^ ;^^^»-^■, v.- •3**':* '":■' h'^'T -^ rrvr; a S^at/e??iu c^ xycience<^ RECEIVED BY GIFT FROM Alameda High Sohool Maroh 10. 1941 i'^ --^ j: :* ■A ••' • " ••V V »'-iv [>i■7^ t^~ ,^^^^v ..'A.- it, ^7/ HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^, HANDBOOK OF BRITISH IIEPATIC/B CONTAIN I Mi DESCRIPTIONS AND FIGURES OF TIIK IXDIGENOtIS SPECIICS OF MARCHANTIA, JUNGERMANNIA, RICCIA AND ANTHOCEROS. BY M. C. COOKE, M.A., LL.D, A.L.S. Author of '"'' Easy Guide to tJie Study of British Hepatiar" ^c. WITH 7 PLATES AND 200 WOODCUTS. LONDON : W. H. ALLEN & CO, LIMITED, 13, WATERLOO PLACE, S.W. 1894. WYMAN AND SONS, LIMITED, LONDON AND REDHILL. PREFACE. Tin-: splendid monograph of "British Jungcr- mannict " pubhshcd by Sir W. J. Hooker, in 1816, was the first independent work on the Hepatica^ pub- lished in this country, although many species were figured in Smith and Sovverby's English Botany, 1790-1814. After that time no attempt was made at the publication of a separate work until 1865. During the interval the Liverworts were included in general Floras, such as Hooker s English Flora, Vol. V^, in 1833, but notably in Gray's Arrangement of British Plants in 1 821, and in the latter several new genera were proposed, which were wholly ignored down to most recent times. In the year 1865 a small and unpretending little work was issued under the title of " Science Gossip ; easy guide to the study of Jkitish Ilepatica,-," which included brief descriptions of all the species known to date, 36872 vi Preface. illustnitcd by wood-cuts. This was little more than an illustrated catalogue, but was the only complete work published down to the present. At that time the announcement was made of the speedy publication of " British Hepaticae," with coloured plates, by Dr. Carrington, to be issued in four parts, which were ultimately published, but did not contain more than one-third of the British species known, and the work abruptly closed. Notwithstanding that the group is a small one, with other attractions for students, no manual for their use was to be found in the English language, except the above-named illustrated catalogue of nearly thirty years ago, and I have often been urged to expand that " easy guide" into a " Hand- book," and render it more complete and efficient, but I had always hoped that Dr. Carrington would complete his work, or issue an independent volume which should be complete in itself. These hopes having failed, with the death of my lamented friend, I have, at length, with some reluctance, pre- pared the following pages for the press. I have felt diffidence, since for many y(^ars another branch of the Cryptogam ia has absorbed so much of my Preface. vii time antl .'ittcntion, tliJit I liavc been unable to collect and study the IIepatic;e in the field, and therefore have to be content with the chronicle of the labour of others rather than my own. It is acknowledL^ed, on all hands, that such a Handbook is urgently required, and if it should be the means of increasing the number of students, or assisting those who have alread}- commenced the study of these interesting plants, it will justify the publica- tion. M. C. Cooke. HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. INTRODUCTION. The Hepaticse, or Liverworts, have always been regarded as closely related to the Mosses, and in olden times were associated with them. In consti- tuting his alliances Lindley united them in his Muscal Alliance, and this has since been maintained, although there is sufficient distinction between them to be recognized by the naked eye. The most prominent and popular distinctions are that, in the Hepaticae the capsule, or spore-bearing apparatus, splits when mature into four valves ; whereas in the Mosses the capsule remains entire, and is closed by a lid, or operculum, which falls away to permit of the escape of the spores. This is a general character to which on both sides there are some exceptions, since some few of the Hepaticae are devoid of a four-valved capsule, and amongst Mosses the Andreaceas possess a valvular capsule. In another aspect, that of vegetation, a difference is also recognized, in that the Mosses are foliaceous, possessing a stem and leaves, whereas the Hepaticae are most commonly foliaceous, hut 2 INTRODUCTION. sometimes frondose — that is to say, the stem and leaves are combined in a flat prostrate frond, which lies flat upon the matrix. The foliaceous Hepaticae moreover have their leaves of a thinner and more delicate substance, and are destitute of a distinct central midrib. Finally, the Hepaticae usually contain within the fruit capsule, intermixed with the spores, elongated spiral fibres, called elaters^ which are absent from true Mosses. These are the most evident general distinctions which are relied upon in the discrimination of the two groups. The entire group of Hepatic^ are subdivided into four natural orders, which have each their peculiar character. These are the Marchantiacece^ which are frondose, and have the sporangia disposed on the under side of stalked receptacles, the spores being mixed with elaters ; this is accepted generally as the highest order of Liverworts. Then follow \\\Q. JimgcrmanniacecB^ in which the fruit is pedun- culate and solitary, the sporangium when mature splitting into four equal valves, and the spores mixed with elaters. After these are the Ricciacece^ the species of which are frondose, with the sporangia sunk into the substance of the frond, or borne upon the surface, and the spores unmixed with elaters. Finally the A^ttJiocerotacece^ in which, although the vegetation is frondose, the sporangium is exserted and erect, splitting longitudinally on one or both sides,and exhibiting a thread-like central columella. The elaters, when present, elementary and imperfect. Of all these the most abundant in species is the Juiigeniianuiacece, which includes far more than the INTRODUCTION. 3 Other three orders together, and has come to be regarded as the type of the HepaticcB. It is difficult to estimate the number of known species distributed through the world, since the latest *' Synopsis " is now fifty years old. In 1847 the total stated by Lindley was seven hundred, but at the present day it cannot be estimated at less than two thousand, and possibly more, of which two hundred have been found in the British Isles. When it is remembered that Dr. Spruce records about five hundred and sixty species for the Amazon and Andes, of which but few are European, it must be conceded that our estimate is the lowest w^hich could be accepted. The habitats mostly favoured by the Hepatiae are, for the most part, damp rocks, within the spray of waterfalls or mountain torrents, on damp soil, in bogs, on old trunks, and often intermixed with SpJiagiiiuii and mosses generally. Some are so minute as to be just visible to the naked eye, whilst others attain to several inches, and like the mosses, usually flourish in tufts or effused patches, often of many inches in extent. Whilst the true mosses are for the most part of a bright and lively green, the Jungermannice at least are more seldom of a bright green, but have a wide range of colour from silvery grey, and glaucous, through olive and brown, not uncommonly tinged more or less deeply with purple or rose, and at times nearly black. Hepatics do not retain their form or colour so well in drying as do the mosses. The thin leaves shrivel, curl, and collapse, and sometimes become B 2 4 INTRODUCTION. very fragile. When placed in water they recover their form to some extent, but the fugitive colour never returns ; nevertheless they retain their dis- tinctive specific characters, so that there is no difficulty in their determination after the lapse of many years. Although inferior to Mosses and Lichens in bearing the process of desiccation, they are at the same time superior to the fresh-water algai and fungi. What is true of other plants is also true of these — that in order to their complete and accurate determination the fructification is essential. When specimens are collected they should be gathered with their fruit if possible, although there are some species of which the perfect fruit is very rare ; and a few in which the mature capsules have never been found in this country. We do not deny that the experienced hepaticologist would in many cases determine a known species accurately, from other characters, in the absence of fruit when the student would fail. The relations of the Hepatics with the Mosses have been the subject of comment by Dr. S. O. Lindberg,* an eminently capable authority, who says that the Mosses are superior to the He- paticce only in regard to the more composite structure of their theca, and the presence of a nerve in their leaf, but in all other respects they seem to be inferior. To which he adds that the Hepatic^ are superior to the Bryinece chiefly by the following charact-rs : The polymorphy of all their organs ; * Lindberg on Zoopsis, in Linn. Jouin. Bot. XIIL, p. 196, 1873. INTRODUCTION. 5 tlic Spore chives rise to only a single plant ; their protoncma is short, usually thick, and very little or not at all branched. We need not follow him throuL^h the more extended remarks which he offers in support, and his conclusion that the Liverworts seem in their relation to the Mosses to remind us a little of the Dicotyledonous plants in their relation to Monocotyledons. The first and best developed family of Hepatic^ is, he thinks, MarcJiantiacece, with its highest type M. polyniorpha ;'' and he adds that " the Anthocerotacece must be placed at the end, because their oogonium is naked, and their frond and elaters show a very low grade of development, although they possess a columella, and stomata on the outside of the theca, which two organs are very characteristic, and are vainly to be searched for in the other families of Liverworts. Vegetative System. In general terms it may be said that the Hepa- tics follow two types in their vegetation, they may be frondose as in MarcJiaiitiacece^ RicciacecB^ and a {^v^ JiuigennanniacccE, and then there is a superficial resemblance to Peltigerous Lichens, or they are foliaceous, as in the majority of the Jiuigerman- uiacciB^ and then they resemble mosses ; but in both cases the resemblance is rather superficial than real. In some instances the stem is not wholly obsolete but is fused with the leaf-like expansions into a prostrate frond, being manifested b\^ a INTRODUCTION. I. central ncr\'C, more or less defined, which is the axis of the frond (fig. i). These fronds lie flat upon the ma- trix, or in a few cases are floating, and are attached by delicate radicles proceeding from the under surface, which 'may be quite smooth, or T" scaly, or more or less hairy. Sometimes the fronds are -^ deeply and intricately lobed, and at others nearly simple, or notched at the apex. Occasionally solitary, but more usually radiating, overlapping, and forming imbricated tufts. In rare instances the upper surface of the frond is punctate with minute pores, which are the analogues of stomata in the higher plants. The foliaceous Hepatics have a thin thread-like stem, which is so weak that the plants are only erect when growing in dense tufts, or mixed with SpJiagnum or other mosses, the lower portion being mostly naked or only furnished with radicles. Upwards the stem is forked or branched, and the branches themselves sometimes pinnate ; occasion- ally it is normally simple. The stems being so often prostrate the arrangement of the leaves is in two rows, on opposite sides of the stem, but in- serted more or less obliquely, so as to lie nearly flat, in prostrate forms (fig. 2). The leaves are ex- ceedingly variable in outline, seldom so simple as in mosses, and without any mid-rib or nerve. In INTRODUCTION many cases they consist of two unequal lobes, folded together face to face, with the marc(in 2. either entire or toothed. The arrangement of leaves on the stem may be succubous, or disposed in a spiral which turns from left to right, so that the anterior border of each inferior leaf is covered by the posterior border of that im- mediately above Or the arrangement may be incubous, in which case the spiral turns from right to left, and the anterior border of each inferior leaf covers the posterior border of the leaf placed immediately above it. If one of these stems is examined carefully on both sides with a lens, it will be observed that theydiffermuch in appearance, and especially that the under, or ven- tral, surface exhibits a series of smaller leaves, some- 8 INTRODUCTION. times vcrvsmall, attached to the stem at more or less regular distances, which are termed ainpJiigastria, or stipules (fii^s. 3 to 6). Sometimes they may resemble the true leaves in miniature or they may be totally different, and occasionally they are absent altogether. Mixed with the stipules, on the ventral surface, delicate unicellular radicles will often be observed, which assist in fixing the Hepatic to its matrix or the mosses with which it is intermixed. Theoretically three rows of leaves are present, two lateral, or true leaves, and one ventral, the stipules or amphigastria, the radicles may be regarded morphologically as modified leaves. The leaves, whether normal or stipular, are thin simple plates, of a single series of cells, without any distinct central nerve. These cells vary, within certain limits, in different species, such variations being sometimes useful in the discrimination of 7. 8. 9- closely allied species (figs. 7 to 9). In some cases these cells project on the margin of the leaves and impart a crenulate or minutely serrulate appearance. 1 n such a case as that of ScapiDiia aspcra the external surface of the cells is delicately w^arted, and this roughness is especially evident in Lejcimia Rosset- iiaiia. It is only rarcl)- thai they are punctate or perforate. INTRODUCTION. 9 Tlic germination of the spore in mosses pro- duces at first a thread-like protonema, which might be mistaken for a conferva, upon wliich butls are developed, and these are the rudimentary moss- plants. In the Hepatics there is commonly a less distinct protonema. In frondose or thalloidy?/;/- gcr))ian)iiac€ie a lamina is formed, from which the frond is produced, or, in some of the foliaceous species, a ribbon of cells passes into a stem and leaves ; or, in other cases, the stem bud proceeds direct from the spore, whilst in some cases there is a proper protonema. In Radula for instance there is a well-defined body of a cake shape, which sends out rootlets from beneath, and ultimate!