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A GUIDE 
70 THE | 
mee PLOWERS 


PEATE XX: 


WILD HONEYSUCKLE. Azalea nudifiora. 


COPYRIGHT, 


1899. BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY, 


PRINTED IN AMERICA. 


A GUIDE 


TO THE 


WILD FLOWERS 


BY 
ALICE LOUNSBERRY 


WITH SIXTY-FOUR COLOURED AND ONE HUNDRED BLACK-AND- 
WHITE PLATES AND FIFTY-FOUR DIAGRAMS 


BY 


MRS. ELLIS ROWAN 


Wiitb an fMntroduction 
BY 


DR No L.- BRITTON 


Emeritus Professor of Botany, Columbia University, Author of “ An Lllustrated 
Flora,’ and Director of the New York Botanical Garden. 


a 
*% \"¥ ee ‘ 
q 4 LJ C a 
ae He 
NEW YORK 
FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY 
PUBLISHERS 


1894 


COPYRIGHT, 1899, 
By FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY 


JUL 35 1901 


NA R DET 
ee 
Contents. 
PREFACE, : . . . . . : 
LisT OF ILLUSTRATIONS, . ‘ : ‘ : 
INTRODUCTION BY DR. NATHANIEL LORD BRITTON, . 
A CHAPTER TO STUDY, ; , : : ‘ 
FIivE CoNsPicuous PLANT FAmMILIEs, ‘ : : 


PLANTS GROWING IN WATER, : ‘ - ; 
PLANTS GROWING IN Mup: Bocs, SWAMPS AND 
MARSHES, : ; ‘ ; . 
PLANTS GROWING IN Moist Soi: Low MEADOWS AND 
BY RUNNING STREAMS, . : A ‘ 
PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL: DEEP Woops 
AND HILLSIDEs, : P i ‘ ‘ 
PLANTS GROWING IN LiGHT SoIL: OpeN Woops, ; 
PLANTS GROWING IN SANDY SOIL, : ; : 
PLANTS GROWING IN Dry SoiL : UPLAND PLACEs, THICKETS 
AND MEADOws, . ; : ; : ‘ 
PLANTS GROWING IN WASTE SoIL: ROADSIDE BANKS AND 


LANES, . ; : ° ° ‘ Z 
INDEX TO COLOUR, . : ° : . : 
INDEX TO ENGLISH NAMES, ° . ° é 
INDEX To LATIN NAMES, . is . ° : 
INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS, : F ; ‘ 


PAGE. 


43 


79 


139 
203 


231 
256 


296 
326 
ao0 
34° 
346 


Preface. 


THE love of flowers is one of the earliest of passions, as it is 
one of the most enduring, Children with the bees and butter- 
flies delight in the opening of the spring ; and a bright boy that 
is reared in the country follows the season by its flowers. He 
it is that knows when to push aside the snow and dried leaves 
to find the first sweet blossoms of the trailing arbutus; nor 
does he mistake the dell where the white violet peeps shyly out 
for the spreading patch of blue violets to which he returns 
every year. He knows the hillside where the mountain laurel 
and the lambkill grow, and drives away the foolish cows that 
would eat of their fresh, green shoots. The precious haunt of 
the pink orchis and the rocky crag over which droops the lovely 
columbine is to him an unravelled mystery. <A stream of fish- 
ing he marks by the stately cardinal flower or the coy jewel- 
weed. 

His knowledge of them all is intimate and loving—one that he 
has acquired by his own skill and observation, and through this 
close friendship with them he feels proudly that they are his 
very own. The swamps and the woods, the hills and the road- 
sides, are his especial domain. 

The great poets of America have shown a profound apprecia- 
tion of their incomparable wild flowers. In fact, the impersonal 
love of flowers is one of the characteristics of modern poetry. 
But this has not always been so. The Persians made use of 
their flowers as mouthpieces to express their own sentiments 
and from them the idea radiated very generally. They served 
the ancient Greeks mostly as tombstones to commemorate their 
sorrows: and although the Greek boy knew where to find them 
and honoured them as favourites of his gods, he had not the 


vi PREFACE, 


same sentimental fondness for them as has our little American 
friend. -A wildrose would never say to him: “ I despise you ;” 
nor does he expect a black-eyed Susan to blush from shyness. 

The wild flowers have their own unique personalities, They 
exist as individuals and reproduce themselves. Every plant is 
a member of a family and has its relatives quite as well as 
those of the animal world. To know them it is necessary that 
we should seek them in their homes: they seldom come to us. 

It is for this reason that a classification according to the soil 
in which they grow is feasible. It is a tangible point of which 
to take hold. And although there are some fickle-minded 
plants that appear to flourish in different kinds of soil, they 
may be regarded rather as those straying away from family 
tradition, than as trustworthy examples. As a rule they are 
partial to particular kinds of soil and do not thrive nearly so 
well in other than that allotted to them by Dame Nature. The 
marsh marigold, with which most of us are familiar, when it 
reaches the sunny, warmer south retires to the wet, cool woods 
in search of a soil similar to that of its home marshes. The 
harebell, that is with us a shy plant, hiding itself in shady 
places and rooting in moist soil, in England ventures out into 
the meadows and highways. It has there not our midsummer 
heat with which to contend and finds the soil of the fields not 
unlike that of our shaded banks, 

It would therefore seem that, putting aside an analysis of 
their minuter parts, the different species of plants could be 
most readily known by their locality. “With one exception the 
great family of golden-rods are yellow; but they do not all 
grow in the same kind of soil. The knowledge, therefore, that 
one inhabits a swamp will be of more value to identify it than 
to know its colour. For the convenience of those, however, 
that are accustomed to a classification by colour, an index, in 
which the plants are arranged under the dominant colour of the 
blossoms, has been provided. 

With the knowledge of this point and knowing also the soil 


PREFACE. vil 


in which they grow, little difficulty should be encountered in 
determining the position of any plant in the book. 

It has seemed most natural to make the divisions of soil 
according to a gradation from plants that grow in water 
through those of mud and those of moist, rich, rocky, light and 
sandy soils respectively to those that flourish in dry and waste 
ground. Under this classification the primary idea in group- 
ing the genera has been to keep the families together, and so 
far as is consistent with this plan they have been arranged 
according to their seasons of blooming. 

The common English name, or several common names, when 
they exist, and the scientific names of the plants are first given. 
Accents have been placed upon the latter as being an assistance 
to their correct pronunciation. Then follow, so that they may 
be seen at a glance, the family, colour, odour, range and time 
of bloom, A simple analysis is also given, from which the 
manner of their growth and the form and number of their parts 
can be learned. From the routine order of placing first the 
root, or stem, a deviation has been indulged in by beginning 
with a description of the flowers. It is thought to be more 
considerate to allow the novice to satisfy his enthusiasm over 
the blossom before claiming his attention for the root, stem, 
and leaves. 

The technical terms that have been used will not be found 
difficult to conquer by a little patience and study of the next 
chapter. The student will then be armed with a vocabulary 
from which two words will serve him for twenty of his own 
that he might otherwise employ. Every science has its phe- 
nomena that individuals are ready to master; but for some 
strange reason botany has, until recently, been so enwrapped 
in the gloom of technical expressions that it has been declared 
impossible. Happily this idea has become a phantom of his- 
tory. The change undoubtedly is greatly owing to the many 
delightful books that have been written on this subject, It is 
these books that make naturalists, 


Vill PREFACE. 


Modesty, we learn from the flowers, is one of the winsome 
virtues, . It is therefore said with much modesty that what has 
been formerly lacking to make these books thoroughly useful 
and practicable to the student is supplied in the present volume. 
It is CoLour. To the development of science we owe the 
existence of the sixty-four coloured plates that are here repro- 
duced. They and the pen-and-ink sketches are from original 
studies from nature and show us many of our familiar as well 
as rare wild flowers. In the selection of them the range has 
not been limited ; simply from America’s great wealth of bloom 
those have been chosen that have some especial claim on our 
attention. This work has been greatly facilitated by the most 
kind and generous aid of Dr. Britton. 

Mrs. Rowan received invaluable assistance from Mr. Beadle, 
the well-known botanist of Baltimore ; and while in Asheville 
was enabled, through his courtesy and that of his colleagues, to 
get many rare specimens of native plants from the mountains 
of North Carolina. 

Besides accuracy, Mrs. Rowan has a particularly happy 
faculty of transmitting to paper the atmosphere of the plants, 
so that in looking at them we almost feel their texture and 
sense a whiff of the salt marsh in which they grew, or the cool, 
spicy odour of the pine thickets. How differently these 
coloured plates impress us from those that gave dreary pleasure 
to our ancestors, when a patch of colour and a bit of green 
that was taken on faith as the accompanying leaves caused 
them to exclaim mechanically, “ It is a-flower.” 

That the book introduces many new friends among the wild 
flowers and that it adds colour constitutes its claim upon the 
reader. 


About the flowers grave lessons cling, 
Let us softly steal like the tread of spring 
And learn of them, 


List of Illustrations. 


The mark * * * which appears in the list designates the plates that are pro- 
duced in colour. The number of the page given for each of these coloured 
plates is that of the printed page faced by the coloured plate in each case. 


PLATE. PAGE. 
Il. WATER-ARUM. Cadla palustris, . : - : p ***® 20 

Il GOLDEN CLUB. Ovoxtium aquaticum, A 5 23 
Ill. YELLOW POND-LILY. yfhea advena, . : : : 25 
IV. YELLOW NELUMBO. Velumdbo lutea, . ; : ; : 27 
V. COMMON WHITE WATER CROWFOOT. 2atrachium trichophylium, 29 
YELLOW WATER CROWFOOT. Aanunculus delphinifolius, - 29 

VI. WATER HEMLOCK. Cicuta maculata, . . : : . 31 
Vil. WATER-HYACINTH. /2aropus crassipes, . . . sta ere 
Vill. COMMON BLADDERWORT. U?ricularia vulgaris, . . . 35 
IX. ARROW-HEAD. Segtttaria latifolia, 5 E . é . a7 
X. WATER-PLANTAIN. 4 ¢¢ssa Plantago-aguatica, . . . 39 
XI. AMPHIBIOUS KNOTWEED. /0dygonum amphibium, . . . es 
XIl. FLOATING-HEART. 27nanthemum lacunosumt, ° . : 42 
XII]. AMERICAN CRINUM. C72xum Americanum, . . . a et) ae 
XIV. SWAMP PINK. ‘elonzas bullata, . : - - : 45 
XV. PITCHER-PLANT. Sarracenia purpurea, . . . abana wee 
XVI. MARSH MARIGOLD. Ce@dtha palustris, . . . . . 49 
XVII. GOLD THREAD. Coftistrzfolia, . . . . . . 51 
XVII SWAMP ROSE. Aosa Carolina, - . - ‘ . A 52 
XIX. LIZARD’S TAIL. Saururus cernuus, x - ° A = 54 
XX. WILD HONEYSUCKLE. <42alea nudifiora, . : *** Frontispiece. 
XXI. WHITE SWAMP HONEYSUCKLE. 42a@/ea viscosa, . . ges 


XXII. AMERICAN CRANBERRY, O-3’coccus macrocarpus, : D . 58 


XXVII. 
XXVIII. 
XXIX. 
XXX. 
XXXI. 
XXXIl. 
XXXIill. 


XXXIV. 
XXXV. 
XXXVI. 
XXXVI. 
XXXVIII. 
XXXIX. 
XL. 
XLI. 
XLIl. 


XLII. 


XLIV. 
XLV. 
XLVI. 
XLVII. 
XLVIII. 
XLIX. 


LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 


CALOPOGON. Limodorum tuberosum, . : 2 
SNAKE-MOUTH. ogonia ophioglossoides, 

SMALL PURPLE-FRINGED ORCHIS. ‘“edenaria psycodes, 
WHITE-FRINGED ORCHIS, ‘adenaria blepharigiottis, | 
YELLOW-FRINGED ORCHIS. “Vabenaria ciliaris 

MARSH CLEMATIS. Clematis crispa, 

HORNED BLADDERWORT. U/ricularia cornuta, 

ROSE MALLOW. 72discus Moscheutos, 

BUCKBEAN. Din vnthes trifoliata, 

SEA PINK. S@ddatia campanulata, 2 ‘ 

VENUS’S FLY-TRAP. Doxe@a muscipula, 

MILKWEED. Asclepias lanceolata, s F ‘ 
ASHY MILKWEED. 4sclepias cinerea, 

LARGER BLUE FLAG. /7¢s versicolor, 

CRESTED DWARF-IRIS. /7¢s cristata, 

POINTED BLUE-EYED GRASS. Sisyriuchium angustifolium, 
YELLOW-ADDER’S TONGUE. £7ythronium Americanum, 
CAROLINALILY. Z2@2u2e Carolinianun, 

STOUT STENANTHIUM, Stexanthium robustun, 
FOUR-WINGED SNOWDROP TREE. “ohkvodendron Carolinum, 
CHOKE CHERRY. /runus Virginiana, 

TALL WILD BELLFLOWER. Campanula Americana, 
COLORADO SHOOTING-STAR. Doecatheon Meadia frigidum, 
TRUMPET FLOWER. Jecoma radicans, 

BUTTON BUSH. Cephalanthus occidentalis, 

BLUETS. ‘foustonia cerulea, 

TALL MEADOW RUE. J%adictrum polyganmum, 
MONKSHOOD. ‘Aconitum uncinatum, 

MOCK APPLE. AZicrampelis lobata, 

WHITE-FLOWERED SIDALCEA, S?@alcea candida, 
CARDINAL MONKEY-FLOWER. ulus cardinalis, . 
TURTLE-HEAD. C%elone glabra, 

TURTLE-HEAD. Chelone Lyont, 

HEDGE-HYSSOP, Gratiola aurea, 


103 
104 
105 
107 
108 
Iii 
113 


II5 


LVI. 
LVII. 
LVIII. 
LIX. 


LX. 
LXI. 
LXIl. 
LXII. 
LXIV. 
"LXV. 
LXVI. 
LXVII. 
LXVIIL. 
LXIX. 
LXX. 
LXXI. 
LXXII. 
LXXIII. 
LXXIV. 
LXXvV. 
LXXVI. 
LXXVII. 
LXXVIII. 


LXXIX, 
LXXX. 
EXXXI: 
LXXXII. 
LXXXIII. 
LXXXIV. 
_ LXXXV: 


LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 


MEADOW BEAUTY. A%Zexia Virginica, ee 

LARGE-FLOWERED MILKWoRT. /0lygala grandifiora, bas 

SLENDER DAY FLOWER. Commelina erecta, 

SPIDERWORT. 77adescantia montana, ° . 

JEWEL-WEED. /ofatzens bifiora, ee 

CARDINAL FLOWER. Loéelia cardinalis, : ee € 

RATTLESNAKE GRASS. fazicularia Canadensis, * * * 

GREAT LOBELIA. Lodelia syphilitica, . : 

ROUND-LEAVED PSORALEA. /soradea orbicularis, . : 

OSWEGO-TEA. Vonarda didyma, * + 

OBEDIENT PLANT. 7Aysostegia Virginiana, : Ee 

FRINGED GENTIAN. Geztiana crinita, ‘ =i eae 

CLOSED GENTIAN. Geztiana Andrewsit, : 

SNEEZEWEED. Selenium autumnale, 

BLUE STOKESIA. Stokesia cyanea, . * 

JOE-PYE-WEED. £fatorium purpureum, ‘ 2 3 

GOLDEN-ROD. Solidago juncea, - : gh 

JACK-IN-THE-PULPIT. 47zs@ma triphyllum, . ‘ +e 

STROPHILIRION. Stvophilirion Californicum, 

TWISTED STALK. ‘Streptopus roseus, ° 

LARGE-FLOWERED WAKE-ROBIN. 772¢dium grandiflorum, vias 

PAINTED TRILLIUM. 77z@@ium undulatum, is : 

PANICLED BELLFLOWER. Campanula divaricata, 

DALIBARDA. Ladibarda repens, : 

EARLY WHITE ROSE. osa dlanda, 

COLUMBINE. 4 ¢zzlegia truncata, * * * 

LONG-SPURRED COLUMBINE. 4 9%zlegia cerulea, . 2 ge! 

BLACK COHOSH. C?ici/uga racemosa, 

BUNCH-BERRY. Corus Canadensis, . 

FLOWERING DOGWOOD. Corxzus florida, : . 

SOURWOOD. Oxzydendrum arboreum, . - P = + 2% 

MOUNTAIN LAUREL. A@dmia latifolia, . é . : a 

SHEEPLAUREL. Aalmia angustifolia, . . . + Pig a 
KK * 


GREAT RHODODENDRON. Aododendron maximum, 


133 


136 
138 


141 


144 


147 | 


149 


Xil 


LXXXVI. 
LXXXVII. 
LXXXVIII. 
LXXXIX. 


XC, 
XCl. 
XCll, 

XClll, 
XCIV. 
XCV. 
XCVI. 
XCVIl. 
XCVIII. 
XCIX. 
Cc, 
Cl. 
Cll. 
Cill. 
CIV. 

CV. 

CVI. 
CVII. 


CVIIl. 
CIX, 
CX. 
CXl. 
CXIl, 
CXIill. 
CXIV. 
CXV. 
CXVI. 
CXVII, 


LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS, 


SHIN LEAF, /yvoda elliptica, 


CREEPING WINTERGREEN. Gaxzltheria procumbens, . 


CREEPING WINTERGREEN, Gazdltheria Shadlon, 
INDIAN PIPE. Zonotropa uniflora, 

FALSE BEECH-DROPS, “yfofpitys Hyfopitys, 
NEVINS’S STONE CROP. Sedum Nevii, . 
AMERICAN ORPINE. Sedum telephiotdes, a 
SMOOTH RUELLIA. Axellia strepens, 

YELLOW LaDY’s SLIPPER. Cypripedium hirsutum, 
MOCCASIN FLOWER, Cy'rifedium acaule, 
STRIPED CORAL-ROOT, Corallorhiza striata, 
RATTLESNAKE PLANTAIN. evanium repens, . 
BLOOD-ROOT. Sazguinaria Canadensis, 
GROUND OR MOSS PINK. 40x sudbulata, 
HOBBLE-BUSH. V2ournum alnifolium, : 
TRUMPET HONEYSUCKLE, Loxicera sempervirens, 
TWIN-FLOWER. L2xnc@a borealis, 

WHITE ABRONIA. 446ronia fragrans, . E 
WHITE BEARD’S TONGUE. extstemon Digitalis, 
WHITE BEARD’S TONGUE, extstemon Newserry?, 
WOOD-SORREL. O-adis Acetosella, 

TRAILING ARBUTUS, “/7g@a repens, 

SPOTTED PIPSISSEWA. CA2maphila maculata, 
FIRE PINK. S2lexe Virginica, 

WIND-FLOWER, 4 ”emone guinguefolia, ‘ 
THIMBLE-WEED, 4 emone Virginiana, = 
CAROLINA LARKSPUR. Dedphinium Carolinianum, 


PARTRIDGE VINE. ‘/2tchella repens, = - 
WILD PINK, Sexe Caroliniana, . : 
STARRY CAMPION, ‘S2dene stellata, - ‘ 


GROUND-NUT, anax trifolium, 
WILD GERANIUM. Gervantum maculatum, 


PROSTRATE TICK-TREFOIL. Metbomia Michauxii, 
WOOD-BETONY, edicularis Canadensis, 


xR 


xR 


xe 


*** 


CXVIII. 


CXIX, 
CXX, 
CXXI. 


CXXIl. 
CXXIll. 
CXXIV. 

CXXV. 


CXXVI. 
CXXVII. 
CXXVIII. 


CXXIX. 
CXXX, 
CXXxXI. 

CXXXIl. 
CXXXIIl. 


CXXXIV, 
CXXXV. 


CXXXVI. 
CXXXVII. 
CXXXVIII, 
CXXXIX. 
CXL. 
CXLI. 
CXLII. 


CXLIII. 


LIST OF TLLUSTRATIONS. 


DOWNY FALSE FOXGLOVE, esystoma flava, 
SMOOTH RUELLIA. “A«el/ia strepens, 

FERN-LEAF FALSE FOXGLOVE. Lasystoma pedicularia, 
SPANISH BAYONET. Yucca filamentosa, 

BIRD’S-FOOT VIOLET. Vtola pedata, . . . 
BIRD’S-FOOT VIOLET, 20la pedata bicolor, 


ST. ANDREW’S CROSS, Ascyrum hypericotdes, 


SHRUBBY ST. JOHN’S-WORT. Ayfericum prolificum, 


GOAT’S RUE, Cracca Virginiana, a : a 
WILD SENNA, Cassia Marilandica, - ‘ 7 
PARTRIDGE PEA, Cassia Chamecrista, .« “ = 
BEACH PEA, Lathyrus maritimus, - 5 ° . 
BUSH CLOVER, Lesfedeza procumbens, . 3 F c 
HYSSOP SKULLCAP, Scutellaria integrifolia. , 
HAIRY SKULLCAP. Scztel/aria pilosa, . : ; : 
HORSE-MINT. Voxarda punctata, s : , 


CAROLINA CALAMIINT, Ca@lamintha Caroliniana, . . 
PURPLE GERARDIA. Gervardia purpurea, 


FLOWERING SPURGE. “#fhorbia corollata, . 2 _ 
SMOOTH ASTER. Aster levis, . : hey. dhe 
WHITE WREATH ASTER. Aster multifiorus, . cL . 


LATE PURPLE ASTER. 4Ster patens, 
SHAD-BUSH, 4 elanchier Canadensis, 


VIOLETS. Vola blanda, Viola Canadensis, Viola pubescens, 


Viola palmata, . y - 5 : : 
CRANBERRY TREE. Vzburnumtopulus, . ° : ° 
SHRUBBY CINQUEFOIL. fotentilla fruticosa, . = . 


VIPER’S BUGLOSS, £chium vulgare, 

LARGE-FLOWERED VERBENA. Verbena Canadensis, . : 
SCAPOSE PRIMROSE, /achylophus cespitosus, 

PASSION FLOWER. /fassiflora incarnata, s - % 
CALIFORNIA POPPY. “£schscholtzta Californica, 


‘CALIFORNIA POPPY, “schscholtzia cespitosa, . 


BUTTERFLY PEA. Célztorta Mariana, 


KOK x 


* KK 


** * 


eA 


* 


* * * 


XiV 


CXLIV, 

. CXLY. 
CXLVI. 

CXLVII. 
CXLVIII. 
CXLIX. 
CL, 


CLI. 
CLIl. 
CLIII. 
CLIV. 
CLV. 
CLVI. 
CLVII. 
CLVIII. 
CLIX, 
CLX. 
CLXI, 
CLXIl, 
CLXIll. 
CLXIV. 


LIST OF ILLUSPEATIONG: 


COMMON MILKWEED. 4sclepias Syrzaca, : : 
BUTTERFLY-WEED, 4sclepias tuberosa, 3 2 
MOTH-MULLEN. Verdascum Blattaria, 


STRIPED GENTIAN: Gez¢zana villosa, 
TICK-SEED, Coreopsis lanceolata, . 


ROBIN’S PLANTAIN. “7égevron pulchellus, 

WHITE DAISY. C2rysanthemum Leucanthemum, 
BULBOUS BUTTERCUP. Aanunculus bulbosus, 
BLACK-EYED SUSAN. ‘wddeckia, . 
PURPLE-FLOWERING RASPBERRY. Axdus odoratus, 
SPREADING DOGBANE. 4 focynum Androsemtfolium, 
CYPRESS-VINE. Qamoclit coccinea, 

BOUNCING BET. S@fonaria officinalis, 

DOUBLE BOUNCING BET. S@fonaria officinalis, 
TRAVELLER’S JOY, Clematis Virginiana, 

MUSK MALLOW. alva moschata, 

WHITE ALDER. Clethra alnifolia, 

HOG-PEANUT, “/alcata comosa, . . . 
SUNFLOWER. edianthus mollis, 


IRON-WEED Vernonia Noveboracensts, . ‘ A 
COMMON YARROW, 4c&illea millefolium, ; 
CHICORY, Crchorium Intybus, . e ‘ 


** * 


kK 


* ROK 


* OK O* 


ok OK 


* OK * 


* *K OK 


* *K * 


* KOK 


* * * 


Introduction. 


One of the first questions a botanist asks about a plant is, 
“Where did it grow,” and the next is, “‘When and where did 
you get it,” Yet it is surprising how seldom these points are 
noted, and how many collections are preserved without suffi- 
cient data to guide us in the identification of the specimens. 
If this book does nothing more than emphasize the importance 
of observing these points it will do good. 

It will also aid in the appreciation of that new development 
of botanical study, the science of Plant Ecology. It will teach 
the novice how altitude, latitude, soil and environment affect 
the vegetation of certain areas ; how certain plants are found 
growing together because of the nature of the soil and of their 
surroundings. If it also leads to the understanding of their 
gradual adaptation to changed conditions it will give a broader 
and more comprehensive view of plant morphology and lead 
away from the mistaken idea that plants must and should con- 
form to our artificial definitions, and make clearer the laws of 
evolution. 

To feel that plants are living things, that individuality and 
heredity are constantly struggling in them for ascendancy, 
bringing about modifications which in course of time are suff- 
cient in amount and importance to create specific differences, 
these are the underlying principles of the study of plants. 

That the love of Nature is gaining ground among us is shown 
in many ways. The number of books and magazines dealing 
with natural-history subjects in a popular way, increases yearly 
to meet an increasing need. A constant demand exists which 


Se 


Xv1 INTRODUCTION. 


calls upon our specialists in Science to tell what they know in 
plain readable language, and expects them to illustrate their 
meaning in the best and most modern manner. The public 
calls for increased facilities for learning. Popular lectures, 
beautifully illustrated, have become the order of the day, and 
the labour of the brain may be had cheaper than the labour of 
the hands. Biology and Nature Study have taken their places 
in. the courses of instruction both in private and public schools 
and the teachers are struggling to fit themselves to meet the 
new requirements ; in fact, the supply does not equal the de- 
mand. Parents are seeking for companions for their children 
in their hours of recreation and vacation who can answer ques- 
tions on natural objects and phenomena; if they cannot find 
the right person, they want correct books and magazines. 

That the true love of Nature imposes certain moral responsi- 
bilities is also beginning to be recognised. First and foremost 
a respect and care for living things will do away with that 
spirit of wanton destruction which permits the killing of any : 
animal or the uprooting or trampling of a living plant, just for : 
the fun of it. It will also promote a spirit of unselfishness 
which can enjoy the beauties of Nature and leave them as we 
found them for some one else to enjoy after us. It also pro- 
motes an appreciation and love of truth which fosters exactness 
‘and precision. From a pedagogic standpoint nature studies 
are of the utmost importance, as they bring the mind to the 
consideration of the objective rather than the subjective meth- 
ods. That they call for greater individuality and latitude of 
presentation is one of the reasons why it has been difficult to 
secure the right methods. Our schools cannot be bound by 
hard and fast rules and requirements; the teacher must meet 
the needs and opportunities of the students and these are very : 
diverse in different schools and places. She must be ready to 
make use of any facilities and accomplishments that individual 
scholars may afford for the benefit of the others, and to bring 
drawing, photography and poetry, as well as prose, to her as- 


INTRODUCTION. XVii 


sistance. Summer schools and vacation classes seem to meet 
a widespread want, and to take teachers and pupils away from 
the densely populated cities is better than to bring living plants 
and animals tothem. Therefore a book that leads searchers 
to know what they will find in the country is the best kind of a 
book. 

Our thanks are due to Miss Lounsberry and Mrs, Rowan for 
having contributed a work which cannot fail to advance Nature 
Study in quite the way that it should be advanced. Mrs, Row- 
an’s figures have been drawn from plants growing in their nat- 
ural surroundings and they are accurate and elegant. The 
new process by which it has been made possible to reproduce 
her coloured paintings is a most valuable addition to methods 
of illustration. 

N. L. BRITTON. 

New York BOTANICAL GARDEN, 

February 20, 1899. 


¥ 


“an Lae 
‘5 he 
a 


= . 
sh. 


A Chapter to Study. 


No attempt has been made in the following chapter to ac- 

quaint the student with every term that it is possible to use in 
describing the organs of a plant; but enough have been ex- 
plained and used throughout the book to give a comprehensive 
vocabulary of the subject and to lead one up to the enjoyment 
of an altogether scientific work on botany. 
- The existence of the plant and that of the animal are so 
closely linked together that it would be rather difficult to pro- 
phesy the fate of one were the other to withdraw itself from 
the earth. It isa pleasure to see that they seldom encroach 
upon each other’s mission in life ; but are generously helpful 
by the most amicable arrangements. 

The plants absorb from the atmosphere carbonic-acid gas, 
which, unless this were so, woula become abundant in the air 
and be injurious to animal life. They exhale oxygen, which is 
the animal’s necessary food. The opposite course is pursued 
by animals, They inhale oxygenand exhale carbonic-acid gas. 
In this way they return the plants’ compliment : by taking from 
them what they do not want and giving them as food what they 
do want. 

Again, plants are almost altogether dependent upon animal 
life to perform for them the service of cross-fertilization, page 
7. The birds, the butterflies and Master Bee and his family 
are all ceaselessly busy as their messengers, But there is 
nothing mean about the flowers. In return, they are quite 
aware of, and cater to, the tastes of all. Whena bird carries 
the seeds of a flower to some distant place and deposits them, it 
is only aslight remuneration for the delicious luncheon of red 


2 A CHAPTER TO STUDY. 


berries that he has enjoyed. If Master Bee follows the road that 
is plainly marked out for him by a deep, rich veining and sips 
to satiety of a gland of nectar ; it is but fair that the anthers 
should load him well with a cargo of pollen to carry off to the 
pistil of another flower. In fact, as we become more friendly 
with the flowers we will cease to look upon them so much as 
luxurious creatures but rather as those that have solved the 
deep problems of domestic economy. 

The plant’s individual mission in life is the reproduction of 
itself. 

The flower and its products, the fruit and the seeds, are the 
organs of reproduction. 

The root, the stem and the leaves are the organs of vegeta- 
tion, 

The Inflorescence is the manner in which the flowers are 
arranged upon the stem. 

When but one flower grows upon the end of the stem or 
flower-stalk, it is said to be TERMINAL, SOLITARY, 

It is Axillary when the flower, or flowers, grow from the 
axils of the leaves, or in the angle formed by the leaf, or leaf- 
stalk, and the stem. (Fic. 1.) 


FIG. I. FIG. 2. FIG. 3. 
A Pedicel is the individual stalk of a flower borne in a clus- 
Ser. 
A Peduncle is the stalk of a solitary flower, or the general 
stalk that bears a cluster. 


A GCRAPTER TO STUDY. B 


Sessile is the term used when the flowers grow closely to 
the stem and are without either pedicel or peduncle. 

A Raceme is when the flowers grow on pedicels about 
equally long that are arranged along the sides of a common 
stalk. (lic, 2.) 

A Panicle is a compound raceme. (Fic. 3.) 


FIG. 4. FIG. e FIG. 6. FIG. 7. 

A Spike is like a raceme, only the flowers are sessile. (Fic. 4.) 

A Spadix is a fleshy spike that is usually enveloped by a 
leaf-like bract called a spATHE. (FIGs, 5 and 6.) 

A Head or Capitulum is a short, dense spike that is globu- 
larin form, (FIG. 7.) 


FIG. 8, FIG. 9. FIG Io. 


A Corymb is a raceme in which the lower pedicels are 


elongated so that the flowers all reach about the same height. 
(Fic, 8.) 


4 A CHAPTER TO sTuUpy, 


An Umbel is like acorymb, only the pedicels branch from 
the same central point, suggesting the ribs of an umbrella. It 
may be simple, or compound. (Fic. 9.) 

A Cyme is a flat-topped inflorescence, differing from an 
umbel in that its innermost flowers are the first to open. (Fic. 
10.) 

A Complete flower is one that is provided with the esse 
organs of reproduction, the STAMENs and PisTIL; and the pro- 
tecting organs, the CALYx and coroLLa. As an example of a 
complete or typical flower we may take the one illustrated in 
Fic, 11 and. 72; 


FIG. 13. 


The Calyx is the lower, outer set of leaves at the base of 
the flower that rests upon the receptacle, or end of the flower- 
stalk, It is usually green, but not always. At times we find it 
brilliantly coloured and conspicuous. (See Fic. 12.) 

The Sepals are the leaves of the calyx when it is divided to 
the base. 

The Calyx is GAMOSEPALOUS when the sepals are wholly or 
ed grown together. 

The Corolla is the next inner and upper set of leaves. It 
is the alluring part of the flower, and attracts the bees and but- 
terflies to its whereabouts that its pollen may be carried through 
their agency. (Fic. 12.) 

The Petals are the leaves of the corolla when it is cee 
to the base. . 

The Corolla is said to be GAMOPETALOUS when the petals 
are wholly or partly grown together, 


A CHAPTER TO STUDY. 5 


The Calyx and Corolla are spoken of as pARTED when 
they are divided nearly to the base. When they are divided 
about one-half they are said to be CLEFT, or LoBED. They are 
TOOTHED when the lobes are very small. 

When the parts of the Calyx or Corolla are united, the 
terms used to express their different forms are: 

Salver-Shaped : when the border is flat and spread out at 
right angles from the top of the tube. (Fic. 13.) 


FIG. 14. FIG. 15. FIG. 16, FIG. 17. 

Wheel-Shaped: when the border suggests the diverging 
spokes of a wheel and spreads out at once, having a very short 
tube. (Fic. 14.) 

Bell-Shaped, or Campanulate: when the tube expands 
towards the summit and has no border, or only a short one. 
(Fic. 15.) 

Funnel-Formed: when the tube is narrow below, and 
spreads gradually to a wide border. (Fic. 16.) 


4“ 
, Wr WPPER LIPS ccogl 
lp 


LOWER LIP. ow--- ‘ 


FIG. 18. FIG. 109. FIG. 20, FIG. 21, 
Tubular: when the tube is prolonged, and does not widen 
much towards the summit. (Fic. 17.) 
Ligulate: when appearing strap-shaped, as in the dandelion 
and chicory. (Fic, 18.) 


6 A CHAPTER TO STUDY. 


Labiate : when there is an apparently two-lipped division of 
the parts. In this form of corolla usually two petals grow to- 
gether and make the upper lip ; the remaining three petals join 
together and form the lower lip. These divisions appear mostly 
as lobes, and it is not always noticed that the flowers are of five 
lobes instead of two. (Fic. 19.) 


<dmaoee aT 


sos seewe Sryzeé 


-----OvARY 
“Qyyces 


FIG. 24. FIG. 25. FIG. 26. 

When the petals are not grown together but are wholly sepa- 
rate, the corolla is said to be polypetalous. Different forms 
are: 

Rosaceous: when the petals are distinct and without claws, 
as in the rose. 

Cruciferous: when there are four clawed petals in the form 
of across. (FIG. 20.) 

Papilionaceous, or butterfly-shaped. (Fic. 21.) Such 
flowers are usually described in three parts: the banner, or 
standard, which is the large upper petal; the wings, or the 
two side petals,and the two anterior petals that, commonly 
united in a shape something like the prow of a boat and enclos- 
ing the reproducing organs, are called the keel. (Fic. 22.) 


A CHAPTER TO STUDY. 7 


Regular Flowers are those that have the parts of each set, 
the sepals and petals, alike in size and form, (Fic. 23.) Irregu- 
lar Flowers are the reverse of regular. (Fic. 24.) 

-It is sometimes found that only one set of floral leaves is 
present. It is then regarded as the Calyx. Collectively the 
floral envelope, or the protecting organs, is spoken of as the 
Perianth ; but the word is mostly used in cases where the 
calyx and corolla run into each other so that it is difficult to 
distinguish them apart. The lily family have a perianth. 

The Stamens, or Fertilizing Organs, of the plant are 
composed of two parts: the Filament, or stalk, which is use- 
ful to uphold the Anther ; and the Anther, a tiny two-celled 
box which contains the Pollen. The Pollen is the yellow 
fertilizing powder which is the essential product of the 
stamens. (FIG. 25.) 

Exserted Stamens are those that protrude from the 
corolla. 

Included Stamens are those that are within the corolla. 

The Pistil, or Seed-Bearing Organ, is divided into three 
parts: the Ovary, the Style, and the Stigma. (Fic. 26.) 

The Ovary is the lower expanded part of the pistil that 
contains the Ovules, or undeveloped seeds. (Fic. 26.) 

The Style is the slender stalk that usually surmounts the 
ovary. (Fic. 26.) 

The Stigma is the flat or variously formed body that ter- 
minates the style. (Fic. 26.) Unlike the other organs of the 
plant, it is not covered bya thin skin or epidermis. Its surface 
is therefore moist and rough so that it readily receives and 
_ holds the pollen when it is deposited upon its surface. 

Each tiny pollen grain that alights on the stigma sends out 
a minute tube that pierces down through the style until it 
reaches an ovule below, which it quickens into life. This is 
known as the process of Fertilization. The ovules then de- 
velop into Seeds, and the ovary enlarges into the Fruit, or 
Seed Vessel. 

Cross-Fertilization is when the pollen of one flower is 


8 A CHAPTER TO STUDY: 


carried to the stigma of another by some extraneous agency, 
such as the wind or animal life. 

Self-Fertilization is when the stigma receives the pollen 
from the stamens in the same flower-cup as itself. To prevent 
this catastrophe the plants are ever upon the alert, experience 
teaching them that the result is not good. Often either no 
seeds at all mature or their progeny is a weakling. 


FIG. 30. FIG. 31. FIG. 32. FIG. 29. 


A Perfect Flower is one that has both stamens and pistil. 
2 reverse is called an Imperfect Flower. 

\ Neutral Flower is one that has neither stamens nor 
pistils. 


A CHAPTER TO STUDY. 9 


Staminate Flowers are those that have stamens but are 
without pistils. 

Pistillate Flowers are those that have pistils but no 
stamens. 

The terms MALE and FEMALE that are sometimes employed in- 
stead of STAMINATE and PISTILLATE are used wrongly and 
should be avoided by even those that have no pretention to 


botanical knowledge. It is the product of these organs and 


not they themselves that should be so called if the terms are 
used at all; but staminate and pistillate are the correct and 
accepted Bebiessions. 

Cleistogamous flowers are those small, inconspicuous blos- 
soms of the late season that usually grow near the ground and 
never open. They are, however, fruitful, being self-fertilized 
within themselves. Violets bear them abundantly. 

Leaves may be looked upon as appendages of the stem. 
They are the digestive organs of the plant and assimilate the 
sap into material for sustaining its tissues. 

The Blade is the usually broad, flat part of the leaf. 

Stipules are the two small blade-like parts at the base of 
the petiole. They are often inconspicuous, or absent. 

Bracts are the modified leaves of an inflorescence or those 
that are undera flower. Usually they are green and of different 
size and shape than the rest of the foliage; sometimes, how- 
ever, they are highly coloured and petal-like. 

The three principal ways in which leaves are arranged upon 
the stem are: 

Alternate: that is when one leaf appears just above the other 
on another side of the stem. (FIG. 27.) 

Opposite: when two appear at each joint, having the semi- 
circle of the stem between them. (Fic. 28.) 

Whorled: when they growat intervals in a circle around the 
stem, (FIG. 29.) 

The Veining of the leaves is classed under two divisions : 
Netted-Veined and Parallel-Veined. 

Netted—Veined leaves are those in which the veins branch 


fe) A CHAPTER TO STUDY. 


off from the midrib and branch again into veinlets that run to- 
gether and form a network, or mesh. (FIG. 30.) Netted- 
veined leaves are said to be Feather—Veined when the sec- 
ondary veins all start from the sides of the midrib, running 
from the base to the apex of the leaf. (Fic. 31.) They are 
called Palmately—Veined when several veins of equal size 
start from the same point at the base of the leaf and spread out 
towards the margin. 

Parallel-Veined leaves are those in which the main veins run 
side by side, without branching or running together. (Fic. 32.) 

The veining of the leaves is always in complete harmony 
with their shape, so that much can be learned by noticing this 
feature carefully. 


FIG. 33- 


Leaves vary greatly in general outline, and the following 
terms are used to designate some of their common forms: 

Linear: the narrowest form of a leaf—several times longer 
than broad : grass-like. (Fic. 32.) 

Lanceolate : long and narrow, slightly broader at the base 
and tapering towards the apex. (FIG. 30.) 

Oblanceolate isa reversed lanceolate. 

Oblong: when two or three times broader than long. 
(Fic. 31.) 

Elliptical ; oblong but tapering at both ends. (Fic. 33.) . 

Oval: broadly elliptical. (Fic. 34.) 

Ovate: when the outline is similar to the shape of an egg, 
the broader end downward. 


A CHAPTER, TO STUDY. II 


Obovate: the reverse of ovate. 
Spatulate : ‘ikea spatula, rounded at the apex and tapering 


... towards the base. (Fic. 35.) 


Orbicular, nearly circular or rounded in outline. (Fic. 41.) 
Cordate or Heart-Shaped: when the outline is ovate, the 
sides forming a notch at the base. (FIG. 37.) | 


FIG. 37. FIG. 38. FIG. 39. FIG. 40. 
Obcordate: the reverse of cordate. 
Reniform, or Kidney-Shaped: when the indentation is 
deeper and the leaf more rounded than heart-shaped. (Fic. 38.) 
Auriculate: when the sides of the leaf are prolonged at the 
base into two ears or lobes. (Fic. 39.) 


Ne 


FIG. 41. FIG. 42. FIG. 43. 


Sagittate, or Arrow-Shaped: when these lobes are acute 
and pointed backward. (Fic. 40.) 


12 A CHAPTER TO STUDY, 


Peltate, or Shield-Shaped: when the leaf is orbicular, 
with the petiole attached to the middle. (Fic. 41.) 

Entire Leaves are those in which the margins form an un- 
broken line. (Fic. 35.) 

Undulate Leaves have margins that are wavy. (FIG. 33.) 

Serrate Leaves have margins with short, sharp teeth that 
point forward. (Fic. 30.) 

Crenate, or Scolloped: when the teeth are rounded. 
CFG 238) 5 es 

Incised : when the teeth are coarse and jagged and extend 
deeper into the leaf. (Fic. 34.) 


—_ 
N 
CS 
SS 
= S Z 
FIG. 44, FIG. 45. FIG. 46. 


Lobed: when the incisions extend about half way to the 
midrib ; and in which case the leaf is spoken of as three lobed, 
five lobed, or according to the number of lobes formed. (Fic. 
42.) | 
Cleft : when the incisions reach more than half way to the 
midrib, (FIG. 43.) 

Divided : when the incisions extend to the midrib. 

Compound Leaves have the blade split into separate parts, 
the little blades forming leaflets. When the leaflets are ar- 
ranged similarly to feather-veins they are said to be Pinnate. 
When arranged as the veins in a palmately-veined leaf they are 
Palmate. 

Abruptly Pinnate Leaves are those in which the main 
stalk is terminated by a pair of leaflets." (Fic. 45.) 


A CHAPTER TO STUDY. 13 


Odd-Pinnate : when an odd leaflet terminates the stalk. 
(Fic. 46.) Sometimes this end leaflet is changed into a tendril, 
which aids the plant in climbing. 

Leaves may be twice, thrice ormore times compound. (Fic. 
47.) The leaflets are subject to all the variations and may be 
described after the manner of simple leaves. In fact, the expres- 
sions here given are applicable to any flat part of the plant, the 
petals or sepals as well as the leaves. 

Glaucous: when any part of the plant is covered witha 
powdery substance called a bloom. 

Glabrous: when tke parts are without bristles or hairs. 

Pubescent: when covered with fine hairs or downy. 


FIG. 47. FIG. 49. FIG. 50. 


The Stem is that part of the plant that grows upward to 
the light and air, supports the foliage and makes it possible for 
the leaves to expand and present as large a surface as possible 
to the sunlight. Its manner of growth is described as be- 
ing : 

Erect: when growing up vertically. 

Decumbent: lying on the ground but raising itself at the 
end. (Fic. 48.) 

Procumbent: lying flat on the ground. (Fic. 49.) 

Creeping: running along the ground and rooting at the 
joints. (FIG. 50.) 

A Simple Stem is one that is not branched. 

It is interesting to notice the wisdom with which stems ac- 


14 A CHAPTER TOrysTeUPy: 


commodate themselves to the necessities of the plant. We find 
some stems growing entirely underground and storing up nour- 
ishment for the plant’s growth during the next season. These 
stems are called the Rootstock and are distinguishable from 
the root by bearing scales, which are not found on roots proper. 
(Fic. 51.) 

The Tuber is the end of a rootstock that is thickened or 
enlarged. The enlarged part is possessed of eyes (buds). The 
common potato is a familiar illustration of tubers. (FIG. 52.) 

The Corm is a rounded, compact rootstock. (FIG. 53.) 

The Bulb is a corm mostly made up of fleshy scales. (Fic. 


54-) 


} 
| 
RR Sa Cerne 

“TMA 


FIG. 51. 


FIG. 53. FIG. 54. 


The Scape isa leafless peduncle, or the flower-stalk of a 
plant that has no stem. 3 

The Root proper grows downward in the ground and bears 
nothing but rootlets and root-branches. Its principal function 
in life is to absorb the nourishment from the soil. 

Aerial Roots are produced in the open air and serve the 
plant by acting as holdfasts, or helping it to climb. 

Parasites intermingle their roots with the roots or stems of 
other plants and drain from them their sustenance. 

Thorns are modified branches. Their purpose is to guard 
the plant from animals that would strip it of its stem and 
bark. 


Five Conspicuous Plant Families. 


We find, much to our encouragement, that there are a few 
plant families with which we at once become familiar ; and their 
marked features impress us as those of unusual faces that have 
to be seen but once to be clearly remembered. The greater 
number of families, however, and their branches are not so read- 
ily known. The least little variation in a plant’s manner of 
growth will cause it to be separated from its relatives, even 
if it has to be regarded as a new species. 

The first Latin or Greek word of a plant’s scientific name is 
the name of its genus: its family name. The second word is 
an adjective that denotes its species and is usually significant 
of some characteristic or history with which it is connected. 
These names are too valuable to be overlooked, and as much 
as possible they should be memorised. The world over, a 
plant’s scientific name is the same, while the common English 
names often change not only with country, but with state and 
town. Following are a few traits of families that are among 
those most easily recognised : 


THE ARUM FAMILY. 


Aracee. 


Although one of the smallest in numbers, the arum family 
comprises some of our most quaint and interesting flowers. Its 
characteristics are strongly marked and its tastes appear to be 
most patrician. We may believe that it does not concern it- 
self about the fashions, as it makes no attempt to follow the 


a 


16 FIVE CONSPICUOUS PLANT FAMILIES. 


modes of other noted families ; but continues its own conserva- 
tive way of bearing its flowers closely packed on a thick spadix 
and usually sheathing them with a handsome spathe. 

These tiny flowers are often imperfect and. sometimes naked, 
—that is, without calyx or corolla. When the latter are present 
they are seldom highly coloured. Under the microscope they 
are excellent studies and sometimes very beautiful. 

As a family they show a keen appreciation of harmony in the 
exquisite blending of colours in the spathe, or by its appearing 
spotlessly white. 

The white calla, the stately queen of the greenhouses, Jack in 
the pulpit and the skunk cabbage are all conspicuous members. 
The golden club is the wayward exception, in having no spathe. 
All are widely dissimilar in appearance and hold different posi- 
tions in life, and yet they bear so strongly the marks of this 
exclusive family as to be at once recognisable. The leaves are 
mostly rather netted-veined and the plants contain an acrid, 
pungent, watery juice. Many of them are also known as yield- 
ing an edible farina, or starch. 


THE, LILY. FAMILY: 
Liliacée. 

The lily family is one that is distinctly marked by its regular, 
symmetrical flowers. Its floral envelope is a perianth that is 
sometimes white or gaily coloured, but very rarely green. Al- 
most invariably it is of six equal parts. There are six stamens 
with two-celled anthers, and a three-celled ovary that is free 
from the receptacle. The style is undivided. The leaves are 
entire and parallel-veined, or sometimes netted-veined. 

The word lily would probably form as many different pic- 
tures in the mind as there were individuals to whom it had been 
presented. Some would at once recall the greenhouse calla, 
which, as has already been said, is no lily at all and a member 
of the arum family. Others would think of the pure resurrec- 
tion lily and again others would think of the swarthy, upright 


FIVE CONSPICUOUS PLANT FAMILIES. 07 


tiger lily of the fields. The fragrant, drooping bells of the lily- 
of-the-valley would cling to the minds of many. But whatever 
the form of the lily that its name is associated with, it is invari- 
ably graceful and beautiful. Asa family it is singularly with- 
out obnoxious qualities. 


HE PULSE FAMILY. 


Papilionacee. 


The butterfly-shaped or papilionaceous corolla serves readily 
to identify a member of the pulse family. It is almost as un- 
failing as the nose of the Hohenzollerns. But we poor mortals 
may not flatter ourselves that it has been thus considerate to 
facilitate our study of the genus. The family has a véry subtle 
way of achieving its ends in this world. 

It has been observed that flowers that are dependent upon 
insects for cross-fertilization have usually an irregularly shaped 
corolla. It is so with the pulse family. 

They offer no comfortable seat or resting place for Master 
Bee and therefore force the poor fellow to let the weight of his 
whole body knock against the blossom as he thumps about in 
search of nectar. It is for this little push that the flower has 
been planning. The stigma that was enclosed in the keel is 
knocked out, and the pollen grains that were already on the 
style from early-maturing anthers are dropped upon the bee’s 
back. Little suspecting the trick that has been played upon 
him, he saunters off to another member of the family, as he is 
again allured by the irregular corolla and the purplish pink 
that is his favourite colour. As before, he knocks about for a seat 
and pushes out the stigma, which then greedily receives the 
pollen with which his back is covered from his last visit. In 
this way the pulse family manages the little matter of cross- 
fertilization. It has the true method of allowing others to do 
its work. And that its system is good is proved by the vigour 
and freshness of its growth. 

The flowers are always arranged in fives, or multiples of five. 


18 FIVE CONSPICUOUS PLANT FAMILIES. 


The stamens do not exceed ten and are usually united by their 
filaments. The leaves are mostly compound, with entire leaf- 
lets. Papilionacez is the name that is now used as distinctive 
of this family and in preference to that of Leguminose, under 
which they were formerly known. | 


THE PRIMROSE FAMILY. 


Primulacea. 


We may look upon the primrose family asa group that shows 
us regular, perfect flowers. And after having tried our pa- 
tience over the unexpected developments of other families it is 
certainly a pleasure to come upon one of these straightforward 
little blossoms, whose motto seems to be, to jog along as com- 
fortably as possible and to make no mystery of its ways. There 
is no lack of originality, however, among the primroses, The 
shooting star isa very different-appearing flower from the spread- 
ing poor-man’s weather-glass, or the yellow loosestrife. It is not 
a very large family and may be known on the whole as gamopet- 
alous herbs that are arranged in divisions of five, rarely six or 
seven, There are as many stamens as there are lobes of the 
corolla, which are inserted on and opposite the latter. The 
stigma and style are undivided. In fruit the ovary, which is 
~ one-celled, enlarges into a pod;and in different species the 
number of seeds varies greatly. The leaves may be generally 
said to be simple. The generic name, Primula, is from primus, 
spring. Bryant says of the primrose : 

“ Emblem of early sweetness, early death, 
Nestled the lowly primrose.” 


THE COMPOSITE FAMILY: 


Composite. 
The composite family, like the majority of mortals, has its 
good and its bad characteristics; but if we drink deep enough 
of knowledge of the family and put ourselves in friendship with 


FIVE CONSPICUOUS PLANT FAMILIES. 19 


it, we will probably find that we are tipped in the scale of its 
favour. 
We must first resign a natural feeling of resentment at its 
aggressiveness and its habit of flaunting itself from every 
available space. Its children, we must remember, have been 
a little neglected in education and know no better. They 
arrive at a season of the year when the dear preacher 
has retired from his pulpit and they have not the advantage of 
hearing his good doctrine. The violet is busy rooting its run- 
ners for the next season’s growth and no longer raises its head 
to teach them about modesty. So being born with rather bold 
tastes, the poor composites think that they are doing quite a 
fine thing in puffing themselves up and topping over everything. 

If they were much spoken about in the good old-fashioned 
times it must have been with the expression that there was not a 
lazy hair in one of their heads. The energetic way in which 
they set about dispersing their seeds is truly wonderful, and, as 
has been already hinted at, their moral character not being 
fully developed, they have no compunction whatever in using 
some very extraordinary means. But this might possibly be 
explained by their agreeing with Loyola in doctrine. The un- 
‘kind way many of them have of covering sheep, the only animal 
without a weapon of defense, with their hooked fruits is alluded 
to in this connection. 

To those that complain of their downright maliciousness in 
retaliation for the hay fever, the composites answer calmly : 
“We are a family that does not invite intimacy. View us from 
a distance, ex masse, and many of our failings will be over- 
looked.” Evidently this lesson of avoiding familiarity is what 
they wish us to learn. 

And who does not delight in the fields that are radiant with 
their rich autumn colouring? They visit the earth when the 
more delicate blossoms have passed bloom, and they find 
things dry and dusty, showing the wear and tear of the summer. 
Then what can be more natural than that they should say to 


20 FIVE CONSPICUOUS PLANT FAMILIES. 


themselves : “ Brighten up the earth, appear in every waste 
corner, wave and bend with the breeze. Things are looking 
humdrum here; make the earth a merry carnival of dancing 
colour.” | 

The flowers are rather difficult for a beginner to analyse with 
reference to their species, of which there are over ten thou- 
sand. It is, however, not so much what one learns in books 
about them as it is what one finds out. They may be easily 
recognised by bearing in mind that the flowers are closely 
packed together in heads that are surrounded by an involucre. 
The individual flowers are tubular or ligulate, as in the thistle 
and dandelion, and again both tubular and ligulate flowers are 
arranged in the same head. In this case they are called ray 


and disk flowers. The common field daisy is a well-known 


illustration of the latter. 


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WATER-ARUM. 


PLATE 


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PRINTED IN AMERICA, 


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Plants Growing in Water. 


Almost hidden under the benevolent shade of an overhang- 
ing bough a little pond is lying. It has awaked from tts 
long winter sleep of apathy and is upholding tts world of 
life to the sunshine. The pale,apple-green growth that clings 
about the edges, the tall spikes of water-weed, the darting, 
skipping beetles and fishes and the graceful lilies floating 
about are all in love with the iridescent, opal tints of the 
water. 

Here we may think of them together ; for it would be a 
queer sight to see the bullfrog or the lily gambolling upon the 
sunny hillsides. 


WATER-ARUM. WILD CALLA. (Pilate 7.) 
Calla palistrzs. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Arum. White. Scentless. Penn. northward. June. 


Inflorescence: terminal; solitary. The flowers clustered upon a thick, fleshy 
spadix about whicha milk-white spathe, one and one-half inches at base, is 
wrapped. Filaments: slender. Anthers: two-celled. Leaves: on long petioles, 
rather heart shaped. oofstock : creeping. 

This little plant wafts across the mind visions of an under- 
world garden. And if there is such a place the flowers there 
must surely glance upward and think of the wild callas as 
fairies that have flown above ; for much mystery lies in their 
dainty whiteness. They have luxurious relatives living in green- 
houses, and although the calla-lily has snobbishly disowned this 


Be PLANTS GROWING IN WATER. 


little dweller of the ditches and watery places, the family resem- 
blance is very striking. The quarrel came about the anthers 
of the Egyptian, which haveno filaments and are sessile, and 
because of a difference in the cell division of the ovary. So 
our little plant has been separated from it. 

Linneeus tells us that the rhizomes, which we find intensely 
acrid and caustic, are made by the Laplanders into a kind of 
bread that by them is most highly relished. 3 


GOLDEN CLUB. (Pilate //,) 
Oréntium agudticum. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Arum. Golden. Scentless. Mass. southward. May. 


Flowers: very small; crowded on a spadix. Leaves: on long petioles; 
floating ; oblong. Scafe: naked; slender. 

Of all the aquatics the golden club is perhaps the most curi- 
ous. It is a simple member of its family. The Arums 
have been most careful to envelope their flowers in a generous 
spathe, that they might appear before the world in a seemly 
garment. The wildcalla, Jack-in-the-pulpit, even the skunk 
cabbage, have all adhered most closely to this little conven- 
tionality. It must be something of a shock to their sense of 
propriety to have the golden club dispense with this clothing 


and flaunt itself before the world with no protection whatever 


for its poor little flowers. Whether the plant is more advanced 
in its theories and at some future time we shall see all the 
members of this lovely family without their spathes, we do not 
know. But if wishes are powerful we may sincerely hope that 
it shall not come to pass. 

Writers that are familiar with the diet of the Indians tell us 
that the plant is known to them as Taw-kee and that they find 
the dried seeds very good when boiled like peas. They eat 
the roots, also, after they have been roasted. The red man, 
with his instinct for scenting the properties of herbs, does not 
need the botanist to caution him that when raw they are very 
poisonous, 


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Flower. Stamen, 
PLATE Il. GOLDEN CLUB. Ovontcum aguaticum. 
(23) 


24 PLANTS GROWING IN WATER. 


WATER-SHIELD. 
Brasenia purpurea. 


FAMILY COLOUR - ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Water-lily. Purple. Scentless. General. All summer. 


Flowers: small; axillary. Calyx and Coro//a: of three or four divisions. 
Stamens: twelve to eighteen, /vstz/s: four to eighteen. Leaves: on long 
petioles, peltate, two or three inches wide, floating. Rootstock : creeping. 

One of our interesting little aquatics that is fond of sluggish 
streams and ponds and not over careful about soiling its appear- 
ance on muddy shores, The lower side of its leaves and stems 
is covered with a sticky substance like jelly. 


WHITE WATER-LILY. WATER NYMPH. 
Castalia odorata. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Water-lily. White or rose. Fragrant, General. All summer. 


Flowers: large; solitary. Calyx: of four to six sepals. Corol/a: of numer- 
ous petals in many concentric circles, the innermost passing gradually into 
stamens. Stamens: numerous. /2stz7/: one, having a many-celled ovary, the 
rounded top of which produces radiate stigmas around a central projection. 
Leaves: floating; orbicular, or rounded. Stems: hollow; long and round. 
Rootstock : thick; fleshy. 

The white water-lily is the most beautiful of the aquatics. 
Over the calm surface of the ponds it moves by means of its 
long, free stems as gracefully as many an animal. In fact, the 
habits of this lovely flower are not unlike those of the snails 
and beetles with which it dwells in its watery home. One of 
the most interesting features of aquatic life is the way that 
the plants care for themselves during the cold weather. In 
summer, the lily floats upon the surface of the water so as to 
attract the attention of the aquatic insects on which it relies 
for fertilization. Being untrammelled by space, it spreads its 
leaves out roundly to the sunshine and drinks in abundantly of 
life. The water serves well to float the leaves instead of the 
stalks that are necessary to aérial foliage. 

When the air is chilly with forebodings of frost and ice, the 
lily, having fulfilled its mission of reproducing itself and storing 


a 
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wel Mp 
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PLATE Ill. YELLOW POND-LILY. MWymphea advena. 
(25) 


26 PLANTS GROWING IN WATER, 


up vigour, for there is never any procrastination about the 
flowers, sinks to the bottom of the pond and nestles in the mud. 
The warmer water, which is heavier than ice, also remains at the 
bottom. ‘This considerate arrangement of nature’s laws makes 
it, therefore, possible for the fair lily to spend the winter very 
comfortably and no doubt enjoying itself with the water 
nymphs to whom it has been dedicated. 

The plant also illustrates the gradation of sepals into petals 
and petals into stamens, or the metamorphosis of the flower. 
The sepals or transformed leaves are green without but white 
within, so that it is difficult to know with any amount of cer- 
tainty to which set they belong. An inner row of petals is 
found to be tipped with a suggestion of ananther. In the next 
row the anther becomes more pronounced and the petal 
assumes more the shape of a filament. This gradation is con- 
tinued until a perfect stamen is developed. At least, thisis the 
manner in which we are apt to regard the transformation. 
Many writers, however, of whom Mr. Grant Allen is one, con- 
sider that the gradation is in the reverse order and that petals 
are transformed stamens. 

At the close of day the lily folds up its petals, gathers its 
leaves and stems together, and disappears under the water. 
Not a trace of its whereabouts is left: like the Arab it has 
silently stolen away. Moore alludes to this fact in comparing 
the lily to virgins that bathe in the water all night and appear 
more fresh and beautiful in the morning. 


YELLOW POND-LILY. SPATTER DOCK. (Piate ///.) 
Nymphea ddvena. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Water-lily. Yellow, centre tinged npleasant. General. May-August. 

with crimson. 

Flowers : unattractive; solitary. Calyx: of six to eight unequal sepals that 
vary in colour from yellow to green. Corolla: of coarse, fleshy petals that are 
shorter than the stamens. Stamens: numerous. /7sti/: one, the stigma 
spreading like a many-rayed disk. eaves: rising out of the water and having 
a deep space between the rounded lobes. 


The yellow pond-lily is not pretty, and we have no especial 


Stauen. 


PEATE lV. 


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Seed Vessel. 
YELLOW NELUMBO. Weluméo lutea. 


(27) 


28 PLANTS GROWING IN WATER. 


reason to believe that nature has compensated it by bestowing 
the virtue of goodness. It has caused disappointment to many 
a young seeker that, allured from afar by the brightness of its 
colouring, has sighed to find it without charm or fragrance on 
a nearer acquaintance. ‘The initiated have. learned to bow 
politely to this flower and to pass on; leaving it to the insects 
to be entrapped within its crimson centre. 

It is almost impossible not to fancy that the pure white 
water-lily exhales a sigh at the uncultivated preference of this 
member of its: family for stagnant water. In England their 
rather suggestive odour has caused them to be called by the 
country people, “ brandy bottles.” 


YELLOW NELUMBO. SACRED BEAN. WATER 
CHINQUEPIN. (Plate IV.) 
Nelimbo lutea. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Water-lily. Yellow. Scentless. Middle states, west and south. July, August. 


Flowers: one to five inches in diameter; growing singly on long, naked 
scapes. Calyx and Corolla: appear like those of the white water-lily. 
Stamens: numerous. /2stz/s: numerous and hidden in a concave receptacle. 
Leaves: twenty inches in diameter ; growing well out of the water, or floating ; 
peltate; veined. Rootstock: thick ; tuberous. 


Of all the family the nelumbo has the most interesting and 
careful manner of growing its fruit. Evidently it has de- 


termined upon giving the seeds every advantage. ‘The recep- 


tacle is enlarged into a flat, top-shaped body, in which the 
pistils are systematically sunken. Here the ovaries grow into 
one-seeded nuts that are about the size of chinquepins. They 
and the tubers are quite edible. 

The flowers of the native plant are always pale yellow. 
The gorgeous, showy pink and white variety is the introduced 
plant and the one that should properly be called sacred bean. 

It is this flower that the old Egyptians dedicated to Osiris, 
the god of life and light, and it was from the shape of its seed 
vessels that they originated cornucopias. The seeds were sown 
by enclosing them first in clay and then throwing them in the 


flead of Pistils. Floating Leaves, 


PLATE V. COMMON WHITE WATER CROWFOOT. 
Batrachtum trichophyllum. 


YELLOW WATER CROWFOOT. R.znunculus delphinifolius. 
(29) 


30 PLANTS GROWING IN WATER, 


river, Many believe from this custom that it is the nelumbo 
that is alluded to in Ecclesiastes xi.1: “Cast thy bread upon 
the water : for thou shalt find it after many days.” 


COMMON WHITE WATER CROWPFOOT. § (Piaze V.) 
Batrachium trichophyllum. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Crowfoot. White. Scentless. General. All summer. 


Flowers: small; terminal. Calyx: of five sepals. Corolla: of five white, 
rounded petals that turn yellow at the base. Stamens: numerous. istils : 
numerous, arranged’'in a head. Styles: shortand broad. Leaves : submerged ; 
finely dissected. 


YELLOW WATER CROWFOOT. (Plate V.) 
Raniunculus delphinifoltus. 


The yellow water crowfoot is very similar in appearance to 
the white one, only its bright petals are larger. In fact, they 
closely resemble those of the field buttercup. The submerged 
leaves are cleft into hair-like segments ; those above the water 
are reniform and parted into from three to five divisions. 

The slow, shallow water of ponds and ditches is the home of 
these pretty plants. At the approach of cold weather they 
sink to the bottom and lie dormant until the warm sun of May 
coaxes them to ratse their tender blossoms to the surface. 


WATER HEMLOCK. (Pilate V7) 


Crcuta maculata. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Parsley. White. Scentless. _ Mostly north, west and south. All summer. 


Flowers: minute ; numerous; growing in loose, compound umbels. Leaves: 
compound, the leaflets deeply toothed, or lobed; veined. Svem : three to eight 
feet high ; hollow ; streaked with purple. Roots: highly poisonous. 

It is unfortunate that so many common names have been be- 
stowed upon this unworthy plant, which is known as spotted 
cowbane, beaver poison, musquash root, sneezeweed and child- 
ren’sbane. They serve rather to prevent its becoming generally 


2 


WATER HEMLOCK. Czcuta maculata. 


PLATE VI. 


(31) 


32 PLANTS GROWING IN WATER. 


recognised as the deadly water hemlock. Its appearance also 
is such that it is frequently mistaken for the wild carrot and 
sweet cicely. The stem, which is streaked with purple, not spot- 
ted, as its name, spotted cowbane, would suggest, should be re- 
membered as a means of identification. 

Of allthe members of the parsley family it is the most poison- 
ous. An aromatic, oily fluid is found in the root and in smalier 
quantities in the leaves, stems and seeds. Its chemical nature 
is not exactly known. Every year a large number of. human 
victims falls a prey to this plant, for which there is no known 
antidote. Growing, as it does, in shallow water, its roots are 
washed and exposed to view, when it is gathered in error as 
horse-radish, artichokes, parsnips and other edible roots. 


