DIRECTORY OF FOREST SERVICE.—DISTRICT 5 (CALIFORNIA AND WESTERN NEVADA). PAuL G. REDINGTON, District Forester. District office, Ferry Building, San Francisco, Cal. National Forest. Forest supervisor. Headquarters. IAmpelessies sees ee California...........- Cleveland...........- Eldorado..... snes) Sequolavanceeeses Shastaes see ee Shirley W. Allen.......- Je Da Cofimans.- see eae S. A. Boulden.......- ee oe pee Building, Los Angeles, al. Willow (winter), Alder Springs (summer), Cal. San Diego, Cal. Placerville, Eldorado County, Cal. IW, 10s SON Gos odSoseos VSTi SOMES: ee ae hee Bishop, Inyo County, Cal. Wivo JNo IBUIESIHIS A oo toscee Yreka, Siskiyou County, Cal.” Coke Dunstonee sess ee Red Bluff (winter), Mineral (sum- ¢ mer), Tehama County, Cal. Wo Gr IDG oe Soe soe Alturas, Modoc County, Cal. Wis Me Mauile:2 2222222 5) Minden, Douglas County, Nev. D.N. Rogers 1 “UTOS, Wis SOM Ssascsa- Quincy, Plumas County, Cal. ates Building, Santa Barbara, al. Porterville, Tulare County, Cal. ise coeid oy Uae aya A a Sisson, Siskiyou County, Cal. M.A. Benedict!........ Northfork, Madera County, Cal. JVs Willi ao ee ees Sonora, Tuolumne County, Cal. R. L. P. Bigelow! _._..- Nevada City, Nevada County, Cal. 1B WisdOUG PS Ss ososuooes Weaverville, Trinity County, Cal. 1 District forest inspector. U. 8. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, U.4. FOREST SERVICE. WILLIAM B. GREELEY, FORESTER. HANDBOOK FOR CAMPERS IN THE NATIONAL FORESTS IN CALIFORNIA. DEPARTMENT CIRCULAR 185 (¢oREST SERVice RZTHENT OF AGRO WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1921. a. na RRR A a Sg I "Whe SMOrest /PeESTOMS oN Li Na ae ee Na Sy be a National Forests in Califormiaz s 22052 ne ae How the Forests are administered__________________ IndividualyNa tional Worests.. 0. ee ae ge KRoletnvetlie 7 a a a Po a cg a 8, ge an A OPC EDD RN age IE a) Oaliforniat curr oe 2 ee wee a oe eee , UY Sh IRs RN a Monterey division of Santa Barbara________________ Santa Vara ke AW UNE ROD Ne PATI POLES) i EN Mallee RS MIE VCO IN DM eS OuUthE ES es TC eeetga Hl) SEAN Pe see ol | . COO TTUIe, O GCs Be a ahi AR i : Camp: equipment). Bia Wie i ee RECOGNI et Cay FTES 2D yey RE) SA ie by Ln Cad COOKERY eo ait IRN eM 5 TS pe ce Disposal o£ Peruse 'e 2 Oh 2 eo a PEP Tn ee EA in ea OF tae ae aL SOUND Ta MG 98 ie NO ee Oa a eee BETH Tra CTD Sa a i a ee Be De Ans Pasture for’ Saddle ‘and: pack janimals. 00 eo iis or ae PCC TOTES Sy UT ee Mires) aad ire | freien a ay ee Se ee Pants On, fire ~rOreCelon sh EER Re MENGE Ei) th ean at nae Game and fists 1st Li ei VOTES LSTA OE A eee Miscellameous 22008 000k ea oh) NR i SNe ae a Dine a 2 erisccsunepetbannrsenevisesn liane PATO TICS TOL EC “LIBRARY OF CONGRESS Cn SEPEVED OCT 281921 | DOCUMENTS DIVISION. seerare = ~ HANDBOOK FOR CAMPERS IN THE NATIONAL FORESTS IN CALIFORNIA. California contains a great number and variety of fine camp- ing places. Most of these are in the mountains and within the boundaries of the National Forests. This is an advantage so far aS camping is concerned, Since the development of the National Forests for the perpetuation of the timber supply and the protection of stream flow has increased their attractiveness for recreation purposes. Roads and trails built by the Govern- ment are open to the public and make many regions available for camping that were formerly inaccessible. Telephone lines, built to enable lookouts to report fires promptly and the rangers to summon fire crews without loss of time, connect the most re- mote portions of the Forests with the outside world and can be “used for the transmission of important private messages. At many Forest stations and public camps campers’ registers are kept for the convenience of the public. No restrictions on camping are imposed by the Government except those which a reasonably considerate camper would im- pose upon himself. Care with fire is, of course, essential, and campers are urged to use the improved public camps wherever they have been provided. On several of the Forests, because of the extreme inflammability of the cover, campers are required to secure permits before building fires. On all the Forests, with- out exception, camp fires must be totally cS aleaie enn before being left. Streams must not be polluted and camps must be kept in sanitary condition and left in good order. At many camp sites the Forest Service provides tools to keep the camp clean and to cover the camp fire with earth before leaving. These should be used and afterwards replaced. ; 4 HANDBOOK FOR CAMPERS. Saddle and pack animals used by campers may be grazed without fee. In places where the forage needed by campers’ stock is likely to be consumed by commercial stock grazed under permit, special pastures are provided for the former. ; Firearms* are permitted, and there are no restrictions re- garding hunting or fishing, except those imposed.by the State fish and game laws. In cooperation with the California Fish and Game Commission, hundreds of mountain Streams and lakes have been stocked with suitable species of game fish. The best hunting and fishing grounds are known to the local forest officers, and campers should not hesitate to apply to them for information. Maps of many of the National Forests are published, showing in some detail the roads, trails, and streams, and giving infor- mation regarding distances, camping grounds, etc. These maps may be obtained free on application at any Forest Service office. Many persons would like to go camping, but do not know how to get started, where to go, or what to take. It is the pur- pose of this booklet to furnish general suggestions that may help such persons to make themselves comfortable in camp. A camper who has acquired some experience in woodcraft is