Gulf Research

Reports

Volume 1, Number 2

Oceqn Springs, Mississippi
Aprii, 1962

Gulf Research Reports

Volume 1 Issue 2

1962

The Fauna and Flora of Horn Island^ Mississippi

E. Avery Richmond

DOI: 10.18785/grr.0102.01

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Recommended Citation

Richmond; E. 1962. The Fauna and Flora of Horn Island; Mississippi. Gulf Research Reports 1 (2): 59-106.
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Gulf Research
Reports

Volume 1/ Number 2

Ocean Springs, Mississippi
April 1962

A JOURNAL DEVOTED PRIMARILY TO
PUBLICATION OF THE DATA OF THE
MARINE SCIENCES, CHIEFLY OF THE
GULF OF MEXICO AND ADJACENT
WATERS.

GORDON GUNTER, Ediior

Published by

GULF COAST RESEARCH LABORATORY
Ocean Springs, Mississippi

SHAUGHNEeSY PRINTING CO., BILOXI, MISSISSIPPI

Tke Fauna and Flora

of

Horn Island, Mississippi

by

E. Avery Riclmiond

Present Address: 14 Circle Drive, Moorestown, New Jersey

GULF COAST RESEARCH LABORATORY

- 59 -

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. Introduction Page 61

II. Description of the Island Page 62

III. Historical Data Page 64

IV. Animal and Plant Lists Page 67

Fauna Page 69

Flora Page 99

V. References Page 104

- 60 -

I. INTRODUCTION

From 26 February 1944 until 4 February 1945, I was stationed
with the U- S, Army on Horn Island, Mississippi, and decided to ob-
serve and record the animals and plants existing there. At the time,
it seemed that little attention had been devot^ to the wildlife of
this island, but eventually it became apparent that some studies had
been made. However, many of the observations have not been pub-
lished and many of the records of the flora and fauna living on and
around the island are scattered and unavailable. The most outstand-
ing papers include those of Lloyd and Tracy (1901), Lowe (1921),
and Pessin and Burleigh (1941). Cook (1942, 1943 a and b) described
several of the animals observed. Smith and List (1955) recorded a
number of amphibians and reptiles which were collected on Horn
Island.

Since 1945 more attention has been paid to this subject, Kopman
(1946) enlightened the public regarding the seasonal activity of the
animals and changing conditions in the Mississippi Sound region in
his delightful “Wild Acres,” a book of the Gulf (^loast country. From
1940 on many scientists and students of the Gulf Coast Research
Laboratory visited Horn Island, but still comparatively little has
been pubiished. Rings and Richmond (1953) presented a brief sur-
vey on the mosquitoes collected by them during 1944 and 1945; the
species listed by them, together with two additional ones, are in-
cluded in this paper.

The animals and plants actually collected or observed on Horn
Island are listed in PaH IV. Besides those collected by myself, species
reported by other investigators are included. Longer study and more
intensive collecting would doubtless result in many additions to the
fauna and flora as known at present.

This study was not sponsored by any organization, and the ex-
pense and time devoted to it were contributed chiefly by myself.
However, I was in the service of the U, S. Army during the first
year of the study, and subsequently Dr. Gordon Gunter, director
of the Gulf Coast Research Laboratory at Ocean Springs, Mississippi,
granted me the privilege of living and working there, as an honor-
ary member of the staff. Doctor Gunter also reviewed this contri-
bution and gave me some helpful suggestions. Finally, many facili-
ties at the U. S. National Museum and at the Academy of Natural
Sciences at Philadelphia were placed at my disposal. Records of
many of the more primitive invertebrates were taken from a manu-
script check-list of the marine fauna of Mississippi Sound which has
been maintained at the Gulf Coast Research Laboratory since 1950.
Such specimens are in a reference collection at the Laboratory. The
species on this list reported from Horn Island or vicinity were kindly
checked for me by Dr. H. J. Bennett, Mrs. Clara LeGear of the
Library of Congress was helpful in locating important maps.

I am greatly indebted to the specialists named below for assist-
ance in the identification of species in the following groups: Mollusca
(R. Tucker Abbott and Donald R, Moore); Pisces (Henry W. Fowler
and J. Y. Christmas); Aves (T. D. Burleigh and John R. Walther);
and Arthropoda (W. H. Anderson, K. H. Arnett, P. D. Ashlock, H. S.
Barber, R. E. Blackwelder, L. L. Buchanan, W. D. Burks, J. S. Cald-
well, H. W. Capps, O. L. Cartwright, E. A. Chapin, J. F. G. Clark, R.

- 61 -

E. Crabill, C. J. Drake, W. D. Fields, Oliver S. Flint, Jr., R. H. Foote,
A. B. Gahan, C, T. Greene, A. B, Gurney, C. Heinrich, M. T. James,
J. P, Kramer, K. V. Krombcin, T. B. Mitchell, C. F. W. Muesebeck,
P, W. Oman, Miss Sophy Parfin, L. Russell, C. W. Sabrosky, R. L
Sailer, M. R, Smith, T, E. Snyder, P. J. Spangler, Alan Stone, E. L.
Todd, H. K, Townes, G. B, Vogt, Miss Luella Walkley, R. E. Warner,
and W. W. Wirth — most of them on the staffs of either the U. S.
National Museum or the Agricultural Research Administration).

The insects sent to the National Museum were deposited in its
collection or, if not of major interest, returned to me. Most of the
specimens that were returned were given to the University of Mas-
sachusetts or to Cornell University. The Tipulidae were identified
by Charles P* Alexander, and the specimens are in his private col-
lection at Cranefly Haven, Amherst, Massachusetts. A number of
Coleoptera were sent to Henry Dietrich and were deposited in the
Cornell University insect collection. The Hydrophilidae, Dytiscidae,
Haliplidae, and Gyrinidae were determined by Paul J. Spangler of
the U. S. National Museum or myself and given to the National Mu-
seum. The arrangement of the Lepidoptera is in keeping with the
opinion of Mr. Bryant Mather of Jackson, Mississippi. The mollusks
and three fish, identified by Abbott and Fowler, respectively, were
deposited at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Fred
Aldrich, formerly assistant curator of Limnology at the Academy
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, was helpful in the naming of
the species in his particular field.

The plants were identified by Philip A. Munz of Claremont, Cal-
ifornia, R. B. Channel! of Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennes-
see and myself. Most of the plants were placed in the Bailey Hortor-
ium where Doctor Mimz was the assistant curator at the time ma-
terial was sent to him for identification. My appreciation is extended
to C. E. Woods, Jr., of the Gray Herbarium at Harvard University,
for his courtesy in allowing the use of his tentative classification of
plants, and to G. W. Johnston, professor of botany, and Sidney Mc-
Daniels, of State College, Mississippi, for permission to examine the
Lowe Collection.

II. DESCRIPTION OF THE ISLAND

Lloyd and Tracy (1901), Pessin and Burleigh (1941, 1944), Rings
and Richmond (1953), and Moore (1961) contributed information re-
garding the location, size, soil types, climate, ecology, fauna, and flora
of the insular group whose components are Dauphin, Petit Bois, Horn,
Ship, and Cat Island, They separate the Mississippi Sound from the
Gulf of Mexico. The Sound is about eighty miles long by ten miles
wide. Three rivers, (the Pearl to the west, the Pascagoula and the
Alabama to the east) supply fresh water to the Sound, thus dilut-
ing the salt water which flows in between the barrier islands from
the Gulf. So, as Priddy oK (1955) state, “the Sound is a gigantic
mixing bowl for animal and plant life.” It has been assumed by
geologists that these islands were formerly a part of the mainland,
and that the present water areas were formed by a sinking of the
land (McGee 1891). However, others believe that the islands were
built up some five or six thousand years ago after the sea level be-
came stabilized at or near its present height (Moore 1961).

- 62 -

This paper primarily concerns only Horn Island, although the
barrier islands have a great deal in common and possess many struct-
ural characteristics and wildlife species which are fundamentally
the same, Lloyd and Tracy did not deal specifically with Horn Is-
land, but many of their remarks are worth noting. Figures 1 through
3 show the relation of these islands to the mainland and to each
other, a detailed drawing of Horn Island itself, and the area assigned
as a refuge of the Fish and Wildlife Service.

Horn Island is approximately thirteen miles in length and varies
from one-fourlh to three-fourths of a mile in width. Both ends grad-
ually taper to sandy points. These points are practically devoid of
plants. Figures 4-9, inclusive, show characteristic areas of the is-
land’s shoreline. The terrain in general is low and sandy except for
the longitudinal central portion, which is slightly higher in eleva-
tion and covered irregularly by small groves of slash pine (Pinus El-
lioWi Engelm). Figure 10 is a photograph of a young slash pine. Some
of these pines are at least 200 years old. Other elevated areas are
evidently due to the formation of sand dunes, which in some areas
reach an altitude of 30 to 40 feet, and even cover the live oaks and
pines nearly to their tops (figs. 21 and 22). Several large lagoons,
ponds, and swamps (figs. 2, 12, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19 and 25) are present;
the former two types of water areas are usually surrounded by
marshes. Narrow-leaved cattails occur in several of the swamp-lands,
(figs. 2, 13, and 20).

The climate is mild with a mean temperature of 52.9° F. in winter,
and 80,7° in summer (Pessin and Burleigh 1941). However, in the
fall and winter, it can be very chilly, especially when a strong west-
erly or northwesterly breeze is blowing, and the summer months
can be very hot in the absence of winds.

The annual rainfall varies from approximately 50 to 70 inches
with a mean of 58 inches (Pessin and Burleigh 1941). One heavy rain-
stom in the summer of 1944 brought an exceptional downfall of
1-3.5 inches from midnight to 11:30 A. M. Figures 23 and 24 show
an area before and after a heavy rain. The prevailing winds are
southerly with occasional periods of northerly winds. August and
September are the months when hurricanes are wont to arrive in
the Gulf from the Caribbean Sea.

According to observations conducted by Humm and Caylor (1957)
in their study of summer marine flora, the temperature in the Sound
varies from 28° to 32° C. between June 1 and September 1. It is
naturally higher in shallow water and slightly lower along the bot-
tom. They state that there is considerable stratification even in shal-
low water and that it is therefore difficult to present precise temp-
erature data. The salinity in the Sound was 20 to 32“ /OO, differing
from that in the Gulf, which has a salinity of 34.88 to 36.19 VOO (Leip-
per 1954). Moore (1961) gave salinities taken monthly from Decem-
ber 1956 to June 1957 at three stations across the Sound from the
Bay of Biloxi to Dog Keys Pass. The mean salinity during this per-
iod, including both surface and bottom, was 22.2 per mille. The mean
water temperature at the same stations was 19.7° C. The mean range
of the tide in the Sound is 1.9 feet.

Pessin and Burleigh (1941) consider four soil tjrpes to be char-
acteristic of the island: dune sand, tidal marsh, beach sand, and “pine

- 63 -

timber.” Along the south (Gulf) and north (Sound) coasts, dune and
beach sands form the principal soils. Lloyd and Tracy (1901) call
Horn island a sand island as contrasted with a muck marsh or mud
lump island. The origin of the underlying soil is probably due to
the same causes as that of a muck marsh, but it is now covered for
the most part by sand. Such muck or clay originated from the Mis-
sissippi and Pearl Rivers and doubtless also from the Pascagoula
and Alabama Rivers- The bottoms of the lagoons are mucky. In the
interior of the Island there are many depressions, some of which are
inhabited by dune plants and others by marsh vegetation. In both
of these areas, fine sand is present. This type of soil consists of fine>
dark gray sand covering white moist sand, which is only a few cen-
timeters deep. In some places the elevation is so low that the soil
is constantly wet and forms sand marshes, while in other places the
surfaces are raised from one to three meters or more.

All of the offshore islands are moving to the northwest in the
direction of the prevailing winds. During the equinoctial storms of
1960, Horn Island was shortened by about one-half of a mile on the
east, whereas the west end increased about one-quarter of a mile.
The acreage of the Island was estimated to be approximately 3700
acres in 1956. This is a loss of about 300 acres since 1944,

The greatest variety of flora is found on the larger islands, such
as Horn, since they have the greatest variety of soil and variation in
the elevation. Penfound and O’Neill (1934), in their treatment of the
vegetation of Cat Island, contribute much information concerning the
physiography of the islands. Priddy ef al. (1955) discuss the sediments
of the Sound and shore waters.

Ill, HISTORICAL DATA

A “Historical Sketch of the Explorations in the Gulf of Mexico”
was prepared by Paul S. Galtsoff (1954). His paper covers the ex-
plorations of Europeans (principally Spanish, French, Portuguese
and English. Eleven maps are reproduced, beginning with a portion
of a world map by Johannes Ruysch from Ptolem>^s geography of
1507-1508. D’Anville’s Map of Louisiana, drawn in 1732, is not pub-
lished in Galtsoffs paper; however^ fig. 1-B of this paper presents
a portion of it. A 1731 French chart of the Islands of America and
adjacent countries is included in Cumming’s “Southeast in Early
Maps” (1958). The barrier islands are not depicted. Gumming also
shows an anonymous map of the northern Gulf coast including Flor-
ida to Mississippi and westward. This was copied from a 1544 manu-
script by DeSoto, and indicates the territory over which he travelled
from Florida to the Mississippi River.