WATER-=-PARSNIP, 
Sium cicutefolium. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Parsley. White. Scentless. Mostly north, west and south. All summer, 


Flowers : small; numerous; growing in umbels. Zeazves: alternate ; pinnate ; 
with many pairs of linear, or lanceolate leaflets that are sharply serrate, Roots: 
dwindled, acrid and poisonous. 

This wild plant is commonly found in shallow water. To 
know it is to avoid it, as it is also a very poisonous member of 
the family, 


PICKEREL-=WEED. 
Pontedérta corddta. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Pickerel-weed. Purplish blue. unpleasant. General. All summer. 


Flowers: irregular ; growing in a dense spike. Perzanth : Jabiate ; the three 
upper lobes marked with a greenish-yellow spot; the three lower ones being more 
spreading. Stamens: six; the three lower ones in the throat, the three upper 
ones shorter and imperfect. Pistil: one. Leaf: one only; borne at the top of 
the stem; lanceolate to arrow-shape. Stem: rising one to two feet above the 
water; Stout; erect. 


The pickerel-weed, we may fancy, is the reckless, dashing 
Kate of the underground garden. Evidently she has run away 


pus crasstpes. 


1avo, 


Y @ 


WATER-HYACINTH. 


PRaWE:- Vil. 


COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY, 


PRINTED IN AMERICA, 


PLANTS GROWING IN WATER. 33 


from home and her playmate, the pickerel, to take a peep 
through a serene lake border or a smooth stream which she has 
enticed into upholding her in her naughtiness. She comes 
with a troop of her companions, all gay, ragged and pert as she. 
Many are allured to the lake border by her brightness, and she 
would often be carried away to see more of the world but the 
cool, calm water is her protector. Perhaps the upper world is 
a disappointment to our young visitor : she lifts up her head for 
only one day, then withers and dies. 


WATER STAR GRASS. 


Heteranthéra dubia. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Pickerel-weed. Pale yellow. Scentless. Mostly north. Summer. 


Flowers : perfect; solitary. Perzanth : salver-shaped, of six equal divisions 
that terminate in the tube. Stamens: three. Pystil: one. Leaves: sub- 
merged; grass-like. Svemz: two to three feet long; branching ; floating ; and 
rooted at the lower joints. 


When we notice these small, bright flowersas they come to 
the surface of some stream, we are reminded of a little waif 
that has strayed far from home. The plant is one that is 
rather uncommon. 


WATER-HYACINTH. (Pilate VIZ) 
Piarépus crdsstpes. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Pickerel-weed. Pinkish blue. Scentless. Mostly in Florida. Summer. 


Flowers : growing in thick clusters on a flower stalk. Perzanth: labiate ; 
the upper lip three-lobed and beautifully marked with turquoise and sapphire 
blue, having also a yellow spot in the centre. The lower lip three-lobed and 
spreading. Stamens: six; the three lower ones in the throat; the three upper 
ones shorter and imperfect. /7st7/: one. Leaves : on petioles; roundish; tipped 
with alittle point and floating in a rosette one to two feet high on the surface 
of the water. The base of the petiole swollen and filled with air, which 
keeps the plant from sinking and aids it in resisting both wind and waves. 
Roots : two feet long; dense, bushy, attaching themselves to the ground where 
the water is shallow, otherwise floating. 


Lining the shores of the St. Johns River and many of the 
lakes and sluggish streams in Florida, the water-hyacinth may be 
seen in masses varying from fifty to several hundred feet wide. 


34 PLANTS GROWING IN WATER. 


The plant is a native of Brazil, and it is thought that it wasin | 
about 18go that it wasintroduced into Florida. It had been for- 
merly cultivated in northern greenhouses, as it had the potent 
charm of beauty. So congenial to its tastes did it find the sunny 
shores of the St. Johns River and the yellowish water that 
abounds in humid acid and organic matter that it soon laid aside 
all the customs of a guest, and determined upon dabbling in the 
political economy and affairs of the country. In streams where 
sulphur or other distasteful acids are prevalent it is not able to 
survive. 

In 1896 the War Department at Washington was asked to ex- 
ert its influence with this unruly plant, which was becoming a 
serious menace to navigation. It has also destroyed bridges, 
interfered with the timber industry, and affected the health of 
the region by upholding objectionable organic matter. Great 
floating masses of the water-hyacinth are moored to the shore 
by those that have rooted in the shallow water. But at times 
the wind tears them loose and then large blocks of it go float- 
ing about with the current. At one time a strong wind drove 
it northward until it closed the river for twenty-five miles. 

The plant reproduces itself by stolens or leafy shoots and in 
such numbers that itsincrease is most alarming. The problem 
of controlling the water-hyacinth is very interesting. Mechani- 
cal means entail such great and continuous expense that it is 
thought a natural enemy to breed disease amongst it will have 
to be introduced. 


COMMON BLADDERWORT. (Pilate VIZ.) 
Utricularia vulgarés. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Bladderwort. Yellow. Scentless. General. All summer. 


Flowers: several growing on each scape. Calyx: labiate or two-lipped 
Corolla: \abiate, the spur shorter than the lower lip. Stamens: two, with 
anthers that meet in the throat. P/s#//: one; stigma two-lipped. Leaves: un- 
der water, many-parted, bearing rather large bladders. Stem:immersed. ~ 


This aquatic herb, which we find in still, slow water, is hardly 
one to inspire us with affection. It belongs to the strange 


PLATE VIII. 


=_—_ 


A] WX 
ees x Ney nas 
ry) 


O - Q e 
AE = 
SS —__ - 


COMMON BLADDERWORT. 


(35) 


aes a ae laa 
are ik oF AN Ae 
soe Ming NM 


WSS ae 
Se y 
CD 
ON Ge 
4 x 


Pistil and Staniens. 


Utricularza vulgarts. 


36 PLANTS GROWING IN WATER. 


group of insectivorous plants, those that are so formed as to 
entrap insects, which they digest and assimilate as food. In 
this way, by taking advantage of defenseless members of the 
animal world, they show a very unprincipled disregard of all 
plant tradition. But aside from the moral consideration, this 
little plant is most wonderful. The bladders are furnished with 
small hairs or bristles which keep up a wavy motion and create 
a sort of current that sucks the unsuspicious creature within its 
folds. A hinged arrangement, or lid then closes sharply down 
upon him, and the bristles make it their business to see that he 
does not escape. 

But from our childhood we are taught that an object cannot 
sink that has attached to it a bladder filled with air. We there- 
fore ask, how does the bladderwort reach the bottom of the 
pond to spend the winter? Simply because the little plant is 
clever. It takes time by the forelock, ejects the air from its 
bladders, and calmly allows them to fill with water. They then 
bear it below, where it remains while its seeds are ripening, 
and until it feels the spring sunshine thrilling it with a desire 
to rise again and to bloom. ‘The bladders then, with small cer- 
emony, throw out the no longer useful water ; the plant rises, 
and they fill again with air that floats the plant during the 
summer, 


ARROW-HEAD. (Pilate 7X.) 
Sagittaria latzéfolza. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR ; RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Water-plantain. White. Scentless. General, All summer. 


Flowers : growing in whorls of three on a leafless scape. Calyx : open; of 
three sepals that fallearly. Covol/a: open ; of three rounded petals. Stamens: 
very numerous, on the receptacle. /%sté/s: distinct; very numerous. The 
flowers are imperfect: the pistillate ones being those of the lower whorls and 
the staminate ones those of the upper whorls. Zeaves: sagittate; nerved. 
Scape: varying greatly in height. 


The demure arrow-heads are surely the Quakers of the 


flower world; and that they do not condone frivolity, we may 
gather from the way in which they keep their pistillate and 


PLATE IX. ARROW-HEAD. Sagzttaria latifolia, 
(37) 


38 PLANTS GROWING IN WATER. 


staminate members apart. The pistillate ones also deck them- 
selves in very seemly little petals that fall early and do not vie 
in comeliness with those of the staminate blossoms. It hardly 
seems possible that one of these little under-flowers would ever 
have the courage to call out boldly: Joseph, thou art keeping 
the sunshine from falling upon my head. 

S. lancifolia is the arrow-head that grows southward from 
Virginia. Its lower whorls of flowers are better developed 
than those of its northern sisters, and the plant is, therefore, 
more showy and beautiful. 


WATER-PLANTAIN. (Pilate X.) 


Alisma Plantago-aguatica, 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Water-plantain, Rose white. Scentless. General. Late summer. 


Flowers : small; numerous; whorled in panicles. Calyx: of three persistent 
sepals. Corolla: of three deciduous or falling petals. Stamens: four to six. 
Pistils: numerous. Leaves: from the base; on long petioles; rather lanceo- 
late ; ribbed; closely resembling those of the door-yard plantain. Scape : vary- 
ing greatly in height. 

One would at once discover the kinship between the water 
plaintain and the arrow-head, although the latter is a much more 
pleasing flower. But, if plain, our little plant is generous. It 
distributes itself very widely, and its corm-like tubers are said 


to be greatly enjoyed as an article of food by the Kalmucks. 


AMPHIBIOUS KNOTWEED. (Pate X7) 
Polygonum amphibium. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR “RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Buckwheat. Rose. Scentless. Mostly north. July, August. 


Flowers: rather showy ; massed in a dense spike. Calyx: of five petal-like, 
parted sepals. Corolla: none. Stamens: five, exserted. stil: one; style, 
two-cleft. Leaves: on long petioles; cordate; oblong; floating. Stem : sub- 
merged, rooting in the mud. oo¢stock : corm-like. 

This little aquatic sometimes strays from its home, and is 
found flourishing upon the land. But we may imagine that it 
is always glad to return and add its delicate grace to brighten 


the siow-running streams. 


|| 
MV 


Seed. Enlarged flower. 
PLATE X. WATER PLANTAIN. Ad¢sma Plantago-aquatica. 
| (39) 


Single flower. Pistia 
PLATE Xl. AMPHIBIOUS KNOTWEED. Polygonum amphibtum 
(40) 


PLANTS GROWING IN WATER. 41 


FLOATING-HEART. (Plate XTT.) 
Limndnthemum lacunosum. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Buckbean. Yellow. Scentless. Maine to Florida. July, August. 


flowers: growing in an umbel near the top of the stalk from under the 
leaves. Calyx: five-parted. Corolla: wheel-shaped, the border in divisions 
of five, fringed and incurved at the edges. Stamens: five. Pistil: one. 
fruit: a capsule with numerous seeds. Leaves: growing on slender, long, 
twining petioles ; ovate-orbicular; purplish beneath. 


The floating-heart has never inspired the poets with any of 
the ardour that they have felt for members of the gentian 
family to which it is related; and yet it would seem as though 
its name alone should awaken some drowsy muse. It is true 
that the flower is far from being such a raving beauty as the 
fringed gentian ; but it is very interesting. Its parts alternate 
in a systematic way that shows it understands good government. 
The petals alternate with the sepals and the stamens with the 
petals, while alternating with the stamens are five glands. 
These glands, it is supposed, were originally another set of 
stamens that have been absorbed at an early stage by the petals. 
The root-like tubers that start out near the flowers at the end 
of the petiole, show a similar form of reproduction as the 
strawberry does with its leafy shoots at the end of runners. 
At the approach of cold weather they detach themselves from 
the main plant and sink to the bottom of the pond, where they 
root in the mud. With the return of the spring they are thus 
ready to send above vigourous, renewed stock. 


AMERICAN BROOKLIME. 
Verénica Americana. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Figwort. Blue. Scentless. Mostly north and west. A pril-Septensber. 


Flowers: growing loosely in axillary, slender racemes. Corolla: wheel- 
shaped, of four lobes. Calyx: four-parted. Stamens: two. fistzl: one. 
Leaves : on petioles ; opposite ;.oblong or lanceolate; serrated. Stem : smooth; 
slightly curving and branched. 


It is mostly in brooks and watery ditches that we find this 
dear little plant. Children often mistake it for the wild forget- 
me-not and are invariably disappointed when they learn that it 
bears no more tender name than American brooklime. 


Tubers. 


PLATE XI]. FLOATING HEART. JZznanthemum lacunosum, 
(42) 


Plants Growing In Mud: Bogs, 
‘Swamps and Marshes. 


Over in the swamps life is gay and free; for why should 
they be dull when they may be merry, or why should they 
throw out sparingly their bloom when their soul tells them to 
send it out abundantly 2? In tts time and place each lovely 
flower unfolds ; the turtle travels slowly back from the nearest 
pond, the blackbirds pipe and the ortole matches the tint of 
his wing with the petals of the marigold. Grave willows 
have a fatherly care of the sweet community, and, although 
King Carnival pass up and down, disorder never reigns. 


SKUNK CABBAGE. 


Spathyema fétida. 
FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Arum. Madder, purple, Disagreeable. Mostly north, sparingly February- 
yellow and green. west and south. April. 


Flowers: inconspicuous; perfect; arranged upon an oval fleshy spadix 
that is enveloped by a spathe. Spathe: shell-shaped, veined with purple. 
fruit: curious looking; the seeds form under the epidermis of the spadix, and 
drop later into the ground, like little bulbs. Zeaves: one to three feet long ; 
ovate; veined ; appearing later than the flowers, from a short rootstock. 


“ Foremost to deck the sun-warmed sod, 
The Arum shows his speckled coil.” 

Dame Nature has truly a warm heart, and when she deprives 
us of one thing she usually bestows another. In her scheme of 
wisdom she certainly saw fit to deprive the skunk cabbage of 
fragrance ; and to such an extent that it has been doomed to 
bear a rather unpoetical name. But it is a brave, powerful 
plant, which pushes itself forward without fear of rebuff from 
the frosts of February, or the biting March winds. Grim win- 


44 PLANTS GROWING IN MUD. 


ter has but to relax his hold of the season for a single day, or 
two, and the first folded buds of the skunk cabbage are among 
us ; gladdening those that are weary of seeing the earth dried 
and pale, by announcing the nearness of spring. They are 
impetuous and sometimes hardly wait long enough to give 
their cheery message, as it is not unusual to find that they 
have been caught by Jack Frost. As soon as a thaw then sets 
in they quickly turn black and decay. 

It is still a mooted question whether or not this plant is self- 
fertilized. The arums are thought to be cross-fertilized by the 
wind ; as their pollen is dry and powdery, and their spathes 
are not so highly coloured as to attract the attention of in- 
sects. But the spathe of this plant has colour; and is so 
enwrapped about the flowers as to protect them from the wind. 
The pistil also matures long before the stamens. These facts 
would favour the theory of its being visited by insects. On 
the other hand, we have to remember that insects have not the 
indomitable courage of the skunk cabbage, and do not venture 
out at so early a season of the year. Flies abound the first 
warm days of spring, so perhaps they, or others of which we 
know nothing, are their secret embassadors. 

Children—and at an early age it may be that the nostrils are 
not fully developed—are particularly fond of searching for this 
plant and kicking it over, when its odour becomes much more 
intensified. 


AMERICAN CRINUIT. (Plate X//7) 


Crinum Americanum. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Amaryltis. White. Very fragrant. Florida and westward. May-Septeniber. 


Flowers: two to four, growing umbel-like at the top of a thick scape. 
Perianth : of six-pointed, narrow, recurved divisions with linear bractlets at 
the base of each. Stamens: six, with long, purple filaments ; anthers attached 
at the middle; pinkish. Zeaves: very long, narrow, pointed. Scape: one to 
two feet high. zd: globular. 


When we sit down beside this giant flower and overlook 
some river swamp, we think our best thoughts, the earth seems 


enna 


Crinum Americanum 


AMERICAN CRINUM. 


PLATE XIil. 


>» 
z 
a 
= 
°o 
° 
o 
Ww 
x 
2 
”“ < 
mi ee 
< @ 
wi 
53 = 
ae 
w z 
Be 
= 
& - 
= = 
oS ff 
= Dh 
o 
oa 
2 
red 
va 
g 
° 
3° 


Diagram of flower. 


PLATE XIV. SWAMP PINK. Fe/onzas bullata. 


) 


(45 


46 PLANTS GROWING IN MUD, 


wonderfully fair. Itis so noble and dignified in its bearing 
that we would not venture to pick it ; so we wander away, and 
the place where it grew forms a lasting picture in our memory. 

It is the only one of its genus that has chosen to grow wild 
in the Southern part of the United States, instead of tropical 
regions. | 


SWAMP PINK. (Plate X7V.) 
Flelonias bullata. 
FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE _ TIME OF BLOOM 
Bunch-flower. Purple. Scentless. New York, southward April, May. 


to Virginia, 

Flowers: growing ina terminal, blunt raceme. /erdanth: divided into six 
spreading, spatulate segments. Stamens: six. Pistil: one; with a three- 
branched stigma. Leaves: growing in a cluster at the base of the scape; 
long, tapering at the base; evergreen; parallel-veined. Scafe: stout, with 
bracts below. ootstock : tuberous. 

A compact, vigourous plant that has a fondness for the state 
of New Jersey. In fact, it is there so greata feature of swamp 
and bog life that we find ourselves continually wondering if it 
is not in some way connected with the political economy of 


these places. 


INDIAN POKE. FALSE HELLEBORE. PUPPET-ROOT. 


Veratrum virdde. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR | RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Bunch-flower. Greenish yellow, becoming  Scentless. Mostly east, May-July. 
more green as the flowers south and west. 


grow older. 


Flowers: growing in racemes along the branches. Perianth: of six oblong 
divisions. Stamens: six. Pistil: one, with a three-branched style. Leaves: 
clasping ; broadly ovate; pointed; parallel-veined. Svem: two to seven feet 
high; stout; leafy. 

Our attention is hardly held by the flowers of the false 
hellebore after we have learned to identify them ; as they are 
particularly lacking in beauty. It is to the leaves that we feel 
grateful for pushing through the earth at so early a season of 
the year and enlivening the swamps with foliage. They also 
appear along brooks and mountain streams, and are on very 
friendly terms with the skunk cabbage. As the plant’s generic 


Yy 


Wy 


Yj, 
Sob 


Sarracenia purpurea 


PLANT. 


« PITCHER: 


‘PLATE XV 


COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY, 


PRINTED IN AMERICA, 


PLANTS GROWING IN MUD. 47 


name indicates, it is poisonous, Chickens especially have fallen 
victims to eating its seeds, and the fatal mistake has been made 
by individuals of using the young leaves for those of the marsh 
marigold, in which case death has been the result. 


PITCHER-PLANT. HUNTSMAN’S-CUP. SIDESADDLE- 
FLOWER. (Plate XV.) 


Sarracenia purpurea. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Pitcher-plant. Crimson, green, or pink. Fragrant. Mostly north June. 
and east. 


Hlowers : nodding ; solitary ; growing on a naked scape about one foot high. 
Calyx : of five large, coloured sepals having three bractlets underneath. Co- 
rolla: of five incurved petals that close over the umbrella-like top of the style. 
Stamens: numerous, /istz/: one; branching at five angles like an umbrella, 
and five hooked stigmas. Leaves: the shape of pitchers, open, with an erect 
hood, and side wings, the margins folded together ; conspicuously veined with 
purple. 

It is only because we are ill-informed about plant-life that it 
ever surprises us ; and to have passed beyond the brink of won- 
der at the actions of the pitcher-plant, argues a good amount 
of knowledge. It is one of the most stragetic of the insectivo- 
rous plants. The ieaves have their margins united together, so 
as to form quaint little pitchers, closed at the bottom and open 
at the top. They are lined with a sticky, sugary substance 
that entices small insects to explore to their depths. Here the 
pitchers, with an absolute disregard of all Christian charity, 
have arranged innumerable little bristles, pointed downwards; 
and once entrapped the poor victim can escape in neither di- 
rection. The rain is also held by them, and serves to drown 
any mite that is unusually tenacious of life. We generally find 
them partly filled with water and drowned insects, which afford 
the plants an extra amount of nourishment. These leaves often 
remain a curious feature of swamp life until Jack Frost covers 
them with his white overcoat ; but in the exquisite spring bloom 
is when the plants are most ravishing in their beauty. Froma 
distance they appear like the mystic blending of colours ina 


Persian rug. 


48 PLANTS GROWING IN MUD. 


Children have a passion for the pitchers and sometimes play 
with them, using them as drinking cups. This is a most im- 
prudent thing to do, as it is impossible to know with any 
amount of certainty that they are ever free from insects. 


MARSH MARIGOLD. (Plate XVZ/.) 
Caltha palistrzs. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Crow/foot. Bright yellow. Scentless. Mostly north. April, May. 


Flowers : growing in clusters on long petioles. Calyx: usually of five, but 
sometimes as many as nine, showy, petal-likesepals. Coro/la: none. Stamens: 
numerous. /7sti/s: five to fourteen. Leaves : reniform; rounded; the upper 
ones nearly sessile; the lower ones on long petioles. Stem: erect; branching 
at the top ; hollowed; furrowed. Rootstock : thick. 


Unlike the majority of early wild flowers that prefer the 
shelter of the woods to test the season’s temper, the marsh 
marigold boldly opens the spring in the marshes. It is well 
equipped for its mission, being clothed in the brightest of yel- 
low, which is shown to advantage by its background of dark 
green leaves. The plant does not harrow itself with any in- 
tense feelings of patriotism. It is equaily fond of the old and 
new worlds, and has arare adaptability for accommodating it- 
self to circumstances. It is Shakespeare's Mary-bud. In this 
country it is sometimes improperly called cowslip, which name 
belongs toa European species of primrose. 

The leaves and young shoots are excellent when served as 
greens, and find especial favour among the country people in 
England. 


WATER-=PLANTAIN SPEARWORT. 
Rantnculus obtustisculus. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Crowfoot. Golden yellow. Scentless. North, sparingly south and west. June-A ugust. 


Hlowers: growing singly, or clustered in panicles. Calyx: of five small sepals. 
Corolla: of five, seven, or more oblong petals. Stamens: indefinite in number. 
fistils : numerous, forming a head. Leaves: lanceolate ; the upper ones clasp- 
ing, the lower ones on petioles. Stem: one to three feet high ; hollow ; glabrous. 


A slender plant whose bright, cheery face shows its close kin- 
ship to the buttercup. It is one of the gay blossoms of the 


Stamens and Pistils 


_ PLATE XVI. MARSH MARIGOLD. Caltha palustrzs. 
(49) 


50 PLANTS GROWING IN MUD. 


swamps, and keeps the carnival of colour from waning after 
the marigold has passed away. 


GOLD THREAD. (Plate XVIZ.) 
Céptes trifolia. ; 
FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Crowfoot. White. Scentless. North, sparingly west and south. May. 


Flowers: terminal; solitary. Calyx: of five to seven sepals that fall-early, 
Corolla: of five to seven cup-shaped pointed petals, hollow at the apex. Stfa- 
mens: numerous. /%sti/s: three to ten. Leaves: from the base; thrice di- 
vided into fan-shaped leaflets ; evergreen. Roots: long; bright yellow; fibrous. 

This fragile, sprightly little flower, with its wide-awake ex- 
pression, withers away from us early in the season. Its pretty 
leaves nestle cosily among the bog marshes and remain green 
all winter. The curious, twining roots remind one of a bunch 
of copper wire that has been much tangled. New England 
country people boast greatly of their efficacy when stewed 
down for a spring tonic, 


CHOKEBERRY. 
Aronia arbutifolia. 
FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Rose. White. Scentless. Mostly along the coast. May, June. 


Flowers: small, clustered. Calyx: of five cleft sepals. Corolla: of five 
rosaceous petals. Stamens: numerous. /2sti/: one, with usually five styles. 
Fruit: a small, dark red, or purple, astringent berry. Zeaves: alternate; 
obiong; serrated; hairy underneath. 

In the late summer, when the fruit of this little shrub ripens, 
it causes a clinging grudge to take deep root in many a childish 
mind, It appears as though it might be so very good, and 


when tasted is so very bad. 


SWAMP ROSE. (Plate X VII.) 
Rosa Carolina. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Rose. Soft, crimson pink. Slightly fragrant. General. JSune-August.. 


Flowers : large; rarely solitary. Calyx : of five cleft sepals that terminate in 
atube. Corolla: of five petals, sometimes found with more; in this respect 
the species is variable. Stamens: numerous, /ysti/s; numerous. Leaves: 


4 


WW 
Pill! Dg >. Sat) 
; 


PLATE XVII. GOLD THREAD. Coptds tréfolia. 
(51) 


_-- 


tt PLANTS GROWING IN MUD. 


pinnate ; of three to nine serrate leaflets, unequal in size; pale underneath. 
Stem; erect; smooth, with recurved prickles ; reddish. 


“Tf Jove would give the fragrant bowers 
A queen for all their world of flowers, 
A rose would be the choice of Jove 
And blush the queen of every grove.”—JZoore. 


Pliny tells us that the many species of wild roses may be 
distinguished from each other by their colour, scent, roughness, 
smoothness, and the greater or smaller number of their floral 
leaves. The swamp rose, however, is one that is most readily 
recognised. It has a somewhat ragged appearance owing to 
its often unequal number of petals; and it grows in great 
masses in the swamps. With the approach of autumn it 
changes the character of, rather than loses, its beauty. The 
leaves become a brilliant orange-red and the bushes glow 
with the graceful crimson fruit. 

To walk by a swamp spread with these roses, makes us reflect 
longingly on the days of the ancients ; when the warriors, dur- 
ing their repasts, sat crowned with them and when, as Pliny 
tells us, their choice meats were covered with the petals, or 
sprinkled with their fragrant oil. The descriptions of the roses 
at the feast that Cleopatra gave to Antony make us cease to 
wonder that Venus herself has a rival in the rose. 


WATER AVENS. PURPLE AVENS. 
Geum rivale, 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR : RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Rose. Purple. Scentless. North and west. May-July. 


Flowers: large; nodding ; terminal; growing sparingly on the flower stems. 
Calyx: top-shaped, with five spreading lobes. Corolla: of five obcordate 
petals. Stamens and Fisti/s: numerous. Styles: long; curved. Fruit: a 
head of dry akenes. Leaves: pinnately-parted, the upper ones having usually 
three lobes. Stem : simple. 

This is a pretty flower of the swamps and low grounds. Its 
purple colour is of a peculiar shade; as though it had been 
mixed on a palette from which the chrome yellow had not been 


scraped, 


fe 


PLATE XVIII SWAMP ROSE. Rosa Carolina. 


COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY, 


PRINTED IN AMERICA. 


PLANTS GROWING IN MUD. 53 


G. strictum, or yellow avens, has flowers that grow in panicles. 
_ They are innocent enough looking; but it is from their pistils 
that the prickles come out in the late season to test the temper 
of those wandering in their vicinity. 


POISON SUrFIACH. POISON ELDER. 
Kthis vérnix. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Cashew. Dull greenish white. Sulphurous. tlorida northward. June. 


Flowers: axillary; many imperfect; growing in loose panicles. Leaves: 
pinnately divided into seven to thirteen oblong leaflets that grow on red 
leaf-stalks. A shrub, often approaching twenty feet high; of soft yellow- 
brown wood. /wce: resinous. “rut; smooth; whitish. 

The Rhus vernix-is a native species and one of the most 
poisonous of our country. Fortunately there are many who 
are immune to its evil effects; but to those who are susceptible 
to such influences, even passing by the shrub is fraught with 
danger. Its beauty, when it is in the pride of its autumn fo- 
liage, acts as a snare to conceal its true nature. It is often 
gathered and carried home, being held close to the face. In- 
sanity has been known to be an outcome of such recklessness. 
It takes particular hold upon the system when the pores of the 
skin are open, asin perspiration. All should study carefully 
its manner of growth, that when we go to the swamps we shall 
not mistake it for the harmless sumach that grows by the way- 
sides, in dry soil. 


AMERICAN JACOB’S LADDER. 
Polemontum Van Brintie. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Phlox. Bluish purple. Scentless. Vermont to Maryland. May-July. 


flowers : loosely clustered in panicles. Calyx : five-lobed. Corolla : with 
five rounded lobes. Stamens: five, exserted. stil: one. Leaflets: opposite ; 
ovate ; almost sessile. Sem: erect; leafy tothe top; glabrous. ootstock : thick. 
Prof. Britton, by whom this species was named, tells us that 


“it differs from the Old World Polemonium cceruleum in its 


PLATE XIX. LIZARD’S TAIL. Saururus cernuus. 
(54) 


PLATE XXl. 


WHITE SWAMP HONEYSUCKLE. 


COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY, 


PRINTED IN AMERICA, 


Azalea viscosa. 


PLANTS GROWING IN MUD. 55 


stout rootstock, more leafy stem, exserted stamens, and rounded 
corolla lobes.” Itis a pretty feature of the swamps and is also 
found along slow streams. 


-LIZARD’S TAIL. (Pilate XIX.) 


Saururus cérynuus. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 


Pepper. White. fragrant. Connecticut, southward June-August. 
along the eastern coast. 


Flowers: crowded in a tail-liké, curving spike. Stamens: six to seven, 
Pistils: three, or four, united at the base. Leaves: alternate ; on petioles; cor- 
date. Stem: square ; jointed. 

The lizard’s tail has a strange, incomplete flower. It is said 
to be naked because it has dispensed with, or never possessed, 
either calyx or corolla. The delicate organs of the flower, 
therefore, are without any proper envelope to afford them pro- 
tection. We are mostly attracted to the plant by its fragrance, 
which is its chief charm, though when growing in masses it 
beautifies our swamps in midsummer, 


WILD HONEYSUCKLE. PINXTER FLOWER. PINK 
AZALEA. (Plate XX, Frontispiece.) 
Azalea nudzfiora. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Hleath. Rose, or pinkish red. Faintly fragrant. Matne, southward May. 
along the coast. 


Flowers: clustered; developed with, or slightly before, the leaves. Calyx : 
of five small teeth. Coro//a: funnel-form, with five recurved lobes. Stamens: 
five; exserted. /%s/7/ : one, protruding with a black stigma. Leaves: ellipti- 
=o) entire; in terminal groups. A shrub three to six feet high; branching, 
leafy. 


WHITE SWAMP HONEYSUCKLE. CLAMMY AZALEA. 
(Plate XXT.) 
Azalea viscosa, 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Heath. White, tinged with pink. Very fragrant. Maine, southward June, July. 
along the coast. 


Flowers : clustered; coming into blossom after the leaves. Calyx : of five 
small lobes. Corol/a: tubular, clammy and hairy; with five recurved, deeply 


56 PLANTS GROWING IN MUD. 


cleft lobes. Stamens: five ; exserted; the anthers highly coloured. Pisti/: 
one ; protruding. Leaves: oblong; in terminal groups. . A shrub three to ten 


feet high. . 

Little can be imagined in plant-life which is more truly 
beautiful than the azaleas in the fullness of their bloom. The 
varieties here given resemble each other very closely; and fol- 
low in continuous succession, so that the swamps and some- 
times the moist woods are radiant with their variable colours 
until well on in the season. It would seem as though the 
warmer atmosphere of summer coaxed out a stronger fragrance 
than the cool air of spring; as the A. viscosa lades the air 
for a great distance with its luscious, honey scent. On both 
species may be found those modified buds that are so dear to 
the heart of childhood and which are called May-apples. The 
plants are especially desirable for cultivation and we are famil- 
iar with seeing them come into bloom early in the year. 
The characteristics of each plant can be readily seen from the 
illustrations. 


CREEPING SNOWBERRY. 
Chidgenes hispidula. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Heath. White. Fragrant. Mostly north. May. 


Flowers : small; nodding; axillary. Calyx: of four sepals with two large 
bractlets underneath. Stameus:eight. Pésti/: one. Fruzt :; a small, giobular, 
white berry. eaves: ovate and, like the bractlets, bristly underneath ; ever- 
green. Stem: delicate and trailing. 

It may be regarded as a matter of good fortune if we find this 
delicate little creeper spreading its carpet of snow-white berries, 
in the peat bogs. We then sit down and enjoy to the full its 
invigourating breath of spicy aroma ; and nibble at the leaves, 
which are uninjurious and have the same pleasant taste as 
sweet birch and wintergreen. It is abundant in the Adiron- 
dacks and at times we find it straying to visit such cool, a 
woods as the Alleghanies. 


PLANTS GROWING IN MUD. 57 


AMERICAN CRANBERRY. (Plate XX//.) 
Oxycéccus macrocarpus. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Fleath. Pale rose. Scentless. North Carolina, northward. Sune. 


Flowers : terminal ; nodding on long pedicels that are sometimes axillary. 
Calyx : of four short teeth. Corol/a : of four deeply parted petals. Stamens : 
eight to ten; protruding. #st/: one. Fruit: a bright scarlet, acid, four- 
celled berry. Leaves: oblong; entire; evergreen ; the margins turned back. 
Stem : prostrate; trailing. 

So dainty and pretty is the little pink blossom of this plant 
that it invariably gives pleasure to those that find it in the peat 
bogs and marshy lands. Its mission in life, however, is to be 
the forerunner of the bright berry which is too well-known in 
connection with Thanksgiving turkey to need any description. 
The name cranberry is said by some authorities to have been 
chosen for the plant because the berries are the favourite food 
of the cranes, when they return in the spring to the shores of 
Holland. Others think it is owing to the curves of the 
branches, which are like the crooked neck of a crane. 


MARSH ANDROMEDA. WILD ROSEIARY. MARSH 


HOLY ROSE. 
Andromeda poltfolia. 
FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Heath. White, or pink tinged with red. Fragrant. Mostly north. May, June. 


Flowers : growing in umbel-like, drooping clusters. Calyx: of five sepals. 
Corolla: of five petals. Stamens: ten. Pistil: one. Leaves: lanceolate: 
glaucous; whitish beneath; evergreen. A low shrub, rarely taller than 
eighteen inches. 

This beautiful shrub is the namesake of the fair daughter of 
the Ethiopian King, Cepheus. Perhaps the bond of sympathy 
that Linnzus recognised as existing between them, is that they 
both have had to contend with monsters. Like Andromeda of 
spotless purity, who was chained to the rock at sea, our little 
plant finds itself attached to some hillock in the swamp. The 
jumping, splashing frogs and sleek, twirling reptiles are no 
doubt quite as fearful to the gentle floweras the fiery dragon 


PLATE XXII. AMERICAN CRANBERRY. Oxzycoccus macrocarpus. 
(58) 


PLANTS GROWING IN MUD. 59 


was to Andromeda. And alas, no Perseus coming to slay them, 
it droops its head, grows pale and dies. Its place is taken by 
an erect little capsule, which has quite the air of being able to 
take care of itself, 


CALYPSO. 
Calypso bulbosa. 
FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Orchts. Pink, variegated Scentless. Northern latitudes. May. 


with yellow. 


Flowers: large; terminal; solitary; drooping. The sepals and petals 
narrow and pointed ; the lip inflated, sac-shaped; within woolly. Leaves: one 
only ; slightly roundish, cordate at base; ona petiole sheathing the stem; 
thin. Root: a bulb. 

It is when we least expect to find this lovely flower that 
some silken thread will probably guide us to its hiding place 
deep down in some mossy bog. It is very shy, very tremulous, 
and having feasted our eyes upon it we would fain creep away 
as softly as we came. 


ARETHUSA. 
Arethusa bulbosa. 
FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Orchis. Rose pink. Fragrant. Maine to Virginia. May, June. 


Flowers : large; terminal ; solitary ; with two small scales underneath, The 
lip fringed, spotted with purple, and traversed by three white ridges. The 
other sepals and petals arching over the column. Leaves: one only; linear, 
appearing from the sheath of the scape after the flower. Scape: from a bulb; 
six to ten inches high. 

The beautiful nymph Arethusa was first wrapped in a cloud 
by Diana and then changed into a fountain that she might 
escape the river god, Alpheus, who had fallen in love with her, 
as, overheated by the chase, she bathed in a clear, flowing 
stream. It seems not improbable that her namesake, our 
lovely flower, may have been placed by some protecting power 
in the swamps as a safeguard against her admirers ; for surely 
no one could see the flower without loving it, and who loving 
it would have the hardihood to leave it upon its stem to be 
visited only by its butterfly sweethearts ? 


60 PLANTS GROWING IN MUD. 


SHOWY LADY’S SLIPPER. 
Cypripedium regine. 
FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 


Orchis. White and pink. Fragrant. New England southward June, July. 
to North Carolina. 


Flowers: terminal; solitary. The sepals and petals pure white; the lip 
inflated, one and a half inches long, and shaded in front with pink and purple. 
Leaves: alternate; large; ovate; pointed; parallel-veined. Stem: erect; 
leafy ; downy. 


This shy and lovely orchid, which Dr. Gray regards as the 
most beautiful of the genus, is rather difficult to find; and 
although one of its haunts in some remote swamp is known, 
and the days numbered until the time has come to go eagerly 
forth and seek it, it is often sadly true that some one has been 
in advance and carried the blossom away. But those that are 
so fortunate as to be the first upon the scene, whether lovers of 
flowers or not, must delight in the possession of so sweet a 
nymph. C. hirsutum and C. acaule, page 120, are illustrated in 
plates xcill and xciv respectively. 


CALOPOGON. GRASS PINK. (Plate XX//7) 


Limodorum tuberosum. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Orchis. Magenta pink. fragrant. Northeast to Florida June, July. 
and westward. 


Flowers : growing loosely in varying numbers on a long scape. The flower 
has a peculiar expression, as though it were upside down, owing to the ovary 
being untwisted ; and the lip remaining on the upper instead of the lower side 
of the blossom. The lip is most delicately bearded with white and yellow. 
Leaves: linear; grass-like ; nerved and sheathed near the base of the scape. 
Scape: rising erect from a bulb. 


We have no wild flower that is more patrician in its bearing 
than this handsome orchid. It suggests a high-bred individ- 
ual with a taste for the eccentric who calmly persists in wear- 
ing his beard upside down. But its colouring is so regal, and 
its beard so very beautiful that we cannot wonder at its not 
conforming to fashion ; which would certainly rob it of. much 
of its unique bearing. Neither has this whim been allowed to 
interfere in any way with the domestic arrangements of the 
flower. In most orchids the lower lip is brought under, so as 


PLATE XXII]. CALOPOGON. GRASS-PINK. Zimodorum tuberosum. 


COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY FREDERICK A, STOKES COMPANY, 


PRINTED IN AMERICA, 


ee 


¢ 
4 
+ 


PLATE XXIV. SNAKE-MOUTH. Pogonda ophioglossotdes. 
(61) 


62 PLANTS GROWING IN MUD. 


to form a resting place for Master Bee ; as they are designed 
for insect fertilization, Not to offend by this omission, our 
lovely flower has one of the coloured sepals brought forward ; 
which suits the undiscriminating taste of its visitors quite as well. 
The flowers from which the accompanying plate was painted, 
were very little less than two inches broad. The plant is not 
nearly so rare as it is generally thought to be, and well repays 
the time spent in its quest. 


SNAKE-MOUTH. ROSE POGONIA. (Piate XXIV) 


Pogonia ophioglossoides. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Orchis. Pale pink, or greenish Fragrant. Northeast to Florida June, July. 
white. and westward. 


Flowers: terminal; solitary; having the six unequal divisions of the 
perianth that are peculiar to the orchid family. The lower lip bearded and 
iringed. Leaves: ovate-elliptical; one wrapped midway about each stem ; 
aera’ bract-like leaves at the base of the flowers. Fvowe7-stalk : erect from 
a bulb. 


Why call this flower by such a name 

That makes it blush as though in shame ? 
A snake is e’er a frightful thing, 

Whose mouth gives forth a deadly sting ; 
While naught but sweetness ever blows 
From where this tranquil flower grows. 


To those that think of an orchis simply as an aérial thing 
hanging in a greenhouse, it seems almost incredible that this 
modest plant should be a member of the same family. But if 
studied carefully it will be seen that it could not be successfully 
disowned by the proudest of its many relatives. 


LARGE PURPLE-FRINGED ORCHIS. 
Habendria grandifiora. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Orchis. Violet purple. Fragrant. New England southward June, July. 
and westward. 

Flowers + clustered in dense raceme-like spikes. The large lip one and a half 
inches long; three-parted ; fan-shaped, and extending into a long, slender spur ; 
deeply fringed and more highly-coloured than the other parts. The upper 
sepals and petals toothed. Leaves: alternate; lanceolate ; becoming bracts as 
they approach the flower ; oval, pointed, and clasping at the base. 


This most beautiful and showy of the purple-fringed orchids, 


SS ee —eE——————— 


64 PLANTS GROWING IN MUD. 


while apparently simple, is devised in the same profound man- 
ner that the family have chosen to aid them in securing the ser- 
vices of insects for cross-fertilization. In most orchids the 
perianth is in two sets, of three divisions each ; the outer set 
answers to sepals, and the inner set, to petals. ‘The sepals are 
highly coloured and harmonize with the petals. By a peculiar 
twist of the ovary, what would naturally be the upper petal is 
brought down and forms the lower one, or lip. It is the start- 
ling feature of the flower; and is rich in blandishments for 
Master Bee. In some varieties it appeals to his artistic sense 
by a delicate fringe, or a superb colour, and again it supplies 
him with a substantial meal of nectar. The internal structure 
consists of one stamen, formed like a column, and supported by 
the style or broad, glutinous stigma. In the cypripediums 
there are two stamens. Just above the stigma at either side 
are placed the two anther cells. Here the pollen grains are 
concentrated in little quantities, which are readily carried off by 
insects to other flowers. 

The divergent anther cells of H. grandiflora suggest the two 
eyes of a moth, or butterfly, whose appearance the flower has 
tried to imitate. 


SMALL PURPLE-FRINGED ORCHIS, (Plate XXV.) 
Habenarza psycodes. 

The small purple-fringed orchis is more faithful to the swamps 
than the larger one, which strays sometimes to the moist mea- 
dows. It comes into bloom a little later in the season, and is 
not so handsome a variety ; but it has a delicate perfume. 


FRINGELESS PURPLE ORCHIS., 
Flabenartia peramena, 

Another more severe type of a purple orchis, which rarely 
comes further north than Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Itis 
found in wet meadows, or seeking moisture by following the 
mountains. In size it is between that of the two preceding 


( WHITE-FRINGED ORCHIS. Aadenaria blephariglottis. 
YELLOW-FRINGED ORCHIS. Aadbenaria ciliaris. 


PLATE XXVI. 


COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY, 


PRINTED IN AMERICA, 


PLANTS GROWING IN MUD. 65 


species. ‘The lip is not fringed ; but it is cut-toothed in a way 
that gives it a very stiff, prim expression. In July and August 
we may expect to find it in bloom. 


WHITE-FRINGED ORCHIS. (Plate XXVJ.) 
Hlabenaria blepharig lotiis. 
FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Orchis. White. Scentless. Northward to Minnesota, and July. 
zz New Jersey. 


Flowers ; crowded on a short, oblong spike and having slender spurs; the 
lower lip heavily fringed. Zeaves: alternate ; lanceolate; passing gradually 
into bracts; clasping at the base. 

It seems, sometimes, that we hardly know what to say about 
a flower. Not because it is uninteresting, but because it is so 
very lovely that our sensations concerning it are silent. It is 
so with the white orchis. When found in some cranberry bog 
or swamp they are generally growing in great profusion. There 
is a milk-white purity about the blooms, and their swaying fairy 
fringe makes them very beautiful. 

ff, ciliéris, or the yellow-fringed orchis (Plate XXVI), is not 
so frequently found as the white one. It is taller, and of a 
deep, rich orange in colour. The two resemble each other so 
closely that there has been a question whether they were not 
simply different colours of the same species, It is now be- 
lieved, however, that they are separate species. The yellow 
one is a little later in reaching the height of its bloom. 

As will be seen from the illustration, the fringe of both of 
these orchids is wider than the lip it edges. 


MOSS MiILKWORT. 
Poljgala cructata, 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Milkwort. Pink or greenish. Scentless. Maine to Florida August. 
and westward. - 


Flowers: small; growing in close, short spikes at the ends of the branches. 
Leaves : opposite; whorled in fours; linear. Stems: long ; angled ; spreading. 
When a number of these low plants are found growing to- 
gether, they have a mossy, soft appearance that is very pretty. 


Section of flower. Stamen. 
PLATE XXVII. MARSH CLEMATIS. Clematzs crispa. 
(66) 


PLANTS GROWING IN MUD. 67 


MARSH CLEMATIS. (Piate XXV/Z) 
Clémates crispa. 

Perhaps the most beautiful of our native species is the blue 
clematis of the marshes. Its large, solitary, nodding flowers, 
which are gracefully shaped, and silky styles, give it a delicate, 
quaint appearance that is full of charm. Unfortunately, it is 
little known outside of the territory between southeastern Vir- 
ginia, Florida and Texas. It blossoms in May and June, and 
has a delightful fragrance. 


MARSH ST. JOHN’S=-WORT. 


Triadénum Virginitcum. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
St. John’s-wort. Flesh coloured, or Scentless. General. July-September. 
pale purple. 


Flowers : smal]; axillary; terminal; in close clusters; growing singly or in 
pairs. Calyx : of five, flesh-coloured sepals. Corolla : of five petals. Stamens: 
nine to twelve, in sets of three; each set separated by a yellow gland. Pusti/: 
one, with three styles. Zewves : opposite, in pairs united about the stem; ob- 
long ; not tapering at either end. Stem: erect ; brightly coloured. Pod: deep 
red. 

Often in cranberry bogs and in the marshes we will find this 


pretty plant upholding the honour of the St. John’s-wort. 


HORNED BLADDERWORT. (Plate XXV///.) 
Utricularia cornita. 

Among the aquatics (page 34, Plate VIII) we have already 
acquainted ourselves with a curious connection of this pretty 
plant. U.cornuta we find in peat bogs; it does not bear any 
bladders and is therefore less extraordinary in its movements. 
On a slender pedicel it bears from two to four large flowers 
about one inch long, which have a helmet-shaped lower lip and 
long curved spur. They are bright yellow, delicate, and very 
fragrant. In fact, Mr. Burroughs regards this to be the most 
intensely fragrant wild flower of our country. 


PLATE XXVIIl. HORNED BLADDERWORT. UW¢ricularia cornuta. 
(68) 


PLANTS GROWING IN MUD. 69 


SMALL MAGNOLIA. SWEET BAY. 
Magnolia Virgintana. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Magnolia. White. Fragrant. Along the coast. June, Juiy. 


Flowers : solitary; terminal at the end of the branches. Calyx: of three 
sepals on the receptacle. Corolla: of six to nine rounded petals. Stamens: 
numerous. Pisti/s: numerous; arranged in the shape of a cone. #72: cone- 
like; red, with one or two scarlet seeds. Leaves: alternate ; obovate ; pointed ; 
downy and whitish underneath. A shrub four to twenty feet high, leafy, branch- 


ing. 

Asthe summers return to us, the lovely, fragrant blossoms 
of the magnolia find their way back to the swamps. The 
shrub is one with which the children have hardly made a fair 
compact. With their ruthless little fingers, they strip it of its 
petals, which they put into bottles and cover with alcohol. A 
few shakes areall that is then necessary to transform the decoc- 
tion into the “ most delightful perfume,’ and they offer it to 
their friends at a price much below that of the market. 


ROSE MALLOW. SWAMP MALLOW. (Plate XX/X.) 
Hibiscus Moscheutos. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Mallow. Pink. Scentless. Along the coast. August. 


Flowers : large ; seven to eight inches in diameter; solitary. Calyx: of five 
green sepals surrounded by an under layer of twelve slender, pointed bracts. 
Corolla : of five pink petals that become magenta at the base. Stamens: in- 
numerable ; growing out from all sides of a formation wrapped about the style. 
Pistils : five united into one. Stigmas: five; resembling tiny mushrooms. 
Leaves: on petioles; the larger and lower ones three-lobed; the upper ones 
ovate; downy underneath. Sve : erect ; high, reaching six and eight feet. 


In late August, when the rose mallow rises to its stately 
height among the tall grasses of the salt marshes, the passer-by 
pauses and gives it the admiration it claims. Undoubtedly itis 
the most gorgeous of all the plants indigenous to the United 
States. An old gentleman who had loved it from childhood al- 
ways said of it: “It is the flower that I take off my hat to.” 
And he did not regard it as inferior to the Chinese rose hibiscus 
which is cultivated in our greenhouses. It is from the petals of 
the latter species that the women in China extract the black dye 
to colour their teeth with. Although at a great distance the 


70 PLANTS GROWING IN MUD. 


large flowers of our plant can be seen, it is often difficult of ap- 
proach, Positive terror seizes hold 6f the timorous, and their 
ardour for it is often tossed in the balance with the fear of 
snakes, Once plucked, it fades quickly, closes its petals and 
droops its head as though in sorrow at Phe loss of its own en- 
vironment, 

Growing side by side with the rose mallow will often be 
found its white sister, whose centre isa deep crimson and whose 
stem is highly coloured. It is acommon error to call these plants 
“marsh-mallow,” which is properly, A/thea officinalis, and which 
grows in the borders of salt marshes on the Eastern coast, It 
isa much more rare plant than the rose mallow and is possessed 
of medicinal properties. From its mucilaginous substance 
the famous confection of marsh-mallow is made. 


SEA LAVENDER. [lIARSH ROSEMARY. 


* , . * * *% 
Limonium Carolintanum. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Leadwort. Lavender. Fragrant. Along the coast. August, Septenber. 


Flowers: tiny; growing in panicles along one side of the branches. Calyx : 
funnel-form: five-cleft. Corol/a: of five petals. Stamens: five. Pistil: one, 
with three, or five styles. oot-leaves: lanceolate, tapering into a petiole ; 
thick. Stem: naked ; much branched at the summit. 


Where winds off the sea blow gaily 
And playfully kiss the land, 

Marsh rosemary sways and trembles 
And nods to the pallid sand. 

The corolla of this little flower, which ex masse suggests the 
filmy sea-spray, dries and remains bright throughout the 
winter. It is highly prized for bouquets and used by thrifty 
housewives to frighten away moths. About Shelter Island and 
Sag Harbor it tints the coast with its delicate bloom. 


BUCKBEAN. (Plate XXX.) 
Menyanthes trifoltata, 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Buckbean. White, or reddish, Scentless. Mostly north. May, June. 


Flowers : growing along a scape of about one foot high. Calyx: small ; five- 
parted. Corolla: gamopetalous ; five-cleft; the upper surface covered with a 


PLATE XXIX. ROSE MALLOW. Azdbtiscus Moscheutos 


COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY 


PRINTED IN AMERICA, 


») mes “y, Ly, 
Sway 


\\ 


PLATE XXX. BUCKBEAN. Menyanthes trifoliata. 
(71) 


72 PLANTS GROWING IN MUD, 


white beard. Stamens: five. Pistil: one. Stigma: two-lobed. Leaves: three 
oblong leaflets borne on a long petiole. ootstock ; creeping. 

Hidden away in some secluded corner of a swamp we may 
chance upon the lovely white buckbean, Its racemes of star- 
like faces, covered with the soft fringe, have a sweet expression 
that is most attractive. 


SEA=PINK. 
Sabbatia stellaris. 
FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Gentian. Deep pink. Scentless. Mass. southward. August. 


Flowers: iarge ; solitary; terminal on the ends of the flower-stalks. Calyx: 
of five-parted linear lobes. Coro/la: wheel-shaped; with five, deeply-parted 
lobes. Stamens: five. Pistil: one; style, two-cleft. Leaves: opposite ; 
lanceolate ; becoming linear as they ascend the stem. Stem: branching ; 
slender. 

We may picture to ourselves the sea-pinks by the side of a 
green marsh with the salt breezes blowing about us. There, 
spread outin brilliantly-coloured masses of great extent, they 
form a little world by themselves,—living and weaving out their 
own destiny. A bright, cheery lot they are too, with round yellow 
eyes that look at us frankly and without showing the slightest 
signs of drowsitiess. There is very little sleep allowed in their 
households, hardly even forty winks; and yet they do not want 
for beauty. They are always freshand bright and wide-awake, 

S. dodecaudra, or large sabbatia, is a beautiful species, whose 
blooms are rosy pink, or white. The corolla is fuller than that 
of the preceding flower and often as much as two and a 
quarter inches broad. On the borders of brackish ponds, es- 
pecially in southern New Jersey, it is found in great abundance. 

S. campanulata (Plate X X XJ.) is readily known by the length 
of its sepals, which is unusually great, equal, in fact, to that of 
the petals. 

Throughout Massachusetts, and especially about Plymouth, 
the sabéatia is held in great admiration, almost reverence. It is 
called the rose of Plymouth, and it is generally believed that its 
generic name is associated with the pilgrims having first beheld 
iton thesabbathday. Facts, however, that are often just a trifle 


i) 

Hp 

in if 
i 


PLATE XXX]. SEA-PINK. Saddatia campanulata. 
(73) 


74 PLANTS GROWING IN MUD. 


disagreeable, tell us thisis an unfounded notion which has been 
circulated within the last thirty years; and that the genus is 
named for an early botanist, Liberatus Sabbatia. 


VENUS’S FLY-TRAP. (Plate XXXJZ) 


Dionea musctpula. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Sundew. White. Scentless. Wilmington, N.C. Spring. 


Flowers: growing on a scape in a flat-topped umbel. Calyx: of five 
sepals. Corolla: of five, obcordate petals. Stamens: fifteen. stil: one ; 
stigma, fringed and lobed. Leaves: long and narrow; terminated by a bristly 
bordered trap ; green or crimson inside. 


Even the flowers must crane their necks and gaze in wonder 
at the uncanny actions of the Venus’s fly-trap : a creature of 
most cunning devices. The trap-like appendage that termi- 
nates each leaf is set, so to speak, when the sun shines, Its 
brilliant lining piques the curiosity of small insects, which, un- 
conscious of the wise maxim, to look with one’s eyes and not 
with one’s fingers, attempt to investigate for themselves. No 
sooner does one arrive and brush against the bristles that line 
the edge of the trap, than the latter closes and crushes the life 
out of the intruder. In adroitness it can well vie with the 
spider. The poor guileless fly is then prepared for digestion by 
a secretion from minute glands that line the inner surface of 
the leaves. His end is in assimilation and affording nourish- 
ment to the plant. 

Should the fly by any chance effect an escape, the trap would 
then innocently open and again await its opportunity. 


ROUND-LEAVED SUNDEW. 


Drésera rotundifolia. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Sundew. White. Scentless. Northern and eastern. Midsummer. 


Flowers : small ; growing on one side of a raceme like cluster at the end of a 
naked scape that uncoils as the flowers expand. Calyx: of five sepals. 
Corolla: of five petals. Stamens: five to fifteen. Prstil : one, with a deeply 
three or five parted style. Zeaves: rounded; provided with leafstalks; the 
upper surface rough and sticky. The edge of the leaf fringed with reddish 
bristies. 


When the sun shines upon the leaves of this little bog herb 


PLATE XXXII. VENUS’S FLY-TRAP.  Dionza muscipula. 


COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY, 


PRINTED IN AMERICA. 


PLANTS GROWING IN MUD. 75 


they are, poetically speaking, covered with sparkling drops of 
dew ; but which in stern reality we find to be a glutinous exu- 
dation that serves to entice insects to visit them and then to 
hold them fast. The red bristles complete the capture by clos- 
ing tightly over the victim ; and he is prepared for digestion 
very much in the same manner as is practiced by the Venus's 
fly-trap. The range of the sundew is not so restricted, and it is 
worth one’s while to search it out and try the experiment of 
feeding it with flies, so as to put oneself on a plane beyond sur- 
prise at the actions of the insectivorous plants. 


SOUTHERN LOBELIA. 


Lobélia amena. 
FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 


Lobelia. Blue or white. Scentless. Florida to South Carolina September, October. 
and westward. 


Flowers: growing profusely in a close, one-sided raceme with many small 
bracts. Calyx : of five linear lobes; the sinuses without appendages. Corolla: 
long, irregularly five-lobed. Stamens: five, the filaments united into a tube. 
Pistil: one ; stigma two-lobed, and about it a ring of hairs. Leaves : scattered ; 
oblong ; the lower ones on petioles ; the upper ones nearly sessile. Svem : two 
to four feet high; erect. 


In the rich soil of the southern swamps we find this lobelia. 
If it were colourless we would probably pass it by; but its 
bright blue or pure white enchain us and we forgive it its 
happy-go-lucky, ragged, unkempt appearance. We feel quite 
sure that it has a kind, tender heart. 


SALT-IIARSH FLEABANE. 
Plichea camphorata. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Composite. Pale lavender pink. Strongly scented. Along the coast. September. 


Flower-heads ; composed of small, tubular flowers arranged in a flat corymb. 
Leaves: sessile ; oblong; toothed; rough. Stem: with small, hairy glands. 


It is not until the early autumn that this little plant unfolds 
its pale bloom in the marshes. We are strongly reminded of 
the everlastings by its manner of growth; and if we try hard 
enough we may imagine its odour to be like that of camphor, 
as its generic name implies. 


76 PLANTS GROWING IN MUD. 


SWAMP MILKWEED. 


Asclepias incarndata. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Milkweed. Crimson. Scentless. Matne to Louisiana. July-September. 


Flowers: perfect; regular; growing in terminal umbels. Calyx: of five 
sepals, the tube very short. Coroé/a ; funnel-form, with five reflexed lobes that 
nearly hide the sepals. ‘The next inner row of upright bodies are hoods, or 
nectaries that enclose five little incurved horns ; and under these horns are the 
stamens and pistils. Séamens : five, with fringed tips that are not the anthers : 
united and enclosing the pistils. Amthers: attached to the short filaments by 
their bases. /od/en : in distinct little masses ; two being attached together 
by athread. /ustz/s: two; united above into a flat, sticky disk. Fruit: a 
pair of pods with numerous seeds and soft, silky hairs; seldom more than one 
becoming fully developed. Leaves: narrow; oblong ; somewhat heart-shaped 
at base. Svem: two to three feet high ; very leafy ; smooth, with little milky 
juice. 


Of this very striking and handsome family Professor Britton 
says: “There are about 220 genera and 1goo species of very 
wide distribution.” 

The flowers are difficult, but not impossible, for the non- 
botanist to analyse ; and the attempt will at all events pique 
one’s curiosity enough to encourage him to pry closely into 
their intricacies. 

The milkweeds are entirely dependent on insects for fertiliza- 
tion ; as the pollen masses lie too low in the blossoms to reach 


the stigma. It is for this reason that they have provided them- © 


selves with the little hoods that hold the nectar, as it could not 
be retained by the reflexed corolla lobes. Bees, therefore, visit 
the plants gladly, and when their feet become entangled in the 
tiny thread that holds together the pollen masses they carry 
them off without complaining. A. Syriaca, page 280, Plate 
CALL. 

A. lanceolata, (Plate XXXTI/) is a brilliant variety of the 
swamps that occurs southward from New Jersey to Florida and 
Texas. The umbels have but few flowers, very large and 
showy, and are of an intense orange-red colour. It blooms in 


July and August. 


( MILKWEED. Asclepias lanceolata. 


< 


{ ASHY MILKWEED. Asclepias cinerea. 


PLATE XXXIll. 


COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY. 


PRINTED IN AMERICA. 


PLANTS GROWING IN MUD. 77 


ASHY MILKWEED. (Pilate XXX/I/,) 


Asclepias cinérea. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Milkweed. Purple without, ash Scentless. Florida to South July, August. 
coloured within. Carolina. 


Flowers : small; growingin umbels. (See 4. zzcarnata, page 76.) Leaves: 
opposite; lanceolate, or linear narrowing into a petiole. Svem: one to two 
feet high ; erect; slender ; somewhat pubescent. 

This lovely species of milkweed is found mostly in wet 
barrens. It is one of our shy and well-bred weeds which must 
look with disdain upon the bad manners of the numerous 
European plants that have made their homes in this country. 


GOLDEN-ROD. 


Solidago uligsnosa is a golden-rod that we find in the peat 
bogs. It is one of the earliest of the genus to come into bloom, 
often budding out in July. The small flowers are closely 
crowded in long, narrow panicles ; and the leaves are lanceolate 
and pointed. Those of the root sometimes grow to a great 
length. 

S. pdtula, rough-leaved or spreading golden-rod, is a swamp 
species that has flower-heads growing in short racemes, The 
long leaves are noticeable from their very rough upper surface 
and being smooth on the under side. 

S. juncea, page 136, Plate LXIX. 


SWAMP ASTERS. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Composite. Purple, blue or white. Scentless. General. Late summer andearly autuntn. 


Flower-heads : composed of tubular and ligulate flowers; or ray and Cisk 
flowers, The rays purple, blue or white and the disks yellow. 


NEW ENGLAND ASTERS. 
Aster Nove-Anglie. 
The rich soil of the swamps and low grounds can boast as 
lovely members of the aster family as any field, or roadside 


78 PLANTS GROWING IN MUD. 


bank. The common New England aster is tall and stately ; 
from four to eight feet high, It is heavily foliaged with clasp- 
ing, lanceolate leaves and its flower-heads are arranged in large, 
dense corymbs. The many rays are a beautiful violet purple, 
or sometimes a soft magenta. 

A, puniceus is an accompanying flower of the swamps. It also 
is tall, but cannot vie with the above, as its utmost height ap- 
pears to be about seven feet. Its long, slender rays vary in 
colour from pale lilac blue to dark purple. The leaves are 
long with a projection like ears at the base. On the upper side 
they are quite rough. 

Deéellingeria umbellata is the white representative of the 
swamps, and grows quite as tall as, if not taller than, the purple 
varieties. Its flower-heads are clustered rather flatly in com- 
pound corymbs: a mark by which it may be identified. The — 
lower leaves are very long and the stem leafy to the top. 

A. nemoralis, or bog aster, grows from one to two feet tall 
and has pretty lilac-rayed flowers. The leaves are sessile, long, 
rigid and distinctly marked by their margins that roll back- 
wards, The plant is quite rough. 

Sandy and dry-soil asters, Plate CX XXIII. 


Plahits Growing oe Moist Soil: Low 
Meadows and by Running Streams. 


“ Now when it flowereth, 

And when the banks and fields 
Are greener every day, 

And sweet is each bird’s breath 
In the tree where he butlds 
Singing after his way, 

Spring comes to us with hasty steps and brief, 
Everywhere ts leaf, 

And everywhere makes people laugh and play.” 

Rinaldo D' Aquino. 


LARGER BLUE FLAG. FLEUR-DE-LIS. (Pate XXX/V,) 


Irzs versicolor. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Iris. Royal purple, variegated with Scentless. Southward to May, June. 
white, yellow and green. the Gulf. 


Flowers: large; solitary; growing at the ends of the flower-stalks and 
branches. Fertanth: of six divisions united below into a tube; the three 
outer ones spreading, with abundance of yellow; the three inner ones, erect 
and smaller. Strmens: three; inserted. vsti: one, with a three-cleft, petal- 
like style that arches over itsown stigmas. Leaves: equitant, or folded length- 
wise ; sword-shaped ; mostly at the base of the stem. Stem: stout; leafy; 
branched above ; glaucous. 


Juno, as we must all agree, was a goddess of rare taste. For 


her favourite bird she chose the peacock, and her attendant, or 
messenger, was Iris, the goddess of the rainbow. In this regal 


80 PLANTS GROWING IN MOIST SOIL, 


flower it would seem as though we have a touch of the spirit 
and pride of Juno, When it unfolds itself, with an almost con- 
scious air of its own beauty, we are reminded of the bird that 
opens and parades his gorgeous tail, whenever he finds himself 
the centre of admiration. Anda bit of Iris’s scarf must have 
been wafted to it for its gown; for the colours blend together 
while being distinct, as in the rainbow. The ancients thought 
the iris a sacred flower and associated it with the future state 
of the blessed. | 

The graceful beauty is, however, not all fuss and feathers. 
It has the same wisdom as many unpretentious flowers and 
knows how to accomplish its mission in the world. By a deep 
central veining it informs the bee of the road he must travel to 
reach the land of nectar ; and when he has sipped and raises 
his head from under the anthers, the careless fellow finds his 
back heavy with gold that he must carry off to the stigma of 
another flower. Indeed, of all politicians the bees are the most 
conscientious, 


CRESTED DWARF-IRIS. (Plate XXXV,) 


Irz¢s cristata. 


This is one of the sturdy dwarf irises, which follows the Al- 
leghanies and chooses the rocky banks of streams for its dwell- 
ing place. It blossoms in April and May and is of a soft violet 
blue. The flower is spreading, with a much longer tube than 
_that of the Z versicolar. Its outer divisions are prettily crested. 
The leaves are not conspicuous ; lanceolate and clasping. 


POINTED BLUE-EYED GRASS. (Plate XXXVT) 
Stsyrinchium angustifolium. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
EAS Blue with yellow centre. Scentless. General. May-A ugust. 


Flowers: solitary; growing from a pair of green bracts. Perzanth : of six 
divisions that terminate in a sharp point. Stamens: three. ists]: one. 
Leaves: linear; grass-like; pale; glaucous. 


These bright little peep-eyes that attract our attention among 


PLATE XXXIV. 


by. 


COPYRIGHT, 


1899, 


PRINTED IN AMERIC 


A. 


BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY, 


Vite 
KL y 
ms 


PLATE XXXV. CRESTED DWARF-IRIS. Jrzs crzstata. 
(81) 


82 PLANTS GROWING IN MOIST SOIL. 


the summer grass in the moist meadows, impress us with the 
idea that they have come out to show us that all the grass 
could bloom as beautifully, if it had the mind to do so; and 
that if we were good, as it is said to the children, we might 
some day find our fields covered with their sparkling little 
faces. They dislike being picked, and after they have been 
severed from their stem, shrivel almost immediately. 


YELLOW-ADDER’S TONGUE. DOG’S-TOOTH VIOLET. 
(Plate XXXVIZ) 


Erythrontum Americanum. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Lily. Pale yellow, tinged  Scentless. Throughout the east. March-May. 
with purple. 


