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HANDBOOK

OF

BRITISH MOSSES.

HANDBOOK

OF

BRITISH MOSSES;

COMPEISING

ALL THAT ARE KNOWN TO BE NATIVES

OF

§rifelj fslfs.

BY THE

Rev. M. J. BERKELEY, M.A., F.L.S.,

ATJTHOB OP ‘introduction TO CEYPTOGAMIC BOTANY,’

‘ OUTLINES OP BRITISH PUNGOLOGY,’ ETC.

LONDON :

LOVELL REEVE & CO., HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN.

18G3.

FEINTED BY

JOHN EDWAED TATLOE, LITTLE QUEEN STEEET,
LINCOLN’S INN FIELDS.

TO

THE MOST HONOIJEABLE

MARY ANTOINETTA, MARCHIONESS OE HUNTLY,

Wcrft ts KnscvtlielJ

WITH EVEEY FEELING OF ESTEEM AND EESPECT

BY

HEE GEATEFUL AND GUMBLE SEEVANT,

THE AUTHOR.

Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2017 with funding from
University of Toronto

nf.

St?"' , - . -

https://archive.org/details/handbookofbritisOOberk_0

PREFACE.

This Work is to be regarded as one of a series of Manuals
of different branches of Botany, and not as a separate publi-
cation. It is by no means the wish or intention of the Au-
thor or Publisher, to offer it to the public in any spirit of
opposition to the excellent author of the ^ Bryologia Britan-
nica.^ On the contrary, it is hoped that it may be the means
of calling the attention of many to his volume, of which it is
impossible to speak in too favourable terms, as the slight
sketch here presented may excite a wish to apply to the foun-
tain-head for fuller information.

As regards the execution, I can only say that every species
of which I could obtain specimens has been carefully reviewed
under the microscope ; and as I had, through the kindness of
Sir W. J. Hooker, unlimited access to the unrivalled col-
lection in Kew, which, amidst a multitude of other authentic
specimens, contains almost a complete series of those described
by Mr. Wilson, there arc very few species which I have been
obliged to leave unexamined. I have quoted Mr. AVilsoids

Vlll

PREFACE.

book throughout as Hooker and Wilson/^ since the name
of Sir William still remains on the title-page, but it is to be
understood distinctly that the whole was prepared by Mr.
Wilson. The figures are from the pencil of Mr. Fitch, with
the exception of the magnified leaves, and the details of fruc-
tification, for which I am myself answerable. The Work
does not lay any claim to originality, but T have spared no
pains to make it accurate. My best thanks are due to Sir
W. J. Hooker for the assistance he has afforded, without
which the volume could not have appeared, and to other kind
friends who have helped me with specimens and information
during the course of its preparation.

Kixa’s Clipfe,

May^ 1863.

EXPLANATION OE THE PLATES.

— -f —

PLATE I.

Fig. 1. Protliallus of Sphagnum cuspidatum (after Hofmeister).

Fig. 2. Archegonium of Pliascum, showing the embryonic cell with
its nucleus just after impregnation, magnified (after Hofmeister).

Fig. 3. Antheridium and paraphyses of Mnium punctatum, magni-
fied. The antheridium is ejecting the spermatozoids.

Fig. 4. Antheridium of Sphagnum (after Hofmeister).

Fig. 5. Perforated leaf-cells of Sphagnum, containing a spiral
thread, and surrounded by narrow chlorophyllous cells, magnified.

Fig. 6. Perforated cells of Leucobryum glaucum, enclosing chloro-
phyllous cells.

Fig. 7. Section of upper part of sporangium of Pliascum cuspida-
tuin, magnified (after Laiitzius-Beniiiga).
c. columella.
s. spore-sac.
a. walls of spore-sac.
i. intermediate space.
m. inner wall of intermediate space.
k. outer wall of intermediate space.
w. wall of S])orangium.

X

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Fig. 8. Section of upper part of sporangium of Bartramia fontana,
magnified (after Lantzius-Beninga).

c, columella.
s. spore-sac.

a. outer wall of spore- sac.

i. intermediate space, traversed with threads,
inner wall of intermediate space.

k. outer wall of intermediate space.

l. row of cells continued from m.

g. row of cells continued from top of intermediate space.

d. inner peristome, formed from the thickening of the outer

wall of the cells in I and the inner wall of the cells in g.
Ih. row of cells continued from outer wall of intermediate
space.

h. outer peristome, formed by the thickening of the outer

wall of the cells in g and of the inner wall of the cells
in li.

PLATE II.

1. Sphagnum cymbifolium.

a. plant, nat. size.

h. cells from stem, magnified.

c. leaf, magnified.

d. sporangium.

2. S. compactum.

a. plant, nat. size.

h. cells from stem, magnified.

c. leaf, magnified.

d. sporangium.

3. S. molluscum.

a. plant, nat. size. ^
h. cells from stem, magnified.
c. leaf, magnified.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

XI

4. S. acutifolium.

a. plant, nat. size.
h. leaf, magnified.

G. sporangium with remains of veil, magnified.
d, lid, magnified.

5. S. squarrosum.

a. plant, nat. size.
h. leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium with remains of veil, magnified.

6. Andresea alpina.

a. plant, nat. size.
h. leaves, magnified.

c. portion of leaves, magnified.

d. young sporangium, magnified.

e. sporangium ruptured, magnified.

7. A. rupestris.

a. plant, nat. size.

c. leaves, magnified.

d. sporangium, magnified.

PLATE III.

1. Eontinalis squamosa.

a, leaf, magnified.

h. sporangium with perichsetium, magnified.
c. portion of outer and inner peristome, magnified.

2. E. antipyretica.

a. leaf, magnified.
h. leaf-cells, magnified.

c. sporangium with perichsetium, magnified.

d. veil, magnified.

e. sporangium witli peristome, magnified.

3. Cryphsca lietcromalla.

a. leaf, magnified.

Xll

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

h. leaf-cells, magnified.

c. sporangium with perichsetium, magnified.

d. veil, magnified.

4. Daltonia splachnoides.

a. leaf, magnified.
h. sporangium, magnified.

c. veil, magnified.

d. part of peristome, magnified.

5. Hookeria lucens.

a. leaf, magnified.
h. sporangium, magnified. -

c. veil, magnified.

d. part of peristome, magnified.

6. H. Isete-virens.

a. leaf, magnified.

b. sporangium, magnified.

PLATE IV.

1. Neckera complanata.

a. leaves, magnified.

b. leaf-cells, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. veil, magnified.

2. N. crispa.

a. leaf, magnified.

b. sporangium, magnified.

c. veil, magnified.

3. N. pumila.

a. leaf magnified.

b. sporangium magnified.

c. part of peristome, magnified," seen from within.

4. N. pennata.

a. leaf, magnified.

b. sporangium, magnified, with perichcetium.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. xiii

5. Homalia triclioinanoides.

a. leaf, magnified.

h. sporangium, magnified.

c. portion of peristome, magnified.

6. Hypnum nitens.

a. rootlets, magnified.

h. tip of one more liiglily magnified.

c. leaves, magnified.

d. sporangium, magnified.

PLATE V.

1. Hypnum albicans.

a. leaf, magnified.
h. sporangium, magnified.

* c. lid, magnified.

2. H. lutescens.

a, leaf, magnified.
h. sporangium, magnified.

3. PI. plumosum.

a. leaf, magnified.
h. sporangium, magnified.

4. H. velutinura.

a. leaf, magnified.

h. sporangium, with peristome, magnified.
c. sporangium, with lid, magnified.

5. H. rutabulum.

a. leaf, magnified.
h. sporangium, magnified.

c. part of peristome, magnified.

d. ring, magnified.

G. H. rivLilare.

a. leaf, magnified.

b. sporangium, magnified.

XIV

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE VI.

1. Hypnum ruscifolium.

a. leaf, magnified.
h. sporangium, magnified.

2. H. murale.

a. leaf, magnified.
h. young veil, magnified.
c. sporangium, magnified.

3. H. riparium.

a. leaf magnified.
h. sporangium, magnified.

c. male inflorescence, magnified.

d. antlieridium, magnified.

4. H. polygamum.

a. leaf, magnified.
h. sporangium, magnified.

5. H. clirysopliyllum.

a. leaf, magnified.
h. sporangium, magnified.

6. H. stellatum.

a. leaf, magnified.
h. sporangium, magnified.

PLATE VIT.

1. Hypnum palustre.

a. leaves, magnified.
h. sporangium, magnified.

2. H. molle.

a. leaves, magnified.
h. sporangium, magnified.

3. H. arctieum.

a. leaf, magnified.
h. sporangium, magnified.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

XV

4. M. stramineum.

a. leaf, magnified.
h. sporangium, magnified.

5. H. trifarium.

a. leaves, magnified.

6. H. cordifolium.

a. leaves, magnified.
h. young veil, magnified.
c. sporangium, magnified.

PLATE VIIT.

1. Hypnum cuspidatum.

a. leaf, magnified.
h. sporangium, magnified.

2. H. Sclireberi.

a. leaves, from before and behind, magnified.
h. sporangium, magnified.

3. H. purum.

a. leaves, from before and behind, magnified.
h. sporangium, magnified.

4. Thuidium tamariscinum.

a. leaves, magnified.

b. sporangium, magnified.

5. Hypnum Blandovii.

a. leaf, magnified.

h. leaf, seen from behind, with down-like paraphylla.

c. sporangium, magnified.

PLATE IX.

1. Hypnum splendens.

a. leaf, magnified.
h. sporangium, magnified.

XVI

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

2. H. brevirostre.

a. leaves, from before and behind, magnified.

b. sporangium, magnified.

3. H. triquetrum.

a. leaves, magnified.
h. sporangium, magnified.

4. H. loreum.

a. leaves, magnified.

b. sporangium, magnified.

5. H. flagellare.

a. leaves, magnified.

b. sporangium, magnified.

PLATE X.

#

1. Hypnum squarrosum (a procumbent form).

a. leaf from behind, magnified.

b. sporangium, magnified.

2. H. aduncum.

a. leaves, magnified.

b. sporangium, magnified.

3. H. fluitans.

a. leaves, magnified.

b. sporangium, magnified.

4. H. revolvens.

a. leaves, magnified.

• b. sporangium, magnified.

5. H. commutatum.

a. leaf from behind, magnified.

b. sporangium, magnified.

6. H. filicinum.

a. leaves, magnified.

b. sporangium, magnified.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

XVll

PLATE XI.

1. Hypnum uncinatuni.

a. leaf, magnified.
d. sporangium, magnified.

2. H. Crista-castrensis.

a. leaf, magnified.

b. sporangium, magnified.

3. H. molluscum (different from the usual habit).

a. leaves, magnified.

b. sporangium, magnified.

4. H. cupressiforme.

a. leaf, magnified.

b. sporangium, magnified.

5. H. scorpioides.

a. leaf, magnified.

b. sporangium, magnified.

c. male inflorescence, magnified.

6. H. demissum.

a. leaves from before and behind, magnified.

b. sporangium, magnified.

PLATE XIL

1. Hypnum pulchellum.

a. leaves, magnified.

b. sporangium, magnified.

2. H. denticulatum .

a. leaf, magnified.

b. sporangium, magnified.

3. H. elegans.

a. leaf, magnified.

b. sporangium, magnified.

d

XVlll

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

4. H. undulatum.

a, leaf, magnified.
h, sporangium, magnified,

5. Pylaisia polyantha.

a. leaf, magnified.

h. sporangium, magnified.

c. portion of peristome, magnified.

6. Homalothecium sericeum.

a. leaves, magnified.
h. sporangium, magnified.

PLATE XIII.

1. Thamnium alopeeurum.

a. leaf, magnified.
h. veil, magnified,
c. sporangium, magnified.

2. Climacium dendroides.

a. leaf, magnified.

b. sporangium, magnified.

c. portion of peristome, magnified.

3. Leucodon sciuroides.

a. leaves, magnified.
h. leaf-cells, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. portion of peristome with ring, magnified.

4. Antitricliia curtipendula.

a, leaf, magnified.
h. sporangium, magnified.

c. portion of peristome, magnified.

d. portion of inner peristome, more highly magnified.

5. Leptodon Smithii.

a. leaves, magnified.
h, veil, magnified.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

XIX

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. portion of peristome, magnified.

6. Anomodon viticulosum.

a. leaf, magnified.

b. sporangium, magnified.

c. portion of peristome seen from within, magnified.

PLATE XIV.

1. Anoectangium compactum.

a. sporangium, magnified.

b. sporangium after lid has fallen.

c. leaf, magnified.

d. leaf-cells, magnified.

2. Eissidens adiantoides.

a. leaf, magnified.

b. sporangium, magnified.

c. portion of peristome, magnified.

3. E. taxoides.

a. leaf, magnified.

b. sporangium, magnified.

4. Schistostega osmundacea.

a. plant, magnified.

b. part more highly magnified.

c. lid, magnified.

5. (Edipodium Griffithii.

a. leaf, magnified.

b. sporangium, magnified.

6. Dissodon splachnoides.

a. leaf, magnified.

b. sporangium, magnified.

c. portion of peristome, magnified.

7. Tayloria serrata.

a. leaf, magnified.

b 2

XX

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

h. young veil, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. sporangium, when dry.

e. portion of peristome, magnified.

PLATE XV.

1. Tetraplodon angustatus.

a. plant, nat. size.
h. leaf, magnified.

c. veil, magnified.

d. sporangium with lid, magnified.

e. sporangium without lid, magnified.

2. T. mnioides.

a. plant, nat. size.
h. leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium with lid, magnified.

d. sporangium without lid.

e. portion of peristome, magnified.

3. Splachnum sphaericum.

a. plant, nat. size.
h. leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium with lid, magnified.

d. sporangium without lid.

4. S. ampullaceum.

a. plant, male and female, nat. size.
h. leaf, magnified.
c. sporangium, magnified.

5. S. vasculosum.

a. plant, male and female, nat. size.
h. leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium with lid, magnified.

d. sporangium without lid.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

XXI

6. Discelium nudum.

a. plant, nat. size.

b. leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. peristome with ring and spores, magnified.

7. Catoscopiura nigritum.

a. plant, nat. size.

b. leaves, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. portion of peristome, magnified.

8. Conostomum boreale.

a. plant, nat. size.

b. sporangium, magnified.

c. portion of peristome, magnified.

d. portion of one of the teeth, magnified.

e. leaf, magnified.

PLATE XVI.

j

1. Bartramia ithyphylla.

a. plant, nat. size.

b. leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. portion of peristome, magnified.

2. B. pomiformis.

a. plant, nat. size.

b. leaf, magnified.

c. leaf-cells and margin, magnified.

d. sporangium, magnified.

e. portion of peristome, magnified.

3. B. OEderi.

a. plant, nat. size.

b. leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

XXll

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

4. B. calcarea.

a. plant, nat. size.

b. leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. portion of inner peristome of B.foniada, magnified.

5. Entosthodon Templetoni.

a. plant, nat. size.

b. leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

6. Eunaria hygrometrica.

a. plant, nat. size.

b. leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. portion of outer peristome, magnified.

e. portion of inner peristome.

7. Meesia uliginosa.

a. plant, nat. size.

b. leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. portion of peristome, magnified.

e. spore, magnified.

PLATE XVII.

1. Cinclidium stygium.

a. plant, nat. size.

b. leaf, magnified,

e. sporangium, magnified.

d. portion of peristome, magnified.

2. Mnium alfine.

a. female plant, nat. size.

b. leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. male plant, nat. size.

EXPLANATION OE THE PLATES.

XXlll

3. M. cuspidatum.

a. plant, nat. size.
h. leaf, magnified.
c. sporangium, magnified.

4. M. undulatum.

a. plant, nat. size.
h. leaf, magnified.
c. sporangium, magnified.

5. M. rostratum.

a. plant, nat. size.
h. leaf, magnified,
c. sporangium, magnified.

6. M. punetatum.

a. plant, nat. size.
h. leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. portion of peristome, magnified.

7. Amblyodon dealbatus.

a. plant, nat. size.

b. leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. portion of peristome, magnified.

e. portion of inner peristome, more bighly magnified.

PLATE XVIII.

1. Zieria julacea.

a. plant, nat. size.
h. leaf, magnified.

c. leaf-cells, magnified.

d. sporangium, magnified.

2. Bryum roseuin.

a. plant, nat. size.

XXIV

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

h, leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. portion of outer peristome, magnified.

e. portion of inner peristome, magnified.

3. Leptobryum pyriforme.

a. plant, nat. size.
h. leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

4. Orthodontium gracile.

a, plant, nat. size.
h. leaf, magnified.

c. veil, magnified.

d. sporangium, magnified.

e. portion of outer peristome, magnified.

5. Aulaeomnion palustre.

a. female plant, nat. size.
h. leaf, magnified.

c, leaf-eells, magnified.

d, sporangium, magnified.

e, gemmiferous plant, nat. size.

/. gemmae, magnified.

g. gemmae, more magnified.

6. Poly trichum septentrionale.

a. plant, nat. size.

h. leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

7. P. juniperinum.

a. plant, nat. size.
h. leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. peristome, magnified.

e. portion highly magnified.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

XXV

PLATE XIX.

1. Pogonatum nanum.

a. plant, nat. size.
h. leaves, magnified.

c. section of leaves, magnified.

d. section of one of the lamellae, magnified.

e. young veil, magnified.

/. sporangium, magnified.

2. P. aloides.

a. plant, nat. size.

b. leaves, magnified.

c. young veil, magnified.

d. sporangium, magnified.

3. P. hercynicum.

a. plant, nat. size.

b. leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

4. Atrichum undulatum.

a. plant, nat. size.

b. leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. sporangium, without lid.

5. Diphyscium foliosnm.

a. plants, nat. size.

b. plants, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. veil, magnified

e. peristome, magnified.

/. leaf, magnified, with two perichaetial leaves.

6. Buxbaumia aphylla.

a. plants, nat. size.

b. sporangium, magnified.

c. veil, magnified.

XXVI

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

d. peristome, magnified.

e. a portion of inner peristome, magnified.

7. Tetrodontium Brownianum.

a. plant, nat. size.

b. plant, magnified.

c. leaf, magnified.

d. perichsetial leaves, magnified.

e. sporangium, magnified.

/. peristome, magnified.

8. Tetrapliis pellucida.

a. plant, nat. size.

b. gemmiferous plant, nat. size.

c. leaf, magnified.

d. gemmiferous apex, magnified.

e. young veil, magnified.

/. sporangium with lid, magnified.

g. sporangium without lid.

h. peristome, magnified (the transverse lines are too strongly

marked).

PLATE XX.

1. Zygodon conoideus.

a. plant, nat. size.

b. leaf, magnified.

c. veil, magnified.

d. sporangium, magnified.

2. Z. viridissimus.

a. plant, nat. size.

b. leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. sporangium, after lid has fallen.

3. Z. lapponicus.

a. plant, nat. size.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

h, leaf, magnified.

c. veil, magnified.

d. sporangium, magnified.

e. sporangium, after lid has fallen.

4. Orthotriehum eupulatum.

a. plant, nat. size.
h. leaf, magnified.

c. veil, magnified.

d. sporangium, magnified.

e. portion of peristome magnified.

.5. O. anomalum.

a, plant, nat. size.
h. leaf, magnified.

c. veil, magnified.

d. sporangium with lid, magnified.

e. sporangium, without lid.

6. 0. diaphanum.

a. plant, nat. size.

b. leaves, magnified.

c. veil, magnified.

d. sporangium, magnified.

e. portion of peristome, magnified.

7. 0. pulchellum.

a. plant, nat. size.

b. leaf, magnified.

c. young veil, magnified.

d. sporangium with lid, magnified.

e. sporangium without lid, magnified.

8. 0. leiocarpum.

a. plant, nat. size.

b. leaf, magnified.

c. veil, magnified.

d. sporangium, magnified.

<?. portion of peristome, magnified.

xxvii

XXVlll

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE XXI.

1. Ptychomitrium polyphyllum.

a. plant, nat. size.

b. leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. portion of peristome, magnified.

2. Glyphomitrium Daviesii.

a. plant, nat. size.

b. leaf, magnified.

c. veil, magnified (generally plicate).

d. sporangium, magnified.

e. portion of peristome, magnified.

3. Eacomitrium aciculare.

a. plant, nat. size.

b. leaves, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. portion of peristome, magnified.

e. tip of tooth, more highly magnified.

4. E. heterostichum.

a. plant, nat. size.

b. leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. portion of peristome, magnified.

5. Grimmia pulvinata.

a. plant, nat. size.

b. leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. portion of peristome, with ring, magnified.

6. Schistidium apocarpum.

a. plant, nat. size.

b. leaves, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. portion of peristome, magnified.

e. columella, with lid attached, magnitied.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

XXIX

7. Hedwigidium imberbe.

a. plant, nat. size.
h. leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

8. Hedwigia ciliata.

a, plant, nat. size.
h. leaves, magnified.

c. tip of leaves, magnified.

d. sporangium, magnified.

PLATE XXII.

1. Encalypta vulgaris.

a, plant, nat. size.

' h. leaf, magnified.

c. veil, magnified.

d. sporangium, magnified.

e. tip of axis, with archegonia, paraphyses, and vaginnla,

magnified.

2. Cinclidotus fontinaloides.

a. plant, nat. size.
h. leaf, magnified.

c. veil, magnified.

d. sporangium, magnified.

e. portion of peristome and tip of columella, round which

the tips of some of the teeth are wound, magnified.

3. Tortula muralis.

a. plant, nat. size.
h. leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium and veil, magnified.

d. sporangium with lid, magnified.

4. T. rurulis.

a. plant, nat. size.
h. leaf, magnified.

XXX

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. peristome, magnified.

e. part of peristome, more highly magnified.

5. Leptotrichum homoraallum.

а. plant^^nat. size.

б. leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

d, part of peristome, magnified.

6. Didymodon flexifolium.

а. plant, nat. size.

б. leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

7. Distichium capillaceum.

a. plant, nat. size.

b. leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. part of peristome, magnified.

e. ring, magnified.

8. Desmatodon nervosus.

a. plant, nat. size.

b. leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. sporangium without lid, magnified.

e. portion of peristome, magnified.

PLATE XXTII.

1. Anacalypta laneeolata.

a. plant, nat. size.

b. leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. sporangium without lid, magnified.

e. portion of peristome, magnified.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

XXXI

2. Pottia crinita.

a, plant, nat. size.
h. leaf, magnified.

c. young veil, magnified.

d. sporangium, magnified.

e. follicle of P. cavifolia.

3. Pottia Heimii.

a. plant, nat. size.

b. leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

4. Campylopus flexuosus.

a. plant, nat. size.

b. leaf, magnified.

c. veil, magnified.

d. sporangium, magnified.

e. part of peristome, margined.

5. Ceratodon purpureus.

a. plant, nat. size.

b. leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. part of peristome, magnified.

e. tip of tooth, more highly magnified.

6. Leucobryum glaucum.

a. plant, nat. size.

b. leaf, magnified.

c. tip of leaf, magnified.

d. sporangium, magnified.

e. part of peristome, magnified.

7. Dicranum scoparium.

a. plant, nat. size.

b. leaf, magnified.

c. part of peristome, magnified.

8. Dicranella heteromalla.

a. plant, nat. size.

XXXll

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

h. leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. part of peristome, magnified.

9. Cynodontium Bruntoni.

a. plant, nat. size.
h. leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. pfipt of peristome, magnified.

10. Arctoa fulvella.

a. plant, nat. size.
h. leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. part of peristome, magnified.

PLATE XXIV.

1. Blindia acuta.

a. plant, nat. size.
h. leaf, magnified.

c. tip of leaf, magnified.

d. sporangium, magnified.

e. sporangium without lid.

/. part of peristome, magnified.

2. Seligeria calcarea.

a. plant, nat. size.
h. plant, magnified.

c. leaf, magnified (broader and more acute than usual) .

d. sporangium, magnified.

e. portion of peristome, magnified.

3. Brachyodon trichodes.

a. plant, nat. size.
h, plant, magnified.

c. leaf, magnified.

d. veil, magnified.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

XXXlll

e. sporangium, magnified.

/. lid, magnified.

g. part of peristome, with ring, seen from within, magnified.

4. Campy lostelium saxicola.

a. plant, nat. size.

h. plant, magnified.

c. leaf, magnified.

d. part of peristome, with ring, magnified.

5. Ehabdoweissia denticulata.

a. plant, nat. size.

b. leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. part of peristome, magnified.

6. Weissia controversa.

a. plant, nat. size.

b. leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. part of peristome, magnified.

7. Hymenostomum squarrosum.

a. plant, nat. size.

b. plant, magnified.

c. leaf, magnified.

d. sporangium, magnified.

e. mouth of sporangium, magnified.

8. Phascum bryoides.

a. plant, nat. size.

b. plant, magnified,

c. leaf, magnified.

d. sporangium, magnified.

9. Physcomitrella patens.

a. plant, nat. size.

b. plant, magnified.

c. leaf, magnified.

d. sporangium, magnified.

c

XXXIV

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

10. ArchidiLim phascoides.
o,. plant, nat. size.

b. plant, magnified.

c. leaf, magnified.

d. sporangium, magnified.

XXXV

ADDENDA.

p. 70. Under NecTcera pumila, insert —

IT. PUilippeana, Br. Sf Schimp. has been found in Scotland, but it is
only a state of N. pumila.

p. 104, Before H. molle, insert — •

43*. H. Gllgyriuni, Schimp.; tufted; stems short, much branched ; leaves
crowded, thin, elongated, flexuoso-falcate, deflexed, nerveless, serimlate at the
tip only ; sporangium shorter; ring very broad.

On wet rocks, Bangor, lU. Wilson. Bearing fruit in summer.

This is Sypnum palustre, var., Br. Brit.

p. 108. After Sypnum cordifolium, insert —

49*. H. giganteum, Schimp. ; dioicous ; stem elongated, stout, pinnate
or subbip innate, ramulose, slightly radiculose ; stem-leaves large, more solid,
very concave, spreading, broadly cordato-ovate ; nerve reaching nearly to the
tip ; angles decurrent ; branch-leaves elongated ; terminal twisted, subulate ;
sporangium horizontal, oblongo-cylindrical, ringless ; lid mammillary.

In bogs, Cheshire, W. Wilson. Bearing fruit in early summer.

A magnificent species, at once distinguished from S. cordifolium by its in-
floi'escence.

•

p. 117. Under Sypnum aduncum., insert —

Sypnum aduncum., var. tenue, Bryol. Eur., is S. vernieosum., Lindberg, and
S. pellucidum., Wils. MSS., and has been found at Wybunbury bog by Mr.
Wilson.

p. 145. After Myurella julacea, insert —

2. M. apiculata, Scldmp. ; stem soft, brittle ; leaves loosely imbricated
or spreading, opaque, suddenly apiculate ; tip recurved ; teeth of peristome
small, pale.

On rocks amongst the Breadalbane mountains, Mr. Gardner. Bearing fruit
on the Continent in summer.

Bright glaucous-green.

p. 169. Before Bariramia iiJiypliylla, insert —

1*. Bartramia stricta, Brid. ; tufted; leaves crecto-patent, lanceolato-
subulate ; nerve cxcurrcnt ; sporangium erect, symmetrical ; peristome single.

On the grouufl, Sussex, Mr. Mitten. Bearing fruit in early summer.

The simple peristome andaristate nerve, in addition to the erect s])orangiuni,
readily distinguish this from B. ithyphylla.

Mr. Wilson believes that he has found B. marchica in Shankliu Chine.

XXXVl

ADDENDA.

p. 194. Under Bryum erytlirocarpum —

Mr. Wilson considers var. 7. murorum, Schimp.^ whicli is peculiar to
mortared walls, and occurs at Bristol, and not unfrequently in North Wales, as
a distinct species, under the name of B. murale, Wils.
p. 197. Under Bryum pseudotriquetrum, insert —

var. 5. eavifolium, ScMmp. (Bryum neodamense, Itzigsohn), has been
found near Southport by Mr. Wilson,
p. 198. After Bryum pattens, insert —

23*. B. Duvaliij Voit; tufted, very soft, bright purple; stems tall; leaves
distant, spreading, very decurrent, broadly ovato-lauceolate, quite entire ; nerve
vanishing below the tip ; sporangium equal, constricted below the mouth when
dry.

In bogs. Found by Mr. Wilson, but I do not know the exact locality,
p. 254. Under T. ohtongifotia, insert —

Tortuta ohtongifotia has lately been found in Sussex. I am mistaken in say-
ing it is not taken up by Schimper. A description will be found compiled from
the ‘ Bryologia Britannica,’ at p. 185 of the Synopsis. It is doubtful whether
it really differs from T. Vahtiana.

p. 286. Under Arctoa fntvetta, insert —

(Plate 23, fig. 10.)

HANDBOOK

OF

BRITISH MOSSES.

^

Introtructorg ilHatter.

CHAPTER I.

PKELTMINAEY OBSERVATIONS.

Few words are taken with greater latitude in general accep-
tation than the word Moss. The botanist assigns to it a defi-
nite meaning, confining it to a peculiar division of plants, such
members of which as are distributed through the British
Isles it is proposed to illustrate in this volume. As used
popularly, not only are Lichens and Liverworts included in
the term, or even some of the more shrubby seaweeds, as for
example Iceland Moss, almost the whole tribe of Jungermannice ,
and the Corsican Moss of our shops ; but many Phsenogams
of a low tufted growth, such as some of the shorter Stone-
crops, and other plants of a like habit, as, for example, Sedum
acre, which is the Golden Moss of every cottager. Nor are
the Greek or Latin words /3pvov and muscus used by ancient
authors with more discrimination, not only Algae, Lichens,
and true Mosses being included, but even some more perfect
plants. The doubt perhaps is whether Mosses were ever in-

B

2

HANDBOOK OP BRITISH MOSSES.

eluded in the word Ppvov, though there is probability in its
favour ; and therefore, while the term Museologia has been
objeeted to as a barbarous word, eonsisting partly of Latin and
partly of Greek, Bryologia has seareely fared better, though
it appears unobjeetionable exeept in the eyes of hypereritieism.

The true Mosses, however, when accurately examined, are
very distinctly separated by habit and character from other
vegetable productions which are confounded with them, — ap-
proaching indeed nearer to the Liverworts than other plants,
though distinguished even on a superficial view from the more
conspicuous of these, as the cup-bearing Marchantia, which
is so common on our shady walks in the garden, or which, to
the gardener’s annoyance, so often runs over the soil of his
flowerpots, — by the absence of everything like a scaly habit,
and the definite leafy axis; while they are separated from
the leafy species of Jungermanni(£, not only by their urn-
shaped and almost universally entire sporangia, but by the
very different character of the foliage, for the leaves very rarely
assume anything approaching the eccentric outline which is
common in the more moss-like Liverworts; while if we de-
scend to minuter points, there is the absence of all admixture
amongst the spores of spiral threads, even in the few indi-
viduals which have a sporangium split into four or more equal
lobes, after the manner of Jungermannice. Another less obvi-
ous character consists in the different nature of the cellular
product of the germinating spores, which in Mosses consists
of more or less branched threads, with the single exception of
the genus Sphagnum, in which it is scaly, and resembles the
type which prevails in the Liverworts (Plate 1, fig. 1).

As regards general appearance. Mosses form either patches
consisting of numerous distinct individuals, or variously-sized
tufts, with simple or branched stems varying from less than a

PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS.

3

line to many inches in length, mostly of a clear unsullied
green, but sometimes, especially when exposed to the sun,
variously shaded with golden brown or difiPerent tints of red
and purple, in a few cases only being almost devoid of colour,
or of a very pale glaucous green. The stems are either erect
or more or less inclined, sometimes indeed quite prostrate and
closely attached to the soil or substance on which they grow.
They are clothed with leaves, or in those cases where, at first
sight, they seem absent, as in Buxbaumia aphylla (Plate 19,
fig. 6), with rudiments of leaves, which are for the most
part symmetrical, and arranged round the axis in definite
order, so as to present a more or less cylindrical appearance,
or, in a few cases, so disposed as to make the stem or branches
of the plants flattened or triangular. These leaves are usually
without true stipules or the inflected lobes or sacs which are
so common in Jungermannice, though in one or two genera, as
Hypopterygium (Berk. Crypt. Bot. fig. 99 d)j there are either
true stipules, or certain of the leaves assume the form of sti-
pules, while in some Homalice there is an approach to inflected
lobes. The habit of Mosses is indeed so peculiar, that when
their distinguishing features have been once mastered there is
seldom the slightest difficulty in distinguishing them at the
first glance, and determining whether a Moss or Liverwort is
before us. In those cases where the stem is much flattened,
and indeed in all doubtful cases, every difficulty is removed if a
single fruit is present, except in the small osculant group
of Andre(B(Ey which in their sporangium and colouring approach
nearer to Jungermannice.

Mosses are naturally divisible, according to their external
characters, into two great classes, which have received the
names of Acrocarpous and Pleurocaypous , because in the one
case, the fruit terminates the stem, and in the latter, it is

B 2

4

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

apparently lateral, though in reality seated at the extremity
of a greatly reduced branch. In most cases this distinction
is at once evident from the habit, even where fruit is not pre-
sent.

In a few genera, however, as Fissidens, we have the fruit-
bearing branches more distinct. But these are considered by
many as belonging to a separate division [Cladocarpi) , since
the branch is more developed than in Pleurocarpi, though still
very short. This division is not however adopted here.*

A third division [Syncladei) comprises the Sphagna, \xi which
the branches are produced in fascicles, and these have several
other peculiarities, insomuch that some authors exclude them
from Mosses altogether, while a fourth {Schistocarpi) includes
the genera in which the sporangium is cleft longitudinally into
four or more lobes of greater or less length.

* In the Tasmanian Bartramia 'pnsilla, Wils., there is an approach to Cla-
docarpous Inflorescence.

5

CHAPTER II.

NATUEE OF MOSSES.

Mosses are for the most part aerial vegetables^ attached by
rootlets to the soil or substance on which they grow, and de-
riving their nutriment partly from this matrix, but partly
also from the moisture of the surrounding air, or, in aquatic
species, from the water in which they are immersed. In
dry weather they are often completely dormant, and assume
a peculiar contracted, shrivelled appearance, as if they w^ere
dead, and very different from their condition in active growth.
The first shower however revives them, and the functions of
all their parts are as vigorous as ever.

Some species are strictly aquatic, though very rarely bear-
ing fruit when completely immersed. In several cases the
base alone is constantly moist, but the upper part of the
plant, though exposed to a burning sun, is kept moist by ca-
pillarity. If however such species are accidentally dried up,
they revive when the soil is again saturated with moisture.
Others flourish only when exposed pretty constantly to the
spray of waterfalls, or when entirely shaded from the sun, in
caves, or under the shelter of rocks or in their crevices. Some,
as species of the exotic genus Meteoriumj hang down in loose
locks from the branches of trees, giving the woods a dismal

6

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

appearance, like that produced by Alectoria jubata or the pre-
valence of Usneoid Lichens, or the pendulous downy Tilland-
sice. A small number of species seem to affect the dung of
graminivorous or carnivorous animals, or other animal sub-
stances, the species peculiar to the one seldom if ever occur-
ring on the other.

Mosses, like Pheenogams, are monoecious, dioecious, or poly-
gamous, and in some rare cases synoecious, and for the most
part definitely so, though a few instances occur in which the
position of the male and female fructification is not constant.
In monoecious or polygamous species the fruit is generally
produced abundantly ; but in those which are strictly dioe-
cious, especially where the male and female plants form dis-
tinct and often distant patches, it is frequently extremely rare,
from the difficulty arising to the impregnation of the young
female fruit. In such cases multiplication depends entirely
upon some subsidiary mode of reproduction, especially where a
single sex only, as is often the case, exists in a given district.

Mosses belong to that higher and more important division
of Cryptogams which not only makes a near approach to
Phsenogams in habit, but which differs essentially from the
lower Cryptogams, as Fungals and Algae, in the more com-
plicated nature of the fructification, and the various phases
which the whole plant exhibits during the progress of evolu-
tion.

In Ferns and their allies the result of germination is the
production of a cellular expansion of various forms, whether
globose or scale-like or irregular, whether more or less difie-
rentiated and distinct from the spore itself or confluent with
it externally or internally or both, on which or within the sub-
stance of which, at least in the more normal cases, two organs
are produced of different sexes, the one of which, called an

NATURE OF MOSSES.

7

^ arcliegonium/ consists of a pitcher-shaped eyst^ within which
there is a single free cell at the base_, which is destined, after
impregnation, to produce first an embryo and then by eon-
tinued development a perfeet plant like the parent, which
either once only or annually through a shorter or longer suc-
cession of years gives rise to fruit, eonsisting of a sporangium
filled with spores, destined after germination to go through
the same eircle of phenomena. In some cases two different
kinds of spores are produced, one of which gives rise to the
male, the other to the female organs.

In Mosses, on the eontrary, and their allies, the object
after germination is to form a more or less filamentous or
scale-like stratum, resembling either a little green Lichen or
one of the verdant thread-like Confervse, sueh as Lyngbya mu-
rails, whieh elothes damp trees or the soil at the base of walls
on the northern side, or that which is least exposed to the
direct rays of the sun, and, when this is perfected, nodules ap-
pear, which by cell formation give rise to the proper plant,
whether symmetrical or unsymmetrical, whose office is to pro-
duce fruit. On this plant then, either in the same or in dis-
tinct individuals, male and female organs are produced (Plate
I. fig. 2, 3, 4), resembling more or less closely the antheridia
and archegonia of Ferns. In the latter there is a cell at
the base analogous to that in the archegonia of Ferns, which
is destined to be fertilized by spermatozoids formed in the
tissue of the antheridia.

The result however of fertilization is totally different from
that which obtains in Ferns. There a distinct plant was pro-
duced from the fertilized cell, the result of germination being
a prothallus, and the result of impregnation the true plant ;
whereas in Mosses and Moss-allies the cell-division of the
basal cell of the archegon is a sporangium, or, as it is fre-

8

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

quently called, a capsule or theca, which, with various modifi-
cations, gives rise to the spores.

In many cases life ceases in the parent plant after the for-
mation of the sporangia, but in others a new growth is pro-
duced, which in time gives rise to a new set of archegons and
antheridia, and in some species this is repeated indefinitely.

The whole process, then, from the formation of the spore
to the fertilization of the embryonic cell in the Fern, answers
to the same process in the Moss up to the fertilization of the
rudiment of the sporangium in the archegon, but in the latter
case there are two distinct stages, the one extending to the
formation of the first cell of the young plant, the other to the
fertilization of the cell in the archegon ; and it is well to dis-
tinguish these as the prothalloid and thalloid stages respec-
tively ; while in Ferns the first result of germination may more
fitly be called the pro-embryonic stage. It is not right to
give the same name to organisms which are by no means
strictly analogous in the two cases.

Having made these general remarks on the relations of
Mosses and Ferns and their respective allies, I shall proceed
in the next chapter to offer a few observations on the several
parts, beginning with the germination of the spores, — their
primary development in the sporangia being reserved till I
speak of the structure of the fruit.

9

CHAPTER III.

ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND STKUCTUEE OE MOSSES.

a, — The spores of Mosses_, like those of most Fungi and of
many other Cryptogams^ consist of a grumous mass contain-
ing occasionally minute oil-globules enclosed in a double mem-
brane_, the inner one of which is hyaline and perfectly even,
and lines the outer one, which is more or less coloured and
often minutely sculptured.

When the spores are sufficiently moistened, either on their
proper matrix or within the folds of compressed leaves, as in
Fissidens, and the temperature is favourable, the outer mem-
brane swells and ultimately bursts, giving egress to the inner
membrane, which soon protrudes and forms a little obtuse
tube. This elongates rapidly, and becomes septate and ulti-
mately branched, so as to form, together with the threads pro-
ceeding from other spores, a felt-like mass, which is often of
a bright green, and in this stage is often mistaken for some
species of Conferva.

The joints are more or less filled with chlorophyll so long
as the threads are in a healthy state. The threads proceed-
ing from a single spore are capable of forming several fer-
tile buds, but whether in many cases more than one of these
comes to perfection depends upon the favourable or unfavour-

10

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

able circumstances under which they may be placed. Some-
times the primary cell of the spore after the first septum is
formed^ becomes itself septate, and gives rise to a cellular
nodule, and ultimately to a young plant, but more frequently
the new plants appear on different parts of the threads, often
towards the extremity of the branches or at their tips.

Pr. Hicks, in the twenty- third volume of the ^ Transactions
of the Linnean Society,^ has described wonderful changes
which take place in these threads, and their conversion into
several genera of Algse, besides the formation of zoospores; but
as he does not identify the species to which the observed
threads belonged, and the production of zoospores is a cir-
cumstance so extremely anomalous, we find it difficult to be-
lieve that he had really portions of some Moss before him,
and not the threads of Algse accidentally intermixed. The
reader can, however, refer to his paper and form his own con-
clusions, if he has no opportunity of testing his observations
by actual experiment. Some of Kiitzing^s early papers may,
however, previously suggest some necessary caution.

The threads arising from the germination of the spores
have received various names, as ^cotyledonoids,^ ^protonemata,’
^ proembryo,^ ^ proth alius. ^ The first of these is objectionable
because they have no analogy with true cotyledons, and the
third because an intermediate stage must take place before
the cell capable of impregnation is produced in the archegon,
the result of which, after all, is a sporangium and not an em-
bryo. The production of the plant from the threads is rather
gemmiparous than embryonic, and I therefore strongly object
to the term ^ proembryo,^ which inevitably more or less directly
leads to confusion. The second name at least is free from
error, and if the Moss plant may be called a ^ thallus,^ the
fourth name may be admitted. If new terms were not ob-

ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND STRUCTURE OF MOSSES. 11

jectionable, I should prefer that of ' prophyton/ which simply
indicates that it is the forerunner of the true plant.

h. — After a time, whatever privileged portion of the threads
may give rise to a bud, fibrous rootlets strike downwards from
the base, and the bud itself is gradually elongated upwards,
according to the character of the plant, into the true axis,
clothed with its proper foliage, and in time giving rise to the
true fruit, whether male or female, on the same or difiPerent
plants. These threads are sometimes persistent, as in Ephe-
merum serratum and Ephemerella recurvifolia, but in general
they vanish almost entirely long before the plant has arrived
at maturity.

In Sphagnum the course is not precisely the same. The
first result of germination, instead of a thread as in the more
typical Mosses, is a scale-like expansion (Plate 1, fig. 1) re-
sembling closely the young state of a Jungermanmaj and pro-
ducing buds from the notches of the margin.

The prothalloid stage of Mosses must not be confounded
with a growth of a very similar appearance, which takes place
from the rootlets of some Mosses, as for example, in Pogona-
turn abides (Plate 19, fig. 2), which is produced after the
death of the old plant, and forms a green velvety mass, which
at first sight cannot be distinguished from a true prothallus.
Conferva velutina of authors owes its origin to such a growth,
and another supposed Conferva is due to a similar development
ill ScMstostega osmundacea (Plate 14, fig. 4), the necklace-
like ultimate joints of which refract light so strongly that it
has been supposed to be phosphorescent.

Rootlets, it has just been observed, are produced at the base
of the fertile buds, and this at a very early stage of their
development. They are for the most part more slender than
the primary threads, more or less distinctly but obliquely ar-

12

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

ticulated, branched, and very irregular in outline, though with
rare exceptions smooth and even. They are often hyaline at
the tips, but below of a more or less decided brown, inclining
sometimes to purple, red, tawny, etc., and, as the plant ad-
vances in growth, multiply exceedingly (Plate 4, fig. 6). They
penetrate more or less deeply into the soil, or crumbling and
decayed surface of rocks or bark, and sometimes on calcareous
rocks absorb the portion immediately beneath them, so that
each part, like the shields of Lecidea immersaj is sunk in a
little cavity. They are, however, by no means confined to the
base of the stem, but frequently, though by no means uni-
versally, they clothe almost the whole surface more or less
densely, between the intervals of the leaves, often forming, as in
Aulacommon palustre (Plate 18, fig. 5), a thick woolly mass.
In some cases they are produced also from the base of their
leaves, or even from their disk. Conferva castanea and Con-
ferva muscicola, of English Botany, are undoubtedly develop-
ments of this nature. But not only do these roots occa-
sionally give rise to a mass resembling the true primary
threads as mentioned above, but amongst certain Hypna they
produce a little bud, quite different from the parent plant,
which gives rise to the sexual organs which were necessary
for the reproduction of the species constituting what is called
the quasi- monoicous inflorescence. In Atrichum undulatum
(Plate 19, fig. 4) they form a sort of rope, which frequently
generates buds.

The adventitious rootlets not only seem to fix the plant
firmly, but they often act as a protection from severe cold,
and in many cases either absorb nutriment directly from the
matrix like the primary roots, or they imbibe and retain for a
time the moisture which is necessary for the support of the
plants. In some cases, where the branches are closely packed.

ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND STRUCTURE OF MOSSES. 13

or the plants always more or less immersed in water, as in
Sphagnum^ they are altogether wanting, or present only in an
early stage of growth.

c. — The stem is sometimes merely rudimentary, the axis
being reduced to a mere point, but it is sometimes much
elongated, as in our common Poly trichum, and occasionally, as
in the exotic Polytrichum giganteum and P. dendroides, it
becomes hard and almost woody, but as far as I have seen,
does not present, as has been asserted, concentric lines of
growth (Berk. Crypt. Bot. fig. 107). It consists more or less
of elongated cells, some of which occasionally show a spiral
structure, as in Dawsonia superha (Crypt. Bot. fig. 108), and
in a few instances faint scalariform markings (Crypt. Bot.
fig. 107 c). The walls are generally thin, but occasionally
considerably thickened. In Sphagnum, the external cells of
the stems, like those of the leaves, sometimes, as in S. cymbu
folium, contain one or more spirals (Plate 2, fig. I), and in
some species, as in S. molluscum, the apex projects and is per-
forated (Plate 2, fig. 3) .

The stem may be either perfectly simple or variously
branched, erect or decumbent, and in some cases pendulous.
It often gives oft’ shoots at the base, which creep along the
matrix or are quite subterraneous, and then occasionally con-
founded with the roots. After a time the tips of these creep-
ing stolons rise above the surface and give rise to new plants.

One mode of branching, by which the plant is renewed
from year to year, is known under the name of innovations,
and is very common amongst Acrocarpous Mosses, a new growth
being produced year after year, just as the old stem is losing
its active vitality and has matured its fruit, and frequently
immediately beneath the fructification. Two branches are
pretty generally produced at the same time, and thus the

14

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

branching in each tuft^ when torn to pieces^ appears dichoto-
mous throughout, each fork representing a year’s growth.
Thus a tuft of Moss may be entirely dead below, though still
fixed by the rootlets, while the circumference is perfectly green
and luxuriant. In Pleurocarpous Mosses, on the contrary,
true ramification constantly takes place, and the fruit is in
fact terminal on a very short branch, whose leaves differ con-
siderably from those of the main stem or branches. In Cla-
docarpous Mosses the branch (p. 4) is merely a little more
developed.

The branches are sometimes irregularly disposed, sometimes
decidedly pinnate or bipinnate, and sometimes fasciculate.
The stem is occasionally quite unbranched below, as in Clima-
cium dendroides (Plate 13, fig. 2) or Thamnium alopecurum
(Plate 13, fig. I), and the branches collected above, in which
case they are called ‘ dendroid,’ from the resemblance of the
whole to little trees.

The stem is in general cylindrical, but it is sometimes flat-
tened or depressed, and in some eases is distinctly triquetrous.

d, — The stem and branches are partially or eompletely
elothed with leaves, which are sometimes few and scattered
below, though densely erowded above. In some cases, as in
Buxbaumia (Plate 19, fig. 6) and Tetrodontium (Plate 19,
fig. 7), they are more or less rudimentary, but such exceptions
are not of frequent occurrence.

They vary somewhat in structure. Sometimes they consist
of a single stratum of cells, which usually contain chlorophyll
throughout the whole lamina, but more frequently there is
either a thickening at the base, which breaks up at times
into two or three nerve-like divergent threads, or there is one
central nerve of variable length and thickness, occasionally
projecting far beyond the tip of the leaf, and forming a hair-
like point.

ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND STRUCTURE OF MOSSES. 15

This nerve often projects beyond the surface of the leaf
and especially below^ and is sometimes plaited beneath, as in
Dicranum scoparium (Plate 23, fig. 7), sometimes furnished
with close parallel laminse above, as in Pogonatum nanum
(Plate 19, fig. \ c,d), and not unfrequently rough or echinulate.

The cells vary greatly in size and form, those at the basal
angles being often larger than the rest and less filled with
chlorophyll. They also vary greatly in thickness, the walls
of two contiguous cells being sometimes so blended together
that their distinction is not visible, but occasionally very ac-
curately defined (Plate 18, fig. 5 c). The primary cell-wall is
not always distinct, but in some genera it is well-defined and
sometimes is very irregular in outline.

The edge of the leaf is often serrated or crenulate through
the whole or a part only of its course, the serratures consist-
ing for the most part merely of cells projecting beyond their
neighbours, so as to give a toothed outline. Sometimes, how-
ever, the margin is distinctly thickened, and the serratures or
inequalities, if present, may then consist of two or more cells.
Indeed, this may be the case where there is no thickening.
The cell- walls of the bordering cells are sometimes thicker
than those of the rest. A portion of the surface of the leaf,
especially towards the edge or tip, like the nerve, is sometimes
rough with spine-like projections, arising from the protrusion
of individual cells. In some genera the walls of the cells on
either surface or on both are strongly granulated, but in such
cases the granulations belong to the thickened walls of the cells
(Plate 8, fig. 4).

The leaves are generally symmetrical, but this is not always
the case, especially where they are equitant, as in Fissidens
(Plate 14, fig. 2, 3). In some genera, as Hedwigia (Plate 21,
fig. 8), they are strongly fringed, and in others, as Sphag-

16

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

num, as frequently eroded, though they never assume the ex*
centric outline whieh is so common amongst Jungermannice.
An approach however is made in Homalia trichomanoides
(Plate 4, fig. 5j and in Schistostega osmundacea (Plate 14,

fig. 4).

In several cases the lamina, beyond the nerve or between
the nerve and the margin, consists of more than one stratum
of cells, as for example in Leucobryum glaucum (Plate 1, fig. 6),
where the green cells are imbedded between two strata of
white cells, whose walls are perforated, while in Sphagnum
(Plate 1, fig. 5) the large perforated cells whieh contain a
spiral thread have uniformly a border of narrow distinct green
cells.

The border of the leaf is often revolute, and sometimes in-
volute, and the base variously amplexicaul. The whole leaf
is sometimes convolute. In every case the leaves are sessile,
and they are never deciduous. In some instances, as in Fonti-
nails (Plate 3, fig. 2), they are so closely folded that they are
strongly keeled, and eventually split along the keel, so that
each leaf looks as if it were double, a circumstance which has
occasionally led to error.

Their direction is extremely variable. They are often
crowded and imbricated, frequently however they are patent,
not unfrequently secund, while many instances occur in which,
either wholly or in part, they are remarkably squarrose. In
the species with flattened branches they are for the most part
really or apparently distichous. In a dry state their direction
is often different and sometimes distinctly spiral, while their
surface becomes crisped, folded, or undulate.

They are always arranged round the axis in some definite
order. Sometimes they are two-ranked with the stem still
cylindrical or flattened, sometimes three-ranked, but more

ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND STRUCTURE OF MOSSES. 17

frequently they are arranged in spirals of five or eight, and in
some cases the disposition is still more complicated. In a
very few instances they are unequal in size, or accompanied
by stipules.

Though, however, the stems are almost universally destitute
of true stipules, their place is supplied in several Hypnei by
multitudes of irregular appendages Iparaphylla) scattered with-
out order over the surface. These are sometimes foliaceous,
though often very delicate and jagged, but occasionally they
are so repeatedly dichotomous or irregularly divided, that they
approach in appearance to radicles, though evidently from their
nature and development more nearly related to leaves. They
answer in all probability the same physiological purposes as
the rootlets, protecting the stem from burning heat, and help-
ing to retain moisture for its sustenance. The genus Thui-
dium (Plate 8, fig. 4) affords excellent examples.

In point of colour, the leaves vary from bright or glaucous
green to various shades of brown red or purple. In some
species, from defect of chlorophyll, the leaves are nearly white,
an appearance which is sometimes due to the cells, like the su-
perficial cells of the aerial roots of Orchids, at length containing
air rather than moisture, in which case a slight green tinge is
communicated from adjoining or imbedded more minute and
slender cells containing chlorophyll. In most instances they
revive perfectly on the application of water, though apparently
quite dry and parched, and crumbling beneath the fingers ;
but this is not always so strikingly the case where they are
very membranous. Stomates do not occur, I believe, upon
the leaves, though they are not uncommon on the surface of
the sporangia, in which case they reseml)le very closely those
of Phsenogams. In one or two Mosses, as Pottia cavifoUa
(Plate 23, fig. I e), there is a little bag on the u])per surface

18

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

of the nerve^ which ultimately splits longitudinally. The con-
tents of this are probably reproductive^ and I shall have to
speak of other appendages of the nerve when I come to the
consideration of the different modes of multiplication other
than from the true fruit.

I have now described the vegetative part of the plant, and
proceed to state what is known of the fruit, which is of two
kinds, male or female.

e, — Now, as regards the male organs, whether collected in
flower-like disks [perigonia) , as in Polytrichum, in little buds,
as Hypnum (Plate 6, fig. 3), in heads with the tips of the
leaves reflected, as in Splachnum (Plate 15, fig. 4), in disks
bordered with large leaves, as in Mnium (Plate 17, fig. 2),
or in catkin-like appendages, as in Bphagnum, or associated
more immediately with the female organs, — whether mixed
with them as in Bryum, or placed beneath them as in Webera,
— the structure is essentially the same. The antheridium
consists of an oblong sac, sessile or substipitate, filled with
cellular tissue, each ultimate cell of which at length gives
birth to a spermatozoid with a straight or curved thread-like
body, surmounted by two long, extremely delicate, flagelliform,
motile threads, by means of which it can move about rapidly
in fluid. The antheridia are usually accompanied by thread-
like paraphyses, always more or less distinctly articulated
(Plate 1, fig. 3). In Sphagnum the antheridia are axillary,
and resemble in their delicate stem and globose form those of
Jungermannice. In some cases they are developed in especial
buds springing from the radicular fibres. Their number
varies extremely ; while in some Mosses they are indefinite,
in others they seldom exceed some fixed number.

The paraphyses which separate the antheridia from each
other, and which, like the other parts of fructification, present

ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND STRUCTURE OF MOSSES. 19

a strange analogy to similar organs in Balanophorce, vary
somewhat in form. The resemblance however is more appa-
rent than real, and is confined to certain species of Balano-
phorce without extending to the whole group. In Bryum they
are simply filiform ; in Mnium the upper cells are much larger,
and so contracted at the commissures as to constitute a moni-
liform thread; in Poly trichum they are spathulate and divided
above, both transversely and vertically, by numerous cells.
In Diphyscium they present a curious object under the micro-
scope, the outer membrane of each constituent cell bursting
in the midst, so that each commissure has a little cylindrical
sheath attached to it, contracted in the middle, and open both
above and below. ,

/. — The female organs are far more complicated in their
structure, and are disposed in little special offsets from the
stem, or at its tip. Two parts have been distinguished in the
floral bud, if it may be so called, the ^ perigynium,^ which con-
sists of leaves encircling the true bud, and the perigamium,^
the portion which contains the fruit ; but these distinctions
are of little consequence. I shall have occasion to speak of
what is called the ^ perichaetium ^ afterwards.

In an early stage of growth, the female fruit, or ^ archegon,^
consists first of a single cell, then of an oblong cellular mass,
closed above and without any central cavity. As, however,
cell-division proceeds, the cells recede from the centre, and
leave a linear channel, at the base of which, in a slight dilata-
tion, is seated a single cell fixed below and free above, which
ultimately gives rise to the sporangium. The archegon, when
fully formed, is flask-shaped and perfectly free above, with a
long neck and an evidently cellular structure, the central
channel being visible through the walls (Plate 1, fig. J2). The
cells at the top of the archegon become loose and detached

20

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

from each other, so that some of them fall off, and an aperture
is left for the admission of the spermatozoids, which in moist
weather soon find their way to the aperture, and travel down
the channel to the basal cell, when ready for impregnation.

After impregnation has taken place, cell division com-
mences in this cell, and is continued till an oblong or subglo-
bose cellular mass is formed within the archegon, and distinct
from it, stretching its walls, and in most cases lifted upwards
by the elongation of a distinct stalk, till the archegon splits at
the base, or more rarely in the centre forming above a little
hood or veil to the body called a ^ calyptra,^ or veil, and after
dehiscence, leaving behind a little sheath, called the ‘^vaginula,^
from the centre of which the fruitstalk grows, and which is in
fact the foundation or extreme base of the archegon and con-
fluent with the axis, as in the course of development, should
the archegon have been at first lateral, it becomes terminal.

According to the mode of dehiscence, the vaginula is more
or less modified, and in many cases it is so incorporated with
the axis, that the axis itself seems hollowed out, and the ex-
ternal surface of the vaginula is rough with abortive arche-
gons and paraphyses. In general only a single archegon in
each group proceeds to perfection, though doubtless several
may be impregnated, exactly as in a bunch of pear blossoms,
though several may be impregnated and the ovules swell for a
time, some one or more individuals will take the lead, abstract-
ing the nourishment from the rest, so that their progress is ar-
rested, and they ultimately become detached at the base of the
peduncle. In some cases, as in Bryum roseum^ several arche-
gons are perfected. In Sphagnum the vaginula is lifted up on
a cylindrical hyaline stalk, the sporangium itself being almost
sessile, and the same structure obtains in Andreeva.

The veil itself is more or less persistent, sometimes falling

ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND 8TJIUCTU11E OE MOSSES. 21

off at an early stage of growth^ as in Mnium, but sometimes
crowning the sporangium till it arrives at maturity^ as in many
Hypna. If it remains entire at the base, or is only split into
several more or less symmetrical lobes, it is called mitriform ;
but if the fissure is confined to one side only, it is termed
cucullate (hood-shaped) or dimidiate. The base is sometimes
fringed, as in Baltonia splachnoides (Plate 3, fig. 4), and some-
times has little membranous appendages, as in several Enca-
lypi(S. These are at first inflected, being derived from the sur-
face of a conical appendage to the vaginula within the veil,
which ultimately forms an ocrea to it (Plate 22, fig. 1).

The surface is sometimes even, sometimes granulated, scaly,
or spiny, and sometimes grooved or costate. It is either quite
naked or clothed with filaments, which are sometimes erect,
sometimes dependent. In Polytr'ichum and Pogonatum they
form a striking character, and are so much developed that
they entirely conceal the minute veil. The top of the veil is
for the most part oblique, and is thicker than the base, and
sometimes granulated when the rest of the surface is even.
This in a young state was formerly regarded as a real stigma,
but it is rather analogous to the elongated fimbriated coat
of the ovule in Gnetum, impregnation being effected by imme-
diate contact of the spermatozoids with the embryonic cell,
if so it may be called, where the result of impregnation is a
sporangium and not a plant.

Occasionally the veil swells towards the base long before
the sporangium is large enough to force it out, as in Funaria
(Plate 16, fig. 6) and Physcomitrmm, in which cases it has a
peculiar vesicular appearance.

The fruitstalk is sometimes curved at the base, within the
vaginula, as occasionally in Encalypta and Ccn)ij}ylopi(s. It is
often quite even, ])ut not unfrecpiciitly the surface is distinctlv

22

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

granulated. It is often perfectly straight above, but frequently
decidedly curved, altering occasionally its direction as the
sporangium swells. It is frequently twisted either to the
right or left, and either enters abruptly into the sporangium,
or gradually passes into it, forming with it or beneath it a
little swelling or apophysis.

Even in such cases as Splachnum luteum (Crypt. Bot. fig.
106 d), where the apophysis at length acquires such an enor-
mous size and appears quite distinct, if we examine the stem
and sporangium in an early stage of growth, we shall find that
the apophysis belongs quite as much to the stem as the spo-
rangium, though the external cells in some instances are rather
those of the sporangium. In Sphagnum, the fruitstalk is re-
duced to a little bulb.

The base of the fruitstalk, especially in Pleurocarpous Mosses,
and sometimes the whole fruit, is immersed in leaves very dif-
ferent from the rest, even from those of the perigynium, which
together are called the perichsetium. They are perfected at a
later period than those of the perigynium, and require to be
distinguished, because occasionally they afibrd good specific
characters.

The sporangium in most Mosses, when ready to develope the
spores, consists of a central columella continued to the apex, a
surrounding spore-sac, the inner membrane of which adheres to
the columella, or is separated from it by threads as in Polytri-
chum, and the external w^all, which may either be confluent
with the outer wall of the spore-sac, as in Sphagnum, or free
or connected by threads (Plate 1, fig. 7, 8). In Archidium
there is ultimately no columella, and in Sphagnum the spore-
sac, instead of forming a little cylinder round the columella,
consists of a hemispherical, or more correctly a meniscoid,
cyst at the top.

ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND STRUCTURE OF MOSSES. 23

The walls of the spore-sac are generally even, but in Poly-
trichum and sonae neighbouring genera they are strongly
puckered. The spore-sac is at first filled with a nearly uni-
form cellular mass. The component cells are at length diffe-
rentiated, some remaining abortive, and others, by crucial cell-
division, producing the spores within the cavity. In a few
cases spores have been generated within the tissue of the colu-
mella, but this is quite exceptional. In general they separate
from each other, when mature retaining occasionally, as in
Archidium, something of the angular form, produced by mu-
tual pressure (Crypt. Bot. fig. 102), but sometimes they are
perfectly globose. In an exotic Moss, Eucamptodon perichm-
tialis, the cell-division is continued further, and the eight re-
sultant spores are permanently retained in the mother-cell, so
far as observations have hitherto been carried (Crypt. Bot. fig.
99 e) . In Splachnum they radiate regularly from the columella.

When the columella has performed its functions, which con-
sist probably in supplying nutriment to the spore-sac, it dries
up, and sometimes remains attached to the tissue at the apex,
with which it is either continuous, or, as in Polytrichum and
Sphagnum, perfectly distinct. In Polytrichum it forms a di-
lated membrane, closing up the spore-sac above and prevent-
ing the too hasty dispersion of the spores.

The top of the sporangium or lid, except in a very few genera,
where it remains permanently attached, and the spores escape
only by the decay or irregular rupture of the walls, separates
from the rest, just in a line with the top of the spore-sac, by a
regular horizontal fissure, the fissure being either quite uniform
or furnished with a rigid or elastic ring, consisting of a varia-
ble number of cells, sometimes only a single row, which eitlicr
separate immediately on the bursting of the lid, or remain
permanently attached. One of the best examples is afforded

/

24 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

by Funaria hygrometrica, in which it is rather complicated,
and springs off the moment the lid bursts, each portion twist-
ing up spirally from within outwards. The lid itself varies in
form, and is either extremely short and convex, with or with-
out a central apiculus, or more or less elongated, being some-
times as long as or longer than the capsule. In most cases
it falls off entirely, but sometimes it is suspended at the top of
the dry columella, as in some Splachnece. Sometimes when
falling it carries with it a part or the whole of the columella,
as in Pottia and Schistidium (Plate 21, fig. 6 e).

The mouth of the sporangium thus exposed by the rupture
of the lid, and without taking the annulus into account, is
either entirely naked, closed more or less perfectly with a
narrow membrane spreading over the spore-sac, or furnished
with one or two rows of more or less convergent teeth, sepa-
rate or connected at the base, sometimes indeed so intimately
connected as to form a plicate membrane variously modified,
according as the upper portion of the constituent teeth is more
or less free. The teeth are either four in number, or consti-
tute some multiple of four, in the less numerous cases being
frequently divided by lines in accordance with the general
rule. Sometimes though free at the base, they are connected
by transverse bars above, so as to constitute a network, as in
Fontinalis (Plate 3, fig. 2) ; and sometimes the very tips of
the teeth are connected so as to form a little membrane, as in
Funaria (Plate 16, fig. 6).

The teeth vary slightly in their origin, being occasionally
more or less confounded with the annulus, or anomalous as to
their formation, as in Polytrichum, Buxbaumia, and Tetr aphis ^
but as a general rule, each individual of the outer row of teeth,
or, as it is called, the outer peristome, arises partly from the
thickening of the walls, especially towards their centre, of

ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND STRUCTURE OF MOSSES. 25

the vertical row of cells (Plate 1, fig. 8 h), which is continued
within the lid from the corresponding row [k] in the outer
wall of the space intermediate between the wall of the sporan-
gium and the spore-sac, and partly of the contiguous walls of
the cells [g) which spring immediately from the apex of the
intermediate space {i). The inner peristome is formed from
the thickening of the opposite sides, more towards the interior
of these last cells {g) and the contiguous cell- walls (/), which
are continued from the cells of the inner wall of the inter-
mediate space (m). In other words, if we suppose the outer
and inner walls of the intermediate space, consisting each of
a single layer of cells, to be continued above, but connected
beyond its apex by a single layer of cells {g), — the outer wall
of the cells uniting the two walls continued upwards of the
intermediate space, together with the inner wall of the conti-
guous cells {h), will, when thickened, give rise to the outer
peristome; while the inner wall of the uniting cells {g) and
the outer wall of the cells continued from the inner wall of
the intermediate space will yield the inner peristome.

In some cases, where the whole wall is not thickened, but
two or three thickenings take place in the same cell-wall, with
intermediate free spaces, the number of teeth is deranged as in
Tortula, but if two are formed, the fringe will still be symme-
trical (Crypt. Bot. fig. 98 a) . Sometimes the inner teeth arise
at the angles of four contiguous cells, and if so, they will
generally alternate with the teeth of the outer peristome.

Sometimes, as in Tetraphis (Plate 19, fig. 8), the tissue
within the lid splits up into four solid masses, which form the
teeth, while in Polytrichum, the teeth, which are continuous
with the membrane which closes up the ripe spore- sac, con-
sist of several layers, which in the Antarctic Dawsonia, where
there is no diaphragm, become distinct from each other and

26

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

form a short tuft of cottony threads. In Buxhaumiei the
outer peristome appears to be derived from the outer strata
of the walls of the sporangia, and not from the wall of the
intermediate space, and traces of the same structure may be
found in other Mosses, as Orthotrichum cupulatum (Plate 20,
fig. 4).

In the more normal peristomes, the teeth vary in form,
length, sculpture, direction, connection, and many other points
which it is needless to enumerate here, as they are indicated
under each genus. These teeth, it may be observed, have not
the slightest homology with the leaves, and therefore none
with the petals of flowering-plants, being derived in a totally
different way. They are not in fact modifications of leaves,
but arise from the mere thickening of the walls of two contigu-
ous strata of cells. They are not like the leaves, arranged
spirally round the axis, but their bases are all in the same
plane, and their symmetrical number is grounded on the same
law which is so common amongst Cryptogams, even where or-
ganisms are derived from the contents of cells, as for example,
in the asci of Fungi and Lichens. Supposing the observation
were correct, which describes the tip of the columella as oc-
casionally producing leaves, this would be no confirmation of
the doctrine that the teeth of the peristome are of similar
origin, as they would be derived in a manner altogether differ-
ent in the two cases.

27

CHAPTER IV.

PEOPAGATION OF MOSSES INDEPENDENT OF THE

FEUCTIFICATION.

In all plants^ besides the normal mode of fructification, there
are subsidiary modes of multiplying individuals, in contra-
distinction to species, and these are peculiarly abundant in
Cryptogams. Without some provision of this kiud, many
dioecious Mosses, in which the plants of the two sexes rarely
if ever occur in the same tuft, would of necessity die out.
Provision has however been made in various ways to supply
the defect, or to be accessory to the more normal rule.

The true rootlets, together with those which are produced
so abundantly on the stem, or occasionally on other parts, are
themselves not unfrequently a means of multiplication. With-
out adverting particularly to those cases in which they develope
plants of a different sex from the parent, the lower roots espe-
cially as in some Phasca and Polytricha, send up to the sur-
face green threads, which can scarcely be distinguished from
those which are due to the germination of the spores, and
w'hich, like them, generate buds, which in due time give rise
to perfect plants. Conferva velutina (Eng. 13ot. t. 1556) is a
well-known example.

Threads arc also produced from the surface of the leaves.

28

HANDliOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

which propagate the plant, as in various Orthotricha, Con-
ferva muscicola (Eng. Bot. t. 1638) is a case in point. These
differ in degree of development. Sometimes they are green and
cylindrical or clavate ; sometimes they are scarcely distinguish-
able from rootlets. In Andrecea, the filaments assume a dif-
ferent type, and from the quadrifarious division of their en-
dochrome, so closely resemble some of the Palmelloid Algse,
that it is not easy to draw the line between them.

In other cases propagating granules are produced on the
midrib, as in Pottia cavifolia (Plate 23, fig. 2 e), or articu-
lated elavate processes at the tip of the midrib, where it ter-
minates below the apex, as in the exotic Calymperes Afzelii
(Crypt. Bot. fig. 100 b), or at the very tip, as in Calymperes
rigida. Similar bodies to these last are produced on distinct
peduncles, as in Aulacomnion palustre and A. androgynum
(Plate 18, fig. 5 g), where there are sometimes vertical as well
as transverse partitions, or in little rosettes, as in Tetraphis
pellucida (Plate 19, fig. % b, d).

Sometimes, again, buds are produced in the axils of the
leaves, as in many Pleurocarpous Mosses. Even the leaves
themselves occasionally throw out rootlets below, and may
thus serve for propagation when broken off (Plate 8, fig. 5 b),
while those of Leucobryum glaucum often produce new plants
at their tips.

The growth of Mosses from year to year by means of in-
novations, may also be referred to the same category, or at
least is closely analogous. But many annual, or at least ap-
parently annual, species are propagated on the same spot year
after year, not by innovations, but by radicular tubercles.

29

CHAPTER V.

VARIATIONS OF MOSSES.

Sexuality seems to be a necessary cause of variations. So
long as plants are propagated by buds^ or stolons, or gems, or
by any other adventitious organ, there is some security for the
produce being similar to the parent, though modifications even
in these cases may be induced by varied climatic conditions,
or other circumstances which may exercise a certain influence
on the new plant. When we consider what wonderful modi-
fications are effected in the evolution of the embryo in the
animal world by mere change of position or a partial privation
of atmospheric air during the development of the ovum, we
may well be prepared for many curious phenomena amongst
vegetables, whose germs may be placed under anomalous con-
ditions. And if it is true that variations will take place when
increase is due only to adventitious organs, what an immense
source of change exists in growth by impregnation, where
through countless ages cross-impregnation has taken place,
spreading far and wide the peculiarities of individuals, in some
modified form, if not in all their intensity, amongst succeed-
ing generations.

If the limits of species arc often doubtful among Plueno-
gams, they arc no less so amongst Cryptogams; and IMosses

30

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

form no exception to the rule. Races^ species, subspecies, and
varieties alike scarcely admit of accurate definition, and have
different meanings according to the point of view from which
they are regarded. While some Mosses admit at once of accu-
rate separation from all others, without any intervening links,
there are natural groups, especially amongst Hypnei, which
admit of subdivision into others possessed of more or less
predominant characters, hut where it is almost impossible to
say what is or is not a species. Take for example the com-
mon Hypnum cupressiforme, and you will find some of its
acknowledged varieties more palpably different from each
other than some of the neighbouring species which are ad-
mitted as distinct. Indeed this species may be pointed as ex-
hibiting the greater part of the changes to which Mosses are
subject. Besides difference of size, the stem with the leaves
varies from compressed to nearly cylindrical, and in its mode
of branching and length ; the leaves differ in size, form, and
direction, in the presence or total suppression of the nerve,
and in the condition of the margin ; the sporangium, in its
inclination, length, and form, and the lid, in the degree of its
development. All these, and other differences, occur in a single
species. But differences occur also amongst Mosses in the areo-
lation of the leaves, the length and curvature of the fruitstalk,
the size of the apophysis, — whether belonging to the peduncle
or sporangium, — the nature of the inflorescence, and, what is of
the utmost importance as regards generic distinctions in the
condition of the peristome, which in the same species, as in
Encalypta vulgaris (Plate 22, fig. 1), may be present or entirely
wanting ; or, as in Orthotrichum anomalum (Plate 20, fig. 5),
there may be rudiments of an inner peristome, while in other
cases there may be none. Great differences may also exist
in the condition of the outer teeth, whether as regards their

VARIATIONS OF MOSSES.

31

more or less imperfeet development, or the nature of their
division, as in the Dicranei.

From all these causes, the distinction of species requires
great caution ; and, after all that has been done towards reduc-
tion, it is still quite certain that much still remains to be
accomplished, and that many supposed species owe their dis-
tinctions merely to changes which arise from climatic condi-
tions or differences of habitat.

32

CHAPTER VI.

HABITATS OF MOSSES.

liN speaking of the nature of Mosses (p. 5) we have already
mentioned the sorts of situations and conditions under which
they occur. While many are almost indifferent to their place
of growth, whether on rocks or branches of trees, or on the
ground, others are confined to a peculiar matrix, as those
Splachna which require for their nutriment either the dung
of an herbivorous or carnivorous animal, or the Mosses which
affect some especial kind of rock — whether siliceous, as An-
drecece, or calcareous, as Seligeria calcarea (Plate 24, fig. 2) or
Encalypta streptocarpa — for their nutriment or growth. Sand-
stone caves seem the peculiar requisite of Schistostega. A
few Mosses seem to flourish peculiarly upon straw roofs, as
Tortula ruralis (Plate 22, flg. 4), but they are by no means
confined to such a situation. The decaying thatch merely
supplies a richer nourishment than usual, exactly as it does to
Agaricus furfur aceus and A. siipitarius^ which are finer in such
situations than elsewhere.

Elevation however has no less influence on the occurrence
of various species. While some are almost ubiquitous, we
should in vain seek for Conostomum horeale (Plate 15, fig. 8),
Polytrichum sexangulare, or Pogonatum alpinumj at low alti-

HABITATS OF MOSSES.

33

tudes, except in high latitudes. Other things being equals the
zones of Mosses in a given locality, on a high mountain^ are
as capable of accurate definition as those of Pheenogains. In
tropical climates a favourite situation of many delicate species
is the thick coriaceous leaves which are so common there^ and
so persistent ; and even in our own climate, a Moss may now
and then occur on evergreen leaves, but then only by accident.

The different nature of soil also, uTether from its mechanical
division or chemical composition, has a considerable influence
on the production of species. The hard beaten sides of foot-
paths, the loose crumbling matter at the base of rocks, the
sand by the seashore, the rich moist banks of ditches, the
grassy meadow, the naked clay, the deep recesses of woods,
the peaty soil of heaths and moors, the damp margins of
pools or swamps, and wet boggy ground, have their own ap-
propriate species, not to mention the variety of Mosses which
are more truly aquatic, whether in rapid streams or quiet
waters. The mud-capped walls which are so frequent in
oolitic districts produce always a multitude of species, some of
them of rare occurrence elsewhere, while the little mounds
made by ants are sometimes extremely productive. The
Phasca seem to luxuriate especially in fallow fields where the
soil is thin and not retentive of moisture, especially in cal-
careous districts. Within a square yard half-a-dozen species
may sometimes be found where these conditions exist. Though
at a moderate distance from the sea a variety of species
may occasionally be found in great perfection, there arc very
few which, like ScJdstidium maritimuni, choose by preference
situations constantly exposed to the spray of salt water.

I)

34

CHAPTER VII.

ON THE aEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF MOSSES.

We have already seen that the distribution of particular spe-
cies of Mosses in a given area depends greatly upon soil and al-
titude. When latitude is taken into consideration, conditions
will be modified; but within reasonable limits, like circum-
stances will encourage the growth of the same or similar
Mosses. Comparing the Bryology of the British Isles with
that of Europe taken as a whole, we find a very large propor-
tion of Continental species diffused amongst them ; a very few
genera only being unrepresented ; while notwithstanding the
labours of British Bryologists, there are scarcely half-a-dozen
of our Mosses which have not been found on the Continent.*
The times of bearing fruit will differ in different localities ;
but the characters agree wonderfully with those of the Conti-
nental specimens, or where they differ, do not differ more than
Continental specimens do from each other.

* About 280 species out of 716, according to Schimper’s enumeration, occur
on the Continent which do not occur in the British Isles. The following Con-
tinental genera do not occur in our Flora : — Voitia, Sporledera, SrucMa, Tre-
matodon^ Angstrcemia^ Conomitrium, Pharomitrium^ Eustichium, Praunia, Cos-
cinodon, Pyramidula, Oreas, Psilopilum^ Fahronia, Anacamptodon^ Habrodon^
Lescurcea^ Anisodon^ Platygyrium^ Thedenia; most of which contain only a single
species, and of wliich the seven last are Pleurocarpous, the rest Acrocarpous.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF MOSSES.

35

If we take analogous situations in the southern hemisphere
we shall still find a certain proportion of species identical with
those of the north, with the admixture however and pre-
dominance of distinct forms.

