FLORA

AN ANNOTATED LIST OF THE VASCULAR PLANTS
OF THE COUNTY OF HALIBURTON, ONTARIO

ELEANOR G. SKELTON AND EMERSON W. SKELTON

HALIBURTON
FLORA

AN ANNOTATED LIST OF THE VASCULAR PLANTS
OF THE COUNTY OF HALIBURTON, ONTARIO

ELEANOR G. SKELTON

AND
EMERSON W. SKELTON

ROM

LIFE SCIENCES

MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS

ROYAL ONTARIO MUSEUM

TORONTO

ROYAL ONTARIO MUSEUM
PUBLICATIONS IN LIFE SCIENCES

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contributions: a numbered series of original scientific publications.

occasional papers: a numbered series of original scientific publications, primarily short and of

taxonomic significance.

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All manuscripts considered for publication are subject to the scrutiny and editorial policies of the
Life Sciences Editorial Board, and to independent refereeing by two or more persons, other than
Museum staff, who are authorities in the particular field involved.

LIFE SCIENCES EDITORIAL BOARD
Senior editor: J. H. McAndrews
Editor: M. D. Engstrom
Editor: G. B. Wiggins
External editor: C. S. Churcher

Manuscript editor: C. S. Churcher
Production editor: J. E. Hawken

The Royal Ontario Museum is an agency of the Ontario Ministry of Culture and
Communications.

Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data

Skelton, Eleanor G., 1908-1989

Haliburton Flora : an annotated list of the vascular plants
of the county of Haliburton, Ontario

cs<\

(Life Sciences miscellaneous publications, ISSN 0082-5093)
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 0-88854-353-0

1. Botany - Ontario - Haliburton (County).

I. Skelton, Emerson W., 1907- . II. Royal Ontario

Museum. III. Title. IV. Series.

QK203.05S57 1990 581.971361 C90-093701-7

Publication date: 1 February 1991

ISBN 0-88854-353-0

ISSN 0082-5093

© Royal Ontario Museum, 1991

100 Queen's Park, Toronto, Canada M5S 2C6

Typesetting by Trigraph Inc.

Printed and bound in Hong Kong by C & C Offset Printing Company Limited

Colour separation by Goody Color Separation (Scanner) Limited

Cover: Yellow water-lilies, Nuphar variegata,
Haliburton, 1977 (Photo: Emerson W. Skelton)

CONTENTS

Foreword 5
Introduction 9

Features of Haliburton Significant to the Flora 9
Topography, Drainage, Roads 9
Rocks and Glacial Deposits 10
Soils 14
Climate 15
Forests 15
Wetlands 16
Open-water Habitats 19
Other Habitats 19
Methods 20

Collecting and Collections 20
Territory Covered 20
Identification and Nomenclature 20
Voucher Specimens 21
Abundance Ratings 21
Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Symbols 22
Herbarium Acronyms 22
Township Abbreviations 22
Other Abbreviations and Symbols 22
Maps Used in Establishing Locations 23
Annotated List of the Vascular Plants of the County of Haliburton
Fern Allies 25
Ferns 27
Conifers 31
Flowering Plants 32

Monocotyledons 32
Dicotyledons 61
Acknowledgements 121
Literature Cited 123

Additional Publications Consulted in Identification 125
Index to Common Names 127
Index to Scientific Names 137

25

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 1 Location of the county of Haliburton in southern Ontario, and

township abbreviations used in the Annotated List 8
Fig. 2 Main highways and larger lakes of the county of Haliburton 1 1
Fig. 3 Postglacial topography of the county of Haliburton 13

FOREWORD

It was with surprise and sorrow that I learned of the passing of Mrs. Eleanor
Skelton on 1 October 1989. My memories of Eleanor will be of an extraordi-
nary woman, an impressive botanist, a devoted wife, and a good friend. Born
and raised in Toronto, she undoubtedly developed a love of nature and the
outdoors during her childhood and youth when she spent her summers at the
family cottage on Gull Lake in Haliburton. She pursued her education
through the university level and graduated from the University of Toronto
with a General Arts degree with emphasis on biology.

Eleanor was ready to accept any challenge. Having decided that biology,
especially the study offish, sparked her interest, Eleanor made inroads into
this male-dominated field by gaining employment with the Ontario Fisheries
Research Lab from 1929 to 1932. In 1931 she deposited her first plant collec-
tion in the herbarium at the University of Toronto (TRT).

It is difficult to talk about Eleanor without mentioning her husband
Emerson. They met while they were students at the university and were mar-
ried in 1931. Their mutual interest in natural history, and in fact in all facets
of science, and their enjoyment of the outdoors continued to be important
throughout their married life. During the years of Emerson's career as a
chemical engineer he became an accomplished photographer of wildflowers.

Emerson retired in 1975 and the couple embarked on a special project. I
first met Eleanor and Emerson in 1976 when they were auditing a course in
plant taxonomy at the University of Toronto Botany Department and were
bringing in plant specimens to identify from their summer holiday in Hali-
burton. With the enthusiastic support of Dale Hoy, at the time curatorial
assistant at TRT, they began their project of documenting the plants of the
county of Haliburton. For eight years, from 1976 to 1983, the Skeltons rented
a cottage in Haliburton, sometimes departing from the city as early as April
and returning to Toronto at Thanksgiving. They conducted field excursions,
collecting and carefully pressing plant specimens throughout the growing sea-
sons. During the winter they identified and painstakingly mounted the collec-
tions, providing TRT with some of that herbarium's finest specimens. They
would mark particular trees or shrubs— in order to collect flowering, fruiting,
and mature leaf material from the same individual— and mount all the stages
on a single sheet, sometimes even including a close-up photograph of the
flower or the habitat. In all they donated more than 2100 herbarium sheets
representing more than 930 taxa to the TRT. The neatness and completeness
of their specimens are outstanding. The collections are a real asset to the her-
barium and are often consulted by artists and researchers; this shows that

nonprofessional or "amateur" botanists can make very worthwhile contribu-
tions to science.

Emerson became the grass and sedge expert of the team, while Eleanor
was the aquatics specialist. Aquatic plant communities always commanded a
very special place in Eleanor's heart, and she spent innumerable hours in the
canoe with Emerson and investigated the submerged, floating, and emergent
vegetation of the many rivers and lakes in Haliburton. She made some out-
standing discoveries, such as locating a colony of the provincially rare blad-
derwort Utricularia geminiscapa and an especially large colony of another
bladderwort U. gibba. Her interest in the effects of acidic precipitation on the
vegetation of Haliburton— in particular on the aquatic systems— led her to
confer with the Ontario Ministry of Environment staff at Dorset, Ontario,
and eventually to contribute lists of plants present at specific lakes in the
region to the Acidic Precipitation in Ontario Study.

During the years the Skeltons spent collecting their specimens from Hali-
burton, Emerson pursued another project. He was involved in annotating
and recording specimens of the James H. White Collection, which had been
acquired from the University of Toronto Faculty of Forestry. These speci-
mens, from the early 1900's, were donated to TRT in 1976 when their histori-
cal significance became apparent.

Once the Skeltons' own collections from Haliburton were completed to
their satisfaction, from 1983 to 1986 they took on the mammoth task of writ-
ing up their findings and incorporating geologic, topographic, and soil infor-
mation. This phase also included checking the herbaria in Ottawa and in the
Algonquin Park Museum for additional Haliburton records. Their intention
was to produce a scientifically valuable work that would be straightforward
enough to be used by naturalists. Because of their contributions to the herbar-
ium, the Skeltons became field associates in the Department of Botany of the
Royal Ontario Museum in early 1987.

During the final writing stages, Emerson's health began failing, leaving
the onus to fall on Eleanor. She rose to the occasion and completed the man-
uscript, which was then submitted to the Museum for publication. The
review process, both internal and external, resulted in further changes that
Eleanor ably dealt with right up until the summer of 1989, with help from the
Museum's Department of Botany.

In the fall of 1988 the Skeltons had moved to Owen Sound. In the follow-
ing spring they began exploring their new surroundings and, when I visited
that August, even sent specimens back with me to the herbarium. During my
visit, Eleanor joined me on a brief trip to collect fruiting specimens of
Crataegus douglasii south of Wiarton. Although obviously in pain, she

showed undaunted interest as she searched the roadsides for this unusual
black-fruited hawthorn.

It would have been very satisfying for Eleanor to have been able to
browse through Haliburton Flora. Even though this cannot be so, her work in
print will be a fitting tribute to this remarkable person and to her husband,
both of whom I am very proud to have known. Their retirement project has
proved to be a very valuable scientific contribution.

Sheila McKay-Kuja
Department of Botany
University of Toronto
December 1989

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TOWNSHIP

ABBREVIATION

| - FULL NAME

Ans - Anson

Brt - Bniton

Crd - Cardiff

Cly - Clyde

Dud - Dudley

Dys - Dysart

Gfd - Guilford

Glm - Glamorgan

Hbn - Harburn

Hct - Harcourt

Hav - Havelock

Hin - Hindon

Liv - Livingstone

Lut - Lutterworth

Lwr - Lawrence

Mnd - Minden

Mon- Monmouth

McC- McClintock

Ngt - Nightingale

Shb- Sherborne

Sno- Snowdon

Stn - Stanhope

FIG. 1. Location of the county of Haliburton in southern Ontario. Township abbrevi-
ations on Figs. 1 and 2 and throughout the annotated list: Ans, Anson; Brt, Bruton;
Cly, Clyde; Crd, Cardiff; Dud, Dudley; Dys, Dysart; Gfd, Guilford; Glm, Glamorgan;
Hav, Havelock; Hbn, Harburn; Hct, Harcourt; Hin, Hindon; Liv, Livingstone; Lut,
Lutterworth; Lwr, Lawrence; McC, McClintock; Mnd, Minden; Mon, Monmouth;
Ngt, Nightingale; Shb, Sherborne; Sno, Snowdon; Stn, Stanhope. [Map by Celia
Godkin]

INTRODUCTION

The county of Haliburton, an area of 452 282 hectares, is situated in the
heart of southern Ontario's vacationland (Fig. 1). Its more than six hundred
lakes, resorts, canoe routes, and wilderness areas attract numerous visitors,
cottagers, naturalists, and scientists, and an increasing number of retirees. In
the fall tourists pour into the county to enjoy the spectacular display of
autumn colours. Even within towns, the lushness of the trees and the colours
and configurations of the rock formations provide vistas of scenic beauty.

This largely wooded landscape is, however, occasionally interrupted by
open areas and, in its southern parts, by a few viable farms. Often the open
areas represent the disappointed hopes of early settlers, or more recent pro-
jects of man such as hydro-line cuts, borders of highways, occasional waste
dumps, and railway lines now abandoned.

A cumulative list of flora found in the county of Haliburton has not pre-
viously been produced, and there are very few records to suggest that early
botanists passed this way. Our intention is to bring together the results of our
eight years of explorations in the county of Haliburton, on land and on water,
and other collectors' records that we found and examined in Ontario
herbaria.

The plan to produce a checklist of the vascular plants of the county of
Haliburton originated with Dale Hoy (formerly Dale Leadbeater), at the time
a curatorial assistant in the herbarium of the Department of Botany, Univer-
sity of Toronto (TRT) and a summer resident of Harcourt Township. Most of
the specimens on the list from that township, and some from neighbouring
areas, were collected and identified by Dale. We joined her in the project in
1976, and upon her retirement from TRT she produced a preliminary list of
our combined collections. The continuation of the project has been carried
on with her encouragement.

Undoubtedly there are more vascular plant species to be found in the
county of Haliburton than appear here. We hope that this list of 922 named
plants, which includes 110 families and 899 species, will be useful to botanists,
environmentalists, and naturalists, both professional and nonprofessional.

FEATURES OF HALIBURTON
SIGNIFICANT TO THE FLORA

TOPOGRAPHY, DRAINAGE, ROADS

The overall contour of Haliburton forms part of the Algonquin dome with
the top of the dome just north of the northern boundary of the county, within
Algonquin Park. Manitou Mountain, in Lawrence Township and with an ele-

vation of 564 m, is the highest peak in the county of Haliburton, while the
highest lake surface is 482 m at nearby McGarvey Lake. From this high area
the land slopes downwards to east, west, and south, reaching a level of 270 m
at Gull Lake in Lutterworth Township. The terrain throughout is character-
ized by rugged ridges, clefts, valleys, small pockets or stretches of wetlands,
occasional sand or mud flats, a multitude of streams, ponds, and more than
600 lakes. The high rock ridges, slopes, and lowlands provide a variety of
habitats for the trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants that appear on the list.

Eight rivers provide drainage in the county of Haliburton. The Hollow
River, originating in Lawrence Township, supplies water to Lake Kawagama,
which drains into the south Muskoka River via Lake of Bays. The flow con-
tinues through Muskoka Lake and the Moon and Musquash rivers to Geor-
gian Bay. The York River originates in northern Harburn Township and
flows east and south before it leaves the county to join the Madawaska River
flowing into the Ottawa River system. The Drag, Burnt, Irondale, Crowe,
Gull, and Kennisis rivers gather their waters from run-off, bog and swamp
seepage, creeks, and chains of lakes before eventually joining the Trent River
system, which flows into Lake Ontario.

Much of the water flowing into the Trent-Severn Waterway is controlled
by dams in the upper reaches such as Haliburton, in order to maintain a navi-
gable water level farther south. The effect on plant life in Haliburton is quite
noticeable, particularly in dry seasons when shorelines are exposed. For
example, hedge-hyssop (Gratiola neglecta), a shoreline plant, may increase
greatly in numbers because its seeds can withstand long periods of submer-
sion and germinate when exposed. Some species cannot withstand the expo-
sure and decrease or disappear. In unusually wet seasons when the water is
held back, water lobelia (Lobelia dortmanna) and lance-leaved violet ( Viola
lanceolata) have been seen blooming below the surface of the water, while
arrowhead (Sagittaria spp.), rooted on the bottom, will grow unusually long
stems to reach the surface and will produce few or no flowers.

The main roads through the county are Hwy. 35, entering Lutterworth
Township at the southern boundary and running north through Dorset, in
Sherborne Township, and Hwy. 121, running east-west through the southern
townships (Fig. 2). Many secondary paved roads link popular resort areas
and communities, and gravel roads lead into some of the more remote areas.
Many old logging roads through "bush country" remain and serve as conve-
nient and rewarding paths for field botanists.

Roadsides usually provide favourable growing conditions for numerous
plants because of their openness to sunlight and, in many locations, because
of the extra water supply present in damp to wet ditches along their routes.

ROCKS AND GLACIAL DEPOSITS

The rocks of Haliburton are of Precambrian origin, lying within the Precam-
brian Shield, and are predominantly granitic. Folding, faulting, warping, vol-
canism, and metamorphism, along with erosion and sedimentation, pro-

10

45° 30

miles
5
I

10

J

1 1 r

5 10 15
km

KEY
(JSCT) Provincial highway

^17 County road
LFC-^ Leslie M. Frost Natural Resources Centre

FIG. 2. Main highways and larger lakes of the county of Haliburton. See Fig. 1
caption for list of township abbreviations. [Map by Celia Godkin]

11

duced a rugged landscape and a large variety of rocks and minerals. Many of
these can be seen in colourful displays of greys, whites, blacks, and pinks
along shores and road cuts in horizontal or contorted bands.

The most significant of the Precambrian metamorphosed sedimentary
rocks are the Grenville limestones of the Grenville Province described by
Douglas (1970). These occur mostly in strips in the central and southern parts
of the county (Fig. 3). The Haliburton limestones are mostly coarse grained
and impure although pure calcium limestone (calcium carbonate) has occa-
sionally been found, for example, in the Minden-Miner's Bay-Buller area
(Lutterworth Township) and in a few locations in Glamorgan Township.
Deposits of dolomite and other limestones containing magnesium are
common.

Limestones can greatly benefit plant and animal life in the waters that lie
over them through their capacity to neutralize acids. It has been concluded by
the ongoing research of APIOS (Acidic Precipitation in Ontario Study) of the
Ontario Ministry of the Environment that lakes on limestone are better pro-
tected against acid precipitation (APIOS, 1981). Of the Haliburton lakes that
are shown in the APIOS report to be of lowest sensitivity to acid precipita-
tion, five had been among our favoured collecting sites: Barnum, Duck
(Little Elsie), Eels (northeast arm), Paudash, and Marigold lakes. They were
found to produce an unusual variety and abundance of aquatic plants.

An association between plant distribution and rock types seemed appar-
ent. It was noted in collecting that a number of species known to have a defi-
nite preference for calcareous sites were found in limestone areas either on
rock ledges or on thin till over calcareous bedrock. Examples of such plants
include the following: cotton-grass (Eriophorum viridi-carinatum), narrow-
leaved spleenwort (Athyrium pycnocarpon), sedges (Carex aurea, C.
diandra, C. eburnea, C. garberi, and C. granulans), and white adder's-
mouth (Mai axis monophylla var. brachypoda).

In preglacial times, rock scarps (cliffs) were created by faulting, that is,
the displacement of a rock mass by fracturing during which one side of the
split rises above the other. The faults of Haliburton are not of great height
compared to those of other regions, but a number have been mapped (Fig. 3)
and they clearly affect the courses of streams (Chapman, 1975).

Much of the modern topography of the area was shaped by the Late Wis-
consin ice sheet of the Pleistocene epoch, the last glaciation to cover the
region, which retreated about 12 000 years ago. The advances and retreats of
this immense mass of scouring ice rounded off ridges and deposited erratic
boulders and till soils consisting of sand, gravel, silt, and sometimes clay. The
drift deposits that it laid down (till plains and sand plains) vary in depth
according to the contours of the land beneath and the conditions under which
the ice melted. Recognizable today are elliptical-based mounds of till called
drumlins (Fig. 3) and some drumlinoid rolling hills. A small intermittent
esker (a ridge of sand and gravel) extending about 16 km east and west of
Gooderham was reported by Chapman (1975).

12

KEY

5g| calcareous areas (Grenville limestone)
• — faults
'/ drumlins
| spillways

Hi peat

FIG. 3. Postglacial topography of the county of Haliburton (to same scale as Fig. 2).
[Map by Celia Godkin]

13

During glacial recessions, meltwater sometimes formed broad spillways
(Fig. 3) that became filled with sandy outwash through which present river
systems flow Some old spillways contain lakes: for example, the Gull River
system of several central and southern townships, and the Irondale-Burnt
River system in southern Haliburton. Haliburton, Drag, Gull, Kashagawi-
gamog, Maple, and a number of other lakes also lie in part in old spillways.

For further information on the geology of the area, the reader is referred
to the texts used to prepare this account: Chapman (1975), Douglas (1970),
and Goudge (1938).

SOILS

The soils of the county of Haliburton were originally laid down during the
last glaciation, the essential materials being ground-up granitic rock of the
Precambrian Shield. Subsequent soil development has been advanced by a
number of physical and biological processes: erosion, weathering, drainage,
recent sand deposition by rivers and lakes, leaching, climate, and interaction
of rock particles with living and decayed organic matter. Soil scientists clas-
sify soil types according to composition and profile. Four predominant types
found in Haliburton are podsols on uplands with deeper soil, brunisols on
uplands with shallower soil, regosols on bedrock, and gleisols in poorly
drained sites.

The soils are acid (pH 6 or less) and are relatively low in available phos-
phorus; potassium levels can be adequate. Limited nitrification occurs
although it is more likely where limestone is present.

Bedrock outcrops are often bare of vegetation or may support only
lichens and mosses. Frequently they also contain pockets of sandy soil that
support small plant species such as bunchberry (Cornus canadensis), early
saxifrage (Saxifraga virginiensis), and mossy stonecrop (Sedum acre). In
larger rock depressions where a varying amount of topsoil has accumulated, a
greater variety of woodland, shoreline, or roadside species may be found
depending on location. In some depressions on rock outcrops, coniferous
trees send down deep roots in rock fissures for additional sustenance. They
provide a certain amount of shade for twinflower {Linnaea borealis) and par-
tridge-berry (Mitchella repens), and other plants of the woods that may be
found in these sites.

Upland soils are typically less than 50 cm deep with a variable thickness
of surface organic layers. They support a considerable list of herbaceous
plants, shrubs, and trees. The uplands are usually deficient in moisture in
midsummer although in the limited areas of drumlins and rolling hills, where
the soil is deeper, more moisture is retained. On the lower slopes and in the
valleys, soils are moist and contain more humus. Here, the deciduous forests
keep adding to the blanket of dead leaves, thereby deterring evaporation and
providing more material for the organic layer. Here also, temporary streams
last longer into the growing season and ponds are frequent.

14

Wetlands are described elsewhere, but it should be mentioned here that
their soils are peculiar to areas of impeded drainage and higher groundwater
levels. In bogs, muck or peat may form a layer of up to 40 or 50 cm that is
underlain by a layer of mixed mineral and humic materials, and below this a
sticky unstructured material (gleisol).

The texture of materials lying in the substrata between topsoils and bed-
rock is coarse and sandy except in clay areas. Sand also appears at the surface
in the flat terrain of glacial, fluvial, or lacustrine deposits at a number of sites
and supports scanty or patchy vegetation or none at all. On dry sand flats,
species of mosses, grasses, and other plants adaptable to open dry habitats are
found: for example, field cress (Lepidium campestre), common plantain
(Plantago major), and sheep-sorrel (Rumex acetosella). Among the plants
found on wet sand flats are creeping spearwort {Ranunculus reptans) and
species of sedges (Carex), spike-rushes (Eleocharis), and rushes (Juncus).

CLIMATE

The county of Haliburton's popularity as a vacationland, in both winter and
summer, is partly a result of its rather congenial climate. Though tempera-
tures have been recorded as high as 40°C in July or as low as -45.5°C in
January, the climate tends to be moderate and comfortable, lending itself not
only to recreation but also to healthy plant growth.

The county lies in two climactic regions (Brown, McKay, and Chapman,
1974). The southern portion of the county belongs in the Haliburton Slopes
region, while the upper third is in the Algonquin Park region. The climactic
values are essentially the same, though the values for the Algonquin Park
region, which is of slightly higher elevation, tend to be 1°F cooler than those
for the Haliburton Slopes. The mean daily maximum temperature for the
region is -7°C in January and 26°C in July. The mean date for the last frost of
the spring is 25 May, and the mean date of the first frost is 17 September. The
county receives a mean annual precipitation of 70 to 100 cm and a mean
annual snowfall of 200 cm.

FORESTS

The county of Haliburton is located within the Great Lakes-Saint Lawrence
Forest region (Rowe, 1972), which lies between boreal forest to the north and
deciduous forest to the south. Forests within the county are composed
predominately of mixed coniferous and deciduous tree communities, which
vary in composition according to the topography of the land (e.g., ridges,
valleys, slopes, or wetlands) and the tolerances of species for particular soil
and moisture conditions.

The most common and widely distributed tree in Haliburton is the sugar
maple (Acer saccharum). It frequently occurs in almost pure stands, but most
often it shares mixed woods with a lesser number of other species, which may

15

include white ash (Fraxinus americana), basswood (Tilia americana), Amer-
ican beech (Fagus grandifolia), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), iron-
wood (Ostrya virginiana), balsam-fir (Abies balsamea), eastern hemlock
(Tsuga canadensis), and white pine (Pinus strobus).

By late summer, the forest floor in a mature sugar maple forest is usually
devoid of undergrowth except where gaps in the canopy let in light that allows
shrubs and saplings to grow. In spring, in these dense forests, early flowers
bloom before the trees are in full leaf. In species that store their nourishment
underground in bulbs or corms— such as Dutchman's breeches (Dicentra
cucullaria), squirrel-corn (D. canadensis), wild leek (Allium tricoccum), and
spring-beauty (Claytonia caroliniana)— the leaves disappear in a few weeks.
Several woodland species in semishaded locations noticeably increase their
leaf sizes to gather more light as the season progresses.

In exploring the forests, the hiker can occasionally come upon relics of
the era of the great white pine forests, which brought fame and fortune to the
lumber barons of the district after 1850. These relics, which are mostly old
rotting stumps or logs, are often nearly hidden by more recent growth but are
of immense girth.

When early settlers found that farming was unprofitable, they turned to
the abundant tall white pine, and the men of the district spent the winters in
the numerous logging camps north of the present village of Haliburton. The
camps were situated wherever access to streams and river banks was possible
so that in summer the logs could be floated down in drives through chains of
rivers and lakes to mills and markets farther south. "When pine was king
both saw-logs and squared-timbers were prepared for market in Quebec or
the U.S.A. The finest [white] pine of all became masts for the Queen's ships
and Haliburton timbers carried canvas sails to every port on the globe"
(Reynolds, 1968). Reynolds also states that "the virgin pine was consumed in
less than half a century." This refers to a period over the late nineteenth and
early twentieth centuries ending with the last log drive down the Gull River
system in 1929. Other trees valuable for lumber, which were also depleted
along with white pine, were yellow birch, red pine (Pinus resinosa), and
hemlock.

Lumbering in Haliburton goes on today, aided by mechanized equip-
ment, trucks, and roads, under a management plan of the Ministry of Natural
Resources. The days of the winter lumber camps, heavy manual labour with
axe and saw, and the river driver, are now part of the local folklore.

WETLANDS

The importance of wetlands has been well explained by scientists and others.
Owing to the topography of the land, with its many depressions and valleys,
and to the plentiful supply of rainfall, numerous wetlands occur in the county
of Haliburton. Melting snow, rainfall, and groundwater supply these wet-
lands, which release the water slowly throughout the season, thereby provid-

16

ing habitats for aquatic and semiaquatic plants as well as breeding and feed-
ing grounds for birds and mammals. The preservation of the wetlands in
Haliburton is aided by two contributing factors. The fact that the soil is
mostly thin and of poor quality for farming has meant that little draining has
been done for this purpose. Also, an adequate beaver population creates new
wetland habitats by damming streams and flooding new territory. Beaver
activity tends to counter-balance the long-term encroachment of vegetation
whereby plant succession gradually converts wet areas into dry land. In some
instances, flooding has also been caused by the building of roads across
streams or wet seepage areas.

Many areas contain more than one wetland type, and neighbouring com-
munities often merge into one another. Based largely on definitions in
Jeglum, Boissonneau, and Haavisto (1974) and Pringle (1980), the more com-
monly encountered types of wetland in Haliburton are briefly described here,
with a few representative species given for each.

Bogs. These areas contain organic soils and layers of sphagnum or other
peat in the substratum, with acid-loving plants above. Sphagnum spp. form
the dominant ground cover. Bogs may be sparsely or thickly treed with black
spruce (Picea mariana) and tamarack (Larix laricina), or open with large or
small colonies of such low shrubs as sweet gale (Myrica gale) and leatherleaf
(Chamaedaphne calyculata). Bogs very frequently occur around the edges of
small lakes and ponds where they extend into the lake in large spongy mats
and small floating islands. Typical species found in bogs are bog-laurel
(Kalmia polifolia), bog-rosemary (Andromeda glaucophylla), three-leaved
Solomon's-seal (Smilacina trifolia), cranberries ( Vaccinium macrocarpon
and V. oxy coccus), buckbean (Menyanthes trifoliata), grass-pink
(Calopogon tuber osus), rose-pogonia (Pogonia ophioglossoides), pitcher-plant
(Sarracenia purpurea), cotton-grasses (Eriophorum spissum and E.
virginicum), sedges {Car ex spp.), beak rush (Rhynchospora alba), and sun-
dews (Drosera intermedia and D. rotundifolia).

Swamps. These treed wetlands are based on mineral soils, although
some organic soils may also be present.

Coniferous-tree swamps are the most prevalent with stands of black
spruce (Picea mariana) or a mixture of balsam-fir (Abies balsamea) and
eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis). The ground is quite uneven because
of mounds surrounding the tree bases and because of hummocks produced
by various moss species and liverworts, between which lie shallow pools of
standing or slowly moving water.

Deciduous-tree swamps are less frequent and are dominated by black ash
(Fraxinus nigra) and red maple (Acer rubrum). Their floors are covered with
a sodden layer of fallen leaves.

Coniferous-tree swamps are highly productive sites for herbaceous plants
such as naked mitrewort (Mitella nuda), bitter cress (Cardaminc

17

pensylvanica), smaller enchanter's nightshade (Circaea alpina), dwarf rasp-
berry (Rubus pubescens), jewelweed (Impatiens capensis), early coral-root
{Corallorhiza trifida), tall northern green orchid (Platanthera hyperborea),
blunt-leaf orchid (P. obtusata), kidney-leaved violet {Viola renifolia), shinleaf
(Pyrola elliptica), and many species of mosses.

The most frequent ferns of swamplands are sensitive fern (Onoclea
sensibilis), cinnamon fern {Osmunda cinnamomea), and royal fern
{Osmunda regalis); these species are often associated with swampy mixed
forest. Along the edges of some swamps, wood nettle (Laportea canadensis)
and swamp red currant (Ribes triste) are found.

Dead-tree swamps. These wooded areas have been flooded by beaver
dams or other obstructions to flowing water. If the water is deep (40 cm or
more), floating and other aquatic plants may be present. Duckweed (Lemna
minor) sometimes covers much of the surface. When the water is shallow, the
ground is seen as a series of grassy hummocks pocked with water holes, which
may support aquatic or wetland species.

Wet thickets. Numerous along the edges of bogs and swamps, these
thickets may be dominated either by speckled alder (Alnus rugosa) or willows
(Salix spp.) or by mountain holly (Nemopanthus mucronata), wild-raisin
(Viburnum cassinoides\ winterberry (Ilex verticillata), or chokeberry
(Aronia melanocarpa).

Marshes. Like swamps, marshes receive nutrients from mineral soils as
well as from some organic soils, but trees are absent.

Cat-tail marshes, which occur around ponds and fill in the bays of lakes,
are the most extensive and fastest growing. Water seeps through their dense
growth, lies in pools, or flows through in winding streams. In these marshes,
cat-tails (Typha latifolia and occasionally T. angustifolia) dominate. Horse-
tail (Equisetum fluviatile), water-arum (Calla palustris), wild iris (Iris
versicolor), several sedges (Car ex spp.), and a spike-rush (Eleocharis
palustris) frequently share the sites.

Reed marshes are less dense than cat-tail marshes and are usually domi-
nated by species of bulrush (Scirpus), most often by soft-stem bulrush
(S. validus). Sometimes the horsetail (Equisetum fluviatile) will be equally
abundant.

Associated with both types of marshes are the wild iris (Iris versicolor),
sedges (such as Car ex oligosperma), pickerel- weed (Pontederia cordata),
bur-reed (Sparganium chlorocarpum), and in open-water areas, white
water-lily (Nymphaea odorata), yellow water-lily (Nuphar pumila),
water-shield (Brasenia schreberi), pondweeds (Potamogeton spp.),
water-milfoils (Myriophyllum spp.), grasses (Glyceria borealis and
G. canadensis), and rushes (Juncus articulatus and J. canadensis).

18

OPEN-WATER HABITATS

With its more than 600 lakes and numerous streams, Haliburton has a boun-
tiful supply of habitats for plants of open water. In larger lakes they are usu-
ally found along shores or in quiet bays, but in small lakes and ponds they
may extend to much of the open-water area. In rivers plants are numerous in
the backwaters, while some species such as tapegrass ( Vallisneria americana)
may inhabit swift currents. Starwort {Callitriche verna) and waterweed
(Elodea canadensis) occur in slower streams. The pondweeds (Potamogeton
spp.), of which 21 species appear on the list, are represented in all these habi-
tats. In quiet waters, 8 species of bladderworts (Utricularia spp.) and 6 species
of water-milfoils (Myriophyllum spp.) occur. A few bladderworts and coon-
tails (Ceratophyllum spp.) can be seen floating freely in masses unattached to
the bottom during part of their life cycles.