Flowers: terminal; solitary; nodding. eréanth: of six, slender, recurved 
divisions, streaked with, and the underside of, purple. Stamens: six. Pistil: 
one; style, club-sshaped. Leaves: two only; oblong; pointed; spotted with 
dark purple and white. Stem: rising from a corm. 

The names of this beautiful flower are rather confusing, and 
bring to the mind objects of entirely different aspect from 
that of the one to which they relate. “ Dog’s-tooth,” we are 
told, refers to a supposed resemblance of the roots of the plant 
to the canine teeth of a dog; but this would not help the wan- 
derer by the woodland brook to any great extent, as the roots 
are commonly hidden. Why the name of violet was ever at- 
tached to it, is rather a mystery; and in any case must have 
been from a purely imaginative idea. If one of its names 
must be used, it were better to choose yellow-adder’s tongue, 
which at least gives a clue to its colour; and the marking of 
its leaves is not dissimilar to an adder’s skin. But how much 
prettier and more appropriate are the names of fawn lily, or 
trout lily, which have been suggested by Mr. Burroughs. At 
night the flower gently closes. 

£. dlbidum, the white species, is similar in appearance. It 
bears a bluish-white flower and the leaves are not nearly so 
spotted, It is commonly found farther west than Pennsylvania, 


WA 


oe eo Ate 


PLATE XXXVI. POINTED BLUE-EYED GRASS. Stsyrinchium angustifolium. 


COPYRIGHT, 1899. BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY, 


PRINTED IN AMERICA. 


' PLANTS GROWING IN MOIST SOIL. 83 


WILD YELLOW LILY. MEADOW LILY. 


Lilium Canadénse. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Lily. Yellow, spotted with  Scentless. New England, south- June, July. 
rich brown. ward and westward. 


Flowers: terminal; solitary, or a few; nodding. ertanth: of six, deeply 
parted divisions that curve towards the base, where there is a honey-bearing 
spot. Stamens: six. Fistil: one; stigma, three-lobed. Leaves: whorled 
about the stem; narrowly oblong; parallel-veined. Stem: erect, trom a scaly 
bulb. 


When we walk in the meadows and read the aristocracy of 
the flowers we find that the golden lilies are very noble. They 
seem to have none of the democratic, bohemian instincts of our 
pretty chicory and its playmates. They are so grave and 
dignified. No doubt fate has whispered to them that they were 
only to nod their heads through the ages of poetry, or to en- 
courage the beautiful in art. And their influence is very far 
reaching; sometimes whole meadows will be radiant with them 
as they extend their way down to the marshes. 

Of about fifty species of the north temperate zone, the 
meadow lily is one of the five that are native to the eastern 
United States. 

L. Carolinianum, or the Carolina lily, (Plate XX XV/IT) is very 
slight in its variations from the meadow lily; although a still 
more gorgeous flower. The leaves are broader and its orange- 
red colour is tipped with a highly brilliant crimson. The spots 
that colour the longitudinal anthers are of the darker brown. 


TURK’S-CAP LILY. 


Lilium supérbum. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Lily. Orange, spotted with Scentless. Maineto Minnesota, July, August. 
purple. and southward. 


Flowers: nodding; growing in a pyramidal cluster of three to forty blos- 
soms arranged in rows. Ferianth: of six, recurved divisions. Stamens: six ; 
anthers, linear, attached at the middle. Pyst//: one; stigma, three-lobed. 
Leaves: whorled; sessile; lanceolate. Stem: often eight feet high. 


Perhaps we have no other flower so truly majestic in its bearing 
as the Turk’s-cap lily. It is very generous of its bloom and is 


84 PLANTS GROWING IN MOIST SOIL. 


most gorgeous in the sunshine,when the slanting rays of the sun 
upon the petals appear like aluminous maze of changing colours. 

About Cape Cod it is very common, and all along the New 
England coast it grows in great profusion. 


BLAZING STAR. DEVIL’S BIT, DROOPING STAR= 
WORT. 
Chameltrium liteum. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Bunch-flower. White. Scentless. Mostly south and west. May-July. 


Flowers: small; staminate and pistillate; nodding; growing ina spike-like 
raceme. Leaves: lanceolate; becoming linear; sessile. Aasal leaves: spat- 
ulate ; tapering into a long petiole. 


These wand-like racemes of inoffensive little flowers make 
us wonder what mischief they could ever have indulged in to 
have been connected with the devil. In fact, it is even incon- 
siderate of that individual not to have chosen for him a bit of 
more substance. 7 


STOUT STENANTHIUM. (Plate XXX/X.) 


Stendnthtum robustum. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Bunch-flower. White, with green Scentless. Penn. southward July, August. 
centre. and westward. 


Flowers: clustered in a long, panicled, light raceme. Perianth: of six 
lance-like, pointed divisions. Stamens: six, short. /zsti7: one. Leaves: 
linear ; grass-like; nerved. Stem: erect; high. 

A lovely, high, waving plant which bends and sways with 
the cool breezes on the lonely prairie, or in the moist meadows. ~ 
Its stately air and soft colouring recall to mind a fair débutante 
in spotless tulle with long streamers of green satin ribbon. 
No less than she is the flower a belle of the prairies. 


FOUR-WINGED SNOWDROP TREE. (Plate XZ.) 


Mohrodéendron Carolinum. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Storax. White. Scentless. Mostly south and west. March, April. 


Flowers: growing in loose racemes along the branches. Calyx: short; 
four-toothed, Corolla: bell-shaped ; drooping; four, or five parted. Stameits: 


PLATE XXXVII. 


Sibioly 
we ioe 


YELLOW-ADDER'S TONGUE, Erythronium Americanum. 


COPYRIGHT, 1899 BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY. 


PRINTED IN AMERICA, 


PLATE XXXIX. STOUT STENANTHIUM. Svenantheum 
(Ss) 


robustum, 


86 PLANTS GROWING IN MOIST SOIL. 


eight to sixteen. %sti/: one. Fruit: oblong; two to four-winged. eaves: 
ovate-oblong; toothed ; slightly pubescent underneath. A shrub or small tree 
with soft wood. 


This beautiful tree is one of the very few species that are 
natives of southeastern North America. It is not so chary of 
its snowdrops as those dear little plants that we see about 
country dooryards ; and which tell us so plainly that the spring 
is coming. The blossoms appear in abundance with, or before, 
the leaves and cover the tree with gems of pure beauty. We 
are sometimes so fortunate as to chance upon it in moist 
woods, but more often by the side of some sparkling stream. 


CHOKE-CHERRY. (Pate XL) 
Prunus Virginiana. 
FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Plum. White. Scentless. New England south to Georgia April, May. 
and west to Colorado. ; 


flowers: clustered in short, close racemes. Calyx: tubular; bell-shaped ; 
five-lobed. Corolla: of five tiny petals. Stamens: numerous. istil: one. 
Fruit: a beautiful, bright red berry which turns to dark crimson as the season 
advances. The stone and kernel of the fruit have the flavour of, and contain 
prussic acid. eaves: alternate; oval; pointed; sharply serrate. A tall 
shrub, or small tree with dark, greyish bark. 

The beautiful drooping bunches of fruit that ripen in July or 
August are even more attractive by the side of some running . 
stream than the choke-cherry’s closely packed racemes of 
dainty bloom. One should not, however, be tempted to test 


their beauty by tasting, as the flavour is most astringent. 


MEADOW-SWEET. QUEEN-OF-THE-MEADOWS. 
Spirea salictfolia. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Rose. Pink or white. Scentless. New England southward. June, July and August. 


Flowers: small; clustered in panicles. Calyx: of five cleft sepals. Corolla: 
of five rounded petals. Stamens: very numerous. /~sti/s: five to eight. 
Leaves: alternate ; lanceolate; toothed; veined with a much lighter colour and 
single small leaflets at their bases. Stem: rather smooth; highly coloured. 


The sweet, fleecy daintiness of the meadow-sweet which 
greets us in the low, moist meadows must have been the inspir- 
ation that gave it its common name, as it is unfortunately with- 


\e “te : ; \ 7 Be a Ss = 


PLATE XXXVIIl. CAROLINA LILY. Z224um Carolinianum. 


COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY FREDERICK A, STOKES COMPANY, 


PRINTED IN AMERICA. 


— 


Ee 


eee” mrmrmraraeaerss=sasa—a—_—_————s 


PLATE XL. FOUR-WINGED SNOWDROP TREE. AWokrodendron Carolinum. 
(37) 


88 PLANTS GROWING IN MOIST SOIL. 


out fragrance. It is when we find so lovely a flower scentless 
that we realise how great a charm that of perfume is, and how 
much we are appealed to through fragrance. In fact, in 
delight of sweetness of smell we are veritable bees and butter- 
flies. 

Many flowers use the means of casting out fragrance to 
inform the insects of their whereabouts; and it has been 
observed, as in the case of the meadow-sweet, that those that 
are sufficiently showy to attract the bee’s eye seldom appeal 
as well to his sense of smell. 


STEEPLE-BUSH. HARDHACK. 
Spirea tomentosa. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Rose. Peach-blow pink. Scentless. New England southward. Sumter. 


Flowers: small; thickly clustered in a pyramidal spike. Ca/yx: of five se- 
pals. Corolla: of five, rosaceous petals. Stamens: numerous. Pfisti/s : five to 
eight. Leaves: alternate; small; ovate; toothed and downy underneath. 
Stem : erect ; slender ; downy. 

We are impressed by the steeple-bush very much as we are 
by the dainty beauty of the meadow-sweet. Its fleecy spikes 
lighten the low grounds, and we would miss them sorely from 
the bunch of late summer flowers that we gather shortly before 
the great family of composites invades the fields. According 
to the custom of perennial herbs, these plants die down to the 
ground every year at the approach of frost. The live stem 
with its buds hovers near the root and sends up the young 


shoots of the next year. 


SMALLER FORGET=ME-NOT. 
Myosotes léxa. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Borage. Pale blue. Scentless. From the north to Virginia May-July. 
and Tennessee. 


Flowers : small; growing ina raceme. Calyx: five-lobed; hairy. Corolla: 
salver-shaped; five-cleft. Stamens: five; included. /ist#/: one; slender, 
Leaves: alternate ; oblong; sessile; hairy. Stem: leafy ; slender. 


Perhaps the prettiest legend about the little forget-me-not is 
that of the Persians, . 


PLATE XLI. 


CHOKE-CHERRY. 
(S9) 


Prunus Virginiana. 


Te) PLANTS GROWING IN MOIST SOIL. 


One day an angel that had fallen from grace stood weeping 
outside the door of Paradise. His fault had been that he loved 
a daughter of earth as she sat by the bank of a stream arrang- 
ing forget-me-nots in her hair; and not until she whom he 
loved had sown the blossoms all over the earth, could his fault 
be forgiven. 

He returned to her, and together they went planting the 
flowers ; nor did they cease their labour until the task was ac- 
complished. Then they entered Paradise; the woman not 
tasting of death. | 


BLUEBELLS. VIRGINIA COWSILP. LUNGWORT. 


Merténsia Virginica. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM — 


Borage. Light blue. Scentless. New York southward April, May. 
and westward. 


Flowers: hanging from slender pedicels in a raceme-like cluster. Calyx: 
small ; five-cleft. Covol/a: tubular; salver-shaped ; the lobes scarcely divided. 
Stamens: five. Pistid: one. Leaves: large; obovate. Stem : smooth. 

The Mertensia Virginica has quite the air of belonging to one 
of the first families. Its colour is so pure and its form so perfect 
that it is ever a delight tothe eye of the artist. By its droop 
ing poise it cleverly protects its pollen from the rain and dew. 


COMMON HAREBELL. 
Campanula rotundzfolza, 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Bellflower. Blue. Scentless. Mostly north and west. June, July. 


Flowers: growing in a raceme on slender flower-stalks. Calyx: tubular; 
with five, narrow, spiked lobes. Coro//a : campanulate, or bell-shaped; five- 
lobed. Stamens: five. Prstt/: one with style that protrudes like a miniature 
clapper. Leaves : those from root on slender petioles, cordate, or rounded, as 
the name implies; those on the stem, almost linear. Stem: five to twelve 
inches high ; spreading; slender ; smooth. 


The harebell has been the sweetheart of many a bard. They 
have loved and celebrated its tall gracefulness, its exquisite 
fairness, and its brilliant blue, of a purity that must have 
dropped from a summer sky. It has all the fragile, bright 


_—, 


SIE 


TALL WILD BELLFLOWER. Campanula Americana. 


PEALE ALN, 


COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY. 


PRINTED IN AMERICA 


PLANTS GROWING IN MOIST SOIL. gt 


beauty of a plant of cold, crisp climates, and is said to be iden- 
tical with the bluebell of Scotland. It is a native of North 
America, Europe and Asia, and circles the northern pole. 
With us it prefers to hang from a ledge of rocks over some 
river, where it may breath the cooling vapours of the water. 


TALL WILD BELLFLOWER. (Plate XZ/Z.) 


Campanula Americana. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Bellflower. Light blue. Scentless. Mostly north and west. Sune, July. 


Flowers: borne thickly on a long spike. Calyx: tubular; of five sepals. 
Corolla: almost wheel-shaped ; of five pointed petals. Stamens: five. Pistil: 
one with a long curved style. Zeaves: alternate; lanceolate; finely toothed. 
Stem : three to six feet high; erect. 


Perhaps one of the loveliest of our native plants is the tall 
wild bellflower. There is a vigour attached to its clinging 
beauty that is very attractive. The coloured illustrations will 
bring it clearly to the minds of those to whom it is not already 
familiar. 


COLORADO SHOOTING-STAR. AMERICAN COWSLIP. 
(Plate XLITTL,) 
Dodecatheon Meadia frigidum. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Primrose. Lilac,or pink termi- Spicy, like The Rocky mountains. April, May. 
nating in yellow. cinnamon. 


Flowers: two to twenty growing in a terminal umbel, and on pedicels that 
curve within the flower. Calyx: reflected; five-parted. Corolla : of five rather 
linear divisions; strongly reflexed. Stamens : commonly five, the linear anthers 
forming acone. /%st/: one, protruding. Leaves: from the root; obovate to 
lanceolate. Scafe: three to fifteen inches high; erect. 

Those that write concerning the primroses must acknowledge 
that this one is the most pert, the most saucy looking, and the 
most attractive of them all. Its common name of shooting- 
star appears well adapted to it ; and although it is not a widely- 
known plant, it is one that once seen seldom passes out of the 
remembrance. There are several species of Dodecatheon, 
which vary greatly. The one growing in the Central States is 


known as Pride of Ohio. 


= A y 
PLATE XLIIi. COLORADO SHOOTING-STAR. Dodecatheon Meadia frigidum. 
(92) 


PLANTS GROWING IN MOIST SOIL. 93 


BULB-BEARING LOOSESTRIFE. 


Lysitmachia terréstr¢s, 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Primrose, Yellow, marked with Scentless. Common north June, July. 
brownish red. and south. 


Flowers: growing on long pedicels in a terminal, leafy raceme. Calyx: of 
five, or six sepals. Corol/a : wheel-shaped; of five oblong segments. Stamens : 
four or five, with united filaments. /zstz/- one. Leaves: abundant; opposite ; 
long; pointed at each end; darkly spotted. Stem: upright; leafy; branching 

This bright, cheery plant, with others of its family, has the 
reputation of having a peace-loving heart. Ancient supersti- 
tion that clings about it tells us it is particularly disposed to 
exercise its soothing influence upon cattle that are quarrelling, 
when a spray of it laid upon their yokes will cause them to be- 
come as gentle as the proverbial lamb. But unless the farmer 
has, in case of emergency, provided himself with this loosestrife, 
we may imagine he would have some difficulty in guiding his 
fractious beasts to search for it by the brooks, or in the wet 
meadows that lead to the marshes. 


FRINGED LOOSESTRIFE. 


Stetronema celidtum. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Primrose. Yellow, with dullred  Scentless. Mostly south Sune, July. 
centre. and west. 


Flowers: axillary; on long peduncles. Calyx: of five green sepals, sharply 
pointed. Corolla: wheel-shaped ; of fivesegments. Stamens: five. Pistil: 
one. Leaves: opposite; lanceolate; wavy on the edges. Stem: two to four 
feet high; upright; rather rough. 

During the summer these pretty flowers may be found in the 
moist soil of thickets. It is owing to a close resemblance to 
the loosestrifes that their English name has been bestowed on 
them. 

S. lanceoldtum, or lance-leaved loosestrife, is a similar species. 
Its leaves are on petioles, or almost sessile, and from their axils 
arise the slender stalks that bear the flowers. 


94 PLANTS GROWING IN MOIST SOIL, 


SMALL WILLOW HERB. 
Epilobium coloratum. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Evening primrose. Pale magenta. Scentless. General. Summer. 


Flowers : small; slightly nodding ; growing in terminal corymbs. Calyx : of 
four parted sepals. Corol/a: of four spreading petals notched at the apex. 
Stamens: eight. Pzstid: one; stigma, club-shaped. Seeds ; tufted with brown 
hairs. Leaves : opposite ; lanceolate; toothed and veined with purple. Stem : 
tail; rather smooth. 

We can hardly venture into any meadow during the summer 
that is moist enough to wet our feet without seeing this little 
herb. Its relative, the great willow herb, is found mostly along 


the roadsides and on clearings that have been burned over. 


HAIRY WILLOW HERB. 


Eptlobium hirsutum. 


The hairiness of this plant serves to distinguish it from the 
preceding one, It also grows to a greater height and its petals 
are a lovely, rosy pink. The uncultivated, moist soil of waste 
places is its favourite dwelling place. 


COMMON FRINGE TREE. 
Chiondanthus Virginica, 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Olive. Snow white. Scentless. Penn. southward. Late spring and early summer. 


Flowers : growing in loose panicles. Calyx: very small; tubular. Corolla: 
of four petals, three quarters of an inch long, which barely unite at the base. 
Stamens : two; very short. P2st7/: one. Fruit: bluish purple; glaucous. Leaves: 
large ; ovate ; the Jower part downy. A shrub, or low branching tree. 

The pure loveliness of this shrub is one of the things that 
must be seen and come into close contact with before it can be 
fully appreciated. When along the river banks the cool 
zephyrs play through its snow-white, slender petals and we sit 
down beside it ; we long for its soft, gentle swaying never to 
cease, and think lovingly of our castles in the air and the fairy 
tales that enchanted us in childhood. 


PLATE XLIV. TRUMPET FLOWER. TZecoma radicans. 


COPYRIGHT, 


1899, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY. 


PRINTED IN AMERICA, 


PLANTS GROWING IN MOIST SOII.. 95 


TRUMPET-FLOWER. TRUMPET-CREEPER. 
(Plate XLIV.) 


Técoma radicans, 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Bignonia. Orange, yellow and Scentless. New Jersey south- July, August. 
scarlet. ward and westwood. 


Flowers : very showy; axillary; growing in terminal corymbs. Calyx : five- 
toothed. Corol//a: two and a half inches long; trumpet-shaped with five lobes, 
veined on the inside. Stamens: four, in pairs, two shorter than the others. 
Pistil: one. Leaves; odd-pinnate; opposite; with four or five pairs of ovate 
pointed, toothed leaflets. Stem: woody, climbing by aérial rootlets. Pod: 
long, a little flattened. 

To watch the way in which this bold vine climbs by means of 
the aérial rootlets that spring from the stem, is a good lesson in 
moral philosophy. It appears to take vigourous delight in its 
upward course, and in showing us its belief in the survival of 
the fittest, by crushing out any. weaker plant that comes within 
its reach, Wealmost take a step backward to view it froma 
safer distance. 

Its abundant growth and the difficulty in extirpating it makes 
it a rather troublesome weed in some of the western states. In 
the east it is cultivated as one of our most beautiful climbers. 


WILD RED-OSIER DOGWOOD. 


Cornus stolontfera. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Dogwood, White. Scentless. General. June, July. 


Flowers: small; growing in spreading cymes. Calyx: tiny; four-toothed. 
Corolla: of four oblong petals. Stamens: four. rstil: one. Fruit: nearly 
white. eaves: ovate, with rounded bases, whitish beneath; rough. A 
shrub of stocky growth; conspicuous from its bright red branches. 


PANICLED CORNEL, OR DOGWOOD. 


Cornus candidisstma. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Dogwood. White. Scentless. Maine to North Sune, July. 
Carolina and westward. 


Flowers: small; growing in loose cymes. Calyx, Corolla, Stamens, and 
Pistil : as in the preceding species. Fruzt: white. Leaves: lanceolate, the un- 
der part white. A shrub about six or eight feet high with smooth branches, 
the colour of ashes. 


Both of these dogwoods are conspicuous among the shrubbery 


96 PLANTS GROWING IN MOIST SOIL, 


that borders streams and damp thickets ; and we sometimes 
find the C. stolonifera also sauntering towards the swamps in its 
desire to quench its thirst for moisture. The little flowers are 
very. similar in arrangement to those of C. Fldrida, page 112, 
Plate LXXX. Wecannot but lament, however, that they are 
without the petal-like involucre that is the beautiful feature of 
the dogwood family. 


BULBOUS CRESS, 
Cardamine bulbosa. 


FAMILY _ COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Mustard. White or pinkish. Scentless. Mostly north. Aprii, May. 


Flowers: rather large ; growing in terminal clusters. Ca/yx : of four spread- 
ing sepals that fall early. Corol/a: of four cruciferous petals. Stamens: Six, 
ot which two are shorter than the others. /Pyst//: one. Pod: flat; lanceolate. 
Leaves; roundish; cordate; becoming ovate, or lanceolate as they ascend the 
stem; toothed. Stem: erect; slender. oofstock: tuberous. 

This is perhaps the prettiest of our cresses. It hasan agree- 
able bitter taste which appeals to us as being particularly re- 
freshing when we find it beside the trickling, sparkling stream 


that it loves so well. 


CUT-LEAVED TOOTHWORT. PEPPER-ROOT. 


Dentarta lacitnzata. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Mustard. White or pinkish Scentless. New England south- April-June. 
purple. ward and westward. 


Flowers : growing in a terminal raceme. Ca/yx: of four sepals that fall 
early. Corolla: of four cruciferous petals. Stamens: six, of which two are 
shorter than the others. P%sti/: one. Pod: lance-shaped. Leaves: in whorls 
of threes; each leaf being divided into linear, gash-toothed divisions. Stem: 
erect; simple. ootstock: tuberous. 

The cut-leaved toothwort is a near relative of the toothwort 
of the rich woods. Its taste for water, however, has induced it 
to stray from the family environment to the banks of streams. 
Here, no doubt, it has further offended its family by putting on 
style, or, to be explicit, by adding another leaf toitsstem. And 
those of the woods cannot cry out against it, for its rootstock is 


quite as edible as their own. 


— 


PLATE XLY., 


a 


BUTTON-BUSH. -Cephalanthus occidentalis. 


COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY, 


PRINTED IN AMERICA, 


PLANTS GROWING IN MOIST SOIL. 97 


DWARF CASSANDRA. LEATHER-LEAF. 


Chamediphne calyculata, 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Heath. White. Scentless. Throughout the middle states. Larly spring. 


Flowers: small; growing in one-sided, open leafy racemes. Calyx: of 
five sepais, having a pair of bracts at the base. Corolla : cylinder-shaped, 
with a five-lobed border. Stamens: ten, Péstil: one. Leaves: oblong; in 
texture like leather ; glossy above and dull beneath. An evergreen, branching 
shrub; two to four feet high. 


The English name of these plants is suggestive of the texture 
of the leaves, which is like leather. We find them in swamps 
and bogs as well as in the moist soil of low meadows. 


BUTTON-BUSH. RIVER-BUSH. GLOBE FLOWER. 
HONEY-BALLS. (Plate XLV.) 
Cephalanthus occtdentalts. 


FAMILY . COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Madder. White. Very fragrant. General. July, August. 


Flowers : small; clustered in a spherical head. Calyx : four-lobed, Corolla: 
tubular ; four-lobed ; within hairy. Stamens: four. Pést/: one, protruding, 
with a button-like stigma. Leaves : opposite, or whorled in threes; oval; on 
petioles ; stipules between the leaves. A shrub five to ten feet high, with 
rough, grey bark. 

The button-bush is like the children that cannot believe they 
are by the water until they have taken off their shoes and 
stockings and gone in paddling. It has usually its lowest 
stems and roots immersed in some brook or river; and we are 
invariably delighted with the curious, quaint effect of its bloom. 
The flower-heads are like little pin-cushions full of pins. Their 
perfect symmetry and the beauty of each flower when examined 
separately makes them a pleasing study. 


BLUETS. QUAKER LADIES. (Plate XLV7.) 


Hloustonta certulea. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Madder. Blue, with yellow Scentless. Nova Scotia to Michigan May, June. 
centre. and southward. 


Flowers: terminal; solitary. Ca/yx: four-cleft. Corolla: salver-shaped, 
with four oval, pointed lobes. Stamens: four. Pistil : one; style compound. 


98 PLANTS GROWING IN MOIST SOIL. 


Leaves: opposite ; sessile; oblong; entire; glabrous, Stem: erect ; branch- 
ing ; glabrous. 

There are no paupers among the Quakers; and surely this 
sameness of principle must have suggested the common name 
of these little ladies. For to travel through the moist meadows 
that are aglow with their quaint faces and bright eyes suggests 
the most lavish luxury of bloom, In New England and about 
Trenton, New Jersey, they are especially beautiful. In fact, 
during the season, they gladden almost every spot that is sun- 
shiny and moist. Besides their sprightly, crisp appearance they 
have an added charm in not closing up and fading quickly after 
they have been plucked. 

Under a microscope it can be seen that the flowers are 
dimorphous, occurring in two forms. In some blossoms the 
pistil is long and the stamens short and in others the reverse 
is the case. To effect fertilization it is necessary that the tall 
pistils should receive the pollen from the tall stamens of an- 
other flower ; and the short pistils, the pollen from the short 
stamens. This is one of the very interesting guards against 
self-fertilization. 


PURPLE SPIKED LOOSESTRIFE. 
Lythrum Salicaria. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Loosestrife. Purple. Scentless. General in middle states. Late summer. 


Flowers: whorled in a terminal, wand-like spike, tipped a little at the end. 
Calyx: circular, with five to seven toothed points. Corol/a: of five, six or 
seven long, narrow, petals ; slightly puckered. Stamens : twelve, in two sets of 
different lengths. /yst#/ : one; varying in length in the different blossoms. 
Leaves: opposite; lanceolate; sessile; the lower ones heart-shaped at base. 
Stem: tall; smooth. - 

Professor Darwin wrote to Doctor Gray about these flowers : 
‘““T am almost stark, staring mad over lythrum. If I can prove 
what I really believe it is a grand case of trimorphism, with 
three different pollens and three stigmas. I have fertilized 
above ninety flowers, trying all the eighteen distinct crosses 


which are possible within the limits of this one species. For 


Calyx and 


Stugle 


flower. 


Frutt. 
PLATE XLVI. 


BLUETS. Houstonza caerulea. 


100 PLANTS GROWING IN MOIST SOIL, 


the love of Heaven, have a look at some of your species and if 
you can get me some seed, do.” 

Professor Darwin did prove successfully what he believed. 
In each flower the two sets of stamens and the pistil are of 
different lengths; and in order to effect fertilization, the 
stigma must receive the pollen from stamens that are the same 
length as itself. As in dimorphous flowers, this is one of the 
most ingenious devices to guard against self-fertilization. 

The plant is not related, as its common name would imply, to 
the other loosestrifes, which are members of the primrose fam- 
ily. It is a European, very lovely in appearance, which has 
taken kindly to our wet soggy soil. 


CARRION-FLOWER, CAT-BRIER. 


Smilax herbacea. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Smilax. Greenish, with Foul, General. April, May. 
yellow. 


Flowers: small; imperfect; growing in umbels. Perianth: bell-shaped, of 
six divisions. Stamens: six. Fistid: one, with three diverging stigmas. Fruit: 
a blue-black berry; glaucous. Leaves: almost round at the base, pointed at 
the apex; nerved. Stem: smooth; erect; climbing. 


In the season of its bloom the odour of this plant serves to 
identify it with one of its commonnames. As the flowers fall, 
however, it becomes less obnoxious and is one of the first to 
foretell by its rich, changing colouring the approach of the au- 
tumn. Its near relative, S, rotundifdlia, is not so partial to 
moist soil and is well-known along the roadsides and fields. 


MEADOW PARSNIP. 
Thaspium barbinode. 
FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR "RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 


Parsley. Yellow. Scentless. Northward to Minn. May, June. 
South to Arkansas. 


Flowers : very small: growing in umbels, or compound umbels. Leaves: al- 
ternate ; twice or thrice compound, with long, narrow, coarsely toothed leaflets. 
Stem : tall; hollow; with soft, fine hairs along the joints. 


The parsleys are a family that we should all learn to know, if 
for no other reason than that the root and seeds of many of 


PLANTS GROWING IN MOIST SOIL. IO 


them are extremely poisonous, This is true of the water-hem- 
lock illustrated in Plate VI. Again, we cannot avoid all of them 
on this account, as among them they number the vegetables, 
celery, carrots, parsnips and parsley, They are readily recog- 
nised as a genus by their umbels and umbellets of minute 
‘flowers, compound leaves, and generally hollow stems. In size 
and colour they are very variable. 

A powerful microscope and a lifetime of patience 1s necessary 
to study them in the detail of their individual parts, and many 
of the species can only then be recognised by the difference in 
their fruit ; but they can be broadly known according to locality. 
Insects are necessary to them, as self-fertilization is prevented 
by the stigma developing some time before the stamens. 


MOCK BISHOP-WEED. 


Ptilimnium capillaceum. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Parsley. White. Scentless. Middle states. June-October. 


Flowers: very small; clustered in compound umbels with finely divided 
bracts underneath. Leaves: compound; the divisions fine and threadlike. 
Stem : varying greatly in height; branching ; smooth. 

To thrive well this plant is one that requires the constant 
washing of its roots with water. We find it by running streams, 
in wet meadows, and sometimes in brackish marshes. The 
flowers are fluffy and pretty ; but that the bishops would ever 
agree to the supposed likeness between the bracts and their 
caps is greatly to be doubted. 


SWEET WHITE VIOLET. (Plate CXXXV.) 
Viola blainda. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Violet, White; the lower petals Delicately Northward from May. 
veined with purple. Sragrant. the Alleghantes. 


Flowers : small; terminal; solitary ; growing on a scape. Calyx; five-eared 
at the base. Corolla: of five unequal beardless petals, one being spurred at 
the base. Stamens: five; short; united about the pistil. s¢z77: one; short. 
Leaves : from the root on petioles; reniform. Stem ; erect ; not leafy. 


102 PLANTS GROWING IN MOIST SOIL. 


Oh, dearest, sweetest little thing, 
What message do you bring 
To us from other lands than ours 
And other worlds of flowers? 
We bend our ears to listen, dear, 
Our hearts grow mute with fear 
Lest such a dainty, fairy sprite 
Should vanish from our sight. 
It must bea cold heart that does not love the sweet white 
violet. In its turn it loves the mossy, moist places that shield 


it so carefully and from where it sends out its faint perfume. 


_ LANCE-LEAVED VIOLET, | 
Vidla lanceolata, 


This white violet has larger flowers than the preceding 
species ; and the lance-shaped leaves that taper into long peti- 
oles are the mark by which it can be distinguished. The two 
are often found growing together; and belong to the class of 
so-called stemless violets. These have no true stems ; but bear 
their leaves from the root-stock, and the flowers upon scapes. - 
In the late season, near the root may be found cleistogamous 
blossoms, closed buds that never open, but are within them- 
selves self-fertilized. 


TALL MEADOW RUE. (Plate XLVIT) 
Thalictrum poljgamum., 
FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 


Crowfoot. White. Scentless. New England south- June, July and August. 
ward and westward. 


Flowers: growing in large compound panicles. Calyx: of four to ten 
petal-like sepals that blow off early. Stamens: very numerous and giving a 
ball-like feathery effect. %st/s: four to fifteen, mostly borne on different 
plants than the stamens. Leaves: alternately compound ; leaflets numerous, 
small, rounded, sometimes lobed at the top. Stem; tall; erect; branching: 

A tall, graceful beauty that drinks of the cooling vapours be- 
side the sparkling streams, or rears itself in the moist meadows 
where the yellow field lilies are in bloom, There is a certain 


luxury about the fleecy daintiness of the flowers and the growth 


RNY 


SS 


PEALE XLVI), TALL MEADOW RUE, 
J ; (103) 


Thalictrum polygamum. 


104 PLANTS GROWING IN MOIST SOIL. 


of the fine small leaves. The plant is also an interesting study 
from the difference in the pistillate and staminate blossoms. 


MONKSHOOD. WOLF’S BANE, FRIAR’S CAP. 
(Plate XZLVI/71,) 
Aconitum uncinatum. 
FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 


Crowfoot. Blue purple. Scentless. Virginia, northward JS une-September. 
to New Jersey. 


Flowers; growing on upcurved pedicels in loose panicles. Calyx: of five 
sepals strangely fashioned like a monk’s hood. The helmet, one and a half 
inches long, broad and high, with turned-down vizor. Corolla: of two small 
petals that look like chin-tabs. /ystz/s: three to five. Leaves: on petioles; 
parted into three to five lobes. Svem: slender, bending at the top. oot: 
tuberous; containing a virulent poison. 


We cannot grieve over the irregularity of feature of this 
flower, as it affords us an excellent study of one that is un- 
symmetrical, and delights us by the way in which it represents 
a monk’s hood. Somewhere we imagine it has hidden a mis- 
chievous face that is longing to cast an eye out at the merry 
forbidden world. For we cannot believe much in its piety, it 
has had too varied an experience and has roved about in too 
many lands. 

In Norse mythology, it is credited with the power of making 
one invisible at will, and is called Odin’s helm, or Thor’s hat. 
It was when the Benedictines invaded the domain of Thor that 
it became monkshood. The Dutch term is friar’s cap; and in 
Germany it belongs exclusively to the devil, and is called 
devil’s herb. It has been on most intimate terms with all the 
ancients, and witches have even used it for concocting their 
wicked spells. Our own Indians call it ativisha, the supreme 
poison ; and children, who are really the wise-acres of the gen- 
eration, pluck from it its petals and fancy that the remaining 
bloom and exposed nectaries resemble a car drawn by doves. 
It isthen called Venus’s chariot. 


NM ay 


| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
: 
| 


hi 


PLATE XLVII]. MONKSHOOD. Aconitum uncinatum. 


COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY FREDERICK A, STOKES COMPANY, 


PRINTED IN AMERICA, 


Se Sees 


R 


re 


Lay 


HEE 


fe 
hy 


S 


Sy 


Micrampel?s lobata, 


PLATE XLIX. MOCK APPLE. 


(105) 


106 PLANTS GROWING IN MOIST SOIL. 


NIGHTSHADE. BITTER SWEET. SCARLET BERRY. 
Solanum dulcamara. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Nightshade. Purple, dotted with green. Scentless. Maine westward. /une-September. 


Flowers : growing in drooping cymes on slender flower-stalks. Calyx: five- 
parted. Corolla: wheel-shaped; five-parted. Stamens: five; protruding; 
Pistil: one. Fruit: a small, egg-shaped, red berry. Leaves; alternate; on 
petioles; the lower one heart-shaped and pointed at the apex; the upper 
ones divided into three, rarely five, unequal leaflets, the centre,one long, slightly 
heart-shaped, the other two small and wing-like at base. Stem : three to eight 
feet high; climbing; woody; smooth. 

Seldom can a more exquisite study in colour and outline be 
found than the berries of the nightshade as they droop from 
their zig-zag peduncles. They are also among those that can 
boast of a perfect background. Their rich, fantastically 
shaped leaves hover about them much as the night droops upon 
and protects the earth. This, however, is purely imaginary, as 
one is apt to become when gazing at the nightshade. 

The plant has been classed among the moderately poisonous 
ones and owes the peculiar taste of its twigs and roots, first 


bitter then sweet, to the presence of dulcamarin. 


MOCK APPLE. WILD BALSAM APPLE. (Pilate XZZX.) 
Micrampeits lobata. | 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Gourd. Greenish white. Scentless. Matne southward July-Sepiember. 
and westward. 


Flowers ; small; the staminate ones closely crowded in a raceme; the pistillate 
ones growing singly. Frat: large; ovate; green; covered with slender spines. 
Leaves : three to seven lobed, the middle lobe longest; deeply cordate at base; 
serrated; rough on both sides. Stem : grooved; branching ; climbing by tendrils 
that are three-forked. 

Unlike most of our climbers, we find this one in flower and 
fruit at the same time. In its wild state it follows the rivers, 
but throughout the east we find it mostly cultivated for orna- 


ment. 


— 
21) TMT 7; 
Vga LEE 
Eee ys 


=a 
EZ Y, 


Calyx and fruit. Vertical section of column, 
ovary, etc, 


PLATE L. WHITE-FLOWERED SIDALCEA. Szdalcea candida. 
(107) 


108 PLANTS GROWING IN MOIST SOIL. 


SMALLER ST. JOHN’S-WORT. 
Hypericum ellipticum. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
St. John’ s-wort. Pale yellow, Scentless. Mostly north and west. Midsummer. 


Flowers: not many; growing in a cyme. Calyx: of five sepals. Corolla: 
of five petals. Stamens: numerous. frstid: one. Leaves: elliptical ; clasp- 
ing at the base; thin. Stem: simple, not very high. — 


Hypéricum miutilum. 


Is another of the smaller St. John’s-worts which is found 
everywhere in low, moist ground. It is especially to be noticed 
because of its stamens, from five to twelve, being so much 
fewer than those of other members of the genus. H.adpressum 
and H. maculatum are also varieties that thrive best in moist 
soil. H. prolificum, Plate CXXIII. 


WHITE-FLOWERED SIDALCEA. (Pate L.) 


Stddlcea candida. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Mallow. White or cream. Scentless. Colorado southward. Summer and early 
autumn. 


Flowers: growing in a terminal raceme. Calyx: of five ovate sepals; 
bristly on the outside. Corolla: of five obcordate petals. Stamens: numer- 
ous, capitate at the top of the style. Style and ovary bristly on the outside. 
Fruit: flat, depressed. eaves: alternate ; the upper leaves three, five, or 
seven-parted, with entire, lanceolate segments ; the lower ones seven-parted, 
with segments coarsely three and five toothed. Svem : erect. 


Following the water-courses in the southern and Rocky 
mountains we find this pretty member of the mallow family. 
Its numerous stamens uniting into a tube serve readily to place 
it, although it is without the involucre that is commonly as- 
sociated with this family. 


BLUE-EYED TARY. INNOCENCE. 


Collinsta vérna. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Figwort. Blue and white. Scentless. Western New York southward Early spring. 
and westward. 


Flowers: growing on long slender peduncles that are whorled in the axils 
of the upper leaves. Calyx: five-cleft. Corol/a: tubular ; deeply two-lipped ; 


PLATE LI. 


SCARLET MONKEY-FLOWER. JMimudlus cardinalis. 


COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY. 


PRINTED IN AMERICA. 


PLANTS GROWING IN MOIST SOIL. 109 


the upper lip two-cleft and blue; the lower lip three-cleft and white; the 
middle lobe folded like a pocket and enclosing the stamens and style. 
Stamens: four. Pistid: one. Leaves: opposite; ovate; clasping by a 
heart-shaped base as they ascend the stem. Sv¢em.: erect; branching. 

The name of blue-eyed Mary harmonizes well with her sweet 
personality ; although in her blue eye there isa quiet gleam 
that makes us fancy she is neither so meek nor so innocent as 
she would have us believe. Sheis rather a stay-at-home, and 
unless we persuade her it is to be doubted whether she will 
ever spread herself over the moist meadows of the eastern 
states as she does now over those of the west and south, 


MONKEY-FLOWER. 
Mimulus ringens. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Figwort. Pinkish, deep violet. Scentless. Easternand middle states. July, August. 


Flowers: solitary; axillary; hanging from slender peduncles. Calyx: of 
five-toothed sepals. Covol/a: tubular; the upper lip divided into two recurved 
lobes ; the lower ones into three spreading lobes. Stamens: four. Pistil: 
one. Leaves: opposite ; lanceolate; sessile; toothed. Stem: four-angled ; 
erect; very slender. 

Mimulus is the Latin for a little buffoon and vzngens means 
showing the teeth. Hardly a more appropriate name could 
have been chosen for this plant, which vexes and charms us 
simultaneously by its inanimate drollery. Its pert little face 
has a look of intelligent mockery and its manners are very 
bad. Inthe late summer, when the botanist sallies forth to 
seek some new specimen that grows in moist soil, his eye 
encounters the saucy face of the M.ringens. To him it is an 
old friend ; he nods to it and passes swiftly on to pursue a 
gleam of deep purple, too deep, he fancies, for the monkey 
flower, that attracts him from behind a thicket. Eagerly he 
stoops to pluck some new treasure, and the well known, grinning 
little face peers upat him. ‘“ They are like the book agents,” 
he sighs, ‘‘I will show them that I am supplied,” and he places 
one in his buttonhole. From low grasses a patch of pale lilac 
next causes him to turn out of his direction—pictures of long- 


110 PLANTS GROWING IN MOIST SOIL. 


sought-for specimens that it may be, gladden his mind; but on 
approaching it he finds the little buffoon. Fooled again, he 
laments, and the one in his buttonhole has dropped off from 
itsstem. For all of these are the pranks of the monkey-flower. 


CARDINAL MONKEY=FLOWER. (Plate Lae 
Mimulus cardinalzs. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR - RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Figwort. Bright, brick red. Scentless. West of Minnesota. Summer. 


Flowers: solitary ; axillary. Ca/yx: prism-shaped ; five-toothed. Corolla: 
funnel-formed; two-lipped. Stamens: tour. /%stil: one. Leaves: opposite; 
clasping : oblong; serrated. Stem: one to two feet high; rather clammy. 

If possible, the M. cardinalis is even more impertinent than 
the M. ringens. It is not quite so prankish, as its vermilion 
red could not easily be mistaken for that of any other flower ; 
but it has its lower lip thrust out as though it were making 
faces at one. In fact, its manners in this respect are so bad 
that we have quite a mind to pry into its up bringing. Then 
we remember that it is one of the figworts and they are a fam- 
ily that look as they please. 


TURTLE-HEAD. SNAKE-HEAD. (Pilate Z/7.) 


Chelone glabra. 
FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Figwort. Pinkish white. Scentiless. General. Late sumer. 


Flowers: axillary; growing in spike-like racemes on a leafy flower-stalk. 
Calyx : of five overlapping, green sepals with similar bract-like leaves under- 
neath. Corolla: two-lipped; inflated; slightly open; shaped like a turtle’s 
head; the upper lip slightly notched at the apex; the lower lip three-cleft with 
the centre division appearing like a small tongue; delicately bearded in the 
throat. Stamens: four, perfect with hairy filaments and united by woolly an- 
thers that when touched let fly a misty pollen. A shorter, sterile stamen is 
also present. Leaves: opposite; long; lanceolate; serrated. Stem: smooth; 
square; branching. 


The only thing that detracts from the turtle-like appearance 


of these blossoms is their waxy, pinkish colouring. If they 
had better imitated their patron in this respect it would have 
been an excellent safeguard, as no one would have ventured his 
fingers within reach of their snappish little tongues. They 


Re 


D SY) J 


Capsule. 


Calyx. 


Bracts. 


PLATE LIl. TURTLE-HEAD. Chelone glabra. 
(111) 


112 PLANTS GROWING IN MOIST SOIL, 


have also quite a vixenish look which would lead one to sup- 
pose, in spite of their pure whiteness, that they are rather fond 
of having their own way, and are not too amiable in seeing that 
their wishes secure attention. 


Chelone Lyont, (Plate LITT.) 
Is the lovely purple species of turtle-head of the south which 
blooms until the early autumn. The accompanying illustration 
will serve to readily distinguish it from the C, glabra. 


HEDGE-HYSSOP. (Plate LIV.) 


Gratzola aurea. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Figwort. Golden. Scentless. Mostly east and south. All summer. 


Flowers: growing at the end of, and along the flower-stalks. Calyx: of five 
sepals with a pair of bractlets underneath. Coro//a: tubular; two-lipped; the 
upper lip two-cleft; the under one three-cleft. Stamens: two only that have 
anthers; included. /%stz/: one. Leaves: opposite; small; linear; entire. 
Stem: leafy. 

It is not until we examine this little flower closely that we 
realise its two-lipped formation. At a glance we are rather in- 
clined to think it funnel-form with an unequally lobed border. 
The plant is small and insignificant. It is found mostly in wet, 


sometimes sandy, soil. 


MEADOW BEAUTY. DEER GRASS. (Plate ZV.) 
Rhéxta Virginica, 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Melastoma. Magenta pink. Scentless. Common north. Summer and early autumn. 


Flowers: large; solitary, or clustered. Calyx: urn-shaped ; four-cleft and 
turning dull red later in the season. Stamens: eight, with long, graceful, curv- 
ing anthers. 'P7st7/: one. Leaves : opposite ; lanceolate; sessile ; ribbed; finely 
toothed and hairy. Stem: six to twelve inches high; square. 

In beauty few of our meadow flowers can compare with this 
one, which is truly a belle among all others. Perhaps its com- 
panions smile a little and shrug their shoulders at its having 
the same delicacy and grace of a tropical, carefully tended 
plant. But it is one that should never be taken away from the 


SSN 


\\ 


SS 


Chelone Lyonz 


HEAD. 


TURTLE 


PLATE LIlIl. 


(113 


II4 PLANTS GROWING IN MOIST SOIL. 


setting that it has chosen for its own loveliness. It withers 
and turns black almost immediately after being plucked. As 
it uproots easily, it is often the case that those seeing it for the 
first time and being overcome with delight, tear it up ruthlessly 
and carry great quantities of it away. ‘This thoughtlessness 
can hardly be denounced too strongly ; and it is on the high 
road to exterminating some of our choicest species. 


LARGE FLOWERED MILKWORT. (Pilate LV.) 


Poljgala grandiflora. 
FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Milkwort. Rose purple. Scentless. Mostly south. Late summer. 


Flowers : clustered in long racemes on flower-stalks. Calyx: of five very 
unequal sepals, three small at the base of the flower and two rising, coloured 
and petal-like, at each side, appearing like little wings. Stamezs : six or eight. 
fistil: one. Leaves: alternate; lanceolate. Szem.: much branched; hairy. 

As these quaint little blossoms grow older,—and one would 
never associate the idea of age with them did they not rebel so 
openly themselves,—their rosy hue forsakes them, and they turn 
rather greenish. They retain, however, their lively, fly-away 
expression, which even old Father Time is unable to subdue. 


PURPLE POLYGALA. 


Poljgala virtdéscens. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Milkwort. Rose lavender, white Scentless. New England south to Summer. 
or greenish. NV. Carolina and westward. 


Flowers: growing in a dense oblong head, or spike. Calyx : of five unequal 
sepals, the two inner ones being larger than, and coloured like, the petals. 
Corolla: of three united petals, the lower one shaped like a keel. Stamens: 
six, or more. /ist//: one. Leaves: numerous; alternate; linear. Stem: four 
to eight inches high; upright; leafy; branched. | 

An odd little flower that we all know in the moist meadows 
and by the roadsides, but which few of us can call by name. 
Purple polygala seems such a pretentious title for so fragile a 
blossom. Eye-spy would suit it better as it is always peeping 


out from unexpected places, 


MEADOW BEAUTY. Rhexia Virginica. 
LARGE-FLOWERED MILKWORT. Polygala grandiflora. 


PLATE LV. | 


COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY, 
PRINTED IN AMERICA. 


PLATE LIV. HEDGE-HYSSOP. Gyratzola aurea. 
(115) 


116 PLANTS GROWING IN MOIST SOIL. 


SLENDER DAY FLOWER. (Plate LVZ.) 


Commelina erécta. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Spiderwort. Blue. Scentless. Penn. southward August, September. 
: and westward. 


Flowers : terminal; solitary; irregular; growing from an upper spathe-like 
leaf. Culyx: unequal; the larger sepals being united. Coro//a: of three un- 
equal petals; one very inconspicuous. Perfect stamens : three; one incurved 
with large anther. Sterile stamens: three; small. Pysti/: one. Leaves: al- 
ternate : lanceolate; clasping. Svem : erect; leafy. 


In the generic name of the day flowers, Linnzus has per- 
petrated a scathing invective on all that are so unwise as to be 
indifferent to the claims of botany. Of the three Commelyn 
brothers, who were Dutch botanists, two were very scientific 
and published works on the subject. They are designated by 
the two large petals of the flowers. The third brother was less 
studious and published nothing. It has been his fate to be ever 
afterwards associated with the small, insignificant petal. 


COMMON DAY FLOWER. 


Commelina Virgintica. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Spiderwort. Blue. Scentless. New York to Florida. Summer. 


Flowers: terminal; solitary; irregular; growing from an upper spathe-like 
leaf. Calyx: unequal; the larger sepals being united. Corol//a : of three un- 
equal petals ; one very inconspicuous. Stamens: six; both sterile and fertile ; 
three of which project beyond the petals. Pyst/: one. Leaves: lJanceolate ; con- 
tracted at the base ; becoming spathe-like as they approach the flower. Stem: 
branching ; smooth. /wice : mucilaginous. 


The day flower is exactly what one would suppose to bea 
happy, innocent blossom. Its blue is so pure and it remains 
with us for such a short time that it is not affected by the levity 
and frivolity of the world. For just one day it opens its bright 
countenance to the sunshine, when its work in life is done and 


its petals most curiously melt into a sort of jelly, where we can 
no longer follow their doings. 


PLATE LV]. SLENDER DAY FLOWER. Commelina erecta. 
(117) 


118 PLANTS GROWING IN MOIST SOIL. 


SPIDERWORT. (Plate LVL) 


Tradescdntia montana. 
FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 


Spiderwort. Blue, with orange- Scentless. South and west. May-August. 
yellow anthers. 


Flowers: growing in a loose umbel at the end of the flower-stalks. Calyx: 
of three sepals. Corolla: of three, rounded, irregular petals ; the odd one very 
small. Stamens: six; the filaments prettily bearded; anthers conspicuous. 
Pistil: one. Leaves: opposite ; lanceolate to linear; clasping. Stem: erect; 
fleshy; mucilaginous. 

The spiderwort is a fair blue flower, and its golden anthers 
have such a lively expression that we are constantly expect- 
ing them to say something funny to us; but they never do. 
Perhaps they have not the time, as like the day flower they live 
but for a single day. 

Just before the recurved buds in the umbels make up their 
minds to bloom, they erect themselves and remain in that posi- 
tion until their petals have faded, when they bend down again 
and the seeds mature. Undera microscope the jointed hairs 
of the stamens and the miraculously attached anthers reveal a 
world of unexpected and interesting beauty. 


CRANBERRY TREE. WILD GUELDER-ROSE. 
(Plate CXXXVTJ, page 259.) 
Viburnum Opulus. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Honeysuckle. White. Scentless. New England westward. Spring. 


Flowers : fertile flowers, with parts arranged in fives and clustered in a cyme; 
neutral flowers with large flat corollas that grow in a border about the others. 
Fruit: juicy, acid; often used as a substitute for cranberries. eaves: 
three to five lobed; pointed; netted-veined; toothed; with two glands at the 
summit of the petiole. A shrub with greyish, smooth bark. 

The primary law of the viburnum household is to keep things 
separate. The neutral flowers which are arranged about the 
fertile ones of the centre are for the purpose of attracting the 
bee’s eye. To look pretty and to be seen is their only care in 
life. It seems as though the unattractive little fertile flowers 
had begged them to play this role for them, as they themselves 
are busy with the weight of reproducing their species upon 


PLATE LVII. SPIDERWORT. TZyadescantza montana, 
(119) 


120 PLANTS GROWING IN MOIST SOIL, 


their shoulders. In cultivation they resign this burden into the 
hands of the gardener, and the whole cyme becomes composed 
of neutral flowers. It is then known as the snowball tree, or 
the guelder rose, V. Alnifolio, Plate XCIX. 


ELDER. ELDERBERRY. 


Sambucus Canadénsis. - 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Honeysuckle. White. Sweet, like honey. General. June, July. 


Flowers: minute; growing in large flat cymes. Ca/yx: tubular, with small 
teeth. Corolla: urn-shaped; five-lobed. Stamens: five. ystil: one, with 
three stigmas. /7uzt: a purple berry, juicy with the flavour of wine. Leaves: 
pinnate; of five.to eleven, oblong, pointed, serrate leaflets. Stem: five to ten 
feet high; woody with white pith. 

Our grandmothers loved the elder, and as religiously as they 
wove their linsey woolseys and worked their samplers they 
made elderberry wine. Probably they found it, as we do, ex- 
tremely good to the taste, and it is besides supposed to possess 
a considerable amount of virtue. Along streams and in moist 
soil by the roadsides the bloom and berries of the plant are 
very noticeable. Every country child knows the elder, and 
little boys are on most friendly terms with it. They push out 
the white pith from the stems, light the ends, and initiate them- 
selves into the mysteries of that more soothing weed which they 


hope to know later. 


JEWEL-WEED. TOUCH-IIE-NOT. (Pilate LVZ//.) 
Impatiens bifléra. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Jewel-weed. Orange yellow spotted with Scentless. Common south- Summer. 
reddish brown. ward. 


Flowers : clustered ; axillary ; nodding from thread-like flower-stalks. Calyx: 
of four petal-like, unequal sepals; the larger one extending backwards into a 
sac which tapers into a little spur. Coro//a: of two petals that are two-lobed. 
Stamens: five ; cohering about the ovary. /vst7: one. Leaves: alternate; on 
petioles; ovate; smooth andserrated. Stems: much branched ; smooth ; tender. 


The jewel-weed and a bright running stream have come to be 


about as closely associated in the mind as the dear old white 
horse and the red-haired girl. Now there is no doubt whatever 


*e 
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PLATE LVIII]. JEWEL-WEED. Jmpatiens biflora. 


COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY. 
PRINTED IN AMERICA. 


PLANTS GROWING IN MOIST SOIL. 121 


but that they do at times appear singly, only the chances are 
all in favour of finding them together. Probably they are 
linked by some bond of sympathy far too subtle for the percep- 
tions of common-place mortals. The flower is more beautiful 
than many of our choicest exotics ; and the gracefulness of its 
-growth cannot be exceeded. Early and late its leaves are hung 
with dew drops as though they and the water were having some 
friendly chat. The jewel-like marking of velvet brown is un- 
doubtedly for the purpose of catching Master Bee’s eye, as these 
showy flowers are dependent upon insects for fertilization. 
Their pollen falls long before the stigma is ready to receive it. 
The plant also bears cleistogamous flowers, those inconspicuous 
blossoms of the later year that are self-fertilized before the bud 
opens. 

The pods are particularly sensitive to the touch, and if 
handled will burst open and throw the seeds to a considerable 
distance. To this fact is due the significance of the name 
_touch-me-not, or ”’y touchez pas, as the French say. 

Smerinthus Yenimatus is the name of the moth hovering 
about the flowers in the illustration. 


PALE JEWEL-WEED. 


Impadizens aurea. 


This species is more common throughout the north than the 
I, biflora, Its jewel-like marking is very slight, and its colour 
is a pale, greenish yellow. The flowers are often an inchand a 
half long. Both species fade very quickly after being plucked. 


CARDINAL FLOWER. (Pilate L[X.) 


Lobelia cardindlzs. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR .- RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Lobelia. Cardinal, Scentless. General. August. 


. Flowers : growing in long, terminal racemes and favouring one side of the 
stem. Calyx : five-pointed. Corofla: a long and narrow tube divided into 
five irregular lobes; two that are upright and three that are spreading, or 
drooping. Stamens: five with red filaments united into a tube. Axthers: 
bluish and slightly fringed with white. P/sti?: one, with a long style and red 


122 PLANTS GROWING IN MOIST SOIL. 


stigma. eaves : alternate ; on short petioles; lance-oblong ; serrated ; becom- 
ing bract-like among the flowers. Stem: two to four feet high; erect; 
grooved; almost smooth. 

As the cardinal flower rises from the border of some stream 
it appears not unlike the unknown red-robed dignitary of the 
Roman church after whom it was named; and its bearing is no 
less proud, we may imagine, than his when about to be conse- 
crated. It was of this plant that a Frenchman said: “I saw 
the flower, my admiration is forever.” 

The corolla is cunningly fashioned to allow humming birds 
to sip of its nectar, and by the thoughtfulness of Dame Nature 
the long, slender bill of the humming bird is exactly made to 
suit the corolla. The drooping of the lip invites the bird to 
search for nectar as cordially as an open door invites a guest 
to step within. It is not necessary to offer the bird a seat or 
platform to stand upon as Master Bee requires; for he poises 
himself on the wing. Sometimes roguish, unprincipled bees 
steal the nectar from a slit at the base of the flower and so 
avoid their duty of carrying the pollen for fertilization. 

Panicularia Canadensis is the name of the beautiful rattle- 
snake grass which accompanies the illustration. 


GREAT LOBELIA. BLUE CARDINAL FLOWER. 


(Plate LX.) 
Lobelia syphilitica. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Lobelia. Pinkish purple. Scentless. General. Summer and early autumn, 


Flowers: growing closely ina leafy panicle. Calyx: of five very sharply 
pointed petals. Corolla: tubular ; two-lipped ; the upper lip divided into 
two pointed lobes ; the lower one three-lobed. Stamens: five ; coloured ; 
united about the pistil and apparently splitting open the tube of the corolla. 
Pistil: one; curved; stigma fringed. eaves: alternate ; lanceolate ; 
toothed ; the upper surface smooth. Stem: one to three feet high ; erect ; 
leafy ; angular. 


When by some leafy, shady brook-side we find this flower, it 
appeals to us as very striking and pretty ; and it seems almost 
cruel to place it by the side of its relative, the cardinal flower, 
as it must naturally pale greatly by comparison. It isa tall, 


Panicularia Canadensis. 


Lobelia cardinals. 


CARDINAL FLOWER 
RATTLESNAKE GRASS. 


PLATE LIX. | 


COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY, 


PRINTED IN AMERICA. 


II | 
PLATE LX. GREAT LOBELIA. Lodelia syphilitéca. 
(123) 


124 PLANTS GROWING IN MOIST SOIL. 


hairy plant, and its blue, although fading to almost white, is 
sufficiently noticeable to attract the insects’ attention. Both of 
these flowers are cleverly designed for cross-fertilization. 
The generic name lobelia has become so familiar to us that we 
use it freely and are unconscious of its being more difficult to 
manage than the common name, In this connection it comes 
to the mind to ask if not all botanical names would become 
equally simple if we would but put ourselves on closer terms of 
intimacy with them, 

L. spicata is also found in moist, open places. Its stem is 
high ; but its flowers are considerably smaller than those of the 
species described above. 


ROUND-LEAVED PSORALEA. (Plate LXT) 
Psoralea orbitcularzs. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Pulse. Purplish. Scentless. Western and southern states. Early summer. 


Flowers: growing in a dense, pyramidal spike. Calyx: deeply parted ; of 
five, nearly equal teeth ; hairy. Coro//a: papilionaceous ; the standard rather 
oblong. Stamens: ten; united by their filaments. eaves: three-foliate ; 
orbicular ; entire ; hairy ; on long peduncles. Stem: prostrate ; creeping. 

This herbaceous plant, with its creeping stem, is a native of 
California. There is a vigour and energy about its growth 
which is very pleasing. One also fancies that like John Gilpin’s 


w fe it is blessed with a frugal mind. 


WILD MINT. 
Meéntha Canadénsis. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Mint. Pinkish lavender. Like pennyroyal. Mostly north. August, September. 


Flowers : tiny ; growing in round clusters in the axils of the leaves. Calyx : 
five-toothed. Covol/a:; tubular ; four-lobed ; the upper lobe being larger and 
cleft at the top. Stamens: four; exserted. /vst#/: one; style, two-iobed. 
Leaves ; opposite ; ovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends ; veined ; serrated; 
rough underneath. Stem: four-angled ; nearly erect. 


The usefulness of a magnifying glass is well illustrated by 


the wild mint ; as its two styles and the tiny notch of one of its 
corolla-lobes are hardly perceptible to the naked eye. M. Can- 


Calyx, 


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ROUND-LEAVED PSORALEA. Psoralea orbicularis. 


PLATE. LXI- 


(125) 


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126 PLANTS GROWING IN MOIST SOIL. 


adensis is the only species of the mint family that is a native 
of the Eastern United States. It has in common with its nu- 
merous relatives little glands in the leaves in which is hidden a 
volatile oil and wherein lies the strong flavour and fragrance 
of the plants. It is one of their most attractive features and a 
ready means of identification. 

The name Mentha is of mythological origin. According to 
the story, a too attractive nymph, Mintha, the daughter of 
Cocytus, was transformed by Proserpine, the wife of Pluto, into 
these plants that now bear her name. 


OSWEGO-TEA, BEE BALM. (P/ate ZX//) 
Mondrda didyma. , 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Mint. Brilliant cardinal. Pleasantly fragrant. Throughout the north. Suntnaer. 


Flowers: clustered in a rounded head. Calyx: five-toothed ; reddish ; 
naked in the throat. Coro//a: tubular ; two-lipped. Stamens: two; ex- 
serted. ystil: one; style, two-lobed, protruding. Leaves: opposite; 
ovate; on petioles ; those nearest the flower reddish in colour. Stems: 
erect 5 Square, 


Some day when the inclination prompts us to bend our steps 
to a leafy, green spot where perhaps hides a trickling stream 
we shall be enchanted by the appearance of the bee balm. Its 
brilliant colouring is rather a surprise, as we are not nearly so 
familiar with red wild flowers as with those of other shades. 

A troop of children that had gone for a picnic to a spot in 
their neighbourhood called the glen, found this flower and 
twirled a wreath of it to place upon the head of a dark-haired 
little girl, .When they returned to the village and the wreath 
was laid aside, the children complained that their playmate was 
no longer pretty. They missed the magical effect of the bee 
balm about her head. 


MAD DOG SKULL CAP. 
Scutellartia latertfléra. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 

Mint. Blue, or violet. Scentless. Mostly north. Sumter. 
Flowers : small; growing in axillary, one-sided leafy racemes on spike-like 

branches. Calyx : of five pointless sepals covered by a little cap. Corolla : two- 


PLATE LXIl. OSWEGO-TEA. Monarda didyma. 


COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY. 


PRINTED IN AMERICA. 


ee 


PLANTS GROWING IN MOIST SOIL. 127 


lipped, with long ascending tube ; the upper lip helmet-shaped and curving over 
the lower lip, which is flaring and indented at the apex. Stamens: four; in 
pairs of unequal length. /ést/ ; one; stigma two-lobed. Leaves: opposite ; 
lanceolate ; toothed. Szem : smooth and branching. 

The family of scutellarie are domestic in their tendencies, 
and give their best thoughts and attention to their children; 
for it must be remembered that the seeds are the children of 
the flowers. On the upper lobe of the calyx there is attached, 
as though by a little hinge, a sort of concave appendage, or 


cap. Itappears quite superfluous when the bloom is fresh ; but 


as soon as the corolla fades and falls this little cap closes 
tightly down over the mouth of the calyx, and so prevents the 
escape of the seeds. The S, lateriflora, which is quite a conse- 
quential little inhabitant of wet places, was at one time con- 
sidered an unfailing cure for hydrophobia. 

S. galericulatais a more handsome flower that is found farther 
north. It has single flowers which grow from the axils of the 
leaves. Plate CXXVIII illustrates the scutellaria of sandy soil. 


OBEDIENT PLANT. FALSE DRAGON HEAD. (Plate ZX//Z) 


Physostégta Virgintana. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Mint. Pinkish crimson. Scentless. New York southward and Summer. 
westward. 


Flowers : growing closely in a dense spike on axillary flower-stalks. Calyx: 
bell-shaped, of five-toothed sepals. Corol/a : funnel-form ; inflated ; two-lipped, 
the upper lip arched and broad; the lower one of three spreading lobes, the 
centre lobe pale and dotted with a deep colour. Stamens: four; in pairs. 
Pistil : one; style two-lobed. Leaves : opposite; lanceolate; serrated. Stem: 
square ; one to four feet high; slightly branched. 

When a little fish comes to the surface of the water and 
opens his mouth his expression is not unlike that of these 
flowers. They have, however, none of the darting, evasive ten- 
dencies of the fish. The flower is most docile. Strangely 
enough, it appears to be without any elasticity, and will remain 
in exactly the position in which it is placed for an indefinite 
time. From this characteristic the plant quite carries off the 


palm of obedience among the flowers. 


oe a 


128 PLANTS GROWING IN MOIST SOIL, 


FRINGED GENTIAN. (Plate LX/V.) 


Gentiana crinita. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Gentian: Brilliant blue, or Scentless. Mostly north and September, October. 
white. west. 


Flowers : terminal; solitary. Calyx : of four unequal, pointed sepals. Co 
rellt: funnel-form; two inches broad; with four rounded lobes exquisitely 
fringed atthe edges. Stamens: four; with glands at the bases of the filaments. 
Pistil : one, with two stigmas. Leaves ; opposite ; lanceolate ; clasping ; sharply 
pointed. Stem; one to two feet high. 

Something preliminary is almost necessary before venturing 
to speak of the fringed gentian ; and even then it should be 
done with bated breath, for is it not the flower that has inspired 
poets and statesmen to such an extent that they have barely 
been able to write soberly about it? And truly it is a heavenly 
flower. But to those that are a bit worldly and have not the 
poetical soul it must always suggest that it has been gowned 
by nature’s Worth; it is so chaussée a ravir. The beautiful 
fringe is but the latest conceit of fashion ; and the soft green of 
its calyx, blending with its incomparable blue, is an example of 
the most ravishing taste. If we could indulge in such levity, 
we would almost look up its sleeves for hors de combat. That it 
enjoys its good clothes we may be sure. It is a gay, delightful 
creature and sheds about its blandishments in the most open- 
hearted manner. It is fond of wandering, too, and though we 
mark the spot where it grows we may seek in vain for it in the 
same place the next year. This characteristic, however, it 
owes to being a biennial. At night the fair flower closes. 