A few species are almost cosmopolitan, as Andreeva rupestris,
Weissia controversa, Ceratodon purpureus, Racomitriun lanii-
ginosum, Funaria hygrometrica, Bryum argenteum, B, capillare,
Polytrichum commune, and Hypnum cupressiforme. Other
British species however occur in various parts of the world
which cannot be considered as cosmopolitan.

If we take New Zealand as a point of comparison, a country
which is peculiarly rich in Cryptogams, we find that 249 species
of Mosses are recorded, in Dr. Hooker^s Flora, as occurring
in its islands. Of these 41, including the species above-
mentioned or about one-fifth, are British or at least European
species. In 39 genera there is not a single New Zealand spe-
cies which is European; and in several of these, as Macro-
mitrium', PMcopilum,Rhizogomum, Dawsonia, etc., there are no
European representatives. Meanwhile Hookeria, Isothecium,
Homalia, and some other European genera, obtain an import-
ance which they scarcely possess in any European flora, and
indeed Pleurocarpous Mosses are predominant in beauty and
luxuriance.

If, however, the New Zealand Mosses be compared with
those of Tasmania, we shall find that while the latter, including
cosmopolitan forms, comprise about a third of European
species, the remainder agree wonderfully with those of New
Zealand. Of the 158 recorded species, about 120 are the
the same with those of New Zealand, without mentioning
British forms common to both.

It will be found, moreover, that many of these species of a
southern type extend to the Auckland and CampheH’s Isles,

36

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

and to the southern parts of South America, besides spreading
slightly northwards. At the same time tropical forms are few
in number, not exceeding five, dispersed through Bourbon,
Mauritius, Java, Tahiti, and the Indian continent. About *27
Tasmanian Mosses occur in South Africa, but not generally
belonging to the southern types. More tropical forms indeed
might have been expected, as there is no severe frost to destroy
the young plants, should spores by any accident have been
wafted into the country.

A very remarkable deviation from general laws occurs in
the centre of Germany. In some situations the great boulders
with which the plain is scattered produce alpine species of
Moss, as if brought during the glacial period from some dis-
tant regions. It is at once obvious that such species as
Andrecea Kotliu, Catoscopium nigritum, Grimmia trichophylla
and G. leucophylla are not the natural produce of the plains
of Germany, and these are not the only species which show
similar anomalies in geographical distribution.

The following orders of Mosses contain no European spe-
cies, though they combine, for the most part, southern forms,
together with others which may be considered Tropical or
Subtropical, Syrrhopodontei, Hydy'opogonei, Octoblepharei,
Leptostomeij Rhizogoniei, Phyllogoniei, Hypopterygii, Racopi-
lacei. Fabronia has two European species amongst numerous
exotics.

With the exception of one or two Mosses in amber, we have
no certain information as to their occurrence in what are com-
monly called geological formations.

37

CHAPTER VIII.

ON THE CULTIVATION OF MOSSES.

But little lias been effected in this direction. A few exotic
Mosses are occasionally introduced by accident into our stoves,
and in rare cases establish themselves, while some of the more
striking exotic forms, as Octoblepharum albidum, are imported
intentionally with the more minute Ferns, and linger for a
year or two in their new home without attracting much atten-
tion, while here and there attempts are made to raise Mosses
from their spores, more with the intention, however, of
watching their mode of development than with a view to their
cultivation as objects of ornament.

Few plants, however, will better repay attention. Where
British species only are desired, or at least those of temperate
regions, a little conservatory with rock-work on either side,
capable of being well ventilated, and never heated except in
severe weather or to prevent damp, answers the purpose ad-
mirably. A few of the smaller Ferns or alpine plants may
be introduced with advantage, but nothing of too coarse or
rampant a growth. If mixed with some of the more striking
Liverworts, to the suppression however of too luxuriant a
growth of the common Marchantice, which in small quantities
will not be unacceptable, a most pleasing cflcct may be pro-

38

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

duced, and one which will be attractive to those who regard
form more than brilliant colours. If proper soil were pre-
pared^ we have no doubt that the spores of such handsome
Mosses as Splachnum riibrmn and lutemn, if imported carefully
from their northern home, might be made to vegetate and pro-
duce their lovely fruit. The subject is, at any rate, worth an
efibrt ; and now that there are so many summer visitors to the
north of Europe, it may not be difficult to procure living
specimens.

The great drawback to the cultivation of Mosses is the
appearance of the white mycelium of a parasitic Eungus
[Nectria muscivora) upon the patches, and possibly of one or
two other byssoid productions whose nature has not at present
been ascertained. The only mode of dealing with these, as
far as we know, is to remove them with a small brush as fast
as they are generated, or otherwise unsightly arid blotches are
formed which mar the general effect,

A list of Mosses easy of cultivation in a cool frame, or
shaded shelf of a greenhouse, is given in StarlEs ^ History of
British Mosses,^ p. 44. The pots which contain aquatic
species require to be placed in a pan of water. When the
pots are removed in summer into the open air they require
the protection, of a net, as birds are very apt to pull up the
Moss in search of insects.

Mosses are not subject to many real parasites, though they
form a welcome matrix to many fungi. One or two species,
however, inhabit their sporangia or perigonia, while a minute
Fusispormm sometimes infests the spore-sac, destroying the
spores.

39

CHAPTER IX.

ON THE USES OE MOSSES.

If we confine ourselves to the economical uses of Mosses^ we
may almost speak of them in the terms in which owls are
spoken of in Horrebow^s celebrated Chapter in the History
of Iceland. Sphagnum alone is sometimes ground up to eke
out a scanty supply of meal_, but without a notion as to its
possessing any nutritive qualities. Indeed_, scarcely any part
of the vegetable kingdom seems to supply so little nutriment
to the animal world_, though the tufts of Mosses afford harbour
to myriads of insects, as they do a warm clothing to the
trunks of trees. Scarcely a single species can be mentioned
which has any real pretensions to afford a useful medicine ;
and their other economical uses consist in their supplying an
admirable substance for packing or stuffing, or in their capa-
bility of being converted into miserable brooms or cushions.
One species affords a substitute for lampwicks to the Esqui-
maux. The continued growth of some of the bog species has
a considerable share in the formation of peat, which, after the
lapse of ages, is available to man in the shape of fuel.

In the economy of nature they are of immense importance,
as they often constitute the first vegetation which appears on
new soil, afibrding a nidus lor the development of other

40

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

vegetables; and so, at length, in many instances, covering
a naked surface vvdtli vegetable soil. The minute seeds of
llhododendra for instance, where Mnium punctatum abounds,
find a more genial place of growth in their tufts than in any
other locality where those lovely plants seem to be really at
home, as in the slate districts of Wales.

This property, however, of elothing naked soils, or of intru-
ding where their presence is not desired, makes them often
extremely annoying in the garden, where it is desired to keep
gravel-walks trim and unsullied, or in pastures, where they
usurp the place of nutritive Grasses. In the former case
boiling water impregnated with salt, gas-water, or a solution
of some poisonous mineral, may be used with advantage; in
the latter the brush-harrow, followed by good manure, will be
most likely to effect a cure.

In an aesthetic point of view, it is scarcely possible to speak
of Mosses too highly. In elegance and delicacy of colouring
they are individually surpassed by few Cryptogams, especially
amongst the finer and more attractive kinds ; and taken eol-
lectedly, they frequently give a tone to the colouring of rocks
and foregrounds which the eye ean at once appreciate. Even
some of the smaller species, when in fruit and lighted up
en masse by a partial sunbeam, are exquisitely beautiful from
their red and olive tints.

41

CHAPTER X.

COLLECTION AND PRESEKVATION OE MOSSES.

No plants are so easy to prepare for the herbarium as Mosses.
They easily part with any moisture which they have imbibed^
and if common care is used they are not liable to be spoiled
by damp or seriously injured by the depredation of insects.
Except in very wet weather^ one or two changes of the drying-
paper are quite sufficient. In collecting rare or delicate species,
especially if they are in a good state of fruit, it is well to wrap
the specimens at once, when gathered, in soft paper, which
need not be opened till they are required for examination,
when the calyptra or more fugitive parts will be preserved,
which might otherwise be lost in the process of changing the
drying-papers. Where specimens are abundant, it is always
well to preserve some in their natural state, except the tui'ts
are unmanageable. A portion however should be carefully
disentangled, and thoroughly cleaned from any adherent soil,
to show the mode of ramification. Where the fruit is easily
destroyed by friction, it is well to keep some separate, in little
capsules, gummed to the sheets in whieh the specimens arc
placed. It is in general convenient to glue the specimens from
different localities on separate pieces of paper, which should
either be of one fixed size or multiples of it ; and they can

42

HANDBOOK OF BiilTlSH MOSSES.

then be pinned into the common sheet or sheets which belong
to the particular species. It is an excellent plan, whenever
a specimen is examined microscopically, to sketch what is seen
on the paper to which it is fastened. This precludes the neces-
sity of repeated examination, and where specimens are rare
prevents their being seriously injured.

The most convenient power perhaps for examining the
leaves of Mosses is a one-third object-glass, while a one-fifth
is quite sufficient for the examination of the peristome.
Lower powers however will suffice for the determination of
genera and species.

43

CHAPTER XI.

SYSTEMATIC AEEAYaEMENT OF MOSSES.

The main divisions of Mosses depend upon the situation of
the fruit_, its nature, and the mode of branching; but, as in
other branches of natural history, it is impossible in any
natural arrangement to frame characters which shall be free
from exceptions. They are divided by authors according to
these principles into five groups.

1. Pleurocai'pi. Fruit lateral, springing immediately from
the stem.

2. Cladocarpi. Fruit terminal, on short lateral branches.

3. Acrocarpi. Fruit terminal.

4. Schistocarpi. Fruit splitting longitudinally into four or
more valves, adhering above.

5. Syncladei. Branches fasciculate.

Of these the second is not strictly natural, and the character
is difficult of application, as Acrocarpous and Cladocarpous
species occur in the same genus.

It has been proposed moreover to divide the first three
groups into Steyocarpi and Cleistocarpi, the former comprising
those in which the spores escape on the separation of the lid,
the latter, as in PJiascum, by the decay or irregular rupture
of the sporangium ; but as it is probable that in a really

44^

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

natural arrangement the Phascoid Mosses must be distributed
amongst those which are Stegocarpous, the distribution is
not tenable.

Generic characters depend upon the structure and situation
of the fruit; but though the differences of the peristome
afford in many cases admirable characters, in others great
latitude must be taken in their use. Where natural groups
are sought for, the same genus will sometimes comprise species
with a single or double peristome, or in which it is altogether
wanting. The old genus Gymnostomum is now properly dis-
tributed amongst widely distant groups.

The calyptra occasionally affords good characters, but it is
sometimes deceptive. The vaginula is often of great import-
ance, but it is not so obvious a source of distinction as parts
which are more exposed to view. The comparative length of
the lid is often employed as a mark of distinction by Con-
tinental authors, but seldom with much advantage.

The male inflorescence rarely affords good generic charac-
ters, though it sometimes comes in aid of others, as in Bryum
and Mnium. The reticulation of the leaves is often indicative
of natural affinity, and occasionally is available for generic
distinctions ; but the refinements of Continental Bryologists,*
especially in the genus Hypnum, are not calculated for prac-
tical purposes ; and though their groups are generally natural,
it is often impossible to reconcile them with the proposed dis-
tinctions.

The arrangement of Dr. Montagne, in Orbigny^s Diction-
ary, as regards the Natural Orders into which the tribes are
divisible, though laying no claim to originality, appears to be
one of the most convenient, and was followed in the ^ Intro-
duction to Cryptogamic Botany,^ and, with few exceptions, is
the same with that adopted here.

SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OE MOSSES.

45

Where genera approach so near as Trichostornum, Tortula,
and some others^ different views will be taken by Bryologists.
But in whatever way the several species may be grouped^
difficulties will arise as to the stability of characters ; and were
those and some neighbouring genera again incorporated^ there
would still be difficulties as to the natural grouping of the
species.

On the wffiole, the state of Bryology must be considered as
extremely imperfect. The entire subject clearly ^vants the
revision of some master-mind.

46

SYNOPSIS OP ORDERS AND GENERA.

It should be observed, that the characters of the Orders and
Genera, in the following synopsis, are drawn up with a view to
the Mosses of the British Isles alone, and not to Mosses in general,
the object being to facilitate the reference of British species to
their proper genera. In the enumeration of species, on the con-
trary, exotic genera and species have been constantly kept in
view in the definitions. In scarcely any tribe of plants, however,
is it so diflicult to draw up precise characters, as the evident
affinities of particular species militate more than usually against
definite circumscriptions. Generic characters were originally con-
fined to the parts of fructification ; but if natural groups are
desired, it is absolutely necessary to comprehend also in our
characteristic phrases particulars about the mode of branching,
and the nature of the leaf-cells, where these admit of definition.
In a very few cases I have been compelled to propose genera, where
anomalous species did not admit readily of association with
others-, though I have done so with reluctance.

Section I.— PLEUROCARPI.

Fruit lateral, or at the tips of very short branehes.

Oedee I. FONTINALEL

Sporangia sessile or subsessile ; peristome double j inner
peristome eonieal, caneellate.

Genus 1. Fontinalis. — Sporangium sessile; veil mitriform.

SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND GENERA.

4-7

Genus 2. Dichelyma. — Sporangium sessile or subsessile ;
veil cueullate.

Order II. CEYFTOTRECIL

Peristome single or double ; veil mitriform ; stems cylin-
drical; leaves imbricated.

Genus 3. Cryph(2a. — Sporangium immersed ; veil small ;
peristome double.

Order III. ROOKEEEL

Sporangium horizontally cernuous, succulent; peristome
double ; veil mitriform ; stem mostly flattened ; leaf-cells
mostly large.

Genus 4. Daltonia. — Sporangium suberect ; veil fringed ;
leaves spreadings cells small.

Genus 5. Hookeria. — Sporangium cernuous ; inner peri-
stome divided halfway down into sixteen processess without
intermediate cilia ; veil not fringed ; leaves flatteneds cells
large.

Order IV. NECKEEEL

Fruitstalk mostly short ; peristome double ; veil cueullate ;
leaves mostly flattened ; stem more or less pinnate.

Genus G. Neckera, — Sporangium erects immerseds or ex-
serted; veil large; inner peristome divided almost to the
base ; leaves mostly undulated.

Genus 7. Homalia. — Fruitstalk elongated ; inner peristome
a membrane divided into sixteen keeled processes without in-
termediate cilia; leaves not undulated.

Order V. RYENEL

Sporangium cernuous ; fruitstalk elongated ; veil cueullate ;

48

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

inner peristome mostly with intermediate cilia ; stem mosth^
cylindrical.

Genus 8. Hypnum. — Cilia distinct; stem mostly without
paraphylla ; leaves even.

Genus 9. Ptychodium. — Cilia rudimentary ; paraphylla nu-
merous.

Genus 10. Heterocladiiim. — Leaves of stem and branches
heteromorphous ; paraphylla few ; upper reticulations narrow.

Genus 11. Thuidium. — Leaves of stem and branches hetero-
morphous ; paraphylla numerous ; upper reticulations rounded.

Genus 12. Pseudoleskea. — Intermediate cilia present or ab-
sent; paraphylla numerous ; reticulations oval-punctiform.

Order Yl. ISOTHPCII.

Sporangium erect ; fruitstalk elongated ; veil cucullate ; pe-
ristome single or double ; leaf-cells minute.

Genus 13. Isothecium. — Cilia of inner peristome more or less
imperfect; upper leaf-cells linear ; secondary stems dendroid.

Genus 14. Climacmm. — Cilia of inner peristome wanting ;
veil large ; lid adherent to the columella ; habit dendroid.

Genus 15. Cylindrothecium. — Peristome not hygrometric,
inserted below the mouth of the sporangium ; inner peristome
of sixteen narrow darker teeth ; stem decumbent.

Genus 16. Pylaisia. — Inner peristome divided almost to
the base into sixteen teeth, bipartite or gaping at the keel ;
intermediate cilia very short ; leaf-cells narrow ; stem creeping.

Genus 17. Homalothecium. — Intermediate cilia none ; teeth
of outer peristome solid ; veil large, subpilose ; leaf-cells li-
near ; stem partly creeping, partly assurgent.

Genus 18. Orthothecium. — Intermediate cilia short or want-
ing ; teeth of peristome thin ; cells at base of leaves not
quadrate.

SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND GENERA.

49

Genus 19. Myurella. — Intermediate cilia Innate ; stem cy-
lindrical ; leaves closely imbricated, papillose ; leaf-cells mi-
nute, chlorophyllous.

Genus 20. Platydictya. — Intermediate cilia present or ab-
sent ; stem confervoid ; leaves loosely set ; leaf-cells large.

Genus Philoscia. — Intermediate cilia wanting; stem

succulent; leaves subbifarious ; leaf-cells narrow, elongated.

Genus 22. Myrinia. — Inner peristome solid, dark ; interme-
diate cilia wanting; leaves even; leaf-cells large, rhomboid.

Genus 23. Pterigynandrum. — Inner peristome rudimentary;
veil naked ; leaves papillose ; upper leaf-cells rhomboid ; male
and female fruit axillary.

Genus 24. Antitrichia. — Fruitstalk short, curved ; inner
peristome of sixteen perforated teeth adhering to the outer ;
cilia wanting ; leaf-cells minute ; stems procumbent, pinnate.

Genus 25. Thamnium. — Inner peristome with intermediate
cilia ; upper leaf-cells elliptic ; stem naked below, branched
above ; branches more or less two-ranked.

Genus 26. Leucodon. — Peristome erect, single, or with very
obscure traces of an inner membrane ; ring fragmentary ; leaf-
cells punctiform.

Genus 27. Anomodon. — Peristome double; inner of sixteen
short fugacious processes ; leaf-cells very minute, opaque.

Genus 28. Pterogonium. — Inner peristome membranous,
half as long as the outer teeth, with rudimentary cilia ; veil
pilose ; leaves papillose ; leaf-cells elliptic.

Genus 29. Leskea. — Peristome double, outer teeth staple-
bent when dry ; inner peristome with obscure intermediate
cilia ; leaves papillose ; leaf-cells very minute, chlorophyllous.

Genus 30. Leptodon. — Peristome double; inner membra-
nous, divided above into short irregular teeth; veil pilose;
leaf-cells punctiform.

E

50

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

Order YII. ANCECTAJS^GIEL

Cladocarpous. Sporangium ovate or spherical; peristome
none ; veil cucullate.

Genus 31. Ancectangium.

Order YIII. DBEEANOPHYLLEL

Ylostly cladocarpous. Stems flat; leaves equitant; peri-
stome single^ teeth bifid ; veil cucullate or conical.

Genus 32. Fissidens. — Sporangium often cernuous ; fruit-
stalk elongated ; veil cucullate or conical ; teeth sixteen^ bifid ;
divisions slender^ elongated; vaginula distinct.

Order IX. MIELIGHOFEBIEL

Cladocarpous. Sporangium straight^ with or without an
apophysis ; peristome single or double ; vaginula distinct.

Genus 33. Mielichoferia, — Sporangium pyriform or clavate ;
annulus large; peristome single, of sixteen teeth which are
confluent below.

Section II.— ACROCARPI.

Order X. SCHISTOSTEGEI.

Sporangium subglohose ; spore-sac adnate with the walls ;
peristome none ; leaves distichous.

Genus 34. Schistostega.

Order XI. SFLACHNEL

Sporangium apophysate ; spores radiating ; leaves diapha-
nous, large-celled.

Genus 35. (Edipodium. — Sporangium clavate, confluent
with the apophysis and fruitstalk ; peristome none.

SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND GENERA.

51

Genus 36. Dissodon. — Apophysis tapering; columella ex-
serted when dry ; peristome of sixteen short double teeth
incurved when dry.

Genus 37. Tayloria. — Apophysis clavate or subpyriform ;
teeth sixteen or thirty-two^ reflexed when dry.

Genus 38. Tetraplodon. — Apophysis clavate or ovate ; peri-
stome of sixteen double teeth, at first approximated in fours,
reflexed when dry.

Genus 39. Splachnum. — Apophysis large^ spongy, distinct ;
teeth sixteen, in pairs, reflexed when dry.

Order XII. DISCELIEL

Sporangium subglobose, cernuous ; ring large ; teeth six-
teen, cloven from the base ; veil twisted.

Genus 40. Discelium,

Order XllL OEEADEI.

Sporangium small, subglobose, cernuous; peristome single,
or obscurely double ; veil cucullate.

Genus 41. Catoscopium. — Sporangium even, horizontal ; pe-
ristome of sixteen short teeth, with traces of an inner peristome.

Order XIV. BABTBAMIEL

Sporangium spherical, mostly striated; leaves rigid, keeled,
toothed.

Genus 42. Conostomum. — Peristome of sixteen teeth, united
at their tips and forming a cone.

Genus 43. Bartramia. — Sporangium oblique ; veil small,
fugacious ; peristome double, single, or absent.

Genus 44. Bartramidula. — Sporangium even; mouth small ;
peristome none; spore-sac united above with the columella.

52

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

Order XV. FUN'AEIEL

Sporangium pyriform ; veil inflated below, subulate above ;
leaf-cells large.

Genus 45. Physcomitrium. — Veil 5-6-lobed, with a long,
straight beak ; peristome none.

Genus 46. Entosthodon. — Veil cucullate ; peristome rudi-
mentary, or of sixteen teeth.

Genus 47. Funaria. — Sporangium oblique ; apophysis taper-
ing ; ring very large \ peristome double ; teeth of outer row
joined at the tips and forming a cribrose disk.

Order XVI. MEESIFL

Sporangium tapering below, gibbous behind ; fruitstalk
very long; peristome double, not hygroscopic.

Genus 48. Amblyodon. — Mouth of sporangium small, ob-
lique ; peristome double, outer of sixteen short teeth, inner
longer, deeply divided; leaves loosely reticulated.

Genus 49. Meesia. — Mouth oblique ; peristome double,
outer of sixteen short teeth, inner longer, deeply divided;
leaf-cells small, crowded.

Genus 50. Paludella, — Sporangium cernuous or suberect ;
ring large ; peristome double, outer of sixteen lanceolate
teeth, inner a membrane divided halfway down into sixteen
processes, without intermediate cilia.

Order XVII. BETEL

Sporangium symmetrical, erect, or cernuous ; peristome
double ; veil cucullate ; leaves mostly marginate.

Genus 51. Cinclidium. — Inner peristome dome-shaped,
with sixteen perforations opposite to the outer teeth.

Genus 52. Mnium. — Sporangium ovate or oblong; peristome

SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND GENERA.

53

double^ inner with intermediate cilia ; paraphyses of anthe-
ridia clavate ; leaves large.

Genus 53. Zieria, — Sporangium gibbous behind ; neck
long ; inner peristome longer ; intermediate cilia rudimentary.

Genus 54. Anomobryum. — Sporangium symmetrical ; peri-
stome double ; leaf-cells very narrow above, vermiform to-
wards the nerve.

Genus 55. Bryum, — Sporangium symmetrical, confluent
with the narrow apophysis ; paraphyses of antheridia filiform,
innovations from the apex ; leaf-cells rather large.

Genus 56. Weber a. — Sporangium symmetrical, confluent
with the narrow apophysis; innovations mostly from the base;
stems mostly slender ; leaves narrow ; leaf-cells hexagonal,
elongated.

Genus 57. Leptobryum. — Sporangium symmetrical, con-
fluent with the narrow apophysis ; innovations from the base ;
leaves very narrow; leaf-cells above hexagonal, elongated.
Annual.

Genus 58. Orihodontium. — Sporangium symmetrical; spore-
case small; peristome double; inner without intermediate
cilia; leaves very narrow.

Genus 59. Aulacomnion. — Sporangium furrowed, when dry;
spores very small.

Genus 60. Timmia, — Sporangium symmetrical; peristome
double ; inner divided halfway into about sixty-four cilia, at
first united above.

Order XVIII. FOLTTBIGREL

Sporangium often quadrate ; mouth mostly closed with a
tympanoid membrane connected with the teeth or wall ; veil
mostly rough with dependent hairs.

Genus 61. Boly Iridium. — Sporangium angular, with a dis-

54

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

tinct apophysis; spore-sac undulated; veil densely pilose;
nerve of leaf covered with longitudinal plaits.

Genus 62. Pogonatum. — Sporangium oval or oblong; veil
densely pilose ; spore-sac undulated ; leaves densely lamellate.

Genus 63. Oligoti'ichum. — Sporangium subcylindrical ; veil
with scattered hairs or apical papillae ; spore-sac undulated.

Genus 64. Atrichwn. — Sporangium subcylindrical; veil
nearly naked, spinulose at the tip ; spore-sac adnate with the
wall of the sporangium.

Order XIX. BTIXBAUMIEL

Sporangium oblique; peristome a conical membrane sur-
rounded by layers of cellular tissue, divided into irregular
teeth, or a rudimentary ring.

Genus 65. Dlphyscium. — Sporangium subsessile ; peristome
a twisted plicate membrane, surrounded by a narrow filmy
ring.

Genus 66. Buxhaumia. — Sporangium large, flat above;
peristome a conical plicate membrane surrounded by three or
four layers of cellular tissue, divided into irregular teeth;
leaves rudimentary.

Order XX. TETBAPHIDEL

Sporangium straight; peristome confluent with the top of
the columella, which is divided into four pyramidal teeth.

Genus 67. Tetrodontium. — Peristome of four short teeth;
leaves minute, lineari-clavate.

Genus 68. Tetr aphis. — Veil torn at the base; peristome
of four triangular- elongated teeth ; leaves normal ; leaf-cells
large.

SYNOPSIS OP ORDERS AND GENERA.

00

Order XXL ZYGODONTEL

Sporangium striated ; peristome 0, single or double ; veil cu-
cullate, smooth.

Genus 69. Zygodon. — Sporangium apophysate; veil small,
oblique; peristome 0, single, or double.

Order XXII. OUTROTBICREL

Sporangium mostly striated ; veil mitriform, plicate, mostly
pilose; peristome variable.

Genus 70. Orthotrichum. — Sporangium striate; veil with
a few keel-like folds ; leaves not curled when dry.

Genus 71. Ulota. — Sporangium striate; veil with many
folds ; leaves curled when dry.

Order XXIII. ETTGROMITBIEL

Sporangium without a tapering apophysis; veil smooth,
furrowed, subulate ; leaf-cells punctiform, even.

Genus 72. Ptychomitrium. — Sporangium slightly tapering
below ; veil deeply furrowed, laciniate ; peristome of sixteen
deeply-divided teeth.

Genus 73. Glyphomitriwn. — Sporangium roundish ; veil
large, ventricose, plicate, laciniate ; peristome of sixteen teeth,
disposed in pairs.

Order XXIV. GBIMMIEL

Sporangium equal ; veil mitriform ; leaves mostly with an
excurrent nerve; upper leaf-cells punctiform.

Genus 74. Racomitrium. — Veil multifid below, subulate
and papillose above ; ring large ; peristome of sixteen bi-trifid
teeth, sometimes divided to the base; lower leaf-cells narrow.

Genus 75. Grimmia. — Veil mitriform or cucullate ; peri-

56

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

stome of sixteen lanceolate externally trabeculate bi-trifid
teeth^ rarely wanting; columella not deciduous; lower leaf-
cells larger and diaphanous.

Genus 76. Schistidium. — Columella adhering to the lid, and
falling away with it.

Order XXV. REDWIGIACEL

Sporangium globose or oblong, immersed, or slightly ex-
serted ; peristome none ; leaves nerveless.

Genus 77. Hedwigidiiim. Sporangium more or less ex-
serted ; veil cucullate, smooth.

Genus 78. Hedwigia. — Sporangium immersed ; veil conical;
leaves diaphanous above.

Order XX VI. ENCALYPTEL

Sporangium straight, even, or striate ; veil very large, cylin-
drico-campanulate.

Genus 79. Encalypta. — Fruitstalk elongated ; veil mostly
appendiculate ; vaginula crowned with a conical spongy mass.

Order XXVII. BIPAEIACEL

Peristome of thirty-two teeth, connected together by anas-
tomosing process, or an irregularly fissured or rudimentary
membrane ; top of columella connected with the peristome.

Genus 80. Cmclidotus, — Veil smooth, conical, split on one
side ; peristome simple, sometimes rudimentary, of thirty-two
teeth, rising from a common membranous base, twisted above
round the columella.

Order XXVIII. TBICHOSTOMEL

V eil cucullate; peristome of thirty- two filiform teeth, distinct
or united below, frequently in pairs, and sometimes twisted.

SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND GENERA.

57

Genus 81. Tortula, — Veil with a long beak spirally fissured;
peristome of thirty-two twisted teeth, united by a tubular
short or elongated basal membrane.

Genus 82. Trichostomum. — Veil cucullate, smooth; peri-
stome of thirty-two teeth, disposed in pairs, composed of a sin-
gle series of elongated cells, sometimes united and perforated,
connected below by a short membrane; leaf- cells punctiform
above, minutely papillose.

Genus 83. Leptotrichwn. — Peristome of thirty-two teeth,
disposed in pairs, or sometimes reduced to sixteen; leaf-cells
narrow, elongated, not papillose.

Genus 84. Didymoclon. — Veil cucullate, covering at least
half the sporangium; peristome rather short, of sixteen linear-
lanceolate teeth, consisting of a double row of cells, tender
and fugacious, entire, or perforated ; leaf-cells narrow.

Genus 85. Distichium. — ^Veil cucullate with a slender beak;
peristome of sixteen teeth inserted below the mouth of the
sporangium, transversely barred, entire, or perforated ; leaves
more or less distichous ; upper leaf-cells minute .

Genus 86. Desmatodon. — Veil rather large, cucullate ; peri-
stome of sixteen subulate teeth, united at the base by a short
membrane, often split above, with the divisions free, or united
by trabeculse ; upper leaf-cells elongated ; lower very large.

Order XXIX. POTTIEL

Sporangium straight; peristome wanting, or of sixteen teeth;
veil cucullate ; upper leaf-cells large, hexagonal, low'er rectan-
gular.

Genus 87. Anacalypta. — Peristome of sixteen teeth, united
below by a common membrane, entire, or imperfectly divided,
sometimes fragmentary.

58

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

Genus 88. Pottia. — Veil cucullate; peristome none; apex
of columella falling away with the lid.

Oeder XXX. BICRANJEL

Sporangium even or striate; peristome of sixteen bifid, often
transversely-striate teeth; veil cucullate, entire, or fringed.

Genus 89. Campylopus. — Sporangia mostly aggregate ;
fruitstalk curved or geniculate ; veil fringed ; teeth lanceolate ;
leaf-cells subquadrate.

Genus 90. Dicranodontium. — Sporangium even ; fruitstalk
curved ; veil not fringed ; upper leaf-cells narrow.

Genus 91. Ceratodon. — Sporangium erect, furrowed ; peri-
stome of sixteen deeply cloven teeth, connected below by trans-
verse processes; upper leaf-cells minute.

Genus 92. Trichodon. — Fruitstalk flexuous; sporangium
even ; peristome of sixteen teeth divided to the base ; articu-
lations nodose ; leaf-cells rectangular.

Genus 93. Leucohryum. — Sporangium striate ; peristome of
sixteen bifid trabeculate teeth ; outer leaf-cells perforated.

Genus 94. Dicranum. — Sporangia aggregate or single in
the same perichsetium ; teeth sixteen, striate and trabeculate ;
upper leaf-cells linear.

Genus 95. Dicranella. — Sporangium mostly cernuous; veil
slightly inflated ; peristome regular ; upper leaf-cells oblongo-
hexagonal ; stems normally short.

Genus 96. Dichodontium. — Sporangium roundish, without
any apophysis ; fruitstalk flexuous ; teeth bi-trifid ; articula-
tions crowded, prominent ; upper leaf-cells very minute, quad-
rate, papillose.

Genus 97. Cynodontium. — Sporangium oblique or sym-
metrical ; veil rather large ; teeth lanceolate, dilated at the
base, cloven, often irregular ; upper leaf-cells minute ; lower
rectangular ; all chlorophyllous.

SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND GENERA.

59

Genus 98. Arctoa. — Sporangium short, furrowed when dry;
veil inflated ; teeth narrow, unequally eleven or perforated ;
leaf-eells elongated.

Genus 99. Blindia. — Sporangium roundish, turbinate when
dry; veil at first angular below; leaf-cells rectangular.

Genus 100. Stylostegium. — Sporangium roundish, im-
mersed ; veil very short ; peristome none ; upper leaf-cells
oblong.

Order XXXI. WJEISSIEL

Sporangium erect, equal; peristome 0, or of sixteen, mostly
entire teeth, often united at the base ; leaf-cells mostly minute
above or quadrate.

Genus 101. Anodus. — Sporangium straight, truncato-ovate ;
columella at length exserted ; peristome none.

Genus 1 02 . Seligeria . — S porangium roundish , wide- mouthed ;
teeth 16, obtuse.

Genus 103. Brachyodus. — Sporangium furrowed when dry ;
ring broad ; teeth very short, truncate, partly confluent.

Genus 104. Campy lostelium. — Fruitstalk curved; veil five-
cleft; ring double ; teeth long, connected below, cloven above.

Genus 105. Rhabdoweissia. — Sporangium erect, striate;
teeth narrow; ring very narrow; leaf-cells subquadrate above.

Genus 106. Weissia. — Sporangium erect, even; teeth
mostly free at the base without a medial line, entire, bifid, or
perforated ; upper leaf-cells minute.

Genus 107. Gymnostomum. — Sporangium erect ; veil large,
rostrate ; peristome none, or the rim of the orifice adheres to
the top of the columella.

Genus 108. Systegium. — Fruitstalk short; lid persistent
but separating easily when mature ; spores rather small, glo-
bose.

60

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

Order XXXII. FUASCUL

Sporangium indehiscent ; peristome none.

Genus 109. Pleuridium. — Fruitstalk short; sporangium
apiculate, lateral after innovation ; upper leaf-cells narrow.

Genus 1 10. Phascum. — Columella persistent ; veil regularly
cucullate ; prothallus fugacious ; upper leaf-cells rather lax.

Genus III. Bryella. — Sporangium roundish, exserted; lid
defined; ring adnate; veil cucullate, scabrous above; upper
leaf-cells chlorophyllous.

GenusI12. Cycnea. — Sporangium globose; fruitstalk curved
upper leaf-cells minute, subquadrate.

Genus IIS. Sphatrangium. — Sporangium globose, erect, or
pendulous; veil mitriform; spore-sac separable; leaf-cells
large ; prothallus fugacious.

Genus 1 14. Microhryum. — Sporangium subovate ; veil large,
many-lobed ; leaf-cells small, rhomboid.

Genus 115. Physcomitrella. — Sporangium globose; colu-
mella thick; veil campanulate, at first subvesicular ; leaf-cells
large, hyaline.

Genus 1 1 6. Ephemerella. — Prothallus persistent; sporan-
gium immersed ; veil cucullate ; spores large ; upper leaf-cells
subhexagonal.

Genus 117. Ephemerum. — Prothallus persistent ; spo-
rangium immersed ; veil mitriform ; spores large ; leaf-cells
large, hyaline.

Genus 118. Archidium. — Sporangium globose; lid none;
columella fugacious ; veil torn in the centre ; spores very large,
few in number.

Section III. — Syncladei.

Branches fasciculate ; fruit at length cladocarpous ; recep-
tacle elongated.

SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND GENERA.

61

Order XXXIII. SFHAGNEL
Genus 1 19. Sphagnum.

Section IV. — Schistocarpi.

Sporangium quadrifid or multifid; receptacle elongated.

Order XXXIV. ANDREjEI.

Genus 120. Andrecea. — Sporangium quadrifid.

62

Family I. — PLEUROCARPI, Bridel.

Sporangium lateral, springing from the axillary or subaxil-
lary bud.

A. Eupleurocaepi. Truly 'pleurocarpous ; vaginula, except in
Anoectangium, more or less confluent with the perichoetial branch.

Order I. FOKTINALM, Br. et Sch.— Mont.

Aquatic, attached at the base, floating above. Sporangium
nearly sessile, immersed amongst the perichsetial leaves.
Perichsetial branchlets not rooting at the base. Peristome,
when present, double ; inner cancellated.

Allied evidently to Cryphaea, Climacium, and the splendid
exotic genus Spiridens.

1. PONTINALIS, Dill.

Dioicous. Sporangium immersed. Veil short, mitriform,
toothed, or slightly torn at the base. Outer peristome of
sixteen long, narrow teeth, articulated, trabeculate within ;
inner of sixteen cilia, united by transverse processes into a
conical network, and studded within with projecting points.

Stem branched hifariously ^ branches sometimes fasciculate ;
leaves nerveless, concave, or keeled, in three ranks.

1. F. antipyretica, L. ; stems with their leaves triquetrous ;
leaves sharply keeled, the margin on one side reflected ; spo-
rangium wholly immersed. — Hook. ^ Wits. t. xxii. ; Eng. Bot.
t. 359 ; (Plate 3, fig. 2 ;) Moug. et Nest. n. 238.

FONTINALEI.

63

On stones and wood in streams or in stagnant pools, in
flat or mountainous countries. Common. Bearing fruit in
summer.

Stems triquetrous, from several inches to one or two feet in
length, purplish, leafy above ; leaves ovate, pointed, entire, or
obscurely toothed, nerveless, strongly keeled and complicated,
so as to be triquetrous, dark green when old ; occasionally there
are two or three fine projecting filiform processes toward the
tip instead of the obscure teeth; sporangia immersed amongst
the obtuse perichsetial leaves, almost sessile ; peristome bright
red, presenting a beautiful object under the microscope. As
the leaves are often split along the keel, care must be taken
not to confound this with the following speeies. Two distinct
varieties oeeur, the one with ^^more slender, fasciculate, not
spreading branehes, and less complieated leaves,^^ the other
with wide spreading, broad, flaecid, and transparent leaves.’^

The plant derives its specific name from its being used in
the North of Europe as a stuffing between the wooden walls
of huts and the ehimney, in consequence of its not being easily
inflammable. It is also sometimes used in the same districts,
boiled in small beer, as a foot-bath in some pectoral complaints.

2. F. squamosa, DHL ; branches fasciculate, naked at the
base ; leaves more or less lanceolate, concave. — Hook. Wils,
tab. xxii. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1861 ; (Plate 3, fig. 1 ;) Moug. et Nest,
n. 430.

In alpine rivulets often mixed with F. antipyretica. Not
uncommon, but generally barren. When fertile, bearing fruit
in summer.

A smaller plant than the last, darker, and with shorter
stems, whose branches arc more inclined to be fasciculate.
The leaves moreover arc not keeled, nor is their margin bent
back. It must not be confounded with specimens of the last.

64

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

in which the leaves are split in the direction of the keel. In
both^ the perichsetial leaves are serrated or eroded at the apex.
Two other speeies of this genus occur in Europe.

2. DICHELYMA, Myrin.

Dioicous. Sporangium exserted (or immersed). Veil hood-
shaped^ elongated. Peristome as in Fontinalis, but the inner
less cancellated. Branches two-ranked for irregular) ; leaves
narrow, nerved.

1. D. capillaeeum, Br. et Schimp.; branches two-ranked;
leaves scarcely falcate, ovato-lanceolate, extremely narrow
towards the apex, and serrated ; nerve excurrent ; sporangium
lateral; inner peristome caneellated above only. — Hook. ^
Wils. tab. xxii. ; Eng. Bot. t. 2432.

In alpine rivulets. Said to have been found by Dickson,
but it has not been observed since his time, and it is con-
jectured that foreign specimens were inadvertently substituted
for his plant when communicated to bryologists. Blindia
acuta, when growing in water, has sometimes been confounded
with it, and this may possibly have been what Dickson really
gathered.

Three species are recorded as European, of which two only
have been found in fruit. They resemble in habit such Hypna
as H. aduncum or H. fluitans. The fruit grows laterally from
the perichsetial branch, the leaves of which are convolute.
In Dichelyma falcatum, which has never been supposed to be
a native of this country, the sporangium is much exserted,
springing terminally from the elongated perichsetial branch,
and the inner peristome is more like that of Fontinalis.

CRYPTOTHECII.

65

Order II. CRYPTOTHEOIl, Br. & Sch. — Yilotrichei^ Mull.

Stem not flattened; leaves pointing in every direction;
veil mitriform ; peristome wanting^ single or double.

3. CRYPHiEA, Mohr.

Monoicous; stem mostly more or less pinnate^ springing
from a creeping rhizoma; sporangium immersed; veil small^
conico-mitriform, generally more or less rough, more or less
incised at the base; vaginula none; peristome double; outer
of sixteen teeth, inner of sixteen processes, alternating with
the teeth, united below by a short membrane. Arboreous or
aquatic.

I. C. heteromalla, ; primary stem creeping, pinnate;

fertile branches erect, slightly branched; leaves ovate, more
or less acute, concave, with the nerve reaching to the centre ;
margin reflexed ; sporangium unilateral ; peristome nearly
white. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxii. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1180.; (Plate 3,
fig. 3) ; Moug. ^ Nest. n. 732.

On trunks of trees, in woods. Not uncommon. jB on
stones, and at the base of trees in or near rivulets, as in
Devonshire. Bearing fruit in early summer.

About an inch long. Leaves spreading, broadly ovate,
acute or acuminate; sporangia on short perichsetial branches,
apparently unilateral, and often crowded, oblong, with a short
stalk, yellowish, becoming rufous when old ; ring large, de-
ciduous ; veil slightly rough ; lid conical, pointed, half as long
as the sporangium, brighter-coloured.

The aquatic form is stouter, and has more o])tuse leaves
whose margins arc not rcflexed, and is found at the base of
trees on the water-side, or on stones, but docs not difler in
any essential characters. There arc several exotic species, but
only one European representative of the genus.

F

66

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

Order III. HOOKEREI, Br. & Sch.

Stem mostly flattened with bifarious large-celled leaves^,
creeping, irregularly branched, rarely cylindrical and suherect,
with the leaves pointing in every direction ; sporangium hori-
zontally cernuous, thick, on a succulent elongated stalk ; veil
smooth, campanulate ; peristome double.

4. DALTONIA, Hook. ^ Tayl.

Leaves pointing in every direction, with elongated cells;
sporangium cernuous or suberect; lid large, rostrate; veil
mitriform, fringed below with several rows of cilia; peri-
stome double ; external of sixteen teeth, inner of sixteen cilia,
of equal length, nearly distinct at the base. Smallj tufted,
mostly exotic Mosses.

1. D. splachnoides, Hook. ^ Tayl.; branches short, fasti-
giate ; leaves crowded, lineari-lanceolate, acute, somewhat
keeled, the nerve vanishing below the tip; margin thickened;
sporangium suberect, oval, oblong, with a distinct apophysis;
outer teeth generally perforated. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxii. ;
Eng. Bot. n. 2564. ; (Plate 3, fig. 4.)

On moist rocks and trees in one or two localities in Ireland,
but not yet found on any part of the Continent. Bearing
fruit in winter.

About J of an inch high ; monoicous and bisexual ; branches
tufted, suberect ; leaves crowded, dark green ; sporangium
purple-brown, with a small but distinct swelling at the base ;
fruitstalk minutely granulated; peristome large; outer of 16
yellow teeth, perforated in the centre ; inner of 16 keeled cilia,
distinct at the base.

There are several exotic species of this genus, which is ex-
tremely rare in Europe, and indeed confined to Ireland. The

HOOK ERE I.

G7

quaqiiaversal leaves approximate it to Cryphcsa, while together
with their difierent texture they distinguish it from other
Hooker ei, and in consequence a distinct division {Daltonei)
is made for its reception^ together with some allied exotic
genera by Schimper.

5. HOOKERIA, Smith.

Stem irregularly branched or subpinnate ; leaves flattened ;
sporangium more or less cernuous; veil smooth, elongated,
mitriform ; peristome double ; outer of sixteen teeth, inner a
membrane divided halfway down into sixteen keeled processes,
without intermediate cilia; mostly monoicous. Perennial
Mosses growing in the shade, on the ground, or on trees.

1 . H. lucens, Smith ; stem irregularly branched ; lower
leaves narrow, subrotund, upper much larger, ovate, oblong,
obtuse, nerveless. — Hook ^ Wils. t. xxvii. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1902. ;
(Plate 3, fig. 5) ; Moug. ^ Nest. n. 40.

On moist banks in the southern counties ; rare, or entirely
wanting in higher latitudes. Bearing fruit in winter.

Monoicous. Stems 2 or 3 inches long ; branches flattened ;
leaves flat, imbricated, of a beautiful pale green, shining, quite
entire, very obtuse, nerveless; sporangium elliptic, rather
small in proportion to the rest of the plant, horizontally
cernuous, thick, and succulent ; lid long, with a straight beak ;
veil large, thick, slightly split at the base ; outer teeth reddish-
brown, wdth prominent trabeculae within ; inner with abortive
cilia between the processes which are perforated along the
medial line.

Perhaps the most beautiful of British Mosses, and abundant
in some counties. The cells of the leaves arc remarkably
large, and the loose chlorophyll contracts when dry. This
and the closely allied American H. amtifolia, are separated

68

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

by Bridel, under the name of Ptei'ygophyllum, more on account
of habit than essential character. B ridel also refers the next
species to it^ which is retained in Hookeria, by Schimper. If
the genus is ultimately adopted, it will be one amongst many
instances in which the species to which the generic name was
first applied, has been excluded from its own genus.

2. H, Isete-virens, Hook. Tayl. ; stem procumbent, sub-
pinnate ; leaves suddenly acuminate, ovate or ovate-oblong,
with a thickened margin, sharply toothed, binervate. — Hook.
^ Wils. t. xxvii. ; Eng. Bot. t. 2672. ; (Plate 3, fig. 6.)

In shady places near rivulets and caves, in two or three
localities in Ireland. It has also been found near Penzance
by Mr. Balfs. It is unknown on the Continent. Bearing
fruit in winter.

Monoicous ; forming loose, rather flattened tufts of a deep
green, or occasionally yellowish. Stem an inch or more long ;
leaves much smaller than in the last, with much smaller cells,
somewhat waved when dry, opaque, not shining, margined, with
two divergent nerves springing from the base, and extending
halfway up ; veil small, covering only the upper part of the
lid; sporangium small, drooping; lid of the same length,
with a straight beak ; outer teeth with two ridges on the back,
in which respect the peristome is very different from that of
the last, which approaches very near to that of Hypniim.

Order IY. NECKEBEI, Mont. — Omaliece, Br. & Sch.

Stem mostly compressed and pinnate; fruitstalk usually
short, sometimes obsolete ; peristome double ; veil hood-shaped.

6. NECKERA, Hedw.

Stem pinnate, flat; leaves mostly undulated ; sporangium
erect, symmetrical, immersed or exserted ; peristome double ;

NECKEREI.

69

outer of sixteen teeth^ each with a medial line ; inner of narrow,
keeled processes, connected at the base. Perennial Mosses
growing on trees or on stones,

a. Monoicous.

1. N. pennata, Hedw.; secondary stems pinnate, flat;
leaves ovato-lanceolate acuminate, nearly entire, nerveless;
sporangium ovato-oblong, immersed in the perieheetial leaves.
— Hook. ^ Wils. t, xxxiv. ; Grev. Scott. Ci'ypt. FI. t. 109. ;
(Plate 4, fig. 4) ; Moug. ^ Nest. n. 146.

On trunks of trees in subalpine districts. Found once only
in Scotland, and once in Ireland. Bearing fruit in spring.

Stems 2 inches or more long, creeping, branched; the
branches erect, pinnate, sometimes simple, often much attenu-
ated at the tip; leaves flat, the outer ones spreading, ovate
or ovato-lanceolate, concave at the base, slightly undulated, of
a pale green, shining, very minutely serrate towards the tip
or quite entire, nerveless or occasionally with two faint nerves
at the base ; cells elongated ; perichsetial leaves in which the
sporangium is immersed more elongated ; sporangium ovato-
oblong; lid shorter, oblique, rostrate; veil whitish, hood-
shaped ; peristome nearly colourless ; outer teeth lanceolate,
inner filiform, extremely delicate, short, and fugacious, often
more or less attached to the outer.

Differs from the other British species in its monoicous in-
florescence, and immersed sporangia. It is very widely diffused,
and occurs in the southern as well as the northern hemisphere.
The fruit is perfect in early spring. A closely allied species,
N. oUgophylla, occurs in the north of Europe and Canada,
which is distinguished by its minute, subgiobose sporangia,
shorter, less pinnate, often simple branches, very rugged,
narrower, and suddenly acuminate, less crowded leaves, which

70

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

are decidedly serrate, as well as by its growing on rocks, not
on trees.

b. Dioicous,

2. "N, pumila, Hedw.; branches flat; leaves ovate or ovate-
oblong, often apicnlate, minutely serrate above, nerveless or
faintly two-nerved, slightly undulated, margin recurved; spo-
rangium oblongo-elliptic, exserted ; fruitstalk short ; lid equal,
shortly rostrate. — Hook. Wils. xxii. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1443. ;
(Plate 4, flg. 3j ; Moug. et Nest. n. 429.

On trunks of trees, or occasionally on rocks. Not common,
though it occurs here and there, from Inverary to Hampshire.
Bearing fruit in winter. It is abundant about the Lakes of
Cumberland and Westmoreland, but mostly without fruit. On
the Continent it generally grows on the trunks of Conifers.

Stems 1-2 inches long, with short, flat, spreading branches,
sometimes much attenuated at the tips (flagelliform) ; leaves
ovate or ovate-oblong, concave, with the margins recurved,
slightly serrate above, acuminate or suddenly apiculate, with
a flexuous tip, mostly nerveless, but sometimes having two
short divergent nerves at the base ; cells elongated ; sporangia
on short fruitstalks, which surmount the perichietial leaves,
oblongo-elliptic, contracted above ; lid about half as long,
acuminate ; outer teeth of peristome reddish, inner which are
attached to a short membrane, yellowish, filiform.

This is a far smaller plant than N. onspa, from every
variety of which it is easily known by the margin of the leaves
being recurved, and the shorter fruitstalk. They are usually
far less undulated, but they vary in this respect. The species
occurs in North America.

3. N. crispa, Hedw. ; stems more or less pinnate ; leaves
crowded, flattened, ovate-oblong, apiculate, deeply undulated

NECKEREI.

71

transversely^ minutely toothed above_, glossy^ nerveless, or
with one or two short, faint nerves at the base; fruitstalk
elongated. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxii. ; Eng. Bot.t.Q17.] (Plate
4, fig. 2) ; Moug. ^ Nest. n. 48.

On roeks and stones, in alpine or subalpine, especially cal-
careous districts, more rarely on the trunks of trees. Bearing
fruit in winter and spring.

Forming large, yellowish, bright green, or occasionally red-
dish-brown, elastic tufts, several inches in breadth, more or
less pinnate, sending down stolons below; leaves flattened,
rather crowded, ovate-oblong or tongue- shaped, concave at
the base, nerveless or with one or two short nerves, acuminate
or suddenly apiculate, entire below, minutely serrate above,
transversely and often concentrically undulated; fruitstalk
elongated ; sporangium ovate or globoso-ovate ; lid with a long,
oblique beak ; veil smooth or slightly hairy, longer than the
lid ; peristome pale.

This is one of our finest Mosses, and very striking when it
forms large patches on the debris of limestone rocks, as at
Gwrwch Castle, in Denbighshire. Mr. Wilson speaks of a
stunted variety, with nearly circinate stems, which occurs on
the tops of mountains in Scotland and Ireland. The species
is widely distributed throughout Europe.

4. N. complanata, Br. ^ Sch. ; branches short, often
llagelliform ; leaves flattened, oblong, not undulated, suddenly
apiculate, minutely toothed at the tip; sporangium oval, erect;
fruitstalk elongated ; lid beaked. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxvi. ;
Eng. Bot. t. 1492. ; (Plate 4, fig. 1) ; Moug. ^ Nest. n. 328.

On the trunks of trees, in woods, and occasionally on stones.
Widely distril)uted. Bearing fruit in winter.

Forming little dense tufts from 1 to 0 inches long, or spread
out fiat, especially when growing on the trunks of trees;

72

HANDBOOK OF BlllTlSII MOSSES.

stems pinnate, with shorty often flagelliform, flattened, simple
or pinnate branches ; leaves oblong or tongue-shaped, abruptly
apiculate, not undulated, nerveless or with two short nerves
at the base, the apex toothed ; leaf-cells narrow, elongated,
showing the primordial vesicle very distinctly ; fruitstalk
projecting far beyond the perichsetial leaves; sporangium
elliptical, erect, symmetrical ; lid long, with an oblique beak ;
veil with a long abrupt beak, smooth or slightly hairy, cover-
ing the sporangium.

This species has very much the habit of Homalia^ differ-
ing from Neckera in not having undulated leaves, but agreeing
in the inner peristome being divided almost to the base. The
cells of the leaves, though the structure is essentially the same,
are also more crowded and narrower than in Homalia tricho-
manoideSy to which it has much external resemblance. It
differs from that remarkably in being dioicous. It is found
in North America. Though a common species, it rarely pro-
duces fruit.

7. HOMALIA, Brid,

Sporangium unsymmetrical ; fruitstalk elongated; veil
hood-shaped, peristome double, outer of sixteen teeth trabe-
culate w’ithin, inner a membrane divided above into sixteen
processes, without intermediate cilia; leaves flat, not undulated.

Schimper is inclined to place this genus in a distinct Order
from its connection with some exotic forms, but the needless
multiplication of Orders as well as genera is, we think, to be
greatly deprecated. The name is derived from o/^aXo?, plane,
in allusion to the flattened leaves.

I. Homalia trichomanoides, Br. ^ Schimp.; irregularly
pinnate ; leaves flat, at length curved down, oblongo-falciform,
obtuse, minutely toothed above, with one often obscure nerve

H YPN El.

73

reaching halfway up ; lid beaked. — Hook. ^ Wils. tab. xxiv. ;
Eng. Bot. t. 1493. ; (Plate 4^ fig. 5) ; Moug. ^ Nest. n. 139.

On stones, rocks, trunks of trees, etc., in moist woods. A
common species widely diffused through Europe, except in the
drier parts. The fruit is ripe in autumn.

Monoicous ; forming small, elastic tufts which are curved
downwards when dry; irregularly pinnate; branches flat, of
a bright shining green ; leaves oblong, more or less sickle-
shaped, obtuse, serrated about halfway; nerve reaching half-
way up, often very faint, and sometimes scarcely at all trace-
able ; cells not so elongated as in the foregoing species ; sporan-
gium nearly erect, slightly unequal, on a long fruitstalk ; lid
with a long, oblique beak, almost as long as the capsule ; veil
hood-shaped; outer teeth brownish, inner yellow, perforated.

There is a closely allied species in North America.

Ordeb, V. HYPNEI, Br. & Schimp., Mont.

Stem mostly imbricated and cylindrical ; sporangium mostly
unsymmetrical, cernuous; fruitstalk elongated; peristome
double, inner with sixteen teeth and intermediate cilia;
veil hood-shaped.

8. HYPNUM, Dill.

Sporangium unsymmetrical; peristome double; outer of
sixteen teeth trabeculated within, inner a membrane divided
halfway down into sixteen keeled, often perforated processes,
with intermediate cilia, either solitary or two or three toge-
ther ; stem mostly without paraphylla.

This large genus, like Agaricus amongst Fungi, is divisible
into a number of distinct groups, which are regarded by au-
thors according to their respective views as distinct genera
or subgcnera. I prefer greatly tlic latter course, and while I

74

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

adopt the divisions given in Schimper’s last work_, I retain
the name of Hijpnum as generic_, a course vt^hich has also been
followed in Wilson^s Bryologia.^ As regards species^ I
conceive that they have been multiplied far beyond the true
requisitions of science. In a very few cases the branches are
flattened_, but an examination of the peristome will at once
show their true affinities.

I have as nearly as possible followed the arrangement of
Wilson^ which accords wonderfully as to its divisions with the
generic sections of Schimper, a circumstance which is, to a
certain extent, a proof that these are natural. In a few in-
stances only I have followed Schimper in eliminating a few
species, where the characters really seemed good, and in bring-
ing back one or two species which seem to have been separated
contrary to nature. As the genus Hypnum is retained in its
integrity, I have followed very nearly the order prescribed by
Wilson, though the last species in the genus are more nearly
allied to the preceding genera than the first. If the contrary
order were taken, we should have the inconvenience of giving
first those species which depart most from the generic cha-
racter, though perhaps the first in point of dignity.

CONSPECTUS OF THE DIVISIONS OF THE GENUS HYPNUM.

Sect. I. Leaves spreading in all directions, not decidedly complanate, secund
or assurgent.

A. Stem creeping, irregularly branched, or occasionally arched and pinnate.

* Leaves acute ; nerve reaching at least halfway, except in two species,
t Leaves pheate, sulcate, or decidedly striate,
ft Leaves even, or only slightly striate.
a. Eruitstalk scabrous.

J Lid conical or acute,
ft Lid rostrate.

h. Eruitstalk even, without any roughness.

Lid rostrate.

Lid conical or aciite.

** Leaves acute, mostly squarrose, mostly short-nerved or nerveless

HYPNEI.

75

Leaves roimdisli, rather obtuse, entire, mostly two-nerved or nerveless.
B. Stem erect, pinnate ; fruitstalks from upper half of stem.

* Leaves nerveless or two-nerved, entire.

** Leaves nerved halfway.

0. Stem erect, simply, doubly, or triply pinnate, tomentose or rough with
paraphylla ; fruitstalks from upper part of stem.

* Leaves papillose.

** Leaves even, without papillae.

Sect. II. Leaves decidedly secund.

A. Stem more or less erect, pinnate ; leaves falcato-secund.

* Leaves nearly entire, nerve reaching halfway or more.

** Leaves decidedly serrate, nerve reaching halfway or more.

Leaves more or less striate, nerveless or two-nerved, toothed.

B. Stem procumbent, more or less pinnate 5 fruit near the base.

C. Leaves turned upwards, assurgent.

Sect. III. Leaves decidedly complanate ; stems procumbent ; fruit radical.

Sect. I. Leaves spreading in all directions.^

A. Stem creeping.! irregularly hrancTied, or occasionally arched

and pinnate.

* Leaves acute.! nerve reaching at least halfway.^
t Leaves plicate,
a. Camptotiiecium, Scliimper.X
1. H. lutescens, Dill,, Huds. ; stem prostrate or ascending,
variously branclied ; branches erect or depressed ; leaves lan-
ceolate, plicate, minutely toothed above, nerve reaching above
the middle; sporangium cernuous; fruitstalk rough; lid co-
nical, shortly beaked. — Hook. ^ Wits. t. xxv. ; Eng. Bot. t.
1301. ; (Plate 5, fig. 2) ; Moug. ^ Nest. n. 334.

On calcareous rocks, on the borders of woods, in old stone-
pits, and on sandy banks, especially near the sea. Common.
Bearing fruit in spring.

Monoicous ; forming dense, yellow or tawny, shining tufts ;

* In Ifj/pnum depres.mm tlio leaves arc nattened, as in tlic last section,
t Habit of Brachijlliocmm! leaf-cells of Jlt/pinim, Schimjicr.
t In ir. demissum and dopressum the leaves are either nerveless or have two
faint nerves.

76

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

stems prostrate or ascending, sometimes forked above, some-
times irregularly branched or imperfectly pinnate; leaves
lanceolate or ovato-lanceolate, plicate, straight, or rarely
slightly secund when the branchlets are curved, minutely
toothed above; nerve vanishing a little below the summit;
cells very narrow and elongated ; fruit abundant ; fruitstalk
cylindrical, elongated, granulated; sporangium oblique, ob-
longo-cylindrical, cernuous, slightly curved when old ; lid
conical, decidedly rostrate.

The decidedly plicate leaves, scabrous fruitstalk, and ros-
trate lid are the distinguishing characters of this species.

2. H. nitens, Schreb. ; stems erect, tomentose, tufted ;
leaves erecto-patent, lanceolate, acuminate, entire, plicate;
nerve reaching more than halfway ; sporangium cernuous,
curved ; lid conical. — Hook. ^ TVils. t. xxv. ; Hny. Bot. t.
1646. ; (Plate 4, fig. 6) ; Moug. Nest. n. 517.

In marshy, boggy ground, and peat bogs, rarely bearing fruit
in England, though in some parts of the Continent it is abun-
dant. Fruit ripe in summer.

Dioicous; forming erect, yellow-green or tawny, shining
tufts, 1^-3 inches high, irregularly pinnate; stems clothed
with purplish, branched, articulated threads ; branches sharp-
pointed ; leaves erecto-patent, lanceolate, strongly acuminate
above, entire, deeply grooved, with a nerve reaching nearly to
the summit ; margin even or slightly recurved ; cells very nar-
row ; fruitstalk elongated, growing towards the top of the stems,
even; sporangium strongly curved, cernuous, reddish-brown,
or party-coloured ; lid conical, acute.

Easily recognized from the last by its downy stem, and
smooth fruitstalk. It has some resemblance in habit and in
the form of the sporangium to Hypnum cuspidatum.

HYPNEI.

77

p. B11A.CHTTHECITJM, Schimj)*

3. H. salebrosum, Hoffm. ; stem decumbent ; branches
erect; leaves crowded^ pointing in every direction^ lanceolate^
acuminate, plicate, toothed above ; nerve reaching a little
above the middle ; fruitstalk even ; sporangium cernuous ; lid
acutely conical. — Hook. Wils. t. Iv. ; ’Emg. Bot. t. 2800. ;
Gy'ev. Scot. Crypt. FI. t. 184; (Moug. ^ Nest. n. 834.)

On rocks, walls, or the roots of trees, on the ground in
woods, and on grassy, sandy banks. Apparently rare, though
found from Scotland to Sussex. Fruit ripe in autumn.

Monoicous; forming dense, pale-green tufts, 2-3 inches
long, decumbent with erect, somewhat pinnate branches, which
are without any down; leaves ovato-lanceolate, elongated,
strongly acuminate, grooved rather than plicate, serrated above,
and indeed sometimes to the base ; nerve reaching more than
halfway up ; cells narrow, hyaline ; margin slightly recurved ;
fruitstalk about an inch long; sporangium arcuate, cernuous,
with a sharp conical lid.

Many varieties are recorded by Schimper through which it
approaches H. glareosum on one side and H. rutahulum on the
other. The leaves, though strongly acuminate, are not twisted,
as in H. glareosum, nor is the acumination so long ; besides
which, they are more manifestly serrated. From H. albicans it
differs in colour and the serrated tips of the leaves ; from H.
lutescens, manifestly in its smooth fruitstalk. The specimens
in Moug. and Nest., at least in my copy, approach very near to
H. glareosum, the tips of the leaves being very slender and
scarcely at all serrate. Their reticulation is, however, much
closer.

* Distinguished from the last by Schimper on account of the looser arcolation
and evident primordial cells.

78

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

4. H. glareosum, Bruch^ mss. ; stem procumbent or ascend-
ing, irregularly divided ; leaves crowded, pointing in every
direction, ovate, with a very long, often twisted, nearly entire
point, sulcate ; nerve slender, reaching above the middle ;
sporangium curved, lid conical. — Hook. Wils. t. xxxv. Iv. ;
(Moug. ^ Nest. n. 1133.)

On shaded, gravelly grassy banks. Occasionally from Lan-
cashire to Yorkshire. Bearing fruit, but rarely, late in autumn
or winter.

Dioicous; forming depressed or csespitose, silky masses of
a whitish green. Stems about 2 inches long, procumbent
or ascending, loosely branched or occasionally slightly pin-
nate ; leaves ovate, erecto-patent, grooved, ovate or ovato-
lanceolate, with a very acuminate, almost hair-like, often
twisted point, which is more or less serrate above only, the
nerve slender, and reaching more than halfway up ; leaf- cells
narrow, but not so much so as in the last; margin slightly
reflected towards the base ; sporangium oblong, curved, cer-
nuous, reddish-brown, at length black ; lid conical, very acute;
fruitstalk smooth, reddish, about an inch long.

Closely allied to the last, but distinguished by its dioicous
inflorescence, the looser texture of the m.ore acuminate, less
serrated leaves, the paler colour, etc. It will be seen from
the two figures quoted above how much the serrature varies.
In specimens from Cotteral, I find it just intermediate be-
tween the two.

5. H. albicans, Bill., Neck. ; stem erect, loosely tufted,

slightly branched ; leaves pointing every way, ovato-lanceolate,
acuminate, entire, sulcate, nerve reaching beyond the middle ;
sporangium ovate, cernuous, lid conical, acute. — Hook. ^ Wils.
t. XXV.; Eng. Bot. i. 1300.; (Plate 5, fig. 1) ; Movg. ^ Nest,
n. 236. '

IIYPNEI.

79

In dry grassy places, on thatched roofs, but more especially
on sand-hills and sand-cliffs, etc. Not uncommon. Bearing
fruit, though rarely in early spring.

Dioicous; forming whitish, shining tufts; branches few,
erect; leaves pointing every way, sulcate, ovate, strongly
acuminate, entire, more spreading when moist, nerve reaching
above halfway up ; fruitstalk even ; sporangium ovate, curved,
dark brown ; lid conical, acute.

This is closely allied to the last, espeeially in the smaller
forms, but its habit is more delicate, the plant more ereet, and
the leaves, though acuminate, by no means piloso-acuminate.
I find them quite entire, but they are sometimes minutely
serrulate at the tip.

ft Leaves even or only slightly striate,
a. Fruitstolh rough.
f Lid conical or acute.

6. H. velutinum, Lil.^ L. ; decumbent, irregularly pinnate;
branches crowded, often curved at the tips ; leaves spreading,
suhsecund, ovato-lanceolate, acuminate, serrated ; nerve reach-
ing halfway ; fruitstalk rough ; sporangium ovate, cernous ;
lid conical, not very aeute. — Hook. ^ JFils. t. xxvi. ; Eng.
Bot. t. 1568, 2421.; (Plate 5, fig. 4) ; Moug. ^ Nest. n. 835.

On the trunks of trees and occasionally on stones and on
the ground. Common. Perfeeting its fruit in winter or early
spring.

Monoicous ; forming flat tufts of a dark green when grow-
ing in the shade, but tawny when exposed to the sun. Stem
creeping ; branches crowded, irregularly pinnate ; leaves in-
clined to be secund, ovato-lanceolate, acuminate, toothed,
margin recurved at the very base, nerve not much exceeding
the middle of the leaf, cells loose; fruitstalk rough, half an

80

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

inch long ; sporangium ovate_, cernuous, curved when dry ; lid
conical, rather obtuse ; ring large, deciduous.

This common and variable species differs from H. rutabulum
in its smaller size, more creeping habit, and narrower sub-
secund leaves. The branches are sometimes very slender, and
vary in quantity ; the leaves are opaque or shining, and the
colour green or inclining to tawny.

7. H. reflexum, Web. ^ Mohr ; stem procumbent, arched
at the end and rooting, irregularly pinnate; branches in-
curved ; leaves erecto-patent, ovate, acuminate, serrated,
nerved to the tip, lid conical, acute. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxiv. ;
[Moug. ^ Nest. n. 424.)

In subalpine countries, on the trunks of trees or on stones.
Principally in Scotland. Perfecting fruit in late autumn and
early spring.

Monoicous. Stem slender, procumbent, arched at the ex-
tremity, and rooting, light green, irregularly pinnate, the
branches and branchlets curved at the tips; leaves erecto-
patent or slightly siibsecund, ovate, acuminate, toothed ; leaf-
cells large, especially at the base ; nerve reaching to the tip ;
fruitstalk rough, half an inch long ; sporangium ovato-globose ;
lid conical, acute.

Allied to the last, but the leaves are in general shorter,
though sometimes quite as acuminate and not broader at the
base, the nerve almost excurrent, and the tips of the branches
and branchlets curved. The sporangia, also, are more globose.

8. H. rutabulum, Z/. ; stem creeping, branches and branch-
lets erect, mostly attenuated upwards ; leaves spreading, ovate,
acuminate, serrate ; nerve reaching a little above the middle ;
fruitstalk rough ; sporangium ovate, cernuous ; lid conical,
blunt, with a little point. — Hook. Wils. t. xxvi.; Eng. Bot.
t. 1261, 1647.; (Plate 5, fig. 5) ; Moug. ^ Nest. n. 143.

HYPNEI.

81

On stones, trunks of trees, shady ground, etc. Extremely
common. Fruit perfect in winter and early spring.

Monoicous ; robust, forming dark green or sometimes yel-
lowish-green tufts. Stem procumbent, irregularly branched ;
branches erect ; leaves erecto-patent, ovate, acuminate, con-
cave, narrowed at the base, serrated through their whole
length, slightly striate when dry; nerve slender, reaching more
than halfway up ; cells loose, especially at the base ; perichsetial
leaves squarrose, with a long tip ; fruitstalk stout, 1 inch long,
strongly granulated ; sporangium ovate and turgid or ovate-
oblong, arcuate, cernuous ; lid large, conical, sharp-pointed.

Like most common species, this is very variable, but it is
distinguished by its rough fruitstalk, the absence of striae
in the leaves when moist, and by the monoicous inflorescence
from H. salebrosum, rwulare^ ccsspitosum, etc., which could
possibly be confounded with it. The stems often become
arched and take root at the extremity, and are frequently
clothed beneath with short purple-brown rooting hairs.

9. H. rivulare, Bruchs mss. ; stems arched, irregularly
branched ; branchlets curved ; leaves large, loosely set, patent,
ovate or ovate-oblong, decurrent at the base, acuminate, ser-
rate ; nerve reaching more than halfway ; fruitstalk rough ;
sporangium ovate, incurved, cernuous ; lid conical, rather
acute. — Hook. ^ TVils. t. Iv. ; (Plate 5, fig. 6) ; Moug. ^ Nest,
n. 1134

On the borders of streams, on stones and rocks, or in the
beds of rivulets from Lancashire to Sussex. Not uncommon
in Wales. Perfecting fruit in autumn.

Dioicous ; forming bright or yellow-green tufts. Branches
at first attenuated ; leaves not crowded, patent, ovate or ovate-
oblong, acuminate, serrate, witli a dccurrent })asc ; cells loose,
especially at the base; nerve reaching more than halfway up;

o

82

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

friiitstalk about an inch bighj, granulated ; sporangium ovate
or ovate-oblong, arcuate, cernuous ; lid conical, variable in
length, acute, or sometimes acuminate.

Allied to the last, but distinguished by its dioicous inflores-
cence and decurrent leaves. These vary much in shape, and
sometimes the branches are fasciculate, and the plant acquires
a dendroid habit.

10. H. populeum, Swartz, Hedw. ; stem procumbent, ir-
regularly branched ; leaves narrow, lanceolate, extremely acu-
minate, serrated above ; nerve reaching to the tip ; lid large ;
fruitstalk slightly scabrous ; sporangium cernuous, oval ; lid
conical, very acute. — Hook. ^ Wits. t. xxiv. ; Eng. Bot. t.
1584. ; [Moug. ^ Nest. n. 519.)

On stones, trunks of trees, and rocks. Common. Bearing
fruit in winter and early spring.

Monoicous ; forming depressed, green or sometimes reddish-
brown patches. Stems creeping, bearing little tufts of root-
lets, slightly branched ; branches often simple, attenuated up-
wards ; leaves loose, lanceolate, very long and narrow, slightly
serrated above ; margin plane or recurved ; cells narrow, but
loose, much broader at the base ; nerve reaching to the
tip; fruitstalk \ an inch high, minutely and distantly sca-
brous above, but only under a high magnifying power, even
below; perichsetial leaves squarrose, almost filiform above;
sporangium subglobose, slightly cernuous ; lid conical, gra-
dually attenuated, very acute, almost rostrate.

A delicate species, varying however in size, and in conse-
quence resembling sometimes H. velutinum or H. plumosum,
from the latter of which it differs in its narrow, less acuminate
leaves and larger sporangia; from the former, in the leaves,
less scabrous fruitstalk, and longer lid.

11. H. plumosum, Sivartz ; stem creeping; branches

HYPNEI.

88

erect, arcuate, generally simple ; leaves densely imbricated,
erecto -patent, ovato-lanceolate, acuminate, slightly serrate;
nerve reaching above the middle ; fruitstalk even below ; spo-
rangium ovate, cernuous ; lid conical, very acute. — Hook. ^
Wils. t. XXV. ; Eng, t. 1496, 2071.; (Plate 5, fig. 3) ; Moug.

Nest. n. 520.

On stones, rocks, and walls in damp, watery places, usually
in subalpine districts. Bearing fruit in winter and spring.

Monoicous ; forming dense bright, or occasionally yellow or
rufous-green masses. Stems creeping, bearing short, thick,
mostly simple branches ; leaves concave, ovato-lanceolate,
shortly acuminate, generally subsecund, of a dense texture,
very slightly serrate ; nerve reaching in general far above the
middle, sometimes forked near the base ; fruitstalk 1 inch
high, slightly granulated above only, even below ; sporangium
ovate or subglobose, cernuous ; lid very acute.

The broader leaves, of a dense texture and far less acuminate,
added to the large sporangium, distinguish this from the last.
The subaquatic habit must also be taken into account. The
leaves on the young branch lets, represented on our plate, from
a Braemar specimen, are thinner, and more decidedly serrate,
with a shorter nerve. Schimper says of the nerve, vix ultra
medium producta.^"’ Sometimes the leaves are slightly striate.

y. SCLEEOPODIUM, Schimp.*

12. H. csespitosum, Wils. ; stem creeping, with short,
simple, curved branches : leaves ovate, concave, spreading,
minutely toothed ; nerve reaching above halfway up ; sporan-
gium oblong, curved, suberect; lid conical, acute. — Hils.
Hook. t. Iv. ; Eng. Bot. t. 2878.

* Tliis diirers IVoni BracJujlhecium in ils narrower leaf-cells; from
Scliimp., only in its rough fruitstalk. 'J’he Greek word (TK\r]phs, however, does
not signify rough in the sense of .'^eahrous.

u

84

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

On walls of red sandstone and roots of trees, especially
where subject to inundation. Lancashire and Cheshire, also in
Sussex and Yorkshire. Fruiting in winter and early spring.

Dioicous ; forming low, dense tufts, with short, simple
branches ; leaves loosely imbricated, inclined to be secund,
ovate or ovato -lanceolate, pointed but not strongly acuminate,
minutely serrate ; fruitstalk rough ; sporangium inclined to
be erect, only slightly curved; lid half as long as the spo-
rangium.

Of this I have seen no specimen. It has been found on the
Continent by Spruce, in the Pyrenees. It is distinguished
from H. rutahulum bv its longer lid and less acuminate, more
spreading, shining leaves, besides other points.

13. H. illecebrum, Schwaeg. ; stem procumbent, slightly
pinnate ; branches short, incurved ; leaves crowded, erecto-
patent, ovate, concave with a reflexed point, minutely serrated ;
nerve strong, ending below the tip ; fruitstalk rough ; lid
conical, obtuse, with a little terminal point. — Wils. ^ Hook,
t. XXXV. ; Eng. Bot. t. 2715. ; [Moug. ^ Nest. n. 1219.)

On grassy banks and rocky pasture-ground near the sea ;
at present not found north of Holyhead. Bearing fruit in
autumn and early winter.

Dioicous ; pale green ; stem procumbent, sparingly pin-
nate, tomentose beneath ; branchlets short, erect, thin, incurved,
obtuse ; leaves closely imbricated, very concave, erecto-patent,
ovate with a recurved point, minutely serrated, especially
above, shining ; nerve strong, vanishing below the tip, often
forked, sometimes projecting from the back of the leaf like
the awn of a grass fruitstalk scabrous ; sporangium elliptic-
oblong, cernuous; lid conical, obtuse, with a little terminal
point ; perichsetial leaves with the nerve reaching scarcely
halfway up.

HYPNEI.

85

This appears to be a southern Moss^ and though scareely
more than an inch high in British specimens, attaining, in
the south of Europe, a mueh larger size. It resembles some-
what Hypnum purum in its pale, inflated leaves, but differs
notably in its rough fruitstalk. I find the leaves exactly as
represented in Sowerby^s figure, and not bristle-tipped. Oc-
casionally they are striate, and the margin slightly reflexed, in
Wilson’s Welsh speeimens.

J J Lid rostrate,

S. Eurhtnchium, Schimp.^

14. H. erassinervium, Tayl, ; stem ereeping; branehes
short, erect, simple ; leaves spreading, ovate, concave, with a
broadly reflected margin, suddenly acuminate, minutely ser-
rate ; nerve strong below, reaching more than halfway ; fruit-
stalk rough ; sporangium ovate, cernuous ; lid rostrate. —
Hook. ^ Tfils. t. Iv. ; Eng. Bot. t. 2706. ; [Moug. ^ Nest. n.
1227.)

On limestone roeks in shady places. South of Ireland,
Wales, and Yorkshire. Found also in southern Europe.
Bearing fruit in early spring.