}-, fiv^e months after sowing, a bud at the margin indicates the commencement of growth of a young plant. This developes gradualh' b}- apical growth into stem and bilateral leaves. The modification which the leaves undergo as they approach the reproductive organs, and be- come converted into bracts, may be alluded to further on. There are two methods by which the species may be perpetuated, independently of ordinarj- fructifi- cation. This is accomplished, as the stem dies olt behind, by the branches becoming disconnected and independent, and, in the frondose species, by adventitious frondlets becoming similarly detached and forming new plants. The other method is by gemmation. Cells will sometimes detach them- selves from the margin of leaves, as gemma;, or buds, and grow independently. In other cases the lO INTRODUCTION. process is more elaborate and can be studied vc?iL\\\y\nMarchautia. Cup-like bodies, seated upon the fronds and exposed to the light, will be seen to contain minute rounded greenish granules, like eggs in a miniature bird's nest. These little granules arc the swollen apical cells of the slender filaments which have grown from the bottom, and they ulti- mately fall out as gemmae. On reaching the ground, or other substratum, they germinate and become young plants. Reproduction. The reproductive process and organs vary not only in the different orders but to a certain extent in the different genera; it will, nevertheless, be possible to furnish such general information as may assist in the comprehension of particular phenomena as they may arise. The foliose Jungermanniae will serve as the best illustration for this purpose, and here the reproductive organs generally occupy the end of the primary axis, or special lateral branches. It will be found in most cases that the ordinary cauline leaves increase in size gradually towards the apex. Almost as gradually, in fertile shoots, do they merge into the enlarged and modified leaves, which constitute the involucre, ox pcricJicetiuin, of the fruit-bearing receptacle. These involucral bracts, or perichnjtial leaves, vary in size and number as well as in form, and may be either free or connate at the base, more or less embracing \\\q. perianth or colcsnle (sometimes inaccurately termed the calyx) enclosing INTRODUCTION. II the fruit. The last pair, or more, of leafy expan- sions immediately beneath the perianth, whatever their form, are the pericha^tial leaves or bracts. Within these are to be found the arcJiegonia or, as sometimes called, the pistillidia, indefinite in number, perhaps three, or as many as ten, of which only one or two are fertilized and develope into the perfect fruit. The archegonia, therefore, are the young female organs of reproduction, and arise usually from the apical cell of the axis or in close proximity thereto. After the appearance of the archegonia a sim.ple cellular ring indicates the com- mencement of growth of the colesule or perianth, which is always subsequent to the formation of the archegonia. When the colesule is developed it en- closes the fertilized and the sterile archegonia with all their subsequent appendages. Passing over the intervening period we arrive at the time when the cole- sule, or perianth, is fully developed and half emer- gent from the pericha^tial leaves (as in fig. lo), with an apiculus at the apex or wholly emergent from a whorl of bracts (as in fig. ii) and toothed at the apex. We need not ad- vert here to the various modifications of this peri- anth or colesule, which is often plicate, or angular, 10. II. 12 INTRODUCTION. or keeled, and miiy, or may not, be toothed or frinGTcd at the mouth. At this time it encloses the fertilized archegonium, now developed into a sporo- i^onium, with a rudimentary pedicel, which is enclosed within a membrane, attached at the base and pointed at the apex, called a calyptra. This is not to be confounded with the hood, or calyptra, in mosses, which is torn away at the base and carried up, like a cap or extinguisher, on the top of the capsule. In Hepatics the calyptra remains fixed at the base and is ruptured at the apex, leaving the fragments behind, in the perianth, surrounding the base of the fruit stalk. With the rupture of the calyptra the sporogonium is forced upwards by the growth of its peduncle, and appears above the perianth as a globose head (fig. 12), which soon 12. 14. splits, in a stellate manner, into four segments or valves (fig. 13J, leaving the remains of the calyptra INTRODUCTION, behind (as is shown in fig. 14, where the perianth is removed). In some genera where the colesule, or perianth, is entirely or almost obsolete, as in Mctz- gcria, the calyptra is more highly de- veloped, and covered with rigid hairs (fig. 15). As the capsule rises on its own peduncle it encloses within itself the mature spores, mixed with spiral fibres, and when the splitting takes place the spores are discharged, together w^ith some of the elaters — whilst others remain attached to 15- the valves (figs. 17, 18). The exterior surface of the four-valved capsule is often beautifully striate, longitudinally and transversely (fig. 16). The datcrs are elongated fusiform cells, with from one to three spiral fibres coiled around the inner wall. In some species the outer membrane is so 16. 17- delicate that it cannot be distinguished, but Gottsche was of opinion that in all cases there was primarily a cell membrane, within which the spirals of the elaters were turned, although in some species it is 14 INTRODUCTION. actually dissolved, or is extremely transparent. In most cases the spiral is double, but rarely single, a portion of them fall away with the spores, whilst others remain attached to the valves. The old notion that their function was to aid in the disper- sion of the spores does not seem to be supported by evidence. " In some genera a few of the apical elaters, and in others a few of the basal ones, persist for some time after the bursting of the capsule, and retain a good many of the free elaters entangled in them, but finally fall away. These elater-holders, as they have been called, are usually (but not always) shorter and wider than the free elaters, and do not generally agree with them in the number of included spirals," In AntJwccros the elaters are transverse rows of cells without spiral bands. The structure and development of the elaters in Marchantia were investigated by Professor Henfrey and made the subject of an elaborate memoir. The male inflorescence consists of antheridia which are developed in various ways. The antheri- dium itself consists of a globose, or ellipsoid, body surmounting a rather short pedicel. In the foliose J ungermanniecB they generally occupy the axils of leaves, either singly or in groups. The body of the antheridium encloses within it the mother cells of the antherozoids, which escape on the access of water, and then separate, the antherozoids becoming free. The free antherozoids resemble curved threads, wound spirally from one to three times, provided at one end with a pair of long and INTRODUCTION. 15 very fine cilia, by means of which the anthcrozoids rotate in water. It may be observed that some authors apply the name of spcrniatozoids to the same bodies as are here called antJierozoids. The male inflorescence, in its entirety, is called andrce- ciuni, and the bracts, or modified leaves, will probably be larger than the ordinary leaves. A good example of thiswill be found in Jungcniianiiia Pearsoni. As already intimated, there are certain modifi- cations of the above general remarks on repro- duction to be found, not only in the other orders, but also in the thalloid or irondose Jungennanjiiece. Of these we can only allude to one or two of the more important. In MarchantiacecB the vegetation is frondose, and special stalked receptacles have the antheridia immersed in the upper surface. The female receptacle is also stalked, the expanded apex being variously lobed, and the archegonia are produced on the under surface. Most of the other details are modified in the different genera. In the Ricciacece, which are also frondose, and sometimes floating, the reproductive organs are produced on the upper surface. The antheridia are immersed in the substanf:c, showing but a slight conical elevation above them. The arche- gonia are also imbedded, and very simple in their character, they project at first, and when fertilized, the globose sporogonium becomes packed with 1 6 INTRODUCTION. spores without elaters, and with the decay of the surrounding tissues the spores are dispersed. In the Anthocerotece, the flat thallus, or frond, consists of several layers of cells, and in this the antheridia are immersed. When the antherozoids are mature the apex of the cavity is ruptured, and they escape. In a similar manner the archegonia commence in the substance of the frond, and after fertilization the spore-bearer or sporogonium elon- gates, rising above the surface of the frond nearly an inch, with somewhat the shape of a pod or siliqua, which splits downwards into two valves exposing the spores and a thin central columella. The elaters extend from the columella to the wall of the capsule, and when fully grown consist of a row of three or four cells. This is but a brief summary of the principal facts concerning reproduction in the Hepaticae, which could not have been extended without entering upon a long and specific account, such as the space proscribed for this volume would not permit. The combinations of male and female organs are so complicated that they have originated the following six terms, which it is necessary, simply and briefly, to explain : — Synoicous. — When the male and female sexual organs are intermixed in the same floral envelope. ParoicoHs--^\\Q\\ with a hermaphrodite flower, or a pure female flower, a definite shoot on the same axis bears only antheridia. INTRODUCTION. 17 AiitoicoKS. — When the male and female sexual organs of the same plant are nevertheless found in a separate inflorescence. HctcroicoHS. — When s)'noicous (or paroicous) and autoicous flowers are found on the same plant. DioicoHS. — W1ien the male and female inflores- cences are found on different individuals. PolyoicoHS. — When the male and female sexual organs occur at one time on the same plant, and at another time on a different plant. Classification. It has already been intimated that, as at present understood, the Miiscinece include with the Bog- mosses and the true mosses, the Hepatics also, as one of the primary divisions of the Higher Crypto- gamia. We have pointed out the distinctions between the several orders of Hepaticae, and no- thing remains but to indicate the subsidiary div- isions, chiefly in so far as they relate to the Jiinger- iiianniacecE. Sixty years ago, and for some time after, all the species were associated under the one genus Jungeriiiannia, whether foliose or frondose ; and, notwithstanding Gray's proposition of a num- ber of new genera, in 1821, these were ignored in 1833, and it was not until some time after the pub- lication of Gottsche and Lindenberg's Synopsis in 1844 that more than one genus of \\\& Jiingcrman- niacece was recognized in this country. The first departure was by Dr. Spruce in 1850, but it was not until 1865 that Vix. W. Carruthers called special c 36872 1 8 INTRODUCTION. attention to Gray's genera, and Dr. Carrington in 1870 indicated those which had a good claim for adoption. Dumortier at this time, and previously, had been advocating and employing a classification, of which the colesule and its bracts was the chief basis, but this was only partially adopted, and was gradually superseded by a more natural arrange- ment, to which the writings of our own Dr. R. Spruce largely contributed, and which received per- haps its fullest expression in his " Hepaticae Amaz- onicai et Andina^ " in I884. The arrangement herein adopted is based mainly upon the last-men- tioned work, although for a small local flora it has not been considered advisable to adopt the sub- divisions of each genera, as Lejeunia. The primary division of the whole of the Jun- gevjiianiiiacecE into two tribes, viz., the Jubulece and \}cv^ JiingennanniecB seems to demand recognition. And in general terms it may be indicated that the JubulecB have a four-valved capsule, which dehisces for two-thirds of its length, with elaters of one spiral, whereas JiingermanniecB have a four-valved capsule, dehiscing to the base, and elaters of two spirals. Other distinctions are also indicated. Dr. Spruce says that " the Jubulece seem to me equiv- alent to nearly all the rest of the sub-order Jiui- gcrmaniiiaccce. The structure of the capsule, and especially of the elaters, is unique amongst Hepati- cai." The leaves oi JubulccB are invariably alter- nate, and it is onl)^ in the female involucres of a hniited number of species (chiefly of Frullaiiia) INTRODUCTION. Kj that opposite and connate leaves (or bracts) are to be seen. The spores are rather large, globose, some- times angular by mutual pressure, almost always rough, tubcrculate, or wartcd. Spruce's interpre- tation of the lower and entire portion of the capsule is, that this fleshy base is the dilated apex of the pedicel, analogous to the apophysis of some mosses. The Ju]igcnnanniec^ are claimed to be distinct by the following characters " Female flowers polygyn- ous. Pedicel not at all, or scarcely, dilated at the apex — never into a segment of a sphere, constitu- ting a solid apophysis, nearly half the height of the cavity of the capsule, as in Jiibulece. Capsule pro- ducing spores and elaters (the medial ones hori- zontal) on its entire inner surface, four-valved down to the base. Elaters bispiral — only by rare excep- tion one-spiral, deciduous, either along with the bursting of the capsule, or a few of them persisting a little longer." Leaves in some genera incubous or transverse, in the great majority they are succubous. Several genera have opposite leaves in every species ; in other genera some species have alternate, others opposite leaves, while in others every known species has alternate leaves. But the leaves oijiibukce are invariably alternate. The leaves o\ Jungermannieoi vary from broad and round to linear, and even se- taceous, from quite entire to deeply laciniate. Com- plicate leaves are typical in a few genera ; but the feature which prevails throughout Jiibulece of a conduplicate-bilobed leaf with the smaller underlube c 2 20 INTRODUCTION. either inflated or partially inrolled or cuciillale — sometimes even bell-shaped or cylindrical — is almost unknown in Juugennanuiece. Several genera possess a character entirely unknown among Jtibii- Icce, viz., a perianth that is wide-mouthed through- out its existence, and therefore needs not to be rup- tured for the emission of the capsule. The calyptra, as compared with the perianth, is of various lengths, being in some species scarcely at all shorter, but in others four times as short. The character of an in- ferior or half inferior calyptra, occurring in several genera oi JungcvDiaiiniece^ is quite unknown in Jii- biilcce. Elaters numerous — sometimes to be counted by thousands, produced on the whole inner surface of the capsule, usually slender and tortuous, nar- rower at each end (never truncate), and each in- cludes two spiral fibres — rarely three or more — very rarely only one. When the capsule bursts they mostly fall out all together along with the spores. Spores very numerous and usually very minute, in only a few genera equalling these of t\iQ Jicbulecs ; nearly always globose. The JtingermanniecB are further sub-divided into eight sub-tribes, of which seven have the elaters normally bispiral. That is to say — the Radiilcce^ Porcllcce, Ptilidie<2^ Trigonanthece, Scapanioidece^ Epigoniant/iece diud FossoinbroittecF. The eighth,iJ/<'/,cr- geriece,\\s.^ the elaters monospiral, and at the same time the species are frondose. The relations of these several tribes to each other will be found under each, as hereafter follows : — HANDBOOK OF I'.RITISIi irFI'A'IIC/E. 21 Systematic Arrangement. Order.— HEPATIC.E. Fertile sacs opening regularly or irregu- larly, without any definite lid ; borders of the fissure naked, not provided with any series of teeth (peristome), single or double. Sub-order I. JUNGERMANNIACEyE. Fruit solitary, capsular, four-valved, valves splitting, rarely torn. Elaters mixed with the spores. Vegetation either foliose or frondose. Tribe i. Jubule.>e, Dum. Ramification everywhere lateral. Leaves always alternate, incubous, complicately-bilo- bate, inferior lobule smaller, commonly in- flated or saccate. Female flowers monogynous, 22 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATICE. or i-4-g-ynous. Capsule from the apex to two-thirds of its length four-valved, the lower third part solid. Elaters of one spiral, trun- cate, persistent. — Spruce Hep, Ainaz. p. V. (1884). Genus i. FRULLANIA, RaddL Involucre indistinct, conforming to the leaves. Perianth three-cornered, constricted at the apex, doubly keeled at the back, mucron- ate at the apex ; capsule four-valved, bearing the elaters in the middle, peduncle short; ela- ters unispiral, persistent. — Jung. Etr. XVIII. , p. 20 (1820). Branches within the axils, cauHne leaves ad- joining the base inwards and free. Leaves sub- transverse, stout, for the most part entire, wall of the cells thickened, with trigones at the angles, rather large. Leaflets constantly present, sub- floral innovations none. Female flowers 2-4- gynous, bracts multijugate. Cells of pedicel of four-strata, concentric (8 in. diameter of section, 32 in. circumference), sub-equal, alternate, joined together. Internal face of the capsule papillosely spon gy . — Spruce. •The leaves of Fridlaitia stand on a very small base, rarely half embracing the stem, and are almost exactly transverse. There is no decurrence of both lobe and lobule, which is an almost constant feature in Lejeunia. Underleaves, or stipules, are con- HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATICA?:. 