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^
GUIDE
TO THE
MUSHROOMS
BY
EMMA L. TAYLOR COLE With illustrations from photographs by
A. W. Cole
CHAS. K. REED WORCESTER, MASS. 1910
,cc.
COPYRIGHT
CHAS. K. REED
1910
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
Illustrations 7
Abbeeviations of Names of Authors OF Species 11
What are Mushrooms 13
Parts of a Mushroom 15
"When and Where Mushrooms Grow 23
How TO Collect Mushrooms and Pre- pare Them for the Table 37
Descriptions of Species 43
Glossary 186
Index of Scientific Names: Genera. . 195
Index of Scientific Names: Species. . 198
Index of Common Names 201
Guide to the Mushrooms 7
INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Agakicus campester 118
'' silvaticus 120
Amanita Caesaria 120
crenulata 52
excelsa 4i
muscaria 46
phalloides 44
rubescens 48
Amanitopsis vaginata 54
Aemillakia mellea 60
BoLETiNus porosus
Boletus f elleus 150
' ' scaber 146
Calavatia cariniformus 182
' ' gigantea 180
Canthaeellus cibarius 98
Clavaeia cristata 166
'' flava 166
Clitocybe gilva 70
' ' illudens 68
' ' laccata 66
CoLLYBiA confluens 74
* * dryophila 76
* * radicata 70
" velutipes 72
8 Guide to the Mushrooms
CoPRiNus atramentarius . 134
' ' micaceus 136
•CoRTiNAEius ciunabarinus 114
" corrngatus 117
FisTULiNA liepatica 154
Geaster hygrometricus 178
Geoglossum glntinosmii 172
Hygrophorus miniatns 82
Hypholoma appendiciilatum 124
" sublaterithim 130
Hypomyces lactifluoriim 162
Lactarius piperatiis 86
siibdnlcis 88
' ' volemiis 84
Lepiota naueinoides 58
' ' procera 56
Lycoperdon pyrif orme Frontispiece
Marasmius oreades 100
MoRCHELLA deliciosa 170
'' semilibera 1.69
Mycena galericulata 76
Naucoria semiorbicularis 110
Phallus Eavenelii 176
Pholiota adiposa 41
Pleueotus ostreatiis 78
' ' sapidus 80
Guide to the Mushrooms 9
Pluteus cerviniis 106
PoLYPORus betulinus 1()0
'' brumalis 156
' ^ sulpliureus 158
PoLYSTicTus perennis 162
RussuLA emetica 91
" foetens 92
" fragilis 96
'^ purpurina 90
Scleroderma vulgare 185
Sparassis erispa 164
Strop HARiA seniiglo])ata 122
Tricholoma personatum 62
' ' sejmietum ()4:
VoLVARiA speciosa 102
Guide to the Mushrooms . 11
Abbreviations of Names of Authors
OF Species.
Batseli. — Batsoh. Berk. — Berkeley. Bull.— BulliarcL Curt.— Curtis. Fl. Dan. — Flora Danica. Fr. — Fries. Jacq. — Jacquin. Kalclib. — Kalchbrenuer. Linn. — Linnaeus. Miill.— Miiller. Pers. — Persoon. Pk.— Peck. Relh. — Rellian. Roze — Roze. Scliaeff. — Scliaeffer. Scliulz — Schulz. Scliw. — Schweinitz. Scop. — Scopoli. Sec. — Secretan. ■ Sow. — Sowerby. Swartz — Swartz. Vitt. — Vittadini. Wabl. — Wahlenberg.
A
Guide to the Mushrooms 13
WHAT ARE MLTSHROUMS?
From early .si)rLiig until late fall, every- where a))oiit us may be seen the so-called toadstool. The name toadstool has been so long ap])lied by people, to whom all mush- rooms are a "hidden tongue," that it has come to be generally accepted as meaning- something poisonous. The first (piestion generally asked concerning mushrooms is, "How do you tell a mushroom from a toad- stool?" in reality meaning how can edible mushrooms be determined from the poison- ous species. Toadstool is simply the com- mon name for mushroom as daisv is the common name for Chrysanthemum leucan- themum. There are eclil)le mushrooms and poisonous mushrooms, and in order to de- termine the various species, one must study them as carefully as the birds and flowers are studied.
The mushroom springs up in such unex- pected places and to all appearances in such a short time that the term "mushroom growth", has become a saying for an act done in an incrediblv short time. As a mat-
14 Guide to the Mushrooms
ter of fact the growth of a mushroom is as slow as the majority of plants; the final blossom, if we may so term the cap, ap- pears no more quickly than does the blos- som of the buttercup and countless other flowers.
If the g-round about a mushroom be ex- amined, tiny white threads or roots called the mycelium are seen spreading in all di- rections. This is the mushroom spawn of the gardeners. During the development of the root, the cell-like structures, of which it is composed, gather together at intervals and form tiny knobs, which in turn grow gradually, all the time pushing upward to- ward the light. The knob is now somewhat egg-shaped and soon emerges from the ground, and is then called the ''button stage. ' ' The little button develops rapidly, spreading out into a flat cap or parasol.
Guide to the Mushrooms 15
PARTS OF A MUSHROOM.
There are as many varieties of mush- rooms as there are of flowers, each one pos- sessing certain characteristics by which they are grouped into genera and species. To enable one to identify these, certain terms are employed with which it is neces- sary to become familiar in order to recog- nize individual mushrooms.
The Pileus oe Cap. — This is the part of the mushroom which first attracts atten- tion. It is quite thick, composed of inter- woven threads called liyphae which form the fesh or trama of the pileus. The outer threads are thick and contain coloring mat- ter which gives to the pileus its character- istic color; this is called the cortex or cuti- cle. Outside of this cuticle, there is often another layer, of glutinous or viscid na- ture, called the pellicle. In some instances this layer ceases to grow as the pileus ex- pands and is torn or split as the rest of the pileus enlarges, remaining on the surface
l6 Guide to the Mushrooms
in the form of luilrs, scales or granular dots. The edge of the cap is known as the margin.
When the cap first emerges, it is egg- shaped, then it expands, 1)ecoming convex in shape, and is finally almost flat or plane. If the pilens is convex at matnrity, it is said to l)e campanidate ; when there, is a sharp depression at the center, it is umhili- cate; if irregularly sunken, depressed; if funnel shaped, Infundihidlform ; if there is a sharp knol) at the center of the cap, it is uuihonate; if the umbo is broad and rath- er indistinct, the cap is called gibbous.
Lamellae or Gills. — These are thin blades on the underside of the pileus rad- iating from the stem to the outer edge of the cap. The tissue of which they are composed is the liymenium, which is the spore bearing cell. The color of this spore bearing cell is not always indicative of the color of the spores. The general shape of the gill may be seen by cutting the pileus in halves. The gills may be broad, narroiv, lance-shaped (lanceolate). When the end
Guide to the Mushrooms 17
gradually narrows to a point, they are at- tenuate; Avlien they end in a sharp angle, acute; when the ends are rounded, obtuse; when the gills are connected bv veins, they are said to be anasto)nosecl; when of the same length, equal or rer/ular; when of V a r y i n g lengths, irref/ular or u)ie([ual; when one short one is interspersed be- tween two or more longer ones regularly, they are said to be forked. If the gills are placed closely together, they are said to l)e crouded; if at some distance a])ai-t, dis- taiit. The relation of the gills to the stem is also of the greatest im])ortance as many types are identified l)y this characteristic. Gills are free, when they are rounded off without reaching the sitem ;ad)iexed, when they reach the stem and are attached by the upper end; adnate when they reach and set squarely against the stem; decurrent when they extend down the stem; sinuate when thev are wavy near the stem. In cer- tain families of mushrooms, the edge of the gills is shari) like the blade of a knife; in others blunt, obtuse; in others toothed like a saw; others scalloped, crenulate. Again
2
18 Guide to the Mushrooms
certain varieties of gills melt (deliquesce) at maturity to a black, inky fluid.
Pores oe Tubes. — The spores in some va- rieties are contained in pores or tubes sit- uated underneath the flesh of the jDileus. These tubes are described in different spe- cies as round (rotund) angular , minute y large, short, long. Like the gill with rela- tion to the stem, they are free, adnate, ad- nexed, deciirrent; sometimes they extend beyond the margin of the cap, and are call- ed emarginate. AYhen the pores curve out- ward from the margin to the stem, the}^ are said to be convex, if flat, plane.
SpiNEs.^Again the spores are borne on tooth-like projections called spines, which are found beneath the pileus, and in cer- tain other species on the upper end of branches.
The above form of spore-bearing sur- faces belong to one great family. There are other groups, some of which bear spores on the whole surface of the cap, while others, known as the ''pouch fungi," contain the spores within a skin in a sac- like receptacle.
Guide to the Mushrooms 19
Spores^ or the seeds of the mushrooms, are of various sizes, shapes and colors, and form very im^Dortant characteristics by which divisions of genera are made. In general, the colors are ivhite, the division of genera known as the leucosporae; pink, rJiodosporae; hroivn, ochrosporae; and black, melanosporae. The shape of the spores is as varied as the color, being el- liptlcal, globose, oblong, spindle-shaped: in appearance, smooth, granular, ivarted. To obtain spores from the gilled fungi, re- move the stem, place the cap gills down upon a piece of paper, white, if the appear- ance of the mushroom seems to indicate any color of spores but white, black or dark colored paper, if the spores seem to be white, cover with a tumbler to prevent draughts of air, and in a short time the spores will be found upon the paper in fine radiating lines in appearance much like powder. If a permanent print is de- sired, gum the i3aper slightly (white of egg will answer if no other fixative is at hand), and the moisture of the fungus will soften the surface so that the spores will adhere to the paper.
To determine the various characteristics
20 Guide to the Mushrooms
of the sjDore other than the color, micro- scopical examination is necessary.
Stipe ok Stem. — The stem is usually fastened to the center of the cap, but spe- cies growing on wood frequently have the stem at one side of the center, eccentric, or at one side of the cap, lateral. When the stem is wholly wanting, the plant is said to be sessile. AYitli regard to shape, the stem may be equals tapering upivard, bul- bous at base, rooting.
In texture, it may be fesliy, cartilagin- ous; if the former it is brittle, if the latter, tough. The interior of the stem may be solid, that is fleshy throughout; liollow, when there is a cavity in the center; if tuh- ular, in the center, it is known as fistulose; if filled with a pithy substance, it is stuffed. On the outside, the stem may be smooth, shiny, scaly, dotted with granules (granu- lar), may have a twisted ai:>pearance or be covered with a networl' (reticulated.) or be wrinkled (rugose).
Veil. — In the early stage of the develop- ment of a mushroom the edge of the mar-
Guide to the Mushruoms 21
gin of the pileus lies very close to the stem. In some si)eeies the cap simi)ly expands without having the margin of the cap unit- ed to the stem, but in a great many spe- cies the distance between the stem and cap is bridged by interlacing threads which form a veil covering the gills. As the cap exi)ands, the veil is torn and remains in some form on the cap or stem or on both. When the veil is verv delicate resenblina: a spider's web, it is said to be arachnoid and is also known as the cortina; if the veil tears away from the stem but hangs in flaky scales about the edge of the cap, it is appendiculate; whenever the texture of the veil is firm, it remains al)out the stem forming the
Annulus ok King which is sometimes movable or free; fastened to the upper half of the stem, superior; lower half, inferior. Again the veil may he so delicate that it quickly vanishes as the cap expands or is evident only by a few fibres about the stem.
VoLVA. — In addition to the cap, gills, stem and ring, some mushrooms are enclos^ ed in a cup-like receptacle attached to the lower end of the stem known as the volva
22 Guide to the Mushrooms
and from which the mushroom emerges. This characteristic is very important as the most poisonous varieties have the volva. In appearance the volva may be entire like a small cup in which the stem is set, and is spoken of as free, or it may consist of con- centric scales, very regularly arranged; again the scales may be irregularly concen- tric; or friable, crumbling at touch, or in floccose scales, almost wanting.
In gathering specimens, it is of the ut- most importance, that the whole of the stem is obtained, that the base may be ex- amined for any trace of a volva.
Guide to the Mushrooms 2tS
When and Wheee Mushrooms Grow, when and where mushrooms grow.
Name Place
March Collybia veliitipes .... on stumps and trunks of trees Coprinus micaceus , . . about elm stumps and trees
April Naucoria s e m i-orbicu-
laris on lawns and grassy spots
Volvaria speciosa " " grassy spots, gardens
Collybia velutipes " stumps and trunks of trees
Coprinus micaceus .... about elms stumps and trees
Morchella deliciosa moist woods, orchards
Coprinus comatus .... dumping grounds
May
Marasmius oreades . . . lawns and grassy spots
Pholiota praecox " " " "
Naucoria s e m i-orbicu-
laris "
Coprinus atramentarius " grassy spots, gardens Collybia velutipes .... on stumps and trunks of trees
Pluteus cervinus " " and ground in woods
Coprinus micaceus . . . about elm trees and stumps Coprinus comatus .... dumping grounds
24 Guide to the Mushrooms
Morchella deliciosa. . . . moist woods, in orchards Volvaria speciosa rich garden soil
June
Marasmiiis oreades . . . lawns and grassy spots Pholiota praecox " " " "
Hypholoma appendicu-
latum " " gardens
Panaeolus returigis ... " (newly made) dnng
Naucoria s e m i-orhicu-
laris " and grassy spots
Amanitopsis vaginata . pastures and open woods
Clitocybe laccata
Lactarius volemus .... " " " "
Entoloma clypeatum. . . " " " "
Stropharia semiglobata " about dung
Coprinus comatus dumping grounds
Amanita strobiliformisopen woods and borders
Collybia radicata "
dryophila .... " Clitopilus prunulus ... " Cortinarius corrugatus Coprinus micaceus .... about elm stumps and trees Collybia velutipes .... on trees and stumps Omphalia campanella. . " " " "
Pluteus cervinus " stumps and ground in
woods
Fistulina hepatica .... " decaying chestnut trees
Polyporus betulinus . . " " birch trees
brumalis . . . . " " trunks
H <( <(
(( (( ((
u a a
Guide to the MusJiJ'ooms
25
July
Lepiota naucinoides . .
" procera lawns, grassy spots, pastures
Marasmiiis oreades ... " "
Pholiota praecox " "
Hypholoma appendicu- " " " "
latum
Panaeolus returigis ... Amanita muscaria .... " Frostiana ..." crenulata .. . . "
Clitocybe laccata pastures and woods
Hygrophorus miniatus moist pastures and woods Lactarius volemus .... pastures and woods Entoloma clypeatum ..gardens and woods Agaricus campester . . pastures
" " gardens
(newly made) dung- pastures, open woods
Stropharia semi-globoti Panaeolus solidipes . . . Naucoria s e m i-orbicu-
laris
Calvatia cyathiforme. . . Gyromitra hygrometri-
cus
Coprinus comatus . . Amanita phalloides .
Amanita rubescens . Scleroderma vulgare Amanita excelsa ....
about dung
and lawns
" on sandy soil dumping grounds
open woods, occasionally in pasture
open woods
" " borders
26
Guide to the Mushrooms
Amanitopsis vaginata open woods, borders Strobilomyces s t r o b i-
laceous "
Amanita Caesaria .... "
Tricholoma personatum "
Collybia radicata "
dryophila .... "
Lactarius piperatus . .. "
Riissula foetens "
fragilis "
emetica "
purpurina ... "
" virescens .... "
" roseipes "
Cantherellus cibarius . "
Clitopilus prunuliis ... "
Cortinarius corrugatus "
Boletus castaneus .... " Polystictus perennis . .
Calvaria flava
" cinerea "
" cristata "
Leotia lubrica "
Agaricus silvaticus ... "
Hypomyces lactifluo- woods where Lactarii are
rum found
Peziza badia along woody roads
Craterellus c o r n u c o-
poides pine woods, gravel banks
Guide to the Mushrooms 27
Hydniim repandiim . . . woods about stumps
Collybia velutipes .... on stumps and trunks of trees
Omphalia campanella.. "
Pluteus cervinus " " and ground, open
woods
Coprinus micaceus . . . about elm stumps and trees
Fistulina hepatica .... on decaying chestnut trees
Polyporus betulinus . . " " birch trees
brumalis . . . . " " trees
August
Lepiota naucinoides . . lawns and pastures Marasmius oreades.... " " " Hypholoma appendicu-
latum " gardens
Panaeolus returigis ... " (newly made) dung
Lepiota procera pastures
Lycoperdon pyriforme " along roadsides
Calvatia gigantea "
" cyathiforme . " along roadsides
Gyromitra hygrometri-
cus " on sandy soil
Peziza badia along roads and woody paths
Naucoria s e m i-orbicu-
laris grassy spots
Agaricus campester . . pastures Stropharia semi-globata " about dung Panaeolus solidipes. . . . " " "
Coprinus comatus .... dumping grounds Amanita phalloides ...pa s t u r e s, occasionally, in
woods
28
Guide to the Mushrooms
Amanita miiscaria . . . Frostiana . .
" rubescens . .
" Caesaria . . .
excelsa
Amanitopsis vaginata. Armillaria mellea . . . Tricholoma personatiim
" riissula ....
Clitocybe laccata ....
Collybia radicata ....
dryophila . . .
" confliiens . . Mycena galericiilata . HygTophoriis miniatus Lactarius volemiis .
" piperatiis Riissula foetens . . .
" fragilis . .
" emetica . .
" purpurina
" virescens .
" roseipes . . Cantharellus cibarius Pliiteiis cerviniis .... Entoloma clypeatum .
" rhodopoliiim
shady lawns^ pastures open woods, pastures
(moist spots)
Guide io fhe Mushroonis
29
oods
lawns, pastures
Clitopiliis pruniiliis . . . open woods
Cortinarius violaceus .
" cinnabariniis
" cinnamomeiis
" eorriigatiis . .
Agaricus silvaticiis ...
Boletiniis pictiis mixed w
" porosiis
Boletus flavidus
" Americanus . " " granulatus . .
" badius pine woods
" bicolor woods and open spots
Boletus variegatus .... pine woods ornatipes .... open woods
scaber woods, open spots
" chrysentereon " ,
edulis
chromapes ..." " "
felleus " about stumps
castaneus ... " open si^ots Strcbilomyces s t r o b i-open woods
laceous
Hydnum imbricatum . pine woods
" repandum . . . woods and pastures Pclystictus perennis . . pine woods Craterellus cor nu co-pine w'cods, gravel banI\S poides
30 Guide to the Mushrooms
Clavaria flava open woods
" cinerea " "
cristata "
Leotia lubrica " "
Clitocybe gilva " "
Hypomyces lactifluo-
rum woods where Lactarii grow
Scleroderma vulgare . . open woods Collybia velutipes .... stumps and trunks of trees Omphalia campanella . " " "
Pleurotus ostreatus . . on elm and maple trees Plioliota squarrosa . . . stumps and trunks of trees Coprinus micaceus . . . about elm stumps and trees Fistulina hepatica .... on chestnut trees Polyporus sulphureus . " trees and stumps
" betulinus ... " birch trees
brumalis " decaying trees
<(
September
Hypholoma appendicu-
latum lawns and gardens
Coprinus atramentarius " " "
Lepiota naucinoides . . " " grassy spots Marasmius oreades ... " " pastures Naucoria s e m i-orbicu-
laris pastures, grassy spots
Agaricus campester . .