Dioicous ; forming flat, silky, emerald-green tufts. Stem
procumbent, with ereet, simple, sometimes faseieulate, short
branches ; leaves glossy when dry, imbrieated, pointing every
way, patent, very concave with a broad reflexed margin, ovate,
suddenly aeuminate, the tip sometimes recurved, minutely
serrate, espeeially above ; nerve reaching scarcely more than
halfway, strong below, much attenuated above; eells narrow ;
fruitstalk very rough ; sporangium ovate, cernuous, scarcely
arcuate ; lid with a long, slender beak.

* Distinguiahed from Brachythecimn^ as the name implies, by the beaked
lid; and from Rhyncosleylum by the looser reticulations, in wliich the primor-
dial eell is distinctly visible.

86

HANDBOOK OB BRITISH MOSSES.

A fine species, distinguished from H. rutabulum not only by
the beak, but by the reflected margin of the leaves, and more
suddenly acuminate tip.

15. H. piliferum, Schreb. ; stem procumbent, slightly
branched, more or less regularly pinnato-ramulose ; branches
attenuated ; leaves erecto-patent, ovate, with an abrupt hair-
like tip, entire ; nerve reaching halfway ; fruitstalk rough ;
sporangium ovate-oblong, cernuous ; lid awl-shaped. — Hook,
^ Wils. t. XXV.; Eng. Bot. t. 1516.; [Moug. ^ Nest. n. 624.)

Shady banks and woods or on stones. Local ; often abun-
dant where it occurs at all. Bearing fruit, but rarely, in late
winter and early spring.

Dioicous; forming loose, depressed, shining-green or when
exposed to the sun yellowish tufts, often several inches long,
especially when barren ; stem irregularly divided, the branches
more or less pinnate; leaves loosely imbricated, ovate or on the
branchlets ovate-oblong, very concave, decurrent, entire or
only obscurely serrulate, with a sudden, long, hair-like point ;
margin not reflected ; nerve reaching halfway up, faint above ;
cells narrow ; fruitstalk an inch and a half long, scabrous ;
sporangium ovate or ovate-oblong, often curved, cernuous ;
lid large, as long as the sporangium, with a subulate, curved
beak.

16. H. speciosum, BnW. ; stem creeping ; branches simple,
erect ; leaves loosely set, patent, ovate, acute, serrated ; nerve
reaching almost to the tip ; fruitstalk rough ; sporangium
ovate, tapering at the base, cernuous ; lid rostrate. — Hook.
Wils. t. Iv.

On stones, near springs and in watery places. Anglesea
and Sussex. Bearing fruit in December.

Male and female flowers growing together ; forming low,
often floating tufts. Stems creeping, giving off erect, simple

U YPN El.

87

branches, with loosely set, ovate, acute, serrated leaves, of a
bright shining green, acute rather than acuminate (in Sussex
specimens) ; cells broader than in the two preceding species ;
fruitstalk scabrous ; sporangium obovate or ovate- oblong, cer-
nuous ; lid rostrate, shorter than the sporangium.

This species has not at present been found on the Con-
tinent.

16'^-. H. cirrhosnm, Scliwoig. ; stem erect or procumbent,
sparingly branched ; branches erect, cylindrical ; leaves im-
bricated, elliptic-oblong, concave, shining, ending in a long,
hair-like, serrated point ; cells rhomboid, broader at the base ;
nerve simple or forked.

Top of Ben Lawers, Dr. Arnott. Not yet found in fruit.
Supposed by Schimper to be a Brachyt/iecium. Possibly,
according to Wilson, a variety of H. pilifey'um. Its immediate
affinities, however, must be doubtful, in the absence of fruit.

• 17. H. praelongnm, L. ; stem prostrate, elongated, loosely

branched or subpinnate ; branches short, acute ; leaves loosely
set, cordate, acuminate, serrated ; nerve reaching more than
halfway up ; fruitstalk rough ; sporangium oblique ; lid
strongly rostrate. — Hook. Wils. t. xxv. ; Eng. Bot. t. 2035,
2942,/. 3. [Moug. ^ Nest. n. 422.)

On the ground, on decayed wood, etc. Common. Fruit
matured in winter.

Dioicous ; forming flat patches, with long, arched, or
prostrate stems, sometimes loosely branched, sometimes irregu-
larly bipinnate ; branches short, more or less acute; leaves not
crowded, squarrosc, cordate, acuminate, strongly serrate; nerve
reaching far above the centre ; cells narrow ; fruitstalk about
half an inch high, rough ; sporangium ovate-oblong, set on
obliquely, cernuous; lid with a very long, acute beak.

A very variable species, didcring occasionally greatly in

88

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

habit. H. Stokesii, originally observed in Ireland, but widely
dispersed over Europe_, which is still considered distinct by
Schimper, has wider, more decurrent leaves, with numerous
more or less lanceolate, serrate, finely-nerved paraphylla; but
though certainly remarkable for its more erect densely cses-
pitose habit, does not appear to be truly distinct. — Hook. ^
Wils. t. Iv. ; Eng. Bot. t. 2036. ; [Moug. ^ Nest. n. 1029.)

Hypnum Bwartzii, Turn. [Hook ^ Wils. t. Iv. ; E7ig. Bot,
t. 2034), has broadly ovate or cordate, acute, not acuminate
leaves, seated loosely on short obtuse branches, and less
flaccid wEen dry. The stem moreover is not pinnate, and the
sporangium is said to be less oblique. The last character how-
ever appears to be very doubtful, the degree of inclination
varying in undoubted specimens of H. prcelongum. I believe
that Bridel is quite right in considering it a mere variety.

18. H. pumilum, Wils. ; stem creeping or procumbent,
filiform, subpinnate ; branches very slender, rather flattened ;
leaves very small, ovate, spreading, serrulate ; nerve reaching
halfway ; fruitstalk rough ; sporangium roundish, ovate, cer-
nuous ; lid with a short beak. — Hook. Wils. t. Iv. ; Eng,
Bot. t.^^2,f.\,

On hedgebanks, sandstone rocks, etc. Bearing fruit from
November to spring.

Dioicous ; extremely delicate, creeping, with a few sub-
pinnate branches ; leaves distant, lanceolate, slightly serrate,
not decurrent, nerved halfway up; sporangium minute, on a
short, rough stalk, cernuous ; perichsetial leaves small ; lid
with a short acute beak.

This delicate species has the habit of H. serpens. It has
been found in several places in England, and occurs here and
there on the Continent.

HYPNEI.

89

c. Ehtncostegium, Schimp.

19. H. Teesdalii, Sm. ; stem creeping, filiform, slightly
branched; branches short; leaves loosely set, lanceolate,
obscurely serrate; nerve reaching almost to the tip or excur-
rent; fruitstalk rough; sporangium ovate, cernuous ; lid ros-
trate.— Hook. ^ Wils. t. Iv. ; Eng. Bot. t. 202, t. 2942,/. 2.

On trunks of trees and rocks, especially near waterfalls.
Bearing fruit in spring and early summer.

Monoicous ; forming velvety dark -green patches with
creeping stems, from which spring short, thread-shaped
branches ; leaves loosely set, rigid, spreading, often two-
ranked, lanceolate, with a thick nerve, which reaches nearly
to the tip, or extends beyond it; perichsetial leaves scarcely
covering the vagiiiula; fruitstalk not half an inch long, rough ;
sporangium ovate, cernuous, with a rostrate lid nearly as long.

A much more rigid plant than the last. It is found as far
south as Teneriffe, and extends as far north as Scotland.

h. Fruitstalk even.

Lid rostrate.

S. Eurhyncuium, Schimp.

20. H. myosuroides, L. ; stem creeping, bearing many
dendroid branches ; branches and branchlets curved, secund ;
leaves ovato- acuminate, slightly serrated ; nerve reaching more
than halfway up; perichsetial leaves squarrose; fruitstalk even;
sporangium inclined, rarely erect ; lid rostrate. — Hook. ^ Wils.
t. XXV.; Eng. Bot. t. 1567. [Moug. Nest. n. 330.)

On stones, rocks, and trunks of trees. Common. Ma-
turing the fruit in winter.

Dioicous ; forming large, soft, pale-green tufts ; stems
creeping, bearing erect, trcc-likc or fasciculate branches ;
leaves spreading, ovato-lanccolatc, acuminate, slightly serrate ;

90

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

nerve reaching more than halfway up ; fruitstalk even ; spo-
rangium elliptic^ oblong, somewhat cernuous, rarely erect or
symmetrical ; lid rostrate, about half as long.

This species is placed by Wilson and others in Isothecium,
but the sporangium is by no means constantly symmetrical,
and the inner peristome has intermediate teeth, as in true
Hypna. I think, therefore, that Schimper is quite justified
in placing it in Eurhynchium. He says that it prefers sandy and
granite formations ; but it certainly is by no means confined
to them in England. Its close resemblance to Isothecium
myurum has mainly contributed to its being placed in the
same genus.

21. H. strigosnm, Hoffm. ; stem creeping or decumbent,
subpinnate ; branches suberect, attenuated j leaves crov/ded,
imbricated, spreading, widely cordato-ovate, concave, rather
obtuse, serrated ; nerve reaching above halfway ; sporangium
ovate, cernuous ; lid rostrate. — Hook. ^ Wits. t. Iv.

On the roots of trees, banks, and dry rocks. Said to have
been found in Cornwall by Mr. Tozer. Bearing fruit in
autumn.

Pseudomonoicous ; the male gemmse, derived from another
plant, adhering by radicles to the female plant; forming loose,
fiat, or swollen, dense tufts ; stem creeping ; branches pin-
nate, erect, or prostrate, attenuated or fiagelliform ; leaves
broad at the base, acute but scarcely acuminate, sharply
serrated ; paraphylla numerous, roundish, or ovate ; fruit-
stalk even ; sporangium cernuous, subhorizontal.

22. H. circinatum, Brid. ; stem suberect, arcuate, sub-
pinnate; branches subfasciculate, curved and drooping; leaves
narrowly ovato-acuminate, crowded, subsecund; nerve reaching
almost to the tip ; fruitstalk even ; sporangium ovate, cernuous,
curved; lid rostrate. — Hook. ^ Wits. t. Iv.

HYPNEI.

91

On shady limestone roeks and walls^ near the sea. In the
■west of England. Wales; from Anglesea southward. Bearing
fruit, though very rarely, in spring.

Dioicous ; forming more or less dense tufts of a deep greem
Stem creeping, bearing slender, erect, arched branches, which
are themselves branched above ; the branchlets curved or
curled ; leaves crowded, ovato-lanceolate, with a slender nerve
reaching almost to the tip, minutely serrate ; fruitstalk even,
twisted in different directions above and below ; sporangium
ovate, with a long beaked lid.

Differing from the last in its circinate branchlets ; ovato-
lanceolate leaves, with a thicker, longer nerve, shorter cells,
and the inner perichsetial leaves being strongly nerved.

23. H. striatulum, Spruce ; stem creeping, densely tufted ;
branches crowded, erect ; leaves erecto -patent, ovate, acumi-
nate, somewhat striated, serrate ; nerve reaching above half-
way ; fruitstalk even ; sporangium oblong, cernuous ; lid
rostrate. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. Iv.

On calcareous rocks, walls, and mounds, and at the roots
of trees. First discovered by Spruce in the Pyrenees, and
found since in Ireland, Somersetshire, and Sussex. Fruit ripe
from December to early spring.

Dioicous ; forming loose wide tufts. Stems creeping ;
branches erect, with fasciculate branchlets ; leaves spreading,
ovato-lanceolate, acuminate, minutdy serrate, nerve reaching
beyond the middle, somewhat striate ; cells very narrow ;
fruitstalk even, half an inch long; sporangium oblong, cer-
nuous, with a long lid.

Not half the size of the following, but larger than II. cir-
cinutum.

21. H. striatum, lledio. ; stem prostrate or arched, irregu-
larly divided, throwing out fascicles of roots, densely imbri-

92

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

cated, with erect, attenuated, often drooping branches; leaves
squarrose, cordate, strongly acuminate, striated, sharply
toothed ; nerve reaching nearly to the tip ; fruitstalk long,
even ; sporangium oblong, arched, lid rostrate. — Hook, ^ JVils.
t. xxvi.; Eng. Bot. t. 1648.; [Moiig. ^ Hest. n. 142.)

On the ground, in woods and orchards. Common. Bearing
fruit in autumn and early spring.

Pseudomonoicous. Stem partly prostrate, arched or ascend-
ing, densely clothed with leaves, and sending down fascicles of
rootlets, irregularly branched ; branches erect, often dendroid ;
branchlets often two-ranked, attenuated at the extremities,
curved ; leaves widely spreading, or squarrose, broadly cordate,
suddenly acuminated, strongly toothed, with a thick nerve
reaching nearly to the summit, striated below; cells of the
upper part of the leaves extremely narrow with the exception
of the marginal cells which form the serratures ; perichcctial
leaves squarrose, nerveless ; vaginula hairy ; fruitstalk an inch
long, even ; sporangium oblong, subcylindrical, curved, cer-
nuous ; lid with a long, curved, slender, acute beak.

A fine though common species, easily known from H. ruta-
hulum by its rostrate lid, very acuminate, strongly striated
leaves, and smooth stem.

€. Ehtncostegium, Schimp.

25. H. ruscifolium, Neck, ; stem creeping, irregularly
branched ; branchlets erect, arched ; leaves spreading, ovate,
pointed, subsecund, rather rigid, serrate ; nerve reaching
more than halfway up ; fruitstalk even ; sporangium ovate,
slightly curved, cernuous ; lid rostrate. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxvi. ;
Eng. Bot. t. 1275.; (Plate 6, fig. 1) ; Moug. ^ Nest. n. 427.

On stones in rivulets, sluices, etc. Yery common. Bearing
fruit in winter and early spring.

HYPNEI.

93

Moiioicous ; forming dense tufts of a deep dull green^ often
spreading out into the water. Stem creeping^ generally
naked below, irregularly branched ; brancblets erect, often
arched ; leaves imbricated, rather rigid, oval, acute, broad at
the base, often slightly flattened so as to be subsecund,
serrate ; nerve reaching far above the middle ; fruitstalk
even ; sporangium firm ovate, cernuous ; lid rostrate, acute,
two-thirds as long as the sporangium.

Schimper describes the leaves as decurrent at the base, but
I find them as described bv Wilson. It varies much, accordinsc
to the locality, and sometimes has very concave leaves, which
are not at all distichous.

26. H. murale, Neck,; stem creeping, irregularly branched;
branchlets crowded, erect, obtuse ; leaves concave, subelliptic,
with a short, abrupt point, entire or finely serrate; nerve
reaching above halfway; fruitstalk even; sporangium ovate;
lid rostrate. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxiv. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1038. ;
(Plate 6, fig. 2) ; Moug. ^ Nest, n. 145.

On rocks and stones, especially those which are calcareous.
Not uncommon. Fruiting in winter and early spring.

Monoicous ; forming pale-green patches, or sometimes
tinged with red ; stem creeping, loosely branched, with
numerous shining, crowded, cylindrical, often obtuse branch-
lets ; leaves densely imbricated, or rather distant, concave,
elliptic, shortly mucronate, nearly or quite entire; nerve
reaching more than halfway up ; fruitstalk even, half an inch
high ; sporangium ovate, cernuous ; lid with a long beak.

The leaves var^q in different forms, in being more or less
concave, and having a more or less decided point; they are
never however acuminate as in tlic next species.

27. H. confertum, Dicks.; stem creeping; branches sub-
pinnate ; branchlets erect ; leaves crccto-patcnt or coinj)lanatc.

94.

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

ovate^ acuminate^ serrulate ; nerve reaching more than half-
way ; fruitstalk even ; sporangium oval^ cernuous ; lid acutely
rostrate. — Hook. Wils. t. xxvi.; Eng. Bot. t. 2407. ; [Moug.
^ Nest. n. 1316.)

On stones, shady walls, trunks of trees, etc. Not uncom-
mon. Bearing fruit in winter and early spring.

Monoicous ; forming short, flattish, bright green patches ;
stem creeping, slightly divided ; the branches more or less pin-
nate; leaves spreading or flattened, and somewhat secund,
ovate, acuminate, slightly serrate, nerve reaching more than
halfway ; fruitstalk even, not half an inch high ; sporangium
small, ovate, cernuous ; lid with a slender awl-shaped beak as
long as the sporangium.

Eng. Bot. t. 2553 and t. 1262 represent the complanate
state of the plant which has occurred both in England and
Scotland.

28. H. megapolitannm, Bland.; stem creeping; branchlets
irregularly branched ; leaves broadly ovate, acuminate, more
or less serrate, nerve reaching more than halfway ; fruitstalk
even ; sporangium oblong, curved, cernuous ; lid rostrate. —
Hook. ^ Wils. p. 356, under H. confertum.

On sandy banks. Sussex. Mr. Mitten. Bearing fruit in
spring.

The loose, straggling, stouter habit, much larger size, more
broadly ovate leaves, almost cordate at the base but more
acuminate above, and oblong sporangium, seem to justify
Schimper in keeping this species distinct, of which, however,
I have seen no specimens. The areolation of the leaves is
also said to be looser.

29. H. depressum, Bruch ; stem prostrate, much depressed ;
branches pinnate; leaves bifarious, ovate or ovato-oblong,
slightly serrate, two-nerved at the base ; fruitstalk even ;

HYPNET.

95

sporangium ovate-oblong, cernuous ; lid rostrate. — Hook. ^
Wils. t. lix.

On calcareous rocks and stones. From Scotland to Angle-
sea. Ripening fruit, on the Continent, in spring.

Dioicous; forming very flat, soft, emerald-green or some-
times yellowish patches. Stem repeatedly divided; branches
more or less pinnate ; leaves flattened, crowded, ovate or ovate-
oblong, with two short nerves at the base, pointed but scarcely
acuminate, slightly serrate; fruitstalk even, half an inch long ;
sporangium ovate-oblong, slightly curved, cernuous; lid ros-
trate, shorter than the sporangium.

This species, which is intermediate between H. confertum
and the next, is readily distinguished by its much flattened
branchlets and different nervation. It has not been found in
fruit in this country.

30. H. demissum, Wils. ; stem prostrate, slightly and
irregularly branched; leaves somewhat flattened, subsecund
above, ovato-lanceolate, narrowed at the base, entire, nerve-
less, or with two faint nerves ; margin recurved ; fruitstalk
even, very slender ; sporangium elliptic-oblong, cernuous ; lid
with a very slender long beak. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. lix.; Eng.
Bot. t. 2740.; (Plate 11, fig. 6) ; Moug. ^ Nest. n. 1315.

On quartzose rocks. Killarney and Beddgelert. Bearing
fruit in summer and winter.

Monoicous ; forming flat, bright, shining, yellow patches ;
stems prostrate, more or less divided, scarcely interw'oven ;
branches few, short ; leaves spreading below, rather sccund
above, oblong or elliptico-lanccolate, narrow and somewhat
eared at the very base ; nerveless or with two faint nerves ; en-
tire, slightly reflexed; fruitstalk one- third of an inch high, even,
very slender ; sporangium oblongo-elliptic, small, cernuous,
sometimes symmetrical ; lid with a very long slender beak.

96

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

This Moss occurs in North America with other allied spe-
cies^ but is very rare in Europe.

31. H. tenellum, Dicks.; stem creeping; branehes and
branchlets erect, crowded ; leaves erecto-patent, narrow, lan-
ceolate, entire ; nerve reaching nearly to the tip ; fruitstalk
even; sporangium ovate; lid rostrate. — Hook. ^ Wils. t.
xxiv. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1859. ; [Moug. ^ Nest. n. 233.)

On walls and rocks, especially those which are calcareous.
Common. Bearing fruit in early spring.

Monoicous ; forming silky emerald-green or yellowish
tufts. Stem creeping, with erect, crowded branches or
branchlets ; leaves crowded, very narrow, lanceolate, almost
filiform above, entire ; nerve rather faint, reaching nearly to
the tip ; fruitstalk even, a quarter of an ineh long ; sporan-
gium ovate, cernuous ; lid as long as the sporangium.

A small, delicate species, easily distinguished from H.
Teesdalii by its even fruitstalk, less prominent nerve, and
lighter leaves.

Lid conical.

C Amblystegittm, Schimp.^

32. H. serpens, L. ; stem creeping, rooting ; branchlets
erect, short, crowded, thread-shaped ; leaves spreading or sub-
secund, ovato- lanceolate, aeuminate, entire; nerve faint,
reaching halfway up or nearly to the tip ; fruitstalk even ;
sporangium oblong, curved, eernuous; lid conical, acute. —
Hook. ^ Wils. t. Ixxiv. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1037. ; [Moug. ^ Nest,
n. 332.)

On walls, moist banks, trunks of trees, etc. Bearing fruit
in spring and summer. Very common.

Monoicous ; forming thin, yellow-green patches ; stem

* Differing from Hypnum, Scliimp,, only in the looser texture of the leaves.

HYPNEI.

97

creeping, rooting through its whole length, more or less
branched, the branches erect or suberect, slender, sometimes
slightly pinnate ; leaves spreading below, sometimes inclined
to be secand above, entire, ovato-laneeolate, very acuminate,
translucid ; nerve reaching to the apex or not more than half-
way ; cells rather broad, angular ; fruitstalk even ; sporangium
oblong, curved or obovate ; lid conical, acute.

A very common species, and therefore very variable as
regards habit, the shape of the leaves, nervation, length of the
footstalk, and form of the sporangium. The small size at
once distinguishes it from its nearest allies, as does the co-
nical lid from II. Teesdalii and tenellum.

33. H. radicale, Pal. Beauv. ; monoicous ; stem creeping,
irregularly branched j branches rigid, suberect ; leaves more
or less spreading, cordato-ovate or ovato-lanceolate, from a
cordate or deltoid base, acuminate; nerve vanishing near the
apex ; perichsetial leaves larger, wider, membranous, serrated,
the nerve vanishing below the apex ; fruitstalk very long ;
sporangium arcuate, oblong, cernuous ; lid conical, shortly
and sharply rostellate. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxvi.

On moist ground, amongst grass. Anglesea and South
Wales. Bearing fruit in spring. A rare species.

The above is copied from WilsoiTs deseription, as I have
seen no specimen. It occurs abundantly in North America.
Rather more robust than the last, with larger and firmer
leaves of a denser texture, wider and more cordate below ; the
nerve also is more prominent.

3 1. H. irriguum. Hook. ^ T'Vils. ; monoicous ; stem rigid ;
branches pinnate ; leaves secund, deltoidco-ovate, acuminate,
slightly serrated, strongly nerved; sporangium oblong, curved,
cernuous, strongly arcuate and contracted below tlie mouth
when dry; annulus subpersistent ; lid conical. — Hook. IVUs.

II

98

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

t. XXV. j {Moug. ^ Nest. n. 625 ; a barren specimen mixed with
the next.)

On stones in rivulets^ by mill-dams^ etc. From Yorkshire
to Sussex. Bearing fruit in spring.

Of this_, like the last, I have seen no fertile specimen. It is
clearly allied to H. serpenSy especially to the stronger-nerved
form, but is distinguished by the larger size and opaque
areolation. From the next it differs in being far more rigid,
the pinnate branches, closer areolation, more slender nerve,
shorter sporangium, broader leaves, which are deltoid at the
base, and less acute lid.

35. H. fluviatile, Swartz ; stem prostrate, ascending above
with more or less depressed branchlets ; leaves rather loosely
set, erecto-patent, concave, ovato-lanceolate, acute, entire,
with a very strong nerve ; fruitstalk even ; sporangium cy-
lindrical, curved ; lid conical, acute. — Hook. ^ Wits. t. Iv. ;
[Moug. ^ Nest. n. 625, with a barren specimen of the last in
my copy.)

On stones in rivulets. Scotland and Wales. Bearing fruit
in May and June.

Monoicous ; forming large dark-green or reddish tufts.
Stem prostrate, slightly branched, naked below with a few
radicles; the branches and remote branchlets suberect, droop-
ing or prostrate ; leaves loosely imbricated, incurved when dry,
ovato-lanceolate, acute, concave, quite entire, with a very
strong reddish nerve, which reaches almost or quite to the tip,
and is often dilated above ; margin slightly recurved below ;
leaf-cells rather short; fruitstalk even, an inch long; sporan-
gium elongated, cylindrieal, curved, especially when dry ; lid
conical, with a sharp point.

36. H. riparium, L. ; stem prostrate, free above, irregularly
and remotely branehed ; leaves loosel}^ set, spreading, ovato-

HYPNEI.

99

lanceolate, entire ; nerve reaching more than halfway ; spo-
rangium oblong, curved, cernuous ; lid conical. — Hook. ^
Wils. t. xxiv. ; Eng, Bot. t. 2060. ; (Plate 6, fig. 3.)

On the banks of ponds, or on stones occasionally flooded ;
sometimes more strictly aquatic. Common. Bearing fruit
in summer.

Monoicous ; forming loose, soft, green or yellowish tufts.
Stem creeping, flaccid, irregularly divided, rarely subpinnate ;
branches procumbent or suberect; leaves generally complanate,
crowded or distant, rarely subsecund, ovato-lanceolate, acute,
entire, slightly decurrent at the base; nerve reaching beyond
the middle ; cells narrow ; fruitstalk even, about an inch high ;
sporangium oblong, subcylindrical, curved; lid conical, acute.

Extremely variable, resembling sometimes H. fluitans and
other aquatic species; Moug. & Nest. n. 1134 (at least in my
eopy) is some short-fruited rough-stalked Moss, with ovate,
serrated leaves, and apparently H. rutabulum. When growing
in the water, it assumes sometimes the habit of Fontinalis.
Moug. & Nest. n. 1034 is apparently a state of H. aduncum.

rj. Hypnum, ScJiimp.

37. H. elodes, Spruce; stem slender, elongated, procum-
bent, subpinnate ; branches slender, acute, curved at the tips ;
leaves loose, patent, subsecund above, lanceolate, acuminate, en-
tire ; nerve reaching almost to the tip ; fruitstalk even ; sporan-
gium cylindrical, curved ; lid conical. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. Ivi.

In bogs and marshes, on the ground or on the root of
trees. Bearing fruit in spring. Erom Liverpool to Anglesea.

Dioicous; delicate; yellow or reddish-green. Stem slen-
der, proeumbent, slightly pinnate; branches procumbent or
erect; leaves distant, spreading, lanceolate, much elongated,
the younger curved and almost falcate, nearly entire; nerve

9

11

100

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

strong, reaching to or nearly to the tip ; cells narrow, except
at the slightly reflexed base ; fruitstalk even, 1 1 inch high ;
sporangium subcylindrical, curved, cernuous ; lid conical,
acute.

In the figure in ^ Bryologia Britannica^ the leaves are re-
presented as strongly serrated above, which neither accords
with the description nor with Spruce’s specimens. Even be-
low, the serratures are very obscure.

Leaves acute ^ mostly syuarrose, shortly nerved or nerveless (oc-
casionally in certain leaves, as in H. cbrysophyllum, there is
a longer nerve ; in H. polygamum there is a long nerve).

38. H. Halleri, L. jun. ; stem creeping, pinnate ; branches
short, erect; leaves closely imbricated, spreading, squarrose,
broadly ovate, acuminate, serrated, obscurely two-nerved at
the base ; fruitstalk even ; sporangium oblong, curved, cer-
nuous ; lid conical. — Hook. ^ TVils. t. xxxv. ; Grev. Sc. Crypt.
FI. t. 174. ; [Moug. ^ Nest. n. 626.)

On alpine rocks, as Ben Lawers ; said also to be found in
Herefordshire. Bearing fruit from autumn to spring.

Monoicous ; forming circular patches, which are said to be
of a glaucous hue when growing but of a golden-brown when
dry, pinnate ; the branches erect, short, and nearly level ;
leaves densely imbricated, their tips recurved, broadly ovate
at the base, acuminate above, serrated, with two short obscure
nerves or sometimes nerveless ; margin reflexed at the base ;
cells narrow, but not vermiform ; fruitstalk even, about
half an inch high ; sporangium cylindrical, curved, cernuous ;
lid conical, with a central rather obtuse tip.

A small but very pretty species, allied to H. polymorphum,
but at once distinguished by the strongly recurved leaves.

39. H. polymorphum, Hedw. ; stem procumbent, scarcely

HYPNEl.

lOi

pinnate; brandies simple^ erect, slender; leaves crowded,
spreading, subsquarrose, subsecund, ovato-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, entire, nerveless ; sporangium oblong, curved, cernuous ;
lid conical. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. Ivi. ; Eng. Bot. 1. 1709. ; [Moug.

Nest. n. 1032.)

On walls and banks in limestone districts, from Yorkshire
to Wales. Bearing fruit in May.

Monoicous; forming thin yellowish patches. Stems slen-
der, more or less subpinnate ; leaves crowded, rather squar-
rose, ovate with a sudden narrow acuminate tip, nerveless, en-
tire ; cells loose ; fruitstalk even, J inch high ; sporangium
minute, oblong, curved, cernuous ; lid conical.

A delicate species, smaller than the next, and with leaves
not so wide at the base. It is H. Bommerfelti of Schimper’s
‘ Synopsis.^

40. H. chrysophyllum, Bnd. ; stem prostrate, with distant
pinnse ; leaves crowded, subsquarrose, ovate or cordato-ovate,
acuminate, entire, mostly nerved more than halfway ; sporan-
gium subcylindrical, curved ; lid conical. — Hook. ^ Wils. t.
xxvi. ; Eng. Bot. t. 2671. ; (Plate 6, fig. 5) ; Moug. ^ Nest. n.
731.

In fallow- fields and marsh-lands occasionally from Cheshire
to Sussex. Sometimes on walls. Bearing fruit in summer.

Dioicous; forming golden-green patches. Stemscreeping
or procumbent, distantly branched in a pinnate manner;
pinnae short, suberect ; leaves crowded, spreading widely,
squarrose, subsecund, ovate or cordate at the base, acuminate,
entire, nerveless or more frequently furnished with a nerve
reaching about halfway ; cells very narrow, not much enlarged,
as in the next, at the base ; fruitstalk even, an inch or more
long ; sporangium subcylindrical, curved, cernuous ; lid conical,
rather acute.

102

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

Differs from the next in its prostrate pinnate habit^ mostly
nerved, less cordate leaves, and absence of loose tissue at the
base. The prostrate form, however, of H. stellatum comes
very near to it.

41. H. stellatum, Schreb. ; stem erect, tufted, loosely
branched ; branches pointed ; leaves squarrose, entire, nerve-
less, deltoideo- or cordato-ovate, acuminate ; cells at the base
very loose; fruitstalk even ; sporangium oblong, curved, cer-
nuous; lid conical.— ^ Wils. t, xxvi.; Eng. Bot. t.
1302. ; (Plate 6, fig. 6) ; Moug. ^ Nest. n. 234.

In boggy ground. Not uncommon. Bearing fruit in
summer.

Dioicous ; forming loose or dense tufts. Stems 2 or 3 inches
high, more or less erect, loosely branched, sometimes subpin-
iiate ; branches cuspidate at the tips ; leaves crowded, de-
cidedly squarrose, entire, cordato-ovate, acuminate or deltoid
at the base, entire, quite nerveless or with two faint yellow
lines ; cells very narrow, except at the base ; fruitstalk even,
1 J inch long ; sporangium oblong, curved, cernuous, varying
very much in size ; lid conical, rather acute.

A much larger plant than the last, and, like that, of a more
or less yellow tinge.

42. H. polygamum, Br. ^ Schimp. ; stem procumbent,
more or less pinnate ; leaves rather loosely set, spreading,
scarcely squarrose, ovate or ovato-lanceolate, acuminate, en-
tire; nerve reaching more than halfway; cells at the base
large ; fruitstalk even ; sporangium oblong, cernuous, or hori-
zontal ; lid conical, acute. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. Ivi. ; (Plate 6,
fig. 4.)

In bogs and marshy, often sandy ground, from Dundee to
Dublin. Bearing fruit in summer.

Polygamous, bearing female or bisexual flowers clustered at

HYPNEI.

103

the base of the perichsetial branches ; forming tawny patches.
Leaves not much crowded_, spreading, only slightly squar-
rose, ovate or ovato-lanceolate, acuminate, far narrower below
than the last, but with similar reticulation, entire ; nerve
reaching far above the middle; fruitstalk even, an inch or
more long ; sporangium oblong, curved, subhorizontal ; lid
acuminate.

Similar in many respects to the last, but with narrow, less
squarrose leaves, and a well-marked nerve.

There is, however, a smaller variety, wdth shorter and more
squarrose leaves.

### Leaves roundish^ rather obtuse, entire, mostly two-nerved or

nerveless.

43. IT. palustre, L. ; stem creeping, more or less branched ;
branches and branchlets suberect or depressed ; leaves crowded,
more or less secund, spreading, elliptic, concave^ entire, with
one short nerve ; fruitstalk even ; sporangium ovate, cernu-
ous; lid conical. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxvi. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1303,
1665, 2406.; (Plate 7, fig. 1); Moug. ^ Nest. n. 521.

On stones, in rivulets in subalpine countries. Not uncom-
mon. Bearing fruit in summer.

Monoicous; forming broad tufts of a dingy or tawny green.
Stem creeping, naked below, irregularly branched ; branches
and branchlets ascending or depressed ; leaves crowded, often
secund, more or less spreading, very concave, entire, ovate,
rather abruptly attenuated above, with a nerve which scarcely
reaches to the middle, sometimes forked above ; areolation
narrow, with a few larger cells at the base; fruitstalk half
an inch long, even ; sporangium ovate, curved, cernuons ; lid
conical, pointed.

A very variable species, '^fhe above description ap})lics to
the more normal form, but the leaves arc somclinu's nerveless.

101

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

sometimes two-nerved^ while oceasionally the nerve is very
long; sometimes they are not in the least secund_, while on
the other hand they are oecasionally almost falcate. It also
varies extremely in size and thickness. The leaves are appa-
rently always very concave^ and, as Wilson says, cannot be
compressed without splitting.

44. H. molle, Dicks. ; stem procumbent ; branches simple,
erect or procumbent, rather obtuse ; leaves widely spreading,
subsecund above, very concave, roundish, apiculate, flaccid,
slightly toothed, distinctly two-nerved halfway ; sporangium
ovate, cernuous, lid conical. — Hook, ^ Wils. t. xxiv. ; Eng,
Bot, t, 1992 ; Grev, Sc, Crypt, FI, t, 283. ; (Plate 7, fig. 2) ;
Moug, ^ Nest, n, 730.

On stones and rocks in mountain rivulets, Scotland. Bear-
ing fruit in summer.

Monoicous ; forming pale, reddish, or more frequently lurid,
dark-green patches. Stem prostrate, naked below ; branches
erect, or more or less procumbent, flaccid, cylindrical, obtuse;
leaves densely imbricated, spreading below, mostly subsecund
above, very concave, roundish with generally an abrupt pointed
apex, but sometimes merely shortly acuminate ; fruitstalk
even, entire, two-nerved, scarcely an inch long; sporangium
ovate, curved, cernuous ; lid conical, rather obtuse.

A larger, stouter species than the last, from which it is dis-
tinguished by its broader, more spreading leaves. Schimper
believes that Hypnwn alpestre, Swartz, is included by Wilson,
but that species, which differs mainly in its more rigid, nar-
rower, and less spreading leaves, looser cells, and longer spo-
rangia, does not appear to have been found in this country. A
figure of the leaves is given by Wilson, showing the reflexed
tips very accurately.

45. H. arcticum, Sornm. ; stem creeping; irregularly

HYPNEI.

105

branched; branches erect or procumbent^ simple^ obtuse; leaves
spreadings roundish^ blunt or shortly apicul ate, entire; nerve
strong, reaching halfway up, composed of two combined nerves,
which are sometimes distinct; fruitstalk even; sporangium
ovate, cernuous ; lid conical. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. Ivi. ; Grev.
Sc. Crypt. FI. t. 282. ; (Plate 7, fig. 3.)

On stones and rocks in rivulets in Scotland. Bearing fruit
in summer.

Mbnoicous; forming loose olive-green or blackish-green
patches, sometimes tinged with red. Stem rigid, procumbent,
irregularly branched ; branches simple, elongated, generally ob-
tuse; leaves spreading, but scarcely ever squarrose or secund,
rigid, roundish, minutely apiculate or obtuse, with a strong
nerve reaching halfway up, generally quite entire, but occa-
sionally the margin is slightly irregular; cells narrow, rather
shorter than in some neighbouring species ; fruitstalk even ;
sporangium oval or ovate, curved, slightly cernuous ; lid coni-
cal, obtuse.

More rigid than the last, with longer branches, smaller
shorter leaves, and a different nerve.

46. H. stramineum, Dicks. ; stem erect, branched irregu-
larly ; branches erect, elongated ; leaves imbricated, erecto-
patent, oblong, obtuse, concave, entire, with a long nerve ;
fruitstalk even ; sporangium oblong, curved, cernuous ; lid
conical. — Hook. Wils. t. Ivi. ; Eng. Bot. t. 2405.; (Plate 7,
fig. 4) ; Moug. ^ Nest. n. 516, with the next.

In bogs amongst Sphagnum^ occasionally in various parts of
Great Britain and Ireland. Bearing fruit but rarely in early
summer.

Dioicous ; forming erect straw-coloured tufts. Stem erect,
thread-shaped, irregularly branched, with a few short branch-
lets ; branches elongated ; leaves imbricated, slightly spread-

106

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

ing, suberectj oblong or oblongo-ovate, obtuse, entire ; nerve
reaching nearly to the apex ; reticulations at amplexicaul base
loose ; pericheetial leaves much longer ; fruitstalk even, an inch
long ; sporangium oblong, curved, cernuous ; lid conical.

Much slenderer than the next, and of a different colour,
and very different appearance. Occasionally the stem is less
erect than in the normal form.

47. H. trifarium, Web. ^ Mohr'; stem erect or procum-
bent, irregularly and slightly branched ; branches elongated ;
leaves densely imbricated, roundish, obtuse, very concave ;
nerve reaching more than halfway, entire ; sporangium ovato-
oblong, cernuous ; lid conical. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxxiv. ;
Grev. Sc. Crypt. FI. t. 279. ; (Plate 7, fig. 5) ; Moug. ^ Nest,
n. 516.

In bogs and rills, principally in the water, occasionally
found as far south as Whittlesea Mere, Huntingdonshire,
which is now drained. Bearing fruit in summer, but always
barren in this country.

Dioicous ; forming erect or procumbent chocolate-brown
patches. Stem slender, slightly and irregularly branched, the
branches following the same direction ; leaves imbricated,
often obviously trifarious, the axis being spirally twisted,
roundish, obtuse, very concave, entire, with a nerve reaching
above the middle ; cells not much dilated at base ; fruitstalk
even ; sporangium ovato-oblong, curved, cernuous, springing
from a distinct neck or apophysis ; lid conical.

Very brittle when dry and with a very peculiar habit.

48. H. sarmentosum, Wahl. ; stem prostrate below, as-
cending above, subpinnate ; branchlets short, acute ; leaves
spreading, elliptic or oblong, obtuse or shortly apiculate, en-
tire; nerve reaching more than halfway up; fruitstalk even ;
sporangium ovato-oblong ; lid conical. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. Ivi.

HYPNEI.

107

On wet alpine rocks. Scotland, Ireland, and Wales. Bear-
ing fruit, but very rarely, in summer.

Dioicous j forming reddish or purple patches. Stems pro-
cumbent, ascending above or sometimes erect, branched in an
irregularly pinnate manner; leaves oblong or ovato-oblong,
obtuse or apiculate, slightly striated, the tip often cuculliform,
entire; nerve red, reaching nearly to the tip; cells at the
angles open ; sporangium ovato-oblong or subcyiindrical,
slightly curved, cernuous; lid conical.

Very different in habit from H. stramineum, to which it
approaches in character, though externally more nearly re-
sembling H. cordifolium. The young leaves only are green.

49. H. cordifolium, Hedw. ; stem suberect, elongated, ir-
regularly divided; leaves distant, cordato-ovate or ovato-ob-
long, entire, blunt, decurrent ; nerve reaching above halfway ;
fruitstalk even ; sporangium oblong, curved, cernuous ; lid
conical. — Rook. ^ Wils. t. Ivi. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1447. ; (Plate 7,
fig. 6) ; Moug. ^ Nest. n. 518.

In marshes and ditches. Common. Bearing fruit in early
summer.

Monoicous ; the male flowers situated near the female ;
forming loose, green tufts some inches long. Stem more or
less pinnate ; branches short, often cuspidate ; leaves spread-
ing, almost squarrose, cordate at the base or ovate, slightly
attenuated above or blunt, but always obtuse, entire, concave ;
nerve reaching nearly to the tip, large ; cells at base dilated ;
fruitstalk even, mostly elongated ; sporangium oblong, hori-
zontally cernuous ; lid conical.

Differs from II. stramineum in the stouter habit and spread-
ing, loosely set, more or less cordate leaves. The base of
the tufts is generally dark-brown. The reticulation in this
is looser than in most ncighhouring species, and resembles

108

HANDBOOK OB BRITISH MOSSES.

that of Schimper^s genus Ainblystegium. The sinuated pri-
mordial sac of which he speaks is visible principally in the
dilated rhomboidal cells at the base. I do not see any chloro-
phyll-grains.

B. Stem erect, 'pinnate ; fruitstalJcs from upper part of stem.

Dioicous.

* Leaves nerveless or two-nerved, entire.

50. H. cuspidatum, L. ; stem suberect ; branches bifarious,
pinnate^ cuspidate; leaves crowded, erecto-patent, ovato-ob-
long, attenuated, rather obtuse, entire, nerveless; fruitstalk
even ; sporangium oblong, curved, cernuous, tapering below ;
lid conical. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxvi. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1425. ;
(Plate 8, fig. 1) ; Moug. ^ Nest. n. 227.

In moist meadows and marshes. Common. Bearing fruit
in early summer.

Dioicous; forming tall, yellowish-green or reddish-brown
tufts. Stem rather rigid, erect with a few bifarious pinnate
branches, which are cuspidate from the convolution of the
upper leaves; leaves imbricated, erecto- patent, ovato-oblong,
attenuated but rather obtuse, concave, nerveless; reticula-
tion narrow, except at the clasping base ; perichsetial leaves
large-celled, deeply plaited, acuminate, with two short nerves
according to Schimper; fruitstalk even, elongated ; sporan-
gium oblong, slightly curved, cernuous, much attenuated at
the base, variegated ; lid conical, pointed.

Easily known from neighbouring species by its nerveless
leaves.

51. H. Schreberi, Willd. ; stem rigid, erect, irregularly
divided; branches pinnate; leaves crowded, imbricated, sub-
erect, ovato-oblong, concave, obtuse, entire, faintly two-nerved
at the base ; sporangium ovato-oblong, curved, cernuous ; lid

IIYPNEI.

109

conical. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxiv. ; Eng. Bot^ t. 1621.; (Plate
8, fig. 2) ; Moug. ^ Nest. n. 43.

On heaths^ banks^ in woods, moors, etc. Common. Fruit
ripe in autumn, but rare.

Dioicous ; forming tall, ratber rigid tufts of a yellowisb-
green or tawny. Stem erect, divided irregularly, the branches
pinnate, quite devoid of rootlets, sometimes obtuse, but some-
times pointed, drooping and taking root; leaves imbricated,
erecto-patent, obtuse, entire, elliptic or ovato-oblong, blunt,
shortly two-nerved or with the base merely slightly thickened ;
margin slightly reflexed at the base ; fruitstalk even, an inch
or more long, twisted different ways above and below ; spo-
rangium small, oblong, curved, cernuous ; lid convex.

This beautiful, shining, red-stemmed Moss is distinguished
from H. purum by the absence of the apiculus in the leaves,
which are almost nerveless, and the oblong not ovate sporan-
gium.

** Leaves nerved halfway.

52. H. purum, L. ; stem erect, forked ; branches simply
pinnate ; leaves closely imbricated, concave, turgid, elliptic
with a reflexed apiculus, narrow at the base ; nerve reaching
halfway ; fruitstalk even ; sporangium elliptic, regular, hori-
zontal ; lid conical. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxiv. ; Eng. Bot. t.
1599, 2189,/. 2. ; (Plate 8, fig. 3) ; Moug. ^ Nest. n. 44.

On shady banks. Very common. Bearing fruit, though
not commonly, in autumn.

Dioicous ; forming soft tufts of a very pale green. Brandies
pinnate, obtuse ; leaves broadly elliptic, narrow at the base,
where the cells are larger, entire, glossy, membranous ; nerve
reaching about halfway; margin recurved at the base; fruit-
stalk even, an inch long, brittle ; sporangium ovate, horizon-
tal, cernuous; lid conical.

110

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

Used by anglers to scour worms. The teeth of the peri-
stome are narrower than in the last^ broadly lamellate^ and
other differences will be found on comparison.

C. Stem simply, doubly, or triply pinnate, erect, tomentose or rough
with paraphylla ; fruit from the upper part of the stem.

* Leaves papillose.

53. H. Blandovii, Web. ^ Mohr ; stem bi-tripartite, clothed
with laciniate down-like paraphylla_, branchlets distichous,
crowded; stem-leaves cordate, acuminate, plicate; branch-
leaves ovate, all more or less papillose behind, sharply toothed ;
margin recurved, nerve reaching almost to the tip ; sporan-
gium subcylindrical, curved, cernuous; lid conical. — Hook. ^
Wils. t. XXV.; Eng. Bot. t. 2760.; (Plate 8, f. 5); Thuidium
Blandovii, Schimp.

In bogs. Eare. Bearing fruit in early summer.

Monoicous ; forming tall, dense, pale-green tufts. Stems
erect, divided, divisions pinnate ; branches crowded, spreading,
the lower drooping, flagelliform and rooting at the tips,
clothed with jagged, much-branched, down-like paraphylla;
leaves subcordate on the stem, narrow on the branches, acute
or acuminate, imbricated, spreading, glossy, papillose beneath,
sharply keeled, more or lesssulcate; margin recurved, often
ciliated below ; fruitstalk 2 inches long, reddish, even ; spo-
rangium oblong, subcylindrical, curved, cernuous ; lid conical,
pointed.

The rhomboid reticulations separate this from the species
referred to the genus Thuidium, with wdiich it agrees in habit
and in the papillose leaves.

** Leaves even.

6. Htlocomium, Schreh.^

54. H. splendens, Sibth., Hedw. ; stem suberect, inter-

* Pinnate, bipinnate, etc. ; leaves shining, scarious ; upper leaf-cells very-

narrow.

IlYPNEl.

Ill

ruptedly bi-tripinnate, villous ; leaves imbricated, ovate or
elliptic, concave, pointed, serrated, two-nerved at the base,
where the margin is reflected ; sporangium ovate, cernuous ;
lid rostrate. — Hook. ^ Wits. t. xxv. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1424. ;
(Plate 9, fig. 1) ; Moug. ^ Nest. n. 42.

On the ground, in woods, etc. Common. Bearing fruit,
but rarely, in April.

Dioicous ; forming loose tufts several inches in length.
Stems with frequent and often repeated innovations, which
are bi-tripinnate ; leaves glossy, elliptic, smooth, those of the
stem with a long point, those of the branchlets pointed but
blunt, serrated, two-nerved at the base, where the margin is
reflected ; fruitstalks generally two or three together, even,
about an inch long ; sporangium ovate, cernuous ; lid large,
rostrate.

A noble speeies, sometimes attaining the length of a foot, but
bearing fruit rarely in the southern counties. In the south of
Europe it is alpine and subalpine, but proceeding northwards
it descends to the plains.

55. H. umbratum, Ehr.; stem suberect, irregularly bipin-
nate, clothed with branched paraphylla ; leaves cordate or
ovate, acuminate, sharply toothed, more or less plicate ; nerve
often forked ; fruitstalk even ; sporangium ovate, cernuous ;
lid conical, acute. — Hook. ^ Wits. t. Ivii. ; [Mong. ^ Nest. n.
329.)

In alpine woods, rare. Scotland. Bearing fruit in winter.

Dioicous ; forming loose yellowish tufts. Stems more or
less regularly bipinnate, producing innovations as in the last,
clothed with numerous, branched paraphylla, the ultimate
divisions very aeute ; leaves rather distant, spreading, smooth,
glossy, those of the stem broadly cordate, dcci)ly plicate, those
of the branches ovate or ovate-obloiig, stilate, sharply ser-

112

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

rated with two or occasionally three nerves, often more or less
combined^ and reaching halfway up; cells narrow; perichsetial
leaves large, serrate, their tips spreading ; fruitstalk even,
twisted when dry ; sporangium ovate, turgid, cernuous ; lid
conical, with an acute apex.

Allied to the last, but distinguished by the conical lid, pli-
cate leaves, and less regular and frequent divisions.

56. H. Oakesii, ; stem arched, distantly pinnato-
ramulose, clothed with branched, down-like paraphylla; leaves
subelliptic or ovato-oblong, concave, slightly plicate, with the
margin strongly reflexed, apiculate ; more or less serrate
above ; furnished with two nerves at the base, which are often
more or less combined ; fruitstalk even ; sporangium ovate, cer-
nuous; lid conical, with a short beak. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. Ivii.

Found at present only on Ben Lawers. Bearing fruit in
autumn and early spring.

Dioicous; forming green tufts. Stem red, with frequent
arched innovations, which are distantly pinnate, clothed with
repeatedly-branched down-like paraphylla ; leaves moderately
crowded, concave, roundish-elliptic, with an abrupt apex, or
ovate and more acuminate, more or less striate, minutely ser-
rate above ; perichsetial leaves squarrose ; fruitstalk 1 inch
long, even ; sporangium short, ovate, cernuous ; lid conical,
with a short, straight, or curved beak.

Of a brighter green than the last, and less divided ; the
margin of the leaves much reflected, and the lid longer. The
degree in which the leaves are serrated seems to vary much.
Schimper says they are more deeply serrated than in the last ;
Wilson figures them as coarsely serrated, though not so
strongly ; while in authentic specimens from Sommerfelt, I
find the serratures minute. The paraphylla are far more
deeply and intricately divided.

HYrNEI.

113

57. H. brevirostre, Ehr. ; stem erects arched^ clothed with
branched paraphylla, bipinnato-ramulose ; stem -leaves widely
spreading, subsquarrose, suddenly acuminate, plicato-striate ;
branch-leaves spreading, ovate, acuminate ; all toothed and
two-nerved ; sporangium ovate, cernuous ; lid conical, subros-
trate. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. Ivii. ; Eng. Bot. t. 2865. ; (Plate 9,
fig. 2) ,* Moug. ^ Nest. n. 423.

In mountainous woods. Scotland, England, Ireland, and
Wales. Bearing fruit in winter.

Dioicous; forming green, loose tufts, several inches in
length. Stem erect, arched, proliferous ; innovations irregularly
bipinnate, often rooting at the tips, clothed with branched
paraphylla, whose extreme divisions are very acute; stem-
leaves squarrose or occasionally secund, cordate or even del-
toid at the base, with distinct auricles, strongly toothed,
abruptly acuminate, two-nerved, the nerves generally united
for some distance ; stem-leaves more ovate and less abruptly
acuminate ; cells narrow, not sensibly enlarged below ; fruit-
stalk even, about an inch long ; sporangia solitary or aggre-
gate, ovate, turgid, thin, somewhat translucid, horizontally
cernuous ; lid conical^ with a short, oblique, cylindrical beak,
which has a little distinct point at the tip.

Far more robust than H. umbratum, and very distinct in the
leaves and subrostrate lid.

D. Stem more or less erect, pinnate, without paraphylla, bearing
frioit in the upper part ; leaves more or less sqiiarrose.

58. H. squarrosum, L. ; stem slender, mostly erect, slightly >
divided, with a few scattered branchlets ; stem-leaves crowded,
concave, broadly ovate below and erect, attenuated upwards
and reflected, slightly serrated, substriate and two-nerved at
the base; branch-leaves smaller, less squarrose; fruitstalk

I

114

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

even ; sporangium ovate, turgid, cernuous ; lid conical. —
Hook. §• Wils. t. xxvi.; Eng. Bot. i. 1953. ; (Plate 10, fig. 1) \
Moug, ^ Nest. n. 233.

Pastures, woods, etc. Extremely common. Bearing fruit,
but rarely, in winter.

Dioicous ; forming green, soft tufts, about 2 inches high.
Stem generally erect, but sometimes arched or slightly pro-
cumbent, sparingly divided with a few distant branchlets
which sometimes root at the extremity ; stem-leaves densely
crowded, broadly ovate below and erect, strongly acuminate
above, and suddenly curved back, slightly serrate, substriate,
two-nerved at the base, or more rarely nerveless ; cells narrow,
with a few larger at the base ; branch-leaves narrower, less
squarrose, the terminal leaves being patent ; perichsetial leaves
reeurved ; fruitstalk about an inch long, even ; sporangium
ovate or roundish-ovate, cernuous ; lid conical, acute.

Distinguished from H. loreumhj its scarcely striated, squar-
rose, and by no means secund leaves, and from H. triquetrum
by its slender stems, smaller size, less cordate and less striated
leaves.

59. H. triquetrum, L. ; stem ascending, simple, or with fas-
ciculate somewhat pinnate branches; stem-leaves squarrose,
sulcate ; branch-leaves spreading ; all more or less deltoid or
cordate below, acuminate, serrate two-nerved ; fruitstalk
even ; sporangium ovate, cernuous. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxvi. ;
Eng. Bot. t. 1622. ; (Plate 9, fig. 3) ; Moug. ^ Nest. n. 235.

In woods, on banks, etc. Very common. Bearing fruit in
winter and early spring.

Dioicous; forming tall, stiff, shining tufts, several inches
long, of a yellowish-green. Stems red, ascending, arched,
nearly simple or branehed, prineipally by means of innovations,
in a fastigiate manner, smooth ; stem-leaves squarrose, deeply

HYPNEI.

115

sulcate ; branch-leaves narrow, spreading ; all more or less del-
toid and amplexicaul at the two-nerved base, attenuated up-
wards, and finely serrate; fruitstalk even, about 1 inch high;
sporangia short, mostly aggregate, roundish-ovate ; lid conical,
rather acute.

In this, as also in H. squarrosum and H. loreum, the spo-
rangium when dry is frequently slightly ribbed. The species
is much use3 for packing on account of its elasticity.

60. H. loreum, L. ; stem ascending, arched, simple or di-
chotomous ; branches irregularly pinnate ; branchlets elon-
gated, often rooting at the end ; leaves crowded, variously
directed, ovato-lanceolate, acuminate, minutely toothed, faintly
two-nerved, and sulcate at the base ; fruitstalk even ; sporan-
gium roundish-ovate, horizontal ; lid conical, apiculate. —
Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxvi. ; Eng. Bot. t. 2072. ; (Plate 9, fig. 4) ;
Moug. Nest. n. 232.

In mountainous woods. Bearing fruit, but rarely, in winter
and early spring.

Dioicous ; forming soft, green or olivaceous tufts, some
inches long. Stem more or less erect, or at least ascending,
the branches more or less pinnate ; branchlets often rooting
at the tips; leaves squarrose, subsecund or even falcate
above, ovato-lanceolate, strongly acuminate, slightly serrate,
sometimes auriculate, deeply grooved, sometimes nerveless,
but generally with two faint veins at the base ; cells narrow
throughout ; fruitstalk twisted, an inch or more long, even ;
sporangium subglobose, sulcate when dry, horizontal ; lid
large, conical, with an acute apex.

t. IItocomium, Schimp.*

61. H. flagellar e, jDicA:.9.; stem arched, proliferous; branches

* Separated by Scliiin])cr from l^urynclimm^ on account of its conical, m)t

rostrate beak, and sliglit dilfcrcnccs in the reticulation of the leaves.

I

1

116

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

pinnate ; stem-leaves squarrose, broadly cordate, acuminate ;
sharply toothed, two-nerved, subplicate ; branch-leaves spread-
ing, subsecund, ovato-lanceolate, sometimes nerveless ; para-
phylla lanceolate, toothed ; fruitstalk rough ; sporangium oval,
cernuous ; lid convex, apiculate. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. Ivii. ; Enff.
Bot. t. 2565.; (Plate 9, fig. 5) ; Moug. ^ Nest. n. 1225.

On rocks in mountainous districts, principally near w^ater-
falls, Lancashire, Ireland and Wales. Bearing fruit, but
rarely, in early winter.

Dioicous ; forming soft green or at length yellowish-green
tufts or patches. Stems short (at least in the fertile plant), as-
cending, arched, proliferous, slightly divided; branches pinnate;
branclilets often curved, elongated and rooting at the tips ;
stem-leaves broadly cordate, acuminate, serrated, more or less
plicate, two-nerved at the base where the cells are large ; para-
phylla lanceolate, sharply toothed ; branch-leaves narrow, less
squarrose, and acuminate, often nerveless; perichsetial leaves
with a long rough hair-like tip ; fruitstalks very rough, 1 inch
long, red; sporangium elliptic, swollen, curved, cernuous; lid
convex, with a distinct acute apiculus.

The fertile plant is always shorter than the sterile, which is
often much elongated, especially when growing in water.
Wilson does not mention the paraphylla, but I find them in
specimens gathered by himself at Aber.

Sect. II. Leaves secund.

A. Stem. pinnate, more or less erect, fructijication near the middle;

leaves falcato-seeund.

* Leaves nearly entire ; nerve reaching halfway or more.

7]. Htpnum, Schinip.

62. H. KneiflS-i, Schimp.; dioicous ; stem ascending ; branch-
lets subpinnnate; leaves distant, subsecund, cordato-lanceo-

HYPNEI.

117

late^ acuminate, entire ; nerve reaching halfway ; perichsetial
leaves deeply sulcate ; fruitstalk even ; sporangium subeylin-
drical, curved, cernuous; lid conical. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. Iviii.

In swamps, from Lancashire to Sussex. Bearing fruit in
June.

Forming soft, loose tufts. Stem-leaves broadly cordato-
lanceolate, much attenuated, entire, with a nerve reaching
more than halfway up ; braneh-leaves narrower ; cells narrow,
larger at the base; fruitstalk 2 inches long; sporangium
subeylindrieal, eurved, with a long neck below the spore-sac.

Distinguished from H. fluitans by its being dioicous, and in
its leaves being broader and shorter, with looser reticulations
at the base, and from H. aduncum in the more distant, less
truly secund, broader leaves, and shorter and more slender
nerve.

63. H. aduncum, L. ; dioicous ; stem ereet, slightly divided,
pinnato-ramulose ; branchlets short, uncinate, widely spread-
ing; leaves crowded, circinate or falcato-secund, lanceolate,
acuminate, striated ; nerve thick, reaching nearly to the tip ;
fruitstalk even ; sporangium oblong, curved, cernuous ; lid
eonieal. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxvi. ; (Plate 10, fig. 2) ; Moug. ^
Nest. n. 1321.

In marshes. In several places in England. Bearing fruit
from April to June.

Forming loose, fastigiate, yellowish-green or tawny tufts,
2 inches or more long. Stem slightly divided ; branehes pin-
nate ; branehlets short, curved ; leaves crowded, falcato-seeund
or cireinate, narrow, lanceolate, aeuminate, entire or obseurely
serrate below, more or less striate; nerve strong, reacliing
nearly to the tip ; retieulations narrow, loose towards the base,
broad at the angles ; fruitstalk an inch long, even ; sporangium
cylindrical, slightly curved, cernuous ; lid conical, pointed.

118

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSFS.

64. H. lycopodioides, Neck. ; dioicous ; stem suberect,
slightly divided ; branches subpinnate ; branchlets curved at
the tip ; leaves crowded, falcato-secund, ovato-lanceolate,
strongly acuminate, entire, soft and membranous ; nerve reach-
ing almost to the tip ; sporangium oblong, cernuous ; lid
conical. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. Iviii. ; Eng. Bot. t. 2250 in part ;
[Moug. ^ Nest. n. 628.)

In marshes in various parts of England and Scotland, also
on the sands of Barrie. Bearing fruit, but rarely, in summer.

Forming soft, yellow green or brownish but not purple
tufts, several inches long. Stem suberect, or sometimes de-
cumbent, slender, slightly dichotomous; branches irregularly
pinnate, the pinnse of various lengths, curved at the apex ;
leaves falcato-secund, ovate below, much attenuated at the
tips, not sulcate, entire ; nerve reaching almost to the tip ; cells
dilated at the angles ; perichaetial leaves longer, nerved, sul-
cate ; fruitstalk even ; sporangium oblong, curved, cernuous,
with a very broad ring ; lid conical, with a mammillary point.

A very fine and beautiful species, much stouter than its
neighbours, remarkable for the softness of its texture. The
specimens in Mougeot and Nestler are barren. The paler
plant alone in Eng. Bot. belongs to this species.

65. H. fluitans, Dill.; monoicous ; stem erect or floating,
elongated, dichotomous, more or less pinnato-ramulose ; leaves
distant, falcato-secund, lanceolate, acuminate, slightly serrate
above, not striate ; nerve reaching to the tip ; sporangium ob-
long, curved, cernuous; lid conical. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. Iviii.;
Eng. Bot. t. 1448; (Plate 10, fig. 3) ; Moug. Nest. n. 526.

In meadows, marshes, peat-bogs, etc. Common. Bearing
fruit in early summer.

Forming long, submerged or floating tufts, of a yellowish
or brownish green. Stems dichotomous; branches pinnate or

HYPNEI.

119

subpinnate; stem-leaves remote^ mostly spreadiDg, except
above; bran eh -leaves falcate; all more or less lanceolate_, nar-
rowly acuminate, nearly entire, often twisted ; nerve reaching
almost to the tip ; cells narrow, dilated below ; fruitstalk 2
inches or more long, even, pale red ; sporangium oblong,
curved, cernuous ; lid conical, acute.

Varying very much according to the situation in which it
grows. The fruit is sometimes very abundant. Nearly allied
to H. riparium, and distinguished principally by its , narrow,
more tapering, falcate leaves, and longer nerve.

66. H. revolvens, Swartz ; monoicous ; stem suberect,
irregularly divided ; branches subpinnate ; branchlets distant ;
leaves crowded, circinato-secund, ovato-lanceolate, more or
less acuminate, concave, slightly toothed ; nerve reaching
above halfway ; perichsetial leaves striated ; sporangium ob-
long, cernuous ; lid conical, apiculate. — Hook. ^ Wits, t.
Iviii, ; Eng. Bot. t. 2073. ; (Plate 10, fig. 4) ; Moug. ^ Nest. n.
1319.

In bogs and marshes, chiefly in mountainous districts. Bear-
ing fruit in spring.

Forming soft purplish tufts. Stem flaccid, erect or procum-
bent ; branches more or less pinnate ; branchlets curved at
the tip ; leaves densely crowded, falcate, secund, concave,
shining, ovate at the base, attenuated upwards, entire or ob-
scurely serrate ; nerve reaching more than halfway up, some-
times in contiguous leaves, double ; cells narrow, not enlarged
below; perichictial leaves striated ; fruitstalk 1 inch high, even ;
sporangium oblong, curved, cernuous; lid conical, acute.

Leaves much broader at the base, more crowded, falcate,
and with a shorter nerve.

Leaves decidedh/ serrate ; nerve reaching above half wag.

67. H. uncinatum, Hedw. ; monoicous; stem subcrcct or

120

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

prostrate, pinnato-ramulose; branchlets falcate; leaves crowded,
circinato-falcate, lanceolate with a subulate tip, plicate,
toothed ; nerve reaching above halfway ; sporangium subcy-
lindrical, arcuate, cernuous; lid conical. — Hook, Wils, t.
xxvi.; Eng. Bot. t. 1600. ; (Plate 11, fig. 1) ; Moug. ^ Nest,
n. 335. •

In watery, stony places in alpine or subalpine districts, but
not in marshes. Bearing fruit in summer.

Forming pale yellowish-green tufts or patches, varying
much in length. Stem suberect or prostrate, slender, slightly
branched ; the branches more or less pinnate, the hranchlets
falcate above ; leaves crowded, falcate, secund, broad at the
base, striate, lanceolate with a subulate, curved, toothed apex ;
nerve slender, reaching more than halfway ; cells very narrow,
loose at the base, especially at the clasping angles ; perichsetial
leaves very long, nerved, striate ; fruitstalk even, 1 inch long,
reddish ; sporangium subcylindrical, curved, cernuous, or sub-
erect ; lid conical, acute ; ring distinct.

The monoicous inflorescence, paler colour, more rigid stem,
more falcate, decidedly toothed, sulcate leaves, which are
broader at the base, and the elongated, subcylindrical sporan-
gium distinguish this from H. aduncum. It is, however, ex-
tremely variable according to the situation in which it grows,
and its greater or less subjection to moisture.

67*. H. exannulatum, Gumb. ; dioicous ; stem ereet or
proeumbent, pinnate ; leaves secundo-uncinate, auriculate ;
nerve reaching to the tip ; perichsetial leaves even, shortly
acuminate ; sporangium eurved ; lid shortly conical ; ring
wanting. — Bryol, Eur. t, 620.

Ill watery places, Cheshire. Bearing fruit in early summer.

Distinguished from H. uncinatum by the dioicous inflores-
cence, exannulate sporangium, and other points.

HYPNEI.

121

68. H. commutatum^ Hedw. ; dioicous ; stem dichotomous,
mostly prostrate; branches pinnate, downy, leaves circinato-
secund, rather distant, ovato-lanceolate, striate, acuminate
slightly serrate; nerve very strong, reaching nearly to the
apex; sporangium subcylindrical, curved, cernuous; lid coni-
cal, acute. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxvii. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1569, 2250
in part ; (Plate 10, fig. 5) ; Moug. ^ Nest. n. 523.

In watery places, especially where the soil is calcareous.
Bearing fruit in spring.

Forming greem or yellow-green tufts of various length.
Stem erect or procumbent, clothed with rufous down ; branches
pinnate ; leaves rather distant, but sometimes closer, falcate,
secund, broad at the base, ovato-lanceolate, slightly toothed,
sulcate, twisted when dry ; nerve pale, strong, reaching nearly
to the tip ; cells very narrow, except at the angles; perichsetial
leaves sulcate, strongly nerved ; fruitstalk an inch or more
long, even, red; sporangium oblong, curved, cernuous; lid
conical, with a sharp apex.

Differs from H. filicinum in the plicate leaves, which are not
so broad at the base, twisted when dry, and the narrower cells.

In calcareous water, as, for example, in Northamptonshire,
it is frequently incrusted below with carbonate of lime, the
- tips of the branches alone being free.

69. H. filicinum, L. ; dioicous ; stem ascending, at length
villous ; branches more or less pinnate ; leaves spreading, fal-
cato-secund, ovate or ovato-lanceolate, even, acuminate, ser-
rated ; nerve reaching nearly to the apex ; sporangium oblong,
slightly curved, cernuous ; lid conical. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxvi. ;
Eng. Bot. t. 1570, 2126. ; (Plate 10, fig. 6) ; Moug. ^ Nest,
n. 228.

In watery places, especially in subalpine districts. Bearing
fruit in spring.

122

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

Forming green tufts. Stems more or less clothed with
branched rootlets; branches simple or pinnate; stem-leaves
deltoideo- ovate, branch -leaves ovato-lanceolate, all secund,
more or less acuminate, serrate ; nerve strong, reaching almost
to the tip, sometimes excurrent ; cells loose, especially at the
base ; fruitstalk about an inch long, even ; sporangium oblong,
curved, cernuous; lid conical, acute.

Varying much in size, ramification, and general habit, but
distinguished easily from the last by the leaves not being
twisted when dry, and by their larger cells. The branched
down in this and the last species seems rather to be of the
nature of rootlets than a modification of leaves (paraphylla)
as in H. brevirostre and its allies.

70. H. rugosum, Hedw.; dioicous; stem ascending, stout,
irregularly divided ; branches pinnate ; branchlets recurved ;
leaves crowded, falcato-secund, ovato-lanceolate, acuminate,
falcate, toothed, corrugated ; nerve reaching about halfway ;
sporangium subcylindrical, curved, cernuous; lid shortly ros-
trate.— Hook. ^ Wils. t. Iviii. ; {Moug. ^ Nest. n. 231.)

On exposed rocks, on heaths and sand-hills, principally in
subalpine districts. Bearing fruit in summer.

Forming tawny or yellowish-green tufts. Stem erect or as-
cending, slightly divided; branches pinnate; pinnae sometimes
however confined to one side ; leaves rather crowded, secund,
falcate, transversely corrugated, ovato-lanceolate, acuminate,
concave, sharply toothed; those on the branchlets often
erecto-patent ; margin recurved ; nerve reaching about half-
W'ay, slender ; fruitstalk an inch or more long, even, red ;
sporangium oblong, slightly curved when fresh ; lid with a
short oblique beak.

A noble species, rarely bearing fruit, and not likely to be
confounded with any other, but somewhat resembling H. ly-

IIYPNEI.

123

copodioides. It forms the subgenus Rhytidium of Schimper,
separated principally on account of the waving of the leaves.
The two kinds of fruit often grow in distinct tufts^ and ac-
cording to Wilson j where the perigonia occur, the antheridia
are often imperfect.

*## X^eaves striated^ nerveless or two-nerved^ toothed.

71. H. Crista- castrensis, L. ; stem suberect, pectinate ;
leaves circinato-secund, ovato-lanceolate, acuminate, plicate,
toothed, two-nerved at the base ; sporangium oblong, curved,
cernuous; lid conical. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxvii. ; Eng. Bot.
t. 2108. j (Plate 11, fig. 2) ; Moug. Nest. n. 140.

In woods and on rocks in mountainous districts. Bearing
fruit in summer.

Dioicous j forming yellow-green, loose tufts. Stem rigid,
simple or producing one or two innovations, closely pectinate ;
branches slightly recurved, distichous, rarely forked; stem-
leaves ovato-lanceolate, falcate, strongly attenuated, toothed,
deeply sulcate, with two short nerves at the base, which are
sometimes very faint ; branch -leaves narrower and more cir-
cinate : margin in all more or less recurved ; paraphylla nar-
row lanceolate ; perichsetial leaves sulcate ; fruitstalk 1-2
inches long, even ; sporangium oblong, cernuous, solid, more
strongly, arcuate when dry ; lid convex.

Sometimes confounded with the next, but a much larger
plant, with a larger sporangium and less acute lid. The pec-
tinate arrangement of the branches gives the plant a feather-
like aspect, from whence it derives its name.

72. H. moUuscum, Hedw. ; stem suberect or procumbent,
closely pinnate ; leaves crowded, circinate, secund, cordato- or
ovato-lanceolate, acuminate, toothed, nerveless or two-nerved ;
sporangium short, ovate ; lid conical, acuminate. — Hook.^JVils.

124

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

t. xxvii. ; Eng. Boi. 1. 1327. ; (Plate 11, f. 3) ; Moug. ^ Nest,
n. 141.

On the ground, rocks, etc., chiefly in calcareous districts.
Common. Bearing fruit in winter.

Dioicous, forming soft, dense, yellow- green tufts or patches.
Stem ascending or prostrate, pinnate ; pinnse crowded, short ;
leaves crowded, glossy ; stem-leaves cordate at the base, acu-
minate, toothed, spreading, slightly striate ; margin plain,
toothed ; branch-leaves circinate, ovate at the base ; paraphylla
ovato-lanceolate ; fruitstalk even, fleshy, scarcely an inch
long, twdsted when dry, reddish ; sporangium oval, short, cer-
nuous; lid conical, acuminate, half or two-thirds as long;
veil slightly hairy.

One of the most elegant of our Mosses, and generally pro-
ducing fruit in great abundance, which is very persistent.

B. Stem 'procumbent, more or less pinnate, fruit near the base.

73. H. hamulosum. Fro/. ; monoicous; stem procumbent,
pinnate; leaves circinato-secund, hamulose, ovato-lanceolate,
acuminate, nerveless, serrated ; perichaetial leaves attenuated,
erect; sporangium subcylindrical ; lid conical, acuminate. —
Tab. Iviii.

Var. micranthum, Wils. ; faintly two-nerved; lid more
obtuse. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. Iviii.

On alpine grassy declivities and in mountain woods. Bear-
ing fruit in summer.

Stems about an inch long, slightly proliferous, pinnate;
leaves curved, hooked, ovate, strongly acuminate, serrate
above, nerveless; margin even; fruitstalk 1 inch long, even;
sporangium subcylindrical, much contracted when dry.

Allied to the next, but with differently-shaped leaves and a
different time of flowering. The male blossoms, according to

HYPNEI.

125

Wilson, either nestle in the axillse of the leaves or are attached
to their surface by radicles. Schimper refers it to H, calli-
chroum, Brid., asserting that Wilson^s specimens transmitted
to him were dioicous. It should seem however that they are
rather pseudomonoicous. In specimens from the Highlands
I find, in the same pinna, the leaves two-nerved and quite
nerveless.

74. H. cupressiforme, L. ; dioicous ; stem procumbent,
subpinnate ; leaves falcato-secundj elliptico-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, nearly entire, nerveless or two-nerved at the base ; peri-
chsetial leaves subpiliferous, erect ; sporangium subcylindrical,
curved, subcernuous; lid conical, rostellate or cuspidate. —
Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxvii. j Eng. Bot. t. 1860, 1620.; (Plate 11,
fig. 4) ; Moug. ^ Nest. n. 229, 1228.

On stones, trunks of trees, rocks, etc. Very common. Bear-
ing fruit in winter.

Forming soft, pallid, or rarely dark-green or olivaceous
patches. Stem procumbent, branched, more or less regularly
pinnato-ramulose ; leaves falcato-secund, concave, more or
less broadly ovate or oval at the base, acuminate above, nerve-
less or faintly two-nerved ; fruitstalk even ; sporangium sub-
cylindrical, curved, generally more or less cernuous, rarely
suberect ; lid more or less pointed or even rostrate.

One of the most variable of Mosses. Sometimes the stems
are inclined to be erect and ussume the tints of species of the
same group as H. aduncum, sometimes the stem is not pin-
nate; the direction of the, leaves also varies, as also the size;
occasionally the leaves are almost complanate. Schimper refers
to this H. resupinatum, Wils. (tab. xxvii.) ; Eng. Bot. 1. 1664,
a slender form, often confounded with Bylaisia polyanlha on
account of its erect sporangium and scarcely falcate leaves.

75. H. pratense, Koch ; stem subcrcct, sparingly branch^id

126

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

or subpinnate, somewhat complanate ; leaves eomplanato-se-
cuncl, loose, ovato -laneeolate, nerveless ; sporangium ovate or
oblong, tapering at the base, cernuousj lid eonical, rather
blunt. — .Hook ^ TVils. t. Iviii. [Moug. ^ Nest. n. 1322).

Moist banks, pastures, fallow fields, etc., where the soil is
calcareous. From Scotland to Sussex, occasionally. Fruit,
not however yet found in England, produced in spring.

Dioicous, according to Wilson, or, according to Schimper,
pseudomonoicous ; forming loose pale-green patches. Stems
prostrate ascending or suberect, irregularly and sparingly
branched or subpinnate ; leaves loosely imbricated, sometimes
much flattened, ovato-lanceolate, acute, sometimes falcato-se-
cund, nerveless or faintly two- nerved, entire or slightly toothed
above; margin plane; fruitstalk 2 inches long, even; spo-
rangium ovate, tapering below, curved, cernuous ; lid conical,
rather obtuse.

Diflers from ever}^ form of the last, according to Wilson,
whether complanate or not in the acute not acuminate leaves,
but they are certainly acuminate in specimens from Sussex,
The pseudomonoicous inflorescence, distinctly described by
Schimper, is probably the most trustworthy character.

76. H. ochraceum, Turn.; dioicous; stem suberect, spa-
ringly branched, flaccid; leaves secund, ovato-lanceolate, con-
cave ; nerve forked ; perichsetial leaves recurved ; sporangium
cernuous, tapering at the base ; lid conical. — Hook. ^ Wits. t.
Iviii.

On stones in and near alpine rivulets, Scotland, Ireland, and
Lancashire. Bearing fruit in May and June.

Forming ochraceous tufts or patches. Stems erect or pro-
cumbent, sparingly branched ; leaves more or less secund,
sometimes falcate, concave, ovato-lanceolate, acute, scarcely
acuminate, nearly or quite entire, with a forked or single nerve

HYPNEI.

127

at the base ; cells narrow, a few only at the angles being en-
larged ; perichsetial leaves squarrose ; fruitstalk an inch long,
even; sporangium oval or oblong, curved, cernuous; lid co-
nical.

Varying in size from 2 inches to 6; fertile plants short.

77. H, scorpioides, L. ; stem erect or procumbent, elon-
gated, dichotomous, irregularly pinnato-ramulose ; branchlets
swollen, curved; leaves falcato-secund, imbricated, very con-
cave, round with an abrupt apiculus, entire, nerveless or two-
nerved ; sporangium oblong, curved, cernuous ; lid conical,
apiculate. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxvii. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1039.;
(Plate 11, f. 5) ; Moug. ^ Nest. n. 522.

In bogs, in various parts of the country. Bearing fruit,
but rarely, in spring and early summer.