CLOSED GENTIAN. (Plate LXV) 
Gentidna Andréwsit. 
FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Gentian, Deep blue. Scentless. Mostly north, Autumn. 


Flowers : terminal and clustered in the axils of the leaves. Calyx: of four or 
five-cloft sepals. Coro//a: about an inch in length ; closed at the top. Stamens: 
four or five. Psti/ : one, with two stigmas. eaves: opposite ; lanceolate and 
enveloping the terminal flowers. Sem : one to two feet high; smooth; erect. 


The closed gentian always appears as though it had the sulks. 


PLATE LXII]. OBEDIENT PLANT. Physostegia Virginiana. 


COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY, 


PRINTED IN AMERICA, 


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PLATE LXV. CLOSED GENTIAN. Gezntzana Andrewsi?. 


(129) 


130 PLANTS GROWING IN MOIST SOIL. 


Its colour and setting are lovely, and one cannot but fancy it 
might open its petals and be pleasant and chatty if it would. 
But it won’t ; its mood is selfish and its lobes are not fashioned 
in the orthodox way. Of course there is a great deal of theory 
in its closed corolla ; it protects its delicate organs from the 
cold of the late season, and all other evils to which they might 
be exposed, Happily, we can turn to the fringed gentian, 
which is more considerate of our feelings. A strong suspicion 
is afloat that if the closed gentiandid let out its petals they 
would not be so beautifully fringed as those of its relative, and 
this is the reason, perhaps, that it is so sulky. 


SNEEZEWEED. SWAMP SUNFLOWER. (Pilate LXVZ) 


Heléenzum autumnatle. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Composite. Yellow. Scentless. General. Late summer and autumn. 


Flower-heads: growing singly, or clustered loosely in a corymb and com- 
posed of both ray and disk flowers ; the rays three to five-cleft at the summit. 
Leaves: alternate; lanceolate ; thick. Stem: one to six feet high ; smooth ; 
angled ;_ branched. 

The swamp sunflower, while greatly pleasing the eye by 
illuminating the low fields and swamps in the autumn, is on the 
high road to making itself a most disagreeable member of the 
floral world. The flowers of the older plants are very poison- 
ous to animals. Usually their instinct prevents them from eat- 
ing of them; but the plant is one of those insidious things for 
which a taste can be cultivated. Cows have been known to — 
cultivate this fatal taste, when their milk and meat were made 
bitter. If the plant be eaten in great quantities the animal 
dies. Ina dried and powdered form it causes violent sneezing, 
for which purpose it is well known in medicine. Once that it 
has established itself in a field it is most difficult to exterminate 
and adds one more to the trials of the poor farmer. 

HT, nudiflorum, purple-head sneezeweed, grows in the south 
and west. It blossoms from June until October. The name 
purple-head alludes to the disk flowers, as the rays are yellow 
with a brownish base. 


Gentiana crinita. 


FRINGED GENTIAN. 


COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY FREDERICK A, STOKES COMPANY, 
PRINTED IN AMERICA 


SLATEERIY. 


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PLATE LXV]. SNEEZEWEED. Helentum autumnatle. 
(131) 


132 PLANTS GROWING IN MOIST SOIL. 


BLUE STOKESIA. (flate LXV/7/) 


Stékesta cydnea. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Composite. Blue. Sweetly scented.  S. Carolina, Georgia Late summer 
and Louisiana, and autumn. 


Flower-heads : \arge ; terminal ; individual flowers all tubular, the marginal 
ones much larger than those of the centre, irregular, ray-like and split deeply 
on the inside. The summit also deeply cleft. Scales of the involucre imbri- - 
cated in several rows, the outer one becoming bristly and leaf-like. Leaves; 
alternate ; lanceolate ; entire ; glabrous ; the upper one sessile and fringed at 
the base like the bracts. Stem: nearly two feet high ; erect ; downy. 


Very lovely is the blue stokesia, and when we come to in- 
quire into its life history we find that it is no less interesting 
than beautiful. Our curiosity is piqued concerning it because 
it is the only member of its genus and seems not to be closely 
related to any other. Now, as the theory is that every plant is 
evolved from some other, we begin to wonder about the miss- 
ing links between this flower and its antecedents. How has it 
appeared among us without showing any trace of its passage 
here? Has it, like Topsy, “just come?” It also pursues its 
own course indomitably, without showing the slightest inclina- 
tion to vary, or produce new species. From this might be 
argued that the stokesia has reached its height of development 
and is about to die out. As yet we need not grieve too deeply 
over its loss, however ; evolution is very considerate and would 
hardly effect so great a change in much less than a million 
years. 

The gradation of the leaves on the stem into bracts also illus- 
trates the theory of plant morphology almost more than is 
done by any other one of the composites. Whether the 
stokesia believes these theories of which it is so good an exam- 
ple is, unfortunately, like its antecedents, wrapped in mystery. 


WILD LETTUCE. 
Lactuca Canadénsts. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR > RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Chicory. Pale yellow, purple or reddish. Scentless. General. Late summer. 


Flower-heads; growing in leafy panicles ; composed of strap-shaped flowers. 
Leaves; very large, sometimes a foot long ; lanceolate ; the lower ones fre-- 


Flower, laid open. Pistid. 
PLATE LXVII. BLUE STOKESIA. Svohesza cyanea. 
(133) 


134 PLANTS GROWING IN MOIST SOIL. 


quently being lobed ; pale underneath. Stem: tall; from five to ten feet 
high ; leafy. 

A common plant in moist soil along the roadsides and thick- 
ets, Its great height and large leaves make it conspicuous, 
especially in the autumn, From it the humming birds gather 
down to make their nests, 


JOE-PYE-WEED. TRUMPET-WEED. (Plate LXV///.) 
Eupatorium purpureum. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Composite. Crimson purple. Scentless. General. Late summer. 


Flowers: small.; growing in dense, compound corymbs at the end of the 
stem and branches. Coro//a: tubular ; with long protruding styles of a light 
lavender colour which give the flower-head its soft, fluffy appearance. Leaves: 
whorled in groups of four to six, lanceolate, rough; toothed and deeply 
veined, sometimes with purple. Szem : occasionally twelve feet high ; rough ; 


purple. 

‘Old Joe-Pye’s in the pasture again,’ the farmer cries ; and 
his wife nods sympathetically without, perhaps, turning her 
head to look across the lowlands at the soft tint lent to the 
landscape by this handsome weed. It received its quaint name 
from a New England Indian doctor who is said to have cured 
typhus fever by its use. 


CUT-LEAVED GOLDEN ROD. (Plate LX/X.) 


Solidago arguta. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Composite. Greenish yellow. Scentless. New Hampshire to Late summer. 
Pennsylvania. 


Flower-heads + growing on stalks in a dense pyramidal raceme. Lays: six 
to seven, large, spreading. Leaves: lanceolate ; thin ; serrated. Stem: 
angled ; smooth. ) ‘i 

Many books might be written about the golden rods and the 
story then be only partly told. We know them as a brilliant 
family which gradually appear among us, sending up first green 
stems from their perennial roots, then opening sparingly a few 
buds ; and before we can realise that they have returned to us, 
they have thrown out a mass of bloom that illuminates almost 
every field and waste corner. Their message to us is hardly as 


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136 PLANTS GROWING IN MOIST SOIL. 


cheery as that of the skunk cabbage; for they bid us get 
ready for the winter, when everything is pale and cold and the 
wind soughs sadly through the trees. But they deliver it gaily 
and remain with us until they themselves are withered down to 
the ground by the frost. 

In manner of growth they are very dissimilar, some forming 
heavy, dense racemes, as can be seen from the illustration of 
S. juncea, and others branching and sub-branching into light, 
feathery clusters ; but to whatever variations they are subject, 
there is something about a golden rod that could never be mis- 
taken for any other flower. 

They are weeds, and with the exception of S. bicolor, a silvery, 
slender variety which grows on the borders of dry woods, yel- 
low in colour. Of the attempts to cultivate them very few 
have been successful ; they cling rather to the fields and way- 
sides for their homes, where as true rods of gold they area 
beautiful feature of the American autumn. 

S. fistulosa, pine barren golden rod, is found, as its common 
name implies, in wet pine barrens, especially those of New 
Jersey and as far south as Florida. The leaves are sessile, 
lanceolate and rough. ‘The small flower-heads grow on the 
recurved branches of panicles. 

S. juncea, Plate LXIX, is a well-known golden-rod that is 
commonly found in dry soil along the roadsides and sometimes 
in more moist places. Its myriads of flowers with small rays 


grow in drooping, heavy panicles. ‘The upper leaves are del- 


icately coloured, narrow and entire. The lower ones are 
sharply toothed and have a distinctive mark in their fringed 
petioles. It is but seldom that the plant is found over two feet 
high, 


juncea. 


Solidago 


GOLDEN ROD. 


PLATE LXIX. 


COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY, 


PRINTED IN AMERICA. 


Plants Growing in Rich or Rocky 
Soil: Deep Woods and Hillsides. 


In the deep woods spring ts not proclaimed by the blasting 
of trumpets and the waving of gaudy banners. The inhab- 
tants creep in softly and gravely and take their places ; for 
the timid, the elfish, the proud and the solemn are all alike 
in their love of the silence and shadows of their home. They 
shrink from rather than attract the attention of passers by ; 
and when seeking them we are impressed with the idea of 
intrusion. We are not invited to thetr revels. It ts the 
buzzing bee, the singing birds and the bright little animals 
that make merry with them. And when they are sorrowful 
and the seasons are dark, so that gleams of sunshine come but 
feebly through the tree tops; the dripping moisture 1s 
Nature's lamentation with them. 


JACK-IN-THE-PULPIT. INDIAN TURNIP. (Plate ZXX.) 
Artsema triphyllum. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Arum. Green and pinkish purple. Scentless. General. April, May. 


Flowers ; tiny; clustered at the base of a fleshy spadix, which is enveloped 
by a spathe, the point curving gracefully over the spadix. Leaves: two only ; 
of three ovate, pointed leaflets that rise far above the spathe. Scafe: erect; 
pinkish. Corm : turnip-shaped and abounding in farinaceous matter. /7vzzt: 
a mass of scarlet berries. 


“ Jack-in-the-pulpit 
Preaches to-day, 
Under the green trees 
Just over the way. 


138 PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL. 


Squirrel and song-sparrow, 
High on their perch, 

Hear the sweet lily-bells 
Ringing to church.” 


Spring has hardly thrown her green mantle over her shoulders 
when the quaint preacher rises in his pulpit, and in language 
soft and soiemn speaks to the rustling elves and spirits of the 
woodlands. He is a sturdy fellow, and we believe what he says 
must be thoroughly orthodox ; although we lament that we 
have not the quickened perceptions to understand him better. 
But we know. he is beloved by his people, or they would not so 
familiarly dub him Jack, nor would he return among them so 
faithfully. The preacher has a rustic grace about him that is 
quite inimitable; and the magic he exercises on the children is 
only equalled by the charms of the wily Piper of Hamelin town. 

“ Jack-in-the-pulpit has come,” they cry, “ Jack-in-the-pulpit 
has come.” 


“Come, hear what his reverence 

Rises to say 

In his Jow painted pulpit 
This calm Sabbath day. 

Fair is the canopy 
Over him seen, 

Pencilled by Nature’s hand, 
Black, brown and green. 

Green is his surplice, 
Green are his bands; 

In his queer little pulpit 
The little priest stands.” 


STROPHILIRION. (Pate LXX7) 


Strophilirton Californicum. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Lily. Rose. Scentless. In the Sterra Nevadas and May. 
California. 
e 


Flowers : growing in a many-flowered umbel with a row of bracts underneath, 
Perianth ; short funnel-form, contracted at the throat of four or five oblong 
lanceolate segments. Stamens: three, on the throat, alternating with three 
sterile filaments that are very short and have a lanceolate wing on each side. 


LXX. 


JACK-IN-THE-PULPIT. Avisema triphyllum. 


COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY. 


PRINTED IN AMERICA. 


Pist77. 


Corolla. 


PLATE LXXIl. STROPHILIRION. Strophilirion Calzfornicum 
(139) 


140 PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL, 


Pistil: one. Leaves: from the root; more than a foot long; broadly linear. 
Scape ; two to four, or even twelve feet long; twining; rough. Corm : an inch 
in dlameter. 


What might become of us if this strange plant should ever 
mingle in floral cultivation a good Providence only knows. It 
grows rapidly, and has a way of twining itself over bushes, so 
that when one stoops to pick the handsome blossoms it is some- 
times a matter of amusement to try and trace the stem to its 
root. That is, if one is ambitious and intends planning a novel 
maze, ‘There is very little hope of following its course, or of 
knowing just where the flowers will crop out. It is especially 
well known in the valley of the Sacramento. 


WOOD LILY. WILD RED LILY. 
Lilium Philadélphicum. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Lily. Orange red. Scentless. Mostly north and west. July, August. 


Flowers : terminal; solitary; erect. Perianth: of six divisions, spotted with 
purple and narrowing into claws at the base, where a sac of nectar may be 
found. Stamens: six; anthers, conspicuous. /7%st7/ : one; stigma, three lobed. 
Leaves : lanceolate; parallel-veined; scattered, or whorled about the top of 
the stem. Stem : two to three feet high. 


Like a sudden gleam of colour does this bright flower startle 
us, as we wander through the shaded, rich woods. Its distinctive 
feature is the way in which the divisions of the perianth narrow 
into the base. JZ. Cafesbei,a southern sister of the lily, has 
also this peculiarity ; but it is not so with several other species 
_ that are natives of America. 


TWISTED STALK. (Plate ZXX//) 
Stréptopus roseus. 
FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Lily-of-the-valley. Rose purple. Scentless. Mostiy north. Late spring and summer. 


Flowers ; small; axillary; hanging on thread-like flower-stalks and hidden 
under the leaves. ertanth: bell-shaped, with six divisions. Stamens: six. 
Pistil: one; stigma, three-cleft. Frat; a round, handsome, red berry. 
Leaves : alternate; clasping ; parallel-veined; pointed; the edges surrounded 
with tiny hairs. Stem ; much twisted. 


Even more pleasing than the hidden flower-bells are the 


ETL, 


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Ma Gly. 


2 ))))/)} in 


PLATE LXXI|. TWISTED STALK. Strebtopus roseus. 
(141) 


142. PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL, 


beautiful red berries of this plant, which in August can be 
found hanging from thread-like peduncles, and following grace- 
fully the curves of the stalk. In the avoiding of angles, the 
plant has as truly the artistic instinct as though it had been 
bred in a French school of design. It resembles somewhat the | 
Solomon’s seal, of which it is a connection. 


SOLOFION’S SEAL. 
Polygonatum biflorum., 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Lily-of-the-valley. Dingy yellow. Scentless. New England southward. May, june. 


Flowers ; growing singly, or in pairs on slender pedicels that droop from the 
axil of each leaf. Perzanth : bell-shaped; six-toothed. Stamens: six. Pistil: 
one. Fruit :a small, globular, blue berry. Leaves: alternate ; broadly ovate ; 
almost sessile ; growing on the upper side of the stem; covered with soft hairs 
and whitish underneath. Svem: curving gracefully; glabrous. ootstock: 
jointed ; scarred. 


There is no doubt but that the round scars left on the root- 
stock of the Solomon’s seal by the dead stalks of the preced- 
“ing year, do resemble the impressions made by seals upon wax ; 
but wherein these seals resemble those used by Solomon must 
ever remain a mystery to those that have not had some private 
information on the subject. 


FALSE SOLOMON’S SEAL. WILD SPIKENARD. 


Vagnera racemosa, 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Lily-of-the-valley. Greenish white. Slightly fragrant. Mostly May. 
north. 


Flowers: tiny; growing ina compound panicle. Peréanth : of six divisions. 
Stamens; six. Pistil: one. Fruit: a crimson berry speckled with purple. 
Leaves: alternate ; oblong; pointed at both ends; parallel-veined; fluted on 
the edges; slightly hairy. Stem : ascending two to three feet high. 

If the common name of the above plant is a mystery to us, 
this one is no less so; as its manner of growth and fruit are so 
very different from those of the Solomon’s seal. In fact, the 
latter is the more striking plant of the two and has an elusive, 
sweet perfume. A warm friendship, however, exists between 
them and they are often found growing closely together on the 
rocky hillsides, or in the cool, deep woods. 


PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL. 143 


FALSE LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY. TWO-LEAVED 
SOLOMON’S SEAL. 


Unifolium Canadénse, 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Lily-of-the-valley. White or Scentless. New England south- May, June. 
Saint yellow. ward and westward. 
Flowers: small; clustered in aterminal spike. Ferzanth: four-parted. 


Stamens: four. fistid: one; stigma two-lobed. F7rzz/¢: a round, red berry. 
Leaves: similar to those of the true lily-of-the-valley ; long, pointed, heart- 
shaped at base. Stem: short; five inches high; bearing two leaves. 

The name of this little plant is most misleading, as its leaves 
alone suggest any resemblance to the lily-of-the-valley. The 
flowers are more like those of a small Solomon’s seal. It is 
found abundantly on the edges of mossy, deep woods and is 
very gentle and sweet. In the late summer its spikes of red 


berries are also extremely pretty. 


INDIAN CUCUMBER-ROOT. 


Medéola Virgintana. 


FAMILY COLOUR _ ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Liiy-of-the-valley. Greentsh yellow. Scentless. Rather general, June. 


Flowers : small; clustered on short reflexed pedicels at the summit of the 
stem. Perzanth : of six reflexed segments. Stamens : six, of deep, rich brown. 
Pist:l : one with three recurved, long, brown stigmas. JLeaves: in two sets of 
whorls ; the lower set of seven to nine ovate-lanceolate, netted-veined leaves ; 
the upper set of three to four smaller leaves. Stem: erect; and covered, as 
the leaves, with a cottony fuzz, apparently quite loose. ootstock: thick ; 
somewhat suggesting in taste and appearance a cucumber. 


When Columbus discovered America’ and the Indians, he 
must also have discovered the cucumber-root. ‘They are alike 
characteristic of the soil of North America. Like the primitive 
people it loves so well, the plant is a model of erectness and 
symmetry of form. It has also the Indian’s love of seclusion 
and the silence of the forest. 

Owing to its being possessed of medical properties, the ge- 
neric name JV/edeola is after the sorceress Medea. She it was 
who mixed the portion for the sleepless dragon that guarded 
the golden fleece ; and enabled Jason to carry it off, as well as 


144 PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL. 


Medea herself, in his wonderful ship the Avge. Little did she 
then suppose that a plant of a strange people would serve to 
recall the story. 


LARGE-FLOWERED WAKE-ROBIN. (Plate ZXXJ//) 


Trillium grandtflorumn, 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Lily-of-the-valley. White, turning Scentless. Vermont to Penn. May, June. 
later to pink. and westward. 


Flowers: terminal; solitary. Calyx: of three, long, pointed, green sepals. 
Corolla : of three pointed petals ; sometimes three inches long. Stamens : six. 
Pistil: one; stigma having three branches. frit: a red or purple berry. 
Leaves: whorled in threes below the flower ; ovate; triple-veined. Stem: 
erect; simple. oofstock: rather tuberous. 

The trilllums are among the choicest wild flowers of North 
America ; and with the exception of a few Japanese and Hima- 
layan species are peculiar to the country. T. grandiflorum is 
possessed of a chaste, dignified beauty, but is without fragrance. 
We especially lament this, as the greater number of large, white 
flowers are heavily scented. 

In support of the theory that all petals were originally leaves, 
those of the trilliums have a curious way of occasionally turn- 
ing into leaves. 


PAINTED TRILLIUM. (late LXX/JV.) 


Trillium undulatum. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Lily-of-the-valley. White, veined with Scentless. Following the Alle- Spring. 
crimson and purple. ghany Mountains 

to Georgia. 


Flowers : terminal; solitary. Perzanth: of three green sepals and three 
white, pointed petals. Stamens: six. /Pistil : one, with three curving stigmas. 
Fruit; a beautiful, ovate, rather angled, red berry, an inch and a quarter in 
length. Zeaves; large; ovate; triple-veined ;.in whorls of three on the 
stem, at times almost hiding the flower. Stem: brownish at the top. Roots: 
poisonous. 


Perhaps the most delicately beautiful member of the family 
is the painted trillium ; although the marking of the white, or 
pink petals with wine colour has given rise to the suspicion 
that the fair lady paints her face. The name, however, is no 


PEATE 


LXXIIl. 


LARGE-FLOWERED WAKE-ROBIN. Trillium grandiflorus. 


COPYRIGHT, 


1899 BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY. 


PRINTED IN AMERICA. 


el 


\ 


Trillium undulatum 


PAINTED TRILLIUM. 


PLATE LXXIV. 


(145) 


146 PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL. 


doubt an injustice, as her nature is shy, and she hides herself in 
the cool, moist woods. 

In the south there is a sessile trillium which has lemon-col- 
oured petals and a delicious fragrance, 


ILL-SCENTED WAKE-ROBIN. BIRTHROOT, 


Trillium eréctum. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Lily-of-the-valley. Reddish purpie. Unpleasant. Mostly nort’. April-June. 


Flowers; terminal; solitary ; slightly inclined to be nodding. Perianth: 
of three green, pointed sepals and three large, recurved petals. Stamens: six. 
Pistil : one, having three stigmas. F7rwzt: a large, angled, red berry. Leaves ; 
broad ; ovate; netted-veined ; whorled in threes on the flower-stalks a little 
below the flower. Stem: stout ; simple 3; smovoth. A’ovfstock : tuberous. 

In the early spring this beautiful young creature begins its 
career in the woods. Wecannot, however, be very sympathetic 
with it, in spite of its good looks, as it repels us by its almost 
fetid odour. Itscommon name, also, while pretty, is rather de- 
ceptive. The plant does not wake the robins, because they 
have been chirping and hopping about on lawns long before the 
flower came into bloom; and they are not especially fond of 
the dark woods that the trillium loves best. So altogether we 
are inclined to believe that the plant has too great an idea of 
its Own importance, and that it does not possess the innate 
qualities of virtue which it would have us believe. 


BELLWORT. 
Uvularta sesstlifolta. 
FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Bunch-flower. Straw colour. Scentless. New Engéand to Georgia. May. June. 


Flowers : one or two that droop from slender peduncles. erianth; bell- 
shaped, of six separate divisions. Stamens; six. ustil: one ; styles-three- 
cleft. eaves; lance-oblong and sessile, as the name indicates. Stem: 
angled. 

The flowers of this pretty plant are usually described as 
drooping modestly, and no doubt it is only to those of perverted 
eyesight that they appear like a naughty little girl who might 


be good if she would ; but from lack of the wish is continually 


| 


PLATE LXXV. PANICLED BELLFLOWER. Campanula divaricata, 
(147) 


148 PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL. 


constrained to hide herself under her nurse’s apron. It would 
be so much pleasanter for everybody if the bellwort would not 
hide away under its leaves quite so much, 


PERFOLIATE BELLWORT. 
Uvularia perfoliata, 
FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 


Lunch-flower. ale yellow. Scentless. New England south- May, June. 
ward to Florida. 


The principal difference between the perfoliate bellwort and 
the preceding species is that the leaves of the latter are united 
at their bases about the stems. This gives a pleasing effect, 
as though the stems had pierced through the leaves for 
the purpose of throwing the flowers more into prominence. 
Both varieties are found rather generally in rich woods. 


PANICLED BELLFLOWER. (Pilate LXXV.) 


Campanula dadivaricata. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Bellflower. Blue. Scentless. Southern Alleghanies. June-August. 


Flowers : small; one-third of an inch long; nodding; growing in spreading 
panicles, Calyx: five-lobed. Covol/a : bell-shaped ; five-lobed. Stamezs : five. 
Pistil : one, protruding, with three stigmas. Leaves: scattered; lanceolate ; 
coarsely toothed. Stem: erect ; branching. 


When on some mountain-top these little bells are freshly 
washed by a thunder-shower, and the sun shines out to dry 
them off as the breeze sways them gaily to and fro, we fancy 
-we have found the enchanted land of the little people. They 
are too tiny and gentle to belong to the world of grown-up folk. 


Oh, sweetly nodding little bells 
That ring sweet chimes for the fairies’ dell. 


CANADA VIOLET. (Plate CXXXV.) 
Viola Canadénsis. 
FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 


Violet. White, the two upper Fragrant. North and west. Summer. 
petals purple underneath. 


This is the largest and boldest of our wild violets, often 


ed, 


a. 


PLATE LXXVI. 


DALIBARDA. 
(149) 


Dalibarda repens. 


150 PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL. 


reaching a height of two feet. It blooms throughout the sea- 
son and has its home in rich woods, or on mountain-tops. In 


the early season its fragrance is hardly perceptible, but it be- | 


comes stronger as the summer advances. The leaves are 
heart-shaped, toothed, and they have stipules. The stems are 
leafy. It can readily be recognised in the coloured-plate illus- 
tration. } 

V. rotundifolia, or round-leaved violet, also has its home in 
cool, northern woods, It isa pale-yellow variety with a very 
short spur and lateral petals that are veined with brown. The 
roundish, crenate leaves lie flat on the ground and grow very 
large and shiny during the summer. The plant is not leafy 
stemmed. | 


HAWTHORN. SCARLET-FRUITED THORN. 
Cratégus coccinea. 
FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Apple. White, pink, or reddish. Unpleasant. Newfoundland to Spring. 
Manitoba, S. to Florida 
and Texas. 


Flowers: large; clustered ina corymb. Calyx: five-cleft. Corolla: of five 
rosaceous petals. Stamens: numerous. f2sti/: one. Fruit: bright scarlet; 
not eatable. Leaves: on petioles ; roundish ovate: often lobed ; serrate. A low 
tree or shrub, the branches beset with sharp thorns. 


The hawthorn division of the apple family abounds in a num- 
ber of small trees that unfold an abundance of bloom in the 
early spring. The blossoms blend with all the pale green and 
pink tones that first cover the dull grey of the winter. 

The dwarf thorn, C. uzifléra, which is found in sandy 
places, is one of the few that can be properly called shrubs. 


DALIBARDA. (Plate LXXVZ) 
Dalibdrda repens. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Rose. Pure white. Faintly sweet. North. June, July. 


Flowers: one or two borne upon slender scapes. Calyx: of five or six un- 
equal divisions, the three larger ones closing over the fruit. Corvo//a: about an 
inch broad; of five, delicate, spreading petals. Svamens: numerous. /ystils: 
five tu ten. Leaves: from the base; spreading in a tuft ; on long petioles ; cor- 
date; toothed and mottled with a lighter shade of green. oofstock : creeping. 


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PLATE LXXVII]. EARLY WHITE ROSE. Rosa dlanda. 


(151) 


a 


152 PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL, 


A sweet little flower that cannot but cast a spell of enchant- 
ment over those that linger near it in its woodland home, Its 
characteristics remind us strongly of the violet family ; but a 
taste for numerous stamens has caused it to be classed among 
the roses. It seems unfortunate that no English or pet name 
has ever been bestowed upon the flower, which would endear it 
to us by a feeling of closer friendship. 


EARLY WHITE ROSE. (Plate LXXVIZ) 


Rosa blanda, 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Rose. White. Slightly fragrant. Mostly north. Late spring. 


This beautiful wild rose of rocky banks and woods has en- 
deared itself to all that are friends of the flowers. Its petals 
are large and wavy, and it is very leafy. Unfortunately, R. 
blanda is rather rare, and unless we know of some quiet 
spot where it blows, we may search for it in vain throughout 
aseason. It is native to America only. 


EARLY MEADOW RUE. 
Thalictrum dtoicum. 
FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Crowfoot. Purplish pink. Scentless. New England south- April, May. 
ward and westward. 


Flowers : growing in loose panicles. Calyx: of four or five petal-like sepals 
that fallearly. Covol/a: none. Stamens: indefinite in number. /iés¢s/s : four 
to fifteen, on different plants from the stamens. Leaves: alternate; much di- 
vided into three to seven-lobed leaflets, the upper ones smooth and pinnate. 


This plant is frequently cultivated on account of its graceful 
foliage, fern-like sprays of which mingle very prettily with 
other flowers. ‘The bloom is rather unattractive from the point 
of beauty, but it is a most interesting study botanically. , 

T. purpurdscens, purplish meadow rue, comes into bloom a little . 
later than the preceding species. Its compound panicles are - 
composed of feathery staminate or pistillate blossoms. On the 
delicate leaflets are often found hairs which are tipped with 
minute glands. 

T. Lolygamum, Plate XLVII. 


Ss 
+: 


red. 


care 


co aoe 
i 4 


PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL. 153 


COLUIIBINE. 
Aguilégia Canadensis. 
FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Crowfoot. Red and yellow. Scentless. General. April, May. 


Flowers : terminal ; solitary ; nodding from thread-like flower-stalks. Ca- 
lyx : of five, red, ovate sepals. Corolla : of fiv e, united, tubular, spurred petals ; 
red on the outside and within yellow. Stamens: numerous; projecting. P7s- 
tls: five ; the styles very slender. Leaves: the lower ones on petioles and di- 
vided twice, or thrice into lobed leaflets; the upper ones nearly sessile, entire 
or lobed. Stem : twelve to eighteen inches high; branching ; glaucous. 

“Ts it not afraid?” asked a little child who saw the colum- 
bine as it was bent and swayed by the wind over a rocky cliff, 
and appeared to cling so lightly to the crumbled soil. ‘“ No,” 
was the answer, “the columbine has a fearless heart and a 
spirited courage : it is never afraid.” 

Recently we have been hearing considerable about its pa- 
triotism ; and it has been shown to us as “the peace that 
makes for power, and the power that makes for peace.” This 
significance is found in the resemblance of various parts of the 
flower to an eagle and a dove. The generic name aquilegia, or 
in Latin aquila, an eagle, is from the curved spurs that in cer- 
tain forms of the flower suggest the bird’s five talons. Colum- 
bine, or columba, was chosen for it because in another position 
can be seen a ring of doves, or two turtle doves, according to 
one’s clearness of vision. In our childhood we invariably see 
the latter. 


“O columbine, open your folded wrapper, 
Where two twin turtle doves dwell !” 

Looking at the front view of the flower we can picture a five- 
rayed star. A single nectarie imitates a liberty cap; and in 
the long spurred forms we have the horn of plenty. Some one 
of its species can be found throughout the country; and it 
blooms in all of our national colours, red, white and blue. The 
plant is indigenous to our soil and one that is in no sense a 


weed. To be used for decorative designs it is also peculiarly 
well adapted. 


154 PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL. 


And if authorities do differ with each other a little about the 
exact significance of these emblems, we do not mind very 
much ; because we have them all in the imagination, where we 
hold fast to them as part of this beautiful flower. | 

A, truncata, (Plate LXXVIII.) is another red and yellow 
variety which has petals as though cut off at the top, or trun- 
cate. It is extremely variable in size and foliage ; but is firm 
in its preference for shaded places, often by streams. 

A. ceritlea, (Plate LXXVIII.) or the long-spurred columbine, 
is an exquisite flower. It is a native of the Rocky Mountains, 
where on shady slopes it blooms abundantly. The illustration 
shows it in its blue gown: it is also fond of white and occa- 
sionally pinkish ; but never red. The ovate sepals with their 
slender spurs are spreading and double the length of the round 
lighter-coloured petals with which they alternate. In size it is 
quite three inches broad. ‘The beauty of the species has en- 
couraged enthusiastic horticulturists to introduce it into gar- 
dens. 


‘* So did the maidens with their flowers entwine 
The scented white, the blue and flesh-like Columbine.”—BROWN. 


WHITE BANEBERRY. 
Actea dlba. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Crow/foot. White. Scentless. New England southward. April, May. 


Flowers: small; ina dense, terminal raceme. Ca/yx.: of four to six sepals 
that fall early. Covol/a: of four to ten petals with claws. Stamens: numer- 
ous; with white filaments. /yst//: one; stigma, two-lobed. Ayzzt: a round- 
ish, oval, white berry with a dark eye at the apex; glabrous; poisonous. 
Leaves: compound with ovate leaflets in threes ; the upper ones often sharply 
cleft. Stem: smooth; high ; the flower-stalk a conspicuous, bright red. 

A very old friend to those that Visit the woods is the white 
baneberry. Its curious late summer fruit lingers perhaps better 
in the memory than the soft white bloom of early spring. 

A. rubra, the red baneberry, is very handsome and is readily 
distinguished by its cherry-coloured berries. It comes into 
bloom a little earlier than the above and is partial toa com 


soil. The berries are also said to be poisonous, 


————————————————————————————————eeeeeeeeeeeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEe——eeEeEeEeEeEeE 
+ 


| 
PLATE LXXVIII. COLUMBINE. Agutlegia truncata. a . 
LONG-SPURRED COLUMBINE. Agutlegia cerulea. ) 
COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY FREDERICK A, STOKES COMPANY, ‘ 

| PRINTED IN AMERICA, if 


_ PLATE LXXIX.. BLACK COHOSH 
(155) 


Cemectfuga racemosa. 


156 PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL. 


BLACK COHOSH. BLACK SNAKEROOT. BUGBANE. 
(Plate LXX1X,) 


Cimictfuga racemosa. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Crow/oot. Waite. Disagreeable. General. Summer. 


Flowers: growing in racemes one to three feet in length. Calyx: of four or 
five early falling sepals. Coro//a: very irregular, two of the petals appearing 
like transformed. stamens. Stamens: numerous; with protruding filaments 
that give the whole a feathery appearance. /isti/s: one, two or three. 
Leaves : alternate ; pinnately-divided, the leaflets deeply toothed. Stem: three 
to eight feet high. 

It is well that the Indians have given this plant the reputa- 
tion of being efficacious for snake-bite; and that its generic 
name, signifying to drive away bugs, endues it with the power 
of expelling plant vermin. Otherwise we might be inclined to 
shower anathemas upon it, as a deceitful thing that beckons 
us to its presence by its wand-like racemes and then treats us 
to such an unpleasant odour that we are prone to hasten away 
as swiftly as possible. It may truly be classed among those 
objects to which, from the standpoint of frail humanity, dis- 
tance lends enchantment. 


EARLY SAXIFRAGE. 
Saxifraga Virgindénsts. 
FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 


Saxtfrage. White. Scentless. Northeast to Georgia March-June. 
westward to Tennessee. 


Flowers : small; densely clustered in cymes upon the ends of hairy scapes. 
Calyx : of five very short sepals. Corolla: of five petals. Stamens: ten. 
Pistil : one, with two styles. /yrzzt: a many seeded, purple capsule. Leaves: 
clustered at the root; obovate; toothed. Scafe: three to nine inches high; 
clammy. : 

All the timorous, hesitating beauty of the early spring bloom 
clusters about the saxifrage. It slips into the woods quietly, as 
though fearful that if it made a noise or attracted too much 
attention, Jack Frost might send some one, or come himself, 
which would be worse, and punish it by retarding its growth. 
We find it on the top, or in the clefts, of rocks, which it has 


ee 


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= 


PLATE LXXX. BUNCH-BERRY. Cornus Canadens?s. 
(157) 


158 PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL. 


been known to break asunder. In fact, to watch this little plant 
is a moral lesson in the achievements that can be brought about 
by quiet will power. 


FOAM FLOWER. FALSE MITRE-WORT. 
Ttarélla cordifolia. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE ‘ TIME OF BLOOM 
Saxifrage. White. Scentless. New England — April, May. 
southward and westward. 


Flowers: growing in a raceme on a high scape. Calyx: of four parted 
sepals. Corolla: of five clawed petals. Stamens: ten ; long, with orange-red 
anthers, /yst#/* one, with two styles. Leaves: from the base; cordate ; 
lobed ; very mottled. Scafe: about a foot high ; hairy. The plant is from a 
rootstock and is reproduced by runners that spread in summer. 

A little boy whose sister ran to him with her hands full of 
the delicate foam-flower that she had gathered in the woods, 
threw it down in disgust and said: “ Sister, it has forgotten its 
clothes.” He missed the leaves that he had been accustomed 
to seeing on flowers and was indignant at the long, naked 


stem. 


MITRE-WORT. BISHOP’S CAP. 
Mitélla diphylla. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Saxtfrage. White. Scentless. New England southward. May. 


The mitre-wort is very similar in effect to the foam-flower, 
although its beauty is of a much more fragile type. Its stems 
are low and hairy and it protects itself with a few stem 
leaves which are opposite and sessile, 


BUNCH-BERRY. DWARF CORNEL. (Plate LXXX.) 


Cornus Canadénsts. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Dogwood. White and green. - Scentless. New York westward. June. 


Flowers: very small, greenish and wrapped about by an involucre that ap- 
pears like four pointed sepals. Ca/yx: tiny; four-cleft. Corolla: of four 
spreading petals. Stamens: four. Pistil: one. Fruzt: a bunch of closely 
clustered, round, red berries. Leaves: ovate; pointed ; nerved; the upper 
ones whorled and apparently forming a resting place for the flowers. Stem: 
erect 3 bearing below a number of scale-like leaves. 


A proud little thing is the bunch-berry, and although it is 


PLATE 


r 5 


LXXXIl. SOURWOOD. Oxydendrum arboreum. 


COPYRIGHT, 1899. BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY. 


PRINTED IN AMERICA, 


Cornus florida, 


FLOWERING DOGWOOD. 


PLATE LXXxXI. 


(150) 


160 PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL. 


the smallest member of the family, it has wrapped about itself 
a white petal-like involucre that is only indulged in by a few 
other dogwoods, as is the case with the largest and most import- 
ant of them all, the C. florida, It has probably found out that 
size is not such an essential matter. ‘“ Bigness,” Bishop Potter 
Says, ‘“‘ is not greatness,” 

After the bloom has passed, the flower-stalk stretches upward 
and bears a bunch of attractive red berries. They are quite 
edible. In the rich woods of New Jersey the plant grows pro- 
lifically. 


FLOWERING DOGWOOD. (Plate LXXX7,) 


Cornus floréda. 
FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Dogwood. White and green. Scentless. Rather general. May, June. 


Flowers: tiny ; perfect ; green ; growing in a cluster and surrounded bya 
showy involucre of four obcordate petal-like bracts, notched at the apex. 
Leaves: elliptical; netted-veined; simple; glabrous. A shrub or tree 
twelve to twenty feet high ; woody; branching ; leafy. 

Almost too well known to need any description is this shrub 
or tree. Like the little bunch-berry it is provided with a beau- 
tiful white involucre and it can be seen at a great distance. 
Hardly any one of our shrubs contributes more to the beauty 
of the spring woods. 

The pity is that when at the height of its bloom it is so often 
stripped of its flowers, and great branches of it are broken off by 
ruthless hands that seem to be quite ignorant of the harm they 
are doing. 

Its home is in the rocky woods, and according to the tradi- 
tion of the people, it blooms just at the proper time for planting 
Indian corn. ; 


ROUND-LEAVED DOGWOOD. 


Cérnus circinata. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Dogwood. White. Scentless. New England June. 
southward and westward. 


Flowers: small, in a flat open cluster having no involucre. Calyx: of four 
minutely toothed sepals. Corol/a: of four petals. Stamens: four. istd: 


PLATE LXXXIll 


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PRINTED IN AMERICA, 


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BY FREDERICK A. ST 


Kalmia 


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PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL. 161 


one. Fruit: a light blue berry. Zeaves: opposite; oval, pointed; downy 
underneath. A shrub three to ten feet high, the branches streaked with white 
or green; warty. 

Although rather faithful in its love of the woods, where it 
settles itself by the paths and roadways so as to nod to the 
passers by, this pretty shrub is not as discriminating as it 
might be in the matter of soil, To rich or poor, rocky or 
sandy, it appears to be alike indifferent. From its bark is ex- 
tracted cornine, a powerful extract that is used for atonic. It 
is similar to quinine. 


SOURWOOD. SORREL-TREE, (Plate LXXX/Z) 


Oxydéndrum arboreum. 
FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 


Fleath. White. Sweet, like honey. Florida to Mississippi April, May. 
and westward. 


Flowers: growing in terminal clusters. Calyx: five-parted; pubescent. 
Corolla: five-toothed; pubescent. Stamens: ten. Pistil: one. Leaves: alter- 
nate; ovate; pointed; sour. A tree fifteen to forty feet high. 

It would be a very queer world indeed if we should ever lose 
our faith in the compensations of Dame Nature; and yet when 
we see the O. arboreum covered with its sprays of exquisite 
bloom, we cannot but wonder about those poor little shrubs 
that have cared so tenderly for their buds and are after all so 
very plain. Every good gift, it seems, has been showered upon 
this lovely tree. It has the sweet fragrance, the delicate 
beauty of the lily-of-the-valley ; and combined as it is in 
masses, it gives all the strong effect of a bolder bloom. 

The only difficulty is that one is tempted to sit down beside 
it and never go away. 


MOUNTAIN LAUREL. CALICO-BUSH. SPOONWOOD. 
| (Plate LX XX III.) 
Kadlmia latzfolia, 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Heath. White or pink Very fragrant. Inland and May, June. 
deepening into red. middle states. 


Flowers: terminal; axillary; growing in rich umbel-like clusters. Calyx: 
of five sepals; clammy and covered with hairs. Corol/a: wheel-shaped; five- 


162 PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL, 


lobed. Stamens: ten; the anthers of each one held by a depression of the 
corolla. /¢sti/: one. Leaves: alternate ; elliptical ; entire; evergreen and 
shiny. Stem: ten to thirty feet high ; woody. 

All flowers are lovely, but the beauty of the laurel has placed 
it where it stands quite alone ; and by many lovers of flowers 
it is thought to be the most beautiful of those native to 
America. It is also endeared to us by its many virtues. It is 
very domestic, and has a strong love for its own home. — Its 
mind is blessed with a rare contentment. In fact, it will sel- 
dom endure transplanting ; unless care has been taken to pro- 
vide for it soil of the same quality as that of its chosen groves, 

The construction of the flower is on the plan of a wheel, and 
the stamens correspond to the spokes. Each filament is held 
and slightly arched by the anther, which is caught in a 
pouch of the corolla. The device of this little trap is most in- 
genious and the mechanism very fine. It is set for Master Bee 
and patiently awaits his coming. When he brushes against it, 
or jostles it the least little bit, the anthers become dislodged, 
spring up and let fly from their cells right in his face, or over 
his back, such a volley of pollen that the poor, old, drowsy 
thing is quite disconcerted. Thinking himself inhospitably re- 
ceived, he then betakes himself to the next flower, only to find 
that his back is made heavier by another cargo of pollen, while 
the protruding stigma is busy relieving him of his first load. 
The clamminess of the calyx and stems is undoubtedly to pre- 
vent such small insects as would be unable to carry the pollen 
for cross-fertilization, from climbing up into the flower and in- 
terfering with its arrangements. | 

Children that are in sympathy with the bees know of this 
trap, and will invariably knock the blossoms with their little fin- 
gers for the pure pleasure of seeing the anthers spring up and 
the pollen fly. As yet, the bees have not taught them the after 
labour of carrying the pollen. 

The leaves of the plant are unfortunately poisonous. A crys- 
talline substance that is readily dissolved out of them by cold 
water, is said to be more deadly than strychnine. Cattle and 


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Kalmia angust 


SHEEP- LAUREL: 


PLATE LXXXIV. 


COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY, 


PRINTED IN AMERICA, 


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PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL. 163 


sheep fall victims annually to eating the shrub, Unprincipled 
people have also made use of the leaves to increase the in- 
toxicating effect of liquors, 

Long ago the red man knew of this poison. It was dear to 
him. For when he became unhappy, it lulled him into the long 
sleep, and hastened his footsteps to his happy hunting ground. 


SHEEP LAUREL. LASIBKILL. WICKY. (Plate LXXX/J/V.) 


(almia angustifolia. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
fleath. Rich, deep, pinkish Scentless. Newfoundland to Sune. 
crimson, Georgia. 


Flowers: axillary; clustered in corymbs. Calyx: of five sepals. Corolla: 
not quite half an inch broad, with five lobes. Stamens: ten; the anthers 
dark-coloured and nestling in the pouches. /7st//: one. Leaves : narrow; in 
whorls of three; pale. A shrub growing about a foot high. 


Such a wealth of witchery clusters about lambkill that we are 
very, very lenient to its failings and almost prone to forgive 
them altogether. It is, unhappily, the most poisonous of the 
laurels, and exercises this power over poor, dumb animals, 
which, to say the least, is not very sportsmanlike of lambkill. 
But, on the other side, it is most stupid of the brute world to 
attempt to feast upon this lovely shrub when it is so evidently 
intended to please another sense ; fora hillside, or low ground, 
that is covered with it, is about as fair a sight as can be seen. 


GREAT RHODODENDRON. ASIERICAN ROSE=-BAY. 
GREAT LAUREL. (Plate LXXXV.) 
Rhododéndron maximum. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Heath. White, spotted with Scentless. New York to Georgia. July. 
red and yellow. 

Flowers : clustered together in great bunches; the flower-stalks clammy. 
Calyx : of five very short, cleft sepals. Coro//a : tubular ; almost bell-shaped ; five 
parted and greenish in the throat. Stamens: ten. stil: one with a red 
stigma, Fruit: a pod with small seeds. Leaves : broadly elliptical ; entire ; gla- 
brous ; evergreen; in texture like leather. Stem: six to twenty feet high; 
woody ; fibrous; leafy. 


To come upon one of the haunts of the great laurel in the 
moist shady woods of summer, is to get an inspiration that can 
be recalled with pleasure during the whole lifetime, For the 


164 PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL. 


imagination can picture no more glorious burst of nature than 
that which will then be spread out before one. It were, how- 
ever, well for us not to try to follow our pathway through the 
waxy flowers, but to imitate the custom of the sheep and go 
around ; as the intermingling, close manner of their growth is 
in places so great as to make the way quite impassable. 

The shrub is well adapted for cultivation, when the flowers 
become very large, and are most effective as decorations in 
parks. The sweetest sight that Liverpool has to show to the 
unsteady traveller from over the sea is the rhododendrons that 
there grow so luxuriously. <A feeling of pride inevitably takes 
possession of him, and he is sure to inform the first person with 
whom he comes in contact that they are from his own country, 
America. 

In the south, where the rhododendrons are common, they 
sometimes reach a height of twenty-five feet. 


SMOOTH OR TREE AZALEA. 


Azalea arborescens. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
fleath. Rose. Sweetly fragrant. Georgia northward. June. 


Flowers ; growing in terminal clusters, and appearing after the leaves. Ca- 
lyx: five-toothed; conspicuous. Coro//a; funnel-form; of five somewhat irreg- 
ular lobes that are viscid. Stamens: five. Pistil: one. Leaves: alternate ; 
obovate ; glaucous ; pale underneath. A shrub that varies greatly in height. 


Spreading over the mountains of Georgia and stretching to 
the northward may be found this exquisite rosy species that has, 
besides its beauty, a rare perfume. It seems when in endow- 
ing this shrub as though Nature had been in one of her lavish, 
sunshiny moods. It can be taken as a type of those that have 
been collected so extensively to adorn greenhouses. 


SHIN-LEAF. (Plate LXXXV/) 
Pyrola elliptica. 
FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
[Teath. White with a green tint. Fragrant, Mostly north. June, July. 


Flowers : growing on a scape in a long, wand-like raceme; nodding at the 
end. Calyx: of fivesepals. Corolla: of five ovate, wax-like petals. Stamens: 
ten. stil : one, protruding and curved ; stigma, five-divided. Leaves: clus- 
tered at the base of the plant; rather oval petiolate; evergreen; thin; 


COPYRIGHT, 


1899, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY, 


PRINTED IN AMERICA, 


maximum. 


| 


PLATE LXXXVI. 


SHIN-LEAF, 
(165) 


Pyrola elliptica, 


165 PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL. 


marked with a dull, flesh colour. Scafe: upright, with one, or two scaly 
bracts. 

To name this sweetly pretty plant, shin-leaf, is very much 
like christening a little, dimpled baby, Nehemiah. It would 
seem as though both were slightly inappropriate. But accord- 
ing to the dear old doctrine of signatures, plants should be 
called for their visible uses ; and as the leaves of these plants 
were long ago used to assuage the hurt of bruises, they came 
to be associated with shin-plasters. Not that these plasters 
were held in reserve for the shins alone, but were applied 
quickly wherever the hurt might be. 

It is therefore owing to the efficacy of the leaves that the 
gentle blossoms have had attached to them so plebeian a name. 

P. rotundifolia, round-leaved wintergreen is a sister plant of 
the shin-leaf, and is almond scented. It has numerous bracts 
on the scape and its leaves are thick and shiny. It is found in 
rather more open woods. There is another variety which is 
rose-coloured and grows in bogs. 

P. sectinda, serrated wintergreen is noticeable on account of its 
small, green flowers, which turn to one side of the stem. It is 
less evergreen than the preceding species and has the thin, dull 
leaves of the shin-leaf. 


CREEPING WINTERGREEN. MOUNTAIN TEA. 
CHECKERBERRY. (Plate LXXXV/Z) 
Gaulthéria procumbens, 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Heath. White. Scentless. Eastern United States. July-September. 


Flowers: usually one or more; axillary; nodding. Calyx: of five sepals. 
Corolla: )ell-shaped, with five points. Stamens: ten. /ustil: one, to .the 
ovary of which the calyx adheres and grows fleshy into the fruit, which ap- 
pears like’a berry. It is very pretty, round and red. Leaves : alternate ; oval; 
evergreen; shiny. Stem: creeping on or under the ground and sending up 
erect branches. 


Down deep in every heart must be a remembrance of the 
days when it was a great event to go to the moist meadows for 


the first bunch of violets, and later into the woods for a hand- 
ful of wintergreen. The delicate bloom and bright berries 


— 


WH 
He i 
H) We ME, 


Hi 


procumbens. 


CV 7a 


Gaulth 


CREEPING WINTERGREEN. 


PLATE LXXXVII. 


(167) 


168 PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL. 


grow together in the late season. They have, in common with 
the leaves, a pleasant taste and afford many a merry meal to 
animals and birds. When fate decrees that they shall blush 
unseen and no one comes by to pick them, they simply dry 
upon the stem until their innate wisdom tells them that the 
ground is ripe for sowing. ‘The seeds are then let loose and 
drop into the ground. The Indian knew that from this plant 
he could extract something to soothe his aching bones ; and the 
white man is now doing the same thing, as the oil of winter- 
green is considerably used for rheumatism. 

G. Shdllon, (Plate LXXXVI/J) is a small wintergreen shrub that 
is not very generally known, as it confines itself to the pine woods 
of the far west. It spreads gaily over the ground as théugh it 
had no other object in life than to make the air spicy and fresh. 
The waxy flowers grow in graceful racemes; and the glossy, 
ovate leaves appear to be the very essence of healthful vigour. 


SPICE-BUSH. BENJATIIN-BUSH. FEVER-=BUSH. 
Bénzoin Bénzo7zn. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Laurel. Greenish yellow. Spicy. Massachusetts south- March, Aprit. 
ward and westward. 

Flowers: both staminate and pistillate, witha four-leaved involucre under- 
neath; clustered along the branches and appearing before the leaves. Calyx: 
of six sepals. Covolia: none. Stamens: nine, n the sterile blossoms. Pistil- 
late flowers with a rounded ovary. Fruit : an oblong, red berry. Leaves : 
alternate; oblong; on short petioles; hairy along the margins and having an 


aromatic flavour. "A shrub four to fifteen feet high , with brittle branches. 


A valuable bush of the moist woods and thickets and one of 
the earliest to come into bloom. Its leaves and berries, as its 
name spice-bush implies, have often performed kindly services 
for housewives that live at a great distance from “the store.” *” 


INDIAN-PIPE. GHOST FLOWER. CORPSE PLANT. i 
(Plate LXX XIX.) 


Monétropa unifiora. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Indian-Pipe. White. Scentless. General. June, July. 


Flowers : terminal; solitary ; nodding ; in fruit erect. Ca/yx : of two to four 


i 


A as PAGAL DAY 


PLATE LXXXVIIl. Gaultherta Shallon. 
, (169) 


170 PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL. 


with anthers attached. horizontally to the flac Pi) ees aa 
ca bson fruit ; a capsule, which after flowering, erects itself. Leaves : Shite pe 
eight inches high. "aots; fibrous." * “ound Smoot waseeiaaaa 

Few plants are uncanny, and we therefore shiver slightly 
when we take hold of the ghost-flower, which is so clammy and 
white, It further annoys us by turning black and decomposing 
almost instantly after having been touched. Children and In- 
dians, whose nerves are perhaps more hardy than those of or- 
dinary mortals, delight in the plant. The former play with it, 
and the latter have some way of using it supposedly to 
strengthen the eyesight. 

The whiteness of the plant is owing to the absence of all 
chlorophyll grains, or green colouring matter ; and it may not 
be inappropriate to mention here that it is through the chemi- 
cal change of these grains that we have the varied tints of the 
autumn foliage. 


FALSE BEECH-DROPS. PINE SAP. (Plate LXXXIX) 
Hypépitys Hypédpitys. 


FAMILY , COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Indian-Pipe. Ecru or tawny, Fragrant. General. June, July. 
occasionally red. 


This is a closely allied plant to the Indian-pipe. The differ- 
ence between them is that the false beech-drops have more 
flowers. They grow in a one-sided raceme and their hue is 
variable. Both plants are conspicuous in the deep, cool woods 
of summer. 


WILD GINGER. 


Asarum Canadénse. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Birthroot. Yellowish, spotted Scentless. Throughout the April, May. 
with brown-purfple. northern states. 


Flowers: solitary ; growing towards the ground on a slender peduncle in the 
fork of the tall leaves. Culyx: bell-shaped; three-lobed; the lobes spread- 
ing; acute. Corol/a: none. Stamens: twelve. Pistil: one, with six spread-~ 
ing stigmas. rut: a fleshy capsule that bursts and scatters many seeds, 


LEGER FES TI TT PET IE TT 


Re aE OU EUR nS a eos Ses Se See ses 


INDIAN-PIPE. onotropa uniflora. 
FALSE BEECH-DROPS. Ajpopitys Hy, 


PLATE LXXXVI. 


COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY, 


PRINTED IN AMERICA, 


Q 


Diagram of flower. 
PLATE XC. NEVINS’S STONE CROP. Sedum Nevd?. 


(171) 


172, PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL. 


Leaves: on long petioles; broadly and deeply reniform; veined; velvety ; 
pubescent. ootstock : thick ; creeping, with an aromatic flavour, like ginger. 

Like the idolatrous Jews that buried their images in the 
earth, where they had to be dug for to be detected, does this 
plant hide its flower from the sight of men. No doubt, it has 
some theory in so doing that we have not been able to dis- 
cover ; but in any case, it has not kept the secret of its hiding 
place very well, as every country child knows where it is to be 
found, ‘They call it, moreover, “little brown jug,” and this is 
perhaps what has offended the dignity of the tall, solemn-look- 
ing leaves. When it is taken up from under the dried leaves 
of the winter, it is seen to be very pretty. Owing to its buried 
growth, its colouring is not brilliant, but the tones are those 
that are always termed genteel. Naturally, we are much in- 
terested in the blossoms as a quaint little character of marked 
originality. 


NEVINS’S STONE CROP. HOUSELEEK. (Plate XC.) 
Sedum Nevi2. 
FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Orpine. White. Scentless. Mts. of Virginia torA labama. April, May. 


Flowers: sessile and scattered along the recurved branches of the cyme. 
Calyx : of five linear sepals. Corol/a: of five petals. Stamens: ten, shorter 
than the petals, with brownish, purple anthers. /yrstz/s: five. Leaves: those 
of the stem, alternate ; linear; scattered; those about the base, obovate, form- 
ing a rosette ; glabrous. 


The dear houseleek has not come down to us through the 
ages with only a thought of its own pleasure. It has ever had 
itin mind to assuage the ills of mankind. Nosebleed is ar- 
rested when a few of the bruised leaves are laid upon the crown 
of the head ; and if applied to the temples severe headaches are 
greatly soothed. It is also excellent to relieve the stings of in- 
sects. Ina prim little manner it may be found sitting upon 
the top of rocks in warm, exposed places, where the sun can 
pour down upon it as generously as it pleases. 


‘\ 


\} 


if 


Sedum telephiotdes, 


AMERICAN ORPINE. 


PLATE XCl. 


(173) 


174 PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL. 


AMERICAN ORPINE. LIVE-FOR-EVER. (Plate XCT.) 
Sedum telephioides, 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE 


TIME OF BLOOM 
Orpine. . Flesh colour. Scexutless. Georgia northward. 


June. 

Flowers : growing in many-flowered, compact cymes. Ca/yx: of four or five 
sepals. Corolla: of four or five lanceolate, or linear petals. Stamens: ten. 
Pistils : five. Leaves : alternate ; obovate ; entire ; the lower ones tapering into 
a petiole; the upper ones sessile. Svem : erect ; leafy ; branching. 


In common with its relative of the garden, which was so 
cherished by our grandmothers and so disliked by the farmers, 
the wild orpine is almost indestructable. The price of land en- 
ters very little into the calculations of the garden variety and 
ithas imbibed, perhaps from the farmer, the love of owning all 
adjoining territory. It is very difficult of extermination, as it 
lives more by its leaves and stalksthan by its roots. The wild 
variety, however, chooses mostly to cover rocks on high hills, 
which property we do not begrudge it, as the bloom is ex- 
tremely fresh and pretty, and so it saves itself from the reputa- 
tion of being a troublesome weed. 


DUTCHMAN’S BREECHES. WHITE HEARTS. 
SOLDIERS’ CAPS. 


Bicuctlla Cucullaria. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Fumitory. White and yeclow. Scentless. Mostly north. April, May. 


Flowers : growing in a one-sided raceme on a naked scape. Calyx : of two 
scale-like sepals. Corolla: somewhat heart-shaped, of four closed, cohering 
petals ; the inner ones enclosing the anthers and stigma; the two outer, larger 
ones extending into widely spreading spurs that suggest its name. Stamens : 
six. Pistil: one. Leaves: from the base; growing on slender petioles ; thrice 
compound and irregularly cut. Scafe: slender; smooth. eotsteck : a scaly 
bulb; slightly tuberous. 


When the soft, warm days of spring load the air with a subtle 
fragrance, those among us that are so fortunately placed as to 
make it possible, wander to the woods in search of its early 
bloom. And there we find the Dutchman’s breeches. Staid 
old soul as the Dutchman is, he must really have been surprised 
at the naming of this etherial plant after his trousers. It is 
true that under mitigating circumstances they have gained-an 


PLATE XCIll. 


SMOOTH RUELLIA. Ruelléa strepens. 
(175) 


176 PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL. 


entrance into art, but never before have they been known to 
mingle with the sweet world of flowers. The plants, however, 
would scorn any idea of snobbery; and it is said with much 
trepidation that the name of white hearts is infinitely prettier, 
and it would seem a trifle more appropriate. 

We know that we ought not to pick these quaint blossoms ; 
every botany in the land will tell us so. We should leave them 
to be visited by their own insects and to be cross-fertilized, that 
the species may continue. among us. But we sometimes resist 
doing just what is right; and sad though it be, it is certainly 
true that few among us have sufficient hardihood to wander 
back from the spring woods without just one little spray of this 
flower. It nods to us all the way home; it stimulates our inter- 
est in all that grows ; and it looks so pretty in the little vase 
that suits it well. 


SQUIRREL CORN. 
Bicucilla Canadensis. 


These little pink and green blossoms are nearly related to the 
Dutchman’s breeches. The rootstock bears small tubers that 
are not unlike grains of corn. The bloom has a delicate, hya- 
cinth-like fragrance. Their home is in the northern woods, 


PALE CORYDALIS. 


Capnoides sempervirens. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Fumitory. Rose pink and yellow. Scentless. North and south. May-August. 


Flowers: growing in loose terminal clusters. Ca/yx: of two scale-like se- 
pals. Corolla : of four closed, cohering petals; the upper one extending into a 
short spur. Stamens: six. Pistil’: one. Pod: long and slender. Leaves : di- 
vided into fine leaflets ; pale green ; glaucous. -Stem: curving ; leafy. 

There is a strong family resemblance between these blossoms 
and those of the Dutchman’s breeches; and the corydalis is, 
perhaps, a little more delicate species. The flowers appear like 
a number of strange sprites that have come from somewhere, 
nobody knows where, and intend resting awhile on the slender 
stem. 


PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL. 177 


SMOOTH RUELLIA. (Plate XC/7.) 
Ruéllia strepens. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Rue. Blue. Scentless. Penn. southward May-July. 
and westward. 


Flowers: solitary, or a few together growing in the axils of the leaves. Ca- 
‘yx; five-parted with narrow segments. Corolla: salver-shaped, five-lobed. 
Stamens; four. istil : one, with a recurved style. Leaves: opposite; long; 
oblong; petioled. Stem: erect; four-sided ; often branched; glabrous. 

This large, bold flower is one of the very effective ones 
found in the thickets. It appears to be quite conscious of its 
beauty, and we feel that it intends to hold fast toits position as 
guardian of the leaves no matter what should come to pass. 
Unfortunately, its range is not farther east than Pennsylvania. 

It is represented in colour in Plate CXVIII. 


BLUE COHOSH. 
Caulophyllum thalictroides. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Barberry. Yellowish green or purple. Scentless. Mostly north and west. April, May. 


Flowers : small ; growing in a panicle at the summitof the stem. Calyx: 
of six sepals, having four short bractlets underneath. Corolla: of six kidney- 
shaped petals that terminate in short claws. Stamens: six. /Pistil: one. 
Fruit : membranous, with a pair of blue, berry-like seeds on thick stalks, which 
are fleshy when ripe and glaucous. Leaves: one large leaf, thrice compound ; 
and one or two smaller ones above. Leafle/s : twice, or thrice lobed; whitish 
underneath. Stem: smooth; erect. ootstock : thick. 

There are numerous plants that we pass by unheedingly in 
the spring-time of their bloom, and that, as if in retaliation for 
the slight, thrust themselves upon our attention in the autumn, 
by the brilliancy of their colouring and the graceful drooping of 
their fruit. The blue cohoshis among the number, And when, 
towards the end of the summer, the leaves turn yellow, they 
call loudly with the blue berries for the admiration that was 
denied to the plant earlier in the season. It is fond of rich 
living, and seeks its home in dense woods where the leaf mold 
covers the ground. 

The Indian herb doctors know well the blue cohosh and call 


178 PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL. 


it pappoose-root, which rather suggests that a special decoction 
of it is held in reserve for the black-eyed little copper-skins, 


YELLOW LADY’S SLIPPER. (Plate XC//T1) 
Cypripedium hirsutum. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Grchis. Yellow. Scentless. Mostly north and east, May, June. 


Flowers: terminal; nodding and subtended by a leaf-like bract. Sepais: 
long, slender. Zzf: one and a quarter inches broad, veined with brown and 
forming an inflated pouch, the opening to which is a rounded orifice. The 
two side petals also streaked with brown ; long and curling. Leaves: alter- 
nate; ovate; clasping; parallel-veined; pubescent. Stem: one to two feet 
high; leafy ; downy. Orchis construction page 64. 

The colour of this orchis is above all enchanting, while the 
coyness of its shape and the twirling side strings breathe out the 
essence of coquetry. There is an alertness, a crispness of 
expression about the out-turned toe which makes us fancy it is 
only awaiting the waving of some fairy’s wand to spring out 
with its companions and mingle in a gay woodland dance. 

On the wooded hillsides where we may have the good fortune 
to find it, there is often growing in close proximity to it the 
smaller lady’s slipper, C. parviflorum. It is of a deeper, richer 
shade of yellow and has the added charm of fragrance. 

The name Cypripedium is from two Greek words which mean 
Venus’s buskin, 


MOCCASIN FLOWER, PINK LADY’S SLIPPER. 
(Plate XCIV,) 


Cypripedium acautle. 


FAMILY COLOUR - ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Orchis. Pink. Fragrant. Along the coast and May, June. 
westward to Minn. 


Flowers: large; terminal; nodding and subtended by a leaf-like bract. 
The lip forms a drooping sac an inch and a quarter broad. It appears to 
be split down the middie, but is nearly closed; much veined with a darker 
shade of pink. The sepals and petals vary from green to purple. Leaves: 
two at the base; sheathing the leafless flower-stalk; ovate; many-veined. 
Rootstock: thick. 


The pink lady’s slipper shows very plainly its kinship to the 
pampered darlings of the conservatory. It is a more languid 


x onesie. 
. ah 

} a 

f ¥ 3 


ener 


4 . 4 


~ 


a 
\* 


YELLOW LADY’S SLIPPER. Cypripedium hirsutum. 


PLATE XCIll. 


COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY. 


PRINTED IN AMERICA. 


wm acaule 


MOCCASIN FLOWER. Cypripedr 


PLATE XCIV. 


(179) 


18 PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL. 


beauty than the yellow species and we may fancy of a more 
sensitive and retiring disposition. It is shy of approaching the 
haunts of men but rather hides in the seclusion of some deep 
wood or forest, where its loveliness is seen by the croning bee 
and the soughing wind only. 

As the lip resembles a moccasin much more than a slipper, it 
would seem that while we claim the yellow one for our own, we 
should resign this orchis to the people that have loved it so 
well. Like the Indian, it is becoming rarer every year, and un- 
less we respect its love of freedom and cease from carelessly 
picking it, we shall soon find that like him it has vanished from 
us forever. 


SHOWY ORCHIS. 
Orchis spectabilis. 
FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 


Orchis. Purplish pink. Fragrant. New York to Georgia April, May. 
and westward. 


Flowers : growing loosely in a terminal spike. The sepals and petals united 
and forming a sort of crimson purple hood. The lip white and projecting 
backward into a short spur. eaves: two; large, from the base of the scape; 
ovate ; shiny. 