in a position to have a much more enjoyable time than one entirely without knowledge of life in the open and, in addition, to be a source of protection instead of danger to the Forests. THE FOREST REGIONS. The forests in different parts of the State differ greatly in character. In southern California, even at comparatively high elevations, the slopes of the mountains facing the desert carry only the scantiest vegetation, consisting largely of desert species, only the canyons being shaded by sparse growths of cottonwood, sycamore, etc. On the other hand, along the north- ern coast is the redwood forest, one of the densest and most 1 National Forests should not be confused with National Parks. VFire- arms are prohibited in the latter. A ee ol ee ee HANDBOOK FOR CAMPERS. Teil eh al ' imposing in all the world. Here the trees reach a height of more than 300 feet and a diameter of 20 feet, and stand so close that only ferns and other shade-enduring plants can grow beneth them. Between these two extremes are all the grada- tions that make the forests of California so interesting and valuable. Since the character of the forest in a particular region is an index of the camping conditions to be found there, the prospective camper should know where the different kinds of forests are located in order to make intelligent selection of a camping place. In California the forests as a general thing are confined to the mountains and usually to the middle or higher elevations. Along the north coast the redwood forests occur at low altitudes, but throughout the rest of the State the climatic conditions necessary for the native species are found only in the uplands, and the character of the forest changes according to the elevation. The principal mountain chains are the Coast Range, which “roughly parallels the shore line throughout the length of the State, and the Sierra Nevada Range, which extends two-thirds of the length of the State from the Oregon line southward to the Tehachapi. Between these ranges lies the great central valley, the northern end of which is drained by the Sacramento River and the southern by the San Joaquin. Hast and south of the Sierras are the depressions known as the Mojave and Colorado Deserts, portions of which are below sea level. The highest and lowest points in the United States are in California. The bed of Salton Sea lies 287 feet below sea level, while the summit of Mount Whitney, in the Sequoia Forest, rises from the crest of the Sierras to a height of 14,502 feet. The rain and snow fall occur for the most part during the winter months. From June to September occasional thunder- storms occur inthe mountains, but they are of short duration; and it is possible to camp in comfort with only the crudest shelter. 6 HANDBOOK FOR CAMPERS. During the winter the snowfall in the higher mountains is extremely heavy, somtimes amounting to as much as 20 to 40 feet. ' NATIONAL FORESTS IN CALIFORNIA. The National Forests in California include within their boun- daries the forests on both slopes of the Sierras from the Oregon line to the Tehachapi, the Klamath River mountains,.the inte- rior ridges of the northern Coast Range as far south as Lake County, and the 'coast ranges from near Monterey southward to the Mexican boundary. The coast redwood belt passed from Government ownership into private hands before Congress authorized the creation of the National Forests.* Within the National Forests are four principal belts or zones of forest vegetation which lie, one above the other, on the slopes of the mountains. At the lowest levels is a noncommercial forest consisting of white oaks and digger pine growing in very open stands, with ground cover either of grass or of chap- arral of various species. In the northern part of the State the upper limit of this zone is about 2,000 feet in elevation. In the southern Sierras it extends up to about 4,000 feet, and in southern California somewhat higher. ; Above this foothill zone is the principal belt of commercial timber. It lies between elevations of 2,000 and 6,000 feet at the north, gradually increasing in elevation southward. Sugar pine and yellow pine are its principal species, associated with 1In order to preserve a portion of the redwood forests for the bene- fit of posterity, the State of California purchased from private owners a tract of redwood in Santa Cruz County known as the Big Basin. ' This ig managed by a commission appointed by the governor. The Muir Woods, a small but very wonderful redwood forest on the south- ern slope of Mount Tamalpais, was donated to the Nation as a national monument by Mr. William Kent. Neither of these tracts is a National Forest, although the latter is owned by the Government. They are managed solely with the view of preserving and developing their scenic features. JZANDBOOK FOR CAMPERS. 7 - incense cedar, Douglas fir, white fir, and a few hardwoeds like black oak at the lower elevations. A fir zone occurs above the yellow pine, and still higher up a scanty, wind-swept forest of the hardiest alpine species oc- _eupies the more sheltered situations. Timber line is located at about 9,000 feet. Above this elevation tree growth is practically absent. . f The boundary lines of these zones are not always clearly defined. Usually there is more or less overlapping where one belt adjoins another. For camping purposes the yellow pine-sugar pine forest is the most popular. It is comparatively accessible; wood, water, and horse feed are easy to get; and there is plenty of fish and game. The fir belt also contains delightful camping places and rather more picturesque scenery than is found at lower elevations. The Tahoe region and the Gold Lake country on the Plumas National Forest are examples