OTHER HABITATS

In addition to wetland and open-water areas, other damp to wet habitats har-
bour moisture-loving plants: shores, ditches, depressions, and wet meadows
also contribute to the list of flora of the county of Haliburton.

As Haliburton land is largely wooded with many outcroppings of
exposed rock, the amount of open ground with soil cover is limited. Old
fields, clearings, and other untreed locations where soil is adequate for plant
growth, are not common. Disturbed sites along roadsides, however, provide
opportunities for a number of species that prefer open habitats. Viper's
bugloss (Echium vulgare), chicory (Cichorium intybus), fireweed (Epilobium
angustifolium), goldenrods (Solidago spp.), hawkweeds {Hieracium spp.),
plantains (Plantago spp.), and thistles (Cirsium arvense and C. vulgare) are
among the plants of open habitats often found on the roadsides of Halibur-
ton. Many primary and secondary roads run through wetlands where typical
swamp, bog, or marsh species often grow along their edges. Bush roads pro-
vide partial shade and moist soil for a further group of plants.

19

METHODS

COLLECTING AND COLLECTIONS

The annotated list that follows is based primarily on the 2100+ specimens
that were collected and identified by the authors during the period
1976- 1984. We have also examined specimens collected by others and
deposited in the herbaria cited in the list. While most collections were made
since 1970, a few are of earlier date, notably those of Hubert H. Brown in the
1930's and of William Scott in 1891.

The habitats described for each taxon on the list refer specifically to the
locations in which they were found in the county of Haliburton and do not
include habitat data for the same taxa from other sources.

No plants under cultivation are recorded. Many species, however, are of
European or Asiatic origin. These are now naturalized in North America and
are indicated by a (+) at the end of the habitat description. A few plants con-
sidered to be escapes from cultivation are noted as such.

TERRITORY COVERED

Of the 23 townships of the county, 22 are represented on the list, since the
remaining township (Eyre) was inaccessible to us for collecting purposes. A
new township, Bicraft, within the boundaries of Cardiff Township was in the
process of being established, but for our purposes the area has been included
in Cardiff.

While field trips were planned to provide as wide a geographical coverage
as possible, emphasis was placed on seeking out the greatest variety of
habitats. Consequently, some townships received more attention than others,
and are represented by more taxa, while some common species were
undercollected.

IDENTIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE

For identification, The New Britton and Brown Illustrated Flora (Gleason,
1952), Gray s Manual of Botany, 8th edition (Fernald, 1950), and Manual of
Vascular Plants (Gleason and Cronquist, 1963) were used. Where alternative
family names suggested by Article 18 of the International Code of Botanical
Nomenclature (Stafleu et al., 1972) are used, those they replace follow in
parentheses. Two families of recent authors, Potamogetonaceae and Pyrola-
ceae, are included. Family names appear in the Britton and Brown sequence,
but for ease of reference, genera are listed in alphabetical order within each

20

family. In addition to these basic texts, some more recent authors were also
studied: Britton (1984, 1985) for ferns and fern allies, Voss (1972) for mono-
cots, Voss (1985) for some dicots, Luer (1975) and Whiting and Catling (1986)
for orchids, Dore and McNeill (1980) for grasses, Soper and Heimburger
(1982) for shrubs, and Sell and West (1976) for Hieracium. Additional publi-
cations that were consulted are listed at the end of this volume. In some taxa,
the nomenclature has been updated based on these references. Common
names were selected from texts and field guides, with an attempt to use those
that are best known and yet suitable. Authorities for many taxa in the list
were checked in Morton and Venn (1989), and amended to accord with their
usage.

VOUCHER SPECIMENS

The authors' voucher specimens have been deposited in the University of
Toronto Vascular Plant Herbarium (TRT), now located in the Botany
Department of the Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto. In the annotated list,
the location of a voucher specimen for each township is given to assist those
wishing to examine specimens or produce distribution maps. With rare spe-
cies, however, a second specimen is also listed when obtained from an addi-
tional location in the same township.

On the voucher specimens collected by the authors, the geographic coor-
dinates represent the locations of collecting stations; specimens were collected
up to approximately one kilometre from these stations.

ABUNDANCE RATINGS

Abundance ratings are based on voucher specimens, sight records, and field-
trip notes. The following is a list of the terms used:

Common: Numerous and widely distributed in the county.
Fairly common: Found in seven or more locations.
Uncommon: Found in three to six locations.
Rare: Found in one or two locations.

Plants that are listed as rare in Ontario are the native species recorded by
Argus etal. (1982- 1987).

21

ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND
SYMBOLS

HERBARIUM ACRONYMS
(HOLMGREN AND KEUKEN, 1974)

APM Algonquin Park Museum, Algonquin Park.

CAN Vascular Plant Section, National Herbarium of Canada, National

Museum of Canada, Ottawa.
DAO Vascular Plant Herbarium, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa.

DFB Private herbarium of D. F. Brunton, Ottawa.

MICH Herbarium of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
O AC Department of Botany, University of Guelph .

PENN University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
REW Private herbarium of R. Emerson Whiting, Toronto.

TRT Vascular Plant Herbarium, Department of Botany, Royal Ontario

Museum, Toronto.
TRTE Erindale College, University of Toronto.
UWO Herbarium, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Western

Ontario, London.
WAT Herbarium, University of Waterloo.

TOWNSHIP ABBREVIATIONS

Ans

Anson

Hav

Havelock

Mnd

Minden

Bit

Bruton

Hbn

Harburn

Mon

Monmouth

Cly

Clyde

Hct

Harcourt

Ngt

Nightingale

Crd

Cardiff

Hin

Hindon

Shb

Sherborne

Dud

Dudley

Liv

Livingston

Sno

Snowdon

Dys

Dysart

Lut

Lutterworth

Stn

Stanhope

Gfd

Guilford

Lwr

Lawrence

Glm

Glamorgan

McC

McClintock

OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

auct. non [auctorum non] (preceding name of author): Not described by.

f. (preceding a scientific name): Forma.

f. (following a name of author): Son.

S.R.: Sight record.

subsp.: Subspecies.

van (preceding a scientific name): Variety.

(+): Introduced to this continent from Europe or Asia.

22

MAPS USED IN ESTABLISHING
LOCATIONS

1. The Provisional County of Haliburton and the District Municipality of
Muskoka. Ontario Ministry of Transportation and Communications, Map
MTC 30201, revised 1979.

2. Maps of the National Topographic System of Canada, 1:50 000 scale.

Map 31E/1 1975 Wilberforce

Map 3 1 E/2 1 974 Haliburton

Map 3 1 E/7 1 974 Kawagama

Map31E/8 1975 Whitney

Map 3 ID/ 15 1972Minden

Map 3 1 D/ 1 6 1 97 1 , 1 980 Gooderham
Canada Map Office, Surveys and Mapping Branch, Department of
Energy, Mines, and Resources, Ottawa, Canada K1A 0E9.

3. Physiography of the Georgian Bay-Ottawa Valley Area. Ontario Ministry
of Natural Resources and Ontario Research Foundation, Map 2228,
Physiography, 1975.

4. Haliburton-Bancroft Area. Province of Ontario, Department of Mines,
Map 1957b, 1957.

23

ANNOTATED LIST OF THE

VASCULAR PLANTS

OF THE COUNTY OF

HALIBURTON

FERN ALLIES

LYCOPODIACEAE CLUBMOSS FAMILY

Lycopodium annotinum L. Bristly clubmoss

Common. Dry coniferous and damp mixed woods.
TRT-Crd, Hct, Liv, Mnd, Shb; S.R.-Dys.

Lycopodium clavatum L. Staghorn clubmoss

Common. Wet to dry woods, grassy banks, and moss-covered fields.
DFB-Lwr; TRT-Crd, Cly, Dys, Hct, Hin, McC, Mnd, Mon; S.R.-Glm.

Lycopodium dendroideum Michaux Tree clubmoss

L. obscurum L. var. dendroideum (Michaux) D. C. Eaton
Common. Coniferous, deciduous, or mixed woods; on damp humus.
TRT-Brt, Crd, Dud, Hbn, Hct, Mnd, Shb, Stn.

Lycopodium digitatum A. Braun Ground-cedar, Running pine clubmoss

L. complanatum L. vav.flabelliforme Fern.

Common. Damp mixed or deciduous woods, and occasionally open mossy

turf.

TRT-Crd, Hct, Mnd, Mon, Shb, Stn.

Lycopodium inundatum L. Bog clubmoss

Uncommon. Damp to wet sand-and-gravel flats.
APM-Lwr; TRT-Hbn; S.R.-Dys, Shb.

Lycopodium lucidulum Michaux Shining clubmoss

Common. Mixed or deciduous woods, on damp leafy humus.
APM-Ngt; TRT-Crd, Gfd, Hbn, Hct, McC, Mnd, Shb, Stn.

Lycopodium obscurum L. Ground-pine

var. isophyllum Hickey

Common. Mixed woods, on humus over sandy soil.
TRT-Brt, Crd, Gfd, Hbn, Mnd, Shb, Stn.

25

Lycopodium sabinifolium Willd. Savin-leaved clubmoss

Rare. One location. Old field edged with conifers.
TRT-Hin.

Lycopodium tristachyum Pursh Ground-cedar

Uncommon. Open sandy areas and in low vegetation.
APM-Ngt; TRT-Crd, Gfd, Hct, Shb.

SELAGINELLACEAE SPIKEMOSS FAMILY

Selaginella rupestris (L.) Spring Rock spikemoss

Rare. One location. Rocky hillside.

TRT-Mnd.

ISOETACEAE QUILLWORT FAMILY

Isoetes echinospora Durieu Quillwort

Common. Quiet rivers and lakes at 5 to 100 cm depth on sandy, gravelly, or
occasionally mucky bottoms.
TRT-Gfd, Hbn, Shb, Stn.

Isoetes macrospora Durieu Quillwort

Uncommon. Lake bottoms at 1 to 6.5 m depth.
OAC-Gfd, Hin, McC, Shb.

f. hieroglyphica (A. A. Eaton) N. E. Pfeiff

Rare. One location. Sandy-silty shallow bay.
CAN-Shb.

EQUISETACEAE HORSETAIL FAMILY

Equisetum arvense L. Common horsetail

Common. Open sandy sites, roadsides, and damp ditches.
TRT-Hct, Mnd, Stn; S.R.-Lut.

Equisetum fluviatile L. Water horsetail

Common. Shallow water to 1 m depth on edges of streams, rivers, and bays;
often in large dense colonies.
TRT-Crd, Gfd, Hct, Lut, Sno, Stn.

Equisetum hyemale L. Rough scouring-rush

var. affine (Engelm.) A. A. Eaton

Fairly common. Dry banks and roadsides.
TRT-Crd, Dys, Hct; S.R.-Mnd.

Equisetum scirpoides Michaux Dwarf scouring-rush

Rare. Two locations. Damp woods, in small colonies.
TRT-Crd, Sno.

26

Equisetum sylvaticum L. Woodland horsetail

Common. Low, damp or wet areas at edges of woods, on sandy or

gravelly soil.

TRT-Crd, Dys, Hbn, Hct, Stn; S.R.-Mnd.

Equisetum variegatum Schleicher Variegated horsetail

Uncommon. Open, wet areas and damp ditches, on sandy or silty soils; col-
onies often dense.
TRT-Crd, Shb; S.R.-Lut

FERNS

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE ADDER'S-TONGUE FAMILY

Botrychium dissectum Sprengel Cut-leaved grape fern

var. obliquum (Muhlenb.) Clute

Rare. Two locations. Open, dry grassy sites.
TRT-Dys, Shb.

Botrychium matricariifolium A. Braun ex Koch Matricary grape fern

Common. Deciduous or mixed woods and treed fields.
TRT-Dys, Mnd, Mon, Shb.

Botrychium multifidum (S. Gmelin) Rupr. Leathery grape fern

Common. Woodlands and edges of woods, on sandy soils.
TRT-Dys, Crd, Glm, Hbn, Hct, Mnd, Mon, Shb.

var. intermedium (D. C. Eaton) Farw.

Common. Woodlands and meadows, on sandy or gravelly soils.
TRT-Crd, Glm, Hct, Mnd, Shb.

Botrychium simplex E. Hitchc. Dwarf grape fern

var. tenebrosum (A. A. Eaton) Clausen

Rare. Two locations. Damp edges of streams.
CAN-Crd; TRT-Shb.

Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. Rattlesnake fern

Common. Deciduous woods, on humus.
TRT-Crd, Hbn, Hct, Lut, Mon, Stn; S.R.-Dys.

OSMUNDACEAE ROYAL FERN FAMILY

Osmunda cinnamomea L. Cinnamon fern

Common. Wet woods, shores of ponds and streams, and damp ditches.
TRT-Dud, Gfd, Hct, Liv, Mnd, Shb; S.R.-Crd.

27

Osmunda claytoniana L. Interrupted fern

Common. Damp or wet woodland sites, and edges of lakes, streams, and

swamps.

TRT-Crd, Gfd, Hbn, Hct, Hin, Mnd, Shb; S.R.-Cly.

Osmunda regalis L. Royal fern

Common. Margins of lakes and streams, just above or in the water; often
in large dense colonies.
TRT-Crd, Dud, Gfd, Hct, Liv, Stn.

POLYPODIACEAE POLYPODY FAMILY

This large family has been divided into several smaller ones by recent
authors, but since changes may still be underway, Polypodiaceae is presented
intact here. For information on new names the reader is referred to Britton
(1985).

Adiantum pedatum L. Maidenhair fern

Common. Deciduous or mixed woods, in leaf-covered humus.
TRT-Crd, Gfd, Hct, Hin, Lut, McC, Mnd, Mon.

Asplenium trichomanes L. Maidenhair spleenwort

Rare. One location. Base of calcareous rock cliff.
TRT-Crd.

Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth Upland lady fern

var. michauxii Mett.

Common. Damp ditches and moist open sites; in large or small

dense colonies.

TRT-Cly, Crd, Dud, Gfd, Hct, Mnd, Shb, Stn.

Athyrium pycnocarpon (Sprengel) Tidestrom Narrow-leaved spleenwort

Rare. One location. Sugar maple forest.
TRT-Crd.

Athyrium thelypterioides (Michaux) Desv. Silvery spleenwort

Fairly common. Damp or wet woods, in humus.
APM-Brt; TRT-Crd, Dud, Gfd, Hbn, Mon.

Cystopteris bulbifera (L.) Bernh. Bulblet bladder fern

Common. Damp areas, usually in woods; in clay or humus.
TRT-Crd, Dud, Hct, Mnd, Stn.

28

Cystopteris tenuis (Michaux) Desv. Northern fragile fern

Common. Open rocky hillsides, rock crevices, and occasionally in dense

woods.

TRT-Crd, Dys, Hav or Shb, Hbn, Hct, Mnd, Stn.

Dennstaedtia punctilobula (Michaux) Moore Hay-scented fern

Common. Dry banks, roadsides, and damp shores; often in large colonies.
CAN-Shb; DAO-Hct, Shb; TRT-Cly, Crd, Hbn, Hct, Hin, McC,
Shb, Sno.

Dryopteris carthusiana (Villars) H. P. Fuchs Spinulose wood fern

D. spimdosa (O. F. Muell.) Watt

D. austriaca (Jacq.) Woynar var. spimdosa (O. F. Muell.) Fiori
Common. Damp mixed or deciduous woods and swamps.
APM-Ngt; TRT-Dud, Gfd, Hbn, Hct, Mnd; S.R.-Crd, Lut.

Dryopteris cristata (L.) A. Gray Crested shield fern

Common. Damp ditches and meadows.
TRT-Crd, Dys, Hct, Shb, Stn; S.R.-Cly, Mon.

Dryopteris fragrans (L.) Schott Fragrant wood fern

Rare. Two locations. Rocky cliffs.
APM-Cly, Ngt.

Dryopteris goldiana (Hook.) A. Gray Goldie's fern

Rare. One location. Moist woods.
TRT-Mnd.

Dryopteris intermedia (Muhlenb.) A. Gray Evergreen wood fern

D. spimdosa (O. F. Muell.) Watt var. intermedia (Muhlenb.) Underw.
D. austriaca (Jacq.) Woynar var. intermedia (Muhlenb.) Morton
Common. Moist areas of coniferous and dense deciduous woods.
DAO-Hct, Shb, Stn; DFB-Lut; TRT-Crd, Dys, Hct, Shb, Stn.

Dryopteris marginalis (L.) A. Gray Marginal shield fern

Common. Mixed or deciduous woods and wooded banks.
TRT-Crd, Gfd, Hbn, Hct, Shb, Stn.

f. elegans (J. Robins.) F. W. Gray

Rare. One location. Damp valley in sugar maple forest.
TRT-Crd.

Dryopteris x boottii (Tuckerm.) Underw. Hybrid fern

= D. cristata x D. intermedia
Rare. One location.
TRT-Stn.

29

Dryopteris x triploidea Wherry Hybrid fern

= D. carthusiana x D. intermedia

D. spinulosa (O. F. Muell.) Watt var. fructuosa (Gilbert) Trudell
D. austriaca (Jacq.) Woynar var. fructuosa (Gilbert) Morton
Uncommon. Moist or wet, mixed or deciduous woods.
TRT-Hbn, Hct, Shb.

Gymnocarpium dryopteris (L.) Newm. Oak fern

Dryopteris disjunct a (Ledeb.) Morton

Common. Deciduous or mixed woods and soil pockets on rocks.

APM-Ngt; TRT-Crd, Gfd, Hct, Mnd, Shb; S.R.-Crd.

Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Tedaro Ostrich fern

Common. Damp roadsides, swampy sites, and wet ditches.
TRT-Hct, Mnd, Stn; S.R.-Brt, Crd, Lut.

Onoclea sensibilis L. Sensitive fern

Common. Damp to wet areas: ditches, swamps, and shores.
APM-Ngt; TRT-Crd, Gfd, Hct, Hin, Mnd, Shb, Stn; S.R.-Cly, Glm,
Lut, Sno.

Phegopteris connectilis (Michaux) Watt Northern beech fern

Thelypteris phegopteris (L.) Slosson

Dryopteris phegopteris (L.) Christens.

Common. Damp woods and edges of lakes and streams; often in dense

colonies on banks.

APM-Ngt; CAN-Hct, Shb; TRT-Crd, Dud, Gfd, Mnd, Shb.

Polypodium virginianum L. Common polypody

P. vulgare L. var. virginianum (L.) A. A. Eaton
Common. Rocky banks, and rocky outcrops in woods.
DFB-Lwr; TRT-Crd, Dys, Gfd, Hbn, Hct, Mnd, Ngt, Shb.

Polystichum acrostichoides (Michaux) Schott Christmas fern

Common. Deciduous or mixed woods, usually in damp humus.
APM-Brt, Lwr, Ngt; TRT-Crd, Hct, Hin, Mnd, Mon, Stn.

Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Bracken fern

Common. Open barren sites, dry ditches, and partly treed fields;

frequently in large dense colonies.

TRT-Crd, Hct, Mnd; S.R.-Ans, Dys, Glm, Hin, Shb.

Thelypteris noveboracensis (L.) Nieuwl. New York fern

Common. Low, damp woods and clearings, on rich humus soil.
TRT-Cly, Crd, Gfd, Hct, Hin, McC, Mnd, Shb, Stn.

30

Thelypteris palustris (Salisb.) Schott Marsh fern

Uncommon. Edges of creeks and streams among grasses and sedges.
TRT-Crd, Hin, Mnd; S.R.-Lut.

Woodsia ilvensis (L.) R. Br. Rusty woodsia

Fairly common. Rock ledges of cliffs and shores.
DAO-Crd, McC; TRT-Crd, Hin, Mnd, Stn.

Woodwardia virginica (L.) Smith Virginia chain fern

Rare. Two locations. One very large colony bordering a small lake, and a
smaller one bordering a sphagnum mat island; both growing densely with
lower stems in water.
TRT-Crd, Stn.

CONIFERS

TAXACEAE YEW FAMILY

Taxus canadensis Marshall American yew

Fairly common. Low clearings in mixed woods, and wooded slopes.
APM-Brt, Lwr; TRT-Mnd, Stn.

PINACEAE PINE FAMILY

Abies balsamea (L.) Miller Balsam-fir

Common. Mixed woods and lakeshores; scattered or in pure stands.
TRT-Mnd, Shb; S.R.-Crd, Hct, Sno.

Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch Tamarack

Common. Low, damp areas: open or treed bogs and damp shore banks.
TRT-Dud, Hct, Mnd, Stn; S.R.-Ans, Glm, Sno.

Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White spruce

Common. Mixed woods and pure stands; in high, dry sandy areas and low,

damp areas.

TRT-Dud, Mnd, Shb; S.R.-Crd, Dys, Gfd, Glm, Hin, Mon, Sno, Stn.

Picea mariana (Miller) Britton, Sterns, and Pogg. Black spruce

Common. Low, damp to wet areas; scattered through coniferous woods or

in large stands.

TRT-Dud, Hct, Mnd; S.R.-Dys.

Picea rubens Sarg. Red spruce

Uncommon. Dry rocky soil and low, damp areas.
APM-Brt, Cly; DAO-Cly; DFB^lwr.

31

Pinus resinosa Sol. ex Aiton Red pine

Common. Dry woods, and rocky ridges and shores.
TRT-Mnd, Shb.

Pinus strobus L. White pine

Common. Rocky shores and slopes, sand flats, and moist mixed woods.
TRT-Crd, Hct, Mnd, Shb, Stn; S.R.-Ans, Dys, Glm, Hin, Mnd,
Mon, Sno.

Pinus sylvestris L. Scotch pine

Uncommon. Reforested sites and adjacent areas; introduced and
spreading. (+)
TRT-Mnd, Stn.

Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carriere Eastern hemlock

Common. Coniferous or mixed woods and lakeshores; often in

large stands.

TRT-Hct, Shb, Sno; S.R.-Ans, Dys, Gfd, Glm, Hin, Mnd.

CUPRESSACEAE CYPRESS FAMILY

Juniperus communis L. Common juniper

var. depressa Pursh

Fairly common. Rocky shores and open fields.
APM-Ngt; TRT-Hin; S.R.-Mnd.

Thuja occidentalis L. Eastern white cedar

Common. Shores of lakes, rocky outcrops, and damp woods.
TRT-Hct, Mnd, Shb; S.R.-Ans, Crd, Gfd.

FLOWERING PLANTS
MONOCOTYLEDONS

TYPHACEAE CAT-TAIL FAMILY

Typha angustifolia L. Narrow-leaved cat-tail

Fairly common. Wet ditches and marshes; often growing with Typha

latifolia.

TRT-Crd, Dys, Hct, Lut, Mnd.

Typha latifolia L. Common cat-tail

Common. Marshes, wet ditches, and edges of ponds and bays; often in very

large colonies.

TRT-Crd, Dys, Hct, Mnd, Stn; S.R.-Ans, Cly, Lut.

32

SPARGANIACEAE BUR-REED FAMILY

Sparganium americanum Nutt. Bur-reed

Common. Near shores in water 10 to 30 cm deep, and in wet ditches and

beaver meadows; in dense colonies.

TRT-Dys, Hct, Lut, Mnd, Shb, Stn; S.R.-Mon.

Sparganium angustifolium Michaux Bur-reed

Uncommon. Edges of lakes and streams; shallow water on sandy bottoms.
TRT-Shb, Sno; S.R.-Lut.

Sparganium chlorocarpum Rydb. Bur-reed

Common. Wet flats and meadows, and shallow water on edges of streams

and marshes.

APM-Ngt; TRT-Crd, Dud, Gfd, Hct, Mnd; S.R.-Hin, Shb.

f. acaule (Beeby) E. Voss

Fairly common. Found among Sparganium chlorocarpum or in separate

colonies.

TRT-Dud, Shb; S.R.-Mnd.

Sparganium fluctuans (Morong) Robinson Floating bur-reed

Common. Offshore in lakes and streams in water up to 1 m deep.
TRT-Crd, Dys, Gfd, Hct, Hin, Liv, McC.

Sparganium minimum (Hartman) Fries Bur-reed

Rare. One location. Edge of bay adjoining marsh, in quiet shallow water.
TRT-Mnd.

POTAMOGETONACEAE POND WEED FAMILY

(NAJADACEAE in part; ZOSTERACEAE)

Potamogeton alpinus Balbis Alpine pondweed

Uncommon. Shallow bays in water 30 to 90 cm deep; locally numerous.
TRT-Crd, Dys, Mnd.

Potamogeton amplifolius Tuckerman Large-leaf pondweed

Common. Open water 60 to 90 cm deep, and shores of lakes, ponds,

and rivers.

TRT-Crd, Dys, Hct, Mnd, Stn.

Potamogeton bicupulatus Fern. Narrow-leaved pondweed

Rare. Two locations. Single specimens floating alone or with Potamogeton
spirillus near shores of small lakes. Rare in Ontario (Argus et al., 1982—
1987).
TRT-Hin, Shb.

33

Potamogeton confervoides Reichenb. Narrow-leaved pondweed

Rare. One location. Near shore of lake in water 4 cm deep; in small colony.

Rare in Ontario (Argus et al., 1982- 1987).

TRT-Hin.

Potamogeton epihydrus Raf. Leafy pondweed

Common. Lakes, ponds, and streams; in water up to 1 m deep.
TRT-Crd, Dys, Glm, Hct, Hin, McC, Shb; S.R.-Mon.

Potamogeton foliosus Raf. Narrow-leaved pondweed

Rare. Two locations. On soft bottom of shallow lake at 0.5 m depth, and in
shallow creek.
TRT-Crd, Dys.

Potamogeton friesii Rupr. Narrow-leaved pondweed

Rare. One location. Quiet shallow water 60 to 80 cm deep; in small

dense colony.

TRT-Crd.

Potamogeton gramineus L. Variable pondweed

Common. Quiet or flowing water up to 60 cm deep, on sand or soft

muck bottoms.

TRT-Crd, Dys, Gfd, Hct, Mnd, Sno.

Potamogeton illinoensis Morong Pondweed

Rare. Two locations. Swift-flowing rivers.
TRT-Gfd, Sno.

Potamogeton nutans L. Floating pondweed

Common. Small lakes, ponds, and open water in marshes.
TRT-Dys, McC, Mnd; S.R.-Crd, Hin, Shb.

Potamogeton oakesianus Robb. Floating pondweed

Uncommon. Quiet waters near shores of ponds and shallow bays.
DFB-McC; TRT-Lut, Shb.

Potamogeton obtusifolius Mert. and Koch Narrow-leaved pondweed

Rare. One location. Small lake with silty sand bottom.
TRT-Dud.

Potamogeton pectinatus L. Sago pondweed

Uncommon. Shallow water near shores in small lakes.
TRT-Lut, 2 Mnd.

34

Potamogeton perfoliatus L. Pondweed

Rare. Two locations. Slow-moving stream, and in lake in water 1 m deep.
TRT-Mnd, Stn.

Potamogeton praelongus Wulfen Pondweed

Rare. One location. Deep water of river.
UWO-Lut.

Potamogeton pusillus L. Narrow-leaved pondweed

Common. Shallow waters of small lakes and bays, and quiet backwaters of
streams; floating in dense masses.
TRT-Crd, Dys, Mnd; S.R.-Hin, Lut, Mon.

Potamogeton pusillus L. Narrow-leaved pondweed

var. tenuissimus (Mert. and Koch) Fern.

P. berchtoldii Fieber

Uncommon. In small slow stream, and offshore in small lakes.

TRT-2 Dys, McC.

Potamogeton richardsonii (A. Bennett) Rydb. Pondweed

Fairly common. Shallow, quiet waters and edges of flowing streams; in
small to large colonies.
TRT-Gfd, Mnd, Sno.

Potamogeton robbinsii Oakes Pondweed

Common. Streams through marshes, and offshore in lakes in water up to
1 m deep; colonies usually dense.
TRT-Crd, Dys, Lut, Mnd.

Potamogeton spirillus Tuckerman Snailseed pondweed

Fairly common. Quiet water at edges of streams and bays.
TRT-Crd, Dys, Hin, Mnd.

Potamogeton zosteriformis Fern. Flat-stemmed pondweed

Common. Quiet waters up to 1.5 m deep: in lakes, slow streams, and open

water of swamps.

TRT-Crd, Dud, Dys, Lut, Mnd.

NAJADACEAE PONDWEED FAMILY

Najas flexilis (Willd.) Rostkov and W. Schmidt Naiad

Common. Shallow water of small lakes and creeks; usually in large dense

colonies.

TRT-Crd, Mnd, Shb; S.R.-Lut.

35

JUNCAGINACEAE ARROW-GRASS FAMILY

Scheuchzeria palustris L. Arrow-grass

van americana Fern.

Rare. One location. Off boggy shore in small lake.
TRT-McC.

ALISMATACEAE WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY

Alisma plant ago -aquatica L. Water-plaintain

Fairly common. Edges of streams and ponds, and wet ditches.
TRT-Crd, Hbn, Sno, Stn.

Sagittaria cuneata E. Sheldon Northern arrowhead

Fairly common. Quiet shallow or flowing water; leaves emersed or floating.
TRT-Crd, Dud, Hbn, Hct.

Sagittaria graminea Michaux Arrowhead

Rare in flower or fruit. Rosettes of leaves, probably of this species, seen fre-
quently in shallow water on sandy bottoms.
TRT-Stn.

Sagittaria lati folia Willd. Arrowhead

Common. Offshore in, or on edges of, lakes, ponds, and streams; usually in
colonies of either broad-leaved or narrow-leaved plants, though both leaf
widths can occur on the same plant.
TRT-Crd, Dys, Hav, Hct, Mnd, Shb, Stn; S.R.-Hin, Lut, Mon.

HYDROCHARITACEAE FROG'S-BIT FAMILY

Elodea canadensis Rich, ex Michaux Waterweed

Anacharis canadensis (Rich.) Planchon

Common. Flowing streams and quiet water up to 1 m deep; in large

dense colonies.

TRT-Crd, Mnd; S.R.-Lut.

Vallisneria americana Michaux Tapegrass

Common. Quiet or flowing water of lakes and rivers.
TRT-Dys, Mnd, Stn.

POACEAE GRASS FAMILY

(GRAMINEAE)

Agropyron repens (L.) P. Beauv. Quack grass

Common. Sandy roadsides and waste places. (+)
TRT-Hbn, Mnd, Stn.

36

Agropyron trachycaulum (Link) Malte Wheat grass

var. glaucum (Pease and Moore) Malte

Rare. One location. Soil pockets on rocky cliff.
TRT-Stn.

var. novae-angliae (Scribner) Fern.

Rare. Two locations. Sand-and-gravel roadsides.
TRT-Hct, Stn.

Agrostis gigantea Roth Redtop grass

Common. Sand flats, waste ground, and roadsides. (+)
TRT-Hct, Mnd, Stn; S.R.-Sno.

Agrostis perennans (Walter) Tuckerman Autumn bent grass

Uncommon. Dry rocky, to wet sandy sites.
TRT-Hct, Mnd; S.R.-Shb.

Agrostis scabra Willd. Tickle grass

A. hy emails (Walter) Britton, Sterns, and Pogg.

Fairly common. Moss-covered rocks, wet logs in shallow water,

and roadsides.

TRT-Cly, Dys, Stn; S.R.-Lut.

Agrostis stolonifera L. Creeping bent grass

Uncommon. Dry sandy, or wet grassy edges of roads.
TRT-Dys, Sno.

Alopecurus aequalis Sobol. Short awn foxtail

Uncommon. A variety of open, damp or wet locations.
DAO-2 Crd; TRT-Mnd.

Anthoxanthum odoratum L. Sweet vernal grass

Uncommon. Open, flat roadsides; on moist or dry sand and gravel. (+)
TRT-Hin, Lut, Sno.