Presumably the first map, summarizing the discoveries in the
“western ocean” and showing the Gulf of Mexico, was drawn about
1500 by Juan de la Cosa, the companion and pilot of Christopher Co-
lumbus. Cabeza de Vaca, a companion of Panfilo de Narvaez, found
refuge on a small island, after Narvaez had perished in a 1528 storm.
This island, 5 leagues long and 2 leagues wide, he names Isla de
Malhada. According to Galtsoff (1954), this may have been Horn
Island.

Amerigo Vespucci in 1497 is usually credited with being the first
European explorer to sail along the coast of America including the

- 64 -

Gulf, but this story has been questioned. Bremer in 1940 advanced
the theory that Gasper Corte Viall should have the credit, since he
spread the news of the existence of a new continent on his return
to Portugal just prior to 1500. He cited an area on the northern
coast of the Gulf as a landing place of some Portuguese sailors.

Considerable search has revealed comparatively little information
concerning the part man played in the early history of Horn Island.
This is not the case with several of the neighboring islands, such as
Dauphin, Ship, and Cat Islands. A temple with a perpetual flame
was common to many Indian tribes of the lower Mississippi River
and Rayford (1956) reports that Indians had such a temple on Dau-
phin. In later years pirates evidently frequented this area as well as
the entire Sound or Lake as it was then called. Little mention is
made of Petit Bois, called Petty Boy by the residents, except as to
its topography. The only remarks by Rayford concerning Horn re-
fer to a time when the Battleship Mississippi stood off Pascagoula
in “1906,” not in the Sound but in the Gulf, and a few words relative
to the 1906 hurricane. The Mississippi drew 22 feet and since Horn
Island Pass was only 20 feet deep, the battleship could not enter the
Sound. Lee Bosarge, a well-known fisherman, was at Horn Island
when the first evidences of the 1906 hurricane became visible, and as
it was approaching rapidly, Bosarge decided to make for Pascagoula.
However, he thought of Nelson, the lighthouse keeper, and went to
the Horn Island Light, located in the Gulf near the east end of the
island. Unable to persuade Nelson to leave the Light, he hurriedly
set out for the mainland and barely made it before the storm. Nel-
son, his wife, and daughter were lost and the entire lighthouse was
blown away. The Light was replaced later at a spot east of Horn
and north of Petit Bois.

The earliest information concerning the presence of humans on
the islands, with the exception of the remarks given in the previous
paragraphs, stems from two excellent publications written by C. E.
Cain (1953 and 1954): “Four Centuries on the Pascagoula,'* and “Flags
Over Mississippi." Cain does not write about Horn Island, but he
prefaces the more recent knowledge of this area by a chronological
outline of the activities of the Pascagoula River country. In 1699, a
French-Canadian by the name of Pierre le Moyne dTberville, who
had sailed from France on September 28, 1698, broke ground on April
8, 1699 for the construction of Fort Maurepas at Old Biloxi (Ocean
Springs). On May 3, 1699, Iberville sailed for France but returned
later. His brother, Sieur Bienville, was left as King's Lieutenant.

Rowland (1925) states that Bienville with five men explored the
Pascagoula River and Bay in two bark canoes. They discovered Mas-
sacre Island (Dauphin) which he named Dolphin because a dead dol-
phin had been found on the beach. From there he turned west and
found another island south of Round Island. This island he called
Horn, owing to the fact that one of his men had lost a powder horn
there. They paddled farther west to Ship Island and finally returned
to Fort Maurepas. Bienville won the decoration of the Cross of St.
Louis and a royal patent granting him Horn Island as a reward for
the eminent services W’hich he had rendered the colony.

McWilliams (1953) in a map opposite page 236 of his book, shows
Horn Island as Isle Bienville. Guillaume Delisle was the probable

- 65 -

cartographer in 1718 (fig. 1-A). Isle Bienville was evidently used from
1717, when Bienville was granted Horn Island, until sometime later.
Devin in 1719 and Serigny in 1720 still called the Island, Bienville,
but D’AnvilJe in 1732 (fig. 1-B) uses Horn. It should be noted that
Petit Bois is not shown on these early maps and was possibly part
of Dauphin at the time.

From 1732 until 1845, no definite data appears to be available.
Many old timers and residents of Pascagoula, Gautier, Ocean Springs,
Biloxi and Gulfport were interviewed, but with no avail. Doubtless,
many folk of different nations (Spain, France, England, Portugal, etc.)
roamed the islands, the Sound and the Gulf, but most of Horn Is-
land history appears to have been lost. It seems logical to suppose
that the Island was in a wild state and not conducive to habitation.
In comparison to the other islands, it was quite a trip from the
mainland. Records do not indicate that any wild animals especially
abounded there, although it evidently teemed with alligators, cot-
tonmouths, and perhaps copperheads. Since it is generally believed
that Indians did not like to travel long distances on water, the Biloxis,
Pascagoulas and Moctobis, reportedly about 1,000 strong, stayed close
to the mainland.

Excellent fishing and shrimping in the Sound lured many to this
area, and some folk may have strayed off the beaten path or been
forced to land on Horn. Buttons of Union Army imiforms have been
found in the sand and some military men were buried there at the
time of the Civil War. It would seem logical that explorers besides
Bienville or scientists may have been led to investigate the island in
the old days. However, they might have been frightened off by men
of ill repute, hiding and attempting to get a living from this wilder-
ness. According to Harper (1958), William Bartram passed by Horn
Island when traversing the Sound in “1777^’ (=1775) but did not
visit it.

Horn Island was and still is frequently buffeted by severe storms,
tidal waves, and hurricanes. The most important storms are equinoc-
tial. These and other notable climatic disturbances occurred in 1717,
1721, 1723, 1733, 1740, 1746, 1772, 1813, 1817, 1819, 1832, 1833, 1852,
1860, 1893, 1906, 1916, 1947 and 1960. Occasional water spouts have
been observed in both the Gulf and the Sound.

A family named Waters lived on Horn Island from 1845 to about
1920, and raised cattle. I interviewed their descendants in Pasca-
goula. Their house was not far from the middle of the Island and
near the Sound. The severe hurricane of 1906, during which Horn
Island was nearly covered by water destroyed the Waters’ records
and about one-half of the cattle. Only a pillar, bricks, and parts of
a stove reveal where the Waters’ house once stood just north of Pond
E (fig, 2.). In 1945, a dilapidated building was still standing to the
south of the west end of Lagoon C (fig. 2), This was used as a club-
house for sportsmen who fished and hunted.

During the 19th century some pines were chipped for resin, and
it was distilled on the Island for turpentine, Lumber (mostly square
timber, 16 x 16 inches), cut at Moss Point and Pascagoula was held
off Horn in the Sound until ships could pick it up. At times, as many
as 20 to 30 rafts were anchored along the Sound side, awaiting the
arrival of sail-boats or small two-masted schooners from New Orleans

- 66 -

or Mobile. No lumber was cut on the island except by the Waters
for personal use. All evidence indicates that during historic times
Horn Island has been isolated and populated little or not at all. It
has been uninhabited since the Army left in 1945.

For a period in the last two centuries, some quantity of sand
was hauled to New Orleans by the Jahncke Dredge Company and
others for the manufacturing of glass and for water purification.
Such operation was finally prohibited by the Bureau of Land Man-
agement. It is reported that a New Orleans leather company skinned
quite a sizeable number of alligators in 1923, and used the hides for
various leather goods. A farmer, L. S. Feldier, apparently owned
some cattle on Horn just previous to World War II.

The Department of the Army acquired Horn Island on March
23, 1943, and building construction was begun June 16, 1943. The
principal buildings were erected primarily in the administration,
corral and laboratory areas (fig. 2). The laboratories were located
not far from the Sound about 8 miles west of the administration
area. To solve transportation problems, a company of Seabees built
a narrow-gauge railroad from the corral to the laboratory area.

Approximately 2,027 acres were leased from 26 private indi-
viduals. The remaining 1,969 acres were acquired on a use permit
from the Department of Interior on February 1, 1944. All live-stock
and domestic animals, except those used in experimentation, were
removed when the Army took over. Some hogs were still present
in the spring of 1944 but these were removed soon thereafter. It is
reported that hogs are still on the island and that their tracks have
been seen, but I have not observed any. The unit was declared ex-
cess on August 13, 1945, and all bulling structures and materials
not removed have long since fallen down,

Public Land Order No. 1636 was issued in October 1958, making
part of Horn Island a wildlife refuge (fig. 3). The Fish and Wildlife
Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior posted their acreage
during 1960 to keep away any individuals who might encroach on
their property. The “Gulf National Wildlife Refuges” office controls
the Horn Island refuge, and John R. Walther with an office at Cadet
Point, Biloxi, Mississippi, is in charge.

There is still some question as to the ownership of much of the
private land, and neither the federal nor state governments have as
yet come up with the answer. To the biologist or conservationist, it
would be distinctly regrettable if “development” of the area were to
be carried out. The entire island should be made a wildlife refuge.

IV. ANIMAL AND PLANT LISTS

The species listed here include only those animals and plants
which were actually collected on or in the waters around Horn
Island. This list, with the exception of the species reported by
others, was obtained from collections made by me in 1944, 1945,
and 1959-’61, inclusive. The species recorded by other investigators
are credited to them at the end of the lists of the various Phyla
or Classes. The methods by which the insects were collected have
been described by Rings and Richmond (1953), and the details need
not be repeated. A New Jersey light trap was placed at each of the
administration, laboratory, and corral areas (fig. 2). Fly traps were

- 67 -

placed in different locations from time to time and baited with mis-
cellaneous materials. One hundred and twenty-nine field trips, ex-
clusive of the fly and light trap collections, were made, principally
in 1944, and most of them were devoted to insect collecting. Never-
theless, observations were made regarding other animals as well as
plants. Eleven hundred species, 958 animals and 142 plants, are listed
in this paper.

Attention should be called to the presence of the imported fire
ant. During the summer months, various species of tabanids, sand-
flies, and stable flies are troublesome to humans. During the war
an infestation of bedbugs occurred on the mattress of an officer, and
an enlisted man was bitten by an assassinbug (Tnafoma sangulsuga
sanguisuga (Le C.) ) while sleeping. The bedbugs were doubtless in-
troduced on bedding from the mainland. In the summer of 1944,
many small staphylinids, scolytids, chloropids, chronomids, and cer-
atopogonids were attracted by the barracks* lights, and they entered
in droves through the screens. Aerosol bombs satisfactorily control-
led them. An extensive migration of monarch butterflies was ob-
served at the extreme west end of the island on November 7, 1944.
Low bushes, herbaceous plants, and debris were completely covered
by these butterflies.

No list of Horn Island insects has ever been published with the
exception of the mosquitoes (Rings and Richmond, 1953). Gunter
and Christmas (1959) collected a corixid, IrfchocorMo ver/icalis (Fie-
ber), from offshore plankton in the Gulf and showed that it is a
normal component of the plankton. Sptlman (1959) included a tene-
brionid, Lekhenum canaliculatvm variegalum (Klug), in his distributional
list of Lekhenum species of the United States. Froeschner (1960) de-
scribed a new' species of Cydnidae, and Steyskal (i960), a new species
of Sciomyzidae. Wilson (1958) collected Mesovelia mufsant! bislgnafa Jac-
zewski in brackish pools. All of these species were collected by
me in 1944.

The fish list contains many species caught from the shore by
myself or other personnel stationed on the island during World War
II. J. Y. Christmas' list of fishes, which were seined in the environs
of the island, supplements my personal records. A mosquito fish,
Gambusia affinis (Baird and Girard), was caught by hand in a pool,
which was created by a spouting artesian well situated ju.st to the
west of the administration area. Many fresh or brackish-water fishes
are present in the lagoons and ponds, but no special study has been
devoted to them.

Cottonmouths (fig. 27) abound on the island, and a few alligators
still frequent the swamps and lagoons. A coachwhip snake was
killed on September 20, 1944, by one of the enlisted men. It mea-
sured 451^ inches in length. I was interested to observe on Sep-
tember 6, 1944, a chameleon (Anolls carolmensis Voigt) trying to cap-
ture some living flies in stoppered vials on a laboratory bench.

On January 29, 1959, a King Rail calmly bathed almost at my
feet in a pool formed by a spouting artesian well just east of the
laboratory area. T.*he bird approached the pool without fear, took its
bath, and left without paying the slightest attention to me.

Lincoln (1935, 1950), Hildebrand (1937), Lowery (1945, 1946), Pes-
sin and Burleigh (1941), (Burleigh (1944), Bullis and Lincoln (1952),

- 68 -

Lowery and Newman (1954), and Bullis (1954) all contributed to the
knowledge of the birds that frequent the Sound region. Several
species of shore birds nest on a sandy area just north of the bath-
ing beach (figs, 2 and 15).

There is a remarkable parallelism of the Horn Island plants
with the “pine barren” flora of coastal New Jersey, and with other
eastern areas of the Coastal Plain, Pessin and Burleigh (1941) group
the plants into marsh and wet-land plants, dry-land plants, lianas,
shrubs, trees, and beach plants. The summer marine flora of the
Sound was studied and reported on by Humm and Caylor (1957),
and the sea grasses of the northern Gulf coast were reported on by
Humm (1956X Algae, mosses, liverworts, and ferns were not col-
lected during my study. Pink sundew is especially prevalent in a
low region about two miles east of the administration area. Rose-
mary and groundsel are plants characteristic to the Island (figs. 11
and 26). One species of lichen, Cladonia rangiferina (L.) Weber is
abundant on live oaks, yaupons, and myrtles. Dead cypress stumps
were present near the east end in 1945, but no live cypress was
found on the island. The stumps are now in the Gulf.