of the fir type of forest. The Calaveras big-tree grove, in the Stanislaus National Forest, is located in the yellow pine-sugar pine type. The foothills are attractive only during the rainy season, being hot, dusty, and lacking water durihg the summer; and the high summits are too bleak for anything more than short mountaineering excursions from camps located at lower levels. . The Natioal Forests in California comprise 19,004,563 acres of Government land. The private holdings of timberland within the State are chiefly within or adjacent to the National Forests. Most owners are cooperating with the Government in protecting their forests from fire. In the southern California Forests are large brush areas. The chief purpose in protecting these is to conserve the water supply upon which thousands of acres of valuable land depend for irrigation. The timbered portions are protected not only for the sake of the water supply, but also in order to perpetuate the supply of timber. The stand of timber on Government land SSS — wei mn een re ee 8 - HANDBOOK FOR CAMPERS; within the National Forests of California amounts to 106,- 000,000,000 feet board measure. It consists chiefly of western yellow pine, sugar pine, Douglas fir, white and red fir, and incense cedar. HOW THE FORESTS ARE ADMINISTERED. The Forest Service of the Department of Agriculture admin- isters the National Forests. It protects them from fire and other destructive agencies. It builds roads, trails, telephone lines, bridges, and other works to make them accessible. It conducts the sale and oversees the cutting of mature timber in accordance with the principles of forestry. It regulates the grazing of live stock in a way to improve the range and protect the settler and home builder from unfair competition in its use. It issues per- mits for the development of water power and for the construc- tion of hotels, dwellings,. stores, factories, telephone lines, con- duits, public roads, reservoirs, power transmission lines, and scores of other uses. The resources of the National Forests are not locked up. The timber, water, and pasture are for the use of the people, and the minerals are open to development just as on unreserved public land. Each National Forest is in charge of a supervisor, who plans the work on his Forest under the instructions of the district forester and supervises its execution. His headquarters is lo- cated in a town conveniently situated with regard to his Forest. The work on the ground in the supervision of timber sales, grazing, free use of timber, special use, and other contracts and permits, the carrying out of the protection and improvement plans, and other administrative activities are performed by rangers. The Forests are divided into ranger districts with a ranger in charge of each. The average ranger district has about 250,000 aces, but some are much larger. ki Gl Pn Seba ae Se, Pata pigs 3 hare is ii! Mig See noe Fe OGRE 4 ¥ | ¥ HANDBOOK FOR CAMPERS. . 9 Most of the forest rangers are also deputy State game com- missioners. They assist the California Fish and Game Com- mission in enforcing the game laws, stocking streams with fish, and destroying predatory animals. Nearly 800 mountain lions, coyotes, and wildeats are killed in California by forest officers each year. Forest officers extinguish in the average year about 1,200 forest fires in California. Approximately 85 per cent of these are discovered and controlled before they reach a size of 10 acres. The remaining 15 per cent cause an average loss of more than $100,000 annually. Practically all the serious fires are caused by human agency and would not occur if proper precau- tions were taken. Inexperienced campers are responsible for most of the preventable fires. Receipts from the sale of National Forest resources in Cali- fornia amount to about $700,000 annually. Twenty-five per cent of all such receipts go to the counties in which the Forests lie to be used for schools and roads, amounting in this State to about $180,000 annually; and an additional 10 per cent of the receipts, amounting to about $70,000, is spent on roads and trails constructed primarily for the benefit of settlers within the Forests. INDIVIDUAL NATIONAL FORESTS. The following are brief descriptions of the National Forests in California. The map on pages 10 and 11 should be referred to for their location. KLAMATH NATIONAL FOREST. The Klamath National Forest contains 1,746,037 acres. It lies mostly in western Siskiyou County and is drained by the Klamath River, from which it takes its name. Klamath River has numerous tributaries, of which the most important are Shasta, Scott, and Salmon Rivers, which flow into it from 54419°—21——_2 = i > V7 AN ESMERALDA a ee J" ons GF ey " @ RY Ry bee fee Be ee a esse si8 Ly j}0 Bik Z A), / S S AVA Ty x =e SS et Cie SUL ‘es Ast wy. Nar NEN Sak eA Mw Wi AY) NY ZZ Wwe RT ARN ———————— —¥ = ie aay ann ye ia 7 12 HANDBOOK FOR CAMPERS. — the south, and Indian Creek from the north. It is a rough, mountainous country, portions of it being very difficult to travel. Yreka is the principal starting-point and is also the Forest headquarters. It is on a branch railroad which leaves the Southern Pacific at Mentague. There are roads down the main river to 15 miles below Happy Camp, dewn Scott River to its mouth, and down the Salmon below the Forks of Salmon. From the west side of the Forest can be entered by a road up the Klamath from Humboldt County. Much of the Forest is inac-. cessible, except by pack outfits. Fish and game are plentiful and camp Sites are numerous. The Forest contains 12,485,162,000 feet of merchantable tim- ber, consisting mainly of yellow pine and Douglas fir. It pro- vides forage every year for 9,750 head of