Dioicous, forming flaccid, greenish yellowish or chocolate-
brown tufts often many inches long. Stems forked, branched,
irregularly pinnate ; leaves even, entire, falcato-secund, imbri-
cated, large, swollen, very concave, roundish or elliptic with
a small abrupt apiculus, nerveless or faintly two-nerved at the
base ; fruitstalk 2 inches long, even, reddish ; sporangium
short, oblong, curved, cernuous ; lid conical, pointed.

A magnificent species, very diflPerent from those Bog Mosses
to which it bears some external resemblance. It was formerly
very abundant about Whittlesea Mere, acquiring many inches
in length and occasionally bearing fruit. When growing on
rocks, it is sometimes quite procumbent. In some situations
it is almost black, the young tips of the branchlets only being
of a tawny green.

C. Leaves secund, turned upivards.

78. H. incur vatum, Schrad, ; monoicous; stem creeping,
subpinnatc; divisions curved at the tip; leaves loosely imbri-

128

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

cated^ subfalcate, curved upwards, oblongo-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, nearly entire, nerveless or faintly two-nerved; sporan-
gium shortly ovate, curved, cernuous; lid conical, acute. —
Hook. Sf Wils. t. lix. ; Eng. Bot. t. 2839. ; {Moug. ^ Nest. n.
934.)

On shady walls and stones, chiefly in calcareous districts.
Bearing fruit in summer.

Forming intricate, yellowish or darkish-green patches.
Stem creeping, slightly divided, more or less pinnate, the di-
visions curved upwards ; leaves oblongo-lanceolate, acuminate,
curved upwards, entire or obscurely toothed, nerveless or
shortly two-nerved; cells rather large; fruitstalk scarcely
half an inch high, even ; sporangium small, ovate, nearly ho-
rizontal ; lid conical, acute.

Differing essentially from all forms of H. cupressiforme in
its monoicous inflorescence. Its sporangium also is shorter,
and the fruit ripens at a different season.

K. Plagiothecium, ScJiimp.^

79. H. pulchellum, Dicks. ; monoicous ; stem scarcely
creeping ; branches erect, fastigiate ; leaves crowded, some-
what flattened, secund, directed upwards, ovato-lanceolate,
tapering, entire, nerveless ; sporangium oblong, subcernuous ;
lid conical, apiculate. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxv. ; Eng. Bot. t.
2006.; (Plate 12, fig. 1.)

On shady rocks in mountainous districts or on roots of
trees by rivulets. Scotland, Ireland, and North of England.
Bearing fruit in summer.

Minute, forming dense, dark-green, glossy tufts or patches.
Stem ascending; branches more or less erect, generally flat-

* Separated principally on account of the flattened leaves, a character more
strongly marked in tlie species of the next section.

HYPNEI.

129

tened, immersed at the base in a mass of rootlets ; leaves se-
cund, directed upwards^ ovato-lanceolate, entire, nerveless ;
cells narrow, dilated at the base; fruitstalk short, inserted
near the base of the fertile branch amongst the rootlets, as
represented correctly in ^ English Botany sporangium oblong,
tapering at the base, curved, suberect ; lid conical, pointed.
Schimper considers Wilson^s plant to be his Hypnum nitidulum,
but this, according to Wilson himself, is a mistake.

80. H. Muhlenbeekii, Br. Schimp.; monoicous; stem
prostrate, slightly divided ; branches and branchlets erect,
tufted; leaves slightly flattened, spreading, ovato-lanceolate,
acuminate, toothed, faintly two-nerved or nerveless ; sporan-
gium subcylindrical, curved, striated when dry; lid conical,
blunt. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. lix. ; Eng. Bot. t. 2016.

On rocks, or in hollows of grassy declivities in alpine dis-
tricts. Scotland. Bearing fruit in summer.

Forming dense, short, green tufts. Stem prostrate, giving
off erect branches and branchlets; leaves slightly flattened,
shining, subsecund especially above, ovato-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, toothed, nerveless or with two short nerves at the base,
thin and transparent ; cells rather loose, enlarged at the base ;
perichsetial leaves lanceolate, erect, toothed ; fruitstalk even,

I inch long ; sporangium oblong, slightly curved, cernuous or
suberect, striated when drj^ ; lid short, conical.

Difiers from the next in its more tufted mode of growth,
more ovate shining leaves, and striated sporangium.

81. H. silesiacum, Sel.; monoicous ; stem prostrate, slightly
divided ; divisions suberect, arched ; leaves loosely imbricated,
secund, directed upwards, oblongo-lanceolate, acuminate,
slightly toothed, faintly two-nerved ; sporangium elongated,
curved, cernuous; lid conical. — Hook. ^ TFils. t. lix.; [Mong.
^ Nest. n. 425.)

K

130

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

• On stems of decaying trees^ etc. Observed at present only
in Kent and Yorkshire. Bearing fruit in spring.

Forming pale-green tufts. Stem prostrate; branches and
branchlets proceeding from the rooting base^ arched ; leaves
secuud^ directed upwards, lanceolate or oblongo-lanceolate,
strongly acuminate, obscurely if at all toothed; cells rather
loose ; fruitstalk an inch high ; sporangium cylindrical, slightly
arched, even; lid conical, obtuse.

The longer leaves and sporangia, besides the difference of
habit, easily distinguish this species from the last. Wilson
describes the leaves as more strongly toothed ; but in Mougeot
and NestleFs specimens they are very obscurely if at all
toothed, which comes very near to Schimper’s description.

Sect. III. Leaves comjplanate ; stems procumbent.

82. H. dentieulatum, L. ; monoicous ; stem prostrate,
slightly branched, divisions erect; leaves complanate, inequi-
lateral, ovate, apiculate, two-nerved; margin recurved; spo-
rangium oblong, incurved, cernuous ; lid conical, acute. — Hook.
^ Wils. t. xxiv. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1260, 1446.; (Plate 12, fig. 2) ;
Moug. ^ Nest. n. 46.

In woods, on banks, etc., common. Bearing fruit in spring
and summer.

Forming depressed, green, shining patches. Stem prostrate,
slightly divided; branches and branchlets erect; leaves flat-
tened, ovate or oblongo-ovate, inequilateral, attenuated up-
wards with a short apiculus, entire or slightly toothed above,
with two short nerves at the base ; margin recurved ; cells nar-
row, larger at the base; fruitstalk about an inch long, red-
dish, produced at the origin of the branches ; sporangium ob-
long, curved, cernuous ; lid conical, acute.

When growing on wet rocks in alpine countries as repre-

HYPNEI.

131

sented in Eng. Bot. t. 1446, the leaves are more obtuse. Mr.
Wilson finds a variety in which the margin of the leaves is
nearly plane, and the inflorescence synoicous. The different
infforescence, and the non-rostrate beak separate this decidedly
from H, sylvaticum.

83. H. sylvaticum, L. ; dioicous ; stem decumbent j leaves
subcomplanate, ovato-lanceolate, shortly acuminate, entire,
two- nerved, even; margin plane; sporangium subcylindrical,
cernuous ; lid shortly rostrate. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. lix. ; Eng.
Bot. t. 2936. ; [Moug, ^ Nest. n. 515.)

On roots of trees, shady rocks, etc. Bearing fruit in early
autumn.

Forming soft, deep-green patches. Stem decumbent, proli-
ferous ; branches few, subfasciculate ; leaves flattened, but not
so much so as in the last, distant, entire, opaque, ovato-lanceo-
late, attenuated upwards, but not strongly acuminate, two-
nerved, contracted and furrowed when dry; margin plane;
cells large ; fruitstalk more than an inch long, pale, even ;
sporangium subcylindrical, cernuous ; lid rostrate.

The rostrate beak, plane margin, and dioicous inflorescence
•will always distinguish this from the last.

84. H. elegans. Hook. ; dioicous ; stems prostrate ; branches
complanate; leaves complanate, ovato-lanceolate, oblique,
slender pointed, obscurely toothed above, nerveless or two-
nerved ; sporangium ovate, more or less pendulous ; lid coni-
cal, with a short beak. — Hook. ^ Wits. t. lix. ; Hook. Muse.
Ex. t. 9. ; (Plate 12, fig. 3.)

On shady banks and rocks. Bearing fruit in spring.

Forming shining, pale-green patches. Stem prostrate, often
proliferous; branches subpinnate, prostrate; leaves glossy
when dry, distichous, complanate, ovato-lanccolate, attenuated,
almost piliferous ; tip obscurely serrated or entire ; nerveless or

K 2

13.2

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

faintly two-nerved ; cells very narrow' ; fruitstalk smooth ; spo-
rangium elliptic^ sometimes cernuonSj more frequently pendu-
lous as in Bryum ; lid conical^ with a short beak or apiculus.

Distinguished at once from H. denticulatum by its glossy
foliage^ much narrower cells, rostrate beak, etc., and indeed
having more the habit of some forms of H. cupressiforme.
Received originally from Nootka. I do not find any notice of
it in Schimper’s ‘ Synopsis.^

85. H. undulatum, L.; dioicous; stem prostrate, prolife-
rous, branches mostly simple, complanate ; leaves imbricated,
ovato-oblong, apiculate, undulated transversely, with two short
nerves at the base ; sporangium cylindrical, cernuous, striated
when dry; lid shortly rostrate. — Hook. Wils. t. xxiv. ; Eng.
Bot. t. 1181. ; (Plate 12, fig. 4) ; Moug. ^ Nest. n. 45.

In woods and dry heathy places, especially in subalpine dis-
tricts. Bearing fruit in spring and summer.

Forming whitish-green irregular tufts of various lengths,
often amongst other Mosses. Stem slightly divided, sending
out innovations clothed with small leaves ; branches mostly
simple, complanate, leaves ovato-oblong, attenuated upwards
but not acuminate, entire, faintly two-nerved at the base;
cells narrow, broader at the base; fruitstalk 2 inches long;
sporangium cylindrical, curved, striate when dry, cernuous;
lid with a short beak.

One of the finest of our Mosses, and most distinct. Hyp-
num micanSjNlW^., — characterized by its dioicous inflorescence,
prostrate, slender, filiform, sparingly branched stems, spread-
ing, shining, subsecund, roundish, apiculate, concave, serru-
late, obscurely tw^o-nerved leaves, — is of very doubtful affinity
in consequence of the female fruit being unknown. The
patches are of a pale yellowish-green ; the cells about as large
as in H. denticulatum, with the exception of those at the angles.

HYPNEI.

133

whicli are remarkably large. In general appearance it re-
sembles slender varieties of H. cupressiforme. Wilson sus-
pects that it may eventually prove to be a Leskea,

9. PTYCHODIUM, Schhnper,

Sporangium irregular or subcylindrical ; peristome double ;
inner peristome shorty without intermediate cilia or with nearly
abortive processes. — Mosses with plicate leaves
plicate) and tomeniose stems.

1. P. plicatum^ Schimp.; dioicous; stem more or less
procumbent_, irregularly branched ; leaves ovate, acuminate,
subsecund, strongly plicate; margin entire, recurved; nerve
strong, reaching nearly to the apex ; sporangium horizontal or
cernuous, nearly symmetrical. — Hypnum plicatum, Wils. ^
Hook. p. 339, t. Iv.

In shady crevices on mountains. Ben Lawers. More com-
mon in Switzerland on calcareous than granitic rocks.

Dioicous ; creeping below, above erect and irregularly
branched, of a yellow glossy green, the branchlets often curved,
in consequence of which the leaves are inclined to be secund,
more or less covered with small multifarious paraphylla; leaves
broadly ovate, very acuminate, entire, with a strong nerve
reaching almost to the tip ; cells narrow, elongated, hexagonal ;
fruitstalks principally on the main stem, short, springing from
large pale perichsetial leaves, twisted below to the left when
dry, and to the right above, smooth and shining, bright red;
sporangium small, narrowly elliptic.

Schimpcr has separated this genus, which will not come
under the definition given above of Hypniim, from Brachythe-
ciwn on account of the tomentose stem, imperfect inner peri-
stome, and diflcrent reticulation ; and from Camptolhecium
for the two latter reasons, and its more symmetrical sporan-

134

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

giura. This Moss must be distinguished carefully from Hyp-
num lutescens.

10. HETEROCLADIUM, Br. Schimp.

Sporangium and peristome of Hypnum. Leaves slightly
papillose at the back ; marginal cells short, subquadrate, cen-
tral cells elongated.

The generic distinction of this pretty little group rests more
on the structure of the leaves, Avhich is very different from
that of Hypnum, than on their dimorphism, a circumstance
which occurs in many true Hypna.

1. H. dimorphum, Br. Schimp. ; stem procumbent, irre-
gularly pinnate; stem-leaves spreading and recurved, obcor-
date, acuminate ; branch-leaves suberect, roundish, ovate, ob-
tuse, all toothed and two-nerved ; sporangium oblong, curved,
cernuous ; lid conical. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxxv. ; Grev. Sc.
Crypt. Ft. t. 160.; [Moug. ^ Nest. t. 627.)

Alpine rocks, Ben Lawers. Bearing fruit in winter and
early spring.

Dioicous ; forming little, intricate, yellow-green tufts. Stem
procumbent, irregularly pinnate ; stem-leaves cordate or ovate
at the base, am plexicaul, acuminate, recurved; branch-leaves
and occasionally those of the upper part of the stem more
erect, ovate, roundish, obtuse or acute ; all finely toothed and
faintly two-nerved ; marginal cells, as also those at the angles,
subquadrate, short, with moderately thick walls; disk-cells
elongated ; paraphylla scattered, variously shaped, toothed or
palmate ; fruitstalk even, about 4 an inch long ; sporangium
oblong, curved, horizontal, with a short obtuse lid.

2. H. heteropterum, Br. Schimp. ; stem procumbent,
branched, pinnato-ramulose, often flagelliform and rooting at
the tip ; stem-leaves spreading, subsecund, ovate, acuminate.

HYPNEI.

135

papillose, serrulate; branch-leaves ovato-lanceolate ; nerve
short, single or double ; sporangium oblong, cernuous ; lid
rostrate. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxiv. ; Eng. BoL t. 2297 in part.

On rocks near waterfalls. Fruiting, but rarely, in Nov.

Dioicous ; forming thick, intricate, dark green tufts. Stems
procumbent, rigid, branched with pinnate branches ; the pin-
nules often flagelliform and rooting; stem-leaves ovate, acu-
minate, sharply toothed ; branch-leaves ovato-lanceolate, ser-
rulate ; all opaque, papillose, with a short, broad, faint nerve ;
cells of the margin and angles roundish, thick-walled, those of
the centre more elongated ; paraphylla ovate, acuminate, ser-
rate ; fruitstalk | an inch long, even ; sporangium oblong,
cernuous, slightly curved ; lid rostrate, almost as long as the
sporangium.

The leaves are far more opaque than in the last, and more
or less oblique, and the cell-walls thicker, though the struc-
ture is essentiallv the same.

t/

11. THUIDIUM, Schimp.

Sporangium and peristome of Hypnum ; leaves strongly
papillose, with numerous paraphylla; cells rounded, sub-
hexagonal, except at the base.

The habit of the species belonging to this genus is peculiar,
and their separation under a distinct genus is justifiable, on
account of the difference of the structure of the leaves from
that of Hypnum.

1. T. tamariscinum, Br. Schimp.; stem arched, irregu-
larly tripinnate; stem-leaves cordate, concave, sjalcate, acute;
branch-leaves ovato-lanceolate ; all slightly serrate above,
strongly papillose, with the nerve reaching nearly to the apex ;
pcrichjctial leaves fringed; fruitstalk even; sporangium ob-
long, curved ; lid rostrate. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. Ivii. ; Eng. Bot.
t. 1494.; (Plate 8, fig. 4) ; Moug. fy Nest. n. 41.

136

HANDBOOK OP BRITISH MOSSES.

In woods and on banks. Common. Bearing fruit in No-
vember.

Dioicous; growing in loose, deep green tufts. Primary
stem creeping, seeondary erect, arcbed above, proliferous, irre-
gularly tripinnate, clothed with numerous multiform, often
branched paraphylla; braiichlets slender, not rooting at the
tip ; stem-leaves ovate, acute ; branch-leaves more obtuse, all
of them papillose, with a subcontinuous nerve; margin even
or slightly recurved ; cells uniform, except a very few at the
base, in which the primordial cell is very visible ; perichsetial
leaves consisting of long cells, fringed with threads ; fruit-
stalk red, 1 inch long; sporangium oblong, slightly arched;
lid rostrate, about half as long.

Often used by the manufacturers of artificial flowers.

2. T. delicatiilum, Schimp. ; stem erect or decumbent, bi-
pinnato-ramulose ; branches attenuated, drooping, often root-
ing at the tip; stem-leaves cordate, acuminate, hispid, nerve
reaching almost to the tip; sporangium subcylindrical, cernu-
ous; lid conical, acute. — Hook. Wils. t. Ivii.; Eng. Bot. t.
1495.; [Moug. Nest. n. 1031.)

' On limestone rocks and on chalk hills, in several situations
from Scotland to Sussex. Bearing fruit in summer.

Dioicous ; forming dense tufts. Stems not proliferous, but
bearing pinnate branches; leaves more widely ovate, acumi-
nate, strikingly hispid, yellow-green, subplicate; nerve reach-
ing nearly to the tip; margin slightly reflected; paraphylla
various in shape, often leafy ; perichsetial leaves not fringed ;
fruitstalk 1 inch high, paler, even ; sporangium smaller, ob-
long, curved, cernuous ; lid conical, half as long as the spo-
rangium, acuminate.

Closely allied to the last, but differing in the hispid leaves,
the less divided branches, absence of fringe on the pericha3tial

HYPNEI.

137

leaves, and other points. I do not see any essential difference in
the lid, which is sometimes as long in this as in the last species.

3. T. abietinum, Br. ^ Schimp. ; stem erect, simple or bi-
partite ; divisions simply pinnate ; leaves crowded, imbricated,
erecto-patent, subsecnnd, ovate, acuminate, deeply sulcate,
papillose ; margin reflexed ; nerve reaching almost to the tip ;
sporangium cylindrical, slightly curved, subcernuous ; lid
conical, acuminate. — Hook, ^ Wils. t. xxv. ; Eng, Bot, t, 2037
in part ; {Moug. Nest. n. 226.)

On dry banks, especially in calcareous districts, sand-hills,
alpine rocks, etc. Bearing fruit, but rarely, in summer.

Dioicous j forming loose tufts, ochraceous below, yellowish
above. Stem erect or decumbent, simple or forked, pinnate,
clothed with abundant narrow lanceolate paraphylla ; branches
crowded, often flagelliform and drooping; leaves crowded, pa-
pillose at the back, sulcate ; nerve strong, vanishing below the
tip, channelled and rough at the back ; stem-leaves broadly
ovate, acuminate, deeply sulcate, toothed above; margin re-
curved ; branch-leaves narrower, more even ; cells small,
roundish ; perichsetial leaves striate ; fruitstalk 1 inch high ;
sporangium oblong, curved, cernuous ; lid acuminate.

Frequently when the stem is prostrate it throws out several
erect branches which are simply pinnate, like those of more
normal growth. The structure of the leaves in H. Blandovii is
so completely that of Hypnwn, that I have left it in the neigh-
bourhood of H. splendens and other nearly allied species.

12. PSEUDOLESKEA, Br. ^ Schimp.

Sporangium and peristome as in Hypnum, the intermediate
cilia sometimes abortive; leaves papillose; cells all more or
less quadrate.

Closely allied to lletcrocladiwn, but dilfering in the struc-
ture of the leaves.

138

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

P. atrovirens, Br. ^ Schimp. ; stem prostrate, mueh
branclied, pinnato-ramulose ; branches suberect; leaves im-
bricated, secund, ovato-lanceolate, attenuated, slightly toothed;
margin recurved; nerve reaching nearly to the tip, spo-
rangium oblong, cernuous; lid conical. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxvi.;
Eng. Bot. t. 2422.; {Moug. ^ Nest. n. 521.)

Alpine rocks and roots of trees. Scotland. Bearing fruit
in spring.

Dioicous ; forming dark-green depressed tufts. Stem
branched ; branches pinnate ; branchlets mostly erect, in-
curved ; leaves dark, brown-green, more or less secund,
crowded, subpapillose, ovato-lanceolate, acuminate, slightly
serrated or entire ; nerve strong, reaching almost to the apex ;
cells roundish or subquadrate with thick walls; margin re-
curved ; paraphylla numerous, multiform, often reduced to
mere threads ; fruitstalk ^ an inch high, even ; sporangium
short, oblong, slightly curved, cernuous ; cilia often abortive ;
lid conical.

Leaves very different from those of Hypnum, and more re-
sembling those of Leptodon.

2. P. catenulata, Br. ^ Schimp. ; stem creeping ; branches
subpinnate; branchlets erect, filiform; leaves minute, imbri-
cated, ovate, acute, entire ; nerve reaching halfway ; margin
recurved at the base ; sporangium oblong, curved, subcernuous ;
lid rostrate. — Hook. ^ IVils. t. Iv. ; {Moug. ^ Nest. n. 1220.)

On alpine and subalpine rocks. Scotland and Yorkshire.
Bearing fruit in summer.

Dioicous; forming intricate brownish-green tufts. Stems
thread-shaped, creeping, branched ; branches subpinnate, sub-
erect, often slightly curved; leaves minute, spreading when
moist, closely imbricated when dry, papillose, ovate, acute,
entire ; margin strongly reflected below ; nerve strong, reach-

ISOTHECII.

139

ing about halfway ; paraphylla thread-shaped, simple, or
branched ; fruitstalk about | an inch long ; sporangium oval,
oblong, suberect or cernuous ; cilia of inner peristome delicate,
but not abortive ; lid rostrate.

The rostrate beak, shorter nerve, and more ovate leaves
distinguish this from P. atrovirens,

Oeder yi. ISOTHECII, Br. & Sch. {Leucodonteis inclusis)

Stems with the imbricated leaves cylindrical ; leaf-cells
narrow and rhomboid, or small and suborbicular ; sporangia
erect, symmetrical ] peristome single or double ; inner peri-
stome when present without intermediate cilia ; calyptra hood-
shaped.

1. Leaf-cells with their walls hexagonal, rhomhoid, or linear, some-
times guadrate at the angles of the leaves.

13. ISOTHECIUM, Brid,

Sporangium erect, cylindrical; ring deciduous; peristome
double ; inner membrane divided halfway down into 16 keeled
perforate processes, with obscure intermediate cilia ; cells of
the leaves narrow, elongated ; primary stem creeping, secon-
dary dendroid.

1. I. myurum, Brid.; secondary stem with fasciculate
incurved branches; leaves ovato-oblong, shortly acuminate,
toothed at the apex ; nerve reaching halfway up ; perichsetial
leaves erect ; sporangium ovate, narrow ; lid conical, rostrate.
— Hook. ^ Wils. t. XXV.; Eng. Bot. t. 1566.; [Moug. ^ Nest,
n. 331.)

On walls and trees. Bearing fruit in early spring.

Dioicous ; forming soft wide pale tufts. Primary stem
creeping, throwing out secondary, erect, slightly procumbent
stems, which arc divided above in a dendroid manner; branches

140

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

incurved; leaves imbricated, ovato-oblong or oblong, shortly
acuminate, minutely toothed at the apex only, with a faint
single or forked nerve reaching halfway up ; cells narrow, ver-
miform, those at the angles shorter, subquadrate ; perieluetial
leaves ereet; fruitstalk about J an inch long; sporangium
ovate, tapering below, ereet, regular, rarely slightly inclined
or bent ; lid rostrate ; outer teeth pale, adhering mostly to
the inner peristome, sometimes more or less abortive; inter-
mediate cilia often deficient.

I. myosuroides is with Sehimper plaeed in Hypnum. Its
recurved periehsetial leaves distinguish it, as well as their
form, if it is considered as an Isotheciwn.

14. CLIMACIUM, Web. ^ Mohr.

Sporangium subcylindrical, erect, symmetrical; peristome
double ; inner of 16 scalariform proeesses, longer than the outer
teeth ; columella exserted ; primary stem or rhizoma ereeping,
secondary bare below, dendroid ; cells of leaves narrow.

1 . C. dendroides, Web. ^ Mohr ; leaves ovate or ovato-
lanceolate, erecto-patent, bisulcate, serrate above ; periehsetial
leaves nerveless ; sporangium oval-oblong ; lid rostrate. —
Hook. ^ Wils. t. XXV. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1565. ; (Plate 13, fig. 2) ;
Moug. ^ Nest. n. 138.

In meadows, bogs, and marshes. Bearing fruit, though
rareljq in autumn.

Dioicous. Rhizoma ereeping, throwing up ereet stems,
which are void of branches below and divided above in a
dendroid manner ; leaves ovate or ovato-lanceolate, pointed,
toothed in the upper half, with a single furrow on either side,
nerve reaching nearly to the tip ; eells narrow, except at the
base and angles ; fruitstalks about an inch long, aggregate ;
sporangium ereet ; eolurnella exserted when dry, and raising

4-

ISOTHECTT.

141

up the lid, which is attached to it (systylous) ; outer teeth nar-
row, confluent at the base, reddish ; inner yellow.

A fine species, but seldom in fruit, as the male plants often
grow completely detached, though sometimes they accompany
the female.

15. CYLINDROTHECIUM, Br. ^ Schimp.

Sporangium cylindrical, erect; peristome double, inserted
below the orifice; inner peristome of 16 narrow teeth without
intermediate cilia ; stem pinnato-ramulose ; cells narrow, elon-
gated except at the angles.

1. C. Montagnei, Br. ^ Schimp. ; branches recurved, acute ;
leaves imbricated, erecto-patent, ovate or ovato-oblong, sub-
acute, entire, faintly two-nerved ; sporangium cylindrical ;
lid conical. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. liv. ; Mont. Ann. d. Sc. Nat.
ser. 2, V. 20, t. 15.; [Moiig. ^ Nest. n. 1229.)

On rocks and hills. Occasionally from Scotland to Sussex.
Often perhaps confounded with Hypnum 8chrebe7'i. Bearing
fruit on the Continent in autumn.

Dioicous ; forming pale broad yellow-green patches, ochra-
ceous below. Stems pale, pinnate, the branches, short, re-
curved, and acute; leaves imbricated, especially when dry,
elliptic, ovate, or ovato-oblong, shortly pointed, entire, with two
faint nerves or nerveless ; margin recurved at the base, where
the cells are shorter ; sporangium cylindrical ; lid conical.

It may be known at once when barren from H. Schreberi by
the pale not deep red stem, and the more pointed branches.

16. PYLAISIA, Schimp.

Sporangium erect, symmetrical ; orifice narrow ; peristome
double, outer inserted far below the orifice, intermediate cilia
absent or only rudimentary ; stem pinnate ; Icaf-cclls narrow,
except at the angles, where they are quadrate.

142

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

1. P. polyantha, Sc/timp. ; stem creeping; brandies
crowded^ arched above ; leaves turned upwards, seeund, ovate,
strongly acuminate, nerveless or faintly two-nerved, entire ;
sporangium oblong ; lid conical, pointed. — Hook. ^ Wils. t.
XXXV.; Eng. Bot. t. 2871.; Gi'ev. Sc. Crypt. FL t. 161.;
(Plate 12, fig. 5) ; Moug. ^ Nest. n. 39.

On trunks of trees. In the north and west of Great Bri-
tain. Bearing fruit in early autumn.

Monoicous. Stems creeping, slightly divided ; branehes
pinnato-ramulose, erect, curved at the tips ; leaves densely
crowded, patent or subseeund and turned upwards, nerveless,
entire or slightly toothed, shining, ovato-lanceolate, acumi-
nate; retieulation narrow, broad at the base; fruitstalk J an
inch long; sporangium elliptic-oblong, erect; lid conical,
apiculate ; peristome inserted below the mouth of the sporan-
gium, as in Tayloria ; inner peristome with very short or des-
titute of intermediate cilia.

The peculiar insertion of the peristome is perhaps the
strongest generic character.

17. HOMALOTHECIUM, Schimp.

Sporangium symmetrical, erect ; peristome double, inner with
no intermediate cilia ; veil rather large, more or less pilose ;
leaf-cells very narrow.

1. H. serieeum, Schimp.; stem creeping, branched;
branehes distiehous, erect, crowded ; leaves imbricated, erecto-

patent, plicate, ovato-lanceolate, acuminate, minutely toothed ;

* ^ ^
nerve reaching nearly to the apex ; fruitstalk rough ; sporan-
gium erect, subcylindrical ; lid conical, acute. — Hook. ^ Wils.
t. XXV. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1445. ; (Plate 12, fig. 6) ; Moug. ^ Nest,
n. 225.

On trees, stone walls, etc. Very common. Fruit ripe in
winter and spring.

ISOTHECII.

143

Dioicous ; forming soft, silky, yellow-green patehes. Stem
creeping; branches short, crowded, erect, often curved; leaves
erecto-patent, sometimes subsecund, ovato-lanceolate, strongly
acuminate, plicate, very minutely toothed; cells narrow, but
slightly altered at the base ; fruitstalk rough, about an inch
long, reddish; sporangium ovato- cylindrical, symmetrical,
erect ; lid conical, gradually attenuated into a short beak ;
intermediate cilia absent.

18. ORTHOTHECIUM, Schimp,

Sporangium erect, symmetrical ; ring broad, dehiscent ;
veil small; peristome double ; teeth of inner peristome as long
as those of the outer ; intermediate cilia wanting or rudimen-
tary ; leaf- cells narrow, not quadrate at the angles.

1. O. rufescens, S chimp. ; stem erect, tufted; branches
erect, slightly compressed ; leaves erecto-patent, lanceolate,
strongly acuminate, plicate, entire, nerveless ; sporangium ob-
long ; lid conical, acuminate. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxvi. ; Eng.
Bot. t. 2296 ; (Moug. ^ Nest. n. 514.)

On moist shady rocks near waterfalls, in alpine and espe-
cially calcareous districts. Bearing fruit in summer.

Dioicous ; forming silky, soft, rufous tufts. Stem 2 or 3
inches high, erect or sometimes procumbent, dichotomously
branched ; branches erect, fastigiate, with sometimes a few
branchlets ; leaves crowded, erecto-patent, lanceolate, strongly
acuminate, repeatedly sulcate, entire, nerveless; cells ex-
tremely narrow even to the base, not enlarged at the angles ;
fruitstalk even, 1-2 inches long ; sporangium oblong, erect, or
very slightly inclined ; lid conical, short, acute ; inner peri-
stome with short intermediate cilia.

2. O. intricatum, Schimj). ; stem prostrate, branched ;
branches erect; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, erecto-patent.

144

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

subsecund, nerveless^ entire, nearly even except when dry;
sporangium ovato-oblong, suberect ; lid conical, acute. — Hook.
^ Wils. t. liv.

On subalpine rocks. Barren in this country, bearing fruit
on the Continent in summer.

Dioicous; forming dense rufous or purplish tufts. Stem
more slender, delicate, divided ; branches erect; leaves sub-
secund, tapering from the base, entire, nerveless ; fruitstalk 1
inch long ; sporangium slightly inclined, ovate-oblong ; lid
convex, acute; inner peristome with or without intermediate
cilia.

Very nearly allied to O. rufescens, but differing in size,
habit, and the form of the sporangium.

19. MYURELLA, Schimp.

Sporangium suberect, symmetrical ; ring distant ; peristome
large ; inner broad, with short intermediate binate cilia; leaf-
cells hexagonal, loose. Branches filiform, closely imbricated,
so as to look scaly ; leaves»papillose behind.

1. M. julaeea, Schimp. ; stem slender, suberect, slightly
branched, divisions erect ; leaves closely imbricated, roundish,
ovate, obtuse or apiculate, concave, minutely serrate, nerveless;
sporangium suberect, minute, oval-oblong, tapering below;
lid conical. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxiv. ; Eng. Bot. t. 2525.

On alpine rocks. Scotland and Yorkshire. Bearing fruit
in summer.

Forming little, pale-glaucous and at length yellowish tufts,
which are very brittle when dry. Stem erect or ascending,
slightly branched ; branches and branchlets erect, proliferous ;
leaves closely imbricated, roundish, obtuse, or pointed, nerve-
less or with a faint pair of nerves, very minutely toothed ;
reticulation subhexagonal, short, papillose behind ; fruitstalk

ISOTHECII,

145

J incli higli, even; sporangium small, with a distinct barren
base ; lid short, conical ; inner peristome pale.

The generic name is intended to express the resemblance of
the branches to a slender mouse-tail. The genus differs from
Leskea in the reticulation.

20. PLATYDICTYA, Berk,

Sporangium erect, symmetrical, at length turbinate ; peri-
stome double, inner with or without intermediate cilia ; leaf-
cells large, nearly equal throughout ; stem hair- like, confer-
void.

1. P. Sprucei, Berk.; stem very delicate, ascending or
creeping ; branches and branchlets few ; leaves distant, erecto-
patent, narrowly ovate, acuminate, nerveless, nearly entire ;
sporangium erect, elliptic or turbinate ; lid conical, acute. —
Hook. ^ Wils. t. liv.

On shady subalpine rocks. North of England. Bearing
ripe fruit in summer.

Dioicous; forming very short, thick tufts, with hair-like
stems and branches; leaves distant, spreading, ovato-lanceolate,
strongly acuminate, obscurely toothed above, nerveless, pellu-
cid ; cells large, nearly equal throughout ; fruitstalk J inch
long; sporangium obovate, turbinate and wide-mouthed when
dry ; lid conical, acute ; inner peristome with occasionally a
few intermediate cilia.

I do not see how this Moss can be associated with Schimper’s
Amhlystegium, still less with true Leskece. Its large uniform
cells, erect sporangium, and imperfect inner peristome, all se-
parate it widely from Amblystegium. As I know of no other
genus in which it can be placed, I am forced to propose a new
one for its reception.

L

146

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

21. PHILOSCIA, Berk.

Sporangium erect, symmetrical, tapering below ; ring de-
hiscent ; peristome double ; teeth of outer peristome spreading
and incurved when dry; inner deeply divided without inter-
mediate cilia ; leaf-cells narrow above, elongated, broad at the
base, and especially at the angles.

1 . P. latebrieola, Berk. ; stem slender, ascending, sparingly
branched; leaves ovato-lanceolate, tapering, subsecund, entire,
faintly two-nerved at the base; margin slightly reflected; spo-
rangium elliptic-oblong, tapering below, erect ; lid conical. —
Hook. ^ Wils. t. liv.

On moist shady rocks, on decaying alder-stumps and old
Aspidium Filix-mas. Cheshire, Lancashire, and Sussex.
Bearing fruit in winter.

Dioicous; forming yellowish or bright -green shining tufts.
Branches slightly flattened; leaf-cells narrow, broader at the
base ; inner peristome without intermediate cilia.

This is referred by Schimper to Plagiothecium, but the erect
sporangium and absence of intermediate cilia forbid the asso-
ciation. It differs from Leskea in the nature of the leaves,
which differ again from those of Orthothecium, with which it
might otherwise have been classed.

22. MYPINIA, Schimp.

Sporangium symmetrical or slightly curved ; ring none ;
peristome double, small; inner peristome without intermedi-
ate cilia, firm, coloured ; leaf-cells rhomboid, quadrate at the
angles ; paraphylla none.

1. M. pulvinata, Bchimp. ; stem irregularly divided, procum-
bent ; divisions slender, erect ; leaves ovato-lanceolate, entire,
loosely reticulated, with two nerves, or one reaching halfway ;

ISOTHECII.

147

sporangium elliptic-oblong; lid conical_, apiculate. — Hook. ^
Wils. t. liv.

At the roots of trees near water. Yorkshire and Lancashire.
Bearing fruit in early summer.

Monoicous ; forming little, soft, deep-green cushions. Stems
densely crowded ; leaves spreading, with a short simple or
forked nerve ; cells large, angular, with a distinct primordial
utricle ; fruitstalk J inch high ; sporangium oval-oblong, ta-
pering below; lid conical, soon falling oflP; inner peristome
reddish-brown.

Differs from Leskea in the reticulation and the nature of the
inner peristome.

23. PTERIGYNANDRUM, Hedw.

Sporangium symmetrical ; peristome double ; outer of six-
teen short teeth; inner an irregular very short membrane, with
sixteen short processes more or less adherent to the outer
teeth ; rhizoma creeping ; branches and branchlets secund ;
leaf-cells rhomboid, except at the angles, where they are
quadrate.

1. V. Hedw. ; branches of secondary stem fili-

form, incurved, fasciculate; leaves subsecund, ovate, acumi-
nate, two-nerved or with a single nerve reaching halfway;
sporangium elliptic, oblong; lid rostrate. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xiv.;
Eng. Bot. t. 2297 in part, 2526. ; (Moug. ^ Nest. n. 210.)

On rocks and trunks of trees, especially beech, in moun-
tainous districts. Bearing fruit, but rarely, in spring.

Dioicous ; forming broad, green tufts. Branches and
branchlets arcuate, leaning one way, more or less attenuated,
somewhat fasciculate ; leaves crowded, sometimes spreading,
often secund, imbricated when dry, papillose, ovate, slightly
attenuated, serrate above with a single nerve reaching halfway.

148

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

or a short double nerve ; margin recurved ; leaf-cells trans-
parent ; fruitstalk not an inch long, reddish ; sporangium
oblong ; lid obliquely rostrate.

The genus differs from Tterogonmm in the less dendroid
habit, in the leaves being papillose, and their cells approaching
nearer to those of Hypnum.

2. Leaf-cells, at least those of the margin, roundish or elliptic, with

thick walls.

24. ANTITRICHIA, Brid.

Sporangium oval, symmetrical, on a short curved stalk ; peri-
stome double ; outer of sixteen teeth ; inner of sixteen delicate
filiform processes alternating with those of the outer peristome,
united at the base by a narrow membrane, more or less ad-
herent ; leaf-cells on the margin elliptic, those of the disk a n
base narrow.

1. A. curtipendula, Brid. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxii. ; Eng.
Bot. t. 1444.; (Plate 13, fig. 4) ; Moug. ^ Nest. n. 47.

On rocks and trees. Principally in mountainous countries.
Rearing fruit in spring.

Dioicous. Stem several inches long, straggling, procumbent ;
branches yellowish-green, simple or subpinnate; branchlets
often elongated, curved and flagelliform ; leaves ovate, attenu-
ated at the tip into a hair-like serrated point, the apex of
which is bifid or trifid; nerve slender, reaching above the
middle, sometimes forked or trifid; cells at the margin and
towards the tip elliptic, elongated and narrow on the disk
and at the base ; fruitstalk shortly curved above, so as to make
the sporangium pendulous ; lid obliquely rostrate ; peristome
pale ; spores large, yellowish.

There is a variety with shorter, straight fruitstalks, a

ISOTHECII.

149

cylindrical sporangium, and shorter_, more densely leafy stems,
which has been found in Sussex by Mr. Mitten.

25. THAMmUM, Schimp.

Sporangium symmetrical or slightly unsymmetrical, hori-
zontal or cernuous ; peristome double, the inner with or
without intermediate cilia; primary stem (rhizoma) creep-
ing, secondary erect, dendroid ; leaf-cells above rounded, those
of the base more elongated. — Distinguished from Hypnum
by its very peculiar habit, in which it agrees with Climacium,
There are many exotic species, some of which could not be
placed in Isothecmm, with which the only British species has
been associated more from convenience than conviction.

1. T. alopecurum, Br. ^ Sch. ; secondary stem nearly
naked below, pinnate above with frequently pinnate some-
what complanate branches ; leaves spreading, ovato-lanceolate,
sharply toothed; nerve reaching nearly to the apex; spo-
rangium ovate, more or less inclined; lid rostrate. — Hook. ^
Wils. t. XXV.; Eng. Bot. t. 1182.; (Plate 13, fig. 1) ; Moug. ^
Nest. n. 144.

In moist shady woods and on rocks. Common. Bearing
fruit in winter and spring.

Dioicous. Rhizoma throwing out many radicles ; secondary
stem 2 or 3 inches high, clothed below with minute, scattered,
scale-like, pale, ovate, acuminate leaves, distichously pinnate
above as are the branches, which are often curved ; leaves
more or less complanate, opaque, ovate or ovato-lanceolate,
pointed, but scarcely acuminate, sharply toothed; nerve strong,
vanishing below the apex ; cells in the upper part of the leaf
short, rounded, or subquadrate, more elongated at the base,
and at the slightly reflected angles ; fruitstalk scarcely an inch
long, reddish, even ; sporangia more or less aggregate, ovate.

150

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

more or less inclined, subsymmetrical ; lid obliquely rostrate.
The reticulation is quite different from that of any Hypnum.

26. LEUCODON, Schwceg.

« Sporangium erect, symmetrical j peristome erect, single, of
sixteen entire, perforated, or bifid teeth ; leaf-cells of margin
subrotund, of disk, elongated, disposed in lines; secondary
stems erect, with descending stolons at the base.

1. L. sciuroides, Schwag.; leaves crowded, densely imbri-
cated, erect when dry, spreading when moist, ovato-lanceolate,
acuminate, entire, plicate, nerveless ; sporangium elliptic or
oblong; lid conical, acute; teeth of peristome perforated. —
Hook. ^ Wils. t. XX. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1903. ; (Plate 13, fig. 3j ;
Moug. ^ Nest. n. 321.

- On trunks of trees, walls, etc. Bearing fruit in spring.

Bioicous; forming bright-green tufts. Stem creeping,
throwing up erect shoots, 2-3 inches long, often beset with
axillary buds, thickened at the end and incurved, rarely di-
vided ; leaves closely imbricated, erect when dry, spreading
when moist, and more or less secund, ovato-lanceolate, but
varying greatly in breadth, strongly acuminate, entire, nerve-
less, plicate ; cells at edge round, more oblong in the centre,
disposed in rows ; fruitstalk | an inch long ; sporangium erect ;
lid conical, acute ; teeth nearly white, more or less perforated ;
ring soon breaking up.

2. L. Lagurus, Hook. ; stem irregularly branched, tomen-
tose; leaves without striae, ovato-oblong, concave, suddenly
acuminate or piliferous, serrulate above, nerved halfway;
sporangium erect, cylindrical ; lid conical, with a short beak. —
Hook. Muse. Ex. t. 126.

Var. 13, borealis; stem not tomentose; branches tumid;
leaves auriculate and serrated at the base, more concave, more

ISOTHECII.

151

suddenly attenuated^ with longer points, faintly 2-nerved. at
the base. — Hook, ^ Wils. t. Ixi.

On rocks and trees. Var. /3 in North-West Hebrides, Dr.
C. Smith. Not yet found in fruit.

The above is copied from the ^ Bryologia Britannica.’
Schimper proposes a new genus for it [Myurium), though
ignorant of its fruit. If, however, it should ultimately prove
to belong to a distinct genus, it should bear Wilson^s name of
Lampurns. Whether it is really identical with the Antarctic
species is, for the present, uncertain. The narrow oblongo-
rhomboid cells seem to indicate a genus different from Leu-
codon,

27. ANOMODON, Hook, ^ Tayl.

Sporangium symmetrical ; peristome double ; outer of six-
teen teeth ; inner of sixteen irregular fugacious processes alter-
nating with those of the outer peristome, and connected at
the base by an obscure membrane ; veil naked, cuculliform ;
branches simple or irregularly divided ; leaf-cells small, ellip-
tic, or orbicular.

1. A. viticulosus. Hook. ^ Tayl. ; sparingly branched; leaves
subsecund, crisped when dry, ovato-lingulate, obtuse; nerve
reaching nearly to the tip ; fruitstalk slender, elongated ;
sporangium erect, subcylindrical ; lid conical, acute. — Hook,
^ PVils. t. xxii.; Eng. Bot. t. 265.; (Plate 13, fig. 6); Moug,
^ Nest. n. 237.

On rocks, walls, and trees, chiefly in calcareous districts.
Bearing fruit, but rarely, in winter.

Dioicous ; forming broad, bright-green patches, which are
ochraceous below. Rhizoma creeping, nearly simple; sc-
.condary stems erect, simple, or slightly divided ; leaves more
or less secund, ovate, narrowed above, and tongue-shaped,

152

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

rather obtuse, minutely toothed at the apex ; margin rather
waved; nerve reaehing nearly to the tip; leaf>cells minute,
elliptic, opaque ; fruitstalk above J an inch long, yellowish ;
sporangium subcylindrical, erect; lid narrow, conical, acute;
inner peristome very brittle ; spores small, brown.

2. A. longifolins, Hartm, ; branches slender, elongated ;
branchlets fasciculate; leaves subsecund, ovato-lanceolate,
acuminate; nerve reaching to the tip; fruitstalk short; spo-
rangium erect, oblong; lid conical, acute. — Hook. ^ Wils,
t. liv. ; [Movg. ^ Nest. n. 1230.)

On rocks. Scotland. Rare. Bearing fruit on the Continent
in autumn and spring.

Dioicous; tufted, verdigris-green, when young yellowish,
when old reddish below. Branches or secondary stems erect,
slender, elongated with fasciculate often flagelliforra branches;
leaves subsecund, ovato-lanceolate, strongly acuminate, sulcate
at the base; nerve reaching to the tip; leaf-cells roundish,
minute ; fruitstalk not \ an inch long ; sporangium oblong,
subcylindrical ; lid narrow, conical or rostellate.

A much more delicate species than the last, and resembling
Pseudoleskea catenulata and atrovirens.

28. PTEROGONIUM, Swartz.

Sporangium symmetrical ; peristome double ; outer of six-
teen teeth; inner of a short membrane, divided above into
sixteen teeth, and more or less adherent to the outer;
secondary stems dendroid ; leaves even, not papillose ; leaf-
cells minute, subelliptic, longer in the disk towards the
base.

1. P. gracile, Sw.; secondary stems arcuate; branches in-
curved, fasciculate ; leaves imbricated, ovate, acute, two-nerved,
serrated above; sporangium oblong; lid conical, acute. —

ISOTHECII.

153

Hook. ^ Wils. t. xiv. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1085. ; [Moug, ^ Nest,
n. 817.)

On rocks, walls, and trunks of trees, in subalpine districts.
Bearing fruit in November.

Dioicous. Primary stem or rhizoma creeping, secondary
suberect, dendroid, nearly naked below ; branclilets arcuate,
filiform ; leaves closely imbricated, ovate, acute, serrated above,
not papillose, two-nerved at the base ; leaf-cells at the angles
minute, gradually increasing in size upwards, where they are
obliquely elliptic and subrhomboid, longer and narrow towards
the centre of the base, and occasionally at the very apex ;
fruitstalk \ an inch long, red ; sporangium subcylindrical ;
lid shortly rostellate.

29. LESKEA, Hedw.

Sporangium erect, symmetrical; peristome double; cilia of
inner peristome wanting or abortive ; leaf-cells roundish, pa-
pillose, with thick cell-walls.

1. L. polycarpa, Ehr. ; stem creeping, more or less divided;
branches often irregularly pinnate, suberect, slightly curved
and thickened at the end ; leaves spreading or subsecund, im-
bricated, ovate, pointed ; nerve reaching almost to the tip ;
sporangium erect, subcylindrical ; lid conical. — Hook. ^ Wits,
t. xxiv. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1922. ; [Moug. ^ Nest. n. 224.)

At the roots of trees and stones, especially near water.
Fruiting in early summer.

Monoicous ; forming yellowish or dull-green intricate tufts.
Stem slender, creeping or procumbent, more or less divided ;
branches irregularly pinnate or slightly divided; divisions
swollen at the tip ; leaves spreading or subsecund, ovato-lan-
ceolate, concave, attenuated but not acuminate, ending ob-
tusely with a strong nerve running nearly to the tip; cells

154

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

roundish^ slightly papillose at the back; margin reflected
below^ entire; fruitstalk J an inch long; sporangium sub-
cylindrical; lid conical, more or less acute; outer teeth in-
curved when dry, so as to assume the form of a staple ; inner
peristome with intermediate cilia.

A variety grows in very moist shady places with lax, dis-
tant, widely-spreading, dull-green leaves and a more elongated
sporangium, which was formerly esteemed a good species, but
Schimper now follows Wilson in not considering it distinct.

30. LEPTODON, Brid.

Sporangium symmetrical ; outer peristome of sixteen teeth,
inner a short jagged membrane ; leaf-cells round ; veil hairy,
cuculliform ; branches pinnate or bipinnate.

1. L. Smithii, Brid.; stems creeping; branches pinnate
and bipinnate ; branchlets elongated, strongly incurved when
dry; leaves roundish, very obtuse, entire ; margin recurved
below ; nerve reaching above the middle ; fruitstalk short ;
lid rostrate. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xiv. ; Eng. Bot. 1. 1326. ; (Plate
13, fig. 5.)

On trunks of trees in the south of England. Bearing fruit
in spring.

Dioicous. Stem or rhizoma creeping ; branches crowded,
pinnate or bipinnate, strongly or even spirally incurved when
dry ; branchlets often elongated, flagelliforra ; leaves mostly
deep-green, broadly elliptic, very obtuse, entire ; nerve reach-
ing beyond the middle; leaf- cells nearly orbicular, arranged
in longitudinal or transverse lines ; leaves of the flagelliform
shoots minute, nerveless ; perichsetial leaves almost as long as
the fruitstalk ; vaginula hairy; sporangium elliptic; teeth of
the peristome pale ; lid obliquely rostrate ; veil hairy ; spores
rather large, greenish.

ANCECTANGIEI.

155

Very different in habit from any other British Moss.

Oeder VII. AJSrCEGTAJSrGIJET, Br. & Schimp.

Sporangium erect, oval or spherical, with a small persistent
annulus, but entirely free from peristome; vaginula perfect
and not more or less blended with the original receptacle or
partially immersed below the point of insertion of the upper-
most perichsetial leaves ; leaf-cells small, quadrate.

31. ANCE3CTANGIUM, Br. ^ Schimp.

Sporangium oval, with a slight apophysis ; peristome want-
ing.

1. A. compactum, Schwceg. ; densely tufted ; stem slender ;
leaves lanceolate, slightly toothed below ; sporangium small,
ovato-oblong ; lid obliquely rostrate. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. vi. ;
Eng. Bot. t. 2201.; (Plate 14, fig. 1.)

In the crevices of alpine rocks, especially near waterfalls.
Bearing fruit in autumn.

Dioicous ; forming dense tufts, bright-green above, ferru-
ginous below. Stems 2 to 3 inches long, slender, forked;
leaves imbricated, crisped and spirally directed when dry, ovato-
oblong or lanceolate, entire above, slightly toothed below ;
nerve strong, reddish, reaching to the apex ; leaf-cells minute,
rectangular or quadrate, arranged in lines, scarcely altered at
the base ; fruitstalk \ an inch long ; sporangium small, ovate,
contracted at the mouth with a slight swelling below ; lid ob-
liquely rostrate, nearly as long; veil cuculliform, obliquely
subulate.

The genus is altogether anomalous, and, on account of its
dichotomous stems and the structure of the leaves, is placed
by Schimper near Weissia.

156

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

The other supposed British species, A. Horns chuchianurrij
said to be found by Dr. Taylor at Killarney, is very doubtful,
and therefore omitted.

H. Cladocaepi. Bporangiuin home on short lateral branches ;
vaginal a perfect,

Oeder VIII. DEEPAHOFHTLLEI, Mont.

Stems flat ; leaves distichous, equitant ; sporangium sym-
metrical, stalked, either lateral or terminal ; vaginula per-
fect ; peristome single, of sixteen bifid teeth ; veil mostly cu-
culliform.

The sporangium in this Order is not truly pleurocarpous,
but rather seated at the tip of a very short lateral branch, ex-
cept in the cases where it is terminal. It forms an exact
transition from the Pleurocarpous to the Acrocarpous Mosses.
Some of the exotic species of this group are amongst the most
beautiful of the class.

32. FISSIDENS, Hedw.

Sporangium terminal or cladocarpous, on a long stalk, erect
or cernuous, symmetrical; veil cuculliform or more rarely
mitriform ; peristome single, of sixteen equidistant teeth,
cloven halfway down ; stems frond-like, compressed ; leaf-
cells roundish, subhexagonal.

1. Sporangium lateral.

I. F. adiantoid.es, Hedw.; monoicous ; stem elongated,
branched ; leaves crowded, oblong, suddenly acuminate,
toothed above, slightly toothed below; nerve reaching to the
tip ; fruitstalk rather long, lateral ; sporangium cernuous ;
lid rostrate. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xvi. ; Eng. Bot. t. 264. ; (Plate
14, fig. 2) ; Moug. ^ Nest. n. 25.

DREPANOPHYLLEI.

157

On the ground in shady places^ on wet rocks, or in pastures
or bogs. Bearing fruit in winter.

Stem 1-2 inches high, slightly branched, rooting at the
base of the innovations ; leaves flat, equitant, oblong, pointed
above and toothed, more minutely toothed below, rounded
behind at the base ; nerve strong, reaching to the tip ; dorsal
wing, an expansion of the nerve, broad ; leaf-cells minute,
seriate ; sporangium produced near the tip of the branches ;
fruitstalk |-1 inch long ; lid rostrate j veil cuculliform ; teeth
sometimes adhering at the tips; golden-yellow, with red bars.

Distinguished at once from the next by the different po-
sition of the fruit, and by the leaves being more curled
when dry.

2. F. taxifolius, Hedw, ; monoicous, branched in a fasci-
culate manner from the base; leaves crowded, lanceolate,
mucronate ; margin finely crenulate ; fruitstalks radical,
rather long ; sporangium oblong, cernuous ; lid rostrate. —
Hook, ^ Wils, t, xvi. ; Eng. Bot. t. 426. ; (Plate 14, fig. 3) ;
Moug. ^ Nest. n. 217.

On clayey banks in woods, etc. Bearing fruit in autumn.

Shorter than the last, and more delicate. Branches springing
up from the base in fascicles, bright- green ; leaves lanceolate,
rounded at the base on either side, mucronate, but little
crisped when dry, rather crenulate than toothed, ovato -lan-
ceolate j nerve reaching to the tip ; fruitstalks ^ an inch or
more long, flexuous ; sporangium oblong ; lid rostrate.

3. F. tamarindifolius, Bonn; monoicous; stems fascicu-
late; leaves short, distant, spreading, narrowly elliptic, sub-
falciform, apiculate, bordered, entire ; crisped or undulated
when dry ; fruit from the base of the barren shoots ; spo-
rangium ovate, curved, cernuous; lid conical, acuminate;
male flower at the base of the fertile stem. — Hook. ^ TVi/s.
t. liii.

158

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

On banks and in fallow ground, from Scotland to Sussex,
occasionally. Bearing fruit in spring.

The above character is copied almost verbally from the
^ Bryologia Britannica.^ Schimper considers the species to be
identical with F. incurvus ; but that, according to Wilson, is
smaller, has longer and narrower leaves, and of a less firm tex-
ture, as al,so it differs in the presence of barren fronds and in
the fasciculate habit, the fruit being sometimes axillary, some-
times radical.

2. Fruit terminal.

4. F. polyphyllus, Wils. ; stem much elongated, simple or
slightly branched ; branches arcuate ; leaves crowded, erecto-
patent, oblong, acute, serrated above; nerve reaching to the
apex; dorsal lamina not decurrent; male flowers numerous,
axillary. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. liii.

On moist shady rocks in mountainous districts. Ireland
and Wales. Fruit unknown.

Probably dioicous. Stems se^'Cral inches or even a foot
long, slightly branched ; leaves glossy, not crisped when dry,
entire below.

Schimper considers this distinct from F. asplenioides, and
the texture and size of the leaves seem to indicate a specific
distinction. Mr. Wilson, however, now believes that it is the
male plant of F. serrulatiis, Brid. (Ap. 7, 1863.)

5. F. osmundioides, Hedw. ; dioicous; densely tufted;
stem repeatedly dichotomous; leaves ligulate, not margined,
minutely toothed ; nerve not reaching to the apex ; sporangium
oval-oblong; lid rostrate; veil many-lobed. — Hook. ^ Wils.
t. xvi.; Eng. Bot. t. 1662.

On wet rocks and amongst peat in alpine or subalpine dis-
tricts. Bearing fruit in summer.

Densely tufted, dark-green. Stems 1-2 inches long, re-

DREPANOPHYLLEI.

159

peatedly forked, matted together with rootlets; lower leaves
distant, small, upper larger, crowded, oblong or scalpel-shaped,
obtuse, with a little point, firm, incurved when dry, finely
toothed ; dorsal wing not decurrent ; nerve strong, ceasing
below the apex ; fruitstalk terminal, rather short, reddish ;
lid rostrate ; veil split at the base into several lobes scarcely
cuculliform ; sporangium oval- oblong, erect or somewhat in-
clined.

6. P. bryoides, Hedw. ; monoicous ; stems short, subesespi-
tose; leaves widely lanceolate, apiculate, border cartilaginous;
nerve reaching to the tip and confluent with the border ; spo-
rangium erect, oval or oblong; lid acuminate; male flowers
axillary. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xvi. ; Hng. Bot. t. 625.

On shady banks. Common. Bearing fruit in winter.

Stems very short, forming little tufts or scattered ; leaves
rather distant, somewhat lingulate, apiculate with a distinct
border, crisp when dry ; dorsal lamina broad at the base ;
fruitstalk longer than the stem, red ; sporangium elliptic,
mostly erect ; lid acuminate ; veil cuculliform.

Differs from the following in the numerous axillary male
flowers and the narrow base of the dorsal lamina.

7. P. viridulns, Wahl. ; monoicous ; stem simple, assur-
gent; leaves lanceolate, bordered, apiculate; dorsal lamina
ending above the base ; sporangium erect, oval-oblong ; lid
acuminate ; male flower terminal. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. liii. ;
{Moug. ^ Nest. n. 216.)

On shady ground, especially where sandy, sandstone rock,
etc. Bearing fruit in autumn.

Gregarious, inclined or decumbent. Stems short; leaves
more or less erowded, lanceolate, strongly bordered, with the
dorsal wing attenuated below and ending above the base ; nerve
reaching to the apex; fruitstalk as long or longer than

160

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

the stem ; sporangium erect and symmetrical ; lid acumi-
nate.

A large variety occurs in sluices, and one not yet found in
this country, S. font anus (Moug. ^ Nest. n. 1116), is an inch
or an inch and a half long, and occurs on the walls of wells
or in the water itself.

8. F. incurvus, Schwcsg. ; monoicous ; stem slender, assur-
gent ; leaves spreading, bordered, elongated, apiculate ; nerve
subexcurrent ; sporangium oblong, curved, cernuous ; male
flowers sessile at the base of the stem. — Hook. ^ Wits. t. liii. ;
Eng. Bot. t. 1368, description only ; [Moug. ^Nest. n. 823.)

On banks and in pastures. Bearing fruit in spring.

This seems really to be a good species, differing in the posi-
tion of the male flowers, inclination of the sporangium, and
time of flowering.

9. P. exilis, Hedw. ; monoicous. Stems very short ; leaves
few, obliquely lanceolate, not bordered, minutely toothed ;
dorsal wing ceasing above the base ; sporangium erect, oblongo-
elliptic ; lid obliquely rostrate. — Hook. ^ Wits. t. liii. ; Eng,
Bot. t. 1368; Bond. Journ. of Bot. 1845, t. 9.

On shady banks in woods. England, Scotland, and Ireland.
Flowering in early spring.

Extremely small. Stems very short, nearly erect ; leaves from
four to six, lanceolate, acute or apiculate, finely toothed ; nerve
strong, ceasing near the apex or excurrent ; fruitstalks short,
terminal ; sporangium erect ; lid as long as the sporangium ;
male flower at the base of fertile stem. Easily distinguished
by the absence of the border to the leaves.

Order IX. MIELIGHOEEBIEI, Br. & Schimp.

Sporangium with or without an apophysis ; peristome simple
or double ; when simple, of sixteen narrow teeth united by a

SCHISTOSTEGEI.

161

basal membrane ; fruitstalk lateral (cladocarpous) ; vaginula
perfect,

33. MIELICHOFERIA, Nees ^ Hornsch,

Cladocarpous. Sporangium pyriform or clavate ; peristome
simple, of sixteen teeth, confluent at their dilated base, narrow
above, occasionally perforated below ; veil cuculliform.

1. M. nitida, Hornsch. ; leaves erecto-patent, larger and
more crowded above, ovato-lanceolate, serrated above ; sporan-
gium suberect, pyriform ; lid conical, very short. — Hook. ^
Wils. t. Ixi. j Hook. Muse. Eoo. t. 101.

On moist rocks. Found in a barren state only by Dr.
Greville, at the head of Glen Callater. Bearing fruit in August
and September.

The British specimens belong to the var. /3. gracilis^ which
has densely tufted stems, shorter and more crowded imbricated
leaves, and an erect sporangium.

Family II.— ACBOCABPI.

Fruit terminal.

Oedek X. SCHISTOSTEGEI, Br. & Schimp.

Sporangium subglobose ; peristome wanting ; veil hood-
shaped or mitriform ; spore-sac adnate with the walls of the
sporangium ; lid convex ; spores radiating ; leaves distichous,
free at the base or confluent ; leaf-cells large ; rhizoma peren-
nial.

34. SCHISTOSTEGA, Mohr.

Characters those of the Order.

I. S. osmundacea, Web. ^ Mohr. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. viii. ;
Eng. Bot. t. 2213. ; (Plate 14, fig. 4) ; Moug. ^ Nest. n. 1013.

M

162

HANDBOOK OB BRITISH MOSSES.

Moist banks and sandstone caves. In several parts of Eng-
land, but local. Abundant near Nottingham, on the Mansfield
road. Bearing fruit in spring.

Dioicous ; rhizoma creeping. Stem very short, nearly naked
below ; leaves distichous, vertical, elliptico-rhomboid ; cells
large ; fruitstalk terminal ; vaginula leafy below ; veil variable,
rather ragged at the base, brownish at the tip, fugacious ; lid
convex, not really splitting up except when compressed.

A most lovely little Moss, sometimes illuminating the caves
where it grows with a golden light, from the refraction of its
young succulent confervoid threads.

Order XI. SPLACHNEI, Br. & Schimp.

Sporangium straight, furnished at the base with an apophy-
sis often of greater diameter than itself ; spores mostly radia-
ting ; leaves diaphanous, large-celled. Mosses mostly spring-
ing fro^n decayed wood, vegetables, or dung.

35. CEDIPODIUM, Schwceg.

Sporangium subclavate, confluent with the apophysis and
fruitstalk ; peristome wanting ; spore-sac globular, contiguous
to the walls of the sporangium ; veil hood-shaped, fugacious ;
lid convex ; leaf- cells roundish.

I. CE. Griffithianum, Schwceg. — Hook. ^ Wits. t. vii. ; Eng.
Bo/, if. 1938.; (Plate 14,/. 5.)

In crevices of rocks on our higher mountains. Bearing
fruit in summer. Not known as a native of the Continent,
except in Norway.

Forming little pale tufts. Stem very short, except when
gemmiferous ; leaves obovate, waved, narrow at the base, with
branched rootlets springing from it behind ; nerve very strong,
ending abruptly about halfway up ; leaf-cells roundish, sub-
hexagonal, more elongated towards the base.

SPLACHNEI.

163

36. DISSODON, Grev. ^ Arn.

Sporangium with a long, solid, tapering apophysis ; colu-
mella retracted, mostly exserted when dry ; peristome of sixteen
short double-teeth, slightly incurved (not reflexed) when dry.
Terrestrial Mosses, with obtuse entire leaves.

1. D. Froelichianus, Grev. ^ Arn.; gregarious or tufted;
leaves ovato-oblong, sublingulate ; nerve reaching nearly to
the tip ; sporangium with the apophysis clavato-pyriform ;
lid conical ; teeth in pairs ; columella not exserted. — Hook. 8^
Wits. t. ix. ; Ting. Bot. t. 2507.

Said to have been found by Dickson in Aberdeenshire.
Bearing fruit in summer.

Synoicous or polygamous. Stems short ; leaves loosely im-
bricated, green, shining ; sporangium clavato-pyriform, neck
or apophysis confluent with it but shorter ; columella not ex-
serted when dry; teeth sixteen in eight pairs, each marked
with a medial line ; spores large, papillose, brownish.

Dickson^s plant was probably nothing more than a state of
the next.

2. D. splachnoides, Grev. ^ Arn. ; leaves erecto-patent.
Ungulate, obtuse ; nerve reaching nearly to the apex ; sporan-
gium obovate, tapering below ; peristome of sixteen equidis-
tant teeth ; columella exserted. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xiv. ; Eng.
Bot. t. 2095 ; Grev. Sc. Crypt. FI. t. 145. ; (Plate 14, flg. 6.)

In wet turfy bogs on high mountains in Scotland. Bear-
ing fruit in summer.

Forming dense, dark-green, tall, fastigiate tufts, blackish be-
low. Stems dichotomous, clothed with dark rootlets below ;
leaves obovato-oblong or lingulatc ; sporangium with the
swollen aphophysis oval, erect, or sometimes oblique ; lid co-
nical, remaining attached a long time to the exserted columella;

M

164

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

teeth sixteen^ marked with a medial line, equidistant ; spores
much smaller than in the last species, greenish, papillose.

37. TAYLORIA, Hook.

Sporangium with a narrow clavate or subpyriform apophy-
sis ; teeth sixteen or thirty-two, inserted below the orifice, re-
flexed when dry and sometimes curled ; spores small. Mosses
growing on decayed animal or vegetable substances.

1. Tayloria serrata, Br. ^ Schimp. ; leaves oblongo-obo-
vate, acuminate, serrated ; nerve reaching nearly to the tip ;
sporangium shorter than the oblong apophysis ; lid obtuse.

7. tenuis ; leaves broader, less acuminate ; apophysis more
slender ; columella more exserted. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. ix. ; Eng.
Bot. t. 1133. ; (Plate 14, fig. 7) ; Moug. ^ Nest. n. 1104.

On Scotch mountains, the variety 7 only. Bearing fruit in
summer.

Monoicous; forming irregular, bright-green tufts. Stem
radiculose ; innovations about an inch long, erect ; teeth
linear-lanceolate, when moist incurved, when dry reflexed, red
tinged with yellow.

38. TETRAPLODON, Br. ^ Schimp.

Sporangium subcylindrical with a clavate or oval apophysis ;
fruitstalk solid ; peristome single, of sixteen double teeth, at
first approximated in fours, and at length in pairs, reflexed
when dry; veil hood-shaped. Mosses growing on animal sub-
stances or the dung of carnivorous animals.

1. T. angustatus, Br. ^ Schimp.; stems slender, tufted,
subdivided ; leaves elongato-lanceolate, hair-pointed, serrated ;
nerve reaching to the tip ; apophysis obconical ; fruitstalk
short. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. ix. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1132.; (Plate 15,
fig. 1) ; Sommerf. n. 8.

SPLACHNEl.

165

On dung and other animal substances on high Scottish
mountains. Bearing fruit in summer.

Monoicous ; forming tufts varying much in depth. Leaves
slightly concave ; nerve strong, running into the h air- point ;
fruitstalk short, apophysis obconical, rather narrower than
the sporangium ; teeth reflected together in fours, reddish-
brown.

2. T. mnioides, Br. ^ Schimp. ; stems densely tufted ; leaves
very concave, oblongo-elliptic, extremely attenuated above,
nearly entire; nerve reaching to the tip; apophysis obovate,
slightly wider than the sporangium ; fruitstalk elongated ;
teeth in eight pairs. — Hook. 8f Wils. t. ix. ; Eng. Bot. t. 786,
1589, 2417.; (Plate 15, fig. 2) ; Sommerf. n. 9.

On dung or decayed animal substances on high mountains
in England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales. Bearing fruit in
May.

Monoicous. Tufts sometimes 3 inches long ; leaves more or
less erect, elliptic or obovate, elongated with an acuminate
hair-like point, very concave; sporangium oval; teeth yellow-
ish below, red above, collected in pairs.

39. SPLACHNUM, L.

Sporangium quite distinct from the large spongy apophysis,
which increases in size after the fruit is ripe ; veil minute, coni-
cal, entire or lacerated at the base ; peristome simple ; teeth
sixteen, disposed in pairs, reflexed when dry ; spores small.
Annual or perennial, loosely -tufted Mosses, growing on dung
of herbivorous animals.

1. S. sphsericum, Hedw.; dioicous ; leaves obovate from a
narrow base, acuminate, entire or slightly toothed; sporan-
gium broadly oval or subglobosc ; apophysis subglobosc, dark-
red ; lid mammillary ; teeth of peristome rather large. — Hook.

166

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

Wils. t, ix.; Eng. Bot. t. 785, 1590, 1921.; (Plate 15, fig.
3) ; Moug. ^ Nest. n. 1 103.

On dung in alpine bogs. Bearing fruit in early summer.

Forming loose tufts. Stems mostly short ; lower leaves small,
upper spreading, narrow at the base, obovate, acuminate, entire
or strongly toothed ; nerve reaching nearly to the tip ; fruit-
stalk extremely variable in length, even in the same plant;
sporangium elliptic or subglobose ; apophysis globose or ovate ;
teeth yellowish, at length separate.

2. S. ampullaceum, L. ; leaves lanceolate, upper obovate
or oblongo-lanceolate, acuminate, toothed ; nerve reaching
nearly to the tip ; sporangium oblong ; apophysis large, pit-
cher-shaped ; lid conical. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. ix. ; Eng. Bot. t.
144, 1116. ; (Plate 15, fig. 4) ; Moug. ^ Nest. n. 15.

In turbaries, on dung of herbivorous animals, on the plains
or in subalpine districts. Bearing fruit in early summer.

Monoicous or dioicous ; forming pale-green loosely or some-
times densely tufted patches, which in drying emit an odour like
tanned leather. Stem varying in length, annual or biennial,
often matted together by brown rootlets ; sporangium ovato-
cylindrical, yellowish with a large soft pear-shaped flesh-
coloured apophysis, which at length assumes a purple tint,
gradually attenuated below and confluent with the long stem,
the central substance connected with the outer by threads
which traverse a considerable cavity.

S. Turnerianmn, Eng. Bot., is a variety with very short
stems, darker leaves, and much narrower apophysis, more
nearly resembling S. sphcericum. I have received it from De-
vonshire.

3. S. vasculosum, L. ; dioicous ; stems elongated ; leaves
large, lower suborbicular, upper obovate, somewhat acumi-
.nate, nearly entire ; nerve reaching nearly to the tip ; sporan-

DISCELIEI.

167

gium cylindrical ; apophysis large^ globose, tuberculated,
purple. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxxi. ; Grev. Sc. Crypt. FI. t. 179,
311 ; Eng. Bot. t. 2094. ; (Plate 15, fig. 5.)

On the Scottish mountains, in wet places near springs.
Bearing fruit in summer.

Annual biennial or perennial, forming soft deep-green tufts ;
sometimes dingy-green and less tufted. Stem elongated, clothed
with purple rootlets below ; leaves pointed, acute or obtuse ;
fruitstalk reddish ; sporangium cylindrical, rufous, with a large
globose dark-purple apophysis, which is minutely tuberculated
when fresh, rugose when dry.

One of our finest and most interesting Mosses.

OiiDER XII. DISCELIEI, Br. & Schimp.

Sporangium subglobose, cernuous ; ring large ; teeth six-
teen, cloven at the base ; veil twisted. Annual, nearly stem-
less Mosses, with confervoid rootlets.

40. DISCELIUM, Brid.

Characters those of the Order.

1. D. nudum, Brid. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xiv. ; Eng. Bot. t.
1421.; (Plate 15, fig. 6.)

On clay banks. Scotland and north of England, especially
about Manchester. Bearing fruit in early spring.

Dioicous ; plants scattered on a confervoid stratum. Leaves
few, imbricated, ovato-lanceolate, entire, large-celled, reddish ;
fruitstalk twisted when dry, about an inch long ; sporangium
globose, rather cernuous ; lid conical, more or less acute ; veil
split on one side, twisted, often entire at the base and adhering
to the fruitstalk.

This Moss combines the habit of Phascum with the spo-
rangium of Catoscopium and the teeth of Trenuitodo)i.

168

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

Order XIII. OBEADEI^ Br. & Schimp.

Sporangium small, subglobose, cernuous ; peristome single
or with traces of an inner peristome ; veil hood- shaped.

41. CATOSCOPIUM, Brid,

Sporangium shining, even, subcorneous, cernuous; ring
none ; peristome of sixteen short, lanceolate or truncate teeth,
with occasional traces of an inner membrane. Perennial
marsh Mosses.

1. C. nigritum, Brid. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xiv. ; Eng. Bot. t.
1825. ; (Plate 15, fig. 7) ; Moug. ^ Nest. n. 1106.

Moist rocks and marshes in alpine and subalpine districts.
Scotland and north of England. Bearing fruit in summer.

Dioicous; forming soft dense, green, tufts. Stems slender,
matted together below with rootlets, slightly divided ; leaves
erecto-patent, lanceolate, acuminate ; nerve reaching to the
tip, often reddish ; margin reflected ; leaf-cells elongated, not
angular; fruitstalk shining-red, J-1 inch long; sporangium
elongated, rectangular, subglobose, suddenly bent at the base,
shining, even, chestnut-brown, then black ; lid shortly conical ;
teeth short, irregular, with traces of an inner membrane ; spores
large, even.

Allied to Meesia.

Order XIY. BABTBAMIEI, Br. & Schimp.

Sporangium spherical, mostly striated ; peristome variable ;
leaves rigid, lanceolate, keeled, denticulate. Perennial.

42. CONOSTOMUM, Swartz.

Sporangium subglobose, cernuous ; ring none ; veil hood-
shaped, rather large ; peristome of sixteen equidistant linear-
lanceolate teeth united at their apices and forming a cone ;
spores large.

BARTRAMIEI.

169

1 . C. boreale, Sw. ; densely tufted ; leaves lanceolate,
strongly acuminate, serrated ; nerve excurrent ; lid about half
as long as the sporangium. — Hook, ^ Wils. t, x. ; Eng. Bot. t,
1135.; (Plate 15, fig. 8) ; Sommerf. n. 108.

On the ground, at the tops of the Scottish alps. Bearing
fruit in early autumn.

Dioicous; forming dense, fastigiate, rather glaucous tufts.
Stems matted together by brown rootlets, more or less branched;
leaves crowded in five rows so as to make the branches penta-
gonal, lanceolate, strongly acuminate; cells quadrate or rect-
angular ; veil attached for a long time, hood-shaped ; fruitstalk
J-l inch long ; sporangium obovate, striate ; spores large,
brown, slightly granulated.

The peristome is a beautiful object under the microscope.
The male flowers are subdiscoid.

43. BARTRAMIA, Hedw.

Sporangium subglobose, sulcate when dry, erect cernuous
or pendulous, inserted somewhat obliquely ; veil small, hood-
shaped, fugacious ; peristome double, single, or wholly absent.
Perennial tufted Mosses^ mostly with papillose leaves.

1 . B. ithyphylla, Brid. ; synoicous ; leaves erecto-patent
from a sheathing base, lanceolato-subulate, rigid, toothed,
straight when dry ; nerve very strong and broad ; sporangium
oblique ; inner peristome with imperfect processes. — Hook. ^
Wils. t. xxiii. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1710.; (Plate 16, fig. 1); Moug,
^ Nest. n. 622.

On alpine and subalpine rocks. Bearing fruit in June.

Forming bright-green tufts. Stems dichotomous, fastigiate ;
leaves lanceolato-subulate above, spreading from a broad white
or pale erect sheathing base; nerve very strong, occupying
the greater part of the leaf; fruitstalk 1 inch long; sporaii-

170

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

gium spherical^ oblong and incurved when dry^ deeply sulcate
lid conical; blunt ; teeth of outer peristome red; joined at the
base by a pale membrane; horizontal when wet; and closing
the orifice of the sporangium; sometimes perforated or split;
inner teeth pink; about half as long as the outer; slender.

2. B. pomiformis, Hedw. ; monoicous ; stems dichotomous ;
branches fastigiate ; leaves spreading; crisped when dry; linear-
lanceolatC; toothed ; sporangium subglobosO; cernuous. — Hook.
^ Wils. t. xxiii. ; Eng. Bot. t. 998. ; (Plate 16; fig. 2) ; Moug.
^ Nest. n. 137.

yS. crispa ; leaves less crowded ; branches often longer than
the fruitstalks. — Eng. Bot. t. 1526.; {Moug. ^ Nes". n. 1026.)

On dry shady bankS; and in fissures of rocks in a sandy or
granitic soil. Bearing fruit in early summer.

Forming soft; glaucous or yellowish -green cushions. Stems
matted below with rusty down ; leaves erecto-patent; keeled;
elongato-lanceolatC; with a double row of serratures; not
sheathing as in the last; scabrous ; sporangium spherical; sul-
cate when dry; outer teeth longer than in the last; more re-
gular; attenuated above and joined into a cone when moist
as in Conostomum; inner peristome yellowish; shorter than
the outer; spores strongly granulated.