Brachyelytrum erectum (Schreber) P. Beauv. Leafy wood grass

Common. Woods, damp roadsides, and wet sand flats.
APM-Cly; TRT-Dud, Hct, Mnd; S.R.-Lut, Sno.

Bromus ciliatus L. Fringed brome grass

Common. Sandy roadsides and grassy ditches.
TRT-Cly, Dys, Sno.

Bromus inermis Leysser Smooth brome grass

Common. Gravel roadsides and open rocky areas. (+)

APM-Ngt; TRT-Mnd, Sno, Stn; S.R.-Dys, Lut.

37

Bromus tectorum L.

Downy brome grass

Rare. Two locations. Dry roadside and grassy hillside. (+)
TRT-Hct, Mnd.

Calamagrostis canadensis (Michaux) P. Beau v.

Common. Swampy areas, damp ditches, and hillside.
TRT-Cly, Crd, Hct, Mnd.

Calamagrostis inexpansa A. Gray

Rare. One location. Rocky shoreline.
TRT-Mnd.

Blue joint reed grass

Northern reed grass

Cinna latifolia (Trevin) Griseb.

Common. Thin woods and grassy roadsides.
TRT-Brt, Crd, Hct, Hin, Mnd.

Nodding wood grass

Dactylis glomerata L. Orchard grass

Common. Open sandy areas; frequently on disturbed land. (+)
TRT-Dud, Dys, Gfd, Hct.

Danthonia spicata (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roemer and Schultes Poverty grass

Common. Sandy, dry open sites.
TRT-Hbn, Hct, Mnd; S.R.-Dys.

Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin. Hair grass

Uncommon. Woods, rocky sites, and mossy banks.
TRT-Hin, Lut, Shb.

Digitaria ischaemum (Schreber) Muhlenb.

Uncommon. Sandy and gravelly roadsides.
TRT-Crd, 2 Mnd.

Smooth crab grass

Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.
Rare. One location. Open disturbed site. (+)
TRT-Mnd.

Large crab grass

Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) P. Beauv.

Uncommon. Dry waste areas. (+)
APM-Ngt; TRT-2 Dys.

Echinochloa wiegandii (Fassett) McNeill
and Dore

Fairly common. Dry roadsides.
TRT-Crd, Dys, Hin; S.R.-Shb.

Barnyard grass

Western barnyard grass

38

Elymus hystrix L. Bottlebrush grass

Hystrix patula Moench

f. hystrix

Uncommon. Grassy slopes and gravel flats.

TRT-Dys, 2 Stn.

f. bigelovianus (Fern.) Dore

Uncommon. Sandy and grassy sites, occasionally in woods.
TRT-2 Dys; S.R.-Lut.

Elymus virginicus L. Virginia wild rye-grass

Uncommon. Damp habitats: woods, flats, and stream borders.
TRT-Lut, Mnd, Sno.

Festuca arundinacea Schreber Tall fescue

Uncommon. Roadsides: in dense grass on sand and gravel. (+)
TRT-Crd, Stn; S.R.-Sno.

Festuca longifolia Thuill. Hard fescue

Rare. Two locations. Coniferous woods and dry parking lot. (+)
TRT-Crd, Hin.

Festuca pratensis Hudson Meadow fescue

Rare. One location. Damp abandoned road. (+)
TRT-Sno.

Festuca rubra L. Red fescue

Uncommon. Gravel roadsides and mossy rock ridges. (+)
TRT-Crd, Dys, Stn.

Festuca saximontana Rydb. Rocky Mountain fescue

Rare. Two locations. Edge of hayfield and rocky shoreline.
TRT-Crd, Stn.

Glyceria borealis (Nash) Batch. Floating manna grass

Common. Shallow water, with leaves often floating on the surface.
TRT-Hct, Mnd, Stn; S.R.-Crd.

Glyceria canadensis (Michaux) Trin. Rattlesnake grass

Common. Damp shores of lakes and streams, and wet hollows.
TRT-Cly, Hbn, Hct, Hin, Mnd, Stn; S.R.-Dys.

Glyceria grandis S. Watson Tall manna grass

Uncommon. River banks and dry or damp roadsides.
TRT-Dys, Hct, Stn.

39

Glyceria melicaria (Michaux) Hubb. Long manna grass

Uncommon. Gravelly or grassy road edges, and occasionally in damper
areas among sedges.
TRT-Brt, Hct, Hin.

Glyceria striata (Lam.) A. Hitchc. Fowl manna grass

Common. Damp mixed woods and damp sandy roadsides.
TRT-Crd, Dud, Hct, Mnd, Stn.

Hierochloe odorata (L.) P. Beau v. Sweet grass

Uncommon. Damp sandy roadsides.
TRT-Dys, Hin, Lut.

Holcus lanatus L. Velvet grass

Rare. One location. Small colony in ditch with other grasses. (+)
TRT-Dys.

Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw. Cut grass

Uncommon. Wet sandy edges of streams and rocky shores.
TRT-Shb, Stn; S.R.-Mnd.

Lolium perenne L. English rye grass

Rare. Two locations. Moist areas with other grasses. (+)
TRT-Mnd, Stn.

Milium effusum L. Wood millet

Uncommon. Mixed woods with leafy ground cover, and roadsides.
APM-Brt, Cly; TRT-Hin, Mnd.

Miscanthus sacchariflorus (Maxim.) Hackel Plume grass

Rare. One location. In fence-line vegetation; escape from cultivation. (+)
TRT-Dys.

Muhlenbergia frondosa (Poiret) Fern. Muhly grass

Rare. Two locations. Damp, low sites beside old bush roads.
TRT-2 Dys.

Muhlenbergia glomerata (Willd.) Trin. Muhly grass

Rare. One location. In large patch of tall grasses beside road.
TRT-Hin.

Muhlenbergia mexicana (L.) Trin. Muhly grass

Common. Moist woods and damp sandy ditches.
TRT-Dys, Hct, Mnd, Shb; S.R.-Lut.

40

Muhlenbergia uniflora (Muhlenb.) Fern. Muhly grass

Uncommon. Moist sand flats, rocky shores, and roadsides.
TRT-Hbn, Hct, Hin, Stn; S.R.-Shb.

Nardus stricta L. Moor mat grass

Rare. One location. Numerous clumps on dry sandy site, among low herbs
and some shrubs. (+)
TRT-Sno.

Oryzopsis asperi folia Michaux Rice grass

Fairly common. Dry, sometimes rocky woodlands.
TRT-Crd, Hct, Mnd, Shb, Stn.

Oryzopsis racemosa (Smith) Ricker ex A. Hitchc. Rice grass

Uncommon. Open mixed woods, and occasionally sandy pockets on rock

outcrops.

TRT-Dys, Gfd, Hct, Lut.

Panicum boreale Nash Panic grass

Uncommon. Sandy pockets on rock point, and open grassy site on
sandy soil.
TRT-2 Mnd, Sno.

Panicum capillare L. Witch grass

Fairly common. Swampy edges of roadsides, and waste areas.
APM-Ngt; TRT-Dys, Lut.

Panicum columbianum Scribner Panic grass

Uncommon. Sandy sites.

APM-Ngt; TRT-Mnd, Sno; S.R.-Dys, Hin.

Panicum depauperatum Muhlenb. Panic grass

Rare. One location. Dry, sandy open area near gravel pit.
TRT-Mnd.

Panicum implicatum Scribner Panic grass

Common. Sand-and-gravel pits and dry disturbed land.
TRT-Gfd, Hbn, Hct, Hin, Mnd, Mon, Sno.

Panicum latifolium L. Broadleaf panic grass

Rare. One location. Rock ledge above lake.
TRT-Hin.

41

Panicum linearifolium Scribner Panic grass

Common. Open, dry sandy sites, wooded banks, and moist sand-and-
gravel ditches.
TRT-Hin, Mnd, Sno, Stn.

Panicum linearifolium Scribner Panic grass

var. werneri Scribner

Rare. One location. Old road through woods.
TRT-Lut.

Panicum miliaceum L. Broomcorn millet

Rare. One location. Sandy and gravelly soil in thin, low patch of grasses;

escape from cultivation. (+)

TRT-Mnd.

Panicum tuckermanii Fern. Witch grass

Rare. One location. Fencerow along road.
TRT-Sno.

Panicum xanthophysum A. Gray Yellow panic grass

Rare. Two locations. Bank of wet ditch and damp gravel pit.
TRT-2 Shb.

Phalaris arundinacea L. Reed canary grass

Uncommon. Wet roadside ditches.
TRT-Dys, Stn; S.R.-Lut.

f. variegata (Par.) Druce Ribbon grass

Uncommon. Roadside banks and ditches; escapes from cultivation. (+)
APM-Ngt; TRT-Hct, Stn; S.R.-Sno.

Phleum pratense L. Timothy

Common. Dry fields and roadsides. (+)
TRT-Dys, Hct, Shb, Stn.

Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel Reed grass

Rare. Two locations. Small colony on roadside, and large dense colony at

river edge.

APM-Cly; TRT-Cly, Gfd.

Poa annua L. Annual blue grass

Uncommon. Lawns, waste places, and road edges. (+)
APM-Brt; TRT-Mnd.

42

Poa compressa L.

Common. Dry sandy, gravelly, or rocky areas. (+)
TRT-Dys, Mnd, Sno, Stn.

Canada blue grass

Poa nemoralis L.

Rare. One location. Open sandy site; one clump.
TRT-Lut.

Wood blue grass

Poa palustris L. Fowl meadow grass

Common. Damp sandy clearings, meadows, river banks, and edges
of woods.
TRT-Mnd, Sno, Stn.

Poa pratensis L. Kentucky blue grass

Common. Sandy disturbed sites and open rocky areas. (+)
TRT-Crd, Dys, Gfd.

Poa saltuensis Fern, and Wieg. Poa grass

Fairly common. Deciduous or mixed woods and roadside ditches.
APM-Brt; TRT-Hct, McC, Mnd, Shb.

Puccinellia fernaldii (A. Hitchc.) E. Voss

Fairly common. Wet locations in muck.
APM-Cly; TRT-Dys, Hct, Sno, Stn.

Schizachne purpurascens (Torrey) Swallen

Common. Rich woodlands and rocky wooded slopes.
TRT-Crd, Mnd, Stn.

Alkali grass

False medic grass

Secale cereale L.

Uncommon. Roadside plantings. (+)
TRT— Sno (several sites).

Rye

Setaria glauca (L.) P. Beauv. Yellow foxtail

Rare. One location. Around abandoned railway tracks. (+)
TRT-Dys.

Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv. Green foxtail

Common. Dry sandy roadsides and clearings. (+)
TRT-Crd, Dys, Hin, Shb, Stn.

Spartina pectinata Link Tall cord grass

Rare. One location. Wet shoreline.
TRT-Shb.

43

Triticum aestivum L. Hard wheat

Rare. One location. Roadside ditch. (+)
TRT-Stn.

CYPERACEAE SEDGE FAMILY

Carex aquatilis Wahlenb. Sedge

Common. Marshy and boggy lake edges, in water or on shore.
DFB-Lwr; TRT-Liv, Shb.

Carex arctata Boott Sedge

Common. Roadside ditches and open woods; on moist or wet sandy soils.
APM-Cly, Ngt; TRT-Crd, Gfd, Hct, Mnd, Shb, Stn.

Carex aurea Nutt. Sedge

Rare. One location. Wet meadow over calcareous substratum.
TRT-Mnd.

Carex bebbii (L. Bailey) Olney ex Fern. Sedge

Common. Wet edges of swamps and lakes.
TRT-Lut, Shb; S.R.-Mnd.

Carex bromoides Schk. ex Willd. Sedge

Rare. One location. Moist woods.
TRTE-Ans.

Carex brunnescens (Pers.) Poiret ex Lam. Sedge

Common. On wet ground, in swampy areas and woods.
TRT-Liv, McC, Mnd, Shb; S.R.-Dys.

Carex buxbaumii Wahlenb. Sedge

Uncommon. Rock crevices and rocky shorelines.
TRT-Dud, McC, Mnd.

Carex canescens L. Sedge

var. disjuncta Fern.

Rare. One location. Swampy river's edge.
TRT-Stn.

var. subloliacea (Laest.) Hartman

Common. Swamps and wet shores.
TRT-Crd, Dys, Gfd, McC, Mnd; S.R.-Mon.

Carex communis L. Bailey Sedge

Common. Uplands and shorelines, on dry or moist soils.
APM-Ngt; TRT-Dys, Hct, Liv, Mnd, Shb, Stn.

44

Carex craw for dii Fern. Sedge

Common. Moist sandy soils bordering swamps, ponds, and woods.
CAN-Crd; TRT-Dys, Mnd, Shb.

Carex crinita Lam. Sedge

Fairly common. Wet shores and swampy areas.
TRT-Hct, Shb; S.R.-Hin.

Carex cristatella Britton Sedge

Rare. One location. Roadside gravel beside stream.
TRT-Hin.

Carex cryptolepis Mackenzie Sedge

Fairly common. Wet shores of lakes and streams, usually on sandy soil.
APM-Ngt; TRT-Hbn, Hct, Hin, Lwr, Mnd.

Carex cumulata (L. Bailey) Fern. Sedge

Rare. One location. Damp roadside with dense growth of grasses.
TRT-Lut.

Carex debilis Michaux Sedge

var. rudgei L. Bailey

Fairly common. Moist woods on humus.
TRT-Hin, Sno.

Carex deflexa Hornem. Sedge

Rare. One location. Clearing on edge of woods.
TRT-Stn.

Carex deweyana Schwein. Sedge

Common. Moist open areas, usually adjacent to woods.
APM-Brt; TRT-Crd, Hct, Mnd, Stn.

Carex diandra Schrank Sedge

Uncommon. Swampy areas, in calcareous regions.
TRT-Crd, Lut, Mnd.

Carex disperma Dewey Sedge

Common. Swampy edges of woods, and shores.
APM-Cly; TRT-Crd, Dud, Hct, Mnd, Shb.

Carex eburnea Boott Sedge

Rare. One location. Base of steep cliff of calcareous rock.
TRT-Crd.

45

Carex echinata Murray Sedge

C. cephalantha (L. Bailey) E. Bickn.

C. angustior Mackenzie

C. muricata L.

Common. Rocky, sandy, or marshy lake and stream shores, and wet

meadows.

CAN-Crd; DAO-Hct; TRT-Dud, Gfd, Hin, Mnd, Stn.

Carex flava L. Sedge

Common. Wet meadows and wet bush roads.
TRT-Crd, Dys, Lut, Mnd.

Carex folliculata L. Sedge

Rare. One location. Shallow water off rocky shore.
TRT-Shb.

Carex garberi Fern. Sedge

Rare. One location. Wet meadow, in calcareous region.
TRT-Mnd.

Carex gracillima Schwein. Sedge

Common. Wet open or wooded areas.
TRT-Crd, Lut, Mnd, Stn.

Carex granulans Muhlenb. ex Willd. Sedge

Rare. One location. Wet open edge of small stream, in calcareous region.
TRT-Mnd.

Carex gynandra Schwein. Sedge

Common. On damp or wet edges of woods, on shores, and in sandy

ditches.

TRT-Cly, Crd, Hct, McC, Mnd, Shb, Stn.

Carex houghtoniana Torrey ex Dewey Sedge

Fairly common. Open or scrubby, dry or moist, sandy or gravelly

locations.

TRT-Crd, Dys, Hct, Ngt, Stn.

Carex hystericina Muhlenb. ex Willd. Sedge

Common. On moist or wet shores of lakes, and in damp ditches.
TRT-Crd, Shb, Sno.

Carex interior L. Bailey Sedge

Common. Bogs, swamps, wet hollows, and shores; open or wooded.
CAN-Crd; TRT-Dys, Mnd, Mon.

46

Carex intumescens Rudge Sedge

Common. Wet shores and banks of lakes and streams, and damp edges

of woods.

APM-Brt; TRT-Dys, Gfd, Hct, Mnd, Shb, Stn.

Carex lacustris Willd. Sedge

Uncommon. Grassy stream margins, and lake edges, in water up to
10 cm deep.
TRT-Dys, Liv.

Carex lanuginosa Michaux Sedge

Rare. One location. Clearing in moist woods.
TRT-Mnd.

Carex lasiocarpa Ehrh. Sedge

Common. Bogs, marshes, and wet stream banks.
TRT-Dud, Dys, Hin, Liv, Mnd.

Carex lenticularis Michaux Sedge

Uncommon. Wet sand flats on shorelines.
TRT-Hav, Hin, Sno.

Carex leptalea Wahlenb. Sedge

Uncommon. Moist ground in open disturbed areas, and damp slopes.
TRT-Crd, Mnd.

Carex leptonervia (Fern.) Fern. Sedge

Fairly common. Damp deciduous or mixed woods and edges of open

wet areas.

TRT-Crd, Dys, Hct, Shb; S.R.-Lut, Mon.

Carex lucorum Willd. ex Link Sedge

Rare. Two locations. Sandy edge of woods and thin sandy soil over
granitic rock.
TRTE-Lut, Stn.

Carex lupulina Muhlenb. ex Willd. Sedge

Uncommon. Wet depressions in woods.
TRT-3 Hct.

Carex lurida Wahlenb. Sedge

Fairly common. Wet margins of shores, and damp ditches.
CAN-Shb; TRT-Hin, Shb, Sno; S.R.-Stn.

47

Carex merritt-fernaldii Mackenzie Sedge

Rare. Two locations. Open, dry grassy roadside and old, dry field.
TRT-Gfd, Mnd.

Carex michauxiana Boeckeler Sedge

Rare. One location. Damp roadside.
TRT-Shb.

Carex oligosperma Michaux Sedge

Uncommon. Bogs and marshy stream edges.
TRT-Hin, Lwr, Shb.

Carex ormostachya Wieg. Sedge

Common. Open sand-and-gravel flats, fields, and occasionally

damp woods.

TRT-Crd, Hct, Hin, Lut, Shb, Stn.

Carex pallescens L. Sedge

Uncommon. Damp sandy ditches and open waste sites.
APM-Cly; TRT-Dys, Sno.

Carex pauciflora Light. Sedge

Rare. Two locations. Bogs.
CAN-Crd; TRT-Dys.

Carex paupercula Michaux Sedge

Rare. Two locations. Swamp edge and bog.
TRT-Hct, Mnd.

Carex peckii Howe Sedge

Common. Open banks, edges of woods, rock depressions, and bogs.
APM-Brt; TRT-McC, Mnd, Stn; S.R.-Dys, Hbn.

Carex pedunculata Muhlenb. ex Willd. Sedge

Uncommon. Open or wooded lakeshores.
APM-Brt; TRT-Mnd.

Carex pensylvanica Lam. Sedge

Uncommon. Open, mossy sand flats and rocky grassy slopes.
TRT-Dud, Dys.

Carex plantaginea Lam. Sedge

Rare. Two locations. Sugar maple forest and moist coniferous woods.
TRT-Dys, Hct.

48

Carex platyphylla J. Carey Sedge

Rare. One location. Sugar maple forest, on rich humus.
CAN-Crd.

Carex projecta Mackenzie Sedge

Uncommon. Damp or wet depressions in woods and meadows.
TRT-Gfd, Hct.

Carex pseudo-cyperusL. Sedge

Common. Swamps, wet woods, and wet shores.
TRT-Crd, Hct, Lut, Sno, Stn; S.R.-Mnd.

Carex radiata (Wahlenb.) Small Sedge

C. rosea auct. non Willd. (see Webber and Ball, 1984)

Uncommon. Roadsides, old fields, edges of woods, and grassy banks.

TRT-Crd, Glm, Hct, Mnd.

Carex retrorsa Schwein. Sedge

Common. Wet ditches, swamp edges, and wet edges of woods.
TRT-Crd, Dys, Hct, Lut.

Carex rugosperma Mackenzie Sedge

Uncommon. Mixed woods and sand flats.
TRT-Mnd, Shb; S.R.-Hbn.

Carex scabrata Schwein. Sedge

Fairly common. Damp or wet woods.
TRT-Dys, Hbn, Hct; TRTE-Ans.

Carex scoparia Schk. ex Willd. Sedge

Common. Wet sandy shores of lakes, ponds, and streams.
TRT-Crd, Dys, Glm, Hct, Hin, Stn; S.R.-Sno.

Carex sprengelii Dewey ex Sprengel Sedge

Uncommon. Dry open ditches and open woodlands.
TRT-Crd, Hct, Mnd; S.R.-Dys.

Carex stipata Muhlenb. ex Willd. Sedge

Common. Moist to wet banks, roadsides, and marsh edges.
TRT-Crd, Gfd, Hct, Mnd.

Carex stricta Lam. Sedge

Common. Open wet locations: swamps, marshes, ditches, and meadows.
APM-Cly; TRT-Crd, Dud, Dys, Liv, Stn; S.R.-Shb.

49

Carex tenera Dewey Sedge

Uncommon. Moist open edges of woods, stream banks, and damp

meadows.

TRT-Lut, Sno, Stn; S.R.-Mnd.

Carex trisperma Dewey Sedge

Common. Bogs, marshy lake edges, and wet wooded roadsides.
APM-Cly; TRT-Dud, Dys, Hct, Shb; S.R.-Liv.

Carex tuckermanii Dewey Sedge

Rare. One location. Damp edge of coniferous woods.
TRT-Dys.

Carex utriculata Boott Sedge

C. rostrata auct. non Stokes

Common. Edges of lakes, stream banks, and marshes.

TRT-Dud, Dys, Hbn, Hct, Shb; S.R.-Liv.

Carex vesicaria L. Sedge

Uncommon. Shallow water and wet borders of lakes and bogs.
APM-Cly; TRT-Crd, Gfd, Mnd, Stn.

Carex viridula Michaux Sedge

Rare. One location. Edges of old, mostly dried up cat-tail marsh.
TRT-Crd.

Carex vulpinoidea Michaux Sedge

Rare. Two locations. Damp, open lake bank and wet meadow.
TRT-Dys, Sno.

Cladium mariscoides (Muhlenb.) Torrey Twig-rush

Fairly common. Sphagnum mats on boggy shores.
TRT-Dys, Hin, McC, Shb; S.R.-Crd.

Cyperus diandrus Torrey Galingale

Rare. One location. Sandy lakeshore.
TRT-Stn.

Cyperus rivularis Kunth Umbrella sedge

Rare. One location. Sandy shore of river.
TRT-Sno.

50

Dulichium arundinaceum (L.) Britton Three-way sedge

Common. Wet shores, and shallow water of lakes and ponds, on sand or

mud; often in dense colonies.

TRT-Crd, Dys, Gfd, Hbn, Hct, Mnd, Shb; S.R.-Hin.

Eleocharis acicularis (L.) Roemer and Schultes Needle rush

Common. Sandy or mucky shores of lakes and streams; growing in mats.
APM-Cly; DAO-Crd, McC; TRT-Dys, Gfd, Hct, Mnd, Shb;
S.R.-Glm.

Eleocharis intermedia Schultes Spike-rush

Uncommon. Mucky or muddy shores of streams and lakes.
TRT-McC, Stn.

Eleocharis obtusa (Willd.) Schultes Spike-rush

Common. Sandy or muddy shores and flats, and swampy areas; growing in

clumps.

TRT-Crd, Dys, Hbn, Hct, Mnd, Shb.

Eleocharis olivacea Torrey Spike-rush

Uncommon. Boggy and marshy shores and mucky edges of streams.
TRT-Crd, Dys, Shb.

Eleocharis ovata (Roth) Roemer and Schultes Spike-rush

Uncommon. Wet sand or mud flats, edges of streams, and various other

wet places.

TRT-Crd, Glm, Hbn, Stn.

Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roemer and Schultes Spike-rush

E. smallii Britton

Fairly common. Shallow water and marshy edges of streams and lakes.

DAO-Crd, Dys; TRT-Crd, Dys, Hct, Mnd.

Eleocharis pauciflora (Light.) Link Spike-rush

var. fernaldii Svenson

Rare. One location. Shore of lake, on mud flat.
TRT-Dys.

Eleocharis robbinsii Oakes Spike-rush

Uncommon. Lakes and streams, in water up to 30 cm deep, on soft mud;
leaves limp and floating.
TRT-Dys, McC, Shb; S.R.-Hin.

51

Eriophorum spissum Fern. Bog-cotton

Uncommon. Bogs and swamps.
TRT-Dys, Hct; S.R.-Mon.

Eriophorum virginicum L. Tawny bog-cotton

Common. Sphagnum bogs, and occasionally wet ditches.
CAN-Hin; TRT-Cly, Dys, Hct, Hin, McC; S.R.-Shb.

Eriophorum viridi-carinatum (Engelm.) Fern. Cotton-grass

Rare. One location. Damp sedge meadow, in calcareous region; 20 to 25

scattered plants.

TRT-Mnd.

Rhynchospora alba (L.) M. Vahl Beak rush

Common. Bogs and boggy shores of lakes.

DFB-Lwr; TRT-Dys, Hbn, Liv, McC; S.R.-Hin, Shb.

Rhynchospora capitellata (Michaux) M. Vahl Beak rush

Uncommon. Damp sand flats and lakeshores.
TRT-Hbn, Hin, Shb.

Rhynchospora fusca (L.) Aiton f. Beak rush

Uncommon. Bog mats and boggy shores.
CAN-Crd; TRT-Hin, Lwr, McC.

Scirpus acutus Muhlenb. ex Bigelow Hardstem bulrush

Uncommon. Shallow water near edges of lakes, on sandy soil.
TRT-Dys, Hct, Mnd; S.R.-Lut.

Scirpus atrovirens Willd. Bulrush

Common. Wet depressions, stream banks, lakeshores, and reed marshes.
TRT-Cly, Hct, Mnd, Lut.

Scirpus cyperinus (L.) Kunth Wool-grass

Common. Damp roadsides, shorelines, and marshes.
TRT-Cly, Crd, Hbn, Hct; S.R.-Lut.

Scirpus georgianus Harper Bulrush

Rare. One location. Roadside overlooking Lake Kashagawigamog.
TRT-Dys.

Scirpus microcarpus Presl Bulrush

var. rubrotinctus (Fern.) Jones

Rare. Two locations. Edges of swamps.
TRT-Hbn, Stn.

52

Scirpus pendulus Muhlenb. ex Willd. Bulrush

5. lineatus Michaux

Rare. One location. Bottom land of drained beaver pond.
TRT-Mnd.

Scirpus subterminalis Torrey Water bulrush

Uncommon. Slow river currents and backwaters to depths of 30 cm or
more; leaves limp and floating.
TRT-Dys, 2 Stn.

Scirpus validus M. Vahl Soft-stem bulrush

var. creber Fern.

Common. Rivers up to 30 to 40 cm deep, swampy lake edges, and marshes;
large colonies in marshes.
TRT-Hbn; S.R.-Crd, Dys, Lut.

ARACEAE ARUM FAMILY

Acorus americanus (Raf.) Raf. Sweetflag

Rare. Three locations, including sandy delta and swampy lake edge; small
colonies growing with sedges.
TRT-2 Mnd, Stn.

Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott Jack-in-the-pulpit

Common. Damp or wet locations in, or on the edges of, woods.
TRT-Gfd, Hav, Hct, Mnd, Stn; S.R.-Brt, Dys.

Calla palustris L. Wild calla, Water-arum

Common. Wet, low edges of streams, ponds, and marshes. Dense colonies
spreading by stout underwater rhizomes.
TRT-Crd, Dud, Gfd, Hbn, Hct; S.R.-Ans, Hin.

LEMNACEAE DUCKWEED FAMILY

Lemna minor L. Duckweed

Common. Pools, swamps, and edges of quiet streams; sometimes covering
entire surfaces of ponds in swamps.
TRT-Hbn; S.R.-Lut, Mon, Shb.

Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleiden Greater duckweed

Uncommon. Growing with Lemna minor, or alone in similar habitats.
TRT-Crd, Dys, Hbn.

XYRIDACEAE YELLOW-EYED GRASS FAMILY

Xyris difformis Chapman Yellow-eyed grass

Uncommon. Sphagnum bogs, and a sand-and-gravel lakeshore. Rare in
Ontario (Argus et al., 1982- 1987).
TRT-2 Hin, Shb.

53

Xyris montana Ries Yellow-eyed grass

Uncommon. Boggy edges of streams, ponds, and small lakes, and occasion-
ally wet sandy shores.
TRT-Crd, Gfd, Hin, McC, Shb.

ERIOCAULACEAE PIPEWORT FAMILY

Eriocaulon septangulare With. Pipewort

Common. Edges of ponds and small lakes in water up to 150 cm deep, and

wet shores.

TRT-Cly, Dys, Gfd, Hbn, Hct, Hin, Mnd, Shb.

PONTEDERIACEAE PICKEREL- WEED FAMILY

Pontederia cordata L. Pickerel-weed

Common. Shallow water along shores of lakes and rivers; usually in large

dense colonies.

TRT-Crd, Hct, Mnd, Shb; S.R.-Hin, Sno.

JUNCACEAE RUSH FAMILY

J uncus acuminatus Michaux Rush

Rare. Two locations. Sandbar and swampy lake edge. Rare in Ontario

(Argus etal., 1982-1987).

TRT-Mnd; S.R.-Shb.

Juncus articulatus L. Rush

Uncommon. Edges of lakes and cat-tail marshes, on wet sand or sandy

muck.

TRT-Crd, Dys, Lut.

Juncus brachycephalus (Engelm.) Buchenau Rush

Rare. One location. Wet ditch, on sand and gravel.
TRT-Stn.

Juncus brevicaudatus (Engelm.) Fern. Rush

Common. Wet sandy ditches and sandy shores.
DFB-Lwr; TRT-Cly, Crd, Dys, Hbn, Hct, Mnd, Shb.

Juncus bufonius L. Toad rush

Common. Lakeshores and other open, flat, wet or damp sandy areas.
TRT-Crd, Dys, Gfd, Hbn.

Juncus canadensis J. Gay ex Laharpe Canada rush

Common. Marshy and boggy shores, and quiet backwaters.
TRT-Dys, Gfd, Hin, Stn; S.R.-Crd, Lut, Shb.

54

J uncus dudleyi Wieg. Rush

Rare. Two locations. Moist, open grassy area in park, and damp weedy
area beside abandoned railroad.
TRT-Dys, Gfd.

J uncus effusus L. Soft rush

Common. Edges of streams and lakeshores, wet ditches, and open, damp
sand flats; growing in or out of water.
TRT-Cly, Crd, Dys, Gfd, Hct, Mnd, Shb, Sno.

J uncus fili formis L. Rush

Common. Sandy edges of lakes, bays, and streams.
TRT-Crd, Hbn, Hin, Liv, Mnd; S.R.-Dys.

Juncus militaris Bigelow Bayonet rush

Rare. One location. Shallow water of lake on soft sand and muck bottom;

plants up to 135 cm in height.

TRT-Hin.

Juncus nodosus L. Rush

Common. Edges of marshes and shores of streams.
TRT-Crd, Lut, Sno.

Juncus pelocarpus E. Meyer Rush

Common. Mucky or muddy shores of lakes and streams.
TRT-Crd, Dys, Hin, McC; S.R.-Mnd, Shb.

Juncus tenuis Willd. Path rush

Common. Damp or dry, sandy or muddy open flats and banks.
TRT-Crd, Dys, Hct, Mnd.

Luzula multiflora (Retz.) Lej. Wood rush

L. campestris (L.) DC. var. multiflora (Ehrh.) Celak.
Common. Open or partly shaded sites, usually on damp soil.
TRT-Dys, Hbn, Sno, Stn.

LILIACEAE LILY FAMILY

Allium schoenoprasum L. Wild chive

Rare. One location. One clump on edge of gravel road; escape from

cultivation. (+)

TRT-Stn.

