) Lepidosteidce by Lepidosteus osseus,
and L. viridis, the " Bony Pikes " of the southern states of North
America.

We now come to the second sub-class, the TELEOSTEI, havin^y
a bony skeleton with completely formed vertebne ; the greater
number of recent fishes belong to this sub-class, and they com-
prise an almost infinite variety of forms. They are divided into
six orders.

Order AOANTHOPTERYGII is so named on account
of a portion of the dorsal, anal and ventral fins being formed of
spines ; the pharyngeal bones, as the fifth branchial arch is called,
are generally separate. The principal families are as follows •
(1) Pevcidce, represented by numerous genera and species in the
rivers and seas of Australia. The following forms will be familiar
to our readers : the English Perch {Perca), found commonly over
the temperate region of the Northern Hemisphere, and introduced
n many parts of the colonies ; the Australian Perch {Percalates) ;
the Black Rock Cod (Serranus), so justly esteemed for the excel-
lence of its flesh; the Pearl Perch (Glaucosoma), an even better fish ;
the Golden Vevoh^Otenolates), Silver Bream (^AerapoTi), and Murray
•Cod ( Oligorus^ the last three abundant in our inland waters,
and of excellent flavor, and many others ; (2) the Chwfodontidce,
or " Coral fishes ", consisting chiefly of small fishes of exquisite
<3olors ; but one species, the Sweep (Scorpis^ is marketable ; (3)
the MullidcB, or Red Mullets, highly esteemed as they always have
been in Europe for the quality of their food, are of little value here ;
(4) the Sparidce, or Sea-Breams, are a valuable group in our waters,
as the Black-fishes (Girella), the Schnapper (Pagrus), the Black
Bream and Tarwhine (Chri/sopJiri/s), with several others, belong
to it ; (5) the GirrTiitidce contains some of our best table-fish, such
as the Jackass-fish ( Chilodactylus) and the IVumpeters (Latris) ;
(6) the Scorpcenidce, embracing the Red Rock Cods, and many
other curious forms ; (7) the Berycidce, which is an interesting
family, since to it belong the oldest known Teleostean Pishes,
many of its members occurring in the chalk formations, whence
several species of Beryx have been described, a genus to which

72 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

our well-known Nannygai belongs; (8.) the SciceJiidce, another
valuable family to which the Jew-fish (Scicena), and the Teraglin
{Ofolithus), both large' and excellent fishes, belong; (9.) the
TrichiuridcE, among which may be mentioned the famous Frost-
fish of New Zealand {Lepidopus\ the Hair-tails {Trichiurus), and
the Barracouta of Tasmania {Thyrsites), all of fine quality; (10.)
the Caraurjidcc or Horse Mackerels with the Yellowtail and
Trevally ( Caranx\ the King-fish and Samson-fish {Sertold), the
Pilot-fish {Nancrates) and the Tailor (Temnodon) as representatives.
(11) Scofnbrida; or the Mackerels, which includes besides the
typical species, a Tunny (Orcynus), and species of Cylium and
Elacate^ the latter being found in all tropical seas, and the
Sucking-fishes {Echeyieis) with their first dorsal fin transformed
into a lamellated sucking disk on the top of the head; (12)
Trachinidcr, the best known of which to our readers will be the
Whitings {Sillayo) a very delicate morsel ; (13) the Cottidce, con-
taining the Flat-heads {Platycephalus\ and the Gurnards {Trigla
and Lepidotrigla) both of good flavour and the latter with
beautifully marked fins ; (14) Blenniidce, mostly small fishes of
no commercial value, but interesting on account of several of the
genera bringing forth living young, such as Zoarces, Cristiceps^ kc.
and (15) JIuyilidae, or Grey Mullets, a most important family,
from whose members may be selected as representatives, the Sea
Mullet {Mugil dohula), the Flat-tail Mullet {M. peronii), and the
Tallygalane {Myxus elongatus) of whose excellence no mention
is necessary ; thirty-six other families belong to this order.

Order PHARYNGOGNATHI diff"ers from the preceding
only in having the lower pharyngeal bones coalesced. Four
families only are known, the princij)al one being the Lahridce or
Parrot-fishes, of which we have many genera and species, among
which may be mentioned the Pig-fish and Blue Groper (Cossy-
phus\ the true Parrot-fishes {Lahrichthys), the Rainbow-fishes
(Coris), and the Rock-Whitings (Odax).

Order ANACANTHINI is distinguished by the want of
spines in the vertical fins, and by the ventral fins rising from
the throat or breast. Five families belong to the Anacanthines,

IX. PISHES. 73

oE ^vhich the Gadidce or Cod-fishes, and the Pleuronectidce ov Flat-
fishes only need concern us ; the former genus is badly represented
here, the Beardie {Lotella) being the only common form, while of
the latter the only marketable kinds are the Elounder (Pseudo-
rhomhus) and the Sole ( Sy7iaptura).

Order PHYSOSTOMI is distinguished from the preceding
by having the ventral fins rise from the belly ; this is an im-
portant order, many of the most valuable fishes of commerce
being included in its numbers. The most noticeable families are
(1) the Sihiridce or Cat-fishes, represented by numerous genera, and
distributed over the fresh waters and coasts of the tropical and
temperate zones ; the best known genera in Australia are the
River Cat-fish (Cojndoglams) and the Estuary Cat-fish (Cnido-
glanis) ; (2) the Scopelidce, mostly deep sea fishes, of which the
Rauning ( Scturus) and the Sergeant Baker (Aidopus) will
sufiice as representatives ; (3) the Cyprinidce of which the Carp,
Tench, and Barbel furnish good examples, but of which no species
has yet been proved to be indigenous to Australia, though some
have been introduced ; (4) the Scomhresocidce, which include the
Long Tom (Belone), the Garfish ( Hemirhamphus ) justly con-
sidered one of our most delicate fishes, and the Flying-fish
{Bxocoetus) ; (5) the GalaxiidcB, noticeable for its curious dis-
tribution, being found only in the Australian colonies, New
Zealand, and Chili ; (6) the Salmonidce, or Salmon and Trout
family, so successfully introduced into the temperate parts of
Australia and Xew Zealand, and of which the little Retropinna
is our sole native representative ; (7) the Clupeidce or Herrings,
numerous species of which abound in our seas, but for want of
proper nets are not brought to market ; (8) the Murcenidct
or Eels, as examples of which we may select the River Eel
(Anguilla), the Silver Eel {2Iu7xenesox), and the Green Eel
[Murcena).

Order LOPHOBRANCHII or Horse fishes, can be mis-
taken for no other ; the only family which need be mentioned
is the Syngnathidce, which are peculiar on account of the male
being provided with a sub-caudal pouch into which the eggs
are packed on extrusion from the female, and there hatched

74: GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

out ; many genera frequent our seas, the best known being the
Pipe-fish (Syngnathus) and the Sea-horses ( Bippocam'pus and
SohjwgyiathusJ, while the most curious form is the Phijlloideryx,
which has its Ijody ornamented with long leaf-like filaments,
resembling the fronds of seaweeds and serving as a disguise.

Order FLEGTOGNATHI, in which the skeleton is incom-
plett.'ly ossified, and the vertebne in small numbers ; it contains
two families only, (1) the Sclerodermi, which includes the File-
fishes (Baliiites), the Leather-jackets {Monacanthus), many of which
are excellent eating, and the Box-fishes {Ostracion) which are
almost entirely covered by a bony carapace ; and (2) the Gymno-
dontes, to which belongs the Toados {Tetrodon) of which the flesh
of many species is poisonous, the Porcupine-fish [Dicotylichthys),
and the Sun-fishes (Orthayoriscus).

The third sub-class, called CYCLOSTOMATA on account of
the mouth being surrounded by a circular lip which forms a
suctorial organ, contains the Lampreys, of which two genera are
found in the colonies, viz. Mordacia from Tasmania, and Geotria
from South Australia. Both genera, as with Galaxias, are found
in Chili.

The fourth and last sub-class, the LEPTOCARDII consists of
but one family Cirrostomi, and two genera Branchiostoma with two
and Epigionichthys with one Australian species ; they are without
ribs, brain, jaws, or heart, and have, not without justice, been
separated from the true fishes altogether.

»

Typical specimens of all the genera contained in the Museum,
will be found in Cases 16a, 16b, and 16c in the Australian Hall,
Ground Floor.

X. — MOLLUSCA. 75

X.

MOLLUSCA.

The MOLLUSOA constitute one of the principal divisions
of the animal kingdom, and include such animals as the Octopus,
Cuttle-fish, iSquid, Snail, Slug, Whelk, and Oyster.

They may be characterized as soft cold-blooded animals, with-
out distinctly marked external segmental divisions into segments
(as in worms) ; their cerebral ganglia lie above the commencement
of the oesophagus, and are connected with the inferior ganglia by
nerve chords. The heart consists of two or more chambers,
is situated on the dorsal side of the animal, and drives the blood
into spaces between the various organs of the body. Only the
Cephalopods possess an internal cartilage, but none have a bony
skeleton ; in the majority this is compensated for by an external
hardened shell which forms an outer covering to the animal, and is
called the mantle. The mantle either forms a free fold on each
side of the body, or is largely attached to the body-wall, as
in the Snail, or the Slug, and so gives rise to an air-chamber,
which, when its walls are richly supplied with blood, serves as a
lung. The ventral surface of Molluscs is produced into the so-
called " foot," which is very variously modified. The foot may be
more or less hatchet shaped, or curved and capable of serving
as a leaping organ, or sole-shaped and adapted for creeping ; its
margins may be produced into elongated processes, as the so-called
arms of the Octojjus, or of the Nautilus ; or, as in other Cephalo-
pods, another part of the foot may fold over and form a funnel,
through which the water used for respiration is driven outwards,
causing the animal to move in the opposite direction — this part of
the foot having therefore still the function of an organ of loco-
motion. By means of their muscular foot, the Razor-shells
(Solenidce), burrow in the sand, the Pond Snails (Limnceidcd)

76 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

crawl on aquatic plants, and swin\ reversed on the surface of the
water, the Limpets cling to the rock, and the Cockles and
Trigonias take surprising leaps.

The greater number of MoUusca are inhabitants of the sea,
some ptissing their whole life at the surface, frequently many
hundreds of miles from land ; others at the bottom of the ocean,
from which some have been dredged at a depth of four or five
miles from the surface ; many are foiind in shallow water, and a
large number between tide-marks; rivers and lakes furnish an
immense variety of forms ; and others live on land in all situations
— on mountains, in valleys, forests, and deserts.

Molluscs are either animal or vegetable feeders, the former
preying principally upon other members of their own class. They
are classified by naturalists as in the table on pages 17 and 18.

CEPHALOPODA.— This class includes the Octopus, Cuttle-
fish, tSquid, ISpirula, and the Paper and Pearly Nautilus.

The body of the animal consists of a muscular sac, in the
cavity of which the viscera are placed. In front of the body pro-
jects the head, which in species belonging to the two-gilled section
of the Class, is surrounded by eight or ten fleshy arms. A Avide
aperture below the head admits the water to the gills or
branchire, which are situated in the interior of the sac, whilst a
short tube, the so-called funnel or siphuncle, projects from the
opening of the mantle — the water and various excretions being
expelled through this tube, especially an ink-like fluid, Avhich is
discharged by all Cephalopods (except Naiotilus) when disturbed
in order to darken the water and enable them to escaj^e from
their enemies. The centre of the head, between the base of the
arms, is occupied by the mouth, which is armed with two horny
or calcareous jaws, similar to the beak of a parrot. Two large
eyes are placed on the sides of the head. The arms or feet are
more or less elongate, capable of movement in any direction, and,
(except in Nautilus) are furnished on one side with numerous
suckers, by means of which the animal attaches itself most securely
to whatever it may seize ; they are employed capturing food and in
walking. Cephalopods can walk in any direction head downwards,
but can swim backwards only, being propelled in that direction

X. MOLLUSCA. 77

by the water which they discharge with force through the funnel
leading from their branchial cavity. They are divided according
to the number of their gills, which is either two or four, into
Dihranchiata and Tetrahranchiata. The former breathe by a
single pair of internal symmetrical branchiae or gills. The eyes
are sessile. The mandibles are horny. They have eight or ten
arms furnished with rows of acetabul^e or suckers. The body is
sometimes laterally or posteriorly finned. The shell is either
internal or absent. The two-gilled section contains species with
eight arms, as Argonauta and Octojms, and others with ten arms,
as the Cuttlefishes (Sepia), the Squids (Loligo, Ommcttostrephes, &c.)
and Sinrula. The " shells," of the Paper Nautilus, {Argonauta),
are found after strong easterly gales on the outer beaches
of the coast at Port Stephens. The shells of Spirula are also
found scattered on the shores of Bondi and Coogee Bays ; a few
imperfect ones, containing a portion of the animal, have been
obtained on the coast and may be seen in spirits. A number of
these specimens are exhibited in a case at the North end of the
Upper Floor. Of the latter Section (Tetrabranchia) but one
representative now exists, viz., the Pearly Nautilus, breathing
by two pair of branchiae, having the mandibles shelly, the arms
very numerous and without suckers, the shell external, chambered,
and capable of containing the animal.

Three species of the Paper Nautilus {Argonauta), the Pearly
Nautilus {Nautilus j^ompilius), and four others amongst which
is Sjnrula 2yeroni, will be found in Case 1.

PTEROPODA. — The Pteiopoda are exhibited in Case I.
They are small molluscs, some of them even microscopic, and
are popularly known as " Sea-butterfiies" and " Whale food." The
first of these names has been given on account of their form and
the incessant movements of their swimming lobes; the second
because they form a portion of the food of the Balaena and other
Whales, as well as of a great number of fishes. The Pteropoda
live at a certain depth beneath the surface, and approach the
shore only when carried by storms or currents.

Like the preceding group they are organized for swimming
freely in the ocean. They progress by means of a pair of fins

78 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

wliich are developed from the sides of the mouth or neck^
Numerous species are found on the coast at Port Stephens after
bad weather, and some have been taken by the towing net in Port
Jackson.

GASTROPODA are so termed from the circumstance of their
crawling or gliding on the under surface of their body, termed
the "foot." They have been divided into four sections : — 1. The
rrosobranchiata, which have the gills situated behind the head in
advance of the heart, and are always provided with a shell.
2. Tlio OpisthobraHchiata in which the position and structure of
the gills are variable, but always behind the heart, and in which the
body is either naked or protected by a shell, external or concealed
in the mantle. 3. The Nucleohranchiata, which have the gills in
a tuft at the hinder part of the back, in some cases protected by
a shell ; they do not crawl like the ordinary Gastropods, but
are found swimming freely in the open sea, like the Pteropods.
4. The Pulmonata, or air-breathers, the breathing-cavity of which
opens only by a small aperture which can be closed by a valve.
These four primary divisions of Gastropods have been variously
split up into smaller sections — families, genera, and subgenera.

PROSOBRANCHIATA.— The family of Muricidce, or "Rock-
shells," comprises many of the largest and most beautiful shells
hitherto discovered, often remarkable for the delicacy of their
sculpture and the variety of their colours. They are all
carnivorous, feeding chiefly on other Mollusca, boring through
the shells of bivalves with their spiny tongue, and slowly devour-
ing the unfortunate inhabitant piecemeal. From one species found
in the Mediterranean (Murex hrandaris), the ancients manu-
factured the celebrated Tyrian purple dye : specimens of these are
exhibited in the case. The family of Buccinidce contains a very
large and various assemblage of forms. Among them may be
mentioned the Whelks {Buccinum), and the " Purples " [Purpura)
found between tide marks. Magilus is found among the coral-reefs
of the Solomon Islands and Mauritius, and has the remarkable
habit of lengthening the aperture of its shells into an elongate
tube, in order to keep pace with the growth of the coral, and
so prevent its being overgrown and killed.

X. — MOLLUSCA. 79

The remaining Familes and Orders have not yet been finally
arranged in the Cases, and, in the meantime, a full description
of them is not given, but the following list of the contents of the
cases will be of interest : —

Case I. — Besides the Families already described, this case
contains the Volutes ( Volutidce) a group of shells very
much sought after by shell-collectors ; the greatest variety
of them are found in Australia.

Case II. — The Trumpet Shells (^Tritonidcti) have varices or
strengthening ribs at intervals, like the Muricid^e ; the
largest species {Triton tritonis) is used by the South Sea
Islanders, as a horn or trumpet. A hole is sometimes made
in the side of the si)ire to blow through.

Case III. — The Cowry Shells ( Cypteridce) are remarkable
for their varied markings and fine polish, which is produced
and preserved by two flaps of the mantle, one on each side,
which fold over the back, a line down the centre usually
marking where the flaps meet. Cowries are sold as orna-
ments ; the Money Cowry fC. moneta) passes current as
coin among the negro tribes of Africa and the natives of
India. The Orange Cowry {C . aurantium) is worn by the
chiefs of Viti, or Fiji, and the Friendly Islands, and is
considered the highest order of dignity. C. {Trivia)
australis is common on the New South Wales coast.

The Ovulidce, the most curious of which, the Weaver's
Shuttle, {Radius volva), is peculiarly beaked at both ends.

The Helmet Shells {Cassididce) are used for cameo-carving ;
they consist of differently coloured layers, so that the ground
colour of the carving is of a diff'erent tint from the subject
engraved.

The Tun Shells {Doliidce) are remarkable for the globose-
ness of the shells, which are covered with regular revolving
ribs.
Case IY. — The Mitras (Mitridce) are great favourites with
shell-collectors on account of their beautiful colours and
varied sculpture. Mitras are mostly found in tropical or
sub-tropical regions. Two of the larger forms are M.
episco2)alis and M. papalis.

80 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

The Wing Shells {StromhidcB) are the largest of the
Gastropods with a proboscis or non-retractile snout. They
do not crawl like most other Gastropods, but progress by a
sort of hopping movement. The Scorpion Shells, or
Spider Claw.s as they are sometimes called (Pterocera),
possess singular claw-like projections, which are developed
on the outer li^) of the shells.

The Olives ( OlividcBj are common in most tropical seas, and
are remarkable for their beautiful polish and various
patterns of colouration. They burrow in sand in quest of
bivalves for food, and some species have the power of swim-
ming by expanding the lobes of the foot.

Case V. — The Harps (Harpidce). The animals inhabiting
these beautiful shells are also brightly coloured, and species
are known from the Indo- Pacific Ocean.

The Auger Shells ( Terebridm) are of elongate shape
and have a deep notch at the base of the aperture.
Owing to the length and comparative solidity of the shells
many of the species do not carry the shelly structures on
their backs as most do, but drag them along the sandy
bottom.