3. B. Halleriana, Hedw. ; monoicous ; stems elongated ;
branches subfastigiate ; leaves spreading, bristle-shaped, from
a sheathing base, sharply toothed, somewhat crisped when dry ;
fruitstalk shorter than the leaves, slightly curved. — Hook. Sf
Wils. t. xxiii. ; Eng. Bot. t. 997. ; [Moug. ^ Nest. n. 35.)

On alpine or subalpine rocks. Bearing fruit in summer.

Forming soft loose, bright-green tufts. Stems matted below
with rusty rootlets ; leaves spreading or subsecund ; sheath
whitish ; fruitstalks very short, curved, single or gregarious,
•appearing lateral from the growth of innovations from the tip

BARTRAMIEI.

171

of the branches ; sporangium spherical ; lid minute_, convex ;
teeth of outer peristome dark-red.

4. B. CEderi, Swartz ; synoicous ; stems tall_, more or less
crowded ; leaves spreading or recurved^ lanceolate^ keeled and
toothed at the apex, even on either side, twisted when dry ;
sporangium small, oblique, globose. — Hook. ^ Wils. xxiii. ;
Eng. Bot. 1826.; (Plate 16, fig. 3) ; Moug. ^ Nest. n. 326.

On moist shady rocks in alpine or subalpine districts, espe-
cially when calcareous. Bearing fruit in summer.

Porming soft, dark-green patches, tinged with brown. Stems
elongated, matted together with rusty rootlets ; leaves narrow,
lanceolate, spreading and recurved, not suddenly dilated at
the base, even on either side, serrated, crisped when dry ;
margin recurved; nerve scarcely reaching beyond the tip;
fruitstalk about \ an inch long; sporangium small, globose,
ovato-oblong and sulcate when dry ; peristome like that of B,
pomiformis.

In consequence of the absence of papillae, the leaves are
more transparent than in other species. The cells, too, are
more regularly rectangular.

5. B. rigida. Bats. De Not. ; monoicous ; stem very short ;
leaves crowded, erecto-patent, lanceolate, sharply toothed ;
nerve excurrent; sporangium obliquely cernuous; fruitstalk
erect ; lid conical. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. lii.

On mountainous shady banks. Ireland. Bearing fruit in
summer.

Monoicous; forming little compact yellow-green tufts.
Branches fasciculate; leaves rigid, shining; margin reflected,
sharply toothed ; fruitstalk elongated ; teeth of peristome
short, incurved when dry ; inner peristome sometimes 'wanting
or rudimentary; male fruit gemmiform.

This and the two following belong to Bridcl’s genus Philo-

172

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

notiSy distinguished principally by the distinct cilia of the inner
peristome, and in the dioicous species, by the male flowers
being disciform, not gemmiform.

6. B. fontana, Brid. ; stems elongated, simple or dicho-
tomous ; leaves dimorphous, the smaller ovate, acuminate,
pressed to the stem, the larger erecto-patent or secund, ovato-
lanceolate ; male inflorescence discoid ; sporangium cernuous,
ovato-globose, thick; lid convex, conical. — Hook. Wils. t.
xxiii. ; Eng. Bot. t. 390.; [Moug. ^ Nest. n. 36.)

In wet spots about springs, especially in alpine or subalpine
districts. Bearing fruit in summer.

Dioicous ; forming yellow-green or glaucous tufts of greater
or less density. Stems simple or dichotomous, matted toge-
ther with chestnut rootlets ; branches often whorled ; leaves
variable in direction, obscurely plicate below, toothed ; margin
reflected; perigonial leaves obtuse, nerveless ; fruitstalk an inch
or more long, nearly straight, tough ; sporangium curved and
silicate when dry ; teeth of outer peristome closely barred ; cilia
of inner peristorrie (Plate 16, fig. 4 d) nearly as long as its teeth.

A very variable species, of which several distinct varieties
are recorded, differing in the length of the stem, direction of
branches, form and direction of leaves, size of sporangium,
etc.

7. B. calcarea, Br. ^ Schimp. ; dioicous ; stems stout,
elongated; leaves crowded, secund or falcato-secund, ovato-
lanceolate ; margin plane ; teeth of outer peristome remotely
barred. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. lii. ; (Plate 16, fig. 4) ; Moug. ^
Nest. n. 1118.

In calcareous springs. Scotland and north of England.
Bearing fruit in July.

O 4/

Forming large, dense, green, not yellowish tufts. Leaf-cells
large, elongated, subhexagonal, especially near the excurrent

BARTRAMIEI.

173

nerve and towards the base^ slightly papillose ; margin re-
flected at the base only; perigonial leaves large, spreading,
widely nerved to the apex, acuminate ; sporangia large, ovato-
globose or spherical; teeth of peristome rather short, with
distant articulations.

8. B. arcuata, Brid. ; dioicous ; stem elongated ; branches
fasciculate or whorled ; leaves squarrose, from a broad erect
sheathing base, sharply toothed, sulcate, scabrous ; fruitstalk
arcuate ; sporangium subpendulous. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxiii. ;
Eng. Bot. t. 1237.

On wet rocks. Scotland to Devonshire. Bearing fruit, but
rarely, in autumn.

Forming large yellow-green patches. Stems densely clothed
with rusty rootlets ; leaves squarrose, lanceolate, from an ovate
sheathing base ; fruitstalk about J an inch long ; sporangium
subglobose, not so strongly sulcate when dry as in other
species.

This species belongs to BrideFs genus Breutelia, character-
ized principally by its subpendulous sporangium.

44. BARTBAMIDULA, Br. ^ Schimp.

Sporangium pendulous on a curved fruitstalk, globose, thin,
soft, not striated ; mouth small ; peristome none ; spore-sac
united above with the columella. Perennial.

1. B. Wilsoni, Br. ^ Schimp. — Eng. Bot. t. 2919.

On loose, black, turfy soil. Ireland and Wales. Bearing
fruit in October.

Synoicous; forming loose low patches. Stems slightly de-
cumbent below, branched ; leaves ovate, acuminate, minutely
toothed above ; nerve reaching to the tip or cxcurrcnt ; leaf-
cells rather lax, oblong, sliglitly papillose ; fruitstalk 3 or 4
lines high, arched above; sporangium subglobose or pear-

174

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

shaped^ pendulous, reddish; spore-sac attached to the walls
by threads; lid convex, obtuse; spores rough; veil hood-
shaped, fugacious.

Not found at present on the Continent.

Order XY. FJJJSFARIEI, Br. & Sch. {^Physcomitriei, Schimp.)

Sporangium pyriform, straight or oblique, even or striate ;
peristome variable, sometimes wanting; veil inflated below,
subulate above, vesicular, split at the base ; leaf-cells large.
Annual or subhiennial Mosses,

45. PHYSCOMITRIUM, Brid,

Veil not reaching beyond the middle of the sporangium,
5-6-lobed, furnished above with a long straight beak ; peri-
stome none.

1. P. sphserieum, Br. ^ Schimp.; monoicous ; leaves spread-
ing, ovate and spathulate, subacute, obscurely toothed ; nerve
vanishing below the tip ; fruitstalk short ; sporangium subglo-
bose, wide-mouthed ; lid large, conical. — Hook. Wils. t. lii. ;
Eng. Bot. t. 2830. ; [Moug. ^ Nest. n. 708.)

On dried mud of pools. Mere, Cheshire. Bearing fruit
September, 1854. Not found elsewhere in Great Britain.

Forming more or less dense pale-green patches. Stems
1-3 lines high; leaves decurrent at the base, concave, some-
what rosulate above; leaf-cells large, equally or unequally
hexagonal ; fruitstalk about 2 lines high ; lid mammillary ; ring,
according to Schimper, very narrow and breaking up, con-
sisting of a single row of cells.

2. P. pyriforme, Br. ^ Schimp. ; monoicous ; stem slightly
divided ; lower leaves distant, ovato-lanceolate, upper spathulate
erecto-patent, sharply toothed; nerve ceasing below the tip;

FUNARTEI.

175

sporangium subpyriforra ; lid conical. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. vii. ;
Eng. Bot. t. 413. ; (Moug. ^ Nest. n. 13.)

On moist banks, etc. Common. Bearing fruit in spring.

Forming large patches or tufts. Stems inch high ;
leaves acuminate, rather thin and flaccid ; leaf-cells large ;
fruitstalk about \ an inch high ; sporangium erect, subglobose,
somewhat contracted towards the base ; mouth of sporangium
narrower than in the last ; spores granulated ; ring, according
to Schimper, rather wide, composed of two rows of cells.

The leaf-cells resemble those of Bplachnum.

46. ENTOSTHODON, Schwceg.

Sporangium symmetrical, erect or subcernuous, more or
less pyriform, mostly solid ; peristome rudimentary or single,
of sixteen remotely articulated narrow teeth, confluent at the
base ; veil swollen below, hood-shaped. Terrestrial suhhiennial
Mosses.

1. E. ericetorum, B chimp. ; stem short; lower leaves re-
mote, lanceolate; upper subrosulate, obovato- or spathulato-
lanceolate, margined, toothed above, or nearly entire; spo-
rangium erect, small, pyriform ; lid convex. — Hook. ^ Wits,
t. vii.; Eng. Bot. t. 1245.; [Moug. ^ Nest. n. 1004.)

On moist shady banks, heaths, etc., especially in moun-
tainous districts. Bearing fruit in spring.

Monoicous, gregarious; leaves with a thickened toothed
margin ; leaf-cells rather large ; nerve reaching nearly to the
tip ; sporangium smaller than in the next, pyriform, constricted
below the mouth when dry ; veil cloven on one side only.

2. E. fasciculare, MlilL ; leaves rosulatc above, ovato- ob-
long, acuminate, sharply toothed ; nerve eeasing below the tip ;
sporangium pyriform; lid convex.- --//(yo/c. ^ Tills, t. lii.;
[Moug. ^ Nest. n. 607.)

176

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

In fields, gardens, on molehills, etc., especially where the
soil is clayey. Bearing fruit in April.

Monoicous ; densely gregarious or somewhat tufted ; leaves
not margined; leaf-cells large; veil inflated below, split on
one side only; lid plano-convex.

There are occasionally rudiments of a peristome.

3. E. Templetoni, Schwceg. ; upper leaves rosulate or
loosely imbricated, obovato-oblong, acuminate ; margin slightly
thickened, scarcely toothed ; sporangium pyriform ; sulcate
when dry ; teeth of peristome simple. — Hook. ^ Wils. t, xiv. ;
Eng. Bot. t. 2433, 2524.; (Plate 16, fig. 5.)

On dry ditch-banks, and in crevices of rocks. Ireland,
Scotland, Wales, and north of England. Bearing fruit in
spring.

Monoicous ; more or less gregarious. Stem short ; lower
leaves distant, upper crowded ; leaves decurrent ; nerve reach-
ing nearly to the tip ; cells of disk large, subhexagonal or ob-
long ; those of the margin much elongated and narrow ; edge
unequal above, but scarcely toothed; fruitstalk short, about
I an inch long; sporangium subclavate or pyriform, with a
long tapering neck ; lid mammillary ; teeth reddish, fugacious,
nearly horizontal when dry, simple, without any medial line.

47. FUNARIA, Schreb.

Sporangium obliquely pyriform, thick, subventricose ; apo-
physis tapering into the fruitstalk, even, or furrowed when
dry; ring, when present, large; peristome double, outer of
sixteen oblique teeth, connected at their tips by a small reti-
culated circular disk; inner a membrane divided into sixteen
lanceolate processes, opposite to the outer teeth, and sub-
adherent at the base ; veil swollen at the base, subulate above,
at length split on one side.

FUNARIEI.

177

1. P. calearea, Wahl.; stem short; upper leaves erecto-
patent^ obovato-oblong_, suddenly acuminate, bluntly toothed
or entire; sporangium short, pyriform; lid conico-convex ;
ring none ; fruitstalk short, twisted above to the right when
dry, — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xx. ; Eng, Boi. t. 1497.; {Moug. ^
Nest. n. 1019.)

On calcareous banks, walls, etc. Bearing fruit in spring.

Monoicous ; forming little loose tufts ; lower leaves distant,
upper leaves concave, broadly ovate or obovate, suddenly hair-
pointed, bluntly toothed or nearly entire ; nerve ceasing below
the tip ; leaf-cells large, as are also those of the nerve though
smaller ; fruitstalk J an inch long, twisted above to the right
and below to the left ; lid blunt.

Wahlenberg’s name is anterior to that of Schwsegrichen,
and is rightly restored by Schimper.

2. P. hibernica. Hook. ; stem slightly elongated ; leaves
spreading, ovato-lanceolate, gradually attenuated, sharply
toothed ; ring none ; sporangium short, pyriform ; fruitstalk
elongated, twisted throughout to the left. — Hook. ^ Wils. t.
XX. ; [Moug. ^ Nest. n. 726.)

On calcareous soil in Ireland, North Wales, and Derbyshire.
Bearing fruit in spring.

Closely allied to and resembling the last; leaves gradually
attenuated, with even, large cells, and decidedly serrate ; spo-
rangium less turgid, and the apophysis or neck longer, as well
as the fruitstalk, which is differently twisted.

3. P. hygrometrica, Hediv. ; upper leaves crowded, form-
ing a bud-like mass, ovato-obloiig, acuminate; perigonial
leaves toothed above ; nerve reaching to the apex ; sporangium
pyriform, incurved, deeply furrowed when dry ; ring broad, at
length revolute; fruitstalk fiexuous. — Hook. Wils. t. xx. ;
Eng. Bot. t. 342. ; (Plate 16, hg. 6) ; Moug. Nest. n. 132.

N

178

HANDBOOK OB BRITISH MOSSES.

On the naked soil, espeeially where burnt. Extremely
common, and found in most parts of the world. Bearing fruit
through the summer months till winter. ^ |

Monoicousj gregarious; forming wide patches. Lower leaves
distant, upper connivent, very concave, entire ; lid plano-con-
vex; the cells arranged spirally, the spiral lines meeting in
the centre like the lines in a rose-engined watch-case ; border
consisting of a single row of straight cells ; ring externally
yellow, internally red; teeth disposed spirally, red below,
nearly white at the tips, with transverse processes which,
together with the tips, unite to form a network; inner peri-
stome yellow, divided into sixteen teeth, opposite to those
of the outer peristome, between each pair of which there
is a little red, elongated, triangular spot ; spores small, nearly
even.

Male flower discoid. Paraphyses moniliform ; upper joints
swollen, with distinct grains of chlorophyll.

There is a variety with a slender branched stem, and spread-
ing terminal leaves, and another with a straighter fruitstalk.

Order XYI. MEESIJEI, Br. & Schimp.

Sporangium irregularly obovate or obconic, suberect, taper-
ing below into a very long fruitstalk, gibbous at the back ;
peristome double, not hygroscopic. Mosses inhabiting marshes,
with very long fruitstalks.

48. AMBLYODON, P. Beauv.

Sporangium clavate or subpyriform, incurved, suberect ;
mouth small and oblique; veil at first conico-mitriform, at
length split on one side; peristome double, outer of sixteen
short teeth, inner longer, deeply divided into sixteen keeled
teeth, without intermediate cilia.

MEESIEI.

179

1. A. dealbatus, P. Beauv. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxviii. ; Eng.
Bot. t. 1571.; (Plate 17^ fig. 7) ; Moug. ^ Nest. n. 1121.

In wet, mountainous spots. Scotland, Ireland, north of
England, and Suffolk. Bearing fruit in summer.

Monoicous or polygamous. Leaves pale-green or whitish,
ovato-lanceolate or subspathulate, entire or minutely toothed ;
leaf-cells large, oblong, subhexagonal, very transparent ; nerve
ceasing below the tip; fruitstalk 1^ inch long; outer teeth
chestnut, obtuse or acute ; inner pale.

Exactly connecting Funaria with Meesia.

49. MEESIA, Hedw.

Sporangium suberect, obovate or clavate, curved, gibbous
behind ; mouth small and oblique ; apophysis tapering into
the long fruitstalk ; veil at first conico-mitriform, inflexed at
the base, fugacious ; peristome double ; outer of sixteen short,
obtuse, scarcely hygrometric teeth, entire, or at length cloven,
more or less united to the inner, which consists of a mem-
brane divided into sixteen narrow-keeled processes.

1 . M. uliginosa, Hedw. ; monoicous and synoicous in the
same plant; leaves suberect, lanceolato-subulate, obtuse ; nerve
thick, reaching nearly to the tip; margin entire, recurved;
sporangium pyriform, incurved ; lid conical, obtuse. — Hook.
^ Wils. t. xxviii. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1517. ; (Plate 16, fig. 7) ; Moug.
^ Nest. n. 727.

In wet, mountainous spots. Scotland and north of England.
On sand-hills on the sea-shore, Lancashire. Bearing fruit in
summer.

Eorming dense, short, green tufts, yellowish when dry.
Stems ’ -3 inches high, clothed below Avith purple rootlets ;
lower leaves distant ; upper crowded, lanceolato-subulate, blunt
or more rarely subacute ; leaf-cells not very large, broadly

N

180

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

hexagonal or quadrate above, more oblong below ; nerve very
broad; fruitstalk inch or more long; teeth of outer peri-
stome short, blunt, bright-brown ; inner twice as long, torulose,
pale-yellow ; spores very large.

2. M. longiseta, Hedw.; monoicous; stem elongated, to-
mentose; leaves distant, spreading, lanceolate or subulato-
lanceolate, acute, crisped when dry ; margin even, entire ;
fruitstalk very long ; sporangium cernuous, pyriform, incurved ;
lid conical, obtuse. — Hedw. St. C7'ypt. vol. i. t. 21, 22. ; (Moiig.
^ Nest. n. 327.)

In peat-bogs. Bearing fruit in summer.

Said to have been found in Ireland by Dr. Scott, but his
specimens, with one exception, belong to Amblyodon dealhatus,
as reported by Mr. Wilson, and this individual may have been
of foreign extraction.

It is a tall Moss with extremely long fruitstalks.

50. PALITDELLA, Ehrh.

Sporangium cernuous or suberect, slightly curved, and
unsymmetrical ; ring large, unrolling spirally ; peristome
double ; outer of sixteen lanceolate teeth, marked with a me-
dial line ; inner a membrane divided halfway down into six-
teen keeled processes without intermediate cilia ; lid cloven on
one side ; leaf-cells toward the upper part of the leaf punctiform.

I. P. squarrosa, Brid. — Hook. ^ Wits. t. 1.; Eng. Bot. t.
2767.; [Moug. ^ Nest. n. 1119.)

In peat-bogs. North of England. Bearing fruit in summer
on the Continent, but at present not found in England with
fruit.

Dioicous ; forming bright-green or yellowish patches. Stems
densely clothed with purple rootlets; leaves bent back, from
an erect base ; nerve ceasing below the tip ; margin recurved

BRYEI.

181

below^ toothed above ; leaf-cells at the base^ and part of the
way up, oblong ; in the upper part of the leaf minute, subor-
bicular, and prominent.

Order XVII. BBYEI, Br. & Schimp.

Sporangium erect or cernuous, symmetrical, cylindrical,
pyriform or pitcher- shaped, even or ^Icate; peristome double ;
veil hood-shaped ; leaves, for the most part, marginate and
toothed, with large leaf- cells.

51. CINCLIDIUM, Swartz.

Sporangium pendulous, more or less pyriform ; ring small ;
veil small, fugacious ; peristome double ; outer of sixteen,
short, obtuse teeth, furnished with prominent membranous
plates on the inner side ; inner a dome-shaped membrane, ad-
herent below, with sixteen perforations opposite to the outer
teeth, and as many keeled, narrow processes alternating with
them ; spores large.

1. O. sty Swartz ; synoicous; stems densely tomen-
tose ; leaves large, ovate or ovato-oblong from a narrow base,
apiculate ; border opaque, cartilaginous ; nerve reaching to the
apex or beyond ; sporangium pendulous, subrotundo-pyriform
or oval ; lid convex, obtuse. — Hook. ^ Wits. t. lii. ; Eng. Bot. t.
2840.; (Plate 17, fig. 1.)

In spongy bogs. Yorkshire and Suffolk, in which latter
county it has been found by Mr. E. Skepper, who has kindly
sent me specimens. Bearing fruit in summer.

Forming large tufts. Stems long, matted together with
purple rootlets; leaves rosular at the apex, crisped wdien dry,
often coloured ; leaf-cells radiating from the nerve ; fruit-
stalks mostly solitary ; inner peristome deep sienna-brown,
the ribs red, and occasionally perforated, as is tlic membrane

182

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

near them ; both above and below there are imperfect cilia be-
tween the ribs.

52. MNIUM, Br, ^ Schimp.

Sporangia often aggregate^ pendulous, ovate or oblong,
but not pyriform, with scarcely any apophysis, the spore-sac
filling up the cavity at the base; ring compound, unrolling
spirally ; peristome double ; outer of sixteen, very hygroscopic
teeth ; inner a membrane, divided halfway into sixteen keeled
mostly perforated processes with intermediate cilia ; veil small,
hood-shaped ; spores small ; paraphyses of male flower cla-
vate. Mosses with large leaves, the leaf-cells mostly radiating
from the nerve, the innovations usually from the lower part of
the fertile stem.

Sect. I. Innovations stoloniform, subterraneous or creeping,
a. Leaves with the bordered margin simply toothed.

1. M. affine, Bland.; dioicous; fertile stems erect, simple;
stolons very long, arched ; upper leaves rosulate, obovato-ob-
long, apiculate; border narrow, sharply toothed; sporangia
ovato-oblong, mostly aggregate ; lid convex, apiculate. — Hook.
^ Wils. t. li. ; Eng. Bot. t. 2739. ; (Plate 17, fig. 2) ; Moug. ^
Nest. n. 930.

In woods and marshes. Scotland, north of England, and
Suffolk. Bearing fruit, but rarely, in spring.

Forming tall wide tufts. Leaves spreading, recurved when
dry, the reflected wings and margin crisped ; lower leaves dis-
tant, elliptico-lanceolate, upper elliptico-oblong ; fruitstalks
1-2 inches long, often two or more together. A larger plant
than M. cuspidatum.

It varies in the length of the stem and fruitstalk, in the
length and direction of the stolons, the length of the leaves.

BRYEl.

183

and the sharpness of the serratures. Sometimes in very alpine
situations the serratures disappear. Mnium insigne, Mitten^
is considered by Schimper as a long-leaved variety.

2. M. cuspidatum^ Ilediv. ; synoicous ; stem erect, sim-
ple ; lower leaves obovato-acuminate, upper leaves ovato-lan-
ceolate; sporangium subpendulous, ovate; lid convex, obtuse.
— Hook. Sf Wils. t. xxxi. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1474. ; (Plate 17, fig. 3) ;
Moug. Nest. n. 621.

On shady rocks and walls, especially in calcareous districts.
Bearing fruit in spring.

Stems simple, with creeping or suberect stolons, very tomen-
tose below. Lower leaves distant, broadly ovato-acuminate ;
upper more elongated, crisp when dry; margin cartilaginous,
toothed; nerve ceasing at or just below the tip; sporangium
solitary ; lid mostly obtuse.

The synoicous inflorescence is the most certain distinctive
mark, taken in conjunction with the size and broad solitar}^
sporangia and the blunt lid. The leaf-cells moreover are not
half the size, and very different.

3. M. undulatum, ; dioicous; stem dendroid, with

flagelliform arched branches and creeping stolons ; leaves more
or less ligulate, undulated, decurrent ; margin broad but thin,
simply toothed from the base ; sporangia aggregate, oval-ob-
long, pendulous ; lid convex, apiculate. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxx. ;
Eng. Bot. t. 1449; (Plate 17, fig. 4) ; Moug. Nest. n. 420.

Woods, shady banks, etc. Bruiting, but rarely, in spring.

Forming extensive green patches. Stolons ascending, pen-
dulous above; stems erect, simple, or branched above, and
dendroid with curved flagelliform branches; leaves spreading,
decurrent, variable in length, oval-oblong or strap-shaped, un-
dulated, obtuse, crisped when dry; margin narrow, toothed ;
nerve ceasing below the tip or subcxciirrcnt ; leaf-cells like

]84

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

those of M. cuspidatum ; fruitstalks long ; lid convex with a
small point.

One of our finest and most common Mosses.

4. M. rostratum, Schwaeg. ; synoicous ; stems short, sim-
ple, erect ; stolons elongated ; lower leaves ovate, upper oval-
oblong, obtuse, subapiculate ; margin cartilaginous, toothed
fruitstalks aggregate ; sporangia oval, subpendulous ; lid ros-
trate.— Hook. ^ Wils. t. XXX.; Eng. Bot. t. 1475. ; (Plate 17,
fig. 5) ; Moug. ^ Nest. n. 419.

In shady spots near springs, on moist rocks, etc. Bearing
fruit in spring.

Forming thin patches. Lower leaves of stem and branches
broadly obovate from a narrow base; upper rosulate leaves
more spathulate ; nerve running into the short apiculus; leaf-
cells rather small ; lid decidedly rostrate.

Sect. 11. Innovations resembling sfe7ns ; branches erect,
a. Leaves margined with two rows of teeth.

5. M. hornum, L. ; dioicous; stems and branehes erect;
leaves crowded, rigid, oblongo-lanceolate, erecto-patent, subde-
current, doubly serrated ; border cartilaginous ; sporangium
oblongo-ovate, subpendulous ; lid mammillary. — Hook. ^ Wils’
t. xxxi.; Eng. Bot. t. 2271.; {Moug. ^ Nest. n. 34.)

Woods, shady banks, etc. Extremely common. Bearing
fruit in spring.

Forming broad, dense green tufts. Stems matted together
with ferruginous rootlets ; leaves rigid, straight ; margin thick
with a double row of spinulose serratures ; nerve ceasing below
the tip, spinulose ; leaf-cells moderately large ; sporangium
varying in diameter ; lid convex with a small point.

6. M. serratum, Brid.; synoicous; stem and radica
branches erect ; leaves remote, soft, obovate, lanceolate, and

BIIYEI.

185

obovato-obloiig, acuminate, doubly serrated, bordered ; spo-
rangium ovate, subpendulous ; lid shortly beaked. — Hook. ^
Wils. t. xxxi. ; Eng, Bot. t. 1473. ; [Moug. ^ Nest. n. 1128.)

In crevices of rocks, amongst stones, etc., especially in a
calcareous soil. Bearing fruit in spriijg.

Forming loose bright tufts. -Stems purple, short, slender?
simple, clothed with rootlets at the base, but not matted toge-
ther ; the basal shoots erect ; leaves crisped when dry, often
much tinged with red; leaf-cells rather larger than in the last.

7. M. orthorrhynchum, Brid. ; dioicous ; densely csespitose ;
stem simple; leaves more or less ovato-lanceolate, acuminate,
decurrent ; border cartilaginous, doubly serrated ; sporangium
horizontal, oval ; lid conico-rostellate. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. li. ;

Moug. ^ Nest. n. 1129.)

Amongst stones in woods, etc. Bearing fruit in early spring.
Yorkshire and Sussex.

More robust than the last; the margin and spinulose nerve
strongly marked ; leaf-cells much smaller, by which latter
character, as well as the horizontal sporangium and dioicous
nflorescence, it differs from the last. The leaves vary much in
breadth, and are scarcely curled when dry.

h. Leaves not bordered.

8. M. stellare, Hedw. ; dioicous; stems and branches erect •
leaves erecto-patent, oblong, acuminate, not bordered, toothed
sporangium cernuous, ovate ; lid hemispherical, obtuse. — Hook.

Wils. t. li. ; [Moug. ^ Nest. n. 1131.)

Shady rocks and banks, especially in calcareous districts.
Yorkshire, Surrey. Bearing fruit in early summer.

Forming soft, deep-green patches. Leaves increasing in
size upwards, oblong or subspathulate, aenminate ; leaf-cells
moderately large ; nerve ceasing below the tip ; lid convex,
without any apiculus.

186

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

9. M. einclidioides^ Blytt.; dioicous; stems and radical
branches erect, elongated; leaves large, rounded, somewhat
ovate or oval-oblong, toothed or nearly entire ; sporangium
pendulous, oval; lid convex, apiculate. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. li.;
[Moug. ^ Nest. n. 931.)

In bogs, amongst the Scottish mountains. Bearing fruit
on the Continent in J une.

Forming dense yellowish patches. Stems much elongated,
lower leaves rounded, somewhat ovate or oblong ; upper
broadly Ungulate, often emarginate, with a short apiculus ;
leaf-cells rather large; marginal eells narrow, but not forming
a cartilaginous border, though they vary in different parts of
the same leaf.

A very fine species. Mougeot’s specimens are either mixed
with some other species, or the leaves have sometimes a thick
swollen border.

c. Leaves distinctly bordered, quite entire.

10. M. punctatum, Hedw.; dioicous; stem and radical
branches erect ; leaves spreading, roundish ; upper leaves sub-
obovate, entire, strongly bordered, with a minute apiculus;
sporangium subpendulous, oval; lid shortly beaked. — Hook.
^ Wils. t. XXX. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1183. ; (Plate 17, fig. 6) ; Moug.
^ Nest. n. 136.

On shady banks, near springs, etc., especially in sandy or
slaty districts. Bearing fruit in spring.

Forming wide patches of a deep-green above, and reddish
below. Leaves crisped when dry; leaf-cells large; nerve
reaching to the tip or ceasing a little below ; lid conical,
beaked, shorter than the sporangium.

A most beautiful Moss. In those parts of Wales where this
Moss abounds, and Khododendrons flourish, the seedlings take
root in the tufts better than in any other situation.

BIIYEI.

187

11. M. subglobosuni; Br. ^ Schimp.; synoicous; steins
slender^ erect^ as well as the radical shoots ; leaves spreading,
roundish, obovate, obtuse, entire ; border narrower ; sporan-
gium roundish, small ; lid shortly beaked. — Hook. ^ Wils. t,
li. ; Eng. Bot. t. 2907.

In bogs, north of England and Scotland. Bearing fruit in
early spring.

A more delicate plant than the last, with less crowded leaves,
a narroAver less cartilaginous border, and a shorter more glo-
bose sporangium. The inflorescence also is different, and the
spores larger.

This, and the preceding species, approach in the character of
their innovations to Bryum.

53. ZIERIA, Schimp.

Sporangium pyriform or sub pyriform, with a long neck,
gibbous at the back ; mouth oblique ; ring broad ; peristome
double ; outer of sixteen lanceolate teeth ; inner a plicate
membrane, divided into sixteen more or less oloven or perfo-
rated teeth, longer than the outer, with rudimentary interme-
diate processes ; leaf-cells large, hexagono-rhomboid.

1. Z. julacea, Schimp.; leaves ovate, acuminate, concave,
imbricated, entire; nerve ceasing below the tip; sporangium
more or less inclined, incurved ; neck longer than the spore-
sac. — Hook. Wils. t. xxix. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1021 ; (Plate 18,
fig. 1) ; Moug. ^ Nest. n. 1122.

In moist crevices of alpine rocks. England, Scotland, Ire-
land, and Wales. Bearing fruit late in autumn.

Dioicous ; forming soft patches, at first green, then silvery-
white or pirdiish. Stems short; leaves closely imbricated, very
concave, thin, membranous, almost colourless, except at the
base ; fruitstalk about ^ an inch long, arched above ; sporan-

188

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

gium at first confluent with the long tapering neck_, then more
swollen.

In outward aspect, apart from the sporangium, resembling
somewhat Bryum argenteum.

2. Z. demissa, Schimp, ; leaves ovate, cuspidato-acuminate ;
margin recurved ; nerve ceasing below the apex or excurrent ;
sporangium decidedly cernuous, incurved; neck scarcely so
long. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxxvi. ; Grev. Sc. Crypt. FI. t. 92.

Summits of Breadalbane mountains. Bearing fruit at the
end of summer.

Dioicous; forming reddish patches. Stem shorter than in
the last ; lower leaves ovato-acurainate, nerve generally ceas-
ing below the apex; upper hair-pointed with the nerve ex-
current, erecto-patent, entire; fruitstalk strongly arched, about
I an inch long ; sporangium clavate, with a shorter tapering
neck; inner peristome much longer than the outer teeth, the
divisions of the teeth variously united.

54. ANOMOBRYUM, Schimp.

Sporangium symmetrical ; peristome double, outer of six-
teen teeth, inner a plicate membrane split into sixteen more
or less cleft processes, with one or more intermediate cilia ;
leaf-cells hexagono-rhomboid and rectangular towards the
base, very narrow above, especially towards the margin, ver-
miform towards the nerve.

1. A. julaceum, Schimp. ; leaves densely imbricated every-
where, nearly equal, ovate, concave, blunt ; margin plane, en-
tire or minutely toothed above ; nerve ceasing below the apex
or slightly excurrent ; sporangium drooping, oblongo-obovate ;
lid mammillary. — Hook. Wils. t. xxviii. ; Eng. Bot. t. 2270.

On damp rocks in alpine or subalpine districts. England,
Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Bearing fruit in autumn.

BRYEI.

189

Dioicous ; forming bright green or yellowish irregular
patches. Stem 1-3 inches high ; fruitstalk 1 inch high_,
arched; lid convex_, with a small apiculus.

55. BRYUM, Bill.

Sporangium symmetrical, confluent with the narrow apo-
physis ; peristome double ; outer of sixteen lanceolate teeth,
inner a plicate membrane, divided halfway down into sixteen
keeled processes, alternating with the outer teeth and mostly
intermediate cilia, with prominent appendages at the inter-
nodes ; innovations from the floral apex ; paraphyses of male
flowers filiform.

Sect. I. Cilia and teeth of inner ^peristome adherent or free ; cilia
imperfect^ or if perfect without appendages.

1. B. uliginosum, Br. ^ Bchimp. ; monoicous; stem densely
radiculose, with a few short branches above; leaves erect
below, spreading above, ovali-lanceolate, with a narrow dark
border; margin reflected below, denticulate at apex; nerve
excurrent; sporangium long-necked, pendulous, elongato-py-
riform, slightly curved and irregular ; mouth small, oblique.
— Hook. Wils. t. xlviii.

In wet places near rills. Bearing fruit towards the end of
summer.

Forming green tufts. Nerve acquiring a red tint ; fruitstalk
long, arched above ; sporangium rather gibbous behind, not
contracted beneath the orifice when dry ; cilia wanting or ru-
dimentary ; lid minute.

This species approaches in some of its characters to Zieria,
but the reticulation of the leaves is very diflerent.

2. B. pendulum, Hornsch. ; synoicous, densely tufted, ra-
diculose; stem branched; leaves crowded, crecto-patent, ovate,
acuminate, concave; nerve cxcurrcnt ; margin reflected, more

190

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

or less toothed above ; sporangium ovate or ovato-globose ;
mouth and eonical apiculate lid small. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xlviii. ;
[Moug. ^ Nesi. n. 828.)

On walls and on the ground. Bearing fruit in the begin-
ning of summer.

Forming short green patches. Leaves scarcely crisped when
dry ; margin reflected for two-thirds of their length ; excur-
rent nerve and base reddish ; internal peristome adherent^ the
teeth and cilia partly free.

Distinguished from B. cdespiticium by its narrow mouth.

3. B. inclinatum, Br. ^ Schimp. ; synoicous ; csespitose ;
leaves spreading, ovato-lanceolate, acutely keeled above nerve
excurrent ; sporangium pendulous, more or less pyriform and
ventricose ; mouth small ; lid apiculate. — Hook. ^ Wils. t.
xlix. ; [Moug. ^ Nest. n. 829.)

On walls, banks, trunks of trees, etc. Bearing fruit in
early summer.

Forming green patches. Leaves narrower and longer ; mar-
gin reflected ; sporangium generally more slender ; inner peri-
stome free above ; processes perforated ; cilia rudimentary or
wanting.

This is distinguished from the foregoing species by the
longer more spreading leaves, longer sporangium, and nearly
free inner peristome.

4. B. Warneum, Bland; monoicous or synoicous; stem
branched, radiculose ; innovations short, often flagelliform ;
leaves ovate or oblongo-lanceolate ; margin recurved; nerve
continued to the serrulate apex ; sporangium pendulous, pear-
shaped, ventricose; lid small, convex, apiculate; processes of
inner peristome very narrow ; cilia rudimentary.— ^
Wils. t. xii.

Sides of rivers and ponds. Fife and Lancashire. Bearing
fruit at the end of summer.

BRYEI.

191

Forming irregular tufts. Membrane of inner peristome
adhering to outer teeth ; processes free ; cilia rudimentary ;
border of orifice glossy.

Closely allied to the next species.

5. B. laeustre, Bland; synoicous; stems shorty branched^
radiculose; lower leaves distant^ widely ovate^ acute^ upper
crowded, ovato- lanceolate, concave, entire; margin reflected;
nerve reaching almost to the apex or excurrent ; sporangium
soft, inclined, oblongo-pyriform ; lid small, apiculate; cilia
rudimentary. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xlviii.

Moist sandy places. Suffolk and Norfolk. Bearing fruit
in summer.

Forming loose irregular tufts. Stems very short ; leaves
very concave; leaf-cells large; sporangia inclined or pendu-
lous, variable in size in the same tuft as is the length of the
fruitstalk, rugulose when dry, not constricted below the mouth.

6. B. calophyllum. Brown ; monoicous ; stem slightly ra-
diculose; upper leaves erecto-patent, widely ovate, entire,
subacute with an obtuse apiculus ; sporangium elliptico- oblong,
pendulous; lid short, convex, more or less apiculate; inner
peristome free. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxxiii.

On the sandy shore at Southport, Lancashire. Bearing
fruit in September.

Gregarious; forming little green tufts. Stem short; leaf-
cells large ; teeth of outer peristome yellow-brown, inner peri-
stome free ; cilia rudimentary or solitary and appendiculate.

7. B. Marratii, Wils. ; monoicous ; stem slightly radicu-
lose ; leaves spreading, concave, elliptic, obtuse, entire ; fruit-
stalk long and slender; sporangium small, pendulous, subglo-
boso-turbinate ; lid conical, rostellatc ; inner peristome adhe-
rent.— Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxxii.

On the sandy shore at Southport with the last. Bearing
fruit in September.

192

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

Gregarious. Margin of leaves scarcely reflected ; mouth of
sporangium small ; teeth of outer peristome deep-red ; inner
peristome adherent ; cilia rudimentary.

Sect. 11. Inner peristome free ; processes long, perfect, with inter -

mediate cilia of the same length appendiculate at the articular

tions.

8. B. intermedium, Br. ^ S chimp. ; synoicous, broadly
csespitose ; stem radiculose, with short innovations ; leaves
loosely imbricated, ovato- or elongato-lanceolate ; nerve ex-
current ; sporangium elongated, with a long neck ; lid acute.
Hook. ^ Wils. t. xlix. ; [Moug. ^ Nest. n. 927.)

On walls, rocks, etc. Bearing fruit in summer and autumn.

Forming broad bright-green patches, matted together below
by copious rootlets. Leaves more or less spreading ; margin
strongly reflected; nerve reddish, especially below, running
out into a toothed hair-like point; sporangium cernuous,
rather thin, pendulous, sometimes slightly curved. Bipening
its fruit at intervals for several months in succession.

9. B. bimum, Schreb. ; synoicous ; ceespitose, simple or
branched, radiculose ; leaves spreading, ovato- or oblongo-
lanceolate, concave, keeled ; margin recurved, narrow-celled,
twisted when dry; sporangium pendulous, oblongo-pyriform,
contracted below the mouth when dry ; lid broadly mammil-
lary.— Hook. ^ Wils. t. xlix. ; Eng. Bot. 1. 1518 ; {Moug ^ Nest,
n. 1216).

In boggy places, on wet rocks and walls. Bearing fruit in
summer. North of England.

Forming green or olive shorter or taller patches, matted
together with purple rootlets.

Often confounded \y\i\iB .pseudotriquetrum, but distinguished
by the bisexual inflorescence, less crowded and less solid dis-
tinctly cuspidate leaves, the shorter sporangium, and wider
shorter lid.

BRYEI.

193

10. B. torquescens, Br. Sf Schimp. ; synoicous ; stem short,
radiculose, with short branches ; leaves ovato-lanceolate and
ovate, cuspidate, more or less spreading, twisted when dry,
entire ; margin reflexed ; nerve excurrent ; sporangium ob-
conical, large, subpendulous ; lid apiculate. — Hook. ^ Wils. t,
xlix. ; [Moug. ^ Nest. n. 1021.)

On walls and rocks. Sussex. Bearing fruit in summer.

Forming short wide-spreading tufts. Stem simple or di-
vided ; leaves entire ; nerve excurrent into a hair-like point ;
sporangium inclined or pendulous ; lid acutely apiculate.

11. B. pallescens, Bchleich. ; monoicous, pulvinate; stem
branched, radiculose ; leaves ovato- acuminate or oblongo-acu-
minate, entire ; margin reflexed ; nerve mostly excurrent ;
sporangium cernuous, clavato-pyriform ; lid conical, acuminate.
— Hook. ^ Wils. t. xlviii. ; [Moug. ^ Nest. n. 728.)

On rocks and walls in mountainous districts. Scotland,
Ireland, and north of England. Bearing fruit in summer.

Compactly tufted, green above, below brownish with rusty
rootlets. Lower leaves tinged with red, with a scarcely ex-
current nerve, entire or toothed at the apex ; sporangium con-
tracted below the mouth when dry.

In moist places 2 or 3 inches high, in dry situations about
as many lines.

12. B. erythrocarpum, Schweeg. ; dioicous ; stem short,
simple or branched ; leaves erecto-patent, ovato-lanceolate or
lanceolate, mostly toothed at the apex ; nerve excurrent ;
margin almost plane; sporangium inclined or pendulous, ob-
longo-pyriform or somewhat obconical ; lid convex, apiculate. —
Hook. ^ Wils. 1. 1.; Eng. Bot. 1. 1601 .; [Moug. ^ Nest. n. 1023.)

On heaths, walls, etc. Bearing fruit in summer.

Forming thin scattered patches. Leaves straight when dry ;
sporangium of a deep blood-rcd when ripe.

194

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

Mitten distinguishes a species from this, under the name of
B. rubens, with more elliptic leaves, a clavato-oblong sporan-
gium, and large short conical acute lid. He does not say
whether he has found it in England, but he suspects it may
be the same with B. radiculosum, Brid., whieh is Wilson^s
var. /5.

13. E. atro-purpureum, Web. 8f Mohr ; dioicous ; stem
radiculose; leaves lanceolate and ovato-acuminate, entire,
loosely imbricated above ; nerve slightly excurrent j margin
reflexed below; sporangium oval or oval-oblong, constricted
below the mouth. — Hook. Wils. 1. 1. ; [Moug. ^ Nest. n. 832.)

On walls, dry pastures, ete. Bearing fruit in early summer.

Differs from the last in the shorter thicker sporangia,
and the broader, shorter, subimbricated leaves. Sporangia
deep-red or purplish when ripe. The character, from the
degree of reflexion of the margin of the leaf, is, I fear, not
constant. As Bryum apiculatumj Wils., has not yet been found
in fruit, it is perhaps better to omit it.

14. B. alpinum, L. ; dioicous ; densely tufted. Stem simple,
radiculose at the very base ; leaves crowded, imbricated, erecto-
patent, straight, more or less lanceolate; nerve rigid, excur-
rent; sporangium pendulous, oblongo-pyriform, constricted
below the mouth when dry. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxviii. ; Eng.
Bot. t. 1623. ; {Moug. ^ Nest. n. 221.)

On moist mountain-rocks, and near the sea. Bearing fruit
in summer.

Forming dense purplish tufts. Leaves straight when dry ;
margin recurved ; nerve forming a short apiculus ; sporangium
red ; lid mammillary.

15. B. Muhlenbeckii, Br. ^ Schimp. ; dioicous ; csespitose.
Stem dichotomously branched, densely radiculose ; leaves
suberect, imbricated, ovate or oblong, elongated, gradually

BRYEI.

195

pointed^ bluntish ; margin revolute ; sporangium oblong, more
or less pendulous, not shining. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xlviii.

On moist mountainous rocks. Devonshire. Bearing fruit
in September.

Differs from B. aJpinum in its olive-green tint, broader
bluntish leaves, with larger leaf- cells, and its rusty or bay, not
purple sporangia.

I 16. B. csespitieium, L. ; dioicous ; stem branched and
li innovated, radiculose ; leaves erecto-patent, erect and straight
when dry, lanceolate or oblongo-lanceolate ; margin mostly
entire, reflexed, concave; nerve excurrent, forming a long
haii:-point ; sporangium oblong, obovate, pendulous, slightly
constricted below the mouth when dry ; lid large, mammillary.
— Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxix. ; Eng. Bof. t. 1904. ; {Moug. ^ Nest.
134, 929.)

On walls, rocks, the bare ground, etc. Bearing fruit in
early summer. Forming little dense tufts of a pale green.

A very common and variable plant as to the direction and
serrature of the leaves, shape of the sporangium, etc.

I' 17. B. argenteum, L. ; dioicous; silvery-white, tufted;
upper leaves closely imbricated, ovato-lanceolate, very concave,
entire, apiculate ; nerve not excurrent; leaf- cells large;
sporangium oval-oblong, pendulous; lid mammillary. — Hook. ^
Wils. t. xxix. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1602 ; {Moug. ^ Nest. 7i. 133.)

On the naked soil, walls, roofs, etc. Extremely common ;
cosmopolitan. Bearing fruit in winter and early spring.

Forming little patches, conspicuous for their silvery colour,
and the closely imbricated leaves with colourless tips. Spo-
rangium purplish or reddish, constricted below the mouth
when dry; lid convex, slightly pointed.

■ 18. B. capillare, Hedw. ; dioicous; leaves more or less

spreading, strongly twisted when dry ; upper leaves obovate

o 2

196

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

oblong, abruptly hair-pointed ; sporangium cernuous, oblongo-
pyriform, clavate or obovate; lid apiculate. — Hook. ^ Wils.
t. xxix. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1862 [in part), 2007, 2434.; {Moug. ^
Nest. n. 33.)

On walls, rocks, trees, etc. Very common. Bearing fruit
in spring. -

V*

A very variable species, distinguished from B. cmpiiicmm
by the form and character of the leaves. The lower leaves
are not so broad in the middle; margin reflexed, narrow-
ceiled, entire or slightly toothed ; nerve ceasing below the
apex or excurrent.

19. B. obconieum, Hornsch. ; dioicous; tufted, radiculose;
upper leaves crowded, erecto-patent, scarcely twisted when
dry, pointed ; nerve excurrent, forming a long hair-point ;
margin revolute, narrow- celled but not thickened ; sporan-
gium pendulous, clavate, long-necked; lid mammillary. —
Hook. ^ Wils. t. xlix.

On walls. Barnard Castle, Mr. Spruce. Bearing fruit in
summer.

Intermediate between B. cmpiticium and capillar e. It
difiers from the latter in the leaves not being narrow towards
the base, in their being scarcely twisted and somewhat imbri-
cated, in the longer neck of the sporangium, which is narrower
and pendulous, on a more arched fruitstalk; from the former,
in the narrowly obconical, symmetrical sporangium, which
has a polished cartilaginous border when dry.

20. B. Donianum, Grev. ; dioicous ; leaves spreading,
slightly crisped when dry, but not decidedly twisted ; ovato-
oblong, with a narrow thickened border, slightly serrated
above; nerve scarcely excurrent; sporangium conico- clavate,
subpendulous ; lid apiculate. — Hook. ^ Wils. /.xlix.; Grev.
in Linn. Tr. vol. 15, t. 3,/. 6.

BllYEI.

197

On rocks and sandy banks. Lancashire, Sussex, and
Wales. Bearing fruit in early summer.

The thickened border, consisting of two layers of cells, and
more solid leaves distinguish this from nearly allied species.
It has the habit of B. capillar e.

21. B. canariense, Brid.; dioicous; stem branched, with
short innovations ; upper leaves crowded into whorls, erecto-
patent, undulated when dry, ovato-oblong, concave, serrulate,
recurved below, toothed above ; nerve more or less excurrent ;
sporangium obconico-pyriform, pendulous; lid conico-apiculate.
— Hook. ^ Wils. t. 1.

On old ant-hills, Sussex, Mr. Mitten. Bearing fruit in
summer.

Distinguished, according to Schimper, from B. capillare
by the form of the leaves, the margin sharply toothed above,
revolute below, and narrowly bordered, their firmer consistence,
and brilliancy, their imbrication when dry, and their smaller
shorter sporangium.

22. B. pseudotriquetrum, Bchwceg. ; dioicous, csespitose ;
stem erect, slightly branched, radiculose ; leaves erecto-patent,
subdecurrent, ovato-lanceolate, concave, slightly bordered ;
margin recurved, entire or slightly toothed at the apex ;
nerve reaching to or slightly beyond the tip ; leaf-cells rather
narrow ; sporangium ovali-pyriform, oblong or subcylindrical,
pendulous ; lid mammillary. — Hook. Wils. t. xxx. ; Eng. Bot,
t. 2554. ; [Moug. ^ Nest. n. 223.)

On moist marshy ground, wet rocks, especially in mountain-
ous districts. Scotland and Wales. Bearing fruit in summer.

Forming large green tufts variegated with purple ; from
1 to 6 inches long ; leaves when dry rigid, slightly incurved
or crisped, by which it is distinguished from B. himum as also
by its generally longer sporangium.

198

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

23. B. pallens, Swartz ; dioicous, stem shorty soft^ red ;
branches elongated^ slender; leaves more or less spreading,
ovato-acuminate or ovali-lanceolate, mucronate; border slightly
thickened and recurved ; nerve slightly excurrent ; sporangium
subclavato-pyriform, incurved, cernuous, long-necked ; lid
small, convex, pointed. — Hook. ^ Wits. t. xxix. ; {Moug. ^
Nest. n. 729.)

Near springs. Bearing fruit in June.

Forming soft pale reddish patches. Stem 1-3 inches
long ; lower leaves distant, upper more crowded ; sporangium
contracted beneath the mouth when dry.

24. B. turbinatum, Schwceg. ; dioicous ; tufted, rather
rigid ; stem simple or branched ; leaves crowded, erecto-
patent, subdecurrent, ovato-lanceolate, obscurely toothed
above; nerve running out into a very short point; margin
retlexed towards the base; sporangium pendulous, broadly
pyriform, contracted below the mouth when dry; lid mam-
millary.— Hook. ^ Wits. t. xlviii. ; [Moug. ^ Nest. n. 222.)

In wet places. Lancashire and Norfolk.

Forming thick pale-green or reddish patches. Stem short
or elongated ; leaves concave, distant in the lower part of the
stem, crowded above.

In general, easily known from the last by the absence of any
decided green tint ; the leaves moreover are not so acuminate,
the margin quite even above, and the sporangium of a dif-
ferent shape and not long-necked.

25. B. roseum, Dill.; dioicous; stem decumbent at the
base ; upper leaves very large, spathulato- acuminate, serrated
above ; margin reflexed below ; nerve reaching almost to the
tip ; sporangia pendulous, oblong, slightly incurved, lid mam-
millary.— Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxix. ; Eng. Bot. t. 2395. ; (Plate 18,
fig. 2). Moug. Nest. n. 833.

BRYEI.

199

On shady banks^ especially in sandy districts. Bearing
fruit in winter.

Forming broad patches; innovations from the upper part
of the fruit-bearing stems and from creeping stolons ; upper
leaves rosulate ; lower leaves very small.

A splendid Moss^ with the appearance of Mnium, but the
characters of Bryum.^

* As the genus Bryitm is a very difficult one, on account of the really dis-
tinctive characters being often difficult of access, I subjoin Mr. Wilson’s ar-
rangement, so far as it relates to the species here included under the genus.

Sect. I. Nerve ceasing below the apex.

JBryum Marratii.

— calojpJiyllum.

Sect. II. Leaves mostly ovate, nerved to the apex.

a. Inflorescence synoicous.

— lacustre.

— Warneum.

h. Inflorescence dioicous.

— 'pseudotriquetrum.

— alpinu'm.

— MiihlenbecMi.

— turhinatum.

— pollens.

Sect. III. Leaves ovate, nerve excnrront.

a. Inflorescence monoicous.

— uliginosum.

— pallescens.

b. Inflorescence synoicous.

* Inner peristome imperfect.

— pendulum.

— inclinatum.

** Inner peristome perfect.

— intermedium.

— bimum.

— iorquescens.

c. Inflorescence dioicous.

— obconicum.

— capillare.

— Donianum.

200

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

56. WEBERA, Hedw.

Fruit as in Bryum. Innovations mostly from the base;
stem mostly slender; leaves narrow; leaf-eells hexagonal,
elongated.

The innovations are certainly not always from, the base, the
generic character therefore must rest more on habit and the
nature of the leaves than on anything very definite in point of
structure. The genus is retained here because the species it
contains form a natural group, and, with the exception of W,
Tozerij are associated in Wilson^s arrangement.

a. Leaves narrow.

* Sporangium loith a long nech.

1. W. acuminata, Schimp. ; upper leaves long, lanceolate,
sulcate, obscurely serrate at the tip ; margin recurved ; nerve
reaching to the tip ; sporangium slender, with a long tapering
neck, horizontal ; lid acutely conical. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xlvii.

On mountains. Scotland, Wales, and north of England.
Bearing fruit in autumn.

Forming short tufts. Leaves erect, straight, sometimes
secund ; lid sometimes rostellate ; inner peristome very deeply
divided ; processes mostly narrow and pierced ; cilia absent.

2. W. polymorpha, Schhnp. ; monoicous ; antheridia free,
axillary ; upper leaves crowded, oblongo-lanceolate, the nerve

Bri/um canariense.

— ccBspiticium.

— erythrocarpum.

— atropurpureum.

Sect. ly. Leaves very concave, closely imbricated j nerve mostly
ceasing below the apex.

— argenteum.

Sect. V. Leaves very large.

i'oseum.

BRYEI.

201

ceasing below the toothed apex; sporangium oblongo-pyri-
form ; neck shorter than the spore-sac ; lid mammillary. —
Hook. ^ Wils. t. xlvii. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1C03.

Scottish and Welsh mountains. Bearing fruit in summer.

Differing from the last in inflorescence, the shorter more
clearly serrated leaves, the longer nerve, and the shorter neck.
There are no eilia in the inner peristome.

3. W. elongata, Schwceg. ; monoicous ; upper leaves lineari-
lanceolate, erecto-patent, nearly straight, toothed at the apex ;
margin recurved below ; sporangium elongato-elliptic ; neck
longer than the spore-sac ; lid acute ; cilia none or imperfect.
— Hook. ^ Wils. t. XXX. ; [Moug. ^ Nest. n. 32.)

On rocks, banks, etc., especially in alpine or subalpine dis-
tricts. Bearing fruit in summer.

Gregarious or forming little tufts. Lower leaves scattered,
ovato-lanceolate, upper spreading or erect ; lid sometimes
almost rostrate.

** Neck of sporangium short, membrane of inner peristome

broader ; cilia perfect.

4. W. nutans, Hedw. ; monoicous ; upper leaves gradually
longer, lineari-lanceolate, toothed at the apex; sporangium
pendulous, ovali-pyriform ; lid mammillary. — Hook. ^ Wils.
t. xxix. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1240.; {Moug. ^ Nest. n. 220, 1123,
1124.)

On heaths, rocks, etc. Bearing fruit in spring.

Forming green tufts. Stem reddish ; antheridia generally
in the axils of the leaves, but occasionally mixed with the
archegonia ; ring large ; nerve of leaves ceasing at or below
the apex ; cilia decidedly appcndiculatc, though Schimper’s
generic character would indicate the contrary.

A most variable species.

202

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

5. W. Schhnp. ; synoicous or dioicous; stem simple ;

upper leaves crowded, lineari-lanceolate, toothed above, flexu-
ous ; nerve ceasing below the toothed apex ; sporangium ob-
long, frequently ventricose ; lid convex, apiculate. — Hook. ^
Wils. t. xxviii. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1604. ; {Moug. ^ Nest. n. 512.)

Hocks or banks, especially in alpine districts. Bearing fruit
in summer.

Forming glaucous patches. Stem reddish, simple or with
basal innovations ; lowest leaves broadly ovali-lanceolate, the
next ovato-lanceolate, the terminal ones only very narrow, not
twisted or crisped when dry, reddish at the base ; sporangium
often gibbous and irregular ; cilia appendiculate. The finest
species of the genus Weber a.

6. W. annotina, Schwceg. ; dioicous ; loosely tufted ; stem
erect ; branches elongated, straight, bulbiferous ; leaves, es-
pecially the upper, more or less lanceolate, toothed at the
apex j margin reflexed below ; sporangium subpendulous, ob-
longo-pyriform ; lid apiculate. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xlvii. ; Eng.
Bot. t. 2856. ; [Moug. ^ Nest. n. 928.)

In sandy ground. Bearing fruit in early summer.

Forming yellowish patches. Stem very short ; innovations
elongated and slender ; leaf-cells moderately large ; sporan-
gium pale-red when young, dark-red when old, constricted
when dry beneath the mouth.

The little bulbs are very characteristic.

7. W. carnea, Bchimp. ; dioicous ; lower leaves lanceolate
or ovato-lanceolate; upper lineari-lanceolate, toothed at the
apex; nerve vanishing below the toothed apex; leaf-cells
rather large ; fruitstalk thick and succulent, bent immediately
below the neck of the ovato- oblong subpendulous sporangium;
lid convex, apiculate ; peristome large ; ring none. — Hook. ^
Wils. t. xxix. ; Eng. Bot. t. 360.; {Moug. ^ Nest. n. 1021.)

BRYEI.

203

Moist clayey banks^ etc. Bearing fruit in spring.

Forming loose tufts or gregarious; often throwing out
shoots from the base. Leaf-eells large_, elongated; those at
the margin narrow; sporangium reddish. The large peri-
stome, wide leaf-cells, and peculiar fruitstalk, abundantly dis-
tinguish this from all the preceding species.

5. Lower leaves ovate ; upper only lanceolate.

8. W. Ludwigii, Schimp. ; dioicous, tufted ; stem decum-
bent ; lower leaves ovate, then ovato-lanceolate, obtuse, more
or less decurrent, finally lineari-lanceolate and toothed ; margin
slightly reflexed ; fruitstalk very slender, geniculate at the
base ; sporangium pyriform, slightly curved ; lid small, con-
vex, apiculate. — Hook. ^ Jfils. t. xlvii. ; Eng, Bot. t. 2855.;
{3Ioug. ^ Nest. n. 831.)

Tops of mountains of Scotland and Wales. Bearing fruit in
autumn.

Forming broad, bright-green patches, reddish below. Dis-
tinguished from TV. annotina by its broader leaves, differently-
shaped sporangium, and geniculate slender sporangium. The
stem is decumbent below the innovations, as in Bryum ; leaves
scarcely twisted when dry.

9. W. albicans, Schimp. ; dioicous, tufted ; stem erect or
decumbent at the base; lower leaves distant, ovate, acuminate;
upper lanceolate ; nerve ceasing below the toothed apex ; spo-
rangium shortly pyriform ; ring none ; lid small ; peristome
large. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xlvii.; Eng. Bot. t. 1527, 2272,
2836.; {Moug. ^ Nest. n. 1125.)

Wet banks, dripping rocks, etc. Bearing fruit late in the
spring.

Forming loose glaucous patches. Stems ^-1 inch long,
reddish ; male flowers subdiscoid. Sometimes confounded with
small specimens of Bartramia fontana.

204

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

Distinguished from W, carnea by its loose habit^ glaucous
colour^ and more ovate leaves.

10. W. Tozeri, ; dioicous ; stem short, gregarious ;

lower leaves somewhat obovate; upper obovate, apiculate,
more or less bordered ; leaf- cells large ; nerve reaching half-
way j sporangium subpendulous ; peristome rather small ; lid
conical. — Hook ^ Wils. t. L; Grev. Sc. Crypt. FI. t. 285.

On shady banks, etc., by the side of rivulets. South of
England and Ireland. Bearing fruit in spring.

Forming little reddish patches. Stems short, reddish, in-
novated above ; leaves with a coloured border ; leaf-cells
large ; male flowers gemmiform ; cilia sometimes wanting.

Allied to W. carnea, but difiering in the less crowded, red,
margined leaves, the still looser reticulation, the shorter nerve,
and smaller peristome.

57. LEPTOBRYUM, Schimp.

Peristome as in Bryum ; innovations from the base ; leaves
very narrow ; leaf-cells above hexagonal, elongated. Annual
Mosses, with slender stems, rooting only at the base.

1. L. pyriforme, Schimp. ; synoicous ; lower leaves lanceo-
late, entire, scattered, upper spreading, elongated, subsetace-
ous, slightly toothed ; nerve reaching to the tip ; sporangium
inclined or pendulous, pear-shaped ; lid convex, mammillary.
— Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxviii. ; Eng. Bot. t. 389. ; (Plate 18, fig. 3) ;
Moug. ^ Nest. n. 31^

On sandstone rocks, sandy or turfy ground, etc., occasion-
ally also in stoves. Bearing fruit in early summer.

Forming green, silky patches. Spore-sac small, attached
to the walls of the sporangium by threads ; lamina of the leaf
very small, almost the whole being taken up by the nerve, the
cells of which are very narrow.

BRYEI.

205

58. ORTHODONTIUM, Schwag.

Sporangium symmetrical j spore-sac small ; peristome
double j external of sixteen rather distant teeth, inner a mem-
brane divided almost to the base into sixteen processes, with-
out intermediate cilia. Delicate, yerennial, tufted Mosses, with
very narrow leaves.

1. O. gracile, Schwwg. ; monoicous ; leaves crowded, spread-
ing, linear, setaceous, very obscurely toothed above ; nerve
reaching almost to the apex; sporangium inclined, elongated,
clavate, with a long tapering apophysis; lid with a short beak.
— Hook. ^ Wils. t. xlvii. ; Eng. Bot. t. 2835. ; (Plate 18,
fig. 4.)

On sandstone rocks. Cheshire and Yorkshire.

Forming somewhat pulvinate, bright-green tufts. Leaves
more or less waved ; leaf-cells rather large ; antheridia in the
axils of the leaves ; spore-sac separated from the walls of the
sporangium ; ring obsolete ; peristome inserted deeply within
the mouth ; the outer teeth much more irregular than in
Bryum, and not seen at all when the sporangium is dry;
spores rather large, yellowish.

59. AULACOMNION, Schwceg.

Sporangium furrowed when dry; peristome almost as in
Bryum ; spores very small. Perennial Mosses^ growing in
marshes or dry ground, and hearing terminal globidar masses
of gems.

1. A. androgynum, ; dioicous; leaves lineari-lan-
ceolate, irregularly toothed at the apex ; leaf-cells papillose on
either surface; sporangium oblong, regular, slightly cernuous;
male flowers gemmiform. — Hook. JVils. t. xxviii. ; Eng. Bot.
t. 1238.; [Moug. ^ Nest. n. G20.)

206

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

On banks, trunks of trees, stones, etc. Bearing fruit, but
rarely, in early summer.

Forming dense, pulvinate, bright-green tufts, which in the
place of fruit frequently produce numerous cylindrical pedun-
cles, surmounted by radiating, broadly fusiform, apiculate,
3-4-septate gemmae ; upper leaves more elongated ; leaf-cells
rotundo-hexagonal, projecting on either side, the walls evidently
distinct from each other, and not confluent.

The gems were formerly taken for the male blossom, whence
the erroneous name androgynum.

2. A. palustre, Schwceg. ; dioicous ; stems radiculose, irre-
gularly dichotomous; leaves oblongo-lanceolate, erecto-patent,
waved, twisted when dry, papillose, toothed at the apex ;
margin reflexed ; sporangium oval, incurved. — Hook. ^ Wils.
t. xxviii. ; Eng, Bot. t, 391.; (Plate 18, fig. 5); Moug. ^
Nest. n. 135.

In boggy places, in meadows, on wood, etc. Bearing fruit
in early summer.

Forming deep yellowish-green tufts. Stems matted to-
gether with rootlets ; male flowers terminal, discoid. Globular
tufts of abortive leaves or gemmae borne on cylindrical stalks,
are occasionally produced, but not so frequently as in the last
species.

60. TIMMIA, Hedw.

Sporangium symmetrical ; peristome double ; outer of six-
teen lanceolate teeth ; inner a membrane divided halfway into
about sixty-four filiform cilia, at first united above. Perennial
Mosses j with the habit of Poly trichum.

1. T. austriaca, Hedw.; monoicous ; stem elongated;
leaves lineari-lanceolate, from a broad sheathing base ; margin
toothed ; sporangium ovali-pyriform, striate ; cilia even and
entire. — Hook. Wils. t. xxxvi.

POLYTRICHIET.

207

Banks of the Isla, Forfarshire, Mr. Drummond. Bearing
fruit on the Continent in summer.

Forming dense green tufts, 2 or 3 inches high, brown be-
low. Leaf-cells below, rectangular, short, oblong, arranged in
lines; above, shortly hexagonal.

The figure in the second edition of ‘ Muscologia Britannica,’
as in Grev. Sc. Crypt. FI. t. 326, seems to be taken from
T. megapolitana, which difTers in the cilia being appendiculate,
and in the leaves not so decidedly sheathing at the base.

Order XYIII. POLTTBIOHIUI, Brid. & Sch.

Sporangium often quadrangular, mostly closed by a flat
central tympanoid membrane, which either connects the teeth
or extends to the walls themselves; veil rough, with depen-
dent hairs, rarely naked; leaves mostly rigid.

61. POLYTHICHUM, Brid.

Dioicous. Sporangium angular, with a distinct apophysis ;
spore-sac undulated ; peristome of sixty-four or more rarely
of thirty- two short teeth, composed of several fibres, and united
at the base by a narrow membrane; top of the columella
forming a circular membrane uniting the teeth ; veil densely
clothed with silky hairs ; nerve of leaves covered with longi-
tudinal plaits.

1. Sporangium mostly 6-Q-angiilar ; agopliysis obscure.

1. P. sexangulare, Hoppe ; leaves rather short, spreading,

i

incurved, often secund, elongato-lanceolate, from a broad base;
margin thin, inflexed, mostly entire ; sporangium hexagono-
ovate, sometimes quadrate; fruitstalk thick; veil short; lid
rostrate. — Hook. Sj' Wils. t. x. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1906.

On the tops of high mountains. Scotland. Bearing fruit
in autumn.

208

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

Forming broad deep-green tufts. Stem 2-6 inches long;
leaves obtuse, slightly toothed at the apex ; veil clothed with
rather short hairs ; sporangium erect or cernuous, solid, gene-
rally 5-6-angled ; apophysis obscure ; teeth of peristome sixty-
four, short; membrane cribrose.

2. P, gracile, Menz. ; leaves elongated, lineari-lanceolate,
acute ; margin thin, indexed, sharply toothed ; base sheathing ;
sporangium erect, on a long fruitstalk, hexagono-ovate ; teeth
of peristome irregular, springing from a very narrow mem-
brane ; veil shorter than sporangium ; lid rostrate. — Hook, ^
Wils. t. xlvi. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1827. ; {Moug. Nest. n. 418.)

In turbaries. Common. Bearing fruit in summer.

Forming dense tufts. Stems matted together with ferrugi-
nous rootlets ; leaves shorter than in P. formosum, but with
more marked lamellae, larger leaf-cells, those at the base
narrow and elongated, those above subquadrate ; sporangium
not quite covered with the down of the veil, soft ; apophysis
obscure.

3. P. formosum, Hedw. ; stem elongated, simple ; leaves
spreading, lineari-lanceolate, from a pale sheathing base, acute,
sharply toothed, plane ; sporangium 4-6-angled, obscurely
apophysate; lid conico-rostrate ; veil large. — Hook. Wils.
t. xlvi.; Eng. Bot. i. 1198.; {Moug. ^ Nest. n. 416.)

In woods. Bearing fruit in summer.

Forming loose tufts, matted only at the base. Edge of
lamellae thickened ; membrane of teeth more elongated ; teeth
regular. The indistinct apophysis, the larger lid, and the ab-
sence of distinct perichaetial leaves, distinguish this from
P. commune.

2. sporangium guadr angular ; apophysis distinct.

4. P. piliferum, Schreb.; stem simple; leaves elongato-
lanceolate from a sheathing base, imbricated when dry,

POLYTRICHIEI.

209

suddenly larger towards the top of the stem, subrosulate, pili-
ferous ; margin reflexed, entire ; nerve without lamellae ; spo-
rangium ovate, quadrangular; apophysis distinct. — Hook. ^
Wils. t. X.; Eng. Bot. t. 1199. ; {Moug. ^ Nest. n. 128.)

On dry exposed heaths. Bearing fruit in early summer.

Forming loose tufts. Primary stem branched at the base
and densely clothed with rootlets ; leaves entire, except the
hair-point; peristome of sixty-four teeth, rather short, but
rising from a distinct membrane.

5. P. juniperinum, Hediv.; stem simple or branched ; leaves
spreading, somewhat recurved, linear-lanceolate from a sheath-
ing base ; nerve excurrent, muricate behind ; margin indexed,
entire ; sporangium acutely quadrangular ; lid rostellate. —
Eng. Bot. t. 1200.; (Plate 18, flg. 7); Moug. ^ Nest. n.
417 b.

On heaths. Bearing fruit in early summer.

Forming dense, glaucous patches. Stems 1-6 inches long.
Difiers from the last in the shorter points of the leaves, and
the shorter less distinct basal membrane of the teeth.

6. P. strictum, Menz. ; stem branched ; densely tomen-
tose; leaves erecto-patent, straight, imbricated when dry,
rather short; sporangium almost conical. — Hook. ^ Wils.
t. x. ; Eng. Bot. t. 2435.; [Moug. ^ Nest. n. 417 a.)

In turbaries. Bearing fruit in early summer.

Forming dense tufts. Stems clothed with white down,
varying much in length, sometimes a foot long.

7. P. commune, L. ; stem simple, elongated; leaves very
long, spreading, recurved, lineari-lanceolate, from a sheathing
submembranous pale shining base, toothed ; lamellee bifid ;
pcrichietial leaves membranous ; sporangium acutely quadrate ;
apophysis distinct; lid conico-rostellate. — Hook. Wils. t. x. ;
Eng. 7io/. /. 1 197. ; {Movg. 8)' Nest. n. 415.)

p

210

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

In moist woods and turbaries. Bearing fruit in early
summer.

Forming dense tufts_, varying from 2 inches to a foot or
more in length. Perichaetial leaves distinct; lamellae cover-
ing almost the whole disk of the leaves ; hairs of veil much
longer than the sporangium.

Used for making hassocks. A short variety grows in dry
spots.

62. POGONATITM, P. Beauv.

Dioicous. Sporangium oval or oblong, not angular; veil
densely hairy ; spore-sac in general attached to the walls of
the sporangium ; columella four-Avinged, or clothed with a
plicate sporangial membrane; teeth thirty-two, united above
to a tympanoid membrane ; leaves densely lamellate.

1 . P. nanum, Brid. ; stem very short ; leaves spreading,
lanceolate from a sheathing base, minutely toothed at the
apex ; sporangium ovato-globose, solid, constricted when dry
below the expanded mouth ; columella even. — Hook. ^ Wils.
t. xi. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1624, 1625. ; (Plate 19, fig. 1) ; Moug.
Nest. n. 130.

On heaths, sandy or loamy banks, etc. Bearing fruit in
winter or very early spring.

Forming loose patches. Stems simple, without innovations ;
leaves rather obtuse, olive, at length reddish, erect when dry ;
fruitstalk more or less flexuous ; lid broad, convex, with a short
beak ; columella without any waved covering ; sporangium
varying in outline; veil at first nearly white, at length tawny,
shorter than the sporangium ; teeth rather long.

2. P. aloides, Brid. ; stem short, at length innovated ;
leaves elongated, lanceolate from a sheathing base, toothed ;
sporangium soft, oblong ; columella winged ; lid conical acu-

POLYTlllCHIEI.

211

minate. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xi. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1605, 1649,
1939.; (Plate 19, fig. 2) ; Moug. ^ Nest. n. 129.

On heaths, moist banks, ete. Bearing fruit in winter.

Forming loose patches. Stems short, innovated at the
apex ; leaves spreading, erect when dry, toothed on the margin
and back ; teeth of peristome short.

Varying in the length of the stem and fruitstalk, but always
distinguished from the last by its columella. Eng. Bot. 1. 1939,
is a variety with stems 2 inches or more long.

3. P. urnigerum, Brid. ; stem branched ; leaves spreading,
imbricated when dry, linear-lanceolate from a sheathing base,
toothed; sporangium erect, subcylindrical ; lid convex, ros-
trate.— Hook. ^ Wils. t. xi. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1218.; {Moug. ^
Nest. n. 28.)

In mountainous woods, etc. Bearing fruit in winter and
early spring.

Forming loose glaucous patches. Stems more or less
branched, fastigiate ; margin of lamellae thickened. Mr.
Wilson lays much stress upon the granulated surface of the
sporangium, but I find the surface of P. aloides even more
granulated.

4. P. alpinum, Brid. ; caespitose ; leaves spreading, re-
curved, lineari-lanceolate from a sheathing base, concave,
sharply toothed, spinulose at the back ; sporangium more or
less inclined, swollen, ovate or oblong and curved, lid with a
long beak ; teeth short, irregular. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xi. ; Eng.
Bot. t. 1905.; (Moug. Nest. n. 219.)

Stony ground in mountainous districts. Bearing fruit in
summer.

Forming irregular tufts. Stems 2 or 3 inclics long, branched
above, mostly decumbent at the base; leaves elongated; hiinelhe
thickened, but not so abrui)tly ; leaf-eells elongated at the

212

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

base, minute ; sporangium more or less swollen, nearly
quadrate above, extremely variable. The sporangium is repre-
sented in Eng. Bot. as somewhat angular, with a distinct
apophysis.

63. OLIGOTRICHUM, DC.

Dioicous, Sporangium subcylindrical ; veil with a few
short erect hairs or papillse at the apex ; peristome single ;
teeth thirty-two, united at the base by a narrow membrane
and above by a tympanoid membrane produced from the top
of the columella which is clothed with the plicate sporangial
membrane ; leaves fleshy.

1. O. hercynieum, DC.; leaves spreading, incui’Ved, rigid,
lanceolate from a sheathing base; margin indexed, remotely
toothed ; nerve lamellate in front, sulcate and spiuulose behind ;
sporangium erect, oblong ; lid conical, acuminate. — Hook. ^
Wils. t. X.; Eng. Bot. t. 1219.; (Plate 19, fig. 3); Moug. ^
Nest. n. 725.

On the debris of granite, etc., in alpine districts. Scotland,
Wales and Lancashire. Bearing fruit in summer.

Stem scarcely an inch high ; leaves fleshy, the margin
indexed but not thickened ; nerve covered with undulated
plates ; veil sometimes quite naked.

64. ATRICHUM, P. Beauv.

Monoicous or dioicous. Sporangium subcylindrical; veil
hood-shaped, almost naked, spinulose at the tip oidy ; peri-
stome single, of thirty-two teeth united at the base by a narrow
membrane, and above by the tympanoid top of the columella;
spore-sac adnate with the walls of the sporangium ; leaves
membranous.

1 . A, undulatum, P. Beauv. ; monoicous ; stem simple or

POLYTRICHIEI.

213

dichotomous ; leaves ligulato-lanceolate ; margin undulated,
sharply toothed ; sporangium cylindrical, curved ; lid with
a long curved beak. — Hook. ^ Wils. i. x. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1220.;
(Plate 19, fig. 4) ; Moug. ^ Nest. n. 131.

In woods, on shady banks, etc. Common. Bearing fruit
in winter.

Forming broad patches; margin of leaves thickened, and
set with double teeth ; nerve with a few narrow plaits ; leaf-
cells oblong below, subrotund or subquadrate a’oove; spo-
rangia sometimes binate ; lid almost as long as the sporangium.
Resembling in habit Mniurn undulatum.

2. A. angustatum, Br. ^ Schimp. ; dioicous ; stem shorter ;
leaves narrower, more densely reticulate, less hispid beneath ;
lamellae numerous ; sporangium narrow. — Moug. ^ Nest. n.
932.

On sandy ground. Hurst Pierpoint. Mr. Mitten. Schim-
per pronounees Mr. Mitten’s plants, though barren, to be
identical with the Continental species. It is a smaller and
more delicate species, with shorter spines, and far smaller leaf-
cells.

3. A. tenellum, Br. ^ Schimp. ; dioicous ; stem short, sim-
ple; leaves oblongo-lanceolate, scarcely undulated, even be-
neath; margin toothed beyond the middle; nerve slightly
lamellate; sporangium subcernuous, obovate or oblong; veil
obscurely hairy above; peristome large. — Br. Eur. /. 412. ;
[Moug. ^ Nest. n. 1018).

On dried muddy places or clay. W. Wilson. Bearing
fruit in autumn.

The very short stem, short sporangium, and other points,
easily distinguish this species.

214

HANDBOOK OB BRITISH MOSSES.

Order XIX. BUXBAUMIEI, Br. & Scliimp.

SporaDgium slipper- shaped, oblique, stalked or sessile ; veil
short, conical ; peristome a conical membrane, surrounded by-
layers of cellular tissue divided into irregular teeth, or a
rudimentary filmy ring.