2;^ stantly present, while in a few species of Lejeuuia the}' are alto^^^fufjMj]l y' flexed, indigo-green, forming \^^^ wide, shallow patches on rocks subject to inundation. Spreading over large patches. Stems from 2 to 4 inches in length, creeping and branched. Leaves closely overlapping the whole upper surface, arranged in two opposite rows, roundish, "y with a small inflated lobule — attached at the lower edge. / Stipules obscurely notched at the apex (fig. 22). Calyx smooth, flat on the upper surface, keeled beneath, mouth at- tenuated to a long sharp point, opening with four teeth. Capsule globose, pale reddish -brown. — {Plate I, fig. 3.) 21. Frullania g'ermana, Tayl. Stems procumbent, bipinnately branched ; leaves imbricate, rounded-ovate, entire, con- forming in their cellulose texture ; auricle oblong-ovate, ventricose ; stipules obovate, bifid at the apex ; involucral entire ; perianth oblong-ovate, one-keeled. 28 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC/E. FniUaiiia gennaiia, Tayl. Trans. Bot. See. Edin. II., 45; Ann. Nat. Hist., 1843, ^7o'y Gott. and Rab. Exs. No. 475; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 198. Fnillania tamarisci, va.r. ^ ger- niaiia, Carr. Irish Crypt. On bark of trees, and on rocks. The plant is 3 inches, and sometimes more, in length, and matted into patches sometimes a foot in breadth. It is never so black and shining as Frullania tainarisci. The fertile stems are longer, more branched, and more fastigiate ; whilst those bear- ing perigonia are far narrower, and with shorter branches. The leaves are thin, and do not present the linear mark of enlarged opaque cells as in Frullania tainarisci. The stipules are wider than the stems, and the recurvation of their margin chiefly observable towards the summit. The margins of all the perichaetial leaves are quite entire. The perigonium is a linear spike as in Frullania dilatata. Common and previously confounded with Frullania tainarisci, but readily distinguished when attention is paid to the entire perichaetial leaves, to the linear perigonium, as well as to the lighter colour, and want of lustre in the leaves. — Taylor. (Plate i^fig- 4.) Genus 2. JUBULA, Dianort. Involucre bifoliate; perichaetial leaves op- posite, different in form from the leaves ; perianth compressed, rather triangular, rost- rate and acuminate ; capsule four-valved, HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC/E. 29 membranaceous, valves bearing the elaters at the middle, inserted in a discoid stroma ; elaters solitary, persistent. — Diiinort. Rev. Jung. p. 12 (1835). In this genus the perianth is axillary, the peri- chaitial leaves distinct and opposite, not of the same form as the other leaves. Branches lateral, with a one-lobed, antical leaf, partly seated on the stem and part on the branch. Leaves of the stem, incurrent, tender, ciliate. Leaflets present. Female flowers 1-4-gynous. Subfloral innovations two, opposite, one rarely deficient. Bracts unijugate, adnate on both sides of the innovations. Pedicel of two opposed strata of cells, axial, four seriate, in section cruciate, sixteen smaller in the periphery. Capsule with the inner face nearly even or porose. This genus is distinct from both Friillania and Lejeunia, and is in some respects intermediate between the two. It agrees with Lejciinia in the bracts of the female flower being adnate to sub- floral ramuli (or innovations), also in the incurrent (not transverse) leaves, nor are there distinct trigones at the cellular angles, as in every Friil- lania. The apex of the pedicel is more dilated than in any Lejeunia, showing a quadrate, plane, or slightly concave surface, traversed by a great number of diagonal lines, crossing at right angles. Jubiila agrees with Friillania in the axillar\' ramification, the saccate lobule, and the rrtono- tetragynous female flowers. It has one character not found in any species of either Friillania or Lejennia, viz., the presence of an antical non- lobulate leaf at the insertion of every branch, seated partly on the stem, partly on the branch, 30 HANM>l!OOK Ob BRITISH HEPATIC/E. corresponding to the similarly placed leaf in Bazzania, BlepJiarostoma, kz. — Spruce. Jubula Hutchinsiae, Hook., Dmnort. Subpinnately branched. Leaves ovate, acute, serrate, plane, auriculately spurred ; involucral leaves deeply two-lobed ; lobes linear-lanceolate, dentate ; perianth obcordate, even, compressed. Jnngcrmminia HiitcJiiusice, Hook. Br. Jung, t. I ; Eng. Bot. t. 2480. Friillania HutcJiUisice, Nees Eur. Leb. III., 240; Gott. and Rab. Exs. 208, 47 7 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 50; Cooke. Hep. fig. 158, 159. Jubitla Hutchinsia', Dumort. Comm. p. 212; Spruce Hep. Amaz. p 61. In damp places. (Fr. March, April.) Forming large bluish-green patches. Stems creeping, i inch or i^ inch in length, with long scattered branches. Leaves slightly overlapping, arranged in two opposite rows, egg- shaped, with a very minute lobule on the lower edge, margin toothed (fig. 25), stipules round at the base and cleft at the apex into two sharp teeth (fig. 24). Calyx re- versely heart- shaped, flattened on tlie upper sur- face, with a lon^i- 24. 25- HANDBOOK OF URiriSlI HEPATIC.^i. 3 1 tudinal ridi^c on the lower. Capsule spherical, reddish brown. " In various localities alonc^ the western coasts of Enc^land and Wales, Scotland and Ireland, it grows in some abundance and fruits freely. Else- where in Europe it has not yet been met with ; but what are regarded as varieties of the same species exist in the warmer parts of North America, and in regions adjacent to the Equator all round the globe." — Spruce. var. ^ compada, Carr. Stems gracile, closely imbricated ; leaves smaller, more con- vex, in drier places. Genus 3. LEJEUNIA, Lib, Involucre bifoliate ; perianth sessile, ovate, not caudate, mouth contracted, three-toothed ; peduncle articulate. Capsule capitate, quadri- fid half-wa}^, hyaline, membranaceous, seg- rnents bearing the elaters at their apices ; elaters straight, terminal, persistent, double. — Lib. Ann. gen. Sci. V.p. 372 (1820). In this connection the student may consult the observations of Dr. Spruce on Lejeunia in his " Hepatic^e Amazonicse " (1884), p. 6^. Branches below the axils, contiguous to the outer base of the leaves. Leaf oblique or almost longitudinally inserted, for the most part tender, entire, toothed, or ciliately toothed. Leaflets in most species obvious, in a few none. Ecmale 32 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^E. flowers monogynoLis. Innovations sub-floral, soli- tary, or binate and opposite, in most species adnate to the bracts, in others absent. Bracts one, rarely many jugate. Pedicel almost the same as in Jiibula ; axial cells 4-seriate, peripherical i2-i6-seriate. Capsule with the inner face spongy. The genus Lejeunia, as recognized by Spruce, contains all the strictly monogynous JtibidecE, and is well distinguished from FriiUania by (i) the branches being contiguous to the outer base of the leaves, i.e., infra-axillary ; (2) the usually rhomboidal or ovate lobule being either plain or ventricose, but never (as in Frullania) either galeate or inversely saccate-shaped, like a bell, or a glove finger — except in the very rare case of L. calyptrifolia, and three or four allied tropical species, where the lobule is lengthened out into the shape of a hollow horn or club ; (3) the mono- g)'nous female flowers ; (4) the innovations, where present, being adnate to the female bracts ; (5) the pedicel cruciate on the section, only four cells (not eight) across^ quasi-articulate when dry, and mostly geniculate at the joints. In addition to the foregoing. Spruce also gives, in the work already alluded to, valuable notes on the species of Lejeicjiia, which are remarkably common in tropical countries. For a local Flora it is wholly unnecessary to follow him into his divisions of this large tropical genus, into subgenera. Although admitting Coliira, and PJwagiiiiconia, as subgenera of Lejeunia, he also confesses that hereafter some may consider them entitled to rank as genera, with the residue of his temporary subgenera. IIANDnOOK OF I'.RITISTI HF. PATIC/F:. 33 Lejeunia inconspicua, De Not. Filiform, loosely branched, leaves distant, rounded-ovate, entire, convex, involucral rounded-oblong, spreading; without stipules; perianth axillary, plicate, pentagonal, top- shaped. Jungennannia inconspicua, Raddi. Jung. 34, t. 5, fig. 2. Jungennannia nwiutissinia, Tayl. Trans. Bot. Edin., 1844. Lejeunia minutissima /3, Gott. and Rabh. Exs. No. 216. Lejeunia Taylori, Spruce Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. III., 212. Lejeunia inconspicua^ De Not in Rab. Exs. No. 45. Lejeunia minutissima var. /?, sine amphigastriis, Carr. Irish Crypt. On trunks, very minute. Stems hair-like, flexuous, loosely branched, hardly conspicuous to the naked eye ; leaves few, vertical, two-rowed, alternate, roundish, complicate beneath, and ventricose, longitudinal fold nearly equal to the leaves ; stipules absent ; perichcTetial leaves spreading, oblong, narrowly complicate ; calyx terminal, broadly obovatc, compressed, five-angled ; mouth obtusely papillate ; capsule subspherical, hyaline, cleft half way to the hd.sc.— {Plate i,jig. 5.) Lejeunia microscopica, Tayl. Very thin, creeping, vaguely branched ; leaves remote, ovate, lanceolate, acute, ventral D 34 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HXPATIC^E. margin complicate, lobule convex ; perianth obovatc, mouth contracted, somewhat toothed. Jiuigeruiannia luicroscopica, Mack. Fl. Hib. II., 59 ; Taylor Hook. Journ. IV., t. 20. Lcjeimia niicroscopica, Taylor in Gott. Syn. Hep., p. 345; Cooke Hep. fig. 151 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 280. Cololcjcuuia, Spruce. Amongst mosses, like a green stain. Scarcely visible to the naked eye, pallid green, subpellucid. Stems two to three lines long, slender, flexuous, sparingly branched, here and there emitting short simple pellucid rootlets ; leaves rather distant, flattened, acuminate, ovate - lanceolate, the elevated cells at the margin giving the ap- pearance of serratures (fig. 26) ; perigonial leaves more obtuse at the apex, enclosing in the folds one or two rufescent ovate an- thers, perich?etial leaves binate, appressed to the base of cup ; perianth tumid, obovatc from a narrow base, ccostate, twice longer than the leaves ; peduncle pellucid ; capsule rounded-ovate, pale brown, quadrifid. 26. Lejeunia calcarea, Lib. Thread - like, loosely and divaricately branched ; leaves tranversely ovate, concave, HANDBOOK OF I5RITI.SH HRPATIC/E. 35 acuminate, echinatcly dentate, decurved, com- plicate at the base ; involucral two - lobed, entire; perianth terete, apex pentagonal, with costate wings. Jungcrmamna hamatifolia /? ccJiinata, Hook. Br. Jung. 51. Juiigouiannia calcarca, Lib. Crypt Exs. No. iii. Jungcnnannia ccJiiiiata, Tayl. in Spruce Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. II., 88. Lejeunia calcarea, Lib. Ann. VL, 2^"]'^^ t. 96, f. I ; Gott. and Rab. Exs. No. 46, 283, 323, 365 ; Spruce Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. IIL, 212 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 278 ; Cooke Hep. f. 1 50. Cololcjeunia, Spruce. On Limestone rocks. Very delicate and minute, so as scarcely to be visible to the naked eye, loosely and divaricately branched. Leaves ovate acuminate, echinulate and denticulate with the projecting cells (fig. 27), falcate, decurved, sinuately complicate at the base, the fold saccate, ovate, twice as short as the leaf. Involucral leaves bifid, the laciniae entire. Perianth on a very short lateral branch, pear-shaped or clavate, acutely five-angled, the long margins cchinulatcly muricate. — {Plate i.fig. 6.) Lejeunia ulicina, Taylor. Dioicous, very minute, stems thread-like, D 2 3C HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC/E. vaguely branched ; leaves rather erect, rounded-ovate, concave, narrower at the apex, lobule turgid; stipules oval, bifid half way, bracts large, bilobate; perianth pear-shaped, obtusely five-angled. Jungermannia iilicina, Tayl. Trans. Bot. Soc. Ed in. I., p. 115. Jungermannia minntis- sima, Hook. Jung. t. 52, partly. Lcjennia mimttissima, Spruce Ann. Nat. Hist., 1849; Carr. and Pears. Exs. 196. Lejeitnia iilicina, Spruce Journ. Bot., 1881, XIX., p. 34; 1887, p. 38. On branches, &c. Dioicous, minute, Jto | inch long, loosely branched. Leaves distinct or subcontiguous, rather erect (form- ing an angle of io°-30° with stem), rounded-ovate, concave, narrowed at the apex and ob- tuse, or abruptly acute ; lobule more or less shorter, scarcely equally broad, turgid, margin plane or incurved, apex acutely apiculate. Stipules three times shorter than the leaves, oval, bifid half way, segments linear - subulate, sinus rather obtuse. Bracts large, three times the size of the leaves, divergent, plane, 28. complicatcly bilobed, somewhat toothed, lobe obovate, acute, lobule shorter, semi- lanceolate ; bracteoles oval-lanceolate, one-fourth bifid, segments acute. Perianth oblong pear- shaped, at the apex obtusely five-angled, terete, but not keeled. — (Plate i.fig. 14..) IIANIJIJUUK OK l;Km.SH HKFATIC/E. 37 Spruce, in Trans. Hot. Edin., Vol. HI., p. 212, decided that the Jnugcrniaiuiia niinutissumi of EngHsh Botany and of Hooker's pi. 52, bclon^^cd to L. ulicina TayL, and that the J iingennannia miniitissiina Tayl. should be called LcjcJinia . Taylori Spruce. Since then his opinion changed, and he refers the Eng-lish Botany figure to his Lcjeunia Taylori, otherwise Lejeunia inconspicua Raddi. Lejeunia Rossettiana, Mass. Stems subdichotomous, minute ; leaves im- bricate, patent, ovate, acuminate, denticulate, externally echinate ; lobule one-third smaller, subrotund, dentate, spinulose ; stipules none ; perianth projecting more than half beyond the bracts, muricate, obtusely pentagonal. Lcjeunia (Cololejeiinea) Rossettiana, Mass. Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. XXL, 487 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 276, 277; Journ. Bot., Dec, 1889, t. 292. On limestone rocks. Amongst moss, dioicous, minute, growing in closely matted tufts of a yellowish-green colour, often in company with L. calcarea, which it re- sembles in size and habit. Stems dichotomous, rootlets pale, from the base of each leaf, or obso- lete. Leaves imbricate, spreading, somewhat con- vex, ovate, apices more or less acuminate, margin denticulate, exterior surface echinate, lobule one- 38 HANDP.OOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC/E. half to oiic-thii'd smaller than leaf, tumid at the keel, nearly flat, margin subrotund, unequally spinulose, exterior surface echinate, cells very minute. Foliolcs none. Female flowers on short branches, bracts similar to the leaves, but larger, lobule more finely dentate, perianth oval to pyri- form, muricate, obtusely five- angled above. — {Plate Lejeunia hamatifolia, Houk., Dum. Thread-like, loosely branched ; leaves trans- versal, concave, ovate, acuminate, entire, decurved, complicate at the base ; stipules few, small, bifid ; involucral leaves deeply two- lobed, serrate ; perianth pentagonal, with costate wings. Jiuigcnnanjiia hamatifolia^ Hook. Br. Jung. t. 5 T ; Eng. Bot. t. 2592.- Lejeunia hainati- folia^ Dum. Comm. 1 1 1 ; Gott. and Rab. Exs. 215, 476; Carr. and Pears. Exs. 75 ; ^ Cooke Hep. f. 149. On trunks. Growing in small crowded green patches. Stems two to three lines to \ inch long, very slender, thread-like, flexuous, procumbent, imbri- cate or creeping, each irregularly once or twice divided in a forked manner. Leaves rather close, seldom imbricate, bifarious, alternate, erect and HANDBOOK OF HklTlSH HKI'AIIC/E. 39 spreading, formed of two unequal lobes, of which the upper the largest, convex, ovate, acuminate at the extremity, where it is often curved, usually downwards (fig. 29), margins entire or serrate ; lower lobe half the size of the upper, which it resembles in shape, involute, with the margin rarely slightly serrate. Colour pale green ; pericha^tial leaves nearly twice the size of the cauline ones, two to each calyx, which they embrace at the base. Stipules small, ovate, acutely cleft half way down into two sharp equal segments, the margins entire. Calyx ovate or obovate, dis- tinctly ribbed, with five prominent, and acute angles, nearly to the base, mouth contracted, generally elevated and tubular, cut into sharp fine teeth. Capsule spherical, white, membra- nous, cleft half way. Elaters bispiral. 