Stropharia semi-globat£ " about dung
Lepiota procera "
Guide to the Mushrooms
31
along woody roads
on open ground
pastures, , occasionally woods
shady lawns, open woods
open woods, pastures
Calvatia gigantea pastures, alond roadsides
" cyathiformis,
" craniifc.rmis. Peziza badia
" aurantia . . . Amanita phalloides .
" muscaria . . .
" Frostiana
" rubescens . .
" Caesaria . . .
" excelsa .... Amanitopsis vaginata Cortinarius violaceus
" cinnabarinus
" cinnamomeus
" corrugatus . . Lycoperdon pyriforme Hypholoma perplexum
" sublateritium Clitocybe illudens ....
" laccata
Sparassis crispa
Armillaria mellea .... Tricholoma personatum
" russula
ground and stumps
on stumps
\9
Guide to the Mushrooms
Tricholoma sejimctiim open woods
Collybia radicata ....
" confliiens ... " " dryophila .... "
Mycena galericiilata . .
Boletiniis pictiis mixed woods
(generally pine) and open spots
porosus
Boletus flavidiis
" Americanus . "
" graniilatus . . " badius "
" bicolor
" variegatus . .
" ornatipes ... "
" scaber
" chrysentereon
" edulis
" chromapes . . " felleus "
" castaneus ... Strobilomyces s t r o b i-
laceous
Hydnum imbricatum . .
" repandiim . . . woods and pastures Polystictiis perennis . . mixed woods
on wood and leaves
lawns, pastures
about stumps
Guide to the MusJirooms 33
Hygrophorus miniatiis woods in moist spots Lactarioiis volemus . . woods piperatus ...
Russiila foetens "
fragilis
emetica
" purpiirina ... "
" roseipes "
Entcloma rhodopoliiim
" clypeatum ... " Clitopoliis prunuliis ...
Craterellus c o r n ii c o-
poides •' (pine) gravel banks...
Clavaria flava "
" cinerea
" cristata "
Leotia lubrica "
Hypomyces lactifluo-
rnm " where Lactarii grow
Schleroderma vulgare.. "
Omphalia campanella . on stumps and trunks of trees
Pleurotiis ostreatus .... " elm and maple trees
" sapidus " decaying deciduous tress
Pluteus cervinus " stumps
Pholiota squarrosa ... " " and trunks of trees Coprinus micaceus.... about elm trees and stumps Polyporus sulphurous . on stumps and trunks of trees " betulinus .... " birch trees " brumalis .... " decaying trees
3
34
Guide to the Mushrooms
October
Marasmius oreades . . . lawns and pastures
Hypholoma appendicu-
latiim " " gardens
Copriniis atramentarius " "
Naiicoria s e m i-orbicu-
laris grassy spots
Agaricus campester . . pastures
Stropharia semi-globata " about dung
Lycoperdon pyriforme
Calvatia cyathiformis.
" gigantea . . .
Peziza aurantia
Coprinus comatus . . . Amanita phalloides . .
" muscaria . .
" excelsa .... Armillaria mellea . . . Tricholoma personatum
" russula . . .
" sejunctum Clitocybe laccata . . . Lactarius volemus . .
" piperatus . Entoloma clypeatum Cortinarius violaceus
" cinnabarinus. Calvatia craniformis Hydnum repandum .
along roadsides
on open ground
dumping grounds
pastures, occasionally, open woods
lawns
open woods
woods, pastures
woods
Guide to the Mushrooms
35
Polystictus perennis Scleroderma vulgare Coprinus micaceiis . Collybia veliitipes . . " confluens . Mycena galericiilata
Pholiota adiposa
about elm stumps and trees
on stumps and trunks of trees
in open woods
" " " on stumps and
leaves
in open woods on leaves and stumps
on stumps and trunks of trees
" elm and maple trees
" decaying deciduous trees
" stumps and ground in open woods
" sublateritium on stumps and ground in open
woods
Sparassis crispa on stumps in open woods
Clitocybe illudens .... " " and ground in woods
Omphalia campanella , Pleurotus ostreatus . . .
Hypholoma perplexum
November
Coprinus atramentarius lawns and gardens
Hypholoma perplexum in woods on ground
stumps
" sublateritium in woods on ground
stumps
on stumps
elm and maple trees
and and
Collybia velutipes . ,
Pleurotus ostreatus ,
" sapidus . . .
Polyporus sulphureus
betulinus .
brumalis . .
«
decaying cediduous trees trees and stumps birch trees decaying trees
Guide to the Mushrooms 37
How TO Collect Mushrooms and How to Prepare Them for the Table.
The equipment for a mushroom liunt is simple, consisting of two splint baskets which may be obtained at a grocers for five or ten cents ; one basket to be used for spe- cimens selected for analvsis, the other for the mushrooms desired for the table; sev- eral small tin or paper l)oxes for fragile specimens ; an ordinary kitchen knife ; sev- eral sheets of tissue paper with which to wrap delicate specimens. Ferns and brakes make one of the best material to pack about the specimens. Place a generous layer on the bottom of the basket, then when a layer of mushrooms is completed, cover them with ferns, and continue till the basket is filled; the ferns are so light that the mush- rooms are never crushed, and the moisture tends to keep the mushrooms fresh. It is a good plan to carry a note-book and several loose sheets for data. In the note book, re- cord the date, name of species, under the head of the locality, which gives one an ex- cellent guide book to mushroom haunts.
38 Guide to the Mushrooms
A copy of the sheets provided by the Bos- ton Mycological Club follows. These can be purchased from the Club at a nominal sum.
Toadstools — Field Notes*
Date No
Collected at after,
during, dry, wet, weather by
Habitat; on ground, high, low, wet, rich, poor, loamy, clayey, sandy, gravelly; on fallen leaves, twigs, branches, logs, dead, living wood ; in open, sparsely-wooded, pas- ture, field, lawn, roadside, swamp, dense, open, evergreen, deciduous, mixed woods, under trees.
Plant; solitary, gregarious, caespitose, not rooting; taste ; odor
Cap; dry, moist, hygrophanous, viscid;
color, young old at first
pruinose — pulverulent — farinaceous — fur- f uraceous, above, below, then naked.
Gills; color young old
concolorous, staining when bruised.
Milk; color not changing; to ;
Guide to the Mushroonis 39
taste, mild, acrid.
Veil; none, evanescent, appendicnlate, ar- achnoid, thin, thick, not viscid; cok)r
Ring ; none, trace, evanescent, fragile, firm, persistent, not viscid, glntinons, not mov- able, superior, inferior, medial. Volva; none, evanescent, fragile, not form- ing warts, tough, membrane, persistent, free, attached.
Spores; color
Additional Notes
#
Check with an oblique line each term used.
In gathering specimens for identification and analysis, great care must be employed to obtain the whole specimen. If the spe- cimen is to be carried home for analysis, it is well to number the blank, filling out the data as far as possible on the spot, then slip a corresponding number on the stem of the mushroom to avoid confusion.
Mushrooms, like flowers, are found in various places ; some prefer sandy soil, others moist shady spots ; some are found in the early spring time, others not until summer or fall.
40 Guide to the Mushrooms
To gather mushrooms for the table, se- lect only the fresh specimens, remove the cap from the stem thus avoiding the eartii that is liable to cling to the base of the stem. If possible, never wash a mushroom, wijDe it with a dry flannel cloth. If it is necessary to wash them, place in a colland- er so that thev will drain well. The mush- room itself contains such a large percent- age of water that any addition serves to dilute the flaA^or.
Never eat mushrooms until vou are cer- tain of their identity. The simplest andmost satisfactory method to cook Coprini Agari- ci, Russulae, Clavariae, is as follows : Place a piece of butter in a sauce pan and after it is melted add the mushrooms, season with salt and pepper, cover closely and let cook eight to ten minutes ; serve hot on toast or l)eef steak. If the caps are very large, break in pieces. The large caps are, however, more satisfactory broiled. But ter the broiler before placing the mush- rooms on it then broil for live to eight min- utes* season and serve very hot.
The Chanterelles and Lactarii demand longer cooking than the above species.
Guide to the Mushrooms 41
Tliey may be cooked as above or stewed gently for twenty minutes, then turn off tlie surplus water and cover them with a rich cream sauce.
Mushrooms having a strong flavor such as Coprinus comatus, Lepiota naucinoides, make a more pakitable dish if served as a scallop, using a layer of cracker crumbs, a hxyer of small pieces of mushrooms, season- ed with butter, pepper and salt, until the baking dish is full. Pour over this sweet milk and bake in a moderate oven about three-quarters of an hour.
Baked mushrooms are prepared as in the first receipt and the result is much the same. Always cover a mushroom while it is cooking as the flavor escapes otherwise.
To cook morels, split them open, fill the center with minced chicken veal or beef, press together and bake for three-fourths of an hour.
To cook puff balls, pare, slice in thick slices, dip in beaten egg and fry in butter. The result is a delicious omelet.
To dry Marasmius oreades and Boleti, remove the stems from the first, the stems and pores from the latter; place them
42 Guide to the Mushrooms
where the sun will shine on them and in a few days they may be packed in tin cans. To use the dried mushrooms, soak in water about twenty minutes then cook as if they were fresh.
GUIDE
TO THE
MUSHROOMS
ILLUSTRATED
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Guide to the Mushrooms 45
AMANITA phalloides. (Fr.) 'Thallus-like."
Cap. — 3 to 1 inches broad, commonly white or lemon yellow_, oval, bell-shaped, later expanded, cov- ered with thin viscid skin, rarely sprinkled with one or two wartlike fragments of the volva, margin even.
Flesh. — White.
Gills. — Rather broad, free, rounded behind, white.
Spores. — Globular, white.
Stem. — 3 to 5 inches long, 1-2 inch or more thick, lower part solid and bulbous, upper part hollow and tapering, white.
Ring. — On upper part of stem (superior) gen- crallv whole and white.
Volva. — ]\rore or less buried, bulbous, bursting open in a torn manner about the stem and partially free from it.
Odor. — Somewhat foetid.
Habitat. — In woods, occasionally in pastures, growing singly, frequent from July to November. Very frequent in all sections of the United States.
Very poisonous.
AMANITA excelsa. (Fr.) excdsus, tall.
Cap. — 4 to 5 inches broad, brownish gray, disc
46 Guide to the Mushrooms
darker^ globose^ then plane, skin thin, separating, sprinkled with unequal whitish warts the remains of the volva. Margin even, at first, later furrowed.
Flesh.— Soft, white, unchangeable.
Gills. — Free broad, ventricose, rounded behind, white.
Spores. — Elliptical, white.
Stem. — 4 to 6 inches long up to 1 inch thick; at first stuffed, later hollow ; bulbous at base, covered generally as far as ring with concentric scales formed from the torn skin of stem.
Ring. — Superior, large, at length torn.
J'olva. — Marginate, buried in the soil, somewhat rooting. Odor. — Not strong.
Habitat. — In woods, growing singly July to No- vember, quite frequent in all sections of U. S.
Poisonous.
AMANITA muscaria. (Linn.) from musca meaning a fly. Common Name "Fly Amanita."
Cap. — 4 inches or more broad, deep orange in centre, lighter near margin, fading as it grows older; globe shaped, then convex and at last flat; covered with a skin which is viscid in moist weath- er and sprinkled witli thick white, fragments of the volva, margin slightly striate.
Flesh. — White, tinged with yellow just below the skin.
Gills. — Free, crowded, broader in front, white or tinged with yellow.
Guide to the Mushrooms 47
Scores. — Elliptical, white.
Stem. — 5 to 8 inches long, one half inch thick, lower part bulbous, stuffed, then hollow, shining white.
Ring. — On apex of the stem, very soft, torn, white.
Jolva. — Forms a margin to the bulb on the stem in concentric scales. Odor. — Not noticeable.
Habitat. — In pine woods, or on lawns under pine trees, growing singly, frequent, from July to No- vember. Verv common. Very poisonous.
AMANITA Frostiana (Pk.) Named for C. C.
Frost.
Cap. — 1 to 2 inches broad, orange yellow, fading to white at margin ; convex then flat ; dry, sprinkled with flakes of white volva, called warts ; margui striate.
Flesh. — White.
Gills. — Free, white or barely tinged with yel- low. Spores. — Globular, white.
Stem. — 2-3 inches long, 1-i inch thick, bulbous, stuffed, vellowish.
Ring. — On upper part of stem (superior), dis- appearing in mature specimens, yellowish white.
Jolva. — Very indistinct, appearing in yellowish, wooly scales at base of stem.
Odor. — Not strong.
Habitat. — In open woods, occasionally in pas- tures, growing singly, July-September. Found in all sections of United States.
Poisonous. — Distinguished from A. muscaria by its size, which is much smaller than A. muscaria.
V2
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Guide to the Mushrooms 49
AMANITA rubescens (Pers.) from rubesco to become red. "Blushing Amanita."
Cap. — 4 inches and more broad^ dingy reddish, convex at first then flat; fleshy, moist but not vis- cid in wet weather, covered with soft mealy, whit- tish warts, sometimes perfectly smooth, margin even.
Flesh. — Soft, streaked with red and turning red wherever bruised.
Gills. — Very broad, reaching to the stem with a slight decurrent tooth; thin, crowded, soft, whitish streaked with red. Spores. — Elliptical white.
Stem. — 4-5 inches long, and up to one inch thick; base solid, somewhat bulbous; upper part stufl'ed, streaked with red.
Ring. — On upper part of the stem (superior), large, soft, white.
Volva. — Rather indistinct, apearing in reddish scales at the base of the stem.
Odor. — Scarcely any. Taste. — Mild, agreeable.
Habitat. — Pine woods, also pastures; generally growing singly, but in large patches; frequent from July to September. Very common in New England.
Edible. — Very delicious.
AMANITA Caesaria (Scop.) "King-like."
"Orange Amanita." Cap. — 3-8 inches broad, brilliant red in centre, yellow toward edge in mature plants; young speci- mens generally red to margin; hemispherical, then
4
50 Guide to the Mushrooms
flat, smooth, shiny; generally dry; margin very striate.
Flesh. — Delicate yellow.
Gills. — Free, yellow,
SpoJ'es. — Elliptical, white.
Stem. — 4-6 inches long, base up to 3-4- inch thick, tapering upward; stuffed, yellowish.
Riug. — On upper part of stem (superior), large white, sometimes tinged with yellow.
Volva. — Very distinct, large, shining, white.
Or/or.— Mild.
Taste. — Agreeable, mild.
Habitat. — Open woods, generally growing sing- ly, not frequent, from July-September. Found in all sections of United States but not common.
Edible. — One of the most highly prized. Care should be taken, however not to confuse this with A. muscaria or A. Frostiana which are jDoisonous. The two latter closely resemble A. Caesaria in the yellow tinge of the stem and gills; the differences are, — A. muscaria and A. Frostiana have wart-like patches on the cap, a smaller ring which breaks up as the mushroom matures and the volva is nev- er distinct and is of a yellowish tinge of color.
AMANITA crenulata. (Pk.)
Cap. — 1-4 inches broad, ovate, then convex, at lengtli plane with slight depression in center; thin skin, slightly viscid at first with patches of volva
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Guide to the Mushrooms 53
adhering, which soon disappear leaving the skin smooth and dry; margin striate. Color delicate buff inclining to yellowish white.
Flesh. — Wliite^ tliin^ soft.
Gills. — FreCj white, notched on the edges (crcn- ulate) .
Spores. — Broadly elliptic, white.
Stem. — 2-4 inches long up to 1-2 inch thick, equ- al, stuffed, then holow, smooth, bulbous.
Ring. — Very slight, soon wholly wanting.
Volva.—Verj slight.
O^or.— Mild.
Habitat. — Open pine wods, lawns, pastures, fre- quently growing singly, July to October. Reported in Xew England.
Not tried for edibility.
It might easily be taken for a species of Amani- topsis on account of the very slight ring, which is often wanting in mature specimens.
AMANITOPSIS vaginata (Roze) from
vagina — a shield.
Cap. — 2-5 inches broad, convex, then plane, sometimes with a knob at the center, (umbonate), thin, fragile, glossy, smooth; color variable, gen- erally mouse gray, sometimes tawny yellow and also date-brown; deeply and distinctly striate.
Flesh. — White, but in the dark forms, grayish under the skin.
Gills. — Free and white .
Amanitopsis vaginata (partially grown.)
Guide to the Mushrooms 55
. Spores. — Globular and white.
Stem. — 3-5 inches long, white, sometimes smooth l)ut generally mealy, hollow, or stuffed with a cot- tony pith, not bulbous.
Ring.— y one.
Jolva. — Long, thin, fragile^ closely sheathing the stem yet free from it.
Odor.— MM.
Taste. — Mild.
Habitat. — Woods and pastures, frequent, grow- ing singly from June to frost.. Very frequent in all sections of the U. S. Reported edible, ])ut be- cause of the similarity of several species of Amani- tas, the ring of which soon vanishes leaving it the appearance of the Amanitopsis, it should be avoided.
LEPIOTA procera (Scop.) from procerus, tall "Parasol Mushroom."
Cap. — 3 to 7 inches broad; color brownish, egg shaped then flat; rough, with brown scales except in the center which has a dark brown umbo margin, very thin, to which fragments of the veil adhere.
Flesh. — Rather thin, white.
Gills. — Free^ very distant from stem, broad, brownish white in hue.
Spores. — Elliptical, white.
Stem. — 5 to 8 inches long, up to 1-2 inch thick, slightly bulbous at base, tubular; flesh distinct from that of cap, white, covered with brownish scales.
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Guide to the Mushrooms 57
Ring. — On upper part of stem (superior), niova- ble, remaining whole, white.
Volva. — None.
Odor. — Agreeable.
Taste. — Agreeable, nutty.
Habitat. — Pastures, growing singly, quite com- mon. July-September . Frequent in New England.
Edible. — Very delicious. Dries readily, reviv- ing when soaked in water.
LEPIOTA naucinoides. (Pk.) "Smooth
Lepiota."