cattle and horses, 16,000 head of sheep and goats, and 900 hogs. TRINITY NATIONAL FOREST. The Trinity National. Forest is situated chiefly in Trinity County and is drained by Trinity River, the largest tributary of the Klamath. It has an area of 1,746,519 acres. Its principal town is Weaverville, which is also the Forest | headquarters. Weaverville is 50 miles by stage from Redding on the Southern Pacific. The Forest is crossed east and west by the Red Bluff-Eureka State Highway, and there are roads north and west from Weaverville. Many of the more interest- ing portions of the Forest are accessible only by pack animals. Hunting and fishing are excellent in nearly all portions of the Forest. The Forest contains 11,369,244,000 feet of timber, chiefly yel- — low pine and Douglas fir. The annual growth of forage is suffi- cient for 18,000 cattle and horses, 25,000 head of sheep and goats, and 600 hogs, which graze under permit. pare oe Siac = ee Emi HANDBOOK FOR CAMPERS. 13 CALIFORNIA NATIONAL FOREST. The California National Forest comprises the interior ridges of the Coast Mountains south of the Trinity National Forest. It contains 1,062,622 acres and occupies portions of Mendocino, ‘Tehama, Glenn, Colusa, and Lake Counties. The range divides the Forest north and south, the western slopes draining into Hel River and the eastern slopes into Stony Creek, Thoms Creek, and other tributaries of the Sacramento. Fishing streams are numerous and game is abundant. The Forest is accessible on the east side from points on the Southern Pacific between Colusa and Corning and on the west side from Hopland, Ukiah, Willitts, and Dos Rios on the North- western Pacific. Willows is the Forest headquarters during the winter. In summer the office is moved to Alder Springs. The Forest contains 4,814,728,000 feet of timber and provides forage for 7,600 head of cattle and horses, 50,000 head of sheep, and 400 hogs. SHASTA NATIONAL FOREST. ‘The Shasta National Forest lies mostly in Siskiyou County, taking in also portions of Shasta and Trinity Counties. The eastern portion drains southward into Pit and McCloud Rivers, the central portion into the Sacramento, and the western por- tion includes the headwaters of the northernmest branch of the Trinity River. ~The Forest contains 1,626,624 acres, of which 840,000 acres are owned by the Government. Throughout most of the Forest alternate sections are included in the Central Pacific land grant. The Forest contains merchantable Government timber to the amount of 4,538,888,000 feet. It provides forage annually for 40,000 head of sheep and goats, 11,400 head of cattle and horses, and 800 hogs. The Shasta Forest is crossed north and south by the Southern Pacific (Shasta route) and may be entered from a number of 14 _ HANDBOOK FOR CAMPERS. stations on this road between Redding and Gazelle. The Forest headquarters is at Sisson. This is also the junction point for the McCloud River Railroad, which extends east for 50 miles. Another branch railroad leaves the main line at Weed, running northeast to Klamath Lake, Oregon. Roads parallel the railroad lines, and extend from Redding northeast into the Pit River country, from Delta into Trinity County, from Gazelle into northern Trinity County, and from Sisson to Medicine Lake. The Forest takes its name from Mount Shasta, one of ie highest mountains in the United States, with an elevation of 14,380 feet. MODOC NATIONAL FOREST. The Modoe National Forest lies in Modoc and northern Lassen Counties. It comprises 1,982,859 acres. The western pertion is an interesting lava-bed country of comparatively low relief and with but little water. Parts of the lava beds, however, con- tain excellent timber. ‘The eastern portion of the Forest in- cludes the Warner range, which slopes westward to Goose Lake and eastward to Surprise Valley, and which contains water in abundance. The principal starting-point is Alturas, which is also the Forest headquarters. It is on the Nevada-California-Oregon Railway, which leaves the Southern Pacific at Wendel and the Western Pacific at Hackstaff. The Forest is generally open in character. Wagon roads are numerous, and hunting and fishing are excellent. The Forest contains 3,842,846,000 feet of timber, and forage for 40,600 head of cattle and horses and 87.250 head of ‘SIPED and goats. LASSEN NATIONAL FOREST. The Lassen National Forest is located in Shasta, Butte, Te- hama, Plumas, and Lassen Counties. It drains northward into Pit River and westward into the Sacramento. A portion also drains eastward into Honey Lake. HANDBOOK FOR CAMPERS. 15 The Lassen contains 1,277,745 acres. It takes its name from Mount Lassen, a voleano, which became active in May, 1914, after many years of quiet. The Forest contains 6,090,300,000 feet of timber, much of it quite accessible. It yields forage for - 39,700 head of sheep and goats and 14,200 head of cattle and horses. The winter headquarters is at Red Bluff, on the Southern Pacific. During the summer the Forest is administered from Mineral, which is on the stage road from Red Bluff. Roads from Redding enter the northern portion of the Forest and stage ‘roads also leave the Western Pacific at Keddie. A branch of the Southern Pacific, which leaves the main line at Fernley, Nev., gives access to the eastern portion. PLUMAS NATIONAL FOREST. The Plumas National Forest drains chiefly westward into the Feather River. It lies mostly in Plumas County, including also portions of Butte and Lassen Counties, and contains 1,425,164 acres. It is one o. the most accessible of all the Forests, being trav- ersed east and west by the Western Pacific Railroad. The head- quarters is at Quincy, on a short spur from the main line (junc- tion point, Quincy Junction) ; and this