29. Lejeunia ovata, DUks., Tayl. Stems creeping, branched, subterete ; leaves vertical, imbricate, incurrent, auriculate ; larger limb plane, ovate, acute, lobule saccate ; involucral leaves two-lobed ; stipules small, distant, bifid ; perianth obovate, apex acute, five-angled. JiuigeniKiiuiia ovata, Dicks. PL Crypt. III., t. 8, f. 6. Jmigennaiiiiia scrpyllifolia (^. ova fa, Hook. Br. Jung. No. 42. Lcjciinia ovata, 40 T^JANDl'.OOK OK nRITISH HP:PATICi«. Taylor Gott. Syn. p. 376; Spruce Hep. Pyr. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. III., 212; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 52; Cooke Hep. fig. 154. On damp rocks. var. pumila, Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 279. Stems creeping, branched. Leaves vertical, im- bricate, ovate, alternate, auriculate beneath, larger lobe plane ovate, (acute in Dickson's figure) lobule saccate and inflexed, often radicu- lose. Fruit terminal or lateral. Calyx obovate, acutely five-angled at the apex, mouth lacerated {plate 3°' ^j fiS- ^\ The figure 30 is a fac- simile of Dickson's fiG:ure. Lejeunia serpyllifolia, Dicks., Lib. Stems vaguely branched, lax, leaves in- current, accumbent, auriculate, larger limb plane, rounded-oblong ; stipules rounded, bifid, involucral deeply and unequally two- lobed, entire ; perianth broadly ovate, penta- gonal, mouth mucronate. Jiingcnnajuiia serpyllifolia, Dicks. Cr3'pt. 4, p. 19; Hook. Br. Jung. t. 42 ; Eng. Bot. t. 2537. Lrjciinia serpyllifolia, Lib. Ann. VL, HANDi'.i >()K ()i nuriisn iii:i'.\riC/E. 41 374, t. 96, f. 2. ; Gutt. and Ral). Kxs. 47, 273, 435; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 135, 195; Cooke IIcp. fig. 152, 153. var. a planiiisctila, Lindb. var. y Jictcrophylla, Carr. Irish Crypt. Bran- ches attenuate, microphyllous ; lobule obso- lete ; leaves plane, variously shaped, distant. On wet shady rocks. var. /? cavifolia, Lindb. On trunks and amongst moss. {Vy. Ap. May.) Growing in rather large patches, stems ^ to J inch, thread-like, flcxuous, irrcgtdarly pin- nate, branches mostly simple. Leaves rather closely imbricated, bifarious (fig. 31) somewhat two- lobcd, upper lobe by far the largest, horizontal, ovate, slightly convex, the base beneath vcntricose, where the upper lobe rises, which perhaps is only a dilated and involute portion of the margin. Colour pale yellow green, Perichajtial leaves of different figure, from the rest, much larger, deeply divided into two oblong- ovate, obtuse, and slightl\" convex lobes, which closely embrace the ca]\x, the upper three times the size of the lower. Stipules roundish, ^i. 42 HANDUOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC.'E. phinc, cleft one-third of their length into two sharp and equal segments, sinus rather acute (fig. 32). Calyx widely obovate, cylin- drical at the base, gradually enlarging upwards, furnished with five longitudi- nal angles, mouth small, protruciing into ^~' a short tube. Capsule spherical, white, transparent, split half down in four valves. Elatcrs bispiral. Lejeunia diversiloba, Spruce. Shoots irregularly branched, branches divaricate, leaves incubous, vertical, large lobe oval, obtuse, entire, lobule variable in form, nearly equal, half the size, or obsolete, sub- quadrate, notched at the outer angle ; stipules bifid, segments narrow, acute, dioicous. Lejeunia cucitllata ^ stricta, N. L. and G. Syn. p. 390. Lejeunia niimitissima ^ liiajor, Carr. Irish Crypt., 1863. Lejeunia diversiloba, Spruce Journ. Bot., July, 1876. Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 281; Journ. Bot., Feb., 1887, p. ^2>. Carr. Trans. Bot. Ed. XIII. , p. 468, tab. 17, fig. I. Growing on prostrate mosses and hepatics. Epiphytic on lunllaiiia, &c. — Shoots filiform, rigid, irregularly branched; branches divaricate; leaves incubous, aj^proximate, vertical ; large lobe oval, or ovate, obtuse, slightly concave, pellucid, HAXDl'.OOK OK 15kiriSH HKl'AIIC/K 43 entire ; lobules variable in furni on the same branch, equal to the upper lobe, or half the size, or absent, subquadratc in form, inflated at the base, upper border in flexed, and notched at the outer angle, so as to form a rather blunt tooth. Stipules not broader than the stem, bifid for half their Icnj^th, segments narrow, acute, incurved, sinus lunate, sometimes they are obsolete, or replaced by fascicles of very short rootlets. Inflorescence dioicous. Male spikes lateral, composed of few leaves, the lobes of which are equal. Female shoots lateral, sessile; involucral leaves larger, lobes ovate- oblong, and lobules lanceolate. In straggling patches of a pale yellowish green, sometimes nearly white. — (Plate i,fig. lo.) Lejeunia flava, Szu. Stems vaguely branched or pinnate ; fertile branches innovate or dichotomous, for the most part ascending; leaves contiguous or subimbricate, oblique, oblong, or ovate- oblong ; base subdecurrent, complicate ; small lobule five to seven times shorter, triangular, saccate ; perianth green, pyriform ; calyptra thin, obovate ; capsule ovate-globose, on a rather long pedicel. JungcnjKiJiiiia flava, Sw. Prod. Fl. Ind. Occ, 144. Lcjciiiiia flava, Nees Hep. 2^^ ^^y Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 283. En-lcjcimia flava, Spruce Hep. Amaz. p. 268. Lcjciinia 44 HANDHOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. Moorci, Lindb. Hep. Hib., 1875. Juuger- niaiiiiia scrpyllifolia, Eng. Bot. t. 2537. Le- jciuiia serpyllifolia, var. tliyinifolia, Carr. Irish Crypt. Stem branched, creeping; leaves somewhat im- bricate, oblong-oval, quite entire, apex subrotund or subangular ; base sinuately complicate beneath ; lobule convolute. Stipules twice as small as the leaves, ovate or cordate, acutely bifid to the middle, segments ovate-lanceolate, fruit lateral, sessile at the base of the branches. Involucral leaves conforming, bilobate, lobule quadrate. Peri- anth obovate, exserted, acutely pentagonal. — G. L. and N. Syn. — (Plate i,fig. 12.) Lejeunia Holtii, Spruce. Stems prostrate, creeping; leaves distichous, spreading, ovate-oblong, obtuse, complicate at the base ; lobules small, inflated, gradually merging in the leaf at the apex, or shortly acute; stipules orbicular, bifid ; flowers mono- icous, on very short branchlets. Perianth pear-shaped, five-keeled. Lejeunia Holtii, Spruce Journ. Bot., Feb., 1887, p. 33, 72 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 282. On shady rocks. HANDHOOK Ol'- I'.RniSlI 1 1 K1'.\TIC/K. 45 Fragile, yellowish then reddish. Stems i to i J inch long-, prostrate, creeping amongst moss, rarely forming a stratum, with a few pinnate branches. Leaves broadly spreading, in two rows, flattened or decurved, distinct or contiguous, rarely some- what imbricated, suboblique, ovate-oblong or ovate, obtuse, rarely • rounded, complicate at the base, lobules small — more than five times shorter than the leaves, subov^oid, inflated, apex gradually run- ning into the leaf, or shortly acute and incurved, elongated on the stems, not rarely obsolete ; cells hexagonal. Stipules three times shorter than the leaves, distant, orbicular, obtusely bifid to the middle, segments acute, or rather obtuse, monoicous on short branches. Bracts twice as short as the leaves, spreading, bilobed half way, lobes compli- cate, lanceolate. Perianth emersed, pear-shaped, depressed at the apex, with a short mucronate beak, five-keeled. Calyptra half shorter, obovate, constricted at the base. Capsule globose. Differs from every other European Lejeunia in the female flowers being borne on exceedingly short branchlets, which normally put forth no subfloral innovation. Another important and unique char- acter is afforded by the large pear-shaped perianths being so very strongly and sharply keeled that they seem broadly five-winged. — {Plate i.fig. g.) Lejeunia patens Lindb. Pallid, pellucid, shining when dry ; stems branched and intricate; leaves rounded-ovate; 46 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC/E. antical lobe very convex, abruptly erect from a basilar sac ; stipules spreading, with a broad obtuse sinus to the middle, roundish, convex ; perianth five-plicate above. Lejetmia patens, Lindb. Irish Hepat., 1875, p. 483 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 284. Lc- jeiinia scrpyllifolia, var. ovata, Nees. Hep. p. 294. Autoicous, shorter, and twice narrower, pallid, pellucid, shining when dry, very often more branched and intricate, convex or subterete ; leaves more or less dense ; antical lobe very convex, incubous, when dry straight, abruptly erect from a basilar sac, very decurrent, oblique, broadly ovate-elliptic or oval, very obtuse, cellules rather prominent, crenu- latc, basilar sac two to four times less. Stipules spreading, two to four times less than the postical lobe, very convex, roundish, split to the middle, sinus more or less broad and obtuse, segments rather obtuse, margins everywhere crenulate with the prominent cells. Perianth on lateral branches, a little emergent, clavate pear-shaped, terete below, above five-plicate one-fourth way down, crests higher, complanate, the edge crenulate. — (Plate /, Lejeunia Mackaii, Hook.,Dum. Stems creeping, vaguely branched ; curved ; leaves distichous two-lobed ; auricles involute, HANDI^OOK OF IIRITISU I IKI' ATIC/K. 47 vcntricose ; stipules obcordate, plane ; peri- anth compressed. JiiNi^rrnininiin Macknii, Hook. lir. Jung, t. 53 ; I'-iig- ^^<^t. t. 2573. Phragiuiconia Mackaii, Dumort. Comm. p. 112 ; Gott. and Rabh. Exs. 81, 164, 206 ; Cooke Hep. iig. 147, 148 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs No. 133, 134. Homalo-Lcjcnnia Mackaii^ Spr. Hep. Amaz. P« 134- On rocks, sometimes on trees. (Fr. Winter.) Growing in dense blackish green patches, from I to 2 inches to many feet in diameter. Stems creep- ing over each other in succes- sive layers. Each i to ij inch long, slender, thread-like, flcxuous, once or twice, branched irregularly; branches variable in length, leaves rather closely imbricated in two rows, over the whole upper surface of the stem (fig. 33;, horizontal, divided into two unequal lobes, roundish, slightly convex, the lesser one scarcely one-tenth of the size, involute and ventri- cose. When dry the whole surface seems to be punctate, colour olive green, approaching black. Perich?etial leaves resembling the cauline, but larger, with a lobule half the size of the lobe, adpressed to the calyx. Stipules large, 33- 48 HANDBOt)K OF BRITISH HEPATIC^.. roundisli, entire or obtusely notched. Calyx obcordate, depressed, beside the two angles from the sides a third projects from the under surface (fig. 3^4), mouth at first a central tubular apiculus, at length divided into four acute teeth. Capsule spherical, delicate, whitish, cleft to the thickened apex of the peduncle. Elaters bispiral, persistent. — (Plate I. fig' 13') Lejeunia calyptrifolia, Hook., Dum. Leaves bladder-like, calyptriform, ovate, cuspidate ; basilar auricle circumvolute ; peri- chaetial quadrate, obtusely emarginate ; peri- anth five-keeled, depressed at the apex. Lejeunia calyptrifolia, Hook. Br. Jung. t. 43; Eng. Bot. t. 2, 538; Cooke Hep. fig. 156 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. 197. Coluro- Lcjeunia calyptrifolia^ Spruce Hep. Amaz. p. 304. On furze and rocks. Grows in little pale green tufts, scarceh' \ inch broad. Stems procumbent, one to two lines long, creeping, thread-like, once or twice divided, with spreading branches, of a pale green. Leaves rather close, bifarious, horizontal, spreading or erect, largest at the base, gradually lessening to the apex, unequally two-lobed, having the superior the HANDI'.dOK OF liRIIISIl ! I !• PA IIC/E. 49 largest, of the same shape as the calyptra in mosses, oviform, its base narrowed, furnished with a narrow openini^ about half the length of the leaf, the apex lengthened out, incurved and acute ; lesser lobe subquadrate, with obtuse angles, ad- pressed to the larger one, half embracing it, and concealing the opening. Colour pale yellow green. Pericha^tial leaves from two to four, erect, adpressed to the calyx and about one-fourth the length, nearly quadrate, sides incurved, apex obtusely and widely emarginate. Stipules small, oblong, plane, ad- pressed or a little spreading, cleft one-third by an acute sinus into two nearly equal acute segments. Calyx oblong, attenuated at the base, widening up- wards, with five projecting angles, or teeth, apex depressed, mouth contracted and jagged. Capsule membranous, white, four cleft halfway down. Ela- ters bispiral (fig. 35). J3- Tribe 11. [UNGERMANNIE^. Female flowers with few or many pistillidia (5 to 80). Capsule globose, oblong, or 50 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC/E. Cylindrical, dehiscing to the base in four valves. Elaters almost always with two spirals, rarely with one spiral, or three to four, deciduous. — Spruce Hep. Atnaz., p. vi. Distinct by the polygynous female flowers, pedicel not at all or scarcely dilated at the apex, never into a solid apophysis as \x\ Jnbulcce. Capsule pro- ducing spores and elaters on its entire inner surface, four-valved to the base. Elaters bispiral— rarely monospiral, deciduous. Section A. — Elaters normally bispiral. Sub- Tribe I. RA D ULE^. Branches all lateral, infra-axillary ; leaves incubous, leaflets none ; perianth from the front almost always compressed, mouth broad, truncate.— S/>r. Genus 4. RADULA, Duinort. Involucre indistinct, conforming to the leaves ; perichaetial leaves bilobed, condupli- cate ; perianth flattened at the back, mouth truncate, entire, not laterally split ; capsule four-valved, semi-pellucid, cellular, funnel- H.\NT)r.OOK OF liRITISH HEI'A'I IC/*'.. $1 shaped, naked ; claters two-spired, deciduous. — Duiuort. Rcr. Jung., 14. Radnla is apparently separated by a wide inter- val from every other genus. It has one unique character, viz., the attachment of the radicles to the under lobe of the side leaves, and not to the under leaves, or the underside of the stem, as in all other hepatics. In the branches springing from the outer base of the leaves it agrees with Lcjcunca, and with no other. In its most essential features it differs altogether from Lcjeunea; e.g., in the polygynous female flowers, the macrosto- mous perianth, the stout pedicel, composed of six to eight concentric layers of alternate cells, and above all in the very numerous long slender two-spired deciduous elaters. — Spruce. Radula complanata, Z., Dum. Stem creeping, flattened, branched, some- what pinnate ; leaves auriculate behind, plane, rounded, entire ; auricle four times shorter, adpressed, angle rounded. Perianth flattened, mouth entire. Jiijigermauuia complanata, Linn. Sp. 1599 ; Hook. Br. Jung. t. 81 ; Eng. Bot. t. 2499. Radula complanata, Dumort. p. 112; Gott. and Rab. Exs. 17,361 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 129, 130; Cooke Hep. f. 137, 138. On trunks. (Fr. April, May.; E 2 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC/E. Monuicous. Densely imbricalcd, rormint;" wide compressed tufts. Stems i ?, to 2 inches long-, creeping, variously branched, branches again pinnate, and innovant, with a few pellucid radicles proceeding from the leaves. Leaves closely imbricated, in a bi- farious manner (fig. 36), concealing the /stem, unequally two-lobed ; superior lobe much the largest, orbicular, nearly flat ; inferior lobe ovate, ad- 36. 