The Cones {Conidce) form one of the most beautiful families
of shells. This group, of which about 500 distinct species
are known, is a great favourite with collectors on account
of the brilliant colours and varied patterns of the shells.
Some, owing to their beauty and rarity, have been sold at
very high prices, as much as .£50 having been paid for
a single shell. The Cones are found in all tropical seas.
Four species are found in Port Jackson.

Case VI. — The Onustidce, includino; the oenera PTiorus and
Ojiustus, have the singular habit of cementing stones,
pieces of coral, and fragments of other shells to the ex-
terior of their shell ; hence they have been called "carrier-
shells," and according to the kind of material chosen, have
been named " Conchologists " and " Mineralogists."

The Wentle-traps ( Scalariidce), Naticce, the Solariums or
Perspective Shells, and Violet Snails (lanthincd). The
Xaticas are mostly blind, and have a large foot, suitable

X. — MOLLUSCA. 81

for burrowing in sand when in quest of bivalves. There
are some fine specimens of Scalaria pretiosa, which was
formerly considered a great rarity, as much as £50 havino-
been given for a single specimen. The Violet Snails
are found floating about in every ocean. They feed upon
jelly fish and construct a gelatinous raft filled with air
bubbles. A number of varieties are found on the coast of
New South Wales.

The Screw-Shells (TibrritellidcB) have elongate tapering
shells, and are found mostly in tropical climates ; a few
are found on the Australian coast.

The Periwinkles ( Littorinidce) are found on every shore ;
they feed on all kinds of marine vegetation, and numerous
species are found in Australia.

The Ceriiliiidce are chiefly marine forms, some however enter-
ing brackish water. Some of the species emit a bright
green fluid Avhen molested.

The Melaniidce are fresh water snails ; they abound in most
tropical and sub-tropical countries. A number of the
species are found in Australia.

The River Snails (Paludinidce) might be termed fresh-
water Periwinkles, as the animals of both are very similar.
They are ratlier shiggish, and are found at bottoms and
margins of ponds and rivers, feeding on decaying animal
and vegetable matter.

The family of Calyptrceidce includes the Slipper Limpets
and the Cup-and-Saucer Limpets (CrucihulumJ.

The Worm Shells ( Vermetidce) are a very peculiar family.
Their shells can scarcely be distinguished from the shelly
tubes, which are formed by certain species of marine
worms, Serpula, &c. They are free and spiral in early
life, but afterwards become distorted and generally attached
to rocks, stones, &c.

82 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

XL

INSECTA.

The perishable nature of the specimens, and their liability to fade
when exposed to the light, unfortunately precludes the exhibition
of anything approaching a complete collection of this class,
but a representative series, showing the more important types of
the variotis orders, is arranged in cases in the Central Halh
Upper Floor. Cases I — III contain Australian species ; while
in cases IV and V, a series of Foreign species is exhibited for
comparison with the native forms.

The following table, drawn up by Mr. Dallas, will give some
idea of the points of structure which have been made use of in
classifying the diflerent families of insects, but it should be used
with caution, as it is impossible in a few words to frame a defini-
tion which will in every case serve for the discrimination of the
Orders : —

I.— INSECTS WITH A PERFECT METAMORPHOSIS.

A. With biting mouths, the jaws always distinct : —

1. Fore-wings horny or leathery, forming a pair of sheaths or

cases (elytra), covering the abdomen and hind wings, and
generally meeting in a straight line down the middle. 1.
Coleoptera.

2. All the wings membranous : —

a. Veins in the wings few ; prothorax united with the
mesothorax. 2. Hijmenoptera,

h. Veins in the wings numerous; prothorax free. 3. Neu-
roj)tera.

B. With sucking mouths : —

1. Wings four, scaly ; maxillae forming a spiral proboscis. 4.

Lepidopteray

2. Wings not more than two : —

a. Two wings ; provided with halteres, or balancers ; thoracic
segments united ; proboscis formed of the labium, enclosing
bristles. 5. Diptera.

h. Wings none ; thoracic segments distinct. 6. Aphanipttera.

XI. INSECTA. 83

II.— INSECTS WITH AN IMPERFECT METAMOR-
PHOSIS, OR WITH NONE AT ALL.

A. With sucking mouths ; rostrum composed of the jointed

labium, enclosing bristles. 7. Rhynchota.

B. With biting mouths, of which the parts are exposed; no

organs of locomotion at the extremity of the abdomen. 8.
Orthoptera.

C. With biting mouths, the parts of which are usually very

delicate, and concealed within the cavity of the mouth ; no
wings ) no metamorphosis. 9. Thysanura.

AUSTRALIAN INSECTS.

OOLEOPTERA, or Beetles, are at once recognisable by
having the fore-wings modified into homy coverings, called elytra,
which are not used in flight. The mouth-parts are well developed
and the transformations or metamorphoses are complete ; they
are not, however, so complete as in the Lepidoptera (Butterflies
and Moths), the swaddling-cluth of the pupa not forming a simple
case, but separately covering body and limbs. The Australian
beetles alone have recently been estimated to number more than
30,000 species, of which about 7,300 are actually described, and
many more await description in collections.

The Cicindelidce (Tiger-beetles) are represented by about 32
species, including two species of Megacephala, and nine of
Tetracha, genera which find their allies in Africa and South
America respectively. The true Carahidce are represented by
three species of Calosoma, and by the large ground beetles of the
genus Fa7nborus, and the other subdivisions by a large number of
species, of which those found under bark are especially numerous.
Chief among the essentially Australian groups are the Pseudo-
TnorphincE, a curious group of bark beetles, which, although
common in Australia, are not represented in New Zealand. The
largest known ground beetle, Hyperion Schrcetteri, Sc, belonging
to the Morio group, is not uncommon in certain localities. The
following characteristic genera, among many others, are also
found : — Zuphium, jEnigma, Helluo, Plieropsoplms^ Xanthophcea,
Homothes^ Sarothrocrepis, Philop)hloe,uSy Agonochila, ScopodeSy
Eutoma, Carenum, Scaraphites, Catadromus. The true water

84 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

beetles, Dytiscicke, and the HydropMHdce, are not very largely
represented, and the species, with a few exceptions, are
of the ordinary types. The family Staphylinidce (Rove-
beetles) contains a large number of mostly minute species.
Only a few of them present any marked deviations from the
ordinary form. Of these, Apphiana veris, Oil., is perhaps the
most singular. The Psephalidce, and other families of Clavicorns
contain a large number of species, and doubtless many more
remain to be discovered. The Paussidce — a remarkable family,
of which most of the species are very rare — has nearly fifty
Australian representatives. Some of these are known to live in
the nests of ants, by whom they are tended with jealousy and
care, but very little is known of the exact relationship between
them, although it has been maintained, in the case of some
species, that they are the unwilling guests of the ants and are
forcibly detained by them. Like Pheropsophus, and some other
genera of Carabid^e, the Paussi possess the faculty of crepitation,
which is effected by means of anal glands through which they
discharge an acrid volatilised liquid ; many of our species crepi-
tate loudly when disturbed, and the vapour causes a burning
sensation if it comes in contact with the skin. A curious fact in
connection with the Histeridce is the apparent absence of the
genus Ulster, a group which, outside Australia, is of world-wide
distribution. The Lucanidce contain some remarkable and
interesting genera, which afford a striking illustration of the
afiinity which exists between the fauna of Australia and the west
coast of South America. For instance, Cacostomus finds its ally
in the South American genus Sphenognathus ; Lissotes and the
Tasmanian Hoplogonus a])proach jEgognathus ; and NeolaviifTiina,
Lamprima, d'c, are clearly allied to the Chilian genus Chiasog-
7iathus.

The Scarahcnid ceare well represented, the following being the
most noticeable genera : — Cephalodesmus, Tesserodon, Bolhoceras,
Phyllotocus, Diphucephala, Mcechidius, Li2)aretrus, Anojdogna-
thus, Cryptodus, and Schizorrhina. The fauna is deficient in the
large Coprin<^, but we have many small species of Onthojyhagus.
The genus Schizorrhina, which has recently been divided into
numerous sub-divisions, has its head-quarters in Australia. The

XI. INSECTA. 85

JBuprestidce are remarkable for their brilliant colouring. Stigmo-
dera, perhaps the most characteristic genus of Australian beetles,
contains more than 230 described species.

The EucnemidcB and Elateridce are represented, the latter family
in considerable numbers. The Malacoderms include a large number
of species belonging to the genera Metriorrhi/nchus, Telephorus^
JLaius, Carphurus, Aulicus, Eleale, &c. The large family Tene-
hrionidce exhibits some very striking forms, such as Zopherosis,
Pterolielceus, JBelcBus, Saragus, Cyphaleus, Prophanes, Adelium,
Seirotrana. Amarygmus, &c. The group Rhynchophora, or weevils,
contains more than 1,200 described Australian species, many of
them of the most singular forms. The Ami/cteridce, which in
Australia take the place of Brachyceims and its allies, a group
largely represented in Africa and the Mediterranean region, are
commonly found under logs and stones. They appear to be most
abundant in the dry parts of the country, but a few species are
found in the coast districts of New South Wales. The Longicorns
are very numerous, more than 550 Australian species having been
described. Phor-acantJia, Skeletodes, containing a single species,
Tragocerus, Zygocerus, Symphjletes, Penthea and EhytipJiora are
conspicuous genera. The Phytophagous beetles, many of which
are destructive to fruit trees and crops, are also very numerous,
particularly those of the sub-families Cryptocephalince and Chryso-
melince One peculiarly Australian genus, Paropsis, contains
about 270 described forms.

Hymenoptera (Bees, Wasps, Ants, &c.) are characterised
by having the first abdominal segment intimately united with the
thorax, and the wings, which are of the normal number, with
irregular and comparatively few veins. The mouth is mandibular,
or formed for biting, and the transformations are complete ; many
of them have the abdominal appendages modified into a sting.
In this order there is a great diversity in- the form and habits of
the larvae. Usually they are soft, maggot-like creatures, possessing
a corneous or horny head ; but in the Saw-flies (Tenthredinidce)
the larv» generally resemble caterpillars, possessing tliree pairs of
true legs, and in the case of those which live on the leaves of
plants, several pairs of claspers. Our native honey bees (Trigona)
are without stings. They live in immense communities, each

G

86 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

hive, according to Mr. F. Smith, containing more than one female.
The ordinary hive bee (Apis mellificaj is not indigenous, but the
progeny of swarms, which have escaped from captivity, are often
found in a wild state, living in hollow trees or logs in the
most remote parts of the bush. The carpenter bees (Xylocopa
&c.) make their nests in wooden posts or tree trunks. Lestes
bombylmis, Fabr., a beautiful native species, usually makes its nest
in the stems of the grass-tree {Xanthorrhcea). Many kinds
of Vespidce, or wasps, both social and solitary, are found
in Australia. The Mutillidce, a family in which the sexes
dilFer greatly from each other in many important respects, the
females often being wingless, is largely represented, the most
important genera being Thynnus and Scolia. The Formicidce,
a family containing the various species of ants, are exceedingly
numerous, and display great diversity in their habits ; we
have representatives of nearly all the groups, including the
remarkable honey-ants, of which, besides the ordinary type of
worker, there is a singular form with inflated body, whose sole duty
appears to be the secretion of a peculiar kind of honey. The
ChrysididcB, or so-called golden- wasps, the Ichneuinonidce, or
' insect-eaters," the Froctotriqndce, the ChalcididcE, and the Cyni-
pidce, or Gall-flies, are all abundant. The Tenthredhiidce, or
Saw-flies, include the brightly-coloured species of the genus Perga,
a characteristic Australian group.

Neuroptera (Dragon-flies, Caddis-flies, May-flies, &c.) have
ample, thin, net-veined wings, both pairs nearly equal in size,
the mouth-parts free, the mandibles well developed, and the
abdomen long and slender. The transformations are sometimes
complete (true Keuroptera), sometimes incomplete (Pseudo-
Neuroptera). The Myrmeleontidm, or Ant-lions, are, perhaps,
the most interesting forms of this order. The Ascalaph%
Ilemerobiidce, or Lace-wings, and the curious family Manti-
spidcBy are also well-known forms. The Panorpidce, represented
by Bittaciis^ &c., and the Trichoptera, or Caddis-flies, are well
represented ; to the latter group an interesting addition has
recently been made in the shape of a marine species, supposed
to belong to the genus Phalanisus, which lives in rock-pools
between tide marks in Port Jackson. The Termitidce, or White-
ants, so well-known for their destructive habits, the EpTiemeridce,

XI. — INSECTA. 87

or May-flies, and the LibellididcB, or Dragon-flies, also constitute
a division of this order.

Lepidoptera, including the Butterflies ( Rhojmlocera ) and
Moths (Eeterocera)^ are easily distinguished by the scale-covered
wings, with regular branching neuration, the small head and
highly developed clypeus, or head-shield, and by having the
maxillse modified into a tubular proboscis or tongue. Their
transformations are complete, that is they pass through four
definite stages of existence — the egg, the caterpillar or larva, the
chrysalis or pupa, and the perfect insect or imago. The butterflies
are represented in Australia by about 320 known species, by no
means a large number when we consider the immense area of the
country and the great variety of its climate. However, although
this number is small as compared to similar areas in some other
parts of the world, as for instance continental India and central
and tropical South America, it is in striking contrast to the
fauna of New Zealand, which only has 16 representatives, if we
except the very doubtful Hamadryas zoilus, Fabr. When we
remember that in the British Islands there are at least 65 native
species, it will be seen that this shows a singular poverty of
butterflies. In Australia the Nymphalidce, Erycinidca^ Lycceiiidce,
Papilionidce, and Hesperiidce, the five families into which the
butterflies are divided, all find a place. The first of these,
the Nymphalidce, includes the whole of the great division
of butterflies in which the forelegs of the perfect insect are
undeveloped, having the foot or tarsus rudimentary in both
sexes. It is divided into four sub-families, the Danaince, Acrce-
ince, Nymplialince, and Satyrince. Eighteen species of Danaince
are at present known in Australia, of which Danais plexippus,
Linn., is an American importation. Our fauna only comprises a
single widely distributed member of the AcrceincE, but the other
two sub-families are represented by about 25 and 34 species
respectively. The family Erycinidce is represented in Australia by
a single species, Lihythea myrrlia, Godt., which is also found in
Borneo, Java, and India. The Lyccenidce, a family containing a
vast number of species, mostly of small size, has more than 80
representatives. The Papilionidce are represented by about 76
species, of which 52 belong to the sub-family Plevincd ; of the
sub-family Papilionince only a single species, P madeayanus, Le.,

88 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

is found in Tasmania. The EesperiidcB, a family of butterflies
which is remarkable for having the chrysalis enclosed in a
slight cocoon, or secured by many silken threads, is represented
by a large number of species.

Moths are exceedingly numerous. The Sphmgidoe, or Hawk-
moths — the species of which are remarkable for their large size
and powerful flight — are represented by about 40 species, many
of thcdi flnely coloured. Of these Hemaris Tiylas, Linn., one
of the " clear-wing "Hawk-moths, and various species of ilt/acro-
glossa, or Humming-bird Moths, are perhaps the most remarkable.
J/efaviimas australasicp, Don., Ccequosa triangularis, Don.,
Chcerocampa erotus, Cr., and the widely distributed Protoparce
convolvuli, Linn., are abundant in the neighbourhood of Sydney.
The family Hepialidce contains some exceedingly fine species,
including the beautiful Charagice, a group of moths which pass
their larval condition, and undergo their transformations in
cylindrical burrows which they make in the stems or branches of
trees. Closely allied to the CharagicH is the magnificent Giant
Swift-moth, or " bent-wing," Zelotypia Stacyi, Sc, which is found
in the Hunter River district. Female specimens of this moth
sometimes measure as much as 10 inches across the wings. Those
who wish to know more of these remarkable lignivorous moths
should consult the late Mr. Scott's valuable paper on the subject,
in the 2nd vol. of the N. S. Wales Entomological Society's
Transactions, and Mr. Olliff's account of the habits of the larva,
published in the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of N. S.
Wales for 1887. The other great divisions of moths — the Bomhy-
cina (including the Silk-moths), the Noctuina (Night-moths), and
the Geometrina (Loopers) are well represented.

The Micro-Lepidoptera abound. The Oecophoridce alone, a family
which is wonderfully prolific in Australia, are estimated at more
than 2,000 species, of which a considerable number are found in
and about Sydney. One of the largest and most beautiful genera
of the Micros is Cryptopliasa, a group containing conspicuous
species, of which several are found near Sydney. The larvae live
in burrows in the stems of young Banksice and various shrubs,
from which they emerge at night for the purpose of feeding on the
leaves of the plant.

XI. INSECTA. 39

Diptera, or true Flies, have only a single pair of fully
developed wings, the hinder pair existing as minute rudimentary
organs, called ''halteres,''- or "poisers." The thorax Is highly
developed and is usually more or less globular. The transforma-
tions are complete. The mosquitoes, or true gnats, belong to this
group, and are only too well-known on account of the blood-sucking
haljits of the females, for, strange to say, it is this sex alone
which feeds upon the blood of animals, and produces the hum-
ming or trumpeting noise, which so often disturbs us at night.
The Tipulidce, or Crane-flies, the Mycetophilidce, or Fungus-gnats,
the Cecidomyidce, or Gall-gnats, the Tabanidce, or Breeze-flies, the
BomhyliidcB, or Humble-bee flies, and the Muscidce (including the
common House-fly and Blow-fly), are the most important families
of this order. Certain species of the parasitic family Hippohoscidce
are found on our domestic animals, and are often very troublesome.
The so-called sheep-tick, Melophagus ovinus (not to be confounded
with the true ticks with eight legs, which belong to the Arachnida,
an entirely different class), is a familiar example ; it is very flat,
has no wings, and has the body much widened behind.

Aphaniptera include those insects, which in warm couutiies
are at times only too familiar, the Fleas ; these creatures feed
upon the blood of warm-blooded animals, and, in most cases
each species of flea attaches itself to some particular animal.
In Australia we have some very curious species, notably two,
which are found on the Porcupine Ant-eater (Echidna liystrix),
one a gigantic species, P. echidnce. Den,, and the other a very
remarkable form, Echidaophaga amhulans, OIL, which appears to
have lost the power of jumping.