Allium tricoccum Aiton Wild leek

Common. Woods and edges of woods; in dense colonies.
APM-Brt; DFB-McC; TRT-Dud, Hct, Mnd.

55

Asparagus officinalis L. Asparagus

Uncommon. Sandy roadsides and clearings. (+)
TRT-Mnd, Stn; S.R.-Hbn.

Clintonia borealis (Aiton) Raf. Corn lily

Common. Deciduous or mixed woods, on moist humus.
TRT-Crd, Dud, Gfd, Hbn, Hct, Shb, Stn.

Erythronium americanum Ker Gawler Trout lily

Common. Deciduous or mixed woods, on moist humus; in large dense
colonies, often with a small number of plants bearing flowers.
TRT-Crd, Gfd, Hbn, Hct, Shb; S.R.-Dys, Mnd.

Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L. Orange day-lily

Uncommon. Damp ditches and grassy banks; escapes from cultivation, but

well established. (+)

APM-Ngt; TRT-Lut, McC, Stn.

Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus L. Yellow day-lily

H.flava (L.)L.

Uncommon. Damp roadside ditches; in small dense colonies; escapes from

cultivation, but well established. (+)

TRT-Lut.

Lilium philadelphicum L. Wood lily

Rare. One location. Moist woods.
OAC-Crd.

Maianthemum canadense Desf. Wild lily-of-the-valley

Common. Moist deciduous woods and mossy banks; in small to large

colonies.

TRT-Crd, Dud, Gfd, Hbn, Hct, Mnd, Shb, Stn.

Medeola virginiana L. Indian cucumber-root

Fairly common. Deciduous or mixed woods, on leafy humus; locally
sparse, with plants occurring singly, often some distance apart.
DFB-Ngt; TRT-Crd, Gfd, Hct, Mnd, Shb; S.R.-Hin.

Polygonatum pubescens (Willd.) Pursh Hairy SolomonVseal

Common. Woods and edges of woods.
TRT-Crd, Hav, Hct, Mnd, Stn; TRTE-Ans.

Smilacina racemosa (L.) Desf. False Solomon's-seal

Common. Open roadsides and edges of woods; in large colonies.
TRT-Gfd, Hct, Mnd; S.R.-Dys, Glm, Lut, Sno.

56

Smilacina stellata (L.) Desf. Starry SolomonVseal

Uncommon. On low river banks, and beside old railway tracks on sandy

soil.

TRT-Crd, Sno; S.R.-Mnd.

Smilacina trifolia (L.) Desf. Three-leaved SolomonVseal

Common. Damp or wet, open or partly treed bogs; in sphagnum.
TRT-Dud, Dys, Hct, McC.

Smilax hispida Muhlenb. Prickly greenbrier

Rare. Two locations. Beside creek and on river bank; climbing on tall

shrubs.

TRT-Mnd, Sno.

Streptopus roseus Michaux Rose twisted-stalk

Common. Moist woods and partly shaded grassy banks.
APM-Ngt; TRT-Gfd, Hct, Liv, Mnd; S.R.-Dys, Hin.

Trillium erectum L. Red trillium

Common. Moist woods. Widespread in the county. (A few aberrant forms
with green patches on petals resulting from disease, TRT— Mnd.)
TRT-Hct, Mnd; S.R.-Dys.

f. luteum Louis-Marie Red trillium (yellow form)

Rare. Two locations. Roadside, and wet cedar woodland.
DFB-Hct; TRT-Hct.

Trillium grandiflorum (Michaux) Salisb. White trillium

Common. Rich moist woods; large colonies in southern townships, rare in
northern two-thirds of county. (A number of aberrant forms with green
streaks on petals resulting from disease, TRT— Lut, Mnd.)
APM-Brt; TRT-Hct, Lut, Mnd, Stn; S.R.-Crd, Dud.

Trillium undulatum Willd. Painted trillium

Fairly common. Deciduous or mixed woods; more abundant in northern

townships.

TRT-Hct, Liv, Mnd; S.R.-Hin.

Vvularia grandiflora Smith Large-flowered bellwort

Common. Deciduous woods, on leafy humus.
APM-Brt; TRT-Hbn, Hct; S.R.-Crd, Dys, Lut, Mnd.

57

AMARYLLIDACEAE AMARYLLIS FAMILY

Narcissus poeticus L. Poet's narcissus

Uncommon. Damp grassy flats in partial shade, and low, open grassy
banks; escapes from cultivation. (+)
TRT-Crd; S.R.-Glm, Stn.

IRIDACEAE IRIS FAMILY

Iris versicolor L. Wild iris, Blue flag

Fairly common. Rocky, sandy, or marshy shores, and shallow water.
TRT-Crd, Dys, Gfd, Hct; S.R.-Hin, Mon, Stn.

Sisyrinchium montanum E. Greene Blue-eyed grass

Fairly common. Open flat sites and sandy grassy banks.
TRT-Gfd, Hct, Lut, Mnd, Shb; S.R.-Crd.

ORCHID ACEAE ORCHID FAMILY

Calopogon tuberosus (L.) Britton, Sterns, and Pogg. Grass-pink

C. pulchellus (Salisb.) R. Br.

Rare. Two locations. Open sphagnum bogs bordering lakes; about one

hundred plants in one of these locations.

TRT-2 Hin.

Coeloglossum viride (L.) Hartman Long-bracted green orchid

var. virescens (Muhlenb*) Luer

Habenaria viridis (L.) R. Br. var. bracteata (Willd.) A. Gray
Uncommon. Mixed or deciduous woods.
TRT-Hct; S.R.-Brt, Hct.

Corallorhiza maculata (Raf.) Raf. Spotted coral-root

Uncommon. Damp deciduous or mixed woods, on humus.
TRT-Crd, Dys, Hct, Shb, Stn.

Corallorhiza striata Lindley Striped coral-root

Uncommon. Dense, damp maple forests, and mixed woods; on humus.
TRT-Crd, Hct, Mnd.

Corallorhiza trifida Chatel Early coral-root

Uncommon. Cedar-balsam swamp and wet mixed woods.
TRT-Mnd; S.R.-Dys.

Cypripedium acaule Aiton Pink moccasin flower, Pink lady's-slipper

Common. Coniferous or mixed woods; usually in shade, on humus over

sand; often numerous and scattered.

TRT-Crd, Dud, Hbn, Hct, McC, Shb; S.R.-Brt, Hin, Liv.

58

f. albiflorum Rand and Redf. White-lipped moccasin flower

Rare. One location. Mixed woods on lake bank; scattered sparsely among

forma acaule.

TRT-Liv.

Cypripedium calceolus L. Large yellow lady's-slipper

van pubescens (Willd.) Correll

Uncommon. Damp mixed woods.
TRT-Lut; S.R.-Lut, Sno.

Cypripedium reginae Walter Showy lady's-slipper, Queen lady's-slipper

Rare. One location. Tamarack-cedar bog.
TRT-Glm.

Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz Helleborine

Common. On roadsides at edges of deciduous or mixed woods, and occa-
sionally in coniferous woods. (+)
APM-Ngt; DAO-Hct, Ngt; TRT-Dys, Hct, Mnd; S.R.-Lut.

Goodyera oblongifolia Raf. Menzies' rattlesnake-plantain

Rare. One location. Old road through woods, on sand and gravel.
TRT-Mnd.

Goodyera repens (L.) R. Br. Dwarf rattlesnake-plantain

var. ophioides Fern.

Uncommon. Damp or dry coniferous woods.
TRT-Hct, Mnd, Shb.

Goodyera tesselata Lodd. Rattlesnake-plantain

Common. Mixed woods, dry uplands, and wet lowlands in

sphagnum moss.

APM-Lwr; DFB-Lwr; TRT-Dys, Gfd, Hbn, Hct, Hin, Shb.

Liparis loeselii (L.) L. C. M. Richard Loesel's twayblade

Rare. One location. Along lakeshore in sand and gravel of abandoned road.
TRT-Stn.

Listera auriculata Wieg. Auricled twayblade

Rare. One location. Shaded, damp sand-and-clay bank of river under
alders and balsam trees. About ten scattered plants, a few in moss; the
most southern Canadian site recorded in Ontario for this species (Whiting
and Catling, 1977).
TRT-Sno.

59

Malaxis monophylla (L.) Sw. White adder's-mouth

van brachypoda (A. Gray) Morris

Rare. One location. Cedar-balsam swamp, in calcareous region; 20 to 30

plants in one area of swamp.

TRT-Mnd.

Malaxis unifolia Michaux Green adder's-mouth

Uncommon. Mixed woods and rocky or sandy open sites.
TRT-Crd, Hbn, Mnd, Shb; S.R.-Dys, Hin.

Platanthera clavellata (Michaux) Luer Club-spur orchid

Habenaria clavellata (Michaux) Sprengel

Common. Open, flat sandy sites with low vegetation of sedges and mosses,
and woods near edges of lakes and bogs; often locally abundant.
TRT-Dud, Hbn, Hin, McC, Shb; S.R.-Dys.

Platanthera hyperborea (L.) Lindley Tall northern green orchid

Habenaria hyperborea (L.) R. Br.

Fairly common. Shaded, wet areas: ditches, swamps, and hollows in

woods; usually in muck.

TRT-Crd, Hct, Mnd, Stn.

Platanthera lacera (Michaux) G. Don Green fringed orchid

Habenaria lacera (Michaux) Lodd.
Uncommon. Damp ditches and moist meadows.
TRT-Mnd, Sno; S.R.-Dys.

Platanthera obtusata (Banks ex Pursh) Lindley Blunt-leaf orchid

Habenaria obtusata (Banks ex Pursh) Richardson
Uncommon. Damp woods and edges of bogs.
TRT-Dud, Hct, Mnd.

Platanthera orbiculata (Pursh) Lindley Large round-leaved orchid

var. orbiculata

Habenaria orbiculata (Pursh) Torrey

Uncommon. Coniferous or mixed woods, on rich moist soils.

TRT-Hct, Stn; S.R.-Dys.

var. macrophylla (Goldie) Luer

Habenaria orbiculata (Pursh) Torrey var. macrophylla (Goldie) Boivin
Rare. Two locations. Moist woods at edge of cedar-balsam swamp, and wet
woods. Rare in Ontario (Argus et al., 1982- 1987).
CAN-Mnd; PENN-Stn; TRT-Mnd, Stn (photostat of PENN
specimen).

60

Platanthera psycodes (L.) Lindley Purple fringed orchid

Habenaria psycodes (L.) Sprengel

Rare. Two locations. Wet bank, and rich soil on small island in stream.

TRT-Hbn, Hct.

Pogonia ophioglossoides (L.) Juss. Rose-pogonia

Uncommon. Bogs and boggy shores.
REW-Crd; TRT-Crd, Dys, McC; S.R.-Hin.

Spiranthes casei Catling and Cruise Case's ladies9 tresses

Fairly common. Sand-and-gravel roadsides, roadside banks, and open

grassy fields.

TRT-Dys, Shb, Stn; WAT-Hin.

Spiranthes cernua (L.) L. C. M. Richard Nodding ladies9 tresses

Common. Damp ditches, moist meadows, and sand-and-gravel flats

with mosses.

TRT-Crd, Dys, Hbn, Hct, Hin, Mnd, Shb, Sno.

Spiranthes lacera (Raf.) Raf. Slender ladies' tresses

Uncommon. Rock outcrops and wooded roadsides.
REW-Hin, Shb; TRT-Hbn, Hct, Hin, Mnd, Shb.

Spiranthes romanzoffiana Cham. Hooded ladies' tresses

Uncommon. Damp or dry roadsides, depressions on rocky banks, and

grassy flats on sandy soil.

TRT-Hbn, Hct, Mnd; S.R.-Dys, Hin.

Spiranthes lacera (Raf.) Raf. Hybrid ladies' tresses

x S. romanzoffiana Cham.

Rare. One location. Shallow depression on rocky roadside. Unusual hybrid
with two locations recorded in Ontario, one in the Parry Sound District
and the other in Haliburton (Whiting and Catling, 1986).
DAO-Hin; TRT-Hin.

DICOTYLEDONS

SALICACEAE WILLOW FAMILY

Populus alba L. White poplar, Silver poplar

Uncommon. Fields and roadsides; usually near dwellings; introduced and
spreading. (+)
TRT-Dys, Mnd, Stn.

61

Populus balsamifera L. Balsam poplar

Common. Sand flats, roadside banks, and occasionally rocky ridges; often

in tall stands.

TRT-Gfd, Mnd; S.R.-Crd, Dud, Lut.

Populus grandidentata Michaux Large-toothed aspen

Common. Tall mixed woods or large pure stands; on leaf-covered

sandy soil.

TRT-Dys, Hct; S.R.-Ans, Hin, Mnd, Sno, Stn.

Populus tremuloides Michaux Quaking aspen

Common. Pure stands, mixed woods, and edges of meadows and woods;

on sandy soils.

TRT-Crd, Dys, Gfd, Hct, Stn.

Salix bebbiana Sarg. Beaked willow

Common. Moist to very wet areas— thickets, fields, and swamps— and

sandy banks.

TRT-Hbn, Hct, Mnd; S.R.-Hin, Lut.

Salix discolor Muhlenb. Pussy willow

Common. Dry sandy areas and wet swampy sites; often with various shrub

species.

TRT-Hct, Mnd, Shb; S.R.-Crd, Hct, Hin.

Salix eriocephala Michaux Stiff willow

S. rigida Muhlenb.

Rare. One location. Four shrubs in roadside thicket, on damp sandy soil.

TRT-Stn.

Salix fragilis L. Crack willow

Common. River and lake banks, lawns, and damp roadsides; on clay or
sand; branches very brittle; introduced and well established. (+)
APM-Ngt; TRT-Dys, Mnd.

Salix humilis Marshall Upland willow

Common. Various open, dry or damp areas.
TRT-Dys, Hct, Mnd; S.R.-Sno.

Salix lucida Muhlenb. Shining willow

Common. Open, damp to wet areas, with other species of willows and

shrubs.

TRT-Dys, Hbn, Hct; S.R.-Crd.

62

Salix petiolaris Smith Slender willow

Common. Wet roadside thickets, swamps, bogs, and damp fields; usually

in dense colonies.

TRT-Dys, Hbn, Hct, Mnd, Sno; S.R.-Stn.

Salix planifolia Pursh Flat-leaved willow

Rare. One location; three shrubs. Open, damp roadside ditch.
TRT-Mnd.

Salix pyrifolia Andersson Balsam willow

Fairly common. Edges of marshes, bogs, and lakes, and wet meadows.
APM-Cly; TRT-Dys, Hin; S.R.-Stn.

MYRICACEAE BAYBERRY FAMILY

Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coulter Sweet-fern

Myrica asplenifolia auct. non L.

Uncommon. Dry sandy areas and damp shores; in colonies.

TRT-Dys, Gfd, Shb; S.R.-Sno.

Myrica gale L. Sweet gale

Common. Shores, sphagnum flats, and wet banks; in large colonies.
TRT-Dys, Hct, Hin, Shb; S.R.-Crd.

BETULACEAE BIRCH FAMILY

Alnus rugosa (Du Roi) Sprengel Speckled alder

Common. Swamps, and edges of ponds, streams, and lakes; widespread in

county and usually in large colonies.

TRT-Crd, Dud, Hct, Mnd, Shb; S.R.-Glm, Mon.

Betula alleghaniensis Britton Yellow birch

B. lutea Michaux f.
Common. Tall mixed woods.
TRT-Gfd, Mnd; S.R.-Dys, Hin, Sno.

Betula papyrifera Marshall White birch, Paper birch

Common. Mixed woods on humus over granite or sand; usually

in colonies.

TRT-Gfd, Hbn, Mnd; S.R.-Dys, Hin, Lut.

Corylus cornuta Marshall Beaked hazel

Common. Edges of banks, streams, and woods.
TRT-Brt, Hbn, Hct, Mnd.

63

Ostrya virginiana (Miller) K. Koch Ironwood

Common. Mixed woods and woodlands.
TRT-Hct, Mnd, Stn; S.R.-Dys, Lut.

FAGACEAE BEECH FAMILY

Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. American beech

Common. Deciduous or mixed woods, on rich humus.
TRT-Hct, Mnd, Shb; S.R.-Brt, Lut.

Quercus rubra L. Red oak

Q. borealis Michaux f.

Common. Rocky ridges and mixed woods; often on thin soil.

APM-Ngt; TRT-Dud, Mnd, Shb, Stn.

ULMACEAE ELM FAMILY

Ulmus americana L. White elm

Uncommon. At edges of woods and in fields; in groves of mixed
deciduous trees.
TRT-Dys, Mnd, Stn.

Ulmus thornasii Sarg. Rock elm

Rare. One location. Two trees at edge of woods on damp roadside.
TRT-Dys.

MORACEAE MULBERRY FAMILY

Cannabis sativa L. Marijuana

Rare. One location. Waste ground. (+)

APM-Ngt.

Humulus lupulus L. Common hop

Uncommon. Dry gravelly roadsides. (+)
TRT-Hct, Mnd.

URTICACEAE NETTLE FAMILY

Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. False nettle

Rare. One location. Mixed woods. Large colony surrounding

stagnant pool.

TRT-Lut.

Laportea canadensis (L.) Wedd. Wood nettle

Common. Low, wet swampy areas and damp edges of woods.
TRT-Crd, Hct, Mnd, Sno.

64

Urtica dioica L. Stinging nettle

Uncommon. Deciduous woods, and edges of woods on damp roadsides.
TRT-Dys, Hct.

SANTALACEAE SANDALWOOD FAMILY

Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. Bastard toadflax

C. richardsiana Fern.

Uncommon. Rock outcrops and lakeshore rock ledges.

TRT-Lut; S.R.-Hin, Shb.

POLYGONACEAE BUCKWHEAT FAMILY

Polygonum amphibium L. Water smartweed

P. coccineum Muhlenb.

P. natans Eaton

Common. Quiet waters up to 1 m deep, and edges of sandy or

muddy shores.

TRT-Crd, Dys, Hbn, Hct, Hin, Lut, Mnd, Shb, Stn; S.R.-Mon.

Polygonum aviculare L. Prostrate knotweed

Fairly common. Dry, sandy, barren areas and sparse lawns. (+)
TRT-Dys, Stn; S.R.-Hin, Mnd.

Polygonum careyi Olney Bristly smartweed

Rare. Open banks and wet shores; singly or in colonies. Rare in Ontario
(Argus etal, 1982-1987).
TRT-Gfd, Hbn, Stn.

Polygonum cilinode Michaux Bindweed

Common. Dry roadsides, open woodlands, and sandy shores.
TRT-Crd, Gfd, Hct, Mnd, Shb.

Polygonum convolvulus L. Black bindweed

Fairly common. Dry sandy roadsides and wastelands. (+)
TRT-Cly, Dys, Gfd, Mnd.

Polygonum cuspidatum Siebold and Zucc. Japanese knotweed

Rare. One location. Damp roadside; in small colony. (+)
TRT-Dys.

Polygonum hydropiper L. Common smartweed

Fairly common. Wet ditches and edges of swamps and streams. (+)
TRT-Hct, Mnd, Sno, Stn.

65

Polygonum lapathifolium L. Pale smartweed

Uncommon. Sand flats and other open areas.
TRT-Gfd, Hbn.

Polygonum persicaria L. Lady's-thumb

Common. Waste areas and roadsides. (+)
TRT-Crd, Hbn, Hct; S.R.-Lut.

Polygonum punctatum Elliott Dotted smartweed

Common. Wet or damp stream edges.
TRT-Dud, Glm, Hbn, Hct, Hin, Mnd, Stn.

Polygonum sagittatum L. Tear-thumb

Common. Dry or damp ditches, and edges of ponds and swamps.
TRT-Crd, Gfd, Hct, Hin; S.R.-Mnd.

Rumex acetosella L. Sheep-sorrel

Common. Sand flats, ditches, and damp lakeshores. (+)
APM-Ngt; TRT-Crd, Hct, Mnd; S.R.-Hin.

Rumex crispus L. Sour dock, Curly dock

Uncommon. Dry or damp grassy roadsides. (+)
TRT-Dys, Stn; S.R.-Hin.

Rumex obtusifolius L. Bitter dock

Fairly common. Lake edges, and ditches among sedges and grasses. (+)
APM-Lwr; TRT-Dys, Hct, McC, Mnd.

Rumex patientia L. Patience dock

Rare. One location. Grassy clearing beside lake. (+)
TRT-Dys.

CHENOPODIACEAE GOOSEFOOT FAMILY

Chenopodium album L. Lamb's quarters

Fairly common. Sandy roadsides and open disturbed ground. (+)
TRT-Hct, Mnd; S.R.-Mnd.

Chenopodium capitatum (L.) Ascherson Strawberry-blite

Uncommon. Damp banks, and clearings with shrubs or grasses; in

small colonies.

APM-Cly; TRT-Dud, Hct, Mnd, Stn.

Chenopodium hybridum L. Maple-leaved goosefoot

Uncommon. Disturbed sites on sandy soil.
TRT-Dys, Hbn, Hct.

66

Salsola kali L. Russian thistle

Rare. One location. On rock ballast of abandoned railroad tracks; in small

colony. (+)

TRT-Sno.

AMARANTHACEAE AMARANTH FAMILY

Amaranthus retroflexus L. Pigweed

Uncommon. Disturbed waste areas. (+)
TRT-Dys; S.R.-Crd, Dys.

NYCTAGINACEAE FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY

Oxybaphus nyctagineus (Michaux) Sweet Umhrellawort

Mirabilis nyctaginea (Michaux) MacMill.

Rare. Two locations. Large colony in low damp area along abandoned rail-
road tracks, and two plants among trees at the edge of meadow. (+)
TRT-Dys; S.R.-Lut.

AIZOACEAE CARPETWEED FAMILY

Mollugo verticillata L. Carpetweed

Rare. Two locations. Open sand-and-gravel sites, in large spreading
patches. (+)
APM-Ngt; TRT-Mon.

PORTULACACEAE PURSLANE FAMILY

Claytonia caroliniana Michaux Spring-beauty

Common. Damp woods, on humus.
TRT-Hbn, Hct, Mnd.

CARYOPHYLLACEAE PINK FAMILY

Arenaria serpyllifolia L. Thyme-leaved sandwort

Uncommon. Soil pockets on rocky slopes and dry sandy sites. (+)
TRT-Lut, Mnd, Shb, Stn.

Cerastium arvense L. Field chickweed

Rare. One location. Open grassy slope.
TRT-Dys.

Cerastium fontanum Baumg. Mouse-ear chickweed

subsp. triviale (Link) Jalas

Common. Grassy or sandy, open or partly shaded areas. (+)
TRT-Gfd, Hct, Mnd, Shb, Stn.

Dianthus armeria L. Deptford pink

Uncommon. Sandy roadsides among grasses. (+)
TRT-Mnd, Stn.

67

Dianthus deltoides L. Maiden pink

Rare. Two locations. Dry sandy flat and open hillside; escapes from
cultivation. (+)
TRT-Lut, Stn.

Dianthus plumarius L. Garden pink

Rare. One location. Edge of woods; escape from cultivation. (+)
TRT-Stn.

Herniaria glabra L. Knawel

Rare. One location. In cracks of pavement of old road. (+)
TRT-Mnd.

Lychnis chalcedonica L. Scarlet lychnis

Rare. One location. Edge of poplar woods among shrubs and tall herbs;

escape from culitvation. (+)

TRT-Mnd.

Sagina procumbens L. Pearlwort

Uncommon. Two locations. Cracked pavement and gravel flats. (+)
TRT-2 Mnd; S.R.-Glm.

Saponaria officinalis L. Bouncing-bet

Common. Roadsides, clearings, and damp gravel pits. (+)
TRT-Hin, Shb.

Silene antirrhina L. Sleepy catchfly

Uncommon. Sandy areas, and abandoned railroad tracks in cinders.
TRT-Dys; S.R.-Sno.

Silene armeria L. Garden catchfly

Uncommon. Edges of woods and soil pockets on rocks; escapes from

cultivation. (+)

APM-Ngt; TRT-Hbn, Hct.

Silene noctiflora L. Night-flowering catchfly

Uncommon. Open hillsides and roadsides, on sandy soils. (+)
TRT-Dys, Hin; S.R.-Sno.

Silene pratensis (Rafn) Godron and Gren. White campion

Lychnis alba Miller

S. alba (Miller) E. H. Krause

Fairly common. Waste areas and disturbed sites. (+)

APM-Ngt; TRT-Dys, Hct.

68

Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke Bladder campion

S. cucubalus Wibel

Common. Rock crevices and various sandy sites. (+)
TRT-Crd, Dys, Gfd, Mnd, Sno.

Spergula arvensis L. Corn spurrey

Rare. Two locations. On gravel at roadside, and in damp roadside
ditch. (+)
TRT-Crd, Sno.

Stellaria graminea L. Lesser stitchwort

Common. Dry or damp, grassy or sandy roadsides, and open hillsides. (+)
APM-Ngt; TRT-Crd, Dys, Gfd, Hct, Stn.

Stellaria longifolia Muhlenb. ex Willd. Starwort

Rare. One location. Damp sandy roadside in large disturbed area; among

many species of plants.

TRT-Hct.

Stellaria media (L.) Villars Common chickweed

Rare. One location. Damp edge of woods at roadside. (+)
TRT-Mnd.

CERATOPHYLLACEAE HORNWORT FAMILY

Ceratophyllum demersum L. Coontail

Fairly common. Quiet waters of lakes and streams up to 1.5 m deep; float-
ing below surface.
TRT-Dys, Lut, Mnd.

Ceratophyllum echinatum A. Gray Coontail

Common. Pools, stream edges, and quiet bays; in shallow water up to
0.7 m deep; floating at and below the surface.
TRT-Crd, Dys, Hin, Mnd; S.R.-Glm.

NYMPHAEACEAE WATER-LILY FAMILY

Brasenia schreberi J. F. Gmelin Water-shield

Common. Still or slow-flowing waters up to 1 m deep; leaves floating

on surface.

TRT-Crd, Dys, Shb; S.R.-Glm, Hin, McC.

Nuphar pumila (Timm) DC. Yellow water-lily

TV. lutea (L.) Sibth. subsp. pumila (Timm) E. O. Beal

N. microphylla (Pers.) Fern.

Rare. One location. Open water of lake at 1.0 to 1.5 m depth; leaves

floating on surface.

TRT-McC.

69

Nuphar variegata Engelm. ex Durand in Clinton Yellow water-lily

N. lutea (L.) Sibth. subsp. variegata (Engelm. ex Durand in Clinton)
E. O. Beal

Common. Quiet or gently flowing waters of rivers, bays, and lakes; in shal-
low water up to 2 m deep; leaves floating on surface.
TRT-Dys, Hct, Mnd, Stn; S.R.-Crd, Hin, Liv.

Nymphaea odorata Dryander ex Aiton White water-lily

Common. Small lakes, ponds, and quiet waters of rivers; in water up to 2 m

deep; leaves floating on surface.

DFB-Lwr; TRT-Dud, Dys, Gfd, Hct, Hin, McC, Shb, Sno.

RANUNCULACEAE CROWFOOT FAMILY

Aconitum napellus L. Monkshood

Rare. One location. Damp ground in partial shade of a stand of balsam-fir;

escape from cultivation. (+)

TRT-Mnd.

Actaea pachypoda Elliott White baneberry, Doll's-eyes

A. alba (L.) Miller

Common. Dry to damp deciduous woods; usually growing singly.

TRT-Crd, Gfd, Hav, Hbn, Hct, Mnd.

Actaea rubra (Aiton) Willd. Red baneberry

Uncommon. Damp mixed or deciduous woods; singly or in small

colonies.

TRT-Hbn, Mnd, Stn.

Anemone canadensis L. Canada anemone

Rare. Two locations. Beside trail in woods, and in wide flat ditch.
TRT-Crd, Hct.

Anemone cylindrica A. Gray Thimble weed

Uncommon. Open grassy areas, often on low moist ground.
TRT-Dys.

Anemone riparia Fern. Thimbleweed

Rare. Two locations. Open, dry grassy areas.
TRT-Hin, Mnd.

Anemone virginiana L. Thimbleweed

Fairly common. Open grassy slopes and clearings.
TRT-Mnd; S.R.-Lut.

70

Aquilegia canadensis L. Wild columbine

Common. Deciduous woods, clearings, and rock outcrops.
TRT-Crd, Hbn, Hct, Mnd; TRTE-Ans.

Aquilegia vulgaris L. Garden columbine

Rare. One location. Edge of deciduous woods; escape from cultivation,

well established. (+)

TRT-Mnd.

Caltha palustris L. Marsh-marigold

Rare. One location. In low, wet ditch on edge of mixed woods.
TRT-Mon.

Clematis virginiana L. Virgin's-bower

Fairly common. Climbing on shrubs, small trees, and low vegetation.
TRT-Dud, Hbn, Hct, Mon.

Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb. Goldthread

Common. Damp mixed woods and hemlock forests, on humus.
TRT-Gfd, Hbn, Hct, Liv, Mnd, Shb, Stn.

Hepatica acutiloba DC. Sharp-leaved hepatica

Uncommon. Mixed or deciduous woods, on humus.
TRT-Dys; S.R.-Mnd.

Hepatica americana (DC.) Ker Gawler Round-lobed hepatica

Uncommon. Deciduous woods, on rich humus.
APM-Ngt; TRT-Dys; S.R.-Mnd.

Ranunculus abortivus L. Kidneyleaf buttercup

Common. Wet or dry edges of woods, swampy areas, and along trails.
TRT-Crd, Dys, Hct, Stn.

Ranunculus acris L. Tall buttercup

Common. Roadsides, and occasionally in woods. (+)
APM-Ngt; TRT-Crd, Hav, Hbn, Hct, Shb, Sno; S.R.-Lut.

Ranunculus gmelini DC. Yellow water-crowfoot

var. hookeri (D. Don) Benson

Rare. Two locations. Mostly submersed in large shallow pool, and on wet
muddy bank of small pool.
TRT-2 Crd.

Ranunculus longirostris Godron White water-crowfoot

Rare. One location. Shallow water at lake outlet.

TRT-Dud.

71

Ranunculus pensylvanicus L. f. Bristly buttercup

Common. Wet muddy banks, ditches, and stream edges.
TRT-Crd, Hct, Mnd, Mon, Stn.

Ranunculus recurvatus Poiret ex Lam. Hooked buttercup

Fairly common. Damp or dry mixed woods.
APM-Brt; TRT-Crd, Hbn, Hct, McC; S.R.-Glm, Sno.

Ranunculus repens L. Creeping buttercup

Uncommon. Damp, partly shaded roadsides; in dense colonies. (+)
TRT-Stn.

Ranunculus reptans L. Creeping spearwort

van reptans

Fairly common. Sandy shores and flats at water-line; in dense matted

patches.

TRT-Hbn, Hct, Shb, Stn; S.R.-Hav.

var. ovalis (Bigelow) Torrey and A. Gray
Rare. Two locations. Low stream banks.
TRT-Mnd, Stn.

Ranunculus sceleratus L. Cursed buttercup

Uncommon. Waste areas, gravel roadsides, and rock depressions.
TRT-Crd, Mnd; S.R.-Hbn.

Thalictrum dasycarpum Fisch. and Ave-Lall. Purple meadow-rue

Uncommon. Mucky shores and stream banks.
TRT-Hbn, Hct, Stn.

Thalictrum dioicum L. Early meadow-rue

Rare. One location. Steep rocky hillside.
TRT-Mnd.

Thalictrum pubescens Pursh Tall meadow-rue

T. polygamum Muhlenb.

Common. Wet meadows and damp stream banks.

TRT-Brt, Hct, Mnd; S.R.-Hin.