Most of the plants collected by Lowe (1921) are to be found in
the Mississippi State University Herbarium. Some of the plants,
which have been collected by R. B. Channell, are at Vanderbilt Un-
iversity, others are at Missi.ssippi State University. Many of the
plants which Delzie Demaree collected are in the Gray Herbarium
at Harvard University, at Vanderbilt University, and at Mississippi
State University, but could not be readily located.

FAUNA

Phylum PORIFERA — Sponges
Clionidae

Cliona celata Grant Sulphur Sponge

Haliclonidae

Haficlona sp Deadman Fingers

Microcionidae

Microciona prolifera Verrill Red Sponge

Phylum COELENTERATA
Asirangiidae

Astrangia astreiformis Milne Edwards and Haime . Stony Star Coral

Campanularildae

Obelia oxydeniaia Steckow Double-branching Hydroid

Hormathiidae

Calliactris tricolor (LeSueur) Common Sea Anemone

Pelagidae

Dactylometra quinquecirrha L. Agassiz Sea Nettle

Renillidae

Renilla mulleri Kolliker Short-stemmed Sea Pansy

Rhizosfomidae (Order Rhizostomae)

Stomolophus meleagris L. Agassiz Cabbagehead

Ulmaridae

^ Aurellia aurita Lamarck Common White Jelly Fish

- 69 -

Phylum CTENOPHORA — Comb JeUies
Berdidae

Beroe ovata Chamisso and Eisenhardt Oval Comb Jelly

Nnemiidae

Mnemiopsis mccradyi A. Agassiz Sea Walnut

Phylum NEMERTEA — Ribbon Worms
Lineidae

Cerebratulus lacteus (Leidy) Large Ribbon Worm

Micrura leidyi (Verrill) Leidy’s Ribbon Worm

Phylum BRYOZOA — Moss Animals
Adeonidae

Zoobotryon verf/c/7/af um (della Chiaje)

Bicellariidae

Bugula neritina Linnaeus Treelike Moss Animal

Membraniporidae

Membranipora membranacea Linnaeus Sea Mat

Phylum CHAETOGNATHA — Arrow Worms
Sag/f#»doe

Sagitta hispida Conant Hispid Arrow Worm

Phylum ANNELIDA — Segmented Worms
Arenicolidae

Arenkola cristata Stimpson Bloodworm

Glyceridae

^ Glycera dibranchiafa Ehlers Proboscis Bloodworm

Nereidae

Nereis pelagica Linnaeus Reddish Clamworm

Sabellariidae

Sabellaria floridensis Hartman Hartman’s Sabellaria

Spionidae

Nerine agilis Verrill Clamworm

^ Species collected by Richmond.

Remainder taken from a Gulf Coast Research Laboratory list.

Phylum MOLLUSCA
Class Pelecypoda — The Clams
Arcidae — Ark Shells

‘ Anadara brasiliana (Lamarck) Incongruous Ark

Andara ovalis (Brugtiierc) Blood Ark

^ Anadara transversa (Say) Transverse Ark

Area zebra Swainson Turkey Wing

^ Noetia ponderosa (Say) - Ponderous Ark

Mytilidae — Mussels

^ Lifhophaga bisulcata d’Orbigny Mahogany Date Mussel

Pinnidae — Pen Shells

^ Atrina seminuda (Lamarck) Half-spined Pen Shell

* Atrina serrafa (Sowerby) Saw-toothed Pen Shell

p/icatulidae — Plaited Shells

^ Pticatufa gibbosa Lamarck Kitten’s Paw

- 70 -

Leptonidae — Leptons

^ Kellia suborbicularis (Thomson) Thomson’s Lepton

^ Mysella cuneofa Verrill & Bush Cuneate Lepton

^ Mysella planulata (Stimpson) Atlantic Flat Lepton

Pectinidae — Scallops

Aequipecten gibbus Linnaeus Calico Scallop

^ Aequipecten irradians concentricus Say Atlantic Bay Scallop

Anomiidae — Jingle Shells

^ Anomia simplex d’Orbigny Common Jingle Shell

Ostreidae — Oysters

Crossos/reo virginica (Gmelin) Eastern Oyster

^ Osfreo equestris Say Horse Oyster

Diplodontidae — Diplodons

^ Diplodontia punctata Say Common Atlantic Diplodon

Lucinidae — Lucines

^ Lucina amiantus Dali Lovely Miniature Lucina

Lucina floridana Conrad Florida Lucina

^ Lucina mulfilineafa Tuomey & Holmes Many-lined Lucina

® Phacoides radians Conrad Radiate Lucina

Cardiidae — Cockles

^ Dinocardium robusium (Solander) Giant Atlantic Cockle

* Laevicardium laevigatum (Linnaeus) Common Egg Cockle

^ Laevicardium mortoni (Conrad) Morton’s Egg Cockle

^ Papyridea soleniformis (Bruguiere) Spiny Paper Cockle

Trachycardium egmonfianum (Shuttleworth) Prickly Cockle

Veneridae — VenUS Clams

^ Anomalocardia cuneimeris (Conrad) Wedge-shaped Venus

* Callista eucymata Dali Glory-of-the-Seas Venus

^ Chione cancellata (Linnaeus) Cross-barred Venus

~ Chione intapurpurea Conrad Cribrara Venus

^ Chione grus Holmes , Gray Pygmy Venus

Crassatellidae — Little Heavy Shells

^ Crassinella lunulata Conrad Lunate Crassinella

^ Cuna dolli Vanatta Moore’s Cuna

^ Dosinia discus Reeve . Disk Dosinia

^ Marcrocallista nimbosa (Solander) Sunray Venus

* Mercenofjo campechiensis (Gmelin) Southern Quahog

^ Parastarte triquetra (Conrad) 3-Sided Parastarte

Tellinidae — Tellinas

* Macoma brevifrons Say Short-snouted Macoma

® Strigilla mirabilis Philippi White Strigilla

^ Tellina alternata Say Alternate Tellin

* Tellina linfea Conrad Linen Tellin

* Tellina versicolor DeKay Cousin Tellin

Semelidae — Semeles and Abras

* Abro aequalis (Say) Common Atlantic Abra

* Abra lioca Dali Dall’s Little Abra

* Semele bellasfriata Conrad Cancellate Semele

^ Semele nuculoides Conrad Nuculoid Semele

Donacidae — Wedge Shell

* Donax obesus d’Orbigny Fat Wedge Clam

^ Donax variabilis Say Coquina Shell

- 71 -

Mocfridoe — Surf Clams

* Labiosa plicatella (Lamarck) Sailor’s Ear

^ Mactra fragilis Gmelin Fragile Atlantic Mactra

* A^u//n/o lateralis (Say) Dwarf Surf Clam

^ Spisula sol'idissima Dillwyn Atlantic Surf Clam

Solenidae — Razor Clams

Ensis minor Dali Miniature Jack-knife Clam

Lyonslidae — Lyonsias

Lyonsia floridana Conrad . . Florida Lyonsia

Teredinidae — Ship Worms

Teredo navalis Linnaeus Ship Worm

Class Pteropoda
Aplysidae — Sea-hares

^ Aplysia willcoxi Heilprin Willcox’s Sea-hare

Arminidae — Nudibranchs

^ Armina tigrina Rafinesque Tiger Nudibranch

Cavoliniidae — Pteropods

^ Crese/s adcula Rang Straight Needle Pteropod

Class Gastropoda — The Snails (Univalves)

Liftorinidae — Periwinkles

Littorlna irrorata Say Marsh Periwinkle

Hydrobidae — Littoridinas

^ Littoridina Sp Littoridina (undescribed)

Vitrinellidae — Vitrinellids

* Meioceras nitidum Stimpson Eel Grass Vitrinellid

Solariorbis mooreana Vanatta Moore^s Vitrinella

Triphoridae — Triphorids

^ Triphora nigrocincta C. B. Adams Black-circled Triphora

t Finella dubia d’Orbigny Dubious Finella

Epitonidae — Epitonids

* Epitonium rupiculum (Kurtz) Rock- inhabiting Peg

Fissurellidae Keyhole Limpets

t Diodora cayenensis (Lamarck) , . . Little or Cayenne Keyhole Limpet

^ Lucapinella limafula Reeve File Fleshy Limpet

Rissoinidae — Rissoinas

^ Rissoina chesneli Michaud ChesneTs Rissoina

Calyptraeidae — Boat Shells

^ Crepidula convexa Say Convex Slipper-shell

Crepidula fornkato Linnaeus Common Atlantic Slippcr-shell

Crepidula plana Say Eastern White Slipper-shell

Terebridae — Augur Shells

^ Terebra dislocaia Say Dislocated Augur

^ Terebra salleana Deshayes Salle’s Augur

Volutidae — Volutes

^ Scaphella junonia Shaw Junonia

Cancellariidae — Nutmegs

^ Cancellaria reticulata Linnaeus Common Nutmeg

Olividae — Olives

* Oliva sayana Ravenel

^ Olivella mutica (Say)

Lettered Olive
. . . Little Olive

I

- 72 -

Nafiddae — Moon Shells

^ Natica pusUla Say .... Miniature Natica

Polinices duplicatus (Say) Shark Eye, Sand-color Snail

Acfeonidao — Small Bubble Shells

^ Haminoea anfillarum d’Orbigny Globose Paper Bubble

Cassidae — Helmet Shells

Phalium granulatum (Born) Scotch Bonnet

Columbellidae — Dove Shells

^ Anachis avara Say Greedy Dove Shell

^ Anachis obesa C. B. Adams Fat Dove Shell

^ Mitrella lunata (Say) Lunar Columbella

Pyramidellidoe — Odostomes

^ Odostomia seminuda (C. B. Adams) Half-smooth Odostome

Cerithiidae — Horn Shells

^ Bittium varium Pfeiffer Variable Bittium

^ Seila adamsi H. E. Lea Adams Miniature Cerith

Muriddae — Rock Shells

^ Murex fulvescens Sowerby Spine-ribbed Murex

^ Thais haemasfoma (Linnaeus) Oyster Drill

Melongenidae — Large Whelks

Busycon perversum (Linnaeus) Perverse Whelk

^ Busycon spirafum (Lamarck) Pear Whelk

Buednidae — Whelks

* Canfharus cancellarius Conrad Cancellate Cantharus

Fasdolariidae — Fasciolarids

^ Fasdolaria hunferia (G. Perry) . Banded Tulip

Nassariidae — Mud Whelks

^ Nassarius acufus (Say) Pointed Basket Shell

Nassarius vibex (Say) Common Eastern Nassa

Ellobiidae — Ear Snails

^ Melampus bldentafus Say Salt Marsh Snail

ViYiparidae — Swamp Snails

Viviparus sp Swamp Snail

Oleadnidae — Flesh-eating Land Snails

Euglandina rosea (Ferrusac) Rosy Euglandina

Class Cephalopoda — Cuttlefishes
Octopodidae — Octopuscs

Octopus vulgaris Lamarck Octopus

^ Species collected by both Richmond, 1944-1960, and C. F. Baker.

^ Other species collected by C. F. Baker prior to 1902.

NOTE: Specimens collected by C. F. Baker deposited in the Academy of

Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Penna. in 1902. These were
listed by E. G. Vanatta (1903).

® Species collected by Rosso, 1951.