Rhynchota, or Hemiptera (Plant-bugs, Water-bugs, (fcc),
have a mouth formed for sucking, a large prothorax, and irregu-
larly veined wings; the fore-wings are often partly opaque and
coriaceous. The transformations are incomplete. The order was
divided by Latreille into two groups, the Heteroptera, or true
bugs, and the Homoptera^ the flrst containing a vast number of
species, many of them most brilliantly coloured. The Hydrocovisa^
a group containing many species, are aquatic in their habits.
They are familiarly known as " water-scorpions" and "boatmen". A
gigantic species of this group, the Belostoma indicum, St. F. tk S.,

90 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

is sometimes very al)undant. The Hydrometridce are found upon
the surface of pools and fresh water streams. The genus Halohates
is marine, being found on the surface of the ocean, frequently at
great distances from land. The Uomoptera comprise insects of
very diverse forms. The Cicadidce (in Australia erroneously called
locusts), ho{)pers, cuckoo-spit insects, the Aphides, and the
Coccidida, or scale-insects, are all well-known types belonging to
this order. They all live on the juices of plants, some of them
causing very considerable injuries, as in the case of the much
dreaded vine pest, Phylloxera vastatrix, PI., an insect belonging to
the family Aphididce* Besides a large number of Coccididae of the
ordinary form, many of which are only too well known to fruit-
growers and gardeners, we have a curious group of gall-making
species {BrachyscelincB) which are found, sometimes in great
abundance, on various Eucalypti.

Orthoptera (Grasshoppers, Locusts, Crickets, Cockroaches,
<fcc.) have the mouth-parts free and formed for biting. The fore-
Nvings usually protect the hind-wings, which are net- veined. The
transformations are incomplete. This order contains the Oryllidce,
or crickets, which are well represented ; of this group we have a
gigantic species, Anatostoma australasice, in which the jaws of the
males are enormously developed. The Acridiidce, or true locusts,
are numerous ; the well-known migratory species, Oedipoda migra-
toria, is occasionally found. The MantididcE, the Fhasmidce, or
walking-stick insects, and the Blattidce, or cockroaches, all con-
spicuous types, are largely represented. The species of the tribe
Euplexopfera, or earwigs, are also fairly numerous.

Thysanura include those destructive insects the Lepismm, or
*' Silver-tish," and a great number of obscure forms.

* On a side-table is a case containing a series of preparations of Phylloxera,
illusti-ating the hfe-history of the insect. Most of the specimens are
mounted on slides for the microscope, and can only be examined by special
application.

XII. — CRUSTACEA AND LOWER INVERTEBRATA. 91

XII.

CRUSTACEA AND LOWER INVERTE-

BRATA.

The title adopted for this chapter is rather comprehensive ; it is
intended to include all the Invertebrata other than Mollusca and
Insects, viz: — Part of the Arthropoda, the Vermes (or' Worms),
the Echinodermata, the Ccelenterata, and the Protozoa. The
detailed classification of these will be found on page 19. A
short description can only be given here. The specimens on view
are in the room at north-end of upper floor.

Sub-Kingdom IL— ARTHROPODA.

Class I. — INSECTA has already been considered — see
Chapter XI.

Classes II and III.—MYRTAPODA and ARACHNIDA

are passed over in the meantime. Specimens are to be seen in
Case 17.

Class IV.— CRUSTACEA.— The members of this class
chiefly inhabit water ; they breathe for the most part by gills ;
the body is divided into hea.d, thorax, and abdomen ; as a rule
the head is fused with one or more of the thoracic segments,
forming the cephalothorax. The head carries two pairs of
antennge, and the other appendages (legs, &c.) are carried by
the thorax and abdomen. The Crustacea are divided into eight
sub-classes ; some of which, however, are too small for exhibition
in the cases. It will, therefore, be unnecessary to describe such
as are not represented in the collection.

92 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

Sub-class L— ENTOMOSTRACA, is represented by the
order Pliyllopoda, whose species are mostly inhabitants of fresh
water, and liave bodies composed of many segments; they have leaf-
like swinnning feet, and a shield-like carapace, or in some
representatives a laterally compressed bi- valve shell. Lepidurus
viridis from Tasmania, and several species of the genus Apus
from N. S. Wales, are examples. (See Case 17.)

Sub-class II.— XYPHOSURA or King Crabs, contains but
two known species, both of which are represented in the collection,
viz : Liinnlus polyphemus from North America, and L. longisjnna
from the straits of Malacca. The body is covered by a large
siiield-like carapace, and the abdomen ends in a long spine-like
tail. (See Case 17.)

Sub-class III.— EDRIOPHTHALMA, or sessile-eyed
Crustacea, contains two orders : — (See Case 12.)

1. Amphipoda, in which the branchise consist of mem-

branous vesicles at the bases of the legs. The thorax has
six or seven free segments, and the abdomen seven segments,
the terminal segment being adapted for swimming. Ex-
amples — Orchestia tnacleayana^ and LeucotJioe novce-
hollandicb.

2. Isopoda. — In this order the body is broad and depressed ;

the head is distinct from the thorax ; the latter consists of
seven free segments, each bearing a pair of legs, all, except
the first pair being alike ; the branchial lamellae are placed
under the abdomen. Examples — Idotea excavata, Forcellio
obtusifrons, Sphceroma Iwvis, and Gyinodocea puhesce7is.

Sub-class IV. — PODOPHTHALMA or stalk-eyed
Crustacea, includes the shrimps, lobsters, crayfishes, and crabs.
These are characterised by having their eyes on movable stalks,
and by the head being more or less fused with the thoracic segments,
forming the carapace which covers and protects the body. In the
order Stomatopoda the branchiae are external, and are usually
attached to the under surface of the abdomen ; the latter is
elongate, and ends in a powerful tail, which is the chief organ of
locomotion. Examples — Lysiosquilla brazieri, Squilla miles, and
Gonodactylus cldragra. (See Case 12.)

XII. — CRUSTACEA AND LOWER INVERTEBRATA. 93

Sub-class V.—DECAPODA, or ten-footed Crustacea, has
the branchise enclosed in a special cavity on each side of the body ;
and five pairs of legs, the first of which terminates in two-fingered
claws. The sub-class is divided into three orders : —

1. Brachyura (short-tailed). — The abdomen is short and

reduced to a triangular or rounded tail without caudal fin,
and is sunk into an excavation on the ventral surface of the
thorax. Stenorhynchus Jissifrons, Uyastenus diacanthus,
Para7nithraxsternocostulatus,Pa7^theno2)eliorrida,Ateragatis
Jloridus, Thalamita crucifera, Gelasimus vocans, Talitrus
sylvatics, Grapsus variegatuSjCalcq^i^a hepatica, And Leucosia
sple7idida, are examples of the principal families. (See
Cases 13 and 14).

2. Anomura (irregular-tailed). — The abdomen is but

slightly developed, except in the Paguridce. Dromia
excavata, Lomis hirta, Remij^es testudinaria, Ranina dentata^
Eui^aguius sinuatus and the great land crab Birgus latro
are examples. (See Cases 11 and 13).

3. Macrura (long-tailed). — The abdomen is strongly devel-

oped, provided with four or five pairs of abdominal feet, and
terminating in a well-developed five-parted tail. Examples :
Galathea australiensis, Ibacus j^eronii, Palinurus hugelii,
Astacojjsis serratus, Alpheus edioardsii, and PencBUS canali-
culatus. (See Case 12).

Sub-Kingdom III— VERMES, or WORMS.

The classes into which this sub-kingdom is divided are widely
different from each other, and within our limits little information
can be given about them. The body is generally soft, elongate or
vermiform, bilaterally symmetrical, with or without feet, which,
when present, are never jointed. Specimens of the most
important will be shortly exhibited.

Class I.— The PLATYHELMINTHES are more or less
flattened worms of a very simple organisation, and without any
true sec;ments. There are three orders in this class :—

94 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

1. — Turbellaria, which possess a digestive cavity, have the
skin covered with cilia, and are non-parasitic. This order
includes the Planarian and Nemertean worms, the former
of which exist in the sea, in fresh water, and in damp forest
lands. (See Case 17.)

2. — Trematoda, which are usually internal parasitic worms,
provided with one, two, or more ventral suckers. The
species of this order are numerous ; they are found on the
gills of fishes, on Crustacea, and in the blood vessels and
intestines of various animals. The Liver-fluke of sheep,
Distoma hej^atica^ is perhaps the best known example. (See
Case 17.)

3. — Cestoda, which are internal parasites usually of an elongate
and flattened form ; the head is provided with hooks, spines,
or suckers ; the digestive cavity is absent. The Tapeworm,
Tcr.nia solium is a familiar representative of the order.
(See Case 17.)

Class II.— The NEMATHELMINTHES or Threadworms
are mostly internal parasites, many of them too small to be
exhibited, except with the aid of a microscope. The "vinegar"
and "paste" eels Anguillulce, the Guineaworm Filaria medinensis,
and the Tricldna sjnralis, found as a parasite in man and causing
the disease trichinosis, are examples.

Class III.— The GEPHYREA.— This is a small class
formerly associated with the Echinoderms. It comprises
marine worms with a cylindrical body, a thick coriaceous skin,
unsegmented, but often indistinctly ringed, mouth with or without
tentacles, and head, not distinct from the body, often produced into
a long proboscis. The following genera are represented in the
collection : Sipunculus, Fhascolosoma, BonelUa, Fhymosoma, and
PJioronis. (See Case 17.)

Class IV.— The ANNELIDA.— In this class there are four
orders: — (See Case 17.)

1. Hirudinea, including the leeches, and composed mostly
of aquatic animals provided with a sucking disc at one or
both ends of the body. The Hirudo quinquestriata, or
Medicinal Leech, is an example of this order.

XII. — CRUSTACEA AND LOWER INVERTEBRATA. 95

2. OligOChaBta. — In this order are included the Earth-

worms, which, in some parts of Australia, attain gigantic
proportions. Megascolides australis occurs in Gippsland,
and when extended is sometimes six feet in length ; in
New South Wales are found Notoscolex grandis, and iV.
camdenensis, the latter from eighteen inches to two feet,
and the former from two feet six inches to three feet six
inches in length.

3. Ohaetopoda. — Marine worms usually provided with

tubular setigerous feet termed " parapodia " ; external
branchiae on the dorsal surface, which, however, are often
absent or rudimentary ; head in most cases distinct and
provided with tentacles. Examples — Ai^hrodite austrcdis, or
Sea Mouse, Lepidonotus melanogratiwius, Syllis corruscans,
and Nereilejxts amhlyodonta.

4. Cepholobranchia. — In this order the branchiae are

on or near the head. The body has the regions well
defined and is protected by a tube, which is either mem-
branous, calcareous, or composed of sand grains cemented
together. Serjoida vasifera, Sahella velata, Vermilia ccBsjn-
tosa, and Sjoirogra^^his australiensis, are examples from
Sydney Harbour.

Class v.— The POLYZOA. — This class consists of minute
marine animals forming colonies which either assume an erect
plant-like aspect or spread over stones, shells, &c., and are com-
posed of vast numbers of cells, in which the polypides reside ; the
mouth is surrounded by a circle of ciliated tentacles. There
are three sub-orders in this class : — (See Case I.)

1. Chilostomata, is characterised by having the cell opening

or mouth closed by a movable lip or operculum.
Examples — Catenicella ventricosa, Bugula neritina, Flustra
dissimilis, Adeona cellulosa, and Selenaria maculata.

2. Cyclostomata, has the mouth or cell aperture round,

and without a movable operculum. Idmonia milneaiia
and Mesentipora repens are examples.

3. OtenOStomata, has the cell aperture closed by a series of

marginal seta. Amathia hicornis.

96 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

Sub- Kingdom IV.— ECHINODERMATA.

The Echinodermata consist of marine animals with a radiate
arrangement, having usually tive rays or arms, but often more ;
the skin is cliarged with calcareous bodies in the form of spicules
or plates, occuring either as separate masses, or variously com-
bined so as to form a continuous skeleton, as in the sea-eggs.

The Echinodermata are divided into five sub-classes.

Sub-Class I.— The CRINOIDSA or Feather Stars.— This
sub-class is represented in the collection by Pentacrinus caput-
mediisa*', Antedon pumila, Actinometra Solaris, &c. The first
named is a stalked form which is attached to rocks on the sea
bottom throughout its life, whilst the two latter are stalked only
for a sliort time in their young state, the adult animal being
free-swimming. (See Case 2.)

Sub-ClassII— The ASTEROIDEA or Star Fishes, which
are chietly characterised by the five-rayed star-like shape of the
body, the ambulacral feet being confined to the ventral surface of the
body, and the skeletal plates of the ambulacral area being articu-
lated together like vertebrae. There are four orders in this sub-
class : —

1. Asteriadse, with four rows of ambulacral tube feet,

each terminating in an expanded disc, which acts like the
sucking discs of the Octopus. Examples — Asterias cala-
maria, A. ^jolyjdax, Uniopliora glohifera, &tichaster aus-
tralis, Heliaster helianthus, H. microhrachia, and H.
kuhingii. (See Case 5.)

2. SolasteridSB, with the ambulacral feet in two rows.

Examples — Solaster decanus, Echinaster purpureus, LincJcia
pacijica, Anthenea aciUa, Pentaceros nodosns, Pentago-
nasier diibenii, Asterina calcar, A. exigua, and A. gunnii.
(See Cases 3, 4, and 5.)

3. Astropectinidae. — In this order the ambulacral feet

are conical and devoid of the disc-like terminal suckers.
Examples — Astropecten polyacantJius, A. triseriatus, Liiidia
inacidata^ and Archaster typicus. (See Cases 2 and 3.)

XII. — CRUSTACEA AND LOWER INVERTEBRATA. 97

Sub-Class III.— The OPHIUROIDEA, or Sand or Brittle
Stars. — The members of this sub-class are characterised by their
disc-shaped body, long rounded arms, and by the ambulacra!
grooves being covered in by a series of calcareous plates, or by soft
skin. There are two orders : —

1. Ophiurid.8e, in which the arms are simple. Examples —

Ophiopeza conjungens, Pectinura marmorata, Ophiolepis
annulosa, Oj^hionereis schayeri, Ophiocoma brevijyes, and
02yhiothrix longipeda. (See Case 2.)

2. EuryalidSGj which have the arms branched and the

ambulacral groove covered by soft skin. Examples —
Euryale asj^era and Gorgonocephalus austrcdis. (See
Case 2.)

Sub- Class IV.— The ECHINOIDEA, or Sea Urchins.— In
this sub-class the body is enclosed in a more or less conical shell or
test, formed of numerous calcareous plates. These plates are
provided with spines, and are arranged in five ambulacral and five
inter-ambulacral double rows. The ambulacral plates are
perforated to allow of the protrusion of the tube feet, whilst the
inter-ambulacral plates carry the spines. The Echinoidea are
divided into three orders : — (See Cases 6 and 7.)

1. Cidaridea. — The animals composing which are usually

reo-ular, having the anal aperture in the apical region,
with the ambulacral areas equal and band like. Examples —
Cidaris metidaria, Phyllacanthus ausfralis, Goniocidaris
tubaria, Ce7itroste2?hanus rodgersii, Heterooentrotus mam-
millatus, Strongylocentrotus erythrogrammus, Salmacis
alexandri, Amblypneustes ovum, and Tripneustes angidosus.

2. Clypeastridea, which have an irregular depressed

body, the mouth being central and furnished with teeth,
and the anus eccentric. The ambulacral areas radiate
from the apex and are rosette-shaped. Examples : Fibit-
laria australis, Laganum pteronii, Araclmoides j^^acenta,
and EchinodisGiis auritus.

98 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

3. Spatangidea. — In this order the body is more or less
irregularly heart-shaped, both mouth and posterior open-
ino- on the lower side eccentric, the teeth absent, and the
ambulacral areas petaloid, often only four-leaved. Echi-
noneus ci/closiomus, Maretia j^^ci'^^ulata, Breynia austra-
lasficB, Ecldnocardium australe, Remiaste?' wpicatus^ and
Schizaster ventricosus are good examples.

Sub-Class v.— The HOLOTHUROIDEA, or Sea

Cucumbers, Bech-de-mer, Trepang, &c. — In this sub-class the body
is elongated, with a thick leather-like skin, which contains
numerous calcareous spicules resembling wheels, anchors, latticed
plates, hooks, &c. ; the mouth is surrounded by a series of con-
tractile tentacles, which are often branched and plume-like. There
are two orders in this sub-class : — (See Case 17.)

1. Pedata, with usually five rows of ambulacral feet.
Examples — Holothuria vagabunda, Colochirus australis,
Thyone okeni, Thyone s2nnosus, and Phylloijliorus 'pers'pi-
cillum.

Apoda, without ambulacral feet. Examples — Chirodota
japonica, C. australina, and SynaiHa dolohrifera.

o

Sub Kingdom V.— COELENTERATA.

In this group are included the Sponges, Jelly-fishes, Sea-
Anemones, Corals, and Hydroid Zoophytes. These all possess a
central body cavity, which serves alike for circulation and
digestion ; they are radially symmetrical, and are composed of
many cells. There are three divisions of this sub-kingdom — the
Hydrozoa, or Jelly-fishes and Zoophytes ; the Actinozoa, or
Corals ; and the Po.iifera or Sponges."^

Division I— HYDROZOA.

Contains Polyps with a simple gastric cavity in which the mesen-
teric lamellae are altogether absent, or only exist in a very
rudimentary condition. The sexual generation assumes the form
eitlier of free-swimming MedusEe, or of rudimentary medusoid
buds, which are not separated from the parent body. Colonies
of Hydrozoa usually consist of tree-like stocks.

* 8ee Lendenfeld's CatalogTie of Sponges, No. 13 Museum series.

\

XII. CRUSTACEA AND LOWER INVERTEBRATA. 99

The first two classes of this division are represented in the
collection, the Scyphomedusce or Jelly-fishes by Phyllorldza
punctata (type specimen) ; and the Siplionojohora by Physalia
megalista (the Portuguese man-of-war), and by specimens of
For pita, Velella, and Diphyes^ the only Australian genera. (See
Case 17.)

Class III. — The HYDROMEDUS^. — This class is
largely represented in the collection. It is divided into three
orders : —

1. — HydrOCOralliae. — Coral-like polyps with stocks having a
calcareous skeleton, tubular hydrothecse, and two kinds of
polyps, some possessing a stomatic cavity, which in others
is wanting. Millej^ora alcicornis, Stylaster gracilis^ and
Distichopora violacea are well known species. (See
Case 10.)

2.— Tubulariae.— Polyps without hydrothec^, the stems
only in some cases having a chitinous envelope. Tuhularia
gracilis and Pennaria australis are examples. (See
Case 17.)