BERBERIDACEAE BARBERRY FAMILY

Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michaux Blue cohosh

Fairly common. Deciduous or mixed woods, on humus.
APM-Brt; TRT-Hbn, Hct, Mon; S.R.-Dys, Lut.

72

PAPAVERACEAE POPPY FAMILY

Chelidonium majus L. Celandine

Rare. One location. Under trees beside open waste ground. (+)
TRT-Dys.

Sanguinaria canadensis L. Bloodroot

Rare. One location. Low, moist roadside on edge of deciduous woods; col-
ony of around two hundred plants.
TRT-Mnd.

FUMARIACEAE FUMITORY FAMILY

Corydalis sempervirens (L.) Pers. Pale corydalis

Common. Dry sandy sites, especially on rocky shores and outcrops.
TRT-Crd, Dys, Hbn, Hct, Shb.

Dicentra canadensis (Goldie) Walp. Squirrel-corn

Fairly common. Moist mixed woods, on leafy humus.
APM-Brt; TRT-Crd, Hct, Mnd.

Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh. Dutchman's breeches

Common. Moist mixed woods, on leafy humus.
TRT-Gfd, Hbn, Hct; S.R.-Dys, Mnd.

BRASSICACEAE MUSTARD FAMILY

(CRUCIFERAE)

Alyssum alyssoides (L.) L. Alyssum

Uncommon. Sandy and gravelly banks, and occasionally roadsides. (+)
TRT-Sno.

Arabis divaricarpa Nels. Rock cress

Uncommon. Soil pockets on rocks, and sand-and-gravel flats.
TRT-Lut, Stn.

Arabis glabra (L.) Bernh. Tower mustard

Rare. One location. Soil pockets on rock ledges.
TRT-Mnd.

Arabis hirsuta (L.) Scop. Rock cress

van pycnocarpa (M. Hopk.) Rollins

Rare. One location. Damp shady lakeshore.
TRT-Hct.

Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. Winter cress

Common. Moist roadsides and fields, among grasses. (+)
TRT-Gfd, Hct, Lut, Stn; S.R.-Sno.

73

Brassica campestris L. Field mustard

Rare. Two locations. Gravel bank, and abandoned railroad tracks on sand
and cinders. (+)
TRT-Dys, Hct.

Brassica kaber (DC.) Wheeler Charlock

Rare. One location. Dry sand fill over garbage dump. (+)
TRT-Dys.

Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medikus Shepherd's purse

Common. Dry sandy sites and moist wooded roadsides. (+)
TRT-Dys, Hct, Mnd.

Cardamine pensylvanica Muhlenb. ex Willd. Bitter cress

Common. Shaded pools and wet hollows in woods.
APM-Brt; TRT-Crd, Gfd, Hct, Mnd, Stn.

Dentaria diphylla Michaux Toothwort

Uncommon. Damp to wet mixed woods; colonies usually small.
APM-Lwr; TRT-Crd, Hbn.

Descurainia pinnata (Walter) Britton Tansy-mustard

var. brachycarpa (Richardson) Fern.

Rare. One location. Beside abandoned railroad tracks.
TRT-Sno.

Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl Herb-sophia

Rare. One location. Abandoned railroad tracks, on sand and cinders. (+)
TRT-Dys.

Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. Wall-rocket

Rare. One location. Beside abandoned railroad tracks, on sand and

gravel. (+)

TRT-Dys.

Erysimum cheiranthoides L. Wormseed mustard

Fairly common. Wet, disturbed sandy sites. (+)
TRT-Crd, Dys, Hct, Mnd, Stn.

Hesperis matronalis L. Dame's rocket

Rare. One location. Partially shaded roadside; escape from

cultivation. (+)

TRT-Mnd.

74

Lepidium campestre (L.) R. Br. Field cress

Common. Open, grassy or rocky waste areas. (+)
TRT-Crd, Hct, Mnd; S.R.-Lut.

Lepidium densiflorum Schrader Peppergrass

Fairly common. Dry, sandy waste ground. (+)
TRT-Dys, Sno, Stn.

Nasturtium microphyllum (Boenn.) Reichenb. Water cress

Rare. One location. Small stream through wet lowland. (+)
TRT-Dys.

Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser Marsh cress

yar. fernaldiana (Butters and Abbe) Stuckey

Uncommon. Damp sandy soils beside streams and roadsides.
TRT-Cly, Hbn; S.R.-Sno.

var. hispida (Desv.) Rydb.

Fairly common. Damp or wet meadows, and ditches and shorelines.
TRT-Crd, Dys, Hct, Shb, Stn.

Sisymbrium altissimum L. Tumble mustard

Rare. One location. Disturbed waste ground, on sand and gravel. (+)
TRT-Dys.

Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. Hedge mustard

Rare. One location. Sand fill over garbage dump. (+)
TRT-Dys.

Subularia aquatica L. Awl wort

Rare. One location. Edge of low sand island in river.
DAO-Hav or Shb; MICH-Hav or Shb.

Thlaspi arvense L. Field penny-cress

Uncommon. Roadsides and old farmland, with grasses. (+)
TRT-Mnd; S.R.-Lut.

RESEDACEAE MIGNONETTE FAMILY

Reseda lutea L. Mignonette

Rare. One location. Sand and gravel roadside. (+)
TRT-Mnd.

75

SARRACENIACEAE PITCHER-PLANT FAMILY

Sarracenia purpurea L. Pitcher-plant

Fairly common. Sphagnum bogs and boggy edges of lakes.
TRT-Crd, Dud, Dys; S.R.-Hin, Liv, Stn.

DROSERACEAE SUNDEW FAMILY

Drosera intermedia Hayne Spatulate-leaved sundew

Common. Partially submerged habitats on shorelines, flats, and old logs.
APM-Lwr; TRT-Dys, Gfd, Hin, Shb, Sno, Stn.

Drosera rotundifolia L. Round-leaved sundew

Common. Bogs, shores, and damp sand flats; with mosses and grasses.
TRT-Crd, Dud, Hbn, Hct, Hin, Shb.

CRASSULACEAE ORPINE FAMILY

Sedum acre L. Mossy stonecrop

Uncommon. Rock ledges and outcrops. (+)
TRT-Dys, Hin.

Sedum hispanicum L. Spanish stonecrop

Rare. One location. Thin soil over rocks; escape from cultivation. (+)
APM-Ngt.

Sedum telephium L. Live-forever

Uncommon. Dry waste sites and disturbed roadsides. (+)
DAO-Stn; TRT-Hct, Mnd, Stn.

SAXIFRAGACEAE SAXIFRAGE FAMILY

Chrysosplenium americanum Schwein. Golden water-carpet

Fairly common. Wet woods and shrub thickets; on muddy soil or loose

sand.

APM-Brt; TRT-Crd, Gfd, Hct, Mnd, Stn.

Mitella diphylla L. Mitrewort

Common. Deciduous or mixed woods, on leafy ground, partially or

completely shaded.

TRT-Crd, Hct, Mnd; S.R.-Dys, Lut.

Mitella nuda L. Naked mitrewort

Common. Damp or wet areas: swamps and edges of woods.
TRT-Crd, Mnd, Mon.

Philadelphus coronarius L. Mock-orange

Rare. One location. Woodland thicket; escape from cultivation. (+)
APM-Ngt.

76

Ribes cynosbati L. Prickly gooseberry

Common. Moist woodlands, often on sandy soil.
APM-Ngt; TRT-Gfd, Hav, Hct, Mnd, Shb.

Ribes glandulosum Grauer Skunk currant

Common. Wet woods, damp slopes, and rocky banks.
TRT-Crd, Hct, Hin, Liv, Mnd.

Ribes hirtellum Michaux Wild gooseberry

Uncommon. Low, moist sites with herbs and shrubs.
TRT-Crd, Dys.

Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poiret Bristly black currant

Fairly common. Edges of swamps, wet woods, and damp slopes.
TRT-Crd, Hct, Mnd.

Ribes rubrum L. Red currant

R. sativum (Reichenb.) Syme

Rare. One location. Steep disturbed river bank; escape from

cultivation. (+)

TRT-Mnd.

Ribes triste Pall. Swamp red currant

Fairly common. Damp woods and open swampy areas.
TRT-Hbn, Hct, Mnd; S.R.-Dys, Hin.

Saxifraga virginiensis Michaux Early saxifrage

Rare. Two locations. Moss-covered pockets on rocky outcrops.
TRT-Gfd, Lut.

Tiarella cordifolia L. Foamflower

Common. Deciduous or mixed woods, on leafy humus.
TRT-Gfd, Hct, Mnd; S.R.-Crd, Glm, Hin, Liv.

ROSACEAE ROSE FAMILY

Agrimonia gryposepala Wallr. Agrimony

Uncommon. Moist, open or sparsely treed areas.
TRT-Dys, Stn; S.R.-Mnd.

Amelanchier arborea (Michaux f.) Fern. Serviceberry

Rare. Two locations. Shrubby edge of parking lot, and lakeshore.
TRT-Glm, Lut.

Amelanchier bartramania (Tausch) Roemer Serviceberry

Rare. One location. Dry grassy hillside.

TRT-Mnd.

77

Amelanchier laevis Wieg. Smooth serviceberry

Common. Roadsides, edges of woods, and open, often rocky sites.
TRT-Crd, Glm, Hbn, Hct, Mnd; S.R.-Dys.

Amelanchier sanguined (Pursh) DC. Serviceberry

var. sanguined

Common. Rocky areas, road banks, lake edges, and open areas in woods.
TRT-Hct, Mnd, Shb; S.R.-Dys, Hin.

var. grandiflora (Wieg.) Rehder

Uncommon. Rocky shore, roadside, and woodland.
APM-Brt; TRT-Dys, Mnd.

Amelanchier spicata (Lam.) K. Koch Serviceberry

var. spicata

Uncommon. Three locations. High rock ridge, edge of woods, and forest

clearing.

TRT-Glm, Hin, Mnd.

var. stolonifera (Wieg.) Cinq-mars

Rare. One location. Smooth, sloping rock shoreline.
TRT-Hin.

Aronia prunifolia (Marshall) Rehder Chokeberry

A. melanocarpa (Michaux) Elliott (see Voss, 1985)

Common. Shores of lakes and ponds, edges of wet woods, and shrubby

hillsides.

TRT-Ans, Gfd, Hin, Liv, Mnd, Shb, Sno.

Crataegus macracantha Lodd. Hawthorn

var. macracantha

Uncommon. Shrub thickets beside roads, and edges of deciduous woods.
TRT-Dys, Mnd.

var. occidentalis (Britton) Egglest.

Rare. One location. Edge of open field adjacent to deciduous woods.
TRT-Mnd.

Crataegus macrosperma Ashe Hawthorn

Fairly common. Fencerows and open meadows.
TRT-Dys, Mnd, Stn.

Crataegus punctata Jacq. Hawthorn

Uncommon. Open fields and woods bordering farmlands.
TRT-Dys, Mnd.

78

Crataegus schuettei Ashe Hawthorn

Rare. One location. Sparsely wooded bank on sideroad.
TRT-Sno.

Dalibarda repens L. Dewdrops

Fairly common. Damp deciduous woods and wet thickets.
DFB-Ngt; TRT-Hct, Hin, Mnd, Shb, Stn.

Filipendula rubra (Hill) Robinson Queen-of-the-prairie

Rare. Two locations. Damp bank of ditch, and sedge meadow; escapes
from cultivation. (+)
TRT-Gfd, Stn.

Fragaria vesca L. Wood strawberry

van americana (Porter) Staudt

Uncommon. Small patches in clearings.
TRT-Lut, Stn.

Fragaria virginiana Miller Wild strawberry

Common. Roadsides, old fields, and open hillsides; chiefly on sandy soils.
APM-Ngt; TRT-Crd, Gfd, Hbn, Hct, Stn; S.R.-Glm, Sno.

Geum aleppicum Jacq. Yellow avens

var. strictum (Aiton) Fern.

Fairly common. Deciduous woods and damp open areas; on rich soils. (+)
TRT-Dys, Hct, Sno, Stn.

Geum canadense Jacq. White avens

Uncommon. Moist woods and clearings.
TRT-Crd, Hbn, Mnd.

Geum laciniatum Murray Avens

Rare. Two locations. Among shrubs beside swamp, and on sandy

lakeshore.

TRT-Sno, Stn.

Geum macrophyllum Willd. Large-leaved avens

Rare. Two locations. Low gravelly lakeshore and damp roadside.
TRT-Hct, Mnd.

Geum rivale L. Purple avens

Uncommon. Wet meadows.
APM-Brt; TRT-Dys, Stn.

79

Malus pumila Miller Apple

Pyrus malus L.

Uncommon. Mixed woods and disturbed soil locations. (+)

APM-Lwr; TRT-Crd, Gfd.

Physocarpus opulifolius (L.) Maxim. Ninebark

Rare. One location. Open grassy bank, with other shrubs.
TRT-Dys.

Potentilla anserina L. Silverweed

Rare. One location. Edge of parking lot, on dry sand.
TRT-Mnd.

Potentilla argentea L. Silvery cinquefoil

Common. Open, dry sandy areas: roadsides, waste places, and shores. (+)
TRT-Cly, Crd, Gfd, Hbn, Hin, Mnd, Stn.

Potentilla inclinata Villars Cinquefoil

Uncommon. Moist roadside, and edges of disturbed open sites. (+)
TRT-Crd, Sno.

Potentilla norvegica L. Rough cinquefoil

Common. Roadsides, clearings in woods, and wet shores.
TRT-Hbn, Hct, Sno, Stn; S.R.-Cly.

Potentilla palustris (L.) Scop. Marsh cinquefoil

Fairly common. Swampy and marshy shorelines, and wet meadows.
TRT-Dud, Gfd, Hct, Hin, Mnd; S.R.-Mon.

Potentilla recta L. Rough-fruited cinquefoil

Common. Open areas on banks and roadsides, and clearings in woods. (+)
TRT-Dys, Gfd, Hct, Mnd, Stn; S.R.-Crd, Sno.

Potentilla simplex Michaux Common cinquefoil

Uncommon. Low, moist grassy sites; in creeping colonies.
TRT-Hin, Mnd, Stn.

Prunus nigra Aiton Canada plum

Uncommon. Edges of woods, and fencerows.
APM-Ngt; TRT-Mnd.

Prunus pensylvanica L. f. Pin cherry

Common. Roadsides, woodland slopes, and lake and stream banks; in pure
stands or mixed with other trees and shrubs.
TRT-Crd, Gfd, Hbn, Hct, Mnd; S.R.-Hin.

80

Prunus serotina Ehrh. Black cherry

Uncommon. Roadsides, old fields, sand flats, and occasionally mature

woods (a species disappearing because of earlier cutting and current

diseases).

APM-Ngt; TRT-Mnd, Sno; S.R.-Mnd.

Prunus virginiana L. Choke cherry

Common. Roadsides among shrubs or deciduous trees, stream edges, and

old fields.

APM-Ngt; TRT-Hbn, Hct, Mnd, Shb.

Rosa acicularis Lindley Prickly wild rose

Uncommon. Open and sparsely treed areas.
APM-Ngt; TRT-Glm.

Rosa blanda Aiton Smooth wild rose

Uncommon. On sand and clay or sand and gravel, in partly shaded

locations.

TRT-Dys, Mnd.

Rosa eglanteria L. Sweet-brier

R. rubiginosa L.

Rare. One location. Open meadow, with other shrubs. (+)

TRT-Stn.

Rosa multiflora Thunb. ex Murray Many-flowered rose

Rare. One location. Edge of woods, with other shrubs, on sand and clay

soil; escape from cultivation. (+)

TRT-Mnd.

Rosa palustris Marshall Swamp rose

Uncommon. Wet shores in swampy or marshy sites; singly or in small

colonies.

TRT-Mnd; S.R.-Dud, Dys, McC.

Rubus allegheniensis Porter Common blackberry

Common. Open dry hillsides, sand flats, damp woods, and roadsides.
TRT-Dud, Hct, Hin, Mnd, Shb; S.R.-Crd, Sno.

Rubus canadensis L. Smooth blackberry

Rare. Two locations. White-flowered plant in campsite, and pink-flowered
plant on edge of low, damp woods.
TRT-Crd, Gfd.

81

Rubus flagellaris Willd. Northern dewberry

Uncommon. Low creeping shrub on dry, open sandy or rocky sites.
TRT-Crd, Mnd, Stn.

Rubus hispidus L. Swamp dewberry

Rare. One location. Gravel bank above wet valley.
TRT-Stn.

Rubus odoratus L. Purple-flowering raspberry

Common. Shrubby roadside banks; in sandy, gravelly, or rocky ground.
TRT-Crd, McC, Mnd; S.R.-Brt, Lut.

Rubus pubescens Raf. Dwarf raspberry

Common. Damp or wet woods, and open disturbed ground; on sand, clay,

humus, or muck.

TRT-Gfd, Hct, Liv, Mnd, Mon.

Rubus setosus Bigelow Bristly blackberry

Uncommon. Damp to dry sites, among grasses or low shrubs.
TRT-Crd, Hct, Shb.

Rubus strigosus Michaux Wild red raspberry

R. idaeus L. van strigosus (Michaux) Maxim.

Common. Shrubby, sandy open areas, roadsides, and fields.

TRT-Hct, Mnd; S.R.-Cly, Crd, Dys, Sno.

Sorbaria sorbifolia (L.) A. Braun False spiraea

Rare. Two locations. Fencerow on sand, and partly shaded bank; escape
from cultivation. (+)
TRT-Dys, Stn.

Sorbus americana Marshall Mountain-ash

Fairly common. Wet or moist lakeshores, and roadsides with shrubs and

young trees.

APM-Ngt; TRT-Dud, Hbn, Hct, Liv, McC, Mnd.

Sorbus decora (Sarg.) C. Schneider Showy mountain-ash

Rare. Two locations. Rocky slope and damp lowland.
DFB-Ngt; TRT-Hct.

Spiraea alba Du Roi Narrow-leaved meadowsweet

Uncommon. Open edges of wetlands and lakes, and moist fields.
TRT-Crd, Dys, Hct, Shb; S.R.-Ans, Mon, Sno.

82

Spiraea latifolia (Aiton) Borkh. Broad-leaved meadowsweet

S. alba Du Roi var. latifolia (Aiton) Dippel

Common. Edges of marshes, lakes, and ponds, and open, sandy disturbed

ground.

TRT-Crd, Gfd, Hbn, Hct, Hin, Stn.

Spiraea tomentosa L. Steeple-bush

Common. Sandy shorelines, damp sandy ditches, roadsides, and open
waste areas; usually with other low shrubs.
APM-Ngt; TRT-Gfd, Hbn, Hct, Hin.

Waldsteinia fragarioides (Michaux) Tratt. Barren strawberry

Rare. Two locations. Old bush road, and low clay bank in leafy litter.
TRT-Hbn, Liv.

FABACEAE BEAN FAMILY

Coronilla varia L. Crown-vetch

Rare. One location. Disturbed roadside. (+)
TRT-Dys.

Lathyrus latifolius L. Everlasting pea

Rare. One location. Edge of woods beside road. (+)
TRT-Crd.

Lathyrus palustris L. Vetchling

var. linearifolius Ser.

Rare. One location. Beside low swamp, on sand.
TRT-Hbn.

Lathyrus pratensis L. Yellow vetchling

Rare. One location. Roadside among grasses. (+)
TRT-Dys.

Lathyrus sylvestris L. Sweet pea

Rare. One location. Dry meadow with shrubs; escape from cultivation. (+)
TRT-Hct.

Lotus corniculatus L. Bird's-foot trefoil

Uncommon. Clearings and roadsides; in dry, grassy or sandy areas. (+)
TRT-Crd, Hct, Mnd.

Medicago lupulina L. Black medick

Uncommon. Roadsides and disturbed areas. (+)
TRT-2 Dys, Gfd.

83

Medicago sativa L. Alfalfa

Uncommon. Open grassy areas and sandy roadsides. (+)
TRT-Gfd, Stn.

Melilotus alba Medikus White sweet clover

Common. Sandy roadsides and old fields; often in large dense colonies. (+)
TRT-Mnd, Stn; S.R.-Crd, Dys, Glm, Sno.

Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pallas Yellow sweet clover

Uncommon. Sandy roadsides. (+)
TRT-Mnd, Stn.

Robinia pseudo-acacia L. Black locust

Rare. Two locations. Fencerow and river bank; on sandy soils. (+)
TRT-Mnd, Stn.

Trifolium aureum Pollich Hop clover

T. agrarium L.

Common. Roadsides, dry open fields, and occasionally stream banks. (+)
TRT-Crd, Dys, Gfd, Hct, Mnd, Stn.

Trifolium hybridum L. Alsike clover

Uncommon. Dry sites: roadsides, fields, and abandoned railroad
tracks. (+)
TRT-Dys, Mnd, Stn.

Trifolium pratense L. Red clover

Common. Clearings and old fields. (+)

TRT-Dys, Hct, Hin, Mnd, Shb, Stn; S.R.-Ans, Sno.

Trifolium repens L. White clover

Common. Sandy roadsides, dry fields, and woodlands. (+)
TRT-Dys, Hct, Mnd, Stn; S.R.-Glm.

Vicia angustifolia L. Narrow-leaved vetch

V sativa L. subsp. nigra (L.) Ehrh.

Rare. Two locations. Damp ditch with grasses and sedges, and abandoned

railroad tracks on gravelly soil. (+)

TRT-Sno, Stn.

Vicia cracca L. Cow vetch

Common. Roadsides, and beside abandoned railroad tracks on sand and

gravel. (+)

TRT-Dys, Gfd, Hct, Shb, Stn; S.R.-Sno.

84

Vicia tetrasperma (L.) Schreber Four-sided vetch

Uncommon. Dry open sites: rock ridges and waste ground. (+)
APM-Ngt, TRT-Lut, Sno.

OXALIDACEAE WOOD-SORREL FAMILY

Oxalis montana Raf. Wood-sorrel

Fairly common. Damp to swampy mixed woods.
TRT-Gfd, Hct, Mnd; S.R.-Crd.

Oxalis stricta L. Yellow wood-sorrel

Fairly common. Old lawns, driveways, and sandy roadsides.
TRT-Gfd, Mnd, Shb; S.R.-McC, Mnd.

GERANIACEAE GERANIUM FAMILY

Geranium bicknellii Britton Bicknell's cranesbill

Uncommon. Clearings and sandy disturbed sites.
TRT-Lut, Shb, Stn.

Geranium robertianum L. Herb-robert

Uncommon. Sandy, partially shaded roadsides and grassy, thinly wooded

slopes.

TRT-Crd, Mnd, Mon, Stn.

POLYGALACEAE MILKWORT FAMILY

Poly gala pauci folia Willd. Fringed poly gala

Uncommon. Edge of damp woods, and wooded shores.
TRT-Ans, Shb; S.R.-Lut.

Polygala polygama Walter Milkwort

Rare. One location. Sandy ground by small lake.
CAN-Glm.

EUPHORBIACEAE SPURGE FAMILY

Euphorbia cyparissias L. Cypress spurge

Rare. One location. Roadside in dense grass. (+)
TRT-Mnd.

Euphorbia glyptosperma Engelm. Spurge

Uncommon. Sand, gravel, and cinder areas, and rock ledges.
TRT-Dys, Lut, Mnd, Shb, Sno.

Euphorbia helioscopia L. Sun spurge

Rare. One location. Grassy open roadside. (+)
TRT-Dys.

85

Euphorbia maculata L. Wartweed, Spotted spurge

Rare. One location. Beside abandoned railroad track, in sand.
TRT-Dys.

CALLITRICHACEAE WATER-STARWORT FAMILY

Callitriche verna L. Water-starwort

Uncommon. Pools and quiet streams.
TRT-Hct, Mnd; S.R.-Stn.

ANACARDIACEAE CASHEW FAMILY

Rhus radicans L. Poison ivy

Uncommon. Dry gravel roadside on top of rocky hillside; very occasionally

seen on edges of woods.

TRT-Mnd.

Rhus typhina L. Staghorn sumac

Common. Rocky outcrops, grassy hillsides, and dry open roadsides.
TRT-Mnd, Shb; S.R.-Ans, Lut, Stn.

AQUIFOLIACEAE HOLLY FAMILY

Ilex verticillata (L.) A. Gray Winterberry

Fairly common. Banks of streams and lakes, and edges of marshes.
DAO-Shb; TRT-Hct, Mnd, Shb, Stn.

Nemopanthus mucronata (L.) Trel. Mountain holly

Common. Low, wet areas: often shores of lakes, ponds, and streams, and

wet thickets.

TRT-Dud, Gfd, Hct, Hin, Mnd; S.R.-Liv.

CELASTRACEAE STAFF-TREE FAMILY

Celastrus scandens L. Bittersweet

Rare. One location. Climbing on wire fence on open bank.
TRT-Mnd.

ACERACEAE MAPLE FAMILY

Acer negundo L. Box-elder, Manitoba maple

Fairly common. Parks, lawns, and waste places. (+)
TRT-Dys.

Acer pensylvanicum L. Striped maple

Fairly common. Moist deciduous woods, shaded roadsides, and lake edges.
TRT-Crd, Gfd, Hbn, Hct, Hin, Shb.

86

Acer rubrum L. Red maple

Common. Wet or damp deciduous or mixed woods, and swamps.
TRT-Dud, Dys, Gfd, Hbn, Hct, Mnd, Shb; S.R.-Ans, Hin, Stn.

Acer saccharinum L. Silver maple

Uncommon. Low banks of lakes or streams; leaning over the water.
TRT-Mnd;S.R.-Sno.

Acer saccharum Marshall Sugar maple

Common. In pure stands or in mixed forests; usually on leaf-covered,
humus-rich soil; abundant throughout the county.
APM-Ngt; TRT-Hct, Mnd.

f. rugelii (Pax.) Palmer and Steyerm.

Rare. Two locations. Edges of damp woods at roadsides.
TRT-2 Mnd.

Acer spicatum Lam. Mountain maple

Fairly common. Edges of woods, banks, and partially open woodlands; on

dry or moist soils.

TRT-Gfd, Hct, Mnd, Stn; S.R.-Hin.

BALSAMINACEAE TOUCH-ME-NOT FAMILY

Impatiens capensis Meerb. Touch-me-not, Jewelweed

/. biflora Walter

Common. Damp or wet places, on muck or humus; usually in large

colonies.

TRT-Crd, Gfd, Hct, Mnd, Shb, Stn; S.R.-Glm.

RHAMNACEAE BUCKTHORN FAMILY

Rhamnus alnifolia L'Her. Alder-leaved buckthorn

Rare. One location. Low, damp ground between woods and bank of aban-
doned railroad track, with speckled alders.
TRT-Sno.

VITACEAE GRAPE FAMILY

Parthenocissus vitacea (Knerr) A. Hitchc. Virginia creeper

Common. Creeping on roadsides, abandoned railroad tracks, and open
rocky areas; climbing on trees and poles; occasionally spreading into decid-
uous woods among dead leaves.
APM-Lwr, Ngt; TRT-Dud, Dys, Hct, Lut, Mnd.

87

TILIACEAE LINDEN FAMILY

Tilia americana L. Basswood

Common. Scattered in deciduous or mixed woods and on roadsides: occa-
sionally growing singly in cleared areas.
TRT-Dys. Hct, Mnd, Shb: S.R.-Crd. Hin, Lut.

MALVACEAE MALLOW FAMILY

Malva moschata L. Musk mallow

Uncommon. Open, dry sites with grasses and low herbs; in small

colonies. (+)

APM-Ngt; TRT-Dys, Hct. Sno. Stn.

Malva neglecta Wallr. Common mallow

Rare. One location. Vegetable garden. (+)
TRT-Mnd.

HYPERICACEAE ST. JOHN'S- WORT FAMILY

Hypericum boreale (Britton) Bickn. Northern St. JohnVwort

Common. Wet. muddy or sandy edges of marshes and streams; in shallow

water or on shore.

TRT-Dys, Gfd. Glm. Hbn, Hct, Hin. McC. Shb. Stn.

f. callitrichoides Fassett

Fairly common. A submersed form of//, boreale with differing leaf
characters; sterile.
TRT-Hin, Shb; S.R.-Mnd.

Hypericum canadense L. Canadian St. JohnVwort

Common. Edges of streams and other low, open, damp to wet areas;

usually on muck.

TRT-Hct. Hin, Shb. Sno; S.R.-Dys. Glm.

Hypericum ellipticum Hook. Pale St. JohnVwort

Common. On damp banks of creeks and rivers, and in bogs on floating

masses of herbaceous plants.

TRT-Crd, Gfd. Hct, Hin, Mnd; S.R.-Stn.

Hypericum majus (A. Gray) Britton Large St. JohnVwort

Rare. One location. Edge of lake, in shallow water about 10 cm deep.
TRT-Stn.

Hypericum mutilum L. Dwarf St. JohnVwort

Rare. Two locations. Low, wet ground.
TRT-2 Shb.

88

Hypericum perforatum L. Common St. .John's- wort

Common. Roadsides, fields, meadows, and open sandy areas: often in

large colonies. (+)

TRT-Dys, Hct, Shb, Sno. Stn; S.R.-Ans. Cly, Crd, Glm, Sno.

Triadenum fraseri (Spach) Gleason Marsh St. John's-wort

7. virginicum (L.) Raf. subsp. fraseri (Spach) J. M. Gillett
Hypericum virginicum L. var. fraseri (Spach) Fern.
Common. Sandy edges of streams and lakes, and wet meadows, marshes,
and bogs.
TRT-Dys. Gfd, Hbn, Hct, Hin, Stn; S.R.-Mon.

ELATINACEAE WATERWORT FAMILY

Elatine minima (Nutt.) Fischer and C. Meyer Waterwort

Rare. Three locations. Submersed in shallow water of river, and emersed
on sandv shoreline. Rare in Ontario (Argus et al., 1982- 1987).
CAN-Hav or Shb; TRT-Stn; TRTE-Shb.

CISTACEAE ROCKROSE FAMILY

Lechea intermedia Leggett Pin weed

Rare. One location. Sandy pockets in granite outcrop.
TRT-Hct.

VIOLACEAE VIOLET FAMILY

Viola adunca Smith Hooked-spur violet

Rare. Two locations. Sandy banks in partial shade.
TRT-Crd, Sno.

Viola blanda VVilld. Sweet white violet

Uncommon. Deciduous woods, rock depression on roadside, and edge of
meadow in shade of spruce trees.
TRT-Hbn, Mnd; S.R.-Mnd.

Viola canadensis L. Canada violet

Common. Deciduous or mixed woods and partially wooded clearings.
APM-Brt; TRT-Dud, Dys, Gfd, Hbn, Hct, Mon, Stn.

Viola conspersa Reichenb. American dog violet

Fairly common. Damp and wet areas, open or shaded; on various soils.
TRT-Dys, Hbn, Hct, Mnd; S.R.-Crd.

Viola cucullata Aiton Blue marsh violet

Common. Damp to wet ditches at edges of woods, and sand or mud shores;

often in large dense colonies.

TRT-Dys, Gfd, Hbn, Hct, Mnd, Stn; S.R.-Liv, Lut.

89

f. albiflora Britton Blue marsh violet (white form)

Rare. One location. In a colony of mostly blue V. cucullata where colours

ranged from white to deep blue.

TRT-Liv.

Viola incognita Brainerd Large-leaved white violet

Fairly common. Damp to wet deciduous woods, wet depressions, and

wooded banks.

TRT-Hbn, Hct, Hin, Mnd, Mon; S.R.-Dys.

Viola lanceolata L. Lance-leaved violet

Common. Open sandy or rocky shores, and edges of woods.
DFB-Ngt; TRT-Ans, Gfd, Glm, Hin, McC, Shb, Stn.