37- pressed, flat, often radiculose(fig. 37). Colour, pale yellow green. Peri- chn^itial leaves differing little from the cauline ones, except in the two lobes being more equal. Stipules none. Calyx oblong, from a cylindrical base, be- coming wider, compressed, flat at the apex and truncate, nearly entire, or only cleft on one side. Capsule ovate, pale brown, furrowed. Elaters bispiral. Radula voluta, Taj/. Stem procumbent, pinnately branched ; leaves aiiriculate behind, densely imbricate, orbicular, entire, complicate at the base ; auricle large, rounded-cordate, excised at the base, and rather embracing the stem. Raditla voluta, Taylor in Syn. Hep. 255 ; HANDIiOOK OF URUISII HKI'ATIC/E. 53 Cooke Hep. f. 139; Carr. in Trans. But. Soc. Ed. VII., 455 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 44. Radiila xalapensis, Lind. Hep. Hib., p. 491. On boulders. Dioicous. Stem procumbent, pinnatcly branched, rather rigid, the upper branches subfasciculate. Leaves rather imbricate, roundish, ^ obtuse, entire, compHcate at the base and subdecurrent, lobule large, rounded - cordate, mostly obtuse, transversely protracted above the stem, excised and rather embracing at the base, plane or rather undulate (fig. 38). The male spikes consist of three to four pairs of perigonial leaves, each enclosing two anthers, they are at first seated near the apex of small lateral shoots, but by the growth of the terminal bud, appear at length basal. — Carr. Radula aquilegia, Tayl. Stems caespitose, subpinnate, depressed ; leaves rather erect, convex, entire, rounded obovate, margin recurved ; perichaetial leaves deflexed ; perianth elongated, obconic. Jujigennannia aqnilegia, Tayl. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. II., 117. Radula aqnilegia, Tayl. in Syn. Hep. p. 260 ; Gott. and Rabh. Exs. No. 207; Cooke Hep. f. 139, 140; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 43. 54 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC/E. On rocks, over which water constantly trickles. Dioicous. Patches wide, shallow, brownish-olive. Stems I to 4 inches long, ir- regularly pinnate (fig". 39). The branches nearly at right angles to the stem. Leaves from a narrow base, flatly cup-shaped ; their lower lobe swelling out at its involution, while their angulate tops lie closely adpressed to the inside 39- 40. of the upper lobe (fig. 40). It differs from R. coinplanata in the smaller and more convex leaves, their olive-brown colour, their lesser lobe not sharply reflected upon the upper, but having a turned base, by the deflected peri- chsetial leaves, by the perigonia occurring usually at the termination of the shoot, and not on proper short lateral branches, and by the angulate portion of the lower lobes of the leaves being shorter. This species prefers very wet surfaces of mural rocks, while R. coinplanata is partial to trees. — Taylor. Radula Lindbergli, Gott. Dioicous, stems prostrate, subpinnately branched, branches ascending, leaves imbri- cate, ascending, nearly plane, quite entire, superior lobe obovate, rounded, inferior lobe four times smaller, depressed quadrate, angle acute, involucral obovate-elongate ; perianth obuvate, compressed, truncate ; male inllores- HANDI'.OOK OF HRITISH HKPATIC/K. SS cence on proper plant, terminal and lateral, forming long narrow spikes. Radula Lindcnbcrgii, Hartt. Skand. Flora, 1871. Radiila Lindhcrgii, Gott. in Revue Bry., 1882, p. 82. Radula Lindbcrgiaua, jack. Flora, 1 88 1, p. 181. Radula conunutata, Gottsche Jack. Flora, 181, t. 8, f. 5. Radula gcrijiana, Jack. Flora, 1881, Vol. VIII., fig. 6. On rocks and amongst moss. — {Plate i, Jig. 16.) Spruce (Journ. Bot, 1887, p. 210) regd-i'ds Radi/la Lindbergii, as including also R.gennajia, Jack., and R. coniuiutata Gottsche. The form, called R. germana resembles large forms of Lcjciinia serpyllifolia, growing in patches procumbently, with shoots imbricating, or grow- ing erect when intertwined with mosses, of a pale yellowish green, or darker, with the old parts sordid brown. Stems \ to i inch long, frontallycomprcssed, those of female plant subpinnate, furcate or dicho- tomous, barren male stems often almost simple. Rootlets few. Leaves alternate, ascending, the upper ones imbricating each other, those of the lower portion approximate. On slender stems the leaves are more distant, roundish ovate, or obovate, convex, hiding the stem, entire, superior lobes often irregularly erose, lobule usually one-third less, rhomboid, subquadrate, ovate, at the free corner acute or obtuse, base tumid, upper portion plane and appressed. Involucral leaves accrescent, ob- long, with narrower lobes and lobules, enclosing seven to ten sterile archegonia, perigonial leaves 56 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HFPATIC/E. closely imbricating, smaller, ovate, vcntricose, with lobule ovate, almost equal to superior lobe, forming a deep pouch, cells small, hexagonal ; perianth compressed, obconical, with a gradually tapering base, mouth entire. Capsule oblong-oval. Elaters bispiral, curved, lax. Radula Carringtonii, Jack. Dioicous. Stems csespitose, prostrate, sub- pinnately branched ; leaves imbricate, spread- ing, entire, superior lobe rounded, subreniform, inferior four times smaller, quadrate, adpressed. Radula aqnilcgia var. major, Carr. Trans. Ed. VII., p. 455. Radula Caryiiigtouii, Jack. Journ. Bot. XX., 1882; Revue Bryol., 1882, p. 16. On shady rocks and trees. — {Plate /, fig. ij.) This species grows in close patches of an olive green, or brown colour. The stems are from 4 to 5 centimetres long, irregularly pinnate, with somewhat ascending branches. The leaves imbricate one another, and are almost flat, margin entire, the superior lobe stands off obliquely from the stem, is rotundate, almost reniform. The lobule reaches hardly to half the length and breadth of the superior lobe, with which it forms a sharp angle, and upon which it lies flat. The same is quadrate, or more or less trapeziform. The female involucral leaves are oblong-oval, with oval rotundate lobules two-thirds as large. Archegonia seven to eight. From R. complanata, which it resembles in size and form ; it is at once distinguished by the dull, pale HANDnOOK OF r.RIIISH HKPATIC/E. 57 L;huicc)us leaves, and the monoicous iiifl(jrescencc of tliat species. The shoots are irregularly pinnate or bipinnate, the branches alternate, and generally short. Radula Holtii, S/>r. Stem creeping, sparingly branched. Leaves rounded-oblong, complicate, saccate from a decurrent base, lobule three times smaller, trapeziform, only inflated at the keel. Peri- anth emersed, trumpet-shaped, terete, a little compressed at the mouth. Dioicous. Radula Holtii, S^rwcejoxxrn. Bot.,July, 1887. p. 209. Within the spray of a waterfall. Dioicous; reddish or olive green,; stem creeping scarcely J inch, sparingly branched, partly pin- nate, partly dichotomous. Leaves contiguous or separate, complicate saccate from a decurrent base, at an angle of 45°, abruptly patent, oblique, rounded-oblong, plane or subconcave, repand, long incurrent, basal angle not veiling the stem; lobule three times shorter, trapezi- form, obtuse or slightly acute, nearly plane, only inflated at the keel ; cells small, equilateral, not thickened at the angles. Flowers terminal, on a unilateral or two opposite innovations. Bracts often unijugate, erect, closely imbricate, bilobed to the middle, larger lobe broadly obovate, lobule half as long, roundish. Perianth emersed, thin, somewhat incurved, trumpet shaped or club shaped, everywhere almost terete, only at the apex a little 58 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATICii:. compressed, mouth truncate, obsoletely four-lobed. Andrascium terminal on the branches, bracts two or three joined, except for the lobule somewhat larger, scarcely differing from the leaves. Sub-tribe II. PORELLE.E. Branches all lateral, intra-axillary ; leaves incubous, lobules of equal size. Perianth with the mouth lacinulate, at first constricted, at length gaping and bilabiate. Capsule four- valved, the valves often incompletely discon- nected at the base, irregularly split. Genus 5. PORELLA, Dill. Branches lateral, intra-axillary, pinnate ; leaves incubous, deeply lobate. Perianth at hrst constricted, then gaping and two-lipped. Capsule globose, rarely valvate to the very base. Dill. Hist. Muse. (1741). Madotheca, Ditni. Couiui. (1823). Vide Spruce Hep. Amaz. p. 326. Porella differs from all Radii Ice in the regularly pinnate and feather - like stems ; the axillary branches (not infra-axillary, as in Radiila, but intra- axillary) ; the universal presence of undcrlcaves, the basal angles of which, like the external base of HANDBOOK OK I;R1TI.SH HEI'A'J IC^-. 59 the lobules, arc often dccurrent on the stem, in the shape of a laciniate and crispate wing ; the side leaves (especially on the branches) often suboppo- sitc ; the bracts of the male spikes exactly oppo- site, and connate with the intervening underleaf, the toothed or ciliated female bracts ; the much shorter and usually less compressed perianth, at first constricted at the laciniate mouth, and only becoming two-lipped or campanulate by the extru- sion of the fruit, the globose capsule, the valves rarely separate down to the very base; the smaller, shorter elaters, and the comparatively much larger spores. — Spruce. Porella laevigata, Schr. Stem procumbent, bipinnately branched, leaves broadly ovate, dentate, acute ; auricles and stipules oblong-quadrate, spinulosely- toothed. Perianth dentate. Jiiiigcruiaiiiiia Icvvigata, Schrad. Samm. No. 104; Hook. Br. Jung. No. 35. Madothcca Icevigata, Dum. Comm., p. i 1 1 ; Gott. and Rab. Exs. 53, 259, 2>7o'^ Cooke Hep. f. 141. Porella Iccvigata, Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 45; 274, 275. On the ground and on rocks. Growing in loose patches. Stems procumbent, flexuose, 2 to 3 or 4 inches long, with numerous scattered lateral branches. Leaves at the base and extremity smallest, everywhere in two opposite 6o HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC/E. rows, closely imbricated and placed alternately, divided into two unequal lobes (fig. 41), the upper much the largest, con- vex, smooth, roundish, ovate, margin sometimes entire, sometimes dentate with unequal spinulose teeth, at irregu- lar distances. The inferior lobe scarcely one-third so large, obliquely adpressed, oblong or ligulate, margins dentate, ^ teeth occasionally recurved. Stipules • one to each pair of leaves, oblong- quadrate, resembling the smaller lobe, spinulose dentate at the margin. — 2,fig^ I?') Porella platyphylla, Linn. Stem procumbent, bipinnately branched, leaves rounded-ovate, and, as well as the auricles and strap-like stipules, quite entire. Involucral leaves toothed or entire. Jiingermannia platyphylla, Linn. Sp. 1600; Eng. Bot. t. 798 ; Hook. Br. Jung. t. 40. Madotheca platyphylla, Dumort. Comm., p. 1 1 1 ; Gott. and Rabh. Exs. No. 51, 157, 158, 363, 364; Cooke Hep. f. 143, 144. I45- Lejeunia platyphylla, Corda. in Sturm. Fl. XXH., t. 26. Porella platyphylla, Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 71. On trunks, c^c. var. ^ major, vaguely bipinnately branched, HANUUUUK. Ol' I'.RniSH Ill.I A I IC.K. 6i leaves large, smooth, greenish yellow. — I look. Br. Jini^. t. 4<), /'. 4. 42. Old walls, rocks, and trunks. (Fr. March, April.) Grows in considerable patches. Stems i to 2 or 3 inches long, flexuose, often pinnate, with strac^^gling branches, wliich are again shortly branched. Leaves closely im- bricate in two rows, so as to conceal the upper part of the stem (fig. 42), unequally two- lobed, the upper lobe the largest, alternate, ovate, ap- proaching round, slightly concave, margins incurved, entire, or here and there slightly toothed, lower lobe strap-shaped, diagonally pressed to the surface of the upper, plane, margins recurved and entire. Colour, deep or blackish green, opaque. Pericha^tial leaves like the cauline, but smaller, and the lobule proportionately larger, two to each calyx, stipules adpressed, oblong ovate. 44. 45- 62 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC/E. or ligulatc, marL;"in recurved and entire (fig. 43). Cal)'x ovate, compressed and flat, then erect, cylin- drical, mouth truncate, serrate, deep notch on one side, half its length (figs. 44, 45). Capsule pale yellow brown. Elaters bispiral. — {Plate 2, fig. 18.) Porella rivularis, N. Branches simply pinnate, leaves entire, ovate, obtuse, decurved, shortly auriculate, auricule sometimes discrete, stipules semi- lunate, decurrent. Perianth two-lipped, mouth crenate. Madothcca rivularis, Nees Eur. Leb. 3, p. 196; Gott. and Rab. Exs. No. 371 ; Cooke Hep. f. 142. Porella rivularis, Carr. and Pears. Exs. 131. On stones in streams. Tufts wide, loose, dark green, the younger shoots of a lively green. Stem, I to 2 inches long, irregularly branched, scarcely pinnate, branches short, patent. Leaves oblong-rounded, some- times a little narrower at the top, quite entire (fig. 46), their structure densely and minutely cellular. The lower lobe is more minute, in proportion to the upper, than in any of its congeners, the .stipules are scarcely wilder than the stem. — Taylor. {Plate 2, flo. /p.) 46. HANDIiOOK OF liRiriSlI 11 KI'.\'IIC/K. 63 Porella thuja, Dick^. Caespitose, stem ascending, subpinnately branched, above convex, smooth, leaves closely imbricated, lower lobe spreading, elongated, recurved, entire; interior ovate, rather obtuse, margin reflexed; stipules oblong, acute, entire, margin reflexed, recurved at the apex ; pcri- cha^tial lateral, emergent, leaves larger, ciliately serrate. JungODiaiuiia thuja, Dicks. Cr^^pt. 4, p. 19; 'ra3dor Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. 11., 116. MadotJieca thiija^ Dumort. Comm., p. 111. Porella thitjay Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 46. Jungermannia platyphylla v. thuja, Hook. Jung. t. 40, fig. On stones by lake sides. Tufts wide, olive green, the older parts purplish brown, shining, the shoots acuminated. In plants with pcrichaitia the branches are very short. It ma}' be known h'om P. platyphylla hy its greater size, its shining surface, its acuminate shoots, its denser structure, its perichaetia prominent beyond the stem leaves, its pericha^tial leaves larger, wider, more di- vergent, and always ciliately-serrate, its divisions less regularly pinnate, the closer imbrication of the leaves, and the more patent position of their inferior lobes. — Taylor. [Plate 2, jig. 20.) Porella pinnata, Z/W. Stems irregularly- pinnate, or subdichoto- 64 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. mous!}^ branched. Leaves slightl}" ad pressed, ovate-oblong, plane or indistinctly decurved at the apex, margin quite entire, lobule minute, plane not decurved, spreading from the stem ; stipules adpressed to the stem, slightly decurrent, obtuse rotundate. Porella piunata, Lindb. Moore Ir. Crypt. 619 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 132. Jungcr- uiannia Cordcaua, Hub. Hep. Germ. 291. Madotheca porella^ Nees Eur. Leb. 3, 201 ; Cooke Hep, fig. 146. On wet stones, trunks, &c. var. ft densa. Branches shorter; leaves larger, contiguous and plane, or imbricated, and rather convex, lobule obtuse. — Dicks. Linn. Trans. HI., t. 20, f. i. Stems 2 to 4 inches long, pinnately branched, the forked branches spreading, leaves dis- tantly placed, the lower lobe smallest (fig. 47), pressed to the stem and flat. Stipules rather square. Mouth of the perianth with small round notches. — {Plate 2, fig. 21.) 47- Sub-tribe HI. PTILIDE/E. Female flowers either alv^^ays on the stem or on a lateral branch (never postical), longer or shorter, terminal. Leaves incubous, or HANDBOOK OF HRITISH HEPATICiE. 65 succubous, leaflets (always present) nearly of equal size, conforming-, bi- or multi-fid. There can be no doubt of the close relationship of the plants combined in this group, their most obvious character being the equably tristichous cloven leaves, whereof the postical are nearly, or quite as large as the lateral, and are never absent in any species. The polyphyllous female involucres always borne either on the apex of the stem or of a side branch — never on a postical branch, although such branches exist in, at least, two genera — afford another good and very constant character. — Spruce. Genus 6. PTILIDIUM, Nees. Involucre tv^o to three leaved, leaves appressed, two or three lobed, divided, elon- gated ciliate; perianth twice as long as the perichaetium, clavate, inflated, rather plicate at the apex ; mouth contracted, toothed ; capsule four-valved, coriaceous, naked; elaters gemin- ate, naked, deciduous. Ptilidinm, Nees Eur. Leb. (1833) I., p. 95. Blepliarozia, Dumort. Syll. p. 46. Stipulate, leaves incurrent, two-lobed, condupli- catc. Ptilidium ciliare, Z/««., Diun. Stem procumbent, pinnate, branches alter- F 66 HANDliOOK OF PRITISH HEPATIC^. nate, distichous; leaves bifarious, conduplicate, two-lobed, ciliatc, auricle bifid ; stipules lobate; perianth lateral, obovate, mouth plicate, contracted, torn and toothed. Lichcnastriun scorpioidcs, Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 481, t. 69, f. 3. Jnngermmmia ciliaris, Linn. Sp. 1601 ; Eng. Bot. t. 2241 ; Hook. Br. Jung. No. 65. Ptilidinin cihare, Nees Eur. Leb. p. 117; Gott. and Rab. Exs. 9, 197; Carr. and Pears. Exs. 127A, 1270; Cooke Hep. fig. 132, 135. Blcpharozia ciliaris, Dum. Rev. Jung. p. 16. On heaths, &c. Growing in densely matted purplish - brown patches. Stems i to 2 or 3 inches long, procum- bent, or rarely sub- ^s^\\\l\ ^43^^^'^^ erect, flexuous,thrcad- ^ f t^'t^/^ ^^^^^' ^^'^^^ rather dis- ^^^^\^ r^l^ tant alternate pinn?e, '^'S^ (fig- 48), which are ^^^^ spreading and usually 4^vr— simple, sometimes •*^4^ branched. Leaves A^tr^ more or less densely crowded, bifarious, imbricating over the upper surface of the stem (fig. 49), not sensibly diminishing in size. They arc roundish or subquadrate, distinctly divided into two unequal lobes, upper one the largest, convex, and cleft for about half its length into two rather acute seg- 48. 