Cap. — 1 to 3 inches broad, hemispherical then ex- panding, smooth, soft, snowy wdiite; margin, crack- ing and tr.jned ujd over the cap.
Flesh. — Firm, white, thick.
Gills. — Free, white, slowdy changing with age to a dirty pinkish brown.
Spores. — Sub-elliptical, white.
Stem. — 2 to 3 inches long, 1-4 to 1-2 inch thick at the base ; white, stuffed with fibres, and later hol- low; tapering upward, distinctly bulbous.
Ring. — About the center of the stem, attached to stem, outer edge thicker ; as the plant ages, the ring is often missing but traces of it are always discern- ible, white.
Volva. — None.
Odor. — Strong.
Taste. — Strong.
Habitat. — Lawns and pastures from July till
32
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Guide to the Mushrooms 59
frost. Very coiiunoii in central sections of United States in earlv fall.
Edible. — Great care must be taken not to con- fuse this mushroom with A. phalloides. In the Lep- iota the bulb and stem are continuous, rino; smaller, ii'ills turn brownish with age. In the Amanita the junction of the bulb and stem is abrupt, bulb more or less enclosed in a volva, ring larger, gills always white. The Amanita is very rarely found in pas- tures or grassy spots, the Lepiota is rarely found in woods.
ARMILLARIA mellea (Vahl.) from melleus, color of honey. "Honey jNlushroom."
Cap. — 1 to 4 inches, broad, convex, dry, varying from smooth to tufted with blackish scales or hairs, varying in color from light yellow to a reddish brown; margin at first slightly curevd under, some- times striate and split along the edges. One of the most variable mushrooms, yet when once deter- mined, easy of recognition.
Flesh. — Rather tough, thin, whitish.
Gills. — Extending down the stem (decurrent), rather crowded, thin, creamy white, streaked with brown when mature.
Spores. — Elliptical, white.
Stem. — 1 to 4 inches long, up to 3-4 inch thick^
Armillaria mellea (Honey Mushroom)
Guide to the Mushrooms 6l
variable in shape from bulbous to even ; colored like cap^ some shade of brown, becoming hollow.
Ring. — Very slight, vanishing as the plant ma- tures.
Volve. — None.
Odor. — Nutty.
Taste. — Nutty.
Habitat. — In open woods, in large clusters, fre- quent from August till frost. Common all over the United States.
Edible. — In spite of its toughness, it cooks read- ily and has an especially good flavor. Dries readily reviving when soaked in water.
TRICHOLOMA personatum (Fr.) "wear- ing a mask," from its many colors.
Cap. — 2 to 4 inches broad, thick, convex or plane, moist, smooth, variable in color from a pale ash to a violet ; margin at first turned under over the gills, later rounded in the opposite direction.
Flesh . — Whitish.
Gills. — Free, rounded behind, broad, crowded, violet in color, becoming dingy brown with age.
Spores. — Sub-elliptical, regular in shape, dingy white.
Stem. — 1 to 3 inches long, 1-2 inch thick at the base; generally thick bulbous, solid; frosted with fine hairs and colored like the cap.
Ring. — None.
Volva. — None.
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Guide to the Mushrooms QS
Odor. — Not strong.
Taste.— UM.
Habitat. — \^'o()ds and open places, growing from old rotten, stable straw, singly or in clusters; com- mon from July to October^ all over the United States.
Edible. —
TRICHOLOMA russula (SchaefF.) from
Latin meaning reddish.
Cap. — 2 to 4 inches broad, thick, convex then ex- panded, finally depressed ; viscid, streaked with red, paler toward margin which is thick at first, splitting as it ages.
Flesh. — White, tinged with red, quite thick, solid.
Gills.- — ^Extending down the stem (decurrent) not crowded, whitish, tinged with red.
Stem. — 1 to 3 inches long, up to 3-4 inch thick, slightly bulbous, solid, ver}^ fibrous; colored like the cap, white, streaked with red.
Ring. — None.
Volva. — None.
Odor.— UilA.
Taste. — Mild.
Habitat. — Open woods, generally growing sing- ly, frequent, from August till frost. Very common in New England.
Edible. — Of good flavor.
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Guide to the Mushrooms 65
TRICHOLOMA sejunctum (Sow.)
Cap. — 4 inches broad^ convex^ then expanded^ slightly umbonate;, viscid when moist, yellowish white^ streaked with dark threadlike fibrils; ir- regular in shape; margin, thin, uneven.
Flesh. — White, very fragile.
Gills. — Notched near stem from which they are easily separated, their distinguishing characteristic, hence the name sejunctum, broad, rather distant, white.
Spore. — Subglobose, white.
Ste}}}. — 1 to 3 inches long 3-4 inches thick, solid, smooth, irregular in shape, white.
Ring. — None.
Volva. — None.
O^or.— Mild.
Taste.— MildL.
Habitat. — Open woods, September and October, not very common, growing singly, in eastern and central sections of United States.
Edible. —
CLITOCYBE laccata (Scop.)
Cap. — 1-2 to 2 inches broad, thin, convex, later expanded and wavy, sometimes with a slight umbo or knob in the center; smooth or minutely scaley, of a watery appearance when moist; varying in
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Clitocybe laccata
Guide to the Mushrooms 67
color from a delicate tan to a dark brown and from a light violet to a dark purple. Cap and gills pow- dered with minute whitish scales^ resembling some- what the threads of a spider's web. Margin wavy in the cap of full growth.
Flesh. — Whitish.
Gills. — Broad, rather thick and distant, attached to the stem, (adnexed) and flesh colored.
Spores. — -White.
Stem. — 1 to 3 inches, long, slender, firm, fibrous, stuffed with fibres equal and of the same color as the cap.
Rins.- — ^None.
lolva.— None.
Odor.— MM.
Habitat. — Woods and pastures; a ver}- variable and very abundant species, growing singly or in clumps, from June to October. Common every- where.
Edible. —
CLITOCYBE illudens (Schw.) mocking, de-
ceiving.
Cap. — 3 to 5 inches broad, convex then expanded, slightly depressed with a small umbo in the center, smooth, dry, margin revolute, wavy, thin; bright yellow in color.
Flesh. — Quite thick, firm, yellow.
Gills. — Distant, decurrent, branched, yellow like cap.
COLLYBIA RADICATA
Clitocybe ILLUDENS
Guide to the Mushrooms 69
Spores. — Spores nearly rounds white. Page 69.—
Stem. — 5 to 8 inches long, up to 1-2 inch thick, firm^ smooth, tapering at base, colored like cap.
Ring. — None.
Volva. — None.
Odor. — Rather Strong.
Taste.— Mi\dL.
Habitat. — In open woods, also in pastures about stumps, growing in large clusters, very showy, com- mon in September and October. In central and eastern sections of the United States.
CLITOCYBE gilva — (Pers.) gilvus, pale brownish yellow.
Not edible. —
Cap. — 2 to 4 inches broad, convex, then nearly plane, even, smooth, brownish yellow; margin in- volute, rather thick even.
Flesh. — Rather firm, colored somewliat like cap.
Gills. — Decurrent, then crowded, branched, nar- row, paler than cap.
Spores.- — Elliptical, white.
Stem. — 1 to 3 inches long up to 1-2 inch thick, solid, smooth, villous at base, attenuated at base, colored like cap.
Ring. — None.
Volva. — None.
Or/or.— Mild.
Taste.— Mild.
Habitat.— In open woods, growing singly, Aug- ust. Not frequent.
Edible. —
Guide to the Mushrooms 71
COLLYBIA radicata. (Relh.) from radix, a
root. "Hooted Colly bia."
Cap. — 1 1-2 to 4 inches broad, from convex to plane, with a broad knob in the center, (gibbous), frequently wrinkled toward the knob, glutinous when moist; color variable from light brown to dark brown when growing in the shade; margin in- curved.
Flesh. — Thin, white and elastic.
Gills. — White, thick, tough, distant, witli veins between, attached to the stem with a rounded notch like a tooth.
Spores. — Elliptical and white.
Stem. — i to 6 inches long 1-1 to 1-2 inch thick at thick at tlie base, smooth, firm, tapering upward, twisted, witli a long tapering root, same color as the cap.
Ring. — None.
Volva. — None.
Of/o;-.— Mild.
Taste. — Mild.
Habitat. — In woods, sometimes in grassy places growing singly, quite common from June to Octo- ber. Frequent in central and eastern United States.
Edible. —
COLLYBIA velutipeS (Curt.) "Velvet Foot- ed."
Cap. — 1 to 3 inches broad, convex, soon becom- ing plane, often bent backward; color varying from a yellowish to a dark yellowish brown, the center being darker than the margin; sticky when moist; margin sometimes slightly lined.
H
Guide to the Mushroo7ns 73
Flesh. — Watery^ soft, yellowish white.
Gills. — Broad and rounded behind, slightly at- tached to the stem (adnexed), distant, unequal in length; faint buff color, growing deeper with age.
Spores.- — White, elliptical.
Stem. — 1 to 3 inches long and up to 3-8 inch thick at the base, very tough, twisted, equal, stuffed with fibres and later hollow, upper part yel- lowish, lower part black, densely velvety.
Ring. — None.
J^olva. — None.
Odor.—WM.
Taste. — Mild.
Habitat. — On stumps and roots, growing in cl is- ters from May to November, with heavier caps in the fall. Very common in all sections of the country.
Edible.
COLLYBIA confluens (Pers.)
Cap. — 1-2 to 2 inches broad nearly plane, smooth, tough, flaccid, reddish brown in center, lighter to- ward margin, fading in wet weather to grayish white; margin somewhat striate, thin, even.
Flesh. — Thin, white, dries much like Marasmius, reviving in water.
Gills. — Free, narrow, crowded, grajash-yellow.
Spores. — White, minute, ovate.
Stem. — 1 to 4 inches long, up to 1-3 inch thick.
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Guide to the Mushrooms 75
equals hollow, often flattened at top or tliroughoiit its entire length, darker in color than cap and cloth- ed M'ith a fine white down.
Riiio;. — None.
T^olva. — None.
O^or.— Mild.
Taste.— MM.
Habitat. — In tufts, hence its name; on ground in woods August to October in eastern and central secitons of United States, quite common.
Edible.
COLLYBIA dryophila (Bull.)
"Oak-Loving Mushroom." Cap. — ItoS inches broad, plane, slightly depress- ed in the center, smooth, flexible, tough; margin at flrst turned in over the gills, then flattened; color dark brown becoming paler with age. Several varieties vary in form of stem being inflated, gills sulphur yellow, cap buft' color, but the type charac- teristics are alike in all the species.
Flesh. — Thin, white.
Gills. — Crowded, narrow, slightly attached to, stem, white.
Spores. — Spindle shaped, white.
Stem. — 1 to 3 inches long and up to 1-4 inch thick at base, even, smooth, tube-like, with a small root of a reddish yellow color; base of stem sometimes enlarged.
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Guide io the M iishrooms 77
Ring. — None. Volva. — None. Odor.— Wild. Taste.— ^lUd.
Habitat. — In pine and mixed woods, also open spots, very common, growing in clusters from June to September. Found in all sections of the United States.
MYCENA galericulata (Scop.) small peaked cap.
Cap. — Up to 2 inches broad, bell shaped cam- panulate then expanded, striate to the center, dry, smooth, dingy brown, becoming paler with age, margin thin wavy.
Flesh. — Thin, whitish, tough.
Gills. — Adnexed, attached to the stem by a tooth- like notch, crowded, connected with veins, whitish, then flesh yellow.
Spores. — White and globular.
Stem. — 2-3 inches long, stiff, polished, even, with a spindle-shaped root at the base; colored like the cap.
Ring. — None.
Volva. — None.
Odor.—UM.
Taste. — Mild.
Habitat. — On trunks and fallen leaves, very com- mon, very variable, growing in clusters, the stems joined together with soft hairy down at the base. August to November. Found in all sections of the United States.
Edible.
Pleurotus ostreatus (Oyster Mushroom)
Guide to the Mushrooms 79
OMPHALIA campanella (Batch), bell-
shajDed.
Cap. — Up to 3-8 of an inch broad, very tliin and ratlier tough, convex then depressed in the center, smooth, water-soaked in ap])carance, when moist ; of a rusty yellow color ; margin lined when moist.
Flesh. — Very thin and colored like the skin of the cap, tough.
Gills. — Close, runing down on the stem (decur rent), with veins between, yellow in color.
Spores. — White and elliptical.
Stern. — 1 inch long, firm, hollow, brown at the base with rough hairs, yellowish at the top.
Ring. — None.
Volva. — None.
Of/or.— Mild.
Taste. — Mild.
Habitat. — On rotten stumps of trees, in clusters; verv common in pine woods from June to Novem- ber. Common over United States.
Edible.
PLEUROTUS ostreatus (Jack.)
"Ovster ^fushroom."
Cap. — 3 to 5 inches broad, shell-shaped, pale gray in color, growing yellowish-white with age, margin very thin and turned in at first over the gills, later wavy.
Flesh. — Thick, soft, white.
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Guide to the Mushrooms 81
Gills. — Running down on the stem, decurrent, somewhat distant, veined, broad, white, yellowish when aged.
Spores. — White.
Stem. — Short, growing from the side of the cap (lateral), firm elastic, smooth, thickening toward cap, whitish.
Ring. — None,
J^olva. — None.
Odor. — Quite mild.
Taste. — Rather strong, when cooked resembling the flavor of oysters.
Habitat. — On decaying trunks of oaks, maples, elms and poplar trees. Growing in large clusters. Very common from August to November. Found in all sections of the United States.
Edible. — Requires slow gentle cooking. Dries well, reviving when soaked in water.
PLEUROTUS Sapidus (Kalchb.), from the Latin, savor3^
Cap. — 1 to o inches broad, convex, sometimes de- pressed in mature specimens, smooth, variable in form from its mode of growth in crowded clusters, varying in color from white to yellowish, ashy-gray, lilac, and brownish. Margin is incurved when young, often wavy in age.
Flesh. — Rather thin, solid, white, tough.
Gills. — Rather broad, distant, running down the
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Guide to the Mushrooms 83
stem (decurrent) often cracked in mature speci- mens ; colored like the cap.
Spores. — Oblong^ pale lilac which is tlie distin- guishing cliaracteristic of this mushroom and en- ables one to distinguish it from P. ostreatus.
Stem. — 1 to 2 inches long, up to 1-2 inch thick, solid, firm, smooth, tough, white; attached to the side of the cap, though in some specimens it grows nearl}^ in the center.
Ring. — None.
Volva. — None.
Odor. — Agreeable.
Taste. — Mild.
Habitat. — Decajang trunks, or bruised spots of deciduous trees, very frequent, growing in large clusters September to frost.
Edible.
HYGROPHORUS miniatus (Fr.) from mini-
um, meaning red lead.
Cap. — 1-2 to 2 inches broad, thin, fragile; at first convex then nearly plane, smooth, bright red in color; sometimes yellow on the margin, margin wavy and, in full grown cap, cracked toward the center of the cap; watery in appearance.
Flesh. — White, thin, quite firm, tender.
Gills. — Yellow sometimes tinged with red, dis- tant, growing to the stem (adnate).
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Guide to the Mitshrooiiis 85
Spores. — Elliptical, white.
Stem. — 1 to 2 inches long, slender, smooth, fra- gile and of the same color as the cap.
Ring. — None.
Volva. — None.
Odor. — Not noticeable.
Taste. — Delicate.
Habitat. — In moist woods, growing in groups from July to October. Found in all sections of the United States.
Edible. — One of the most delicately flavored.
LACTARIUS VOlemuS (Fr.) from volema and pira meaning a kind of large pear.
Cap. — 2 to 5 inches broad, convex, then nearly plane, with the center slightly depressed, moist later, dry; firm, brownish orange, in the full grown cap the skin is often cracked into patches, margin even, later wrinkled and mottled.
Flesh. — White, thick, and containing a sticky white milk with a mild taste.
Gills. — Growing to the stem and slightly attach- ed by a small tooth-like notch, close, whitish, be- coming stained with brown when bruised, broad, crowded, thin.
Spores. — Globular, white.
Stem. — 1 to 4 inches long, nearly 1 inch thick, solid, slightly tapering upward, smooth, colored like the cap.
Ring. — None.
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Guide to the Mushrooms 87
Volva. — None.
Odor.—^IM.
Taste. — Mild.
Habitat. — Woods and pastures, growing singly, verv common from June to Nov. in all sections of the^U. S.
Edible. — Requires slow, gentle cooking.
LACTARIUS piperatus (Fr.) from piper a pepper.
Cap. — 4 to 9 inches broad, wlien young convex, when fully grown funnel-shaped, iirm, dry, white, and smooth; margin at first curved in over the gills, later wavy.
Flesh. — Thick, white. The flesh of the genus lactarius contains a milky fluid wliich exudes, when- ever the fungus is bruised or broken. The milk of the piperatus is white, changing very slowly to a yellow and is very plentiful and pepjDer^^ to the taste.
Gills. — Crowded, narrow, thicker at the edge, white, with here and there yellow spots, where the milk has stained the gills.
Spores. — Nearly globular, white.
Stem. — I to 2 inches long, 1 to 2 inches thick, solid, generally equal, white.
Ring. — None. Volva. — None.
Odor. — None. Taste. — Acrid.
Habitat. — In woods from July to Oct., growing singly; common in New Eng.
Edible. — With cooking the acrid taste disappears.
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Guide to the Mushrooms 89
LACTARIUS Subdulcis (Fr.) from the Latin, somewhat sweet.
Cap. — 1-2 to 2 inches broad, sliglitly convex with tiny umbo, at length ])lane and slightly de- pressed, zoneless, smootii, dry, brownish-red; mar- gin even.
Flesh. — Thin, fragile, pinkish-gray.
Milk. — White, not very })lentiful, mild in taste, tardily acrid.
Gills. — Narrow, thin crowded, siib-deciirrent, col- ored like cap but lighter tinge.
Spores. — White, oblong.
Stem. — Up to 1-1- inch tiiick, hollow, colored like pileus, equal, smooth, slightly downy at base.
Or/or.— J\lild.
rrt*^^.— Mild.
Habitat. — In swanij)s and damp ground July to October, very common.
Edible.
RUSSULA purpurina (Schulz.), meaning purple.
Cap. — 1 1-2 to 2 1-2 inches broad, hemispheri- cal, later plane and at last depressed in the center, slightly glutinous in wet weather, skin easily sep- arating from the cap, dark reddish purple paling a little with age; margin thin and even.
Flesh. — Thick, white, reddish under the skin, very brittle, mild taste.
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RUSSULA PURPURINA
Guide to the Mushrooms 91
Gills. — Growing to the stem, crowded, at first white, later yellowish, rather broad, almost equal, thick.
Spores.- — White, globose, minutely warted.