When the air is soft and sweet in the early spring woods and, 
looking first to one side and then to the other, we follow some 
shaded pathway ; it may be that we shall find a number of the 
showy orchids. They are not, however, showy as the name 
would have us believe but very quaint and pretty. The 
blossoms have queer little expressive faces, and we feel like 
making friends with them at once and not standing on cere- 
mony as would be most natural with many of the more preten- 
tious members of their family. : 


GREAT GREEN ORCHIS. 
Habenaria orbiculata. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Orchis. Green and white. Scentless. Mostly north. July. 


Flowers: clustered loosely in a long spike. Corol/a: two-lipped; the_ lip 
white, almost linear, drooping and without a fringe; the spur one and a half 


Single flower. 
PLATE XCV. STRIPED CORAL-ROOT. Coradllorhiza strzata, 
(181) 


182 PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL, 


inches long, curved and gradually becoming thicker. Leaves: two only; very 
large, sometimes a foot long, at the bottom of the scape and lying flat on the 
ground; almost orbicular ; parallel-veined. Scafe: one to two feet high. 

This peculiar and striking orchis protests strongly against 
the July sun and rears itself in the evergreen woods, or on the 
shaded hillsides. Its colour is so cool and tranquil that we 
wonder it has not chosen to dwell by the side of a brook, where 
it could occasionally dip its roots in the water. Darning-. 
needles have a warm friendship for the plant and guard it weli, 
as one finds sometimes to his sorrow when seeking to gaze at it 
more closely. 


STRIPED CORAL-ROOT. (Plate XCV,) 


Corallorhiza striata. © 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Orchis. Dark purple. Scentless. Northward across June. 
the continent. 


Flowers: growing closely in a terminal raceme on a stout scape. Sepals 
and petals almost alike, the lip being broader than either of them. Leaves: 
none. Stem: one to two feet high with a number of scale-like appendages at 
the base. Aovotstock: much branched and toothed, similar to that of coral. 

Unless we were well acquainted with the family traditions of 
the orchids it would hardly be suspected that the coral-root is 
a member of the family. But intimacy with it reveals much, as 
is usually the case with most plants. It is far from being well 
known and chooses for its home the cool, deep woods of the 
north. 

C. Multifiora, coral-root, is a common and unattractive mem- 
ber of this genus which is found in rather open woods. The 
flowers are small, purplish or yellow, and grow ina raceme, As 
the above species, it is without green foliage. 

Simply that a plant is called an orchis will sometimes cast 
abroad the impression that its bloom must be beautiful. But 
the orchis family is no different from other families. It has its 
plain members as well as those that are beautiful. Each one is 
possessed of its own individuality and weaves out its own 
destiny. 


PLATE XCVI. RATTLESNAKE PLANTAIN. Peranzum repens. 
(183) 


184 PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL. 


RATTLESNAKE PLANTAIN. (Plate XCVT) 


Peranium répens. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Orchis. ° White. Scentless, Atlantic states. Late summer. 


Flowers: very small; arranged loosely on one side of a tall spike. Lip, 
inflated. Leaves: from the base and lying flatly about the ground in a circle; 
ce conspicuously veined and spotted with a light shade of yellow, almost 

This upright, delicate stalk of tiny white flowers suggests 
‘ittle to us of the terrible, brilliantly-coloured monster with 
flaming eyes and upraised fangs for which it has been named. 
But it springs from the same root as its curious leaves, and they 
are supposed to have a peculiar efficacy in curing the bites of 
rattlesnakes, |The Indians are credited with placing great 
faith in them. It may be that they have a soothing effect on 
the wound; but once let the two honey-like drops of venom 
that the snake has at the bottom of his fang be interjected, 
and the little white blossoms would prove as effectual in restor- 
ing the victim. 

P. pubéscens isa more beautiful variety, as its flowers grow less 
on one side of the spike and the singular mottling of the leaves 
is more pronounced, being with white and dark green, 


CRINKLE-ROOT. PEPPER-ROOT. TOOTHWORT. 
Dentaria diphylia. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Mustard. White. Scentless. Maine southward. May. 


Flowers: rather large; growing in a terminal corymb. Ca/yx: of four 
sepals that fall early. Coro//a: of four cruciferous petals. Stamens: six ; of 
which two are shorter than the others. Pvsti/: one. od: flat; lanceolate. 
Leaves: two, on the stem, whorled and divided into three toothed leaflets. 
Rootstock : long ; fleshy and similar in taste to water-cress. 

There is always a crispness and freshness about the mustards, 
meet them where we will. Undoubtedly among themselves 
they are very witty. This one is fond of rooting in leaf mold 
and we would sadly miss it from the May woods if some day it 


should learn the trick of wandering and stray from us far away 


i, ff 


Wee 


Stamen. Pistil, 
PLATE XCVI]. BLOOD-ROOT. Sanguinarta Canadens?s, 


(185) 


186 PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL, 


HAIRY ROCK-CRESS. 
Arabts hirsitta. 


FAMILY COLOUR ~* ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Mustard. White tinted with green. Scentless, Mostly northward. May, June. 


Flowers: small; clustered. Calyx: of four sepals that fall early. Corolla : 
of four cruciferous petals. Stamens: six, two of which are shorter than the 
others. sti: one. Leaves: numerous; saggitate. Stem: quite tall; 
erect; rough. ods: linear. 

Another little flower that 1s readily recognised as one of the 
mustards. It is not as luxurious in its taste as the preceding 
species and is content with the less rich soil of rocky places 


and hillsides. 


BLOOD-ROOT. INDIAN PLANT. (Plate XC VIZ) 
Sanguinarta Canadeénsts. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Poppy. White with yellow centre. Scentless. Genera. April, May. 


Flowers: terminal; solitary ; growing on a naked scape. Calyx: of two 
sepals. Corolla: of eight to twelve petals. Stamens: numerous. Pisti/ : 
one. Fruit: an oblong pod. Leaf: one only, from the base; rounded; 
palmately-lobed; veined. oofstock: fleshy and, as the stalks, containing a 
blood-red juice. 


The blossom of the blood-root is one of the most carefully 
guarded of Nature’s children, Its sweet loveliness is not thrust 
ruthlessly upon the world to make its way the best it can. 
The leaf is carefully wrapped about the flower bud, and not 
until the former is assured of the temperature and the fitness 
of the surroundings, does it unfold and allow the scape to 
stretch upward bearing the beautiful flower. And how fair it is 
only those can know that have seen it unfold its pure, spotless 
petals. Indeed, it is too fragile for the rocky hillsides. The 
winds carry off its petals and those that seek it often sigh to find 
it has already perished. 

It seems strangely incongruous that the fluid of this plant 
with its unusually pure blossom should have been used so ex- 
tensively by the Indians to decorate their faces. 


PLATE XCVIIl. GROUND, OR MOSS, PINK. Phlox subulata. 


COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY. 


PRINTED IN AMERICA. 


| 
: 
| 


PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL, 187 


WILD PHLOX. 


Phlox divaricata. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Polemontum. Pate lilac or Slightly fragrant New York west- April, May. 
blue. ward and southward. 


Flowers: large, over an inch broad; terminal, in loose cymose clusters. 


Calyx: of five pointed sepals. Corolla: salver-form; of five round lobes 


that extend into aslender tube, and have an eye of a darker colour. Stamens: 
five; unequal, in the tube of the corolla, with deep orange anthers. Pysti/ : 
one; stigma, three-lobed. Leaves: lanceolate; opposite; entire. Stem: a 
toot to eighteen inches high; erect; spreading. 

There is so great a similarity between the wild phlox and 
the cultivated forms of the plant that when we meet it in the 
moist woods we are just a little surprised, and feel inclined to 
ask if it is enjoying its stroll away from the garden. It has 
such a complacent expression, however, that we hesitate and 
pursue our own way feeling sure that if it has strayed away 
from home it will find its way back again, unaided. 

P. maculata, or wild sweet william, as it is commonly known, 
is a purplish-pink variety. Its flowers grow in panicles and the 
leaves are rather heart-shaped at the base. The stem is con- 
spicuously dotted with purple. It grows in rocky ground and 
blooms a little later in the season than the above species. 


GROUND OR MOSS PINK. (Plate XCVI/T) 


Phlox subuldta. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Polemonium, Pink, purple or white. Scentless. New England south- April-June. 
ward and westward. 


Flowers : on pedicels: growing in terminal racemes. Calyx: of five narrow 
lobes. Covol/a: with five obovate lobes, notched at the apex. Stamens : five, 
unequal, in the throat of the corolla. /vst/: one; stigma, three-lobed. 
Leaves : scattered ; lanceolate ; pubescent. Svem: creeping; rising slightly 
from the ground. 


It may be imagined how lovely is the hillside where this 
little plant spreads a carpet of its soft bloom. The mingling of 
the many colours and the dark eyes that peep out coquettishly 
seem as though they were coaxing one to stop and play with 
them awhile. 

The plant requires little moisture, and in a time of a 


188 PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL. 


drought, when the earth was almost cracking for want of rain, 
they were noticed to be the only flowers on a sterile, rocky 
hillside that were not languishing. 


HOBBLE-BUSH. AMERICAN WAYFARING-TREE. 
(Plate XCIX.) 


Viburnum alnifolium, 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Honeysuckle. White. Scentless. New England to North May. 
Carolina, 


The blossoms of this large shrub are similar to those of V. 
Opulus, page 118, and very like those of the garden hydrangea. 
The neutral flowers with large flat corollas are arranged about 
the fertile ones within the centre. The bright scarlet fruit is 
not edible. 

The leaves are orbicular, pointed and heart-shaped at the 
base, serrated ; pinnately-veined, and covered with a rough, 
reddish scurf. | 

The name wayfaring-tree is appropriate, as it is very wan- 
dering in its manner of growth, the outstretched branches 
often forming loops and rooting themselves in the ground. In 
the cold, moist woods of the north the tree is well known. 


FLY=-HONEYSUCKLE. 
Lonicera ciliata. 
FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Honeysuckle. Greenish yellow. Scentless. North and westward May. 


to Minnesota. 


Flowers : growing in pairs on slender peduncles from the axils of the leaves. 
Calyx: of five short teeth. Coro//a: funnel-form; five-lobed; spurred at the 
base. Stamens: five. Piéstil: one. Fruit: ared,egg-shapedberry. Leaves: 
on petioles ; ovate; sometimes heart-shaped at the base, the margins slightly 
fringed with hairs. A shrub; branching, with bark of a dull grey colour. 


Evidently the fly-honeysuckle has not been brought up on 
the old adage that blood is thicker than water; as it has reck- 
lessly cast off its family resemblance. The regularity of the 
corolla and its wide mouth are quite different from the slender, 
tubular, two-lipped forms of the cultivated species to which it 
is nearly allied. It has, moreover, a very pert and saucy look 
and flourishes best in the rocky woods of the north. 


ss. 


SE 


—————— es 


Viburnum alnifolium. 


HOBBLE-BUSH. 


PLATE XCIX. 


1899, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY, 


COPYRIGHT, 


PRINTED IN AMERICA 


ee roe 
WE 


j 
GG), 
LD 


Fo SS 


=~ 


( 80) 


190 PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL. 


TRUMPET HONEYSUCKLE. (Plate C.) 


Lonicéra sempérvirens. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Honeysuckle. Red, without ; Scentless. Mass. southward. May-October. 
yellow within. 


Flowers: axillary; clustered in spiked whorls. Calyx: five-toothed. Corolla: 
trumpet-shaped; five-lobed Stamens: five. Péstid: one. Fruit: a round, 
red berry. Leaves: opposite; oval; clasping at the base, the upper ones 
united about the stem ; glossy; thick; nearly evergreen. A shrub; climbing. 

This is one of the most unique of the family. The clasping 
leaves seem to be a series of difficulties through which the blos- 
soms have triumphantly passed. 

L. Japonica, Japanese honeysuckle, or woodbine, is the variety 
that is most frequently chosen for cultivation. Its blossoms 
are white, or yellow, and the tubular corolla is long, with pro- 
truding stamens and style. 

Few flowers can vie with it in delightful fragrance, and this 
has no doubt had much to do with the fondness that poets have 
felt for it. The name woodbine alludes to the way it has of 
entwining itself with some near object, “as though in wed- 
lock.” It gives freely as well as receives ; for the rock or 
tree that gives it support is made by it a bower of beauty. In 
climbing it turns from east to west, and for its home chooses 
the quietude of the rocky woodlands. 


BUSH HONEYSUCKLE. 
Diervilla Ditervilla. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Honeysuckle. Yellow, sometimes Fragrant. New England south- May, June. 
tinged with red. ward and westward. 


Flowers: axillary; growing in groups of threes at the summit of the stems. 
Calyx: small, with five very short teeth. Corolla: funnel-form; of five un- 
equal, recurved lobes, the larger one having a rich nectar-bearing gland at the 
base and being more highly coloured than the others. Stamens: five; pro- 
truding. sti: one; style, long ; protruding. Leaves: opposite; on petioles ; 
elliptical; serrated; smooth. A shrub two to four feet high; with highly col- 
oured bark. 


We may hardly flatter ourselves that the lower lobe of the co- 


PLATE Cl. 


TWIN-FLOWER. Zenn@a boreales. 
(191) 


192 PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL, 


rolla of D. Diervilla has been’so highly coloured simply to please 
our artistic sense. It is to inform Master Bee that they are a 
rich family worthy of his attention, and that they have a gland 
full of nectar awaiting him. Of course, in inviting him thus 
cordially to their feast, he is supposed to return the civility by 
leaving for them a little package of pollen at a friend’s house 
on his way home. But Master Bee, like the rest of us, has his 
moods, and when he is feeling very wicked he just pierces the 
gland from the outside with his sharp little bill, and calmly sips 
away without so much as a “ thank you” in return. 


TWIN-FLOWER. (Late CZ) 
Linnea borealis. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Honeysuckle. Rose. Fragrant, like almonds. * Mostly north. june. 


Flowers : terminal in pairs; nodding ; borne on individual thread-like flower- 
stalks that terminate in a common peduncle. Ca/yx: small ; five-toothed. 
Corolla: bell-shaped, with five rounded lobes; hairy within. Stamens: four ; 
two longer than the others. /yst#/: one; protruding. Leaves: opposite; on 
petioles ; round ; shining, evergreen; rising from the stem. Svem : trailing; 
decumbent. 

The serene sweetness of these little twin blossoms has at- 
tracted to them many lovers. Linnzeus, with his abundant 
knowledge of the flowers, loved them better than any other and 
Gronovius bestowed upon them his family name. It would 
seem as though they exhaled the helpful love of a brother and 
sister which blooms with refreshed vigour every springtime. 

The following tale is told of Linnzus in connection with his 
fondness for them. 

A friend gathering a small flower on the shore of a Swedish 
lake asked the great botanist if it were L. borealis. 

“ Nay,” said the philosopher, “she lives not here, but in the 
middle of our largest woods. She clings with her little arms 
to the moss, and seems to resist very gently if you force her 
from it. She has a complexion like the milk-maid ; and oh! 
she is very, very sweet and agreeable.” 


Single Flo z 
ceo) ingle wer 


PLATE Cll. WHITE ABRONIA. Adronta fragrans, 
(193) 


194 PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL. 


SMOOTHER SWEET-CICELY. 


Washingtonia longistylis. 


FAMILY | COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Parsley. White. Root, scented like North, southward May, June. 
anise. and westward. 


Flowers: small; growing in umbels with bracts underneath. Calyx: five- 
toothed. Corol/a: of five petals, Stamens: five. /Pistil > one, with two long 
styles. Leaves: thrice-compound; leaflets; ovate; deeply toothed ; downy. 
“ei - one to three feet high; hairy. oot: aromatic; sweet-scented; edi- 

The sweet-cicely has a rather hard lot in life. It is a grace- 
ful, delicate plant, and the gifts of its rootstock are those that 
please mankind rather than do him harm; and yet, indirectly 
it has been the cause of much suffering. Unfortunately it 
bears so strong a likeness to the deadly water-hemlock (Plate 
VI) that the latter is being constantly mistaken for it, with fatal 
results. A close comparison of the two, however, will show 
that in character they are quite different. The sweet-cicely is 
found mostly in the rich woods. 

Its generic name commemorates George Washington. 


WHITE ABRONIA. (Pvate C/Z) 


Abronia fragrans. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Four oclock. White. Fragrant, like vanilla. The Rocky Mountains. June, July. 


Flowers: growing in dense umbel-like clusters. Zsvolucre: of five heart- 
shaped, whitish bracts, thin and dry. Calyx: salver-form : the tube long, and 
spreading into a petal-like border; the lobes notched at the apex. Corolla: 
none. Stamens: two to five, included. /ystz/: one. Leaves: opposite ; 
lance-ovate, with a pair of stipules at the base. Sve: branching. 


The scientific name of this flower when translated is “ deli- 
cate fragrance” ; and we may fitly associate the words with it 
in connection with its English title. In appearance it suggests 
much more the growth of the greenhouse than that of a hardy 
dweller of the Rockies. The flower opens at sunset only, when 
it ladens the air with its luscious perfume. 


x 
1. 

eB 

re 


“A Sr 


J 


Calyx, Stamens and Pistit. 
PLATE Clill. WHITE BEARD’S TONGUE. Pentstemon Digzttalis. 


(195) 


196 PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL. 


CATALPA. INDIAN BEAN. CANDLE-TREE. 
Catalpa Catdlpa. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Trumpet-creeper. White, dotted with Leaves, strongly Gulf states, une, July. 
yellow; purple inside. scented. northward. 1 ae 


Flowers: growing in terminal panicles. Calyx: irregular, or two-lipped. 
Corolla ; campanulate; two-lipped, with five spreading, crimped lobes. 
Stamens :; three short, or occasionally four perfect in pairs, two of which are 
shorter than the others ; and one sterile stamen present. stil: one. Pods : 
long; linear; hanging. Leaves: on petioles; ovate ; pointed; entire or three- 
lobed; glabrous. A tree. 

It was said by an old darkey : “ dat he felt all de light ob de 
heavens shinin’ down fru his head wheneber he sat under de 
catalpa tree ; and dat all de other times was darkness.” 

Surely the beautiful tree could have had no tribute paid to it 


which would have been more sincere and touching. 


WHITE BEARD’S TONGUE. (Piate C/Z/Z.) 


Pentstemon Digitales. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Figwort. White, tinged Scentless. New York to Virginia Late Spring and summer. 
with purple. and westward. 


Flowers : clustered in a loose panicle. Ca/yx: of five green, pointed sepals. 
Corolla : bell-shaped ; two-lipped ; the upper lip, two-lobed, the lower one, three- 
lobed and slightly spreading; inflated. Stamens: five. Pusti/: one; stigma, 
two-lobed. Leaves: opposite; lanceolate. Stem: sometimes growing very 
high ; erect ; smooth. 

The open mouth of these pretty flowers gives them a comical 
expression as though they were about to speak ; and the effect 

‘is heightened by the bearding of the sterile stamen, which looks 
like a saucy little tongue. In the west they are among the at- 


tractive blossoms of rocky places. 


HAIRY BEARD’S TONGUE. 
Pentstemon hirsitus. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Figwort. Lilacand white. Scentless. Northward from the south. Summer. 


Flowers: nodding; growing ina panicle. Calyx: of five sepals. Corolla: 
two-lipped; dilated ; similar to that of the above. Stamens: four fertile and 
one sterile which is heavily bearded with yellow. Prst:/ : one. Leaves ; opposite ; 
lanceolate. Stem : one to two feet high; rather clammy. 


Flower laid open 
showing stamens. 


PLATE CIV. Pentstemon Newberry. 
(197) 


198 PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL, 


Although not a common plant, we are sometimes so fortunate 
as to find the beard’s tongue on rocky hillsides, or in the wood 
borders. Its beard is even handsomer than that of the western 
variety.. 

P. Newberryi (Plate CIV) is a pretty variety that is found 
growing on rocks in the far west. It is clearly presented by 
the illustration. 


CULVER’S ROOT. 
Septandra Virgtinica. 
FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 


Figwort. White. Scentless. Vermont westward June-Septenber. 
: and southward. 


Flowers: growing in terminal, dense, spike-like racemes. Calyx: four or 
five-toothed. Corolla: tubular; the tube long, four or five-lobed. Stamens: 
two; protruding. /%sti/: one. Leaves: on short petioles ; lanceolate ; whorled ; 
serrate. Stem : three to eight feet high; erect; stiff. 

The height to which this plant grows is always a source of 
wonderment. It is not an inherited trait, as none of the mem- 
bers of its immediate family is so tall. Perhaps it simply longs 
to peep over the top of the trees that grow near it in the cool 
woods or to call attention to itself when it blooms in the mead- 


ows. The plant is also called Culver’s physic and Black-root. 


WILD BERGAMOT. 
Mondrda fistulosa. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Mint. Rose purple, or Leaves, fragrant. Mass. southward June-August. 
white. and westward. 


Flowers ; growing in aterminal head. Calyx: tubular ; five-toothed ; hairy 
in the throat. S/amens: two, protruding. zstz/: one ; style, protruding, two 
lobed at the apex. Leaves : opposite; lanceolate; slightly heart-shaped at the 
base; toothed and veined. As they approach the flower they take the colour of 
the corolla. 

Unlike the Oswego tea, the whole of which plant is delight- 
fully fragrant even down to the roots, and which will emit a 
strong scent after the bloom and leaves have dried away, 
the foliage alone of the wild bergamot is fragrant. ‘The plant 


is a rather coarse one, but very effective. It blooms luxuri- 


05) aw ak piu Te fe 


4 
ao 


PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL. 199 


antly in its tufted heads, and when picked will remain fresh in 
water for along time. How often it has been the fate of these 
leaves to be tossed in a bottle with a little alcohol ; and after- 
wards as perfume to have added to the charms of a village 
belle. Oswego tea, Plate LXII. 


BITTER-BLOO!1. ROSE-=PINK. 


Sabbatia angularis. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Gentian. Rose pink. Scentless. New Vork southward July, August. 
and westward 


Flowers; large; growing in panicled clusters. Calyx: of five linear sepals. 
Corolla: five-parted. Stamens: five. istil: one; style, two-cleft. Leaves: 
opposite; ovate; clasping at the base; rather heart-shaped. Stem: four- 
angled; much branched at the top. 

Growing abundantly in the rich soil of the thickets these 
bright, rosy blossoms appeal to us as very beautiful. There is, 
however, a straight laced, angular expression about their petals 
which may have been the cause of their choosing a dwelling so 
far away from their charming relatives of the swamps. 5S. s¢ed- 
laris, S. dodecandra and SS, campanulata, page 72, (Plate XXXI.) 


STIFF GENTIAN. FIVE-FLOWERED GENTIAN. 
Gentiana guinguefolza. 
FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Gentian. Blue. Scentless. North and west, south- Septentber. 


ward to Florida. 


Flowers : growing in panicles at the summit of the stem and branches. Ca- 
lyx: of five, linear lobes. Coro//a: funnel-form ; with five lobes, terminat- 
ing in a little point or bristle. Stamens: five. Pzstid : one; stigmas, two. 
Leaves: opposite; ovate; slightly heart-shaped at the base; clasping. Stem : 
slender ; branching. 

We always welcome any one of the gentians with pleasure ; 
for they are a family of rare taste and beauty. How bright and 
cheery they look to us in the late season, when the slight chill 
in the air begins to remind us that the summer has passed. 
They then seem to spring up and say, “ No, not yet.” 

G. quinquefolia resembles somewhat the closed gentian in its 
manner of growth ; but it has opened its lobes a little way and 


200 PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL. 


it is a smaller, more delicate variety. It is very partial to the 
mountains for its home, although it visits sometimes in the 
wood borders. 


WOOD-SORREL. (Plate c: V.) 
Oxalis Acetosélla. 


FAMILY COLOUR . QDOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Oxalis. White, veined with deep pink. Scentless. Mostly north. June, July. 


Flowers: terminal; solitary; growing on slender scapes. Calyx : of five 
green sepals. Corolla: of five obcordate petals with a deep magenta eye and 
yellow centre. Stamens: ten. Pistil: one, five-divided. Leaves: from the 
root ; of three obcordate leaflets; glabrous. Scape: slender. Lootstock : scaly ; 
toothed ; creeping. © 

One of the beauties of the deep woods is the fresh, bright 
clusters of wood-sorrel which seem to delight in the shady 
coolness. Happy, complacent little flowers they are with no 
disturbing elements about either their bloom or their leaves, 
Probably this is because they do not subject themselves to any 
of the evils of dissipation. Early in the evening their leaves 
fold backward and they sleep until bright gleams of sunlight 
pierce through the treetops and remind them that the day has 
come. 

The plants bear cleistogamous blossoms which are fruitful. 


VIOLET WOOD-SORREL. 
Oxalts violacea. 


_ FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Oxalis. Violet. Scentless. Southward. June, 


Flowers: several; growing ona scape. Calyx: of five sepals. Corolla: of 
five petals. Stamens: ten; of different lengths. /2zstz/: one; styles, five. 
Leaves: from the root; divided into three rounded, obcordate leaflets. Scape: 
leafless; from a bulbous rootstock. 

Even after the bloom has passed, the leaves of these plants 
are so extremely pretty that they are frequently sought for to 
be potted and kept in the house throughout the winter. They 
are found in more rocky woods than the O. Acetosella, and are 
fond of a balmy, warm climate. 


PLATE. CV. 


WOOD SORREL. O-walis Acetosella. 


COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY, 


PRINTED IN AMERICA. 


"pn a 


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DET 14 
snr? att ‘ ~~ _ 


PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL. 201 


HERB ROBERT. 
Gerdnium Robertianum. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Geranium. Purplish pink. Strong Jragrance. Common north. JSune-October. 


Flowers: growing singly, or in clusters at the ends of the flower-stalks. Calyx: 
tubular; of five sepals. Corolla : small; salver-form; of five spreading lobes. 
Stamens: ten. Péstil: one; styles, five. Leaves: pinnately divided twice or 
thrice into deeply incised leaflets; hairy. Stem : highly coloured; hairy. 

This plant came prominently to the notice of royalty during 
the time of Robert’s plague.. It was then supposed to achieve 
many cures, and was named after Robert of Normandy. 

It is one that by the bursting of its pods scatters its seeds to 
a very great distance, 


WITCH-HAZEL. 


Hamamelis Virginiana. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Witch-hazel. Vellow. Slightly New England to Florida September-November. 
: SJragrant, and westward. 


Flowers: few; growing in an axillary cluster on short peduncles; sessile. 
Calyx : four-parted, with bractlets underneath. Coro//a: of four almost linear 
petals ; often twisted. Stamens : eight ; four perfect ; the others without anthers. 
Pistils: two. Fruit: an edible nut that matures the next season. Leaves: 
alternate ; oval; wavy on the edges; slightly downy. A shrub with several 
branching, crooked trunks from the root. 

Whether the witch-hazel has simply forgotten to provide it- 
self with a calendar, or whether it has the revolutionary spirit 
which would turn the world topsy-turvy, is still an open ques- 
tion. But to those that are bent on investigation a gentle hint 
may be given that the evidence is all in the latter direction. 
Otherwise why should it allow the spring and lovely summer to 
glide by without making them any greeting and wait until the 
late autumn, when the leaves are falling, to put out its pale yel- 
low bloom. The seeds mature the next summer, which is noth- 
ing more than an audacious reversal of the orthodox order of 
things. The witch-hazel makes a plaything of the seasons. 

It is well charged with ammunition too, and once fired it at 
Mr. Hamilton Gibson, who has told most amusingly of his ren- 


202 PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL. 


contre with the shrub. When standing lost in admiration of 
it, he found himself wounded first on the cheek and then in 
the eye. Inalarm he looked about for a hidden adversary and 
discovered it was the seeds of the witch-hazel which were 
bursting out from their coverings and shooting in all directions, 
he noticed to a distance of forty feet. 

Again there is supposed to be some latent mysterious power 
about the twigs, which in remote parts of the country are still 
used as divining rods and to locate the presence of water 
underground. We feel a little more comfortable about the 
shrub when we remember that the extract from it is very do- 
mestic. In fact, we are occasionally informed that no household 
without it can possibly exist. 


Plants Growing in Light Soil: Open 
Woods. 


Perhaps it ts the lively spring wind that wakes the flowers 
in the open woods, and laughs loudly while they take thewr 
places. They creep in as quietly as spirits, and seek the spots 
where they will be warm in the sunshine that falls through 
the trees and stains them with a ruddy richness. The dew 
absorbs their fragrance and lingers lovingly about as though 
loth to seek the sky. Knowing birds weave their nests beside 
them and peep out a sharp, round eye to see tf any harm ts 
near. The whole community know the country boy a little 
better than do those of the deep woods; but they are not 
afraid, and cajole him with their merriment. 


PYXIE. FLOWERING [iOSss, 
Pyxtdanthéra barbulata. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Diapensiacea. White or pink. Scentless. New Jersey southward. March-May. 


Flowers: small; sessile on delicate branches. Calyx: of five sepals. 
Corolla: of five petals. Stamens: five. /isti]: one; stigma, three-lobed. 
Anthers: opening like the lid of a little box. Leaves: lanceolate ; pointed ; 
scale-like ; pubescent. Stem: prostrate ; creeping. 

Little can be imagined that is more truly sweet and dainty 
than the flowering moss which begins to creep through the pine 
woods just as the spring is opening. When handled it is found 
to possess quite an amount of vigour; and the anthers under 
a microscope are a revelation. Each one is a tiny box and 


er 


204 PLANTS GROWING IN LIGHT SOIL. 


opens by a lid. From this fact is the significance of its generic 
name, 


TRAILING ARBUTUS. MAYFLOWER. GROUND 
LAUREL. (Plate CVZ) 
Epigea répens. : 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Heath. White or pink. Fragrant. New England and New Jersey. March-May. 


Flowers : growing in terminal clusters. Ca/yx : of five, green pointed sepals. 
Corolla: tubular; with five spreading lobes; within hairy. Stamens: six to 
ten; included; anthers, yellow.  /vstz/: one; stigma, five-lobed. Leaves: 
alternate on hairy stalks; cordate; entire; evergreen. Stem: prostrate; 
branching ; woody ; hairy. 

Thoreau says: “I love nature, I love the landscape because 
it isso sincere. It never cheats me, it never jests ; it is cheer- 
fully, musically earnest.” It is so with the arbutus, a faithful 
little sweetheart. Even to those that live in large cities the 
browned, faded bunches, tied with wet strings and peddled by 
sad-eyed little boys, have the power to kindle a gleam of joy in 
the heart; but to those that live in the quietude of the country 
and watch the changing of the seasons by the position of the 
sun’s reflection upon their sidewalls, the coming of the arbutus 
is an event in the year. It never disappoints its seekers. As 
soon as the winter’s covering of snow has faded away and only 
little melting patches are seen sparingly about; the dried 
leaves may be pushed aside and the sweet, pink face snuggling 
so cosily among its green leaves has a fragrant welcome to be- 
stow. Stern and grave as were the Pilgrim fathers, they loved 
it dearly ; for as Whittier tells in his beautiful poem, it was the 
first blossom to greet them after their winter of suffering. In 
New England, where it grows abundantly, and especially about 
Plymouth, it is called Mayflower. 

“ O sacred flower of faith and hope, 
As sweetly now and then 


Ye bloom on many a birchen slope, 
In many a pine-dark glen.” 


Epig@a repens. 


TRAILING ARBUTUS. 


PeAne wv 


(205) 


206 PLANTS GROWING IN LIGHT SOIL. 


PIPSISSEWA. PRINCE’S PINE. 
Chimaphila umbellata, 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE “TIME OF BLOOM 
Heath. Flesh colour, tinged with Fragrant. Northeast to Ga., west- June, July. 
crimson; green centre. ward to the Pacific. 


Flowers: nodding 3 usually three in a loose cluster. Calyx: of five green 
lobes. Corol/a: of five round, concave petals with a crimson ring of colour 
at the base. Stamens: ten, with violet anthers. /7sti/: one; stigma, five- 
rayed. Leaves: numerous, whorled, or scattered along the stem; lanceolate; 
toothed; evergreen. Stem: about six inches high. 

In a crowd we might easily pass by the pipsissewa, but once 
having turned aside to look at it, we should be sure to linger 
for a better acquaintance. It is one of the prettiest of the 
fragile blossoms that grow in the open woods. The name 
pipsissewa is also full of charm and conjures up all the romance 
that has ever clustered about the red man. He knew undoubt- 
edly of the plant’s medicinal properties. 

C. maculata, Plate CVII, is a species of pipsissewa that 
grows abundantly in Eastern North America and is com- 
monly called spotted pipsissewa. It blooms a little earlier in 
the season than the preceding variety and if possible is a 
sweeter flower. The leaves are lined beautifully with white. 
It is also fragrant. 


SPRING BEAUTY. 
Claytonta Virginica. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Pulsane. White or pink Scentless. New England south- March-May. 
vetnedwith a ward to Georgia 
deeper shade, and westward. 


Flowers: afew growing in loose, terminal racemes. Calyx: of two ovate 
sepals. Corolla: of five petals, slightly united at the base. Stamens: five. 
Pistil : one; style, three-lobed. eaves: opposite; linear; narrowing into a 
petiole and varying greatly in breadth. Stem: erect or reclining; rarely 
branched. oot: tuberous. 

We should never be tired of reminding ourselves that plants 
are not all formed after the same plan. They are as human 
beings, and we seldom find among them one that has not some 


interesting characteristic. Although general laws may be said 


=a 
' 


PIPSISSEWA. Chimaphila macul 


PLATE CVII. : tis 
FIRE PINK. Szlene Virginica. 


COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY, 
PRINTED IN AMERICA, 


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PLANTS GROWING IN LIGHT SOIL. 207 


to govern them, again as the animal world they defy any law 
that interferes with their individuality. 

The spring beauty is familiar to many of us and as we recall 
it to the mind we connect with it a shrinking type of loveliness. 
Were it not for its delicate venation we would almost confuse it 
with the anemone. In woods, often by running streams, and in 
exposed places it blooms abundantly. Itis a child of the sun 
and closes in cloudy weather. 


LIVER-LEAF. HEPATICA. 
Hlepatica Hepadtica. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Crowfoot. Pinkish blue, or white. Fragrant. Mostly east. Early spring. 


Flowers: solitary; growing on long scapes. Calyx: of six, or more 
coloured sepals which are frequently mistaken for petals, as the involucre is 
inconspicuous and adheres closely to the flowers in the manner of sepals. 
Petals: none. Stamens: numerous. /2%stz/s: numerous. Leaves: from the 
root; rounded; three-lobed ; mottled with purple; evergreen. Scape: cov- 
ered with a fuzz. 


“ Brave little wilding, herald of the spring ! 
First of the beauteous tribes that soon will troop 
Singly, in pairs, or in a joyous group, 
O’er sunny slope or sheltered bank 3; or cling, 
By their slight fibres, where the bluebird’s wing 
Alone can visit them with graceful swoop!” 
| —ELIzA ALLEN STARR. 
Father Winter is hardly well on his homeward journey when 

we go to the woods or banks and notice a subtle fragrance 
hovering about the air. Led by it we direct our steps and 
find almost hidden by dead leaves, or perhaps by snow, our 
lovely hepatica. It has pushed up its delicate bloom through 
the rusty-looking leaves that have remained over the winter, 
as though impatient to be the first to greet the spring. The 
new leaves appear later in the season. Perhaps down below 
they and the blossoms had a little disagreement about just 
when was the proper time to arrive at the flower carnival and 
the leaves scoffed at the idea of being first, so they delayed in 
getting ready, and the flowers came on alone. Neither were 
they imprudent ; the buds and stems are well wrapped up ina 


208 PLANTS GROWING IN LIGHT SOIL. 


heavy fuzz that protects them from the cold. They knew 
better than the leaves how glad we all should be to see them 
here; 

Mr. Gibson regarded them as our earliest spring flowers. 


WIND-FLOWER. WOOD-ANETIONE. (flare CV/IZ,) 
Anemone guinguefolia. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Crowfoot. White, or tinted with Scentless. General, April, May. 
blue or pink. 


Flowers: terminal ; solitary. Calyx: of four to seven petal-like sepals. 
Corolla: none. Stamens: numerous. Fisfz/s : numerous, forming a head. 
Leaves : from the base; three also on the flower stem, whorled below the 
flower and divided into three-toothed leaflets. Stem : delicate ; slender. 

It is said that the Greeks named their anemone wind-flower 
because it appeared at the windy season ; but we would rather 
connect our lovely blossom with the pathetic grief of Venus 
over the body of the slain Adonis. As she approached Cyprus 
in her swan-drawn chariot she heard coming up through mid- 
air the groans of her beloved. She therefore turned back to 
the earth, alighted, and bent over his lifeless body. Overcome 
with grief she reproached the Fates and said: 

“Theirs shall not be wholly a triumph; memorials of my 
grief shall endure, and the spectacle of your death, my Adonis, 
and of my lamentation shall be annually renewed. Your blood 
shall be changed into a flower ; that consolation none can envy 
=me.”’ 

She then sprinkled nectar on the blood and the flowers arose. 
The wind blows them open and then blows the petals away. 
So they are short lived; their coming and going being attribu- 
table to the wind. 

“* Wind-flowers we since these blossoms call, 
So very frail are they, 
Tear-drops from Venus’s eye let fall, 
Our wood anemone.” 

The European species, A. pavonina and A. ranunculoides, are 

scarlet and purple respectively. 


PLATE CVIIIl. WIND-FLOWER. Anemone guinguefolia, 
(209) 


210 PLANTS GROWING IN LIGHT SOIL, 


RUE ANEMONE. 


Syndésmon thalictroides. 


This is a very similar plant to the wind-flower and is often 
found growing beside it; especially when the chosen haunt is 
about the roots of an old tree. Its flowers are smaller and 
they grow in umbels at the end of the scape. The leaves are 
rounder and less divided. Although it is sometimes found of 
a rosy hue, its usual colour is white. Like the wind-flower it 
is very perishable. 


THIMIBLE-WEED. (Pilate C/X.) 
Anemone Virginiana. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Crowfoot. Greenish white. Scentless. Generad. Allsummer. 


Flowers: terminal; solitary ; borne on long flower-stalks. Calyx: of five 
greenish petal-like sepals. Coro/la: none. Stamens: numerous. /Pistils: 
numerous. f/ywz/- thimble-shaped ; a head of achenes. Leaves: opposite ; 
and from the base deeply cleft ; the divisions again cleft and toothed. Stem: 
tall; smooth. 


The tall, stiff stalks of A. Virginiana are very noticeable in 


the open woods and in many dry meadows. It is best known, 
however, by its odd, thimble-shaped fruit. 


TALL LARKSPUR. 


Delphinium urceolatum. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 


Crowfoot. Blue or purple. Scentless. Penn. southward July, August. 
and westward. 


Flowers: downy ; loosely clustered in a terminal raceme. Calyx: of five 
irregular sepals, one being prolonged into a large spur. Corol/a: of four 
petals in pairs ; the upper pair projecting backward long spurs which are en- 
wrapped in the spur of the calyx ; the lower pair raised with short claws. 
Stamens: numerous. /estz/s: three, forming in fruit as many erect pods. 
Leaves: alternate ; palmately divided into three, or five divisions. Stem: 
three to five feet high. 


The larkspurs form ez masse an exquisite bunch of blending, 
beautiful colours. They are dignified flowers and until ex- 
amined critically appear to be symmetrical, Their organs, 
however, are all irregular. 


es 


gine 


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SY 


WM: Vy bp» ' Ig , 
MN GE Ly 


| 
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PLATE CIX. THIMBLE-WEED. Axenzone Virginiana, 
(211) 


cee 


212 PLANTS GROWING IN LIGHT SOIL. 


D, tricdrne, called also stagger-weed, is the dwarf larkspur 
which brightens the open woods with its long, loose clusters of 
bright blue or white flower. It effects a close soil and is 
found mostly southward and westward from Pennsylvania. 
The stem is from six to twelve inches high and smooth. The 
leaves are deeply five-parted and the roots are tuberous. 

In common with nearly all the larkspurs, of which there are 
over twenty-five species native to the United States, the plant 
possesses poisonous properties, and is especially harmful to 
cattle in April if they indulge too freely in its fresh, green 
shoots. It is from this fact that it has derived its name of 
stagger-weed. 

D. Carolinianum, Carolina larkspur, Plate CX, has azure, pink 
or white flowers that are somewhat smaller. It is a downy 
plant, from one to three feet high. 

D, Ajacis, with which we are familiar in old gardens, is simi- 
lar to a hyacinth, and has flowers crowded in a long, close ra- 
ceme. The spur is short and the pods very downy. On the 
front of the united petals there are two marks which are sup- 
posed to be the letters A.I. There is a pretty legend connected 
with it. 

When Ajax and Ulysses presented themselves as claimants 
for the armour of the treacherously slain Achilles, the Greeks 
awarded it to Ulysses ; and by so doing placed wisdom before 
valour. Ajax, on hearing the decision, slew himself, and from 
the spot where his blood touched the ground a lovely flower 
sprang up, bearing on its petals the two first letters of his name, 
Ajax, or Aiai, which is the Greek for woe. 


DOWNY YELLOW VIOLET. (Plate CXXXV,) 
Viola pubéscens. 


FAMILY - COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Violet. Yellow, veined with purple. Faintly fragrant. General. May. 


Flowers : solitary ; growing on axillary flower-stalks. Zeaves: usually two on 
the stem ; broad ; on petioles; serrate ; smaller, bract-like leaves below. Stem: 
leafy above ; pubescent. 


This fair-hued little violet is one of the pleasantest sights 


Delphinium Carolinianum. 


CAROLINA LARKSPUR. 


PLATE CX. 


COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY, 


PRINTED IN AMERICA, 


f - PLANTS GROWING IN LIGHT SOIL. BE 


that greet us in the spring woods. It seems always young and 
guileless, as though it would never grow old or wise. It is so 
closely associated in the mind with Bryant’s lovely poem, “ The 
Yellow Violet,” that we cannot but lament the evidence that 

- inclines us to the belief that it was V. rotundifolia by which he 
Was inspired. 


FRINGED POLYGALA. FLOWERING WINTERGREEN. 
Poljgala pauctfolia, 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Mitkwort. Rose pink. Scentless. Mostly north. May. 


Flowers: axillary ; growing on slender flower-stalks; cleistogamous flowers 
borne near the root. Calyx: of five sepals, two of which are wing-like and 
coloured like petals. Corvol/a: very irregular; the keel ornamented with a 
fringe. Stamens: six. Pistid: one. Leaves: mostly at the summit of the 
flower-stalks ; ovate; those below scale-like. Stems: underground. Mootstock: 
running. 


Usually the fringed polygalas are found growing together in 
numbers as though they had just met for some gay féte. They 
have on their party clothes, and look as pretty and bright as 
possible. The poor little fertile flowers at the base have no 
party clothes, and are evidently left out of allthe fun. No fairy 
god-mother has found them out, so they just have to stay at 
home and do the work of reproducing their species, while the 
useless, giddy sisters amuse themselves and are admired by all. 

P, poljgama has many flowers growing in a raceme at the 
summit of a leafy flower-stalk. It also makes the plain little 
sisters stay at home to do the work, knowing well that their 
vanity never overrules their good sense, and that they do not 
open their petals to expose their pollen to the rains, thieving 
insects or any other evils that might overtake them. 


TWIN=LEAF. RHEUSPATISM-ROOT. 
Jeffersonia aiphylla. | 
FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Barberry. White. Scentless. New York southward April, May. 


and westward. 


Flowers : solitary ; growing on a naked scape. Ca/yx : of four petals that fall 
early. Corolla ; one inch broad, of eight petals. Stamens: eight. Pistz/ : one ; 


214 PLANTS GROWING IN LIGHT SOIL, 


stigma, two-lobed. eaves : from the base ; growing on long stalks, and parted 
into two rounded leaflets which have won for it the name of twin-leaf. Scafe- 
simple; naked. 

The generic name of this pretty little perennial herb was be- 
stowed on it in honour of Thomas Jefferson. It comes to us 
early in the season, but is only found sparingly in woods that 
are east of New York. 


WILD MANDRAKE. MAY APPLE. 
Podophyllum peltatum. 


FAMILY “COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Barberry. White. Unpleasant. General. May. 


Flowers: \arge; solitary ; nodding from a short pedicel between the two leaf- 
stalks. Calyx : of six sepals. that fall early. Covol/a: of six to nine petals. 
Stamens: usually double the number of petals. Pysti/: one. Fruit: a large 
berry filled with seeds and sweet to the taste; it appears like a small lemon. 
Leaves: usually two; terminal at the ends of elongated petioles; umbrella- 
shaped ; five tonine lobed. Beside the flowering stems other stems arise which 
bear a single leaf seven to nine lobed. 


A strange little flower is our mandrake, and a strange way it 
has of growing under its great umbrella-like leaves. It seems 
as though its perpetual dread in life is to be wet by a thunder- 
shower. The fruit, called wild-lemon, is harmless, and is often 
eaten and enjoyed by children ; but the leaves and roots pos- 


sess a deadly poison. 
The Indians know how to use it medicinally. 


STAR-FLOWER. 


Trientalis Americana. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR - RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Primrose. White. Scentless. New England southward May. 
and westward. 


Flowers :; small; terminal ; solitary. Calyx: of six, or seven sepals. Co- 
rolla: wheel-shaped ; of six, or seven pointed petals. Stamens: numerous. 
Pistils: four to fifteen. Leaves: sessile ; long ; narrow and whorled below 
the flower. Stem: erect; slender. Rootstock: slender. 


Growing near the anemone and often near the wild straw- 
berry, we find in the spring woods this prim little blossom. Its 


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PLATE CX]. PARTRIDGE VINE. A%z¢tchella repens. 
(215) 


216 PLANTS GROWING IN LIGHT SOIL. 


appearance is crisp and pert-like, and although it evades us and 
hides itself behind its handsome leaves, we may hardly fancy 
that it does so from shyness ; but rather that it is mischiev- 
ously teasing its seeker and peeping out its bright face to laugh 
at him as he passes on. 


FOUR-LEAVED LOOSESTRIFE. 
Lysimachia quadréfolia. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
' Primrose. Yellow, streaked with red. Scentless. General. June. 


Flowers: solitary; growing uprightly on axillary thread-like flower-stalks. 
Calyx: of five, parted petals. Corolla: of five, oblong, parted petals. 
Stamens : four or five. Fst: one. Leaves: lanceolate ; opposite or whorled 
at even distances about the stem. Stem: upright; smooth. 

The perfectly symmetrical arrangement of the leaves of this 
plant and the star-like, bright faces that shoot out from their 
axils make it very noticeable. It is closely related to L. 
terrestris of the moist meadows ; but is fond of the light soil of 
open woods and sometimes even appears along the roadsides. 
This difference of taste is probably owing to the considerate 
forethought of the family, which wish to put themselves as 
much ex evidence as possible, and to be ready to assist the poor 
farmer by using their soothing influence upon his quarrelsome 
beasts. L. terrestris, page 93. 


PARTRIDGE VINE. (Plate CX7.) 
Mitchélla répens. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR Z RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Madder. White. Fragrant. General. June, July. 


Flowers: terminal; two in each cluster. Calyx: of four toothed sepals. 
Corolla: of four wax-like lobes which extend into a tube; within hairy. 
Stamens: four. Pistil: one. Fruit: a small, round, scarlet berry singularly 
crowned with the eight calyx-teeth, and formed by the cohering of the ovaries 
of the twin flowers. Zeaves: small; round; opposite; shiny; evergreen, 
Stems : trailing closely over the ground. 


Much of the essence of the woodlands is embodied in the 
cherry-like scent of the gentle sister blossoms and the pretty 


PLANTS GROWING IN LIGHT SOIL. 217 


fruit and bright trailing stem of the partridge-vine. It is a 
great favourite in the open woods and never deserts them to 
visit in other localities. Many a merry meal it has offered to 
the passer-by, and animals and birds know well the pulpy, red 
berry. In some places they also frequently find their way to 
the markets. 

The blossoms are dimorphous, as are their sedate little rela- 
tives the quaker ladies. Page 97, Plate XLVI. 


TALL HAIRY AGRIMONY, 
Agrimonia hirsita. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Rose. Yellow. Like apricots. General. July, August. 


Flowers: small ; growing in a close, slender raceme. Calyx: obconic; five- 

lobed, covered with hooked bristles. Corolla: of five, rosaceous petals. 
Stamens: ten, or more. /7st#/: one; sometimes three or four. Leaves: pin- 
nate; of five to seven lance-oblong, coarsely-toothed leaflets. Stem: erect ; 
bristly. 
Many tender grandmotherly traditions cluster about agri- 
mony. They loved its fragrant flowers and roots, and prized 
it especially because an addition of its dried leaves made the 
tea go further, and gave to it a peculiar aroma and delicacy of 
flavour. The dear old country doctor in his rattling gig knew 
the agrimony and had it classed among his harmless remedies. 
Paper bags filled with it and hung against the garret walls are 
also among the memories that its name recalls. 


WHITE AVENS. 
Géum Canadense. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Rose. White. Scentless. General. May-August. 


Guarding the borders of the thickets and open woods we find 
the white avens. It is a less conspicuous plant than either G. 
rivale or G, strictum, pages 52 and 53, and has small, short, white 
petals. We must infer that its lack of an attractive appearance 
is really premeditated, and for the purpose of preventing our 


218 PLANTS GROWING IN LIGHT SOIL. 


noting its whereabouts, to avoid it; as in the late season it 
sheds abroad very little of the milk of human kindness in 
attaching its burrs to the unfortunate. 


WILD PINK. (Plate CX/Z) 


Szlene Caroliniana. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Pink. Rose pink, Scentless. Eastern, middle and April-June. 
to nearly white. southern states. 


flowers: clustered at the ends of the flower-stalks. Calyx: long; of five 
sepals that form atube. Corol/a: of five notched petals with claws that are 
enclosed in the calyx-tube. Stamens: ten. istil: one; styles, three. Leaves: 
those from the base, long, narrow, clustered; terminating in hairy petioles; 
those of the stem lanceolate, opposite. Svem: four to eight inches high; 
branching ; vigourous. 

Let us cast a glance at these lovely deep, rosy pinks as we 
pause by some rocky ledge in the open May woods. They sit 
so jauntily upon their stems and have such an assured expres- 
sion that we feel they are whispering to each other very spicy 
things ; and who knows but about us? Indeed, the flowers 
have quite as good a right to criticise our manners and appear- 
ance as we have to chatter so much about them. 


FIRE PINK. VIRGINIA CATCHFLY. (Pilate CVJZ,) 
Szlene Virgtnica. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Pink. Scarlet. Scentless. New York southward All summer. 
and westward. 


Flowers: few; growing on pedicels in a cyme. Calyx: tubular ; five-cleft ; 
sticky ; nodding in fruit. Corolla: of five lanceolate, deeply two-cleft petals. 
Stamens: ten. Pistil: one; styles, three. Zeaves: small; lanceolate; thin. 
Stem : one to two feet high; erect; slender; pubescent. 

The viscid substance that covers the calyx and stems of the 
fire pink has led emblematists, whose hearts have been full of 
compassion for the hapless insects held to die by its means, to 
associate the idea of remorseless fate with the plant. It is not 
thought that it assimilates its victims for nourishment as is cus- 
tomary with the insectivorous plants; and its large sticky 
calyx is therefore to be regretted, as it mars toa great extent 


COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY, 


PRINTED IN AMERICA, 


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PLATE CXIIl. STARRY CAMPION. SzJene stellata, 
(219) 


220 PLANTS GROWING IN LIGHT SOIL. 


the beauty of the brilliant flower. Dr. Erasmus Darwin, when 
speaking of American catchflies, said, “The viscid material 
which surrounds the stalks under the flowers is a curious contri- 
vance to prevent insects from plundering the honey, or devour- 
ing the seed.” 


STARRY CAMPION. (Plate CXIIT,) 
Szléene stellata. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Pink. White. Scentless. General. Sune, July. 


¥ 


Flowers: clustered loosely in a panicle. Calyx: swollen; reddish, sticky, 
with five lobes. Corolla: of five deeply fringed petals. Stamens: ten; ex- 
serted. P/stil: one; styles, three. Leaves: sessile; lanceolate; whorled in 
fours, or opposite in pairs on the upper and lower part of the stem. Stem: 
two to three feet high ; reddish coloured. 

The deeply fringed petals and yellow-green leaves of the 
starry campion form masses of delightfully cool colouring that 
seem to breath the freshness of the midsummer woods. It is 
in the evening that the flowers unfold, although in much shaded 
woods they remain open until noon of the next day. The plant 
is a conspicuous catchfly. 


GROUND-NUT. DWARF GINSENG. (Plate CAL ra 
Pdanax tréfolium. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Ginseng. White. Scentless. New England westward; April, May. 
southward to Georgia. 


Flowers: tiny; imperfect; clustered closely in a slender-stalked umbel and 
forming a ball of bloom. Calyx: short; with five small teeth. Corolla : of 
five petals. Stamens: five. Pistil: one. Fruit: deep yellow. Leaves: three, 
whorled below the flower and divided into three to five sessile leaflets. oor- 
stock; tuberous; deeply seated in the earth. 

The round fluffy ball of tiny blossoms just rising above the 
leaves gives this plant a very pretty and innocent look, It 
rests so peacefully in the spring woods that it seems a shame 
to disturb it to dig for its tubers. They are edible and have a 
sweet, pungent taste, 


Wy Ex 
INE 
NG 


= f « C9) 


PLATE CXIV. GROUND-NUT. Panax trifolium. 


(221) 


222 PLANTS GROWING IN LIGHT SOIL, 


FIVE-LEAVED GINSENG. 
Panax quinguefolium. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Ginseng. Greenish white. Scentless. Vermont to Minn. July, August. 
southward to Georgia. , 


Flowers: imperfect; clustered in a slender-stalked umbel. Calyx: short; 
with five small teeth. Coro//a: of five petals. Stamens: five. Pistil: one. 
Fruit: abright red berry. Leaves : three, whorled below the flowers and pal- 
mately divided into three to five ovate, pointed leaflets on each of the three 
petioles. Stem: about one foot high. oots : forked; aromatic. 


This plant is eagerly sought for in the woods not only by 
lovers of flowers, who appreciate it as a rarity, but also by 
those who consider the commercial value of its roots. It is 
closely allied to the true Mandchurian ginseng of China and is 
exported there from this country in large quantities. The 
Chinese regard its stimulating properties as more powerful than 
those of any other drug to invigourate the system. As is the 
case with the Mediterranean mandrake, the forked specimens 
are thought to resemble the human form, and the name ginseng 
isa corruption of the Chinese Jintsan, meaning like a man. 
The plant has not, however, so uncanny a reputation as the 
mandrake and does not cry out when uprooted from the earth. 


WILD SARSAPARILLA. 


Aralia nudicaulzs. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Ginseng. Greenish white. Scentless. General. June. 


Flowers: clustered in an umbel on a short naked scape. Ca/yx: short ; with 
five small teeth. Corol/a: of five petals. Stamens: five. stil: one. 
Fruit: dark purple. Leaves: one only; growing much higher than the flowers 
and divided into five oval toothed leaflets on each of the three petioles. Roots: 
slender; running horizontally. 


It is said that the gods compensate an ugly mother by giving 
her a beautiful child, and we often notice that rather plain- 
looking flowers produce very attractive fruit. It is so with the 
wild sarsaparilla, the close bunches of dark, shining berries 
protected by their handsome leaves being a conspicuous feat- 
ure of the late summer woods. The roots are gathered and sold 
in quantities to flavour summer drinks, or as a substitute for 
the genuine sarsaparilla, 


PLATE CXV. WILD GERANIUM. Geranium maculatum. 


COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY, 


PRINTED IN AMERICA. 


PLANTS GROWING IN LIGHT SOIL. ; 223 


AMERICAN SPIKENARD. 


Aralta racemosa. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Ginseng. Greenish white. Roots fragrant. Vermont to Minnesota, July. 
southward to Georgia. 


Flowers : imperfect ; growing in drooping, compound umbels in a long pani- 
cle; similar to those already described of the genus Aralia. Leaves: very 
large ; compound ; with heart-shaped pointed leaflets; downy; toothed. Stem : 
very leafy ; branched. Roofs: branched ; aromatic ; fragrant. 

Few could pass by the long red or purple clusters of berry- 
like fruit which the spikenard bears without turning aside to 
admire them. Just before being quite ripe they are particu- 
larly brilliant and beautiful in colouring. 


WILD GERANIUM. WILD CRANESBILL. (Pilate CXV.) 


Gerdnium maculatum. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Geranium. Purplish pink or lavender. Scentiess. Generad. April-July. 


Flowers : growing in pairs, or more numerously on long peduncles. Calyx: 
of five pointed sepals. Corol/a: of five rounded petals. Stamens: ten, five 
of which are longer than the others with glands at their bases. /Pzstz/: one ; 
styles, five. /Arwzt; maturing into as manycapsules. Leaves: palmately three, 
five, or seven divided; each division notched into lobes at the end ; the older 
leaves blotched, or spotted with white. Svem : branching ; hairy. 

When so strong and vigourous a plant as the wild cranesbill 
clothes itself in delicate purple or lavender, we naturally think 
it has a taste for the artistic. The detail of its gown has also 
been most carefully planned, as is shown by its beautiful vena- 
tion. Undoubtedly it is doing its best to keep up with its fa- 
voured relatives of the gardens. Its common name, cranesbill, 
and Greek name, geranium, are from the resemblance of the 
partly-matured seed vessels to the long beak of a crane. When 
ripe they burst open elastically and scatter the seeds. The 
plant spreads itself bountifully over the fields and roadsides as 
well as rests quietly in the open woods. 


224 PLANTS GROWING IN LIGHT SOIL. 


NEW JERSEY TEA. RED-ROOT. 
Ceanothus Americanus. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Buckthorn. White. Scentless. General. July. 


flowers : crowded ina dense umbel-like cluster. Calyx: of five rounded 
lobes coloured like petals. Corolla: of five hood-shaped petals. Stamens: 
five. Pistil : one; stigma, three-lobed. Leaves : alternate on short petioles ; 
oblong ; triple-ribbed ; serrated; downy underneath. A low shrub; one to three 
feet high. oot: bright red. 

New Jersey tea is not so named because that much-abused 
State knows no other, or is especially partial to the use of 
red-root as a beverage ; but because in Revolutionary times the 
little political difficulty that made tea rather scarce was felt less 
poignantly by thrifty housewives who had bags of its dried 
leaves hung in the garret. The root-bark is also known in 
medicine, and it yields a brown dye. 


PROSTRATE TICK=-TREFOIL, (Plate CX V. T.) 
Metbomia Michduxiz. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Pulse. Purple. Sceutless. Florida to Miss. and northward. August, 


Flowers: growing in terminal racemes on axillary branches. Calyx : five- 
cleft. Corolla: papilionaceous. Pods: with scalloped margins. Leaves: of 
three rounded, ovate leaflets. Stem: prostrate ; pubescent. 

When the Meibomias or Desmodiums, as they were formerly 
called, held their family council as to the best way for them to 
disperse their seeds, they decided upona plan no doubt grat- 
ifying to themselves but just a little trying to humanity at 
large. It seems as though they had considered the question 
from their point of view alone. They then provided them- 
selves with jointed pods that are covered with bristly hooks, 
and cleverly designed to fasten in the fleece of sheep, or hair of 
animals. In fact, they do not despise clothing of any de- 
scription. In this way they secure a very wide distribution, 
and often fall upon ground at a great distance from the original 
plants. They are not well-bred like the rattlesnake, who al- 
ways gives a friendly warning of his intentions ; and the first 


PLATE CXVIl. PROSTRATE TICK-TREFOIL. JA/ez6omta Michauxit. 
(225) 


226 PLANTS GROWING IN LIGHT SOIL. 


intimation one has of their whereabouts is to find himself cov- 
ered with their pods. Time must then be taken to pick them 
off, even though, as Thoreau says : “ You were running for your 
life.” .The family is also a numerous one, and it is almost im- 
possible not to come in contact with some of them when taking 
a stroll in the autumn. 

M. Canadénsts is the tallest and most showy of the genus ; of- 
ten reaching six feet high. It is not at all discriminating in its 
choice of a home, and can be found almost anywhere, from the 
heart of the woods to the middle of a bog. 

M. nudiflora-is a smaller and very common species of the 
open woods. Its purple flowers grow in a raceme on a usually 
leafless scape. 

Mf. grandiflora bears a long raceme of flowers with leaves 
divided into large leaflets crowded below it on the same stem. 

All of these plants are readily known by their purplish pa- 
pilionaceous corollas and three-foliolate leaves. The bloom is 
often quite pretty. 


WOOD-BETONY. LOUSEWORT. (Plate CXVIT.) 
Pedicularts Canadénsts. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Figuwort. Yellow, red, or purple. Scentless. General. May-July. 


Flowers: growing in a short, thick spike. Calyx: united and split down 
the front. Corolla: tubular ; two-lipped, the upper lip helmet-shaped, the 
lower one erect and three-lobed. Svamens: four enclosed in the upper lip. 
| Pistil: one. Seed pods: dagger-shaped. Leaves: those from the root deeply 
incised and cut ; those near the flower, smaller and less cut; hairy. Stem: 


erect ; hairy. 

The wood-betony is another of the flowers that interest us by 
their irregularity and vigour of expression. The upper lip raises 
itself in the most self-asserting manner until it takes the whim 
to arch over. Two short teeth then hang down and form a 
striking likeness to the head of a walrus. The under lip, 
which is shorter, completes the resemblance by drooping, 
Occasionally the whole flower is of a deep rich purple; but 
usually the parts are differently coloured, the upper lip being 


Fruit and calyx. 
PLATE CXVII. WOOD-BETONY. Pedicularzs Canadensis. 


(227) 


NN a 


228 PLANTS GROWING IN LIGHT SOIL. 


purple and the lower one pale yellow. Again pale and dark 
clumps of the flowers will be found growing side by side. 
After the bloom has passed the plants are not pretty, as the 
fern-like leaves and pods are rather rough. 

Unfortunately, the plant is not credited with possessing any 
especial virtue, and we have no reason to believe it is identical 
with the ancient betony of history. 


NARROW-LEAVED COW-WHEAT. 
Melampyrum lineare. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Figwort. Pale yellow. Scentless. General. All summer. 


Flowers: small; solitary; axillary. Calyx: bell-shaped; four-cleft. 
Corolla: tubular ; two-lipped, the upper lip arched, the lower one three-lobed. 
Stamens : four. Pistil : one. Leaves: opposite ; lanceolate or narrower; the 
upper sparingly tipped with bristles. Stem : six to twelve inches high; erect; 
branching. 

Cow-wheat is so named because the Dutch at one time 
cultivated it as food for their cattle; and the Greek generic 
name, Melampyrum, meaning black wheat, refers to the colour 
of the seeds when mixed with other grain. The plant is very 


common in our open woods, and is not particularly attractive, 


SMOOTH FALSE FOXGLOVE. 
Dasysioma Virginica. 
FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Figwort. "ellow. Scentless. New England to Minnesota’ August, September. 
southward to Florida. 


Flowers: large; growing in a leafy raceme. Calyx: short; campanulate, 
with five lobes. Corolla : large ; with five spreading lobes extending into a long 
tube, the inside of which is woolly. Stamens : four, in pairs, one pair shorter 
than the other ; woolly. Pisti/: one. eaves: opposite ; the lower ones finely 
divided, the upper ones lanceolate; entire. Stem: from three to six feet 
high ; branching; smooth. Root: parasitic. 

The figworts are one of the few families that remain with us 
after the composites have arrived. It would seem as though 
they were loath to leave us without some reminder of the 
more delicate bloom of the spring and summer. In full bud 


the plants are especially beautiful. In fact, the large showy 


PLATE CXVIII. 


( DOWNY FALSE FOXGLOVE. Dasystoma flava. 
(SMOOTH RUELLIA. Ruellia strepens. 


COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY. 


PTINTED IN AMERICA. 


Dasystoma Pedicularza. 


Ss (S/d 
5 err ue 


Ny = ¢ 


Ge om ’ 
AY : 


NY —AC 
WQS We 


FERN-LEAF FALSE FOXGLOVE. 


PLATE CXIX. 


230 PLANTS GROWING IN LIGHT SOIL. 


flowers have hardly the charm of the deeply-tinted enrolled 
buds which pique the interest with the expectancy of the 
blossom. Often we find the foxglove blooming in the woods 
when there is not another flower to be seen, and we therefore 
greet it with an added amount of pleasure. 

D. flava, or downy false foxglove, Plate CXVIII, is per- 
haps a little earlier in coming into bloom, It is a smaller 
plant, very showy, and with beautiful bell-shaped flowers, 


FERN-LEAF, OR LOUSEWORT FALSE FOXGLOVE. 
(Plate CX/X.) 
Dasjstoma Pedicularia, 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Figwort. Pale yellow. Scentless. Maine southward. August, September. 


Flowers: large, in a terminal leafy panicle. Calyx: irregularly cut ; five- 
lobed ; pubescent. Corol/a : funnel-form; inflated ; with five slightly irregular 
lobes ; within woolly; pubescent. S¢amens: four in pairs, one pair shorter 
than the other; woolly. Avthers: lavender. stil: one. Leaves: pinnati- 
fid; the divisions much incised. Stem: branched; leafy. oot: parasitic. 

The blossoms from which the accompanying illustration was 
made were picked in North Carolina ; and there, as along the 
Atlantic coast, the fern-leaf foxglove is very lovely. There is 
a sensitiveness about the plant that makes us fancy it to be 
one of the timid spirits of nature. It resents being picked, 


and the leaves and stems then turn quickly black and die. 


PLATE CXX. 


SPANISH BAYONET. Yucca filamentosa. 


COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY. 


PRINTED IN AMERICA, 


Plants Growing in Sandy Soil. 