is the principal starting- point for camping trips. There are, however, numerous sta- tions on the railroad, any one of which will serve as a starting- point. Hunting and fishing opportunities are unsurpassed, and enjoyable camping places are innumerable. - The Plumas contains 11.826,000,000 feet of timber, some of which is the most accessible to market of any belonging to the Government. Live stock to the number of 16,100 head of cattle and horses and 76,500 head of sheep and goats graze each year under Government permit. TAUOE NATIONAL FOREST. The Tahoe National Forest is named from the famous lake which lies in the southeastern corner of it. It includes portions 16 HANDBOOK FOR CAMPERS. of Sierra, Butte, Yuba, Nevada, and Placer Counties, and crosses the California line into Washoe County, Nev. It contains 1,222,045 acres, less than half of which is owned by the Goy- ernment. ; The drainage is chiefly to the west into Sacramento River, the portion of the Forest draining eastward into Nevada being comparatively small. The principal streams are Yuba, Bear, American, and Truckee Rivers. “The Southern Pacific (Ogden route) crosses the Forest east. and west. There are branches at Colfax for Nevada City and at Truckee for Lake Tahoe. One route of the Lincoln High- way goes through Auburn, Emigrant Gap, and Donner Pass. Farther north a road from Oroville crosses into Sierra Valley and connects with roads to Nevada and Oregon. The headquarters of the Tahoe Forest is at Nevada City. The Forest contains 5,627,796,000 feet of Government timber and provides forage for 10,300 head of cattle and horses and 50,500 head of sheep and goats... This is a wonderful recreation region. ELDORADO NATIONAL FOREST. The Eldorado National Forest is chiefly in Eldorado County, from’ which it takes its name. Its headquarters is at Placer- ville, which is on a branch line leaving the Southern Pacific at Sacramento. The eastern end of the Eldorado may be reached by train and steamer via Truckee and Tahoe. One route of the Lincoln Highway from Reno touches the southern end of Lake Tahoe and traverses the Eldorado Forest through the American River Canyon and Placerville. . The Eldorado contains admirable camp sites, and hunting and fishing are excellent. The Government timber amounts to 4,993,318,000 feet, containing an unusually large proportion of sugar pine. Live stock to the number of 11,700 head of cattle — and horses and 21,700 head of sheep and goats pasture on this Forest each year. Serle ieee Rat HANDBOOK FOR CAMPERS. 7 ab STANISLAUS NATIONAL FOREST. The Stanislaus National Forest takes its name from Stanis- laus River, which is one of the principal drainage systems. North of this river is the Mokelumne watershed and south of it are the Tuolumne, which fiows through Hetch Heichy Valley, and the Merced, which flows through the Yosemite. The Forest includes portions of Calaveras, Alpine, Tuolumne, and Mariposa Counties. The northern portion of the Forest extends eastward to the main crest of the Sierras; the south- ern portion is bounded on the east by Yosemite National Park. The headquarters of the Stanislaus is at Sonora, on the Sierra Railway, which leaves the Southern Pacific and the Santa Fe at Oakdale and Riverbank, respectively. There are State highways which cross the summit into Nevada, one going -by way of Long Barn and Sonora Pass; and the other, to the north, going via Murphys and the Calaveras Bigtrees. The Sierra streams flow through canyons, and roads crossing them are infrequent. The Tioga Road to the Yosemite via Big Oak Flat traverses Stanislaus Forest. 3 The Stanislaus comprises 1,104,412 acres. The stand of tim- ber amounts to 7,504,333,000 feet, and the forage supports 20,400 head of cattle and horses and 23,400 head of sheep and goats. ; Hunting and fishing are excellent and camping places nu- merous. SIERRA NATIONAL FOREST. The Sierra National Forest includes the west slope of the Sierras form Merced River southward to North Fork of Kings River, with the exception of the area occupied by Yosemite Na- tional Park. Portions of Mariposa, Madera, and Fresno Coun- ties are included. The principal watersheds are those of San Joaquin and Kings Rivers. These rivers with their tributaries, as well as many - 54419°_ 21-3 ! ; 18 HANDBOOK FOR CAMPERS. mountain lakes, have been amply stocked with trout, and fish- ing is everywhere excellent. ‘The Sierra contains 1,662,560 acres. Its headquarters is at Northfork, in Madera County, reached by stage from Fresno. The San Joaquin & Eastern Railway, which leaves the main line at El Prado, leads into a beautiful camping country around Huntington Lake. Roads lead into the Forest from Madera and Fresno. The automobile road to Wawona runs from Ray- mond via Miami, passing within two miles of the Mariposa. Grove of Bigtrees. The Forest contains 10,116,661,000 feet of merchantable tim- ber and provides forage for 18,175 head of cattle and horses, 35,300 head of sheep and goats, and 1,500 swine. SEQUOIA NATIONAL FOREST. The Sequoia National Forest covers the western flank of the Sierra Nevada range from Kings River south to Piute Moun- tain, including the watersheds of Kaweah and Kern Rivers. The Forest lies in Fresno, Tulare, and Kern Counties, and contains 2,021,609 acres. Its headquarters is at Porterville, Tulare County. | Kern River Canyon, one of the most dorndvenle canyons in the Sierras, can be reached by pack trips from Hot Springs. It is also accessible from Kernville, to which point there is a stage line from the railroad at Caliente. For Kerns River Canyon the stage may be taken from the railroad at Sanger to Hume, thence by trail into the canyon. Mount Whitney, the highest point in the United States, is on this Forest, which also includes within its boundaries Sequoia -and General Grant National Parks. The Forest contains 8,667,914,000 feet of. timber and pro- vides forage for 29,750 head of cattle and horses, 6,000 head of sheep and goats, and 600 swine. Some of the finest fishing in California is found in Kings and Kern Rivers and their tributaries. el HANDBOOK FOR CAMPERS. 