Stem. — 1 to 1 1-2 inches long and up to 1-2 inch thick, spongy, slightly tapering toward the base and apex, rose-pink in color which fades with age.
Ring. — None.
Volva. — None.
.Odor.- — None.
Habitat. — In woods from July to October grow- ing singly ; quite common in New England.
Edible.
RUSSULA foetens. (Fr.) from foetens, mean- ing stinking.
Cap. — 4 to 5 inches broad or more, globular, there expanded and depressed ; covered with a glut- inous, separating, brownish-yellow skin ; margin at first bent in over the gills, then very striate.
Flesh. — Thin, soft, pale yellow.
Gills. — Attached to the stem (adnexed) crowded, with veins, forked at first white, exuding watery drops, later colored like the cap.
Spores. — White, globular. .,
Stem. — 2 to 4 inches long and up to 1 inch thick at the base; color like the cap.
RUSSULA FOETENS
Guide to the Mushrooms 9^
Ring. — None.
Volva. — None.
Odor. — Foetid, very disagreeable.
Taste. — Very bitter.
Habitat. — In woods and open places, very com- mon in New England from Jul}' to October grow- ing singly.
yot edible.
RUSSULA emetica (Fr.) an emetic.
Cap. — 3 to 4 inches broad, at first bell-shaped, then plane and depressed in the center, smooth, at first rose color, fading to yellow wlien old; m-irgin lined and warty.
Flesh. — Brittle, white, reddish underneath the separating skin.
Gills. — Nearly free, broad, somewhat distant, white.
Spores. — Spherical, white.
Stem. — 1 to 3 inches long, stout, stuffed witii fibres, white, with sometimes a tinge of red. Ring. — None. Volva. — None. Odor.— MM. Taste. — Very acrid.
Habitat. — In open woods, common all over the United States, growing singly from July to Octo- ber.
Edible. — Reported in recent years as edible.
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Guide to the Mushrooms 95
RUSSULA fragiliS (Fr.) fragile.
Cap. — 1 to 2 inches broad^ convex^ with a slight knob, (umbonate), at the center, then plane and later depressed ; skin thin, slightly glutinous in wet weather, bright red; margin very thin, slightly lin- ed and w^art3^
Flesh. — Very fragile, thin, flesh color, changing to red spots.
Spots. — Slightly attached to the stem, very thin, crowded, rather broad, veined, white.
Spores.- — White.
Stem. — 1 to 2 inches long, spongy, then hollow, often slightly lined, white.
Ring. — None.
lolva. — None.
Or/or.— Mild.
Taste. — Acrid.
Habitat. — In open woods, growing singly, com- mon from July to October. Frequent in New Eng- land.
Edible.
RUSSULA virescens. (Fr.) from viresco, to be green.
Cap — 2 to 4- inches broad, globular, then expand- ed, later depressed in the center, always dry, the greenish skin breaking up into patches on the sur- face; margin straight, thick, even.
Flesh — Thick, brittle, white.
Gills — Free, somewhat crowded, sometimes fork- ed, white.
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Guide to the Mushrooms 97
Spores — Nearly globular, white.
Stem — 2 to i inches long and up to 1-2 an inch tliick at the base; solid, later, spongy.
Ring. — None.
Jolva. — None.
Odor.—^IM.
Taste. — Mild.
Habitat. — In woods from July to October, grow- ing singly; very common in New England.
Edible. — Good raw.
RUSSULA roseipes (Sec.) from the Latin rosa, a rose ; j^es, a foot.
Cap. — 1 to 3 inches broad, convex, then flat or slightly depressed; viscid, later dry, rosv red; mar- gin slightly striate, very thin.
Flesh. — Soft, thin, fragile, wliite.
Gills. — Quite close, slightly joined to stem (ad- nexed), whitish turning to yellow.
Spores. — ^Globular, yellowish-white.
Stein. — 1 to 3 inches long up to 1-2 inch thick, tapering, stuffed, becoming hollow; white tinged with red at base.
Ring. — None.
Jolva. — None.
Odor. — Slight.
Taste. — ]\Iild.
Habitat. — Under evergreen trees, common, grow- ing singly from June to Sej^tember. Found com- mon in New England.
Edible.
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Guide to tJw Mu.sluoonis 99
CANTHARELLUS cibarius (Fr.) from
cibaria, food. "Egg-Yellow Cliantarelle."
Cap. — 2 to 4 inches broad convex, then expanded,
center often depressed, smooth, egg-yellow; margin
rolled under at first, rather thick, wa\ v when full
grown; irregular in size and form. Flesh. — Solid, thick, white.
Gills. — Thick, narrow, more like large veins, branching irregularly, decurrent; yellow like ca]).
Spores. — Elliptical, yellowish, white.
Stem. — 1 to 2 inches high l-i to \-2 inch thick, solid, blunt in appearance, yellow like cap.
Ring. — None.
Volva. — None.
Odor. — Not noticeable, though some claim a faint odor like that of apricots.
Taste. — A trifle pungent.
Habitat. — Open woods, also among evergreens, quite frequent, commonly singly ; often in curved lines as if trying to form a ring; July and August, found common all over the United States.
Edible. — Stewed gently and served with a cream sauce, it is very delicious.
MARASMIUS OreadeS (Fr.) from the Greek meaning mountain nymphs. "Fairy Rings."
Cap. — 1 to 2 inches broad, convex then plane, with a knob in the center; smooth, dr}^, tan color
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Guide to the Mushrooms 101
becoming pale witli age, absorbing moisture, tough; drying, but reviving when soiked in water; margin even, slightly lined in full growth, sometimes turn- ing back over the cap. and wavy.
Flesh. — Thin, white, firm, and tough.
Gills. — Free, broad, distint, cream v- white.
Spores. — White, elliptical.
Stem. — -2 to 3 inches long, solid, very tough, equal, straight, covered with a velvety skin, color- ed like the cap.
Ring. — None.
Volva. — None.
Odor. — Marked, jileasant. ^
Taste. — Nutty.
Habitat. — In pastures, lawns, growing in circles or in small clusters from May to November. Com- mon in all sections of the United States.
Edihh. — One of the most delicately flavored, and because of its abundance, one of the most valuable of our mushrooms. Stroplnria semi-globata, Nau- coria pediades and Naucoria semi-orbicularis grow often in company with ]\Iarasmius oreades and are also edible. They may be readily distinguished by their spores which in the first named are black and in the second and third^ brown.
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Guide to the Mushrooms 103
VOLVARIA Speci0Sa(Fr.) speciosus, liandsomc.
Cap. — 3 to 5 inches brond, globular, at lengthy flat, soinewliat gibbous, suiootli, viscid when young, later dry and silky, slightly tinged with gray in center, all other parts white; margin ])ressed to stem when young, striate when cap ex])ands, uneven and thin.
Flesh. — Rather thick, firm, tender, white.
Gills. — P'ree, pressed together closely at first later expanding but crowded, forked, rather broad, rounded at margin; white at first then ])ink.
Spores. — Brownish-pink. elli))tical. smooth.
Stem. — 1 to 1 inches long, u]) to 1-2 inch thick, solid, smooth, moist at first, later dr^^ and silky, colored like cap.
Ring. — None,
Tolva. — Free, persistent, hanging in rather thick folds about the base of stem, white.
Odor.— Mild..
Taste.— Mild.
Habitat. — Rich garden soil, in clusters and sing- ly, spring months, rather rare in all sections of th>e United States except on the Pacific slope.
Edible.
104 Guide to the Mushrooms
CLITOPILUS prunulus (Scop.) from prunus, plum.
Cap. — 2 to 3 inches broad^ fleshy, at first con- vex, then bent backward, dry, gre^^ish white, smooth ; margin at first regular then wavy.
Flesh. — Firm, white.
GUIs. — Extended far downward on the stem (de- current), thin, somewhat distant, flesh colored.
Spores. — Pointed at each end, pink.
Stem. — 1 to 2 inches long, and up to 1-2 inch thick at the base, white, lined,- solid, smooth, equal.
Ring. — None.
Volva. — None.
Odor. — That of fresh meal.
Taste. — ]\Iild.
Habitat. — In woods growing singly, sometimes in small clusters of two or three, not very abund- ant, from June to October. Quite frequent in New England.
Edible.
ENTOLOMA rhodopolium (Fr.) from the
Greek meaning rose-grey.
Cap. — 2 to o inches broad, fragile, bell-shaped, then expanded with a slight knob in the center, at length plane and slightly depressed, covered with small fibres when young, smooth when full grown, dingy brown when moist and water soaked, pale
Guide to the Mushrooms 105
silky shilling grey when dry; margin at first turn- ed inward^ when larger wavy.
Flesh. — White.
Gills. — Growing to the stem, (adnate,)^ some- what waved, (sinuate), slightly distant, rather broad, white and then rose colored.
Spores. — Pink, regular in shape and size.
Stem. — :2 to 4- inches high, hollow, equal at first and then tapering upward, powdered with a white meal at the apex, otherwise smooth, slightly lined, white.
Riuo'. — None.
J'olva. — None.
Odor. — Scarcely noticeable.
Taste. — Mild.
Habitat. — In woods from August to October, growing singly. Quite common in all sections of the United States.
ENTOLOMA Clypeatum (Linn.) resembling a shield.
Cap. — 2 to 4> inches broad, fleshy, bell shaped, then flattened, with a slight knob in the center, smooth, fragile, greyish in color, streaked with darker spots or lines, often seeming water soaked; margin even.
Flesh. — White, thin.
Gills. — Attached to stem (adnexed) somewhat waved (sinuate), broad, veined, sometimes toothed on the edges, dingy grey, then reddish.
Spores. — Pink.
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Guide to the Mushrooms 107
Stem. — 2 to 3 inclics long, stuffed with fibres, then hollow, fibrous throughout, equal, fragile, greyish.
Ring. — Xone.
J'olva. — Xone.
Odor. — Mealy.
Taste. — Mild.
Habitat. — In woods and gardens, common from June to November. Common in eastern and cen- tral United States.
Poisonous. — All Entolomas should be avoided. The gills attached to the stem in the Entolomas dis- tinguishes them from the Plutei which in other re spects they closelv resemble.
PLUTEUS CervinuS (Schaeff.) from cervus, a deer.
Cap. — 2 to i inches broad, bell shaped, then con- vex, later expanded, smooth, sometimes with slight fibres, in the center, color of the fibres brown, color of the skin brownish gre}' fading to nearly white on the margin, often date brown in color, surface very wrinkled ; margin even and in full growth, sometimes cracked.
Flesh. — Quite thick, firm, white.
Gills. — Free, broad, somewhat veined, at first whitish, then pink.
108 Guide to the Mushrooms
Spores. — Elliptical, pink.
Stem. — 1 to 3 inches long, solid, slighth^ tapering upward, colored like the cap with a few fibres sim- ilar to those in the center of the cap. When this miTshroom grows from the sides of stumps the stem is generally curved. When the stem is removed it leiv es a cup shajDcd place in the flesh of the cap.
Rin^. — Xone.
Jolva. — None.
Odor. — Slightlv mealy.
raste.—Mild. *
Taste. — Mild,
Habitat. — On the ground in open places or on stumps growing singly, sometimes in clusters; quite frequent from May to October, in the United States.
Edil)le. — Distinguished from the poisonous En- tolomas by its free gills.
PHOLIOTA SquarrOSa (Mull) from squirro- sus m.eaning scurfy.
Cap. — 3 to 5 inches broad, bell-shaped then con- vex, fleshy, iron rust color, covered with dark brown scales, dry ; margin at first curved in over the gills. Fringed with scales and remnants of the veil.
Flesh. — Thin, light yellow.
Gills. — Growing into the stem (adnate), crowd- ed, narrow, greyish, thin, rust color.
Spores. — ElliiDtical, dropping in heaps, rust col- ored.
Guide to the Mushroorus 109
Sfe?n. — i to 6 inches long^ up to 1 incli thick at tlu' apex^ tapering downward, stuffed witli fibres, scaly as far as tlie ring, the remainder smooth.
Rino: — Onl}- slightly distant from the apex, (superior), of same color as the scales.
J'olva. — None.
Odor. — Often indistinct in young caps, but later disagreeable.
Taste. — -When young sweet, later disagreeable.
Habitat. — On trunks of trees or stumps, growing in clusters, common from August to November. \"er3^ common in New England.
Edible.
PHOLIOTA adipOSa (Fr.) "The Fat Pholiota."
Cap. — 2 to 4 inches broad, at first hemispherical then convex, umbonate, very viscid when moist, vellowish in color, with the skin torn into rustv- brown scales ; margin incurved, even, thin.
Flesh. — Yellowish, thick at center, very thin at margin, soft.
Gills. — Adnate, close, yellow, becoming rusty brown.
Spores. — Elliptical, rusty-brown.
Stem. — 2 to i inches long, up to 3-4< inch thick.
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Guide to the Mushrooms 111
equal or slightly ta])ering at base, stuffed, eolored like cap and clotlied with scales to ring.
Ring. — Formed from thin veil is seen at u})})cr portion of stem, often wanting in mature specimens,
Volva. — None.
Or/or.— Mild.
Taste. — Insipid.
Habitat. — On stumps or dead trunks growing in clusters, September and October; quite common in eastern and central sections of United States.
EdiJjle.
NAUCORIAsemi-orbicuIaris(Bull.) from the
two Latin words meaning half round.
Cap. — 1 to 2 inches broad, dry, slightly glutin- ous when moist and fresh, then even, smooth, wrin- kled in age, yellowish rust color, then brownish; margin curved in over the gills, blunt.
Flesh. — Whitish.
Gills. — Growing up to the stem (adnate), rath- er broad, crowded, yellowish, then rust color.
Spores. — Elliptical^ brown.
112 Guide to the Mushrooms
Stem. — 3 to 1 inclies long, very tough, slender straight, equal, smooth, brownish, often darker at the base, with a narrow tube within.
Ring. — None, except for fragments of the veil attached to the stem, but these are often absent.
Volva. — None.
Of/or.— Mild.
Taste.— ^IM.
Habitat. — Lawns and pastures, growing singly and in small groups, from Apri] to November. Common in eastern and central sections of the CJnited States.
Edible
CORTINARIUS violaceus (Fr.)
"Violet Cortinarius."
Cap. — 2 to 4 inches broad, then convex, finally nearly plane, fleshy, dry, covered witii hairy scales, dark violet in color; margin even with fragments of the cortina or veil attached to it.
Flesh. — Violet in color, thick, crisp.
Gills. — Rather thick, distant, rounded at the stem, violet color at first, then cinnamon brown when they become dusted with the spores.
Spores. — Almost globular, cinnamon brown.
Stem. — 3 to 5 inches long, about 1-2 inch thick, solid, bulbous, colored like cap.
Guide to the Mushrooms 113
Ring. — In the young stage of the Cortinarii, the gills are covered with a thick web-like struc- ture known as the cortina ; in tliis family as the cap expands this web is broken and hangs in fragments about the margin of the cap and about the stem forming a ver}' imperfect and very slight ring.
Volva. — None
Odor. — Somewhat nutty.
Taste.— ^IWd.
Habitat.^^^lixed woods, singly and in clusters, frequent from August to October. Found in New England and Central United States.
Edible.
CORTINARIUS cinnabarinus (Fr.) from the
Latin meaning dragon's blood, so named from its color.
Cap. — 1 to 2 inches broad, convex with a slight knob in the center, then plane, smooth, silky, scar- let red, sometimes orange, or yellow brown; margin curved in over the gills.
Flesh. — Thick in the center, solid, white, tinged with brown.
Gills. — Running down on the stem (decurrent),
rather broad, somewhat distant, connected by veins,
8
CORTINARIUS CINNABARINUS
Guide to the Mushrooms 11;)
unequal, reddish in color, when bruised becoming dark red.
Spores. — Nearly round, rusty brown.
Stem. — 1 to 2 inches long, up to 1-4 inch thick, solid, equal with a small bulb at base, striate, blood red inside and outside.
Ring. — Very slight, formed from the web or cortina which is stretched over the gills in the young mushrooms, which later breaks and adheres in frag- ments to the margin of the cap and to the stem in the form of a ring.
Volva. — None.
Odor. — Like radishes.
Taste. — That of radishes.
Habitat. — In pine and chestnut woods, growing singly and in clusters, rather common from August to November. Found frequently in New England.
Edible.
CORTINARUS cinnamomeus (Fr.) "Cinna-
mon colored."
Cap. — 1 to 2 inches broad, convex, with a slight knob in the center, covered with yellowish fibres, later almost smooth, cinnamon color; margin even, but later splitting.
Flesh. — Thin, yellowish.
1 1 6 Guide to the Mushrooms
Gills. — Growing to the stem( adnate), thin^ rath- er broad^ crowded^ varying in color, through a blood red, reddish brown to a shining yellow.
Spores. — Elliptical, dark rust color.
Stem. — 2 to 4 inches long, slender, equal, stuff- ed with fibres but later hollow, yellow, covered with fibres from the yellow veil.
»
Ring.^None, except for the yellow fibres of the veil.
Jolva. — None.
Odor. — Mildly of radishes.
Taste.- — Mildly of radishes.
Habitat. — In mossy places in woods, growing singly from August to October. Common all over the United States.
Edible.
CORTINARIUS COrrugatuS (Pk.) "Corrugat- ed Cortinarius."
Cap. — 2 to 4 inches broad, bell-shaped and later convex, glutinous when moist, corrugated or wrinkl- ed, varying in color from bright yellow to a red- dish or brownish yellow ; margin at first curved in over the gills and later even.
Flesh. — White.
Gills. — Close, slightly narrowed toward the stem, growing up to the stem (adnate), slightly uneven
CORTINARIUS CORRUGATUS
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Guide to the Mushrooms 119
on the edge, pale yellow at first then brownish. Spores. — Elliptical, rough, brownish.
Stem. — 3 to 5 inches long and up to 1-2 inch thick, equal,, hollow, with a glutinous bulb being- colored Hive the cap, while the stem is sligiitly paler.
Rinfi;. — None except for the brownish fibres from the veil.
Volva. — None.
Odor. — Slightly pungent.
Ta^te.—MM.
Habitat. — In woods, rather common growing singly from June to September. Common in New England.
Edible.
AGARICUS campester (Einn.) from Latin campus, a field; "Common mushroom."
Cap. — 1 to 5 inches broad, hemispherical, convex" finally nearly plane, smooth, dry, of a delicate buff color, leathery in appearance; margin at first curv- ed under and extending beyond the gills, later some- what split, not striate. Very variable in appear- ance often covered with reddish brown scales.
Flesh. — Firm, thick, white.
Gills. — Free, close, veined, at first flesh color then pink, changing to brown and finally blackish- brown, somewhat moist in mature specimens.