There are flowers that delight in sandy soil, and they are as 
well adapted to it as the white water-lily is to its home in 
the pond. When they desire moisture they are fashioned so 
as toretain it within themselves, and have succulent, non- 
porous foliage. If itis unpleasant to them their leaves are 
small or thin, and sometimes close at the approach of a 
storm, or when the air ts laden with moisture. This sense 
or instinct that flowers possess seems to be somewhat akin to 
that of the carrier pigeon; or of a dog that will follow a 
trawl over rocks even after they have been washed by the rain. 
We all know that the Indian's senses are much better developed 
than those of civilised man and they are ever in sympathy 
with the flowers. 


SPANISH BAYONET, ADAM’S NEEDLE. (Plate CXX.) 


Yucca filamentosa. 
FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Lily. | White. Scentless. East Virginia southward. Summer. 


Flowers: \arge ; growing in compound panicles on a scape-like flower-stalk. 
Perianth : of six, oblong, pointed divisions, sometimes tipped with purple at the 
ends. Stamens: six. FPistil: one. Leaves: one to two feet long; lanceolate; 
growing from a short trunk. 

This striking plant, whose generic name is taken from the 
name used by the aborigines of America, is perhaps more fa- 
miliar to us of the north in cultivation, than in the state of wild 


freedom it enjoys in the south, It guards our garden paths 


232 PLANTS GROWING IN SANDY SOIL. 


with an erect, sentinel-like bearing that is very imposing, and 
no one is afraid, even though it is called Spanish bayonet. 


BEACH PLUM. 


Prunus maritima. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Plum. White or rose tinted. Sweet scented. Maine to Virginia. April, May. 


Flowers: growing in round, dense clusters. Ca/yx:; urn-shaped, with five 
green lobes. Corolla : of five rosaceous petals. Stamens: numerous. Pistil: 
one. Fruit: a drupe, or having a stone enclosed in the centre; glaucous. 
Leaves: alternate, with stipules; oval; finely toothed; downy underneath. A 
low shrub with dark, purple bark. 

In the sandy soil of the sea-beaches this spreading shrub may 
be found growing abundantly. The bumblebees know well its 
home and seem to have deserted every other flower to hover 
about it drowsily. Itis a native of America and delicious pre- 


serves have been made from its fruit. 


BIRD’S-FOOT VIOLET. (Plate CX XJ) 


Viola pedata, 
FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Violet. Pale blue and Scentless. New England to Minn. May. 
deep purple. and southward. 


Flowers ; large, one inch across; solitary; nodding; growing on a scape. 
Calyx : of five pointed sepals with ears at the bases. Covo//a : of five unequal, 
beardless petals, one of which extends into a spur. Stamens: united about the 
pistil. Prst7/: one; style, club-shaped. JZeaves: from the base; pedately five 
to nine-parted; the lobes narrow; spatulate. 

From time immemorial violets have had their historians, 
their eulogists, and their worshippers; and yet, they are not 
strikingly handsome plants that claim instant admiration ; they 
are simply gentle, modest and sweet. 

It is not, perhaps, generally known that until recently the 
violet was highly prized in medicine; and physicians of the 
middle ages regarded it as one of their four cordial flowers. In 
the time of Charles II. a conserve called violet paste, or violet 
sugar, was in great favour with royalty and all the more 
eagerly consumed because it was thought to be a preventative 


—_—— 


—* 


) 


wee 


PLATE CXxXI. 


BIRD’S-FOOT VIOLET. Vola pedata. 
Viola pedata bicolor. 


(233) 


234 PLANTS GROWING IN SANDY SOIL. 


of and cure for all pulmonary complaints. It may be that this 
was the forerunner of the violet glacé which is now eaten, 
although undoubtedly more from pure delight than any idea of 
benefit. 

V. pedata bicolor, Plate CX XI, which is a variety of V. pedata, 
is very handsome, with deep purple, velvet-like upper petals. 
The foliage of these violets is conspicuous as having departed 
from the entire leaf type with heart-shaped base that is com- 
monly associated with the plants. ‘They belong to the stemless 
division, so-called, of violets and although they often bloom a 
second time late in the season they do not bear cleistogamous 
blossoms. 

V. Atléntica, coast violet, is a pretty plant with flowers that 
grow on long slender scapes. Its petals are nearly equal in 
length. Itis by the leaves, however, that it is readily distin- 
guished. They are ovate to reniform in outline and deeply 
parted into linear or oblanceolate lobes; the middle one being 
somewhat wider than the others. We find them either toothed 
or entire: 


POVERTY-GRASS. FALSE HEATHER. 


Hudsonia tomentosa. 
FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 


Rock-rose. Yellow. ' Scentless. New England southward May, June. 
and westward. 


Flowers : growing in loose, leafy clusters. Calyx: of five sepals, two 
larger than the others and appearing like bracts. Corol/a: of five petals. 
Stamens: numerous. fst: one. Leaves. very small ; numerous; hugging 
the stem closely. Stem: low ; bushy ; heath-like. 

It seems rather the irony of fate that the word poverty 
should ever have been associated with this heather-like little 
plant. Its bright, yellow flowers and green leaves are ex- 
tremely pretty against the light background of some sandy 
hillside. ‘There is, however, a hopelessness, a lack of endurance 
about the little blossoms that is to be regretted. They open in 
the sunshine, unresistingly give up the struggle, and live buta 
single day. | 


PLANTS GROWING IN SANDY SOIL. 235 
ROCK=ROSE, FROST-WEED. 
Heltanthemum Canadeénse. 
FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Rock-rose. Yellow. Leaves, when bruised, Maine southward July, August. 


like balsam. and westward. 


Flowers: occurring in two forms; the early blossoms large ; solitary, with 
five petals ; the later ones small and axillary. Ca/yx: of the early flowers ; 
of five sepals, two larger than the others and appearing like bracts, Corolla: 
of five, or more early-falling petals. Stamens: numerous; in the later 
blossoms, three toten. /y/st#/: one ; stigma, three-lobed. Leaves: opposite, 
becoming alternate as they ascend the stem; lanceolate; pubescent under- 
neath. Stem: erect; branched; pubescent. 

As is the case with many families the frost-weed raises two 
sets of children. The first, which unfold in July, are large, 
solitary and open in the sunshine only. ‘The next day they 
droop their petals and die. They resemble closely an evening 
primrose. Perhaps the plant finds them too luxurious and deli- 
cate as offsprings ; for later in the season, in August and Sep- 
tember, it blooms again, and numerous smaller blossoms appear 
in the axils of the leaves. They are quite different in aspect 
from their brothers and sisters that have gone on before, and 
are with or without petals. The plant, however, is hardly mis- 
takable, especially in November, when ice crystals fantastic and 
whimsical in shape burst open the bark and rear themselves on 
high. These are supposed to be the sap of the plant, which ac- 
cumulates moisture and then freezes. 


STAGGER-BUSH. 


Pieris Mariana, 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Heath. White, or tinted with Scentless. Rhode Island to May, June. 
pink and red. Florida. 


Flowers : rather small ; nodding ; clustered on leafless shoots. Calyx: of five 
lanceolate sepals. Corolla: roundish ; of five petals. Stamens: ten. Pustil : 
one. Leaves: oblong; glossy veined. A shrub two to four feet high. 


Like lambkill the stagger-bush has a rather unkind way of 
dealing with young lambs and sheep that browse uponits green 
shoots. It turns their poor, foolish heads dizzy, or if they have 
persistently eaten too freely, it sends them to their everlasting 


236 PLANTS GROWING IN SANDY SOIL. 


rest. The shrub is very handsome and is generally found in the 
sandy, dry soil of low grounds about New York and Rhode 
Island, It is a connection of the Andromeda of the marshes. 


VERNAL WHITLOW-GRASS. 
Draba vérna. 


FAMILY COLOUR — ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Mustard, White. Scentless. General. April, May. 


Flowers: small; growing ina raceme on a naked scape. Calyx: of four 
sepals that fall early. Corolla: of four two-cleft petals. Stamens: six, of 
which two are shorter than the others. /y%st//: one. Pod: flat; somewhat 
lanceolate. Leaves: from the root; oblong to lanceolate. Scafe : one to three 
inches high. 

This little member of the spicy mustard family makes its 
home in sandy, waste places. It has been naturalised from 


Europe. 


PITIPERNEL. POOR-MAN’S, OR SHEPHERD’S 
WEATHER-GLASS. 
Anagallts arvénsts, 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Primrose. Reddish, white, or blue. Scentless. General. June-August. 


Flowers: small; solitary; axillary; growing on slender flower-stalks. 
Calyx: five-parted. Coro/ia: wheel-shaped, with five delicately fringed seg- 
ments. Stamens: five; the filaments bearded with purple. /yvs#z/: one. 
Leaves; short; opposite; ovate; almost sessile; darkly spotted. Stem: low ; 
spreading on the ground. 

The wish to be of some assistance to the poor man and the 
shepherd is characteristic of this dear little flower. It spreads 
itself out abundantly over the sandy, waste fields where they 
often pass by, and warns them of the approaching storms by 
closing its petals. At night also and when the day is cloudy it 
folds them together. The fact that it does so with the choice 
of asandy soil for its habitat shows how consistent the plant 
is in its aversion to moisture. 

A. Stdus, St. Peter’s-wort, is general in the sandy soil and es- 
pecially the pine barrens of New Jersey and Long Island. Its 
petals are longer than the sepals and obovate in outline. 


AW 


YAN 


\ 


4 
yay 
* ot) yy 


= Ay AN No 


it Ba 
. 


PLATE CXXII. ST. ANDREW’S CROSS. <Ascyrum hypertcotdes 


\ 
Ula 
x 


(237) 


238 PLANTS GROWING IN SANDY SOIL. 


ST. ANDREW’S CROSS. (Plate CXXJT) 
_Ascyrum hypericoides. 
FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
St. John’s-wort. Yellow. Scentless. Mass. to Florida July, August. 


and westward. 


Flowers: clustered at the ends of spreading flower-stalks.° Ca/yx: of four 
unequal sepals. Corol/a: of four oblong petals. Stamens: numerous. Pistil: 
one; styles, two. Leaves: opposite; narrow; entire; sessile ; smooth and 
spotted with a darker colour. S¢ewz: much branched. 


This low, leafy member of the St. John’s-wort family is very 
pretty and may be found in light, sandy soil, or pine barrens, 
especially those of New Jersey. The petals, which are not longer 
than the sepals, spread out in the shape of St. Andrew’s cross. 


SHRUBBY ST. JOHN’S-WORT. (Plate CXX//Z) 
Hypéricum prolificum. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
St. John’s-wort. Yellow. Scentless. New Jersey to Georgia. July, August. 


Flowers: clustered at the ends of the branches. Ca/yx : of five sepals. 
Corolla: of five spreading pointed petals, tinged with scarlet in the centre. 
Stamens : indefinite in number ; protruding. Pistil : one; styles, three. Pod: 
red; three-celled. Leaves: numerous ; opposite ; oblong. Stem : branched ; 
reddish. 

The shrubby St. John’s-wort is rather the coxcomb of the 
family and has decidedly the air of being very much pleased 
with itself. Its prolific supply of protruding stamens gives it a 
light fluffy look which enlivens any bunch of flowers and addsa 
touch of beauty to the sandy, barren soil where it grows. 
Thoreau mentions that at the time of the longest days in the 


year the St. John’s-wort begins to bloom, 


PRICKLY-PEAR. -INDIAN FIG. 
Opuntia humifusa. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Cactus. Yellow. Scentless. Northeastern states. Sumueer. 


Flowers: \arge ; solitary ; sessile ; axillary from the side of the stem joints. 
Calyx: of numerous sepals. Corol/a: of eight to twelve petals arranged in 
ranks. Stamens: numerous. /7sti/: one; stigmas, numerous. Fruit: pear- 
shaped; edible. Stem: successively jointed ; “fleshy, spiny, and provided with 
tufts of stiff, reddish-brown bristles. 


COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY, 


PRINTED IN AMERICA. 


PLATE CXXIV. GOAT’S RUE. 
(239) 


Cracca 


Virginzana. 


240 PLANTS GROWING IN SANDY SOIL. 


As the camel is adapted to the desert so is the cactus to 
sandy soil, and in its firm, patient growth it is not unlike that 
unwearying beast. Its succulent, fleshy parts retain within 
themselves all the moisture it needs for existence, and the 
leathery, non-porous skin prevents evaporation. It loves the 
burning rays of the sun and will often choose to grow on rocks 
where the heat is longest retained. Among the hills of New 
Jersey and about Connecticut it is not unusual to find it cover- 
ing large boulders. 

Our flower is one of the two species with which we are most 
familiar. O. Opiintia, the other species, has a western range, 
from Minnesota to Texas, smaller flowers, few spines or none, 
and greenish-yellow bristles. In other respects it is almost 
identical with the above. 


GOAT’S RUE. WILD SWEET PEA. CAT-GUT, 
(Plate CXXIV.) 
Cracca Virginiana, 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Pulse. Yellowish and purple. Scentless. Southern New England June, July. 
southward and westward. 


Flowers : growing closely in a terminal cluster. Calyx: five-cleft. Corolla: 
papilionaceous ; the standard broadly ovate and notched at the apex; the 
wings a purplish red. Stamens : ten; nine of them united. Pesti/: one. Pod: — 
flat; linear. Zeaves: odd-pinnate, with smooth, oval leaflets. Stem: slightly 
shrubby. 


It is always a pleasure to come upon the goat’s rue whose 
manner of growth is graceful and its colouring effective. It 
would seem as though Dame Nature had mixed her palette to — 
paint it in accordance with her taste for variety. Again, we 
lament the absence of fragrance, which we unconsciously expect 
to find, as the bloom strongly suggests the garden sweet pea. 


WILD LUPINE, 
Lupinus perénntis. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Pulse. Blue. Scentless. Maine to Florida. June, July. 


Flowers: growing in a long, terminal raceme. Calyx: deeply toothed. 
Corolla: showy ; papilionaceous. | Leaves: palmately divided into seven to 
eleven lanceolate, hairy leaflets. Stem : erect; sometimes branching ; hairy. 


PLANTS GROWING IN SANDY SOIL. 241 


The generic name of this lovely plant, which means a wolf, 
was bestowed upon it because it has been supposed to devour 
and exhaust the soil. Well, if it does it has the good taste to 
do so in a way highly considerate of its neighbour’s feelings, 
and one that it would be well if all wolves would imitate. By 
spreading itself over sandy, waste places it transforms them 
into an under sky that Venice might envy, and that cheers and 
delights the eye. It has been called sun-dial, as its leaves 
are said to turn to face the sun from morning until evening, 
Old maid’s bonnets is another and rather amusing common 
name of the plant. 

In eastern North America we have but two species, of which 
our plantisthe northern representative. The southern sister 
is called Z. vi/losus. It has oblong simple leaves, in contrast to 
the above, and its podsare beautifully covered with soft, silvery 
hairs. 

The west boasts many varieties of this plant, which all 
closely resemble each other. They are among the peculiarly 
striking and attractive of our wild flowers. 


WILD, OR FALSE INDIGO. 
Baptista tinctorza. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Pulse. Yellow. Scentless. General. July. 


Flowers: clustered in a loose raceme. Calyx: four, or five toothed. 
Corolla : papilionaceous, the banner erect. Leaves: small, divided into three 
obovate leaflets, glaucous and whitish underneath. Stem : much branched 
slender. 


We could hardly pass on without mentioning the wild indigo 
as we are constantly coming across it in the sandy soil. It 
yields, as its name indicates, a rather poor sort of indigo. 


RATTLEBOX, 
Crotallarza sagztttal?s. 
FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Pulse. Yellow. Scentless. Maine westward. July. 


Flowers: small; seldom more than two, or three clustered on a peduncle ; 
Corolla: papilionaceous. ods; one inch in length; inflated, and having 


242 PLANTS GROWING IN SANDY SOIL, 


numerous seeds. Leaves: short; lanceolate,; almost sessile with arrow-shaped 
stipules at the base. Stem: erect; much branched and beset with dull 
bristles, 

After the seeds have ripened and become detached, the pods 
of this plant make very cunning little rattles, as every country 
child knows ; and this factis referred to in its common and 
Greek names. Unfortunately, the seeds and leaves contain a 
poisonous substance which causes animals that eat of them to 
slowly decline in vigour. 

C. rotundifolia is a prostrate species that is well known in 
parts of the south from Virginia to Mississippi. It favours a 
dryer soil than the above plant. Its seed pods are very simi- 
lar. 


WILD SENNA, (Plate CXXV) 


Cdssta Marztlandica. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Seuna. Fellow. Scentless. New England southward July. 
and westward. 


Flowers: growing in racemes on slender axillary peduncles. Calyx: of five 
almost separate sepals. Corolla: of five nearly equal petals, two of which are 
dotted with reddish purple at the base. Stamens: ten; anthers, irregular, 
blackish and often imperfect. ods: long; hairy. Leaves: pinnate; divided 
into six to nine narrowly oblong leaflets tipped with a little point at the top and 
having a club-shaped gland at the base of the petiole. Stem: four to ten feet 
high ; smooth. 


If there are rebels among the flowers the wild senna surely is 
one ; for it has, apparently without rhyme or reason, deserted the 
papilionaceous corolla of the pulse family. It is a common 
species in the north: and for its beauty has been cultivated in 
gardens. The dried leaves and pods are well known in medi- 
cine, being used for similar purposes as those for which the 
oriental senna is employed. Wild senna is found much more 
frequently in wet meadows or marshes than it is in sandy 
soil, 


= 


WILD SENNA. Cassia Marilandica. 
PARTRIDGE PEA. Cassia Chamecrista. 


ECATE. CXAY: 


COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY, 


PRINTED IN AMERICA, 


ey 


nT 
ant 
t IN 
AY 
YX 


iN 
AS 


BEACH PEA. Lathyrus marctimus. 


PLATE CXXVI. 
(243) 


244 PLANTS GROWING IN SANDY SOIL. 


PARTRIDGE PEA, LARGE SENSITIVE PLANT, 
(Plate CXX V.) 
Cassta Chamecrista. 
FAMILY | COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 


Senna. Yellow. Scentless. Middle states southward Late summer. 
and west tothe Rockies. 


Flowers: large; growing on slender axillary flower-stalks. Calyx: of five 
almost separate petals. Corolla: one and a half inches broad; of five pet- 
als; four of which are nearly equal and two dotted with purple at the base; the 
fifth one being larger. Stamens: ten; anthers, irregular, of which some are 
Jaden with a yellow, others with a purple, pollen. sti: one. Pod: flat. 
Leaves: pinnate; divided into ten to twenty pairs of small, linear, sensitive 
leaflets which close when roughly handled, the lowest pair possessing a club- 
shaped gland at the base. 

When looking at the illustration it would appear as though 
the wild senna and the partridge pea had, to amuse themselves, 
played at exchanging their leaves, for the eye naturally associ- 
ates the larger leaves with the larger flowers. Just the reverse, 
however, is true, and the strength that has been reserved in the 
small leaves of the partridge pea, bursts forth in the large 
bright flowers which enliven many a sandy bank in late summer. 
It is especially in the south that its bloom is most perfect. The 


sensitiveness of these plants to the touch is a curious feature. 


BEACH PEA, (Plate CXXVZ) 


Lathyrus marttimus. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Pulse. Violet purple. Scentless. Along the coast. Summer and early autumn. 


Flowers: clustered on slender axillary peduncles. Calyx: of five unequal 
sepals. Corolla: showy; papilionaceous. Stamens: ten; united. festil: 
one. Pod: long; narrow. Leaves: divided into three to five pairs of oval, 
smooth leaflets ; the common petiole ending in a tendril. Stem : stout; leafy. 

Wending our way through the sand dunes that guard the 
approach to the seashore we pass the beach pea growing in 
low clumps, There is a healthy look about its soft green 
spotless leaves, and the varying tones of its purple flowers har- 
monise well with the white sand. We cannot help but fancy 
that it feels a subtle joy in its powers as it stretches out its 
firm tendrils to raise itself upward. . 


_ 


= 


a 


PLATE CXXVII. 


BUSH CLOVER. Lespedeza procumbens. 
(245) 


246 PLANTS GROWING IN SANDY SOIL. 


BUSH-CLOVER, (Plate CXXV/Z) 
Lespedéza procumbens. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE _ TIME OF BLOOM 
Pulse. Purplish pink. Scentless. General. Late summer andautumn. 


Flowers: terminally clustered on peduncles. Corol/a: papilionaceous, the 
banner petal pointed at the top. ods : flat; jointed; having one seed. Leaves: 
divided into three oblong, clover-like leaflets. Stem: procumbent. 

This dainty little ground weed that hugs the earth soclosely, 
bears, besides the large terminal flowers, smaller ones that are 
intermingled with the others and grow along the branches. 
Frequently they are without petals and are the more fertile of 
the two. In sandy places in the late season members of this 
genus abound and are conspicuous by their cloverlike leaflets. 
Their smooth, single or double-jointed pods with but one seed 
also serve to distinguish them from their relatives, the Meibo- 
mias, page 224, Plate CXVI. 

L. capitata, round-headed bush-clover, bears cream-coloured - 
flowers spotted with purple in a rounded head, or capitulum, 
on very short peduncles. 

L. frutéscens, wand-like bush-clover, is an erect species with 
flowers growing closely ; thick stems and many leaves. 

L. Virginica, slender bush-clover, has flowers in oblong heads 
and linear leaflets. 

It will be noticed that the specific names of these plants, as 
is customary, indicate their peculiarities. As a genus they are 
readily recognised. 


HYSSOP SKULLCAP, (Plate CXXVIIL) 
Scutellaria integrifolia. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Mint. Blue or violet. Scentless. Connecticut, south- June-August. 
ward and westward. 


Flowers: one inch long ; growing in terminal racemes. Calyx : two-lipped; 
the upper lip covered by a helmet-like little cap, Corol/a: two-lipped with 
long ascending tube, the upper lip helmet-shaped and curving over the lower 
lip, which is flaring and indented at the apex. Stamens: four,in pairs of un- 
equal iength. /yst/:; one; stigma, two-lobed. Leaves: opposite; lanceolate to 


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HYSSOP SKULLCAP. Scutellarza tntegrifolia. 


HAIRY SKULLCAP. Scutellarza pilosa. 


PLATE CXXVIII. 


(247) 


248 PLANTS GROWING IN SANDY SOIL. 


ia Stem : one to two feet high. The whole plant is covered with a soft 
own. 

Nothing can be more bewitching than a stalk of these blue 
flowers intermingled with their light green leaves. The helmet- 
like petal of a deep purplish blue hangs over the others and 
gives the blossoms an odd expression, as though they were 
simply helmets and open mouths ; the latter just ready to snap 
out any morsel of gossip that might be interesting to the 
passers by. 

S. pilosa, hairy skullcap, Plate CXXVIII, has opposite 
roundish, or ovate leaves, and flowers growing in a short ra- 
ceme with spatulate bracts. It is a taller species than the pre- 
ceding and is more pubescent. The blossoms are smaller. 


S. laterifiora and S, galericulata, pages 126 and 127. 


BLUE-CURLS, BASTARD PENNYROYAL, 


Trichostima dichétomum. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Mint. Blue, turningto Fragrant. Mass. to Florida Late summer and 
purple. and westward. autumn. 


Flowers: single ; axillary, or in raceme-like clusters at the ends of the 
branches. Calyx: tubular; five-cleft. Corol/a : two-lipped; five-divided; the 
upper lobe deeply cleft. Stamens: four; curved; exserted with hairy fila- 
ments. stil: one; style, two-lobed. Zeaves : opposite, on short petioles; 
lanceolate; entire; rather clammy. Stem: branching; clammy. 

Blue curls does its best to be agreeable and throws out an 
abundance of bloom in the late summer. It is not, however, 
very pretty, and it is to be doubted whether its fragrance is 
wholly agreeable. The common name refers to its hair-like 


curling filaments. 


HORSE-MINT, (Plate CXX/X.) 
Mondrda punctacta. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Mint. Yellow and crimson. Strongly scented. New York to lilinois July-September. 
and southward. 


Flowers : whorled above the floral bracts. Ca/yx: short; five-toothed. Co 
rolla: two-lipped; narrow in the throat; pale yellow, spotted with deep crimson. 
Floral leaves: whorled; lanceolate; pinkish crimson, veined with a deeper 
colour, 


WK WW 


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MINT. MJonarda punctata., 


HORSE 


PLATE CXXIX, 


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250 PLANTS GROWING IN SANDY SOIL, 


This interesting plant is found in great abundance in the 
sandy soil of New Jersey. The arrangement of the flowers 
makes them appear as though they had assembled in court to 
pronounce judgment on some unhappy creature and that they 
had just opened their mouths to snap out a most unfavourable 
verdict. One instinctively hopes that Master Bee has not been 
shirking his duty, for they have a very angry, spiteful expres- 
sion. The floral bracts of rich colouring form an exquisite 
setting for their assemblage. 


CAROLINA CALAIINT (Plate CXXX,) 


Calamintha Caroliniana. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Mint. Purple, or white spotted Fragrant, Florida to August, Septentber. 
with a darker shade. N. Carolina. 


Flowers ; growing in cymes of six flowers in the axils of the leaves. Calyx : 
tubular; two-lipped. Coro/la: long; two-lipped; the upper lip notched at the - 
apex ; the lower one three-lobed. Stamens; four; curving inward. Pst: 
one. Leaves: opposite ; oblong, narrowing into a slender petiole; pubescent ; 
smaller leaves also clustered in the axils. Stem : erect; branching ; leafy. 

Calamintha, meaning in Greek beautiful mint, well expresses 
this member of the genus. It range is unfortunately limited, 


but it can be known by the illustration. 


PAINTED CUP, 


Castzlléja coccinea. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Figwort. Yellow with vermtlion Scentless. Eastern and June. 
Jioral leaves. middle states. 


Flowers : terminal ; growing in a short spike. Calyx: four-cleft; yellow. 
Corolla : tubular; two-lipped ; the upper liplong, erect ; the under one shorter 
and three-lobed. Stamens: four, unequal. © Pzsti/: one. Leaves: those of the 
stem unequally divided into three, pointed lobes; those near the flower cut 
into three bract-like lobes that are vermilion in colour and appear like the 
blossoms, Stem : one foot high’; hairy. 


“ Now if thou arta poet, tell me not 

That these bright chalices were tinted thus 
To hold the dew for fairies, when they meet 
On moonlight evenings in the hazel bowers, 
And dance till they are thirsty.” 
— BRYANT. 


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PLATE CXXX. CAROLINA CALAMINT. Calamz¢ntha Caroliniana, 
(251) 


252 PLANTS GROWING IN SANDY SOIL. 


It would seem as though the painted cup had been conscious 
of the insignificance of its pale yellow bloom and so had called 
upon the loyalty of its leaves for assistance. They then re- 
sponded nobly by forming about them a scarlet cloak which 
enables the flower to appear one of the most brilliant of all. It 
blooms in such profusion that a sandy meadow where it grows 
suggests that it is traversed by some vagrant, wandering flame. 


PURPLE GERARDIA, (Plate CXXX7) 
Gerdrdia purpurea. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Figwort. Pinkish lavender. Scentless. North and south. August, September. 


Flowers: axillary; growing along the diverging flower-stalks. Calyx: of 
five-toothed sepals. Coro//a: one inch across; tubular ; bell-shaped with five 
irregular lobes daintily dotted with a deeper colour. Stamens: four, in pairs of 
unequal length; downy. /7/st//; one. Fyvuzt: an ovate, pointed pod. Leaves: 
opposite: linear. Stem: branched. 

A lovely little flower of quaint expression which peeps at one 
in the low meadows. It is very frail and soon drops from the 
stem when picked ; but the pretty buds come out well after 
having been placed in water. To climate it is very susceptible, 
and when it wanders to other than its native soil the bloom 
soon shows the difference. 

G. maritima is the species that is found on salt meadows. It 
is seldom over a foot high, while the preceding plant is fre- 
quently four feet high. The flowers are also smaller and 
fainter in colour. 

They have both forsaken the two-lipped corolla of the fig- 
wort family, as have the foxgloves. No doubt they are both 
of them a trifle perverse ; and that they are indolent is made 
certain by their having the reputation of being parasites. 


FLOWERING SPURGE. (Plate CXXXIZ) 
Euphorbia corollata. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Spurge. White. Scentless. Mass. to Florida. July-October, 


Flowers : staminate and pistillate; growing on forked branches in umbels, 
and surrounded by a five-lobed corolla-like involucre. The staminate flowers 


PLATE CXXXI. PURPLE GERARDIA. Gerardia purpurea. 


COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY, 
PRINTED IN AMERICA, 


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(253) 


PLATE CXXXI]. FLOWERING SPURGE. Euphorbza corollata. 


254 PLANTS GROWING IN SANDY SOIL. 


which line the base have one stamen ; the pistillate ones which grow singly in the 
centre have a three-lobed ovary and three styles. Leaves : ovate, or lanceolate ; 
smooth.  Svem :; two to three feet high; divided into five-forked umbels, which 
again divide and bear the flower-heads; highly coloured with purple. 
Patterning itself by many that are larger and perhaps wiser, 
the little spurge has arranged about itself a set of bracts, or an 
involucre that is commonly mistaken for petals ; and in its 
centre is the community of staminate and pistillate blossoms, 
Although the medical properties of spurges are said to have 
been discovered long ago by King Juba of Mauritania, in Africa, 
and to be equally well known to our own Indians ; they have 
not altogether the sanction of many for medical use. It is 
certainly true that aside from its powers of purging the plant 
possesses little virtue. It belongs to a poisonous family and 
must be proud to boast of the faithful, old castor-oil plant, 
Ricinus communis, as a member of the same natural family. 


SAND KNOTWEED. COAST JOINTWEED. 
Polygonella articulata. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Buckwheat. Rose pink. Scentlesse Maine to Florida. September. 


Flowers : minute; growing nodding in a spike-like raceme; each flower ap- 
pearing from within a bract. Calyx: unequally five-parted. Corolla: none. 
Stamens: eight. ystil: one; styles, three. Zeaves: alternate; sheathing 
the stem; linear; jointed at the base. Stem : upright; branching; thread-like. 

What sweet things must the autumn winds whisper to the 
tiny knotweed as they sweep along the coast, to make it tint 
the sandy plain with its delicate blush! And what a keen 
appreciation the little plant must have of the beauty dear 
to Dame Nature’s heart to give out its bloom so abundantly ! 
It seems loath to leave us, and often lingers well on into the 


autumn, 


SANDY SOIL ASTERS. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME QF BLOOM 
Composite. Purple, blue or Scentless. General. Late summer and 
white. early autumn. 


Flower-heads: composed of tubular and ligulate flowers, or ray and disk 
flowers. The rays purple, blue or white and the disks yellow, 


SMOOTH ASTER. _ Aster levis. 
PLATE CXXXIIl. 4 WHITE WREATH ASTER. Aster multiflorus. 
( LATE PURPLE ASTER. Aster patens. 


COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY. 


PRINTED IN AMERICA, 


PLANTS GROWING IN SANDY SOIL. 255 


A, spectabilis, low showy aster, is one of the prettiest of the 
aster family. It is not so tall as its proud relatives of the 
swamps ; but its ray-flowers are longer and of a violet purple 
that any monarch might envy. It is the beauty of the sandy 
soil all along the coast from New Hampshire to New Jersey 
and southward where it lifts its regal head until the frost-biting 
breath of winter causes it to languish. The leaves are long 
and pointed, 

A. multiflorus, white wreath aster, Plate CX XXIII, is the little 
white one that skips along the sandy soil with A. spectabilis. 
Its flower-heads are about one-half an inch in breadth, very nu- 
merous and very pretty. They have a crisp, pert expression that 
enlivens many a bunch of their more pretentious sisters. The 
upper leaves are linear with a broader clasping base. 

A, surculosus, creeping aster, and A. grdcilis, slender aster, are 
two violet species that are generally found from New Jersey 
southward. ‘The pappus of each of them is nearly white. 


SWEET GOLDEN-ROD. 


Solidago odora, 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Composite. Dull yellow. Leaves scented  Matne southward. Late summer and 
like anise. early autumn. 


The flowers of this golden-rod are not very attractive, but 
the leaves are well formed and shiny with smooth edges, 
They are known to yield a volatile oil. In the pine barrens of 
New Jersey and the sandy edges of thickets, the species is very 
common. S. juncea, page 136, Plate LXIX. 

S. tortifolia, twisted-leaf golden-rod, has a slender stem, with 
linear sessile leaves that are veined and have a distinct midrib. 
Their peculiarity is that they are so often twisted. It is found 
in sandy soil near the coast and mostly from Virginia to 
Florida. 


Plants Growing in Dry Soil: Upland 
Places, Thickets and Meadows. 


“ The rain-drops glistened on the trees around, 
Whose shadows on the tall grass were not stirred, 
Save when a shower of diamonds, to the ground, 
Was shaken by the flight of startled bird ; 
for birds were warbling round, and bees were heard 


About the flowers.” 
—hryant. 


SHAD-BUSH. JUNE-BERRY. SERVICE-BERRY. 
(Plate CX XXIV.) 
Amelanchier Canddenstzs. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Apple. White. Faint. New England. March-May. 


Flowers : growing in loose racemes. Calyx : five-cleft. Corolla : of five al- 
most linear petals notched at the apex. Stamens: numerous. Pistils: nu- 
merous ; styles, five. /vwzt: a small purplish pome, sweet and agreeable to the 
taste. Leaves : on petioles; ovate ; rounded at the base; serrated. A shrub or 
tree, sometimes reaching the height of sixty feet. 


“ Gay circles of anemones - 
Danced on their stalks ; the shad-bush white with flowers 
Brightened the glens.”— BRYANT. 

When the shad begin to frolic in the spring waters this beau- 
tiful shrub unfolds its fleecy petals by the pasture thickets. As 
we wander forth, it waves and beckons to us the joyful tidings 
that the spring has indeed come. The translucent, pale green 
of its leaves and the soft creamy whiteness of the bloom speak 


PLATE CXXXIV. SHAD-BUSH. Amelanchier Canadensis. 


COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY, 


PRINTED IN AMERICA. 


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PLANTS GROWING IN DRY SOIL. 257 


of the unsullied newness of its life. It is also a pretty sight in 
June when in fruit. 

A, alnifolia isa smaller shrub of the west which has been 
looked upon asamere variety. ‘The petals are shorter and the 
fruit more rounded than that of the preceding. In fact, the 
several wild species have no very marked differences, and are 
sometimes regarded as one by botanists. 


YELLOW STAR-GRASS. 
Hypoxts hirsuta, 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Amaryllis. Yellow. Scentless. Maine southward and Larly summer. 
westward. 


Flowers : growing singly, or a few in a cluster at the end of a naked scape. 
Perianth : of six narrow divisions, within yeliow, the outside green and slightly 
hairy. Stamens: six. fistil: one. Leaves ; from the base ; sometimes over a 
foot long; linear; grass-like. 

Long ago this plant was called the yellow star of Bethlehem. 
It nestles so cosily among the grasses of the meadows and 
thickets that from afar we connect its bright gleam of colour 
with a fire-fly that has alighted and is fluttering his wings. On 
reaching it we are no less pleased to find the winsome face of 
the yellow star-grass. It is, however, in no sense a grass, but 
quite an orthodox little member of the amaryllis family ; and 
one of the oldest known of American flowers. 


BULBOUS BUTTERCUP. GOLDEN CUPS. (Plate CL.) 


Raninculus bulbosus. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Crowfoot. Yellow. Scentless. Eastern states. May-July. 


Flowers: large ; terminal; cup-shaped. Calyx : reflexed; of five sepals, Co- 
rolla: of five, six, or seven petals. Stamens: numerous. /2rsti/s: several. 
Leaves: much divided; deeply toothed. Stem: herbaceous; erect from a 
round bulb and having an acrid, watery juice. 


“ Heigh-ho! daisies and buttercups, 
Fair yellow daffodils, stately and tall, 

When the wind wakes how they rock in the grasses, 
And dance with the cuckoo-buds, slender and small; 

Here’s two bonnie boys and here’s mother’s own lasses, 
Eager to gather them all.”"—JEAN INGELOW. 


258 PLANTS GROWING IN DRY SOIL. 


Along with the spring come the buttercups, and crop up 
everywhere to tell us that a sunny, gay time is in store for us 
all. The earth is awake and bright again, and the blossoms 
appear to dance and skip through the fields, stopping now and 
then to sip the dew and make merry with the bees and butter- 
flies. None is more warmly welcomed or loved more dearly 
than the buttercups. - 

R. acris, tall or meadow buttercup, is common in the fields 
and meadows, especially in the northern states. It is erect, 
with a hairy or sometimes glabrous stem, and grows from two 
to three feet tall, As the preceding species, it is naturalised 
from Europe. 

The exquisite grasses on the plate with the buttercups and 
daisies are called Poa pratensis, and we usually find them all 
growing closely together. 


COMMON BLUE VIOLET. (Plate CXXXV.) 


Viola cucullata. 
FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 


Violet. Purple. Scentless. Arctic regions to Florida April, May. 
and westward. 


Flowers: solitary; terminal; growing on scapes. Calyx: of five green sepals 
extending into ears at the base. Coro//a: of five unequal petals; the lower one 
with a sac, or spur. Stamens: five, short, united about the pistil. Pisti7: one, 
short, with a one-sided stigma. Leaves: from the base; roundish; cordate. 
Scape: slender ; leafless. 

. The violet needs little description, as somewhere in every 
heart it has its own resting place. Over the ragged urchin 
and the mighty Emperor it casts its subtle enchantment ; for 
have they both not been children? It is in childhood that the 
violet makes its claim to the heart ; and to be the first to dis- 
cover that it has peeped through the crust of winter and to 
shout in triumph of superior knowledge that the violets have 
come, is one of the keenest delights. 

In France the popular legend concerning the violet is that 
one day, shortly before going into exile, Napoleon was walking 
in the garden at Fontainebleu. His companions were General 


eee llr, lee eee Ta eee as, .mhmnmn— reer eee eee 


PLATE CXXXV. 


Viola blanda, Viola Canadensis, Viola 
sey { pubescens, Viola palmata. 


COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY. 


PRINTED IN AMERICA. 


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PLATE CXXXVI. CRANBERRY TREE. Vedurnum Opulus. 
(259) 


260 PLANTS GROWING IN DRY SOIL. 


Bertrand and the Duc de Bassano, with whom he was discussing 
his future. Whether to strike a blow for liberty or to go 
quietly to the island of Elba was the problem. His attention 
was diverted by a child picking violets. ‘The little creature of- 
fered them to Napoleon and they were accepted in silence. 
The vein of superstition that was always present in his nature 
controlled his thoughts and turning to his companions he said : 

“Gentlemen, I am thinking of that child. It seems that by 
giving me these flowers, I have been warned to imitate for the 
future the modesty of the violet. Henceforth it shall be the 
emblem of my desires.” 

“Sire,” said Bertrand boldly, “for your Majesty’s glory I 
trust the desire will be no more lasting than the flower.”” But 
it was not so; and Napoleon shortly went to Elba. 

By the next season to wear in Paris a bunch of violets was 
thought to bea sign of imperialistic sympathy. In fact, they 
are there still regarded as having political significance. A 
legitimist would no sooner wear one than he would the tri col- 
oured flag of the republic ; and throughout France they are not 
worn in the same general way that they are in England and 
America. 


MAPLE-LEAVED VIBURNUM. DOCKMAXIE. ARROW- 
WOOD. 


Vibirnum acertfolium, 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM — 
Honeysuckle. White. Scentless. Maine southward and May, June. 
westward. 


Flowers : small; perfect ; growing in flat-topped cymes on long peduncles. 
Calyx: five-toothed. Corolla ; five-lobed. “Stamens: five. Pistil: one. Fruit: 
a drupe, bright crimson turning to almost black. eaves: ovate to orbicular ; 
lobed; ribbed; similiar to. those of the maple tree. A shrub, sometimes 
reaching six feet high. 

What is true in a general way of a Viburnum will be found 
to be true of them all, only with variations in the details. The 
leaves and fruit serve better to identify the species than any 


difference in the blossoms. This is especially true of V, aceri- 


PLANTS GROWING IN DRY SOIL. 261 


folium. The leaves might readily be mistaken for those of a 
young maple tree, while the blossoms, or beautiful fruit, pro- 
test loudly against such an error. 

V. prunifolium, black-haw, or stag-bush, has almost identical 
blossoms with the above which grow in compound sessile 
cymes; and dark blue glaucous fruit, quite sweet and edible. 
The leaves are bluntly oval, glossy and serrated. It isa tall 
shrub from eight to twelve feet high, of hard reddish-brown 
wood and is found blossoming early in the season from Connectt- 
cut to Florida and westward to Texas. 

V. alnifolium, page 188, Plate XCIX. V. Opulus, page 118. 


POISON IVY. POISON OAK. 


Rhiis radicans. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Sumac. White, tinged with Scentless. Maine southward to May, June. 
green, or yellow. Llorida and westward. 


Flowers: small; axillary; perfect ; growing in loose panicles. Fyzzt: clus- 
tered; a small whitish berry. Zeaves: divided into three ovate leaflets ; 
serrated ; sometimes downy underneath. Sev: climbing by means of rootlets. 

It is no mark of genius to avoid poison ivy after one has had 
a bad case of poisoning ; but it isa wise precaution to acquaint 
oneself with the plant and then to be content to admire it from 
a distance. Like many poisonous plants it is not equally in- 
jurious to all persons or forms of life. The goat, the mule 
and the horse have an especial fondness for eating it; and its 
seeds are distributed through the agency of crows and wood- 
peckers that relish them keenly. It is thought to be the least 
harmful when the full blaze of the sun is shining on the leaves. 

In almost any kind of soil it will thrive, and it has some 
appreciation of decorative effects. It covers old stone walls, 
clumps of trees, traverses the open meadows, and finds its way 
to the roadside banks. Jack Frost is its greatest enemy, and 
the first cool days of autumn change its green leaves to many 
tints of yellow and crimson. 


R. Toxicodéndron is peculiar tothe Southern states. Its lobed 
leaflets are very pubescent, 


262 PLANTS GROWING IN DRY SOIL. 


SMOOTH UPLAND OR SCARLET SUIIAC. 
Rhus glabra. 


FAMILY © COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Sumac. White. Scentless. Maine southward to June-August. 
Florida and westward. 


Flowers : growing in compact terminal panicles. fyuzt: velvety, crimson 
hairy berries, clustered in bunches nine to ten inches long; acid and pleasant 
to the taste. JZeaves: one foot long; odd-pinnate ; divided into eleven to 
thirty-one lanceolate, serrate, glabrous leaflets. A shrub usually four to twelve 
ieet tall, although at times reaching twenty feet high. 


Still sits the schoolhouse by the road, 
A ragged beggar sunning ; 
' Around it still the sumachs grow 
And blackberry vines are running.” —W HITTIER. 


What an irresistible charm the sumacs must have lent to 
the little schoolhouse that Whittier tells us about, and how 
often the girls and boys must have thrust their firm, little fin- 
gers in among the closely packed bunches of berries. 

R. glabra is our most common species of the fields and 
waysides and is very decorative in theautumn. The shape of 
the clusters and their crimson colour at once gain our confi- 
dence, as it should be remembered that the berries of the poi- 
sonous species of the swamps, &. Vernix, page 53, are whitish 
and grow in axillary panicles. 


FIVE-FINGER. COMMON CINQUEFOIL. 
Potentilla Canadensts. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 


Rose. Yellow. Faintly fragrant. Maine southward Afpril-A ugust. 
and westward. 


Flowers : small; solitary ; axillary. Calyx: of five narrow sepals, alternat- 
ing with an under row of delicately pointed bracts. Covo//a: of five rosaceous 
petals. Stamens: numerous. /7%stz/s : numerous, forming a head. Leaves: 
divided into three obovate leaflets, the two lateral ones again divided and mak- 
ing the five stubby fingers which have suggested its name. S/em : growing 
close to the ground; silky. The plant spreads by runners. 


One of our dearest little field blossoms whose cherry yellow 
head peeps out among the grass in early spring. We find it 


PLATE CXXXVIl. SHRUBBY CINQUEFOIL. Potentzlla frutzcosa. 
(263) 


264 PLANTS GROWING IN DRY SOIL. 


when we follow some stone wall toa place where we know a 
spreading patch of /frazses des bois, as the French call the wild 
strawberries, is in bloom. The little plant is, in fact, often 
called wild strawberry. Perhaps we attempt to carry it away, 
but it is indignant at such treatment and its petals droop 
quickly after leaving their shady home. 


SHRUBBY CINQUEFOIL. (Plate CXXXV/Z/,) 


Potentilla fruticosa. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Rose. Yellow: Scentless. Eastern states and westward. All summer. 

The flowers of this plant, although larger, are very similar in 
arrangement to those of the common cinquefoil. It seems to 
be the patriarch of the family and has from five to seven long, 
narrow leaflets, which are more flattering in shape to the fingers 
after which it was christened than those of the rest of the 
genus. It also grows as high as four feet, and is very 
shrubby. 

The plant isa good example of the theory that is now ac- 
cepted, and the one through which Goethe appeared on the plat- 
form of science. It is that of the morphology of the suddenly 
arrested branch into the flower. The circular growth of the 
leaves is very similar to that of the sepals and petals, and which 
are in reality nothing but transformed leaves. The calyx hasa 
double row of five sepals, the outer one spreading and the inner 
one bent to give some protection to the naked seeds. There 
are also five petals. The stamens are then naturally in some 
multiple of five. When the growth is very rapid it is some- 
times the case that some of these parts are obliterated. 

Shrubby cinquefoil is most capricious of soil and locality, 
and is said to circle the globe. In the eastern states it favours 
low, moist meadows or even swamps, but chooses drier soil as 
it travels westward, until in Michigan it flourishes in sandy soil. 
Toa classification according to soil its vagaries are not only 
trying, but inexcusable. } 


PLANTS GROWING IN DRY SOIL. 265 


SILVERY OR HOARY CINQUEFOIL. 


Potentilla argéntea. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Rose. Yellow. Scentless. Eastern and middle states. All summer. 


Very similar to the preceding species are the large handsome 
flowers of the silvery cinquefoil. The palmately divided 
leaves, however, are distinguished by the silver-like floss which 
covers their under surface. ‘They appear to be without vanity 
and have lost all concern about having their fingers slender 
and tapering. We find them ragged and unkempt. 

P. Monspeliénsis, rough cinquefoil, grows in dry soil and has 
quite an extended range. In cultivated ground it occurs asa 
weed. 

The generic name of these plants refers to the medical pro- 
perties for which they were formerly noted. Thoreau men- 
tions that in one of his walks he met an old wood-tortoise eat- 
ing the leaves of the early potentillas, and soon afterwards an- 
other deliberately eating sorrel. They impressed him as know- 
ing the virtues of the herbs, and being able to select the ones 
best suited to the condition of their bodies. 


HOUND’S TONGUE. 
Cynogléssum officinale. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Borage. Purplish red, or white. Unpleasant. Mostly east. June, July. 


Flowers : growing in a curved raceme that straightens as the flowers mature. 
Calyx: five-parted. Corolla: funnel-form ; five-lobed. Stamens: five. 
Pistil: one. Fruit: a nutlet covered with prickles. Leaves; alternate ; 
ovate-lanceolate ; the lower ones on petioles; slightly heart-shaped at base ; 
the upper ones sessile ; hairy. Stem: two to three feet high ; branching ; 
hairy. 

As we have found no good for which this plant is responsible, 
we must, according to Mr. Emerson, call it a weed. It bears 
the title with dignity, for it is a handsome creature with a 
beautiful velvety leaf ; but how it ever ventures to raise its head 


in face of the anathemas showered upon it by the farmers 


266 PLANTS GROWING IN DRY SOIL. 


and wool-growers is quite amystery. Its bur-like fruit has the 
most wicked propensity for attaching itself to the fleece of 
sheep. Detractors have also likened its odour to that of a nest 
of mice ; but as this is quite a common expression with country 
people and means about as much as telling the sick they look 
as pale as a black dog, there may be a little exaggeration in the 
statement. The resemblance of its leaves to the shape of a 
hound’s tongue is responsible for its name. 


VIPER’S-BUGLOSS. BLUEWEED. (Plate CXXXVI/Z) 
Echium vulgare. 
FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 


Borage. Brilliant blue, with Scentless. Eastern states. June, July. 
pink buds. 


Flowers : small ; thickly clustered on one side of a spike that unfolds as the 
flowers expand. Calyx: five-parted. Corol/a; funnel-form ; of five lobes ; 
three of which are shorter than the others. Stamens: five, unequal ; exserted ; 
red. istil: one; styles,two. Leaves; alternate; lanceolate; very hairy ; 
wavy on the edges. Stem: about two feet high ; rough ; hairy. 

When seen froma distance the blue flowers of the viper’s 
bugloss are hardly credited with having the brilliancy of colour 
that they are found to possess on a closer examination. The 
pink buds and red protruding stamens are an invaluable feature 
of the plant and play their part in lightening the otherwise 
heavy effect of the green. When growing along the roadsides, 
its extreme hairiness attracts an immense amount of dust and 
not until it has been shaken, or washed off, is the prettiness of 


the blossoms seen. ‘The pink buds and uncoiling growth of the 


bunches call to mind the little forget-me-nots of which it isa 
relative. 


GROUND IVY, GILL-OVER-THE-GROUND. 
Glecoma hederacea. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Mint. Blue. Leaves fragrant. New England southward. March-May. 


Flowers; axillary; growing singly or in clusters along the flower-stalk. 
Calyx : small; five-toothed. Coro//a; tubular; two-lipped, the upper lip two- 
cleft; the lower one three-cleft with the middle lobe much larger than the 


- 


i 
H 
| 


Ahan 


PLATE CXXXVIII. VIPER’S BUGLOSS. Echium vulgare. 


COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY, 


PRINTED IN AMERICA, 


PLANTS GROWING IN DRY SOIL. 267 


others. Stamens: four; the anther-cells approach and form a little cross. P7s- 
til : one; style, two-lobed. Leaves: opposite; on petioles ; roundish kidney- 
shaped; smooth. Stem : creeping; trailing. 

This is the little plant that the English love so dearly and 


which blooms abundantly in the pasturage every springtime. 


We have hardly the same fondness for it here and rather resent 


the calm manner in which it has taken possession of the soil, 


especially where it is most distasteful to cattle. It is allied to 


our catnep, also a European plant, and was formerly much used 
as a medicine. 

We are frequently amused to watch the growth and self 
satisfaction of many European plants that establish themselves 
in this country and sometimes exterminate those native to the 
soil. What advantage have they, we naturally ask, that makes 
them triumphant in the survival of the fittest? Very probably 
it is because they leave their destroying insects on the other 
side of the water. If this is so we cannot but sympathise with 
them in their attempt to flee from persecution. 


AMERICAN PENNYROYAL. 
Hedeoma pulegitoides. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Mint. Purplish blue. Strongly scented. New England south- Midsummer. 
ward and westward. 


Flowers: small; axillary; whorled. Calyx: two-lipped. Corolla: two- 
lipped; the upper lip erect and notched, the lower lip three-lobed. Stamens : 
two. /zstil; one; style, two-lobed. Leaves: opposite; on petioles; ovate; 
pungent to the taste. Stem; low; erect: branching ; square; hairy. 

A place that is remembered in connection with this well- 
known little plant is a teeing ground of a golf course in a high 
upland meadow in Dutchess county. There, bordering the 
hard-packed square of dirt, it grows in great profusion and 
can be scented from a considerable distance. We can well be- 
lieve in its medicinal properties ; for even to nibble at the leaves 
on a warm day is refreshing. It is closely allied to Mentha 
Pulegium, the true pennyroyal of Europe. 


268 PLANTS GROWING IN DRY SOIL. 


LARGE-FLOWERED VERBENA. (flate CXXX/X.) 
Verbena Canadénsts. 
FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 


Vervain. Purple. Scentless. Fiorida to S, Carolina May-August. 
and westward. 


Flowers : growing closely in terminal spikes. Cadyx: tubular; with five un- 
equal teeth, long, slender. Corol/a: salver-shape ; long ; with five lobes: 
bearded in the throat. Stamens: four, included. /vstz/ : one; stigma, two- 
lobed.. Leaves: opposite; tapering into a long petiole; thrice divided and 
the lobes deeply toothed; hairy. Svem : creeping at the base; forking; hairy. 


Asa hardy plant this verbena is rivalled by fewin brightness 
of expression. It isnot so beautiful as the Brazilian varieties 
which receive so much consideration from the gardeners, but it 
has many of their characteristics, and is intermingled with 
them in cultivation. In the language of flowers these plants 
have been chosen as emblems of sensibility. 


COMMON EVENING-PRIMROSE. 
Onagra bzénnis. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Evening primrose. Pale yellow. Fragrant. General. June-Septensber. 


Flowers; large; clustered ona leafy spike. Ca/yx: tubular, of four long, 
pointed sepals. Coro//a: often two inches broad, of four obcordate petals del- 
icately veined with green. Stamens: eight. stil: one; stigma, four- 
branched. Leaves; alternate; lanceolate; slender. Stem: erect. 

Those that see the evening-primrose only in the daytime have 
no conception of its fairness when it opens its petals to commune 
with the night revellers. Among them are the rarest of Na- 
ture’s children which under the stars come out from their hid- 
ing places. Many of the loveliest flowers reserve their beauty 
and exquisite fragrance to bestow upon the night. They are 
visited by moths and insects that far surpass in beauty those 
of the day and which are never seen until the earth is wrapped 
in her dark mantle. The sweetest singing birds and the most 
beautiful animals are then flying and roving about. There is 
music in the flap of the pink night moth’s wing and all the buzz- 
ing noises of the night. 3 


j 
¥ 
} 


PLATE CXXXIX. LARGE-FLOWERED VERBENA. Verdena Canadenszs, 
(269) 


270 PLANTS GROWING IN DRY SOIL. 


The evening primrose is then in its glory; the next day its 
fragile petals are wofully faded. 


SCAPOSE PRIMROSE. (Plate CXL.) 
Pachylophus cespitosus. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Evening primrose. White or pink. Scentless. Nebraska south- June, July. 
ward and westward. 


Flowers: large; one and a half to five inches broad; terminal; solitary. 
Calyx : with four linear sepals. Coro//a : with four obcordate, spreading petals. 
Stumens: eight, with linear anthers. /%s¢/ : one; stigma, four-cleft. Frw/t: 
growing in a clusterat the base. Leaves; from the base; lanceolate; tapering 
into a slender petiole; pubescent. Slower-stalks: ciliate, or beset with white 
hairs. 


It is owing to the growth of the fruit of this superb flower 
that it has been separated from the (Enothera division of the 
primrose family, and no longer bears the name of (CEnothera 
marginata, as it did at onetime. The plant from which the 
illustration was drawn was a particularly well developed and 
perfect specimen. The blossoms were fully five inches in dia- 
meter. Near the Blue Mountains and about the Salmon Falls 
of the Snake River, they unfold generously their silken petals. 


ALLEN’S SUNDROPS. 
Kneiffia Allent. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Evening primrose. Palejellow. Scentless. Eastern Long Island. Summer. 


Flowers: on long pedicels in loose corymb-like clusters. Calyx: with a long 
tube and four lobes. Coro/la: of four rounded petals. Stamens: eight 
with lorg versatile ‘anthers. /P/st//: one ; stigma, four-branched. Leaves: 
alternate ; lanceolate. Stew : branched ; leafy ; somewhat rough. Pods: cu- 
cumber-shaped ; four angled at the top. 


An open dry place that is brightened by clusters of these 
flowers appears as though the sun were dancing among the 
green leaves of the plant. The blossoms are slightly deeper in 
colour than those of the evening primrose and remain open in 
the sunshine. Probably they do not depend upon the pink 
night moth for fertilization as they are without the fragrance 
that attracts him to the evening primrose. They are very 
perishable and droop shortly after being picked, 


S2sec/.~ 
ole 
Sesesegy 

2$22 
is oS< 


Mg 


iit 


oe 
ins 


fate, Mill \ 


— 
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SANS D 
AAU AUR, 


PLATE CXL. SCAPOSE PRIMROSE. Pachylophus cespfitosus. 


ies 


(271) 


272 PLANTS GROWING IN DRY SOIL. 


FIRE-WEED. GREAT OR SPIKED WILLOW- scat 
Chamenérion augusttfolium, 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Evening primrose. Magenta. Scentless. New England south- June-September. 
ward and westward. 


Flowers: large ; growing ina long terminal raceme which is slightly nod- 
ding. Calyx: deeply four-lobed. Coro//a: of four petals with short claws. 
Stamens: eight. Prsti/: one; stigma, four-lobed. ods : long ; narrow, the 
seeds having white, silky tufts. Leaves: alternate; lanceolate ; almost linear; 
willowy. Stem: at most eight feet high; erect ; leafy ; smooth. 

Dame Nature, with her wonderfully impartial heart, has pro- 
vided this handsome plant to grow abundantly in soil that has 
been burned over and therefore made black and unsightly to 
the eye. It also strays into dry meadows and peeps out on the 
roadsides. It is a conspicuous plant with deep hued, delicate 


blossoms which show their kinship to the evening primrose. 


PASSION FLOWER. (Plate CXZ/) 


Passtflora tncarnata, 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Passion flower. Purple. Faintly fragrant. Virginia and Kentucky Summer. 
southward. 


Flowers: solitary ; axillary ; frequently having three bracts underneath, 
Calyx: tubular ; of five, or more divisions, highly coloured inside. Corolla: 
of five, or more petals which rest upon the throat of the calyx and appear to 
form a background for the heavy circular fringe made by numerous outreach- 
ing rays. Stamens : five, with long versatile anthers, their filaments united to a 
rod-like stalk that upholds the ovary. S¢yles: three; spreading ; club- 


shaped. eaves: alternate ; deeply three-cleft; serrated. Stem: woody ; : 


branching ; climbing by means of axillary tendrils. 


It is inthe dense forests of Brazil that the passion flowers are 
seen in all the majesty of their native loveliness. Their hue is 
brighter there than elsewhere, the flowers are larger and they 
have arare fragrance that is lost to a great extent in the North 
American species. There, the delicate, curious blossom first 
attracted the attention of the early Roman Catholic mission- 
aries, who, with fire and sword, were spreading the religion of 
love and gentleness. To them, it seemed that the flower held 
before their vision all the dreadful details of the crucifixion. 


PASSION FLOWER. Passiflora incarnata. 


PLATE CXL 


COPYRIGHT, 1899. BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY. 


PRINTED IN AMERICA. 


PLANTS GROWING IN DRY SOIL. 248 


“The crown of thorns in the fringes of the flowers, nails in the 
styles with their capitate stigmas, hammers to drive them in the 
stamens, cords in the tendrils.” The sponge and the five 
wounds of Christ were also pointed out to strengthen the in- 
vaders in the belief that their doings were sanctioned by the 
divine will. 

The flower is still the one among all other flowers that is held 
in veneration ; for it is associated with the passion above all 
other conceptions of our Saviour, 

It remains open but for a single day. 

P. liitea, yellow passion flower, grows southward and westward 
from Pennsylvania. Its leaves are very broad and the lobes 
much rounded. 


COMIION ST, JOHN’S=WORT. 
Hypéricum perforatum. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
St. John’ s-wort. Deep yellow. Scentless. Mostly northeast, Summer. 


Flowers: growing in clusters. Calyx: of five pointed sepals. Corolla: of 
five petals dotted with black. Stamens: very numerous. /7%st/: one, with 
three branching styles. Leaves: opposite ; sessile ; oblong ; dotted ; pellu- 
cid. Stem: branched; leafy. /wce: acrid. 


The only one of the family in our flora that is not a native. 
There is no doubt, however, but that it has taken out its 
papers of naturalisation as it is quite at home here and pursues 
a course of rapid soil-exhausting growth, which no doubt is 
answerable for many grey hairs in the poor farmer’s head. 

The flower received its name from an ancient superstition 
that on St. John’s day, June 24, the dew that had fallen on the 
plant was possessed of a peculiar efficacy to preserve the eye- 
sight. It was therefore collected, dipped in oil, and made into 
a balm, which served equally well for every wound—* balm-of- 
the-warrior’s wound” being one of its early names. It was 
also gathered on St. John’s eve to be hung at the doors and 
windows, and in Scotland was even carried about in the pockets 
as a safeguard against evil spirits and witchcraft. Maidens had 
faith in it as foretelling by its vigourous or puny growth whether 


274 PLANTS GROWING IN DRY SOIL. 


the coming year would make them brides. It has been lauded 
in ancient poetry, and probably more associated with good and 
evil than any other plant. 

Sarothra gentianoides, orange-grass, or pine-weed, has tiny 
flowers of a deep yellow scattered along the branches, The 
leaves are small, erect and wiry. It is commonly found in dry, 
sterile or sandy soil from Maine southward and westward. 
The generic name of the plant was formerly Hypericum nudi- 
caule, 


INDIAN TOBACCO. 
Lobelia tnflati. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Lobelia. Violet, blue, or white Scentless. General, June-August. 


Flowers: axillary ; growing in terminal, leafy racemes. Ca/yx : tubular ; 
inflated; veined; five-cleft. Covo//a: tubular; split down the upper side ; 
the five lobes very regular. Sézens: five 3 united 3 the anthers bearded. 
Pistil: one. Pod: inflated. Leaves: sessile; ovate; hairy. Stem: one to- 
two feet high ; erect ; branched ; hairy. 


Unfortunately this lobelia does not shed abroad a very en- 
nobling influence among its companions, Its narcotic proper- 
ties are well known and have been rather indiscriminately used 
by the Indians. They chew and smoke the dried leaves, which 
have a bitter flavour like tobacco. The plant is a poisonous 
one and has been largely employed as an emetic. It is, in fact, 
a rather plebeian relative of the cardinal flower. 


CORN-COCKLE. CORN-ROSE, 
Agrostémma Githigo. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Pink. Crimson purple. Scentless. General. Sucy-September. 


Flowers: terminal; solitary. Calyx: large, with five linear lobes alternating 
with and exceeding the corolla. Corolla: of five rounded petals. Stamens: 
ten. estil: one; styles, five. Leaves : opposite ; linear-lanceolate; pale green; 
hairy. Stem: stout, erect; much branched; four-angled. 


The generic.name lychnis, which was formerly applied to this 
plant and which means a lamp or light, expressed well the effect 
of the corn-cockle in our grain fields. It illuminates them with 
a blaze of crimson light and causes the traveller to exclaim, the 
fields here are as beautiful as they are in England, 


ee 


CALIFORNIA POPPY. Zschscholtzia Californica. 
Eschscholtzia cespitosa. 


PEATE: CXLIt. 


COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY. 


PRINTED IN AMERICA, 


=—-* od 
4 


PLANTS GROWING IN DRY SOIL. 275 


But the farmer and the artistic eye seem to be always at 
variance. He understands the seriousness of things and re- 
gards the plant as an impudent foreigner that has secured first 
a footing, then a home, and finally a kingdom in his corn fields, 
‘The cockle is also alarmingly clever. It mixes its black seeds 


with those of the grain and so increases its dominion every 


year. ‘They draw tears of lamentation from the sturdy miller 
who prides himself on his flour’s purity and whiteness. 

The plant also contains a poisonous ingredient called sapo- 
nin which is freely soluble in water and when inhaled produces 
violent sneezing. It is known that a small quantity of bread 
that contains these seeds if eaten regularly will produce a pe- 
culiar chronic disease. 


CALIFORNIA POPPY. (Plate CXZ/7) 


Eschscholtzta Californica. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Poppy. Orange rea or yellow. Juice, like muri= California. JSune-September. 
atic acid. 


Flowers: large; solitary. Calyx: of two sepals that form a pointed cap 
which drops off as the petals expand. Corolla: of four concave petals. Sta- 
mens: numerous. Capsule: one-celled and covered by the compound stigma. 
Leaves: dissected, pale, glaucous. Stem; twelve to eighteen inches high; 
the end dilated into a top-shaped receptacle with a broad rim upon which are 
the stamens. /wzce : watery; narcotic.. 


“ How gently, O sleep, 
fall thy poppies on me!”—ED. JOHNSON. 

The flowers from which the illustration was taken, were 
picked in Santa Rosa, California. There, to see the fields 
aglow with the silky, flame-coloured beauties, which have every 
variety of tint from pale yellow to deep orange, is most en- 
chanting, 

At one time, when China wished to prevent the large use of 
opium which is extracted from the opium poppy, she destroyed 
an immense quantity of plants that belonged to British mer- 
chants and as a result became involved in her first war with 
England. To this poppy, therefore, is due the opening of China 
and Japan to the commerce of the world, 


276 PLANTS GROWING IN DRY SOIL. 


The ancients gave poppies to the dead, and as typifying 
sleep they were regarded as the world’s great comforter. 

L£. cespitosa is the name of the smaller and brilliant poppy 
that is represented in the illustration, 


CELANDINE POPPY. 
Styléphorum diphyllum. 


FAMILY COLOUR ‘ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Poppy. Deep yellow. Scentless. Pennsylvania westward. April, May. 


The celandine poppy resembles very closely the smaller 
flowers of the celandine. It is not so tall, and its generic name, 
meaning style-bearded, expresses another difference between it 
and the celandine. 


CELANDINE, 
Chelidontum mdajus. 
FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Poppy. Yellow. Scentless. General, Summer. 


Flowers ; small ; growing in loose umbellate clusters. Ca/yx : of two sepals 
that fallearly. Corolla; of four spreading petals. Stamens: numerous. /is- 
til: one; stigma, two-lobed. Leaves : pinnately divided into lobed and toothed 
segments; hairy. Svem: erect; branching; hairy. /eéce : acrid; poisonous. 


In dry soil, especially about gardens, we find the bright 
flowers of this plant. It has come to us from Europe, and its 
juice has quite a reputation for curing diseases of the eyes, also 
warts and jaundice. 


BUTTERFLY PEA, (Plate CXL///.) 
Clitorta Marana. 
FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 


Pulse. Lavender. Scentless. New Jersey south- Suly. 
: ward and westward. 