Species listed by Moore, 1960, in addition to the other collections.
Unnumbered species collected by Richmond (1944-1961) deposited in the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

- 73 -

Phylum ARTHTIOPODA — Segmented Animals
Class Merostomata — Horseshoe Crabs
Order Xiphosura
Linwiidae

^ Limulus polyphemus Linnaeus Horseshoe Crab

Class Crustacea — Crustaceans
Subclass Branchiopoda
Branchiopodidae

^ Branchipus sp Fairy Shrimp

Subclass Ostracoda
Lynceidae

^ Eurycerus lamellafus (Muller) Muller’s Waterflea

Subclass Copepoda
Acarfiidae

Acarfia tonsa Dana Common Copepod

Subclass Cirripedia
Balanidae

^ Balanus fintinnabulum Linnaeus Acorn Barnacle

^ Balanus eburneus Gould Ivory Barnacle

^ Chelonibia pafula (Rangoni) Crab Barnacle

Lepadidae

Ocfolasmis mulleri (Coker) Goose-neck Barnacle

Subclass Malacostra
Suborder Isopoda
Oniscidae

^ Cylisficus convexus (DeGeer) Convex Sowbug

Suborder Amphipoda
Talifridae

^ Orcbesfia platensis Kr0yer , . Common Sandflea

^ Talorchestia longicornh (Say) Long-horned Sandflea

Gammaridae

^ Gamma rus locusfa (Linnaeus) Seaweed Hopper

Pontoporeiidae

Haustorius sp Haustorius

Order Stomatopoda
Squillidae

Squilla empusa Say King Shrimp, Mantis Shrimp

Order Decapoda
Poriunidae

Arenaeus cribrarius (Lamarck) Swimming Crab

Callinectes ornofus Ordway . ....... Ornate Swimming Crab

Callinecfes sapidus Rathbun Common Blue Crab, Blue Edible Crab
Ovalipes ocessafus guadulpensis (de Saussure) . . Lady Crab

Porfunus spinicarpus (Stimpson) Portunid Crab

Porfunus spinimanus Latreille Portunid Crab

Callianassidae

Callianassa jamalcense louhianensis Schmitt , Mud Shrimp

- 74 -

Hippidae

Emeriia porforicensis Schmitt Puerto Rican Mole Crab

^ Emerita talpoida Say . Baitbug, Sandbug

Euceramus praelongus Stimpson Sandbug

Ma/idae

Libinia dubla Milne Edwards Long-beaked Spider Crab

^ Libinia emargomarfa Lcach Common Spider Crab

Calappidae

Hepatus epheliticus (Linnaeus) Box Crab

Xanthidae

Menippe mercenaria (Say) Stone Crab

Ocypodidae

^ Ocypode quadrafa (Fab.) . . Ghost Crab

(Syn. O. albicans Bose)

Paguridae

Pagurus annulipes (Stimpson) Hermit Crab

Pagurus floridanus (Benedict) . . .Hermit Crab

Pagurus longicarpus Say Hermit Crab

^ Pagurus po/licaris Say Large Hermit Crab

Penaeidae

^ Penaeus a^tecus Ives , Brown Shrimp, Edible Shrimp

^ Penaeus duorarum Burkenroad Pink Shrimp

^ Penaeus fluviatifis Say White Shrimp, Common Shrimp

Sicyonia brevirostris (Stimpson) Rock Shrimp

Chaetopferidae

Petrochirus bahamensis (Herbst.) Large Hermit Crab

Pinnotheridae

Pinnixia chacei Wass Chace’s Worm Crab

Pinnixia choefopferna Stimpson Parchment Worm Crab

Porcellanidae

Porcellana sayana Leach Porcellanid Crab

Palaemonidae

Leander tenuicornh (Say) Sargassum Shrimp

Class Myriapoda
Subclass Chilopoda
Scolopendridae

^ Scolopendra viridis Say Green Centipede

^ Species collected by Richmond (1944)

Remainder taken from a Gulf Coast Research Laboratory list.

^Class Insecta (Hexapoda) — The Insects
Thysanura — Bristletails
Lepismidae

Lepisma saccharina Linnaeus

Odonata — Dragonflies, Damselflies

Aeshnidae

Anax Junius (Drury)

- 75 -

Coenagrionidae
Anomalagrion hastatum (Say)

Argia sp.

Ischnura ramburli Selys
/schnuro verticalis (Say)

Libellulidae

Erythrodiplax berenice (Drury)

Pachydiplax longipennis (Burm.)

Erythemis simplkicollis (Say)

Plecoptera — Stoneflies

Genus?

Orthoptera — Grasshoppers, Crickets, Roaches, ef al.

Acrididae

Dissosteira Carolina (Linnaeus)

Psinidia fenestralis (Serv.)

Scirtetica marmorafa picta (Scudd.)

Schistocera americana (Drury)

Trimerotropis citrina Scudd.

Blattidae

Blatella germanica (Linnaeus)

Eurycotis floridana (Walk.)

Parcoblatta sp.

Parcoblatta fulvescens (S. & Z.)

Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus)

Periplaneto brunnea Burm.

Periplaneta fuliginosa (Serv.)

Supella supellectilium (Serv.)

Gryllidae

Acheta sp.

Acheta assimilis (Fab.)

Anoxipha delicatula (Scudd.)

Nemobius sp.

Mantidae

Stagmomanfis Carolina (Joh.)

Tetrigidae

Teftigidea lateralis (Say)

Teftigoniidae

Concocephalus fasciatus (Deg.)

Conocephalus spartinae (Fox)

Neoconocephalus triops (Linnaeus)

Orchelimum concinnum Scudd.

Scudderia texensis (S. & P.)

Dermaptera — Earwigs

Labiduridae

Labidura riparia (Pallas)

- 76 -

Isoptera — Termites

Kalofermidae

Kaloiermes snyderi Light (Winged — S. E. U. S., Antilles)
Rhinotermifidae

Reticulifermes sp.

Corrodentia — Psocids, Booklice

Peripsoddae

Peripsocus Sp.

Psoddae

Psocus sp., sfriatus Walk, or near.

Thrips sp.

Thysanoptera — Thrips

Hemiptera — True Bugs

Anthocoridae
Lasiochilus hirf&llus Drake & Harris
Onus insidiosus (Say)

Belosfomatidae
Belostoma flumineum Say
Belosfoma festaceum (Leidy)

Lethocerus americanus (Leidy)

Cimidae

Cimex lectularius Linnaeus

Coreidae

Lepfoglossus phyllopus (Linnaeus)

Corixidae

Trichocorixa verticalis (Fieber)

Cydnidae

Amnestus basidenfatus Froeschner (New species 1960)
Amnesfus pusio Blatchley

Gelasfocoridae

Gelastocoris sp.

Gelastocoris oculatus (Fab.)

Lygaeidae

Cymus virescens (Fab.)

Myodocha serripes (Olivier)

Nysrus cafffornicus afabomensis Baker
Oedancala crassimana (Fab.)

Oncopeltus fasdatus (Dallas)

Pochybrachius bilobatus (Say)

Pachybrachius vinctus (Say)

Paromius longulus (Dallas)

Mesovelidae

Mesovelia mulsanti bisignaia Jaczewski

- 77 -

Miridae

Cerafocapsus sp.

Deraeocor/s nebulosvs (Uhler)

Lygus apicalis Fieber
Pilophorus vanduzee Knight
Polymerus basalls (Reuter)

Nabidae

Nabis capsiformis Germar

Neididae

Aknisus multispinus (Ashmead)

Ochferidae

Ochferus banksi Barber

Peniafomidae

Asopinae

Alcaeorrhynchus grandis (Dallas)

Pentaiominae

Edessa bifida (Say)

Nezara viridula (L.)

Pangaeus bilineatus (Say)

Thyanta calceata (Say)

Thyanfa cusfator (Fab.)

Scufellerinae

Diolcus irrorafus (Fab.)

Tetyra bipunctafa (H. -S.)

Reduviidae

Emesa sp.

Triatoma sanguisuga sanguisuga (Le C.)

Saldidae

Pentacora hirta (Say)

Pentacora spbacelata (Uhler)

Saldula opacula (Zetterstedt)

Homoptera — Cicadas, leafhoppers, aphids, scale-bugs et al.

Cicadellidae

Balclutha abdominalis (Van D.)

Balclufha negtecfa (De L. and Dev.)

Carneocephala flav/ceps (Riley)

Chloroteffix viridius Van D.

Deltocephalus flavicosta Stal
Draecufacephata sp.

Graminella nigrifrons (Forbes) — probably fasdfrons (Stal)
Gramineila villicus (Crumb)

Haldorus australis (De L.)

Macrosteles divisus (Uhler)

Menosoma cincta (O. and B.)

Spangbergiella vulnerafa (Uhler)

Cicadidae

Diceroprocfa vitripennis Say

- 78 -

Defphacidae

Dslphacodes propinqua (Fieber)
Euidella weed! (Van D.)

Sogafa furdfera (Horv.)

Lecanidae

Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock

Neuroptera
Chrysopa sp.

— Lacewing-flies, antiions, et al.
Chrysopidae

Hemerobiidao

Sympherobius omiculus (Fitch)

Myrmeleontidae

Brachynemurus longicaudus (Burm.)
Heoclisfs americana (Drury)
Myrmeleon crude f is Waiter
Paranfhaclisis sp.

Trichoptera — Caddice-flies

Genus?

Lepidoptera — Butterflies, Moths, Skippers
Suborder Rhopalocera Superfamily Papilionoidea

Danaidae

Danaus gilippus berenice (Cramer)

Danaus plexippus plexippus (Linnaeus)

Heliconiidae

Agraulis vanillae nigrior Michener

Nymphalidae
Polygonia inferrogaflonis (Fabricius)
Precis lavinia coenia (Huebner)
Speyerla cybele cybele (Fabricius)
Vanessa atalanfa (Linnaeus)

Papilio sp.

Papilionidae

Pieridae

Eurema daira daira (Latreille)

Eurema lisa lisa (Boisduval and Le Conte)
Phoebis sennae eubule (Linnaeus)

Suborder Heterocera Superfamily Sphingoidea

Sphingidae

Enyo lugubris Linnaeus Superfamily Noctuoidea

Amafidae

Cisseps fulvicollis Huebner
Cosmosoma myrodora Dyar
Didasys belae Grote

- 79 -

ArcfUdae

Apantesis radians Walker
C/s/hene bellicula Dyar
Ufetbeisa bella Linnaeus

Pbalaenidae (Noctuidae)

Doryodes sp.

Doryodes bistrialis Geyer
Leucania sp.

Nedra ramosula Guenee
Pengea sp.

Prodenia ornithogalli Guenee
Pseudaletia unipuncfa Haworth

Pyralididae (Pyrausiidae)

Genus?

Crambus sp.

Diorycfria zimmermani Grote
Hymenia perspecfalis Huebner
Loxostege siwilalis Guenee
Sameodes elealis Walker

Diptera — Flies

Agromyzidae

Cerodoniha dorsalis (Loew)

Liriomyza melampyga (Loew)

Liriomyza subpusilla group
Tefhina sp.

Asilidae

Afomosia sp,

Erax sp.

Bibionidae

Philia sp.

PH ilia ser of ina (Loew)

Plecia nearcfica Hardy

Bombyliidae

Anthrax sp.

Geron sp.

Calliphoridae

Callitroga sp.

Callitroga macellaria (Fab.)
Callipbora vicina R. D.

Calliphora vomiforia (L.)

LucHia sp.

Lucilia illustris (Meig.)

Phoenicia sp.

Phoenicia cluvia (Walk.)

Phoenicia cuprina (Wied.)

Phoenicia sericafa (Meig.)

Phormia regina (Meig.)

- 80 -

Cecidomyiidae

Anarefe sp.

Asphondylia sp.

Lesfremia sp.

Neolasiopfera sp.

Phytophogo sp.

Cerafopogonidae
Alluaudomyia bella (Coq.)
Atrichopogon Sp.

Bezzia sp.

Culicoides canifhorax Hoffman
Culicoides furens (Poey)

Culicoides melleus (Coq.)

Dasyhelea sp.

Forcipomyia Sp.

Forcipomyia fuliginosa (Meig.)
Heferomyia sp.

Leptoconops sp.

Monobelea Sp.

Sfilobezzia sp.

Chaoboridae

Chaoborus punciipennis Say
Corethrella brakeleyi Coq.

Chironomidae

Apedilum elachisfus (Townes)
Colopsecfra sp.

Coelofanypus tricolor (Loew)

Pelopia Sp.

Pentaneura sp.

Penfaneura illinoensis (Mall.)
Pentaneura sp. (monilis group)
Pentaneura monilis (L.)

Polypedilum n. sp. (Townes MS)
Polypedilum sp.

Polypedilum parvum (Townes)
Procladius bellus (Loew)

Tendipes sp.

Tendipes attenuatus (Walker)

Cbloropidae

Diplotoxa microcera Loew
Hippelates sp.

Hippelates bicolor Coq.

Hippelates particeps (Beck.)

Hippelates plebejus Loew
Hippelates push Loew
Lasiopleura capax (Coq.)

Oscinella sp.

Oscinella iirfesta Beck,

Sipbonella cinerea Loew
Sipbonella parva Adams
Sipbonella punctifrons Beck.

- 81 -

Culicidae

Aedes sp.

Aedes aegypti (L.)

Aedes atlanticus D. & K.

Aedes atlanticus-tormenfor D. & K.

Aedes inHrmatus D. & K.

Aedes mitchellae (Dyar)

Aedes soHicitans (Walk.)

Aedes taeniorhyncbus (Wied.)

Aedes vexans (Meig.)

Anopheles atropos D. & K.

Anophelus bradleyi King
Anopheles crucians Wied.

Anophelus crucians-bradleyi King
Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say
Cu/ex sp.

Culex apicalis Adams
Cu/ex erraticus D. & K.

Culex nigripalpus Theob.

Culex pilosus (D, & K).

Culex quinquefasciatus Say
Culex restuans Theob.

Culex salinarius Coq.

Culiseta inornata (Will.)

A4anson/a perturbans (Walk.)

Psorophora sp.

Psorophora ciliata (Fab.)

Psorophora confinnis (Lynch-Arribalzaga)
Psorophora discolor (Coq.)

Psorophora ferox (Humb.)

Psorophora howardii (Coq.)

Uranofaenia lowii (Theob.)

Uranotaenia sapphirina (O. S.)

Dolichopodidae

Chrysotus sp.

Gymnopfernus sp.

Hydrophorus sp.

Pelasfoneurus sp.

Pelastoneurus vagans Loew
Psilopus sp.

Drosophilidae

Drosophila sp.

Drosophilia busckii Coq.

Drosophilio guff if era Walker
Drosophilia melanogasfer Meig.
Drosophilia repleta Woll.

Leucophenga quadrimaculata (Walk.)

Empididae

Syneches sp.

Syneches phthia (Walk.)

- 82 -

Ephydridae

Hydrellia sp.

Notiphila sp.

Notiphila olivacea Cr.

Paralimna decipiens Loew
Polytrichophora conciliata Cr.