Agaricus silvaticus
Guide to the MiisJiJ'ooins 121
Spores. — Elliptical, purplish-black.
Stem. — Up to 3 inches long, thick, stuffed, whit- ish, smooth, sometimes slightly thickened at base.
Ring. — About middle of the stem, generally torn, rather large, white.
Volva. — None.
Odor. — Agreeable.
Taste. — Mild, nutty.
Habitat. — Pastures, growing singly, quite com- mon from July to October.
Edible. — This is the most widely known of all mushrooms. Tliere are many species of this family, all edible and all having the same characteristics relative to the gills, whicli is the characteristic mark of these mushrooms. This is the mushroom most wideh^ sought for by lovers of edible fungi and if the following facts are observed no mistakes will occur in gathering them. They do not grow in woods, the gills are always light pink at first, changing as the plant grows to brown and then blackish brown ; they jDossess no volva.
AGARICUS Silvaticus (Schaeif.) from the Latin, belonging to the wood.
Cap. — 2 to 6 inches broad, convex, then plane, with a slight umbo, filbrillose with brown scales, white beneath these; margin fairly even, thin.
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Guide to the Mushrooms 12S
Flesh. — Wliite^ thin, firm.
Gills. — Free, tliiii^ close^ narrow at each end, flesh color, then pink^ later brown and at last brownish-black.
Spores. — Elliptical^ brownish-black.
Ste7)7. — 1- to 6 inches hioh. slender, stuffed then hollow^ bulbous M'hite.
Ring. — Rather thick, sometimes entire, but more often torn.
J^olva. — None.
Habitat. — Mixed woods, quite common, growing singly, July and August.
Edible. — This mushroom must be gathered with care as there is danger of confusing it with Aman- itae which grow in the woods. The color of the gills is the key to this mushroom. Amanitae have white gills which never change in color. The stem of the Agaricus silvaticus is bulbous but there is no volva as in the Amanitae which sheathes the stem.
STROPHARIA semi-globata (Batsch), semi,
half; globus, ball.
Cap. — 1-2 to 2 inches broad, viscous later dry and wrinkled, some specimens smooth, others slight- ly scaly, hemispherical, later expanded; margin even.
Flesh. — Thin, white.
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Guide to the Mushrooms 125
Gills. — Broad, adnate, yellowish, clouded or spotted wtih black the distinguishing characteristic of this mushroom.
Spores. — Elliptical, blackish-purple.
Stem. — 1-3 inches long, 1-4 inch thick, equal, })owdered with spores, smooth, young specimens stuffed, mature, showing the hollow tube.
King. — About center of stem, viscid, blackish, often appearing incomplete as tiny fibres.
J olva. — None.
Odor. — Strong.
Taste.— MM.
Habitat. — On dung in pastures, growing singly or in clusters of two or three. Common after rains from June till November. Found frequently in New England.
Edible.
HYPHOLOMA appendiculatum (Bull.) be- cause i^arts of the veil adhere to the margin of the cap.
Cap. — 1 to 2 inches broad, conical then nearly plane, brownish in the center fading to a grayish white on the edge, watery, lined; margin even with fragments of the white veil adhering to it.
Flesh. — Thin, very fragile, whitish.
126 Guide to the Mushrooms
Gills. — Growing to the stem (adnate), crowded^ white then flesh colored,, then grayish brown and at last black.
Spores. — Elliptical, transparent, purplish black.
Stem. — 3 inches long, slender, equal, hollow, smooth, white, with a white powder at the apex, fra- gile.
Ring. — None.
Volva. — None.
Of/or.— Mild.
Taste. — Mild.
Habitat. — In gardens or rich soil about stumps and on lawns, growing in large groups very com- mon, from June to November in New England.
Edible. — One of the best mushrooms.
HYPHOLOMA perplexum (Pk.) from Latin
perplexus. "Uncertain or perplexing Hypholma."
Cap. — 1 to 3 inches broad, convex, smooth, dry, brownish-red fading to brownish-yellow on margin, which is regular.
Flesh. — Rather thin, spongy, white.
Gills. — Thin, close, set closely to stem (adnate), first yellow then with greenish tinge, finally brown.
Spores. — Elliptical blackish-brown.
Stem. — 2 to 3 inches long, 1-4 to 1-2 inch thick,
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128 Guide to the Mushrooms
firm^ hollow, yellow above rusty-black below.
Ring. — The veil is delicate^ yellowish-white, soon vanishing, occasionally slight traces of it may be seen on the stem in the form of brown threads.
Volva. — None.
Odor.— MM.
Taste. — Nutt}^, with sometimes a slight tinge of bitterness.
Habitat. — On ground in woods or on decayed stumps. Common, growing in crowded clusters September to midwinter. Found in all sections of the United States.
Edible.
HYPHOLOMA sublateritium (S c h a e f f .)
"Bricktop Mushroom."
Cap. — 2 to 3 inches broad, convex, smooth, dry, brick red, except on margin which is of paler hue, covered with white silky fibres from veil; margin regular.
Flesh. — Rather ,thin, firm, white, in mature growth yellow.
Gills. — Narrow, crowded, extending close to stem (adnate), dull yellow then turning to a greenish hue, at length olivaceous.
Spores. — Elliptical^ sooty-brown.
Stem. — 2 to 4 inches high, up to 1-3 inch thick, stuffed, smaller at base, scaly, fibrils of yellowish brown, stem brownish in color.
"Eccentric-stemmed Boletinus."
Cap. — 2 to 5 inches broad, viscid when moist, shining when dry, reddish brown ; margin very thin, tapering downwards, firm, stuffed, covered with
Guide to the Mushrooms 129
Ring. — The veil is very slight^ composed of fibres forming a net which is white at first then brown and is found adhering in threads about the upper part of the stem, forming an imperfect circle, often wholh^ vanished in mature specimens,
Volva. — None.
Or/or.— Mild.
Taste. — Rather bitter.
Habitat. — On ground where there are decayed stumps and on decayed w^ood, growing in clusters, common, September to midwinter.
Edible. — There are many varieties of this mush- room, distinguished by the greenish 3^ellow gills and brick-red cajDS. All are edible and when cook- ed have no tinge of bitterness.
CORPRINUS COmatuS (Fr.) from coma meanmg hair. "Shaggy-Mane."
Cap. — 2 to 5 inches broad, bell-shaped or egg- shaped, later expanding and becoming plane, the center is purplish-black, the remainder covered with concentric scales of a whitish color tipped with black; margin lined and splitting along the lines of the gills, rolling back over the cap in mature age.
130 Guide to the Mushrooms
Flesh. — White, rather thin.
Gills. — Free from the stem, very crowded, broad, at first tinged with pink, then turning to black and dissolving into an inky fluid.
Spores. — ElliiDtical, black.
Stem. — Up to 6 inches long, and up to 1-2 an inch thick, tapering ujDward, hollow, brittle, white. Ring. — Thin, torn, sometimes movable. Volva. — None. Odor. — Earthy. Taste. — Strong.
Habitat. — On dumping grounds and in gardens and where ashes and street sweepings have been placed, growing singly and in large groups from April to November. Common over all sections of the United States.
Edible.
CORPRINUS atramentarius(Bull) from Latin
atramentarius, ink. "Ink}^ Cap."
Cap. — 1 to 3 inches broad, egg-shaped, expand- ing, flat when mature and margin split and rolled back over cap ; in some cases smooth, others tufted with tinj^ scales, color mouse gray, margin striate.
Flesh. — Thin ,soft, grayish.
Gills. — Adnate, that is, coming up close to stem, adhering to each other, broad, white then turning black and dissolving into inky fluid.
132 Guide to the Mushrooms
Spores. — Somewhat cylindrical^ black.
Stem. — Up to 5 inches high and 1-2 inch thick^ smooth white hollow^ tapering upwards.
Ring. — Near the base (inferior) formed by the separation of the cap from the stem.
Volva. — None.
Odor. — Earthy.
Taste. — Mild.
Habitat. — On lawns and gardens^ rich ground, not on dung, growing in large clumps, with here and there a solitary specimen which will attain a large growth. Common. Often aj^pears in spring but is more common in the fall. A cluster found in spring is . generally the forerunner of a good crop in the same sj3ot in the fall. Common in all section of the United States.
Elihle. — One of the best Coprini, as it has more substance than the other varieties and a more deli- cate flavor than C. comatus.
COPRINUS micaceus (Bull.) from Latin mica, granular.
Cap. — 1 to 2 inches broad, cylindrical, finally expanded and sjolit at margin which is wavy, stri- ate; date brown at center, tan color to margin, at first covered with glistening white granules from which characteristic it derives its name; later these disappear and the cap appears dry and cracked.
Guide to the Mushrooms 133
Flesh. — Thin^ white.
Gills. — Adnata^ adhering together, white, then flesh color, at last black ; in dry weather they some- times remain more or less firm, but in moist weather they melt or deliquesce into a black fluid.
Spores. — Cylindrical, black.
Stem. — ] to 2 inches to 1-3 inch thick, equal, smooth, hollow, white, fragile.
Ring. — Very slight near base (inferior) formed by cap adhering to stem, often wholly wanting.
Volva. — None.
Odor. — Earthy.
Taste. — Mild, nutty.
Habitat. — On rich soil, about elm trees or de- cayed stumps of elms, in large clumps, very fre- quent from very early spring until late in fall. Found in all sections of the United States.
Edible. — Because of its frequency, length of sea- son and delicate flavor, it forms what should be one of the most highly prized mushrooms. One that the amateur can readily determine and easily gath- er a dish from almost any street where elm or pop- lar trees are used for purposes of shade.
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Guide to the Mushrooms 135
PANAEOLUS retirugis (Fr.) from Latin rete, net and ruga_, wrinkle.
Cap. — Up to 1 inch broad, at first almost glob- ose then expanding; never plane, slightly umbonate, in wet weather has a water-soaked appearance and is viscid ; in dry weather, dry and the surface crack- ed and wrinkled which feature gives the mushroom its name. Color dark smoky gray, becoming light- er and shining. Sometimes tawny yellow. Center much darker, often zoned wlien moist. Margin ev- en, extending beyond gills, not striate, containing V shaped particles of veil which is another charact- eristic of this species.
Flesh. — Rather thick, white.
Gills. — Coming up to stem (adnate), quite broad in middle, very regular, crowded, grayish black.
Spores. — Elliptical-fusiform black.
Stem. — 2 to 4 inches long about 1-4- inch thick, equal, smoky gray in color, hollow, darker at base, granular, bulbous.
Ring. — The veil is very prominent in young plants white arid quite stout, adheres to margin nev- er to stem the spores at times fall and float against stem forming a black ring but this is not to be mis- taken for a true ring.
Volva. — None.
Odor. — Earthy.
Taste.— UiU.
136 Guide to the Mushrooms
Habitat. — On newly made lawns, and dung, quite frequent singly and in loose clusters June to frost. Very common in New England.
The edibility of this mushroom is questioned some re23ort nausea after eating it. It should be partaken very carefully if used at all.
PANAEO'LUS solidipes (Pk.) solidus, solid;
pes, foot.
Cap. — I to 3 inches across, globular, then hemis- pherical, at length convex and nearly plane, lead- white in color; moist, when young, somewhat cor- rugated, later breaking up into yellowish areas ; margin thin even.
Flesh. — White, compact, thin.
Gills. — Slightly attached to stem, broad, whitish at first, then black.
Spores. — Elli23tical, black.
St 6771. — 2 to 6 inches tall up to 3-4- inch thick, smooth with dro23S of moisture on upper part, col- ored like cap, solid at first, later tubular.
Ring. — Veil very slight, scarcelj^ noticeable on stem in form of a few blackish fibres.
Volva. — None.
Odor.— MM.
Taste.— Mild.
Habitat. — On dung in j^astures, growing singly, common in New England; July and August.
Edible.
Guide to the Mushrooms 137
BOLETINUS prctus (Pk.)
"Painted Boletinus."
Cap. — 2 to 4 inches broad^ convex then nearly plane^ covered with red fibres which soon divide into scales, showing the yellow cap below. Margin even, extending a little beyond tubes with patches of veil adhering to edge.
Flesh. — Solid yellow slowly turning to pinkish hue when bruised.
Tubes. — Joined to stem (adnexed), branching, forming angular pores, clinging closely to flesh of cap, which is the distinguishing characteristic of this genus ; yellow at first, dingy when older, chang- ing to pinkish when bruised.
Spores. — Ellij3tical, brown.
Stem. — 1 to 3 inches long, 3-4 to 1 1-2 inches thick, equal, solid covered like the cap with red- dish scales, 3^ellow at top.
Ring. — Slight traces are found on young speci- mens before the white webby veil has wholly vanish- ed.
Volva. — None.
Odor. — Slight.
Taste. — Mild.
Habitat. — In mixed woods and damp evergreen woods, growing singly August and September. Very common in New England.
Edible.
138 Guide to the Mushrooms
BOLETINUS porosus (Berk.)
"Eccentric-stemmed Boletinus."
Cap. — 2 to 5 inches broad^ viscid when moist^ shining when dry, reddish borwn ; margin very thin, tapering downwards, firm, stuffed, covered with remnants of veil which give it a scaly ap23earance.
Flesh. — Thick in middle, thin at edge, yellow- ish.
Tubes. — Extending down the stem (deciirrent), arranged in radiating lines connected by irregular veins forming large angular pores, pale yellow then dingy, sometimes turning slightl}^ blue when bruis- ed, adhering closely to flesh of cap.
Spores. — Elliptical, brown.
Stem. — 1 1-2 inches to i inches long, 1 to 1 1-2 inches thick, eccentric which is its distinguishing characteristic, tough colored like cap.
Ring. — None.
Volva. — None.
Odor. — Disagreeable at certain age, in other stages of growth not noticeable. Taste. — Mild.
Habitat. — Damp ground in woods and open spots, often on lawns, quite frequent, growing singly or in small clusters during August and Sep- tember. Common in New England and the Central sections of the United States.
Edible^
Guide to the Mushrooms 139
BOLETUS flavidus (Fr.)
"Pale Yellow Boletus." Cap. — 1 to 2 inches broad, gibbous, then plane, viscid, yellow, dingy later; margin even, with par- ticles of white veil often adhering,
Fesh. — Pale yellow, thin.
Tubes. — Extending down the stem (dccurrent), large angular mouths, dingy yellow, separating eas- ily from flesh of cap.
Spores. — Oblong.
Stem. — Slender, solid, colored like cap sprinkl- ed with dingy dots above the sticky ring.
Ri7ig. — Entire, white, sticky.
Volva. — None.
Or/or.— Mild.
Taste.— M\\dL.
Habitat. — Pine woods and swampy ground, quite frequent, August and September. Common in Eastern United States.
Edible.
BOLETUS americanus ( Pk. )
"American Boletus."
Cap. — 1 to 3 inches broad, nearly plane, some- times with slight umbo, viscid when moist, then smooth, yellow becoming streaked with red in age; margin even, thin, with remnants of webby veil ad- hering to young specimens.
140 Guide to the Mushrooms
Flesh. — Yellow^ turning to pinkish-gray when exposed to air^ thin, soft.
Tubes. — Adnate, rather large, angular, yellow becoming dingy.
Spoj'es. — Oblong, rusty-brown.
Stem. — 1 1-2 to 2 1-2 inches long, up to 1 inch thick slender, equal, yellow throughout marked with brownish dots.
Ring. — None.
Volva. — None.
Odor. — Slightly acid.
Taste.— Mild.
Habitat. — Woods, swampy ground and open spots, also pine woods, quite frequent, singly or in small clusters, August and September. Frequent in Eastern United States.
Edible.
BOLETUS bicolor (Pk.) from Latin, two, color.
Cap. — 2 to 4 inches broad convex, smooth, dark red later spotted or sometimes cracked in areas, showing yellow underneath margin even.
Flesh. — Rather thick, firm then soft, yellow, changing slightly and slowly to blue when wounded.
Tubes. — Coming ujd to stem (adnate) mouths small, angular, bright yellow then dingy, slowly changing to blue when wounded.
Spores. — Oblong, rusty-brown.
Stem. — 1 to 3 inches long up to 1 1-2 inches thick firm solid red, yellow at top.
Guide to the Mushrooms 141
Ring. — None.
Volva. — None.
O^or.— Mild.
Taste.— ^Vi\di.
Habitat. — Woods and open places quite frequent, singly, August and September. Common in New England.
Edible.
BOLETUS granulatus (Linn.) from Latin granula, granule.
Cap. — 1 to 4 inches broad, convex then nearly- plane, very viscid, reddish brown when moist, yel- lowish when dry, very variable however in color from pinkish-gray through all shades of reddish or yellowish brown. Margin even.
Flesh. — Thick, white, yellow near tubes.
Tubes. — Joined squarely to stem (adnexed), small, short, yellowish, dotted with granules at mouth.
Spores. — Spindle-shaped, yellowish.
Stem. — 1 to 2 inches long, up to 1 1-2 inches thick, firm, white, sometimes yellowish dotted with brownish granules on upper part.
Ring. — None. Volva. — -None.
Odor. — INIild. Taste. — Agreeable.
Habitat. — Pine woods generally, often in open woods, very common, in small clusters, sometimes in circles. August and September. Very common in New England.
Edible.
142 Guide to the Mushrooms
BOLETUS variegatus ( S wartz ) .
Cap. — 2 to 5 inches broad^ convex^ then plane, moist, sprinkled with hairy reddish-brown scales, dark yellow; margin even, thin, at first flocculose.
Flesh. — Quite thick, firm, yellowish white becom- ing blue on exj^osure to air.
Tubes. — Extending close to stem (adnate), un- equal, very small, brown then cinnamon.
Spores. — Oblong, pale yellow.
Stem.- — 2 to 3 inches long, 1 1-2 inches thick, firm, equal, even, dark yellow sometimes reddish.
Ring. — None.
Volva. — jS' one.
Or/or.— Mild.
Taste. — Nutty.
Habitat. — Pine woods, quite common singly. August and September. Found quite common in all sections of the United States.
Edible.
BOLETUS ornatipes (Pk.) from the Latin ornate and foot.
Cap. — 2 to 5 inches broad, convex, dry, smooth, 3^ellowish-brown ; margin even.
Flesh. — Firm, pale yellow.
Tubes. — Coming up to stem (adnate), depress-
922B>a33«3isa»ri>te
Boletus scaber
144 Guide to the Mushrooms
ed about stem^ small^ clear j^ellow turning darker with age but not from bruises.
Spores. — Oblongs yellow-brown.
Stem. — 2 to 4 inches long^ up to 1 1-2 inches thick, firm, subequal, beautifully covered with net- work (reticulated), yellow without and within.
Ring. — None. Volva. — None.
Odor.— MM. Taste.— Ui\d.