3. — Campanulariae.— The members of this order usually
present many branched plant-like tufts, possessing cup-
shaped hydrothecae, into which, in most cases, the polyp
heads can retire at will. The following are the chief
families into which it is divided : —

Family I. Plumidariidce. — In the animals composing this
family the hydrothecae are arranged in single rows, usually on
the upper surfaces of the branches, and have small accessory cups
containing stinging cells or nematocysts. Plumidaria rubra
Aglaophenia divaricafa, and Halicornaria ascidioides, all from
Port Jackson, are representatives of the family. (See Case 17.)

Family II. Sertulariidce. — Often much branched, with
flask-shaped hydrothecae arranged in opposite or alternating rows
on each side of the stems and branches. Sertidaria elongata,
Diphasia pinnata, Sertidarella divaricata, Pasythea quadridentata,
Iclia pristis, and Thuiara lata are good examples of the family.
See Case 17.)

100 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

Family III. Camjoanulariidoi. — Either simple or
branched, tlie hydrothecE© forming terminal cups to the branches.
Species of this and the preceding family are obtainable both in
Port Jackson and on seaweeds at some of the outer beaches, Idia
pristis excepted. Specimens exhibited are Camjjamdaria tincta,
Obelia genicidata, Eucopella camjKimdaria, Lineolaria sj^imdosaj
and Lafoea scandens. (See Case 17.)

Division II — ACTINOZOA.

Class IV.— ZOANTHARIA.— In this class %ye have the
Sea Anemones, and the true corals. These have the mouth sur-
rounded by a series of tentacles numbering either six or some
multiple of six ; they possess a tubular digestive cavity separated
from the body walls by the perivisceral space, which is subdivided
into a number of compartments by a series of vertical lamellae,
or folds. They are separated into three orders : —

1. — ActinidaG, the members of wiiich are the well known Sea
Anemones, and are characterised by having the power of
motion, by being rarely compound, and by an absence of
hard parts, or corallum : the family is represented by a
series of glass models, and a number of specimens from
the Zoological Station of Naples, exhibited in Cases
1 and 16.

2. — Antipathidae. — These are simple or branched polyp stocks
with an internal horny skeleton, and, having the mouth
surrounded by six tentacles. A fine example from North
Australia, Antipathes cupressus, may be seen in Case 15.

3. — Madreporaria. — Corals with a continuous calcareous
skeleton, classified in two sections.

Section (A) Aporosa. — In this section are included —

1. The Tnrbinolidce, which mo.stly consist of single corals with
a well-developed calcareous corallum, having very distinct
septa and an imperforate covering or theca. Examples —
Flahellum sp., Caryophyllia smithii. (See Case 9.)

XII. CRUSTACEA AND LOWER INVERTEBRATA. 101

2. The Oculinidce, which are usually hard branched corals, with

but few septa developed in cups of the corallum. Oculina
diffisa and Amphihelia infundibulifera are representatives
of this family. (See Cases 9 and 10.)

3. The AstrceidcE, or Star Corals, which are usually of large

size, and form either rounded masses as in the brain coral,
or tufted clusters of simple stems. The septa are mostly
produced into sharp denticulata or cutting edges. Astrcea
denticulaia, Eusmilia knorri, Galaxea esperi, Coelora
lahyrinthiformis are examples of this family. (See Case 9.)

4. The Fungiidce, or Mushroom Corals.— These usually consist

of large flat single cups with many strongly developed

septa. The following are representatives of this family

Fungia danai, F. repanda, and F. j^cttella. (See Cases 9
and 10.)

Section (B) Perforata.— This section includes only one
family —

The Madreporidce. — Most of the members of this family are
large branching species with small cups, and the septa
little developed. Madrepora ecMnata, Dendrophyllia
nigrescens, and D. ramea are examples. (See Case 10).

Class v.— ALCYONARIA.— This order includes the fol-
lowing families : Alcyonidm, or soft corals ; Pennoiulidoe, or sea-
pens ; Gorgoniidce ; and Tuhiporidce. They possess eight plumed
tentacles, and the same number of vertical lamellae, or mesenteries.

1. The Alcyonidse are usually called soft corals, on account
of the absence of a continuous hard skeleton : they form lobed or
finger-like clusters studded with polyps, having a kind of leathery
consistence and the epidermis usually charged with calcareous
spicules. Examples are Spongodes florida, Neplitliya chahrolii
and Alcyoniuin sp. from Port Jackson, Alcyonium pahnatum,
from Naples, preserved with the polyps extended. (See Case 17.)

2. The Pennatulidae or Sea-pens, are feather-like polyps,
having a horny or calcareous axis ; the polyps are confined to the
upper part of the stem, and are arranged on leaf-like pinnules,
either irregularly around a cylindrical head on one side of a

H

102 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

kidney-shaped lobe, or disposed in a terminal cluster. Examples —
Pennatula rubra, P. phosphoi'ea, Sarcojihyllum gr ancle, Clavella
australasict, Renilla re7iiforniis, and Osteocella verrillii, the last
being about six feet in length. (See Case 17.}

3. The Gorgoniidas are mostly large branched polyps with
a horny or calcareous axis surrounded by a thin layer of flesh, in
in wliich the polyps are imbedded ; the whole of the fleshy substance
is often charged with spicules. Rhipldogorgia Jlahellum, Xiphogor-
gia anceps, Verrucella gemmacea, Mopsella coccinea, Melithcea
ochracea, Primnoa ansiralasice, Isis, sp., and Corallum rubrum,
the last being the well-known red coral of commerce, may be
mentioned as examples. (See Case 15.)

4. The TubiporidSB or Organ Corals, usually form large masses
of a bright red colour, consisting of a vast number of calcareous
tubes connected by horizontal plates. Example — Tubipora
musica. (See Case 15.)

Division III.— PORIFERA.

Class VL— PORIFERA or Sponges.— In this division the
body has a spongy consistence, and is strengthened by a calcareous,
siliceous, or horny skeleton. There is a series of inhalent pores
passing from the outside to the inner ciliated passages, and one
or more eihalent apertures. The water passes in by means of
the former, and out by the latter, the movement being caused by
the action of the flagellate cells lining the body cavity.

The Collections, which include very many of the types collected
by the Museum stafl" in Port Jackson and described by Dr. R.
von Lendenfeld, are to be seen in Cases 18 and 19.

The Myxospongia are represented by Bajalus laxus, which
is a soft gelatinous sponge without hard parts or skeleton.

The Calcispongia are represented, among others, by
Sycandra arborea, and >S'. ramsayi ; the former exhibits tree-like
clusters with cylindrical branches and a smooth surface, tlie latter
rounded sac-like bodies clothed with long calcareous spicules.

The Siliceous Sponges are represented by the Euplectella
aspergillum, or Venus's Flower basket; and by Ilyalonema
sieboldii, or Glass Rope Sponge from Japan, which has the upper

XII. — CRUSTACEA AND LOWER INVERTEBRATA. 103

part of the spicules covered by a species of Polythoa, an Alcyon-
arian coral, which lives as a commensal with the sponge. Another
important and rare species from the " Porcupine " expedition is
the Holtenia Carpenteri.

The OeratOSpongia, or Horny Sponges, to which the
common " Toilet Sponge " belongs, are largely represented.
Amongst those on exhibit are some varieties of the commercial
sponge found on the Australian coast.

Sub-Kingdom VI. -PROTOZOA.

This sub-kingdom consists of animals of small size, extremely
simple, and destitute of any definite cell-tissues. It includes all
the lower forms of animal life, such as Infusoria, Gregarina,
Amoeba, Radiolaria, and Foraminifera.

The Foraminifera is the only group at present represented
in the Collection. The bodies of animals in this group consist of
jelly-like masses, or sarcode. They are capable of throwing out
from the mouth, or through perforations scattered over the surface
of the shell or test, long foot-like processes, called pseudopoda or
" false feet." The shells of these animals are usually composed of
carbonate of lime or of sand grains cemented together, and they
may be either single or many chambered. This sub-kingdom is
represented in the cases by a series of specimens from Port
Jackson as well as by a set of greatly enlarged models. Some of
the specimens may be compared with the models, as for instance
Peneroplis planatus, which will give some idea of the relative size
of the species. (See Case 1.)

104 GUIDE TO THP: AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

XIII.

OSTEOLOGY OR SKELETONS.

OSTEOLOGY is the Science which treats of the Bones. The
Skeletons in the Museum are in two rooms at the south end of
the ground tioor, called the Osteological Halls, and are arranged
as nearly as possible in accordance with the classification of
Yertelirates, as at present accepted, beginning on the left hand
side with the Human Skeletons. The animals, to which the
skeletons belong, are referred to in the chapters on Mammals,
Birds, Fishes, Reptiles, tfec, and need not be again noticed, but a
short description of a human skeleton is given, as MAN is the
highest type of a vertebrate animal, and it is desirable to have a
knowledge of the bones composing his skeleton in order properly
to understand the others.

The following is a list of the bones in the Human Skeleton : —

Vertebrae or Back-bones — Cervical

or Neck Vertebrae, 7; Dorsal or Back
Vertebrae, 1 2 ; Lumbar or Loin Ver-
tebrae, 5 ; Sacral, and Coccygeal or
Caudal Vertebrae formed in youth
of 5 in the Sacrum, and 4 in the
Coccyx anchylosed in maturity, 2 ;
making in all 26

Bones of the Head — 8 in the Cranium
and 14 in the Face, considered as
one piece, and the Lower Jaw as
another 2

Tongue or Hyoid Bone, shaped some-
thing like the letter U 1

Ribs — 12 on each side... 24

Breast Bones (Sternum) — 2 large and
1 small, which Vjecome anchylosed
with age ,... 1

XIII. — OSTEOLOGY OR SKELETONS. 105

Collar Bones {Clavides)-\ on each side 2

Shoulder Blades {Scapulce)—! on each

side 2

Arm Bones {Humerus, Ulna, Radius) —

3 in each arm 6

Hand — Wrist or Carpal Bones, 8;
Metacarpal Bones, 5 ; Thumb, 3 ;
Fingers, 4, with 3 Bones each = 12;
making 27 in each hand 54

Pelvis or Hip Bones— 1 on each side

(in the young in 3 pieces, anchylosed
with age) 2

Leg Bones {Femur, Tibia, Fibula,

Patella or knee cap) — 4 in each leg 8

Foot — Ankle, 7; Metatarsus, 5; Great
Toe, 2 ; other Toes, 4, with 3 Bones
each = 12 j making 26 in each foot. .. 52

Total separate Bones 180

The characteristic Bone is the Back Bone. It is composed of
a number of separate bones called Vertebrae, which are shaped
something like rings, and are placed one against another with an
elastic tissue uniting them. They are hard and massive in
front, but thin behind, with sharp processes or points projecting
and forming a line down the back — hence the name spine.
Together they form a long tube which, in the living animal,
contains the spinal marrow. It is from this that the sub- kingdom
Vertebrata takes its name.

The Skull consists of 22 bones, which in infancy are separate,
but in youth become dovetailed together and united so firmly
as to practically form one piece. In one of the Cases is' ex-
hibited a disarticulated skull showing the shape and position of
these separate bones. The interior of the skull is occupied by
the Brain, and is called the " Brain Cavity." The Cranium or
Skull consists properly of 8 bones, but there are 14 Bones of the
Face attached to it and usually spoken of as forming part of it.
The Lower Jaw is attached by a joint, but does not form part of

106 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

it. There are 32 Teetli, viz. — In front, the Incisors or Cutting
Teeth, of wliich there are 4 in each jaw ; next to these, the
Canines or Eye Teetli, 1 on each side in both upper and lower
jaws ; then the Bicuspids, so called from having projections or
cusps on the surface, of which there are 3 on each side of each
jaw ; and last, the Back Teeth, Molars, or Grinding Teeth, of
which also there are 3 on each side of each jaw. The number
and position of the teeth are usually expressed by the following
formula : — Incisors, frf = 8 ; Canines, ^ = 4 ; Bicuspids, |f| = 8 ;
Molars, |7t| = 12. Total, -ff or 32. The teeth, however, are not
considered part of the skeleton.

The Ribs are long curved narrow bones — 12 on each side. They
are attached behind to the back-bone and in front to the breast-bone
by bands of cartilage or gristle. They form the sides of a kind of
box called the " Chest," in which the heart and lungs are placed.

The Collar-Bones are narrow curved bones extending from the
top of the Breast-bone to the shoulders.

The Shoulder Blades are flat and somewhat triangular shaped
bones and form the back parts of the shoulders. The sockets in
which the arms move are at the upper corners of these bones.

The Arm Bones are : — In the upj^er arm, one bone called the
Innneinis ; in the fore arm, two bones, the ulna and the radius.

The Wrist is composed of 8 small bones placed between the
two bones of the fore arm and the bones of the hand.

The Hand has five long narrow bones ; one leads to the Thumb,
the others lead each to a finger. The Fingers have each 3 bones,
but the Thumb has only 2.

The Pelvis or Hip Bones are large massive flattened bones, one
on each side. They receive the lower end of the back-bone and
connect the vertebrae with the legs. They have consequently
to carry the entire weight of the body and any load it may bear.

The Leg Bones are : — The Thigh or femur, a large strong bone
forming the upper part of the leg ; the two bones of the leg, the
larger called the Shin or tibia, and the smaller called the Splint-
bone or fibula ; and the Knee-cap or patella.

The Ankle is formed of a series of 7 little bones between the
leg and the foot. One of them works in the lower end of the
bones of the leg and forms the ankle joint, while another projects
to form the heel, and is called the os calsis.

XIII. — OSTEOLOGY OR SKELETONS.

107

The Foot has five bones as in the hand, but they are curved to
form the instep. The Toes have bones similar to the fingers in
number, but modified in shape to suit the different uses to which
they are put. The foot is supported on three points, the heel, the
ball of the great toe, and the ball of the little toe. The arch is
sustained by a strong ligament which stretches from the heel to
the toes.

The Skeleton in the living animal is covered with about 400
muscles, which are attached by sinews to the bones. Motion is
obtained by the contracting and thickening of these muscles and
is imparted to the bones through the sinews. The ends of the
bones at the joints are covered with a fine smooth layer of gristle,
and they are attached to each other by strong ligaments. Most
of the bones are hollow, and many contain a fatty substance
called marrow ; they are covered in life with a thin skin well sup-
plied with blood vessels, and the joints are kept soft by a fluid
resembling oil.

Such is the human Skeleton. In the lower vertebrata various
modifications are found. In Quadrupeds the arms become legs, in
Birds they become wings, in Fishes both arms and legs are represented
by fins ; in some animals the vertebrae are greatly increased in
number by the addition of a tail, and there are many other dif-
ferences which an inspection of the specimens in the Cases will
show. The following short table has been prepared to assist in com-
paring the number of vertebrae in some of the higher animals : —

-M

,

u

a

Q^

o

O)

'cS

Ul

Vertebra.

J3

T3

o

a5

a
o

•
X!

•
00

•

o

o

7

Si

c3
o

CQ

7

O

7

o
Q

7

6

CO

O

7

p
7

1^

IS

0)

Perch.

-4.3

'a3

o

a
o

Cervical

7

9

6

• • •

17

• • •

Dorsal

12

13

15

13

13

19

13

15

15orl7

15 to 18

. . .

8

...

Lumbar

5

4

6

7

7

5

6

10

5 or 3

[25 to 29

21

60

11

45

10

• • •

Sacral

5

5

5

3

3

5

5

...

6

3

■ • •

Coccygeal...

4

0

8

23

22

17

21

27

11

) X

20*

125

13

71

18

or Caudal

3a

29

41

53

52

53

52

59

41

185

Total ...

46

46 to 53

24'll6'56

300.t

* Sometimes 21. t And often considerably over that number. JHas no sacral vertebrae.

108 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL SKELETONS

IN THE MUSEUM,

With reference to the Cases where they are exhibited.

Class I. -MAMMALIA.

ORDER I.— BIMANA OR HUMAN SKELETONS.

(Exhibited ia Cases 1 and 2.)

Austrahan Aboriginals — Six specimens.

Dis-articulated Skull, showing shape and position of the several bones.
Collection of about 300 Human Skull, of various races and from different
countries.

ORDER II.— QUADRUMANA OR MONKEYS.

(Exhibited in Cases 1 and 2.)

Gorilla, Troglodytes gorilla. White-Throated Sapagon Monkey,

Chimpanaee, Troglodytes niger. Cebus hypoleucus

Orang-Outang, Simla satyrus. Skeletons of Monkeys (Various).

Grey Baboon, CynocepJialus hama- Pig-tailed Monkey, Macacus neme-

dryas. strinus.

A Monkey's Skeleton (dis-articulated). Aye- Aye, Chiromys madagascariensis.

ORDER III.— CARNIVORA.

(Exhibited in Cases 3, 4, 8 and 10.)

Lion, Felis leo Wolf, Cams lupus.

Lioness Cub, 8 months old American Wolf, Canis occidentalis.

Bengal Tiger, Felis tigris. Wolverene, GiUo borealis.

Hyaena, Hycana striata. Bear, Ursus ferox or americanus

Domestic Cat, Felis domestica. Polar Bear, Thallarctv^s maritimus.

Dog, Canis familiaris. Coati, ^asua nasuta.

Bull Dog Cotimundi, Nasua sp.

Kangaroo Dog Sea Leopard, Stenorhynchus leptonyx

Dog, cross between Newfoundland Seal, Phoca vitulina

and St. Bernard breeds. Seal, Arciocephalus cinereus

Dingo or Native Dog, Canis dingo. Walrus (skull), Trichecus rosmarus.

/I

LIST OF PRINCIPAL SKELETONS IN AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM. 109

ORDER IV.- INSECTIVORA.

(Exhibited in Case 4.)
Common Mole, Talpa europcea.

ORDER v.— CHIROPTERA.

(Exhibited in Case 4.)
Flying Fox, Pteropus poliocephalus

ORDER VI.— RODENTIA.

(Exhibited in Case 4.)

Mongoose, Herpestes mungo. Racoon, Procyon lotor.

Do. Herpestes paludosus. Guinea Pig, Cavea aperea.

Ferret, Putorius vulgaris. Jerboa, Dipus cegyptius.

ORDER VII.— UNGULATA.

(Exhibited in Cases 5 and 6 and on the floor.)

Indian Elephant, Elephas indicus. Eland, Oreas canna.

Cape Coney, Hyrax capensis. Wild Pig, Sus papuensis .

Rhinoceros, Rhinoceros sumatrensis. Dromedary, Camelus dromedarius

Horse, Equus caballus. Bactrian Camel, Camelus hactrianus.

Burchell's Zebra, Equus burchelli. Llama, Llama paca.

Hi^]^o-pota>mus, Hippopotamus amphi- Goat, Gaprahercus.

bius. Great Irish Elk (now extinct),
Wild Egyptian Goat, Capra cegagra. Megaceros hibernicus.