49. FFANDnooK or MRITISIi HKPATIC/T<:. 67 incnls ; the lesser lobe ne.irl)' pl;iiie, and not more than one-third the size of the otlier, in Hkc man- ner divided into two lanceohite acnte set^mcnts, the \vh(-)Ie elei^antly bordered with loni; capillary, 50- flexuose cih'a (fig. 50), rarely forked, and jointed throughout ; brownish- green or purplish- brown. Stipules quad- rate, broader than the stem, adpressed, unequally lobed at the end, along the whole \ fringed with cilia, which are narrower than on the leaves(fig. 51). Perichae- tial leaves, two or three at the base of each calyx, closely adpressed, widely ovate, cut into two or three unequal seg- ments, and ciliate along the margin. Calyx thin and delicate, obovate, mouth small, much contracted, unequally toothed, capsule ovate, dark brown. F 2 margm long 51- 68 HANDBOOK OF IJRITISH HEPATIC/K Ptilidium Woodsii, Dnm. Stem piocumbent, two to three pinnate, leaves bifarious, two-lobed, spinulosely den- tate, minute linear auricle at the base; stipules ovate, bipartite, dentate, base spurred on both sides. Jnngennannia Woodsii, Hook. Br. Jung. . Bot. Suppl. t. 2668 ; Mackay 66. Sendtnera Woodsii, Gott. Eng No. 66 Fl. Hib. II and Rab. Exs. 367, 490; Cooke Hep. f. 131. Mastigophora Woodsii, Nees Eur. Leb. 3, 93. Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 128, 271. Bleplia- rozia Woodsii, Dum. Rev. Jung. p. 16. On Irish mountains. Growing in large densely crowded patches, stems procumbent, 3 to 5 or 6 inches long, flexuous, thread-like, once or twice dichotomous, ^-fyt^u/^. beset throughout with 1/ 1^ rather distant spread 14 ^ i" 52. g pinnae, which are cither simple or again pinnate, dirty brown. Leaves closely placed, in the extreme ramuli, at the apex, largest in the rest gradually smaller, everywhere imbricate, and bifarious ; round or subquadrate, of two un- equal lobes, the upper the largest, convex, divided for half its length by an acute sinus into two ovate HANDP.oDK or I'.Riiisii iiij'Aric.^-:. 69 sci^mcnls, beset at the nKir.L;in with variously sized, rutlier laij^j, spiiuilosc teeth ; inferior lobe very minute and oblong, niari^nn nearly entire. Colour pmplish-brown, stipules very large, broader than the stem, widely ovate, cleft into two spiny-toothed sesj^ments, with a rcflexed spur at the base (fi£(. Genus 7. HERBERTA, Gray. Involucre many-leaved, leaves connate at the base, deeply two-lobcd ; perianth none, calyptra included ; capsule four-valved, cori- aceous, naked ; elaters double, naked, decidu- ous. Gray Arr. /., 705. Schisma, Diiniort. Hep. Eur., t. 4, f. 38, See Spruce, Hep. Amaz. P- 340. Herberta adunca, Dicks. Stem erect, flexuous ; leaves quadrifarious, falcate, secund, elongated, bipartite ; laciniae awl-shaped, long, acuminate, straight, entire at the base. J luigcrmaiinia adunca, Dicks. Crypt. III., p. 12, t. 8. Juiigerinanuia junipcrina v. adunca, Hook. Br, Jung. t. 4. Sc/u'snuj aduncani^ Dumort. Comm. p. 116. Scndtncra adunca, Gott. and Rab. Exs. 210; Carr. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. VH., 454; Cooke Hep. f. 130. Herberta adunca, Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 42. 70 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC/E. AmonL;st rocks, in dense crowded tufts. Tufts several inches broad. Sterns reddish brown, 2 or 3 to 5 inches long, flexuous, simple, or rarely slightly branched, Leaves in four rows, thickly im- bricated, or more scattered, fal- cate, lanceolate, divided nearly three parts down by an acute sinus into two equal, entire, acu- minate segments (fig. 53), pale yellow brown, rigid. Involucral leaves numerous, crowded, united at their base, acuminate segments alone free, calyx ovate, plicate. Calyptra ovate, white. Capsule dark brown, quadrivalvate. Elaters bispiral. var. strauiinea Diini. Leaves ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, segments erect, lanceolate, colour darker brown, or almost black. — Schisfua stramiiiea) Dumort. Hep. Eur. On Scotch mountains. 53- Genus 8. TRICHOLEA, Dumort Livolucre none ; perianth erect, stipitate, free, tubulose, terete, covered everywhere with hairs ; apex truncate, undivided, without teeth, mouth open, circular; capsule four- valved, coriaceous, naked ; elaters double, naked, deciduous. Diini. SylL, t. 1,/ 8. (1831). Hep. Eiir., t. 3, / 29. Plants stipulate, leaves incurrent, multifid, cut into hair-like segments. 11AN1)1U)0K. OK llRiriSH llKI'.Vl'lCit. 71 Tricholea tomentella, I'-'hr. Stems dichotomous, thrice pinnate, leaves hair-like, multifid ; stipules transversal, sub- quadrate, four-partite, setaceous, multifid. Jnngcrmanniatomcntclla, Ehr. Beitr. II., 150. Dicks. Crypt. II., 14; Eng. Bot. t. 2242. Hook. Br. Jung. t. 36. TricJiocolca tomcntclla, Nees. Eur. III., 1057; Gott. and Rab. Exs. 52, 272; Cooke Hep. f. 129. Tricholea to- mcntdla, Dumort. Comm. p. 113; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 10, 11. On moist rocks. (Fr. March and June.) Forming dense tufts, sometimes several feet in diameter, of a very pale glaucous green colour, and tomcntosc habit. Stems 2 to 6 ^ inches long and flexuous, pri- mary branches stout and forked, secondary alternately pinnate, spreading, often with shorter pinnules. Leaves spreading, much divided and subdivided into numerous hair-like scg- mcnts, so as to give the plant a V^H^jM woolly appearance (fig. 54). "^Si^-IJIIj ^ Stipules subquadrate, and ^/^Vs 1 W^^^i^' ciHcitc, between each pair '^•^f -^^V^ of leaves {b). Inflorescence dioicous. Involucre clothed 54- with tomentose bracts. PistiUidia very numerous. Capsule deep purple brown, striate. Spores darl< brown. Ehiters bispiral. Male shoots more \ 72 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC/E. slender. Perii^^onial leaves terminal. Antheridia large, solitary, deep green, pedicellate. Genus 9. ANTHELIA, Dumort. Perichaetium many-leaved, everywhere im- bricate ; perichaetial leaves palmate ; perianth sessile, erect, cylindrical, plicate at the apex, mouth toothed ; capsule four-valved, coria- ceous, naked ; elaters double, naked, decidu- ous.— Dinnort. Rev, Jung. p. 18 (1835). Hep. Eur. p. 97, t. 3,/ 23. Plants without stipules, leaves transversal, divided, bipartite or palmate. Anthelia julacea, Limi. Stem erect, branched, leaves quadrifarious, incumbent, ovate, acutely bifid, segments lanceolate ; perichaetial leaves everywhere imbricate, palmate ; stipules none, perianth cylindrical, plicate at the apex. Jniigermaunia julacea, Linn. Sp. 1601 ; Hook. Br. Jung. No. 2 ; Engl. Bot. t. 1024 ; Gott. and Rab. Exs. No. 126, 152, 467; Cooke Hep. 1. 103. Anthelia julacea, Dumort. Rev. Jung. p. 18 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 35- In dense patches, in mountainous districts. \dv. gracilis, Hook. Jung. fig. 3 and 15. HANIJIHJOK (H- I'.RiriSM HKI'AIIC/K. 73 (^'i^;- 55) Stem slender, rather long; leaves distant. Barren steins procumbent, fertile erect h inch to li inch, dirty brown colour, more or less branchini^. Leaves imbricated and adpressed, concealing the stem, erect, nearly ovate, flat, acutely cleft about three-fourths of length into two equal segments, which are lanceolate, acuminate, margins ob- scurely serrate. Perichaitial leaves surround the calyx for nearl\- a third of its height, the interior quadripartite, the exterior resembling those of the stem 55- but larger. Calyx plicate above, toothed or torn at the margin and paler. Calyptra ovate, dirty white. Capsule globose, shining, dark brown. Elaters bispiral. Anthelia Juratzkiana, Limpr. Minute. Stems creeping, branched, branches short and clavate ; leaves trifarious, deeply bifid, segments lanceolate ; perichaetial leaves deeply incised and dentate ; perianth deeply plicate, mouth a little contracted, and dentate. Jungcrmaiuiia Juratzkiana, Limpr. Krypt. Fl. Schles. p. 288. Jiingcnnaunia julacca v. clavnligera, G. L. and N, Syn. Hep. 147. Anthelia Juratzkiana, Limp. 1. c. p. 436. In al[Mne regions. (Fr. July.) Minute, monoicous. Growing in (lat dense en- 74 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC/E. tangled tufts 2-4 mm. high, of a blue green colour, brownish below, stems creeping, ascending, rigid, crowded, with short radicles beneath; branches short and clavate. Leaves compressed, trifarious, deeply bifid, some more expanded, shorter and broader. Cells quadrate, rectangular, rarely 5-6 angled, thin walled. Cuticle distinctly granular. Male involucral leaves two to four pairs, com- pressed, a little concave, very broad, mostly in- cised one-third of their length. Antheridia beneath the archegonia at the end of the stem or innovations, round, simple on very short peduncles. Female involucral leaves longer, deeply incised, and dis- tinctly dentate. Perianth scarcely higher than the involucre, egg-shaped, deeply plicate, the mouth a little contracted and finely dentate. Archegonia, three to five. — {Plate 2, fig. 28.) Anthelia setiformis, Ehr. Stem erect, nearly simple, leaves bifarious, closely incumbent, palmate, base two-spurred, segments spinulosely toothed ; stipules mi- nute, very rarely bifid ; perianth cylindrical, axillary or terminal. J iingermannia setiformis, Ehr. Beitr, III., p. 80; Hook. Br. Jung. No. 20; Mart. Erl. p. 45, t. 4, f. 18 ; Gott. and Rabh. Exs. No. 96, 252 ; Cooke Hep. f. 89. Anthelia setifoiiuis, Dumort. Rev. Jung. p. 18; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 120, 121. In mountain districts. HANDBOOK OF 13RIT1SH HEPATIC^. 75 Growiim in dense niatted tufts some inches broad. Stems 2 to 3 inches lonj;-, slender, of a red- dish-brown colour, erect, simple, or ir. irregularly dichotomous. Leaves bi- /'/ farious, erect ; adpressed, so closely im- bricate as to conceal the stem, quadrate but broader than long, somewhat em- K\J bracing, divided from the apex to one- fifth of the base into four equal lanceolate, erect segments, which arc keeled on their inner surface, and fur- rowed on the outer ; margins recurved, here and there beset with unequal strong teeth, generally pointed dow^n wards. The texture rigid and brittle when dry. Colour pale yellowish brown. Fericha^tial leaves larger than the rest, the divisions more numerous, margins more recurved, and teeth larger, and more abun- dant. Calyx oblong, plicate, mouth toothed, but not contracted (fig. 56). Anthelia filum, Dumort. Stem erect, nearly simple ; leaves bifarious, closely incumbent, palmate, two-spurred at the base, segments entire, stipules none. Jungennannia sctifoniiis (^ alpiiia, Hook. Br. Jung. t. 20, f. I, 3, 4. Jiingennanuia filiiui, Dumort. Syll. Jung. p. 64. Anthelia filiiui, Dumort. Rev. Jung. p. 18; Hep. Eur. [). 98. Amoncrst moss. This differs from A)itkelia sctiforinis in the 76 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC/E. leaves beini; divided to within one-third of the base, with the margins quite entire. It is a smaller species and more of an olive green. Sub-tribe IV. TRIGONANTHEAL, Spruce. Fertile female branches in many, not in all, on the back side. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, from the often broad, truncate apex more or less deeply two to four (rarely six) dentate, lobate ; margin for the most part entire, plane or incurved (never recurved) ; flowers constant on posterior branches ; elaters dispiral. This sub-tribe is, with very rare exceptions, well distinguished from the two preceding ones by the female flowers being hypogenous, or postical, usually on a branch shortened down to the floral envelopes alone. Not only are the female branches mostly postical, but normally leafy branches, having the same origin, exist in nearly every genus ; and in some genera all the branches— leafy, floriferous and radicelliferous — are solely postical. The trigonous perianth (with the third angle on the under side), usually so constricted upwards as to end in a narrow pyramid, prevails nearly throughout the TrigonantJiecB. The equably tristichous foliage, which with few exceptions prevails throughout the PtilidiccC, has no parallel in l^rigonanthece, and rarely any approach to it. — Spruce. ll.\NI>i;()OK OF UK I IIS 1 1 ilKIwriCF. 77 (;knu.s io. PLEUROZIA, niimorf. Involucre two-leaved, leaves deeply two- lobed, the upper broad and convolute. Peri- anth long, cylindrical, mouth denticulate, apex- plicate and decurved. Capsule four-valved, coriaceous, naked. Elaters geminate, naked, deciduous. — Dumort. Rev. Jiuig. (1835),/). 15. Physiotium, Nees Eur. Leb. (1838), III., 75. Leaves without stipules, lower auriculate, the auricles inflated. Pleupozia cochleariformis, Weiss., Dtwwrt. Leaves rounded, shell-shaped, convex, bifid at the apex, serrate, auricle oblong-ovate, inflated. Perianth subcylindrical, mouth dentate. Lichcnastniin alpimim, Dill. Muse. 479, t. 69, fig. I . Jungennannia cochleariformis, Weiss. Crypt. 123; Eng. Bot. t. 2500; Hook. Br. Jung. No. 68. Physiotium cochlcariforme, Nees Eur. Leb. p. 79 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 40, 41 ; Cooke Hep. f. 127, 128. Pleurozia cochleariformis, Dum. Rev. Jung. p. i 5 ; Dum. Hep. Eur. p. 52. In bogs on Alpine moors. Growing in large loosely-tangled patches, many inches broad, stems procumbent, but, when crowded, erect, 4 to 6 inches long, flcxuous, simple, or here yS HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC/E. and there innovant, yellowish-brown (fic^. 57). Leaves closely placed and imbricated altematel\- over the whole upper surface, concealing the stem, convex, distichous, apices incurved and turned one way, as do occasionally the whole of the leaves when fresh, always when dry ; form roundish or ovate, upper margin, near its insertion upon the stem, fur- nished with one or two spiny processes or teeth, at the apex divided by an acute cy 58. sinus into two serrated lobes. At the lower base is the auricle, an ovate inflated pouch-like appendage, one-fourth the size of the leaf Colour of a fine purple towards the apex, browner at the base, auricles greenish-brown (fig. 58). Genus n. BAZZANIA, Gray. Involucre many-leaved, leaves everywhere imbricate, scale-like, undivided, margin serru- late. Perianth sessile, erect, elongate, terete or rather triangular, longer than the calyptra, apex split and strap-like, mouth toothed. Capsule four - valved, coriaceous, naked ; elaters double, naked, deciduous. — GrayArr.L, 704. Pleurochisma, Diimort. Hep. Eur., t. 3. /. 