Habitat. — Open woods, quite frequent, single. August and September. Quite common in New England.
Edible.
BOLETUS SCaber from the Latin scaber, rough. "Rough-stemmed Boletus."
Cap. — 1 to 4 inches broad convex, smooth, vis- cid when moist, smoky white, sometimes orange brown in color, very variable.
Flesh. — White, sometimes reddish-white, when bruised.
Tubes. — Free from stem, rather long, convex from margin of stem where they are somewhat de- jjressed, small, dingy white.
Spores. — Oblong to spindle-shajDcd, snuif -brown.
Stem. — 3 to 5 inches long, up to 2 inches thick, solid, tapering upward, white, covered with black, hairy scales which is the distinguishing character- istic of this otherwise very variable mushroom,
Bing. — None. Volva, — None.
Guide to the Mushrooms 145
Or/or.— Mild.
Taste. — Mild.
Habitat. — In proves or edges of woods, common- ly growing singly. August and September. Of common occurrence in all sections of the United States.
Edible.
BOLETUS chrysenterion (Fr.) golden within.
"Red-cracked Boletus."
Cap. — 1 to 2 inches broad^ convex, then plane^ covered with woolly scales, reddish-brown or olive- brown cracking into areas, the chinks between show- ing deep reddish tints just below; the distinguish- ing feature of the mushroom.
Flesh. — Soft, quite thick, yellow, red below skin slightly changing to blue when wounded.
Tubes. — Depressed about stem, rather large, an- gular, unequal, greenish yellow turning to blue when wounded.
Spores. — Spindle-shajDcd, pale brown.
Stem. — 1 to 3 inches long, up to 1 1-2 inches thick, subequal^ firm, fibrous, striate, yellow below, reddish above.
Ring. — None. Volva. — None.
Or/or.— Mild. Taste.— Mild.
Habitat. — Woods, common, singly, August and
September ; of common occurrence in all sections
of the United States.
Edible.
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146 Guide to the Mushrooms
BOLETUS edulis (Bull) from the Latin edible.
Cap. — 4 to 6 inches broad, convex then plane, smooth, moist, varying in color from grayish-red, brownish red to yellowish brown, jDaler on margin; very variable in color and size.
Flesh. — Thick, firm at first then soft, wliite, red beneath skin of cap.
Tubes. — Convex from margin of cap to stem where they are depressed and partially free from stem, white when young, mouth closed at first (stuf- fed), later greenish yellow.
Spores. — Oblong to spindle-sha23ed, greenish-yel- low.
Stem. — 2 to 6 inches long 1 1-2 to 3 inches thick, bulbous, more or less netted (reticulated), pale brown.
Ring. — None. J^olva. — Xone.
Of/or.— Mild. Taste.— ^hld.
Habitat. — Woods and open places, very fre- quent, August and September. Of common occur- rence in all sections of the United States.
Edible.
BOLETUS Chromapes (Fr.) from the Latin yellow and foot.
Cap. — 2 to 4 inches broad, convex, or nearly plane, pale grayish pink.
Flesh . — White, unchangeable.
Tubes. — Convex, attached slightly to stem, though often free ; white turning brownish.
Spores. — Oblong.
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148 Guide to the Mushrooms
Stein. — 2 to 4 inches long up to 1 1-2 inches thick slightly tapering upward^ whitish above, dot- ted with reddish dots; yellow at base without and within, the distinguishing characteristic.
Ring. — None.
Volva. — None.
Or/or.— Mild.
Taste. — Mild.
Habitat. — Open woods, quite frequent, growing singly, August and September. Very frequent in New England.
Edible.
BOLETUS felleUS (Bull) from Latin gall. "Bitter Boletus."
Cap. — 3 to 8 inches broad, nearly plane, smooth, even, varying in color from pale 3-ellow to chest- nut brown.
Flesh. — Thick, firm, tlien soft, white sometimes changing to flesh color when wounded.
Tubes. — Coming up to stem (adnate), convex from margin, depressed about stem, long, angular, white tinged with flesh color.
Spores. — Oblong-spindle-shaped, flesh-colored.
Stem. — 2 to 4 inches long up to 3 inches thick, variable in size and shape. Sometimes bulbous, generally covered with net work; (reticulated) at upper part of stem, colored but a trifle paler than cap.
Guide to the Mushrooms 1 i9
Ring. — None.
Volva. — None.
Odor. — Mild.
Taste. — Very bitter^ its distinguishing character- istic.
Habitat.- — About or on decayed stumps of open and grassy spots quite common^ singly. August to September. Very frequent in New England; found also in central sections of United States.
Not poisonous but its bitterness renders it unfit to eat.
BOLETUS castaneus (Bull.) from Latin chestnut. "Chestnut Boletus."
Cap. — 1 to 3 inches broad, convex^ plane^ even;, dry, velvety, chestnut-brown.
Flesh. — Brittle, white unchangeable.
Tubes. — Free, short, small, white, stuffed at first.
Spores. — Oblong.
Stem. — 1 to 2 inches long, up to 1 inch thick, slender, tapering upward, solid, then hollow, color- ed and velvety like cap, generally paler at top of stem.
Ring. — None.
Volva. — None.
Oc/or.— Mild.
Taste. — Nutty.
150 Guide to the Mushrooms
Habitat. — Open woods, grassy spots under trees, quite common singly and in small clusters. June to September. Quite common over all the United States.
Edible. — Good, either raw or cooked.
STROBILOMYCES strobilaceous (Berk.)
from the Greek, cone-like.
Caj). — 2 to 4 inches broad, hemispherical, dry, dingy white, covered with thick black woolly scales ; margin thin, to which adheres fragments of the woolly veil.
Flesh. — Thin, firm, white changing to reddish, then black when bruised.
Tubes. — Coming up to stem (adnate) adhering to flesh, long, large angular, turning like flesh from dingy white to red then black.
Spores. — Nearly round, blackish-brown.
Stem. — 3 to 0 inches long, up to 2 inches thick, equal slightly tapering upward, clothed like the pileus, with black woolly scales.
Ring. — None, white veil adheres to margin of cap.
J^olva. — None.
O^or.— Mild.
Taste.— M\\d.
Habitat. — In woods and open places common, singly and in groups. July to September. Very com- mon in New England; also found in central sec- tion of the United States.
Edible.,
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152 Guide to the Mushrooms
FISTULINA hepatica (Fr.) from the Greek, resembling liver. "Beefsteak mushroom."
Cap. — 4- to 8 inches broad, dark red, streaked with lighter shades of red; at first having little glands that have the apjDearance of a tongue_, these disappear in mature growth.
Flesh.— Soft, jelly-like, thick, viscid.
Tubes. — Pale reddish yellow, verj^ short at first tlien longer.
Spores. — Elliptical, yellowish.
Stem. — Very short, at one side (eccentric), ex- panding into the cap which in reality forms but m continuation of the stumiD like stem.
Ring. — None.
Volva. — None.
Odor. — Slightly acid
Taste. — Acid; dissappears in cooking.
Habitat. — On decayed stumps and trunks of trees, principally chestnut. Frequent June to Sept. Common in most parts of the U. S.
Edible.
POLYPORUSI'brumalis (Pers.)
"The Winter Poly2Dorus."
Cap. — 1 to 3 inches broad, convex, then plane, somewhat depressed at center, surface very hairy, ranging in color from a smoky-brown to nearly
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154 Wild Flowers East of the Rockies
black; margin very thin, fringed with coarse hairs.
Flesh. — First pliant, later tough, hard and dry, thin, brownish.
Tubes. — Growing very close to stem, minute, reg- ularly arranged, at first white then yellowish.
Spores. — None obtained from specimen.
Stem. — 1 to 3 inches long to 1-4 inch thick, even, hairy, lighter in color than cap.
Ring;. — None.
Volva. — None.
Odor. — Not noticeable
Taste. — Woody.
Habitat. — On dead limbs in clusters of two or three found throughout the year, common all over United States.
Too tough to be edible.
POLYPORUS SulphureuS (I r.) from the Latin sulphur.
Cap. ^8 inches or more broad, wavy, red in cen- ter, yellow on margin.
Flesh. — Yellow, firm, splitting, not growing woody.
Pores. — ]\Iinute, even, yellow, in full vigor filled with sulpliur yellow milk.
Stem. — Generally wanting, sometimes a very slight one fastens the cap, shelf-like to the trunk of the tree or side of the stump.
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156 Wild Flowers East of the Rockies
Ring. — None.
Volva. — None
Odor.— Mild.
Taste. — Mild,
Habitat. — On decaying trunks and stumps of many varieties of trees in large overlaying clus- ters. August to frost. Common in New England and central sections of the United States.
Edible,
POLYPORUS betulinus (Fr.) from the Latin betula^ a birch. "Birch tree Polyporus."
Cav. — 3 to 6 inches broad^ smooth, white, then tinged with brown, margin thick.
Flesh. — Thick, soft, white.
Pores. — Very small, short, of slow growth, un- equal, white.
/Spore*.— Have never been able to procure sj^ores from a specimen for examination.
Stem . — Wanting.
Ring. — None.
Volva. — None
Odor. — Woody.
Taste.— Woody.
Habitat. — On birch trees, very common; growth begins in early summer but specimens may be found
POLYPORUS BETULINUS
(Birch-Tree Polyporus)
158 Wild Flowers East of the Rockies
at any time during the year. Common wherever birch trees grow.
Edible. — When young; when dry burns readily, excellent kindling for a camp fire.
CLPOLYSTICTUS perennis.
Cap. — 1 to 1 1-^2 inches bro<id, pliant, tough, de- pressed in center (infundibuliform) velvety, zon- ed in shades of brown varying from snuff color to deep seal; margin tliin. tn-n.
Flesh. — Thin, colored like cap.
Pores. — Very small, angular, grayish brown.
Ring.- — None.
J'olva. — None
Odor. — Woody.
Taste. — Woody.
Habitat. — In pine woods, common, growing sing- ly and in clusters from July to October. Found very common in New England.
Xot Edible owing to its woody character, but not poisonous.
HYDNUM imbricatum. (Linn.) from the
Latin, a tile.
Cap. — 2 to 5 inches broad, depressed in center, often funnel-shaped, smoky-brown in color, covered with brownish scales, often cracked; margin even, irregular in shape and size.
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Flesh. — Thick^ firm^ dingy white.
Spines — 1 to 1 1-2 inches long^ equal, extending down the stem (decurrent) grayish white.
Spores. — Rough, oblong, jDale, yellow brown.
Ste77i. — 1 to 3 inches long, 1 to 2 inches thick, central, even, grayish-brown.
Ring. — None.
J^olva. — None
O^or.— Mild.
Taste. — Slightly bitter.
Habitat.- — In jDine woods, singly and in clusters quite frequent August to October. Found common in New England.
Edible. — Should be stewed gently for a few min- utes, then the water drained off to remove the bit- terness, after which they may be further stewed or broiled.
HYDNUM repandum (Linn.) from Latin re- pandus, bent backward. "Hedgehog Mushroom."
Cap. — 2 to 6 inches broad, smooth, depressed in center, pale flesh color ; margin often wavy, roll- ed back over spines.
Flesh. — Thick, brittle, white.
Spines. — Long, conical, unequal, flesh-color.
Spores. — Pointed, yellowish.
Stem. — 2 to 5 inches long up to 1 1-2 inches thick, irregular, central, colored like cap, pale flesh-color.
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162 TVild Flowers East of the Rockies
Ring. — None. J'olva. — None Or/or.— Mild. Taste. — Mild.
Habitat. — In woods about decayed stumps^ July to November. Common in all sections of United States.
Edible. — When 3^oung^ bitter when mature.
SPARASSIS Crispa(Fr.) from crispus, curly.
Tuft. — 3 to 9 inches high, up to 12 inches broad, variable in size and shape, oyster gray, pale yel- low or leaf brown in color. Tuft is composed"^ of many leaf-like branches giving it the appearance of a huge rosette. Flesh of branches soft and some- what gelatinous in appearance. Dries readily.
Spores. — Spore surface on both sides of the leaf- like branches in four-sjjored cases, pale brown in color, elliptical.
Stem. — None, tuft rests upon a rooted base.
Habitat. — On stumps and on ground, September and October, rare, but when found once in a local- ^^J} generally found succeeding season.
Edible.
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164 Wild Flowers East of the Rockies
CLAVARIA flava (Schaeff.) from the Latin, yellow. "Coral Mushroom. "
ft-
No Cap but a large mass, 2 to 6 inches across and 2 to i inches high, composed of even, round branches developed from the main trunk or stem. These branches are very fragile, the tops toothed, erect, pale yellow on the tips fading in the lower part of the branches.
Flesh. — White.
Spores. — Developed on the upper part of the up- right branches ; oblong, yellow-white.
Stem. — Short, thick, colored like branches.
Odor. — Nutty.
Taste. — Xutty.
Habitat. — Open woods July to frost in Kirge clusters, very common in New England; found also in Central United States. '
Edible. — One of the most delicate favored of mushrooms and because of the ease with which all "coral mushrooms" may be identified one of the most valuable to the amateur.
CLAVARIA Cinerea (Bull.) from the Latin cinis, ashes.
Clusters 1 to 3 inches across, branches very num- erous, irregular, flattened, sub-divided at top into
Guide to the Mushrooms l65
many slender points, gray in color ; its distinguish- ing characteristic^ variable in mode of growth and size.
Stem. — Variable in size, short, lighter in color than the branches.
Spores. — Not obtainable from specimens gath- ered.
Or/or.— Mild.
Taste. — Mild.
Habitat. — In open woods, in clusters. June to frost. Common in all sections of the United States.
CLAVARIA cristata (Pers.) from the Latin crista^ crest.
Clusters. — 2 to 4 inches across and 2 1-2 inches high; clusters smaller tlian C. flava, branches num- erous, irregular, flattened at top and divided like horns, rather tough, stuffed white, variable in color, sometimes having a pinkish hue, tips often turning black with age. .
Steni. — Short, stout.
Spores. — Pointed, pale brown.
O^or.— Mild.
Taste.— MM.
Habitat. — Open woods, common, July to frost. P'ound in all sections of the United States.
Edible.
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MORCHELLA DELICIOSA
168 Guide to the Mushrooms
LEOTIA lubrica (Pers.) from the Latin, slip- pery.
Cap. — Up to 1 inch across, very irregular in shape, viscid, olive brown ; margin thick and wavy.
Flesh. — Thick, soft jelly-like, same color as cap.
Spore. — Bearing surface covers the upper sur- face of cap.
Spores. — Elliptical, narrow, transparent, con- taining ting glands or sacs arranged in rows.
Stem. — 1 to 2 inches high, equal, flat, pulpy, then hollow, yellow-brown, covered with minute white granules.
Odor. — Earthy.
Taste. — Mild.
Habitat. — On ground in woods, common, July to frost, growing singly and in clusters. Found fre- quently in New England and in Central sections of the United States.
Edible.
MORCHELLA deliciosa (Fr.) 'Sponge Mush- room." "Delicious Morel."
Cap. — 1 to S inches high, about 1 1-2 inches broad, cylindrical in shape ; its distinguishing char- acteristic, adnate to stem, hollow, composed of stout ribs which are deejjly pitted, giving it the ap- pearance of honey comb; color, buff to light brown.
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Flesh. — Thin_, white.
Spores. — Elliptical, eight to an ascus (spore case).
Stem. — 1 to 3 inches high up to 1 1-2 inches thick, smooth, hollow, white.
0 dor. — E arthy .
Taste.— UilA
Habitat. — In moist woods, in orchards under tree where ashes have been strewn, often beneath verandas, growling singly or in clusters of two or three ; frequent. April and May. Found very f re- quentl}^ in New Eng. and Central sections of U. S.
Edible. — Highly prized for its delicate flavor.
GEOGLOSSUM glutinosum (Pers.)
Entire plant 1 to 3 inches high, upper part clavate, entirely covered with the hymenium, slight- ly viscid and hairy, black, tapering down to the stem which is also viscid and black in color.
Spores.- — Contained in sac-like cells, eight in each cell, dark brown in color, cylindrical with obtuse ends, having three partitions. The shape and color of the spores are the important features of this species.
Guide to the Mushrooms 171
Odor. — Woody.
Taste.— "SIM
Habitat. — On wet ground, in swamps^ growing on moss; frequent during July and August. Found common in eastern and central United States.
Edible.
PEZIZA badia from the Latin^ bay color.
Cap. — 1 to !2 inches across, cup-shaped, granu- lar, dark brown, margin entire, wavy.
Flesh. — In two layers, the inner firm, outer spongy. Spore-bearing surface situated on upper surface of cups.
Spores. — Elliptical, transparent, minutely wart- ed, arranged in rows, the spores are ejected with such force when the mushroom is touched that they appear like a smoke issuing from the cap.
Stem. — Wanting.
Odor. — Earthy.
Taste. — Gelatinous.
Habitat. — On ground along woody roads, singly and in clusters, frequent, July to October. Found common in New England and central United States.
172 Guide to the Mushrooms
PEZIZA aurantia (Pers.) from the Latin golden. "The Golden Peziza."
Cap. — 1-2 to 2 inches broad^ cup-shaped becom- ing expanded to almost plane, deep orange on in- side of cup, light yellow on outside, which is cov- ered with delicate filaments^ that give it a frosted appearance.
Flesh. — Thin^ brittle.
Spores. — Elliptical, covered with a network of raised lines at maturity.
Stej}i. — Wanting.
Odor.—^lild.
Taste. — Mild
Habitat. — On ground, singly and in clusters, September and October. P'ound in eastern and cen- tral United States.
Edible.
HYPOMYCES lactifluorum (Schw.) from
the Latin milk, and to flow.
A parasite which attacks various mushrooms, but more particularly the species of Lactarius. The parasite alters the structure and appearance of the plant so that it is difficult to recognize the original.
Phallus Ravenellu
174 Wild Flotvers East of the Rockies
The attack is made when the plant is very young.
The gills are obliterated^ milk cells so changed that they yield no fluid; in the case of L. piperatus the peppery taste is wholly destroyed. The cap 23resents a granular^ orange-colored surface through- out its entirety.
Spores. — Are arranged in rows over the surface; spindle shaped^ rough, transparent.
Flesh. — White and firm.
Oc/or.— Mild.
Taste.— Uildi
Habitat. — In woods wherever Lactarii are found.
Edible.
PHALLUS Ravenelii (Bull.)
Cap. — 1 to 2 inches high^ conical-shaped;, sur- face smooth;, deliquescing, blackish-green in color; ajDcx white, smooth, finally with opening in center.
Gills. — None.
Spores. — Enclosed in jelly-like substance on outer surface of cap ; oblong.