Rocky Mountain Sheep, Capriana Fallow Deer, Dama vidgaris.

montana. Chevrotain, Tragidus napu.

Giraffe, Camelopardalis giraffa. Musmon or Sardinian Wild Sheep,
Gazelle, Gazella dorcus. Ovis musmon.

ORDER VIII.— CETACEA.

(Exhibited in Cases 7, 8, 9, 10, and elsewhere as marked.)

Baleen Whale, Balcena antipodarum. Grey's Sperm Whale, Kogia grayi.

Do Balcena novce-hollandice. Skull of a Whale, Ulodon grayi.

Do. Balcena marginalis. Ziphioid Whale (skull), Petrorhyn-

Sperm Whale, Physeter macrocepha- ^hm, sp.

lus, overhead in Australian Hall, p^i i^i^^ DelpUnus, sp.

Hand of Sperm Whale. p^ /^^^^^^^ catalania.

Small Sperm Whale Mesoplodon Q^ampus, Orca, sp.

thomsom — Above Case Id. o,, n r • •„„ ^e n^ir>v.;»o

Do. (skull), Mesoplodon layardi. Skulls of various species of Dolphins,

Do., Mesoplodon setjchellensis — VeLpliwus, sp.

Above Case 12. Freshwater Porpoise, Plataamsta

Arm of long-armed Whale, Megap- gangetica.

tera long iviana— Above Cases.

110

GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

ORDER IX.— SIRENIA.

(Exhibited in Cases 9 and 10.)
IManatee, Manatus americanus. Dugong, Halicore diigong.

Do. (skulls) ,,

Steller's Sea Cow, Rhytina stelleri.

ORDER X.— EDENTATA.

(Exhibited in Case 4.)

Sloth, Bradypus tridactylus. Two - fingered

Great Ant Eater, Mijnnecopharja didactylus.

jubata.

ORDER XI.— MARSUPIALIA.

Sloth, Gholmpus

(Exhibited

Kangaroo, Macropus major.
Black "Wallaroo, Osphranter rohustus.
Wallaby, Halmaturus rufficollis.
Brush Wallaby, Halmaturus ualaha-

tus.
Tasmanian Wallaby, Halmaturus

hillardieri.
Black -striped Wallaby, Halmatunts

dorsalis.
Pademelon Wallaby, Halmaturus

thetidis.
Skull of Hypsiprymnodon.

in Case 2.)

Long-Dosed Bandicoot, Perameles
nasuta.

Native Cat, Dasyurus viverrinus.
Tiger Cat, Dasyurus maculatus.
Tasmanian Devil, Sarcophilus ursinus.

Tasmanian Tiger, Thylacinus cyno-
cephalus.

Wombat, Phascolomys ivomhat.

Do. Phascolomys latifrons.

Do. Phascolomys lasiorhinus.
Native Bear, Phascolarctus cinereus.

ORDER XII.— MONOTEMATA.

(Exhibited in Case 2.)
Echidna, Echidna aculeata Platypus, OniitJtorynchus anatinus.

Class II.— AVES or BIRDS.

(Exhibited in Cases 8, 18, and 19.)

In Case 8 —

Ostrich, Struthio camelm.

Emu, Dromceus novce-hollandice.

Moa, Dinornis crassus.

Great Horned Owl, Bidjo maximus.

Secretary Bird, Serpentarius secretarius.

Moruck, Casuarius bennetti. '

Jabiru, Xenorhynchus australis, var.
Pelican, Pelecanus consjncillatus.
White-tailed Eagle, Haliaetus albi-
cdla

In Case 18 —

New Holland Darter, Plotus novce- Toucan or Hornbill, Buceros pUcatus

hollandioi. Black Swan, Cy^mis atratus.

Australian Grebe, Podiceps australis. Bustard, Eupodotis australis.
Peacock, Pavo O'istatus.

LIST OP PRINCIPAL SKELETONS IN AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM. Ill

In Case 19.

Cockatoo, Cacatua ophthalmica.
White Cockatoo, Cacatua galerita^

aged 100 years.
Broad-tailed Parrot, Platycercus per-

sonatus.
Lyre Bird, Menura superha.
Common Maggie, Oymnorhina tibicn.
Satin Bower Bird, Ptilonorhynchua

holosericeus.
Crested Pigeon, Goura coronata.
Peaceful Dove, Geopelia placida.
Cape Barron Goose, Cereopsis novce-

hoUandice,
Wandering Albertros, Diomedia exu-

lans .
Black Eye-browed do., Diomedia
melanophrys.

Kiwi, AjJteryx australis.
Owen's Kiwi, Apteryx oioeni.
Pelican, Pelecamis onocrotalus.
Curlew, Numenius uropygialis.
Great Sea Eagle, Haliaetus leuco-

gaster.
Many Coloured Eclectus, ^^ec<?<s poly-

chloris.
Stone Plover, jEdicnemus grallarius.
Kakapo, Stvingops habroptilus.
Nightingale, Lusciola pJiiloniela.
Humming Bii'd.

Giant Petrel, Omfraga gigantea.
Kingfisher, Alcedo ispida.
Water Hen, Gallimda tribonyx.
Tree Pipit, Anthus arboreus.
Musk Duck, Biziura lobata.

Class III.— REPTILIA.

(In Case 8, or

Turtle, Chelymys macquaria
Green Turtle, Ghelonia mydas
Lace Lizard, Hydrosaurus varius
Sleeping Lizard, Cydodus nigroluteus
Diamond Snake, Morelia spilotes
Black Snake, Pseiidechis porphyriacus
Chameleon, Chameleon africanus
Crocodile, Crocodilus bipocatus

In Case 12
Crocodile, Crocodilus americanus ,,

as marked).

Johnston's Crocodile, Tomistoma

(or Philas) johnstomi In Case 12
Skull of Gavial, Gavialis gangeticus ,,
Alligator, Alligator mississip-

piensis .- .. >»

Indian Kock Snake, Python

molurus . . In Special Case
American Boa, Boa constrictor, 16

feet long . . . . In Case 7

Class V.-PISCES or FISHES.

Port Jackson Shark, Heterodontus Cartilagenous Skeletons of Sharks

phillipi .. .. In Case 11 and Rays .. In Case il

Torpedo Ray or Numb Fish, Hypnos Cod, Oligoms gigas . . In Case 7
subnigerum , . In Case 1 1

112 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM

XIV.

PALEONTOLOGY or FOSSILS.

THE FOSSIL ORGANIC REMAINS in the Australian
Museum are at present arranged in three portions — the Ex-
tinct Vertebrata, the Australian Plants and Inverte-
brata, and a General Foreign Collection.

THE EXTINCT VERTEBRATA are placed in the
Osteological Hall in five table cases (Nos, 13 to 17) sup-
plemented by larger objects on pedestals round the hall. The
EXTINCT MAMMALIA OF AUSTRALIA take a
prominent place in this part of the collection, and include many
specimens figured by the ^-eteran Palaeontologist Sir
Richard Owen, in his remarkable Memoirs on the " Extinct
Mammals of Australia." It is now generally accepted that
these forerunners of the present Australian Marsupials greatly
exceeded the latter in size, and this fact is well demonstrated
in the remains now before us.

In one case (No. 14) are bones of Kangaroos from the bone-
breccia of the Wellington Valley Caves, placed by Professor
Owen in the genera talorcliestes^ Procoi^todon^ Proteinnodon, and
Sthenurios.

The next case (No. 15), to the west of that to which we have
just referred, contains the bones of the " Pouched Dog,"
Thylacoleo carnifex, Owen. Unlike the true Kangaroos just
mentioned, which Avere strictly herbivorous, this animal subsisted
on flesh. In the same case are also the pelvis and the limb
bones of a true Thylacinns from Wellington, and the skull of a
very large species from the Murrumbidgee Caves at Cave Flat.

Contiguous to the last case, are others (Nos. 16 and 17) contain-
ing the remains of the huge Diprotodon aust7'cdis, the largest of the
Marsupials, the skull alone measuring three feet in length in full
grown individuals. It was herbivorous in habit, is believed to

XIV. PALAEONTOLOGY OR FOSSILS. 113

have rivalled the Rhinoceros in size, and to be related to the
Native Bear or Wombat. Its bones have been found distributed
generally throughout Eastern and Southern Australia ; and
through the researches of the late Edward T. Hardman, Govern-
ment Geologist of W. Australia, we now know that it attained as
great a northerly range as the Lennard River, 80 miles from
King Sound (Lat. 17° 20' S., Long. 125° E.) The specimens
include a representation of the large skull now in the Museum of
Natural History, London, along with several limb bones, vertebrae,
and molar teeth. From the lacustrine deposits of the Darling
Downs is a fine pelvis and several caudal vertebrae, the diameter
of the pelvic bones being three feet. The similar bones of a still
larger individual from Coolah are exhibited, in which the span
reached three feet six inches.

Of the allied genus NototheriuTn there are exhibited, in case
No. 17, several teeth and the original skull, the most perfect
hitherto found of this animal which was named, by the late W,
Sharp Macleay, Zygomaturus. It was, however, shown by
Prof. Sir R. Owen to be identical with his previously described
Nototheriii7n.

Of the PJiascolomyidce or Wombats there are in case No. 14
three remarkable bones representing an individual which must
have stood at least four feet high when alive. These consist of
humerus, femur and ulna. With these also are strange, flat
and broad curved teeth, probably the front upper incisors of a
marsupial rodent-like animal, which has been named by Dr. E. P.
Ramsay Sceparnodon. The teeth in question were found at King's
Creek, Darling Downs, and at Lake Eyre, South Australia.

The order Monotremata, containing the "Porcupine" {Echidna)
and the " Platypus " {Ornithorhynchus), is represented in the
fossil state by a few bones from the Wellington Valley Caves,
shown in case No. 14, certainly those of a terrestrial and
fossorial genus, and probably identical with the Echidna^
but greatly larger than the living species. The remains of
this order were first found in a fossil state by the late Mr.
Gerard Krefit, formerly Curator of this Museum.

114 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

In the Central Hall, placed on separate pedestals are casts of
the skulls of extinct Indian Elephants. The following are
represented : — Elephas planifrons, Falc, U. hysudricus, and E.
hombi/rons, from the Pliocene beds of the Siwalik Hills, E.
nainadicus, found in the Pliocene deposits of Nerbudda, and
Mastodon ohioticus from the Post-Tertiary beds of North
America. To these there has lately been added a tine cast of
the cranium and tusks of another extinct Indian Elephant —
Elepluis c/anesa, Falc. andCautl., taken from the original specimen
in the Department of Geology, British Museum, London. Near
thiii is a reproduction of the cranium, mandible, and tusks of the
Elephas antiqitus, Falc, from the Pleistocene deposits of Belgium.
The original of this is in the Royal Museum of Natural History
of Belf'ium, at Brussels. Lastly, this series of casts is concluded
by that of the Mastodon humbokUi, Cuvier, from the Pampas
Formation (Pleistocene) of Buenos Ay res, Argentine Republic, also
taken from the original in the British Museum.

In close contiguity to these is the representation of the skull of
one of the Giraffidce, called Sivatherium, also from the Siwalik
Hills. " It possessed two pairs of horns on its head, two short
and simple in front, and two larger palmated ones behind them.
From the persistent character of these bony horn-cores we may
certainly regard this animal as a gigantic four-horned ruminant,
ha^'ing a resemblance in some structural characters to the Giraffe,
in others to the Antelope."

On the large central table will be found a representation of
the skull and mandible of an extinct mammal called Toxodon
platensis, from the Newer Tertiary deposits or Pampas Forma-
tion of South America. It was probably larger than a horse,
but possessed incisor teeth resembling those of the Rodents.

Again, on the large table is a specimen of the Meyatheriuin
americanum, or Gigantic Sloth, of South America, a cast
taken from the actual remains in the British Museum. " This
coUossal animal measures 18 feet in length, its bones being
more massive than those of the Elephant. The thigh bone is
nearly thrice the thickness of the same bone in the largest of
existing Elephants, the circumference being equal to the entire

XIV. PALiEONTOLOGY OR FOSSILS. 115

length. The strength of the Megatherium is indicated by tlie
form of the bones, with their surfaces, ridges and crests every-
where roughened for the attachment of powerful muscles and
tendons. The bony framework of the fore part of the body is
comparatively slender, but the hinder quarters display in every
part enormous strength and weight combined, indicating that tlie
animal habitually rested on its haunches and powerful tail.
Whilst in that position it could freely use its stron^^ flexible
forearms and the large claws with which its fore feet were
provided to break down or uproot the trees upon the leaves and
succulent branches of which it fed, like its pigmy modern repre-
sentative, the existing Tree Sloth, which spends its entire life
climbing back downwards among the branches of the trees.
The jaws are destitute of teeth in the front, but there are
indications that the snout was elongated, and more or less flexible
whilst the fore part of the lower jaw is much prolonged and

grooved to give support to a long cylindrical, powerful,

muscular tongue, aided by which the great sloth, like the girafle,
could strip off the small branches of the trees, which, by its colossal
strength, it had uprooted. In the Elephants, which subsist on
similar food to that of the Megatheriiiin — the grinding of the food
is effected by molar teeth which are replaced by successional ones
as the old are worn away. In the Giant Ground Sloth only one
set of teeth were provided, but these by constant upward growth,
and continual addition of new matter beneath, lasted as long as

the animal lived, and never needed renewal Although so

much larger in bulk than their modern representative, these huge
extinct vegetarians of the New World all belong to one family,
being classed with the " Great Ant Eaters" in the order
Edentata (or toothless animals), but the Ant-eaters are the only
ones in the class that have no teeth, the others having teeth in
the sides of their jaws but none in front. At the time when
these animals lived in the vast wooded regions throui^h which the
upper waters of the Parana and Uruguay flowed, the lowlands,
which now forms the great ' pampas ' or grassy plains, of tlie La
Plata, were probably submerged estuarine, or delta areas, on
which the great rivers annually deposited the fine sediment which
they brought down, together with the bodies of Megatheria,
Mylodons, Glyptodons, &c., drowned during floods in the upper

116 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

valleys where they had their habitat. Hundreds of the fossil
remains of these huge herbivora have been met with in this
pampas formation exposed in the beds of the sluggish rivers
which now traverse these plains."*

The remains of BIRDS in our Pal?eontological Collection are at
present confined almost exclusively to those of the gigantic wing-
less bird of New Zealand called the " Moa " {Dinornis). These
occupy cases in tlie Osteological Hall (Nos. 13 and 8), not far
removed from the iNIarsupial remains, No less than eighteen species
of tliese birds have been described, varying in size from three to
ten feet in height. The Maori " ovens " have been extensively
searched by the Hon. Walter Mantell and the late Sir Julius von
Haast, and from the bones exhumed, these birds must have formed
a favourite article of diet with the older inhabitants of those
islands. In the Foreign Collection (to be referred to later) is a
cast of the oldest known bird, the Archceopteryx inacrura, Owen,
from the liithographic Stone of Solenhofen, in Bavaria. The
Collection, however, contains bones of an Emu ( Droiaaius),
from the Wellington Valley Caves, and the femur of an allied
extinct genus Dromornis, Owen, from the Peak Downs, Queens-
land.

The PtEPTILI A are at present represented but to a limited ex-
tent. In the order Crocodilia the Museum is fortunate enough
to possess the type specimen of the Mysiriosaurus mandelsloki,
Kaup, from the Lias of AViirtemburg. This reptile may be taken as
a forerunner of the "Gavial" of the Ganges. The teeth
were similarly long, slender and sharp, and adapted for the prehen-
sion of fishes (Owen). The sub-order Thiropoda (Beast-footed) is
represented by a cast of the head of the Megalosaurus^ a car-
nivorous reptile from the chalk of Maestricht, Belgium, placed
against the gallery balustrade in the Geological Hall. Accom-
panying this are reproductions of several members of the order
Ichythyosauria (Fish Lizards), including Ichthyosaurus intermedins,
Conyb., from the Lias of England ; and a portion of the head of a

* Guide to the Exhibition Galleries of Geology and Palaeontolo^ in the
British Museum, 1884, p. 29.

XIV. PALAEONTOLOGY OR FOSSILS. 117

very large species, in which the size acquired by these reptiles is
well exemplified, and also the large orbit with the circlet of
sclerotic or bony plates used as a protection to the large eye.
Members of this group of reptiles are known to have grown
to the great length of twenty-two feet.

The genus Ichthyosaurus has been met with in the Mesozoic
rocks of Australia and New Zealand ; and in the same case with
the Thylacoleo remains (No. 15. Osteological Hall), are temporarily
placed casts of the bones of /. australis, a species described by
Prof. McCoy from North Central Queensland. These consist of
several vertebrae, portions of the skull showing the bony orbit, a
paddle, &c , and are taken from the originals in the National
Museum, Melbourne.

The remains of the Chelonia (Tortoises and Turtles) have been
discovered in the Cave-breccia of Wellington, and fragments of
the carapace, probably of a freshwater Turtle are shown in case
No. 15 in the Osteological Hall. In this order must now be
placed the remarkable heads and disjointed bones known as
Megalania and Meiolania, formerly described by Sir Richard
Owen as those of a gigantic horned lizard. So far palseontological
research has only revealed the existence of these animals in the
Quarternary or Post-Tertiary deposits of Queensland and Lord
Howe Island."^ The dimensions of the largest, Meiolania oweni
Smith Woodw. ( = Megalania prisca, Owen), were fourteen feet or
even more in length, with nine horn-like prominences on its tail,
which measured one foot ten and a half inches in breadth. " The
skull, at first glance, looks like that of some flat-headed form of Ox ;
but the bones are altogether dissimilar, and the jaws are without
teeth." This species is from Queensland, but the Lord Howe
Island form is smaller. Representations of the skull of the
former, and bony tail sheaths of both species are in the same
case with the Ichthyosaurus remains (No. 15 Osteological Hall).
The carapace of an undoubted Turtle and an Qgg from the Post-
Tertiary deposits of Lord Howe Island, and the head of what
will probably prove to be another species of Meiolania, have
lately been added.

* The remains of Meiolania are now known to occur in the Pliocene
Deep Lead at Canadian Lead, Gulgong.
I

nS GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

THE GENERAL COLLECTION OF AUS-
TRALIAN PLANTS AND INVERTEBRATA, is

placed in table-cases at the north end of the Geological Hall,
and is at present in a state of transition and re-arrangement.

In the same hall, and contiguous to the latter are two cases of
Quaternary Foreign Mannnalian bones, both casts and originals.
These include skulls of Bear from the Caverne de Goyet, and
other caves; antlers of Deer from Post-Pliocene deposits of
Anvers, Belgium ; jaws of Rhinoceros and tusks of Elephas from
the same place ; skull of Anthracotherium from Auvergne ; and
the skull of Brotherium bombifrons from Kentucky.