19 MONO NATIONAL FOREST. The Mono National Forest lies on the eastern slope of the Sierras, in Alpine and Mono Counties. Its headquarters is at Minden, Nev., on a branch road from Reno. Carson and Walker Rivers are the principal streams. The area of the Forest is 1,358,380 acres. Its timber amounts to 1,040,742,000 feet, and it provides pasture for 6,500 head of cattle and horses and 86,600 head of sheep and goats. State roads cross the main Sierras, one into the Yosemite from the vicinity of Moto Lake, another into the Calaveras big trees by way of Markleville, and a third into Stanislaus Forest over Sonora Pass. There is also a road from Gardnerville direct to the southern end of Lake Tahoe which connects with Lincoln Highway for Sacramento. This is a fine fishing and recreation area. INYO NATIONAL FOREST. The Inyo National Forest lies east of the Sierras, in Mono and Inyo Counties. It covers the entire watershed of Owens Valley, a portion of which furnishes the water supply of the city of Los Angeles. Bishop is the headquarters, reached by rail from either Mo- have or Reno. Trails lead from Bishop, Big Pine, Independence, and other points across high passes into the most scenic portions of the high Sierras. The Mammoth region, reached by the State High- way, is one of the finest recreation areas in California. The Inyo contains 1,310,810 acres. Its timber amounts to 776,083,000 feet, and its forage accommodates 8,300 head of cattle’ and horses and 49,000 head of sheep and goats. ‘MONTEREY DIVISION OF THE SANTA BARBARA FOREST. ‘The Monterey Division of the Santa Barbara Forest is in Monterey County, and its function is to protect the watershed of Salinas River. The headquarters is at Santa Barbara. The ranger in charge of the district is stationed at Kings City. 20 HANDBOOK FOR. CAMPERS. The Division includes 360,494 acres. The timber is confined chiefly to the higher elevations on the seaward slopes and is estimated at 480,000,000 feet. Grazing is provided for cattle and horses and shen and goats. Most of this area is aecessible only by trail. SANTA BARBARA NATIONAL FOREST. The Santa Barbara National Forest comprises the brushy ranges of San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, and Ventura Coun- ties and the western portion of Los Angeles County. The streams protected, although comparatively small, are of great importance in supplying water for irrigation and domestie pur- poses. The Forest contains 1,953,604 acres. The headquarters is at Santa Barbara. ; The stand of timber amounts to 631,000,000 feet. The forage crop supports 10,875 head of cattle and horses, 15,500 head of ‘sheep and goats, and 300 swine. ANGELES NATIONAL FOREST. The watersheds comprised in the Angeles National Forest furnish water for irrigation and domestic purposes to the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Valleys. The canyons are short, steep, and, except where fire hag destroyed the cover, brushy. Tree growth is confined to the canyon bottoms, and a commer- cial forest is found only at high elevations. This Forest is much used by campers, and especially by pic. nickers, since it is easily accessible to a very large population. There are humerous summer homes maintained here under per- mit. Campers on the Forest are required to secure permits be- fore lighting camp fires. These permits are supplied by the forest officers without charge. The Angeles contains 1,065,756 acres, with a stand of timber of 1,050,000,000 feet, and has a grazing capacity of 4,100 head of cattle and horses. The Government is assisted in protecting HANDBOOK FOR CAMPERS. 21 the Angeles by contributions from the State and from associa- tions of waters users. CLEVELAND NATIONAL FOREST. The Cleveland National Forest is in four parts, each covering ‘an important watershed. The principal function of the Cleve- land Forest is the conservation of water and the prevention of erosion and silting. The Forest headquarters is at San Diego. The Forest includes 813,635 acres, of which 547,292 are Gov- ernment land. The stand of timber, which is confined to the highest elevations, amounts to 327,300,000 feet. The forage supports 3,500 head of sheep and aide and 4,000 head of cattle and horses. The Cleveland abounds in excellent camping places, especially in the San Jacinto region, reached from Hemet or from Banning, and in the Trabuco Canyon and the Laguna Mountains. Roads are numerous. OUTFIT. CLOTHING, ETC. In outfitting for forest travel the following list will serve as a guide: é CLOTHING. Old business suit; or khaki, whipcord, or overall material. Mackinaw or sweater. Underwear, medium weight. Socks, medium weight, two pairs being worn; or one pair, heavy. Shirt, flannel or khaki, light or medium weight, half size larger than usually worn. Shoes, stout, easy, with soles heavy enough for Hungarian nails; sneakers for camp. Leggings, canvas or leather (woolen puttees unsuitable). Boots, instead of shoes and leggings, if desired. Gloves, “buckskin.” Hat, moderately wide brim, felt or cloth. 