Viola nephrophylla E. Greene Northern bog violet

Rare. Two locations. Mucky stream bed and rich woods.
TRT-2 Hbn.

Viola pallens (Banks ex DC.) Brainerd Northern white violet

V macloskeyi F. E. Lloyd var. pallens (DC.) C. L. Hitchc.

Common. Damp or wet woods, banks, lake edges, lawns, and meadows.

TRT-Hbn, Hct, Hin, Stn; S.R.-Dys, Hin.

Viola pubescens Aiton
var. pubescens Downy yellow violet

Fairly common. Edges of deciduous woods and shaded roadsides; on
humus or sand and gravel.
TRT-Dys, Hct, Mnd; S.R.-Dys.

var. leiocarpa (Fern, and Wieg.) Boiv. Smooth yellow violet

V. eriocarpa Schwein.

Uncommon. Deciduous woods, on humus.

TRT-Dys, Gfd, Hbn.

Viola renifolia A. Gray Kidney-leaved violet

Fairly common. Damp mixed woods.

TRT-Dys, Gfd, Hbn, Hct, Hin, Mnd; S.R.-Crd, Glm.

Viola selkirkii Pursh ex Goldie Great-spurred violet

Fairly common. Damp to wet chiefly deciduous woods, and edges of

streams.

TRT-Crd, Gfd, Hbn, Hct, Mnd; S.R.-Dys.

90

Viola septentrionalis E. Greene Northern blue violet

Common. Edges of woods, open woodlands, thickets, and sandy roadsides.
TRT-Dys, Gfd, Hbn, Hct, Mnd, Stn; S.R.-Hin.

f. alba Vict, and Rouss.

Rare. Two locations. Wet lumbering road and grassy park.
TRT-Dys, Hct.

Viola sororia VVilld. Woolly blue violet

Uncommon. Open or shaded, damp or dry sites.
TRT-Gfd, Hbn, Hct, Stn.

Viola tricolor L. Johnny-jump-up

Rare. Two locations. Edge of damp woods and open ditch; escapes from
cultivation. (+)
TRT-Ans, Dys.

THYMELAEACEAE MEZERUM FAMILY

Dirca palustris L. Leatherwood

Uncommon. Damp woods, and occasionally sparsely wooded hillsides.
DAO-Hct; TRT-Mnd; UWO-Glm; S.R.-Lut.

ELAEAGNACEAE OLEASTER FAMILY

Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt. Buffalo-berry

Rare. Two locations. Woods at edges of small clearings.
TRT-2 Lut.

LYTHRACEAE LOOSETRIFE FAMILY

Decodon verticillatus (L.) Elliott Swamp loosestrife

van laevigatas Torrey and A. Gray

Uncommon. In shallow water offshore or in floating mats in lakes; in dense
colonies spreading by thick underwater stems.
TRT-Hin, Lut, Mnd.

Lythrum salicaria L. Purple loosestrife

Rare. Two locations. Low, wet sites among shrubs and grasses. (+)
TRT-Dys; S.R.-Shb.

MELASTOMACEAE MELASTOMA FAMILY

Rhexia virginica L. Meadow-beauty

Rare. One location. Damp sandy shore of small lake. Rare in Ontario

(Argus etal., 1982-1987).

TRT-Hin.

91

ONAGRACEAE EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY

Circaea alpina L. Smaller enchanter's nightshade

Fairly common. Wet or damp coniferous or mixed woods, and often edges

of creeks or pools.

TRT-Gfd, Hbn, Hct, Mnd, Ngt.

Circaea quadrisulcata (Maxim.) Enchanter's nightshade

Franchet and Savat.

C. lutetiana L. var. canadensis L.

Uncommon. Open coniferous woods and moist mixed woods.

TRT-Gfd, Lut, Stn.

Epilobium angustifolium L. Fire weed

Common. Roadsides, wastelands, and edges of open, dry or wet clearings.
APM-Ngt; TRT-Crd, Dys, Gfd; S.R.-Glm, Hin, Sno.

Epilobium ciliatum Raf. Willow-herb

Common. Moist to damp sites in open areas, often roadside ditches.
TRT-Brt, Gfd, Hct, Lut, Mnd, Shb, Stn.

Epilobium coloratum Biehler Willow-herb

Rare. Two locations. Swampy water's edge and dry disturbed roadside.
TRT-Hct, Mnd.

Epilobium glandulosum Lehm. Willow-herb

E. ciliatum Raf. subsp. glandulosum (Lehm.) Hoch and Raven
Rare. One location. Clearing in mixed woods, on bank.
TRT-Hbn.

Epilobium hirsutum L. Hairy willow-herb

Rare. One location. Low, wet waste area. (+)
TRT-Stn.

Epilobium leptophyllum Raf. Narrow-leaved willow-herb

Uncommon. Damp ditches and open sedge and grass areas.
APM-Cly; TRT-Crd, Mnd, Sno.

Epilobium palustre L. Willow-herb

Rare. One location. Damp, flat open peninsula in lake.
TRT-Shb.

Ludwigia palustris (L.) Elliott Water-purslane

Uncommon. Creeping on wet shores, and floating in adjacent shallow

waters.

TRT-Crd, Sno; S.R.-Hin, Lut.

92

Oenothera biennis L. Evening primrose

Common. Roadsides, open hillsides, sand flats, and clearings in woods.
TRT-Hct, Mnd, Shb; S.R.-Brt, Crd, Dys, Glm, Sno.

Oenothera parviflora L. Small-flowered evening primrose

Uncommon. On sand and gravel on disturbed ground.
TRT-Dys, Hct, Hin, Stn.

Oenothera perennis L. Sundrops

Uncommon. Old fields and sandy or grassy lake edges.
TRT-Crd, Hct, Mnd, Stn.

HALORAGIDACEAE WATER-MILFOIL FAMILY

(HALORAGACEAE)

Myriophyllum alterniflorum DC. Water-milfoil

Fairly common. Quiet shallow water; in massed colonies with fruiting

spikes emersed.

TRT-Crd, Dys, Mnd; S.R.-Gfd, Lut.

Myriophyllum exalbescens Fern. Water-milfoil

Rare. One location. Offshore in bay in water 80 cm deep; in massed colony

with emersed fruiting spikes.

TRT-Gfd.

Myriophyllum farwellii Morong Water-milfoil

Uncommon. Offshore in lakes, bays, ponds, and wide streams; entirely
submersed with fruiting bodies in leaf axils.
TRT-Crd, Hin, Lut, Mnd.

Myriophyllum spicatum L. Eurasian water-milfoil

Uncommon. Submersed plants in shallow water of lakes, with emersed
flowering spikes; introduced and spreading. (+)
TRT-Crd, Mnd.

Myriophyllum tenellum Bigelow Water-milfoil

Uncommon. Near shoreline in sheltered bays of lakes and streams;

emersed flowering stems.

APM-Lwr; DFB-McC; TRT-Liv, Stn.

Myriophyllum verticillatum L. Water-milfoil

Uncommon. Quiet shallow waters of lakes and bays; flowering spikes

emersed.

TRT-Crd, Lut, Mnd.

93

Proserpinaca palustris L. Mermaid-weed

Rare. Two locations. In slow current of shallow river and in boggy pool;
submersed plants with emersed flowering branches.
TRT-Dys, Mnd.

HIPPURIDACEAE MARE'S-TAIL FAMILY

Hippuris vulgaris L. Mare's-tail

Uncommon. Offshore in quiet shallow water; entirely or partly submersed.
TRT-Crd, Hct, Shb.

ARALIACEAE GINSENG FAMILY

Aralia hispida Vent. Bristly sarsaparilla

Fairly common. Edges of ponds, streams, and woods, and soil pockets on
rocky lake banks; on damp sandy soils.
TRT-Cly, Hbn, Hin, Mnd, Shb.

Aralia nudicaulis L. Wild sarsaparilla

Common. Woods, partly shaded hillsides, and sandy disturbed sites. '
TRT-Gfd, Hct, Shb, Stn; S.R.-Crd, Hin.

Aralia racemosa L. Spikenard

Common. Shrubby borders of woods and thickets.
TRT-Crd, Gfd, Hbn, Hct, McC, Mnd, Shb.

Panax quinquefolius L. Ginseng

Rare. Two locations. Maple forest on damp humus-rich soil, and edge of
dense mixed woods.
TRT-Crd, Lut.

APIACEAE PARSLEY FAMILY

(UMBELLIFERAE)

Aegopodium podagraria L. Goutweed

Rare. One location. Open, damp roadside; escape from cultivation. (+)
TRT-Mnd.

Carum carvi L. Caraway

Rare. Two locations. Sedge meadow and roadside with grasses. (+)
TRT-Mnd, Sno.

Cicuta bulbifera L. Water-hemlock

Fairly common. Wet sites: low open banks, stream edges, lakeshores, and

swamps.

TRT-Crd, Dys, Gfd, Hct, Mnd; S.R.-Mon.

94

Cryptotaenia canadensis (L.) DC. Honewort

Rare. One location. Clearing in woods.
TRT-Gfd.

Daucus carota L. Queen Anne's -lace

Uncommon. Waste areas, and open sandy roadsides. (+)
TRT-Mnd, Stn.

Heracleum mantegazzianum Sommier and Levier Giant cow parsnip

Rare. One location. Dry roadside. (+)
TRT-Hct.

Heracleum maximum Bartram Cow parsnip

H. lanatum Michaux

Rare. Two locations. In mud-and-gravel ditch beside abandoned railroad,

and in rank vegetation on hillside.

APM-Ngt; S.R.-Hct.

Hydrocotyle americana L. Water-pennywort

Fairly common. Wet depressions in open sandy sites, and wet pockets of
moss on rocky slopes in woods.
TRT-Crd, Hbn, Shb, Stn.

Osmorhiza claytoni (Michaux) C. B. Clarke Sweet cicely

Fairly common. Bush roads, trails, and thin deciduous woods; often in

large colonies.

APM-Brt; TRT-Crd, Hct, Hin, Mnd.

Pastinaca sativa L. Wild parsnip

Rare. One location. Abandoned railroad tracks, in gravel and cinders. (+)
TRT-Sno.

Pimpinella saxifraga L. Burnet-saxifrage

Rare. One location. Low grassy bank beside road. (+)
TRT-Stn.

Sanicula marilandica L. Black snakeroot

Uncommon. On roadsides, at edges of woods, and beside bush paths; in

partial shade.

TRT-Crd, Dys; S.R.-Mnd.

Sium suave Walter Water parsnip

Uncommon. Low, wet shaded areas; sometimes in standing water, on mud

or muck.

TRT-Crd, Dys, Mnd; TRTE-Stn.

95

CORNACEAE DOGWOOD FAMILY

Cornus alternifolia L. f. Pagoda dogwood

Common. Shores of lakes and edges of deciduous or mixed woods.
TRT-Crd, Gfd, Hbn, Hct, Shb; S.R.-Hin, Lut.

Cornus canadensis L. Bunchberry

Common. Deciduous and mixed woods and shaded banks.
TRT-Gfd, Hbn, Hct, Liv, Shb.

Cornus obliqua Raf. Silky dogwood

C. amomum Miller subsp. obliqua (Raf.) J. S. Wilson

Rare. Two locations. Wet edge of small lake, and damp ditch; colonies large

and dense.

TRT-Dys, Gfd.

Cornus rugosa Lam. Round-leaved dogwood

Uncommon. At edges of woods, on high banks, or near water-lines.
TRT-Crd, Lut, Stn.

Cornus stolonifera Michaux Red osier dogwood

Common. Stream banks, lake edges, and damp ditches.
TRT-Hct, Mnd, Shb; S.R.-Crd, Dys, Lut, Mon.

PYROLACEAE PYROLA FAMILY

Chimaphila umbellata (L.) Barton Pipsissewa

Uncommon. Sparsely wooded, usually rocky areas.
TRT-Hbn, Hct, Mnd, Shb; S.R.-Dys.

Moneses uniflora (L.) A. Gray One-flowered wintergreen

Rare. Two locations. Mossy hummock in dense, wet cedar-balsam swamp,
and cedar-black ash swamp.
TRT-Mnd; UWO-Glm.

Monotropa hypopithys L. Pinesap

Uncommon. Damp deciduous woods, on moist humus.
TRT-Dys, Hin, Lut, Shb.

Monotropa uniflora L. Indian-pipe

Fairly common. Cool mixed woods, on moist humus.
TRT-Hct, Mnd, Shb; S.R.-Dys, Hin, Liv.

Pyrola asarifolia Michaux Pyrola

subsp. asarifolia

Rare. Two locations. Damp to wet mixed woods.
TRT-Crd, Mnd.

96

subs p. americana (Sweet) Krisa

P. americana Sweet

Rare. Two locations. Damp woods, on acid soil.

TRT-Crd, Shb.

Pyrola chlorantha Sw. Green pyrola

P. virens Schweigg.
Uncommon. Moist mixed woods.
TRT-Crd, Hct, Lut.

Pyrola elliptica Nutt. Shinleaf

Common. Tall forests, on humus; and drier, open coniferous or deciduous

woods.

APM-Ngt; TRT-Crd, Gfd, Hct, Mnd, Mon, Shb.

Pyrola secunda L. One-sided pyrola

Orthilia secunda (L.) House

Fairly common. Damp coniferous or mixed woods, usually in deep shade.

DFB-Ngt; TRT-Dys, Hct, Shb.

ERICACEAE HEATH FAMILY

Andromeda glaucophylla Link Bog-rosemary

A. polifolia L. subsp. glaucophylla (Link) Hulten

Fairly common. Bogs and low, shrubby borders of lakes and streams.

TRT-Ans, Crd, Dys, Hct, McC.

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Sprengel Bearberry

Uncommon. Sandy pockets on rock outcrops.
TRT-Hct, Mnd.

Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench Leatherleaf

Common. Bogs and wet lakeshores.

TRT-Dud, Dys, Hbn, Hct, Shb; S.R.-Crd, Hin, Mon.

Epigaea repens L. Trailing-arbutus

Fairly common. Edges of deciduous woods, moss-covered pockets on rock
ridges, and rocky shaded banks under conifers.
TRT-Crd, Gfd, Glm, Hbn, Shb; S.R.-Liv, Mon.

Gaultheria hispidula (L.) Muhlenb. ex Bigelow Creeping snowberry

Chiogenes hispidula (L.) Torrey and A. Gray

Fairly common. Damp, mostly coniferous woods and wet, shaded

shorelines.

TRT-Dud, Hct, Mnd, Shb.

97

Gaultheria procumbens L. Wintergreen

Common. Damp coniferous or mixed woods and shaded mossy banks.
TRT-Crd, Gfd, Hct, Shb, Stn; S.R.-Dys, Hin.

Gaylussacia baccata (Wangenh.) K. Koch Black huckleberry

Rare. One location. Rocky shoreline, under tall shrubs.
TRT-Dud.

Kalmia angustifolia L. Sheep-laurel

Rare. Two locations. Edge of swamp and boggy area beside pond.
TRT-Dud, Hin.

Kalmia polifolia Wangenh. Bog-laurel

Common. Wet, boggy edges of lakes, ponds, and streams; often with other
low shrubs on sphagnum.
TRT-Ans, Crd, Dys, Gfd, Liv, McC, Shb; S.R.-Hct, Hin.

Ledum groenlandicum Oeder Labrador tea

Fairly common. Swamps, bogs, and wet openings in coniferous woods;

usually on sphagnum.

TRT-Dud, Hbn, Hct, Hin, McC, Mnd; S.R.-Mon.

Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton Low sweet blueberry

Fairly common. Rocky shores, rock knolls, open hillsides, and old bush

roads.

TRT-Dys, Glm, Hbn, Hct; S.R.-Hin, Liv.

Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton Large cranberry

Fairly common. Sphagnum mats in bogs, and boggy edges of small lakes.
TRT-Dys, Gfd, Hin, Shb.

Vaccinium myrtilloides Michaux Velvet-leaf blueberry

Common. Bogs and clearings in woods.

APM-Ngt; TRT-Crd, Dys, Gfd, Hbn, Hct, Mnd, Shb.

Vaccinium oxycoccus L. Small cranberry

Uncommon. Bogs and swamps; usually creeping over sphagnum mats.
TRT-Dys, Hct; S.R.-Hin, Mnd.

PRIMULACEAE PRIMROSE FAMILY

Lysimachia ciliata L. Fringed loosestrife

Steironema ciliatum (L.) Raf.

Rare. One location. Among shrubs on edge of woods.

TRT-Mnd.

98

Lysimachia punctata L. Dotted loosestrife

Rare. Two locations. Open sandy sites at edges of woods. (+)
APM-Ngt; TRT-Mnd.

Lysimachia terrestris (L.) Britton, Sterns, and Pogg. Swamp-candles

Common. Wet shorelines of lakes and ponds; on muck or sand.
APM-Cly; TRT-Crd, Gfd, Hct, Mnd, Shb, Stn.

Lysimachia thyrsiflora L. Tufted loosestrife

Naumbergia thyrsiflora (L.) Duby

Fairly common. Marshes and bogs, and borders of streams, lakes, or

ponds; on shore or in shallow water.

TRT-Gfd, Hct, Mnd; S.R.-Dys, Mon.

Trientalis borealis Raf. Starflower

Common. Damp woods, wooded or open banks, and soil pockets on rocky

ridges.

TRT-Dys, Gfd, Shb, Stn; S.R.-Glm, Hin, Liv.

OLEACEAE OLIVE FAMILY

Fraxinus americana L. White ash

Fairly common. Deciduous or mixed woods.
APM-Brt; TRT-Dys, Hct, Mnd; TRTE-Ans.

Fraxinus nigra Marshall Black ash

Fairly common. Wet lake edges and swamps.
TRT-Dud, Dys, Mnd; S.R.-Mon.

Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall Red ash

Uncommon. Open deciduous woodlands.
APM-Brt; TRT-Hct, Shb, Sno.

Syringa vulgaris L. Common lilac

Uncommon. Partially open woodlands; introduced and established. (+)
APM-2Ngt;S.R.-Sno.

GENTIANACEAE GENTIAN FAMILY

Gentiana linearis Froelich Narrow-leaved gentian

Uncommon. Damp grassy roadsides, partly shaded or open.
TRT-Hbn, McC, Sno.

Menyanthes trifoliata L. Buckbean

Uncommon. Sphagnum mats in bogs and boggy edges of small lakes and

slow streams.

TRT-Crd, Dys; S.R.-McC.

99

Nymphoides cordatum (Elliott) Fern. Floating-heart

Uncommon. Quiet waters of ponds and bays, and quiet river backwaters;
leaves floating on surface.
TRT-Gfd, Hin, Shb, Stn.

APOCYNACEAE DOGBANE FAMILY

Apocynum androsaemifolium L. Spreading dogbane

Common. Roadsides, rocky shores, and dry clearings.
TRT-Cly, Gfd, Hct, Hin, Mnd; S.R.-Ans, Ngt, Sno.

Apocynum cannabinum L. Indian hemp

Rare. One location. Shrubby edge of gravel sideroad.
TRT-Mnd.

Vinca minor L. Periwinkle

Rare. Two locations. Rocky roadside bank and large, flat grassy clearing;
escapes from cultivation. (+)
TRT-Glm, Mnd.

ASCLEPIADACEAE MILKWEED FAMILY

Asclepias incarnata L. Swamp milkweed

Uncommon. Swamps, marshes, and low, wet banks.
TRT-Hbn, Hct, Mnd, Stn.

Asclepias syriaca L. Common milkweed

Common. Dry or damp roadside ditches, open hillsides, and old fields.
TRT-Dys, Mnd, Stn; S.R.-Lut.

CONVOLVULACEAE MORNING-GLORY FAMILY

Convolvulus arvensis L. Field bindweed

Rare. Two locations. Open grassy bank and old farm field. (+)
TRT-Dys, Stn.

Convolvulus sepium L. Hedge bindweed

Rare. Two locations. Dry sand flats and low, wet area.
TRT-Dys, Stn.

POLEMONIACEAE PHLOX FAMILY

Phlox paniculata L. Phlox

Rare. Two locations. Open grassy areas; escapes from cultivation,
established. (+)
TRT-Mnd; S.R.-Hct.

100

Phlox subulata L. Moss-pink

Rare. One location. Low roadside bank; escape from cultivation. (+)
TRT-Mnd.

BORAGINACEAE BORAGE FAMILY

Cynoglossum boreale Fern. Wild comfrey

Rare. One location. Edge of woods above swamp.
TRT-Dys.

Cynoglossum officinale L. Hound's-tongue

Uncommon. Dry roadsides and old dry fields. (+)
TRT-Hct, Mnd, Stn.

Echium vulgare L. Viper's bugloss

Common. Waste areas, roadsides, and old fields. (+)
TRT-Mnd, Stn; S.R.-Crd, Dys, Mon.

Hackelia americana (A. Gray) Fern. Stickseed

H. deflexa (Wahlenb.) Opiz van americana (A. Gray) Fern.
Rare. One location. In dense growth of tall roadside plants.
TRT-Dys.

Lappula squarrosa (Retz.) Dumort Prickly stickseed

L. echinata Gilib.

Rare. One location. Abandoned railroad tracks, on cinders and gravel. (+)

TRT-Dys.

Lithospermum officinale L. Gromwell

Rare. Two locations. Dry, sandy waste area and open, damp ground beside
swamp. (+)
TRT-Dys, Mnd.

Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill Forget-me-not

Uncommon. Damp ditches and open sandy areas. (+)
APM-Ngt; TRT-Hbn, Mnd.

Myosotis scorpioides L. Forget-me-not

Rare. One location. Damp grassy area beside lake, on humus topsoil over

sand. (+)

TRT-Dys.

Symphytum officinale L. Common comfrey

Rare. One location. Open cleared area, on disturbed soil near garden;

escape from cultivation. (+)

TRT-Mnd.

101

VERBENACEAE VERVAIN FAMILY

Verbena hastata L. Blue vervain

Uncommon. Dry fields and roadsides, and moist meadows.
TRT-Hct, Hin, Mnd; S.R.-Lut.

Verbena simplex Lehm. Narrow-leaf vervain

Rare. One location. Abandoned railroad tracks, in cinders and gravel. (+)
TRT-Sno.

LAMIACEAE MINT FAMILY

(LABIATAE)

Galeopsis tetrahit L. Hemp-nettle

Common. Moist roadsides, open fields, and sandy hillsides. (+)
APM-Ngt; TRT-Hbn, Hct, Mnd, Shb, Stn.

var. bifida (Boenn.) Lej. and Court.

Fairly common. Open waste ground and sandy roadsides. (+)
TRT-Dys, Gfd, Hbn, Mnd.

Glechoma hederacea L. Gill-over-the-ground

Uncommon. Moist edges of woods and driveways. (+)
TRT-Hct, Mnd; S.R.-Dys.

Leonurus cardiaca L. Motherwort

Uncommon. Sparsely treed area on clay soil, and open areas on borders of
disturbed waste ground; on dry or moist soils. (+)
TRT-Dys, Mnd, Stn.

Lycopus americanus Muhlenb. ex Bartram Cut-leaved water-horehound

Common. Damp to wet areas: ditches, flats, and borders of lakes and
streams; usually on sandy soil.
TRT-Crd, Dys, Gfd, Hct, Mnd.

Lycopus uniflorus Michaux Bugleweed

Common. On sandy shorelines of lakes, rivers, and creeks, and sometimes
in muck in bogs and marshes.
TRT-Crd, Gfd, Hbn, Hct, Shb, Sno.

Mentha arvensis L. Wild mint

Common. Wet sandy shores, mud flats, and woodlands.
TRT-Gfd, Hbn, Hct, Shb, Stn.

102

Mentha x piperita L. Peppermint

= M. aquatica L. x M. spicata L.

Rare. One location. Grassy edge of sand beach. (+)

TRT-Stn.

Monarda didyma L. Oswego-tea

Rare. One location. In bramble thicket beside road; escape from

cultivation. (+)

TRT-Stn.

Monarda fistulosa L. Wild bergamot

Rare. Two locations. Open hillside among tall grasses, and dry, disturbed
open ground at entrance to bush road.
TRT-Crd, Mnd.

Nepeta cataria L. Catnip

Uncommon. Open, sandy waste sites. (+)
TRT-Mnd.

Prunella vulgaris L. Heal-all, Selfheal

Common. Damp clearings in woods, and bush roads. (+)
TRT-Gfd, Hbn, Hin, Shb, Stn; S.R.-Ans, Cly, Glm, Sno.

Satureja acinos (L.) Scheele Mother-of-thyme

Rare. One location. Abandoned railroad tracks, on crushed rock

ballast. (+)

TRT-Sno.

Satureja vulgaris (L.) Fritsch Wild basil

Fairly common. Damp woods, dry or moist roadsides, and meadows. (+)
CAN-Crd; TRT-Hct, Stn; S.R.-Dys, Lut.

Scutellaria galericulata L. Common skullcap

Common. Stream edges among grasses and sedges, and mud flats.
TRT-Crd, Gfd, Hct, Mnd; S.R.-Liv.

Scutellaria lateriflora L. Mad-dog skullcap

Common. Wet shores, swampy areas in woods, and occasionally sandy

roadsides.

TRT-Crd, Dys, Gfd, Hav, Hbn, Hct, Stn.

Stachys palustris L. Woundwort

van pilosa (Nutt.) Fern.

Rare. Two locations. Old road in woods, and open, disturbed sandy ground
of old garden.
TRT-Dys, Hct.

103

Teucrium canadense L. Germander

Rare. One location. Edge of low shrubby bank above lake.
TRT-Dys.

Thymus praecox Opiz Wild thyme

subsp. arcticus (E. Durand) Jalas

T. serpyllum auct. non L.

Rare. One location. On open hillside and along path through woods; in

large, often dense patches. (+)

TRT-Sno.

SOLANACEAE NIGHTSHADE FAMILY

Physalis heterophylla Nees Clammy ground-cherry

Rare. Two locations. Sand-and-gravel banks in disturbed areas.

TRT-Dys, Sno.

Solatium dulcamara L. Bittersweet nightshade

Uncommon. Edges of woods and disturbed sites. (+)
TRT-Gfd, Shb; S.R.-Crd.

Solanum nigrum L. Black nightshade

Uncommon. Sandy roadsides on edges of deciduous woods. (+)
TRT-Hbn, Mnd.

SCROPHULARIACEAE FIGWORT FAMILY

Chaenorrhinum minus (L.) Lange Dwarf snapdragon

Rare. One location. Abandoned railroad tracks, on rock ballast. (+)
TRT-Sno.

Chelone glabra L. Turtlehead

Uncommon. Damp to wet shores, with low vegetation.
TRT-Sno; S.R.-Sno.

Gratiola neglecta Torrey Hedge-hyssop

Rare. Two locations. Wet sandbar, and damp depression on large, flat rock

outcrop.

TRT-Hin, Mnd.

Linaria vulgaris Miller Butter-and-eggs, Toadflax

Common. Open sandy and gravelly ground. (+)
TRT-Dys, Shb, Stn.

104

Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell False pimpernel

Rare. One location. Low creek bank with sedges; in small dense colony

partly in the water.

TRT-Crd.

Melampyrum lineare Desr. Cow-wheat

Uncommon. Rocky, open or wooded shores.
TRT-Hin, Shb.

Mimulus ringens L. Monkey-flower

Fairly common. Wet ditches, river banks, and lake edges.
APM-Ngt; TRT-Crd, Dys, Hct; S.R.-Mnd, Sno.

Scrophularia lanceolata Pursh Hare figwort

Rare. One location. Sandy, open waste ground.
TRT-Mnd.

Verbascum thapsus L. Common mullein

Common. Sandy waste ground, and dry, open roadsides. (+)
TRT-Gfd, Hbn, Hct, Mnd, Shb; S.R.-Dys.

Veronica americana (Raf.) Schwein. ex Benth. American brooklime

Uncommon. Edges of pools and streams, on muck or mud.
TRT-Crd, Hbn, Hct, Mnd.

Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. Water speedwell

Rare. One location. Cool, wet swampy ground beside spring.
TRT-Dys.

Veronica arvensis L. Corn speedwell

Rare. Two locations. Rocky bank in bed of moss, and dry sandy hillside.

(+)

TRT-Sno, Stn.

Veronica officinalis L. Common speedwell

Uncommon. Rocky ground in mixed woods, and thin deciduous
woods. (+)
TRT-Dys, Mon, Shb.

Veronica scutellata L. Marsh speedwell

Common. Damp sandy shores of lakes and streams, wet rocky shores, and

mud flats.

TRT-Crd, Hbn, Hct, Mnd, Shb.

105

Veronica serpyllifolia L. Thyme-leaved speedwell

Common. Shorelines, open meadows, roadsides, and lawns. (+)
APM-Brt; TRT-Crd, Hct, Mnd; S.R.-Lut.

OROBANCHACEAE BROOM-RAPE FAMILY

Epifagus virginiana (L.) Barton Beechdrops

Rare. One location. Under tall beech trees in moist deciduous woods.

TRT-Dys.

LENTIBULARIACEAE BLADDERWORT FAMILY

Utricularia cornuta Michaux Horned bladderwort

Common. Mud flats, floating bog mats, and boggy shores.
TRT-Crd, Dys, Gfd, Glm, Hin, McC, Shb.

Utricularia geminiscapa Benj. Twin bladderwort

Rare. One location. In quiet water 10 cm deep near shore of large pond;
dense mass of underwater plants with 16 emersed flowering stems. Rare in
Ontario (Argus et al., 1982- 1987).
TRT-Shb.

Utricularia gibba L. Humped bladderwort

Fairly common. Floating bog mats, and bog or muck shorelines; usually in
small numbers, but in one swamp growing densely on sedge and grass
hummocks and covering more than half a hectare.
TRT-Crd, Dys, Glm, Hin, McC.

Utricularia intermedia Hayne Flat-leaf bladderwort

Fairly common. In large masses on boggy shorelines, and floating offshore
in small shallow lakes and pools.
TRT-Dys, Hin, McC; S.R.-Mon, Shb.

Utricularia minor L. Northern bladderwort

Uncommon. In quiet, shallow stream backwaters, and sometimes creeping

on wet flats and shores.

TRT-Crd, Glm, Lut, Mnd; S.R.-Dys.

Utricularia purpurea Walter Purple bladderwort

Common. Small lakes and ponds; in floating masses in water 60 cm or
more deep, flowering in shallower water on bog mats and mucky shores.
DFB-Lwr, McC; TRT-Crd, Dys, Hin, Lut, Stn.

Utricularia resupinata B. D. Greene Upside-down bladderwort

ex Bigelow

Uncommon. Pools and shallow shorelines; on muck or soft mud.
APM-Lwr; TRT-Hbn, Shb.

106

Utricularia vulgaris L. Common bladderwort

Common. Quiet or slow-moving waters of lakes, streams, and pools; free
floating, often in large masses.
TRT-Crd, Dys, Hct, Lut, Mnd, Stn.

PLANTAGINACEAE PLANTAIN FAMILY

Littorella americana Fern. I it tore I la

L. uniflora auct. non (L.) Ascherson

Rare. One location. Sand spits near entrance of river into lake.

CAN-Hav or Shb; MICH-Hav or Shb.

Plantago lanceolata L. English plantain

Common. Open roadsides and dry, open grassy areas; often numerous. (+)
APM-Ngt; TRT-Crd, Dys, Gfd, Hbn, Hin, Shb; S.R.-Mnd.

Plantago major L. Common plantain

Common. Sandy roadsides and dry barren ground. (+)
TRT-Dys, Hct, Shb; S.R.-Mnd.

Plantago rugelii Decne. Pale plantain

Rare. Two locations. Under trees and shrubs beside dried up swamp, and
on roadside.
TRT-Crd, Hbn.