THE GENERAL FOREIGN COLLECTION is
placed in the table cases of the gallery around the Geological
Hall. Tliis series is arranged both zoologically and geologically,
in order to show the sequence of strata throughout the world,
and their typical organic remains. With the view of exemplify-
ing this in the clearest manner the fossils of each formation
are placed on differently coloured tablets.

XV. — GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY. 119

XV.

GEOLOGY AND MINEEALOGY.

The Minerals in the Australian Museum are arranged as
follows : —

1. General collection of minerals.

2. Collection of wooden models of crystals and natural crystals
(as part of the collection illustrating physical characters of
minerals.)

3. Collection of meteorites.

4. Ornamental collection — cut stones and imitations.

5. Collection illustrating the physical properties of minerals.

6. Collection illustrating the processes of determination of

minerals.

7. Collection illustrating dynamical (viz, : mechanical and

chemical) geology.

8. Collection illustrating the modes of occurrence of ores and
minerals, including alluvial deposits (mostly New South
Wales.)

9. Gold collection (general)

10. Collection of precious stones (general.)

11. Collection of Australasian minerals.

12. Collection of rocks with the Australasian rocks included in

parts.

13. Australasian collection arranged according to geological

regions, or resrional collections.

14. Collection of Italian rocks and minerals.

120 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

The " Descriptive Catalogue of the General Collection of
Minerals" issued in 1885 is, up to date (1890), the only catalogue
of minerals published of late years by the Trustees of the
Museum ; it will be found useful to students and to visitors,
from the amount of information it contains on the subject.
There are about 2340 specimens numbered and about 400 which
have been purchased since the issue of the catalogue, and not
yet numbered ; some of them being very remarkable for their
size, beauty, or rarity.

I.— GENERAL COLLECTION OF MINERALS.

The arrangement adopted for this collection has been fully ex-
plained in the catalogue.

In some systems of mineralogy, prominent importance is
given to certain laws based on the proportions of the com-
bined elements, and to the molecular arrangement of these
elements in connection with the crystalline form. It is easy to
understand, however, that, if this system be adhered to, any
particular metal sought for by the practical man is likely to
appear in different sections, widely apart from each other, ac-
cording to the classes of combinations in which it occurs. For
instance, Garnierite (the Nickel ore of New Caledonia, which is
a silicate), Chrysocolla (silicate of copper). Electric Calamine
(silicate of zinc), Rhodonite (silicate of manganese), in such
systems, are distributed in different groups among the Silicates ;
while in the system adopted here, these minerals will be found
respectively in the Nickel class, in the Copper class, in the Zinc
class, and in the Manganese class among the Metallic Minerals.
It does not always follow, however, that the mineral considered
should be a workable ore of the metal in which class it has been
placed. Sulphide of Iron, or Iron Pyrites, is worked for gold and
for sulphur, but not for iron ; still it belongs to the Iron class.
Whenever it has been found convenient to represent an important
mineral in more than one class, it has been done.

The minerals are divided into two main sections (see Catalogue,
pages 9 to 12), viz. : —

XV.— GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY. 121

I.— Non-metallic minerals, placed on the left hand side of the

room.

11- — Metallic minerals, placed on the right hand side of the
room.

NON-METALLIC MINERALS.

The order of sequence into which the so-called rocks, or non-
metallic minerals are arranged, is as follows :

Carbon class, including Diamond (see precious stones) Graphite
(Plumbago or black lead). Coal, Oil Shales, Amber, &c.

Boron class, including Boron, &c.

Sulphur class ; Ex. Sulphur found in volcanic districts.

Alkaline and Earthy Minerals, divided into :

1. Alkaline salts; Ex. Rock Salt, &c.

2. Alkaline earthy salts; Ex. Calcite, Aragonite (Carbon-
ate of Lime, or Limestone), Selenite (Sulphate of Lime, or
Gypsum), Apatite (Phosphate of Lime), Fluor-Spar, &c.

3. Alumina and Aluminates ; Ex. Corundum, including
Sapphire and Ruby (composed of alumina). Spinel Ruby
(an aluminate of magnesia), &c. Emery is impure corun-
dum mixed with oxide of iron. (See Catalogue pages
1 to 38, Nos. 1 to 433.)

Silica and Hydrous Silica ; Ex. Quartz (including Rock

Crystal, Amethyst, Agate, Flint, Jasper, &c.). Opal is hydrous

silica, or silica containing water. (See Catalogue, pages 39 to 44,
Nos. 434 to 574.)

Silicates proper, including the more important groups, namely :

1. Pyroxene group ; Ex. Augite, &c., found in basalt and other
eruptive rocks.

2. Amphibole group ; Ex. Hornblende, Asbestos, &c., occurring
chiefly in schists and eruptive rocks.

3. Olivine group ; Ex. Olivine or Peridot, a bottle-green gem
found in basalt.

4. Garnet group ; The red variety is a common gem.

122 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

5. Epidote group ; Ex. Epidote, a dark green mineral, which is
sometimes good enough to cut for a gem.

6. Mica group ; This affords a transparent and tough substitute
for glass, and is used in stoves and lamps.

7. Talc group ; Ex. Steatite, Figure stone, &c.

8. Sepiolite group ; Ex. Sepiolite (Meerschaum).

9. Serpentine group ; Affords pretty ornamental stones when
polished.

10. Chlorite group ; Ex. Chlorite, a mica-like mineral found in
some schists and other rocks.

11. Felspar group ; An extensive group including: —

Orthoclase, one of the components of granite. Moonstone,
Sunstone, Amazonstone are varieties of the same.

Labradorite and Oligoclase, which occur in many eruptive
and volcanic rocks.

12. Andalusite group ; Ex. Chiastolite or Mascle, Cyanite, a
beautiful blue semi-precious stone.

13. Staurolite group ; Ex. Staurolite, or Cross Stone.

Silicates containing other Acids (Boracic Acid, Hydrofluoric
Acid, Hydrochloric Acid, Sulphuric Acid), besides Silicic A.cid,
including as principal groups : —

1. Datolite group ; Ex. Datolite, Danburite.

2. Axinite group ; Ex. Axinite, crystals in the shape of axe-

heads.

3. Tourmaline group ; Ex. Tourmaline, often in company with

stream tin.

4. Topaz group ; Ex. Topaz, blue, white, and yellow varieties.

5. Ultramarine group ; Ex. Ultramarine, or Lapis Lazuli,

affording a beautiful ornamental stone and a rich blue pig-
ment, which is also manufactured artificially. (See
Catalogue pages 89 to 44, Nos. 1055 to 1105.)

XV. — GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY. 123

Silicates with Glucina, including Emerald, a rich green
precious stone, and Beryl or Aquamarine.

Silicates with Zirconia, including Zircon, a rather disregarded
gem, very common in drift and often mistaken for ruby tin.
(See Catalogue pages 94 to 97, Nos. 1106 to 1132.)

The Zeolites, including several groups of beautifully cry-
stallized minerals occurring chiefly in basalts.

Clay group ; An important and useful group ; Ex. Common
Clay, Pipe Clay, Fire Clay, Kaolin, etc. (See Catalogue, pages
49 to 89, Nos. 575 to 1054.)

When specimens included in the above subdivisions have
been found too large to be displayed in the flat show-cases, they
have been placed in special cases.

METALLIC MINERALS.

The classes into which the metallic minerals have been
divided will be found in the cases in the following order :

Zinc, Manganese, Iron, Cobalt, Nickel, Meteorites (debris
of planets described further on as a special collection), Tin,
Titanium, Chromium, Molybdenum, Tungsten (Wolfram, &c.).
Uranium, Arsenic, Antimony, Bismuth, Lead, Copper, Mercury,
Silver, Gold, Tellurium and Selenium, Platinum and other rare
metals of the Platinum class. The two metalloids, Tellurium
and Selenium, which belong chemically to the Sulphur class, are
very rare, but are placed here as an appendix to gold and silver,
with either or both of which they are sometimes found associated
or combined, as well as with lead and bismuth. (See Catalogue
pages 105 to 206, Nos. 1161 to 2340).

Next come the minerals which are mostly found in the rock
called Zircon-Syenite, and containing the rare metals Yttrium,
Cerium, Thorium, Tantalum, Columbium, Zirconium, &c. (See
Catalogue pages 98 to 103, Nos. 1133 to 1160.)

NEW PURCHASES (NOT CATALOGUED).

Among the Minerals which have been purchased between 1887
and 1889 and which are not included in the catalogue, the
following are the most remarkable : —

124

GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

As examples of large crystals : — Barytes from Cumberland, and
Whitherite from Alston Moore, England ; Orthoclase and Wer-
nerite, both from Renfrew, Canada ; Garnet, three inches along
diagonal, from Salides, Colorado; Rhodonite, Willemite, and
Franklinite, from Franklin, New Jersey.

Opposite the large blocks of Malachite, on the top shelf of the
upright case, is a specimen of Muscovite (Mica) from Mitchell
County, North Carolina showing, when closely examined, some
hexagonal figures of crystallization.

The following remarkable minerals will be found in the general
collection placed according to their class : — Turquoise from New
Mexico ; Chlorite, a pseudomorph after Garnet from Ishpening,
Michigan ; Wulfenite from Nevada ; Descloizite and Vauadinite
from southern Arizona ; Malachite with Azurite, and a stalactite
of Malachite from Arizona ; Electrum (an alloy of gold and silver
containing 30 per cent, of the last metal), crystallized in the shape
of the plant called Liver-wort, from Hungary.

In the Tellurium and Selenium classes the following may bo
mentioned : — Sylvanite, a Telluride of Gold and Silver, from
Hungary ; Tellurium from Colorado, placed close to the same
metal (Catalogue No. 2042) from Transylvania ; a Selenide of
Bismuth, Guanajuatite, from Mexico ; this is a rare mineral of a
bluish-grey colour with metallic lustre.

Another interesting mineral of Bismuth, which differs from the
above in composition, on account of the presence of Tellurium
instead of Selenium, is Tetradymite, which will be found in the
Catalogue No. 1651 in the Bismuth class. This mineral is of a pale
steel-grey colour, resplendent with metallic lustre, is from Retz-
banya, Hungary, and is the more interesting on account of its
having also been discovered in New South Wales. It has been
recently analysed and identified by Mr. Mingaye of the Depart-
ment of Mines.

Roscoelite is a mineral which deserves special mention. It is
composed of Silica, Vanadic acid. Alumina, Potash, &c., and
occurs in dark minute scales like Mica ; it is from Granite Creek,
near Coloma, El Dorado County, California, where it occurs

XV. — GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY. 125

intimately mixed with gold in small seams in porphyry. Its
composition and its association with that metal are remarkable,
and it has been provisionally placed in the case containing speci-
mens of Gold.

A collection of Gold and Silver Ores and a collection of
Meteorites purchased in 1888 with some other well known
minerals will be found in their respective subdivisions.

II.— COLLECTION OF WOODEN MODELS OF CRYSTALS
AND CRYSTALLIZED MINERALS.

This collection occupies the two large central show cases ; it
consists of 743 wooden models arranged according to the six
systems of Crystallography, namely : Cubic, Tetragonal, Hexa-
gonal, Rhombic, Oblique, and Triclinic or Asymmetric.

In order to make this collection useful and interesting, even
to those unacquainted with the subject, the faces of the models
have been painted in colours to show the different forms, which
are usually found combined in each system in a more or less
complicated manner.

For instance, in the Cubic System, a simple form, the
Octahedron, is painted white on its eight faces, so that, consider-
ing only the holohedral forms on the left side of the tray, every
complex form in which the octahedron enters into combination
with other forms, will be known at a glance, and so on for
others ; while the models of the simple ones, eight in number,
will be easily distinguished by being of only one colour.

On the right side of the tray are placed the models of
hemihedral forms, so-called because they have only half tlie
number of faces of the corresponding holohedral forms, the
simplest being the Tetrahedron, of four faces, corresponding to
the Octahedron.

This collection of models has been illustrated by good examples
of natural crystals, which are placed in the same tray as the
crystallographic system to which they respectively belong. For

126 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

other examples of crystals the visitor (especially by using the
Catalogue) can refer to the general collection, where well crystal-
lized minerals will be found.

In the first tray (Cubic System) the following crystallized
minerals are represented, Diamond (a cube from Brazil), Fluor
Spar, Pleonaste or Black Spinel, Spinel Ruby, Garnet, Zincblende,
Magnetic Iron, Pyrite, Cobaltite, Galeoa, Red Oxide of Copper,
Argentite or Silver Glance, and Gold (an Octahedron with some
faces of the cube).

In the second tray (Tetragonal System), Tin ore or Cassiterite,
and Zircon are represented.

In the third tray (Hexagonal System) will be found Carbo-
nate of Lime or Calcite, a mineral which occurs in the greatest
variety of forms and combinations. Phosphate of Lime or
Apatite, Corundum, Quartz, Tourmaline, and Beryl, or Aqua-
marine are also exhibited.

On the other side, in the fourth tray, the Rhombic System is
illustrated by the following crystallized minerals : — Heavy Spar,
also known as Sulphate of Baryta or Barytes, Celestite or sul-
phate of strontia, Aragonite and Calcite, both carbonates of lime.
Anhydrite, Olivine, Pinite, Staurolite, Topaz, Manganite, Stibnite
(antimony ore), Mispikel, Redruthite (copper glance), Stephanite
(brittle silver), &c.

In the fifth tray the Oblique System is illustrated by Borax,
Gypsum, Augite, Diopside, Hornblende, Epidote, Orthoclase,
Felspar, Hormotome, Datolite, Titanite, and Azurite (blue
carbonate of copper). In the same tray the Triclinic System is
illustrated by Cryolite, Microcline, Albite, Oligoclase, Anorthite,
Labradorite, and Cyanite,

The last tray contains a selection of large crystals by which the
six Crystallographic Systems are again illustrated.

In two special cases are exhibited two gigantic hexagonal
crystals, one of Apatite (phosphate of lime), the other of Beryl
or Aquamarine, the latter measuring fourteen inches in height
and one foot along the diagonal of the base.

XV. — GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY. 127

III.— COLLECTION OF METEORITES.

The Meteorites are kept in a special case next to the metal
Nickel, which most of them contain. In course of time they will
form a larger and more systematic collection, although the
specimens are not very numerous as yet. Among them will be
found a cast of the Deniliquin or Baratta Meteorite, the original
of which is in possession of Mr. Russell, Government Astronomer,
and weighs 145 lbs. ; it has a specific gravity of 3'387 and is
mostly composed of the minerals Enstatite, Olivine, and Nickel-
iferous Iron. Professor Liversidge read two papers on it, which
are published in the Journals of the Royal Society of New South
Wales, 1872 and 1882. This example shows that Meteorites are
not all metal, some, indeed being true rocks like our dyke-rocks,
while others contain carbon.

An interesting fact connected with the metallic Meteorites, or
more correctly the metallic part of some of them, is the crystal-
lization which is brought out by polishing a section of the
specimen and using acid on the surface. Of the different alloys
of nickel and iron which enter into the composition of these
Meteorites, one is more easily attacked by the acid than the other,
the result being the production of the figures of crystallization.
These can be seen in the specimens exhibited, one from Augusta
County, Virginia, one from Tolucca, Mexico, and another from
Port Duncan, Texas, the dates of their fall being unknown.

The largest metallic Meteorite known is one over three tons in
weidit, which was found in Victoria, and is now in the British
Museum.

Still more interesting than the above are the stony Meteorites,
some of which are identical with the deep rocks of our globe.
Most of them contain the mineral Olivine or Peridot, and belong
to the family of rocks called Peridotites, while some others are
true volcanic rocks. Intermediate between the metallic jNIeteo-
rites, and the stony Meteorites are some containing tlie
characteristics of both.

128 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

The analogy between these and the rocks of our planet is
carried out in all the details of their structure, some beino:
fragmentary like our breccias, some oolitic, some granular like
sandstone, while others exhibit structures peculiar to some
volcanic rocks, being vascular, globular, vitreous, &c., leaving no
doubt that they are the debris of a small disintegrated satellite
of the earth,

iy._ORNAMENTAL COLLECTION.

With the exception of some nicely cut vases of Fluor Spar,
placed in a special case at the entrance of the room, one ornamen-
tal vase of Porphyry, and two of Serpentine exhibited by
themselves, and some Marble and Serpentine slabs along the
wall, most of the ornamental stones are placed in an upright
case standing opposite the entrance.

Among the stones or non-metallic minerals the princi-
pal mineralogical specimens represented are Calcite and
Aragonite (Carbonate of Lime) represented by Slabs of
Onyx, Marbles, and a small " sarcophagus " of rare antique
marble. The material from which some candlesticks and vases
exhibited under Catalogue numbers 2243 to 2249 are made,
although known as alabaster is not ti'ue alabaster, which is a
variety of Gypsum (sulphate of lime), but is a variety of concre-
tionary marble analogous to the stalactites of limestone caves.
A variety of true Alabaster (another sulphate of lime) also called
Satin Spar is represented by a necklace and cross under No. 2242.
The name of Satin Spar, as well as Alabaster, has been
given to varieties of both Sulphate and Carbonate of Lime, a speci-
men of the latter being in the general collection under No. 199*
Silicic Acid or Silica inclades here the numerous ornamental
varieties of quartz, and impure quartz of different colors sacli as
Agate, Onyx, Jasper, Chrysoprase, &c. In order to mark a
striking distinction between the different varieties of quartz,
which are considered as gems, such as Amethyst, Smoky Quartz,
Cairngorm, Citrine Quartz, &c., and the other gems, among
which are the most precious stones, the large collection of cut
amethysts has been placed in this case.

XV. — GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY. 129

Among the silicates are Figure-stone or Agalmatolite, and the
precious Jade, from both of which many Chinese ornaments and
other articles are made. Serpentine is the material of the carved
stone representing two serpents in allusion to the origin of the
name. Catlinite, a red clay rock, is the material of an Indian
pipe from Minnesota.

Among the metallic minerals, a few are represented here by cut
ornaments ; namely, Rhodonite (Silicate of Manganese), Hematite
(Oxide of Iron), and Malachite (Carbonate of Copper). A larc^e
slab of Chalcedony from Italy, which has been framed as the top
of a table, is a good example of concretionary structure.

In the most southerly of the cases on the right side of the room,
the rest of the ornamental and semi-precious stones, as well as
some models and imitations, rough uncut gems and samples of
gem sand, &c., are displayed.