22 HANDBOOK FOR: CAMPERS. BEDS. Air beds are comfortable, where they can be carried, since they can be placed even on bare rocks. Mattresses are usually too bulky. In the pine forest, pine needles, raked up before building the fire and with the cones removed, will make a com- fortable bed. BEDDING. The most serviceable bedding is a quilt of eiderdown or wool with an extra covering of denim. The quilt can be sewed or pinned with blanket pins along the bottom to form a sleeping bag. If blankets are chosen, it should be borne in mind that two light ones are warmer than a single heavy one. — A 7 by 7 foot, 10-ounce canvas when folded will make a ground cloth and an extra cover and is also useful as a pack cover or to cover camp equipment in an automobile. Remember that the nights are usualy cold in the mountains and that consider- able bedding is required. CAMP EQUIPMENT. Camp equipment used by the Forest Service in outfitting fire — crews is shown in the following list. An outfit for five men is given: FOnives;, Pealtole sy who ee AIRE I AR A ig 7 Monks tale: cued oi ig el at oe ta a a MEDS MOOS 220 Sule ee ae a Ee Soar eis HOO: SEMETLNS =o ao Soe gy aes i PAGES eel ee Wn BPMN es 8. Me 7p ch plea alesis uae Ha WY 7 G16 HCY al MRI Satsang I AEE AS ONO EAM ANE NSN 7 Milk pan® (dlishiap ie hs Da BOG IT AS i Dish (pai ea ie eeu abel. oS a 1 iry, pans, mally. os ol a eam Te 3 Stew ‘kettles; Halif-galVor sf 0O0) de isep NT) a cae EE A Ee ae 2 Wea beter Ke Ee he RE BEA AA RG ASR ae Mh Canvas water pail, 2-gallon vue kA A a BweCner knives se 21) 5 ieee 5 et OE Fe EEE eR Ok eee Z Stewpans, ‘assorted 20 oon oo 0A ee) ie 2 Can opener! S240) ae PN SOOO) TOU 9) TO BO een i-gallon ‘cotreepotet 322280 GineG Sahar G So ISN et OD as aban 4. DG FU HO VET cs et a tee ie eg ei Jb a ah a TLiagnberm os 8 RR A ASE SS SE A ee EE HANDBOOK FOR CAMPERS. ae To the foregoing may be added: ! Washbasins. Pepper and salt boxes. Oilcloth for table. Miscellaneous camp equipment: Shovel. Canteens. Axes and extra handles. 6-inch files. Saw. ? Whetstone. Hatchets. Rope and twine. Assorted nails. RATIONS. The following ration list is used by the Forest Service as a guide in subsisting fire fighters on the fire line and may: be of service to campers in outfitting for camping trips. The list shows the amounts of various articles required to subsist 10 men one day. 'The requirements of one man for 10 days will be approximately the same, and supplies for any number may be computed from the figures given. A food to be useful for camp and trail must contain the maximum amount of nutri- ment, or food value, with a minimum of bulk. Forest Service fire-crew ration list—i0 men, one day. Meat alone : IS BeSh WIC hes She Gn eee whl fo Poh iio a ou she tS 20 Canned, or) jeimed a me@a Wee 00 ale) 2 a OMe 12 Meat combined : BVCES TW BCA Genes oe es Oe dasa CO. RSS, 0 pea Ure LO Quezauwan tA) i pCOADMeR. OF! CHEE. Vea ret ict. Nh LS LEE Ss Cae A GQLe LO 0G Bread, crackers, or flour: DEY 252 40 FF ON EN NIN at eB oa pound loaves__ 9 GP AGORS i sii Oe ee Eel ee Se ail pounds__ 6 J IC) ie en ae Ne ies oN adn aR AM to OCH NS COS Baking powder (if above amount of flour is used)__do_____ 4 GLARE 0 LS 5 a EO ie a ae eC eS AU 1 a OM BARD BAR dos ee gi il OTRO in ee ah ay Aa Dy Nd aul shee PN CO a aS a ee A DOs, 4 RS RGU et ese RA RI PEL Sa Ba a yA ae A Red Le GUA EES ais ak CGS) Sy He ECORI Ml ie cc VR ARN ek acer nse pounds. 2 cg See idle LS eae UN dE TIN Se 9 OB? A ee Le COLLoMs 4 Wilke, e@anmed: 0) ieee pal a 10-cent size cans__ 3 24 HANDBOOK FOR CAMPERS. HE bo 09 oo FOO DD HHH DD HL Go EEO 09 D2, b 1H © leg ae ld VAR ee mam OO CCC BOE ak PMU Pa pounds__ _2 Fruits A Ba 2 lm Aa esha Aah eS A ELIT ade Beat ls dy pounds_. °§ 2 Ca mne gsc Fe SNE CRE SA RN ee ane Od an Quarts tir ven SH eR Aa 7 eNO SMR i Pg aN 8 NAL I our aie ae pounds_= "2 Bea nig ine mee eg pene alae Pape ey peeled doesnt PPOGACOES ie IGS INE Sines AD peal Hs A RTCA Ne dole Ontons 2802s ie Ae we Mi Bit > hci aL A Mal ah as dosins Tomatoes, canned_____________ TER pa gil I a een large cans__ IME ean orn (2 Eh 2 iN TS SN SE ea pounds__ Cheesei.CA Merve ra) Se STE ss) SA as ee ie ee ne 66 puget Erbwurst ______ pe Ne oY esc MN RAY NR NAN il vn donee PR Ties ie gM Bk Rep a Quarts ss SE hae ER a ON a A gl np geal al aa pounds__ NESS (1) ie gu ne are B/E UNM ODPL WR Ns AR Yea EY ae nts ounces__ Dish towels (cheesecloth ) - UE AA NES Oi Fees gt ea ARB eh a yards__ MP Syy RE ea ete oS Eats eee CRS, Ea es, ih 3 SUD OW A Blandétowels be uijerr aah nig aii Ye Ajinouwmy mm bers Cian ae Fete G8 cele ve Se SPO ae One WI CIMI DePNCWDEAC au EME OSaUST Ue OVER, SEAM a>? WGss asd Soap (hand, Sapo, | 4nd yawn Gwen.) eakabai ine i Sean bars__ Matches x iets ME PEAS Ahh IDES PADD eh ivy ake BN boxes__ ° Paper Wage ee aia sa HR Medan aul pL number__ 12 Total weight, 138 eg CAMP FIRES. (See illustrations on pp. 25 and 26.) Camp stoves should be taken whenever they can be trans- ported. They are safer than open fires, more convenient, re- quire less fuel, and do not blacken the cooking utensils. Collap- sible sheet-iron stoves may be obtained. In the absence of a stove an open fire must be built. A safe and serviceable fireplace can be made of rocks placed in a small circle so as to support the utensils. (Figs. 4 and 5.) Where rocks are not obtainable, poles may be used as in figure 2. For permanent camps it pays to build a stone fireplace. One is shown in the illustration ‘“‘ Details of Camp Fireplace Con- struction.” A piece of sheet iron will prevent the blackening of the pans and makes a better draft. 25 HANDBOOK FOR CAMPERS. {uoijoeg Re. = Kons A ae ‘ : Dee Kisoeg Bunu A WS) Ail se pesie uimouc< Y sk g.posieu Su us Mi } Me ge ee Sones i S37 PUNOLD MEA P2youls buUILuIOIeG wWoL) 4 OR 'Syod 4uah2d pup yoip Fe 244 B80B10Ul fim “yong NUR Fe: 944 42 pe2njd edi Your 2K 3 ANNO fo seuiol Om~ 40. BuO te ihe Pu SUOM asays JO.doL UO: one Soe f220/d uon-paays Jo 22910 Ne G2. Yo SWO4-B4Y 404 pasnag \—) ++ Gre) Yep so sunowe winj4s2z2 BD K\-): BuUISne2 AG 2/0Y ayy JO 1NO Ae SP | Tea oko i01 of te Baran aah t wrens ina eat Se ee Elder S\N era PE a OE fat Go Rage Ne ook $. TN 5 — HANDBOOK FOR CAMPERS. 