RUBIACEAE MADDER FAMILY

Cephalanthus occidentalis L. Buttonbush

Uncommon. Edges of small lakes and rivers, in crowded shrub thickets.
TRT-Ans, Dys, Hin.

Galium aparine L. Cleavers

Rare. One location. Dry grassy hilltop.
TRT-Hct.

Galium asprellum Michaux Rough bedstraw

Uncommon. Edges of swamp pools and beside slow-moving creeks.
TRT-Hbn, Hct; S.R.-Hin.

Galium boreale L. Northern bedstraw

Rare. One location. Sandy roadside; in dense colony in strip 75 m long.
TRT-Dys.

Galium brevipes Fern, and Wieg. Bedstraw

Rare. Two locations. Sedge meadow beside stream, and wet clearing beside

small lake.

TRT-Gfd, Shb; S.R.-Mnd.

107

Galium circaezans Michaux White wild licorice

Rare. Two locations. Deciduous and mixed woods.
TRT-Hct, Lut.

Galium lanceolatum Torrey Yellow wild licorice

Uncommon. Deciduous woods, on damp humus.
TRT-Crd, Dys; S.R.-Lut.

Galium mollugo L. Bedstraw

Rare. One location. Open area on roadside, with grasses and sedges. (+)
TRT-Stn.

Galium obtusum Bigelow Bedstraw

Rare. One location. Open grassy area at edge of lake.
TRT-Dys.

Galium palustre L. Bedstraw

Rare. One location. Wet sandy shore.
TRTE-Mnd.

Galium tinctorium L. Bedstraw

Fairly common. Low, wet ditches, marshy areas, and edges of small

streams.

TRT-Glm, Hct, Shb, Stn; S.R.-Hin.

Galium trifidum L. Bedstraw

Uncommon. Wet edges of swamps, ponds, and creeks.
CAN-Crd; TRT-Crd, Dys, Shb; S.R.-Lut.

Galium triflorum Michaux Fragrant bedstraw

Common. On roadsides and hillsides, in damp openings in woods, and
beside streams; on sandy soils.
TRT-Dys, Gfd, Hct, Liv, Mon; S.R.-Crd.

Mitchella repens L. Partridge-berry

Common. Mixed or deciduous woods; on rich, moist soils or on drier

knolls.

TRT-Crd, Dud, Gfd, Hct, Hin, McC, Mnd, Shb, Stn.

CAPRIFOLIACEAE HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY

Diervilla lonicera Miller Bush honeysuckle

Common. On rocky ridges and banks in partially wooded areas, and along

bush roads; often in large colonies.

TRT-Gfd, Hbn, Hct, Mnd, Shb; S.R.-Liv, Lut, Sno.

108

Linnaea borealis L. Twinflower

Common. Mixed woods; creeping over damp, leaf-covered humus, or with

mosses on rocks.

TRT-Dud, Dys, Gfd, Hbn, Hct, Shb; S.R.-Crd, Glm.

Lonicera x bella Zabel Pretty honeysuckle

= L. tatarica LxL. morrowii A. Gray

Rare. One location. Sparse deciduous woods; introduced and well

established in woods near dwelling. (+)

TRT-Dys.

Lonicera canadensis Bartram Fly honeysuckle

Fairly common. Openings in deciduous and mixed woods, on moist

humus.

TRT-Hbn, Hct, Mnd.

Lonicera dioica L. Glaucous honeysuckle

Rare. Two locations. Mixed woods: on high rock ridge and in low, moist

area.

TRT-Lut;S.R.-Mnd.

Lonicera hirsuta Eaton Hairy honeysuckle

Rare. One location. Open, steep stony bank among low herbs and shrubs.
TRT-Mnd.

Lonicera tatarica L. Tartarian honeysuckle

Rare. One location. Old farm, on dry soil in fencerow. (+)
TRT-Mnd.

Sambucus canadensis L. Common elderberry

Uncommon. Damp hillside and wet edges of meadow and creek.
TRT-Gfd, Hct, Mnd.

Sambucus pubens Michaux Red-berried elder

Common. Roadsides, hillsides, lake banks, and edges of mixed woods.
TRT-Crd, Gfd, Hct, Liv, Mnd; S.R.-Hbn, Hin.

Symphoricarpos albus (L.) S. F. Blake Snowberry

Rare. One location. Partially wooded area on hilltop; in dense colony.
TRT-Mnd.

Symphoricarpos occidentalis Hook. Wolfberry

Rare. One location. Dry grassy slope under sumac.
TRT-Glm.

109

Triosteum perfoliatum L. Feverwort

Rare. Two locations. Among scattered trees and shrubs on grassy edges of

woods.

TRT-Dys; S.R.-Lut.

Viburnum acerifolium L. Maple-leaved viburnum

Uncommon. Moist deciduous woods on rich humus, and thin mixed

woods.

TRT-Lut, Mnd; S.R.-Lut.

Viburnum alnifolium Marshall Hobble-bush

V. lantanoides Michaux

Common. Along roadsides in thickets, and on edges of woods; also found

as nonblooming understory in tall woods.

DFB-Lwr; TRT-Dud, Gfd, Hct, Hin, Mnd.

Viburnum cassinoides L. Wild-raisin

Common. Wet thickets and low banks of lakes and streams.
TRT-Crd, Dys, Hct, Hin, Mnd, Shb, Stn.

Viburnum lentago L. Nanny berry

Uncommon. Banks and river edges with other tall shrubs, and low, wet

meadows.

TRT-Dys, Gfd, Hin, Mnd; S.R.-Lut.

Viburnum trilobum Marshall High-bush cranberry

V. opulus L. var. americanum Aiton

Fairly common. Low, wet meadows and stream edges.

TRT-Crd, Hct, Mnd; S.R.-Dys, Lut, Sno.

VALERIANACEAE VALERIAN FAMILY

Valeriana officinalis L. Garden heliotrope

Rare. Two locations. Areas of disturbed ground; escapes from
cultivation. (+)
TRT-Dys; S.R.-Sno.

CUCURBITACEAE GOURD FAMILY

Echinocystis lobata (Michaux) Torrey and A. Gray Wild cucumber

Rare. Two locations. Dry and moist waste sites.
TRT-Dys, Shb.

110

CAMPANULACEAE HAREBELL FAMILY

Campanula aparinoides Pursh Marsh bellflower

Uncommon. Marshy edges of slow-moving streams; partly reclining on
sedges and grasses.
TRT-Hct, Mnd.

Campanula rapunculoides L. Creeping bellflower

Uncommon. Banks and grassy roadsides. (+)
TRT-Dys, Stn.

LOBELIACEAE LOBELIA FAMILY

Lobelia cardinal is L. Cardinal-flower

Uncommon. Banks and wet edges of rivers and streams.
TRTE-McC; TRT-Mnd; S.R.-Hbn, Hin, Sno.

Lobelia dortmanna L. Water lobelia

Common. Shallow water near shore in small lakes; on sandy bottoms,
usually half emersed, but once seen flowering vigorously under water in a
season of high water level.
CAN-Crd; TRT-Cly, Crd, Hbn, Hct, Hin, Shb; TRTE-Stn.

Lobelia inflata L. Indian-tobacco

Common. Moist or dry roadsides, mixed forests, and open rocky terrain.
DFB-Lwr; TRT-Gfd, Hbn, Hct, Hin, Mnd, Shb.

Lobelia spicata Lam. Pale-spike lobelia

Rare. One location. High grassy hill sparsely covered with trees and shrubs.
TRT-Dys.

ASTERACEAE ASTER FAMILY

(COMPOSITAE)

Achillea millefolium L. Yarrow

Common. Roadsides, old fields, and disturbed sites; on dry sandy soils.
TRT-Crd, Dys, Gfd, Hct, Hin, Stn; S.R.-Ans, Sno.

Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. Ragweed

Common. Roadsides, in sand and gravel.
TRT-Dys; S.R.-Crd, Lut, Mnd.

Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. and Pearly everlasting

Hook. f. ex C. B. Clarke

Common. Roadsides, sand flats, old fields, and damp ditches.
TRT-Crd, Gfd, Hct, Hin, Shb, Stn; S.R.-Brt, Cly, Glm.

Ill

Antennaria neglecta E. Greene Field pussytoes

Fairly common. Dry roadsides, sandy slopes, meadows, and grassy soil
pockets on rocks.
TRT-Dys, Hbn, Hct, Stn.

Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richardson
Rare. One location. Dry open woodland.

APM-Ngt.

Pussytoes

Anthemis cotula L.

Uncommon. Roadsides, in sand and gravel. (+)
TRT-Dys, Mnd, Sno.

Mayweed

Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh.

Fairly common. Open banks, roadsides, and borders of paths. (+)
TRT-Hct, Mnd, Shb, Stn.

Common burdock

Artemisia absinthium L.

Rare. One location. Sandy waste ground. (+)
TRT-Dys.

Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.

var. gnaphalodes (Nutt.) Torrey and A. Gray

Uncommon. Sandy banks and dry open woods.
TRT-Dys, Hbn, Hct; S.R.-Shb.

Artemisia vulgaris L.

Uncommon. Roadsides and waste areas. (+)
APM-Ngt; TRT-Dys.

Wormwood

Mugwort

Mugwort

Aster acuminatus Michaux Acuminate aster

Rare. Two locations. In a dense colony of more than six hundred plants,
many nonflowering, in a damp sugar maple wood, and numerous in a
sparse mixed wood.
TRT-Dys, Shb.

Aster ciliolatus Lindley

Rare. Two locations. Rocky wooded areas.
TRT-Lut, Shb.

Fringed blue aster

Aster cordifolius L. Heart-leaved aster

Common. Deciduous or mixed open woodlands, and open roadsides; on

dry or damp soils.

TRT-Crd, Gfd, Hbn, Hct, Hin, McC, Mnd, Shb.

112

Aster ericoides L. Heath aster

Rare. One location. Open, sandy, grassy flat beside road.
TRT-Sno.

Aster lateriflorus (L.) Britton Calico aster

Uncommon. Damp roadsides, river banks, and partially shaded sandy

areas.

TRT-Crd, Lut, Sno, Stn.

Aster macrophyllus L. Large-leaved aster

Common. Wooded roadsides and edges of woods, on sand or humus; in
large colonies, flowering sparsely.
TRT-Crd, McC, Mnd, Shb, Stn; S.R.-Cly.

Aster nemoralis Aiton Bog aster

Fairly common. Wet, boggy or marshy shores of ponds and lakes; often

among shrubs or cat-tails.

DFB-Lwr; APM-Lwr; TRT-Dys, Gfd, McC, Shb.

Aster novae-angliae L. New England aster

Uncommon. Open waste areas and openings in woods.
TRT-Hbn, Hct, Sno; S.R.-Ans.

Aster puniceus L. Purple-stemmed aster

Fairly common. Wet ditches, swamp edges, and open damp areas.
TRT-Brt, Hct, Mnd, Shb; S.R.-Ans, Glm, Lut, Mon, Sno.

Aster simplex Willd. Tall white aster

A . lanceolatus Willd.

Common. Roadsides, depressions in woods, swamp edges, and semi-open,

flat sandy sites.

TRT-Crd, Dys, Lut, Mnd, Mon, Shb; S.R.-Ans, Sno.

Aster umbellatus Miller Flat-topped aster

Common. Moist roadsides, open meadows, clearings, and shorelines;
numerous across the county, often in large colonies.
TRT-Crd, Gfd, Hct, Hin, Lwr, McC, Shb, Stn; S.R.-Mon.

Bidens beckii Torrey Water-marigold

Fairly common. Quiet water up to 60 cm deep in streams, bays, and lake
margins; on sand or mud bottoms; flowers and upper leaves emersed.
TRT-Crd, Hct, Mnd; S.R.-Dud, Dys.

113

Bidens cernua L. Nodding beggar's-ticks

var. cernua

Common. Low marshy or sandy edges of streams and lakes, damp ditches

and wet meadows.

TRT-Hct, Mnd, Stn; S.R.-Hin, Shb, Sno.

var. minima (Huds.) Pursh

Uncommon. Wet mud or sand flats, and wet lake edges.
TRT-Dys, Shb; S.R.-Glm.

Bidens comosa (A. Gray) Wieg. Leafy-bracted beggar's-ticks

Rare. One location. Wet shore, on sphagnum moss.
TRT-Shb.

Bidens connata Muhlenb. ex Willd. Beggar's-ticks

Uncommon. Wet shores and mossy logs at shorelines.
TRT-Crd, Hin; S.R.-Shb.

Bidens discoidea (Torrey and A. Gray) Britton Beggar's-ticks

Rare. Two locations. Edge of lake, and growing on partly emerged decaying
logs in small creek. Rare in Ontario and in Canada (Argus et al., 1982—
1987).
TRT-Crd, Mnd.

Bidens frondosa L. Beggar's-ticks

Fairly common. Dry or damp waste areas, wet hollows, and sand flats.
TRT-Dys, Gfd, Hbn, Shb, Stn; S.R.-Glm.

Bidens tripartita L. Beggar's-ticks

Uncommon. Boggy shores, and swampy places in woods.
TRT-Crd, Mnd, Shb; S.R.-Dys.

Bidens vulgata E. Greene Beggar's-ticks

Rare. Two locations. Dry sandy roadsides.
TRT-Dys; S.R.-Mnd.

Centaurea maculosa Lam. Spotted knapweed

Rare. Two locations. Edge of highway in sand and gravel, and dry sand-
and-grass slope. (+)
TRT-Cly, Sno.

Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L. Ox-eye daisy

Common. Roadsides, dry open banks, open wastelands, and old fields.

Usually on dry soils. (+)

TRT-Dys, Gfd, Hct, Mnd, Shb; S.R.-Crd, Mon.

114

Cichorium intybus L. Chicory

Fairly common. Dry roadsides and old fields; numerous and scattered. (+)
TRT-Dys, Shb, Stn.

Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Canada thistle

Common. Dry and sandy, or moist and grassy roadsides. (+)
TRT-Crd, Dys; S.R.-Brt, Cly, Mon.

Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. Bull thistle

Common. Roadsides, old farmlands, and sand fiats; soils various. (+)
APM-Cly; TRT-Hct, Mnd, Stn; S.R.-Dys, Mon.

Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. Horseweed

Erigeron canadensis A. Gray

Fairly common. Sand flats, disturbed ground, and roadsides; often in large

colonies.

APM-Ngt; TRT-Crd, Dys, Hct; S.R.-Glm.

Coreopsis grandiflora Hogg ex Sweet Tickseed

Rare. One location. One clump in roadside ditch; escape from

cultivation. (+)

TRT-Sno.

Crepis tectorum L. Narrow-leaved hawk's beard

Rare. One location. Open sand flat. (+)
TRT-Dys.

Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf. ex DC. Pilewort

Uncommon. Dry or damp waste ground and sandy and gravelly roadsides.
TRT-Dys, Gfd, Hct, Hin, Shb.

Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. Daisy fieabane

Fairly common. Open hillsides, sparse woods, and roadside ditches.
TRT-Crd, Dud, Hct, Mnd, Mon; S.R.-Ans, Sno.

Erigeron philadelphicus L. Common fieabane

Fairly common. Borders of woods, paths and roadsides, and shady lake

banks.

TRT-Dys, Gfd, Hct, Stn; S.R.-Lut.

Erigeron strigosus Muhlenb. ex Willd. Rough daisy fieabane

Uncommon. Open, sandy and rocky sites.
TRT-Dys, Gfd, Hct, Hin, Stn; S.R.-Lut.

115

Eupatorium maculatum L. Joe-Pye weed

Common. Low, damp or wet areas beside streams, ponds, and marshes,

and wet roadside ditches.

TRT-Crd, Dud, Hct, Hin, Mnd, Shb; S.R.-Brt, Cly.

Eupatorium perfoliatum L. Boneset

Common. Damp areas including roadside ditches, stream banks, swamp

edges, and lakeshores.

TRT-Crd, Dys, Hct, Shb; S.R.-Mnd, Stn.

Gnaphalium sylvaticum L. Cudweed

Uncommon. Dry sandy roadsides, gravel pits, and lakeshores; on open
sites or in partial shade.
TRT-Brt, Hbn, Hct, Hin.

Gnaphalium uliginosum L. Low cudweed

Uncommon. Sandy or muddy stream banks and damp lowlands.
TRT-Hct, Sno, Stn.

Gnaphalium viscosum Kunth Cudweed

Rare. Two locations. Sparsely wooded bank and edge of bush road.
TRT-Gfd, Hin.

Helianthus annuus L. Common sunflower

Rare. Two locations. Open, sandy grassy roadsides; escapes from

cultivation.

TRT-Dys, Stn.

Helianthus strumosus L. Woodland sunflower

Rare. Two locations. Damp clearings, with numerous low and tall herbs.
TRT-Gfd, McC.

Helianthus tuberosus L. Jerusalem artichoke

Rare. Two locations. In dense colony in roadside ditch, and scattered on
waste ground. (+)
TRT-2 Dys.

Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) Sweet Rough ox-eye

H. scabra Dunal

Rare. One location. Old estate land, 10 to 20 plants.

APM-Ngt.

Hieracium aurantiacum L. Orange hawkweed

Common. Fields, meadows, roadsides, and lakeshores. (+)
APM-Ngt; TRT-Crd, Gfd, Hct, Mnd, Shb; S.R.-Ans, Lut.

116

Hieracium canadense Michaux Canada hawkweed

Rare. Rocky sites, on shallow soil.
TRT-Hbn^ Shb.

Hieracium xfloribundum Wimmer and Grab. Hybrid hawkweed

= H. caespitosum Dumort. x H. lactucella Wallr.

Uncommon. Roadside ditches and shady banks; on sand or clay. (+)

TRT-Crd, Hct, Mnd.

Hieracium pilosella L. Mouse-ear hawkweed

Uncommon. Soil pocket on rock, wet sedge-and-grass border of lake, and
open site in patch of low grass; plants few in number. (+)
TRT-2 Hin, Stn.

Hieracium piloselloides Villars Yellow hawkweed

H . florentinum All.

Uncommon. Waste areas and lawns. (+)

TRT-Dys, Sno; S.R.-Crd.

Hieracium pratense Tausch King devil

Uncommon. Dry banks, dry sand flats, and disturbed ground. (+)
TRT-Hbn, Shb, Stn; S.R.-Lut.

Hieracium scabrum Michaux Rough hawkweed

Common. Roadsides and gravel pits; on sandy soils.
TRT-Dys, Gfd, Hbn, Hct, McC.

Lactuca biennis (Moench) Fern. Wild lettuce

Fairly common. Roadside ditches, damp edges of woods, and dry, open

sandy sites. Plants up to 4.3 m tall.

TRT-Gfd, Hct, Hin, McC, Mnd, Stn; S.R.-Dys, Sno.

Lactuca canadensis L. Wild lettuce

var. latifolia Kuntze

Rare. One location. Edge of woods adjacent to open mown lawn.
TRT-Mnd.

Lactuca canadensis L. Wild lettuce

var. longifolia (Michaux) Farw.

Rare. Two locations. In clearing, and with tall herbs on roadside.
TRT-Dys, Hbn.

Lactuca hirsuta Muhlenb. ex Nutt. Hairy lettuce

Rare. One location. Dry rocky point, on sparse soil.
TRT-Mnd.

117

Lactuca serriola L. Prickly lettuce

var. integrata Gren. and Godr.

Rare. One location. Dry disturbed ground adjacent to parking lot. (+)
TRT-Mnd.

Leontodon autumnalis L. Fall dandelion

Rare. One location. Grassy ditch beside highway. (+)
TRT-Dys.

Matricaria matricarioides (Less.) Porter Pineapple-weed

Common. Edges of dry roadsides and driveways; usually in large

colonies. (+)

TRT-Dys, Stn; S.R.-Dys, Lut, Mnd, Sno.

Petasites frigidus (L.) Fries Sweet coltsfoot

var. palmatus (Aiton) Cronq.

P. palmatus (Aiton) A. Gray

Rare. One location. Clearing in cedar-hemlock swamp.

TRT-Mnd.

Prenanthes alba L. White lettuce

Rare. One location. Steep, clay river bank.
TRT-Sno.

Prenanthes altissima L. Tall white lettuce

Fairly common. Dry roadsides, and damp roadways through woods.
TRT-Crd, Gfd, Hbn, Hct, Hin, Stn.

Rudbeckia hirta L. Black-eyed susan

Common. Fields, sandy roadsides, disturbed ground, and occasionally

damp edges of woods.

TRT-Crd, Dys, Hct, Mnd, Shb, Stn.

Rudbeckia laciniata L. Green-headed coneflower

Rare. One location. Edge of woods on roadside. (+)
TRT-Hbn.

Rudbeckia serotina Nutt. Black-eyed susan

R . hirta var. pulcherrima Farw.

Fairly common. Open fields, damp or dry roadsides, and edges of

woods. (+)

TRT-Dys, Hct, Mnd, Shb, Stn.

118

Senecio pauperculus Michaux Balsam ragwort

Uncommon. Grassy meadows in sandy loam, and edge of grassy area

under shrubs.

TRT-Dys, Mnd; S.R.-Lut.

Solidago canadensis L. Canada goldenrod

Common. Sandy roadsides, and edges of woods and fields.
TRT-Crd, Gfd, Mnd, Shb; S.R.-Ans, Glm.

Solidago graminifolia (L.) Salisb. Grass-leaved goldenrod

Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt.

Common. Meadows, fields, and edges of roads and woods; on dry or damp

sandy soil.

TRT-Brt, Crd, Gfd, Hbn, Hct, Mnd, Shb.

Solidago hispida Muhlenb. Hairy goldenrod

Uncommon. Dry or damp edges of woods, and roadside ditches.
TRT-Gfd, Hin, Shb.

Solidago juncea Aiton Early goldenrod

Uncommon. Dry sandy edges of woods, and roadsides.
TRT-Gfd, Hct, Shb.

Solidago nemoralis Aiton Gray goldenrod

Fairly common. Sandy roadsides and banks, and dry, grassy sand flats.
TRT-Crd, Dys, Mnd, Stn; S.R.-Ans, Glm.

Solidago rugosa Aiton Rough-stemmed goldenrod

Common. Roadside ditches, open flats, and low banks; on dry or damp

sandy soils.

TRT-Crd, Gfd, Hbn, Hct, Hin, McC, Mnd, Shb.

Solidago squarrosa Muhlenb. ex Nutt. Stout goldenrod

Uncommon. Sandy roadsides and edges of woods.
TRT-Crd, McC, Mnd.

Solidago uliginosa Nutt. Bog goldenrod

Common. Damp ditches and roadside depressions, with grasses and sedges;
and edges of ponds, streams, bogs, and swamps.
TRT-Brt, Crd, Dys, Hct, Hin, Mnd, Shb.

Sonchus arvensis L. Field sow-thistle

Uncommon. Damp meadows and edges of woods. (+)
TRT-Hct, Dys; S.R.-Lut.

119

Sonchus asper (L.) Hill Spiny-leaved sow-thistle

Uncommon. Grassy open sites and weedy roadsides. (+)
TRT-Dys, Gfd; S.R.-Mnd.

Sonchus oleraceus L. Common sow-thistle

Rare. Two locations. Dry roadside, and open grass area in town park. (+)
TRT-Dys, Stn.

Sonchus uliginosus M. Bieb. Sow-thistle

Rare. One location. Dry sandy border of highway. (+)
TRT-Gfd.

Tanacetum vulgare L. Tansy

Rare. Two locations. Low sandy bank and sparsely treed hilltop. (+)
TRT-Sno, Stn.

Taraxacum laevigatum (Willd.) DC. Red-seeded dandelion

Rare. Two locations. Dry road edges, in sand and gravel. (+)
TRT-Mnd;S.R.-Dys.

Taraxacum officinale G. Weber Common dandelion

Common. Open waste spaces of sparse vegetation and poor soil. (+)
TRT-Lut, Shb, Stn.

Tragopogon dubius Scop. Goatsbeard

Uncommon. Dry hillsides and open grassy roadsides. (+)
TRT-Dys, Stn; S.R.-Ans.

Tussilago farfara L. Coltsfoot

Uncommon. Dry gravelly roadsides and sandy banks; usually in small

dense colonies. (+)

TRT-Crd, Hav, Hct, Shb; S.R.-Mnd.

120

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This list of plants of the county of Haliburton could not have been produced
without the assistance of the many persons who generously contributed their
time and expertise to the project. We gratefully thank those named below and
all the others who gave support in various ways.

Dale Hoy provided the original inspiration and support for the project,
and Sheila McKay-Kuja gave much needed guidance during its progress, as
well as assistance with difficult identifications.

The wide experience and botanical insights of R. Emerson Whiting were
important contributions to many field trips and discussions. Paul Catling,
Anton Reznicek, and John Riley provided valuable aid in resolving taxo-
nomic and collecting problems. Steve Varga's field assistance also added sig-
nificant data.

K. A. Armson contributed the information in the section on soils.
J. L. Riley reviewed the section on wetlands, D. A. Metsger contributed the
section on climate, and Celia Godkin produced the final rendition of the
maps.

We are indebted to the experts who checked specimens for identification
and nomenclature: G. W Argus (Salix); P. W Ball, W J. Crins, and J. M.
Webber (Carex); J. E. Eckenwalder (Populus); D. M. Britton {Dryopteris
and Cystopteris)', S. M. McKay-Kuja (Amelanchier); J. B. Phipps and
T. A. Dickinson (Crataegus)', P. M. Catling and R. E. Whiting (Orchidaceae).

The following collectors provided lists and specimens for specific areas of
the county: D. Brunton, V. Connolly, L. Dickson, D. Lahaie, H. and R. Simp-
son, A. Whillans, and R. E. Whiting. Our thanks to them and to all other col-
lectors who had the wisdom to place their specimens in herbaria so that other
botanists could use the valuable information they represent.

We particularly thank Anton Reznicek for reviewing an early draft of the
manuscript and providing many highly valued suggestions. The comments of
two anonymous reviewers further improved the manuscript. Peter Ball
helped proofread the manuscript and suggested several corrections and
improvements.

Special thanks are owing to the Department of Botany, Royal Ontario
Museum: to J. H. McAndrews, curator, for initially providing the support
and facilities necessary for the production of the manuscript, as well as per-
sonally drafting the maps that appear as Figs. 2 and 3. Likewise we are
indebted to T. A. Dickinson, assistant curator-in-charge, for reviewing the
manuscript and for giving valuable advice and much practical assistance; to
D. A. Metsger, curatorial assistant, for reviewing the manuscript and for
vigorously tracking down needed data and references; to J. M. Ross, secre-
tary, for her hours and hours of typing, proofreading, and indexing; and to E.
Hamilton, volunteer, for help in preparing the indexes.

121

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126

INDEX TO COMMON NAMES

Adder's-mouth, green, 60

white, 12, 60
ADDERS-TONGUE FAMILY, 27
Agrimony, 77
Alder, speckled, 18, 63
Alfalfa, 84
Alyssum, 73

AMARANTH FAMILY, 67
AMARYLLIS FAMILY, 58
Anemone, Canada, 70
Apple, 80
Arrow-grass, 36
ARROW-GRASS FAMILY, 36
Arrowhead, 10, 36

northern, 36
Artichoke, Jerusalem, 116
ARUM FAMILY, 53
Ash, black, 17, 99

red, 99

white, 16, 99
Asparagus, 56
Aspen, large-toothed, 62

quaking, 62
Aster, acuminate, 112

bog, 113

calico, 113

flat-topped, 113

fringed blue, 112

heart-leaved, 112

heath, 113

large-leaved, 113

New England, 113

purple-stemmed, 113

tall white, 113
ASTER FAMILY, 111-120
Avens, 79

large-leaved, 79

purple, 79

white, 79

yellow, 79
Awl wort, 75

Balsam-fir, 16, 17, 31
Baneberry, red, 70

white, 70
BARBERRY FAMILY, 72
Basswood, 16, 88
BAYBERRY FAMILY, 63
Beak rush, 17, 52
BEAN FAMILY, 83-85
Bearberry, 97
Bedstraw, 107, 108

fragrant, 108

northern, 107

rough, 107
Beech, American, 16, 64
Beechdrops, 106
BEECH FAMILY, 64
Beggar's-ticks, 114

leafy-bracted, 114

nodding, 114
Bellflower, creeping, 1 1 1

marsh, 111
Bellwort, large-flowered, 57
Bindweed, 65

black, 65

field, 100

hedge, 100
Birch, paper, 63

white, 63

yellow, 16, 63
BIRCH FAMILY, 63-64
Bird's-foot trefoil, 83
Bittersweet, 86
Black locust, 84
Black-eyed susan, 118
Blackberry, bristly, 82

common, 81

smooth, 81
Bladderwort, common, 107

flat-leaf, 106

horned, 106

humped, 106

northern, 106

purple, 106

twin, 106

upside-down, 106
BLADDERWORT FAMILY 106-107

127

Bloodroot, 73
Blue-eyed grass, 58
Blueberry, low sweet, 98

velvet-leaf, 98
Bog-cotton, 52

tawny, 52
Bog-laurel, 17, 98
Bog-rosemary, 17, 97
Boneset, 116
BORAGE FAMILY, 101
Bouncing-bet, 68
Box-elder, 86

Brooklime, American, 105
BROOM-RAPE FAMILY, 106
Buckbean, 17, 99
Buckthorn, alder-leaved, 87
BUCKTHORN FAMILY, 87
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY, 65-66
Buffalo-berry, 91
Bugleweed, 102
Bulrush, 18, 52-53

hardstem, 52

soft-stem, 18, 53

water, 53
Bunchberry, 14, 96
Burdock, common, 112
Burnet-saxifrage, 95
Bur-reed, 18, 33

floating, 33
BUR-REED FAMILY, 33
Butter-and-eggs, 104
Buttercup, bristly, 72

creeping, 72

cursed, 72

hooked, 72

kidneyleaf, 7 1

tall, 71
Buttonbush, 107

Campion, bladder, 69

white, 68
Caraway, 94
Cardinal-flower, 111
Carpetweed, 67
CARPETWEED FAMILY, 67
CASHEW FAMILY, 86
Catchfly, garden, 68

night-flowering, 68

sleepy, 68
Catnip, 103
Cat-tail, common, 18, 32

narrow-leaved, 18, 32
CAT-TAIL FAMILY, 32
Cedar, eastern white, 17, 32
Celandine, 73
Charlock, 74
Cherry, black, 81

choke, 81

pin, 80
Chickweed, common, 69

field, 67

mouse-ear, 67
Chicory, 19, 115
Chokeberry, 18, 78
Cinquefoil, 80

common, 80

marsh, 80

rough, 80

rough-fruited, 80

silvery, 80
Cleavers, 107
Clover, alsike, 84

hop, 84

red, 84

white, 84

white sweet, 84

yellow sweet, 84
Clubmoss, bog, 25

bristly, 25

running pine, 25

savin-leaved, 26

shining, 25

staghorn, 25

tree, 25
CLUBMOSS FAMILY, 25-26
Cohosh, blue, 72
Coltsfoot, 120

sweet, 118
Columbine, garden, 71

wild, 71
Comfrey, common, 101

wild, 101
Coneflower, green-headed, 118
Coontail, 19, 69
Coral-root, early, 18, 58

spotted, 58

128

striped, 58
Corydalis, pale, 73
Cotton-grass, 12, 17, 52
Cow-wheat, 105
Cranberry, high-bush, 1 10

large, 17, 98

small, 17, 98
Cranesbill, Bicknell's, 85
Cress, bitter, 17, 74

field, 15, 75

marsh, 75

rock, 73

water, 75

winter, 73
CROWFOOT FAMILY, 70-72
Crown- vetch, 83
Cucumber-root, Indian, 56
Cudweed, 116

low, 116
Currant, bristly black, 77

red, 77

skunk, 77

swamp red, 18, 77
CYPRESS FAMILY, 32

Daisy, ox-eye, 1 14
Dandelion, common, 120

fall, 118

red-seeded, 120
Day-lily, orange, 56

yellow, $6
Dewberry, northern, 82

swamp, 82
Dewdrops, 79
Dock, bitter, 66

curly, 66

patience, 66

sour, 66
Dogbane, spreading, 100
DOGBANE FAMILY, 100
Dogwood, pagoda, 96

red osier, 96

round-leaved, 96

silky, 96
DOGWOOD FAMILY, 96
Doll's-eyes, 70
Duckweed, 18, 53

greater, 53

DUCKWEED FAMILY, 53
Dutchman's breeches, 16, 73

Elder, red-berried, 109
Elderberry, common, 109
Elm, rock, 64

white, 64
ELM FAMILY, 64
Enchanter's nightshade, 92

smaller, 18, 92
Evening primrose, 93

small-flowered, 93
EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY,

92-93

Fern, bracken, 30

bulblet bladder, 28

Christmas, 30

cinnamon, 18, 27

crested shield, 29

evergreen wood, 29

fragrant wood, 29

Goldie's, 29

hay-scented, 29

hybrid, 29, 30

interrupted, 28

maidenhair, 28

marginal shield, 29

marsh, 31

New York, 30

northern fragile, 29

northern beech, 30

oak, 30

ostrich, 30

rattlesnake, 27

royal, 18, 28

sensitive, 18, 30

spinulose wood, 29

upland lady, 28

Virginia chain, 31
Fescue, hard, 39

meadow, 39

red, 39

Rocky Mountain, 39

tall, 39
Feverwort, 110
Figwort, hare, 105
FIGWORT FAMILY, 104-106

29

Fireweed, 19, 92
Flag, blue, 58
Fleabane, common, 115

daisy, 115

rough daisy, 115
Floating-heart, 100
Foamflower, 77
Forget-me-not, 101
FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY, 67
Foxtail, green, 43

short awn, 37

yellow, 43
FROG'S-BIT FAMILY, 36
FUMITORY FAMILY, 73

Galingale, 50

Gentian, narrow-leaved, 99
GENTIAN FAMILY, 99-100
GERANIUM FAMILY, 85
Germander, 104
Gill-over-the-ground, 102
Ginseng, 94