Flowers : showy; one to three borne on ashort peduncle. Ca/yx: tubular ; 
five-cleft. Corol/a: papilionaceous ; the banner petal much larger than the 
others; erect and notched at the apex. Stamens: ten, not distinct; style, 
bearded. Pods: long; appearing late in theseason. Leaves: of three lanceo- 
late leaflets on separate stalks with stipules at their bases; the under surface 
of.a much lighter shade of green. Stem: smooth; twining. 


It may be that there has been a slight disagreement in the 
household of the butterfly pea. The large banner petal seems 
to believe in gaiety and showing itself to the world, while the 


NK 


<N 


PLATE CXLII]. BUTTERFLY PEA. Clctorza Marzana. 
(277) 


278 PLANTS GROWING IN DRY SOIL. 


other parts of the corolla have a leaning towards piety and 
stayingat home. So each faction goes its separate way. The 
blossom, in consequence, is very much out of proportion. We 
readily forgive it this fault, however, on account of its lovely 
colour and the courage each one of its paris has shown in re- 
maining true to its convictions. 


JAMESTOWN-WEED. THORN APPLE. 


Datura Stramonium. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM . 
Nightshade. White streaked Unpieasant. General east May-Septenter. 
with purple. of Lowa. 


Flowers: large; growing on short flower-stalks in the forks of the branched 
stems. Calyx: five-toothed. Corolla; three inches long; tubular; funnel- 
form, the divisions sharply pointed. Stamens: five. Fastzd: one. Leaves: 
large; flaccid; ovate; and deeply toothed. Stm: two to five feet high; 
stout; branching; smooth; greenish purple. 


The odour of this plant has earned for it among the country 
people a name not at all euphonious and which is not repeated 
here out of respect to our fin de siécle civilisation. 

D. Tatila is the purplish-flowered species which is otherwise 
nearly identical with the above. Its range is rather more 
extended in the west and south. Both of the jimson weeds, as 
they are called, have been introduced into this country from 
South America and Europe and are among the number that we 
would prefer to have had remain where they rightfully belong. 
Outside of spreading themselves over unsightly piles of way- 
side garbage, their usefulness as a stimulant in medicine is not 
so great but that it could be readily dispensed with. . 

They are besides possessed’ of a narcotic poison, especially 
the purple variety, which is found in the ‘seeds. Children 
have been badly poisoned by sucking the flowers. 2 


COMMON DODDER. LOVE VINE. 


Cuscuta Gronovil. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR, RANGE : TIME OF BLOOM 
Dodder. White. Scentless. New England south- Laté summer and 
; ward. autumn, 


Flowers: small; growing in clusters. Calyx: five-cleft. ‘ Corol//a : tubular ; 
five-lobed, Stamens; five, Fsti/; one; styles, two. Leaves; none, their 


2aca 


y? 


~~ 


Asclepias 


COMMON MILKWEED. 


PLATE CXLIV 


280 PLANTS GROWING IN DRY SOIL. 


place taken by yellowish bracts. Stem: copper yellow; twisting and twining 
like a bunch of tangled wire ; parasitic. 

We may well inquire into the ways of this little parasite, 
which, although its victims are of a different class, is quite as 
uncanny as the insectivorous plants. Its coiled seed drops 
intc the ground, germinates, and sends up a yellow stem, which, 
when it has hardly reached two inches high, begins to stretch 
out for some shrub or plant about which to entwine itself. 
It then puts out suckers which penetrate the bark and drain 
the already assimilated sap of the plant. The original ground 
stem withers and falls away. The dodder is therefore left 
wholly dependent for nourishment upon its victim. Its persist- 


ent, close growth about the bark of a shrub inflicts great dam-— 


age. 

The tangled gold threads are interesting when we come 
upon them; but once the habits of the plant are known it 
cannot but inspire us with a feeling of repulsion. 


COMMON MILKWEED. SILKWEED. (flate CXZ/V.) 
Asclépias Syriaca, 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Milkweed. Purplish pink. Scentless. Mostly northward. June-August. 


Flower-clusters : often four and a half inches in diameter. Construction, see 
A. incarnata, page 76. ods: two only, which burst open and let fly seeds 
with beautiful, silky tufts. Leaves: very large; six to eight inches long; 
opposite, or scattered ; oblong ; pubescent underneath ; glabrous on the upper 
surface. Stem: tall ; coarse ; with a milky juice; pubescent. 

One of the greatest charms of the wild flowers is that they 
never have to be bought. The beggar can enjoy the world 
flushed with myriad, evanescent hues that blend into each other 
like the delicate splendour of a bird’s plumage quite as well as 
cana monarch on his throne. The only requisite is to have 
the discriminating eyes that see: see as do the artists. 

Barefooted urchins think, undoubtedly, that the common 
milkweed blows for them, and the pompons they make from its 
seed pods for their torn straw hats become them extremely 
well. They slumber sweetly upou the pillows and mattresses 


PLATE CXLY. BUTTERFLY-WEED. Asclepias tuberosa. 


COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY. 


PRINTED IN AMERICA, 


PLANTS GROWING IN DRY SOIL. 281 


that are stuffed with the pappus and laugh at the ‘“‘city people” 
for calling the plant “rubber tree.’” 1t blooms in the dry fields 
and all along the waysides and is the most generally known of 
the family, 


BUTTERFLY-WEED. PLEURISY-ROOT. (Liate CXLV.) 
Asclépias tuberosa. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Milkweed. Orange red. Scentless. Mostly northward. Sune-Sepltember. 


Flowers : regular; gamopetalous ; growing in umbel-like clusters, and show- 
ing the distinctive features of the milkweed family, see A. incarnata, page 76. 
Pods : two, which burst open and let fly seeds with beautiful silky tufts. 
Leaves: alternate; lanceolate; pubescent. Svem : one totwo feet high; erect ; 
branched near the summit; hairy and containing very little milky juice. 

Perhaps this is one of the most brilliant plants, not exclud- 
ing those of the tropics, of our country. The soft air of mid- 
summer plays upon it as it lightens the dry fields, and the 
tuneful harmony is one of blending tints of orange and red. It 
is the only northern one of the genus with so much yellow 
mixed in its colouring. One rarely sees it without a gay band 
of butterflies hovering about, and it is very possible that from 
this fact it has received one of its English names, 

The Indians made use of it in many ways; principally by 
extracting a sugar-like substance from the flowers. The roots 
have been believed to be a cure for pleurisy. The plant is also 
called wind-root and orange-root. | 


WILD CARROT. QUEEN ANNE’S LACE. 


Daucus Carrota. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Parsley. White. Scentless. General. August, September. 


Flowers: minute, delicate; growing in a compound, flat-topped umbel, 
which becomes concave after flowering. The central flower of the umbe! is 
often purple. J/yvolucre: light green; of very fine pinnatifid leaves. Leaves: 
fine ; much divided. Stem : erect; rough; branched. 

We may have no qualms of conscience on the grounds of in- 
hospitality if we say boldly that we should not grieve very much 


to have this weed return to the old country from where it came, 


282 PLANTS GROWING IN DRY SOIL. 


Its ruthless habit of taking possession of whole fields, especially 
in New Jersey, and destroying the pasture is a constant care 
and annoyance to the farmer. It is most difficult to extirpate 
as it is tough and hard to uproot. 

It frequently falls within the experience of our friend the 
country boy to pull up the plants before they have. gone to 
seed ; and one instance is known of his having been engaged 
to MTS this service at the exorbitant wage of twenty-five 
cents a hundred. His mind, however, is poetical. He loves to 
dream of the beautiful side of the wild carrot’s character, and 
to weave romances about it in connection with Queen Anne's 
lace. ‘To bend his back over and tear his palms uprooting them 
is not tohis taste. So on the mentioned occasion he sat on the 
fence and watched other boys that he had hired at five cents a 
hundred do the work for him. 


GREAT MULLEN. VELVET OR MULLEN DOCK. 
Verbascum Thapsus. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Figwort.  . -ale yellow. Scentless. General. Suly-September. 


Flowers: large; growing in a long, terminal spike. Calyx: of five sepals. 
Corolla : wheel-shaped with five unequal, rounded lobes. Stamens: ten; three 
taller than the others with woolly filaments. /yst//: one. Leaves: alternate; 
the basal leaves lying flatly ina circle on the ground; oblong; pale green; vel- 
vety to the touch. Stem: erect; flat. 

Although in Europe the mullen is called “‘ American velvet 
plant,’’ we can hardly claim it as indigenous to our country. 
In fact, as its specific name implies, it is a native of the island 
of Thapsus. It has visited many lands, and had quite a broad 
experience in usefulness. The Greeks made lamp wicks of the 
leaves, and the Romans, after preparing the dried stalks in suet, 
burned them as funeral torches, when they were called “ can- 
dalaria.’’ The efficacy of mullen tea for pulmonary diseases is 
still lauded by the country people, especially when used for 
beasts. It has also its place among the vanities of vanities, and 
the village belle knows well that the velvety leaf rubbed against 
her cheeks will leave a tint like that of a ripened peach. 


. 
7 
q 


PLATE CXLVI. MOTH-MULLEN. Verdascum Blattarza. 
(283) 


284 PLANTS GROWING IN DRY SOIL. 


The plant first blooms in the second year of its growth, and 
then the blossoms last but a single day. It is credited with 
having forty common English names. | 


MOTH-MULLEN. (P/ate CXLVZ) 


Verbdscum Blattarza. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Figwort. Yellow white, or pinkish. Scentless. General, July-September. 


Flowers: slightly nodding ; growing on pedicels along the stem. Calyx : of 
five sepals. Corol/a : with five rounded, delicately veined lobes. Stamens : five ; 
the filaments dark coloured and covered witha purplish wool, /yvst7/: one. 
Leaves : those above, alternate ; ovate; sessile ; toothed ; those below on peti- 
oles and deeply cut;smooth. Svem : erect ; slender. 


There is little about this plant either in texture or appearance 
to suggest its kinship with the common mullen. It is quite a 
little pretendant to the claims of beauty, and when the different 
coloured varieties are found growing together in some dry, up- 
land meadow they are very pretty and fairy-like. Unfortu- 
nately they perish quickly after being picked. As the specific 
name suggests, the cockroach and this plant can never agree. 
In fact that despised tribe are said to hold it in especial abhor- 
rence: 


SLENDER LADY’S TRESSES. 
Gyréstachys gracilts. 
FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 


Orchis. White. lragrant. New England to Florida JSucy-October. 
and westward. 


Flowers: very small; growing on one side of a slender, twisted spike. Co- 
rolla: hardly a quarter of an inch broad ; the lip spreading and crimped. Leaves: 
ovate; withering early in the season. Stem: erect ; leafy below and having 
bracts above. ; 


Surely the ladies have been sleeping that long ago they did 
not resent the changing of this plant’s English name from lady’s 
traces, which the braided appearance of the stem somewhat 
suggests, to lady’s tresses. There is nothing about the prim 
little blossoms to recall the flowing locks that are woman’s 
crowning glory. 

It may be found in dry ground, on the side of hills, in sandy 
places and open fields. 


villosa. 


GentZana 


STRIPED GENTIAN. 


PLATE CXLVII. 


286 PLANTS GROWING IN DRY SOIL. 


G. cérnua is perhaps the commonest little orchis that we 
have, The stem is more twisted and flowered than that of G. 
gracilis and the low stem leaves are almost linear. The spiral 
growth of the flowers about the stem is very pretty, and the 
blossoms are fragrant. It seldom grows over eight inches tall 
and blossoms in September and October. In low grounds 
throughout the east and south it is most common, 


BLUE WAX-WEED. CLAMMY CUPHEA. 
Parsénsta petiolata. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Loosestrife. Purplish pink. Scentless. Conn. to Lilinots JS uly-October. 
and southward. 


Flowers : small; growing in loose racemes along the branches. Calyx: tu- 
bular; six-toothed, extending into a spur on the upper side; purplish; sticky. 
Corolla: of six unequal ovate petals, having short claws. Stamens: about 
twelve; irregular; in two sets. /ysé/ : one; stigma, two-lobed. Leaves : op- 
posite; lanceolate; disagreeable to the touch. Svem: branching; reddish; 
clammy. 

In the autumn, when we wander through the pastures or by 
the roadsides, it is the turn of this flower to claim our atten- 
tion. The petals have a wrinkled look, and the pods, from the 
position of the seed-bearing part of the ovary, appear to have a 
little handle. ‘These points,and remembering that it isa loose- 


strife, serve readily to identify the plant. 


STRIPED GENTIAN. (Plate CXLVIZ) 


Gentidana villosa. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Gentian. Greentsh white, striped Scentless. Southern New September-November. 
tustde with purple. Jersey to Florida. 


Flowers : solitary, or clustered ; sessile; axillary along the stem and terminal. 
Calyx : of unequal linear lobes. Coro//a: short ; funrel-form. Leaves : oppo- 
site ; ubovate ; long ; narrowed at the base. Stem : six to eighteen inches high. 


These tender blossoms, with their silky stripes, are as deli- 
cate and misty in colouring as many graceful cups of Venetian 
glass, They grow in dry, shady places, and although they en- 
tertain royally their insect friends, they are shy of welcoming 
more mundane mortals. Those that are fortunate enough to 
find them appreciate them as a rare floral treasure. 


PLANTS GROWING IN DRY SOIL. 287 


DANDELION. 
Tardxacum Tardxacum. 
FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Chicory. Yellow. Scentless. General to the Rockies. A pril-October. 


Flower-heads: roundish, of innumerable strap-shaped flowers. Lzvolucre : 
closing after blooming until the fluffy ball is ready to mature and be blown 
- away by the wind, when it opens, turns downward, and bears up the pappus. 
Leaves: at the base; much cut. Stem: hollow. /uice: milky. 


There seems to be something pathetic about the dandelion 
as it grows old. Gradually it is deprived of its golden rays 
and upon its stalk is left a little cloud of gossamer. It is then 
whorled aloft and away, tornand scattered upon thorny bushes 
and dashed into angry streams by pitiless winds. Or the chil- 
dren blow it to tell what o’clock it is. There are usually four 
good blows ina ball of down and this fact has won for it the 
name of “four o’clock,”’ each blow signifying an hour. The 
plants are eaten asa pot herb, and their medicinal properties 
are generally known and appreciated. 


FALL DANDELION. 


Ledntodon autumnatle. 


Or little dandelion, as it 1s sometimes called, extends its 
bloom throughout the summer and autumn, On a nearer 
acquaintance we find it has rather different habits from our 
early dandelion but is very much like the hawkweeds. Its 
Greek name refers to the medicinal properties of the root. 


PLANTAIN-LEAF EVERLASTING. [TOUSE-EAR 


EVERLASTING, 
Antennarta plantagintfolia. 
FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Contposite. White. Scentless. Mostly north. March-May. 


Flower-heads : of tiny tubular flowers clustered closely together in a cory); 
sterile and fertile flowers growing on different plants. Leaves: those of the 
stem, lanceolate; pointed; soft; silky underneath ; those of the base, oval; on 
petioles; nerved. Stem: sometimes approaching one foot high; covered with 
a soft down. The plant spreads by runners. 


In rocky fields and on dry slopes we find this everlasting. 


288 PLANTS GROWING IN DRY SOIL. 


The difference between the staminate and pistillate blossoms, 
which grow on separate plants and usually near together, is 
that the staminate ones are more highly coloured and appear 
somewhat dotted. ‘The pistillate ones are smooth and downy. 

A, neodioica, smaller cat’s-foot, is often found growing side by 
side with the above species. It is a woolly plant and bears 
many leaves, 


GOLDEN RAGWORT. SQUAW-WEED. 


Senécto atireus. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Composite. - Yellow. Scentless. General, ‘ May, June. 


Flower-heads: small; growing in umbel-like, leafless clusters and composed 
of both ray and disk flowers. Leaves: alternate; the lower ones mostly heart- 
shaped, with long petioles, upper leaves lanceolate ; deeply cut; sessile as they 
ascend the stem. Svem-: erect; simple; smooth; cottony when young. The 
pappus of silky white down. 

The ragwort, which is one of our native weeds, illuminates 
our meadows with the same tints of golden yellow that we 
sometimes trace in the amber light froma sunset. It is also 
sadly true that it is responsible for an immense amount of hay 
fever. J 

The generic name senecio is from senex, an old man, and 
refers to the silky, white hairs of the pappus. Although the 
plant is in general appearance somewhat like an aster, the 
leaves are quite individual and very variable in the different 


species. 


TICK-SEED. (Plate CXLVIII) 


Coredpsis lanceolata. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Composite. Yellow. Scentless. Mostly south and west. May-August. 


Flower-heads : few, or solitary on long slender peduncles; ray-flowers, six 
to ten, toothed at the apex; disk-flowers, perfect. /#volucre: two inches 
broad, depressed, with lanceolate bracts. Leaves: lanceolate ; entire ; almost 
sessile. Stem: high; slender; glabrous. 


So brilliant and effective is this flower that it has been ex- 
tensively cultivated in gardens. The involucre is responsible 
for its appearing somewhat deceptive to the non-botanist. It 


PLATE CXLVIIIl. TICK-SEED. Coreopsis lanceolata. 


COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY, 


PRINTED IN AMERICA, 


ie ee 


I lel alae 


PLATE CXLIX. ROBIN’S PLANTAIN. Evdgeron pulchellus. 
(289) 


290 PLANTS GROWING IN DRY SOIL. 


is rather a fickle-minded plant and grows equally well in dry 
or moist soil, sometimes even venturing upon the roadsides. 
Wherever we find it, however, it is always welcome. | 

C.. rosea is the rose-coloured tick-seed that is sometimes 
found in sandy swamps. It grows from six inches to two feet 
high, and it is very pretty. 


ROBIN’S OR POOR ROBIN’S PLANTAIN. (Plate CXL/X.) 
Erigeron pulchéllus. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Composite. Light violet. Scentless. General. May, June. 


Flower-heads : round, growing in small clusters and composed of both ray 
and disk flowers ; the former being very numerous. Leaves; few on the stem ; 
lanceolate ; the basal leaves broader and clinging closely to the ground. Stem: 
about one foot high ; thick, juicy; hairy. 

What strange idea filled the pretty head of robin’s plantain 
when it decked itself out to look so much like an aster we donot 
know ; but its deception is very transparent and we readily 
discover that it is not one of the asterfamily. There is a hairy 
look about the stem and flower which is quite unlike an aster, 
and another distinctive feature is the way in which its lower 
leaves lie flat about the ground. 


Perhaps by its advent so early in the season it simply wishes 


to proclaim the coming of the true asters and the members of 
the great family of composites. 


LARGER DAISY FLEABANE. SWEET SCABIOUS. 


Erigeron dunuus. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Composite. White or purplish. Scentless. General. June. 


Flower-heads: small, about three quarters of an inch broad; clustered and 
composed of both ray and disk flowers. Zeaves: lanceolate; the lower ones 
serrated. Stem: three to five feet high; branched; hairy. 


We all know the fleabanes, or little daisies, that spring up in 
the meadows and along the roadsides in summer and which 


look so pretty in the bunch of purple asters and golden rods 


that we carry home as an effective decoration for some se- 
cluded corner. 


PLATE CL, 


( WHITE DAISY. Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum. 
UBULBOUS BUTTERCUP. Ranunculus bulbosus. 


COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY, 


PRINTED IN AMERICA, 


PLANTS GROWING IN DRY SOIL. 291 


Country people tell us that when burned they are obnoxious 
to insect life, and we frequently see dried bunches of them 
hanging over their cottage doors to caution such intruders 
against entering the portal. 

£;. ramosus, or smaller daisy fleabane, has longer ray flowers 
than those of the above species,and entire leaves. ‘The general 
effect of the plant, however, is smaller and more delicate. 


WHITE DAISY. WHITE WEED. OX-EYED DAISY. 
(Plate CL.) 
Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Composite. White, with yellow centre. Scentless. Mostly north. June. 


Flower-heads: terminal; solitary and composed of both ray and disk flowers. 
Ray flowers white, those on the disk yellow. Leaves: the lower ones spatulate, 
the upper ones partly clasping ; netted-veined ; cut, or toothed, 

The “eye of day,” as Chaucer says men rightly call the daisy, 
although one of our commonest flowers, is not a native of this 
country ; but was probably brought here by the early colonists. 
It has a place in the hearts of poets and loversof nature. The 
farmer alone will have none of it. He scornfully calls it white 
weed, not even deigning to give it its more poetical name. 

The English daisy that Burns sang about, Bellis perennis, is 
smaller than this species, and pink. It seems rather a pity 
that in celebrating it Burns should have closed the poem with 
his own lament. 


“ Ev’n thou who mourn’st the daisy’s fate, 
That fate is thine—no distant date; 
Stern Ruin’s ploughshare drives, elate 

Full on thy bloom, 
Till crush’d beneath the furrow’s weight, 
Shall be thy doom!” 


RATTLESNAKE-WEED. HAWKWEED. 
Hieractum vendsum. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Chicory. Yellow. Scentless. Mostly north. July, August. 


Flower-heads : growing singly on the ends of branched flower-stalks or scapes, 
and composed of strap-shaped flowers. Zeaves; from the base; obovate and 


292 PLANTS GROWING IN DRY SOIL. 


spreading around on the ground like a rosette ; veined conspicuously with 
purple. Flower-sta/k ; one to two inches high; naked, or bearing one leaf ; 
slender or forked above. 

The prevailing idea that the leaves of the hawkweed re- 
semble the rattlesnake, serve better to identify it from its 
numerous relatives, than which it is by far more interesting, 
than to recall to mind the dreadful creature for which it is 
named, or to remove the venom of his bite. 

The plant grows in dry soil, sometimes by the waysides, in 
the meadows, or in the open woods, 

HT. Greenit, Green’s hawkweed, has spatulate, tufted, basal 
leaves which narrow into a petiole, It is found in the dry soil 
of the mountains of Pennsylvania, Virginia and West Virginia. 


FIELD SOW THISTLE. 


Sdénchus arvénsts, 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Chicory. Bright yellow. Scentless. Occastonal in the eastern Summer. 
and middle states, 


Flower-heads: large; showy ; clustered closely together and bursting out 
later into a soft, downy pappus. Jzvolucre : of numerous strap-like scales. 
Leaves : long, pointed, blade-like ; clasping by a heart-shaped base ; saw-toothed. 
Stem: one to three feet high; branched; hollow; bristly. 

In dry fields and along roadsides ; in salt meadows and by 
streams we find this showy, coarse weed. It has come to us 
from Europe and is also a native of Asia. Every year it ex- 
tends its range and becomes more common. The flower opens 
at five o’clock in the morning, begins to close at about eleven 
o’clock and by noon it has entirely shut out the world. 


BLACK-EYED SUSAN. CONE-FLOWER. 
Rudbéckia hirta. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Composite. Deep yellow, purple centre. Scentless. General. Midsummer. 


Flower-heads : \arge; terminal; solitary and composed of both ray and disk 
flowers ; the former often one and three quarter inches long, the latter arranged 
in the form of a cone and chocolate brown in colour. Zeaves: lanceolate ; 
narrow ; rough and disagreeable to the touch; the lower ones on petioles, 
the upper ones sessile. Sve : one to two feet high; rough; usually branching. 


PLATE CLI. BLACK-EYED SUSAN Rudbecktia. 


COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY, 


PRINTED IN AMERICA. 


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PLANTS GROWING IN DRY SOIL. 293 


Black-eyed Susan, or Susie, as her playmates call her, is a 
beautiful wild country girl with a striking brunette face, and a 
gown of yellow and black, which fairly makes the meadows 
dance with life and gaiety. Perhaps she lacks that wealth of 
charm which cultivation gives, and is rather careless in choos- 
ing her companions. No doubt she is governed entirely by her 
love of fun. Her manner of growth is certainly ungraceful and 
her leaves and stem are rough and uncouth. 

She is perfectly at home in the east, although she first came 
to us hidden in clover seeds from the west; where she is called 
by the unpoetical name of “ nigger-head.”’ 

The southern rudbeckia (Plate CLI) is a more gorgeous 
flower, the cone of disk-flowers being much higher and the 
leaves broader than those of the above species. 

R. Brittoniz, Britton’s cone-flower, has flower-heads that are 
from two to three inches broad. Its-.rays are two-lobed and 
about twelve in number. They are tipped with purple. The 
stem leaves are nearly oval and often occur with a lateral lobe. 
In the mountains of Pennsylvania, Virginia and Tennessee and 
in the woods it blooms abundantly from May until July. 

The plant is stout and vigourous and it bears, as will be 
noticed, the name of Dr. Britton, who has expended so much 
time and affection upon the floral world. 


GOLDEN-ROD. DYER’S WEED. 


Solidago nemoralzs, 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Composite. 7ellow. Scentless. New England southward August. 
and westward. 


Perhaps this is the most common of all the golden-rods that 
abound in dry fields. The flowers grow in.a dense plume, or 
compound panicle, along the upper side of the stem ; and the 
few tapering leaves are of a dull greyish green. It seldom 
grows over two feet high. ‘The simple stem has a cottony look. 

S. Canadensts, Canada golden-rod, is a tall species with spread- 


294 PLANTS GROWING IN DRY SOIL. 


ing racemes of flowers. The leaves are lanceolate and very 
rough on the upper side. 

S. mlis, or velvety golden-rod, is distinguishable by the 
soft fleecy fuzz with which it is covered. It grows in dry 
plains from Minnesota southward and westward, 

S. juncea, Plate LXIX, 


BLAZING STAR. 


Lacitndria scardzosa. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Composite. Rose purple. Scentless. Maine to Florida and Early autumn. 
; westward. 


Flower-heads : round ; growing in a long, wand-like raceme ; and composed 
of tubular flowers with long slender lobes. Scales of the involucre, long and 
bristly, purple tipped. Leaves: alternate; lanceolate; pointed. Stem: erect ; 
leafy ; rather downy. 

Why these beautiful flowers, which are clustered thickly or 
loosely together, as the case may be, were ever named blazing 
star it would trouble the wisest of us to explain. Their particu- 
lar charm lies in their warm rich colouring. 

L. squarrosa, or scaly blazing star, is a beautiful variety with 
larger, fewer flower-heads of rose purple. It blooms in the late 
summer and autumn and mostly southward and westward from 
Pennsylvania. Another name for it is rattlesnake-master ; the 
bites of which snakes it has been supposed to be efficacious in 


curing. 


BURR THISTLE. SPEAR THISTLE. 
Carduus lanceolatus. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Compostte. Purplish crimson. Scentless. North and east. JSuly-November. 


Flower-heads: large; solitary; composed entirely of tubular flowers and sur- 
rounded by a prickly involucre. Zeaves : alternate; sessile, much cut and beset 
with red prickles. Stem: leafy ; rough. 


“ Nemo me impune lacessit.” 


Truly the farmer’s life is no merry jest ; for when he attempts 
to lean back in his easy chair, and flatter himself that he has 


PLANTS GROWING IN DRY SOIL. 295 


grappled successfully with the troublesome weeds of the sea- 
son, along comes the thistle and rears itself in his pastures, Its 
sharp red prickles are rather inconvenient to those of artistic 
temperament who wish to show it any demonstration of affec- 
tion; but the bumble-bees love it dearly and enjoy sweet con- 
- verse with it unharmed; | 

 C. arvénsis, or Canada thistle, is the common species along 
the roadsides and in fields. It is readily known by its numerous 
small flower-heads and although pretty it is a most pernicious 
weed, 


Plants Growing in Waste Shab Roadside 


Banks and Lanes. 


What charm has the road when beside tt we wander 
And gaze at its banks gaily clothed, 

Where dwell the proud asters, the legion of sparrows 
And myriads of rods waving gold. 

There the little birds sing and the merry bees hum, 
A naughty snake glides slowly by, 

[n waves clear or misty hang sunshine and shadow, 


While above ts the deep, blue sky. 


WINTER CRESS. YELLOW ROCKET. 
Barbaréa Barbareéa, 


' FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Mustard. Yellow. Scentless. General. A pril-September. 


Flowers : small; growing in racemes. Calyx : of four sepals that fall early. 
Corolla: of four cruciferous petals. Stamens: six, two of which are sherter 
than the others. Pyst#/: one. Pods: linear, branch-like. Leaves: those at 
the base, lyre-shaped; those of the stem, ovate; pinnately-divided; incised. 
Stem : erect ; smooth, 


The leaves of the herb of St. Barbara, as this little plant is 
also called, are used as a salad by many country people. One 


must hee however, the taste engendered by being brane 
up on the soil to truly appreciate them as a delicacy. 


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PLANTS GROWING IN WASTE SOIL. 297 


SHEPHERD’S-PURSE. 
Bursa Bursa-pastoris. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Mustard. White. Scentless. General. A pril-Sepieniber. 


Flowers: small; clustered in a long raceme. Calyx : of four sepals that 
fall early. Corol/a: of four cruciferous petals. Stamens: six, two of which 
are shorter than the others. /st/: one. ods: triangular; notched at the 
apex; two-valved. Leaves; those of the base, clustered, incised; those of 
the stem, arrow-shaped, partly clasping. Sve. branching. 

These insignificant little flowers crop out with much per- 
sistency along the wayside. ‘Their generic name is derived 
from the pouch-like shape of their seed-pods. The plants are 


widely distributed all over the globe, 


BLACK MUSTARD. 
Brassica nigra, 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Mustard. Yellow. Pungent. General. All summer. 


Flowers: small; clustered in racemes. /ods: half an inch long, the seeds 
dark, spicy to the taste. Stem: three to six feet high; branched. 

It is from the seeds of the black and white mustards that the 
well-known condimentismade. For this purpose the plants are 
extensively cultivated in Europe, and are sown as forage for 
cattle, when they are cut down and fed to them before the seeds 
are ripe. With us they flourish along the roadsides and are 
rather troublesome weeds in some parts of the country. 

Sinapis dba, or white mustard, has single seeds; the long 
hairy pods are beaked. 


VENUS’S LOOKING-GLASS. 
Specularia perfoliata. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Campanula. Purplish blue. Scentless. General. May-September. 


Flowers : growing with the leaves along the stem. Calyx: three to five- 
lobed. Corolla: wheel-shaped, with five almost linear lobes. Stamens: five. 
Pistil : one; stigmas, three. ods: triangular. Leaves: oblong with heart- 
shaped bases; clasping. Svem : hairy. 


This fancifully named little plant is one that bears cleistoga- 


298 PLANTS GROWING IN WASTE SOIL. 


mous flowers. It does not, however, hide them at its base as 
though ashamed for them to be seen. The leaves clasp the 
stem tightly and look like little shells in which lie three closed 
buds. They never open and are very fruitful, It seems as 
though the plant held them in the hollow of its hand. It is 
only the fortunate ones that reach the top of the stem that 
unfold the dainty blossom. 

S. diflora is the small Venus’s looking-glass. It grows from 
Virginia southward and westward, and blooms from April 
until July. 


GREEN-BRIER. CATBRIER. HORSE-BRIER. 
Smilax rotundifolia. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Smtlax. Greenish white. Scentiess. New England to Florida. April-June. 


Flowers: small; imperfect; growingin umbels. Perzanth : of six divisions. 
Staminate blossoms with six stamens; pistillate ones with three diverging 
stigmas and a three-celled ovary. Leaves: alternate; on petioles, roundish ; 
pointed. Stem: four-angled ; prickly. 

The catbrier is a very near relative of S. herbacea, page roo, 
with infinitely better manners, as it does not taint the lovely. 
spring days with a disagreeable odour. Its sharp prickles, 
however, are very vicious and by far too much in sympathy 
with barbed-wire fences to allow of the plant ever being a great 
favourite. Its dark berries and many-tinted leaves are most 


beautiful in the autumn. 


BITTER SWEET. WAX-=WORK. 
Celdstrus scandens, 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Staff-tree. Cream white. Scentless.. General. June. 


Flowers : small; imperfect; growing in raceme-like clusters. Petals, sepals, 
and stamens: five. Pustid: one. Fruit: orange-red; of three rounded 
divisions that burst open and display the seeds within. ZLeaves: alternate; 
oblong; thin; toothed; smooth. A shrub, twining; woody. 


In common with cat-tails ; the silky pompons made from 
milkweed pods and’ numerous sedges ; the exquisite berries of 
the bitter sweet have appealed loudly to the decorative in- 


} 


PLATE CLIl PURPLE FLOWERING RASPBERRY. Aubus odoratus. 


COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY 


PRINTED IN AMERICA. 


PLANTS GROWING IN WASTE SOIL. 299 


stincts of housewives. How clearly they recall to mind the 
squareness and regularity of some country parlour; and how 
strikingly giddy they appear in contrast to the sombreness of 
their surroundings, as they droop over the crayon of some 
cherished relative that hangs on the wall. We prefer to see 
_them clambering over the stone walls and mingling in the 
thickets along the roadsides, where they are perhaps more 
generally admired than any other of our late season berries. 


PURPLE-FLOWERING RASPBERRY. (P/ate CLIZ,) 
Rubus odoratus. 
FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Rose. Purplish pink. Fragrant. New Engiand southward June, July. 
to Ga. westward to Mich. 


Flowers: large; two inches broad; terminal; clustered. Calyx: of five 
long, slender lobes tipped with a fine point; hairy; sticky. Corolla: of five 
rosaceous petals. Stamens: numerous. /ysti/s: numerous. “/7v7t: similar 
to araspberry, edible. Leaves: alternate; palmately three to five lobed, the 
middle lobe longer than the others ; netted-veined ; serrated. Stem : shrubby 
branching ; clainmy. 

Hardly any description is needed of the purple-flowering 
raspberry as it is portrayed so clearly and beautifully by the 
coloured plate. Wecan all see that there is nothing plebeian 
or coarse about the pliant. Its moral tone is evidently of the 
very highest. The leaves grow to a great size, and when folded 
together make excellent drinking cups, which often enable the 
weary traveller to quench his thirst by some near-by stream. 
As we all know, the berries are delightful. 

The little group of bees on the plate remind us that Mr. 
Burroughs says the fact at the bottom of the common state- 
ment that bees have their own likes and dislikes for certain 
people, is simply that they will “sting a person who is afraid of 
them and goes skulking and dodging about, and they will not 
sting a person who faces them boldly and has no dread of 
them.” 

R. strigosus and R. occidentalis are the red and black wild 
raspberries from which many of the cultivated varieties have 
been produced. 


300 PLANTS GROWING IN WASTE SOIL. 


SPREADING DOGBANE. (P/ate CL//Z) 


Apocynum androsemzfolium. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Dogbane. Rose colour. Fragrant. Mostly northward. June, July. 


Flowers: in terminal cymes; growing on thread-like flower-stalks. Calyx: 
five-cleft. Corolla: bell-shaped; five-lobed, and veined with a deeper pink. 
Stamens: five. Ovaries: united by an ovate stigma. Pods : large; long; slender. 
Leaves : opposite; ovate. An herb two to eight feet high; forked; branching. 
Juice: milk white ; sticky. 

Truly it is the poets and botanists who are mostly alive to 
the loveliness of the wildings of nature ; and we ever find them 
singing their praises to the exclusion of their more pretentious 
sisters that are under the gardener’s care. 

The tiny blossoms of the spreading dogbane remind us of 
the bells of the lily-of-the-valley ; but they have a delicate 
rose tint, and are exquisitely veined with a deeper colour. 
This is probably to let the bee know of their five glands of 
sweet nectar. 

The plant was formerly thought to be poisonous to dogs. 


VIRGINIA CREEPER. AMERICAN IVY. 
Parthenécissus quinguefolta. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Vine. White. Scentless. General. July. 


Flowers : small; clustered inacyme. f7zzt¢: small black, or blue berries. 
Leaves: divided into five lance-oblong leaflets. A vine climbing by means of 
tendrils and rootlets. 

It is quite distressing to think how often this most beautiful 
of our climbers is shunned and looked upon with distrust by 
the non-botanists simply because the difference between it and 
poison ivy is not known. ‘That ‘it has five leaflets and bluish 
berries should be remembered asa means to distinguish it from 
the three leaflets and whitish fruit of the harmful vine. 

It accommodates itself readily to almost every kind of soil, 
and has been extensively cultivated in Europe and in this coun- 
try for garden decoration. In the autumn the leaves turn a 
brilliant crimson. 


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YF v\\\W 

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PLATE CLIIl. SPREADING DOGBANE. Afocynum androseméfolium. 
(301) 


302 PLANTS GROWING IN WASTE SOIL. 


HEDGE BIND-WEED. 
Convolvulus sepium. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Convolvulus. Pink, or white. Scentless. North Atlantic states. All summer. 


Flowers : terminal; solitary. Calyx : of five sepals surrounded by two leafy 
bracts. Corol/a : bell-shaped ; convolute or twisted in the bud. Stamens: five. 
Pistil: one. Leaves: alternate ; rather halbert-shaped; netted-veined. Stem: 
trailing. /wzce: milky. 

Mr. Burroughs says about this flower : “ Morning-glory is the 
best now. It always refreshes me tosee it.” “In the morning 
and cloudy weather,” says Gray, “ I associate it with the holi- 
est morning hours, It may preside over my morning walks and 
thoughts. There is a flower for every mood of the mind.” 

C. arvensis, or field bindweed, the European species, has made 
itself quite at home in our fields. Its calyx is without bracts. 
Near the coast it becomes a weed. 

The peculiarities of quamoclit coccinea, cypress-vine, are 
clearly represented in Plate CLIV. 


BOUNCING BET. FULLER’S HERB. SOAPWORT. 
(Plate CLV.) 
Saponarta officinalis. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Pink. White, or rose. Fragrant. Generad. Summer. 


Flowers: often one anda half inches broad; growing in corymbed clusters. 
Calyx: tubular; five-toothed. Cvrol/a: of five narrow petals, notched at the 
apex. Stamens; ten. éstil: one, with two curved styles. Leaves : opposite ; 
nearly sessile; lanceolate ; triple-ribbed. Stem : smooth, with swollen joints, 
Juice: mucilaginous. 

It was always a mystery to Dickens that a door nail should 
have been considered so much more dead than any other inani- 
mate object, and it seems also strange that this plant should 
have suggested the idea of bouncing more than other plants. 
Dear Bettie does not bounce, nor could she if she would. She 
sits most firmly on her stem, and her characteristics seem to be 
home-loving and simple. We are sure to find her peeping 
through the garden fences, or on the roadside, where the chil- 


oS 
YEH, 


~~ 


Quamoclit coccinea. 


(303) 


a 
wail 


CYPRESS-ViNE. 


PLATE CLIV. 


ae! eee 


PLATE CLV. BOUNCING BET. Safonarza officinalis. 
(304) 


PLATE CLV|. DOUBLE BOUNCING BET. 


COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES 


PRINTED IN AMERICA. 


Saponaria officinalts. 


COMPANY 


PLANTS GROWING IN WASTE SOIL. 305 


dren nod to her as they pass by. She is one of the best be- 
loved of our waste-ground flora. 

The double variety, Plate CLVI, suggests the bloom of a cul- 
tivated flower; and this is not to be wondered at, as it was at 
one time much planted in gardens, It is rather more common 
than the single variety. Throughout the eastern states the 
plants are spreading very rapidly. Their juice, when mixed 
with water, forms a lather. This fact is well known. 


YELLOW WOOD SORREL. LADY’S SORREL. 
Oxalis stricta. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Gerantun., Golden yellow. Scentless. Generad. All summer. 


Flowers: terminal; solitary. Calyx : of five lanceolate sepals. Corolla: of 
five petals. Stamens: ten. ’ Pistil: one; styles, five. Leaves: divided into 
three obcordate, smooth leaflets. Stem : slender ; erect. 

An odd thing about this pretty sorrel that greets us along 
the roadsides, is the difficulty it seems to have about deciding 
the matter of fertilization. The cleistogamous blossoms that it 
bears are naturally self-fertilized : while the showy flowers most 
cautiously prevent such a thing by being either dimorphous or 
trimorphous,—that is, they have stamens and pistils of two 
different lengths. ‘The short pistils must receive the pollen 
from the short stamens in another blossom ; and the long pistils, 
the pollen from the long stamens. 

At night the plant folds together its leaves and sleeps. O. 
acetosella, Plate CV. 


ENCHANTER’S NIGHTSHADE. 


Circea Lutet@dana. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Evening prinyrose. White. Scentless. General, Suueneer. 


Flowers: small; growing in long, loose, terminal and lateral racemes ; 
pedicels reflexed in fruit. Calyx :two-lobed. Corol/a: of two petals. Stamens: 


two. fustil: one. Leaves: opposite; ovate; smooth; thin;serrated. Stem: 
erect; branching. 


A name is a great deal to the enchanter’s nightshade. One 


306 PLANTS GROWING IN WASTE SOIL, 


fairly bristles with interest to seek it out and pause under its 
powers of enchantment. And in proportion to the keenness 
with which it is sought, will the disappointment be great in 
recognising it; for few flowers possess so little charm, It is 
persistent, too, and thrusts itself upon the attention of the 
passer-by whenever it finds the space to do so along the shady 
roadside, | 


TRAVELLER’S JOY. VIRGIN’S BOWER. (Plate CLVIT) 
Clematis Virgiénzana. 
FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 


Crow/oot. White. Slightly fragrant. New England south- July, August. 
; ward and westward. 


Flowers: imperfect ; clustered loosely in panicles. Calyx: of four oblong, 
petal-like sepals. Corolla: none. Stamens and fistils : indefinite in number. 
fruit: acluster of feathery tailed achenes. Leaves : opposite ; thrice divided; 
toothed. Stem: climbing. 


“The favoured flower 
That bears the name of Virgin’s bower.” 


—SrIR WALTER SCOTT. 


In Gerarde, we read that ‘‘ Traviler’s joie is this same plant 
termed as decking and adorning waies.and hedges where people 
travell ; Virgin's bower, by reason of the goodly shadowe which 
they make with their thick bushing and climbing, as also for the 
beautie of the floweres, and the pleasant scent and savour of © 
the same; and by country folks, old man’s beard, from the 
hoary appearance of the seeds, which remain long on the 
hedges.” 

Little country boys also call the plant, Tom-bacca and smok- 
ing tree, which names are sufficiently suggestive for us to im- 
agine the reason of their delight in the lovely climber. 


MUSK MALLOW. (Llate CL VIII) 


Malva moschata. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Mallow. White, or magenta. Herbage, musk scented. General July-September. 


Flowers: clustered on short peduncles. Calyx: of five ovate sepals. Co- 
rolla ; one and a half inches broad; of five malvaceous petals. Stamens : very 
numerous, growing out from all sides of a column wrapped about the style. 


| 


PLATE CLVIIl. MUSK MALLOW. JMalva moschata. 


COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY, 


PRINTED IN AMERICA, 


fy Lig Fy 


ey) My ? 
ai 


PLATE CLVII]. TRAVELLER'S JOY. Clemat¢s Virginiana. 
(307) 


= 


308 PLANTS GROWING IN WASTE SOIL. 


Pistils ; several. Leaves: five-lobed; the divisions again divided or cleft. 
Stem: one and a half feet high; hairy. 

This lovely flower that has come to us from Europe and es- 
caped from the gardens to the roadsides isa relative of the 
hollyhock. It is mostly in the evening that it emits a faint 
musk-like perfume. 


WHITE ALDER. SWEET PEPPERBUSH. (Plate CLIX.) 
Cléthra alnifolia. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
White aldzr. White. Tragrant, New England southward. July, August. 


Flowers : growing in upright clustered racemes. Calyx: of five sepals. 
Corolla: of five long, narrow petals. Stamens: ten; protruding. /7sti/: one. 
Leaves: alternate; ovate ; veined; toothed. A handsome shrub three to ten 
feet high ; upright; leafy. 

One of the joys of the late season is the bursting into bloom 
of the clethra. Its delicate blossoms and the intense fragrance 
that it sheds about recall again the early spring days of timid 
flowers and soft green leaves which have later become sadly 
overheated or dusty beyond recognition. It seeks its home in 
shady lanes along the coast, where the air is moist, and which is 
undoubtedly the reason of its freshness so late in the season, and 
of the vigour of its dark green leaves. It remains in bloom a 
long time. When bruised the foliage emits a peculiar odour. 

C. acuminata, mountain sweet pepperbush, is found in the 
mountains of Virginia and Georgia. Itis readily knownasa 
near relation of the above species. 


COMMON SPEEDWELL. 
Veronica officinalis. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
ligwort. Light blue. Scentless. General. July. 


Flowers: small; growing in axillary, spike-like racemes. Ca/yxr: four- 
parted. Corolla : wheel-shaped ; with four lobes. Stamens: two. stil: one. 
Leaves ; opposite; on short petioles; obovate; toothed; hairy or smooth. 
Stem : prostrate. 


This dear little speedwell is a variable plant, sometimes 


PLATE CLIX. WHITE ALDER. Clethra alnifolia, 
(309) 


310 PLANTS GROWING IN WASTE SOIL, 


downy and sometimes smooth ; but with enough clearly defined 
traits to make it always recognisable. 

In olden times its leaves were made into a popular beverage, 
something like tea, and for which it is said to have been a very 
good and wholesome substitute, 

V. serpyllifolia, thyme-leaved speedwell, is another variety 
that is fond of the roadsides. The corolla is very pale, striped 
with a darker blue, and the leaves are more rounded in outline 
than those of V. officinalis. 


BUTTER=AND-EGGS. YELLOW TOAD-FLAX. 
Linarta Lindrza. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
figwort. Orange, and yellow, Pleasant. General. Summer. 


flowers: showy; growing closely in a terminal raceme. Calyx : five- 
parted. Coro//a: two-lipped, closed in the throat; extending backward into 
a long, pointed spur; within hairy. The hairs and tip of the corolla of a 
deeper orange shade of yellow. Stamens: four, in pairs of unequal length. 
Pistid: one. Leaves: alternate; linear; grass-like. Sf : erect ; branching ; 
smooth, 

Our very familiarity with these conspicuous and beautiful 
flowers inclines us to pay little heed to them;. although they 
find their way into children’s hands almost more than any other 
of our wayside flora. If we had to seek them through some 
quaking bog with only a vague hope of finding them we should 
probably prize them in some such way as we do the yellow 
orchis.- But they give us no trouble. They galivant along the 
roadsides and we may admire them, or pass them by, just as we 
choose. No doubt the political economist would remind us in 
this connection that things are only valuable that are limited 


in supply. 
BLUE, OR WILD TOAD-=FLAX. 


Linarta Canadénsis. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Figwort, Pale blue, or purple. Scentless. General, J uly-October. 


Flowers : growing in a terminal raceme. Ca/yx ;: five-parted. Corolla; two 
lipped, closed in the throat, extending backward into a long pointed spur. 


PLANTS GROWING IN WASTE SOIL. 311 


Stamens: four,-in pairs of unequal length. Pést#/: one. Leaves: those of the 
base, tufted; those of the stem, alternate; linear; sessile; parallel-veined. 
Stem: erect ; leafy ; smooth. 

Along the sandy roadsides the blue linaria seems to be per- 
fectly at home and happy. It comes early in the summer and re- 
mains until late in the autumn; enjoying the sunshine, the 
singing of the birds and the fun-loving urchins that know it so 
well. It can hardly be said to resemble very closely its near 
relative, the sprightly butter-and-eggs. 

L. repens, pale-blue toad-flax, is a small species that is found 
about the Atlantic seaports. It has come to us from Europe. 


POKEWEED. PIGEON-BERRY. 
Phytolacca decdndra. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Pokeweed. White and pink. Scentless. General. July-September. 


Flowers : on pedicels; growing ina long raceme. Calyx : of five rounded, pet- 
al-like sepals, pinkish on the outside and whitish within. Stamens: ten. Péstil: 
one; styles, ten. The ovary like a greeneye. Fruit: a bunch of many 
purple, juicy berries. Leaves: large; alternate; on long petioles; lanceolate ; 
conspicuously veined ; smooth and thin. Stem: five toten feet high; stocky ; 
smooth. Moots: poisonous. 


In the distribution of talents it 1s not given to every one to 
be an admirer of pokeweed. Even the long, cylindrical racemes 
of purple berries that, clustered among the soft green leaves, 
line many a roadside in the late autumn, fail to call forth the 
least enthusiasm from these slighted people. To them poke- 
weed is pokeweed and that isan end of the matter. Mr. Bur- 
roughs is fond of pokeweed and says: ‘What a lusty, royal 
plantitis! Itnever invades cultivated fields but hovers about 
the borders and looks over the fencés like a painted Indian 
sachem.” 

Although the bloom is usually ascribed to July and the fruit 
to September, there are many spots on Long Island and in New 
Jersey where the plant lingers in blossom until early September. 
Country people boil the young shoots as greens, and from their 
accounts of them they quite rival asparagus in delicacy of 
flavour. The berries also are greatly enjoyed by birds. 


312 PLANTS GROWING IN WASTE SOIL. 


WHITE SWEET CLOVER. WHITE MELILOT. 
Meltlotus dlba. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Pulse. White. Leaves, fragrant. General. July-September. 


Flowers : small, clustered in spike-like racemes. Coro//a: papilionaceous. 
Leaves: divided into three obovate, toothed leaflets, notched at the apex. Stem: 
two tofour feet high ; upright; branching ; leafy. 

Mr. Gibson observed that at night two of the three pretty 
leaflets of the white sweet clover close and the third one, he 
says, “isileft‘out in the colds” 

When dried the foliage has a fragrance like new-mown hay 
and is antagonistic to moths, It is also used asasubstitute for 
snuff and tobacco. 


YELLOW SWEET CLOVER. YELLOW IIELILOT. 
Melilotus offictnales. 

Were it not fora slight shortness in height and the blunt- 
ness of the leaves, we might fancy the yellow sweet clover to 
be the same species as the white one; and that it had simply 
amused itself by wearing a different coloured gown, and follow- 
ing the popular whim for variety. We must, however. conclude 
that they are sisters of equal sweetness and grace. 

It was by a shacy roadside 
My own sweet clover grew, 


Where the low stone wall is broken 
And the pasture comes in view. 


I bent o’er to pick the wilding, 
When hark, was that a sigh ? 

T’ll leave it where God has placed it, 
Thought I, as I sauntered by. 


BLUE VETCH. 
Victa Cracca. 
FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Pulse. Blue Scentless. Mostly north and west. June-August. 


Flowers: growing closely together on one side of a long spike. Calyx: 
short, with unequal teeth. Corol/a : papilionaceous. Leaves : pinnate, divided 
into ten to twelve pairs of smooth, oblong leaflets. The common petiole 
terminating in a tendril, 


Falcata comosa. 


HOG-PEANUT. 
(313) 


PLATE CkX. 


= a eee a 


314 PLANTS GROWING IN WASTE SOIL. 


This ‘‘ splendid tufted vetch,” is found along the borders of 
roadsides and in the thickets. It stretches out its tendrils as 
though it loved to climb and gleefully throws out its bright. 
flowers to mingle with the grasses and brambles. 

V. Americana has larger purple flowers, and but five to seven 
pairs of ovate leaflets. 


HOG-PEANUT. (2/ate CLX.) 


Falcadta comosa. 
FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 


Pulse. Pale ttlac. Scentless. New England to Florida August, September. 
: and westward. 


Flowers : growing in axillary racemes. Ca/yx : tubular; four or five-toothed. 
Corolla : papilionaceous, the standard partly wrapped about the other petals. 
Stamens: ten; united. Pysti2: one. Pods: one inch long; linear. Leaves: 
divided into three, ovate, pointed leaflets; netted-veined; thin; smooth. 
Stem: wiry; three-sided, covered with brown hairs. 

This little plant is another that has its household divided 
against itself. The upper pretty flowers enjoy life, lend them- 
selves to the breeze and are altogether useless; while the 
workers are down below and have no time to deck themselves 
in gay, pretty corollas. It is a graceful climber and has a 
fineness and delicacy of character often strongly in contrast to 
its associates, as it usually twines about coarse, rough plants. 

Whoever maimed the unoffending little thing with the name 
of hog-peanut must still be smarting under the weight of his 
iniquities ; although the circumstance that led to his doing so 
is traced in the underground, pale, one-sided, swollen and hairy 
pods, the product of the hidden blossoms. They are not 
unlike peanuts in appearance, and hogs uproot them to feast | 
upon. Cattle eat also the herbage of the plant. 


SIMPLER’S JOY. BLUE VERVAIN. 
Verbena hastata. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Vervain. Purplish blue. Scentless. General.  —»- July, August. 


Flowers : growing in numerous, corymbed, terminal spikes.. Ca/yx ; tubular ; 
five-toothed. Corolla: tubular; salver-shaped; with five lobes. | Stamens ; 


PLANTS GROWING IN WASTE SOIL. 315 


four ; growing in pairs. %st7/: one. Leaves: opposite; on petioles ; lanceo- 
late pointed at both ends; serrated; rough; conspicuously veined. Stem: 
sometimes six feet high; leafy ; angled; rough. 


Rearing amid the summer foliage its tall steeple-like spikes 
of intense colour, the blue vervain strikes joy to many a heart 
beside that of the ancient simpler, who, of shaggy appearance, 
armed with an old tin kettle and a great bag, bent his back 
and thrust his two-edged knife into the soil that he might bear 
the plant away and haggle with his friend, the chemist, for its 
exchange in filthy lucre. For the herb doctors had no more 
faithful ally than the blue vervain, 

Our plant is not identical with the “sacred herb” of the 
Greeks and Romans; a sprig of which was sent as an ambas- 
sador on treaties of peace, and used to decorate altars at 
sacrifices and incantations. In those days the name verbena 
was rather generally applied to almost any branch that had a 
part in religious rites. ‘The plant has, however, been credited 
with averting disaster and signifies enchantment in the lan- 
guage of flowers. 

V. urticifolia, white vervain, is also common along the 
roadsides. It resembles the simpler’s joy, although its flowers 
are fewer and less attractive. 

Both of these vervains are country cousins of the large- 
flowered, many-coloured verbenas of the gardens. 


CREEPING THYME. 
Thymus Serpyllum. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Mint. Bluish purple. Fragrant. General. Summer. 


Flowers: growing closely in whorls at the ends of the branches and _ pos- 
sessed of a pair of floral leaves. Ca/yx and corolla: two-lipped. Stamens: 
two. isti/: one; style, two-lobed. Leaves: small; ovate; veined ; smooth, 
with a fringe of hairs at the base. Stem: creeping ; branched. 

The round moss-like hillocks of this fragrant wilding form 
pleasant playing grounds for the rabbit to gambol amongst. 
It comes to us from Europe, where it is surrounded with 


many tender and classic associations. 


316 PLANTS GROWING IN WASTE SOIL. 


COMIION MOTHERWORT. 
Leonurus Cardidaca. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Mint. Pale purple. Scentless. New England to North Late summer. 
Carolina and westward. 


Flowers: growing closely in whorls along the branches. Calyx: with 
five awl-shaped tecth. Corolla; two-lipped; the upper lip entire and 
bearded; the lower lip three-lobed, the middle one being larger and obcordate 
Stamens: four, in pairs. Prstid: one; style, two-lobed. Leaves: opposite , 
the lower ones palmately divided, the upper ones, three-clett; rough. Stem: 
tall; erect; leafy; purplish. ' 

We can hardly pass on without considering the motherwort, 
which belongs to the group of plants that were so tenderly 
cherished by our grandmothers, In their homes it played its 
part as a never-failing cure for colds. What a pleasant hobnob 
motherwort, agrimony, boneset, tansy and many other plants 
of their set would have if they should ever meet together and 
chat over the good old times when they were held in such high 


esteem. 
AMERICAN DITTANY. STONE MINT. 


Cunzla origanoides. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Mint. Lavender, or Leaves, fragrant. New York to Georgia August, September. 
white. and westward. 


Flowers: small ; growing in cymose clusters. Calyx: five-toothed ; hairy 
in the throat. Corolla: two-lipped; the lobes nearly equal. Stamens: two ; 
protruding. /zstz77: one; style, two-lobed. Leaves: small; opposite ; ovate, 
heart-shaped at base ; sessile; toothed. Stem :*branching ; highly coloured. 


The dittany would be recognised as a member of the mint 
family from its strong aromatic fragrance. It is a prim little 
plant and its wants in this world are few. It seems to be con- 
tent with the dry, packed soil of the roadside and to have its 
comeliness overshadowed by the masses of composites that are 
greatly en evidence at the late season of the year when it 
blooms, 


SELF-HEAL. HEAL-ALL. 
Prunétlla vulgaris. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Mint. Pinkish purple. Scentless. General. JSune-Septeniber. 


Flowers: small; growing in clusters of threes in a compact, terminal spike 
among leafy bracts. Calyx: two-lipped; the upper lip with three small teeth ; 


PLANTS GROWING IN WASTE SOIL. 317 


the lower one two-cleft. Corolla: two-lipped ; the standard large and over- 
shadowing the other petals; the lower lip, three-clett. Stamens: four. Pistil: 
one; style, two-lobed. Leaves: opposite; on petioles; oblong; smooth ; 
veined, Stem: six inches high; four-angled. 

How grateful the little self-heal must feel to the soft rain 
that falls upon it when thirsty and dusty it tries to maintain its 
reputation for cheeriness along the roadsides. And what a 
wonderful transformation we see in the plant after it has been 
so refreshed. But few flowers bloom at the same time in the 
leafy spike and when examined separately they are found to be 
very pretty. 

The common name of the plant refers to the kindly interest 
it has always taken in the ills of mankind. It is a lover of the 
people. Labourers apply it freely to their wounds and it has 
been used as a never-failing cure for quinsy. 


JERUSALE! ARTICHOKE. WILD SUNFLOWER. 


Helidnthus tuberosus. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Composite. Bright yellow. Scentless. Mostly south and west. All summer. 


Flower-heads: \arge; flat; terminal and composed of both ray and disk 
flowers. The disk-flowers tubular, yellow or yellowish; the rays bright 
yellow. Leaves: on petioles, ovate ; triple-ribbed, hairy. Stem: five to seven 
feet high ; branched above; hairy. Rootstock: tuberous. 

This tall and beautiful species of sunflower has a fancy for 
rearing itself by old fences, and peeping into the gardens. It 
seems as though it could hardly resign itself to be severed en- 
tirely from civilisation and domesticity. Its tubers are quite 
large and edible. 


WILD SUNFLOWER. 
Flelianthus gigantéus. 


FAMILY COLCUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Composite. Yellow. Scentless. Mostly north. Late summer and 
early autumn. 


Flower-heads ; terminal ; solitary, and composed of both ray and disk flowers. 
Jnvolucre : of two series of bract-like pointed leaves. Leaves: alternate; al- 
most sessile; lanceolate; rough. Szem: upright; branched above; leafy ; 
rough, 


318 PLANTS GROWING IN WASTE SOIL. 


This sunflower is our common species of the north and we 
are familiar with seeing it along the roadsides, where it often 
forms a most gorgeous hedge. 

H. méllis, plate CLXI, is found from Ohio southward and 
westward. It is one of the most beautiful of the family. 
The leaves are heart-ovate, opposite and clasping, and the 
whole plant is covered with a white wool, which gives it a misty 
look. It is quite remarkable how well the coloured plate rep- 
resents this effect. ‘lhe plant is from two to four feet high. 

HT. divaricatus has large showy flower-heads and opposite. 
ovate-lanceolate leaves that are rounded at the base. It is 
also partial to the roadsides and banks. 

H{. énnus is the garden species with which we are all familiar. 
In Europe it is cultivated for its seeds, which are fed to 
sheep, pigs and poultry. ‘They are also the principal food of 
parrots. 

According to the mythological] tradition of the Greeks the 
sunflower is none other than the fair water-nymph Clytie, who 
was transformed into the flower. When she found that her 
mad love for Apollo was not returned she grieved greatly, and 
sat nine days upon the ground neither eating nor drinking but 
watching intently the sun. Her head she turned gradually to 
follow him as he travelled from east to west. At last her limbs — 
became rooted to the ground and her face became a sunflower. 

Even to-day the illusion is prevalent that the sunflower, the 
emblem of constancy, turns its face to follow the course of the 
sun. Moore alludes to it in— . 


“ The heart that has truly loved never forgets 
But as truly loves on to the close 
As the sunflower turns -on her god when he sets 
The same look that she turned when he rose.” 
In ancient sculpture the sunflower has ever been a favourite 
decoration, and especially has it been looked upon as sacred in 


those countries that have worshipped the sun. 


PLATE CLXI. SUNFLOWER. Afedlianthus 


COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY FREDERICK A, STOKES COMPANY. 


PRINTED IN AMERICA. 


mollis. 


PLANTS GROWING IN WASTE SOIL. 319 


TANSY. 
Tanacetum vulgare. 
FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Composite. Yellow. Strongly scented. General, All summer. 


Flowers : tiny ; tubular; growing in a flat-topped umbel. eaves : pinnately 
divided into linear, deeply incised leaflets. Stem: two to four feet high, 


_branched at the top. 


“Soone at Easter cometh alleluya 
With butter, cheese and a tansay.” 

In certain parts of Ireland, where customs are perhaps not as 
changeable as they are in this newer world of ours, we might 
at Easter partake in the festival with which the name of tansy 
has been associated, ever since the eleventh century. It then 
came about that tansy was made into cakes for distribution 
among the poor, and the figures of two charitable sisters were 
stamped upon them. 

The medicinal properties that tansy possessed made it desir- 
able to use at this season of the year, to purge away from the 
system the phlegm that had been engendered by the eating of 
fish during the lenten season. 


“ On Easter Sunday be the pudding seen 
To which the tansy lends her sober green.” 


ELECAMPANE. 
\ ‘ = 
Inula Helentum. 
FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Composite. Yellow. Herbaceous. General. Summer. 


Flower-heads : \arge ; terminal and composed of both ray and disk flowers ; 
the former few, long and narrow. eaves: large ; alternate ; clasping ; oblong ; 
serrated : the lower sides pale and woolly. Séem : four to five feet high ; stout. 
Roots: thick; containing a mucilaginous substance. 

There are flowers that speak to us of the sunshine, and there 
are those that cast about a shadow. Happily we associate the 
elecampane with the sun because its face is so bright and 
golden. It has also done many good deeds to man and beast 
during its long residence on the globe. In veterinary practice 
it is used largely in epidemics, and when made into a tea it is ex- 


320 PLANTS GROWING IN WASTE SOIL. 


cellent for coughs, or to strengthen the human system. In 
fact, it is one of the oldest known of the medicinal plants. 


CHAMOMILE. MAYWEED. 


Anthems Cétula. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Composite. White, centre yellow. Strongly scented. Mostly east. Late summer. 


Flower-heads : small; composed of ray and disk flowers similar to those of 
the white daisy. The disk-flowers arranged in a more decided cone and the 
twice pinnately-divided leaves mark the difference by which it may be known. 


“ Bring down the bag of chamomile leaves and put some to 
steep on the stove, Lambie, and trust me to know what will 
bring the roses back to your cheeks when the spring air makes 
you limpid and weak.” 

In some such phrase the virtues of chamomile have been 
sung throughout many generations. It has also been described 
by an old writer as the plant physician ; for a sick plant, when 
placed near it, will frequently recover. Insects, however, can- 
not abide it, in either a dried or powdered form ; and nightmare 
will not enter the portal when a piece of it is laid on the pillow 
beside a troubled sleeper. 

It is a bold little plant and often ventures even into the ruts 
made by heavy wagons in country roads. 


IRON-WEED. (Pilate CLX/Z) 


Verndénia Noveboracénsis. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 


Composite. Reddish purple. Scentless. Maine to Virginia August, September. 
and westward. j : 


Flower-heads: loosely clustered in corymbs on axillary flower-stalks and 
composed of tubular flowers. Znvolucre : of pointed purplish scales similar to 
those of the thistle. eaves: lanceolate; netted-veined ; rough. Stem: tall; 
leafy ; angled; crisp. : 


There is just a little rivalry between the iron-weed and some 
of the members of the aster family, and we often find them 
disputing the possession of the roadside banks. Usually the 
asters come out victorious, and the iron-weed is then driven to 
seek refuge in the low meadows, where it begins the same feud 
over again with Joe-Pye-weed. It is a handsome, brilliant 


PLATE CLXII. 


IRON-WEED. Vernonza Noveboracensts, 


(321) 


322 PLANTS GROWING IN WASTE SOIL. 


plant and ata distance might easily be mistaken for an aster. 
Its tubular flowers and involucre, however, at once remind us 
that it is the iron-weed. 


BONESET. THOROUGHWORT. 
Eupatortum per foliatum. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Composite. Greenish white. Herbaceous. General. August, September. 


Flower-heads ; very small; tubular, growing in large, dense corymbs. Leaves : 
opposite; united at the base about the stem; lanceolate; rough ; netted-veined 
and serrated. Stem : four to five feet high; branching ; leafy ; very hairy. 


When in full blow the protruding stamens from these innumer- 
able little flowers give a fluffy look to boneset that greatly 
adds to its rather slight claim to beauty. Perhaps the know- 
ing insects have the same faith in its efficacy for healing as was 
believed in. by the good old herb doctors, as they manage 
almost every season to devour the leaves so that they are 
left simply fibrous net-works. 

Boneset is, as it has always been, a staunch friend to frail 
humanity, and a well-prepared decoction of the dried herb 
causes new vigour to flow through the veins of many a droop- 
ing mortal. 

Boneset taffy is very good, much better to taste, in fact, than 
boneset tea. | 


COMMON YARROW. IMILFOIL. (Plate CLX7/L) 
Achilléa Mellefolium. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Composite. White, or pinkish. Leaves, strongly scented. General. JSuly-October. 


Flower-heads : growing in compound corymbs and composed of hoth ray 
and disk flowers. The rays four or five, square and three-cleft at the apex ; 
the disk dingy white. Zeaves: alternate ; twice divided into fine segments. 
Stem : very leafy ; angled; much branched at the top. 