Scatella sp.

Scatella stagnalis (Fall)

Zeros n. sp.

M/cropez/dae

Taeniaptera sp.

Taeniaptera trivittata Macq.

Muscidae

Atherigona orientalis Schin.
Bifhoracochaeta leucoprocfa (Wd.)
Coenosia ovata Stein
Fannia push (Wd.)

Fucellia maritima (Hal.)

Hylemia sp.

Limnophora sp.

Limnophora narona (Walk.)

L/spe albitarsis Stein
Morellia micans (Macq.)

Musco domesfica L.

Ophyra aenescens (Wd.)

Phyllogasfer sp.

Siphona irrifans (L.)

Stomoxys calcitrans (L.)

Mycefophilidae

Leia bivitfata Say

Olitidae

Euxesfa sp.

Euxesta^ nr. latifasciata (Wulp.)
Euxesfa noiata (Wied.)

Euxesfa spoliata Loew

Megaselia sp.
Dorilas sp.

Phoridae

Pipunculidae

Psychodidae

Psychoda sp.

Psychoda alternafa Say
Telmafosocopus albinpuncfafus (Will.)

Rhaghnidae (Leptidae)
Sarcophagidae

Genus?

Sarcophaga sp.

Sarcophaga buHafa Pk.

Sarcophaga derelicfa (Walk.)

Sarcophaga rapax Walk.

Sarcophaga sarracenioides Aid.

- 83 -

Sciara sp.

Sciaridae

Sciomyzidae

Dkiya iron Steyskal (New species 1960)
Pherbellia nana (Fallen)

Sphaeroceridae

Copromyza sp.

Lepfocera sp.

Lepfocera fontinalis Fallen

Syrphidae

Mesograpta nr. boscii (Macq.)

Tubifera sp.

Tabanidae

Cbrysops sp.

Chrysops aflanficus Pech.

Chrysops flavidus Wied.

Chrysops univiffatus Macq.

Tabanus sp.

Ta bonus abdominalis Fabr.

Tabanus acufus (Bigot)

Tabanus atratus (Fab.)

Tabanus gladiator Stone
Tabanus lineofa Fab.

Tabanus nigroviitatus Macq.

Tabanus quinquevittatus Wied.
Tabanus sparus milleri Whitn.
Tabanus frijuncfus Walker

Tachinidae

Achaefoneura sp. nr. archippivara (Will.)
Eucelatoria rubentis (Coq.)

Paradidyma singularis (Townes)
Siphophyto floridensis Townes

Tephrifidae

Trupanea acfinobola (Loew)
Trupanea vicina (Wulp)

Xanfhaciura connexionis Benj.

Tipulidae

Subfamily Tipulinae

Pales sp.

Pales suiuralis costomarginata (Dietz)
Tipula (Yamatotipula) floridensis Alex.
Tipula (Yamatotipula) ludoviciana Alex.

- 84 -

Subfamily Limoniinae
Tribe Limoniini

Limonia sp.

*Limonia (Limonia) rara (O. S.)

*Limonio (Dicranomyia) disfans (O. S.)

*Umonia (Dicranomyia) floridana (O, S.)

Limonia (Dicranomyia) liberfa (O, S.)

Limonia (Rhipidia) domesfica (O, S.)

* Limonia (Geranomyia) rostra fa (Say)

Limonia (Geranomyia) vanduzeei (Alex.)

*Helius (Helius) flavipes (Macquart)

Tribe Hexatomini

Pseudolimnophila (Pseudoiimnophila) luteipennis (O. S.)

Tribe Eriopterini

*Gonomyia (Lipophleps) puer Alex.

*Gonomy/a (Lipophleps) sulphurella Osten Sacken
Erioptera sp.

Eriopfero (Symplecfa) cana (Walker)

Erioptera (Erioptera) furcifer Alex.

Erioptera (llisia) graphica O. S.

Erioptera (Mesocyphona) Icnabi Alex.

*Erioptera (Mesocyphona) parva O. S.

*Toxorhfna (Toxorhina) magna O- S.

♦New to Mississippi list — according to Alexander.

Coleoptera — Beetles

Alleculidae

Hymenorus sp.

Anobiidae

Ernobius sp.

Ernobius mollis (L.)

Lasioderma serricorne (Fab.)

Petalium bistriatum (Say)

Anthicidae

Anthicus sp,

Notoxus sp.

Bruchidae

Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say)

Megacerus coryphae (Oliv.)

Bupresfidae

Buprestis lineata Fab.

Buprestis maculipennis Gory
Chalcophora Sp.

Chalcophora georgiana (Le C.)

Chalcophora virginiensis (Drury)

Chrysobothris floricota Gory

Byrrhidae

Limnichoderus sp. or (Limnichius)

- 85 -

Canfharidae

Chauliognafhus sp.
Chaufiognafhus morginafus Fab.

Carabidae

Agonoderus sp.

Agonoderus infuscatus (Dej.)
Agonoderus leconfei Chd.

Ardistamis schaumi Le C.

Bembidion constrictum (Le C.)
Calosoma sayi Dej,

Calosoma scrutator (Fab.)

Clivinia sp.

Dyschirius sp.

Galerita janus Fab.

Harpalus pennsylvanicus De G.
Harpalus viridiaenus Beauv.

Oodes amaroides Dej.

Oodes duodecimsfriafus Chev.

Oodes quartuordecimstriatus Chaud.
Tachistodes testaceus (Dej.)
Tetragonoderus intersectus Germ.
Triliarthrus badiipennis (Hald.)

Cerambycidae

Acanthocinus nodosus (Fab.)
Acanfhocinus obsoletus (Oliv.)
Anoplium inerme (Newm.)
Desmocerus sp.

Eupagonius tomenfosus (Hald.)
Smodicum cucuj'dorme (Say)
Stenodonfes dasystomus Say

Chrysomelidae

Altica sp.

Altica litigafa Fall
Altica ludoviciana Fall
Diabrotica undecimpvnctata howardi Barber
Lema sp.

Oedionychus concinna (Fab.)

Systena frontalis (Fab.)

Cicindelidae

Cicindela dorsalis saulcyi (Guer.)
Cicindela trifasciata ascendens (Le C.)
Megacephala (Tetracha) Carolina L.

Cleridae

Cymatodera undulata (Say)
Necrob/a rufipes (DeGeer)

- 86 -

Coccinellidae

Cbilocorus bivulnerus Muls.

ColeomegiHa maculata fuscilabris Muls.
Cycloneda sanguinea (L.)

Hippodamia convergens Guer.
Hyperaspis binotafa Say
Naemia serialis (Melsh.)

Olla abdominalis plagiata Csy.

Cucujidae

Sylvanus bidenfafus (Fab.)

Curculionidae

Brachybamus elecfus Germ.

Hyperodes anthracinus (Dtz.)
Pachylobius pidvorus Germ.

Perigasfer crefura (Hbst.)

Sm/cronyx sculpticollis Gsy.

Dryopidae

Pelonomus (near obscurus Le C.)

Dytisddae

Agabus johannis Fall
Bidessus pullus pullus Le C.

Copelafus chevrolafi Aube
Hydaticus sp.

Hydaticus bimarginafus Say
Laccophilus proximus (Say)
Thermonecfus basil laris (Harris)

Elateridae

Agrypnus sp.

Alaus sp.

Alaus my ops (Fab.)

Conoderus sp.

Conoderus bellus (Say)

Ischiodonfus sp.

Gyrinidae

Dineutes sp.

Dineufes carolinus Le C.

Haliplidae

Peltodyies sp.

Peltodyfes sexmaculafus Robts.

Helodidae

Cyphon sp.

Ora sp.

Heferoceridae

Heterocerus undafus Melsh.

Hisferidae

Saprinus pennsylvanicus (Payk.)

- 87 -

Hydrophilidae

Ancaena limbata (F.)

Berosus sp.

Berosus exiguus Say
Berosus infuscatus Le C.

ChaefarfhrJa pallida (Le C.)

Cercyon praefextafus (Say)

Enochrus hamilfoni (Horn)

Enochrus ochraceus (Melsh.)

Enochrus perplexus (Le C.)

Enochrus pygmaeus (F.) complex
Helobata striata (Brulle)

Hydrobiomorpha casta (Say)

Hydrochus simplex (Le C.) (Hydraenidae)
Paracymus nanus (Fall)

Paracymus subcupreus (Say)

Tropisternus bfatchleyi d'Orch.

Tropisternus lateralis nimbatus Say
Tropisternus mexicanus striolafus (Le C.)
Tropisternus quadristriafus Horn
Tropisternus striolafus Le C.

Lampyridae

Photuris pennsylvanica (DeGeer)

Melyridae

Collops nigriceps floridanus Schaeffer

Mordellidae

Mordellistena sp.

Nifidulidae

Carpophilus sp.

Noteridae

Suphisellus floridanus Blatch.

Suphisellus gibbvius Crotch.

Oedemeridae
Alloxacis dorsalis (Mels.)

Alloxacis pleuralis (Le C.)

Oxacis sp.

Scarabaeidae

Anomala sp.

Anomala flavipennis Burm.

Aphodius sp.

Aphodius cuniculus Chev.

Aphodius lividus (Oliv.)

Aphodius ruricola Melsh.

Ataenius sp.

Ataenius alternatus Melsh.

Ataenius cylindrus Horn
Ataenius imbricatus (Melsh.)

- 88 -

Ataenius miamii Cartwright
Ataenius platensis (Blanch.)
Ataenius saluiator Fall
Ataenius wenzelii Horn
Bothynus cuniculuE (Fab.)

Bothynus gibbosus (DeGeer)
Cyclocephala immaculata (Oliv.)
Cydocephala seditiosa (Le C.)
Diplotaxis sp.

Dyscinefus morafor (Fab.)
Phyllophaga sp.

Phyllophaga latifrons (Le C.)
Phyllophaga prununculina (Burm.)
Pleurophorus longulus Cartwright
Psammadius bidens Horn
Trox suberosus (Fab.)

Scolyfidae

Ips calligrophus Germ.

Ip$ grandicollis (Eich.)

Pifyoborus comatus (Zimm.)
Xyleborus af finis (Eich.)

Staphylinidae

Aleochara bipustulota (L.)

Atheta virgin/ca (Bernhaver)

Bledius sp.

Bledius analis Le C.

Bledius cordatus Say
Bledius gularis Er.

Bledius punciatissimus Le C.

Bledius turbulenius Csy.

Creophilus maxillosus (L.)

Paederus liftorarius Grav.

Pinophilus parcus Le C,

Philonthus sp.

Tenebrionidae

Alobafes pennsylvanica (DeGeer)

Alphitobius diaperinus (Panz.)

Uloma punciuloia Le C.

Leichenum cana/ico/ofom variegatum (Klug)
Phaleria longu/a Le C.

Hymenoptera — Bees, Wasps, Ants, et a/.

Andrenidae

Perdita swenki Cwfd.

Apidae

Bombus americanorum (F.)
Psiihyrus variabilis (Cr.)

- 89 -

Braconidae

Apanfeles Sp.

Aphaereta muscae Ashm.
Macrocenfrus delicatus Cr.
Meteorus sp.

Mefeorus indagator (Riley)
Meteorus leviventris (Wesmael)
Microplitis sp.

Pbanerotoma sp.

Pbanerotoma fasdata Prov.
Rogas sp.

Rogas sfigmator (Say)

Genus?

Cbrysis intricata Br.

Cbalddidae

Cbrysididae

Formiddae

Camponofus abdominalis floridanus (Buckley)
Camponotus nearcticus Emery
Crematogaster heviuscula Mayr.

Dorymyrmex sp.

Dorymymex pyramieus var. flavus McCook
Formica (Neoformica) sp.

Formica pallide-fulva scbaufussi Mayr.
Iridomyrmex bumilis Mayr,

Iridomyrmex pruinosus (Roger)

Pbeidole sp.

Pogonomyrmex badius (Latr.)

Ponera opaciceps Mayr.

Solenopsis saevissima ricbteri (Forel)
Tretramorium gineense (Fab.)

Halicfidae

Agaposfemon virescens (Fab.)

Icbneumonidae

Enicospilus sp.

Ifoplectis conquisitor (Say)

Pompilidae

Anoplius sp.

Anoplius virginiensis (Cr.)

Pferomalidae

Pteromalus sp.

Spbecidae

Bembix Carolina (Fab.)

Cbalybion californicum (Sauss.)
Microbembex monodonta (Say)
Miscopbus americonus Fox
Nifela virginiensis Roh.

Oxybelus emarginafum Say
Scelipbron caementan'um (Dru.)

^ All insects listed collected by Richmond.

- 90 -

Class Arachnida
Araneida — Spiders

Thendiidae — Comb-footed Spiders
Latrodecfus macfans (Fab.) Black Widow

Aronerdoe — Typical Orb-weavers
Eustala anasfera (Wafckender) Orb-weaver

Argiopidae — Orb-weavers

Gasferacanffia cancnformis (Linnaeus) Spiny Orb-weaver

Clubionidae — Clubionids

Clubiona sp.

Lycosidae — Wolf-spiders

Lycosa sp.

Aftidae ~~ Jumping Spiders

Phidippus variegafus C. Koch Southern Phidippus

Micryphantidae — Micryphants

Genus?

Pseudoscorpionida ~ Pseudoscorpions
Pseudoscorpionidae — False Scorpions

Genus?