Stem. — 2 to 4 inches high, up to 2 inches thick, tapering at each end, hollow, composed of cellular tissue which resembles the mantle of a Welsbach burner^ white.
Ring. — None.
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Veil. — Concealed beneath the cap.
J^olva. — Ovoid, gleatinous, remaining at lower part of stem when plant has burst through.
Odor. — Very disagreeable, like carrion.
Habitat. — About decaying wood, under piazzas, on lawns, in woods.
Not edible.
GEASTER hygrometricus (Pers.)
"Water Measuring Earth Star." Pouch. — Globose, depressed.
Outer case or skin. — Dividing into 7 to 20 seg- ments, tough, drawn closely together when dry, swelling, becoming flexible and spreading out flat, star shaped upon the ground when moist, dingy white in color.
Inner case or skin. — Globose, pointed slightly at moiith which is irregular, pitted, grayish ; w^hen young, soft and creamy white, containing the spores which are emitted in a brown powder when the fun- gus is touched.
Spores. — Globose, minutely warted, brown.
Ste77i. — Wanting.
Odor. — Not noticeable.
Taste. — Not strong.
Habitat. — In sandv fields, verv common July and August. Found all over the United States.
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178 TVild Flowers East of the Rockies
CALVATIA gigantea (Batch.)
"Giant piifF-ball."
Plant. — 10 to 20 inches in diameter^ globose^ with a root-like base^ opening at upper part^ rather reg- ularly.
Outer skin. — Smooth, sometimes cracked in areas, whitish.
Inner skin. — Fragile, thread-like, white then greenish-yellow, finally black, adhering to outer skin.
Spores and threads fill the inside of the globe- shaped mushroom. Spores very numerous, globose, even, but sometimes minutely warted ; greenish-yel- low then brown, emitted from the opening in the plant in "smoke."
Odor. — Earthy.
Taste. — Mild when white through, bitter when of any other color.
Habitat. — On ground in pastures, along road- sides, common, August to October. Common in all sections of the United States.
Edible. — When white throughout. One of the very best mushrooms.
CALVATIA cyathiformis (Bosc.)
Plant 3 to 6 inches in diameter, pear-shaped with a cup-shaped, rooting base that remains af-
Calvatia craniiformis
180 Wild Flowers East of the Rockies
ter the spores have been disseminated, the dis- tinguishing feature of this species.
Outer skin. — Thick, brownish, cracking into large areas.
Inner skin. — Pale to dark purple, fragile.
Spores and threads. — Violet to j)urple, spores rough, globose, threads long.
Odor. — Earthy.
Taste. — ]\Iild when white, bitter when of any other color.
Habitat. — On ground in pastures, common, July to October. Common all over the United States.
Edible.
CALVATIA craniiformis (Schw.)
"Brain-shaped Puff-ball."
Plant or Pouch. — 3 to 6 inches in diameter, 4 to 5 inches in height, top shaped, depressed above.
Outer skin or corteoc. — Very thin and fragile, grayish-white often folded in areas resembling the folds of a brain, hence the name.
Inner skin. — Thin, very fragile, yellowish- brown, upper part breaking away first.
Stem-like base or Subgleba.- -Very thick, with a cordlike root. Occupies abou!; one-half the entire plannt, cup-shaped, remaining after the upper part of pouch has disappeared.
Guide to the Mushrooms 181
Spores and threads. — Greenish-yellow, then brown ; spores globose intermingled with the branch like threads.
Odor.— Mild.
Taste. — Mild while puff-ball is white; when tinged even slightly with yellow, very bitter.
Habitat. — On ground in woods in central Unit- ed States ; September and October ; growing sing- ly, not common.
Edible.
CALVATIA Saccata (Fr.) from saccus a bag, "Long-stemmed puff-ball."
Plant. — 2 to 4 inches high 1 to 2 inches broad, globose, supported on a long stem-like base, scaly, often folded in plaits beneath; white becoming brownish at maturity.
Stem. — Narrowed downward, rather thick, col- ored like top.
Spores. — Rough, dingy brown.
O^or.— Mild. Taste. — Mild.
Habitat. — Woods swamps quite frequent July to November. Edible.
LYCOPERDON pyriforme (Schaeff.) Tear- shaped."
Plant. — 1-2 to 1 1-2 inches across,, up to 1 1-2
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Guide to the Mushrooms 183
inclics liigh. sessile, with tiny roots at base, cov- ered with minute scales which give a roughened ap- pearance to the skin, growing in clusters; cream- white, then dingy brown.
Spores. — Smooth, round, contained witliin the "pear-shaped" sac of the plant and emitted at ma- turity in a powder or "smoke from the moutli of the sac.
Odor. — Slightly acrid.
Taste. — Slightly acrid.
Habitat. — On stumps and decaying wood, very common evervwhere, Julv to November. Found in all sections of the United States.
Edible.
SCLERODERMA vulgare (Fr.) from the
Latin vulgaris, common.
Plant. — Somewhat globose, but inclined to be ir- regular in shape.
Outer skin. — Hard, composed of brownish yel- low warts.
Inner 77iass. — In which the spores are collected in heaps, separated by white thread-like fibres ; whole appearance of inner mass black and solid; cuts like a potato.
Spores. — Black, globose, warted.
Stem. — Wanting.
Odor. — Earthy.
184 Guide to the Mushrooms
Taste. — Mild.
Habitat. — On ground in open woods^ very com- mon, growing singly July to October. Found in all sections of the United States.
Edible.
GLOSSARY.
ABORTIVE. Imperfect, wanting. ABRUPT. Terminating suddenly. ACICULAR. Needle-shaped, as shape of spine. ACUTE. Sharp; applied to gills having sharp edges or to those pointed at both ends.
ADHERING. Sticking together.
ADNATE. Growing into; as gills broadly attached to stem.
ADNEXED. Applied to gills attached to stem but not adnate.
AGARIC. Any gill-bearing fungus.
AGGLOMERATE, (a) Clustered together but not connected; (b) gathered into a heap or pile.
ALUTACEOUS. Having the color of leather.
ALVEOLATE. Bitted, resembling honey-comb.
ANASTOMOSING. Interlacing of branched veins or lines, said of gills that are united by fine lines or partitions.
ANNULAR. Ring-shaped.
ANNULUS. The ring on the stem of the mushroom formed by the separation of the veil from the margin of the cap.
ANTERIOR. In front, the end of a gill next the mar- gin is called the anterior end.
APEX. The summit, in mushrooms, the end of the stem nearest the gill.
APICULATE. Terminating in an abrupt point.
186 Guide to the Mushrooms
APPENDICULATE. Hanging in small fragments, as the remnants of the veil sometimes hang from the margin of the pileus.
APPROXIMATE. Said of gills which approach but
do not reach the stem. ARACHNOID. Like a cobweb. ARCUATE. Bow-shaped.
AREOLATE. Divided into little areas or patches. ARTICULATE. Jointed.
ASCENDING, (a) Apphed to a gill where its edge forms an ascending line from the margin of the cap to the apex of the stem, as in conical shaped pilei; (b) applied to the partial veil in the young stage of the mushroom when its attachment to the stem is below its attachment to the margin of the cap, in this case the ring formed from this veil is called inferior,
ASCOMYCETES. A group of fungi in which the spores are produced in tiny sack-like cells called asci.
ASCOPHORE. Sporophore bearing an ascus.
ASCUS. Microscopic, cask-like cell in which spores, generally eight in number, are developed.
ATROPURPUREOUS. Dark purple.
ATROSANGINUEOUS. Dark blood color.
ATTENUATE. Becoming gradually narrow or small- er. AURANTIACUS. Orange-colored. AURICULATE. Ear-shaped.
BADIOUS. Bay; reddish-brown; chestnut color. BASE. Opposite extremity of apex.
BASIDIOMYCETES. A group of fungi which has its spores produced on basidia.
Guide to the Mushrooms 187
BASIDIUM. Mother-cell in the hymenium of basidi- omycetes formed on the end of a hyphal branch and abstricting spores; the spores are generally four in number each on a sterigma, but some- times more, sometimes fewer and sometimes sessile.
BULBOUS. Said of a stem when it has a bulb-like swelling at the base.
CAESPITOSE. Growing in clumps.
CAMPAXULATE. Bell-shaped.
CAP. Pileus; the umbrella-like expansion of the mushroom.
CAPILLARY. Resembling hair.
CASTAXEOUS. Chestnut-colored.
CELL. A little cavity or hollow place; a mass of protoplasm of various size and shape, generally microscopic with or without a nucleus and en- closing wall, the fundamental form-element of every organized body,
CELLULAR. Composed of cells.
CERACEOUS. Waxy.
CERVIXE. Pawn-colored.
CHLOROPHYL. The green coloring matter of
plants. CHLOROSIS. Blanching, whitening. CILIA. Short parallel hairs, fringing the margin. CIXEREOUS. Ash-colored. CIXXABARIXE. Brilliant red. CIXXAMOMEOUS. Cinnamon-colored.
CLATHRATE. Latticed.
CLAVATE. Club-shaped.
CLOSE. Said of gills when they are close together.
188 Guide to the Mushrooms
COALESCENT. Growing together of similar parts.
COCHLEATE. Sliaped like a snail-shell.
COHERENT. Sticking together.
COMOSE. Hairy.
CONCOLOROUS. Of one color.
CONVEXO-PLANE. Between convex and plane.
CONVOLUTE. Covered with irregular depressions like the convolutions of a brain.
CORRUGATE. Wrinkled, puckered.
CORTEX. The rind or bark; the rind-like layers of
some fungi. CORTINA. Marginal veil of spider-web structure
rupturing at or near the stem.
CRENATE. Scalloped.
CRETACEOUS. Chalky.
CRISP. Having the surface, especially near the mar- gin wavy.
CRYPTOGAMIA. Flowerless plants propogated by spores.
CURT. Short.
CUTICLE. A distinct skin-like layer used to describe the skin-like layer, separable or unseparable, pre- sent upon the pileus,
CYANEOUS. Bright-blue.
CYATHIFORM. Cup-shaped.
DECUMBENT. Applied to a stem having the base resting upon the ground.
DECURRENT. Applied to gills which are prolonged down the stem.
DELIQUESCENT. Becoming liquid at maturity.
DENTATE. Tooth-shaped.
DENUDATE. Naked; exposed.
Guide to the Mushrooms 189
DEPRESSED. Sunk below the level of the surround- ing margin.
DESCENDING. Applied to a marginal veil when in the young stage its marginal-attachment is below the level of the stem-attachment; a ring formed from it is called superior.
DICHOTOMOUS. Regularly divided by pairs from below upwards.
DIFFORMED. Irregular in form. DISCIFORM. Disc-shaped.
DISCOMYCETES. A group of ascomycetous fungi in which the hymenium is exposed.
DORSAL. Pertaining to the back; in fungi to the upper surface of the pileus.
DOWN. Fine, soft hair.
EBENEOUS. Black like ebony.
EBURNEOUS. Ivory white.
ECCENTRIC. Not central, said of a stem which is attached to the pileus at some point between the center and the margin.
ECHINATE. Furnished with stiff bristles.
ELLIPTIC. More than twice as long as broad.
EMARGINATE. Notched at the end, applied to gills which have a notch close to the stem.
ENTIRE. Having the edge without toothing division.
EQUAL. Applied to a stei i of uniform thickness; to gills of equal length.
ESCULENT. Edible.
EVEN. Having no depressions, no pits or striations, different from smooth tnd glabrous, which see.
FARINACEOUS. Mealy.
FARINOSE. Covered with a meal-like powder.
190 Guide to the Mushrooms
FASCICLE. A small bundle.
FASTIGIATE. (a) With branches erect and close together; (b) sloping upward to a summit.
FERRUGINOUS. Iron-rust-colored. FIBRILLOSE. Covered with minute fibres. FIGURATE. Applied to a hymenium borne upon
gills, spines. FILAMENT. A separate fibre. FISSILE. Capable of being divided into layers. FISSURED. Split. FISTULOSE. Tubular, hollow.
FIXED, Said of gills or spines not readily detached from the underlying tissue.
FLACCID. Soft and limber, flabby. FLAVOUS. Yellow.
FLESH. Inner substance of a fungus body as dis- tinguished from the cortical layers.
FLOCCOSE. Woolly.
FREE. Said of gills which are not attached to the stem.
FUGACIOUS. Fading early.
FULIGINOUS. Smoky; sooty.
FULVESCENT. Somewhat tawny.
FULVOUS. Reddish-yellow.
FUMOSE. Smoke-colored.
FUNGUS. A thallophyte characterized by the ab- sence of chlorophyll and deriving its substance from living or dead organic matter.
FUNICULAR. Having the character of small cords.
FURCATE. Forked.
FURFURACEOUS. Covered with bran-like parti- cles.
Guide to the Mushrooms IQl
FUSCOUS. Brown tinged with gray.
FUSIFOR]\r. Spindle-shaped tapering from middle to both ends.
GASTEROMYCETES. A group of Basidiomycetes in which the hymenium is enclosed in a sack-like envelope called the peridium.
GELATINOUS. Jelly-like.
GENUS (pi. GENERA). A classified group ranking next above a species, containing one or more species.
GIBBOUS. In the form of a swelling; applied to a pileus which is more convex one side than the other.
GILL. Vertical plates radiating from the stem on the under side of the pileus on which the hyme- nium is situated: lamella.
GLABROUS. Smooth; applied to a surface devoid of down or hair; a surface may be glabrous and not even or vice versa.
GLANDS. Moist or sticky dots.
GLAUCOUS. Covered with fine whitish-green pow- der, easily rubbed off.
GLEBA. In Gastromycetes, spore-bearing tissue com- posed of chambers lined with the hymenium and enclosed by the sack-like peridium, as in puff- balls; in phalloids the peridium or volva ruptures and the gleba is carried up on a stipe-like recep- tacle.
GLOBOSE, GLOBULAR. Nearly spherical.
GLUTINOUS. Covered with a sticky exudation.
GRANULAR. Covered with tiny grain-like particles.
GREGARIOUS. Growing in groups but not in a tuft- ed manner.
192 Guide to the Mushrooms
GUTTATE. Spotted with drops.
GYRATE. Having folds resembling those of a brain.
HABITAT. The natural place of growth of a species.
HIRSUTE. Covered with long stiff hairs.
HOARY. Covered with short grayish-white hairs.
HYALINE. Transparent.
HYGROPHANOUS. Looking watery when moist, opaque when dry.
HYMENIUM. The spore-bearing surface covering
each side of the gill of an Agaric. HYMEXOMYCETES. A group of BASIDIOMYCE-
TES having the hymenium on the free exposed
surface of the sporophore.
HYPHA. The elementary thread of a fungus. IMBRICATE. Overlapping like shingles on a roof.
INFERIOR. Below, applied to a ring formed from a veil, which in its young state has its stem at- tachment below the level of its marginal attach- ment.
INFUNDIBULIFORM. Funnel-shaped.
LACCATE. As if varnished or covered with shellac.
LAMELLA. See gills.
LANATE. Covered with a wool-like pubescence.
LANCEOLATE. Lance-shaped many times longer than broad.
LATERAL. Attached to, or by. one side.
LIVID. Bluish-black like the color of a bruise
LURID. Sordid, dirty brownish.
LUTEOUS. Egg-yellow.
MARGINATE. Having a well defined border.
Guide to the Mushrooms 19^
MYCELIUM!. Si^awn of fungi resulting from the ger- mination of tile spores forming root-like threa.ls (the hyphae).
MYCOLOGY. The science of fungi.
NAKED. Bare without covering of any kind.
NODULE. A little lump.
NUCLEATE. A little nucleus.
OPAQUE. Mostly used in the sense of dull not shin- ing.
PAPILONACEOUS. Variegated; mottled as the gills of Panaeolous mottled with black spores.
PARASITE. A plant growing on another living body.
PERIDIUM. The outer coat of the sporophore as in puff-balls.
PERSISTENT. Enduring, continuing without decay- ing or falling off.
PILEUS. The umbrella-like cap or similar receptacle of fungi; it may be regular or irregular in form.
PLICATE. Plaited.
POSTERIOR. Denotes a position on under side of pileus adjacent to the stem, the end of the gills next the stem is the posterior end. PRUINATE. Covered with a bloom or powder. PUBESCENCE. General term to describe hairiness. PUNCTATE. Having dots scattered over the surface.
RETICULATE. Marked with crossed lines like a
net. RING, ANNULUS. Part of the veil adhering to the
stem.
RUFOUS. Dull-red.
RUGOSE. Wrinkled.
SACCATE. In the form of a pouch.
13
19i Guide to the Mushrooms
SANGUINEOUS. Blood-colored. SCABROUS. Rough to the touch.
SCISSILE. Capable of being split; said of gills
which can be split into two plates. SEPTATE. Having partitions. SERIATE. Arranged in rows. SERICEOUS. Silky.
SERRATE. Having marginal teeth like a saw. SESSILE. Having no stem or stalk.
SINUATE. Winding in and out, said of gills that are alternately convex and concave.
SMOOTH. Glabrous, destitute of pubescence; a sur- face may be uneven and yet smooth. SOLITARY. Growing singly. SORDID. Of a dirty tinge.
SPATHULATE. Having a flat, round top with a long narrow base.
SPORE. The reproductive body of cryptograms anal- agous to seeds.
SQUAMULOSE. Covered with minute scales.
SQUARROSE. Rough with scales.
STIPE. Stalk or stem of a mushroom.
STRIATE. Marked with lines.
STROBILIFORM. Resembling a pine cone.
STUFFED. Said of a stem filled with a cottony pith.
SULCATE. Grooved.
SUPERFICIAL. Situated close to the surface.
SUPERIOR. Upper surface, applied to a ring formed from a partial veil which in the young state has its stem attachment above the level of the mar- ginal attachment.
Guide to the M u.sJirooms l9'>
TESFALATED. Arranged in small squares; check- ered. TOMSXTOSE. Wcclly.
TOMEXTUM. Long soft hairs pressed close to the surface.
TORTUOUS. Bending or turning in various direc- tions.
TRAM A. The substance extending from the hymen- cphore between the plates of the gills in Agarics and between the double membranes, of which the partitions of the pores are composed, in the POLYPOREI; the plates forming the walls of the chamber of the gleba in GASTEROMYCE- TES.
TREMELLOID. Jelly-like.
TRUNCATE. Ending abruptly as if cut off.
TUBAEFORM. Trumpet-shaped.
TUBE. In polyphores tube lined with hymenium;
pore. TUBERCLE. A small knob or swelling.
TUMID. Inflated swollen.
TURBINATE. Top-shaped.
UMBILICATE. Having a navel-like or central de- pression.
UMBO. A knob in the center of the pileus.
UNDULATE. Having the surface near the margin wavy.