GINSENG FAMILY, 94
Goatsbeard, 120
Goldenrod, bog, 1 19

Canada, 119

early, 119

grass-leaved, 119

gray, 119

hairy, 119

rough-stemmed, 1 19

stout, 119
Goldthread, 71
Gooseberry, prickly, 77 .

wild, 77
Goosefoot, maple-leaved, 66
GOOSEFOOT FAMILY, 66-67
GOURD FAMILY, 110
Goutweed, 94
GRAPE FAMILY, 87
Grape fern, cut-leaved, 27

dwarf, 27

leathery, 27

matricary, 27
Grass, alkali, 43

annual blue, 42

autumn bent, 37

barnyard, 38

blue joint reed, 38
bottlebrush, 39
broadleaf panic, 41
Canada blue, 43
creeping bent, 37
cut, 40

downy brome, 38
English rye, 40
false medic, 43
floating manna, 18, 39
fowl manna, 40
fowl meadow, 43
fringed brome, 37
hair, 38

Kentucky blue, 43
large crab, 38
leafy wood, 37
long manna, 40
moor mat, 41
muhly, 40-41
nodding wood, 38
northern reed, 38
orchard, 38
panic, 41, 42
plume, 40
poa, 43
poverty, 38
quack, 36
rattlesnake, 18, 39
redtop, 37
reed, 42
reed canary, 42
ribbon, 42
rice, 41

smooth brome, 37
smooth crab, 38
sweet, 40
sweet vernal, 37
tall cord, 43
tall manna, 39
tickle, 37
velvet, 40

western barnyard, 38
wheat, 37
witch, 41, 42
wood blue, 43
yellow panic, 42
GRASS FAMILY, 36-44

30

Grass-pink, 17, 58
Greenbrier, prickly, 57
Gromwell, 101
Ground-cedar, 25, 26
Ground-cherry, clammy, 104
Ground-pine, 25

Huckleberry, black, 98

Indian-pipe, 96
Indian-tobacco, 111
IRIS FAMILY, 58
Ironwood, 16, 64

HAREBELL FAMILY, 111
Hawk's beard, narrow-leaved, 115
Hawkweed, Canada, 117

hybrid, 117

mouse-ear, 117

orange, 116

rough, 117

yellow, 117
Hawthorn, 78-79
Hazel, beaked, 63
Heal-all, 103

HEATH FAMILY, 97-98
Hedge-hyssop, 10, 104
Heliotrope, garden, 1 10
Helleborine, 59
Hemlock, eastern, 16, 32
Hemp, Indian, 100
Hemp-nettle, 102
Hepatica, round-lobed, 71

sharp-leaved, 71
Herb-robert, 85
Herb-sophia, 74
Hobble-bush, 110
HOLLY FAMILY, 86
Honewort, 95
Honeysuckle, bush, 108

fly, 109

glaucous, 109

hairy, 109

pretty, 109

Tartarian, 109
HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY, 108-110
Hop, common, 64
HORNWORT FAMILY, 69
Horsetail, common, 26

variegated, 27

water, 18, 26

woodland, 27
HORSETAIL FAMILY, 26-27
Horseweed, 115
Hound's-tongue, 101

Jack-in-the-pulpit, 53
Jewel weed, 18, 87
Joe-Pye weed, 116
Johnny-jump-up, 91
Juniper, common, 32

King devil, 117
Knapweed, spotted, 1 14
Knawel, 68

Knotweed, Japanese, 65
prostrate, 65

Labrador tea, 98
Ladies' tresses, Case's, 61

hooded, 61

hybrid, 61

nodding, 61

slender, 61
Lady's-slipper, large yellow, 59

pink, 58

queen, 59

showy, 59
Lady's-thumb, 66
Lamb's quarters, 66
Leatherleaf, 17, 97
Leatherwood, 91
Lettuce, hairy, 117

prickly, 118

tall white, 118

white, 118

wild, 117
Licorice, white wild, 108

yellow wild, 108
Lilac, common, 99
Lily, corn, 56

trout, 56

wood, 56
LILY FAMILY, 55-57
LINDEN FAMILY, 88
Littorella, 107
Live-forever, 76

131

Lobelia, pale-spike, 1 1 1

water, 10, 111
LOBELIA FAMILY, 111
Loosestrife, dotted, 99

fringed, 98

purple, 91

swamp, 91

tufted, 99
LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY, 91
Lychnis, scarlet, 68

MADDER FAMILY, 107- 108
Mallow, common, 88

musk, 88
MALLOW FAMILY, 88
Maple, Manitoba, 86

mountain, 87

red, 17, 87

silver, 87

striped, 86

sugar, 15, 87
MAPLE FAMILY, 86-87
Mare's-tail, 94
MARE'S-TAIL FAMILY, 94
Marijuana, 64
Marsh-marigold, 71
Mayweed, 112
Meadow-beauty, 91
Meadow-rue, early, 72

purple, 72

tall, 72
Meadowsweet, broad-leaved, 83

narrow-leaved, 82
Medick, black, 83
MELASTOMA FAMILY, 91
Mermaid-weed, 94
MEZERUM FAMILY, 91
Mignonette, 75
MIGNONETTE FAMILY, 75
Milkweed, common, 100

swamp, 100
MILKWEED FAMILY, 100
Milkwort, 85

MILKWORT FAMILY, 85
Millet, broomcorn, 42

wood, 40
MINT FAMILY, 102-104
Mitrewort, 76

naked, 17, 76
Moccasin flower, pink, 58

white-lipped, 59
Mock-orange, 76
Monkey-flower, 105
Monkshood, 70

MORNING-GLORY FAMILY, 100
Moss-pink, 101
Mother-of-thyme, 103
Motherwort, 102
Mountain-ash, 82

showy, 82
Mountain holly, 18, 86
Mugwort, 112
MULBERRY FAMILY, 64
Mullein, common, 105
Mustard, field, 74

hedge, 75

tower, 73

tumble, 75

wormseed, 74
MUSTARD FAMILY, 73-75

Naiad, 35
Nannyberry, 1 10
Narcissus, poet's, 58
Nettle, false, 64

stinging, 65

wood, 18, 64
NETTLE FAMILY, 64-65
Nightshade, bittersweet, 104

black, 104
NIGHTSHADE FAMILY, 104
Ninebark, 80

Oak, red, 64

OLEASTER FAMILY, 91
OLIVE FAMILY, 99
Orchid, blunt-leaf, 18, 60

club-spur, 60

green fringed, 60

large round-leaved, 60

long-bracted green, 58

purple fringed, 61

tall northern green, 18, 60
ORCHID FAMILY, 58-61
ORPINE FAMILY, 76
Oswego-tea, 103

132

Ox-eye. rough, 1 16

PARSLEY FAMILY, 94-95
Parsnip, cow, 95

giant cow, 95

water, 95

wild, 95
Partridge-berry, 14, 108
Pea, everlasting, 83

sweet, 83
Pearlwort, 68
Pearly everlasting, 111
Penny-cress, field, 75
Peppergrass, 75
Peppermint, 103
Periwinkle, 100
Phlox, 100

PHLOX FAMILY, 100-101
Pickerel-weed, 18, 54
PICKEREL- WEED FAMILY, 54
Pigweed, 67
Pilewort, 115
Pimpernel, false, 105
Pine, red, 16, 32

Scotch, 32

white, 16, 32
Pineapple-weed, 118
PINE FAMILY, 31-32
Pinesap, 96
Pink, Deptford, 67

garden, 68

maiden, 68
PINK FAMILY, 67-69
Pinweed, 89
Pipewort, 54

PIPEWORT FAMILY, 54
Pipsissewa, 96
Pitcher-plant, 17, 76
PITCHER-PLANT FAMILY, 76
Plantain, common, 15, 107

English, 107

pale, 107
PLANTAIN FAMILY, 107
Plum, Canada, 80
Poison ivy, 86
Polygala, fringed, 85
Polypody, common, 30
POLYPODY FAMILY 28-31

Pondweed, 18, 19, 34, 35

alpine, 33

flat-stemmed, 35

floating, 34

large-leaf, 33

leafy, 34

narrow-leaved, 33-34, 35

sago, 34

snailseed, 35

variable, 34
PONDWEED FAMILY, 33-35
Poplar, balsam, 62

silver, 61

white, 61
POPPY FAMILY, 73
PRIMROSE FAMILY, 98-99
PURSLANE FAMILY, 67
Pussytoes, 112

field, 112
Pyrola, 96

green, 97

one-sided, 97
PYROLA FAMILY, 96-97

Queen Anne's-lace, 95
Queen-of-the-prairie, 79
Quillwort, 26
QUILLWORT FAMILY, 26

Ragweed, 111
Ragwort, balsam, 119
Raspberry, dwarf, 18, 82

purple-flowering, 82

wild red, 82
Rattlesnake-plantain, 59

dwarf, 59

Menzies', 59
Rocket, dame's, 74
ROCKROSE FAMILY, 89
Rose, many-flowered, 81

prickly wild, 81

smooth wild, 81

swamp, 81
ROSE FAMILY, 77-83
Rose-pogonia, 17, 61
ROYAL FERN FAMILY, 27-28
Rush, 15, 18, 54, 55

bayonet, 55

133

Canada, 18, 54

needle, 51

path, 55

soft, 55

toad, 54

wood, 55
RUSH FAMILY, 54-55
Rye, 43
Rye-grass, Virginia wild, 39

SANDALWOOD FAMILY, 65

Sandwort, thyme-leaved, 67
Sarsaparilla, bristly, 94

wild, 94
Saxifrage, early, 14, 77
SAXIFRAGE FAMILY, 76-77
Scouring-rush, dwarf, 26

rough, 26
Sedge, 12, 15, 17, 18, 44-50

three-way, 51

umbrella, 50
SEDGE FAMILY, 44-53
Selfheal, 103
Serviceberry, 77, 78

smooth, 78
Sheep-laurel, 98
Sheep-sorrel, 15, 66
Shepherd's purse, 74
Shinleaf, 18, 97
Silverweed, 80
Skullcap, common, 103

mad-dog, 103
Smartweed, bristly, 65

common, 65

dotted, 66

pale, 66

water, 65
Snakeroot, black, 95
Snapdragon, dwarf, 104
Snowberry, 109

creeping, 97
Solomon's-seal, false, 56

hairy, 56

starry, 57

three-leaved, 17, 57
Sow-thistle, 120

common, 120

field, 119

spiny-leaved, 120
Spearwort, creeping, 15, 72
Speedwell, common, 105

corn, 105

marsh, 105

thyme-leaved, 106

water, 105
Spikemoss, rock, 26
SPIKEMOSS FAMILY, 26
Spikenard, 94
Spike-rush, 15, 18,51
Spiraea, false, 82
Spleenwort, maidenhair, 28

narrow-leaved, 12, 28

silvery, 28
Spring-beauty, 16, 67
Spruce, black, 17, 31

red, 31

white, 31
Spurge, 85

cypress, 85

spotted, 86

sun, 85
SPURGE FAMILY, 85-86
Spurrey, corn, 69
Squirrel-corn, 16, 73
St. John's-wort, Canadian, 88

common, 89

dwarf, 88

large, 88

marsh, 89

northern, 88

pale, 88
ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY, 88-89
STAFF-TREE FAMILY, 86
Starflower, 99
Starwort, 19, 69
Steeple-bush, 83
Stickseed, 101

prickly, 101
Stitchwort, lesser, 69
Stonecrop, mossy, 14, 76

Spanish, 76
Strawberry, barren, 83

wild, 79

wood, 79
Strawberry-blite, 66
Sumac, staghorn, 86

134

Sundew, round-leaved, 17, 76
spatulate-leaved, 17, 76

SUNDEW FAMILY, 76

Sundrops, 93

Sunflower, common, 116
woodland, 1 16

Swamp-candles, 99

Sweet-brier, 81

Sweet cicely, 95

Sweet-fern, 63

Sweetflag, 53

Sweet gale, 17, 63

Tamarack, 17, 31
Tansy, 120
Tansy-mustard, 74
Tapegrass, 19, 36
Tear-thumb, 66
Thimbleweed, 70
Thistle, bull, 19, 115

Canada, 19, 115

Russian, 67
Tickseed, 115
Timothy, 42
Toadflax, 104

bastard, 65
Toothwort, 74
Touch-me-not, 87
TOUCH-ME-NOT FAMILY, 87
Trailing-arbutus, 97
Trillium, painted, 57

red, 57

red (yellow form), 57

white, 57
Turtlehead, 104
Twayblade, auricled, 59

Loesel's, 59
Twig-rush, 50
Twinflower, 14, 109
Twisted-stalk, rose, 57

Umbrellawort, 67

VALERIAN FAMILY, 110

Vervain, blue, 102
narrow-leaf, 102
VERVAIN FAMILY, 102

Vetch, cow, 84

four-sided, 85

narrow-leaved, 84
Vetchling, 83

yellow, 83
Viburnum, maple-leaved, 110
Violet, American dog, 89

blue marsh, 89

blue marsh (white form), 90

Canada, 89

downy yellow, 90

great-spurred, 90

hooked-spur, 89

kidney-leaved, 18, 90

lance-leaved, 10, 90

large-leaved white, 90

northern blue, 91

northern bog, 90

northern white, 90

smooth yellow, 90

sweet white, 89

woolly blue, 91
VIOLET FAMILY, 89-91
Viper's bugloss, 19, 101
Virginia creeper, 87
Virgin's-bower, 71

Wall-rocket, 74
Wartweed, 86
Water-arum, 18, 53
Water-carpet, golden, 76
Water-crowfoot, white, 71

yellow, 71
Water-hemlock, 94
Water-horehound, cut-leaved, 102
Water-lily, white, 18, 70

yellow, 18, 69, 70
WATER-LILY FAMILY, 69-70
Water-marigold, 113
Water-milfoil, 18, 19, 93

Eurasian, 93
WATER-MILFOIL FAMILY, 93-94
Water-pennywort, 95
Water-plaintain, 36
WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY, 36
Water-purslane, 92
Water-shield, 18, 69
Water-starwort, 86
WATER-STARWORT FAMILY, 86

35

Waterweed, 19, 36
Waterwort, 89

WATERWORT FAMILY, 89
Wheat, hard, 44
Wild basil, 103
Wild bergamot, 103
Wildcalla,53
Wild chive, 55
Wild cucumber, 1 10
Wild iris, 18, 58
Wild leek, 16, 55
Wild lily-of-the-valley, 56
Wild mint, 102
Wild-raisin, 18, 110
Wild thyme, 104
Willow, balsam, 63
beaked, 62

crack, 62
flat-leaved,
pussy, 62
shining, 62
slender, 63
stiff, 62

63

upland, 62
WILLOW FAMILY, 61 -63
Willow-herb, 92

hairy, 92

narrow-leaved, 92
Winterberry, 18, 86
Wintergreen, 98

one-flowered, 96
Wolfberry, 109
Woodsia, rusty, 31
Wood-sorrel, 85

yellow, 85
WOOD-SORREL FAMILY, 85
Wool-grass, 52
Wormwood, 112
Woundwort, 103

Yarrow, 111

Yellow-eyed grass, 53-54
YELLOW-EYED GRASS FAMILY,

53-54
Yew, American, 31
YEW FAMILY, 31

136

INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES

Page numbers in italics indicate synonyms.

Abies, 16, 17, 31
Acer, 15, 17, 86-87
ACERACEAE, 86-87
Achillea, 111
Aconitum, 70
Acorus, 53
Actaea, 70
Adiantum, 28
Aegopodium, 94
Agrimonia, 11
Agropyron, 36-37
Agrostis, 37
AIZOACEAE, 67
A lis ma, 36

ALISMATACEAE, 36
Allium, 16, 55
Alnus, 18,63
Alopecurus, 37
Alyssum, 73

AMARANTHACEAE, 67
Amaranthus, 67
AMARYLLIDACEAE, 58
Ambrosia, 111
Amelanchier, 77-78
ANACARDIACEAE, 86
Anacharis, 36
Anaphalis, 111
Andromeda, 17, 97
Anemone, 70
Antennaria, 112
Anthemis, 112
Anthoxanthum, 37
APIACEAE, 94-95
APOCYNACEAE, 100
Apocynum, 100
AQUIFOLIACEAE, 86
Aquilegia, 71
Arabis, 73
ARACEAE, 53
Aralia, 94
ARALIACEAE, 94
Arctium, 112

Arctostaphylos, 97
Arenaria, 67
Arisaema, 53
^row/'fl, 18, 78
Artemisia, 112
ASCLEPIADACEAE, 100
Asclepias, 100
Asparagus, 56
Asplenium, 28
Ulster, 112-113
ASTERACEAE, 111-120
Athyrium, 12, 28

BALSAMINACEAE, 87
Barbarea, 73
BERBERIDACEAE, 72
tfe/w/fl, 16,63
BETULACEAE, 63-64
fl/<fe/w, 113-114
Boehmeria, 64
BORAGINACEAE, 101
Botrychium, 27
Brachyelytrum, 37
Brasenia, 18,69
Brassica, 74

BRASSICACEAE, 73-75
Bromus, 37-38

Calamagrostis, 38
Cfl//fl, 18, 53

CALLITRICHACEAE, 86
Callitriche, 19, 86
Calopogon, 17, 58
Ca/f/w, 71
Campanula, 111
CAMPANULACEAE, 111
Cannabis, 64

CAPRIFOLIACEAE, 108-110
Capsella, 74
Cardamine, 17, 74
Can?*, 12,15,17,18,44-50
Carum, 94

137

CARYOPHYLLACEAE, 67-69

Caulophyllum, 72

CELASTRACEAE, 86

Celastrus, 86

Centaurea, 114

Cephalanthus, 107

Cerastium, 67

CERATOPHYLLACEAE, 69

Ceratophyllum, 19, 69

Chaenorrhinum, 104

Chamaedaphne, 17, 97

Chelidonium, 73

Chelone, 104

CHENOPODIACEAE, 66-67

Chenopodium, 66

Chimaphila, 96

Chiogenes, 97

Chrysanthemum, 114

Chrysosplenium, 76

Cichorium, 19, 115

Cicuta, 94

Cinna, 38

CzVoiefl, 18,92

Cirsium, 19, 115

CISTACEAE, 89

Cladium, 50

Claytonia, 16, 67

Clematis, 71

Clintonia, 56

Coeloglossum, 58

Comandra, 65

Comptonia, 63

COMPOSITAE, see ASTERACEAE

CONVOLVULACEAE, 100

Convolvulus, 100

Conyza, 115

Copt is, 71

Corallorhiza, 18, 58

Coreopsis, 115

CORNACEAE, 96

Corrtws, 14,96

Coronilla, 83

Corydalis, 73

Corylus, 63

CRASSULACEAE, 76

Crataegus, 78-79

Crepis, 115

CRUCIFERAE, see BRASSICACEAE

Cryptotaenia, 95
CUCURBITACEAE, 110
CUPRESSACEAE, 32
Cynoglossum, 101
CYPERACEAE, 44-53
Cyperus, 50
Cypripedium, 58-59
Cystopteris, 28-29

Dactylis, 38
Dalibarda, 79
Danthonia, 38
Daucus, 95
Decodon, 91
Dennstaedtia, 29
Dentaria, 74
Deschampsia, 38
Descurainia, 74
Dianthus, 67-68
Dicentra, 16, 73
Diervilla, 108
Digit aria, 38
Diplotaxis, 74
Z)/raz, 91
Drosera, 17, 76
DROSERACEAE, 76
Dryopteris, 29-30, J0
Dulichium, 51

Echinochloa, 38
Echinocystis, 110
Echium, 19, 101
ELATINACEAE, 89
£/0///i£?, 89

ELAEAGNACEAE,91
Eleocharis, 15,18,51
£/<*/«!, 19, 36
Elymus, 39
Epifagus, 106
Epigaea, 97
Epilobium, 19, 92
Epipactis, 59
EQUISETACEAE, 26-27
Equisetum, 18, 26-27
Erechtites, 115
ERICACEAE, 97-98
Erigeron, 115, 775
ERIOCAULACEAE, 54

138

Eriocaulon, 54
Eriophorum, 12, 17, 52
Erysimum, 74
Erythronium, 56
Eupatorium, 116
Euphorbia, 85-86
EUPHORBIACEAE, 85-86
Kw.hamia, 119

FABACEAE, 83-85
FAGACEAE, 64

Fagus, 16, 64
Festuca, 39
Filipendula, 79
Fragaria, 79
Fraxinus, 16, 17, 99
FUMARIACEAE, 73

Hierochloe, 40
HIPPURIDACEAE,94
Hippuris, 94
//o/cws, 40
Humulus, 64

HYDROCHARITACEAE, 36
Hydrocotyle, 95
HYPERICACEAE, 88-89
Hypericum, 88-89, 59
Hystrix, 39

Ilex, 18, 86
Impatiens, 18, 87
IRIDACEAE, 58
Ms, 18, 58
ISOETACEAE, 26
Isoetes, 26

Galeopsis, 102
Ga/zwm, 107-108
Gaultheria, 97-98
Gaylussacia, 98
Gentiana, 99

GENTIANACEAE, 99- 100
GERANIACEAE, 85
Geranium, 85
Geum, 79
Glechoma, 102
Glyceria, 18, 39-40
Gnaphalium, 116
Goody era, 59

GRAMINEAE, see POACEAE
Gratiola, 10, 104
Gymnocarpium, 30

Habenaria, 58, 60-61
Hackelia, 101
HALORAGACEAE, see
HALORAGIDACEAE
HALORAGIDACEAE, 93-94
Helianthus, 116
Heliopsis, 116
Hemerocallis, 56
Hepatica, 71
Heracleum, 95
Herniaria, 68
Hesperis, 74
Hieracium, 19,21, 116-117

JUNCACEAE, 54-55
JUNCAGINACEAE, 36

/imcws, 15, 18, 54-55
Juniperus, 32

tffl/wi'fl, 17,98

LABIATAE, see LAMIACEAE

Lactuca, 117-118

LAMIACEAE, 102-104

Laportea, 18, 64

Lappula, 101

Larix, 17, 31

Lathy rus, 83

Lec/HU 89

L^wm, 98

Leersia, 40

Lemna, 18, 53

LEMNACEAE, 53

LENTIBULARIACEAE, 106-107

Leontodon, 118

Leonurus, 102

Lepidium, 15, 75

LILIACEAE, 55-57

Lilium, 56

Linaria, 104

Lindernia, 105

Linnaea, 14, 109

Liparis, 59

Listera, 59

139

Lithospermum, 101
Littorella, 107
Lobelia, 10,111
LOBELIACEAE, 111
Lolium, 40
Lonicera, 109
Lotus, 83
Ludwigia, 92
Luzula, 55
Lychnis, 68, 65
LYCOPODIACEAE, 25-26
Lycopodium, 25-26
Lycopus, 102
Lysimachia, 98-99
LYTHRACEAE, 91
Lythrum, 91

Maianthemum, 56
Malaxis, 12, 60
Afa/ws, 80
Ma/vfl, 88
MALVACEAE, 88
Matricaria, 118
Matteuccia, 30
Medeola, 56
Medicago, 83-84
Melampyrum, 105
MELASTOMACEAE, 91
Melilotus, 84
Afem/za, 102-103
Menyanthes, 17, 99
Milium, 40
Mimulus, 105
Mirabilis, 67
Miscanthus, 40
Mitchella, 14, 108
Mte//a, 17, 76
Mollugo, 67
Monarda, 103
Moneses, 96
Monotropa, 96
MORACEAE, 64
Muhlenbergia, 40-41
Myosotis, 101
Myrica, 17, 63, 63
MYRICACEAE, 63
Myriophyllum, 18, 19, 93

NAJADACEAE, 35, see also
POTAMOGETONACEAE

Najas, 35
Narcissus, 58
Nardus, 41
Nasturtium, 75
Naumbergia, 99
Nemopanthus, 18, 86
i\fep#a, 103
Mp/ww; 18, 69-70
NYCTAGINACEAE, 67
Nymphaea, 18, 70
NYMPHAEACEAE, 69-70
Nymphoides, 100

Oenothera, 93
OLEACEAE, 99
ONAGRACEAE, 92-93
Onoclea, 18, 30
OPHIGLOSSACEAE, 27
ORCHIDACEAE, 58-61
OROBANCHACEAE, 106
Orthilia, 97
Oryzopsis, 41
Osmorhiza, 95
Osmunda, 18, 27-28
OSMUNDACEAE, 27-28
Ortryfl, 16,64
OXALIDACEAE, 85
Oxa/w, 85
Oxybaphus, 67

Panax, 94
Panicum, 41-42
PAPAVERACEAE, 73
Parthenocissus, 87
Pastinaca, 95
Petasites, 118
Phalaris, 42
Phegopteris, 30
Philadelphus, 76
Phleum, 42
P/z/ax, 100-101
Phragmites, 42
Physalis, 104
Physocarpus, 80
P/arc, 17, 31
Pimpinella, 95

140

PINACEAE, 31-32
Pinus, 16, 32
PLANTAGINACEAE, 107

Plantago, 15, 19, 107
Platanthera, 18,60-61
Poa, 42-43
POACEAE, 36-44
Pogonia, 17, 61

POLEMONIACEAE, 100-101
Poly gala, 85
POLYGALACEAE, 85
POLYGONACEAE, 65-66
Polygonatum, 56
Polygonum, 65-66
POLYPODIACEAE, 28-31
Polypodium, 30
Polystichum, 30
Pontederia, 18, 54
PONTEDERIACEAE, 54
Populus, 61-62
PORTULACACEAE, 67
Potamogeton, 18, 19, 33-35
POTAMOGETONACEAE, 20, 33-35
Potentilla, 80
Prenanthes, 118
PRIMULACEAE, 98-99
Proserpinaca, 94
Prunella, 103
Prwwws, 80-81
Pteridium, 30
Puccinellia, 43
/Vo/tf, 18, 96-97
PYROLACEAE, 20, 96-97

Quercus, 64

RANUNCULACEAE, 70-72
Ranunculus, 15,71-72
Reseda, 75
RESEDACEAE, 75
RHAMNACEAE, 87
Rhamnus, 87
tf/zex/a, 91
tf/zws, 86

Rhynchospora, 17, 52
Kites, 18,77
Robinia, 84

Rorippa, 75
flora, 81

ROSACEAE, 77-83
RUBIACEAE, 107-108
flK&ttf, 18,81-82
Rudbeckia, 118
Rumex, 15, 66

Sagina, 68

Sagittaha, 10, 36

SALICACEAE, 61-63

Sfc/ix, 18, 62-63

Sal sol a, 67

Sambucus, 109

Sanguinaria, 73

Sanicula, 95

SANTALACEAE, 65

Saponaria, 68

Sarracenia, 17, 76

SARRACENIACEAE, 76

Satureja, 103

Saxifraga, 14, 77

SAXIFRAGACEAE, 76-77

Scheuchzeria, 36

Schizachne, 43

Sc/r/?ws, 18, 52-53

Scrophularia, 105

SCROPHULARIACEAE, 104-106

Scutellaria, 103

Secale, 43

■Stt/ww, 14, 76

Selaginella, 26

SELAGINELLACEAE, 26

Senecio, 119

Set aria, 43

Shepherdia, 91

Site/a?, 68-69

Sisymbrium, 75

Sisyrinchium, 58

Szww, 95

Smilacina, 17, 56-57

Smilax, 57

SOLANACEAE, 104

Solanum, 104

Solidago, 19,119

Sonchus, 119-120

Sorbaria, 82

Sorbus. 82

141

SPARGANIACEAE, 33

Sparganium, 18, 33
Spartina, 43
Spergula, 69
Spiraea, 82-83
Spirant hes, 61
Spirodela, 53
Stachys, 103
Steironema, 98
Stellaria, 69
Streptopus, 57
Subularia, 75
Symphoricarpos, 109
Symphytum, 101
Syringa, 99

Tanacetum, 120
Taraxacum, 120
TAXACEAE, 31
7&XW5, 31
Teucrium, 104
Thalictrum, 72
Thelypteris, 30-31, 50
Thlaspi, 75
r/zw/fl, 17, 32
THYMELAEACEAE, 91
Thymus, 104
Tiarella, 11
Tilia, 16, 88
TILIACEAE, 88
Tragopogon, 120
Triadenum, 89
Trientalis, 99
Trifolium, 84
Trillium, 57
Triosteum, 110
Triticum, 44

75tt£0, 16, 32
Tussilago, 120
7y/?/ztf, 18, 32
TYPHACEAE, 32

ULMACEAE, 64

Ulmus, 64

UMBELLIFERAE, see APIACEAE

C/m'az, 65

URTICACEAE, 64-65

Utricularia, 19,106-107

Uvular ia, 57

Vaccinium, 17, 98
Valeriana, 110
VALERIANACEAE, 110
Vallisneria, 19, 36
Verbascum, 105
Verbena, 102
VERBENACEAE, 102
Veronica, 105-106
Viburnum, 18, 110
Ffcw, 84-85
Kmca, 100
K/o/fl, 10, 18, 89-91
VIOLACEAE, 89-91
VITACEAE, 87

Waldsteinia, 83
Woodsia, 31
Woodwardia, 31

XYRIDACEAE, 53-54
Ajro, 53-54

ZOSTERACEAE, see

POTAMOGETONACEAE

142

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Shrubs of Ontario

James H. Soper and
Margaret L. Heimburger

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• A comprehensive guide to shrubs in Ontario

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Deborah A. Metsger

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• Text in both English and French

$4.95, Paper, 56 Pages, ISBN 0-88854-348-4

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