26 A Ana 1 eR Wi 7a \/ as I= Se A —- gene |q Tia = ALR SVS ~2ulf dwe9 ) HANDBOOK FOR CAMPERS. 2% For temporary camps the fire should be built as follows: Dig a hole about a foot deep and about 3 or 4 feet in diameter. Shovel away the side toward the wind. Lay green poles across the hole to support the pots and pans, and build the fire under- neath. (Fig. 1.) Fire irons are often a great convenience. remainder by hunters. Deer winter in the foothills, ranging up to higher levels as the snow melts. During the early summer the bucks are often found in the open glades and meadows feeding on grass and tender shoots. Later they head for brushy areas and live off the browse furnished by oak, hazel, blue brush, and various other species. In the fall, in an oak country, they feed on acorns. Since the best deer hunting is apt to occur during the height of the dry season, it is particularly necessary that hunters be careful not to set fires. The bucks shed their horns during the winter, the new horns beginning to grow in early spring. During the summer these are in the velvet—tender, full of blood vessels, and unfit for mounting. Later the horns harden, the velvet is rubbed off, the hide changes color from ‘“ red” to “ blue,” and the buck reaches his prime condition. This season varies in different portions of the State from mid-August to October, being earlier the lower the elevation. AS a general rule the bucks are in the best con- dition toward the close of the open season. To transport a deer on a saddle horse throw a rope across the saddle, pulling a loop of it forward through each cinch ring. Place the buck across the saddle and put the head through one loop and the haunches through the other. Draw the ends of the rope tight, make a loop in one, reeve the other through it, and make fast. HANDBOOK FOR CAMPERS. 47 ‘To skin a deer head for mounting, cut the skin around the neck well down on the shoulder and breast. Then cut along the upper side of the neck to the top of the head. Thence make diagonal cuts, one to each horn. Cut off the ears close to the skull, turn them inside out, and cut away the meat, leaving the eartilage. Skin carefully around the eyes. Cut the lips close to the skull, leaving them attached to the skin. Split them from the inside and fill the cut with salt. Rub plenty of salt into the flesh side of all parts of the skin, and let it dry slowly in the shade or roll it up hair side in and ship at once to a taxidermist. To butcher a deer hang it up by the hind legs, slit the skin along the middle of the breast and belly and to the end of the tail; then along the inside of each leg. Cut off the feet at the joints and peel off the skin. Cut through the wall of the abdomen without piercing the intestines; loosen the diaphragm at the back and sides; cut away the lower intestine close to the bone and empty out the entire contents of the carcass. _ Split the breastbone with a hatchet. The best cuts of vension are the saddle and haunch. To make jerked venison or ‘ jerky” use lean meat cut into strips about one-half inch wide. Lay these side by side on a frame made of slats or poles supported about 4 feet from the ground and keep a small smoky fire going underneath until the meat is thoroughly dry. : Fresh meat should be hung up and protected from flies by cheesecloth. ; MISCELLANEOUS. Photographs.—Photographs taken in the shade of the forest require from 5 to 15 times longer exposure than those taken in the open. Compass.—One end of the needle always has a distinguish- ing mark, but manufacturers do not always mark the same end. Make sure which end of the needle points north and remember it. 48 HANDBOOK FOR CAMPERS. - Candle lanterns.—With the point of a hatchet blade eut slits about 2 inches long in the form of an X in the side of a lard pail. A candle pushed into this aperture will be held steady, and the can will shade it from the wind and serve as a refiector. To dry matches.—Caretully blot off as much water as possible with a soft cloth and then pass them through the hair a dozen times or so. A shoulder pack can be improvised. as follows: Take a grain sack and place a pebble an inch or more in diameter in each of - the lower corners. Tie one leg of a pair of overalls to each of these corners. (The pebble prevents the knot from slipping off.) To close the sack tie the mouth of it and the waist of the overalls tightiy with a cord. Thelegs make comfortable shoulder straps. Chafed heels can be alleviated by rubbing soap into the socks. Also, by sticking adhesive tape on the bare heels. Getting lost—There is little danger of a person being lost in the California mountains during the summer. Usually the worst that can happen is the possibility of an uncomfortable night in — the open. The realization that one is lost is, however, often accompanied by a panicky feeling that may hurry one into diffi- culties or even into accidents. Fight against this, and keep > your head. Thirty minutes’ calm thought will be worth more than hours spent in aimless rushing. Don’t try to travel after, dark. Camp as comfortably as you can.as soon as night comes on, no matter how near to camp you think you are. You can always reach the settlements by traveling down- stream. Some of the Sierra canyons are difficult going, and it may often be better to stick to the ridges. But make sure which way the stream is flowing and travel in the same direction. Snow blindness——Snow blindness may cccur in mountain climbing on snow unless the eyes are protected with dark glasses. If these are unobtainable, daub a mixture of grease and charcoal on the cheeks just beneath the eyes. O HELP KEEP THE MOUNTAINS CLEAN. HELP PREVENT FIRES.