The space in the cases between the last mentioned and the last
case containing the minerals of the rare metals Yttrium, Cerium,
&c., is left vacant to receive provisionally, recently acquired
specimens.

Against the south wall in the centre, rich blocks of Malachite
in geodes from Peak Downs, Queensland, are exhibited in a special
case, showing beautiful velvety crystallizations.

Y.— COLLECTION ILLUSTRATING THE PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES OF MINERALS.

This collection will be found useful to beginners and persons
unacquainted with the terms of Mineralogy.

The form is first examined : (1) Geometric by crystallization.
Ex.: Rock Crystal or Quartz. (2) Geometric by contraction.
Ex. : Prisms of Basalt, Sandstone, &c. On the other hand, when
it is irregular, accidental or imitative, the form is indeterminate.
Some minerals exhibiting indeterminate forms may be crystalline
in structure, while others are not so. Of these forms examples of
concretions, incrustations and weathering are shown. A perfectly
rounded ball of sandstone from near Carcoar, is a rather puzzling
specimen. It has evidently been produced by a mechanical

130 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

though natural, mode of weathering, such as would be the case in a
hole under a waterfall, where the process of whirling has been
kept on for centuries.

Tlie different modes of structure are exhibited, namely —
granular, lamellar, fibrous, radiate, concretionary, dendritic,
earthy, vitreous, &c. These expressions are always used in the
description of minerals, and the specimens exhibited afford some
points of comparison.

When a mineral is freshly broken the fracture is sometimes
a very good means of determination. In crystallized minerals
it is either irregular, or takes place along certain planes,
which are called planes of cleavage. Iceland Spar (Calcite) is a
good instance of three perfect and easy cleavages. Some crystal-
lized minerals, however, exhibit a curved surface when broken,
and such fracture is called conchoidal ; the best examples of
conchoidal fracture are given by vitreous, and some more or less
homogeneous minerals. Ex. : Volcanic Glass, Flint, and Kerosene
Shale.

On handling minerals certain mechanical properties are mani-
fested by tests, which also serve to distinguish them. Hardness
is thus an important character. In order to find an easy defini-
tion of the degree of hardness of a mineral it is compared with
some other minerals which are considered as standards, and are
known by numbers representing the degree of hardness. The list
thus formed is called the scale of hardness. It is arranged as
follows : —

1. Talc. )

„' > Scratched by the nail.

2. Gypsum, j -^

3. Calcite. \ , -, ■,

. T-ii CI ( Scratched by

i. Fluor bpar. > ^^^^j ^J_

5. Apatite. )

a

5. Apatite.

6. Orthoclase. Scratches glass.

7. Quartz.

8. Topaz.

9. Corundum.

10. Diamond. The hardest of all known substances.

XV. — GEOLOGY ANC MINERALOGY. 131

Silver Glance (Argentite) is a very good example o mallea-
bility ; this mineral acts like lead when cut with a knife.
Flexibility and elasticity are well exemplified by Mica and
Flexible Sandstone. Of the latter two varieties are known one
from Brazil, the other from North Carolina.

Another class of properties of minerals includes those which
fall under the sense of sight, as transparency, Ex.: Limpid Quartz •
translucency, Ex. : Cloudy Quartz. Lustre and colour are two
important characteristics by which many minerals can be known
at a glance. Lustre is either metallic, Ex. : Gold, Iron Pyrites ;
adamantine, Ex. : Diamond, Carbonate of Lead ; resinous
Ex. : Realgar ; silky, Ex. : Satin Spar ; or vitreous, Ex. :
Quartz. Minerals which exhibit metallic or adamantine lustre
are, in general, heavy. There are some minerals of which the
colour is characteristic, Ex. : Malachite, green. There are
others which occur of different colours, Ex. : Corundum, red
(Ruby), blue (Sapphire), green (Oriental emerald), purple
(Oriental amethyst).

VL— COLLECTION ILLUSTRATING DETERMINATION

OF MINERALS.

Under this title is a collection, the object of which is to
illustrate some simple processes of testing, by exhibiting the most
common minerals which answer to the tests.

First of all a ready distinction is made between minerals
possessing, or not possessing a metallic lustre. Hence two
classes. The minerals exhibiting a metallic lustre are divided
into two groups according to their resistance and fusibility under
the blowpipe. The first group includes minerals which are easily
fusible or volatile, and leads to minor subdivisions, the principal
of which are characterised by the presence or absence of sulphur
antimony, arsenic or tellurium, as shown by a careful use of
the blowpipe. A great number of well-known ores are identified
by these tests. The second group includes minerals which are
infusible, or fuse with difficulty and give a magnetic mass after
being heated under the blowpipe. It includes several ores of
iron, chrome, &c.

132 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

The minerals which do not exhibit a metallic lustre are divided
into three groups. The first includes minerals which burn or
volatilize easily under the blowpipe, such as Sulphur, Cinnabar,
Oxide of Antimony, &c. The second includes minerals which
melt more or less easily, but do not disappear by volatili-
zation under ordinary circumstances, such as Chloride of Silver,
Carbonate of Lead, Malachite, Garnet, Tourmaline, &c. The
third includes minerals which are infusible or only fusible
with difficulty, such as Quartz and many silicates and gems,
some Iron ores, many earthy minerals, Limestone, Chrome ore,
Pitchblende, Tin ore, Zincblende, Nickel ore (Garnierite), &c.
Some of them appear in two groups.

The scale of fusibility affords some means of comparison, and
the degree of fusibility is expressed by a number It is arranged
as follows : —

1. Stibnite. Fuses easily in the candle flame,

2. Natrolite. Fuses in the candle flame.

3. Almandine Garnet. Fuses easily before the blowpipe.

4. Actinolite, a varietv of Hornblende. Fuses more or

less easily before the blowpipe when in minute
fragments.

5. Adularia. A variety of Orthoclase.

6. Bronzite. Small fragments are only rounded on the

edges before the blowpipe.

7. Quartz. Infusible in ordinary blowpipe flame.

Vir.— COLLECTION ILLUSTEATING DYNAMICAL

GEOLOGY.

This collection, though but recently commenced, is one that
will commend itself to the student and miner. It is
difficult to trace strict divisions, but, broadly speaking, there are
phenomena taking place both on the surface and at various depths,
which are rather to be classed as mechanical than otherwise, and
there are phenomena in which chemical actions are predominant.

Among the results of mechanical action, examples are exhibited
illustrating the effects of such pressures as cause the cleavages of
rocks, the wedged ends of faulted reefs, &c., the results of earth
movements in metalliferous lodes.

XY. GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY. 133

The effect of chemical action, sometimes combined with physical
action such as heat, is exemplified by the decomposition of
minerals and rocks, the deposition of minerals from solutions, the
change of minerals into other minerals, or pseudomorphism, the
change of rocks into other rocks, or metamorphism, &c.

This collection, which is rapidly being increased, has re.;;ently
received specimens illustrating phenomena of considerable interest
as contributions to the puzzling questions of the formation of
minerals and mineral veins. These tend to show that in some
mineral veins in which quartz apparently stands alone as the
usual matrix of gold, carbonate of lime was formerly the matrix,
but has been removed in solution leaving quartz and gold only, or
in some instances has been replaced by quartz as a pseudomorph.

To this collection are appended, as illustrating part of Chemical
Geology, some specimens of artificially formed minerals such as
boiler deposits, furnace products, stalactites and stalagmites
formed from building materials, spring deposits, &c.

VIII.— COLLECTION ILLUSTRATING THE MODES OF
OCCURRENCE OF MINERALS.

Although the Museum possesses a large general collec-
tion of minerals, which can be examined by students of
mineralogy, it has been found profitable, in the interest of mining
students, to exhibit the ores and valuable products of Australia,
in such a manner as to give a recognised individuality to
what is called a mineral deposit or an ore deposit. Thus, when
possible, the ores have been accompanied by specimens of the
local rocks, specimens of eruptive rocks occuring in or near
the deposit, and specimens of minerals found in close association
with the ores. This mode, no doubt, will command the attention
of the mining community from an educational point of view.

IX.— COLLECTION OF GOLD SPECIMENS.

The collection of Alluvial Gold includes a number of

models of large nuggets for which the colony of Victoria is well

known. The largest represented is the " Welcome" (2,195 ozs.),

of an approximate value of £8,780, found at a depth of 180 feet

J

134 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

at Bakery Hill, Ballaarat, lltli of June, 1858. This is not,
however, the largest on record, as in 1869 another, the
" Welcome Stranger,"' of a value of £9,534 (over 2,280 ozs. when
found), was unearthed at Dunolly, a locality where countless
smaller nuggets have been found.* Next in weight come the
"Precious" (1,717 ozs. gross weight), and Viscount Canterbury
(1,121 ozs.), both found at Berlin, Victoria.

New South Wales has not so many recorded nuggets. The
largest masses of gold found in this colony are : Doctor Kerr's
so called " Hundredweight Nugget," found by a native in 1851, at
Meroo Creek, Turon River ; and a hundredweight of gold blasted
at one time by Beyer and Holtermann at Hawkins Hill in 1873.

A list of the nuggets found in New South Wales is given in
Professor Liversidge's " Minerals of New South Wales." From
this list it can be seen that numerous nuggets, especially from
Kiandra, have been melted without models having been taken of
them. Those represented in the Museum which are not in that list
are : one from Gulgong, with the shape of a hook at one end ;
one from Temora (161 ozs,), found in 1884 ; two from Cadia, near
Orange (60 and 32 ozs.) The last has been named the
" Ly-ee-moon," having been given to the wreck fund by its owner,
Mr. H. W. Newman, of Lucknow. The "Maitland Bar Nugget" is
a magnificent specimen, showing quartz and crystals of gold. It
was found in 1877, at a depth of five feet, and is valued at
£1,236.

Besides the models of nuggets, alluvial gold is represented by a
collection of over fifty specimens from New South Wales. Gold
from granite regions is in general scaly.

Gold in quartz is shown from Victoria, New South Wales,
Queensland, New Zealand, South Australia, and Tasmania ; gold
in calcite from Lucknow, Tea-tree (south of Barraba), Tuena,
in New South Wales, and from the Transvaal, South Africa.

Specimens of dendritic gold in serpentine and in mispikel
(arsenical pyrites), from Lucknow and dendritic gold from New
Caledonia are also exhibited.

*R. Brough Smyth, Goldfields of Victoria, 1869, p. 600.

XV. — GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY. 135

Among the minerals which accompany gold at Sandhurst,
Victoria, crystals of carbonate of lime and carbonate of iron are
prominent. The latter, or Siderite, is represented by a remarkable
group of three saddle-shaped crystals, which may be considered as
a unique instance, and is described in Vol. X., part 4, of the
" Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales."

As a special collection has been formed comprising gold speci-
mens, and as the specimens of this metal from other parts of tlie
world than Australia are not numerous, part of them will be
found in the special gold collection, and a few in the general
collection. Among those from various parts of the world are
gold specimens from England, Scotland, Ireland, Sweden, France,
Germany, Bohemia, Hungary, Russia, India, South Africa, North
and South America, including Brazil, Peru, &c.

X.— COLLECTION OF PRECIOUS STONES.

In the centre, where the gold is, the collection of Precious
Stones from different parts of the world and from Australia has
also been placed.

This collection includes a few black Diamonds and Carbonado
used for boring rocks with the diamond drill.

A Diamond in its matrix from South Africa forms the most
interesting piece in the collection, as nowhere else lias
diamond yet been found under similar circumstances. The
matrix, which fills some large pipe-shaped cavities, contains a great
number of minerals, such as olivine, garnet, diallage, ifec, wliich
enter ordinarily into the composition of the so-called hydrothermal
rocks, besides some debris of the adjacent formation. According
to the best authorities such deposits will continue to consider-
able depths.

Diamonds, Sapphires, Blue Topaz, and Zircons from New South
Wales will be examined with interest by the gold and tin miner,
as they may be found in the dish along with those metals.

136 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

XI.— COLLECTION OF AUSTRALASIAN MINERALS.

As in the general collection of minerals in the upper floor,
this collection commences with coal and is continued with the
other non-metallic minerals, followed by the metallic minerals,
gold forming a special collection.

NON-METALLIC MINERALS.

The non-metallic minerals are represented specially by Coal
from New South Wales ; Sulphur from New Zealand ; some Marbles
from New South Wales ; Fire-clays ; a crystal of Amethyst
from Bolton Vale, 17 miles from Bathurst ; a large crystal of
Quartz from George's Plain (?) ; some Zeolites in basalt from Ben
Lomond, New England ; crystals of Axinite from Moonbi, New
England; blue and green Aquamarine or Beryl in a silicious
deposit from the Gulf, Vegetable Creek ; and some Opals from
Queensland.

METALLIC MINERALS OTHER THAN GOLD OR SILVER.

The ores of copper, bismuth, antimony, chromium, tin, nickel,
cobalt, iron, and manganese are examined in succession with the
peculiar rocks and formations in which they occur ; Copper in
micaschist, slate, amygdaloid, <kc. ; Chrome ore in olivine rocks
and serpentine ; Tin in granite and greisen (a variety of granite) ;
Nickel ore in serpentine, &c.

The silver fields of New South Wales are not yet fully
illustrated, but Broken Hill, Sunny Corner, Lewis Ponds,
&c., are represented by some of their peculiar ores, including
Chloro-Bromide of Silver from Broken Hill. A specimen from
Lewis Ponds shows Chloride of Silver with coralloidal structure
and moss gold. Stalactites of silver gossan of a delicate texture,
comparable to the most elaborate embroidery are shown from the
Bulga, near Orange ; also some stalactites from Sunny Corner.

XIL— COLLECTION OF ROCKS.

The rocks, though unattractive, are of considerable interest to
the miner and to the agriculturist. The former requires a know-
ledge of rocks which are favourable to the existence of valuable

XV. — GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY. 137

ores, the latter of those which, by their clecoinposition and
disintegration, are capable of producing fertile soils. It is
also by studying the rocks that the architect becomes ac-
quainted with the properties of building materials, their resistance
to weathering, &c., and the manufacturer with the elements of
useful or new materials such as bricks, artificial stones, &c.

The general collection, regarded as a standard collection, will
serve as a comparison between the rocks of New South Wales,
which are yet sparingly represented, and the typical rocks shown
from different parts of the world. In each class the Australian
rocks will be found intercalated after the types and arranged in
groups by themselves.

Two large subdivisions have been adopted. The sedimentary
rocks which occur in strata, the most ancient of which are
frequently upturned and much contorted, as well as meta-
morphosed ; and the eruptive rocks which occur as bosses, dykes,
volcanic lavas, &c.

In the sedimentary series are found the Micaschists, Slates,
Sandstones, Conglomerates, Breccias, Limestones, Gravels, »fec.
Fossils are often seen in them.

The eruptive series deserve a close study for various reasons.
They have often been associated with great disturbances in the
strata of the sedimentary rocks, and some of them have played an
important part in the filling of mineral veins, and they contain
various crystallized minerals. They can be divided into three
broadly defined groups, which must be understood to merge into
one another. The Acidic rocks, which contain a large propor-
tion of silica or quartz, Ex. : Granite ; the Basic rocks which
contain the least quantity of silica, and consequently the largest
amount of bases or oxides, some of these being metallic oxides,
such as iron, which give to the generality of these rocks a dark
colour, Ex. : Basalt ; between these two extremes and connecting
them are the so-called Intermediate rocks, containing in general,
less silica than the Acid, and more silica than the Basic rocks,
Ex. : Syenite.

138 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

XIII.— REGIONAL COLLECTION.

This collection, which is in course of formation, may become of
considerable interest to people inhabiting or visiting the Colony of
New South Wales. It is intended to show, in a broad sense, the
mineralogical and geological constitution of tracts of country, so
that the visitor can refer at once to the region in which he feels
interested. The divisions adopted include each a certain number
of counties, and, as far as possible, are characterized by a pre-
dominating geological formation. Ex. : New England, or the
Granitic Region of the north ; the Hunter River District or
Northern Coalfields, &c. The specimens which are required for
the formation and improvement of this collection are : — The
most characteristic, sedimentary and eruptive rocks, to which the
so-called region owes its prominent features, its soil, either rich
or poor, and the mineral products which are found abundantly in
the district, or occur as a peculiarity of special interest. Some
of the sedimentary rocks are rendered more interesting when
they contain fossils, a few of which are sufficient to determine
the age of the formation.

XIV.— COLLECTION OF ITALIAN ROCKS AND

MINERALS.

The oldest members of the series represented Iia^e been identi-
fied with some of the formations recognized in America, such as
the Saint-Alban System, to which the celebrated Carrara marble
belongs, in Italy. The most recent rocks represented in this collec-
tion include some ancient and recent lavas from Vesuvius.

XVI. — ANTHROPOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY. 139

XVI.

ANTHROPOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY.

ANTHROPOLOGrY (from the Greek anthropos, man) is the
science which treats of our knowledge of the human race. As
an animal, man belongs to the Sub-Kingdom Vertebrata, and the
Class Mammalia. (See pages 15 and 20.) Viewed in this light,
he is represented in the Museum by the series of skeletons and
skulls already referred to, but he has also to be considered in
relation to his history and development. This section of the
subject is known as Ethnology, but only the Ethnology of
Australia and the adjacent islands is represented.

The Ethnological specimens are exhibited in a hall recently
opened under the name of the " Ethnological Hall," a room about
70 feet long by 30 feet broad, which is entered from the Osteo-
logical Hall. The arrangement adopted is mainly geographical —
that is, articles from each island or group are placed, as far as
possible, in the same or in adjoining cases. Specimens from
Australia, New Zealand, and New Guinea are in the gallery,
while those from the Islands generally are in cases on the ground
floor. A few Egyptian, European, and American specimens are
placed in the gallery for comparison, and some interesting relics
are in table cases on the ground floor.

On entering the Hall the visitor is recommended to turn to the
risht and examine the collections in the order of the numbers on
the cases.

THE ADMIPvALITY ISLANDS are represented by speci-
mens in Case No. 1. The most remarkable are Obsidian
(or volcanic glass) Spears and Spear Kacks, ornamented
Adze Handles, Bracelets and Armlets made of trochus shells,
Dresses and portions of large Canoe Masts. There are some large
Drums suspended from the ceiling above the gallery ; above some

140 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

of the cases in the gallery are Oil Jars and Food Bowls, and in
the corner at the top of the stairs is a pile of Food Bowls each
hewn out of solid timber.