Acarina — Mites and Ticks
Ixodidae — Ticks

Dermacenfor varlabtlis (Say) Wood Tick

Haemaphysalis leparis-pa/usfns (Pack.) Rabbit Tick

Hydrachnidae — Water-mites

Hydrachnida sp.

Trombidiidae — Harvest Mites

Eufrombicula alfreddugesi (Oudemans) . Chigger, Harvest Mite

PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA
Class Holothuroidea
Synapfidae — Sea Cucumbers

Lepfosynapta crassipaiina H. L. Clark Sea Cucumber

Class Echnoidea
Scutellidae — Sand Dollars

Mettifa quinquiesperforafa (Lesko) Keyhole Dollar

Class Asteroidea
Luidiidae — Starfishes

Luidia alternata (Say) Say’s Starfish

Luidia clafhrafa (Say) Flat Starfish

Class Ophiuroidea
Amphiuridae — Brittle Stars

Amphiodia gyraspis H. L. Clark Brittle Star

Amphiodia limbafa (Grubb) Brittle Star

Hemipholis elongaia (Say) Elongate Brittle Star

Opbiophragmus filiograneus (Lyman) Brittle Star

- 91 -

PHYLUM ENTEROPNEUSTA
Bafanidae — Acorn Worms

Balanoglossus sp Acorn Worm

PHYLUM CHORDATA
Subphylum Urochorda
Molgulldae — Seagrapes

Molgula manhaitensis DeKay Sea Squirt, Seagrapes

Subphylum Cephalochorda
Branchiosiomidae — Lancelets

Branchiosfoma caribaeum Sundevall Virginia Lancelot, Amphioxus

Subphylum Craniata
Class Pisces — The Fishes
Dasyafidae — Sting Rays

® Dasyafis sayi (LeSueur) Say’s Stingray

* Dasyafis sabina (LeSueur) Sabina Stingray

Lepisosfeidae — Garpikes

* Lepisosfeus spatula (Lacepede) Alligator Garpike

Clupeidae — Herrings

^ Brevoorfia pafronus (Latrobe) Large Scale Gulf Menhaden

^ Harengula pensQcolae Goode & Bean . Broad Sardine, Razorbelly
^ Opisihonema oglinum (LeSueur) Thread Herring

Engraulidae — Anchovies

^ Anchoa hepsefus (Bonnaterre) Striped Anchovy

Synodontidae — Lizard Fishes

^ Synoofus foetens (Linnaeus) Lizardfish

Tachysuridae — Catfishes

® Bagre marinus (MitchiJl) Gafftopsail Catfish

^ Galeichthys felis (Linnaeus) Sea Catfish

Ecb&lidae — Worm Eels

Myrophis punctafus Liitken Speckled Worm Eel

Belonidae — Needlefishes

^ Strongylura marina (Walbaum) Green Needlefish

Hemiramphidae — Halfbeaks

i/z/i Hyporhamphus unifasciatus (Ranzani) . . Half beak

Cyprinodontidoe — Top Minnows

Cyprinodon variegatos voriegatus LacepMe Pursy Pupfish

* Fundulus dispar notfi (Agassiz) Southern Starheaded Top Minnow

^ Fundulus grandis (Baird & Girard) . Gulf Mummichog

^ Fundulus similis (Baird and Girard) Longnose Killifish

^ Lucania parva (Baird and Girard) Rainwater Fish

Poeciliidae — Livebearers

* Gambusia affinis (Baird and Girard) Mosquito Fish

Mollienesia latipinna LeSueur Sailfin Molly

- 92 -

Syngnaihidae — Pipefishes

^ Hippocampus hudsonius DeKay Northern Seahorse

^ Syngnathus louisianae (Giinther) Louisiana Pipefish

■' Syngnathus sp

Moronidae — Perches

^ Roccus mississippiensis Jordan and Eigenmann White Perch

Rachycentridae — Cobias

^ Rachycenfron canadum (Linnaeus) Crab Eater

Carangidae — Jacks

^ Carnax latus Agassiz Horseeye Jack

■' Trachinofus carofinus (Linnaeus) Common Pompano

■' Trachinofus falcafus (Linnaeus) Round Pompano

^ Oligoplifes saurus (Schneider) . Leather Jacket

Gerridae — Jermys

^ Eucinosfomus argenfeus Baird and Girard Silver Mojarra

■' Eucinosfomus gula (Cuvier) Common Mojarra

Otofithidae — Otolithids

■' Cy noscion nebulosus (Cuvier, Valenciennes) . . Speckled Sea Trout,

Spotted Weakfish

Sciaenidae — Croakers

^ Bairdiella chrysurus (Lacepede) Silver Perch, Yellowtail

^ Lorimus fasciofus Holbrook Banded Croaker

^ Leiostomus xanthurus Lacepede Goady, Spot

^ A/lenf/c/rrhus sp

^ Menficirrhus litforaUs (Holbrook) Surf Whiting

■' Menficirrhus focaliger Ginsburg Gulf Whiting

■' Micropogen undulafus (Linnaeus) Croaker

^ Pogonias cromis (Linnaeus) Black Drum

^ Sciaenops ocellata (Linnaeus) Redfish

Sparidae — Porgies

* Archosatgus probafocephalus (Walbaum) Sheepshead

^ Lagodon rhomboides (Linnaeus) Pinfish

Dacfyhscopidae — Sand Stargazers

^ Dactyfoscopus fridigifafus Gill Sand Stargazer

Uronoscopidae

^ Astroscopus y-graecum Cuvier and Valenciennes

Southern Stargazer

Blenniidae — Blennys

^ Chasmodes saburrae Jordan and Gilbert Florida Blenny

Sfromateidae — Harvest Fishes

^ Poronotus friacanthus (Peck) Butterfish

Sphyraenidae — Barracudas

^ Sphyraena borealis DeKay Northern Barracuda

m

Mugilidae — Mullets

Mugil cephalus Linnaeus Striped Mullet

^ Mugt/ curema Cuvier and Valenciennes White Mullet

- 93 -

Atherinidae — Silversides

^ Membras mariinicus Cuvier and Valenciennes . . Rough Silversides

^ Menidia beryllina (Cope) Tidewater Silversides

Menidia menidia (Linnaeus) Common Silversides

(Editorial note: We believe that this is a misldentlfication/ but the speci-
men is available for examination whenever desired and
we have let the author's idea stand).

Triglidae — Sea Robins

^ Prionofus evolans (Linnaeus) Longwing Searobin

Bafrachoididae — Toadfishes

^ Opsanus fau (Linnaeus) Toadfish

PleuronecfJdae — Flounders

^ Citharichfhys spilopterus Gunther Bigeye Spotted Flounder

^ Paralichthys albiguttus Jordan and Gilbert Sand Flounder

Paralichthys lefhostigmus Jordan, Gilbert Southern Large Flounder

Ostraciidae — Trunkfishes

* Lactophrys tricornis (Linnaeus) Three-spined Cowfish

Cynoglossidae — Tonguefishes

^ Symphurus plagiusa (Linnaeus) Oblique Tonguefish

Diodontidae — Porcupine Fishes

^ Chilomycterus schoepfi (Walbaum) Burrfish

^ Netted by Christmas off Horn Island.

Caught by Richmond et al. from shore or in water on island.

^ Inlets on landward beach of Horn Island — Fowler (1931).

^ Identified by Fowler and deposited in the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia.

Class Amphibia — The Frogs, Toads, Salamanders
Bufonidae — Toads

^ Bufo terrestris Bonnaterre Southern Toad

Hylidae — Tree Frogs

Acris gryllus gryllus Le C. -

Hyla . cinerea Daudin

Hyla squirella Bosc

^ Also reported by Smith and List (1955).

Class Reptilia — The Reptiles
Loricata

Crocodilidae —Alligators and Crocodiles
Alligator mississippiensis (Daudin) Alligator

Squamata
Sauria — Lizards
Anguidae — Lizards

^ Ophisaurus ventralis (Linnaeus) Eastern Glass Lizard

Iguanidae — Iguanas

^ Anolis carolinensis Voigt Chameleon, Tree Lizard

Cricket Frog

. . Green Treefrog
Southern Treefrog

- 94 -

Teiidae — Teiids

^ Cnemidophorus sexiineatus (Linnaeus) Six-lined Racerunner,

Sand Lizard

Scincidae — Skinks

Eumeces fasciatus (Linnaeus) Five-lined Skink

^ Scincella laterale (Say) Ground Lizard

Serpentes — Snakes
Colubridae — Common Harmless Snakes

Coluber constrictor constrictor Linnaeus Black Racer

Heterodon platyrhinos Latrielle Eastern Hognose Snake

Lamprope/tJs getu/us holbrooki Stejneger Speckled King Snake

Masficophis flagellum flagellum (Shaw) - . Coachwhip Snake

^ Natrix clarkli (Baird and Girard) Gulf Salt-marsh Snake

Natrix cyclopion cyclopion (Dumeril and Bibron) Green Water Snake
Matrix sipedon confhens (Linnaeus) , . , Broad-banded Water Snake

Crotalidae — Poisonous Snakes

Agkistrodon contortrix confortrix (Linnaeus) Copperhead

Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma (Troast) Cottonmouth

Testudinata — Turtles
Chelonidae — Sea Turtles

Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus) Green Turtle

Emydidae — Freshwater and Marsh Turtles

Malaclemys palustris (Gmel) Diamondback Terrapin

^ Pseudemys concinna (Le Conte) Le Conte’s Terrapin, Cooter

^ Reported also by Allen (1932).

^ Reported by Smith and List (1955).

Class Aves — The Birds
Gaviidae

Gavia immer immer (Brunnich) Common Loon — M

Colymbidae

^ Podilymbus podkeps podiceps (Linnaeus) Pied-billed Grebe — W

Peleconidae

Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Gmelin White Pelican — W

^ Pelecanus occidentalis occidentalis Linnaeus . . . E. Brown Pelican — P

Phalacrocoracidae

Phalacrocorax auritus auritus (Lesson) Double-crested Cormorant — W

Anhingidae

^ Anhinga a nhinga leucogasfer (hinnaeus) Water-Turkey — V

Fregatidae

Fregata magnificens Mathews Magnificent Frigate Bird — S

- 95 -

Ardeidae

Ardea herodias herodias (Linnaeus) Great Blue Heron— P

Butorldes virescens virescens (Linnaeus) Green Heron — S

Casmerodius albus egretta (Gmelin) American Egret — P

Egretfa thulo thulo (Molina) Snowy Egret — S

Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis (Gosse) Louisiana Heron — P

Moris bassana (Linnaeus) Gannet — M

Nycfon 055 cr violoceo violocea (Linnaeus) Yellow-crowned Heron — M

Nycticorax nycticorax hoacili (Gmelin)

Black-crowned Night Heron — S

Anatidae

Anas platrhynchos platyrhynchos (Linnaeus) . . Common Mallard — W

Anas rubripes rubripes Brewster Black Duck — W

Branta canadensis canadensis (Linnaeus) Canada Goose— W

Chen caerulescens (Linnaeus) Blue Goose — M

Chen hyperborea hyperboreo (Pallas) Lesser Snow Goose — M

Clangula hyemalis (Linnaeus) Old-Squaw- — W

Da/i/o ocufo tzitzihoa (Vieillot) Pintail — W

Moreco americana (Gmelin) Baldpate — W

Mergus serrator Linnaeus Red-breasted Merganser — W

Neftion carolinense (Gmelin) Green-winged Teal— W

Nyroca affinis (Eyton) Lesser Scaup Duck — W

Nyroca americana (Eylon) Redhead — W

Nyroca marila nearctica (Siejneger) Greater Scaup Duck— W

Nyroco yalisineria (Wilson) . Canvas-Back — W

Querquedula discors (Linnaeus) Blue-winged Teal — M

Accipitriidae

Circus hudsonius (Linnaeus) Marsh Hawk — W

Falco peregrinus anatum Bonaparte Duck Hawk — W

Falco sparverius sparyerius (Linnaeus) Eastern Sparrow Hawk — S
Haliaeefus leucocephalus leucocephalus (Linnaeus) S. Bald Eagle — S
Pandion haliaUtus carofinensis (Gmelin) Osprey — S

Raflidae

Fulica americana americana Gmelin Coot — W

lonornis martinica (Linnaeus) Purple Gallinule— P

Rolfus elegans elegans Audubon . = King Rail — P

Rallus longirosiris saturatus Ridgway .... Louisiana Clapper Rail — P

Charadriidae

Charadrius hiaticuJa semipalmafus Bonaparte . Semipalm. Plover —

Charadrius melodus Ord ...... Piping Plover — M

Ciioradr/ws vociferous vociferous (Linnaeus) . . Killdeer — P

Pagolla wilsonia wilsonia (Ord) . Wilson’s Plover — S

Squatarofa squatarola (Linnaeus) Black bellied Plover — M

Scolopacidae

Acfifis mocularia (Linnaeus) Spotted Sandpiper — W

Capella delicata (Ord) Wilson’s Snipe — ^W

Cafopfrophorus semipa/matus semipalmafus (Gmelin) E. Willet — S

Crocefh/o alba (Pallas) Sanderling — W

Ereunefes maurii Cabanis Western Sandpiper — M

Ereunetes pusillus (Linnaeus) ..... Semipahnated Sandpiper — M
Limnodromus griseus griseus (Gmelin) . . . Short-billed Dowitcher — M

Pelidna alpina sakhalina (Vieillot) Red-backed Sandpiper — W

Phobia melanotos (Vieillot) Pectoral Sandpiper — M

Pisobia minufilla (Vieillot) Least Sandpiper. . M

Toianus fiavipes (Gmelin) Lesser Yellowlegs — M

Totanus melanoleucus (Gmelin) Greater Yellowlegs — M

Tringa solitaria solitario Wilson . . Eastern Solitary Sandpiper — M

Laridae

Chlidonias nigra surinamensis (Gmelin)

Hydroprogne caspta imperator (Coues)

Larus argenfatus smithsonianus Coues . .