G5. DIPHYSCIUM, Web. ^ Mohr.

Sporangium nearly sessile, oblique, ovate, gibbous below;
veil mitriforrn or cuculliform ; spore-sac attached to the wall
by threads ; peristome a conical, rather twisted membrane with
sixteen folds, thickened at the angles, surrounded by a very
narrow filmy ring.

1. D. foliosum, Web. Mohr; stem very short ; leaves
linear ; veil mitriforrn. — Hook. Wils. t. viii. ; Eng. Bot. t.
329 ; (Plate 19, fig. 5) ; Moug. ^ Nest. n. 37.

On shady banks in subalpine countries, or on moist rocks,
fruit in summer.

Dioicous, or according to some authorities monoicous ; occur-
ring in broad patches. Plants more or less scattered, scarcely
more than J of an inch high; leaves spreading, slightly incurved,
more or less acute ; nerve reaching nearly to the apex ; peri-
chsetial leaves divided above into jointed cilia ; nerve excurrent ;
sporangium buried in the leaves ; lid conical, acuminate. The
leaves consist of two strata, the upper easily separating from
the lower, and having smaller cells.

66. BUXBAUMIA, Hall

Sporangium large, oblique, flat above, gibbous below, apophy-
sate ; veil small, cylindrico-campanulate ; peristome a conical,
plicate, membrane, slightly twisted when dry, surrounded by
three or four layers of cellular tissue divided into irregular
teeth ; leaves rudi mental.

TETllAPHIDEI.

215

1. B. aphylla, Hall. ; stem obsolete ; lower leaves roundish,
deeply toothed, upper fringed ; sporangium plano-convex ;
outer processes irregular, thick, and cellular. — Hook. ^ Wils.
t. xxii. ; Eng. Bot. 1. 1596. ; (Plate 19, lig. 6) ; Moug. ^ Nest,
n. 38.

In woods and heaths. Pare. Scotland, Yorkshire, and
Norfolk. It has been lately found in unusual abundance by
Mr. Coutts near Aberdeen. Bearing fruit in May.

Dioicous, scattered. Stem a little bulb with minute hair-
like leaves; vaginula ovate, fleshy.; fruitstalk scabrous, an
inch or more long ; sporangium reddish-brown ; spore-sac
attached to its walls by threads; lid conical, obtuse.

The other European species occurs on decayed wood, and
has never been found in this country ; its outer teeth are mmre
regular. The question whether these should be called an outer
peristome or not, is one of great difficulty ; but we believe
Mr. WilsoiPs view is the right one. It should be observed
that the teeth of Polytrichiei consist of several layers, and that
these are disunited in Dawsonia. Schimper now considers
the outer layers to represent the annulus, and between these
and the inner plicate peristome, an outer delicate peristome to
exist, more or less agglutinate with the annulus, and exceeding
it. The part commonly called the annulus is merely the
jagged edge of the sporangium.

Oeder XX. TETBABHIDEI, Br. & Schimp.

Sporangium erect; veil mitriform, plicate; peristome united
with the top of the columella which is divided into four pyra-
midal irregularly reticulated teeth.

67. TETRODONTIUM, Schwreg.

Monoicous. S})orangium oval-oblong, regular; veil sub-

216

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

mitriform^ plicate ; peristome of four short teeth ; leaves
minute, lineari-clavate, cylindrical at the base, flat above ;
perichsetial leaves faintly nerved.

1. T. Brownianum, Schwceg. ; sterile branches none ; peri-
chsetial leaves ovato-acuminate, faintly nerved at the base;
orifice of sporangium even. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. viii. ; E^iy. Bot.
t. 1422.; (Plate 19, fig. 7) ; Moug. ^ Nest. n. 811.

On gritty, quartzose, or sandy rocks. Rare. Scotland and
Ireland. Bearing fruit in July.

Stem very short ; lower leaves analogous to ramuli, slightly
thickened upwards, sometimes notched once or twice at the
apex ; lid obliquely rostrate, acute.

The top of the columella, which is adnate with the teeth,
answers to the tympanum in Polytrichiei ; the veil resembles
that of Orthotrichum ; the teeth have not a definite number
of striae.

68. TETBAPHIS, Hediv.

Monoieous. Sporangium subcylindrical, regular or slightly
bent ; veil mitriforrn, lacerated at the base ; peristome of four
triangular elongated teeth ; leaves well developed ; leaf-cells
hexagonal.

1. T. pellucida, Hedw. — Rook. ^ Wils. t. viii.; Eng. Bot.
t. 1020. ; (Plate 19, fig. 8) ; Moug. ^ Nest. n. 14.

On the ground on shady banks or in peat; sometimes on
the roots of trees. Bearing fruit in autumn.

Forming dense green patches. Stems about an inch high,
matted together at the base; leaves laneeolate or ovato-lan-
ceolate, entire; nerve ceasing below the apex; stem often
terminated by a eup-shaped cluster of leaves surrounding
long-stalked, lentiform gems ; fruitstalk an ineh long ; lid
acute, eonical.

ZVGODONTEl.

217

Order XXI. ZYGODONTEI, Br. & Schimp.

Sporangium striated, pyriform j peristome none, single or
double; veil hood-sbaped, smooth. Mosses with the habit of
Gymnostomum.

Differing principally from Orthotrichei in their smooth,
hood- shaped veil.

69. ZYGODOW, Hook, Tayl

Sporangium striate, apophysate, immersed or exserted ;
veil small, oblique, hood-shaped, smooth ; peristome none,
single or double, outer when present of thirty-two divisions
united two or four together, so as to make sixteen or eight
teeth ; inner sixteen or eight cilia alternating with the teeth
of the outer peristome. Perennial tufted Mosses, with punctate
leaves and plane, not revolute margins.

1. SteAYi tall, sporangium cylindrical.

1. Z. Forsteri, Wils. ; monoicous ; stems densely tufted;
leaves erecto-patent, acuminato-spathulate, hyaline below ;
sporangium pyriform, long-necked, striate ; lid with a curved
beak ; outer teeth strongly recurved when dry. — Hook. ^
Wils. t. xlvi. ; Eng. Bot. t. 2225.

Trunks of trees. South of England. Rare. Bearing fruit
in spring.

Forming dense, succulent, green tufts. Stems matted with
whitish rootlets; leaves dark-green above, pale towards the
base, then red ; outer teeth eight, yellowish ; cilia hyaline, a
little shorter.

2. Z. conoideus. Hook. ^ Tayl. ; dioicous ; loosely tufted ;
leaves spreading, curved upwards, lincari-lanccolatc, acumi-
nate ; nerve ceasing near the tip ; sporangium ohlongo-])yri-
form, striate ; lid with a long beak ; outer teeth trim-

218

HANDBOOK OB BRITISH MOSSES.

cate, eight; cilia imperfect or fugacious. — Hook. ^ Wils.
t. xxi.; Eng. Bot. t. 1239.; (Plate 20, fig. 1) ; Moug. ^ Nest,
n. 721.

Ou trunks of trees. Bearing fruit, but rarely, in May.

Less densely tufted than the last. Leaves narrower ; leaf-
cells smaller; fruitstalk longer ; inner peristome often want-
ing. Male plants often mixed with the female. Leaf-cells
above quadrato-punetiform, arranged in lines, more elongated
and hyaline below.

2. Peristome none.

3. Z. viridissimus, Brid. ; dioicous ; more or less pulvi-
nate; leaves spreading, reeurved, subsquarrose, oblongo-lanceo-
late ; sporangium obovate, eostate when dry ; lid with a long
oblique beak. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. vi. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1583. ;
(Plate 20, fig. 2) ; Moug. ^ Nest. n. 1017.

On trunks of trees or calcareous rock. Bearing fruit, but
rarely, in spring.

Forming yellow-green tufts with fastigiate branches, or
dense cushions. Leaves keeled, a little twisted, slightly
curled when dry; leaf-cells very small, punctate; sporangium
with eight obscure striae; male plants growing in distinct
tufts.

4. Z. Mougeotii, Br. ^ Schimp. ; dioicous ; tufted ; leaves
spreading, recurved, slightly twisted when dry, lineari-lanceo-
late ; margin reflexed below ; nerve reaching to the tip ;
fruitstalk short; sporangium turbinate, urceolate when dry,
striated ; lid rostrate. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xlvi. ; {Moug. ^ Nest,
n. 1016.)

On moist, shady rocks. Bearing fruit, but rarely, in
summer.

Forming soft, swelling tufts. Leaves elongated, not so

ORTIIOTRICHIEI.

219

much crisped when dry as in Z. lapponicus, from which it
differs^ moreover, in its longer fruitstalk and beak.

This and Z. lapponicus constitute Schimper^s genus Ayn-
phoridium, characterized by the short fruitstalk and crispate
leaves. Z. Mougeotn, however, possesses neither character
in a remarkable degree, and clearly connects Z. viridissimus
with Z. lapponicus.

5. Z. lapponicus, Br. ^ Schimp. ; monoicous ; tufted j leaves
spreading, crisped when dry, lineari-lanceolate, keeled j nerve
ceasing below the tip ; fruitstalk immersed ; sporangium tur-
binate, urceolate when dry, 8-striate ; beak short. — Hook. ^
Wils. t. vi.; Eng. Bot. t. 2216. ; (Plate 20, fig. 3) ; Moug. §•
Nest. n. 309.

In the crevices of alpine rocks. Bearing fruit in summer.

Forming little loose or compact tufts. Stem ^-2 inches
long, a little tomentose ; leaves strongly crisped when dry ;
leaf-cells extremely small, while those of Z. Mougeotii are far
smaller than in Z. viridissimus.

6. Z. gracilis, Wils. mss. ; tufted ; leaves strongly keeled,
suberect, nearly straight when dry, pellucid, strongly toothed
above ; nerve vanishing below the tip ; leaf-cells rather large.

On walls. Malham. W. Wilson. Fruit unknown.

Tufted, from 1 to 2 inches high, radiculose. Leaves oblong,
acute, strong and irregularly toothed ; leaf-cells punctiform
above, oblong below.

Order XXII. OBTROTBICRIEI, Br. & Schimp.

Sporangium equal, mostly striated ; veil mitriform, cam-
panulatc, plicate, generally covered with erect hairs; peri-
stome variable ; leaves keeled ; margin often involute ; cells
punctiform, papillate.

.220

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

70. ORTHOTRICHUM, Hedw.

Veil with a few keel-like folds; sporangium striate; peri-
stome single, double, or wanting ; leaves straight when dry,
papillose and punctate above, loosely reticulated at the base
and even.

* Peristome simple.

1. O. cupulatum, Hoffm. ; pulvinate ; stem branched;
leaves crowded, spreading, oblongo-lanceolate ; sporangium
obovate, with sixteen furrows ; veil campanulate, more or less
liairy. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxi. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1423, 1325.;
(Plate 20, fig. 4) ; Mouy. ^ Nest. n. 7;, 3.

On stones, trees, etc., especially in calcareous districts.
Bearing fruit in spring.

Forming loose, pulvinate tufts of a dull-green. Veil
sparingly hairy, in one variety nearly or quite naked ; spo-
rangium yellowish, with a short fruitstalk, with sixteen strise,
alternately longer and shorter, ribbed when dry ; teeth sixteen
with a strong medial line, sometimes showing at the base in-
dications of another division, surrounded by a short lamellar
appendage ; cilia none ; lid convex, with a short point.

2. O. anomolum, Hedw. ; stem nearly simple, erect; leaves
crowded above, erecto-patent, ovato-lanceolate, keeled ; spo-
rangium exserted, oblong, with sixteen strise ; peristome
simple ; veil hairy. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxi. ; Eng. Bot. t,
2696. ; (Plate 20, fig. 5) ; Moug. ^ Nest. n. 29.

On rocks and walls, especially in calcareous districts. Bear-
ing fruit in spring.

Monoicous; forming little tufts. Margin of leaves revo-
lute or subrevolute ; sporangium on a short but exserted
stalk, reddish-brown, with light-coloured ribs, of which eight
are long and eight short ; teeth of peristome at first looking
like eight only, with traces of an internal peristome ; lid with
a short beak.

OllTHOTRICHlEI.

221

Hedwig figures short intermediate strise^ which also appear
in the ^English Botany ^ figure^ and in Mougeot and Nestler’s
specimens. Wilson^ however^ gives the number as eight in
his specific character. In some of his own specimens from
the Orme^s Head, the intermediate strise are absent, but in
others they are distinctly marked.

3. O. Sturmii, Hoppe ^ Hornsch. ; monoicous ] loosely
tufted ; stems erect or prostrate ; leaves spreading and re-
curved when moist, incumbent when dry, keeled; margin re-
volute; sporangium immersed, obscurely eight-striate; veil
more or less hairy. — [Moug. Nest. n. 922.)

On stones and rocks. W. Wilson. Bearing fruit in sum-
mer.

Tufts dark-green. Larger than the last, with a more
spreading habit; veil yellowish; peristome erect when dry.

## Peristome douhle.
a. Cilia eight.

4. O. obtusifolium, Schrad. ; dioicous, irregularly pulvi-
nate; leaves spreading when moist, imbricated when dry,
ovato-oblong, papillose beneath ; tip obtuse, hyaline, minutely
toothed; margin slightly incurved; veil naked below; spo-
rangium immersed, eight-striate. — [Moiig. ^ Nest. n. 616.)

On trees .W. Wilson. Bearing fruit, but rarely, in spring.

Tufts yellowish. Known by its obtuse leaves, whose mar-
gin is not recurved ; veil orange, hairy at the tip only ; mouth
and ribs of the sporangium orange.

5. O. fallax, Schimp. ; monoicous; stem short, dichoto-
mous ; leaves spreading, lanceolate or elliptico-lanceolate ;
sporangium immersed, swollen wdth an abrupt apophysis,
8-striatc ; veil campanulatc, naked or with scattered hairs.
—Hook. ^ Wits. t. xlv. ; Eng. Bot. t. 2168. ; [Movg. ^ Nest,
n. 322.)

HANDBOOIv OF BRITISH MOSSES.

999

On trees. Rare. Ireland; Yorkshire. Bearing fruit in
spring.

Forming little tufts or cushions. Leaves not papillose ;
leaf-cells rather large ; teeth of peristome yellow, recurved
when dry.

Schimper asserts that this is not the true 0. pumilum of
Swartz, and the names of O. pumilum and fallax were wrongly
applied in the ^ Bryologia Europsea.^ Swartz’s plant (Moug.
& Nest. n. 925) has narrow cylindrical sporangia, while in
the plant before us they are swollen.

6. O. tenellum, Bruch ; monoicous ; stems short, tufted ;
leaves spreading, loosely imbricated when dry, elongato-lan-
ceolate, rather obtuse ; veil rather long and narrow, with a
few hairs ; sporangium exserted, oblong, widely striate. —
Hook. ^ Wils. t. xlv.

On trees. Rare. Ireland, Wales, Yorkshire, Derbyshire, and
Sussex. Bearing fruit in early summer.

Sporangia golden-brown, with eight broad orange ribs;
veil narrow, glossy ; lid short, obtuse ; teeth eight, rather in-
curved when dry.

7. O. afidne, Schrad. ; monoicous ; stem erect, rather tall,
dichotomously branched ; leaves more or less spreading whe-
ther wet or dry, elongato-lanceolate, strongly papillose ; mar-
gin reflexed; sporangium elliptico-oblong, with narrow striae;
veil mitriform, clothed with short scattered hairs. — Hook.
Wils. t. xxi. ; Eny. Bol. t. 1323. ; [Moug. ^ Nest. n. 323.)

On trees and stones. Very common. Bearing fruit in
summer.

Forming broad, loose, deep-green cushions. Veil pale-
green; sporangia pale, on rather long fruitstalks, with eight
narrow striae, and when dry as many ribs; cilia eight, as
long as the bigeminate teeth ; spores large.

OllTHOTRICHIEI.

223

8. O. fastigiatum^ Bruch ; monoicous ; densely tufted ;
fastigiate; leaves ovato-lanceolate, imbricated when dry, ob-
scurely papillose ; fruitstalk rather short ; sporangium oh-
longo-pyriform, widely striate; veil straw-coloured, hairy. —
Hook. ^ Wils. t. xlv.

On trees in fields. North of England and Sussex. Bearing
fruit in early summer.

The characters which distinguish this species are mostly
comparative. The leaves are shorter and less acuminate, the
texture looser, the base more hyaline, the papillae more ob-
scure, the fruitstalk short, the neck of the sporangium
longer, more pyriform, the lid wider and more acuminate.

9. O. speciosum, Nees v. Es. ; monoicous; stems elon-
gated, loosely tufted; leaves spreading, elongato-lanceolate,
loosely imbricated when dry ; margin recurved ; sporangium
exserted, subcylindrical, attenuated at the base, even or faintly
striate ; lid ovato-campanulate, very hairy ; teeth bigeminate,
reflexed when dry. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxxiv. ; Grev. Sc. Cryp.
FI. t. 137. ; [Moug. ^ Nest. n. 722.)

On trees. Scotland. Bare. Bearing fruit in summer.

Forming loose yellow-green tufts. Leaves waved, strongly
papillose; leaf-cells narrow and elongated at the base, larger
and orbicular above and at the reflexed margins ; tip some-
times slightly eroded ; veil narrow ; sporangium pale, narrow,
with eight faint striae above.

10. O. rupestre, Schleich. ; monoicous ; loosely caespitose,

more or less elongated, rooting at the base ; leaves spreading,
recurved, straiglit and imbricated when dry, elongato-lancco-
late, keeled above; veil villous; sporangium pyriform, with
eiglit faint striae; teeth sixteen, in eight pairs, erect when
dry. — Hook. Wits. t. xxxiv. ; Grev. Sc. Crypt. FI. t. 105.

[Moug. Nest. n. 825.)

224

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

On rocks in alpine districts. Bearing fruit in summer.

Forming loose patches or tufts of a brownish tint. Leaf-
eells narrow and elongated at the base_, decreasing gradually
upwards; fruitstalk mostly short; sporangium mostly with
a short tapering apophysis, faintly striate; veil yellow, very
hairy ; teeth pale, at length quite distinet ; spores small.

The figures quoted above and Mougeot and NestleFs speci-
mens belong to a variety with straighter leaves, smaller spo-
rangia, and less hairy veil.

b. Cilia sixteen, alternately longer and shorter, small, rarely

eight of equal length.

11. O. pallens^ Bruch; stem short; leaves oblongo-lan-
ceolate, spreading ; margin recurved below ; lid conico-eam-
panulate, pale, naked; sporangium oblong, attenuated below,
widely striate ; lid short. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xlv. ; [Moug. ^
Nest. n. 926.)

On trees. Rare. Yorkshire, Mr. Spruce. Bearing fruit
in June.

Leaves pale, hyaline below with oblong eells, papillose above,
forming irregular soft bright-green tufts ; fruitstalk very
short ; sporangium with a large apophysis, pale, with eight
broad, deeper-coloured striae ; teeth eight, reflexed when dry ;
cilia sixteen or, according to Schimper, sometimes though
rarely eight ; veil naked.

12. O. stramineum, Hornscli. ; stems elongated ; leaves
oblongo-lanceolate, spreading, loosely imbricated when dry,
keeled, papillose ; margin reflexed ; sporangium oblongo-
pyriform, with a short fruitstalk, widely striated ; lid slightly
hairy ; cilia sixteen, rarely eight ; vaginula hairy. — Hook. ^
Wils. t. xlv.; [Moug. ^ Nest. n. 923.)

On trees and boulders. Scotland, Wales, and England.
Bearing fruit in summer.

ORTHOTRICHIEI.

225

Forming dense yellow- green cusliions or patches. Veil
straw-coloured with a brown tip^ slightly hairy ; sporangium
yellow-brown^ with very prominent orange strise, cylindrical
and contracted below the orifice when dry ; interstices some-
times transversely wrinkled ; lid short, blunt ; teeth orange ;
cilia sixteen, nearly equal in length, rarely eight ; base of
leaves hyaline with oblong cells, which are almost confined to
the disk; tip often slightly eroded.

13. O. Sprucei, ; monoicous ; stems short, tufted;

leaves slightly spreading, erect and imbricated when dry,
oblongo-spathulate or oblong, apiculate, flaccid, obscurely
nerved ; margin nearly plane ; sporangium pyriform, widely
striate ; veil naked ; lid short, subconical ; teeth in eight
pairs ; cilia sixteen or eight. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xlv.

On trees near rivers. Occasionally from the Clyde to the
Thames. Bearing fruit in early summer. Not found at pre-
sent on the Continent.

Forming short tufts. Stems sparingly branched ; leaf-cells
large, not papillose ; sporangium half immersed.

The leaves in this curious species have no tendency to be
lanceolate ; the apex is rather blunt, with a little apiculus ;
the margin is widely reflexed; the leaf-cells are much larger
than in most species, not papillose, and those at the base do
not differ greatly from the others in length ; the nerve in the
lower leaves reaches scarcely above the middle and vanishes
below the apex in the upper.

14. O. rivulare. Turn. ; stems elongated, decumbent, or
pendulous ; leaves spreading, flaccid, loosely imbricated when
dry, ovato-lanceolate, obtuse; margin recurved; sporangium
pyriform, widely striate; veil naked; teeth in eight pairs, re-
flexed when dry; cilia sixteen. — Hook. S)' Wils. /. xxi.; Eng.
Bot. t. 2188. ; [Mong. ^ Nest. n. 824.)

Q

226

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

On rocks and roots of trees near rivers in alpine countries.
England, Ireland, and W ales. Bearing fruit in spring.

Forming loose, dull, dark-green tufts, often floating. Stems
branehed ; leaf-cells minute, papillose ; lid shortly rostrate.

Easily distinguished from the last by its minute reticula-
tions as well as by its larger size.

c. Teeth eight, soon broken up into sixteen ; cilia sixteen, as

long as the teeth.

15. O. diaphanum, Schrad. ; short, loosely tufted; leaves
erecto-patent, loosely imbricated when dry, ovato-lanceolate,
acuminate, with a diaphanous, often toothed, almost hair-like
apex; margin revolute; sporangium oblongo- pyriform, sub-
striate; veil mostly naked. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxi. ; Eng. Bot. t.
1324. ; (Plate 20, fig. 6) ; Moug. ^ Nest. n. 325.

On trees, stones, etc. Common. Bearing fruit in early
spring.

Forming bright-green soft tufts. Leaf-cells large, very ob-
seurely marked at the diaphanous tips ; fruitstalk short ;
sporangium sometimes very obseurely ribbed when dry ; lid

shortlv rostrate.

«/

16. O. pulchellum, 8m. ; short, tufted ; leaves spreading,
suberect and slightly crisped when dry, soft, linear-lanceolate ;
margin revolute ; fruitstalk elongated ; sporangium oval,
striate ; lid naked ; teeth reflexed when dry. — Hook. ^ Wils.
t. xxi. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1787.; (Plate 20, fig. 7).

On trunks of trees and stones. Bearing fruit in spring.

Forming little pale-green tufts. Leaves tender, slightly
waved ; leaf-cells above beautifully arranged in lines, puneti-
form ; sporangia red, with eight reddish streaks, ribbed when
dry; teeth sixteen, with sixteen cilia.

ORTHOTRICHIEI.

227

d. Teeth sixteen ; cilia sixteen of a douhle series of cells, eroded
at the sides, minutely 'papillose,

17. O. leiocarpum, Br. ^ Schimp. ; stems ratlier tall,
loosely tufted; leaves spreading, recurved, erect or patent
when dry ; lanceolate ; margin revolute ; fruitstalk very short ;
sporangia large, obovate, soft, even ; veil hairy. — Hook. ^
Wils. t. xxi. ; Eng. Bot. t. 2187. ; (Plate 20, fig. 8) ; Moug.
Nest. n. 324.

On trees, pales, and stones. Bearing fruit in spring.

Forming green tufts or patches. Sporangium immersed,
ovate, with a short neck, pale-yellow, without strise, even and
slightly contracted below the orifice when dry ; lid shortly
rostrate ; teeth often bifid, revolute when dry ; cilia deeply
eroded ; spores ferruginous.

This is the old O. striatum, a very inappropriate name in
the present condition of the genus, inasmuch as it is the only
European species with an even sporangium. It applied, how-
ever, originally to the veil, not to the sporangium.

18. O. Lyellii, Hook. ^ Tayl. ; dioicous; stems elongated,
pulvinate; leaves almost squarrose, flexuous, erect, twisted
when dry, linear-lanceolate ; fruitstalk exserted ; sporangium
oblongo-pyriform, striate ; veil hairy ; cilia broad, carinate. —
Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxii. ; Eng. Bot. t. 2834. ; [Moug. ^ Nest,
n. 619).

On trunks of trees. Rare. Bearing fruit in summer.

Forming large, yellowish-green, loose tufts. Stems matted
below with rootlets ; leaves clothed with cylindrical papillae
and brown confervoid threads ; vaginula slightly hairy ; lid
shortly rostrate ; cilia sixteen, red, subtrabeculate, eroded at
the margin ; spores large, green.

Schimper gives as follows what he believes to be the affini-
ties of the species ; —

(j 2

228

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

1. O. ohtusifolium.

2. O. affine, fastigiatum, pallens, tenellum, fallax, stramineum.

3. O. speciosiim.

4. O, diapJianum.

5. O. leiocarpum, Lyellii.

6. 0. pulchcllum.

7. O. Sprucei, rividare,

8. 0. cupulatuin, Shirmii, rupestre, anomalum.

71. ULOTA, Mohr.

Sporangium and peristome as in Orthotrichum ; veil multi-
plicate, hairy ; leaves more or less crisped when dry ] leaf-
cells at the base narrow ; ocrea indistinct.

a. Peristome single, or inner very obscure.

1. U. Drummondii, ; stem creeping ; branches erect ;
leaves ovate at the base, linear-lanceolate, slightly crisped
when dry ; margin nearly plane ; sporangium exserted, ob-
longo-pyriform, obliquely striate. — Hook. ^ Wits. t. xxxiv. ;
Gi'ev. Sc. Crypt. FI. t. 115.

On trunks of trees, especially birch. Scotland, Ireland,
and Yorkshire. Bearing fruit in autumn.

Forming yellowish- green tufts, with creeping matted stems.
Fruitstalk twisted ; teeth sixteen, spreading when dry, often
united in pairs at the tip ; lid acicular.

2. U. Lndwigii, Brid. ; stem creeping; leaves linear-lan-
ceolate, spreading, slightly twisted when dry ; sporangium ex-
serted, clavato- pyriform, striate above, plicate when dry, and
much contracted at the orifice ; veil hairy. — Hook. ^ Wits. t.
xxxiv. ; Grev. Sc. Crypt. FI. t. 133.; [Moug. ^ Nest. n. 617).

On trees, especially young Oaks, in alpine glens. Scotland
and Ireland. Bearing fruit in autumn.

PTYCHOMITRIEI.

229

Forming yellow-green tufts. Teeth erect when dry ; ex-
tremely slender, short cilia or irregular lacinise are sometimes
present.

h. 'Peristome double.

3. U. Hutchinsise, Schimp. ; stem erect, branched ; leaves
erecto-patent, imbricated and nearly straight when dry, lan-
ceolate j margin very slightly reflexed ; sporangium clavato-
pyriform, striated ; veil hairy. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxi. ; Eng.
Bot. t. 2523.; (Moug. ^ Nest. n. 618).

On rocks in alpine districts. Wales, Ireland, and Scotland.
Said also to be found in Devonshire. Bearing fruit in
summer.

Forming rather rigid dark-green tufts. Stem brittle ; spo-
rangium more or less pedicellate ; fruitstalk twisted ; lid ros-
trate ; outer peristome of eight bigeminate teeth ; cilia eight,
short, in one variety obsolete.

This recedes from the characters of the genus as far as
regards the crispature of the leaves, but the basal cells are
narrow. The margin is often quite plane above.

4. U. Bruchii, Brid. ; pulvinate ; stem decumbent or erect ;
leaves spreading, linear-lanceolate, from an ovate concave
base, crisped when dry ; sporangium on a long fruitstalk,
oblongo-pyriform, widely striated, when dry contracted above ;
veil very hairy. — Hook. ^ IFils. t. xlv. ; [Moug. ^ Nest. n. 826) .

On trees. Scotland, Westmoreland, Yorkshire, and Sussex.
Bearing fruit in autumn.

Monoicous ; forming yellowish-green cushions. Fruitstalk
twisted ; sporangium almost fusiform when dry ; teeth sixteen,
redexed when dry ; cilia sixteen or eight ; leaves twisted
when dry, but not so much as in U. crispa. iV very beautiful
species.

5. U. crispa, Brid.; soft, pulvinate; leaves lincar-lancco-

230

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

late from a concave ovate base^ keeled^ subflexuous^ when dry
much twisted and crisped ; sporangium clavate, with a long
tapering apophysis, widely striate, contracted below the ori-
fice; veil very hairy. — Hook. ^ TVils. t. xxi. ; Eng. Bot. t. 996.;
{Moug. ^ Nest. n. 30) .

On trees. Common. Bearing fruit in autumn.

Forming little yellow-green soft cushions. Stem elon-
gated; sporangium rising from a short fruitstalk which is
confluent with the long apophysis ; teeth eight, bigeminate ;
cilia eight, or occasionally sixteen, lanceolate, with a medial
line.

6. U. crispula, Schimp. ; tufted ; stems short, branched ;
leaves linear-lanceolate, crisped when dry; sporangium clavato-
pyriform, with eight narrow ribs; veil very hairy. — Hook. §•
Wits. t. xlv. ; {Moug. ^ Nest. n. 827).

On trees. Bare. North and south of England. Bearing
fruit in May and June.

Forming soft pale tufts ; leaves narrower, thin, delicate,
less crisped when dry ; fruitstalk twisted ; lid rostrate ; spo-
rangium not contracted below the orifice; apophysis shorter.
It is far more delicate, and ripens its fruit earlier than U.
crisp a.

7. U. phyllantha, Brid. ; pulvinate ; leaves linear-lanceo-
late, elongated, suberect, straight, crisped when dry, apex
gemmiparous. — Hook. ^ Wits. t. xlvi.

On rocks near the sea. Wales, Yorkshire, and Sussex.
Not yet found in fruit.

Forming dense ferruginous-green tufts. Leaves narrower
than in U. crispa^ much twisted and curled when dry ; nerve
produced to the tip, and there thickened, and bearing cylin-
drical articulated gemmse.

Differs from U. crispa in the less spreading longer gemmi-

GRIMMIET.

231

ferous leaves whieli are not dilated beloAV. The diaphanous
cells moreover are absent at the base, with the exception of a
single row at the margin. I have not had an opportunity of
examining this species myself.

Order XXIII. PTYCHOMITEIEI, Br. & Schimp.

Sporangium without a tapering apophysis, adnate with the
walls ; veil smooth, furrowed, its apex subulate ; primary teeth
not more than sixteen ; leaf-cells punctiform, not papillose ;
ocrea wanting.

72. PTYCHOMITBIUM, Br. §■ Schimp.

Sporangium regular, slightly tapering below, but without
any apophysis ; veil mitriform, deeply furrowed, subulate
above, laciniate below ; peristome single, of sixteen inarticulate
deeply-divided teeth ; leaf- cells of the upper half and margin
subquadrato-punctiform, arranged in lines, of the disk and of
the lower half narrow elongated.

I. P. polyphyUum, Br. ^ Schimp.; tufted ; leaves spreading,
linear-lanceolate, ovate at the base, crisped when dry, toothed
at the apex, acute ; sporangium elliptic. — Hook. ^ fVils.
t. xix.; Eng. Bot. t. 1217.; (Plate 21, fig. 1); Moug.
Nest. n. 410.

Rocks and walls in alpine or subalpine districts. Common.
Bearing fruit in spring.

Forming loose dense tufts. Leaves keeled ; nerve reaching
to the toothed apex; leaf-cells nearly as in Ulota. Fruit
abundant; fruitstalk elongated; lid subulate; sporangium
pale ; teeth sixteen, deep- red, deeply cleft, inarticulate ; lid
subulate.

232

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

73. GLYPHOMITRIUM, Schwceg.

Sporangium roundish ; veil large, ventricose, plicate, at
length laciniate, rostrate above; peristome single, of sixteen
teeth, disposed in pairs, and inserted below the rim of the
sporangium with numerous prominent transverse bars.

1. G. Daviesii, Schwag. — Hook. Sf Wils. xiii. ; Eng. Bot.
t. 1281.; (Plate 21, fig. 2).

On rocks, chiefly near the sea, as at the Giant’s Causeway.
Bearing fruit in summer. Not found on the Continent.

Forming little dense, short, dark-green tufts, about \ an
inch high. Leaves spreading, narrow, linear-lanceolate; leaf-
cells quadrato-punctiform above and on the slightly thickened
margin, gradually longer downwards, and still rectangular ;
fruitstalk short; sporangium erect, roundish; lid rostrate,
nearly as long as the sporangium, from a flattish base ; teeth
in pairs, trabeculate externally, reddish ; spores large ; veil
swollen below and laciniate, acicular above.

Order XXIV. GBIMMIEI, Br. & Schimp.

Sporangium equal, often sessile ; peristome single ; veil
mitriform ; leaves dark-green, mostly terminated by a white
hair-like point; leaf-cells of the upper part of the leaves
hexagono- or quadrato-punctiform.

74. RACOMITRIUM, Br. ^ Schimp.

Sporangium erect, regular ; veil mitriform, even, multifid
at the base, subulate at the tip which is papillose ; ring large ;
peristome single, of sixteen bi-trifld teeth, divided sometimes
to the base, very long or rather short, unequal and irregularly
cohering ; vaginula with an ocrea at the summit ; leaf-cells
quadrate above, elongated and often sinuous below, rarely
almost uniform throughout.

GRIMMIEI.

233

1. Branclilets or innovations not fastigiate.

1. R. eanescens, Brid. ; stem erect, much branched;
hranchlets short, obtuse, remote; leaves spreading and re-
curved, ovato-lanceolate, rough with acuminate, crenulate,
diaphanous points ; fruitstalk long ; sporangium ovate, some-
what striate when dry ; lid long, subulate ; teeth long, nodulose,
bipartite. — Hook. ^ WiU. t. xix. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1991, 2534. ;
[Moug. ^ Nest. n. 20).

On sandy ground on heaths and mountains. Bearing fruit
early in spring.

Forming large yellowish-green patches, which are hoary
from the diaphanous points. Leaves subsulcate, rough with
short almost spinulose papillse; margin recurved; fruitstalk
1 inch long, twisted when dry ; sporangium obscurely fur-
rowed ; teeth of peristome red. There are a few large rectan-
gular leaf-cells at the basal edges of the leaves.

2. R. lanuginosum, Brid. ; stem decumbent, elongated ;
branches fasciculate ; leaves slightly spreading, lanceolate,
their hair-like diaphanous tips eroded or subciliate ; fruitstalk
short ; sporangium small, ovate ; teeth long, slender, bipartite.
— Hook. ^ Wits. t. xix.; Eng. Bot. t. 1348. ; [Moug. ^ Nest,
n. 21).

On the tops of mountains, also on walls and rocks. Bearing
fruit early in spring.

Forming extensive soft, swollen, hoary patches. Stem
sometimes a foot long, irregularly branched, sometimes sub-
pinnate ; leaves ovate below, varying in length, minutely
papillose except at the top ; margin slightly recurved ; fruit-
stalk rather rough, short ; veil rough at the tip ; ring broad ;
teeth of peristome very slender, bipartite, nodulose.

I do not find the large cells at the base as in tliclast species,
though those of the extreme edge are rectangular.

234

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

3. B,. microcarpon_, Brid. ; stems slender_, fasciculate ;
branches short ; leaves crowded^ spreading, curved or suhse-
cund, lanceolate, keeled, tapering into a short, diaphanous,
toothed point; fruitstalk short; sporangium small, oblong;
teeth of peristome short,. — Hook. ^ TVils. t. Ixi. ; Moug. ^
Nest. n. 1009.

On rocks in dry places. Highlands of Scotland. Bare,
Bearing fruit in autumn.

Forming pale or yellow-green, slightly glaucous tufts.
Branches short ; leaf-cells everywhere elongated and sinuous,
very minutely papillose ; diaphanous point very short ; walls
of sporangium thin.

Mougeot and Nestler’s plant seems to be right, but they
state that it perfects its fruit in spring, like R. fasciculare.

4. B. fasciculare, Brid. ; stem elongated, decumbent ;
branches fasciculate, ramulose ; leaves spreading, recurved or
incurved, linear-lanceolate, from a narrow tapering base ;
tip scarcely hyaline ; margin reflexed ; veil papillose ; spo-
rangium elliptic ; lid subulate ; teeth slender, nodulose, bi-
partite ; ring large. — Hook. ^ Wits. t. xix. ; Eng. Bot. t. 2005. ;
[Moug. ^ Nest. n. 916).

On wet rocks. Bearing fruit in spring.

Forming loose patches of a lurid green. Stem decum-
bent ; innovations erect, varying in length ; leaves lanceolate,
tapering to an acute but green point ; margin recurved ;
leaf-cells elongated, narrow and sinuous, minutely papillose;
veil strongly papillose ; teeth very slender ; walls of sporan-
gium thick ; teeth red, nodulose, divided to the base.

5. B. heterostichum, Brid. ; stems elongated, prostrate at
the edge of the patches, erect in the centre ; leaves erecto-
patent or subsecund, subplicate, lanceolate, tapering into dia-
phanous points ; margin recurved ; sporangium subcylindrical.

GRIMMIEI.

235

small-mouthed; veil papillose at the tip; lid shorter than the
sporangium ; teeth of peristome short, irregularly cloven,
incurvo-patent when dry. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xix. ; Eng. Bot. t.
1347.; (Plate 21, fig. 4) ; Moug. ^ Nest. n. 119.

On rocks and walls, generally in dry places. Bearing fruit
in spring.

Forming low hoary patches. Stem slightly branched ;
leaves darkish-green ; margin recurved ; leaf-cells above, ex-
cept at the hyaline tips, subquadrate, below sinuous and nar-
row, minutely papillose, those at the extreme margin below
larger and rectangular ; some of the basal cells without pa-
pillae ; veil papillose at the apex ; lid shorter than in the pre-
ceding species ; teeth short, bifid, the divisions irregular, some-
times combined at the tips.

2. BrancJilets dichotomous; innovations fastigiate.

6. R. sudeticum, Br. Schimp. ; loosely tufted ; stems
elongated, somewhat fasciculate ; leaves spreading from an
erect base, recurved or incurved, lanceolate, with a short, dia-
phanous, slightly toothed point, keeled ; fruitstalk short ; spo-
rangium small, ovato-oblong; lid shortly rostrate. — Hook. ^
Wi/s. t.xix.; Eng. Bot. t. 1440.

On exposed alpine rocks. Bearing fruit in spring.

Forming loose, olive-green, hoary tufts. Stem prostrate at
the base, then ascending ; margin of leaves reflexed ; veil
nearly even ; lid shorter than the sporangium, falling off with
the veil; ring broad, dissident; teeth bipartite, varying in
length, but tolerably regular, sometimes trifid ; upper leaf-cells
quadrate, lower narrow.

7. R. protensum, ; dioicous; tufted; stem ascend-

ing ; leaves spreading or sccund, lincar-lanccolatc, from an
oval or oblong base, acuminate, but rather blunt ; apex not
diaphanous ; sporangium elliptic-oblong, soft ; teeth rather

236

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

shorty irregularly cloven. — Hook. Wils. t. xlv. ; {Moug. ^

Nesi. n. 215).

On moist roeks near alpine rivulets. Wales^ Yorkshire, and
Derbyshire. Bearing fruit in spring.

Forming wide, depressed, yellowish-green tufts. Leaves
slightly plieate below ; margin reflexed ; fruitstalk about J an
inch long ; veil multifid j lid conico-subulate ; teeth incurved
when dry.

8. E-. aciculare, Brid. ; dioicous ; loosely tufted ; stems
elongated, ascending; leaves spreading or secund, ovato-ob-
long, obtuse, toothed or entire at the tip ; nerve ceasing below
the apex ; sporangium ovato-oblong ; mouth small ; lid subu-
late ; teeth deeply bi-trifid. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xix. ; Eng. Bot.
t. 1978. ; (Plate 21, fig. 3) ; Moug. ^ Nest. n. 22.

On wet rocks. Bearing fruit in winter and early spring.

Forming dull-green patches. Leaves broader and much more
obtuse than in the last ; leaf-cells quadrate above, elongated
below, minutely papillose ; margin recurved.

9. R. ellipticum, Br. ^ Schimp. ; dioicous ; stern rigid,
brittle ; leaves spreading from an erect base, suberect when
dry ; margin plane, slightly thickened ; nerve nearly reaching
to the tip ; fruitstalk short and thick ; sporangium ovato-glo-
bose, hard, even ; lid acicular. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xix. ; Eng.
Bot. t. 1901.

On moist granite, schist, or mica. Scotland, Wales, and
Ireland. Bearing fruit in winter and spring.

Forming dark-green or blackish tufts. Stem about 1 inch
long, decumbent below; teeth of peristome lanceolate, bi-
trifid.

Allied to Grimmia atrata and concolor, from which it differs
in the form of the veil.

10. R. patens, Schimp. ; dioicous ; ceespitose ; leaves spread-

QRIMMIEI.

237

ing every way, rarely subsecund, suberect when dry, elongato-
lanceolate, blunt; margin revolute ; nerve with two lamellae at
the back ; fruitstalk curved ; sporangium oval, furrowed when
dry ; ring large; teeth long and bifid. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xix. ;
Eng. Bot. t. 1990. ; [Moug. ^ Nest. n. 214).

On moist, quartzose, mostly alpine rocks. Bearing fruit in
April and May.

Forming olive-green or brownish depressed patches. Stem
2-4 inches long, decumbent at the base, and naked ;
leaf-cells narrow and sinuous ; fruitstalk rather short ; veil
mostly five-lobed below; teeth long, at first united above,
barred.

This species agrees with Bacomitrium in all except the curved
fruitstalk, and is, I think, rightly associated with it by Schim-
per. The cells are minute and sinuoso-quadrate above, oblong
and rectangular below, exactly as in B. sudeticum.

75. GRIMMIA, Ehr.

Sporangium erect or more or less pendulous, on a straight
or curved fruitstalk ; veil mitriform or cucullate ; peristome
single, of sixteen rather large, lanceolate, externally trabecu-
late, bi-trifid teeth, rarely wanting ; columella not deciduous,
shrinking into the ripe sporangium ; leaf-cells dot-like, larger
and diaphanous below.

1. Fridtstalh straight.

a. Veil lohato-cucullate.

1. G. atrata, Afic/icZt. ; dioicous ; pulvinate, erect; leaves
crccto-patcut, curved, twisted when dry, linear-lanceolate,
elongated, keeled ; margin reflexed ; sporangium subcrcct,
clliptico-oblong ; ring large; lid conical ; veil submitriform. —
Hook. ^ Wils. t. xliv. ; Eng. Bot. t. 277], f. 1.

238

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

On moist schistose rocks. Wales and Scotland. Rare.
Bearing fruit in winter and early spring.

Forming dense blackish tufts 2 or 3 inches high. Tips of
branches dingy green ; leaves not hair-pointed ; fruitstalk ra-
ther thick, erect or slightly cernuous ; teeth pierced above or
split halfway ; leaf- cells at the base rather sinuous ; veil be-
tween mitriform and cucullate; lid conical or very slightly
rostrate.

The figure of the veil is very different in the two plates
quoted above.

2. G. unicolor, Grev. ; dioicous ; loosely csespitose ; stems
fastigiate; leaves erecto -patent, erect when dry^ elongated,
linear-lanceolate, obtuse; margin incurved; nerve broad,
reaching to the tip ; sporangium suberect, ovate ; ring large ;
lid rostrate. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxxiii. ; Eng. Bot. t. 2771, f.
2.; Grev. Sc. Crypt. FI. t. 123.

On alpine rocks. Clova, Mr. Drummond. Bearing fruit
in autumn.

Forming loose lurid patches. Leaf-cells at the base strictly
quadrate or rectangular, much looser than in the last; stems
less robust ; leaves more obtuse ; veil mitriform or cucullate,
multifid at the base; teeth entire, bifid or perforated. The
leaves are not carinate as in the last, and the lid is longer.

h. Veil conico-mitriform.

3. G. leucophsea, Grev.; dioicous; tufted; stem erect;
upper leaves spreading, ovate or ovato-oblong, hair-pointed,
closely imbricated when dry; margin plane; sporangium
shortly exserted, erect, elliptic or oblong; ring large; lid
shortly conico-rostrate ; teeth perforated and bifid. — Hook.
Wils. t. xxxiii.; Grev. 8c. Crypt. FI. t. 284.; [Moug. ^ Nest,
n. 813).

GKIMMIET.

239

On trap rocks. Scotland and Devonshire. Bearing fruit
in early spring.

Forming dense hoary tufts. Stem short ; lower leaves
blunt ; hair-points rough, diaphanous ; veil lobed at the base ;
lid varying in length ; teeth moderately broad, deeply bi-trifid,
perforated, with many transverse bars ; leaf-cells punctiform
above, except at the hair- point, where they are narrow, elon-
gated, subhexagonal, and apparently not on the same plane,
being derived from the nerve ; those of the basal disk shortly
rectangular.

4. Gr. ovata, Web. ^ Mohr ; monoicous, tufted, more or
less elongated; leaves spreading, erect when dry, laneeolate,
hair-pointed ; margin reeurved below ; sporangium exserted,
firm, oval ; ring large, dehiscent ; lid shortly rostrate ; teeth
narrow, bifid. — Hook. ^ Wils. t, xiii. ; Eng. Bot. t. 2165, in
part ; {Moug. ^ Nest. n. 311).

On alpine rocks, ascending very high on the Continent.
Scotland, Wales, and Leicestershire. Not common. Bearing
fruit from autumn to early spring.

Forming short, dense, or lax, greyish tufts; lid oblique;
divisions of teeth unequal ; inflorescence sometimes synoicous ;
leaves of a firm texture, bright-green; leaf-cells in the disk of
the lower half rectangular.

5. G. Donniana, Smith; pulvinate, short; leaves elongato-
lanceolate, hair-pointed ; margin plane ; sporangium erect,
slightly exserted, oval-oblong ; walls thin ; lid short, conical,
obtuse ; ring small, persistent ; teeth entire or perforated. —
Hook. ^ Wits. t. xiii. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1259 and 2165 in part.

On rocks and stones in alpine districts. Scotland, Wales,
and Derbyshire. Bearing fruit at the beginniug of summer.

Forming little, short, hoary cushions. Sporangia with a
thin, not firm wall as in the last, of a paler tint, a shorter lid,

240

HANDBOOK OB BRITISH MOSSES.

and more entire teeth, much more transparent below, and all
the basal leaf-cells, with the exception of those of the nerve,
rectangular.

2. Fruitstolk arched,

6. G. Schultzii, Brid, ; monoicous; tufted; leaves crowded,
lanceolate, subseeund, hair-pointed; margin recurved; fruit-
stalk curved, short ; sporangium broadly elliptic or obovate,
furrowed; ring very large; teeth long, deeply bifid. — Hook.
^ Wils. t. xliv.

On subalpine, generally quartzose rocks. Scotland, Wales,
and Cornwall. Bearing fruit in spring.

Forming loose, irregular, dark cushions. Stems rather robust
but short, suberect; diaphanous hair-point of leaves very
rough ; fruitstalk swan-necked ; teeth brittle, very long and
slender ; leaf-cells of the angles quadrate or rectangular, of the
dorsal disk narrow, those above minute except at the diapha-
nous sides of the excurrent nerve.

7. G. trichophylla, Grev. ; dioicous ; loosely tufted ; leaves
spreading, lax, assurgent, curved when dry, linear-lanceolate,
hair-pointed ; margin recurved ; fruitstalk curved ; sporan-
gium elliptic, furrowed; ring large; teeth bifid. — Hook. ^
Wils. t. xxxii. ; Grev. Sc. Crypt. FI. t. 100.; [Moug. ^ Nest,
n. 814).

On stone walls in subalpine districts. Fruit in spring.

Forming loose, yellow-green cushions. Fruitstalk when
dry nearly erect ; sporangium with eight furrows ; teeth rather
long ; leaf-cells as in the last.

8. G. Hartmannii, Schimp. ; csespitose ; stem elongated,
procumbent, rigid ; leaves elongato-lanceolate, very shortly
hair-pointed, sharply keeled above, spreading when dry.

On quartzose rocks. Conway, W . Wilson. Perfect fruit
unknown in this country, as also on the Continent.

GRIMMIEI.

24l

Allied to tlis last^ but with a short hair-pointy and denser
sinuated reticulations at the base.

9. G. torta, Hornsch.; densely pulvinatCy softy flexible;
leaves erecto-patenty spirally curved round the stem when dryy
lanceolatCy keeledy acuminate, the lower pointlessy the upper
very shortly hair-pointed. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxxii. ; Grev. Sc.
Crypt. FI. t. 199.

On alpine rocks. Always barren, both in this country and
on the Continent.

Forming dense tufts, bright-green above, 1-2 inches high,
dark below, the individual plants easily separating from each
other. Leaves three-ranked, channelled above along the
nerve, sometimes but not always hair-pointed ; margin
slightly reflexed ; leaf-cells larger at the angles, on the disk
narrow, subquadrate or punctiform upwards. The arrange-
ment of the leaves when dry calls to mind Hypnum trifa-
rium.

10. G. spiralis. Hook. ^ Tayl. ; dioicous; pulvinate; stems
slender ; leaves lanceolate, hair-pointed, erecto-patent, spirally
imbricated when dry ; fruitstalk curved ; sporangium small,
ovate, nearly even ; lid short, obtuse ; ring broad. — Hook,
^ Wils. t. xxxii. ; Grev. Sc. Crypt. FI. t. 203.

On exposed alpine rocks. Ireland, Scotland, and England.
Bearing fruit in autumn.

Forming large dense cushions. Stems easily separating as
in the last species ; margin of leaves recurved ; sporangium
with eight obscure furrows or quite even ; veil lobed at the
base ; teeth bifid, recurved when dry ; leaf-cells as in the last,
except that those at the angles are very large.

11. G. orbicularis, Br. Schimp. ; monoicous ; densely
tufted; leaves crowded, oblongo-lanccolate, hnir-pointed ;
sporangium roundish, faintly striate ; fruitstalk curved ; lid

u

242

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

short, mammillary ; ring narrow ; teeth pale-red, perforated,
trifid, distinetly barred ; veil cucullate. — Hook. ^ Wils. t.
xliv. ; Eng. Bot. t. 2888. ; {Moug. ^ Nest. n. 910.)

On caleareous roeks and walls. North Wales and Bristol.
Bearing fruit in spring.

Differing from G. pulvinata, whieh sometimes has a similar
lid, in its large compact tufts, longer stems, broader leaves,
cucullate veil, yellow fruitstalk, and subspherical, smaller, red
sporangium, which is even except when dry. The leaf- cells
at the angles are large as in the last species.

12. G. pulvinata, Smith; monoicous; pulvinate; leaves
elliptico-lanceolate, suddenly attenuated and hair-pointed,
keeled; margin recurved ; sporangium oval, furrowed ; fruit-
stalk curved ; veil mitriform, lobed at the base ; lid rostrate ;
ring large, dehiscent ; teeth red, densely barred. — Hook. ^
Wils. t. xiii. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1728. ; (Plate 21, fig. 5) ; Moug. ^
Nest. n. 710.

On walls, stones, etc. Very common. Bearing fruit a
month later than the last.

Forming glaucous-green cushions, but not so compact or
so thick as in the last. Leaves broader; sporangium distinctly
striate ; teeth longer, more or less spreading, and not con-
verging when dry. A variety occurs with a shorter Ktem, a
blunter lid, and more perforated jagged teeth.

76. SCHISTIDIUM, Br. ^ Schimp.

Sporangium immersed ; veil mitriform, multifid at the
dilated base ; columella adhering to the lid and falling away
with it ; peristome single, of sixteen lanceolate teeth, barred
transversely without any medial line, often more or less
perforated above.

Schimper, in his Synopsis, reduces all again to a subgenus
of Grimmia.

GRIMMIEI.

243

1. S. maritimum, Br, ^ Schimp.; pulviiiate; leaves mueh
croTvdecl^ erecto-patent^ straight, ineurved when dry, narrow,
lanceolate, with a strong excurrent nerve ; sporangium obo-
vato-truncate ; lid very large, shortly rostrate from a convex
base ; ring none; teeth cribrose. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xiii.; Eng.
Bot. t. 1645.

On rocks near the sea, principally those which are quartz-
ose, very rarely on those which are calcareous. Bearing
fruit in spring.

Monoicous ; forming lurid or sometimes olive-yellow cush-
ions, about an inch high. Leaves rigid, strongly acuminate,
but not hair-pointed ; margin slightly reflexed at the base ;
teeth of peristome large.

2. S. apocarpum, Br. Sf Schimp. ; loosely tufted ; leaves
spreading from an erect base, erect when dry, lanceolate,
the upper ones hair-pointed ; margin recurved ; nerve slender ;
sporangium firm, ovate ; ring none ; lid shortly rostrate ;
teeth entire or perforated, dark-red. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xiii. ;
Eng. Bot. t. 1134, 1345, 2226.; (Plate 21, fig. 6) ; Moug. ^
Nest. n. 17, 508.

On stones, etc., either in dry or very wet situations. Com-
mon. Bearing fruit in winter.

Monoicous ; forming deep-green or at length brownish lax
patches. Lid rather oblique, shortly rostrate, from a convex
base ; peristome arising deeply within the mouth of the spo-
rangium ; teeth large, entire, or slightly pierced, spreading at
the base when dry, with the tips erect.

A very variable species; the leaves vary in direction and
breadth, being sometimes, in extreme cases, falcate, sometimes
ovato-lanceolatc and obtuse, the stems in length and mode of
branching, and the sporangium in form ; leaf-cells punctiforin
above, quadrate or rectangular at the l^asal disk and extreme
angles. _ ii 2

244

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

3. S. confertum, Br. ^ Schimp. ; leaves ovato-lanceolate^
the upper ones hair-pointed ; margin reflexed above ; sporan-
gium ovato-globose_, thin ; lid from a wide convex base sharply
apiculate ; ring none ; teeth lanceolate^ much perforated and
cribrose. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xlvii. ; Moug. ^ Nest. n. 912.

On trap or sandstone rocks. Edinburgh. Bearing fruit in
^arly spring.

Monoicous; forming dense deep- green cushions or tufts.
Stems slender^ flaccid when moist^ rigid when dry. The leaves
are wider than in the last^ the sporangium smaller^ thinner,
and subspherical, and the peristome paler and more fugacious,
besides being more perforated and divided.

Order XXY. HEDWIGIAGEI, Br. & Schimp.

Sporangium globose or oblong, more or less immersed ;
peristome none ; veil conical, sometimes cucullate, smooth or
hairy ; leaves nerveless.

77. HEDWIG-IDIUM, Br. ^ Schimp.

Sporangium more or less exserted, veil more or less cucul-
late, smooth ; lid conico-rostellate ; branches irregularly
scattered, stoloniferous ; leaves nearly even ; tips not diapha-
nous ; monoicous and bisexual.

1. H. imberbe, Br. ^ Schimp. ; leaves spreading, closely
imbricated when dry, subsulcate, widely ovato-lanceolate ;
margin slightly revolute; sporangium almost exserted; sub-
globose ; veil obliquely cucullate. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. vi. ; Eng.
Bot. t. 2237. ; (Plate 21, flg. 7.)

On the inclined faces of rocks. Ireland and Wales. Bear-
ing fruit late in autumn.

Forming large yellowish or brownish patches. Branches
stoloniferous ; stems 1-8 inches long, slightly branched ; leaves

HEDWIGIACEI.

245

obscurely plicate^ acuminate but not hair-pointed^ minutely
serrate above; veil conical_, split more or less at the base;
leaf-cells very narrow, elongated and flexuose at the basal
disk, elsewhere punctiform, minutely papillose above ; male
flowers at first terminal.

78. HEDWIGIA, E?ir.

Sporangium immersed, subsessile, globose; ring none; peri-
stome none ; veil conical, smooth or hairy ; branches dicho-
tomous ; leaves nerveless, erose, diaphanous and ciliated above,
papillose.

1. H. ciliata. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. vi. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1179.;
(Plate 21, fig. 8) ; Moug. ^ Nest. n. 12.

On rocks and stones, especially those which are granitic or
arenaceous, in mountainous countries. Bearing fruit in early
spring.

Monoicous ; forming loose, glaucous-green, hoary patches.
Stem at first erect ; branches more or less fastigiate ; leaves
spreading, densely imbricated when dry, oblongo-lanceolate,
with diaphanous eroded or ciliated points, nerveless, decurrent
below ; perichsetial leaves much ciliated ; sporangium globose ;
lid plano-eonvex, with or without a central papilla.

A very variable plant. Veil sometimes naked, sometimes
hairy ; leaves sometimes striate, wider or narrower, more or
less distinctly produced, varying in direction and colour ; the
lid blunt or acute; male flowers lateral; leaf-cells above
larger and less regular, those on the basal disk broader;
leaves more or less transparent, strongly papillose.

Order XXVI. ENGALYPTEI, Br. & Scliimp.
Sporangium straight, cylindrical, even or striate, covered

246

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

by the large cylindrico-eampanulate veil ; peristome none^
single or double.

79. ENCALYPTA, Schreher.

Sporangium on a long fruitstalk ; veil rostrate, persistent,
fringed, torn, or crenate at the base ; lid rostrate from a
conical base ; vaginula crowned at the top with a conical
mass of spongy cellular tissue, which is at first included in
the young calyptra, and at length forms the ocrea.

a. IPeristome wanting.

1. E. commutata, Nees ^ Hornsch. ; monoicousj leaves
ovato-lanceolate, shortly apiculate, transversely waved; nerve
excurrent ; sporangium subcylindrical, even ; veil laciniated
or crenate below; lid rostrate; peristome none. — Hook. ^
Wils. t* xliv. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1419.; {Moug. ^ Nest. n. 1108.)

In crevices of alpine rocks on lofty mountains in Scot-
land. Bearing fruit in summer.

Stems an inch or more long, rooting at the base; leaves
spreading from an erect base, squarrose, tapering above ; veil
jagged at the base but not fringed, even; leaf-cells minute,
hexagonal above, large, rectangular and more hyaline below.

, h. JPeristome single or wanting.

2. E. vulgaris, Hedw. ; monoicous ; stem short, branched ;
leaves ligulate, apiculate or obtuse, spreading ; sporangium
subcylindrical, even ; veil entire below ; peristome fugacious
or wanting. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xiii. ; Eng. Bot. t. 558. ; (Plate
22, fig. 1) ; Moug. ^ Nest. n. 117.

On the tops of walls, stones, etc., especially in calcareous
districts. Bearing fruit in spring.

Plants more or less seattered, scarce | an inch long ; leaves
obtuse or apiculate; nerve vanishing below the apex, or ex-

HEDWIGIACEl.

247

current ; sporangium thin ; peristome generally wanting ;
veil entire at the base, papillose above ; leaf-cells not so dis-
tinctly hexagonal as in the last, rectangular at the base;
vaginula with a conical crown. There are a few membranous
fragments at the base of the veil, but in a far less degree than
the next species.

3. E. eiliata, Hediv. ; monoicous ; leaves oblongo-ovate or
ligulate, shortly acuminate, spreading, crisped when dry ; mar-
gin recurved below ; nerve excurrent ; sporangium cylindrical,
even ; ring none ; veil appendiculate at the base. — Hook. ^
Wils. t. xiii. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1418.; [Moug. ^ Nest. n. 609).

On rocks in alpine districts. Bearing fruit in summer.

Slightly branched, clothed with rootlets below ; veil with a
fringe of triangular delicate shreds, derived from the ocrea;
teeth sixteen, reddish.

4. E. rhabdocarpa, Schwceg. ; monoicous ; leaves erecto-
patent, rather twisted when dry, ovato-lanceolate, nearly
plane, concave below; margin crenulate, with bipartite pa-
pillae ; sporangium narrow, ovate, striate, furrowed when dry ;
ring narrow. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxxii.; Grev. Sc. Crypt. FI. t.
163.; {Moug. ^ Nest. n. 1110.)

In alpine or subalpine districts, in the crevices of rocks or
on the ground.

Stem rather longer than in the last ; fruitstalk red, twisted ;
veil rather short ; sporangium very rarely without any peri-
stome, straight and regular ; leaves often apiculate ; leaf-cells
at the base lax, rectangular, hyaline, gradually changed up-
ward into subhexagon al.

c. Peristome douhle,

5. E. streptocarpa, Hedw. ; dioicous ; stem elongated,
branched; leaves crccto-patcut, when dry loosely inil)rieated,

r

248 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

ligulate or linear; nerve reaching to the tip; apex subeucul-
late, ratlier blunt; sporangium subcylindrical, spirally striated;
peristome double. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xiii. ; Eng. Bot. t. 2163. ;
(Moug. Nest. n. 506.)

On rocks_, stones, and the mortar of walls. Seotland, York-
shire, and Derbyshire. Bearing fruit late in summer.

Stems 1-2 inches long ; leaves blunt ; margin minutely
crenulate ; nerve red; perichsetial leaves narrowly lanceolate
from an oblong concave base ; veil at first appendiculate ;
sporangium with about eight spiral furrows ; ring broad ;
teeth of outer peristome sixteen, inner of as many cilia alter-
nating with them ; spores very minute, green.

Order XXVll. BIBABIAOEI, Br. & Schimp.

Sporangium immersed or more or less exserted; lid conico-
rostrate, spiral ; peristome consisting of thirty-two teeth, con-
nected together by anastomosing processes or of an irregularly
fissured, sometimes rudimentary membrane ; top of the colu-
mella dilated and connected with the peristome. Large, hand-
some, aquatic Mosses.

80. CINGLIDOTUS, Br. ^ Schimp.

Sporangium ovate or oval, even, with thick walls; veil
smooth, conical, cucullate; peristome simple, sometimes rudi-
mentary, of thirty-two teeth rising from a common mem-
branous base, connected below by anastomosing processes, and
twisted round the columella.

1. C. riparius, Br. Schimp.; dioicous; branches fascicu-
late ; leaves erecto-patent, elongated, lingulate, obtuse, shortly
niucronate from the excurrent nerve; fruitstalk short and
thick; sporangium exserted, oblong; lid obliquely rostrate;

TRICHOSTOMEI.

249

peristome with numerous subdivisions. — Hook. ^ Wils. t, xliv,.;
{Moug. ^ Nest. n. 1008.)

On stones or trees, near rivulets, or on stumps. Wales,
Bristol, and south of England. Bearing fruit in spring.

The short variety alone is found in Great Britain. Stems
about an inch long, dull-green, but not black; fruitstalk \ in.
long; cells of lid spirally arranged as in Tortula, to which, es-
pecially to T. subulata, this form bears a strong resemblance.

The stems in the normal form are 3 inches or more long,
and the leaves not so acute ; the cells are small, irregularly
quadrato-hexagonal, with a few longer cells at the base ; the
margin reflexed belowq and slightly thickened above ; some-
times acrocarpous, sometimes cladocarpous.

2. C. fontinaloides, P. Beauv. ; fasciculato-ramose ; leaves
elongato-lanceolate, acute, keeled; nerve excurrent; margin
thickened ; perichsetial leaves submembranous ; sporangium
immersed. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xi. ; Eng. Bot. t. 557. ; (Plate
22, fig. 2) ; Moug. 8f Nest. n. 510.

On stones, in rivulets, or on the border of lakes, espe-
cially in calcareous districts. Bearing fruit in early spring.

Dioicous ; forming large, loose, olive-green tufts several
inches long, floating in the water, or erect in drier localities.
Eruitstalk very short ; sporangia cladocarpous, oval or oblong ;
lid conico-rostrate ; peristome red, fugacious ; spores rather
large, green. Above the short vaginula, I find a thin, irregular,
jagged ocrea.

Order XXVIll. TBICHOSTOMEI, Br. & Schimp.

Sporangium erect or pendulous; veil cucnllate, subulate;
peristome of thirty-two filiform teeth, distinct or united at
the base, which is often tubular, frc(picntly approximating in
pairs and sometimes spirally twisted.

250

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

81. TOUTULA, Schreb.

Sporangium erect, rarely cernuous; veil cucullate, with a
long beak ; fissure spiral ; peristome single, of thirty-two
filiform teeth, composed of two series of cells, twisted, united
by a basal membrane of greater or less breadth.

1. Perennial,

a. Basal membrane forming an elongated tube (Syntricbia).

^ Inflorescence doubtful.

1 . T. papillosa, Wits. ; csespitose, rather short, sparingly
branched ; leaves spreading, erect when dry, obovate, sub-
acute, very concave, shortly hair-pointed, papillose at the
back and on the thick, spongy, gemmiparous nerve ; margin
plane, strongly involute when dry ; leaf-cells lax. — Hook. ^
Wils. t. xliv.

On trees. Wales, Yorkshire, and south of England. Not
yet found in fruit. I have seen no specimens.

** Sgnoicous,

2. T. Mulleri, Wits.; densely csespitose; stem elongated,
dichotomous ; leaves erecto-patent, imbricated when dry, ob-
long, obtuse, hair* pointed ; margin refiexed; nerve excurrent ;
sporangium cylindrical, curved on a long fruitstalk. — Hook.
^ Wils. t. xliv.

On rocks. Scotland, Mr. Drummond. Bearing fruit in
early summer.

Forming olivaceous or brownish tufts, 1-2 inches long.
Leaves firm, shrinking but little in drying.

### Dioicoiis.

3. T. ruralis, Schweeg. ; tufted ; leaves squarrose, recurved,
oblong, from a sheathing base, very obtuse, with rough hair-

TRICHOSTOMEI.

251

points^ keeled ; margin recurvea ; sporangium elongated; some-
what incurved ; lid as long as the sporangium. — Hook. ^ Wils.
t. xii. ; Eng. Bot. t. 2070. ; (Plate 22, fig. 4) j Moug. ^ Nest,
n. 26.

On walls, thatched roofs, banks, etc. Very common. Bear-
ing fruit in early spring.

Forming large, loose, green cushions or patches, hoary with
the hair-points of the leaves, 1-3 inches high. Leaf-cells
small and very compact above, very loose, diaphanous and
rectangular below ; ring of a double row of cells ; the tube is
tessellated, composed of rectangular cells, forming regular
courses, and the free threads which consist of two distinct
parts, a narrow, darker, and a broader light portion are imme-
diately derived from the cells, the darker part arising from the
walls, the lighter from the contained sac.

4. T. intermedia, Brid. ; stems densely tufted ; subpul-
vinate; leaves erecto-patent, upper ones somewhat incurved,
very obtuse, with a very rough hair-point ; sporangium shorter
on a shorter fruitstalk. — Syntrichia intermedia, Brid. Bryol.
Eur.

On rocks. Near Conway ; Malham, Yorkshire, W. Wilson.
Bearing fruit in spring.

Leaves slightly twisted. Distinguished from Tortula ruralis
by its extremely obtuse, flat, erect leaves, and other points.

5. T. latifolia, Bruch ; upper leaves rosulate, spathulato-
lingulate ; nerve ending at the obtuse emarginate apex or
slightly excurrent; margin nearly plane; sporangium long,
subcylindrical ; lid shortly rostrate ; ring simple. — Hook.
Wils. t. xliii. ; [Moug. ^ Nest. n. 921.)

On trees, etc. From Scotland to Essex. Bearing fruit,
but very rarely in summer.

Forming loose, dark, lurid-green patches. Leaves very

252

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

blunt_, emarginate; with a small apiculus, slightly recurved;
tube of peristome rather short ; ring small ; leaf-cells above
minute^ punctiform, those of the basal disk and the extreme
angles rectangular and hyaline^ resembling those of Encalypta.

Monoicous.

6. T. Isevipila, Schwceg. ; leaves oblong or spathulate,
rounded and emarginate above^ with a long white, nearly even
hair-point, arising from the excurrent nerve; sporangium
subcylindrical, curved ; peristome much twisted ; tube mode-
rately long. — Hook. ^ Wils. t, xliii.

On trees and sometimes on stones. Bearing fruit in early
summer.

Forming compact green tufts. Leaves broader above, less
squarrose than in T, ruralis ; margin plane above, recurved
below, hair-point nearly even.

7. T. subulata, Hedw. ; loosely tufted ; stem short ; leaves
obovato- or spathulato-oblong, mucronate, surrounded by a
more or less conspicuous yellowish border ; margin plane ; spo-
rangium elongated, subcylindrical, slightly curved ; tube of
the peristome very long ; ring of two rows of cells, subper-
sistent. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xii. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1101. ; Moug. ^
Nest. n. 126).

On banks and about the roots of trees, especially in a sandy
soil. Bearing fruit in early summer.

Forming bright-green patches. Leaves broader upwards;
lid rather short; leaf- cells above larger than in some species,
subhexangular, rectangular at the base ; border sometimes
toothed, consisting of from one to four rows of narrow, slightly
sinuous cells, without chlorophyll. There is a variety with a
very indistinct mucro, which has been found in Lancashire
and Hampshire.

TRICHOSTOMEI.

253

It generally affects a calcareous soil.

h. Nerve of leaves round ; teeth much tivisted, springing from a

membrane much shorter in general than themselves (Barbula).

* Leaves widely laitceolate or more or less spathulate.

8. T. eanescens, Bruch ; leaves more or less^obovate, hair-
pointed ; margin reflexed ; sporangium elliptic, equal, thin-
walled; lid conical, blunt; ring rather broad; basal mem-
brane tubular, rather long. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xliii.

On trees, soil, etc., principally in argillaceous districts.
Sussex, Mr. Jenner. Bearing fruit in spring.

Distinguished from T. muralis by the shorter, wider, softer
leaves, their less recurved margin and the elongated basal tube,
which is one-third or half as long as the teeth, presenting in
fact the characters of Syntrichia.

9. T. marginata, Wils. ; monoicous ; leaves oblongo-lan-
ceolate, with a thickened yellowish margin ; nerve slightly ex-
current ; sporangium oblong ; lid shortly rostrate, basal mem-
brane narrow. — Hook. Sf Wils. t. xliii.

On walls and on the ground. North and south of England.
Bare. Bearing fruit in early summer.

Leaves narrower than in T. muralis, which it much re-
sembles ; margin distinct, of a double row of cells, not at all
reflexed ; ring broader. The British specimens in general have
narrower leaves. Schimper’s character, broadly oblongo-
lanceolate,^^ will not apply to them.

10. T. muralis, Hedw. ; monoicous ; stem short ; leaves
oblong, subspathulate ; margin strongly recurved ; sporangium
oblong, erect ; lid shortly rostrate, basal membrane narrow ;
ring narrow; subpersistent. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xii. ; Eng.
Bot. t, 2033.; (Plate 22, fig. 3); Moug. c^' Nest. n. 127,
1112.

254

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

On walls and stones. Very common. Bearing fruit in
spring.

Forming little glaucous tufts. Leaves obtuse, with a more
or less excurrent nerve ; margin apparently thickened, but
really closely recurved; hair-points even.

Varying with longer stems, larger, longer, or narrow leaves,
bluntish points, etc. Occasionally the sporangium is slightly
curved. Leaf-cells minute above, filled with chlorophyll, in the
lower half gradually longer and hyaline.

11. T. oblongifolia, Hook. ^ Wils. ; monoicous; grega-
rious ; stem short ; leaves spreading, subflaccid, opaque, erect
when dry, elliptic, oblong, rather obtuse, with a very small
mucro; nerve slightly excurrent ; margin plane; sporangium
elongated, narrow, subcylindrical ; lid conico-rostellate ; basal
membrane broad. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xliii.

Moist banks, near Dublin, Mr. Drummond. Bearing fruit
very early in spring.

Of this 1 have seen no specimens, nor does it seem to be
taken up by Schimper. It is known from the last by the
plane margin of the leaves and narrow sporangia, and from
T. cuneifolia by the opaque oblong leaves.

12. T. cuneifolia. Smith; monoicous; gregarious; stem
short, simple; upper leaves rosulate obovate or spathulate,
shortly acuminate ; nerve reaching only to the apex, or ex-
current and forming a hair-point ; sporangium oblong ; lid
rather short and obtuse ; ring narrow ; basal membrane rather
broad. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xii. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1510.; [Moug. ^
Nest. n. 919.)

On banks, especially near the sea. Bearing fruit in spring.

Densely gregarious, soft and flaccid. Lower leaves broadly
ovate, acuminate, upper forming a rose-like expansion ; peri-
stome much twisted ; leaf-cells rather large, hexagonal above.

TRICHOSTOMEI.

255

with very little ehlorophyll, below broadly and nearly exactly
rectangular.

I omit T, stellata, Smith [Bryum stellatum, Dicks.), as it
has never been found on the Continent, and is in all pro-
bability a tropical Moss, admitted by some mistake into the
list of British Mosses.

** Leaves narrow^ lanceolate,

13. T. squarrosa, De Not. ; dioicous ; loosely tufted ; leaves
recurvo-squarrose, from a broad sheathing base, lanceolate,
slightly undulated, serrulate at the apex ; margin plane ;
nerve subexcurrent ; sporangium erect, oblong, slightly
curved ; lid concave, subulate ; ring simple. — Hook. ^ Wils.
t. xliii.

On dry hills. Dublin and Sussex. Bearing fruit on the
Continent in May and J une.

Forming yellow-green loose tufts. Stem brittle, erect or
procumbent, an inch or more long ; leaves crisped when dry ;
leaf- cells above minute, very lax below ; teeth twisted.

14. T. tortuosa, Iledw. ; dioicous ; pulvinate ; stem
elongated, dichotomous ; leaves crowded, spreading, curled
when dry, linear-lanceolate from an ovate translucent base ;
margin plane, undulated ; nerve excurrent ; sporangium erect,
ovato-oblong, sometimes curved ; teeth much twisted. — Hook.
^ Wils. t. xii. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1708. ; [Moug. ^ Nest. n. 314.)

On rocks, especially such as are calcareous, as at Matlock.
Bearing fruit in summer.

Forming yellow-green tufts. Stems ^-3 inches long ; leaves
very long; leaf-cells minute above, filled with chlorophyll,
translucent and rectangular, but rather narrow below ; basal
membrane very narrow.

15. T. convoluta, ; dioicous ; densely tufted ; leaves

256

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

narrow, oblongo-lanceolate from a slightly expanded base ;
margin reflexed below ; perichsetial leaves convolute ; sporan-
gium slightly ovato- oblong, curved ; lid subulate ; ring dis-
tinct.— Hook. ^ Wils. t. xii. ; Eng, Bot. t. 2382. ; [Moug. ^
Nest. n. 716.)

On walls and banks, especially in calcareous districts. Bear-
ing fruit in summer.

Forming large, short, yellow-green patches. Leaves crisp
when dry ; nerve ceasing at or near the tip ; more translucent
than the disk ; fruitstalks of a beautiful pale-yellow, slender;
teeth muck twisted ; basal membrane narrow ; leaf-cells above
minute, filled with chlorophyll, gradually increasing in size to
the basal disk, those at the wings large and rectangular.

16. T. revoluta. Hook. ^ TayL; dioicous, subpulvinate ;
leaves erecto-patent, rather obtuse, lanceolate, imbricated and
somewhat twisted when dry ; nerve thickened above and
slightly excurrent ; margin strongly revolute ; perichsetial
leaves loosely sheathing ; veil large ; sporangium oval-oblong ;
lid oblique ; ring simple ; basal membrane narrow. — Hook. ^
Wils. Lxii. ; [Moug. ^ Nest. n. 218.)

On walls, especially in limestone districts. Bearing fruit
in April.

Forming pale, dense, yellowish-green patches. Stem
scarcely more than ^ an inch high ; fruitstalk reddish ; spo-
rangium rather small. Scarcely ever growing on the ground.
Distinguished at once by the diffierently-coloured fruitstalk,
simply sheathing perichsetial leaves and their revolute margin.
Leaf-cells larger than in the last, nerve much thicker.

17. T. Hornschuchiana, Wits.; dioicous; loosely tufted;
leaves spreading, somewhat recurved, incurved or spirally im-
bricated when dry, lanceolate, keeled, acute ; margin re volute ;
nerve excurrent, rather slender, ; perichsetial leaves loosely

TRICHOSTOMEI.

257

sheathing; sporangium erect^ oblong; ring narrow. — Hook.^
Wils. t. xliii. ; (Moug. Nesi. n. 820) ; Eng. Bot. t. 2383.

On wallsj rocks_, and the naked ground. Bearing fruit late in
the spring.

Forming patches of a brownish-green. Stems and leaves
not densely crowded ; nerve much thinner than in the last.
I do not find the leaf- cells larger^ as stated by Mr. Wilson, but
the contrary.

There can be little doubt that the ^English Botany^ figure
belongs to this rather than the last.

The plant gathered by Mr. Thwaites near Bristol, without
fruit, and referred to T. gracilis, is, to say the least, doubtful ;
and as it is the only real authority for admitting the species
into our Flora, it is better, I think, at present to omit it.