THE SOLOMON ISLANDS are next illustrated by exhibits
in Cases Nos. 2, 3 and 4, amongst which are Fishing Floats, Trade
Axes with long handles ornamented with pearl shell, Women's
Dresses, Combs, Shell Armlets, Clubs ornamented with coloured
grasses, Breast Ornaments made of shell. Waist Belts, Arrows,
Ornaments with carvings, three Shields — one ornamented with
shell, one of carved wood, and one of woven cane, — and numerous
small Trinkets of various kinds. Above centre Cases Nos. 13,
14 and 16 there are Food Bowls ornamented with pearl shell.
Suspended from the ceiling are Canoes, and the pillars
supporting the gallery are ornamented with Spears from this
crroup. The northern wall in the gallery is decorated with fine
Clubs made by the natives. In table Case No. 7 in the gallery is
a collection of Stone Axes from Ugi Island.

THE SAI^IOAN ISLANDS AND TONGA are represented
in Case No. 5 and on the north end wall of the gallery by Tappa
Cloth, Fans, Cloaks made of fibre, and Mat Sulus or Women's
Dresses; and by Stone Implements in table Case No. 7 in

the gallery.

THE VITI OR FIJI ISLANDS specimens are shown
in Case No. 6. Among them are Women's Dresses, Sleeping
Mats, single and double Pillows, Wigs, Food Baskets, Stone
Adzes, large and small Cava Bowls, Fly Brushes made from
reeds and the tail feathers of the tropic bird. Combs, &c. Some
Dresses are suspended from the gallery, and on the end wall of the
gallery are large Spears and Clubs.

From ROTUM AH and FIJI there are also some fine specimens
of printed Tappa Cloth, and large Grass Mats in Case No. 11
(at foot of stairs).

THE NEW HEBRIDES and NEW CALEDONIA are
illustrated by specimens in Case No. 7. There are exhibited here
a large flat wooden Figure of a Woman, a small Model of a

XVI. — ANTHROPOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY. 141

Man made from cocoa-nut fibre and clay, Idols made from coral,
poisoned Arrows, heavy Spears barbed with human bone. Clubs',
Baskets, Food Bowls, a New Caledonian Mask made to represent
a Frenchman, hand Clubs, Adzes, Calabashes or Gourds orna-
mented with cocoa-nut fibre, and used for carrying or taking
cocoa-nut oil to the trader. There are also a large Net from
New Caledonia and some Dresses from the New Hebrides hanging
from the gallery.

A COLLECTION OF CASTS OF HEADS AND FACES
of races inhabiting the Islands of the Pacific and the Malay
Archipelago is shown in Cases Nos. 8 and 9. This collection
was prepared by Dr. Finsch, of Bremen, who spent many years
investigating the characteristics of the natives of these islands.
A list of the casts forming the collection is to be seen in
the cases.

SOUTH AFRICAN SPECIMENS are in Case No. 10. They
consist of Trade Shields made from hide, Assegais, Bows, Bass,
Baskets, Pipes, Pillows, Chief's Staff", a Blanket made in England
for the Zulus, and some Trinkets.

THE NEW IRELAND GROUP OF ISLANDS is repre-
sented in Case No. 12 by splendid Wood Carvings of men, birds,
shell, and fish, some with long handles ; these are used by the
natives in their dances. There are also in this case lono- handled
Tomahawks ornamented with beads and coloured grasses. Head
Dresses made from the teeth of dogs and other animals. Wigs,
Bamboo Flutes ornamenned by lines burnt into the wood, small
Fishing Nets, &c. Spears from these islands are arranged round
the pillars supporting the gallery, and Clubs are on the walls over
the cases and on the stairs. One of the windows at the top of
the stairs is filled with Spears made of palm wood with shafts of
carved bamboo.

NEW BRITAIN is represented by numerous articles for
domestic use in Case No. 12 and by Clubs, Spears, and Paddles
on the walls over cases in the gallery and on the stairs.

142 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

A COLLECTION OF MASKS, from various islands, repre-
senting birds and human beings, with half masks made from human
skulls, is exhibited in the large centre Cases Nos. 13 and 14.
These Masks are used for ceremonial dances and reliijious
ceremonies.

THE MORTLOCK ISLAND specimens are in centre Cases
Nos. 15 and 16. They consist of fine Native Dress Matting,
Pillows, Fish and Shark Hooks, and Adzes made from the shell of
Tridacna gigas and Terehra maculata.

THE MARSHALL ISLANDS specimens are in the same
cases. Some of the finest workmanship of any of the South
Sea Islands comes from this group. Attention should be given
to the Dress Matting, Fishing Lines and Hooks, Hats made from
grass and fibre, S^vords with the cutting edge of sharks' teeth, a
Coat of Armour made from cocoa-nut fibre. From RAPANUI
or EASTER ISLAND there are Wooden Idols, a large State
Stool, and Fishing Hooks and Lines. And from the HARVEY
ISLANDS some splendid ornamented Adzes with carved
handles.

In the gallery the most convenient method of obtaining a
general view of the collections will be to examine the wall cases,
commencing at the head of the stairs, and then to inspect the
table cases on the balustrade.

THE BRITISH NEW GUINEA exhibits are arranged in
the wall Cases commencing at No. 17. There is in this case a
large collection of Pipes made from bamboo. Adzes, Axes, Dresses,
Drums, Necklaces made of wallaby's teeth, Cane Armlets and
Gauntlets, Wooden Masks, Lime Knives, Ornamental Shields,
Neck and Breast Ornaments made of boar's tusks, Head Dresses
made from feathers. Wooden Idols, Lime Gourds, Bark Beaters,
Necklaces made of shell, Mouth Ornaments, Shell Armlets, Food
Baskets, Feather Head Dresses, Bone Daggers, Water Buckets
made from the palm wood, Bark Waist Belts, Flint Drills, Wooden
Food Plates, &c.

In Case No. 18 there are Fishing Hooks, Fish Spears, Traps
and Pots, Landing Nets, Pig Catchers, Arrow for shooting pigs.
Fish Bags, Man Catcher made of cane with a spike to penetrate
the back of the neck.

XVI. ANTHROPOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY. 143

In Case No. 19 are Bows and Arrows, and Arm Gauntlets
made of cane and palm wood, Paddles, &c.

On the wall above the stairs are some grotesque Masks, and on
the wall at the northern end of the room is a large Grass Dress
worn by a chief, and suspended from the ceiling are Canoes.

In table Cases Nos. 31 and 32 are Stone Axe Blades, Chinham
Boxes made of carved bamboo, others covered with net work,
and oblong Calabashes or Gourds used for Chinham. Chinham
is a compound of lime and betel nut, and is used for chewing.

In table Cases Nos. 31 and 32 are Fan or Mouth Pipes made from
small bamboo, long fine Combs, Nose Ornaments, some very long
and straight, others curved at the end. Scent Bags, a fine stone Axe
showing small fossil shells, a number of Slings used for throwing
stones, Cocoa-nut Scrapers made of pinna shell, one end covered
with gum and clay to form a handle.

Hanging from the gallery, and on the balustrade, are a number
of Dresses, and on the walls over the cases are heavy Spears.
Canoes are suspended from the ceiling.

GERMAN NEW GUINEA is represented by specimens
in Table Cases Nos. 33 and 34, viz.. Neck Ornaments with
boars' tusks ornamented with small black and red seeds,
Waist Belts, Armlets and Bracelets ornamented with small
shells. Combs, Necklaces made of Dogs' Teeth, Net Bags, and
Bags ornamented with seeds and shells, carved tortoise shell
Gauntlet.

THE AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINAL specimens are ex-
hibited in wall Cases Nos. 20 to 22 and table Cases Nos. 23
and 24.

In the wall Cases are Boomerangs, Nulla-nullas, Swords,
Stone Axes in handles. Fire Sticks, Skin Water Bags, Shields,
Heilimans, Dilly Bags, Emu Decoy made from a hollow piece
of wood with a small hole left in the end to blow througli,
Womeras, Mills for grinding seeds for food, &c.

144 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

Table Cases Nos. 23 and 24 contain Stone Axe-heads, and
Stone Mills used by the Aborigines. A window at top of stairs
is decorated with Aboriginal Fishing and Fighting Spears.

Table Case No. 35 contains Implements used by the natives of
the Darling Hiver Districts in the manufacture of weapons, &c.

In the same case are two remarkable Wax Figures made
by the Aboriginals of North Australia.

In wall Case No. 10 on ground floor are exhibited some
Aboriginal and other " Mummies," viz. : — Head of a Mummy
Child from Quito, Peru. Ancient Egyptian Cat. Body of Man
from Sassafras, N.S.W. Woman and Child from Cairns, Queens-
land. Dried Body of a Child, 6 years old, from Goldie River,
New Guinea.

THE NEW ZEALAND Ethnological Specimens are in table
Cases Nos. 26 to 29.

In Case No. 26 there are casts of Flax Beaters and Fern
Beaters, an oval-shaped carved Baton, a four-sided carved Baton,
a flat Baton, a curved and carved Meri, a large Meri, Net Sinkers
and Adzes.

In Cases Nos. 27 to 29 are ancient Maori Axes and Adzes,
Greenstone Axes and Meris, Mens' Needles and Eardrops of
jade or greenstone, Tikis, Meri made from the jawbone of the
sperm whale.

MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTION— For comparison ^^ith
the Australian, New Zealand and Island specimens the following
from other countries are exhibited in Table Cases.

From Peru, Yucutan, Mexico and California a number of
Implements and Utensils are exhibited in Case No. 36.

From India and Siam there are Palm Leaf Letters, Malay
Sandals, &c., in Case No. 35.

From Egypt there are Mummy Cloths, Gold Earrings, Bronze
Ornaments, &c., in Case No. 35.

XVI. ANTHROPOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY. 145

European Prehistoric Stone and Flint Implements are in Case
No. 25.

Some Miscellaneous specimens are in Case No. 37, such as Old
Scottish Sword, German Needle-gun Bullets, French Chassepot
and Mittrailleuse Bullets, Old English Spurs, Knives, Spoons,
Keys, and Horseshoes, Roman Bronze Sword, Flint Lock of Old
English Gun, Bolt and Nut from the old Top Rail of the
Eddystone Lighthouse 1750.

From the Hawaiian Islands a fine piece of Tappa Cloth is
exhibited in Case No. 34, and in the same Case is some
Human Hair from one of the South Sea Islands, and specimens
of Native Cloth obtained by Captain Cook in 1770 at the Sandwich
Islands, and at Tahiti and Tonga.

A Collection of Flints and Tools representing the manufacture
of Gun Flints is in Case No. 38. This is a nearly extinct
industry, but is interesting as being the nearest approach, in
modern times, to what must have been formerly a common
occupation.

A COLLECTION OF STONE IMPLEMENTS is in the

gallery in Table Cases. Although already noticed under their
respective localities it may be interesting to many visitors to
inspect these again collectively.

The Australian Aboriginal Implements are in Cases Nos. 23
and 24. These are of a very simple character. Some valuable
and handsome examples of Stone work by the Maoris of New
Zealand are in Cases Nos. 26 to 29. In Case No. 30 are
specimens from the Islands of the Pacific. Including Stone
Axe Heads from the Solomon Islands and New Britain, and a
stalactite Pestle from the Marshall Islands. In Case No. 23 will be
observed a little pile of Flint Flakes, which have been chij^ped
off during the process of manufacture of some of the Implements,
and in connection with this another glance at the collection
illustrating the Gun Flint Industry, in Case No. 38, will be
instructive.

After having inspected the Ethnological Collections in the
Museum, it may be of interest to spend a few minutes over the

146 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

collections of Relics, Medals, and other interesting exhibits in
table Cases Nos, 17, 18 and 19, on the ground floor. A list of
most of these will be found in the cases, but the most interesting
to Australians are —

Compass of the ship " Endeavour " on her first voyage round
the world. This Compass was preserved by Sir Joseph Banks,
Naturalist of the " Endeavour," in his private museum at 32
Soho Square, London, and at his death passed into the hands of
Dr. Brown, President of the Linnean Society, who was at one
time private Secretary, or Librarian, to Sir Joseph Banks. It
was sold at auction by his executors to Dr. Prince, of Crow-
borough, from whom it passed in to the possession of Mr. Thomas
Toon, and was purchased by the Hon. Sir Saul Samuel, Agent-
General for New South Wales, by whom it was sent to Sydney.

Two Collecting Jars used by the Naturalists who acccom-
panied Captain Cook. One of these was discovered in Sir
Joseph Banks's old house. It was called " Captain Cook's Grog
Flask," and had a label in Sir Joseph Banks's handwriting saying
that it belonged to the great navigator.

Telescope belonging to Admiral Kemp, at one time a Midship-
man under Captain Cook.

Glass Star presented by Captain Cook to the King of Aitataki
Island.

Some Documents and Relics which belonged to the explorer,
Dr. L. Leichhardt.

F, Cunninghame & Co., Printers, 146 Pitt-street, Sydney.

D, H. HILL LfE:=?ARY
IMorth Carolina State College

F. CUNNINGHAMK & Co., StEAM MACHINE PRINTERS,

146 Pitt Strket.

PUBLICATIONS OF THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.

JUNE, 1890.

I.— CATALOGUES.

1. Catalogue of the Specime>^s of Natural History and Miscellaneous Curiositifs

IN the Australian Museum, by G. Bennett. 1837. 8vo. pp. 71. (Out of print )

2. Catalogue of Mammalia in the Collection of the Australian Museum hv a TCr«fff

1864. 12mo. pp. 133. (Out of print.) ' ^ '^^°^-

id. Catalogue of the Minerals and Rocks in the Collection of the Australian
Museum, by G, Krefift. 1873. 8vo. pp. xvii.-115. (Out of print).

4. Catalogue of the Australian Birds in the Australian Museum, by E. P. Ramsav

Part I. Accipitres. 1876. 8vo. pp viii.-64, boards. 2s. ; cloth, 3s. ' '

Part II. Striges. 1890. 8vo. pp. 35, wrapper. Is. 6d.

5. Catalogue of the Australian Stalk and Sessile-eyed Crustacea, by W. A. Haswell

1882. 8vo. pp. xxiv.-324, with 4 plates, wrapper, scarce. 21s. ' *

6. Catalogue of the Library of the Australian Museum. 1883. 8vo. pp. 178, wrapper.

Is 6d., with two supplements (Out of print.)

7. Catalogue of a Collection of Fossils in the Australian Museum, with Introduc-

tory Notes, by F. Ratte. 1883. 8vo. pp. xxviii.-160, wrapper. 2s. 6d.

8. Catalogue of the Australian Hydroid Zoophytes, by W. M. Bale. 1884. 8vo. pp.

198, with 19 plates, wrapper. 3s. 6d.

9. Descriptive Catalogue of the General Collection of Minerals in the Australian

Museum, by F. Ratte. 1885. 8vo pp. 221, with a plate, boards. 2s. 6d. ; cloth, 3s. 6d.

10. Catalogue of Echinodermata in the Australian Museum, by E. P. Ramsay. Part I.'

Echini. 1885. 8vo. pp. iii. ii.-54, with 5 plates. (Out of print).

11. Descriptive Catalogue of the Medusa of the Australian Seas. Part I. Scypho-

medusse. Part II. Hydromedusse, by R. von Lendenfeld. 1887. 8vo, pp. 32 and 49.
(Withdrawn from sale.)

12. Descriptive Catalogue of the Nests and Eggs of Australian Birds, by A. J. North.

1889. 8vo. pp. iv. V.-379, with 21 plates, wrapper. 12s 6d. Coloured plates, £2 os.

13. Descriptive Catalogue of the Sponges in the Australian Museum, by R. von

Lendenfeld. 8vo. pp. xiv.-260, with 12 plates, boards. 7s. 6d. ; cloth 10s. 6d.

14. Catalogue of the Fishes in the Australian Museum. Part I. Palaeichthyan Fishes,

by J. Douglas Ogilby. 1888. 8vo. pp. 34, wrapper. 2s. 6d. ; boards, 3s. 6d.

II.— MEMOIRS.

1. History and Description of the Skeleton of a new Sperm Whale in the Australian

Museum, by W. S. Wall. 1851. 8vo. pp. 66, with 2 plates, Reprint 1887, wrappers.
2s. 6d.

2. Lord Howe Island, its Zoology, Geology, and Physical Characters. 1889. 8vo.

pp. viii.-132, with 10 plates, boards. 7s. 6d. ; cloth, 10s. 6d.

III.— GUIDES.

1. Guide to the Australian Fossil Remains in the Australian Museum. 1870. 8vo.

(Out of print)

2. Guide to the Contents of the Australian Museum. 1883 8vo. pp. iv.-56. (Out of print.)

3. Guide to the Contents of the Australian Museum. 1890. 8vo. pp. iv.-146, wrapper.

IV.— MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS.
1. List of Old Documents and Relics in the Australian Museum. 1884 and 1890.

8vo. pp. 4.
.2. Descriptive List of Aboriginal Weapons, Implements, &c., from the Darling and
I Lachlan Rivers. 1887. 8vo. pp, 8. (Out of print.)

3 & 4. Notes for Collectors. 1887. 8vo. Is. Containing —

Hints for the Preservation of Specimens of Natural History, by E. P. Ramsay, pp. 17.

Hints for the Collectors of Geological and Mineralogical Specimens, by F. Ratte, pp.26,

with a plate. (The two parts may be obtained separately. Price, 6d. each.)

v.— RECORDS.
Records of the Australian Museum. Vol. I., Nos. 1, 2 and 3. 1890.

IN preparation.

Catalogue of the Library. Revised and Corrected. . t -d

Catalogue of Shells. Hargraves and General Collections, by J. Brazier.
Catalogues of Lizards, Batrachia, Fishes, &c., by J. B. Ogilby.
Catalogue of Butterflies, by A. S- OUiff.
Catalogue of Birds. Part III. by E. P. Ramsay.
Catalogue of Tunigata, by Prof. Herdman, Liverpool, Eng._
Catalogue of Echinodermata, by E. P. Ramsay. New edition.
Records. No. 4.

May be obtained from the Attendants at the Musemn, or from Messrs. Angus & I^o^^^'^^f "',.^/*;J^' ?*'t«'
Sydney; Mr. W. Dymock, King Street, Sydney; Messrs. Turner & Henderson Hunter S^'»eet. ^sidncj • *^®^^"*
Stewart & Co., George Street. Sydney ; Messrs. Kegan Paul, Trench, Triibner & Co Ludgate Hill London

[Exchanges of Serials, Works, Reports, and other publications are earnestly solicited on behalf of the
Museum Library,]

F. CuNxiNGHiMH & Co., Stkam Machine Prixtebs,
146 Pitt Strkkt.

North Carolina State University Libraries

QH71 .A8A5

GUIDE TO THE CONTENTS OF THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEU

S02775155 H