^ Larus africilla megalopterus Bruch . . .

Larus delawarensis Ord

Larus Philadelphia (Ord) .

Rynchops nigra nigra Linnaeus

Sterna antilarum antillarum (Lesson)

Sterna forsteri Nuttall

^ Sterna hirundo hirundo Linnaeus

Thalasseus maximus maximus Boddaert

Columbidae

Zenaidura macroura carolinensis (Linnaeus) . . E. Mourning Dove — - P

Cuculidae

Coccyzus americanus americanus (Linnaeus) Yellow-billed Cuckoo — S
Coccyzus eryfhropthalmus (Wilson) Black-billed Cuckoo — M

Caprimulgidae

Chordeiles minor chapmani Coues Florida Nighthawk — S

Alcedinidae

Megaceryle alcyon alcyon (Linnaeus) Eastern Belted Kingfisher — P

Picidae

Colopies auratus Linnaeus Flicker — P

Sphyrapicus varius yarius (Linnaeus) Yellow-bellied Sapsucker — W

Tyrannidae

Myiarchus crinitus crinitus (Linnaeus)

Myiochanes virens (Linnaeus)

Sayornis phoebe (Latham)

Tryrannus tyrannus (Linnaeus)

Hirundinidae

Hirundo erythrogaster (Boddaert) Barn Swallow — M

Iridoprocne bicolor (Vieillot) Tree Swallow — W

Sitfidae

Sitta canadensis Linnaeus Red-breasted Nuthatch — W

Certhiidae

Carihia familiaris americana Bonaparte Brown Creeper — W

Troglodytidae

Cistothorus stellaris (Naumann) Short-billed Marsh Wren — W

Thryothorus ludovicianus (Latham) Carolina Wren — P

Troglodytes aedon baldwini Oberholser Ohio House Wren — W

S. Crested Flycatcher — S
Eastern Wood Pewee — S

Eastern Phoebe— W

Eastern Kingbord— S

. . . , Black Tern — M
Caspian Tern— W
. , Herring Gull — W
Laughing Gull — P
Ring-billed Gull— W
Bonaparte’s Gull — W
Black Skimmer — S
. . . . Least Tern — S
. Forster’s Tern — M
. . Common Tern — W
. . Royal Tern — V

- 97 -

Mimidae

^ Dumetella carotinensis (Linnaeus) Catbird — W

Mimus polyglotfos polyglottos (Linnaeus) . Eastern Mockingbird — P

Turdidae

Hylochichia fuscescens fuscescens (Stephens) Veery —

Hylodchla guffata faxon’i Bangs & Penard . . E. Hermit Thrush-

Hylocichla musfelina (Gmelin) Wood Thrush

Hylodchla ustolata swainsoni (Tschudi) . . , Olive-backed Thrush-

Sialia sialis sialis (Linnaeus) Eastern Bluebird-

Turdus migratorius migratorius Linnaeus Eastern Robin-

Sylvndoe

Corfhylio calendula calendula (Linnaeus) E. Ruby-crown. Kinglet-
Poliopfila caerulea caerulea (Linnaeus) Blue-gray Gnatcatcher-
Regulus satrapa satrapa Lichtenstein E. Golden-crown. Kinglet-

Motadflidae

Anthus spinoletta rubescens (Tunstall) American Pipit-

Bombydilldae

Bombydila cedrorum Vieillot Cedar Waxwing-

Laniidae

Lanius ludovkianus ludovidanus (Linnaeus) . Loggerhead Shrike-

Vireonidae

Vireo flavifrons (Vieillot)

Vireo griseus gr/seus (Boddaert)

Vireo olivaceus (Linnaeus)

Yellow-throated Vireo—
.... White-eyed Vireo—
Red-eyed Vireo—

Compsofhlypidae

Compsothlypis americana (Linnaeus) Parula Warbler-

Dendroica aestiva (Gmelin) Yellow Warbler-

Dendroica casta neo (Wilson) Bay-breasted Warblcr-

Dendroka coronata (Linnaeus) Myrtle Warbler-

Dendroica discolor discolor (Vieillot) Northern Prairie Warbler-

Dendroka magnolia (Wilson) . Magnolia Warbler-

Dendroica palmarum hypochrysea Ridgway Yel. Palm Warbler-
Dondroka pinus pinus (Wilson) ...... Northern Pine Warbler

Dendroka striata (Forster) Black-poll Warbler-

Dendroka virens virens (Gmelin) Black-throated Green Warbler-

Geothlypis trkhas (Linnaeus) Yellow-throat-

Mniotilfa varia (Linnaeus) Black-and-white Warbler-

Profonotaria dtrea (Boddaert) Prothonotary Warbler-

Seiurus aurkapillus (Linnacus) Ovenbird-

Seiurus noveboracensk noveboracensis (Gmelin) N. Water-thrush-
Setophaga rutidlla trkolora (Linnaeus) ... American Redstart-

Icteridae

Agelaius phoeniceus littoralis Howell and Van Rossem

Gulf Red-wing — P

Cassidix mexkonus major (Vieillot) Boat-tailed Grackle— P

Dolkhonyx oryzivorus (Linnaeus) Bobolink — M

- 98 -

Mcnen -fl ^ ^

Fringillidae

Ammospiza mortima howelH (Griscom, Nicholsj Howell’s Sparrow — • P

^ Junco hyemalis hyemafis (Linnaeus) Slate-colored Junco — W

Melospiza georgiana (Latham) . . , Swamp Sparrow — W

Melospiza melodia (Wilson) Song Sparrow — W

^ Passerina cyanea (Linnaeus) . Indigo Bunting — M

Spizella pusilla pusiHa (Wilson) Eastern Field Sparrow — W

P — Permanent resident.

S — Summer resident.

V — Summer visitant.

W — Winter resident
M — Migrant.

^ — Additions to Burleigh and Pessin List of 1941 by Richmond (this paper).

® — Additions to Burleigh and Pessin List of 1941 by John R. Walther (unpub-
lished).

Class Mammalia — The Mammals
Delphinidae — Dolphins and Porpoises
Tursiops truncafus (Montague) Atlantic Bottle-nosed Dolphin

Leporidae — Hares and Rabbits

Sylvilagus aquaticus litforalis Nelson Coast Swamp Rabbit

Sylvilagus fhridanus mallurus (Thomas) Eastern Cottontail

Muridae —Rats

Mus norvegicus norvegicus (Erxleben) Norway, Common, Brown Rat
Procyonidae — Raccoons

Procyon lotor varius Nclson & Goldman Raccoon

FLORA

Pinaceae

Pinus Elliottii Engelm. . , , Slash Pine, Swamp Pine

* Pinus clausa (Engelm.) Vasey Spruce-Pine, Sand-Pine

Typhaceae

Typha angustifolia L Narrow-leaved Cattail

Potomogetonaceae
Ruppia maritima L

Ditch-grass

Alismafaceae

Alisma subcordatum Raf Waterplantain

Sagittaria mohrii Sm. J. G. Arrowhead

Hydrocharitaceae

Thalassla festudinum Koenig-|-Sims Turtle-grass

Halophila engelmannii Ascher Tape-grass

- 99 -

Grantineae

Andropogon glomerafus (Walt.) B. S. P Broom-grass

Aristida longespica Poir Three-awn Grass

Cenchrus incertus M. A. Curtis ... Southern Sandbur, Burr-grass

* Chlons petraea Swartz Finger-grass

^ Digitaria serotina (Walt.) Michx

Echinoch/oa Waited (Pursh) Nash Walter’s Echinochloa

Eragrostrs EllioWi S. Wats. Love-grass

* Panicum amarum Ell. . . .

^ Panicum crus-galli L Barnyard-grass

Panicum nitidum Lam. . Panic-grass

Panicum oligosanthes Schultes Panic-grass

^ Panicum repens L Panic-grass

^ Panicum tenerum Beyr Panic-grass

* Paspolum Horidanum Michx Florida Paspalum

^ Paspa/um memferoceum Walt Walter’s Paspaluiti

^ Paspalum seiaceum longependunculafum (LeConte) . Long-peduncled

Paspalum

^ Paspalum vagina fum Swartz Salt Joint-grass

^ Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv Glaucous Foxtail

^ Setaria magna Griseb. , Giant Foxtail

Spartina alternifhra Loisel Saltmarsh Cord Grass

Sparfina patens monogyna (M. A. Curtis) Fern. White-rush

Sporobolus vaginiflorus (Torr.) Wood . . Drop-seed, Poverty Grass

Sporofaolus virginfcus (L.) Kunth Virginia Rush-grass

Uniola paniculata L. Sea Oats

Cyperaceae (Sedges)

Bulbosfylis ciliatifolio (Ell.) C. Mohr. Ciliate-leaved Sedge

* Cyperus Haspan L Haspan Sedge. Sheathed Cyperus

^ Cyperus Lecontei Torr. Golden Sedge

* Dichromena coloraia (L.) Hitchc White-tuft, Star-rush

^ Eleocharis albida Torr Spike-rush

^ Eleocharis cellulosa Torr Cellular Spikerush

^ Fimbristylis autumnalis (L.) Roem.+Schult Autumnal Sedge

* Fimbristylis castanea Michx. Vahl Chestnut-colored Sedge

^ Fimbristylis Harperi Britton Harpers’ Sedge

^ Marhcus jamakensis (Crantz) Britt Saw-Grass

Psilocarya corymbifera (C. Wright) Britt Baldrush

Rhynchospora cymosa (Willd.) Ell. Beakrush

* Rynchospora infermixfa C. Wright Beakrush

Rhynchospora microcarpa Baldw Beakrush

Pplmaceae (Arecaceae)

Sabal glabra (Mill.) Sarg Dwarf Palmetto

Serenoa repens (Bartr.) Small Saw-palmetto

Xyridaceae

Xyris caroliniana Walt Carolinian Yellow-eyed Grass

* Xyris elata 'Chapm Yellow-eyed Grass

Xyris Ellioffii Chapm Elliott’s Yellow-eyed Grass

Xyris forfa J. E. Sm Twisted Yellow-eyed Grass

- 100

Commelinaceae

‘ Commelino angostifoiio Michx Narrow-leaved Dayflower

Commellna erecia angustifolia (Michx.) Fem NarroW-leaved

Dayflower

Juncaceae

Juncus robusfus (Engelm.) Cov Common Reed

^ Juncus roemerianus Scheele Black Rush

‘ Juncus scirpoid^s Lam, Scirpoid Rush

Liliaceae

Smilax aur/cu/ofo Walt Catbrier, Wild Bamboo

^ Smilax bona-nox L China brier

Iridaceae

Sisyrinchium sp Blue-eyed Grass

Spiranthes sp.

Orcbidaceae

Ladies’-Tresses

Myricaceae

Myrica cerifera L Wax-myrtle, Candleberry

Fagaceae

Quercus virginiana geminafa Sarg. Live Oak

Polygonaceae

* Delopyrum graciln (Nutt.) Small Jointweed

Polygonella gracilis Meisn. Slender Jointweed

* Polygonum punctatum Ell Water-smartweed

Chenopodiaceae

Atriplex arenaria Nutt.

Solsola Kali L.

Seabeach Orach
Goosefoot Saltwort

Amaranfhaceae

^ Froelichia floridana (Nutt.) Moq Cotton weed

Batidaceae

* Safis marifima L Saltwort, Beachwort

Caryophyllaceae

Odontonychia carymbosa Small Whitlow Wort

‘ Sfipulicida setacea Michx. Chickweed

Cerafophyllaceae

Ceratophyllum demersum L Hornwort

Nymphaeaceae

Cabomba caroliniana Gray Cabomba

Nymphaea tuberosa Paine Water Lily

Magno/iaceae

Magnolia grandiffora L. Southern Magnolia

Capparidaceae

* Aldenella fenuifolia (T. & G.) Greene Caper

Cruciferae

Cakile edenfula (Bidel.) Hook. Cakile

- 101 -

Droseraceae

Drosera capHlaris Poir Pink-sundew

Rosaceae

Rosa sp Wild Rose

Rubus triviafis Michx Southern Dewberry

Leguminosae

Chamaecrisfa littoralis Pollard Sensitive Pea

Crotolaria Purshii D. C Pursh’s Rattlebox

Crofafaria sagittolis L. Arrowhead Rattlebox

Desmodium tenuifolium (T. & G.) Ktze Tick-trefoil

® Indigofera carolinhna Mill. Carolina Indigo

^ Sesbon emerus (Aubl.) Britton & Wilson Sesban

Metiaceae

Melia azedarach L China-berry, China-tree

Euphorbiaceae

Croton puncfatus Jacq Silver-leaf Croton, Beach Tea

Empefraceae

* Ceratiola oricoides Michx Rosemary, Heather-like Ceratiola

Anacardiaceae

Rhus copaUina L. Dwarf Sumac

^ Toxicodendron Toxicodendron (L.) Britton Poison Ivy

Aquifoliaceae

* Ilex yomitaria Ait Yaupon

Malvaceae

^ Hibiscus moscheutos L Swamp Marsh-mallow

Cufti ferae

Sarofhra gentianoides L. . Pine weed, Orange-grass, St.-Johns-wort

Cisfaceae

Lechea minor L Pinweed, Thyme-leaved Lechea

Lechea Torreyi Leggett Torrey’s Pinweed

Violaceae

Viola primulaefolia L Primrose-leaved Violet

Coctoceae

^ Opuntia drummondii Graham Drummond’s Prickly Pear

Opunfia humifusa Raf Rafinewque’s Prickly Pear

Elaeagnaceae

Elaegnus mulfiflorus Thunb Japanese Cherry

Lythraceae

Lyfhrum lineare L Linear-leaved Loosestrife

Melastomafaceae

Rhexia cubensis Griseb.