18. T. vinealis, Wils.; dioicous ; csespitose ; leaves spread-
ing, recurved, erect, and loosely incumbent when dry, ovato-
lanceolate ; margin slightly recurved, nearly plane above ; spo-
rangium ovato-oblong, erect ; ring distinct ; lid shortly ros-
trate ; peristome once twisted ; membrane evident. — Hook. ^
Wils. t. xlii.; Eng. Bot. t. 2316.

On walls, etc. North and south of England. Bearing
fruit in spring.

Forming yellowish tuffcs. Differs from T. fallax in the
denser tufts, shorter, less recurved leaves, shorter, thicker spo-
rangia, shorter fruitstalk, lid, and peristome, simple ring, and
smaller leaf-cells. It varies considerably in length, and if the
^ English Botany ^ figure is rightly quoted it represents a form
with longer stems.

19. T. fallax, Swartz; dioicous, csespitosc; leaves squar-
rose, recurved, twisted when dry, linear-lanceolate, keeled,
acuminate ; margin recurved ; nerve subcxcurrcnt ; pcriclim-
tial leaves sheathing, spreading ; sporangium subcylindrical ;

258

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

ring none ; lid rostrate. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xii. ; Eng. Bot. t.
2179. ; {Moug. ^ Nest.n. 715.)

On the ground_, especially in calcareous or clay districts_,
common. Bearing fruit in autumn and winter.

Forming soft rusty-green tufts. A very variable species,
distinguished from T. unguiculata, which is still more variable,
by its peculiar tint, recurvo-squarrose, hygroscopic, acuminate
leaves, and narrower firmer sporangium. The upper leaf-cells
moreover are more distinct and punctiform, while the lower
are not so lax or strictly rectangular.

20. T. recurvifolia, Bchirnp. ; loosely tufted ; leaves spread-
ing, curved strongly backwards, loosely incumbent when dry,
lanceolate from an oblong base, acutely keeled, papillose on
either side ; nerve vanishing at the tip ; margin reflexed be-

I

low ; sporangium erect, elongated ; lid subulate ; ring none.
— T.fallaoc, var. S, Flook. & Wils. Bryol. Brit. p. 124.

On rocks and calcareous walls. Bearing fruit, but rarely,
in autumn.

Forming rufous tufts. Leaves trifarious, not twisted when
dry as in the last.

21. T. unguiculata, //ooA:. Tayl. ; csespitose, soft; leaves
more or less spreading, ovato- or oblongo-lanceolate, mucro-
nate from the excurrent nerve ; margin recurved ; sporangium
subcylindrical, erect ; lid subulate. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xii. ;
Eng. Bot. t. 1299, 1663, 2391, 2393, 2494, 2495.; [Moug. ^
Nest. n. 27.)

On the ground, especially in a clayey soil. Y ery common.
Bearing fruit in winter.

Forming wide green tufts. Ring none; basal membrane
very narrow. Extremely variable in height, branching, width
and length of leaves, but distinguished from T. fallax in every
stage as above.

TRICHOSTOMEI.

259

c. Leaves rigid ; nerve clothed ivith jointed threads (Tortula).

22. T. aloides^ Wils. ; dioicous ; stem short ; leaves spread-
ing, linear-lanceolate, acute, strongly nerved ; margin in-
curved ; sporangium cylindrical, oblique j fruitstalk curved
above ; ring fragmentary ; lid rostrate from a conical base ;
teeth in pairs, scarcely twisted. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xlii. ; Eng.
Bot. t. 180, 2759. ; {Moug. ^ Nest. n. 717.)

On clay banks. Bearing fruit in winter.

Extremely short. Leaves more rigid with a stronger nerve;
margin strongly incurved ; basal membrane rather broad ;
teeth divaricated when dry, pallid ; spores larger than in the
two following species ; nerve, which is prominent below,
though not above, and part of the disk, concealed by a
mass of jointed threads analogous to the plates in Polytri-
chum.

23. T. ambigua, Wils. ; dioicous ; stem short ; leaves
spreading, ligulato-lanceolate from an ovate base ; rather ob-
tuse, concave, incurved, and cucullate above; margin in-
curved ; sporangium cylindrical, erect ; teeth slightly twisted .
— Hook. Wils. t. xlii.

On walls and banks. Common on the caps of the oolitic
walls in Northamptonshire. Bearing fruit in winter.

Stem very short ; leaves stellate ; teeth incurved when dry,
red, filiform at the base. Distinguished from the last by its
erect sporangium, and from the following by its cylindrical
sporangium, besides other points.

24. T. rigida, Wils. ; dioieous ; stems short ; leaves spread-
ing, oblong, obtuse ; margin membranaceous, indexed ; spo-
rangium elliptico- oblong, straight, erect ; ring distinct ; lid ob-
liquely rostrate; peristome rather long, much contorted. —
— Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxxii. ; Grev. Sc. Crypt. FI, t. 331. ; [Moug.
^ Nest. n. 613.)

s

9

260

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

On walls, especially in calcareous districts, chalk pits, etc.
Bearing fruit in winter.

Very like the last two, but distinct in the form of the spo-
rangium, which is half covered by the veil, which in those
species is much shorter.

82. TRICHOSTOMUM, Br, ^ Schimp.

Sporangium erect or more rarely curved; veil cucullate,
smooth ; peristome single, of thirty-two more or less perfect,
straight teeth, disposed in pairs, composed of a single series of
elongated cells, sometimes so united or perforated as to look
like sixteen, connected by a narrow basal membrane ; leaf-
cells punctiform above, minutely papillose, rectangular and
hyaline below. Perennial^ terrestrial Mosses^ with the habit of
Tortula.

1. T. rigidulum, Smith; tufted; leaves spreading and re-
curved, elongato-lanceolate, keeled ; margin recurved ; nerve
subexcurrent ; sporangium subcylindrical ; ring narrow ; teeth
in pairs or free, sometimes connected by transverse bars. —
Hook. ^ Wits. t. XX.; Eng. Bot. t. 2178.; {Moug. ^ Nest. n.
612.)

On moist rocks or upon dry, exposed, calcareous walls.
Bearing fruit in autumn and winter.

Loosely tufted. Stem straight, about an inch high, of a
brownish or dull green; leaf-cells distinct, punctiform; lid
obliquely rostrate. When growing on dry walls it is shorter,
the sporangium more elliptic, and the lid longer.

2. T. tophaceum, Brid. ; stem branched, elongated ; leaves
spreading from an erect base, lanceolate, obtuse; nerve ceasing
below the tip, keeled, concave; sporangium oblong, subcylin-
drical ; ring none ; lid obliquely rostrate ; teeth irregular, in
pairs. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xx. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1598, 1707,2295.

TRICHOSTOMEI.

261

On calcareous or gritty, moist rocks. Bearing fruit in
winter and early spring.

Stems of a dull deep- green ; leaves rattier twisted when
dry ; teeth as in the last, very variable, sometimes reduced to
sixteen, in both springing from a narrow basal membrane ;
nerve always shorter.

3. T. mutabile, Bruch ; leaves spreading, crisped when
dry, lanceolate, acute ; margin plane, slightly undulated ;
nerve excurrent, forming a short point; sporangium ovate;
lid rostrate ; teeth very short. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xli. ; Eng.
Bot. t. 2735.

In crevices of rocks and on the ground in calcareous dis-
tricts, mostly near the sea. Wales, Ireland, and Sussex.
Bearing fruit in summer.

Stems short, bright-green ; leaf-cells dense and punctiform
above, then exactly quadrate, rectangular and hyaline at the
base; teeth unequal from a narrow membrane, very fuga-
cious.

4. T. crispnlnm, Bruch ; leaves spreading, crisped when dry,
lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, concave and almost cucullate
at the tip ; nerve excurrent, forming a short point ; sporangium
oval ; lid obliquely rostrate ; ring none ; teeth in unequal pairs.
— Hook. ^ Wils. t. xli. ; Eng. Bot. t. 2734.

On limestone rocks and banks near the sea. Bearing fruit
in summer.

Forming dense, flat, yellow patches. Leaf-cells very minute
and crowded above, larger in the narrow-leaved variety (Moug.

Nest. n. 915) ; teeth of peristome much longer than in the
last species.

5. T.convolutum, pulvinato-caispitosc; leaves spread-
ing, twisted Avhen dry, oval-oblong, apiculate ; nerve strong,
thickened above and slightly cxcurrcnt ; margin revolute;

262

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

sporangium ovate ; ring none ; lid obliquely rostellate ; teeth
unequal. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xx. ; Eng. Bot. t. 2015.; (Plate
22, fig. 8) ; Moug. Nest. n. 914.

Near the sea, on walls, banks, etc. Bearing fruit in spring.

Monoicous; forming dull-green tufts. Leaf-cells dense
above, lax below, more like those of Trichostomum than Des-
matodon. Sometimes the peristome is very imperfect. It is
Desmatodon nervosus of the ‘ Bryologia Britannica.^

83. LEPTOTRICHUM, Hampe.

Sporangium erect ; peristome single, of thirty-two teeth ar-
ranged in pairs, sometimes reduced to sixteen; leaves glossy;
narrow, elongated, translucent, not papillose.

1. L. tortile, ; stem short; leaves spreading or se-

cund, curved, lanceolato-subulate, serrated at the tip ; margin
reflexed ; nerve excurrent ; sporangium cylindrical ; lid short ;
ring narrow ; peristome variable. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xli. ; Eng.
Bot. t. 2380.; [Moug. ^ Nest. n. 1012.)

On sandy banks, in quarries, etc. Ireland, Yorkshire, and
Sussex. Bearing fruit late in autumn.

Dioicous ; gregarious or loosely tufted. Lid a quarter as
long as sporangium ; teeth of peristome red, varying in length
and in pairing; leaf-cells elongated, not at all resembling
those of Tortula.

2. L. flexicaule, Mull. ; stems elongated, slender, much
branched, densely tufted ; leaves spreading or secund, lanceo-
lato-subulate ; nerve broad, excurrent ; sporangium small,
ovato-oblong ; ring simple ; lid shortly rostellate ; teeth un-
equal, rather long. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xlii. ; [Moug. ^ Nest. n.
213.)

On calcareous rocks, Scotland and Derbyshire. Bearing
fruit on the Continent in summer.

TRICHOSTOMEI.

263

Dioicous; forming yellowish-green tufts 1-3 inches or more
high. Stems flexuose^ covered with rootlets ; nerve of leaves
occupying almost the whole disk; leaf- cells as in the last;
peristome very fugacious; teeth unequal^ sometimes anasto-
mosing below.

A much larger plant than the last^ with taller stems, and
much longer, more setaceous leaves; margin plane.

3. L. homomallum. Mull.; loosely tufted; stems short;
leaves spreading or secund, subulato-setaceous, from an ovate
base ; nerve broad, excurrent ; sporangium ovato-oblong ; ring
narrow ; lid short, conical ; teeth simple or united in pairs ;
basal membrane very short. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xx. ; Eng. Bot.
t. 1899, 1900.; (Plate 22, fig. 5) ; Moug. ^ Nest. n. 19.

On sandy soil, etc., especially in mountainous districts.
Bearing fruit in autumn.

Dioicous ; forming lax, green, glossy patches. Leaves mostly
secund; nerve excurrent and predominant, but ill defined;
teeth sometimes reduced to sixteen ; leaf-cells as in the last
two species.

4. L. subulatum, Mull. ; stems short ; leaves spreading or
secund, subulate from an ovate base, widely recurved ; sporan-
gium oval ; ring none ; lid conico-rostellate ; basal membrane
very narrow; antheridia naked, axillary. — Hook. ^ Wils. t.
xlii.

On banks in Cornwall. Mr. Tozer. Bearing fruit in
spring.

Monoicous ; yellow-green. Stems 3-4 lines high ; lid
obliquely rostrate. Differs from the last in the inflorescence,
deficient ring, and more slender teeth.

5. L. glaucescens, Hampe ; cxspitosc ; leaves linear-lan-
ceolate, more or less sprinkled with a glaucous leprous sub-
stance, toothed above; nerve subexcurrent; margin plane;

264

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

sporangium oval-oblong ; lid conico-rostellate ; basal mem-
brane very narrow. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxxiii. ; Eng. Bot. t.
2381. ; Grev. Sc. Crypt. FI. t. 127. j {Moug. ^ Nest. n. 913.)

Highlands of Scotland. Hare. Bearing fruit in summer.

Monoicous ; densely csespitose. Leaves in themselves green,
but glaucous from excessively minute threads mixed with a
granular substance similar to what occurs in Bartramia puU
verulenta. The leaf-cells are broader and more rectangular
than in the other species, but very unlike those of Tortula.
The nature of the glaucous matter is unknown, but it does
not appear to be any condition of a Mould or Lichen, but to
be thrown off from the surface of the plant.

84. DIDYMODON, Br. ^ Schimp.

Sporangium erect, subcylindrical, with a very short tapering
base ; veil cucullate, covering at least half the sporangium ;
peristome rather short; teeth sixteen, linear-lanceolate, of a
double row of cells, tender and fugacious, entire or perforated ;
leaf- cells narrow.

1. D. rubellus, Br. Schimp.; tufted; leaves spreading
and recurved, crisped when diy, lanceolate from an amplexicaul
base ; margin recurved ; nerve reaching almost to the tip ;
sporangium cylindrical ; lid shortly and obliquely rostrate ;
teeth entire or cloven. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xiv. ; Eng. Bot. t,
1438.

On shady walls, on the ground, etc. Bearing fruit from
October to February.

Monoicous and synoicous ; forming dull-green patches,
which are red below. Bing simple ; leaf-cells above minute,
filled with chlorophyll, below rectangular and hyaline, much
resembling those of Tortula ; teeth of peristome pale, lanceo-
late, entire, with a medial line and projecting at the articula-

TRICHOSTOMEl.

265

tions, or variously cleft and perforated ; often differing from
each other in the same peristome.

2. D. luridus^ Hornsch. ; dioicous ] leaves ovato-lanceolate,
erecto-patent, keeled^ straight and erect when dry ; margin
reflexed ; nerve strong, ending at the apex ; sporangium ob-
long or cylindrical ; lid conico-acuminate ; ring narrow, per-
sistent, teeth irregular. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xli. ; {Moug. ^ Nest,
n. 818.)

On moist ground and stones. Ireland, Yorkshire, Kent,
and Sussex. Bearing fruit from December to April.

Dioicous. Stems short, slightly tufted ; leaf-cells above
minute, erowded, those of the disk below the middle quadrate
and translucent, the very lowest only slightly elongated and
rectangular ; teeth of peristome very irregular and tender,
often rudimentary, simple or bipartite, inserted below the
orifice, with scarcely any basal membrane.

3. D. cylindricus, Br. ^ Schimp.; dioicous; tufted; leaves
long, spreading, linear, somewhat undulated, crisped when
dry, slightly toothed at the apex ; wings opaque ; sporangium
cylindrical ; lid subulate ; ring narrow ; teeth fugacious, va-
riable.— Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxxiii. ; [Moug. ^ Nest. n. 1006.)

On stones and rocks, seldom if ever in limestone districts.
Bearing fruit in October.

Forming loose, short, soft, yellow- green tufts. Leaves brittle
above ; margin granulated ; leaf- cells dense and minute above,
very slowly increasing to the base, those at the basal wings
hyaline and larger. This species has much the appearance of
Toi'tula tortuosa, but the leaf-cells arc different, without ad-
verting to the peristome.

4. D. flexifolius, Hook. ^ Tayl. ; dioicous ; crccto-patcnt ;
leaves flexuous, crisped when dry, oblong or lingulatc, apicu-
latc, coarsely toothed ; margin plane above, rcflcxcd below ;

266

HANDBOOK OP BRITISPI MOSSES.

nerve vanishing below the apex ; sporangium cylindrical ; lid
rostellate ; ring narrow ; teeth very short. — Hook. ^ Wils. t.
XX. ; Eng. Bot. t. 2493. ; (Plate 22^ fig. 6.)

On stones, straw, roofs, etc. Bearing fruit in early spring.

Forming bright-green soft tufts. Leaves broader than in the
foregoing species; leaf-cells subquadrate, slightly elongated
towards the base ; stems often bearing little branchlets, which
are easily detached, and may be mistaken when fallen for
some P has cum ; leaves sometimes gemmiparous.

5. D. recurvifolius, Tayl. ; stems elongated, loosely csespi-
tose; leaves squarrose, crisped and undulated when dry, ellip-
tico-oblong or ligulate, pale, margined, serrulate ; nerve sub-
excurrent.— Hook. ^ Wils. t. xli.

Near Killarney.

A doubtful species, as it has not hitherto been found in
fruit, bearing some resemblance to Tortula squarrosa.

85. DISTICHIUM, Br. ^ Schimp.

Sporangium oval-oblong or subcylindrical, with a short ta-
pering base; lid cucullate, with a slender beak ; peristome of
sixteen teeth inserted below the mouth of the sporangium, not
confluent at the base, equidistant, transversely barred, marked
with a medial line, entire or perforated, occasionally cleft;
leaves more or less distichous ; leaf-cells minute above, large
and diaphanous below.

1. D, capillaceum, Br. Bchimp. ; densely tufted; leaves
spreading, subulate, from a semiamplexicaul base ; sporangium
erect, subcylindrical; teeth narrow, distantly articulate, irre-
gularly cloven. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xx. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1152.;
(Plate 22, fig. 7) ; Moug. Nest. 211.

In crevices of mountain rocks. Bearing fruit in summer.

Monoicous ; forming large dense-green patches. Lid short ;

rOTTlEI.

267

leaf-cells narrow^ elongated below. I do not find them
roundish.

2. D. inclinatum, Br. ^ Schimp. ; subcsespitose ; leaves
crowded^ subulate above and toothed ; sporangium cernuous^
oval_, teeth lanceolate, nearly entire or perforated with nume-
rous articulations. — Hook. Wils. t. xx. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1824.

Mountain rocks and sands near the coast. Rare. Bearing
fruit in summer.

Monoicous ; forming soft, dull olive-green patches. Ring
broader ; spores larger ; leaves more crowded than in the last,
shorter and narrower above ; teeth of the peristome wider.

86. DESMATODON, Brid.

Sporangium erect or cernuous ; veil rather long, cucullate ;
peristome single, of sixteen subulate teeth, united at the base
by a common membrane, often split, the divisions free or con-
nected by trabeculae ; leaves broad ; leaf-cells above hexagonal,
elongated, and very large below.

1. D. latifolius, Brid.; leaves erecto-patent, oblongo-lan-
ceolate, acuminate, mucronate ; margin revolute ; nerve ex-
current; sporangium subcylindrical, oblong; lid obliquely
rostrate ; ring small ; veil twice as long as the sporangium. —
Hook. ^ Wils. t. xvi. ; Eng. Bot. t. 2492. ; [Moug. Sf Nest. n.
1007.)

On the tops of lofty mountains. Bearing fruit in summer.

A doubtful native. Confounded frequently with Anacalypta
lanceolatay from which it may be known by the more tapering
teeth, which are deeply cloven and mostly free.

Order XXIX. POTTIEI, Br. & Schimp.

Sporangium pedunculate, straight ; peristome none or of six-
teen teeth ; veil cucullate ; leaves composed above of rather
large hexagonal cells, and large rectangular cells at the base.

26S

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

87. ANACALYPTA, Rohling,

Sporangium oval ; veil cucullate ; peristome single or of
sixteen teeth, united at the base by a common membrane,
entire or imperfectly divided down the centre, sometimes
fragmentary ; leaf-cells rather wide, quadrate or rectangular,
enlarged below.

1. A. Starkeana, Nees ^ Hornsch. ; gregarious, annual ;
leaves ovato- or oblongo-lanceolate, mucronate from the
slightly excurrent nerve ; margin recurved ; lid conical, ob-
tuse ; teeth obtuse, without a medial line, more or less per-
forated.— Hook. ^ Wils. t. XIV. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1490. ; [Moug.
^ Nest. n. 712.)

On the ground, in pasture or ploughed fields. Bearing fruit
in winter.

Mohoicous ; scattered or csespitose. Sporangium minute ;
ring narrow, persistent ; peristome extremely variable ; teeth
lanceolate, obtuse or truncate, bifid, entire or cribrose.

2. A. emspitosa, Bruch ; stems very short, simple or
branched ; leaves spreading, ovate or oblongo-lanceolate,
shortly mucronate from the excurrent nerve ; lid rostrate ;
ring simple; teeth more or less perfect, perforated or split. —
Hook. ^ Wils. t. xli. ; {Moug. ^ Nest. n. 909.)

On chalk hills. Sussex, Mr. Mitten. Bearing fruit in
spring.

Monoicous.

Distinct from the last in the sheathing perichsetium, the
long beak, the more perfect peristome, and broader ring.

3. A. lanceolata, Rohl. ; csespitose; stems elongated,
branched ; leaves spreading, obovate or oblong, with a long
mucro from the excurrent nerve; margin reflexed; sporan-
gium elliptic; ring broad; teeth linear-lanceolate, with a

rOTTIEI.

269

medial line, entire or pierced. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xiv. ; Eng.
Bot. t. 1408.; (Plate 23, fig. 1) ; Moug. ^ Nest. n. 310.

On walls, etc., in calcareous districts. Bearing fruit in
March.

Forming patches of various sizes. Stems from 1 line to \
an inch long ; teeth very variable.

4. A. latifolia, Nees 8f Hornsch. ; gregarious, bulbiform,
very short ; leaves imbricated, widely obovate or roundish,
apiculate or obtuse, glossy, concave ; nerve ceasing below the
tip ; sporangium oval or oblon go-elliptic ; lid shortly rostrate ;
teeth lanceolate, entire or cloven, united at the base by a nar-
row membrane. — Hook. 8f Wils. t. xxxiii. ; Eng. Bot. t. 2535. ;
Grev. Sc. Crypt. FI. t. 149.; [Moug. ^Nest. n. 1105.)

Scotland. Bare. Bearing fruit in spring.

Monoicous. Leaves imbricated so as to form a little hop-
like bulb, whitish, shining ; leaf-cells large.

88. POTTIA, Ehrh.

Sporangium exserted or immersed ; veil cucullate ; peri-
stome none ; apex of columella falling away with the lid ; leaf-
cells quadrate or rectangular, enlarged below.

1. P. cavifolia, ; stem very short ; leaves spreading,

ovate or oblongo-lanceolate, mucronate or piliferous from the
excurrent nerve ; fruitstalk short ; sporangium oval ; lid
obliquely rostrate, shorter than the sporangium. — Hook. ^
Wils. t. vii. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1889. ; {Moug. ^ Nest. n. 308.)

On clay walls, the naked ground, etc. Common. Bearing
fruit in winter.

Gregarious or csespitose, monoicous. Leaves concave ; nerve
bearing three or four membranous appendages on the upper
side, which at first consist of a swollen follicle on cither side
of the nerve. (Plate 23, fig. 2, e.)

270

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

2. P. minutula, Br. ^ Schimp. ; very shorty gregarious,
annual ; leaves spreading, ovato- and oblongo-lanceolate, hair-
pointed from the excurrent nerve j margin recurved ; sporan-
gium small, truncate, ovate ; lid large, conical. — Hook. ^
Wils. t. vii. ; Eng. Bot. t. 2676, /. 1. ; [Moug. ^ Nest. n. 709.)

In fallow fields, principally on a clay soil.

Monoicous; brownish-green, varying with the sporangium
slightly contracted at the mouth, in the breadth of leaves,
length of the hair-point, etc.

t 3. P. truneata, Br. Sf Schimp. ; leaves more or less spread-
ing, ovato-oblong and subspathulate, shortly acuminate, mu-
cronate from the excurrent nerve ; margin reflexed ; sporan-
gium truncato-obovate or oblong, wide-mouthed ; lid obliquely
rostrate, convex at the base. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. vii. ; Eng.
Bot. t. 1975, 1976. ; {Moug. ^ Nest. n. 114, 809.)

On mud walls, in fallow fields, etc. Bearing fruit in early
spring.

Monoicous ; annual or perennial. Stem short or elongated ;
nerve more or less excurrent ; lid falling off with a portion of
the columella. The oblique rostrate beak distinguishes the
smaller forms from the preceding species. The smaller form
is represented in Eng. Bot. at t. 2676, /. 2, by way of compa-
rison.

4. P. Wilsoni, Br. ^ Schimp. ; somewhat tufted, simple ;
leaves crowded, erecto-patent, oblong, spathulate, rounded at
the apex, hair-pointed from the excurrent nerve ; lid obliquely
rostrate ; veil rough at the tip ; sporangium elliptico-oblong ;
spores small. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xli. ; Eng. Bot. t. 2710.

On sandy ground. Bearing fruit in February.

Leaves octofarious, densely elilorophyllous in the upper part,
in which character it departs from the generic character,
though the cells when cleared out are not very small ; male

DICUANET.

271

flowers not gemmiform as in the last^ but consisting of naked
axillary antheridia^ accompanied by paraphyses.

5. P. erinita^ Wils. ; densely tufted ; leaves oblong and
elongato-spathulate^ rounded above^ rigidly hair-pointed from
the excurrent nerve ; sporangium elliptic^ scarcely contracted
at the mouth, lid obliquely rostrate. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xli. ;
(Plate 23, fig. 2.)

On moist banks on the seacoast. Scotland, south of Eng-
land and Channel Islands. Bearing fruit in February.

Nearly allied to the last, and difiPering in its more densely
tufted mode of growth, its more obovate and obtuse leaves,
and stronger nerve. Leaf-cells larger and less filled with
chlorophyll ; veil even ; antheridia, as in that, naked and
axillary. Not yet found on the Continent.

6. P, Heimii, Bi'. Schimp. ; tufted ; leaves spreading,
elongato-lanceolate, toothed above ; margin plane ; nerve
ceasing at or below the apex ; sporangium obovate or oblong,
truncate ; lid obliquely rostrate, adhering to the columella. —
Hook. ^ Wils. t. vii. ; E. Bot. t. 1407, 1951. ; (Plate 23, fig. 3.)

On moist banks, principally near the sea.

Polygamous ; varying in size and in the leaves. Distin-
guished from the small variety of P. truncata by the stouter
habit ; the longer, softer leaves, which are toothed above ; the
nerve not excurrent; the polygamous inflorescence; the lid
lifted up by the columella when the sporangium is ripe, and in
its place of growth. It occurs at the Cape of Good Hope,
and in several places of the Northern Hemisphere.

Ordeii XXX. HICRANEI, Mont.

Sporangium even or striated ; peristome single, consisting
of sixteen teeth, split halfway down ; veil cucullatc, naked at
the base or fringed.

272

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

1. Fruitstalk arched or geniculate (Campylopodei).

89. CAMPYLOPUS, Brid,

Sporangia mostly aggregate, but with separate perichsetia ;
fruitstalks arcuate or geniculate and deflexed ; ring large ;
veil cucullate, fringed at the base ; peristome single, of six-
teen narrow-lanceolate, deeply bifid teeth ; leaf-cells sub-
quadrate or rhomboid at the base, and narrow and elongated
above.

1. C. densus, Br. ^ Schimp.; densely tufted; stems radi-
culose ; leaves crowded, erecto-patent, rather rigid, lanceolate,
subulate ; nerve broad, thin, occupying the greater portion of
the leaf ; leaf-cells at the base lax. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xl.

On sandstone rocks and on turfy sandy ground. Ireland
and England. Bearing fruit in winter.

Dioicous, forming yellow-green patches. Stem erect, di-
chotomous, radiculose, sometimes with axillary deciduous
branches ; fruitstalk arched from the middle ; sporangium
oval, furrowed when dry; lid rostrate. This species has a
looser reticulation, and leaves more gradually narrowed above
than in C. torfaceus.

2. C. torfaceus, Br. Schimp. ; csespitose, slender, rooting
at the base only ; leaves loosely set, spreading, setiform, from
an ovato-lanceolate base ; nerve moderately broad ; sporan-
gium small ; fruitstalk short. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xl.

On peaty soil. Bearing fruit great part of the year.

Differs from the last in its longer, less crowded, setaceous
leaves, with a narrower and thinner nerve and broader ring.

3. C. setifolius, Wils. ; stem slender, elongated, dichoto-
mous ; leaves distant, spreading, setaceous, from a lanceolate
base, serrulate. — Hook. Wils. t. xl.

Rocky mountainous places. Ireland.

DICRANEI.

273

Of this species, which has not yet been found in fruit, 1 have
seen no specimen, and therefore copy Mr. Wilson^s character.

4. C. flexuosus, Brid. ; tufted ; stem radiculose, branched ;
leaves crow^ded, spreading or secund, lanceolato-subulate,
rather rigid, obsoletely furrowed at the back ; nerve broad ;
sporangium oblong, wide-mouthed; teeth slightly spreading
when dry. — Hook. ^ Wils. t.xvi.; Eng. Bot. i. 1491.; (Plate
23, fig. 4.)

On the ground and on rocks, mostly in subalpine countries.
Bearing fruit in November.

Forming olive-green patches, reddish below. Leaves
broader and longer, not deciduous as in C. fragilis ; leaf-cells
small, distinct, subquadrate or elliptico-oblong above, rectan-
gular and more lax below. Moug. & Nest. n. 123 appears to
be C. densus, and has very different leaf-cells from this, being
narrow and elongated.

5. C. longipilus, ; csespitose; stem elongated, rigid,
dichotomous; leaves erecto-patent, lanceolato-subulate, con-
volute, suddenly ending in a white bristly point ; nerve very
broad. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xl.

On wet rocks and in marshy places in mountainous districts.

Forming black-green hoary tufts. Leaf-cells oblong and;
narrow, enlarged at the base. Perfect fruit unknown.

6. C. polytrichoides, D. Not. ; loosely tufted ; stem stout,
elongated, slightly branched, naked below, slightly radiculose;
leaves erect, broadly lanceolato-acuminate, channelled, shortly
hair-pointed, and slightly toothed above ; nerve stout, broad,
subexcurrent, deeply sulcate behind, sublamellate.

In dry pastures. Penzance. Fruit unknown.

Bright-green above, rufous below\ Leaves much broader.
The above is taken from the Syllabus of De Notaris, as T have
seen no specimens.

T

274

HANDBOOK OP BRITISH MOSSES.

7. C. brevipilus, Br. ^ Schimp. ; csespitose^ elongated^ di-
chotomous; leaves lanceolate, acuminate; margin recurved;
nerve narrow. — Hook. ^ Wils. xl.

In woods on a sandy soil. Northumberland. Fruit un-
known.

Forming yellowish tufts. Leaves much shorter than in the
last, with a narrower nerve, which is not sulcate at the baek.

90. DICRANODONTIUM, Br. ^ Schimp.

Fruitstalk arched, veil cueullate, entire at the base ; spo-
rangium without strise ; ring obscure or wanting ; peristome
single, of sixteen linear-lanceolate distantly trabeculate teeth,
very deeply cloven into two unequal divisions ; leaf-cells nar-
row above, reetangular at the base.

1. D. longirostre. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxxix. ; {Moug. ^ Nest,
n. 411.)

In mountainous woods, on rocks, wood, or turf. Near Kil-
larney, Dr. Taylor. Bearing fruit on the Continent in au-
tumn.

Dioicous ; forming broad yellowish silky patches ; leaves
erecto-patent or secund, setaceous from a lanceolate base, with
a broad predominant rib.

II. Fruitstalk straight or slightly flexuose (Dicranei).

91. CERATODON, Brid.

Fruitstalk long, subflexuous ; sporangium widely furrowed,
with a short strumous neck ; veil cueullate ; ring broad ; pe-
ristome single, of sixteen lanceolate very deeply cloven teeth,
connected below by transverse, internally prominent articula-
tions ; leaf-cells small, subpunctiform above, elongated and
pellucid below.

DICRANEI.

275

':b.

r

N'^

1 . C. purpureuSj Brid. ; cgespitose^ dichotomous ; leaves
elongato-laneeolate^ keeled ; margin entire_, reflexed ; nerve
slightly exeurrent ; sporaugium oblong or oval^ erect or sub-
cernuous, with a short neck^ farrowed when dry ; lid conical ;
teeth united below by a basal membrane^ bordered with a pale
margin. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xx. ; Eng. Bot. t. 2262, 2294, 2533.;

(Plate 23, fig. 5) ; Moug. ^ Nest. n. 24.

On banks, pastures, etc., common. Bearing fruit in spring.

Dioieous ; forming extensive dull-green patches. Stems vary-
ing in length, sometimes very short; fruitstalk red; lid eonical, - Moj^.

acute; teeth when dry spirally incurved. Pound in most
p^rts of the world. Leaf-eells distinet, quadrate, or subrotund
above, about twice as long, and reetangular at the base ; nerve
strong.

92. TRICHODON, Schimp.

Fruitstalk long, flexuous ; veil cueullate ; sporangium erect,
cylindrical, wdthout stride ; ring broad ; peristome of sixteen
teeth split to the base, the divisions nearly equal, nodose, in-
curved, or hamate when dry ; leaf-eells reetangular.

1. T. cylindricus, Br. ^ Schimp. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxxix.

On sandy banks. Ireland ; north of England and Essex.
Bearing fruit in spring.

Forming pale yellow-green patehes, Stems inch high ;
leaves delicate, flexuous, squamose, subulate, from a sheathing
base; nerve exeurrent, predominant; leaf-cells reetangular,
narrower below ; sporangium quite even when dry ; lid co-
nieal.

Very different in habit from Geraiodon purpureus, and very
properly separated by Schimper.

93. LEUCOBRYUM, Hampe.

Veil eueullate ; sporangium striate, furrowed wlien dry,

T 2

276

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

strumous at the base ; ring none ; peristome single, of sixteen
bifid internally trabeculate teeth ; leaves formed of two or
more strata of rectangular pellucid cells, communicating with
each other by circular pores, with narrow greener cells im-
bedded amongst them ; marginal cells narrow.

1. L. glaucum, Hampe ; densely csespitose, dichotomous,
fragile ; leaves spreading or subsecund, lanceolato-subulate
from an oval-oblong base, rather obtuse, apiculate ; sporangium
cernuous, strumous, furrowed when dry ; lid rostrate. — Hook.
^ Wils. t. xvi. ; Eng. Bot. t. 2166. ; (Plate 23, fig. 6) ; Moug.
^ Nest. n. 23.

In turbaries, damp places in woods, etc. Bearing fruit,
but rarely, in spring.

Dioicous ; forming large wdiite tufts, with the appearance of
Sphagnum. Fruitstalks often tw^o in the same perichsetium.
The young male plants nestle in a mass of fibres produced
from the upper leaves or the abortive female flowers, and are
ultimately developed into a little branchlet.

94. DICRANUM, Hedw.

Sporangia aggregate or single in the same perichsetium ; veil
cucullate; peristome single, of sixteen bifid trabeculate striated
teeth ; leaf-cells linear, generally very narrow, dilated and
rectangular at the angles. Handsome tall Mosses.

1. D. Starkii, Web. ^ Mohr.; monoicous; dichotomous;
leaves subulate from a lanceolate base, irregularly falcate ;
sporangium oblong or cylindrical, arcuate, gibbous, strumous
at the base, striate; ring double; male flower at the base of
the female. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xvii. ; Eng. Bot. t. 2227.

On alpine rocks. Bearing fruit in summer.

Forming large green tufts. Leaves entire; leaf- cells above
narrow, rather flexuous, gradually broader, and more hyaline

DICRANET.

277

at the base, those at the angles suhquadrate and rather in-
flated ; lid obliquely rostrate.

2. D. falcatum, Hedw. ; densely tufted ; leaves strongly
falcato-secund, laneeolato-subulate ; fruitstalk rather short
and thick ; sporangium cernuous, short, obovate, strumous at
the base ; lid rostrate. — Hook. ^ IFils. t. xvii. ; Eng. Bot. t.
1989.

On rocks and the earth in alpine districts. Bearing fruit
in autumn.

Forming dense dark-green tufts. Stem decumbent at the
base, naked below ; leaves strongly falcate, channelled above ;
tip serrulate ; leaf- cells as in the last ; sporangium without
strise, swollen ; lid large ; peristome larger than in the last.

3. D. Blyttii, Br. ^ Schimp. ; soft, tufted ; stems much
branched, brittle ; leaves spreading or subsecund from an erect
base, laneeolato-subulate, entire; sporangium cernuous, curved,
without strise ; ring narrow ; teeth narrow, indexed when dry.
— Hook. Wils. t. xxxix.

On alpine and subalpine rocks. Scotland and Wales. Bear-
ing fruit in August.

Monoicous; forming dull brownish-green patches. Leaves
shorter than in the two last, more delicate, not so inclined to
be falcate; sporangium free from strise, even when dry; male
flower not seated beneath the female, but at the base of an
innovation ; ring simple.

4. D. Scottianum, Tarn. ; densely tufted ; stem radiculose ;
leaves spreading and subsecund, twisted above when dry, lan-
ceolato-subulate, concave, entire; nerve strong, prominent
behind, subexcurrent; sporangium elongated, sliglitly curved,
tapering below ; peristome sliort, teeth cloven once or twice at
the tip only. — Hook. Wils. t. xviii. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1391, 1977.

On mountainous rocks. Bearing fruit in summer.

278

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

. Dioicousj forming green and at length brownish tufts.
Leaves glossy ; leaf-cells ‘distinct shorty subpunctiform, gra-
dually larger downwards much as in Ceratodon purpureus ;
teeth sometimes entire ; lid obliquely rostrate, long and slen-
der.

This is followed in the ^Bryologia^ by a doubtful species,
not yet found in fruit, D. circinatum, Wils., characterized by
its circinate, secund, subulato-setaceous leaves from a suddenly
dilated and loosely reticulated base, serrulate at the apex, with
a thick and prominent nerve. The figure of D. longifolium,
t. xvi., is apparently from a foreign specimen.

5. D. fuseeseens, Smith; stems elongated, tufted, radicu-
lose; leaves crisped when dry, lanceolato-subulate, canalicu-
late, toothed above ; nerve excurrent ; veil large, white ; spo-
rangium cernuous, incurved, swollen, ovate, furrowed when
dry ; neck swollen ; lid strongly rostrate. — Hook, ^ JVils, t,
xviii. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1597.; {Moug. Nest. n. 821.)

On alpine and subalpine rocks, sometimes on wood. Bear-
ing fruit in early autumn.

Dioicous ; forming dull-yellowish tufts. Sporangium short,
striate ; leaves flexuous above, opaque, not serrate at the back ;
beak of lid pale, not red as in the next; leaf-cells above dis-
tinct, subquadrate, but soon becoming elongated, then very
narrow, rectangular at the basal angles.

6. D. scoparium, Hedw. ; dioicous ; loosely tufted, radicu-
lose; leaves secund or falcato-secund, lanceolato-subulate,
carinato-concave, sharply serrated at the tip ; margin indexed ;
nerve with projecting ridges behind, toothed above ; sporan-
gium cylindrical, slightly curved; ring none, beak long. —
Hook. ^ Wils. t. xviii. ; Eng. Bot. t. 354. ; (Plate 23, fig. 7) ;
Moug. ^ Nest. n. 120.

Woods, banks, etc. Very common. Fruit in summer.

DICRANEI.

279

Forming yellowish tufts. Nerve of leaves with pluriseriate
teeth ; sporangia more or less cylindrical. The leaf- cells are
much more elongated than in the last.

7. D. majus, Turn. ; tufted, stems incohserent ; leaves very
long, falcato-secund, subulate, from a lanceolate base ; fruit-
stalks pale, aggregate ; sporangia cernuous or horizontal, sub-
arcuate ; beak long. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xviii. ; Eng. Bot. t.
1409.; {Moug. ^ Nest. n. 1014.)

In woods. Bearing fruit in summer.

Forming deep-green patches. Leaves in every state falcato-
secund, by wdiich character, as well as the aggregate fruitstalks
and olive-brown sporangia, it is distinguished from the last ;
tips of leaves and nerve toothed as in the last, but the latter
has more numerous ridges.

8. D. pelustre, Lapyl. ; tufted, radiculose ; leaves spread-
ing, glossy above, somewhat undulated, transversely linear,
from a lanceolate base; toothed above ; nerve slender; fruit-
stalk solitary ; sporangium cernuous, curved, obovate-oblong,
turgid ; neck substrumous ; ring none. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xviii. ;
Eng. Bot. t. 2260 in part.

In marshy places in woods, etc. Bearing fruit in autumn.

Monoicous or synoicous ; forming large yellowish patches.
Differs from the last two in the lower basal reticulations, more
slender nerve without ridges, subflexuous stem, etc. The
leaf-cells are altogether large ; the undulations are at once
visible to the naked eye ; upper leaves forming a cuspidate
point.

9. D. Schraderi, Schiaceg. ; densely tufted ; stems elon-
gated ; leaves crowded, crccto-patciit or subsccund, liiigulate,
lanceolate, rather obtuse, waved, sharply channelled, toothed ;
sporangium cernuous, oval oblong; lid rostrate. — Hook.
Wits. t. xxxix. ; [Moug. Nest. n. 817.)

280

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

In bogs. Cheshire and Lancashire. Bearing fruit in au-
tumn.

Forming shining green patches. Stems sometimes a foot
long^ radiculose ; leaves when dry curled above, toothed above
as well as the margin ; nerve not reaching the tip. I do not
find either in English or foreign specimens the tips of the
leaves subpapillose, nor is the character mentioned by Schim-
per. Leaf-cells nearly as in the last, but the upper ones rather
more distinct.

10. D. spurium, Hedw. ; loosely tufted, radiculose ; leaves
ovato-lanceolate, concave, suddenly linear-lanceolate, much
undulated, toothed, papillose behind ; nerve ceasing below the
tip; sporangium cernuous, arcuate, subcylindrical, slightly
strumous, striated. — Hook. ^ Wils. i. xvii. ; Eng. Bot. 2167
in part ; [Mouy. ^ Nest. n. 319.)

On heaths and bogs. Yorkshire and Scotland. Bearing
fruit in June.

Synoicous ; forming large patches. Stems stout, rigid, di-
chotomous ; leaves crowded, spreading, more or less imbri-
cated when dry, and somewhat crisped ; lid with a long beak ;
leaf-cells subpunctiform more than halfway down; papillae
distant. Habit peculiar.

Dicranum rohustum, Blytt, is said by Schimper to have
been found in a barren state near Warrington.

95. DICKANELLA, Schimp.

Veil cucullate, rather large, slightly inflated ; sporangium
mostly cernuous ; peristome large, regular ; teeth bifurcate ;
leaf-cells above oblongo-hexagonal, rectangular at the base ;
stems normally short.

1. D. erispa, Schimp. ; monoicous ; leaves subulate from a
sheathing base, toothed at the tip, spreading and flexuous

DICRANEI.

281

crisped when dry; sporangium erect, striate, without any
apophysis; lid long, beaked from a eonical base; ring very
narrow. — Hook. <Sf Wils. t. xvii. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1151.

On moist sandy soil. Bearing fruit late in autumn.

Forming little pale-green patches. Stems not \ an inch
high; sporangium symmetrical ; leaf-cells nearly uniform.

2. D. Grevilleiana, Schimp. ; monoicous, densely tufted ;
leaves suddenly lanceolato-subulate from a wide sheathing
base, somewhat undulated, spreading ; perichsetial leaves
sheathing; sporangium cernuous, ovate, somewhat striate,
obsoletely strumous ; lid shortly subulate. — Hook. ^ Wils. t.
xxxiii. ; Grev. Sc. Crypt. FI. t. 116.

On elayey soil. Scotland. Very rare. Bearing fruit in
autumn.

Forming dense yellowish patches. Differs from D. Schreberi
in the longer narrower leaves, broader nerve, monoicous inflo-
rescence, subulate lid, ete. Leaf-cells broader and more eo-
lourless than in D. crispa, slightly narrower than in D. Schre-
heriy but more pellucid.

3. D. Schreberi, Schimp.; dioicous, gregarious; leaves
keeled, narrowly lanceolate from a half-sheathing base, toothed
towards the tip ; perichsetial leaves shortly sheathing ; sporan-
gium cernuous, without striae ; ring none ; lid shortly rostrate.
— Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxxix. ; (Movg. ^ Nest. n. 719.)

On elayey or sandy soil. Scotland and north of England.
Bearing fruit in autumn.

. Forming yellow patches. Leaves spreading, pcrichsctial
leaves larger than the rest; base of sporangium scarcely stru-
mous.

4. D. squarrosa, Schimp. ; dioicous, tiiftcd ; stems elon-
gated, dichotomous, radiculose ; leaves oblongo-lanccolate from
a sheathing base, quite entire, blunt; nerve narrow, ceasing

282

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

below the tip ; sporangium cernuous^ ovato-oblong j lid shortly
rostrate. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xvii. ; Eng. Bot. t. 2004. ; [Moug.
^ Nest. n. 320.)

In wet roeky places near rivulets. Bearing fruity though
rarely, in autumn.

Forming dense, soft, yellow-green or brownish tufts. Stem
1-3 inches long ; leaves glossy, even, scarcely changed in ap-
pearance when dry ; margin plane ; ring none. Leaf-cells much
larger than in the other species, and more strictly hexagonal,
by which small dwarf specimens of T>. Schreberi may be known,
though that species approaches the present in the type of reti-
culation.

5. D. cerviculata, Schimp. ; tufted; leaves concave, quite
entire, glossy, lanceolato- subulate from a half-sheathing base,
spreading or secund ; nerve depressed, dilated at the base, ex-
current ; sporangium cernuous, ovate, strumous below, without
strise ; ring narrow ; lid subulate. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xvi. ;
Eng. Bot. t. 1661, 2261, 2491. ; [Moug. ^ Nest. n. 615.)

On turfy or sandy soil. Bearing fruit in summer.

Dioicous ; forming rather dense, broad, pale-yellowish
patches ; sporangium roundish, distinctly strumous at the base.

6. D. varia, Schimp. ; gregarious ; stems short ; leaves
spreading or subsecund, lanceolato- subulate from an oblong
but not sheathing base, quite entire or obscurely toothed ;
nerve slightly excurrent ; perichsetial leaves half sheathing ;
sporangium ovate, oblong, cernuous, somewhat incurved when
dry, contracted below the mouth ; teeth large. — Hook. ^ Wits,
t. xvii.; Eng. Bot. t. 1215, 1273, 1439. ; [Moug. ^ Nest. n.
412, 718.)

On the ground, moist banks, etc. Common. Bearing fruit
in autumn.

Forming broad, loose, rufous-green patches. Stems about

DICRANEI.

283

4 an inch long ; lid shortly rostrate ; teeth of peristome con-
verging. A very variable species.

7. D. rufescenS; Schimp. ; gregarious ; leaves lax, subfal-
eato-secund, linear-lanceolate, remotely toothed ; nerve ceasing
at the apex ; leaf- cells large ; sporangium erect, ovate, minute ;
lid conieal, apiculate ; ring none j peristome large. — Hook. ^
Wils. t. xvii.

On the ground, especially in a sandy soil. Bearing fruit in
early winter.

Forming pale-reddish patehes. Stems bright red; leaves
more pellucid than in neighbouring species ; margin plane ;
teeth of peristome closely barred ; leaf-cells large for the size
of the plant.

8. D. subulata, Schimp. ; loosely tufted ; stems elongated ;
leaves secund, more or less falcate, subulato-setaceous from an
elliptic or lanceolate base, entire ; sporangium cernuous, ovate,
gibbous, striate when dry ; lid with a long beak. — Hook. ^
Wils. t. xviii.

On the ground, in alpine or subalpine districts. Bearing
fruit in autumn.

Dioicous ; forming irregular, silky, green patches. Stems
slender, ^-1 inch high ; fruitstalk red ; sporangium striate ;
leaf-cells narrow.

9. D. heteromalla, Schimp. ; densely tufted ; leaves seta-

ceous from a lanceolate base, canaliculate, quite entire, glossy ;
sporangium cernuous or suberect, obovate, gibbous, obliquely
plicate when dry; lid with a long beak. — Hook. Wils. t.

xviii.; Eng. Bot. t. 1272, 2508. ; (Plate 23, fig. 8) ; Mong.
Nest. n. 121.

On banks. Common. Bearing fruit in winter.

Forming broad, silky, green patches. Fruitstalk yellowish ;
sporangium rulbus, elongated.

284

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

96. DICHODONTIUM, Schimp.

Veil large, cucullate; ring none ; sporangium roundish, on
a flexuous fruitstalk, without any apophysis ; peristome large,
of sixteen teeth, bi-trifid ; articulations crowded, prominent
within ; leaf-cells papillose on either side, very small above,
and quadrate, those of the margin quadrate, of the base rec-
tangular, all chlorophyllous.

1 . D. pellucidum, Schimp. ; stem flexuous, slightly branched;
leaves squamose, linear-lanceolate from a somewhat sheathing
oblong base; margin plane; nerve narrow, serrate or crenu-
late above and on the back ; sporangium ovate, subcernuous ;
lid rostrate. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xvii. ; Eng. Bot. 1. 1346, 2263. ;
[Moug. ^ Nest. n. 122.)

On moist stones, or on the ground near rivulets. Bearing
fruit late in autumn.

Dioicous; forming bright green patches. Leaves crisped
when dry; sporangium roundish or ovate. Varies as to the
shape of the sporangium, thickness of the beak, serrature and
length of the leaves, and length of the branches. The struc-
ture of the leaves is very different from that of Bicranum
proper.

97. CYNODONTIUM, Br. ^ Schimp.

Sporangium oblique or symmetrical ; veil rather large cu-
cullate ; ring simple ; peristome single, often irregular, of six-
teen lanceolate teeth dilated at the base and often deeply
cloven, free or connected by bars; leaf-cells above minute,
chlorophyllous, quadrate, hexagono-oblong below and pellucid.

a. Teeth very irregular^ articulations without regular striae.

1 . C. Bruntoni, Br. ^ Schimp. ; csespitose or pulvinate ;
leaves linear-lanceolate, keeled, concave; margin recurved.

DICRANEI.

285

slightly toothed above; nerve vanishing at the tip; sporan-
gium oval, sometimes elongated, even, not sulcate when dry ;
teeth of peristome small, divided to the base, — Hook. ^ Wils.
t. xxxiv. ; Eng. Bot. t. 2356, 2509 ; Grev. Sc. Crypt. FI. t.
193. ; (Plate 23, fig. 9) ; Moug. ^ Nest. n. 406.

In crevices of alpine rocks. Bearing fruit in early summer.

Monoicous ; forming soft pale-green tufts or cushions, re-
sembling Weissia cirrata. Distinguished at once from the
next by its even sporangium.

h. Teeth striate.

2. C. polyearpum, Br. Schimp. ; stem radiculose ; leaves
crowded, spreading or subsecund, linear-lanceolate from an
oblong base, crisped when dry, toothed above, obscurely papil-
lose ; sporangium oblong, equal, deeply furrowed when dry ;
teeth rather irregular. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xviii. ; Eng. Bot. t.
1977, 2269, 2279. ; {Moug. Nest. n. 414.)

On alpine rocks. Bearing fruit in early summer. Scotland,
Wales, and north of England.

Monoicous ; forming green tufts. Leaves bent, twisted when
dry, but less so than in the last species ; sporangium symme-
trical, more or less strumous at the base ; teeth deeply cloven
or perforated, striated like those of true Dicranum ; the leaf-
cells are just those of the last species.

3. C. Virens, Schimp.; csespitose; stems elongated, dicho-
tomous; leaves lanceolato-subulate from an oblong base; mar-
gin recurved ; sporangium oblong, curved, cernuous, even,
distinctly strumous; lid rostrate. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xvh. ;
Eng. Bot. t. 1462.; {Moug. Nest. n. 1115.)

On moist alpine rocks. Bearing fruit in summer.

Forming loose tufts. Stems 1-3 inches high, ascending ;
slightly radiculose; leaves not crisped wlicn diy; nerve thick,

286

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

subexcurrent ; leaf-cells as in tlie last ; teeth large, bright red,
more finely striated than in C. polycarjmm.

98. ARCTOA, Br. ^ Schimp.

Sporangium short, somewhat turbinate, on a short fruitstalk,
deeply furrowed when dry ; ring simple ; veil cucullate, in-
flated ; peristome single, of sixteen equidistant narrow teeth,
unequally cloven or perforated, with numerous transverse bars ;
leaf-cells elongated, rectangular at the base.

1. A. fulvella, Br. ^ Schimp. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxxiii.;
Eng. Bot. t. 1952, 2268 ; Grev. Sc. Crypt. FI. t. 188.

Fissures of alpine rocks. Scotland and Wales. Bearing
fruit in summer.

Monoicous ; forming dense dull-green tufts. Leaves
crowded, subulate, almost falcate, not crisped when dry, toothed
above ; nerve strong ; lid obliquely rostrate ; teeth striated
like those of Dicranum.

99. BLINDIA, Br. ^ Schimp.

Sporangium roundish, turbinate when dry ; veil at first 4-6-
gonal at the base, then cucullate ; ring none ; peristome sin-
gle, of sixteen equidistant entire or cribrose teeth, sometimes
cloven above, slightly trabeculate ; leaf-cells minute above,
rectangular, gradually larger downwards, those at the angles
hyaline, very much dilated, with a distinct primordial mem-
brane.

1. B. acuta, Br. Schimp. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xv. ; Eng.
Bot. t. 1644, 2552. ; (Plate 24, fig. 1) ; Moug. ^ Nest. n.
610.

On moist alpine or subalpine rocks. Bearing fruit in sum-

mer.

WEISSIEI.

287

Dioicous; forming dark tufts. Stems varying much in
length ; leaves suhsecund, glossy, lanceolato-subulate ; nerve
reaching to the tip, which is minutely toothed or excurrent ;
teeth red, not striate as in Dicranum ; lid obliquely rostrate.

100. STYLOSTEGIUM, Br. ^ Scliimp.

Sporangium roundish, immersed ; veil short, cucullate,
scarcely covering the lid ; columella thick, falling away with
the lid; peristome none; leaf-cells oblong, enlarged down-
wards.

1. S. csespiticium, Br. ^ Schimp. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxxviii.;
Eng. Bot. t. 2778.

In the crevices of alpine rocks. Ben Lawers. Bare. Bear-
ing fruit in autumn.

Monoicous ; forming dense tufts. Leaves somewhat falcate
and secund, subulate or acuminate from an ovato-lanceolate
base ; nerve thick, excurrent ; fruitstalk very short ; lid ros-
trate ; sporangium, not striate.

Ordee XXX. WEISSIEI, Mont.

Sporangium 6rect, equal ; veil cucullate ; peristome want-
ing or consisting of sixteen teeth, often united at the base ;
leaf-cells in general minute above and quadrate, elongated and
rectangular below.

101. AI^ODUS, Br. Schimp.

Sporangium symmetrical, straight, truncato-ovate, colu-
mella inserted after the fall of the lid ; peristome none ; veil
cucullate.

1. A. Donianus, Br. ^ Schimp. — Hook. ^ JVils. t. vii. ; Eng.
Bot. t. 1582.

288

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

On rocks and stones, especially those which are arenaceous.
Not common. Scotland and north of England. Bearing
fruit in autumn.

Monoicous ; extremely small, gregarious. Leaves lanceo-
lato-subulate, minutely toothed ; leaf-cells oblong, hexagonal,
rather lax, nearly uniform, very different from those of Seli-
geria ; sporangium symmetrical, truncate, ovate; ring none;
lid conical ; columella exserted when dry.

102. SELIGERIA, Br. ^ Schhnp.

Sporangium roundish, wide-mouthed ; ring none ; veil small,
cucullate ; peristome single, of sixteen equidistant, lanceolate,
obtuse, entire teeth, sometimes perforated ; without any medial
line. Minute, nearly stemless, monoicous Mosses,

1. S. pusilla, Br. ^ Schimp. ; leaves lanceolate, subulate,
somewhat toothed in the middle; fruitstalk straight; teeth
remotely barred. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xv. ; {Moug. ^ Nest. n.
1005.)

On nearly vertical rocks, especially those which are calca-
reous. Ireland and north of England. Bearing fruit in
spring.

■ M

Gregarious, bright green. Leaves with a ‘broad, excurrent,
predominant nerve; leaf-cells oblong, rectangular, often con-
fined to the margin, all the rest being occupied by the nerve.

2. S. calcarea, Br. Schimp.; leaves rather short, lanceolate
from an oblong base, blunt (or subaeute) ; nerve thick ; fruit-
stalk rather thick; lid short; teeth densely barred. — Hook. §•
Wils. t. XV. ; Eng. Bot. t. 191. ; (Plate 24, fig. 2.)

On the steep sides of chalk pits. Bearing fruit in spring.

Distinguished from the last by its broader leaves, thicker
nerve, thicker fruitstalk, shorter beak, and broader, more
closely articulated teeth. Leaf-cells much as in the last.

WEISSIEI.

289

3. S. tristicha^ Br. ^ Schimp. ; densely tufted ; leaves
tristiehous, crowded^ rigid; narrowly lanceolate; blunt; whitish
at the base ; sporangium subspherical ; neck swollen; truncate
when the rostrate lid has fallen j teeth narrow. — Bi'yol. Eur.
t. iii.

On calcareous rocks. Blair Athol.

The exactly tristichous arrangement of the leaves is cha-
racteristic of this species.

4. S. reeurvata; Br. ^ Schimp. ; tufted ; stems very short ;
. leaves lanceolato-subulate from an oval or oblong base ; veil

rather large ; sporangium drooping on a curved fruitstalk,
oval or oblong ; lid conveX; ending in a short straight beak ;
teeth often bifid. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xv. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1489; 2551.

On rocks; especially sandstone. Bearing fruit in spring.

Leaves somewhat waved ; sporangium erect when dry; rather
loosely cellular ; lid straighter; veil larger. Mr. Mitten has
another specieS; 8. calcicola, which 1 have not seeu; and which
by some is supposed to be the true Weissia pusilla of Bridel;
though Schimper thinks otherwise.

103. BRACHYODUS; Nees ^ Hornsch.

Sporangium erect; on a straight fruitstalk; small; furrowed
when dry ; ring broad ; veil conical; subcucullate ; peristome
single; of sixteen very short; truncate; equidistant; partly con-
fluent teeth.

1. B, trichodes, Nees ^ Ilomisch. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xv. ;
Eng. Bot. t. 2563. ; (Plate 24; fig. 3) ; Moug. ^ Nest. n. 711.

On moist sandstone or granite rocks. Generally in sub-
alpine countries. Bearing fruit in spring or late in the au-
tumn.

Monoicous; very small. Leaves lanccolato-subulatC; nerve
rounded; cxcurrent ; veil fivc-lobcd at the base, one fissure

u

290

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

extending nearly to tlie apex ; lid shortly rostrate ; ring very
broad, eompound, persistent ; teeth rather broad, confluent at
the base, hyaline, slightly pierced ; lid crenulate at the base,
edged with red; leaf-cells distinct, oblong, subrectangular,
those at the basal wings hexagonal and sienna-brown ; teeth
scarcely rising beyond the ring.

104. CAMPYLOSTELIUM, Br. Schimp.

Sporangium pendulous, on a curved fruitstalk, even; veil
conico-subulate, flve-cleft, covering the lid ; ring double ; peri-
stome single, of sixteen lanceolate, long, trabeculate teeth, con-
nected at the base, cloven above.

1. C. saxicola, Br. ^ Schimp. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xiii. ; Eng.
Bot. t. 2627. ; (Plate 24, flg. 4.)

On sandstone rocks. Dublin and England. Rare. Bear-
ing fruit in autumn.

Monoicous ; very short. Leaves linear, concave, from an
oval base, keeled, reddish, twisted when dry; nerve thick,
scarcely reaching the apex ; sporangium on a rather long fruit-
stalk, elliptico-oblong ; teeth erect when moist, forming a cone,
incurved when dry, red, more or less regularly cloven ; leaf-
cells very distinct, quadrate above, with thick walls, rectangu-
lar below.

105. RHABDOWEISSIA, Br. Schimp.

Sporangium erect, striate, furrowed when dry; veil cucul-
late ; peristome single, of sixteen narrow teeth, closely articu-
lated, without a medial line ; ring very narrow ; leaf-cells sub-
quadrate above, rectangular and pellucid below.

This is now reduced by Schimper to a subgenus of Wcissia.

1. R. fugax, Br. 8f Schimp.; pulvinato-csespitose ; leaves
linear-lanceolate, keeled ; margin plane; fruitstalk very short;

WEISSIEI.

291

sporangium very small^ roundish ; lid rostrate. — Hook. ^ Wils.
t. XV. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1988. ; {Moug. ^ Nest. n. 407.)

In ereviees of rocks^ especially such as are arenaceous or
granitic^ and on moist banks in subalpine districts. Bearing
fruit in summer.

Monoicous ; forming irregular_, yellowish cushions. Leaves
long, flexuous, recurved, crisped when dry, entire or slightly
toothed j nerve large, vanishing below the tip ; leaf-cells dis-
tinct, with thick walls, subquadrate, rectangular and hyaline
below j teeth almost filiform above, from a lanceolate base,
fugacious.

2. R. dentieulata, Br, ^ Schimp. ; tufted j leaves linear-
lanceolate or Ungulate, strongly toothed above, keeled ; spo-
rangium apophysate. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xv. ; (Plate 24, fig. 5.)

In crevices of alpine and subalpine rocks. Bearing fruit in
summer.

Monoicous ; forming irregular, green patches. Stems stouter
than in the last ; leaves crisped when dry, far less attenuated,
often strictly Ungulate, strongly toothed above ; leaf-cells as
in the last, but larger and not so full of chlorophyll, so that
the leaves are more transparent, especially below ; sporangium
larger, subglobose, with a more distinct apophysis, less deeply
sulcate when dry ; lid subulate ; teeth narrow, from a lanceo-
late base, persistent.

106. WEISSIA, Hedw.

Sporangium without striae, on a long straight fruitstalk;
ring persistent ; peristome single, of sixteen equidistant, nar-
row teeth, mostly free at the base, transversely barred, without
a medial line, entire, bifid or perforated; leaf-cells very minute
above.

I. W. controversa, Hediv. ; caespitosc; leaves lincar-lan-

u

292

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

ceolate ; margin more or less involute ; nerve slightly excur-
rent; sporangium oval or ovato- oblong ; lid rostrate; ring
narrow. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xv. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1367.; (Plate 24,
fig. 6) ; Moug. Nest. n. 16.

In pastures, fallow fields, etc. Bearing fruit in spring.

Monoicous ; more or less tufted. Extremely variable, but
known by the more or less involute margin. Distinguished
from Gymnostomum microstommn by the presence of a peri-
stome, which is, however, sometimes almost rudimentary ; leaf-
cells extremely minute and crowded above, then more distant
and quadrate ; rectangular and pellucid at the base.

2. W. mucronata, Br. ^ Schimp. ; leaves lanceolate or
linear-lanceolate, concave above, with a plane margin ; nerve
excurrent ; sporangium oblong, obscurely striate ; teeth short,
truncated, cloven or perforated, fugacious. — Hook. ^ JFils. t.
xxxviii.

In clay fallow fields. Bearing fruit in spring.

Distinguished from the last by the nearly plane margin of
the leaves, the more excurrent nerve, rather wider leaves,
longer, slightly striate sporangium, more fugacious peristome,
and larger spores.

I 3. W. cirrhata, Hedw. ; pulvinate; stems much branched ;
leaves spreading, linear-lanceolate from an oblong, concave
base, channeled above, crisped when dry ; margin reflexed ;
sporangium oblong, subcylindrical ; ring compound ; lid ros-
trate.— Hook. ^ Wils. t. XV. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1420. ; [Moug. ^
Nest. n. 907.)

On the tops of gateposts, rails, etc. ; sometimes on rocks.
Bearing fruit in early spring.

Monoicous; forming soft, green cushions. Leaves spread-
ing, assurgent from the middle ; margin reflexed ; sporangium
brownish, with a rosy orifice ; teeth linear from a lanceolate

WEISSIEI.

293

base^ red, entire; leaf-eells above minute, but distinct, sub-
quadrate, gradually larger downwards, elongated, and more
hyaline at the base.

4. W. crispula, Hedw. ; tufted, branched ; leaves spreading
or second, lanceolato-subulate from a broad concave base,
crisped when dry ; margin plane ; sporangium oval or oblongo-
ovate ; ring none; lid rostrate. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xv. ; Eng.
Bot. t. 2203. ; [Moug. ^ Nest. n. 812.)

In crevices of alpine rocks. Bearing fruit in summer.

- Monoicous; csespitose or pulvinate. Distinguished by the
plane margin of the leaves, which are longer and narrower
above, the less cylindrical sporangium, etc. Leaf-cells as in
the last.

5. W. verticillata, Brid. ; stems fastigiate; leaves narrow,
linear-lanceolate, toothed below; margin plane, granulated
above ; nerve strong, slightly excurrent ; teeth oblique ; lid
rostrate. — Hook. Wils. t. xv. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1258. ; [Moug
^ Nest. n. 507.)

On dripping calcareous rocks and stones. Bearing fruit in
summer.

Dioicous ; forming dense tufts, often incrusted with a calca-
reous deposit. Leaves glaucous, scarcely crisped when dry ;
leaf-cells quadrate above, distinct, rectangular below ; sporan-
gium ovate; teeth inclined to the right-hand, deciduous.

This constitutes the genus Eucladium, Br. & Schimp., but
I think Wilson has done right in retaining it in Weissia.

107. GYMNOSTOMUM,

Sporangium erect, on a straight fruitstalk ; veil large, cu-
cullate, rostrate ; peristome none, but sometimes the ring of
the sporangium remains attached to the top of the columella.

294

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

* Dioicous ; leaves nearly straight when dry.

1. G. tenue^ Schrad. ; tufted; leaves elongated, linear,
acuminate above; perichaetial leaves sheathing beyond the
middle; sporangium oblong; lid shortly rostrate; ring rather
broad. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. vii. ; Eng, Bot. t. 2506.; [Moug. ^
Nest. n. 810.)

On sandstone rocks, etc. Glasgow and Cheshire. Bearing
fruit in summer.

Forming broad, pale-green patches. Stems very short ;
leaves somewhat translucent, suberect; nerve ceasing below
the apex ; margin granulated ; leaf- cells minute above, quad-
rate or subrotund, gradually more elongated downwards ;
mouth of sporangium red, slightly contracted.

2. G. rupestre, Schweeg.; tufted, subpulvinate; stems dicho-
tomous; leaves spreading, assurgent, linear-lanceolate, obtuse
or sliglitly acute ; nerve thick, ceasing below the tip ; sporan-
gium oval ; lid conical, with a short beak, — Hook. ^ Wils.
t. xxxii. ; Eng. Bot. t. 2200. ; {Moug. ^ Nest. n. 1102.)

Crevices of wet alpine or subalpine rocks. Bearing fruit
late in summer.

Forming more or less dense brownish-green cushions.
Leaves rather rigid ; sporangium thin, truncated when the lid
has fallen ; leaf-cells subquadrate, slightly larger at the base
and hyaline ; those of the margin granulated.

3. G. curvirostrum, Hediv. ; tufted ; leaves spreading,
nearly straight or variously curved, linear-lanceolate, acute,
concave below ; margin even, recurved ; sporangium broadly
ovate ; lid obliquely rostrate, longer than the sporangium and
adhering to the columella. — Hook. §• Wils. t. vi. ; Eng. Bot.
t, 2202, 2214, ; {Moug. ^ Nest. n. 905.)

Moist alpine and subalpine rocks. Bearing fruit towards
the end of summer.

WEISSIET.

295

Forming brownish-green patches. Stems elongated ; leaves
slightly incurved when dry^ scarcely twisted^ more acute than
in the last ; leaf- cells distinct, subquadrate, gradually elon-
gated downwards ; the marginal cells above slightly granu-
lose ; lid very long ; sporangium with a red shining orifice.

Monoicous ; leaves crisped when dry ; margin incurved

or plane.

a. Spore-sac united to the top of the columella.

4. S. squarrosum, Nees ^ Horns ch. ; loosely tufted ; leaves
squarrose, linear-lanceolate, mucronate from the excurrent
nerve, crisped when dry ; margin plane ; sporangium elliptic
or ovate, exserted ; fruitstalk rather short ; lid acutely beaked.
— Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxxviii. ; (Plate 24, fig. 7) ; Moug. ^ Nest,
n. 906.

In clayey fields and on banks. Lancashire and Cheshire.
Bearing fruit in autumn and winter.

Forming deep-green patches. Stems forming innovations
from the procumbent plant of last year ; spores opaque, brown ;
leaf-cells compact, minute above, gradually larger below.

Distinguished from G. microstomum by the plane margin
and excurrent nerve.

» V’

5. G. microstomum, ; densely tufted; leaves elon-

gato-lanceolate, crisped when dry ; nerve excurrent ; margin
incurved ; sporangium exserted, elliptic ; mouth contracted ;
lid rostrate. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. vii. ; Eng. Bot. t. 2215. ; [Moug.

^ Nest. n. 608.)

On clayey or sandy soil. Bearing fruit in spring.

Forming dull -green patches. Stems short, fastigiate ; leaves
spreading, recurved belo^\:, incurved above ; lid conical or
rostrate ; leaf-cells as in the last.

V arying in size, length of leaves, form of sporangium, and
inclination.

296

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

6. G. rostellatum, Schimp, ; leaves linear-lanceolate, erecto-
patent and curved, mucronate from the excurrent nerve,
minutely papillose, crisped when dry ; sporangium immersed,
elliptic; lid very persistent, at length deciduous, obliquely
rostrate. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxxviii. ; Eng. Bot. t. 2831. ; [Moug.
^ Nest. n. 903.)

On dried beds of pools. North and south of England.
Bearing fruit in autumn and early spring.

Slightly csespitose. Leaf-cells as in G. squarrosmuj from
which it differs principally in its immersed fruitstalk.

b. Spore-sac not adherent.

7. G. tortile, Schwceg. ; tufted, branches fastigiate ; leaves
crowded, slightly crisped when dry, oblongo-lanceolate, obtuse,
apiculate ; margin incurved ; nerve strong ; sporangium ellip-
tic ; lid rostrate. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxxviii. ; [Moug. ^ Nest,
n. 1003.)

On calcareous rocks. Derbyshire, Sussex, Cornwall. Bear-
ing fruit in spring.

Forming irregular, dense tufts. Nerve of leaves strong,
reddish.

Differs from the last in its stouter habit, wider leaves,
thicker nerve, thicker sporangium, wider mouth, beneath which
it is slightly constricted. Leaf-cells as in the last.

108. SYSTEGIUM, Schimp.

Sporangium immersed or subimmersed on a very short
fruitstalk, symmetrical ; lid persistent, but separating easily
from the ripe sporangium ; spores globose, rather small.

1. S. crispum, Schimp.; stem short, subdivided; leaves
linear-lanceolate, mucronate from the excurrent nerve, crisped
and curled when dry ; margin involute, minutely papillose

WEISSIEl.

297

behind. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. v. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1680. ; {Moug. ^
Nest. n. 703.)

In calcareous fields. Bearing fruit in spring.

Monoicous ; forming yellowish-green patches. Stem more
or less divided ; sporangium elliptic or subglobose^ generally
immersed, but sometimes exserted on the same plant ; leaf-cells
and spores exactly as in G. squarrosum.

2. S. multicapsulare, Schimp. ; stems elongated, loosely
tufted ; leaves distant, widely spreading, slightly crisped when
dry, lanceolate, apiculate ; margin plane ; perichsetial leaves
erect ; sporangia roundish, immersed, often in pairs ; lid
somewhat obliquely rostrate. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxxvii. ; Eng.
Bot. t. 618.

In fields. Bedfordshire, Yorkshire, and Cheshire. Bear-
ing fruit in early spring.

Monoicous ; forming dull-green patches. Stem more or
less branehed, elongated, \ an inch or more long ; perichsetial
leaves wider, not crisped when dry and not suddenly acumi-
nate; sporangia sometimes in pairs; veil large; leaf-cells
large and less opaque.

3. S. Mittenii, Schimp. ; stems elongated ; leaves linear-
lanceolate, scarcely crisped when dry ; perichsetial leaves small,
spreading ; sporangia solitary, somewhat exserted, ovate ; lid
minute, rostrate ; spores larger.

On clay banks. Hurstpierpoint, Sussex. Bearing fruit in
spring.

The larger spores, more solid leaves, smaller spreading pe-
richsetial leaves, seem to indicate a distinct species. The
longer fruitstalk, solitary sporangia, and situation of tlie male
flowers at tlie base of the fertile innovation arc perhaps cha-
racters of less value.

298

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

' Order XXXII. PRASCEI, Mont.

Sporangium sessile or shortly pedunculate, with or without
a columella, indehiscent without any trace of peristome ; lid
confluent with the walls of the sporangium ; veil mitriform or
cucullate.

109. PLEURIDIUM, Brid.

Sporangium on a short fruitstalk, lateral after innovation,
shortly apiculate ; veil cucullate ; leaf-cells above narrow-
linear, below oblong.

1. P. nitidum, Br, Sc/iimp. ; stem delicate; leaves lan-
ceolate or linear-lanceolate, erecto-patent, obscurely toothed
above ; nerve rounded, vanishing below the apex ; sporangium
oval. — Hook. Wils. t. v. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1036, 2093. ; Moug.
^ Nest. n. 605.)

In moist fields and soil of dried-up pools. Bearing fruit i’n
autumn and spring.

Monoicous ; male fiowers produced in the axils of the peri-
chsetial leaves, minute. Stems 1-6 lines long, producing in-
novations frequently below the fruit, and thus bearing two or
three crops of fruit in the same year ; leaf-cells quite different
from those of the last genus ; spores nearly of the same size
and colour, but not so globose. Varying with a shorter stem,
narrower leaves, and roundish sporangium.

2. P. subnlatum, Schimp. ; leaves lanceolate, erecto-patent
or subsecund ; perichsetial leaves lanceolato-subulate ; nerve
rather broad, ceasing near the tip ; sporangium immersed,
roundish, ovate. — Hook. Sf Wils. t. v. ; Eng. Bot. t. 2177.;
[Moug. ^ Nest. n. 1 1 2.)

On the ground, in flelds, etc. Common. Bearing fruit
in spring.

Monoicous ; yellow or dull-green, mostly simple. Nerve

PHASCEl.

299

predominating ; fruitstalk very short, straight ; leaf-cells as in
the last ; spores larger.

3. P. alternifolium, Br. ^ Schimp. ; stem-leaves distant,
lanceolato-acuminate ; perichsetial leaves subulato- setaceous,
both from a dilated base ; nerve thick, excurrent ; sporangium
ovate, immersed; male flowers gemmiform. — Hook. ^ Wils.
t. xxxvii. ; [Moug. Nest. n. 707.)

In fallow fields, etc. Scotland, with the north and south
of England. Bearing fruit in spring.

Monoicous ; forming little brownish tufts. The plant of the
first year short, that of the second an inch long from innova-
tions; leaves minutely toothed above. Difiers from the last
in the wider base of the leaves, the more predominant nerve,
the gemmiform male flowers, and the larger ovate sporangium ;
leaf-cells shorter than in the two last. The two-years-old
plant with its flagelliform innovations has a very different ap-
pearance from that of the first year.

110. PHASCUM, Linn.

Sporangium produced into an obtuse beak or apiculus ;
columella persistent, veil regularly cucullate ; male flowers
axillary ; antheridia naked, sometimes gemmiform ; prothallus
not permanent; leaf-cells subrectangular or minute and sub-
quadrate, more elongated towards the base.

1. P. cuspidatum, Schreb. ; stem radiculose, simple or
branched ; leaves ovato-lanceolate or lanceolate and cuspidate,
erect, keeled, concave, hair-pointed from the excurrent nerve ;
sporangium roundish on a short fruitstalk, immersed. — Hook.
^ Wils. t. V. ; Eng. Boi. t. 2025, 2026, 2259. ; [Movg. ^
Nest. n. 307.)

On the ground, especially in a sandy soil. Common. Bear-
ing fruit ill early spring.

300

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

Monoicous; light-green, short or branehed. Leaves some-
what papillose on either side ; margin reflexed ; sporangium
obscurely beaked ; veil conico-campanulate or cucullate ; leaf-
cells rather lax, subrectangular, longer at the base. Varying
immensely in the length of the stem, the length, direction,
and form of the leaves, the curvature and length of the fruit-
stalk, the form of the sporangium, etc. ; spores strongly echi-
nulate.

2. P. bryoides, Dicks. ; simple or branched ; upper leaves
erecto-patent or connivent, ovato-lanceolate, concave ; margin
reflexed ; nerve excurrent, forming a long mucro ; sporangium
elliptic, exserted, obliquely apiculate. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. v. ;
Eng. Bot. t. 1180. ; (Plate 24, fig. 8) ; Moug. ^ Nest. n. 705.

Open fields ; generally rare, but very common in some parts
of Northamptonshire in company with other Phasca. Bear-
ing fruit in spring. *

Monoicous j forming little green or brownish-green tufts.
Lid of sporangium variable in length ; leaf-cells as in the last.