It is fortunate that the milfoil is attributed with so many 
virtues and has the sanction of the great Achilles, whose name 
it bears, and who is said to have discovered its healing pro- 
perties, and to have employed them for the benefit of his 
soldiers ; for certainly itis not pretty. That is, we think it is 
not pretty when we see it along the roadside. Placed under a 


ae { 
4 aa a Vi > 
Ae INGG 7g 
Ps yy ie y 
' Y 


PLATE CLXIII. COMMON YARROW. Achillea Millefolium. 
(323) 


324 PLANTS GROWING IN WASTE SOIL.’ 


microscope, however, it is astonishing the amount of beauty it 
reveals. In some parts of England it is still used for weaving 
bridal wreaths and has been thus celebrated in flower-lore. 
“ Thou pretty nest of Venus’ tree, 
Thy true name it is yarrow, 


Now who thy bosom friend must be, 
Pray tell thou me to-morrow.” 


CHICORY. SUCCORY. (Plate CLXIV,) 


Cichorium fnt tybus. 
FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Chicory. Blue, white, or pink. Scentless. Mostly east. Summer and autumn. 


Flower-heads : showy; arranged along the stem, and composed entirely of 
strap-shaped flowers. eaves: entire; lanceolate; pointed and clasping, the 
floral ones bract-like and small. Stem: upright, branching. 


“ And spreading succory chokes the rising field.” 
— VIRGIL. 

The name cichorium is of Arabic origin, which would rather 
suggest that this little plant has travelled far and seen a wealth 
of places. We know that Horace had it frequently upon his 
menu, and that in Egypt it is used as an article of food. From 
the leaves the French make a most delicious salad. No doubt 
it has a taste for serving all nations, and so has unceremoni- 
ously crossed the ocean and is bent on keeping its blue eye 
upon the new world. Happily it has had the good manners to 
bring with it a bright, attractive appearance, or those detractors 
of weeds might feel a little miffed at the cool way in which it 
has taken possession of our highways. As yet it has not 
travelled very far southward. 

Its deep dandelion-like roots have been used to adulterate 
coffee. Their disagreeable flavour, however, is at once per- 
ceptible. 


ROADSIDE ASTERS. 


FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
Composite. Bluish purple, or Scentless. General. Summer and early 
white. autumn, 


“ And everywhere the purple asters nod 
And bend and wave and flit.” 


Cichorium Intybus. 


CHICORY. 


PEATE. CLEIV. 


COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY. 


PRINTED IN AMERICA, 


PLANTS GROWING IN WASTE SOIL. 325 


Aster patens, late purple aster, Plate CXXXIII, appears 
along the roadsides in early August, and is one of the first 
shadowy prophecies of the approaching autumn, It isa large, 
beautiful species with solitary flower-heads, a half inch to two 
inches in diameter, and borne at the end of rough, spreading 
branches. It is readily known by its lanceolate, clasping upper 
leaves and the heart-shaped ones of the lower stem. 

A, /evis, smooth aster, Plate CX XXIII, is a similar species, 
only its flower-heads are clustered together ina panicle. Its 
colour is not such a deep purple as that of A. patens, and it 
seldom reaches over two feet high. It lives by the roadsides 
or in the open wood borders, and is one of the most lovely of 
the family. 

A, cordifolius is the tiny pale blue aster with the saucy little 
dark disk-flowers that peep through the fences along the road- 
sides. Its flower-heads are numerous in a loose panicle ; and 
its leaves, as its name indicates, are heart-shaped. The plant 
is smooth in texture. 

A, ericoides, white heath aster, is the familiar tiny white aster 
that is so conspicuous along the roadsides. It grows about a 
foot high, and bears innumerable flower-heads on its wiry, 
spreading branches. 

A. divaricatus, white wood aster, is also noticeable along the: 
roadside and by thin borders of open woods. It has but few, 
six to nine, white rays in loosely clustered flower-heads. The 
leaves are long, narrow, and grow upon zigzag stems. 

As the golden-rods, the asters are a peculiar feature of the 
unrivalled tints of the American autumn. 

“ There is a lesson in each flower, 
A story in each stream and bower ; 
In every herb on which you tread, 
Are written words, which rightly read 
Will lead you from earth’s fragrant soil, 


To hope and holiness and God.” 
—ALLEN CUNNINGHAM. 


Index to Colour. 


ABRONIA, White, 194. 
Alder, White, 308. 
Andromeda, Marsh, 57. 
Apple, Mock, 106. 
Arrow-head, 36. 
Arbutus, Trailing, 204. 
Asters, Swamp, 77. 
“Sandy soil, 254. 
‘* Roadside, 324. 
Avens, White, 217. 


BANEBERRY, White, 154. 
Bayonet, Spanish, 231. 
Beach Plum, 232. 

Beard’s Tongue, White, 196. 
Bergamot, Wild, 198. 
Bind-weed, Field, 302. 

2)? ee Ue eeeS goa, 
Bishop-weed, Mock, Io1. — 
bitter Sweet, 2098. 
Black-haw, 261. 

Blood-root, 186. 
Boneset, 322. 
Bouncing Bet, 302. 
sy Double, 305. . 
Buckbean, 7o. 
Bunch-berry, 158. 


Bush-clover, Round-headed, 246. 


Button-bush, 97. 


CALAMINT, Carolina, 250. 
Campion, Starry, 220. 
Carrot, Wild, 281. 
Cassandra, Dwarf, 97. 
Catalpa, 196. 


WHITE. 


Chamomile, 320. 

Chicory, 324. 

Chokeberry, 50. 
Choke-cherry, 86. | 
Clover, White Sweet, 312. 
Cohosh, Black, 156. 
Cornel, Panicled, 95. 
Cranberry Tree, 118. 
Creeper, Virginia, 300. 
Cress, Bulbous, 96. 
Crinkle-root, 184. 

Crinum, American, 44. 
Crowfoot, Common White, 30. 
Culver’s-root, 198. 


Datsy, White, 291. 
Dalibarda, 150. 
Dittany, American, 316. 
Dodder, Common, 278. 
Dog’s-tooth Violet, White, 82. 
Dogwood, Flowering, 160. 
ng Round-leaved, 160. 
. Wild Red-Osier, 95. 
Dutchman’s Breeches, 174. 


ELDER, I20. 
Everlasting, Plantain-leaf, 287. 


FLEABANE, Larger Daisy, 290. 
. Smaller Daisy, 291. 

Foam Flower, 158. 

Fringe Tree, Common, 94. 


GENTIAN, Fringed, 128. 
. Striped, 286. 
Ginseng, Five-leaved, 222. 


INDEX TO COLOUR. 


Gold Thread, 50. 
Green-brier, 298. 
Ground-nut, 220. 


HAWTHORN, I50. 

Hemlock, Water, 30. 

Hepatica, 207. 

Hobble-bush, 188. 

Honeysuckle, White Swamp, 55. 


-Hound’s Tongue, 265. 


INDIAN PIPE, 168. 
we Tobacco, 274. 
Ivy, Poison, 261. 


Ja MESTOWN-WEED, 278. 


LApy’s SLIPPER, Showy, 60. 
Lady’s Tresses, Siender, 284. 
Larkspur, Carolina, 212. 

- Dwarf, 212. 
Laurel, Mountain, 161. 
Lily-of-the-Valley, False, 143. 
Lizard’s Tail, 55. 

Lobelia, Southern, 75. 


MAGNOLIA, Small, 69. 
Mandrake, Wild, 214. 
Mallow, Musk, 306. 
Meadow-sweet, 86. 
Mitre-wort, 158. 
Moth-mullen, 284. 
Mustard, White, 297. 


NEVINS’S STONE CROP, 172. 
Nightshade, Enchanter’s, 305. 


ORCHIS, White-fringed, 65. 


PARTRIDGE VINE, 216. 


Pepperbush, Mountain Sweet, 308. 


Pimpernel, 236. 

Pink, Ground, 187. 
Pipsissewa, 206. 

Plantain, Rattlesnake, 184. 
Pokeweed, 311. 

Polygala, Purple, 114, 


Primrose, Scapose, 270. 
Pyxie, 203. 


RHODODENDRON, Great, 163. 
Rock-cress, 186. 

Rose, Early White, 152. 

Rue Anemone, 210. 

Rue, Tall Meadow, 102. 


SARSAPARILLA, Wild, 222. 
Saxifrage, Early, 156. 
Shad-bush, 256. 
Shepherd’s Purse, 297. 
Shin-leaf, 164. 
Sidalcea, White-flowered, 108. 
Silver-rod, 136. 
Snowberry, Creeping, 56. 
Snowdrop Tree, Four-winged, 84. 
Solomon’s Seal, False, 142. 
Sourwood, 161. 
Spikenard, American, 223. 
Spring Beauty, 206. 
Spurge, Flowering, 252. 
Stagger-bush, 235. 
Stagger-weed, 212. 
Star, Blazing, 84. 
Star-flower, 214. 
Steeple-bush, 86. 
Stenanthium, Stout, 84. 
Sumach, Poison, 53. 

ig Smooth Upland, 262. 
Sundew, Round-leaved, 74. 
Sweet-cicely, Smoother, 194. 


TEA, New Jersey, 224. 
Thimble-weed, 210. 
Toothwort, Cut-leaved, 96. 
Traveller’s Joy, 306. 
Trillium, Painted, 144. 
Turtle-head, 110. 
Twin-leaf, 213. 


VENUS’S FLY-TRAP, 74. 
Vervain, White, 315. 
Viburnum, Maple-leaved, 260. 
Violet, Canada, 148. 


327 


ae 


328° INDEX TO COLOUR. 


Violet, Lance-leaved, ro2. 
“« Sweet White, ror, 


WAKE-RoBIN, Large-flowered, 144. 


Water-arum, 21. 
Water-lily, White, 24. 
Water-parsnip, 32. 
Water-plantain, 38. 


Whitlow-grass, Vernal, 236. 
Wind-flower, 208. 
Wintergreen, Creeping, 166. 

*¢ © ~~ Round-leaved, 166, 
Wood-sorrel, 200. 


YARROW, Common, 322. 


YELLOW AND ORANGE. 


AGRIMONY, Tall Hairy, 217. 
Artichoke, Jerusalem, 317. 
Avens, Yellow, 53. 


BEECH-DROPS, False, 170. 
Bellwort, 146. 
Bellwort, Perfoliate, 148. 
Black-eyed Susan, 292. 
Bladderwort, Common, 34. 
- Horned, 67. 

Britton’s Cone-flower, 293. 
Butter-and-Eggs, 310. 
Buttercup, Bulbous, 257. 

- Meadow, 258. 


CELANDINE, 276. 
Cinquefoil, Shrubby, 264. 

=~ Silvery, 265. 

i Rough, 265. 
Clover, Yellow Sweet, 3(2. 
Cow-wheat, Narrow-leaved, 228. 
Crowfoot, Yellow Water, 30. 
Cress, Winter, 296. 


DANDELION, 287. 
a Fall, 287. 


ELECAMPANE, 319. 


Evening-primrose, Comraon, 268. 


FIVE-FINGER, 262. 
Floating-heart, 41. 
Fly-honeysuckle, 188. 
Foxglove, Downy False, 230. 


Foxglove, Fern-leaf False, 230. 
- Smooth False, 228, 


GINGER, Wild, 170. 
Goat’s Rue, 240. 

Golden Club, 22. 
Golden-Rods, Swamp, 77. 


ee Moist Soil, 134. 
Sandy Soil, 255. 
= Dry Soil, 293. 


Grass, Water Star, 33. 


HEDGE-HYSSOP, II2. 
Honeysuckle, Bush, Igo. 

a Japanese, Igo. 
Horse-mint, 248. 


INDIAN CUCUMBER-ROOT, 143. 
Indian Poke, 46. 
Indigo, Wild, 241. 


JEWEL-WEED, 120. 
‘- Pale, 121. 


Lapy’s SLIPPER, Yellow, 178. 
ie = Smaller, 178. 
Lettuce, Wild, 132. 
Lily, Carolina, 83. 
‘*¢ “Turk’s-cap, 83. 
‘© Wild Yellow, 83. 
Loosestrife, Bulb-bearing, 93. 


st Four-leaved, 216, 
fe Fringed, 93. 
: Lance-leaved, 93. 


MARSH MARIGOLD, 48. 


+ — = —-_ eo ii— —— — OS OS Oe Ee 


Mullen, Great, 282. 
ty Moth, 284. 
Mustard, Black, 297. 


NELUMBO, Yellow, 28. 


ORANGE-GRASS, 274. 


_ Orchis, Yellow-fringed, 65. 


Orpine, American, 174. 


PAINTED CUP, 250. 

Parsnip, Meadow, t00, 
Partridge Pea, 244. 

Passion Flower, Yellow, 273. 
Poppy, California, 275. 

“~~ Célandine, 276. 
Pond-lily, Yellow, 26. 
Poverty-grass, 234. 

Prickly Pear, 238. 


RaGwort, Golden, 288. 
Rattlebox, 241. 
Rattlesnake-weed, 291. 
Rock-rose, 235. 


SENNA, Wild, 242. 
Sneezeweed, 130. 


i ‘*  Purple-head, 130. 


INDEX TO COLOUR. 


Solomon’s seal, 142. 
Sorrel, Yellow Wood, 305. 


Spearwort, Water-plantain, 48. 


Spice-bush, 168. 
St. Andrew’s Cross, 238. 


St. John’s-wort, Common, 273. 


os *. -Shrubby,. 238. 

oJ «e_.. Smaller, 108. 
St. Peter’s-wort, 236. 
Star-grass, Yellow, 257. 
Sundrops, Allen’s, 270. 
Sunflower, Wild, 317. 
Sunflowers, 318. 


TANSY, 3109. 

Thistle, Field Sow, 292. 
Tick-seed, 288. 
Trumpet-flower, 95. 


VIOLET, Dog’s-tooth, 82. 
oF Downy yellow, 212. 
~ Round-leaved, 150. 


WITCH-HAZEL, 201. 
W ood-betony, 226. 


YELLOW-ADDER’S TONGUE, 82. 


RED AND ORANGE RED. 


AQUILEGIA TRUNCATA, 154. 
Asclepias lanceolata, 76. 


BANEBERRY, Red, 154. 
Beech-drops, False, 170. 
Buckbean, 70. 
Butterfly-weed, 281. 


CARDINAL FLOWER, 121. 
** ~ Monkey-flower, r1o. 
Columbine, 153. 


FIRE-PINK, 218. 


GROUND Ivy, 266. 


HOouUND’s TONGUE, 265. 
Honeysuckle, Trumpet, Igo. 


LILy, Wood, 140. 
OswEGco TEA, 126. 


PAINTED CUP, 250. 
Pennyroyal, American, 267. 
Pimpernel, 236. 


TRUMPET-FLOWER, 965. 


WAKE-RoBIN, Ill-scented, 146. 


Wood-betony, 226. 


329 


330 INDEX TO COLOUR. 


PINK, ROSE, CRIMSON AND MAGENTA. 


ANDROMEDA, Marsh, 57. Meadow-sweet, 86. 

_ Arbutus, Trailing, 204. Milkweed, Common, 280. 
Arethusa, 59. = Swamp, 76. 
Azalea, Smooth, 164. Milkwort, Moss, 65. 

Moccasin Flower, 178. 
BEACH PLUM, 232. Moth-Mullen, 284. 
Bindweed, Field, 302. 
ity Hedge, 302. OBEDIENT PLANT, 127. 
Bitter-bloom, 199. Orchis, Showy, 18o., 


Bouncing Bet, 302. 
= ** Double, 304. 
Bush-clover, 246. 


PINK, Ground, 187. 
=; Wild, 218. 
Pipsissewa, 206. 


CALOPOGON, 60. sig Spotted, 206. 

Calypso, 59. Pitcher-plant, 47. 

Chicory, 324. Polygala, Fringed, 213. 

Clover, Bush, 246. Primrose, Scapose, 270. 

Corydalis, Pale, 176. Pyxie, 203. 

Cranberry, American, 57. 

Cress, Bulbous, 96. RASPBERRY, Purple Flowering, 299. 
Rose, Swamp, 50. 

DOGBANE, Spreading, 300. Rue, Early Meadow, 152. 


FLEABANE, Salt Marsh, 75. 


; SEA-PINK, 72. 
Fire-weed, 272. 


Shooting-star, Colorado, gr. 
Snake-mouth, 62. 


GERANIUM, Wild 223. Spring Beauty, 206 
pring Beauty, 206. 


ITAWTHORN, I50. Steeple-bush, 88. 
Ilerb Robert, 2o1. Strophilirion, 138. 
Iloneysuckle, Wild, 55. Squirrel Corn, 176. 
Sweet William, Wild, 187. 
KNOTWEED, Amphibious, 38. 
. Sand, 254. THISTLE-BuR, 294. 
LARKSPUR, Carolina, 212. Canada, 295. ° 


Tick-seed, Rose-coloured, 290. 


Laurel, Mountain, 161. ‘ 
; é Twin-flower, 192. 


‘6 Sheep, 163. 
MaL tow, Musk, 306. WAX-WEED, Blue, 286. 

2, \ ROSE ae: Willow Herb, Small, 94. 

Meadow Beauty, 112, 2: ** Hairy, 94. 


INDEX TO COLOUR. 331 


PURPLE AND LAVENDER. 


ASTERS, Swamp, 77. 
“ Sandy Soil, 254. 
Roadside, 324. 
Avens, Water, 52. 


BEACH PEA, 244. 


‘ Beard’s Tongue, Hairy, 196. 


Bergamot, Wild, 198. 
Butterfly Pea, 276. 


CALAMINT, Carolina, 250. 
Cohosh, Blue, 77. 
Coral-root, Striped, 182. 
Corn-cockle, 274. 


DirtTany, American, 316. 
Dwarf-iris, Crested, 80. 


FLAG, Larger Blue, 79. 
Fleabane, Larger Daisy, 290. 
_ Smaller ‘*  2o1. 


GERANIUM, Wild, 223. 
Gerardia, Purple, 252. 


Ho6-PEANUT, 314. 
IRON-WEED, 320. 


Jacos’s LADDER, American, 53. 
Jamestown-weed, Purple, 278. 
Joe-Pye-weed, 134. 


LARKSPUR, Tall, 210. 
Lettuce, Wild, 132. 
Lobelia, Great, 122. 

i spleata, 124. 
Loosestrife, Purple-spiked, 98. 


MILKWEED, Ashy, 77. 
Milkwort, Large-flowered, 114. 
Mint, Wild, 124. 
Monkey-flower, 109. 


Monkshood, 104. 
Motherwort, Common, 316. 


NIGHTSHADE, 106, 

ORCHIS, Fringeless Purple, 64. 
poe Large, Purple-fringed, 62. 
ria Small, eH nig 64. 


PASSION FLOWER; 272. 
Pink, Ground, 187. 

** Swamp, 46. 
Phlox, Wild, 187. 
Plantain, Robin’s, 290. 
Polygala, Purple, 114. 
Psoralea, Round-leaved, 124. 


RuE, Purplish Meadow, 152. 


SEA LAVENDER, 70. 
Self-heal, 316. 
Shooting Star, Colorado, gr. 
Skullcap, Hyssop, 246. 
St. John’s-wort, Marsh, 67. 
Star, Blazing, 294. 

*¢ Scaly Blazing, 294. 
Stokesia, Blue, 132. 


THYME, Creeping, 315. 
Tick-trefoil, Prostrate, 224. 
Toothwort, Cut-leaved, 96. 
Turtle-head, Purple, 
Twisted Stalk, 140. 


VERBENA, Large-flowered, 268. 
Vetch, American, 312. 
Violet, Common Blue, 258. 

* Pedata bicolor, 234. 


WATER-SHIELD, 24. 
Wood-betony, 226. 
Wood-sorrel, Violet, 200. 


332 INDEX TO COLOURS. 


BLUE, 
ASTER, Pale Blue, 325. LARKSPUR, Carolina, 212. 
“ Dwarf, 212. 
BELLFLOWER, Panicled, 148. = Tall,*210. 


. Tall Wild, 91. 
Bluebells, go. 
Blue-curls, 248. 
Blue-eyed Mary, 108. 
Bluets, 97. 
Brooklime, American, 41. 


CLEMATIS, Marsh, 67. 
Chicory, 324. 
Columbine, Long-spurred, 154. 


Day FLOWER, Common, 116. 
bs . Slender, 116. 


FORGET-ME-NOT, Smaller, 88. 


GENTIAN, Closed, 128. 
* Fringed, 128. 
_ Stiff, 199. 
Grass, Pointed Biue-eyed, 8o. 


HAREBELL, Common, go. 
Hepatica, 207. 


INDIAN TOBACCO, 274. 
Ivy, Ground, 266. 


CARRION-FLOWER, I00. 
Cohosh, Blue, 177. 


JACK-IN-THE-PULPIT, 137. 


MILKWoRT, Moss, 65. 


Lobelia, Southern, 75. 
Lupine, Wild, 240. 


PENNYROYAL, American, 267. 
Phlox, Wild, 187. 
Pickerel-weed, 32. 

Pimpernel, 236. 


RUELLIA, Smooth, 177. 


SIMPLER’s JOY, 314. 
Speedwell, Common, 308. 
ad 4 Thyme-leaved, 310. 
Spiderwort, 118. 
Skullcap, Mad Dog, 126. 

. Hyssop, 246. 
Stagger-weed, 212. 
Stokesia, Blue, 132. 


TOAD-FLAX, Blue or Wild, 310. 
= Pale Blue, 311. 


VETCH, Blue, 312. 

Violet, Bird’s Foot, 232. 
Viper’s-bugloss, 266. 
Venus’s Looking-glass, 297. 


WATER-HYACINTH, 33- 


GREEN. 


ORCHIS, Great Green, 180. 


PITCHER-PLANT, 4). 
Polygala, Purple, 114. 


SKUNK CABBAGE, 43. 


WINTERGREEN, Serrated, 166. 


Index to English Names. 


ABRONIA, White, 194. 
Adam’s Needle, 231. 
Adder’s Tongue, White, 82. 
Agrimony, Tall Hairy, 217. 
Alder, White, 308. 
Andromeda, Marsh, 57. 
Anemone, Rue, 210. 
Apple, May, 214. 

‘¢ ~~ Mock, ro6. 

** Wild Balsam, 106, 
Arbutus, Trailing, 204. 
Arethusa, 59. 

Arrow-head, 36. 
Arrow-wood, 260. 
Artichoke, Jerusalem, 317. 
Asters, Swamp, 77. 

se Sandy Soil, 254. 

** Roadside, 324. 
Avens, Purple, 52. 

ENV ater, 52. 

oi. White, 217. 

“ Yellow, 53. 
Azalea, Clammy, 55- 

“ Pink, 55. 

‘¢ Smooth or Tree, 164. 


BANEBERRY, Red, 154. 
re White, 154. 
Bayonet, Spanish, 231. 
Bay, Sweet, 60. 
Beach Pea, 244. 
“ ~ Plum, 232. 
Bean, Sacred, 28. 
Beard’s Tongue, Hairy, 196. 
“< fe White, 196. 


Bee Balm, 126. 
Beech-drops, False, 170. 
Bellflower, Tall Wild, gt. 
- Panicled, 148. 
Bellwort, 146. 
= Perfoliate, 148. 
Benjamin-bush, 168. 
Bergamot, Wild, 198. 
Bind-weed, Field, 302. 
= Hedge, 302. 
Birthroot, 146. 
Bishop’s Cap, 158. 
Bishop-weed, Mock, tot. 
Bitter-bloom, 199. 
Bitter Sweet, 106. 
ce se 208. 
Black-eyed Susan, 292. 
Black-haw, 261. 
Bladderwort, Common, 34. 
A Horned, 67. 
Blood-root, 186. 
Bluebells, go. 
Blue-curls, 248. 
Blue-eyed Mary, 108. 
Bluets, 97. 
Blueweed, 266. 
Boneset, 322. 
Bouncing Bet, 302. 
se ** Double, 305. 
Brooklime, American, 41. 
Buckbean, 70. 
Bugbane, 156. 
Bugloss, Viper’s, 266. 
Bunch-berry, 158. 
Bush-clover, 246. 


334 INDEX TO ENGLISH NAMES, 


Butter-and-Eggs, 310. 
Buttercup, bulbous, 257. 

¥ ‘Tall or Meadow, 258. 
Butterfly Pea, 276. 
Butterfly-weed, 281. 
Button-bush, 97. 


CALAMINT, Carolina, 250. 
Calico-bush, 161. 

Calla, Wild, 2t. 
Calopogon, 60. 

Calypso, 59. 

Campion, Starry, 220. 
Candle-tree, 196. 
Cardinal Flower, 121. 

Kf ‘© Blue, 122. 
Carrion-flower, 100. 
Carrot, Wild, 281. 
Catalpa, 196. 

Cat-brier, 100. 
" 2098. 
Cassandra, Dwarf, 97. 
Catchfly, Virginia, 218. 
Cat-gut, 240. 
Cat’s-foot, Smaller, 288. 
Celandine, 276. 
Chamomile, 320. 
Checkerberry, 166. 
Chicory, 324. 
Chinquepin, Water, 28. 
Chokeberry, 50. 
Choke-cherry, 86. 
Cicely, Smoother Sweet, 194. 
Cinquefoil, Common, 262. 
= Rough, 265. 
* Shrubby, 264. 


- Silvery or Hoary, 265. 


Clematis, Marsh, 67. 
Clover, Yellow Sweet, 312. 

‘¢ White Sweet, 312. 
Club, Golden, 22. 
Cohosh, Black, 156. 

oa Blue, 177. 
Columbine, 153. 

se Long-spurred, 154. 

Cone-flower, 292. 


Cone-flower, Britton’s, 293. 
Coral-root, 182. 

as Striped, 182. 
Corn-cockle, 274. 
Corn-rose, 274. 
Cornel, Dwarf, 158. 
Cornel, Panicled, 95. 
Corpse Plant, 168. 
Corydalis, Pale, 176. 
Cowbane, Spotted, 30. 
Cowslip, American, QI. 

re Virginia, go. 
Cow-wheat, Narrow-leaved, 228. 
Cranberry, American, 57. 

> Tree, 118. 
Cranesbill, Wild, 223. 
Creeper, Virginia, 300. - 
Cress, Bulbous, 96. 

‘¢ Winter, 296. 

Crinkle-root, 184. 
Crinum, American, 44. 
Crowfoot, Yellow Water, 30. 

ee 
Culver’s Root, 198. 
Cuphea, Clammy, 286. 
Cypress-vine, 302. 


Daltsy, English, 291. 

“ .Oxeyed, 201. 

“White, 291. 
Dalibarda, 150. 

Dandelion, 287. 
= Fall, 287. 

Day Flower, Common, 116, 

* a Slender, 116. 
Deer Grass, II2. 
Devil’s Bit, 84, 
Dittany, American, 316. 
Dodder, Common, 278. 
Dockmaxie, 260. 
Dock, Spatter, 26. 

‘* Velvet or Mullen, 282. 
Doghane, Spreading, 300. 
Dogwood, Flowering, 160. 

pi Panicled, 95. 
ai Round-leaved, 160. 


Common White Water, 30. 


INDEX TO ENGLISH NAMES. 


Dogwood, Wild Red-osier, 95. 
Dragon Head, False, 127. 
Dutchman’s Breeches, 174. 
Dwarf-iris, Crested, 8o. 
Dyer’s-weed, 293. 


ELDER, 120. 

‘* Poison, 53- 
Elderberry, 120. 
Elecampane, 319. 


Evening-primrose, Common, 268. 


Everlasting, Mouse-ear, 287. 
“ Plaintain-leaf, 287. 


FEVER-BUSH, 168. 
Fire-weed, 272. 
Five-finger, 262. 
Flag, Larger Blue, 79. 
Fleabane, Larger Daisy, 290. 
= Smaller Daisy, 291. 
“ Salt-marsh, 75. 
Fleur-de-lis, 79. 
Floating-heart, 41. 
Fly-honeysuckle, 188. 
Foam Flower, 158. 
Forget-me-not, Smaller, 88. 
Foxglove, Downy False, 230. 
“ce 
False, 230. 
‘¢ Smooth False, 228. 
Friar’s Cap, 104. 
Fringe Tree, Common, 94. 
Frost-weed, 235. 
Fuller’s Herb, 302. 


GENTIAN, Closed, 128. 

**  Five-flowered, 199. 
fa. Bringed, 128. 

“ Stiff, 199. 

me Striped, 286. 

Geranium, Wild, 223. 
Gerardia, Purple, 252. 
Ghost Flower, 168. 
Gill-over-the-ground, 266. 
Ginger, Wild, 170. 
Ginseng, Dwarf, 220. 

= Five-leaved, 222. 


Fern-leaf or Lousewort 


Globe Flower, 97. 
Goat’s Rue, 240. 
Golden Cups, 257. 
Golden-rods, Swamp, 77. 
ne ** Moist Soil, 134. 
Sandy Soil, 255. 
Dry Soil, 293. 
Gold Thread, 50. 
Grass, Pointed Blue-eyed, 80. 
=) “Water. Star, 33. 
Green-brier, 298. 
Ground-nut, 220. 
Guelder-rose, Wild, 118. 


ce se 


“ec ee 


HARDHACK, 88. 
Harebell, Common, go. 
Hawkweed, 291. 

er Green’s, 292, 
Hawthorn, 150. 
Heal-all, 316. 
Heather, False, 234. 
Hedge-hyssop, I12. 
Hellebore, False, 46. 
Hemlock, Water, 30. 
Hepatica, 207. 
Herb Robert, 201. 
Hobble-bush, 188. 
Hog-peanut, 314, 
Honey-balls, 97. 
Honeysuckle, Bush, 1go. 

oe Japanese, Igo, 


4 Trumpet, Igo. 


s White Swamp, 55. 


7 Wild, 55. 
Hound’s Tongue, 265. 
Horse-brier, 208. 
Horse-mint, 248. 
Houseleek, 172. 
Huntsman’s-cup, 47. 


INDIAN BEAN, 196. 
‘¢ ~~ Cucumber-root, 143. 
oe Wie. 238. 
Indian-pipe, 168. 
> Plant, 136. 
Poke, 46: 


335 


336 INDEX TO ENGLISH NAMES. 


Indian Tobacco, 274. 
$* = Tarnip, 4 37- 

Indigo, Wild or False, 241. 
Innocence, 108. 
Iron-weed, 320. 
Ivy, American, 300. 

“Ground, 266. 

‘* Poison, 261. 


JACK-IN-THE-PULPIT, 137. — 
Jacob’s Ladder, American, 53. 
Jamestown-weed, 278. 
Jewel-weed, 129. 

Xp Pale, 12%. 
Joe-Pye-weed, 134. 
Jointweed, Coast, 254. 
June-berry, 256. 


KNOTWEED, Amphibious, 38. 
E Sand, 254. 


Lapy’s TREsSES, Slender, 284. 


“> Slipper, Fink, 17- 


a uF Showy, 60. 
ee as Smaller, 178. 
e " Yellow, 178. 


Lambkill, 163. 
Larkspur, Carolina, 212. 
5 Tall, 210. 

Laurel, Great, 163. 
‘¢ Ground, 204. 
‘* Mountain, 161. 
*}) .SReEp; ton. 
- Leather-leaf, 97. 
Lettuce, Wild, 132. 
Lily, Carolina, 83. 
‘¢ Meadow, 83. 
‘*  Turk’s-cap, 83. 
‘¢ Wild Red, 140. 
“Wild Yellow, 83. 
“* Wood, 140. 
Lily-of-the-Valley, False, 143. 
Live-for-ever, 174. 
Liver-leaf, 207. 
Lizard’s Tail, 55. 


Lobelia, Blue, 124 

ni Great, 122. 

_ Southern, 75. 
Loosestrife, Bulb-bearing, 93. 


s Four-leaved, 216. 
oe Fringed, 93. 

ay Lance-leaved, 93. 
ne Purple Spiked, 98. 


Lousewort, 226. 
Love Vine, 278. 
Lungwort, go. 
Lupine, Wild, 240. 


MAGNOLIA, Small, 69. 
Mallow, Marsh, 70. 

= Musk, 306. 

% Rose, 69. 

“ Swamp, 69. 
Mandrake, Wild, 214. 
Marsh-mallow, 70. 
Marsh Marigold, 48. 
Mayflower, 204. 
Mayweed, 320. 
Meadow Beauty, 112. 
Meadow-sweet, 86. 
Meiilot, White, 312. 

re Yellow, 312. 
Milfoil, 322. 
Milkweed, Ashy, 77. 


= Common, 280. 

gs Swamp, 76. 
Milkwort, Large-Flowered, 114. 

<A Moss, 65. 


Mint, Stone, 316. 
4 Wald, 324; 
Mitre-wort, 158. 

. False, 158. 
Moccasin Flower, 178. 
Monkey-flower, ro9. 

rs ** Cardinal, I1o. 
Monkshood, 104. 
Moss, Flowering, 203. 
Motherwort, Common, 316. 
Moth-mullen, 284. 
Mullen, Great, 282. 


Mustard, Black, 297. 
‘ White, 297. 


NELUMBO, Yellow, 28. 
Nevins’s Stone Crop, 172. 
Nightshade, 106. 

‘ Enchanter’s, 305. 
Nymph, Water, 24. 


OBEDIENT PLANT, 127. 
Oak, Poison, 261. 
Orange-grass, 274. 
Orchis, Fringeless Purple, 64. 
“ Great Green, 180. 
‘* Large Purple-fringed, 62. 
Pa sina, 86“ pees Cal. 
‘< Showy, 180. 
‘< White-fringed, 65. 
** -Yellow-fringed, 65. 
Orpine, American, 174. 
Oswego-tea, 126. 


PAINTED CUP, 250. 
Parsnip, Meadow, 100. 
Partridge Pea, 244. 

s Vine, 216. 
Passion Flower, 272. 

4 5 Yellow, 273. 
Pennyroyal, American, 267. 

aS Bastard, 248. 


Pepperbush, Mountain Sweet, 308. 


f Sweet, 308. 

Pepper-root, 96. 

he 184. 

Phlox, Wild, 187. 

Pickerel-weed, 32. 

Pigeon-berry, 311. 

Pimpernel, 236. 

Pine Sap, 170. 

Pine-weed, 274. 

Pink, Fire, 218. 
“Grass, 60. 
“Ground or Moss, 187. 
“ Swamp, 46 
“~~ Wild, 218. 


-Pinxter Flower, 55. 


Pipsissewa, 206. 


INDEX TO ENGLISH NAMES. 337 


Pipsissewa, Spotted, 206. 

Pitcher-plant, 47. 

Plaintain, Rattlesnake, 184. 
2. Robin’s or Poor Robin’s, 
290. 

Pleurisy-root, 281. 

Pokeweed, 311. 

Polygala, Fringed, 213. 

2 Purple, 114. 
Pond-lily, Yellow, 26. 
Poppy, California, 275. 

> + Celandine,'276: 

Poverty-grass, 234. 

Prickly-pear, 238. 

Primrose, Scapose, 270. 

Prince’s Pine, 206. 

Psoralea, Round-leaved, 124. 

Puppet-root, 46. 

Pyxie, 203. 


QUAKER LADIES, 97. 
Queen Anne’s Lace, 281. 
Queen-of-the-Meadows, 86. 


RAGWORT, Goldan, 288. 
Raspberry, Purple-flowering, 299. 
Rattlebox, 241. 
Rattlesnake Grass, 122. 

os Weed, 291. 
Red-root, 224. 
Rheumatism-root, 213. 
Rhododendron, Great, 163. 
River-bush, 97. 
Rock-Cress, Hairy, 186. 
Rocket, Yellow, 296. — 
Rock-rose, 235. 
Rose-bay, American, 163. 
Rose, Early White, 152. 

‘¢ Marsh Holy, 57. 

&*» Pink, £99. 

“* * Posonia, 62. 
Swamp, 50. 
Rosemary, Marsh, 70. 

ne Wild, 57. 
Rue, Early Meadow, 152. 
“<* Tall Meadow, 102. 

Ruellia, Smooth, 177. 


ce 


338 INDEX TO ENGLISH NAMES. 


SARSAPARILLA, Wild, 222. 
Saxifrage, Early, 156 
Scabious, Sweet, 290. , 
Scarlet Berry, 106. 
Sea Lavender, 70. 
Sea-pink, 72. 
Self-heal, 316. 
Senna, Wild, 242. 
Sensitive Plant, Large, 244. 
Service-berry, 256. 
Shad-bush, 256. 
Shepherd’s-purse, 297. 
Shin-leaf, 164. 
Shooting-star, Colorado, 91. 
Sidalcea, White-flowered, 108. 
Sidesaddle-flower, 47. 
Silkweed, 280. 
Silver-rod, 136. 
Simpler’s Joy, 314. 
Skullcap, Hairy, 248. 

“ Hyssop, 246. 

~ Mad Dog, 126. 
Skunk Cabbage, 43. 
Snake-head, Ilo. 
Snake-mouth, 62. 
Snakeroot, Black, 156. 
Sneezeweed, 130. 

rs Purple-head, 130. 

Snowberry, Creeping, 56. 


Snowdrop Tree, Four-winged, 84. 


Soapwort, 302. 
Soldiers’ Caps, 174. 
Solomon’s Seal, 142. 

“ “. False, sia: 
Two-leaved, 143. 
Sorrel, Yellow Wood, 305. 

‘¢ Lady’s, 305. 
Sorrel-tree, 161. 
Sourwood, 161. 
Spearwort, Water-plaintain, 48. 
Speedwell, Common, 308. 

i Thyme-leaved, 310. 
Spice-bush, 168. 

Spiderwort, 118. 
Spikenard, American, 223. 


se oe 


Spikenard, Wild, 142. 
Spoonwood, 161. 
Spring Beauty, 206. 
Spurge, Flowering, 252. 
Squaw-weed, 288. 
Squirrel Corn, 176. 
St. Andrew’s Cross, 238. 
St. John’s-wort, Common, 273. 
“ ‘¢ Marsh, 67. 
5h ‘* Shrubby, 238. 
ss ‘* Smaller, 108. 
St. Peter’s-wort, 236. 
Stag-bush, 261. 
Stagger-bush, 235. 
Stagger-weed, 212. 
Star, Blazing, 84. 
““ ‘“ 204. 
Star, Scaly Blazing, 294. 
Star-Flower, 214. 
Star-grass, Yellow, 257. 
Starwort, Drooping, 84. 
Steeple-bush, 88. 
Stenanthium, Stout, 84. 
Stokesia, Blue, 132. 
Strophilirion, 138. 
Succory, 324. 
Sumach, Poison, 53. 
Sumac, Smooth Upland or Scarlet, 
262. 
Sundew, Round-leaved, 74. 
Sundrops, Allen’s, 270. 
Sunflower, Wild, 317. 
6s “cc 317+ 
= Swamp, 130. 
Sweet-cicely, Smoother, 194. 
Sweet Pea, Wild, 240. 
Sweet William, Wild, 187. 


TANSY, 319. 
Yea, Mountain, 166. 
New Jersey, 224. 
Thimble-weed, 210. 
Thistle, Burr, 294. 
“ Canada, 295. 
~ Field Sow, 292. 


INDEX TO ENGLISH NAMES. 339 


Thistle, Spear, 294. Violet, Lance-leaved, 102. 
. Thorn Apple, 278. **  Round-leaved, 150. 
“« ~ Dwarf, r50. “ Sweet White, ror. 
**  Scarlet-fruited, 150. Viper’s Bugloss, 266. 
Thoroughwort, 322. Virgin’s Bower, 306. 
ee StS: es; Large-flowered, 144. 


Tickseed, Rose-coloured, 290. adic canals 


Tick-trefoil, Prostrate, 224. 
Toadflax, Blue or Wild, 310. 

+ Pale Blue, 311. 

- Yellow, 310. 
Toothwort, 184. 

. Cut-leaved, 96. 
Touch-Me-Not, 120. 
Traveller’s Joy, 3c6. 
Trillium, Painted, 144. 
Trumpet-creeper, 95. 
Trumpet-flower, 95. 
Trumpet-weed, 134. 
Turtle-head, IIo. 
Twin-flower, 192. 
Twin-leaf, 21 3. 

‘Twisted Stalk, r4o. 


Water-arum, 21. 

** Hemlock, 30. 
Water-hyacinth, 33. 
Water-lily, white, 24. 
Water-parsnip, 52. 
Water-plaintain, 38. 
Water-shield, 24. 
Wax-weed, Blue, 286. 
Wax-work, 298. 
Wayfaring-tree, American, 188. 
Weather-glass, Poor Man’s or Shep- 

herd’s, 236. 

White Hearts, 174. 

*-. Weed," 201- 
Whitlow-grass, Vernal, 236. 
Wicky, 163. 
Willow-herb, Great or Spiked, 272. 


& *\"» Hairy, 94. 
VENUuS’s FLY-TRAP, 74. “ at Small, ¥ 
5 Peek iie piss, poe Ames Wind-flower, 208. 
Sas, 202 Wintergreen, Creeping, 166. 
Verbena, Large-flowered, 268. é Flowering, 213 
Vervain, Blue, 314. é Home icakee, 166. 
ud White, 315. ‘6 Serrated, 166. 
Vetch, American, 314. Witch-hazel. 201. 
eo) - Blue, 312. 


Wolf’s Bane, 104. 
Wood-sorrel, 200. 

ef &* «\ Wiolet. 200. 
Wood-anemone, 208. 
Wood-betony, 226. 


Viburnum, Maple-leaved, 260. 
Violet, Bird’s-foot, 232. 

“© Canada, 148. 
Coast, 234. 
“Common Blue, 258, 
“  Dog’s-tooth, 82. YARROW, Common, 322. 
“ Downy Yellow, 212. Yellow-adder’s Tongue, 82. 


Index to Latin Names. 


ABRONIA FRAGRANS, 194. 
Achillea Millefolium, 322. 
Aconitum uncinatum, 104, 
Acteea alba, 154. 

o. | ebay 2oa, 

Agrimonia hirsuta, 217. 
Agrostemma Githago, 274. 
Alisma Plaatago-aquatica, 38. 
Althzea officinalis, 70. 
Amelanchier Canadensis, 256. 
, alnifolia, 257. 
Anagallis arvensis, 236. 

“ Staus, 236. 
Andromeda polifolia, 57. 
Anemone pavonina, 208. 

quinquefolia, 208. 
ranunculoides, 208. 
Virginiana, 210. 
Antennaria neodioica, 283. 

7 plantaginifolia, 287. 
Anthemis Cotula, 320. 
Apocynum androsezmifolium, 300. 
Aquilegia czrulea, 154. 

7s Canadensis, 153. 
truncata, 154. 
Arabis hirsuta, 186. 

Aralia nudicaulis, 222. 

** racemosa, 223. 
Arethusa bulbosa, 59. 
Ariseema triphyllum, 137. 
Aronia arbutifolia, 50. 
Asarum Canadense, 170. 
Asclepias cinerea, 77. 

- incarnata, 76, 


iad 


ad 


oe 


Asclepias lanceolata, 76. 

= Syriaca, 280. 
tuberosa, 281. 
Ascyrum hypericoides, 238. 
Aster cordifolius, 325. 

**  divaricatus, 325. 
ericoides, 325. 
gracilis, 255. 
leevis, 325. 
multiflorus, 255. 
nemoralis, 78. 
Nove-Angliz, 77. 
patens, 325. 
puniceus, 78. 
spectabilis, 255. 
surculosus, 255. 
Azalea arborescens, 164. 

*¢ — nudiflora, 55. 

*¢ viscosa, 55. 


ss 


fa 


BAPTISIA TINCTORIA, 241. 

Barbarea Barbarea, 296. 

Batrachium trichophyllum, 3o. 

Bellise-perennis, 291. 

Benzoin Benzoin, 168. 

Bicuculla Canadensis, 176. 
ct Cucullaria, 174. 

Brasenia purpurea, 24. 

Brassica nigra, 297. 

Bursa Bursa-pastoris, 297. 


CALAMINTHA CAROLINIANA, 250. 
Calla palustris, 21. 

Caltha palustris, 48. 

Calypso bulbosa, 59. 


INDEX TO LATIN NAMES. 


Campanula Americana, QI. 

aie divaricata, 148. 

i rotundifolia, go. 
Capnoides sempervirens, 176. 
Cardamine bulbosa, 96. 
Carduus arvensis, 295. 

+a lanceolatus, 294. 
Cassia Chameecrista, 244. 

** Marilandica, 242. 
Castalia odorata, 24. 
Castilleja coccinea, 250. 
Catalpa Catalpa, 196. 
Caulophyllum thalictroides, 177. 
Ceanothus Americanus, 224. 
Celastrus scandens, 298. 
Cephalanthus occidentalis, 97. 
Chameedaphne calyculata, 97. 
Chamelirium luteum, 84. 
Chameenerion augustifolium, 272. 
Chelidonium majus, 276. 
Chelone glabra, 11o. 

= Lyoni, 112. 
Chimaphila maculata, 206. 

umbellata, 206. 
Chiogenes hispidula, 56. 
Chionanthus Virginica, 94. 


Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum, 291. 


Cichorium Intybus, 324. 
Cicuta maculata, 30. 
Cimicifuga racemosa, 156. 
Circza Lutetiana, 305. 
Claytonia Virginica, 206. 
Clematis crispa, 67. 

‘¢ _-Virginiana, 306. 
Clethra acuninata, 308. 

«“ alnifolia, 308. 
Clitoria Mariana, 276. 
Collinsia verna, 108. 
Commelina erecta, 116. 

te Virginica, 116. 
Convolvulus arvensis, 302. 
ee sepium, 302. 
Coptis trifolia, 50. 
Corallorhiza Multiflora, 182. 
6: striata, 182. 


Coreopsis lanceolata, 288, 


“e 


rosea, 290. 


Cornus Canadensis, 158. 


ee 
se 
se 


se 


Cracca 


candidissima, 95. 
circinata, 160. 
florida, 160. 
stolonifera, 95. 
Virginiana, 240. 


Cratzgus coccinea, 150. 


sé 


uniflora, 150. 


Crinum Americanum, 44. 


Crotallaria rotundifolia, 242. 
sagittalis, 241. 


ee 


Cunila 


origanoides, 316. 


Cuscuta Gronovii, 278. 


Cynoglossum officinale, 265. 


Cypripedium acaule, 178. 


“ce 
6eé 


ee 


DALIBARDA REPENS, 150. 


reginz, 60. 


Dasystoma flava, 230. 


ce“ 


“ce 


Pedicularia, 230. 
Virginica, 228. 


Datura stramonium, 278. 


ee 


Tatula, 278. 


Daucus Carrota, 281. 
Delphinium Ajacis, 212. 


“cc 


“ 


Carolinianum, 212. 
tricorne, 212. 
urceolatum, 210. 


Dentaria diphylla, 184. 


“ 


laciniata, 96. 


Diervilla Diervilla, 190. 
Dionza muscipula, 74. 
Dodecatheon Meadia frigidum, 91. 


Doellingeria umbellata, 78. 


Draba 


verna, 236. 


Drosera rotundifolia, 74. 


ECHIUM VULGARE, 266. 
Epigza repens, 204. 


Epilobium coloratum, 94. 


hirsutum, 94. 


hirsutum, 178. 
parviflorum, 178. 


341 


342 INDEX TO LATIN NAMES. 


Erigeron annuus, 290. 
‘i pulchellus, 290. 

r ramosus, 291. 
Erythronium Americanum, 82. 
“ albidum, 82. 
Eschscholtzia Californica, 275. 


re czespitosa, 276. 
Eupatorium perfoliatum, 322. 
Pa purpureum, 134. 


Euphorbia corollata, 252. 
FALCATA COMOSA, 314. 


GAULTHERIA PROCUMBENS, 166. 
Gaultheria Shallon, 168. 
Gentiana Andrewsii, 128. 


- crinita, 128. 
sn quinquefolia, 199. 
‘te villosa, 286. 


Geranium maculatum, 223. 

io Robertianum, 201. 
Gerardia maritima, 252. 

a purpurea, 252. 
Geum Canadense, 217. 

“< _ rivale. 52, 
strictum, 53. 
Glecoma hederacea, 266. 
Gratiola aurea, I12. 
Gyrostachys cernua, 286. 
si gracilis, 284. 


“ce 


HABENARIA BLEPHARIGLOTTIS, 65. 
4 ciliaris, 65. 
grandiflora, 62. 
orbiculata, 18o. 
perameena, 64 

psycodes, 64. 
Hamamelis Virginiana, 201. 
IIledeoma pulegioides, 267. 

Helenium autumnale, 130. 

& nudiflorum, 130. 
Helianthus Canadense, 235. 
x annus, 318. 
divaricatus, 318. 
giganteus, 318. 

mollis, 318. 


“ec 
oe 
“cc 


e 


“ce 
“cc 


“ec 


Helianthus tuberosus, 317. 
Helonias bullata, 46. 
Hepatica Hepatica, 207. 
Heteranthera dubia, 33. 
Hibiscus Moscheutos, 69. 
Hieracium Greenii, 292. 

iy venosum, 291. 
Houstonia cerulea, 97. 
Hudsonia tomentosa, 234. 
Hypericum adpressum, 108. 

f ellipticum, 108. 
maculatum, 108. 


gr mutilum, 108. 
- perforatum, 273. 
4 prolificum, 238. 


Hypopitys Hypopitys, 170. 
Hypoxis hirsuta, 257. 


IMPATIENS AUREA, I2I. 
- biflora, 120. 
Inula Helenium, 319. 
Iris cristata, 8o. 
** versicolor, 79. 


JEFFERSONIA DIPHYLLA, 213. 


KALMIA ANGUSTIFOLIA, 163. 
e latifolia, :61. 
Kneiffia Alleni, 270. 


LaActTuca CANADENSIS, 132. 
Lacinaria scariosa, 294. 
ze squarrosa, 294. 
Lathyrus maritimus, 244. 
Leontodon autumnale, 287. 
Leonurus Cardiaca, 316. 
Lespedeza capitata, 246. 
2h: frutescens, 246. 
procumbens, 246. 
Virginica, 246. 
Lilium Canadense, 83. 
‘¢  Carolinianum, 83. 
“<< Catesbzt, 140. 
‘*  Philadelphicum, 140. 
‘¢ superbum, 83. 


“cs 


ee 


Limnanthemum lacunosum, 4!. 


Limodorum tuberosum, 60. 
Limonium Carolinianum, 70. 
Linaria Canadensis, 310, 
° Linaria, 310. 
bs repens, 3II. 
Linnea borealis, 192. 
~ Lobelia amoena, 75. 
ag cardinalis, 121. 
s inflata, 274. 


-s spicata, 124. 

bs syphilitica, 122. 
Lonicera ciliata, 188. 

= Japonica, 190. 

oa sempervirens, 190. 


Lupinus perennis, 240. 
7 villosus, 241. 
Lysimachia quadrifolia, 216. 
terrestris, 93. 
Lythrum Salicaria, 98. 


MAGNOLIA VIRGINIANA, 69. 
Malva moschata, 306. 
Medeola Virginiana, 143. 
Melampyrum lineare, 228. 
Melilotus alba, 312. 

e officinalis, 312. 
Meibomia Canadensis, 226. 

. grandiflora, 226. 

- Michauxil, 224. 
nudiflora, 226. 
Mentha Canadensis, 124. 
Menyanthes trifoliata, 70. 
Mertensia Virginica, go. 
Micrampelis lobata, 106. 
Mimulus cardinalis, 110. 

ts ringens, 109. 

Mitchella repens, 216. 
Mitella diphylla, 158. 


se 


Mohrodendron Carolinum, 84. 


Monarda didyma, 126. 

Ss fistulosa, 198. 
punctata, 248. 
Monotropa uniflora, 168. 
Myosotis laxa, 88. 


“ce 


INDEX ‘TO LATIN NAMES. 343 


NELUMBO LUTEA, 28. 
Nymphea advena, 26. 


ONAGRA BIENNIS, 268. 
Opuntia humifusa, 238. 

wi Opuntia, 240. 
Orchis spectabilis, 180. 
Orontium aquaticum, 22. 
Oxalis Acetosella, 200. 

1) Stricta, 305. 
violacea, 200, 
Oxycoccus macrocarpus, 57. 
Oxydendrum arboreum, 161. 


“es 


PACHYLOPHUS C/ESPITOSUS, 270. * 
Panax quinquefolium, 222. 

*¢ trifolium, 220. 
Panicularia Canadensis, 122. 
Parsonsia petiolata, 286. 
Parthenocissus quinqu2folia, 300. 
Passiflora incarnata, 272. 

i. lutea, 273. 
Pedicularis Canadensis, 226. 
Pentstemon Digitalis, 196. 

a hirsutus, 196. 
Newberryi, 198. 
Peranium pubescens, 184. 

¥ repens, 184. 
Phlox divaricata, 187. 

<¢  maculata,, 187. 

‘¢  Subulata 187. 
Physostegia Virginiana, 127. 
Phytolacca decandra, 311. 
Piaropus crassipes, 33. 
Pieris Mariana, 235. 

Pluchea camphorata, 75. 

Poa pratensis, 258. 
Podophylium peltatum, 214. 
Pogonia ophioglossoides, 62. 
Polemonium Van Lruntiz, 53. 
Polygala cruciata, 65. 

#3 grandiflora, 114. 
paucifolia, 213. 
polygama, 213. 
viridescens, I14. 
Polygonella articulata, 254. 


ee 


344 INDEX TO LATIN NAMES. 


Polygonatum biflorum, 142. 
Polygonum amphibium, 38. 
Pontederia cordata, 32. 
Potentilla argentea, 265. 


Canadensis, 262. 
“  fruticosa, 264. 
"5 Monspeliensis, 265. 


Prunella vulgaris, 316. 
Prunus maritima, 232. 

“__-Virginiana, 86. 
Psoralea orbicularis, 124. 
Ptilimnium capillaceum, Ior. 
Pyrola elliptica, 164. 

‘* rotundifolia, 166. 

“ secunda, 166. 
Pyxidanthera barbulata, 203. 


QUAMOCLIT COCCINEA, 302. 


RANUNCULUS ACRIS, 258. 


~ bulbosus, 257. 
=: delphinifolius, 30. 
“ obtusiusculus, 48. 


Rhexia Virginica, 112. 
Rhododendron maximum, 163. 
Rhus glabra, 262. 

““ radicans, 261. 

“ Toxicodendron, 261, 

* ‘vernix, 62 
Ricinus communis, 254. 
Rosa blanda, 152. 

“ Carolina, 50. 
Rubus occidentalis, 2 

‘*  odoratus, 299. 

‘* strigosus, 299. 
Rudbeckia Brittonii, 293. 

a hirta, 292, 

Ruellia strepens, 177. 


SABBATIA ANGULARIS, 199. 
- campanulata, 72. 


55 dodecaudra, 72. 
_ Stellaris, 72. 

* Sagittaria lancifolia, 38. 
“ latifolia, 36. 


Sambucus Canadensis, 120. 
Sanguinaria Canadensis, 186. 


Saponaria officinalis, 302. 
Sarothra gentianoides, 274. 
Sarracenia purpurea, 47. 
Saururus cernuus, 55. 
Saxifraga Virginiensis, 156. 
Scutellaria galericulata, 127. 

si integrifolia, 246. 

“ lateriflora, 126. 

we pilosa, 248. 
Sedum Nevii, 172. 

** ~ telephioides, 174. 
Senecio aureus, 288. 
Septandra Virginica, 198. 
Sidalcea candida, 108. 
Silene Caroliniana, 218. 

«* _ stellata, 220. 
Virginica, 218. 
Sinapis alba, 297. 
Sisyrinchium angustifolium, 8o. 
Sium cicutefolium, 32. 
Smilax herbacea, Ioo. 

“ rotundifolia, 298. 
Solanum dulcamara, 106. 

4 bicolor, 136. 
Canadensis, 293. 
fistulosa, 136. 
juncea, 136. 
mollis, 294. 
nemoralis, 293. 
odora, 255- 
patula, 77. 
uliginosa, 77. 

bs tortifolia, 255. 
Spathyema feetida, 43. 
Specularia biflora, 298. 

S perfoliata, 297. 
Spirza salicifolia, 86. 

‘*- tomentosa, 88. 
Sonchus arvensis, 292. 
Stenanthium robustum, 84. 
Steironema ciliatum, 93. 

ne lanceolatum, 93. 
Stokesia cyanea, 132. 


ee 


_Streptopus roseus, 140. 


Strophilirion Californicum, 138. 
Stylophorum diphyllum, 276. 
Syndesmon thalictroides, 210. 


INDEX TO LATIN NAMES. 345 


TANACETUM VULGARE. 319. Verbena Canadensis, 268. 

. Taraxacum Taraxacum, 287. ‘ hastata, 314. 
‘Tecoma radicans, 95. “ urticifolia, 315. 
Thalictrum dioicum, 152. Vernonia Noveboracensis, 320. 

3 polygamum, 102. Veronia Americana, 41. 
:. purpurascens, 152, Veronica officinalis, 308. 
Thaspium barbinode, 100, 66 serpyllifolia, 310. 
~ Thymus Serpyllum, 315. Viburnum acerifolium, 260. 
Tiarella cordifolia, 158. “ alnifolium, 188. 
‘Tradescantia montana, 118, ‘“ Opulus, 118. 
_ Triadenum Virginicum, 67. “ prunifolium, 261. 
Trichostima dichotomum, 248, Vicia Americana, 314. 
Trientalis Americana, 214. — racca, 312, 
s Trillium erectum, 146. Viola Atlantica, 23 4. 
. ‘¢  grandifiorum, 144. = a Chlanday tor. 
** —_ undulatum, 144. : ‘¢ Canadensis, 148. 


*  cucullata, 253. 


UNIFOLIUM CANADENSE. 143. ela sos 
5 202. 


eeeeetia cornuta, 67. * “. pedata; 232. 
A vulgaris, 34- ‘¢ pedata bicolor, 234. 
Uvularia perfoliata, 148. ‘‘ pubescens, 212 
‘*  sessilifolia, 146. “ 


rotundifolia, 150. 
VAGNERA RACEMOSA, 142. 


Veratrum viride, 46. WASHINGTONIA LONGISTYLIS, 194. 
Verbascum Blattaria, 284. 


“3 Trapsus, 282. YUCCA FILAMENTOSA, 231. 


Index of Technical Terms. 


ABRUPTLY PINNATE LEAVES, 


Aerial Roots, 
Alternate, 
Anther, 
Arrow-shaped, 
Auriculate, 
Axillary, 


BANNER, 
Bell-shaped, 
Blade, 
Bracts, 
Bulb, 


CAMPANULATE, 
Calyx, 

Capitulum, 

Cleft, 

Complete Flower, 
Compound Leaves, 
Cordate, 

Corolla, 

Corm, 

Corymb, 
Creeping, 

' Crenate, 
Cross-fertilization, 
Cruciferous, 
Cyme, 


DECUMBENT, 
Divided, 


ELLIPTICAL, 
Entire Leaves, 
Erect, 

Exserted Stamens, 


FEATHER-VEINED, 
Fertilization, 
Fertilizing Organs, 
Filament, 

Fruit, 
Funnel-Form, 


GAMOPETALOUS, 
Gamosepalous, 
Glabrous, 
Glaucous, 


HEAD, 
Heart-shaped, 


IMPERFECT FLOWER, 
Incised, 

Included Stamens, 
Inflorescence, 
Irregular Flowers, 


KEEL, 
Kidney-shaped, 


LABIATE, 
Lanceolate, 
Leaves, 
Ligulate, 
Linear, 


Lobed, 


NETTED-VEINED, 
Neutral Flower, 


OBCORDATE, 
Oblanceolate, 
Oblong, 
Obovate, 


PAGE. 


9; 


5 


INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS. 


Odd-Pinnate, 
Opposite, 
Orbicular, 


Organs of reproduction, 


zs “ protection, 


PALMATE, 

’ Palmately-veined, 
Panicle, 
Papilionaceous, 
Parallel-veined, 
Parasites, 
Parted, 

Pedicel, 
Peduncle, 
Peltate, 

Perfect Flower, 
Perianth, 
Petals, 

Pinnate, 

Pistil, 

Pistillate, 
Pollen, 
Polypetalous, 
Procumbent, 
Pubescent, 


RACEME, 
Regular Flowers, 
Reniform, 

Root, 

Rootstock, 
Rosaceous, 


_ 


= 
WW ANON NAN CON YH NHNWNA WO Qv& 


Lae 


— 


SAGITTATE, 
Salver-shaped, 
Scape, 
Scolloped, 
Seed-bearing Organ, 
Seeds, 

Seed Vessel, 
Self-fertilization, 
Sepals, 

Serrate, 

Sessile, 
Shield-shaped, 
Simple Stem, 
Solitary, 
Spadix, 
Spatulate, 
Spike, 

Stamens, 
Staminate Flowers, 
Standard, 

Stem, 

Stigma, 
Stipules, 

Style, 


TERMINAL, 
Thorns, 
Toothed, 
Tuber, 
Tubular, 


UMBEL, 
Undulate, 


VEINING, 


W HEEL-SHAPED, 
Whorled, 
Wings, 


347 


PAGE, 


- 
al 


— 
N dN ARN 


-_ 


-_ 


_ 
NINO SI Oo GVW NG = Ge Nb BR bY G& Wh — CON SI 


-_ 


— 


~ al 
MW khmM db NN 


12 


47 


Lounsberry. 

one hundred black-and-white plates, and 
fifty-four diagrams, by Mrs. Ellis Rowan. 
Frederick A. Stokes Co. Pp. 347. 


On page 65, the keynote of the text of 
this volume is clearly struck: ‘It sometimes 
Seems that we hardly know what to say about 
a flower.’’ Let us see how true this is. On 
_ page 38, of Arrow-head it is said: “It hard- 
ly seems possible that these little under 
flowers would ever have the courage to call 
out boldly, ‘Joseph, thou art keeping the 


sunshine from falling upon my _ head.’” | 


Again, page 120: “The Jewel-weed and a 
bright, running stream have come to be 
about as closely associated in the mind as 
the dear old white horse and the red-haired 
girl.” Once more, page 128: 

Something preliminary is. almost neces- 
Sary before venturing to speak of the Frin- 


ged Gentian, and even then it should be done 
with bated breath, for is it not the flower 


that has inspired poets and statesmen to i 


Such an extent that they have barely been 
able to write soberly about it? And, truly, 
it is a heavenly flower. But to those that 
are a bit worldly, and have not the poetical 
soul, it must always suggest that it has been 
gowned by nature’s Worth; it is so chaus- 


sée @ ravir. The beautiful fringe is but the } 
latest conceit of fashion; and the soft green” 


of its calyx, blending with its incompat? 


blue, is an example of the most ravishing | 


taste. If we could indulge in syeh levity,. 
would almost look up its sl®eye 
de combat. 

We never knew before where to look f 
hors de combat. 
Fringed Gentian and note: “It is fond of 
Wandering, too, and though we mark the spot 
| Where it grows, we may seek in vain for it 
{in the same place the next year. This 
| characteristic, however, it owes to being a 
biennial.” In an excellent work, largely 
due to the botanist who has prepared an in- 
- ‘troduction tothis ‘Guide to the Wild Flowers,’ 
_)we read that the Fringed Gentian is an 
annual. And so it is. 

It is, however, as a guide that the volume 
should be judged. On page 69, we are told 
(this of the Rose Mallow: ‘Although at a 
freat distance the large flowers of our plant 
can be seen, it is often difficult of approach. 
Positive terror seizes hold of the timorous, 
and their ardor for it is often tossed in the 
balance with the fear of snakes.’”’ Page 164 
gives us an idea that the guidance is not 
confined to our own country, for we there 

read: ; 


Let us keep on with fire] 


The sweetest sight that 


show to the unsteady trave 


sea is the rhodedandronee the 
so luxuriously [sic]. A 


sure to inform the first person 
comes in contact that they are 
country, America. 
Although the “unsteady,” iw the 1 
ing, suggests more snakes, it perh: 
right, and may account for the failu 
traveller to discriminate between wr 1 
layan and other rhododendrons ich 
him in Liverpool. The American Oatatw 
is there with its offspring, but it 1 
fair to claim all the Liverpool : 
drons as springing from this and = 
species Rhododendron mawvimum, ; 
But enough has been quoted to. 
, the disappointment which one feels | 


| emptiness of the text. The authoress b 


facile pen, and could well employ it in 


| society columns of a smart Sunday 


but it has not been put to a good ot 
these attempts to construct a serious - u 
In fact, the reader feels that she m 
the time be making fun of the matter, @ 
“may be wondering how much such trash ¢ 
tiently read by the students of Or 
and Gibson. We can 
writers putting forth su 
following concerniz 


" The Ash. “iso matures long before ¢ he 
taal . “These facts would favor the thec a : 

6a ts peing visited by insects. On the oth é 
, we have to remember that insects I 


hot the indomitable courage of the kur k 
cabbage, and do not venture out at so rly | 


a season of the year. Flies abound the 


| warm days of spring, so perhaps they 


others of which we know nothing are 


aap 
| secret ambassadors. | Sa 


The sharp line of demarcation be 


flies and insects would never have occurred | 
' to Gibson, or, in fact, to any other Am 


can. But is the authoress American? ba 
page 104, we find the following, in regard t 
Monkshood (Aconitum): ‘Our own Indians 


call it ativisha.”” By a curious coincidence, 


which is commended to the attention of € 

nologists, the natives of the East Indies & 

said by Mr. Watt and Mr. Dymock. to | 

Aconitum heterophyllum by the name ¢ 

or ativish. The question arises whet 
“Indians” referred to by the authore 
“our own Indians.” 


pecially happy in he manage- 
ance and atmosphere, and has 
ume many extremely beauti- 

> compositions. The black- 
wings are unworthy of _/their 


tall meadow rue, are coarse 
econ The drawing 
the tall meadow rue repre-~ 
1 is not known to descrip- 


4 r ae \~; Ma Lys PALES nde Se neti 
A _— - — 
Th ethal? 


ing 


* 
157325 


ase 
Rite 


sTspcrete 
HE