* Rhexia mariana L

Meadowbeanty

Maryland Meadowbeauty

Ludvigia maritlma Harper

Onagraceae

- 102 -

Evening Primrose

Haloragidaceae

Myriophyllum proserpinacoides Gill Parrott's Feather

Umbelllferae

Hydrocotyle Bonariensis Lam Pennywort

Ericaceae

Vaccinium sp Blueberry

Anagallis arvensis L.

Primufoceae

Common Pimpernel

Loganiaceae

Polypremum procumbens L Procumbent Polypremum

Genfianaceae

Sabatia stellaria Pursh . Sea-pink, Marsh-pink

* Sabatia sfe/laris Pursh forma afbiflora Britt White Flowered

Marsh-pink

Asclepiadaceae

* Asdepias humistrata Walt Walter’s Milkweed

* Metasfelma palusfris (Vail) Vine Milkweed

Convolulaceae

Cuscufa sp Dodder, Love Vine

Ipomoea Pes-Caprae (L.) Sweet Railroad Vine

* ipomoea stolonifera (Cyril.) Poir Seaside Morning-glory

Polemoniaceae

Gilia rubra (L.) Heller Spanish-larkspur, Standing-cypress

Verbenaceae

Lippia nodiflora Michx. , . Capeweed, Spatulate-leaved Frog Fruit

Solanaceae

Physalis angusfifoiia Nutt Narrow-leaf Seaside Groundcherry

Scrophulariaceae

Bacopa Monnieri (L.) Pennell Monnier’s Waterhyssop

* Sophronanthe (Gratiola) hispida Benth. . . Rough Hedgehyssop

Bignoniaceae

^ Bignonia radicans L Trumpetcreeper

Rubiaceae

Cephalanthus occidentalis L. Buttonbush, Button Willow

Diodia feres Walt Buttonweed, Purple Button Flower

^ Oldenlandia fasciculata (Bertol.) Small Oldenlandia

- 103 ^

Composifae

Acfinospermum angustifolium (Pursh) T. & G Thistle

Ambrosfa artemisiaefofio L. Hogweed, Ragweed

Baccharis halimifolio L Groundsell Tree

Chondrophora nudafa (Michx.) Britton Rayless Goldenrod

Chrysomo poudfloscufosa (Michx.) Greene

Few-flowered Goldenrod
Chrysopsls scabrella T & G. Beach Golden Aster

Eclipia alba (L.) Hassk. Yerba-de-Tago, White Flowered Eclipta

‘ Eupatorium recurvans Small Recurring Eupatorium

Heierofheca subaxillaris (Lam.) Britt & Rusby Camphorweed

Iva frutescens L. Shrubby Marsh-elder

Iva imbricata Walt. Seaside Marsh-elder

(Collected by Schuster, R. M., 1951)

Krigia virginica (L.) Willd Dwarf -Dandelion

Mikania scandens (L.) Climbing Hempweed

^ Pluchea camphorata (L.) DC Saltmarsh Fleabane

P/uchea foefida (L.) DC Viscid Pluchea

^ Salidago sempervirens wexkana (L.) Fern Seaside Goldenrod

^ Plants listed by Pessln and Burleigh (1941).

^ Plants collected by Channell (1951-60).

^ Plants listed by Lowe (1921).

Unnumbered species collected by Richmond (1944-1961), and deposited in the
Bailey Hortorium at Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.

V. REFERENCES

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of Harrison County, Mississippi. Am. Mus. Novitates. no. 542:
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The Auk. 69: 34-39, tables 1-3.

Bullis, H. R. Jr. 1954, Trans-gulf migration, Spring 1952, The Auk.
71:298-305, tables 1-2.

Burleigh, Thomas D. 1944. The bird life of the Gulf Coast region
of Mississippi. Occasional Papers. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State
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Cain, Cyril E. 1953. Four centuries on the Pascagoula. Thos. J. Mo-
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Cain, Cyril E. 1954. Flags over Mississippi. Pp. 1-50, 2 pis., 12 maps,
16 flags. (Privately printed by author, State College, Missis-
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Cook, Fannye A. 1942. Alligators and lizards of Mississippi. Sur-
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Cook, Fannye A. 1943a. Game animals of Mississippi. Survey Bull.
Miss. State Game and Fish Com., Jackson, Miss. Pittman-
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Cook, Fannye A. 1943b. Snakes in Mississippi, Survey Bull. Miss.
Game and Fish Com., Jackson, Miss. Pittman-Robertson Pro-
ject, Miss. 3-R: Preface I-II, 1-73, figs. A-E, tables.

Cumming, William P. 1958. The southeast in early maps and check
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- 104 -

Fowler, Henry W. 1931. A study of fishes of the Southern Pied-
mont and Coastal Plain, U, S. Acad. Nat. Sci. of Phila. Mon-
og. no. 7:362-364.

Froeschner, Richard C. 1960, Cydnidae of the Western Hemisphere.
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Galtsoff, Paul S. 1954. Historical sketch of the explorations in the
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Gunter, Gordon, and J. Y. Christmas. 1959. Corixid insects as part
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Harper, Francis. 1958. The travels of William Bartram, Natural-
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Hildebrand, J. R, 1937. Machines come to Mississippi. Nat. Geog.
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Howell, Arthur H. 1921. North America fauna. No. 45. U. S. Dept,
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Humm, Harold J. and R. L. Caylor. 1957. The summer marine flora
of Mis.sissippi Sound. Pub. Inst, of Marine Sci. 4(2): 228-264,
fig. 1, pis. I-IX.

Kopman, Henry H. 1946. Wild acres. A book of the Gulf Coast
country with a foreword by John Kieran. E. P. Dutton and
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Leipper, Dale F. 1954. Physical oceanography of the Gulf of Mex-
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Lincoln, Frederick C. 1935, The migration of North American
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inch maps.

Lincoln, Frederick C. 1950. Migration of birds. Fish and Wildlife
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Lowe, E. N. 1921. Plants of Mississippi. A list of flowering plants
and ferns. Bull. Miss. St. Geol. Sur. 77:1-292, map.

Lowery, George H. 1945. Trans-Gulf spring migration of birds and
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Lowery, George H. 1946. Evidence of trans-Gulf migration. The
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Milne, Lorus J., and Margery J. Milne. 1946. Notes on the behav-
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Ann. Meeting. Mosquito Exterminating Assoc., New Bruns-
wick. Pp. 1-155, figs.

Penfound, Wm. T. and M. E. O'Neill. 1934. The vegetation of Cat
Island, Mississippi. Ecology 75: 1-16, figs. 1-11, tables 1-lX.

Pessin, L. J. and T. D, Burleigh. 1941. Notes on the forest biology
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1-54, pis. 1-9, tables 1-7, figs. 1-4.

Rayford, Julian Lee. 1956. Whistlin woman and crowin' hen. The
true legend of Dauphin Island and the Alabama coast. The
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Rings, Roy W. and E. Avery Richmond. 1953. Mosquito survey of
Horn Island, Mississippi. Mosquito News 73(4): 252-255,
table 1.

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Ocean Springs, Mississippi and Grand Isle, Louisiana. Proc.
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South. 7: i-xxi, 1-933, illus. The S. J. Clarke Publ. Co., Chica-
go, 111. and Jackson, Miss.

Smith, Philip W. and James C. List. 1955. Notes on Mississippi
amphibians and reptiles. The American Midland Naturalist
53(1): 115-125.

Spilman, T. J. 1959- Notes on Edrotes, Leichenum, Palorus, Eup-
sophulus, Adelium and Strongylium (Tenebrionidae). Cole-
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Steyskal, George C. 1960. New^ North and Central American spe-
cies of Sciomyzidae (Diptera: Acalyptratae). Proc. Ent. Soc.
Wash. 62(l):33-43, figs. 1-18.

United States Department of the Interior. Fish and Wildlife Service.
1954. Gulf of Mexico, its origin, waters, and marine life.
Prepared by American scientists . , . coordinated by Paul S.
Galtsoff. Fishery Bull. 89. Fishery Bull, of the F. & W. Serv.
55: 1-604, figs. 1-74 (Maps), tables.

Vanatta, E. G. 1903. A list of shells collected in western Florida
and Horn Island, Mississippi. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-
phia. 55: 756-759.

Wilson, Clifton A. 1958. Aquatic and semi-aquatic hemiptera of
Mississippi. Tulane Studies in Zoology. 6(3): 115-170.

- 106 -

3.^ CV Hiii'v ViaV l-lfilu^'n

J« I4 RaU« Jc IJalc aux V'atiVraux <t c«Uc Jc Ustr —

Jc la t1»aihM<uf .w -

A- N wv»Tii« 3»n-,'lrru O

‘ E Rr-»4r7v>.'jj.U^-sCTi-u v'vi

|i \ l*n» h<U"0 I •' >V^w. .1. h V.

t" f\avr kki \»OA R«'> f"' R-l.l. J< U»I« 3n* \ai(TiSut .

KUO wimmo

Fig. 7. 1-A. Carte de la Coste du Nouveau Biloxi avec les Isles des Environs
pour faire voir la situation de la Rade de L'Isle aux Vaisseaux et celle de L'lsle-
da la Chandeleur, A. Nouveou Biloxi a present Fort Louis; B. Vieux Biloxi
abbandonne; C. Baye du Vieux Biloxi; D. Briqueteries; E. Rendezvous habitation

des - Negres de la Compagnie; F. Rade de Tlsle aux Vaissoaux; Echelle de
7500 Toises, ou 3 Lieues' Communes— 1 inch obout 73*4 miles— Mop Div, March
29, 1927 (Library of Congress); J. aux Oiseaux.

.VMijtia

If Fcrl L'oTul«-<irlj Molfilt!

vnx«.0»T.tA5S

/}<|/r.T /PU( iW A

la Mrr rv/ fi itjif

rrsnvrA t,

tljir ti A* fitrttlll

1-B, Pgrlion of Jeon Boplisle Bourguignon d'Anville's "Corte de lo Louisione

Fig, 2, Horn Islond map in detail (1944) with an insert showing the relationship of the island to the mainland and to the other barrier
islands of the Sound. The insert is a portion of a strategic map of the War Deportment, Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army (Mobile Sheet);
Army Map Service, Washington, D. C.? No. 100, 393, 1940 (1st Edition - AMS 1), Works Projects Administration Project.

Main map adapted by Richmond from a topographic map. Edition 1942, Surveyed by J. A. McKeon in 1941, United States Dept, of
the Interior, Geological Survey, Miss. (Jackson Co.), Horn Island Quadrangle (15 minute series). The numbers refer to a section or one
square mile (640 acres). The section numbers referred to in the descriptions of the photographs designate the numbers used in Fig. 2.

Ffg. 3. Horn Island map showing the "Horn Island National Wildlife Refuge"
and private properly areas. Private property shown in black and the Refuge in
white. However, ponds within the black areas are white and are owned pri-
vately, (Courtesy of John R. Walther).

Fig. 6. Gulf shore west along bathing beach.

Fig. 9. Gulf side looking northwest from bathing beach showing dunes with sea
oats in rear to the left.

Fig. 12. A portion of the north side
of Lagoon C showing o stand of Jun-
cus roemerianus Scheele and broom-
grass. Oysters can be seen in the
center of this photograph.

Fig. 20. Typical swamp in the center
of the island filled with black rushes,
broomgrass, and cattails.

Fig. n. Rosemary (Ceratiola ericoides Michx.) just north of bathing beach.

Fig. 13. The norrow-leaved cattail (Typha angustifolia L.) borders the southern
side of Lagoon C just to the north of the pine grove.

Fig. 16. Lagoon D bordered with black rushes.

Fig. 17. Marshy ponds M and S looking southeast from the western part of the
island. Black rushes abound.

Fig. 19. Swampy hole near the center of the island.

scat-
the east

miles

Fig. 22. Same area as Fig. 21 but close-up photograph.

Fig. 23. Pine grove looking east from the administration area.

Fig. 25. Swampy land near Section 26,

Fig. 26. Rosemary shrubs (center of photograph) with scattered clumps of small
groundsell plants (Bacchoris halimifolia L.) throughout. Section 25 area.

Fig. 27. Close-up of the cottonmouth (Agkistrodon piscivorus (Troast). Marsh
near Section 24.