111. BRYELLA, Berk.

Sporangium roundish, exserted ; lid distinctly defined,
though scarcely dehiscent, with an adnate ring of thirty-two
cells ; veil cucullate, scabrous above ; leaf-cells crowded above
and chlorophyllose.

The definite lid and evident ring seem to require the sepa-
ration of this from Phascuni^ if the genus is to be divided. In
the leaf-cells it approaches nearer to the old P. curvicollumj
in which however the characters of the lid are different.

1. B. recta. Berk. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. v. ; Eng. Bot. t. 330. ;
[Moug. ^ Nest. n. 804.)

Banks, fields, etc., especially near the sea, affecting more
southern latitudes. Bearing fruit in winter or early spring.

PHASCEI.

301

Monoicous. Stem very short ; leaves spreadings elliptic,
lanceolate, with an excurrent nerve, distinctly papillose at
the hack; margin recurved; sporangia on straight elongated
fruitstalks, often aggregate, chestnut-brown; leaf-cells less
translucent than in Fhascmn ; spores small, pale, echinulate.

112. CYCNEA, Berk.

Sporangium on a curved fruitstalk, globose, confluent with
the lid ; veil dimidiate, even ; spores even, translucent ; leaf-
cells minute above and crowded, suhquadrate, elongated be-
low; antheridia axillary, naked.

The translucent, smooth spores, indicated by Hedwig, are
extremely different from the globose, strongly echinulate
spores of Phascum cuspidatum, which, together with the
curved fruitstalk, different inflorescence and reticulation, in-
dicate a distinct genus.

1. C. curvicoUa, Berk. — Hook. Wils. t. v. ; Eng. Bot.

t. 905. ; [Moug. ^ Nest. n. 606.)

In open fields, on tops of walls, etc. Bearing fruit in spring.

Monoicous ; densely gregarious, reddish. Stem very short ;
leaves erowded, erecto-pateut, elongato-lanceolate ; nerve
strongly excurrent; margin reflexed ; sporangia sometimes ag-
gregate; spores yellowish. Hedwig figures them with a short
peduncle, like that in Bovista, which I have not seen, and
Greville figures a similar structure in Leptotrichum glaucescens.

113. SPH^RANGIUM, Schimp.

Sporangium spherical, erect, on a very short fruitstalk or
pendulous; veil erect, mitriforrn, fugacious ; columella rather
thick ; spore-sac separable ; spores large, subglohose, minutely
granulated; leaf-cells large; leaves hyaline; prothallus not
permanent ; male flowers rooting.

302

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

1. S. muticum_, Schimp. ; stem very short; leaves widely
ovato-aeuminate^ coDcave^ comiivent ; nerve rarely excurrent ;
sporangium erect, immersed. — Hook, Wils. t. v. ; Eng. Bot.
t. 2027. ; [Moug. ^ Nest. n. 1204.)

In fallow fields, etc. Bearing fruit in autumn and spring.

Dioicous ; gregarious, dull-green or brownish. Leaves very
broad and concave, forming a little ovate, pointed, bulb-like
mass, toothed or entire above ; margin plane ; perichsetial
leaves convolute ; spores pale, globose ; leaf-cells smaller than
in the next species.

2. S. triquetrum, Schimp. ; stem very short ; leaves tristi-
chous, connivent, obovate, boat-shaped, strongly keeled ;
margin reflexed ; nerve excurrent, the tip recurved ; sporan-
gium horizontal on a long, slender, curved fruitstalk, im-
mersed.— Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxxvii. ; Eng. Bot. t. 2901.; [Moug.
8f Nest. n. 802.)

On the ground, at the top of cliffs, near the sea. Sussex.
Bearing fruit in spring.

Monoicous ; gregarious at first, pale-green, then reddish.
Leaves very concave, closely embracing the sporangium and
forming a subglobose bulb-like mass; the subdimidiate veil
soon parts from the sporangium, and often adheres by the en-
tire side to the vaginula ; leaf-cells and spores larger.

114. MICROBRYUM, Schimp.

Sporangium immersed, roundish-ovate on a very short fruit-
stalk, with a blunt beak or apiculus; veil large, many-lobed,
erect ; leaf-cells small, rhomboid.

1. M. Ploerkeanum, Schimp. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxxvii.;
Eng. Bot. t. 2887.

In fields. Durham, Yorkshire, and Sussex. Bearing fruit
late in autumn.

PHASCEI.

303

Monoicous ; gregarious or slightly tuftecl_, brownish. Leaves
crowded, erecto-patent, ovato-acuminate, minutely papillose at
the back ; margin reflexed ; nerve excurrent ; spores small,
pale; antheridia naked, axillary ; leaf-cells much smaller than
in Sphcerangium and shorter ; spores small, pale.

115. PHYSCOMITRELLA, Schimp,

Sporangium globose, minutely apiculate ; columella thick ;
veil campanulate, subvesicular when young ; leaf-cells large,
hyaline.

1. P. patens, Schimp. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. v. ; Eng. Bot.
t. 1279. ; (Plate 24, fig. 9) ; Moug. ^ Nest. n. 704.

Fields, banks, and dried-up pools. Bearing fruit in the
autumn.

Monoicous; gregarious, pale-green. Stem 1-3 lines high;
leaves spreading, lower scattered, upper crowded, concave,
broader above ; nerve slight, ceasing below the tip ; sporangium
spherical with a minute point ; spores rather larger, echinu-
late ; leaves crumpled when dry ; leaf-cells large.

116. EPHEMERELLA, Schimp.

Prothallus persistent ; sporangium immersed, confluent with
the lid ; veil regularly cucullate ; spores large ; leaf-cells sub-
hexagonal above, more rectangular below.

1. E. recurvifolia, Schimp. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxxvii. ;
Eng. Bot. t. 2932 ; Grev. Sc. Crypt. Ft. t. 353. ; [Moug.
Nest. n. 902.)

In fallow fields, heaths, etc. Durham, Northamptonshire,
Surrey, and Sussex. Bearing fruit in winter.

Gregarious, dark-green. Leaves Ungulate or linear-lanceo-
late, recurved or erect, toothed above ; nerve cxcuiTcnt ; spo-
rangium ovate, subscssilc, thick-walled.

304

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

117. EPHEMERUM,

Prothallus persistent ; sporangium immersed, confluent
with the lid ; veil mitriform ; spores large ; leaf-cells large,
hyaline, rhomboido-hexagonal.

1. E. serratum, Mi///. ; leaves lanceolate, toothed; nerve
less connivent; sporangium suhsessile, subglobose. — Hook. ^
Wils. t. V. ; Eng. Bot. t. 460, 2106. ; [Moug. ^ Nest. n. 803.)

On the naked soil, whether sandy or argillaceous. Bearing
fruit in winter and early spring.

Monoicous; prothallus dense. Stem scarcely any; leaves
suberect, sharply toothed or almost spinulose, sometimes linear-
lanceolate and obscurely toothed, hyaline ; spores yellow ;
leaf-cells much elongated.

2. E. cohserens. Mull. ; leaves ovato-lanceolate, erect,
keeled ; nerve reaching to the tip ; sporangium immersed,
suhsessile. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxxvii.

On the ground. Hurstpierpoint, Sussex, Mr. Mitten.
Bearing fruit in winter.

Prothallus abundant. Leaves sometimes nerveless, toothed
above, the lower ones nearly nerveless ; sporangium subsphe-
rical, pale ; veil mitriform, covering a third part of the spo-
rangium.

3. E. sessile, Bi\ ^ Schhnp. ; leaves rather rigid, suberect
or subsecund, linear-lanceolate, narrow, mostly toothed above;
nerve excurrent ; sporangium sessile, immersed, small, round-
ish.— Hook. ^ Wils. t. xxxvii. ; Eng. Bot. t. 2829.

On clayey or chalky soil. Sussex and Cheshire. Bearing
fruit in autumn and winter.

Monoicous; prothallus abundant. Nerve predominant
above; leaf-cells not so elongated as in E. serratiim and smaller;
veil mitriform.

SPHAGNEI.

305

118. ARCHIDIUM, Bridel.

Sporangium globose^ sessile on the short tumid vaginula,
without any lid ; eolumella fugacious ; spores very large, few
in number ; veil irregular, torn in the middle.

1. A. phascoides, — Hook. 8f Wils. t. v. ; Eng. Bot.

t. 2107. ; (Plate 24, fig. 1 0) ; Moug. ^ Nest. n. 904.

In heaths and fields. Bearing fruit in spring.

Monoicous. Stem at first short, sending oflP innovations
for one or two years from the base of the female flowers ;
sterile shoots flagelliform with scattered, minute, shorter
leaves j fertile stem stouter ; leaves lanceolate, entire ; nerve
ceasing below the minutely toothed tip ; perichsetial leaves
larger, toothed above ; spores from eight to sixteen in each
sporangium, subgloboso-tetrahedric, with one convex and three
or four flat sides j veil membranous; leaf-cells lax, subhexa-
gonal, elongated, nearly uniform.

Family 111.— SYNCLADEI.

Branches fasciculate ; fruit cladocarpous.

Order XXXIIL Mont.

119. SPHAGNUM, Bill.

Sporangium globose ; receptacle elongated, fleshy ; peri-
stome none; veil ruptured near the middle ; leaf-cells of two
kinds, the one large, containing a spiral thread, the walls
perforated between the spirals ; the other linear, surrounding
the first ; prothallus scale-like.

* Leaves ohtuse.

1. S. cymbifolium, Ehr.; stem robust, mostly bipartite;

X

306

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

branchlets turgid^ obtuse, spreading, two or three together,
flagelliform, pendulous and more or less adpressed to the
stem ; stalk-leaves Ungulate, rounded at the tip ; braneh-
leaves broadly ovate ; margin incurved above ; tip scabrous ;
utricles of branches lined with spiral fibres.- — Hook. Wils. t.
iv. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1405. ; (Plate 2, fig. 1) ; Moug. ^ Nest. n. 113.

Peat-mosses. Bearing fruit in summer.

Dioicous. Stem often much elongated ; branches obtuse ;
leaves mostly white, sometimes reddish ; utricles of stem and
branches lined with spiral lines, perforated or imperforate.

2. S. compactum, Brid. ; stems densely tufted ; branches
crowded, short, mostly in pairs ; leaves ovate, attenuated up-
wards, eroded at the tip and toothed ; utricles of stem without
spiral threads. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. Ixi. ; (Plate 22, fig. 2) ;
Mong. Nest. n. 805.

"Wet moors. Bearing fruit in late summer.

Known by its densely tufted habit, short branches, longer
eroded leaves, and especially by the want of all trace of spiral
threads in the utricles of the stem. Pores of cells smaller
than in the last.

3. S. moUnscum, Bruch ; stem soft ; leaves roundish-
oval ; utricles of stem recurved above ; sporangium small,
thin. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. lx. ; [Moug. ^ Nest. n. 808.)

Wet boggy spots. Bearing fruit in early summer.

Forming short pale-yellow tufts. Branches mostly three to-
gether, spreading or deflexed ; the tips of the external utricles,
which are without spiral threads, free above and recurved, with
a terminal pore ; tip of leaves slightly eroded and toothed ;
sporangium small; spores yellow.

4. S. rubellum. Wits.; dioicous; branches short, attenu-
ated, deflexed ; leaves elliptic, obtuse ; fruitstalk short. —
Hook. ^ Wils. t. lx.

SPHAGNEI.

307

In peat-mosses with other species.

Distinguished from S. acutifolium by its smaller size^ ob-
tuse elliptic leaves, dioicous inflorescence, and deep-red peri-
gonia.

Leaves acuminate.

5. S. acutifolium, Ehr.; branches slender, attenuated,
spreading ; stem-leaves ovate, erect ; branch-leaves ovato-
lanceolate, tapering, eroded, erecto-patent ; sporangium on a

■ long stalk. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. iv. ; Eng. Bot. t. 1406. ; (Plate
2, fig. 4) ; Moiig. ^ Nest. n. W.

In swamps. Bearing fruit in summer.

Monoicous. Leaves often lilac ; stalk of sporangium very
long ; spores ferruginous.

A very variable species, from a few inclies to a foot in
length. Male flowers purple, perichsetial leaves thin, convo-
lute, without pores or fibres, acute.

6. S. fimbriatum. Wits.; stem much elongated; branches
very slender, pendulous ; stem-leaves large, close-pressed, ob-
ovate, laciniate ; branch-leaves ovato-lanceolate ; perichsetial
leaves large, obovate, obtuse; sporangium on a short stalk. —
Hook. ^ Wils. t. lx.

In swamps. Bearing fruit abundantly in summer.

Monoicous. Leaves never red ; stem-leaves without pores
and fibres ; perichsetial leaves solid.

7. S. cuspidatum, Eh'. ; stem elongated ; branches fasci-
culate, attenuated, some deflexed, closely adpressed ; stem-
leaves ovate, acute, spreading ; branch-leaves lanceolate, taper-
ing ; margin undulated when dry. — Hook. ^ Wits. t. Ixi. ;
Eng. Bot. t. 2092.; {Moug. ^ Nest. n. 405, 1306.)

In deep peat-mosses.

Distinguished from the two last by its longer, more loosely
imbricated leaves, wliich arc undulated when dry, clianging

X

308

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

rather to ferruginous than purple. Extremely variable; in
the plumose variety the leaves are very narrow and mueh
elongated [Hook, ^ Wils. t. iv.).

8. S. reeurvum, P. Beauv. ; stem elongated, hranehlets
spreading with short, oblongo-laneeolate, erecto-patent, plane
leaves, recurved when dry ; margin undulated. — S. Mougeotii,
Moug. & Nest. n. 1306.

Growing intermixed with S. cuspidatum^ W. Wilson. Bear-
ing fruit in summer.

9. S. contortum, Schultz ; stem dark, with a simple layer
of cortical cells ; branches recurved ; stem-leaves broadly
ovate, branch-leaves acuminate, ovato-lanceolate, often subse-
cund ; cells crowded ; pores biseriate, minute, numerous. —
Hook. ^ Wils. /.'lx. ; [Moug. Nest. n. 806, 807.)

In peat- mosses. Bearing fruit in July.

Monoicous, often slightly fawn-coloured, variable, but dis-
tinguished by the brownish colour of the main stem, the
simple layer of cortical cells, and the biseriate minute pores.
The spiral threads often become reticulate. The branches
are sometimes but not always contorted, and in the variety
ohesum they are sw'ollen as in S. cymbifolium.

In Spruce’s variety S laricmum, how ever, there is more than
one cortical layer, but there are still the same minute pores.
Wilson however suspects that this may prove eventually dis-
tinct.

10. S. squarrosum, P. ; stems elongated; cortical stratum
double, not porous ; branchlets horizontal and deflexed ; cor-
tical cells slightly prominent above; leaves ovate, acuminate,
recurved, squarrose ; pores large. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. iv. ; Eng.
Bot. t. 98. ; (Plate 2, fig. 5) ; Moug. ^ Nest. n. 209.

In bogs. Bearing fruit in summer.

Monoicous ; grass-green above ; easily known by its squar-

ANDRE.E1.

309

rose^ ovato-acuminate leaves. The squarrose varieties of
H. cymbifolium and cuspidatwn may be known by their leaves.

Family IV.— SCHISTOCARPI.

Sporangium quadrifid or multifid ; receptacle elongated.

Okuer XXXIV. Lindl.

120. ANDREW A, Ehr.

Fruit acrocarpous ; receptacle elongated ; sporangium sessile,
four-cleft or four-valved, united ab,ove by the persistent lid ; veil
mitriform ; leaf- cells punctiform.

^ Leaves nerveless.

1 . A. alpina, Eill. ; stem elongated ; branches fastigiate ;
leaves crowded, erecto- patent, even, obovate, acuminate, con-
tracted in the middle, mostly entire above, toothed below ;
inner perichsetial leaves convolute. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. viii. ;
Eng. Bot. t. 1278. ; (Plate 2, fig. 6.)

On alpine roeks. Bearing fruit in early summer.

Monoicousj bearing the antheridia on slender innovations ;
forming dense tufts 2 or 3 inches high. Leaves often contracted
below so as to be somewhat Ungulate or panduriform, even,
reddish or purplish, abruptly pointed ; leaf-cells punctiform
above, elongated and vermiform below ; walls very thick ; spo-
rangium apophysate when young ; valves reaching to the apo-
physis ; periehsetial leaves large ; the inner ones convolute.

2. A. petrophila, Ebr. ; stem short ; leaves patent or sub-
secund, ovate, acuminate, but rather obtuse, papillose behind ;
pericluetial leaves large, convolute. — Hook. JFils. t. viii. ;
Eng. Bot. t. 1277.; (Moug. Nest. n. 115.)

310

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES.

On siibalpine rocks. Bearing fruit in early summer.

Extremely variable in habit, the size and direction of the
leaves, etc., but always distinguishable from the last by its
rufous, opaque, papillose leaves, which are frequently more or
less secund, even in plants where many are spreading.

Found in all parts of the world.

## Leaves nerved.

3. A. Bothii, Web. ^ Mohr ; monoicous ; stems short,
fastigiate ; leaves spreading, curved or falcate at the tip, ovate
below, subulate above, even, opaque; nerve reaching to the
apex; perichgetial leaves rather short, elliptic, convolute. —
Hook. ^ Wils. t. viii. ; Eng. Bot. t. 2162. ; (Plate 2, fig. 7) ;
Moiig. ^ Nest. ?z.ll6.

On alpine and subalpine rocks. Bearing fruit in early
summer.

Varying like the last in the direction of the leaves, which
exhibit different shades of brown, sometimes so dark as to be
almost black; nerve predominant towards the apex; leaf-
cells of the disk larger than those towards the margin.

Schimper considers this to be the true Jungermannia ru-
pestris of Linnseus ; others think that it is A. petrophila.

4. A. nivalis, Hook. ; dioicous ; stems elongated, fastigiate,
falcate above; leaves falcato-seeund, papillose, opaque; leaf-
cells quadrate ; perieheetial leaves resembling the cauline; veil
very small. — Hook. ^ Wils. t. viii.; Eng. Bot. t. 2334.

On high alpine rocks. Scotland and Wales. Bearing fruit,
but rarelv, in summer.

The dioicous inflorescence, the conformity of the perichsetial
leaves to those of the stem, the laxer reticulations, which are
quadrate to the very base, and other points abundantly dis-
tinguish this from the last. There are frequently more than
four valves to the sporangium.

311

GLOSSATIY.

— ^ —

Acicular^ shaped like a bodkin.

Acrocarpous, bearing fruit at the tip
of the stem or branches.

Annulus, a little ring, which is often
elastic, at the rim of the mouth of
the sporangium.

Antheridia, oblong or globular cel-
lular bodies, containing the sper-
matozoids.

Apophysis, a swelling of greater or
less size at the base of the spo-
rangium or tip of the fruitstalk,
sometimes belonging more or less
to both.

Apophysate, furnished with an apo-
physis.

Appendiculaie, fringed with little
fragmentary bodies.

Archegonium, the young flask-shaped
female fruit, in the cavity of whicli
the embryonic cell is generated.

Areolate, divided into little arcse, a
term applied to the cellular tissue
of the leaves.

Jdifarious, two-ranked, a term ap-
plied to the leaves.

l^i geminate, a term applied to the
teeth of the peristome when com-
bined in two pairs.

Calyplra, the membranous cap of

the sporangium, derived from the
wall of the archegonium, which
splits below and is carried up by
the swollen sporangium as the
fruitstalk elongates.

Cancellated, like lattice-work.

Capsule, a name usually applied to
the sporangium, but rejected here
because it is manifestly incorrect.

Cernuous, drooping : spoken of the
sporangium.

Chlorophyllous, spoken of the leaf-
cells when they manifestly contain
a green grumous mass, or little
pellets of chlorophyll.

Cilia, processes wdiich sometimes
alternate with the teeth of the in-
ner peristome.

Cladocarpous, used when the spo-
rangia are produced on extremely
short branchlets.

Columella, the little central column
which occurs in the centre of most
sporangia.

Commissure, the point of junction of
two cells, or of the lid and mouth
of the sporangium.

Colyledonoids, a term apjfliod to
the germinating tlireads of mosses,
from a notion that they are analo-

312

GLOSSARY.

gous to the cotyledons of Phseno-
gams.

Cucullate^ hoodshaped, a term ap-
plied to the veil or calyptra when
split on one side.

Dimidiate, the same with cucullate.

Distichous, two-ranked, applied to
the leaves.

Docserted, applied when* the fi’uit-
stalk projects beyond theperichse-
tium.

Falcate, sickle-shaped.

Follicle, a little bladder on the leaves,
as in Pottia cavifolia.

Geniculate, bent suddenly.

Innovations, accessory branches pro-
duced generally after the fruit is
perfect.

Lid, the terminal portion of the
sporangium, which usually sepa-
rates by a circular horizontal fis-
sure.

Ligulate, strap-shaped.

Lingulate, tongue-shaped.

Mitriform, applied to the veil, when
not split on one side, or fissured
more or less symmetrically.

Ocrea, a httle sheath sometimes in-
vesting the base of the fruitstalk,
distinct from the vaginula.

Operculum, tlie same with the lid.

Papillose, covered with minute pa-
pillae, as the leaves of several
mosses.

Paraphylla, variously shaped folia-
ceous or filamentous bodies pro-
duced near the leaves, but not at
definite points like stipules.

Paraphyses, threads accompanying
the archegonia or antheridia.

Perichcetimn, the leaves immediately
surrounding the base of the fruit-
stalk.

Perigamium, the portion of the fer-
tile reduced branchlets which con-
tains the archegonia.

Perigonium, the male inflorescence.

Perigynium, the leaves encircling the
fertile bud.

Peristome, the processes which are
produced within the mouth of the
sporangium, which by their hy-
grometric nature modify the dis-
persion of the spores.

Pleurocarpous, used when the fruit
is lateral, and produced on rudi-
mentary brancldets.

Polygamous, having the male and
female inflorescence variously dis-
posed in the same species.

Proemhryo, the same with cotyle-
donoids.

Prothallus, the same with Cotyle-
donoids,

Protonemata, the same with Cotyle-
donoids.

Pulvinate, forming cushion -like
masses.

Reticulation, the same with areola-
tion.

Ring, the same with annulus.

Rostrate, spoken of the lid when
elongated ; when less elongated it
is said to be rostellate.

Rosulate, leaves disposed like the
petals of a rose.

Scalariform, ladder-hke.

Secund, leaning to one side.

Seta, the same with fruitstalk.

Setaceous, bristle-shaped.

Spathulate, narrow below, broader
above; spoon-shaped.

Spermatozoids, the active bodies,
produced in the antheridia, by
which the embryonic cell of the
archegon is impregnated.

GLOSSARY.

313

Sporangium^ the perfect female fruit,
usually called capsule.

Spores^ the reproductive bodies,
which are produced after impreg-
nation.

Spore-sac^ that part of the sporan-
gium which contains the spores.

Squarrose^ spreading in every di-
rection and more or less bent
backwards, spoken of the leaves.

Symmetrical^ applied to the sporan-
gium when quite regular.

Syncladous, used when branchlets

grow in tufts from the same point.

SynoBcious^ used when the male and
female fruit are united in the same
head.

Systylous, used when the lid adheres
to the columella.

Theca^ the same with sporangium.

TristicJious ^ three-ranked.

Tympanoid^ resembling the head of
a drum.

JJnsymmetrical^ applied to irregular
sporangia.

Veil^ the same with calyptra.

314

PRINCIPAL WORKS CONSULTED DURING THE
PREPARATION OE THIS VOLUME.

-4

Balsamo and De Notaris, Syllabus,
8vo, 1833.

, Prodro-

mus BryologiseMediolanensis, 8vo,
1834.

Berkeley, Introduction to Crypto-
gamic Botany, 8vo, 1857.

BiscliofF, Die Kryptogamisclie Ge-
waclise, 8vo, 1828.

Blandow, Uebersiclit, 8vo, 1809.

Blytt, Enumeratio, 4to, 1844.

Bridel, Bryologia Universa, 8vo,
1826, 1827.

Brown, Bemarks on Buxhaumia^ etc.,
Linn. Trans, vol. xii., and other
Memoirs.

Bruch, Schimper and Guembel, Bry-
ologia Europeea, 4to, 1837, etc.

De Notaris, Musci Italici, 8vo, 1862.

Syllabus, 8vo, 1838.

Desmazieres, Plantes Cryptogames
de la France, 4to, 1825, etc.

Dickson, Plantarum Cryptogamica-
rum Fasciculi, 4to, 1785-1801.

Dillenius, Historia Muscorum, 4to,
1741.

Enghsh Botany,Smith and Sowerby,
8vo, 1790, etc.

English Flora, vol. v., part i., 1833.

Flora Danica, fob, 1761, etc.

Gardner, Musci Britannici, 8vo,
1836.

Greville, Scottish Cryptogamic Flora,
8vo, 1823-1829.

and Walker- Arnott, Tenta-

men Method! Muscarum, 8vo,
1825.

and Arnott, New Arrange-
ment of Genera of Mosses, 8vo,
1825.

Haller, Enumeratio Stirpium Hel-
vetiae, fob, 1742.

Hampe, leones Muscorum, folio,
1844.

Hartman, Handbok i Skandinavien’s
Flora, 8vo, 1820-1838.

Hedwig, Descriptio et adumbratio
Muscorum, fob, 1787-1797.

■ and Schwaegrichen, Species

Muscorum Frondosorum, 4to,
1801, etc. etc.

Hofmeister, Vergleichende Unter-
suchungen, 4to, 1851, and various
valuable memoirs.

Hooker, Musci Exotici, 8vo, 1818-
1820.

and Taylor, Muscologia Bri-

tannica, 8vo, ed. 2, 1827.

PRINCIPAL WORKS CONSULTED.

315

Hooker, and Wilson, Bryologia Bri-
tannica, 8vo, 1855.

Hoppe and Hornschuch, Tagebuch,
8vo, 1818.

Lantzius-Beninga, Beitrage (in Act.
Ac. Cses. Leop., vol. xxii., partii.)

Libert, Plantas Cryptogamicae Ar-
duennse, 4to, 1830, etc.

Bindley, Vegetable Kingdom, 8vo,
1853.

Linnaeus, Systema Vegetabilium,
etc.

Mitten, Papers in Hooker’s Journal
of Botany.

Montagne, ‘Mousses’ iiiD’Orbigny,
Dictionnaire Universel d’Histoire
Naturelle, Histoire de Cuba, and
numerous memoirs.

, Sylloge, 8vo, 1856, con-
taining a complete list of his
works.

Mougeot and Nestler, Crypt. Vogeso-
Bhenanae, 4to, 1810, etc., etc.

Keeker, Methodus Muscorum, 8vo,
1771.

Kees von Esenbeck, Hornscliucli
and Sturm, Bryologia Germanica,
8yo, 1823-1831.

Palisot-Beauvois, Muscologie, 8vo,
1822.

Payer, Botanique Cryptogamique,
8vo, 1850.

Roehling, Deutschland’s Moose, 8vo,
1800.

Schimper, Bechcrchcs sur les
Mousses, 4to, 1850 (lately repub-
lished with a single additional
plate under a new title).

Schimper, Synopsis Muscorum Eu-
ropaeorum, 8vo, 1860.

Schmidel, leones, fob, 1747, etc.

Schreber, de Phasco Observation es,
4to, 1770.

Schwsegriehen : see Hedwig.

Sommerfelt, Supplementum Florae
Lapponicae, 8vo, 1836, and Exsic-
cati, 4to, 1826.

Sprengel, Einleitung in das Studiu m
der Kryptogamischen Gewiichse,
8vo, 1817, and English transla-
tion, 1819.

Stark’s Popular History, 12mo, 1860.

Sturm, Deutschland’s Flora, 12mo,
1798, etc., etc.

Sullivant, Musci Alleghanienses,8vo,
1846.

Swartz, Methodus Muscorum, 4to,
1781.

, Dispositio Systematica

Muscorum Sueciae, 12mo, 1799.

Unger, Samenthiere der Pdanzen,
1857.

Yaillant, Botanicon Parisiense, fob,
1727.

Valentine, Memoirs in Linnaean
Transactions.

Wahlenberg, Flora Lapponica, 8vo,
1812.

Flora Upsaliensis, 8vo,

1820.

Suecica, 8vo, 1824-

1826.

Weber and Mohr, Botanisches Ta-
schenbuch, 12mo, 1807.

Withering, Botanical An’angcmcnt,
8vo, 1796.

316

INDEX TO INTRODUCTION.

Acrocarpi, 43.
Acrocarpous, 1, 34,
Adventitious organs, 27.

rootlets, 12.

branches, 13.

Agaricas furfuraceus, 32.

stipitarius, 32.

Alectoria jubata, 6.
Anacamptodon, 34.
Andresea, 20, 28.

Rotliii, 36.

rupestris, 35.

Andresese, 3.

Angstroemia, 34.

Anisodon, 34.

Annulus, 23.

Antheridia, 7, 18.
Apophysis, 22.

.Arehegonia, 6, 19.
Archidium, 22, 23.
Atrichum, 12.
Balanophorse, 19.
Bartramia pusilla, 4.
Braunia, 34.

Bruchia, 34.

BpvoUf 1.

Bryologia, 2.

Bryum, 18, 19, 44.

argenteum, 35.

capillar e, 35.

Bryum roseum, 20.
Buxbaumia, 24.

aphylla, 3, 14.

Buds, 28.

Buxbaumiei, 25.

Calymperes Afzelii, 28.

rigida, 28.

Calyptra, 20.

Campy lopus, 21.
Catoscopium nigritum, 36.
Cladocarpi, 4, 43.
Cleistocarpi, 43.

Climacium dendroides, 14.
Columella, 22.

Conferva, 9.

castanea, 12.

muscicola, 12, 28.

velutina, 4, 27.

Confervse, 7.

Conomitrium, 34.
Conostomum boreale, 32.
Corsican moss, 1.
Coseinodon, 34.
Cotyledonoids, 10.

Baltonia splachnoides, 21.
Bawsonia, 25.

superba, 13.

Dicranei, 31.

Dicranum scoparium, 15.
Diphyscium, 19.

INDEX TO INTRODUCTION.

317

Encalypta, 21.

vulgaris, 30.

streptocarpa, 32.

Ephemerella recurvifolia, 11.
Ephemerum serratum, 11.
Eucamptodon perichsetiale, 23.
Eustichimn, 34.

Eabronia, 34, 36.

Fern allies, 6.

Ferns, 6.

Eissidens, 4, 15.

Fontinalis, 16, 24.

Fruitstalk, 20, 21.

Funaria, 21, 24.

hygrometrica, 23, 35.

Fusisporium, 38.

Griietiim, 21.

Golden Moss, 1.

Grimmia leucophylla, 36.

trichophylla, 36.

Gymnostomura, 44.

Habrodon, 34.

Hedwigia, 15.

Hicks, Dr., 10.

Ilornalia, 35.

trichomanoides, 16.

Homalise, 3.

Hookeria, 35.

Hydropogonei, 36.

Ilypnei, 17, 30.

Hypnum, 18, 44.

cupressiforme, 30, 35.

Ilypopterygii, 36.
llypopterygiuni, 3,

Iceland Moss, 1.

Innovations, 13, 28.

Isotlieeiuin, 35.

Jungerinainiitc, 1, 2, 3, 11, 18.
Iviitzing, 10.

Leaves, 14.

Lccidea innnersa, 12.
Leptostoinei, 36.

Lcscureea, 34.

Leucobryum glaucum, 16, 28.

Lid, 23.

Lyngbya muralis, 7.

Macromitrium, 35.

Marchantia, 2, 37.

Meteorium, 5.

Mnium, 18, 19, 20, 44.

punctatum, 40.

Montagne’s arrangement, 44.

Moss allies, 7.

Mosses, collection and preservation
of, 41.

cosmopolitan, 35

cultivation of, 37.

development and structure

of, 9.

difference between them and

Liverworts, 2.

divisions of, 3.

female organs of, 19.

general appearance of, 2.

geographical distribution of,

34.

habit of, 2.

liabitats of, 32.

lines of growth in, 13.

male organs of, 18.

misapplication of term, 1.

nature of, 5.

parasites of, 38.

peristome not homologous

witli leaves, 26.

propagation of, by spores, 9.

propagation of, by adventi-
tious oi’gans, 27.

spiral tlireads in, 13.

synopsis of Orders and Ge-
nera, 46.

systematic arrangement, 43.

uses of, 39.

Mouth, 2t.

Muscologia, 2.

Muscus, 1.

318

INDEX TO INTRODUCTION.

Nectria muscivora, 38.

Ocrea, 21.

Octoblepharei, 36.

Octoblepharum albidum, 37.

Orcliids, aerial roots of, 17.

Oreas, 34.

Orthotrichum anomaluro, 30.

cupula turn, 26.

Parapliylla, 17.

Paraphyses, 18.

Periclisetium, 19, 22.

Perigamiuin, 19.

Perigonia, 18.

Perigynium, 19.

Peristome, 24, 26.

Pharomitrium, 34.

Pliasca, 27.

Phascum, 43.

Phyllogoniei, 36.

Physcomitrium, 31.

Platygyrium, 34.

Pleurocarpi, 4, 43.

Pleurocarpous, 3, 34.

Pogonatum, 21.

■ aloides, 11.

alpinum, 32.

nanum, 15.

Polytricha, 27.

Polytrichum, 13, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23,
24, 25.

commune, 35.

dendroides, 13.

• giganteum, 13.

sexangulare, 32.

Pottia, 24.

cavifolia, 17, 28.

Proembryo, 10.

Propbyton, 11.

Protliallus, 10.

Protonemata, 10.

Psilopilum, 34.

Pyramidula, 34.

Eacomitrium lanuginosum, 35.

Eacopilacei, 36.

Eacoj)ilum, 35.

Ehizogonei, 36.

Ehizogonium, 35.

Eing, 23.

Eootlets, 12.

Schistidium, 24.

maritimum, 33.

Scliistocarpi, 4, 24, 43.

Scliistostega, 32.

osmundacea, 11, 16.

Sedum acre, 1.

Seligeria calcarea, 32.
Spermatozoids, 7, 18.

Spiral tlireads, 13.

Sphagnum, 2, 11, 13, 15, 16, 18, 20,
22, 23.

— cymbifolium, 13.

molluscum, 13.

Splachna, 32.

Splachnei, 24.

Splachnum, 18.

luteum, 22, 38.

rubrum, 38.

Sporangium, 22.

Sporledera, 34.

Spores, 9, 23.

Spore-sac, 22.

Stark, 38.

Stegocarpi, 43.

Stem, 13.

Stolons, 13.

Stomates, 17.

Syncladei, 4, 43.

Syrrhopodontei, 36.

Teeth, 24.

Tetraphis, 24, 25.

pellucida, 28.

Tetrodontium, 14,

Thallus, 10.

Thamnium alopecurum, 14.

Theca, 7.

Thuidium, 17.

INDEX TO INTRODUCTION

319

Tillaudsise, 6.
Tortula, 25, 45.

ruralis, 32.

Trematodon, 34.
Tricliostomum, 45.

Vaginula, 20.

Voitia, 34.

Webera, 18.

Weissia controversa, 35.

320

IKDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES.

Acrocarpi, 50, 161.
Amblyodon, 52, 178.

dealba tus, 179.
Amblystegium, 96.
AmpJioridium, 219.
Anacalypta, 57, 268.
ccespitosa, 268.
lanceolata, 268.
latifolia, 269.
Starkeana, 268.
Andresea, 61, 309.
alpina, 309.
nivalis, 310.
petrophila, 309.
'petrophila, 310.

Kotliii, 310.

Anodus, 59, 287.

Donianus, 287.
Anoectangiei, 50, 155.
Axioectangium^ 50, 155.
compactum, 155.
Hornschucliianum,

156.

Anomobryum, 53, 188.

julaceum, 188.
Anomodon, 49, 151.
longifolius, 152.
viticulosus, 151.
Antitricbia, 49, 148.

curtipendula, 148.
Arcbidium, 60, 305.

phascoides, 305.
Arctoa, 59, 286.

fulvella, 286.
Atrichum, 54, 212.
angustatum, 213.
tenellum, 213.
undulatum, 212.

Aulacomnion, 53, 205.

androgynum, 205.
palustre, 206.

Barhula, 253.
Hartramia, 51, 169.
arcuata, 173.
calcarea, 172.
crispa^ 170.
fontana, 172.
Halleriana, 170.
itliypliylla, 169.
ithypliijlla, xxxv.
marchica, xxxv.

Qiideri, 171.
pomiformis, 170.
pulverulenta, 264.
rigida, 171.
stricta, xxxv.
jBartramiei, 51, 168.
Hartramidula, 51, 173.

Wilsoni, 173.

Slindia, 59, 286.
acuta, 286.

Bracbyodus, 59, 289.

tricliodes, 289.
Brachythecium, 77.
Breutelia, 173.

Bryei, 52, 181.

Bryella, 60, 300.

recta, 300.

Bryum, 53, 189.
alpinum, 194.
argenteura, 195.
atropurpureum, 194.
biraum, 192.

5 coespiticium, 195.
calophyllimi, 191.

Bryum — continued.
canariense, 197.
capillare, 195.
cavifolium, xxxvi.
Donianum, 196.
Duvalii, xxxvi.
erytlirocarpum, 193.
inclinatum, 190.
intermedium, 192.
lacustre, 191.

Marratii, 191.
Muhlenbeckii, 194.
murale, xxxvi.
murorum, xxxv.
neodamense^ xxxvi.
obconicum, 196.
pallens, 198.
pendulum, 189.
pseudotriquetrum, 197.
radiculosum, 194.
roseum, 198.
rubens, 194.
stellatum, 255.
torquescens, 193.
turbinatum, 198.
uliginosum, 189.

Buxbaumia, 54, 214.
apliylla, 215.

Buxbaumiei, 54, 214.

Camptothecmm, 75.

Campylopodii, 272.

Campylopus, 58, 272.
brevipilus, 274.
densus, 272.
flexuosus, 273.
polytricboides, 273.
setifolius, 272.

INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES.

321

Campylopus — con-
tinued.

torfaceus, 272.
Campylostelium, 29,

290.

saxicola, 290,
Catoscopium, 51, 168.

nigritiim, 168.
Ceratodon, 58, 274.

purpureus, 275.
Cinclidium, 52, 181.

stygium, 181.
Cinclidotus, 56, 248.
fontinaloides, 219.
riparius, 248.
Cladocarpi, 156.
Climacium, 48, 140.

dendroides, 140.
Conostomum, 51, 168.

boreale, 169.
Cryphaea, 47, 65.

lieteromalla, 65.
Cryptothecii, 47, 65.
Cycnea, 60, 301.

curvicolla, 301.
Cylindrothecium, 48,
141.

Montagnei, 141.
Cynodontium, 58, 284.

Bruntoni, 284.
polycarpum, 285.
virens, 285.

Daltonia, 47, 66.

splachnoides, 66.
Desmatodon, 57, 267.
latifolius, 267.
nerxwsus^ 262,
Dichelyma, 47, 64.
capillaceum, 64.
falcatum, 64.
Dichodontium, 58, 284.

pellucidum, 284.
Dicranei, 58, 271.
Dicranella, 58, 280.
ccrviculata, 282.
crispa, 280,

Grcvillcaiia, 281 .
hotcromalla, 283.
riifoscons, 283.
Sclirebcri, 281.
squarrosa, 281.
subulalii, 283.
varia, 282.

Dicranodontium^ 58,

274.

longirostre, 274,

Dicrannm, 58, 276.
Blyttii, 277,
circinatum, 278.
falcatum, 277.
fascescens, 278.
majus, 279.
palustre, 279.
robustum, 280.
Scbraderi, 279.
scoparium, 278.
Scottianiim, 277.
spui’ium, 280.

Starkii, 276.

Didymodon, 57, 264.
cyliiidricus, 265.
flexifolius, 265.
lurid us, 265.
recurvifolius, 266.
rubellus, 264.

Diphyscium, 54, 214.
foliosum, 214.

Disceliei, 51, 167.

Discelium, 51, 167.
nudum, 167.

Dissodon, 51, 163.
Froelichianus, 163.
splachnoides, 163.

Distichium, 57, 266.
capillaceum, 266.
inclinatum, 267.

Drepanophylleij 50,
156.

Encalypta, 56, 246.
ciliata, 247.
commutata, 246.
rhabdocarpa, 248.
streptocarpa, 218.
vulgaris, 246.

Encalyptei, 56, 245.

Entosthodon, 52, 175.
ericetorum, 175.
fascicularo, 175.
Templetoni, 176.

Ephemerella, 60, 303.
recurvi folia, 303.

Ephemerum, 60, 304.
coliierens, 301'.
scrralum, 301.
sessile, 301'.

Eupleurocarpi, 62.

Eurhynchium^ 85, 89.

Fissidens, 50, 156.

adiantoides, 156,
asplenioides, 158.
bryoides, 159.
exilis, 162.
incurvus, 160.
incurvus^ 158.
osmundioides, 158.
polyphyllus, 158.
serrulatus^ 158.
tamarindifolius, 158.
taxifolius, 157.
viridulus, 159.
Fontinalis, 46, 62.
antipyretica, 62.
antipyretica, 63.
squamosa, 63.
Funaria, 52, 176.
calcarea, 177.
hibernica, 177.
hygrometrica, 177,
Funariei, 52, 174.

Glyphomitrium, 55,
232.

Daviesii, 232.
Grimmia, 55, 237.
atrata, 237.

Donniana, 239.
Hartmannii, 240.
leucophsea, 238.
orbicularis, 241.
ovata, 239.
pulvinata, 241.
Schultzii, 240.
spiralis, 241.
torta, 241.
tricliopliylla, 240.
unicolor, 238.
Gymnostomum, 59,
293.

curvirostrum, 294.
microstomum, 295.
mic7'o&toimim, 292, 295.
rostellat um, 296.
rupcstre, 294.
squarrosum, 295.
squan'o.sifin, 296, 297.
lenue, 29 1.
tortile, 296.

Hedwigia, 56, 215.

322

INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES.

Hedivigia — continued.
ciliata, 245.

Hedwigiacei; 56, 244.

Hedwigidium^ 56, 244.
imberbe, 244.

Heterocladium, 48,

134.

climorplium, 134.
heteropterum, 134.

Homalia, 47, 72.
trichomanoides, 72.

Hoiualothecium, 48,
142.

sericeum, 142.

Hookeria, 47, 67.
acutifolia^ 67.
laete-virens, 67.
lucens, 67.

Hookeriei, 47, 66.

Uylocomium, 110.

Uyocomium, 115.

Hypnei, 47, 73.

Hypnum, 48, 73, 116.
aduncum, 117.
aduncum, xxxv,
albicans, 78.
al'pestre^ 104.
arcticum, 104.
Blandovii, 110.
brevirostre, 113.
cnspitosum, 83.
callicliroum, 135.
clirysopliyllum, 101. j
circinatum, 90.
cirrhosum, 87.
commutatmn, 121.
confertum, 93.
cordifolium, 107.
cordifolium, xxxv.
crassinervium, 85.
Crista-castrensis, 123.
cupressiforme, 125.
cuspidatum, 108.
demissum, 95.
demissum, 75.
denticulatum, 130.
depressum, 74.
depressum, 75.
elegans, 131.
elodes, 90.
eugyrium, xxxv.
exannulatum, 120.
filicinum, 121.
flagellare, 115.

Hypnum — co ntinued.
fluitans, 118.
fluviatile, 98.
giganteum, xxxv.
glareosum, 78.
Halleri, 100.
bamulosum, 124.
illecebrum, 84.
incurvatum, 127.
irrigunm, 95.
KneifRi, 116.
loreum, 115.
lutescens, 75.
lycopodioides, 118.
megapolitanum, 94.
micans, 132.
micranthuni^ 124.
molle, 104.
molluscnm, 123.
Miililenbeckii, 129.
mnrale, 93.
myosuroides, 89.
nitens, 76.

Oakesii, 112.
ocliraceam, 126.
palustre, 103.
'palustre^ xxxv.
pellucidum, xxxv.
piliferum, 86.
plumosum, 82.
polygamum, 102.
polymorphum, 100.
populeum, 82.
prselongum, 87.
pratense, 125.
pulchellum, 128.
pumilum, 88.
purum, 109.
radicale, 97.
resupinatum, 125.
reflexum, 80.
revolvens, 119.
riparium, 98.
rivulare, 81.
rugosum, 122.
ruscifolium, 92.
rutabulum, 80.
salebrosum, 77.
sarmentosuin, 106.
Schreberi, 108.
scorpioides, 127.
serpens, 96.
silesiacum, 129.
Soinmerfelti, 101.

Hypnum — continued.
speciosum, 86.
splendens, 110.
squarrosnm, 113.
stellatum, 102.
Stolcesii^ 88.
striatulum, 91.
striatum, 91.
strigosum, 90.
Swartzii^ 88.
sylvaticum, 131.
Teesdalii, 89.
tenellum, 96.
trifarium, 106.
triquetrum, 114.
umbratum. 111.
uncinatum, 119.
undulatum, 132.
velutinum, 79.
vernicosum, xxxv.

Isothecii, 48, 139.

Isothecium, 48, 139.

myosuroides^ 140.
myurum, 139.

Jungermannia rupestris^
310.

Lampurus, 151.

lieptobryum, 53, 204.
pyriforme, 204.

lieptodon, 49, 154.
Smithii, 154.

ILeptotrichum, 57, 262.
flexicaule, 262.
glaucescens, 263.
liomomallum, 263.
subulatum, 263.
tortile, 262.

£«eskea, 49, 153.
polycarpa, 153.

Leucobryum, 58, 275.
glaucum, 276.

Zxeucodon, 49, 150.
lagurus, 150.
sciuroides, 150.

Meesia, 52, 179.
longiseta, 180.
uliginosa, 179.

Meesiei, 52, 178.

Microbryum, 60, 302.
Floerkeanum, 302.

Mielichoferia, 50, 161.
gracilis^ 161.

INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES.

323

Mielichoferia — conti-
nued.

obtusifolium, 221.
pallens, 224.
nitida, 161.

IVEielichoferiei, 50, 161.
IVEyrinia, 49, 146.

pulvinata, 146.
Myurella, 49, 144.

julacea, 144.
apiculata, xxxv.
lYInium, 52, 182.
affine, 182.
cinclidioides, 186.
cuspidatnm, 183.
hornum, 184.
insigne^ 183.
ortliorhynchum, 185.
punctatum, 186.
rostratum, 184.
serratum, 184.
stellare, 185.
subglobosum, 187.
Mguriuniy 151.

Neckera, 47, 68.
complanaia, 71.
crispa, 70.
oligojpJiylla^ 69.
pennata, 69.
Philippeana, xxxv.
pumila, 70.
pumila, xxxv.

Weckerei, 47, 68.

Qjdipodium, 53, 162.

Griffithianum, 162.
Oli^otrichum, 54, 212.

hercynicum, 212.
Oreadei, 51, 168.
Orthodontium, 53, 205.
gracile, 205.

Orthotheciunij 48, 143.

rufesccns, 143.
intricatum, 143.
Orthotrichiei, 55, 219.
Orthotrichum, 55, 220.
affine, 222.
anomalinn, 220.
cnpidatum, 220.
diapbanuin, 226.
fallax, 221.
fasfcigiatuni, 223.
leiocarpuin, 227.

Orthotrichum — conti-
nued.

Lyellii, 227.
prdchellum, 226.
pumilum, 222.
rivulare, 225.
rupestre, 223.
speciosum, 223.
Sprucei, 225.
stramineura, 224.
striatum, 227.
tenellum, 222.

Faludella, 52, 180.

squarrosa, 180.
Phascei, 60, 298.
Phascum, 60, 299.
bryoides, 300.
cuspidatum, 299.
Philoscia, 49, 146.

latebricola, 146.
Physcomitrella, 60,
303.

patens, 303.

Phy scomitrium, 52,
174.

pyriforme, 174.
sphfericum, 174.
Plagiothecium, 128.
Platydictya, 49, 145.

Sprucei, 145.
Pleuridium, 60, 298.
alternifolium, 299.
nitidum, 298.
subulatum, 298.
Pleurocarpi, 46, 62.
Pogonatum, 54, 210.
aloides, 210.
alpinuin, 211.
nanum, 210.
urnigcrum, 211.
Polytrichiei, 53, 207.
Poly trichum, 53, 207.
commune, 209.
formosum, 208.
gracile, 208.
junipcrinum, 209.
piliferum, 208.
sexangulare, 207.
strictum, 209.
Pottia, 58, 269.
cavi folia, 269.
crinita, 271.

Ileimii, 271.

Pottia — continued.
minutula, 270.
truucata, 270.

Wilsoni, 270.

Pottiei, 57, 267.
Fseudoleskea, 48, 137.
atrovirens, 138.
catenulata, 138.
Pterigynandrum, 49,
147.

filiforme, 147.
Pterogonium, 49, 152.

gracile, 152.
Ptychodium, 48, 133.

plicatum, 133.
Ptychomitriei, 55,231.
Ptychomitrium, 55,
231.

polyphyllum, 231.
Fylaisia, 48, 141.
polyantha, 142.

Hacomitrium, 55, 232.

aciculare, 236.
canescens, 233.
ellipticum, 236.
fasciculare, 234.
heterosticbum, 234.
lanuginosum, 233.
microcarpum, 234.
patens, 236.
protensum, 235.
sudeticum, 235.
Rhabdoweissia, 59,
290.

denticulata, 291.
fugax, 290.

Iihyncostegium,89,92.
Ripariacei, 56, 248.

Schistidium, 56, 242.
apocarpum, 213.
confertum, 243.
maritimum, 243.
Schistocarpi, 61, 309.
Schistosteg’a, 50, 161.

osmundacea, 161.
Schistostegei, 50, 161.
Scleropodium, 83.
j Seligeria, 59, 288.
calcarea, 288.
calcicola, 289.

]Misilla, 288.
recurvata, 289.

324

INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES.

Seligeria — continued.
tristicha, 289.

Sphagnei, 61, 305.

Sphagnum, 61, 305.
acutifolium, 307.
acutifolium^ 307.
compactum, 306.
contortum, 308.
cuspidatum, 307.
cuspidatum^ 308, 309.
eymbifolium, 308.
cymhifolium^ 308, 309.
fimbriatum 307.
laricinum, 308.
molluscum, 306.
ohesum^ 308.
recurvum, 308.
rubellum, 306.
squarrosum, 308.

Splachnei, 50, 162.

Splachnum, 51, 165.
ampulla ceum, 166.
sphsericura, 165.
T'urnerianum, 166.
vasculosum, 166.

Spiridens, 62.

Stylostegium, 59, 287.
csespiticmm, 287.

Syncladei, 60, 305.

Syntrichia, 250.

Systeg-ium, 59, 296.
crispum, 296.

Mittenii, 297.
raulticapsulare, 297.

Tayloria, 51, 164.
serrata, 164.
tenuis, 164.

Tetraphidei, 54, 215.

Tetraphis, 54, 216.
pellucida, 216.

Tetraplodon, 51, 164.
angustatus, 164.
mnioides, 165.

Tetrodontium, 54, 215.
Brownianum, 216.

Thamnium, 49, 149.

alopecurum, 149.

Thuidium, 48, 135.
abietinum, 137.
Blandovii., 110.
delicatulum, 136.
tamariscinum, 135.

Timmia, 53, 206.
austriaca, 206.
megapolitana., 207.

Tortula, 57, 250.
aloides, 259.
ambigua, 259.
canescens, 253. '■
convoluta, 255.
cimeifolia, 254.
fallax, 257.
gracilis, 257.
Hornscbuchiana, 256.
intermedia, 251.
Icevipila, 252.
latifolia, 251.
marginata, 253.
MuUeri, 250.
muralis, 253.
oblongifolia, 254, xxxv.
papillosa, 250.
recixrvifolia, 258.
revoluta, 256.
rigid a, 259.
ruralis, 250.
squarrosa, 255.
stellata, 255.

' subulata, 252.
tortiiosa, 255.
unguiculata, 258.
Vahliana, xxxvi.
vinealis, 257.

Trematodon, 157.

Trichodon, 58, 275.
cylindricus, 275.

Trichostomei, 56, 249.

Trichostomum, 57, 260.
convolutum, 261.
crispulum, 261.
mutabile, 261.

Trichostomum — conti-
nued.

rigidulum, 260.
tophaceum, 260.

Ulota, 55, 228.

Brucliii, 229.
crispa, 229.
crispula, 230.
Drummondii, 228.
Hutchinsiae, 229.
Ludwigii, 230.
pliyllantha, 230.

"Webera, 53, 200.
acuminata, 200.
albicans, 203.
annotina, 202.
carnea, 202.
cruda, 202.
elongata, 201.
Ludwigii, 203.
nutans, 201.
polymorpha, 200.
Tozeri, 204.

Weissia, 59, 291.

cirrliata, 292.
f contro versa, 291.
crispula, 293.
mucronata, 292.
pusilla, 289.
verticillata, 293.
"Weissiei, 59, 287.

Zieria, 53, 187.
demissa, 188.
julacea, 187.
Zygodon, 55, 217.
conoideus, 217.

Fosteri, 217.
gracilis, 219.
lapponicus, 219.
Mougeotii, 218.
vii’idissimus, 218.
Zygodontei; 55, 217.

PLATE I.

Eig. 1. Protliallus of Sphagnum cuspid atum (after Hofmeister).

Eig. 2. Archegonium of Phascum, showing the embryonie cell with
its nucleus just after impregnation, magnified (after Hofmeister).

Eig. 3. Antheridium and paraphyses of Mnium punctatum, magni-
fied. The antheridium is ejecting the spermatozoids.

Eig. 4. Antheridium of Sphagnum (after Hofmeister).

Fig. 5. Perforated leaf-cells of Sphagnum, containing a spiral
thread, and surrounded by narrow chlorophyllous cells, magnified.

Eig. 6. Perforated cells of Leucobryum glaucum, enclosing chloro-
phyllous cells.

Fig. 7. Section of upper part of sporangium of Phascum cuspida-
tum, magnified (after Lantzius-Beninga).
c. columella.
s. spore-sac.
a. walls of spore-sac.

intermediate space.
m, inner wall of intermediate space.
k. outer wall of intermediate space.
w. wall of sporangium.

Eig. 8. Section of upper part of sporangium of Bartramia fontana,
magnified (after Lantzius-Beninga).

c. columella.
s. spore-sac.

a, outer wall of spore-sac.

i. intermediate space, traversed with threads.
m. inner wall of intermediate space.

k. outer wall of intermediate space.

l. row of cells continued from m,

g. row of cells continued from top of intermediate space.

d. inner peristome, formed from the thickening of the outer

wall of the cells in ^ and the inner wall of the cells in g.

h. row of cells continued from outer wall of intermediate

space.

b. outer peristome, formed by the thickening of the outer

wail of the cells in g and of the inner wall of the cells in h.

PLATE 11.

1. Sphagnum cymbifolium.

a, plant, nat. size.

h. cells from stem, magnified.

c. leaf, magnified.

d. sporangium.

2. S. comp actum.

a. plant, nat. size.

h. cells from stem, magnified.

c, leaf, magnified.

d. sporangium.

3. S. molluscum.

a. plant, nat. size.

b. cells from stem, magnified.

c. leaf, magnified.

4. S. acutifolium.

a. plant, nat. size.
h. leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium with remains of veil, magnified.

d. lid, magnified.

5. S. squarrosum.

a. plant, nat. size.
h. leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium with remains of veil, magnified.

6. Andresea alpina.

a. plant, nat. size.
h. leaves, magnified.

c. portion of leaves, magnified.

d. young sporangium, magnified.

e. sporangium ruptured, magnified.

7. A. rupestris.

a. plant, nat. size.

c. leaves, magnified.
d. sporangium, magnified.

i

PLATE III.

1. Fontinalis squamosa.

a, leaf, magnified.

h, sporangium with perichaetium, magnified.

c. portion of outer and inner peristome, magnified.

2. F. antipyretica.

a. leaf, magnified.
h. leaf-ceUs, magnified.

c. sporangium with perichaetium, magnified.

d. veil, magnified.

e. sporangium with peristome, magnified.

3. Cryphaea heteromalla.

a. leaf, magnified.
h. leaf-ceUs, magnified.

c. sporangium with perichaetium, magnified.

d. veil, magnified.

4. Daltonia splachnoides.

a. leaf, magnified.

5. sporangium, magnified.

c. veil, magnified.

d. pai-t of peristome, magnified.

5. Hookeria lucens.

a. leaf, magnified.

b. sporangium, magnified.

c. veil, magnified.

d. part of peristome, magnified.

6. H. laete-virens.

a. leaf, magnified.

b. sporangium, magnified.

PLATE IV.

1. Neckera complanata.

a. leaves, magnified.

b. leaf-cells, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. veil, magnified.

2. N. crispa.

a. leaf, magnified.

, b. sporangium, magnified.
c, veil, magnified.

3. N. pumila.

a. leaf magnified.

b. sporangium magnified.

c. part of peristome, magnified, seen from witlii

4. N. pennata.

a. leaf, magnified.

b. sporangium, magnified, with perichsetium.

5. Homalia tricliomanoides.

a. leaf, magnified.

b. sporangium, magnified.

c. portion of peristome, magnified.

6. Hypnum nitens.

a. rootlets, magnified.

b. tip of one more highly magnified.

c. leaves, magnified.

d. sporangium, magnified.

Plate 4*

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PLATE V.

1. Hypnum albicans.

a, leaf, magnified.
h. sporangium, magnified.
c. lid, magnified.

2. H. lutescens.

a. leaf, magnified.

• h. sporangium, magnified.

3. H. plumosum.

a, leaf, magnified.
h. sporangium, magnified.

4. H. velutinnm.

fl. leaf, magnified.

h. sporangium, with peristome, magnified.
c. sporangium, with lid, magnified.

5. H. mtabulum.

a, leaf, magnified.
h. sporangium, magnified.

c. part of peristome, magnified.

d. ring, magnified.

6. H. rivulare.

a. leaf, magnified.

b, sporangium, magnified.

Plaie 5

¥Rtxi\,del et litb.

PLATE YI.

1. Hypnum ruscifolium.

a. leaf, magnified.
h. sporangium, magnified.

2. H. murale.

a. leaf, magnified.
h. young veil, magnified.
c. sporangium, magnified.

8. H. riparium.

a. leaf magnified.
h. sporangium, magnified.

c. male inflorescence, magnified.

d. antheridium, magnified.

4. H. polygamum.

a, leaf, magnified.
h. sporangium, magnified.

5. H. cfirysophyllum.

a. leaf, magnified.
h. sporangium, magnified.

6. H. stellatum.

a. leaf, magnified.
h. sporangium, magnified.

Plate 6,

W rrtL-LvCiil.ri'-'lt'

Vincent Broot-

PLATE YII.

1. Hypnum palustre.

a. leaves, magnified.
h. sporangium, magnified.

2. H. moUe.

a, leaves, magnified.
h. sporangium, magnified.

3. H. arcticum.

a, leaf, magnified.
h. sporangium, magnified.

4. H. stramineum.

a. leaf, magnified.
h. sporangium, magnified.

5. H. trifarium.

a. leaves, magnified.

6. H. cordifolium.

a. leaves, magnified.
h. young veil, magnified.
c. sporangium, magnified.

Plate 7,

PLATE VIII.

1. Hypnum cuspidatum.

a, leaf, magnified.
h, sporangium, magnified.

2. H. Schreberi.

a. leaves, from before and behind, magnified.
h, sporangium, magnified.

3. H. purum.

«. leaves, from before and behind, magnified.
h, sporangium, magnified.

4. Thuidium tamariscinum.

a. leaves, magnified.
h, sporangium, magnified.

5. Hypnum Blandovii.

a. leaf, magnified.

h. leaf, seen from behind, with down-like paraphyll
c. sporangium, magnified.

Plate 8.

PLATE IX.

1. Hypnum splendens.

a. leaf, magnified.

b. sporangium, magnified.

2. H. brevirostre.

a. leaves, from before and behind,

b. sporangium, magnified.

3. H. triquetrum.

a. leaves, magnified.

b. sporangium, magnified.

4. H. loreum.

a. leaves, magnified.

b. sporangium, magnified.

5. H. flagellare.

a. leaves, magnified.

b. sporangium, magnified.

W.Fitch^dd er li‘h

PLATE X.

f 1. Hypnum squarrosum (a procumbent form).
a. leaf from behind, magnified.
h. sporangium, magnified.

2. H. aduncum.

a. leaves, magnified.
h. sporangium, magnified.

3. H. fluitans.

a. leaves, magnified.
h. sporangium, magnified.

4. H. revolvens.

a. leaves, magnified.
h. sporangium, magnified.

5. H. commutatum.

a, leaf from behind, magnified.

b. sporangium, magnified.

6. H. filicinum.

a. leaves, magnified.
h, sporangium, magnified.

Plate IP.

^ iKCJ iL Bi'ooks. Inip

PLATE XI.

1. Hypnum uncinaturo.

a. leaf, magnified.
h. sporangium, magnified.

2. H. Crista-castrensis.

a. leaf, magnified.
h. sporangium, magnified.

3. H. molluscum (different from the usual habit).

a. leaves, magnified.
h, sporangium, magnified.

4. H. cupressiforme.

a. leaf, magnified.
h. sporangium, magnified.

5. H. scorpioides.

a. leaf, magnified.
h. sporangium, magnified.
c. male inflorescence, magnified.

6. H. demissum.

a. leaves from before and behind, magnified.
h. sporangium, magnified.

Plate 11 .

W I'iU-.h.Jel rn litii.

PLATE XII.

1. Hypimm pulclielluin.

a. leaves, magnified.
h. sporangium, magnified.

2. H. denticulatum.

a, leaf, magnified.
h. sporangium, magnified.

3. H. elegans.

a. leaf, magnified.
h. sporangium, magnified.

4. H. undulatum.

a. leaf, magnified.
h. sporangium, magnified.

5. Pylaisia polyantha.

a. leaf, magnified.

b. sporangium, magnified.

c. portion of peristome, magnified.

6. Homalotliecium sericeum.

a. leaves, magnified.

b. sporangium, magnified.

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PLATE XIIT.

1. Thamnium alopecurum.

a. leaf, magnified.
h. veil, magnified.
c. sporangium, magnified.

2. Climacium dendroides.

a. leaf, magnified.

b. sporangium, magnified.

c. portion of peristome, magnified.

3. Leueodon sciuroides.

a. leaves, magnified.
h. leaf-eells, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. portion of peristome with ring, magnified.

4. Antitriehia eurtipendula.

a. leaf, magnified.
h. sporangium, magnified.

c. portion of peristome, magnified.

d. portion of inner peristome, more highly magnified.

5. Leptodon Smithii,

a. leaves, magnified.

b. veil, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. portion of peristome, magnified.

6. Anomodon viticulosum.

a. leaf, magnified.

b. sporangium, magnified.

c. portion of peristome seen from within, magnified.

Plate 13.

PLATE XIV.

1. Anoectangiura compactum.

a. sporangium, magnified.

b. sporangium after lid has fallen.

c. leaf, magnified.

d. leaf-cells, magnified.

2. Fissidens adiantoides.

a. leaf, magnified.

b. sporangium, magnified.

c. portion of peristome, magnified.

3. F. taxoid^s.

a. leaf, magnified.

b. sporangium, magnified.

4. Schistostega osmundacea.

a. plant, magnified.

b. part more highly magnified.

c. lid, magnified.

5. CEdipodium Griffithii.

a. leaf, magnified.

b. sporangium, magnified.

6. Dissodon splachnoides.

a. leaf, magnified.

b. sporangium, magnified.

c. portion of peristome, magnified.

7. Tayloria serrata.

a. leaf, magnified.

b. young veil, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. sporangium, when dry.

e. portion of peristome, magnified.

Plate 14

PLATE XV.

1. Tetraplodon angustatus.

a. plant, nat. size. c, veil, magnified.

h. leaf, magnified. d. sporangium with lid, magnified.

e. sporangium without lid, magnified.

2. T. mnioides.

a. plant, nat. size. c. sporangium with lid, magnified.

h. leaf, magnified. d, sporangium without lid.

e. portion of peristome, magnified.

3. Splachnum spheericum.

a. plant, nat. size. c. sporangium with lid, magnified.

h. leaf, magnified. d. sporangium without lid.

4. S. ampul! aceum.

a. plant, male and female, nat. size. h. leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

5. S. vasculosum.

a. plant, male and female, nat. size. c. sporangium with lid, mag.
h. leaf, magnified. d. sporangium without lid.

6. Discelium nudum.

a. plant, nat. size. c. sporangium, magnified.

h. leaf, magnified. d. peristome with ring and spores, mag.

7. Catoscopium nigritum.

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. portion of peristome, magnified.

a. plant, nat. size.
h. leaves, magnified.
8. Conostomum boreale.
a. plant, nat. size.
h. sporangium, magnified.

c. portion of peristome, magnified.

d. portion of one of the teeth, mag.

e. leaf, magnified.

Plate 15.

PLATE XVI.

1. Bartramia ithypbylla.

a. plant, nat. size. ^

h, leaf, magnified. ^

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. portion of peristome, magnified.

2. B. pomiformis.

a. plant, nat. size.
h. leaf, magnified.

c. leaf-cells and margin, magnified.

d. sporangium, magnified.

e. portion of peristome, magnified.

3. B. (Ederi.

a. plant, nat. size.

b. leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

4. B. calcarea.

a. plant, nat. size.

b. leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. portion of inner peristome of B.fontam, magnified.

5. Entosthodon Templetoni.

a. plant, nat. size.

b. leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

6. Eunaria hygrometrica.

a. plant, nat. size. ~n,

b. leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. portion of outer peristome, magnified.

e. portion of inner peristome.

7. Meesia uliginosa.

a. plant, nat. size.

b. leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. portion of peristome, magnified.

e. spore, magnified.

Iff iv

i.. '

PLATE XVII.

1. Cinclidium stygiiim.

a. plant, nat. size.
h. leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. portion of peristome, magnified.

2. Mnium affine.

a. female plant, nat. size.
h. leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. male plant, nat. size.

3. M. cuspidatum.

a. plant, nat. size.

b. leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

4. M. undulatum.

a. plant, nat. size.

b. leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

5. M. rostratum.

a. plant, nat. size.

b. leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

6. M. punctatum.

a. plant, nat. size.

b. leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. portion of peristome, magnified.

7. Amblyodon dealbatus.

a. plant, nat. size.

b. leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. portion of peristome, magnified.

e. portion of inner peristome, more highly magnified.

Hale 17

W Flbcfl/lBlct/ htli

ncrul r'TVK'i<? In

PLATE XVIII.

1. Zieria julacea.

a. plant, nat. size.

1. leaf, magnified.

c. leaf- cells, magnified.

d. sporangium, magnified.

2. Bryum roseum.

a. plant, nat. size.
h. leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. portion of outer peristome, magnified.

e. portion of inner peristome, magnified.

3. Leptobryum pyriforrae.

a. plant, nat. size.
h. leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

4. Ortliodontium gracile.

a. plant, nat. size.
h. leaf, magnified.

c. veil, magnified.

d. sporangium, magnified.

e. portion of outer peristome, magnified.

5. Aulacomnion palustre.

a. female plant, nat. size.
h. leaf, magnified.

c. leaf-cells, magnified.

d. sporangium, magnified.

e. gemmiferous plant, nat. size.

f. gemmae, magnified.

g. gemmae, more magnified.

6. Poly trichum septentrionale.

a. plant, nat. size.

h. leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

7. P. juniperinum.

a. plant, nat. size.
h. leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. peristome, magnified.

e. portion highly magnified.

Plaijs 18.

PLATE XIX.

1. Pogonatum nanum.

a. plant, nat. size. d. section of one of tlie lamellae, mag.

h. leaves, magnified. e. young veil, magnified.

c. section of leaves, mag. /. sporangium, magnified.

2. P. aloides.

c. young veil, magnified.

d. sporangium, magnified.

h. leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. sporangium, without lid.

d. veil, magnified.

e. peristome, magnified.

/. leaf, mag., with two pericliaetial leaves.

a. plant, nat. size.
h. leaves, magnified.

3. P. hercynicum.

a. plant, nat. size.

c. sporangium, magnified.

4. Atrichum undulatum.

a. plant, nat. size
h. leaf, magnified.

5. Diphyscium foliosum.
a. plants, nat. size.
h. plants, magnified.
c. sporangium, mag.

6. Buxbaumia aphylla.

a. plants, nat. size. c. veil, magnified.

h. sporangium, magnified. d. peristome, magnified.

e. a portion of inner peristome, magnified.

7. Tetrodontium Brownianum.

a. plant, nat. size.

d. perichsetial leaves, magnified.

e. sporangium, magnified.

f. peristome, magnified.

b. plant, magnified.

c. leaf, magnified.

8. Tetrapliis pellucida.

a. plant, nat. size.

b. gemmiferous plant, nat. size.

c. leaf, magnified.

d. gemmiferous apex, magnified.

e. young veil, magnified.

f. sporangium with lid, magnified.

g. sporangium without lid.

Ji. peristome, magnified (the transverse lines are too strongly
marked) .

Plate 19.

iff

f

PLATE XX.

1. Zygodon conoideus.

a. plant, nat. size.

.5. leaf, magnified.

2. Z. viridissimus.

a. plant, nat. size.
h. leaf, magnified.

3. Z. lapponicus.

a. plant, nat. size.
h. leaf, magnified.

e. sporangium, after lid has fallen.

4. Orthotrichum cupulatum.

a. plant, nat. size. c. veil, magnified.

h. leaf, magnified. d. sporangium, magnified

e. portion of peristome magnified.

c. veil, magnified.

d, sporangium, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. sporangium, after lid has fallen.

c. veil, magnified.

d. sporangium, magnified.

5. 0. anomalum.

a. plant, nat. size. c. veil, magnified.

h. leaf, magnified. d. sporangium with lid, magnified.

e. sporangium, without lid.

6. 0. diaphanum.

a. plant, nat. size. c. veil, magnified.

h. leaves, magnified. d. sporangium, magnified.

e. portion of peristome, magnified.

7. O. pulchellum.

a. plant, nat, size. c. young veil, magnified.

h. leaf, magnified. d. sporangium with lid, magnified.

e. sporangium without lid, magnified.

8. 0. leiocarpum.

a. plant, nat. size. c. veil, magnified.

h. leaf, magnified. d. sporangium, magnified.

e. portion of peristome, magnified.

Plate 20.

PLATE XXL

1. Ptychomitrium polyphyllum.

a. plant, nat. size.

b. leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. portion of peristome, magnified.

2. Glypliomitrium Daviesii.

a. plant, nat. size.

b. leaf, magnified.

c. veil, magnified (generally plicate).

d. sporangium, magnified.

e. portion of peristome, magnified.

3. Eacomitrium aciculare.

a. plant, nat. size.

b. leaves, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. portion of peristome, magnified.

e. tip of tooth, more highly magnified.

4. E. heterostichum.

a. plant, nat. size.

b. leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. portion of peristome, magnified.

5. Grimmia pulvinata.

a. plant, nat. size. ; .

b. leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. portion of peristome, with ring, magnified.

6. Schistidium apocarpum.

a. plant, nat. size.

b. leaves, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. portion of peristome, magnified.

e. columella, with lid attached, magnified.

7. Hedwigidium imberbe.

a. plant, nat. size.

b. leaf, magnified.

' c. sporangium, magnified.

8. Hedwigia ciliata.

a. plant, nat. size.

b. leaves, magnified.

c. tip of leaves, magnified.

d. sporangium, magnified.

PLATE XXII.

1. Encalypta vulgaris.

a. plant, nat. size.
h. leaf, magnified.

c. veil, magnified.

d. sporangium, magnified.

e. tip of axis, with archegonia, paraphyses, and vaginula,

magnified.

2. Cinclidotus fontinaloides.

a. plant, nat. size.
h. leaf, magnified.

c. veil, magnified.

d. sporangium, magnified.

e. portion of peristome and tip of columella, round which

the tips of some of the teeth are wound, magnified.

3. Tortula muralis.

c. sporangium and veil, magnified.

d. sporangium with lid, magnified.

a. plant, nat. size.
h. leaf, magnified.
4. T. ruralis.

a. plant, nat. size.
h, leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. peristome, magnified.

e. part of peristome, more highly magnified.

5. Leptotrichum homomallum.

a. plant, nat. size.
h. leaf, magnified.

6. Didymodon flexifolium.

a. plant, nat. size.

c. sporangium, magnified.

7. Distichium capillaceum.

a. plant, nat. size. c. sporangium, magnified.

h. leaf, magnified. d. part of peristome, magnified.

e. ring, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. part of peristome, magnified.

h. leaf, magnified.

8. Desmatodon nervosus.

a. plant, nat. size. c. sporangium, magnified.

h, leaf, magnified. d. sporangium without lid, magnified.

e. portion of peristome, magnified.

Plate 22.

PLATE XXIII.

1. Aiiacalypta lanceolata.

a. plant, nat. size. c. sporangium, magnified.

h. leaf, magnified. d. sporangium without lid, magnified.

e. portion of peristome, magnified.

2. Pottia crinita.

a, plant, nat. size. c. young veil, magnified.

h. leaf, magnified. d. sporangium, magnified.

e. follicle of P. cavifoUa.

h. leaf, magnified.

3. Pottia Heimii.

a. plant, nat. size.

c. sporangium, magnified.

4. Campy lopus flexuosus.

a. plant, nat. size. c. veil, magnified.

h. leaf, magnified. d, sporangium, magnified.

e. part of peristome, margined.

5. Ceratodon purpureus.

a. plant, nat. size. c. sporangium, magnified.

h. leaf, magnified. d. part of peristome, magnified.

e. tip of tooth, more highly magnified.

6. Leucobryum glaucum.

a. plant, nat. size. c. tip of leaf, magnified.

h. leaf, magnified. d. sporangium, magnified.

e. part of peristome, magnified.

7. Dicranum scoparium.

a. plant, nat. size. h, leaf, magnified.

c. part of peristome, magnified.

8. Dicranella heteromalla.

a. plant, nat. size.
h. leaf, magnified.

9. Cynodontium Bruntoni.

a. plant, nat. size.
h. leaf, magnified.

10. Arctoa fulvella.

a. plant, nat. size.
h. leaf, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. part of peristome, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. part of peristome, magnified.

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. part of peristome, magnified.

PLATE XXIY.

1. Blindia acuta.

a. plant, nat. size.
h. leaf, magnified.
c. tip of leaf, magnified.
3. Seligeria calcarea.

a. plant, nat. size.

d. sporangium, magnified.

e. sporangium without lid.

/. part of peristome, magnified.

h. plant, magnified.

c. leaf, magnified (broader and more acute than usual).

d. sporangium, magnified.

e. portion of peristome, magnified.

3. Bracbyodon tricbodes.

a. plant, nat. size.
h. plant, magnified.

c. leaf, magnified.

d. veil, magnified.

e. sporangium, magnified.

f. lid, magnified.

g. part of peristome, with ring,

seen from within, magnified.

4. Campylostelium saxicola.

a. plant, nat. size. c. leaf, magnified.

h, plant, magnified. d. part of peristome, with ring, mag

5. Khabdoweissia denticulata.

a. plant, nat. size.
h. leaf, magnified.

6. Weissia controversa.

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. part of peristome, magnified.

a. plant, nat. size.
h. leaf, magnified.

7. Hymenostomum squarrosum.

c. sporangium, magnified.

d. part of peristome, magnified.

a. plant, nat. size.
h. plant, magnified.

c. leaf, magnified.

d, sporangium, magnified.

e. mouth of sporangium, magnified.
8. Phascum bryoides.

a. plant, nat. size.
h, plant, magnified.

9. Physcomitrella patens.

c. leaf, magnified.

d. sporangium, magnified.

a. plant, nat. size.
h. plant, magnified.

10. Archidium phascoides.

c. leaf, magnified.

d, sporangium, magnified.

a. plant, nat. size.
h. plant, magnified.

c. leaf, magnified.

d. sporangium, magnified.

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Or in separate Monographs.

Orders,

Plates.

£

s.

d.

Orders.

Plates.

£

s.

d.

Aphanipteba .

.... 2 ...

0

2

0

Utmenopteba .

.... 125 ...

6

6

0

COLEOPTEBA

.... 266 ...

12

16

0

Lepidoptera ....

.... 193 ...

9 13

0

Dehmaptera ....

.... 1 ...

0

1

0

Neuroptera ....

.... 13 ...

0

13

0

Dictxoptera ....

.... 1 ...

0

1

0

OmALOPTI'HA

.... 6 ...

0

6

0

Diptera

.... 103 ...

6

3

0

Ortiioptera

.... 6 ...

0

6

0

Hkmiptera

.... 32 ...

1

12

0

Strepsiptera

.... 3 ...

0

3

0

IIOMOPTEHA

.... 21 ...

1

1

0

Tricuopteka

.... 9 ...

0

9

0

“Curtis’s Entomology,” which Cuvier pronounced to have “reached
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