UNEQUAL. Applied to gills of varying lengths, to a stem of not uniform thickness.
VAGINATE. Furnished with a sheath.
VASCULAR. Furnished with ducts.
196 Guide to ihe Mushrooms
VEIL, (a) Partial or marginal veil, a special covering extending from the margin of the pileus to the stem enclosing the gills; (b) universal veil or volva a covering enclosing the entire plant when in young state either joined to the cuticle of the pileus, as in Lepiota, or separated, as in Aman- ita, ultimately ruptured by the expanding pileus; (c) a fibrous or granulose coating stretched over the mouth of a cup soon breaking up into frag- ments.
VEINS. Swollen wrinkles at the base and on the sides of gills often connected to form cross par- titions.
VENOSE. Veined.
VENTRICOSE. Swelling out in the middle.
VERMICULAR. Worm-shaped.
VERNAL. Pertaining to spring.
VILLOUS. Covered with soft hair.
VISCID. Sticky.
VISCOUS. Gluey.
VOLVA (a) Same as universal veil the name is often applied to that part of a separate volva which is left after rupturing attached to the base of the stem in the form of a sheath; (b) the peridium in phalloids is similar to the volva in Amanitae.
WART. Any wart-like excrescence found on the pil- eus of fungi name applied to the wart-like re- mains of the volva which adhere to the pileus of some Amanitae.
ZONES. Circular bands of color.
INDEX OF GENERA.
AGARICUS campester ( Linn.) 119
silvaticus ( Schoeff ) 121
AMANITA Caesaria ( Scop.) 49
crenulata ( Pk. ) 50
excelsa ( Fr.) 45
Frostiana ( Pk. ) 47
muscaria ( Linn. ) 46
phalloides ( Fr. ) 45
rubescens (Pers.) 49
AMAXITOPSIS vaginata ( Roze) Sa
AMILLARIA mellea ( Wahl. ) 59
BOLETINUS pictus ( Pk. ) 138
porosus ( Berk. ) 139
BOLETUS Americanus (Pk.) 140
bicolor (Pk.) 141
" castaneus (Bull. ) 150
" chromapes ( Fr. ) 147
" chrysentereon (Fr.) 146
ediilis (Bull) 147
felleus (Bull) 149
flavidus (Fr.) 140
" granulatus (Linn.) 142
ornatipes (Pk. ) 143
scaber (Fr.) 145
" variegatus (Swartz) 143
CALVATIA craniiformis (Schw.) 181
" cyathiformis (Bosc.) 179
" gigantea (Batsch) 179
saccata (Fr. ( 182
198 Guide to the Mushrooms
CANTHARBLLUS cibarius (Fr.) 99
CLAVARIA cinerea (Bull) 165
cristata (Pers.) . 166
flava (Schaeff) 165
CLITOCYBE gilva (Pers.) 69
illudens (Schw.) 67
laccata (Scop.) 65
CLITOPILUS prunulus (Scop.) 104
COLLYBIA confluens (Pers.) 73
dryophila (Bull) 75
radlcata (Relh.) 71
yelutipes (Curt.) 71
COPRINUS atramentarius (Bull) 131
comatus (Fr.) 130
micaceus (Bull) 133
CORTIXARIUS cinnabarinus (Fr.) 113
cinuamomeus (Fr.) 115
corrugatus (Pk.) 116
" violaceus (Fr.) 112
ENTOLOMA clypeatum (Linn.) 105
rhodopollum (Fr.) 1U4
FISTULINA hepatica (Fr.) 153
GE ASTER hygrometricus (Pers.) 177
GEOGLOSSUM glutinosum (Pers.) 171
HYDNUM imbricatum (Linn.) 159
repandum (Linn.) 161
HYGROPHORUS miniatus (Fr.) 83
HYPHOLOMA appendiculatum (Bull) 125
" perplexum (Pk.) 127
sublateritium (Schaeff) 129
HYPOMYCES lactifluorum (Schw.) 173
LACTARIUS piperatus (Fr.) 87
subdulcis (Fr.) 89
volemus (Fr.) 85
((
(<
Guide to the Mushrooms 199
LEOTIA liibrica (Pers.) 169
LEPIOTA naucinoides (Pk.) 57
procera (Scop.) 55
LYCOPERDON pyriforme (Schaeff) 182
MARASMIUS oreades (Fr.) 99
MORCHELLA deliciosa (Fr.) 169
MYCENA galericiilata (Scop.) 77
NAUCORIA semi-orbicularis (Bull) Ill
OMPHALIA campanella (Batch) 79
PAXAEOLUS retiriigis (Fr.) 139
solidipes (Pk.) 137
PEZIZA aurantia (Pers.) 173
badia (Pers.) 172
PHALLUS Ravenelii (Bull) 175
PHOLIOTA adiposa (Fr.) 109
squarrosa (Mill.) 108
PLEUROTUS ostreatiis ( Jacq.) 79
sapidiis (Kalchb.) 81
PLUTEUS cervinus (Schaeff) 107
POLYPORUS betuliniis (Fr.) 157
brumalis (Fr.) 153
sulphiireus (Fi\) 155
POLYSTICTUS perennis (Fr.) 159
RUSSULA emetica (Fr.) 93
foetens (Fr.) 91
fragilis (Fr.) 95
purpurina (Schiilz.) 89
roseipes (Seer.) 97
virescens. (Fr.) 95
SCLERODERMA vulgare (Fl. Dan.) 184
SPARASSIS crispa (Fr.) 163
STROBILOMYCES strobilaceus (Berk.) 151
n (< (< <<
200 Guide to the Mushrooms
STROPHARIA semiglobata (Batsch.) 123
TRICHOLOMA personatiim (Fr.) 61
russiila ( Schaeff . ) 63
sejimctum ( Sow. ) 65
VOLVARIA speciosa (Fr.) 103
INDEX OF SPECIES.
Page adiposa (Pholiota) 109
Americaniis ( Boletus ) 140
appendiculatiim (Hypholoma) • 125
atramentariiis (Copriniis) 131
aurantia ( Feziza ) 173
badia ( Feziza ) 172
betiiliniis ( Polyporiis ) 157
bicolor (Boletus) 141
brumalis ( Folyporus ) 153
Caesaria (Amanita) 49
eampanella ( Omphalia ) 79
campester (Agaricus) 119
castaneus (Boletus) 150
cervinus (Fluteus) 107
chromapes ( Boletus) 147
chrysentereon (Boletus) 146
cibarius (Cantharellus) 99
cinnabarinus (Cortinarius) 113
cinnamomeus (Cortinarius) 115
cinerea (Clavaria) 165
clypeatum ( Entoloma) 105
comatus (Coprinus) 130
confluens (Collybia) 73
corrugatus (Cortinarius) 116
craniiformis (Calvatia) 181
202 Guide to the Mushrooms
crenulata (Amanita) 50
crispa (Sparassis) 163
cristata (Clavaria) 166
cyathiformis (Calvatia) 179
deliciosa (Morchella) 169
dryophila (Collybia) 75
edulis (Boletus) 147
emetica (Russiila) 93
excelsa (Amanita) .". 45
felleus (Bcletus) 149
flava (Clavaria) 165
flavidus (Boletus) 140
foetens (Russula) 91
fragilis (Russula) 95
Prostiana (Amanita) 47
galericulata (Mycena) 77
^igantea (Calvatia) 179
gilva (Clitocybe) 69
glutinosum (Geoglossum) 171
granulatus (Boletus) 142
hepatica (Fistulina) 153
hygrometricus (Geaster) 177
illudens (Clitocybe) 67
imbricatum (Hydnum) 159
laccata (Clitocybe) 65
lactifluorum (Hypomyces) 173
lubrica (Leotia) 169
mellea (Armillaria) 59
micaceus (Coprinus) 133
miniatus (Hygrophorus) 24-83
Guide to the Mushrooms 203
muscaria (Amanita) 46
naucinoicles (Lepiota) 57
oreades (Marasmius) 99
ornatipes (Boletus) 143
ostreatus (Pleiirotus) 79
perennis (Polystictiis) 159
perplexum (Hypholoma) 127
personatiim (Tricholoma) 61
phalloides (Amanita) 45
pictus (Boletinns) 138
piperatus (Lactarins) 87
porosus (Boletinns) 139
procera (Lepiota) 55
prunnlns (Clitopilus) 104
pnrpnrina (Rnssnla) 89
pyriforme (Lycoperdon) 182
radicata (Collybia) 71
Ravenelii (Phallus) 175
repandum (Hydnum) 159
retirugis (Panaeolus) 136
rhodopolium (Entoloma) 104
roseipes (Russula) 97
rubescens (Amanita) 49
russula (Tricholoma) 63
saccata (Calvatia) 182
sapidus (Pleurotus) 81
scaber (Boletus) 145
sejunctum (Tricholoma) 65
semiglobata (Stropharia) 123
semi-orbicularis (Xancoria) Ill
204 Guide to the Mushrooiyis
silvaticiis ( Agariciis) 121
solidipes (Panaeoliis) 137
speciosa (Volvaria) 103
squarrosa ( Plioliota) 108
strobilaceiis ( Strobilomyces) 151
subdulcis (Lactarius) 89
siiblateritium (Hypholoma) 129
siilphiireiis ( Polyporus) 155
vaginata (Amanitopsis) 53
variegatus (Boletus) 143
velutipes (Collybia) 71
violaceus (Cortinarius) 112
virescens (Riissiila) 95
volemus (Lactarius) 85
vulgare (Scleroderma) 184
INDEX OF COMMON NAMES.
Page
American Boletus 14U
Beefsteak Mushroom 153
Birch-tree Polyporus 157
Bitter Boletus 149
Blushing Amanita 49
Brain-Shaped Puff-ball 181
Brick Top 129
Chestnut Boletus 150
Cinnamon-colored Cortinarius 118
Common Field Mushroom 119
Coral Mushroom 165
Corrugated Cortinarius 116
Delicious Morel 169
Eccentric Stemmed Boletinus 139
Egg-yellow Chanterelle 99
Fairy Ring 99
Fat Pholiota 109
Fly Amanita 46
Giant Puff-ball 179
Golden Peziza 173
Hedge Mushroom 161
Honey Mushroom 59
Inky Cap 131
Long Stemmed Puff-ball 182
j 206 Guide to the Mushrooms
Oak-loving Mushroom 75
Orange Amanita 49
Oyster jNIushroom 30-79
Painted Boletinus lo'S
Pale Yellow Boletus 140
Parasol Mushroom 55
Perplexing Hypholoma 127
Red-Cracked Boletus 146
Rooted Collybia 71
Shaggy Mane 130
Smooth Lepiota 57
Sponge mushroom 169
Violet Cortinarius 112
Water Measuring Earth-Star 177
Winter Polyporus 153
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198 Guide to the Mushrooms
CAXTHARELLUS cibarius (Fr.) 99
CLAVARIA cinerea (Bull) 165
cristata (Pers.) 166
flava (Schaeff) 165
CLITOCYBE gilva (Pers.) 69
illiidens (Schw.) 67
laccata (Scop.) 65
CLITOPILUS prunuliis (Scop.) 104
COLLYBIA confliiens (Pers.) 73
dryophlla (Bull) 75
radicata (Relli.) 71
velutipes (Curt.) 71
COPRINUS atramentarius (Bull) 131
comatus (Fr.) 130
micaceus (Bull) 133
CORTINARIUS clnnabarinus (Fr.) 113
cinnamomeus (Fr.) 115
" corrugatus (Pk.) 116
violaceus (Fr.) 112
EXTOLOMA clypeatum (Linn.) 105
rhodopolium (Fr.) 1U4
FISTULINA hepatica (Fr.) 153
GE ASTER hygrometricus (Pers.) 177
GEOGLOSSUM glutinosum (Pers.) 171
HYDNUM imbricatum (Linn.) 159
repandum (Linn.) 161
HYGROPHORUS miniatus (Fr.) 83
HYPHOLOMA appendiculatum (Bull) 125
" perplexum (Pk.) 127
sublateritium (Schaeff) 129
HYPOMYCES lactifluorum (Schw.) 173
LACTARIUS piperatus (Fr.) 87
subdulcis (Fr.) 89
volemus (Fr.) 85
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Guide to the Mushrooms
199
LEOTTA lubrica (Pers.) 169
LEPIOTA naucinoides (Pk.) 57
procera (Scop.) 55
LYCOPERDOX pyriforme (Schaeff) 182
MARAS Alius oreades (Fr.) 99
MORCHELLA deliciosa (Fr.) 169
MYCENA galericulata (Scop.) 77
NAUCORIA semi-orbicularis (Bull) Ill
OMPHALIA campanella (Batch) 79
PANAEOLUS retiriigis (Fr.) 139
solidipes (Pk.) 137
PEZIZA aurantia (Pers.) 173
badia (Pers.) 172
PHALLUS Ravenelii (Bull) 175
PHOLIOTA adiposa (Fr.) 109
squarrosa (Mill.) 108
PLEUROTUS ostreatus ( Jacq.) 79
sapidus (Kalchb.) 81
PLUTEUS cervlnus (Schaeff) 107
POLYPORUS betullnus (Fr.) 157
brumalis (Fr.) 153
" sulphureus (Fr.) 155
POLYSTICTUS perennis (Fr.) 159.
RUSSULA emetica (Fr.) 93
foetens (Fr.) 91
fragilis (Fr.) 95
purpurina (Schulz.) 89
roselpes (Seer.) 97
virescens. (Fr.) 95
SCLERODERMA vulgare (Fl. Dan.) 184
SPARASSIS crispa (Fr.) 163
STROBILOMYCES strobilaceus (Berk.) 151
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200 Guide to the Mushrooms
STROPHARIA semiglobata (Batsch.) 123
TRICHOLOMA personatum (Fr.) 61
russula ( Schaeff . ) 63
sejimctum (Sow.) 65
TOLVARIA speciosa (Fr.) 103
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INDEX OF SPECIES.
Page
adiposa ( Pholiota) 109
Americaniis (Boletus) 140
appendiciilatum (Hypholoma) - 125
atramentariiis (Coprinus) 131
aurantia (Feziza) 173
badia ( Feziza) 172
betiiliniis ( Folyporus) 157
bicolor (Boletus) 141
brumalis ( Folyporus ) 153
Caesaria (Amanita) 49
campanella (Omphalia) 79
campester (Agaricus) 119
castaneus (Boletus) 150
cervinus (Fluteus) 107
chromapes (Boletus) 147
chrysentereon (Boletus) 146
cibarius (Cantharellus) 99
cinnabarinus (Cortinarius) 113
cinnamomeus (Cortinarius) 115
cinerea (Clavaria) 165
clypeatum (Entoloma) 105
comatus (Coprinus) 130
confluens ( Collybia) 73
corrugatus (Cortinarius) 116
craniiformis (Calvatia) , 181
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202 Guide to the Mushrooms
crenulata (Amanita) 50
crispa (Sparassis) 163
cristata (Clavaria) 166
cyathiformis (Calvatia) 179
deliciosa ( Morchella) 169
dryopliila (Collybia) ' 75
edulis (Boletus) 147
emetica (Russula) 93
excelsa (Amanita) r. 45
felleus (Boletus) 149
flava (Clavaria) 165
flavidus (Boletus) 140
foetens (Russula) 91
fragilis (Russula) 95
Frostiana (Amanita) 47
galericulata (Mycena) 77
^igantea (Calvatia) 179
gilva (Clitocybe) 69
glutinosum (Geoglossum) 171
granulatus (Boletus) 142
hepatica (Fistulina) 153
hygrometricus (Geaster) 177
illudens (Clitocybe) 67
imbricatum (Hydnum) 159
laccata (Clitocybe) 65
lactifluorum (Hypomyces) 173
lubrica (Leotia) 169
mellea (Armillaria) 59
micaceus (Coprinus) 133
miniatus (Hygrophorus) 24-83
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Guide to the MiisJirooms 203
miiscaria (Amanita) 46
naiicinoicles (Lepiota) 57
oreades (Marasmius) 99
ornatipes (Boletus) 143
ostreatiis fPlenrotus) 79
perennis (Polystictiis) 159
perplexum (Hypholoma) 127
personatiim (Tricholoma) 61
phalloides (Amanita) 45
pictns (Boletiniis) 138
])iperatus (Lactariiis) 87
porosiis (Boletiniis) 139
procera (Lepiota) 55
primiiliis (Clitopihis) 104
purpiirina (Rnssiila) 89
pyriforme (Lycoperdon) 182
radicata (Collybia) 71
Ravenelii (Phallus) 175
repandum (Hydniim) 159
retiriigis (Panaeoliis) 13G
rhodopoliiim (Entoloma) 104
roseipes (Russula) 97
rubescens (Amanita) 49
russula (Tricholoma) 63
saccata (Calvatia) 182
sapidus (Pleurotus) 81
scaber (Boletus) 145
sejunctum (Tricholoma) 65
semiglobata (Stropharia) 123
semi-orbicularis (Nancoria) Ill
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204 Guide to the Mushroo)7is
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solidipes (Panaeolus) 137
speciosa (Volvaria) 103
sqiiai rosa ( Pholiota) 108
strobilaceus ( Strobilomyces) 151
subdiilcis (Lactarius) 89
siiblateritiiim (Hypholoma) 129
siilphiireus ( Polyporiis) 155
vaginata (Amanitopsis) 53
variegatus (Boletus ) 143
veliitipes (Collybia) 71
violaceus (Cortinarius) 112
virescens (Russiila) 95
volemus (Lactarius) 85
vulgare (Scleroderma) 184
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INDEX OF COMMON NAMES
Page
American Boletus 14(J
Beefsteak Mushroom 153
Birch-tree Polyporus 157
Bitter Boletus 149
Blushing Amanita 49
Brain-Shaped Puff-ball 181
Brick Top 129
Chestnut Boletus 150
Cinnamon-colored Cortinarius 118
Common Field Mushroom , 119
Coral Mushroom 165
Corrugated Cortinarius 116
Delicious Morel 169
Eccentric Stemmed Boletinus 139
Egg-yellow Chanterelle 99
Fairy Ring 99
Fat Pholiota 109
Fly Amanita 46
Giant Puff-ball 179
Golden Peziza 173
Hedge Mushroom 161
Honey Mushroom 59
Inky Cap 131
Long Stemmed Puff-ball 182
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Oak-loving Mushroom 75
Orange Amanita 49
Oyster JNIushroom 30-79
Painted Boletinus 138
Pale Yellow Boletus 140
Parasol Mushroom 55
Perplexing Hypholoma 127
Red-Cracked Boletus 146
Rooted Collybia 71
Shaggy Mane 130
Smooth Lepiota 57
Sponge mushroom 169
Violet Cortinarius 112
Water Measuring Earth-Star 177
Winter Polyporus 153
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