25. JIANDP.OOK OF llRlTISir H KPATIC/E. 79 Plants stipulate, rarely without stipules, leaves incurrcut, divndecl. "The species of this c^enus are a standinc^ puzzle to hcpaticologists. They are all so alike in habit, and in their more obvious characters, that a casual observer would unhesitatinc^ly refer them to the same genus; but when we try to define the species, we find it difficult to assic^n them positive limits." — Spruce Hep. Aniaz. p. j6S. Bazzania trilobata, Linn. Stem creeping, branched, leaves imbricate, convex, ovate, apex truncate, three-toothed, stipules broadly quadrate, three to five toothed, six times shorter than the leaves. Jungcrmannia trilobata, Linn. Sp, I599- Hook. Br. Jung. t. 76; Gott. and Rab. Exs. 18, 280. Jungcrmannia radicans, Hoffm. Eng. Bot. t. 2232. Ma$tigobrynm trilobatmn, Nees Syn. Hep. 231; Cooke Hep. f. 125. Plcuro- chisnia trilobatum, Dumort. Syll. Jung. p. 70. Daozania trilobata, Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 39, 187. In mountainous districts. Growing in large dense patches, sometimes ex- ceeding a foot. Stems 3 to 5 inches long, creeping horizontally upon the ground, sometimes simple, innovant, at others dichotomously branched, brownish. Flagellae about an inch long, from the 8o HANDBOOK OF IIRITISH HEPATIC^. under side of the stem, numerous, beset with minute scales, jaj^gcd at the apex. Leaves more or less close and imbricate, \ horizontal, in two rows, atten- uated, ovate, cut at the apex into three obtuse teeth ; surface a little shining, olive green. Pericha^tial leaves embracing the base of the calyx, com- posed of small ovate scales jagged at the apex. Calyx oblong, narrower upwards, 59. mouth slit on one side, desti- tute of teeth, nearly white. Capsule ovate, dark shininc: brown. Elaters bispiral (fig. 59). Bazzania triangularis, Schl. Stem creeping, branched, leaves imbricate, obliquely ovate, convex, apices crenate in front, stipules orbicular, emarginate and dentate, plane. Jungermannia triangularis, Schleich. II., No. 61. Jxingermannia deflexa, Mart. ErI. t. 3, f. 8. Pleiirochisma deflcxitm, Dumort. Syll. Jung. 71. Mastigobryiim dejiexiim, Nees Syn. Hep. 231 ; Cooke Hep. f. 126. Bazzania triangularis, Carr. in sched. var. o tricrcnata, Nees. Stem branched, branches not divergent, leaves imbricate, HANDHOOK OK HRHISH H FCl'A I IC/K. 8 I ovate-falcate, dceiirved arcuatcly from th<- base, apex tliree-toothed, stipules repaiid, crenate. Jmii^rniKiuiiia tnlohata, ft minor, Hook, juiii;-. t. 76. Jmiiirrniajiuia tricrcnata, Wahl. Fl. Carp. p. 364. Bazzania tricrcnata, (Jarr. and Pears. Exs. 122, 123, 266. Mastigohryuni dcflcxuni « tricrcuatitiu^ Carr. Irish Crypt. var. ft iimovaiis, Nees Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 1 24. One or two slender innovations from the apex, the lower branches now and then llagellatel}^ attenuated, leaves entire or deeply tridentate, with oblique unequal teeth, stipules convex, entire or deepl}^ bifid. Mastigobiyimi deflcxuni, var. ft 2, iuuovans, Nees G. L. and N., Syn. Hep. p. 232. Stem furcately or alternately branched, leaves very much de- flexed, cordate-ovate or oblong- ovate, falcate, dorsal margin arcu- 60. ate, narrow at the apex, either two or three toothed, or entire with the teeth quite entire ; stipules approximate, quadrate-rounded, margin above either bifid or crenate or entire ; perianth cylindrical, arcuate, plicate at the apex, mouth denticulate and split (fig. 60). 82 HANDBOOK OF BRniSH TTFl'ATIC/E. Bazzania Donniana, Hook. Stem erect, nearly simple, flexuous; leaves falcate-secunci, triangularly ovate, margin re- volute, bidentate at the apex ; stipules none ; perianth terminal, ovate, plicate, mouth laci- niate. Jungcrmannia Donninna, Hook. Br. Jung. No. 39 ; Eng. Bot. t. 2566 ; Cooke Hep. f. 84. Juugeiiuauuia frilohata^ var. Hook. Fl. Scot. H., 117. Plciiroscliisiua Donuiaiuiiii. Diimort. S^'ll. Jung. p. 72. Amongst moss on Mountains. Growing" in small loose tufts. Stems i to 2 or 3 inches long, erect, thread-like, flex- uous, but fragile, purplish-brown, simple, or with one or two scattered shoots. Leaves closely imbricated, bifarious, oblong ovate, very concave, margin often incurved (fig. 61), slightly decurrent at the base, divided at the apex by an acute sinus, which is often concealed by overlapping, forming two small ob- tuse teeth, deep purplish brown. Cah'x ovate, plicate above, with a slightly-toothed mouth. Genus 12. KANTIA, Gray. In\-olucrc none ; pcriantii affixed laterally HANDISOOK ())■ i;klll>ll II I'.l'A I l(/l«:. 83 1)\- th(' iiinrgin of the apex, saccate, pendulous, mouth funnel-shaped, lobate, everywhere hairy with erect setae, l)earded at insertion ; capsule spiral, naked, four-valved, valves spirally contorted ; elaters double, naked, de- ciduous.— Gray Arr. I., 706 (ii"t. I lop. Vaw. p. 92. On rotten trunks and sand rocks. Tufts shallow, extensive, olive brown ; stems rigid, terete, flexuosc, catenulate ; leaves scarcely l:)roader than the stem, roundish quad- rate, upper ones erect, lower semi- vertical, secund, all concave, adpres- sed (fig. 70), divided about half way b\' a rather obtuse sinus, the seg- ments acute. Fruit terminal, on short branches, perichajtial leaves 1-2-3- fid, adpressed, entire. Perianth lan- ceolate, trigonous, apex minutely toothed ; capsule elliptical, brown. As to the identit}' o{ Jiiugcnuannin rcclusa (Tayl.) and Ccphalozia catcuu- lata (Hub.), Dr. Carrington and Dr. Spruce appear to hav^e entertained no doubt, see notes by the former, on '* Irish Cryptogams," in which appears Spruce's decision on the subject. var. 7 pallida, Spr. Pale green or 3'ellowish, branched, with siibfastigiate branches, leaves subdecurrent, split one-third to one-half, segments obtuse, cells a little larger, bracts quite entire. — Spruce Ccphalozia, p. 33. 70. Cephalozia multiflora, Spruce. Bright or pale green ; stems branched, rather compressed, plane above, convex below; leaves small, rhomboid, rounded, bifid g6 HANDBOOK OF I'.RITISH HEPATIC/E. oiie-tliird ; dioicous; bracts tristiclioiis, bifid or trifid ; mature perianth trigonous, mouth constricted and toothed, fleshy. Jiuigeniiannia conuivrus v. laxa and sphag- noriun, Nees. /. connivcns v. synibolica, Gott. and Rab. Exs. 62, 64. Juugerniannia hictis- pidata /? gracilliiua, Nees Hep. Eur. Ccpha- lozia niultiflora, Spruce Cephalozia p. 38 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. 114, 173, 174, 251. On shad}' licath}' banks, and on trunks. — {P/atc 2, Dioicous, cladocarpous, without flagellar, bright or paHid green, densely and dcpressedly caes- pitose, or creeping amongst SpJiag^ium, pros- trate, branched, sometimes subpinnate, branches radicellose, ascending. Stems subcompressed, plane above, convex below. Leaves small, rather imbricate, in sterile plant distant, ascending, rhom- boid rounded, decurved in front, bifid one third, sinus obtuse, rarely lunate, segments connivent, acute or subacuminatc, cellules medium sized, pellucid, quad- rate hexagonal, inferior rather largest. Flowers dioicous, females terminal on short branches. Bracts tristichous, oblong, rounded, bifid for one-third, rarely trifid, or twice bifid, segments acute, entire, bracteoles similar, sometimes connate with the bracts. Perianth linear-fusiform, triplicate when young, when adult three-angled at the apex, mouth rather constricted, toothed or setulose, flcs]n\ Calyptra twice as short, globose-oval, fleshy. Cap- sule oblongcylindrical. Spores cinnamon. Andraecia at the apex of the branches, l)racts subsecund, equal HAXDnOOK OF I'.RITISir IIKPATir/K. 97 in size to tlic leaves, hi fid half \va}-, antheridia solitary. var. P data, Spruce. Larger, pallid green, more branched, leaves denser, segments longer, acuminate, incurved. Cephalozia bicuspidata, Li?i?i. Stem creeping, branched ; leaves incum- bent, lax, subquadrate, bicuspidate, with an acute sinus ; perichaetial leaves 2-3-fid, every- where imbricate ; stipules none ; perianth terminal on lateral branches, cylindrical. Jiingeruiannia bicuspidata, Linn. Sp. 1589; Hook. Br. Jung. pi. 11 ; Eng. Bot. t. 1304, 2239; Gott. and Rabh. Exs. 74, 191, 289, 308, 309, 353; Cooke Hep. f. 95, 96. Cephalozia bicuspidata, Dumort. Rev. Jung, p. 18 ; Lindb. Linn. Journ. XHL, 91 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 112, 113, 175, 253. On moist hedge banks and heaths. (Fr. Spring.) Growing in large tufts, loosely attached, pale green. Stems procumbent, flexuous, I to I J inch long, branching in a ra- diate manner. Leaves rather distant, spreading or nearly erect (fig. 71), oblong quadrate, divided one-third or more by an acute sinus into two lanceolate equal acute seg- ments, now and then a little in- curved. Perichaetial leaves numer- ous and closely imbricated, the in- 98 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC/E. tcrior the lar^^cst, j^cncrally aciitcl)' l^ifid, the ex- terior frequently trifid, the points some- times recurved. Calyx oblong, longi- tiidinall)' plicate, mouth irregularly toothed. Calyptra ovate, whitish. Cap- sule deep brown, longitudinally and transversely furrowed (fig. 72). Elaters bispiral. This exceedingly variable species has been met with in Britain under the following forms :^ Sect. A.^ — Leaves of the sterile branches more or less distant. var. a vulgaris. Leaves broader than the diameter of the branches, plane, sub- distichous. form * major. form *^ patens. Laciniae of the lower leaves divergent, var. /? rigidida. Leaves equal to the diameter of the branch, rather rigid, concave, spreading, bifid to the middle, the laciniae divergent. Sect B. — Leaves of the sterile branches closely imbricate, hence more or less jula- ceous. var. ^ ctirvifolia, Hook. Jung. t. xvi. Perianth frequently obovate, or more inflated than usual. var. y cricctorum, Nees (exclusive of /. reclusa). Sterile branches short. IIANDI'.OOK ()l i'.RiriSlI IIKr.\riC/E. 1)9 depressed, or somewhat erect, rather rigid. var. tcnuiraiiia, Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 252. Spruce cites two varieties : — var. I graiidiflora, Spruce. Luxuriant, female bracts large, squarrosely re- curved, often distinctly laciniate. var. 2 sctiilosa, Spruce. Small; leaves small, lobes subapiculate, mouth of perianth setulose, laciniae of bracts broadl}^ subulate, acuminate, with one or two spines on either side. Cephalozia Lammersiana, Hul^. Colour whitish or lurid, flagella rare ; branches stout; leaves very concave, rigid, subdistichous, spreading, approximate ; in- florescence dioicous ; female flowers terminal on long branches. Cephalozia Lammersiana, Hub. Hepat. Germ, p. 165 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 254, 255, 256 ; Spruce Ceph. p. 43. Cephalozia bicns- pidata var. Lammersiana^ Auct. funger- mannia bicnspidata, Eng. Bot. t. 2239. In swampy places, &.c. Differs from C. bicnspidata in being two or three times higher, colour whitish or lurid, never roseate ; flagellar none or very rare, laciniic of the leaves H 2 TOO HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. more unequal and acuminate, stipules more frequent chiefl}' on male plants. Inflorescence dioicous, female ahva}-s terminal on elonf;ated branches ; lateral bracts more deeply cut, laciniaj entire. Perianth larger. — {Plate 6, fig. 2^.) Spruce says that this can hardly be considered more than the dioicous and perfect form of CcpJia- lozia bicuspidata. Whether species, subspecies, or variety, it is easy to distinguish from bicuspidata by its much larger size, tufted growth, absence of flagella:^, dioicous, inflorescence, and the female flowers terminating long branches. Cephalozia connivens, Dicks. Stem creeping, branched, leaves accumbent, suborbicular, lunular-emarginate, bifid, laciniae incurved, connivent, perifchaetial leaves every- where imbricate, 3-4-fid, stipules none ; perianth terminal on lateral branches, ovate, mouth ciliate. Jungcrmannia connivens, Dicks. Crypt. IV., p. 19, t. II, f. 15; Hook. Br. Jung. No. 15 ; Eng. Bot. t. 2436; Gott. and Rabh. Exs. No. Ill, 175, 239, 380, 473; Cooke Hep. fig. 97. Blcpharostorna connivens, Dumort. Rev. Jung. p. 18. Cephalozia connivens, Lindb. Spruce Ceph. p. 46 ; Carr. and Pears. F'^xs. No. 1 17. In boggy places. (Fr. April, May.) TIANDI'.OOK OK in -17- 250, 232; Cooke Hep. f. 98, 99 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. 34. Cephalozia curvifolia, Dumort. Rev. Jung. 18; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 257, 258 ; Spruce Cephalozia P- 47- On dead wood, rocks, &c. Forming small loose patches of a deep purple colour. Stems i to f inch long, stellately branched, procumbent, flexuous, branches simple, or forked, delicate, flexible. Leaves rather closely placed, bifari- ous, remarkably concave, roundish, approaching to ovate, broader than long, divided half way down from the apex by a rather obtuse sinus, segments acuminate, incurved in a striking manner (figs. 74, 75). Cells oblong with a pellucid border (fig. y6). Pericha^tial leaves six or seven, resembling the rest, but the segments less acuminate, and not incurved. Calyx oblong or oblong-ovate, a little plicate above, mouth somewhat contracted, with a few short teeth. Capsule ovate, deep brown. Elaters bispiral. Dr. Carrington contends that this is the most distinct and least variable of all the bicuspidcite species. Eng. Bot. t. 1304, and Hooker's Jung, t. xvi., both represent states of C. bicuspidata . It occurs in neat compact strata, the stems 74- 75- HANDBOOK OF I'.RITISH liEPAIIC/t. I03 i;rcicilc, of cqiKil width throuL^hout, and from the convexity of the leaves looking Hkc strini^s of small beads. These have a silky lustre, and are usually of a briijht pink or claret colour, but sometimes pale <^reen. The leaves are vertical, unsymmetri- cal, cordate, broader than long, very convex, con- duplicate, gibbous posteriorly, with the margin indexed and tumid, bicornute, the ventral tooth not continuous with the border, but arising at some distance within it, segments long and curved liked the horns of an ox. The axillary leaves are cordate-lanceolate, and have only one tooth, while in the perichcetial leaves there are two shorter dentate segments. The texture is thin and silky, the areola: quadrate, discrete, surrounded by a pellucid border. Cephalozia Francisci, Hook. Stem rather erect, somewhat branched, leaves incumbent, ovate, acutely emarginate ; perichaitial leaves everywhere imbricate ; sti- pules ovate, bifid; perianth terminal on lateral branches, oblong-cylindrical. Jungermannia Francisci^ Hook. Br. Jung. No. 49; Eng. Bot. t. 2569; Mack. Hib. II., 64 ; Gott. and Rab. Exs. 503 ; Cooke Hep. f. 90. Cephalozia Francisci, Dum. Rev. Jung. p. 18; Lind. Journ. Linn. Soc. XIII., 191; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 176, 177; Spruce Cephalozia p. 49. I04 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HliPATICE. In moist places on the ground. (Fr. Spring.) Growing in small rather densely crowded patches of pale green colour, with a faint tinge of purple. Stems five to six lines long, slender, thread-like,flexuous, simple below, and usually bare, simple above or once or twice divided, with nar- row branches, usually erect, sometimes procumbent, pale 11- yellowish green. Leaves bifarious, alternate, more or less close, usually a little imbricated, erect or rather spreading, ovate, concave, cleft acutely from the apex, for about one-fourth, into two equal, somewhat obtuse, segments (fig. jy). Pericha^tial leaves seven or eight, increasing in size upwards to the insertion of the calyx, where they are twice or thrice the length of the cauline leaves, imbricated, oblong, subquadrate, concave or semi-cylindrical ; at the apex deeply notched, segments acute, sometimes divaricate. Stipules small, plane and adpressed, or projecting a little, ovate, cut by an acute sinus at the apex into two sharp segments. Calyx a little attenu- ated at the base, slightly narrowed above and plicate, mouth small and toothed. Capsule brown, quadrivalvular. Elaters bispiral. Cephalozia fluitans, Nees. Stem long, sometimes very long, rooting by numerous stout flagella, floating in water, branches all postical. Leaves distant, lax, pallid, long and narrow, under-leaves con- HANDBOOK OF HRITISII HKFATIC/E. 105 stantly present, inflorescence cladocarpoiis ; female bracts tristichous, toothed at thu base, innermost embracing the perianth, which latter is thin, linear-fusiform, trigonous. Jungcnnannia fluiians, Nees Syn. p. 129. Lindbg. Sp. p. 76. J iingermannia Francisci, Eno-. Bot. t. 2569. Gymnocolca inflata v. fluitaiis, Dum. Hep. Eur. 65. Ccphalozia 'fhiitans, Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 178, a b c, 259, 260; Spruce Cephalozia p. 50. In the wettest part of bogs. Dioicous, bright green, here and there rufous, rarely rosy. Stems elongate, 2 to 3 inches, laxly creeping, a little branched, rooting by rather short thick flagclla. Leaves assurgent, subsecund, distant, inserted obliquely, oval ovate or oblong, now and then rather cuneate at the base, a little concave, bilobate at the apex J - J way (sometimes trilobate) sinus narrow, acute, lobes unequal, postical largest, lanceolate, rather obtuse, margin repand, cellules rather large, hexagonal, stipules distant, adpressed to the stem, three times shorter than the leaves, six times as long as broad, linearbifid, lacinia^ of unequal length, margin I - 2 dentate. Flowers dioicous, bracts tristichous, inner erect, ovate, oblong, bi- lobed to the middle, lobes acute, i - 2 dentate at the base, outer three times smaller, unequally bidcntate, or falcate and entire. Perianth longer than involucre, oval -cylindrical, trigonous at the apex, mouth truncate, almost toothless. Capsule pellucid, purplish, oblong, with four linear lanceolate valves. Elaters bispiral. Spores minutely rough. Io6 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC.*:. Male catkins on postical branches. Antheridia solitary. — {Plate y, Jig. 6i.) Cephalozia heterostipa, Spmce. Stems stout, radicellose, bifurcate, branches postical and mostly flagelliform, leaves dis- tant below, crowded above, oblong, acutely bilobate, stipules small. Involucral bracts loosely imbricate, 3-4 lobed, mixed with smaller bracteoles. Perianth obscurely and obtusely trigonous above, mouth rather wide, six-lobed, lobes dentate. Cephalozia lieterostipa, Spruce Cephalozia p. 55. Jiingennannia inflata, Carr. in Gott. and Rabh. Exs. No. 172. Sarcoscyphus sphacelatus^ Hepp. in Gott. and Rab. Exs. 137. On wet rocks in mountains. Dioicous, depressedly ca^spitose, green turning reddish or bay, or sometimes orange, fragile. Stems 5^ to I inch, intricate, stout, flexuous, radi- cellose throughout their length, simple, or dichoto- mous. Leaves diagonally inserted, lower distant, spreading, oblong, or cuneate-oblong, rather acutely bilobed for one-third, lobes obtuse or rounded, upper leaves approximate and more or less imbri- cate, chiefly about the female flowers and forks of the stem deeper coloured, broader, cuneate, bilobed one-half, or sometimes 3-4 lobed, obtusely toothed ; cells 4-6 angled. Stipules small or minute, now and then obsolete, coloured, linear or subulate, entire, rarely bifid, segments HANDliOOK OF HRITISH HKPATIC/E. 1 07 LM-cct and narrow, sometimes witli the normal form are others as lonc^ as tlie leaves and falcate or ligulate. Female flowers terminal on the stem, pistillidia ten to sixteen, bracts loosely imbricate, concave, broader than lonc^, 3-4 lobed, bracteoles smaller, obliquely ovate lanceolate, entire or bilobate. Perianth emersed, green, pear- shaped, rather compressed, obscurely trigonous, mouth shortly six-lobed, the lobes dentate, teeth of equal size. — {Plate j, fig. 6^.) Sub-Genus. ODONTOCHISMA, Spruce. Cephalozia sphagni, l^uks. Stem serpentine; leaves erect, orbiculate, entire ; perichaetial leaves oblong, two-lobed, stipules lanceolate, none on sterile stems, on fertile or gemmae bearing stems ovate. Jiingcrmannia sphagni, Dicks. Crypt. I., p. 6, t. I, f. 10 ; Eng. Bot. t. 2470; Hook. Br. Jung. No. 33. Sphagnoccvtis cojiiuiiinis, Nees Syn. Hep. p 148; Cooke Hep. f. 104, 105. Odoiitochisma sp/iagni, Dumort. Rev. Jung. 19; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 181. Cephalozia sphagni, Spruce Hep. Amaz. p. 400. Marshy places amongst Sphagnuin. Growing in loose patches, or straggling. Stems 2 to 4 inches, procumbent, filiform, flexuous, simple. or with short innovations, radicles numerous, combined with thicker and larger opaque rootlets lo8 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC/E. 2 to 3 inches long. Leaves in two rows, alternate, close together and overlapping, erect or spreading, rarely horizontal, orbicular, concave on the upper side, colour yellow brown or pale green (figs. 78, 79). Stipules on the gemmiferous shoots, oblong, or strap-shaped, obtuse, entire, near the ex- tremity of the shoots emarginate. Perichaitial leaves, uppermost, the largest, oblong ovate, cut 78. 79. into five or six toothed segments, the receding ones smaller and less divided, at length nearly entire, and rounded. Calyx oblong, attenuated each way, semi-pellucid, slightly plicate, mouth contracted and a little toothed. Gemmae abundant in October and November. Cephalozia denudata, Nees. Stem procumbent, branched, flagelliferous branches ascending ; leaves subvertical, con- nivent above, orbiculate, entire, decurrent about the apex ; stipules numerous. J luigermannia dcmidata Nees. in Mart. Erl. p. xiv. Jiingermannia scalaris /3 dcmidata, Mart. Erl. t. 6, f. 58 b. Odontocliisina denudata, Dumort. Rev. Jung. p. 19; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 69, 182, 183. Jinigcnnaniiia spJiagJii, Hook. Br. Jung. Supp. t. 2. Ccpha- lozia sphagni, Spruce Hep. Amaz. p. 402. On trunks. HANunooK or I'.Ririsn ni:i'AriC/F.. 109 Similar {n C. Sphai^ni^ but smaller, rcfldish or vcri^ini;' on i)urplc or violet. Stem rather short, prostrate, intricately branched, flaj^elliferous, attached, by villosc radicles, branches ascending, naked at the base, leaves increasing in size to the middle, then diminishing to the apex. Leaves almost of the same form as in C. SpJiagiii^ broadly ovate or rounded ovate, oblique, obscurely de- current, subconcave. Stipules on the stem minute, ovate, and scale-like; larger above, rounded oval. Flowers dioicous, bracts of female flowers equal to the median leaves, apex recurved, bifid, entire or toothed. Perianth three times longer than the leaves, narrowly fusiform, three-cornered, connivent at the apex, shortly fimbriate, at length dehiscing irregularly. — {Plate 6, fig. 7^.) Subgenus. CEPHALOZIELLA. Spruce. Cephalozia divaricata, Sm. Stems creeping, fertile shortened ; leaves complicate, concave, somewhat rounded, semi- bifid, laciniae divergent ; stipules lanceolate awl-shaped, bifid ; perianth cylindrical, trun- cate, plicate. Jnngcrmannia divaricata^ Eng. Bot. t. 719 and t. 2463 ; Spruce Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. III., 207. Jnngcrmannia Starkii, Nees Eur. Leb. II., 223; Gott. and Rabh. Exs. 107, 306, T lO HANDBOOK OF liRITISH HEPATICyE. 356; Cooke Hep. f. 93, Dumort. Hep. Eur. p. Exs. No. 261. Ccphalozin divaricafa, 89 ; Carr. and Pears. On the ground, stones, and decayed wood. Spruce is strongly of opinion that this variable species should include several forms which many authors have regarded as distinct species, but which he resolves at most into varieties. These will be disposed as follows : — var. a normalis, Spruce Ceph. p. 64. Leaves orbate, lobes of the leaves triangular. Jungermannia hyssacca, Roth. Germ. HI., 387; Hook. Br. Jung. No. 12; Mack. Hib. 11., 60; Mart. Erl. 166, t. 5, f. 47. Junger- mmwia divaricata, Nees Eur. Leb. H., 241 ; Gott. and Rabh. Exs. No. 59, 109. Ccphalomn byssacea, Dumort. Rev. Jung. p. 18; Lind. Journ. Linn. Soc. XHI. 192. On heaths, 8LC.—{Fzg. So.) Frequently growing in dense tufts, of a dark green, sometimes almost black colour. Stem very slender, two to three lines long, somewhat stellately branched, branches often again divided, and pro- cumbent, fertile ones ascending. Leaves remote, small, ad]^ressed or spreading, nearly quadrate, embracing at the base, divided at the apex about lIANIir.OoK OV I'.RITISII HKPATIC/l':. Ill one-third by a rather obtuse sinus, sec^ments acute, occasionally a little spreadini^, ri^^id and brittle when dr\'. Perich.etial leaves numerous, imbricate, subcjuadrate, the exterior divided b)- an obtuse sinus into two equal acute segments, the interior cut into three to five unequal segments, paler. Calyx oblong, plicate, mouth not contracted, obtusely toothed. Cal}'ptra ovate, delicate and pellucid. Capsule deep red brown, longitudinally and transversely furrowed. Elaters bispiral. var. /? Starkii, Spruce Ceph. p. 64. Stipules present, lobes of the leaves more ovate, or ovate lanceolate, subacuminate, acute or obtuse. Jnngcruiannia Starkii, Funck. G. L. and N. Syn. p. 134.. Jnngcrmannia Grimsiilana, Jack. Gott. and Rab. Exs. sub- var. stclhilifcra, Tayl. MSS. Leaves recurved, spreading, involucral more crowded, stellately squarrose. Jnugcnnaunia Starkii var. proccrior, G. L. and N.^'Syn. Hep. p. 134. Jungcrmanuia stcllulifera, Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 32. Dioicous, small, colour variable, greenish olive, sometimes tinged with rose, rarely whitish or almost black, densely ca^spitose, or loosely creep- ing amongst mosses, prostrate (yx nearly erect ; stem stout, sparingly branched, with radicl<\s but without flagella. Leaves small, scarce, longer than the diameter of the stem, distant on the sterile, subimbricate on the fertile, rather succubous or I 12 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATICyE. almost transverse, wedge-shaped or rounded quadrate, bifid half way, lobes complicate or divergent, triangular, acute, rarely obtuse, entire or rarely with a tooth, cells minute, subquadrate. Stipules none, or here and there or everywhere present, lanceolate or ligulate, sometimes bifid, rarely trifid. Female flowers terminal on the stem and long branches. Bracts trijugous, in three rows larger than leaves, more or less connate, bilobate, lobes acute and denticulate. Bracteoles scarcely smaller, intermixed. Perianth linear, or narrowly fusiform, emersed, whitish at the apex, rarely three often four, five, or six angled, mouth constricted and toothed, or nearly entire. Andn'ecium variedly placed on stem or branches, antheridia solitary. Cephalozia seraria, Pears. Minute, tawny or pallid, caespitose, stems sparingly branched ; leaves distant, rather squarrose, wedge-shaped, keeled, and deeply bilobate; stipules variable. Inflorescence dioi- cous, female branches very short, bracts twice as long as the leaves, bilobate and toothed. Cephalozia a^raria Pears., Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 179; Spruce Cephalozia p. 96. Jimgcrmannia Starkii, Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 33. At the mouth of an old copper mine. Dioicous, cladocarpous, minute, tawny or pallid bay, densely depiessedly caespitose. Stems \ inch. Handbook of hrhish nEPAiic-ii:. 113 tlexuous, interwoven with thick radicles, spar- ingly branched. Leaves distant, squarrosely patent, minute, rather wedge-shaped, obscurely keeled, deeply (to three-quarters) bilobed, entire, sinus acute or obtuse, rectangular, lobes ovate or lanceo- late, subacuniinate, twice as long as broad, often incurved, apiculate ; cells minute, oblong, pellucid, walls thickened at the angles. Stipules variable, the lower minute or obsolete, the upper half as long as the leaves and lanceolate, now and then connate with a neighbouring leaf, then trilobate, the highest rarely bilobed, and scarcely smaller than the leaves. Female branches very short, bracts trijugous, twice as long as the leaves, bilobed half way, sparingly spinulosely toothed, lobes ovate, acuminate. — {Plate 2, fig, 24.) Cephalozia leucantha, Spruce. Stems prostrate, flexuous, rather branched. Leaves small, very distant, oblong or sub- quadrate, bifid half way, lobes unequal, subu- late, parallel or connivent. Stipules none. Peri- anth large, much exserted, three (rarely four) angled above, mouth minute ; capsule large. Jungermannia cateuulata, Gott. and Rabh. Exs. No. 433. Cephalozia leucantha, Spruce on Cephalozia, p. 68. On decaying trunks.— (/^/^/e? 2, fig, 26.) Dioicous, almost always cladocarpous, growing whitish, of the same size as C. divaricata. Stems prostrate, males with female closely interwoven, I 114 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. thin, elongated, flexuous, rather branched and radi- cellose, flagella none. Leaves small, very distant, spreading or assurgent, oblong or rounded-quadrate, bifid halfway or more, sinus acute or obtuse, lobes often unequal, broadly subulate, acute or rather acuminate, parallel or connivent, cells minute, sub- quadrate, the lower a little elongated. Stipules none. Bracts of female flowers, the innermost three to four times larger than the leaves, more or less connate, orbicular, subdenticulate, 2-3 lobed, the lobes short, acuminate. Perianth large for the size of the plant, ten times longer than the leaves, ovate-lanceolate, fusiform or rather linear, whitish, three (rarely four) angled above, mouth minute, and obsoletely setu- lose. Calyptra thin. Capsule large, often half the length of the perianth, oblong cylindrical, bay brown. Andrsecia short, scarce ever occupying the whole branch, terminal or median, julaceous, bracts larger than the leaves, closely imbricate, orbicular, very concave, and keeled, two or three lobed, one- third down monandrous, bracteoles minute, linear subulate. Cephalozia elachista, Jack. Small, pallid, very tender, stem with rhizo- matose base, sparingly branched ; leaves dis- tant, oval, deeply and acutely bilobed, only crowded at the tips of fertile branches, stipules minute, often bifid ; inflorescence monoicous, male terminal, female branch often proliferous; perianth acutely trigonous, mouth toothed. Jnngcruiannia elcwliista, jack, in Gott. and HANDBOOK OF HRrilSH IfKIwriC/E. II5 Rab. Exs. 574. Ccplialozia elachista. Spruce on Cephalozia, p. 70. On damp rocks. — {Plate 2, fig. 2j.) Monoicous, cladocarpous and acrocarpous, small, pallid, very tender, prostrate, stem rising from a rhizoniatose base, almost leafless, and sparingly branched. Leaves distant, only at the apices of the fertile branches somewhat imbricate, oval, deeply and acutely bilobate, lobes broadly subulate, acu- minate, incurved, one or other armed with a tooth ; cells small, subquadrate, pellucid. Stipules minute, often bifid, segments shortly setaceous ; sometimes none. Male catkins terminal on the stem, or occupying nearly the whole branch. Bracts narrow, often denticulate, lobes acuminate, upwards secund. Female branch short or elongated, often innovantly proliferous. Bracts much larger than the leaves, nearly free, deeply bilobed, denticulate or sub- spinulose, lobes thinly acuminate Perianth elon- gated, acutely trigonous, mouth denticulate. Capsule oblong. Cephalozia Turneri, Boo/;. Stem creeping, branched; leaves incumbent, conduplicate, ovate, bipartite, segments spinu- losely toothed ; perichaetial leaves everywhere imbricate, 3-4 lobed, dentate ; stipules none ; perianth terminal, cylindrical. Jungennannia Tnnieri, Hook. Br. Jung. No. 29; Cooke Hep. f. 100; Kngl. Bot. t. 2510; Mack. Hib. H., 66 ; Ceplialozui Titnnri, Lindb. 1 2 ii6 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^E. Linn. Journ. XIII.; Carr. and Pears. Exs. iSo. AntJiclia Tunicri, Dumort. Rev. Jung. p. i8. Banks of mountain streams. (Fr. March.) Forming patches creeping on the ground, i to 2 inches diameter and radiating from a centre, pale yellowish green, stems three or four lines long, pro- cumbent, slender, flexuous mostly simple, sometimes irregularly divided, rootlets from the under side ; leaves somewhat close and regular, in two rows, spreading, em- bracing at the base, broadly ovate, divided half way by an acute sinus into two ovate or lanceolate sharp, almost conduplicate seg- ments, fringed at the margins with large spine-like teeth of unequal size (fig. 8i). Colour pale yellow green. Perich^etial leaves closely imbricate on all sides of the calyx, differing from the cauline in being quadrate, frequently broader than long, and cleft for one-third of their length into three or four ovate acute spiny dentate erect segments. Calyx linear-oblong, slightly longitudinally plicate, or ob- tusely angular, at first incurved, then erect. Cap- sule ovate brown. Elaters bispiral. 8i. Genus i6. ADELANTHUS, Mitt. Involucre constituted from two to four opposite scale-like leaves. Perianth tubular, rather three-sided, mouth connivent, dentate, HANDBOOK OF P.RITISH HKPATIC/K. II7 obliquely truncate, hence split. Capsule four- valved, coriaceous, naked ; elaters geminate, naked, deciduous. — Mitt. Hook. N. Zeal. 518. Diini. p. 46. '' Adelajithus is well distinguished by its habit of PlagiocJiila, by its decurvo-secund and usual 1\' sharply toothed leaves, and by its half inferior calyptra, strewn with sterile pistillidia, although the cladogenous perich.'etia, and the 3-5 angled perianth,*with the third angle postical, whenever the angles are reduced to three, prove its affinity to CepJuxlozia, especially to the sub-genus Odonto- chisma!' — Spruce Cephalozia, p. 17. Adelanthus decipiens, Hook., Mitt. Stem flexuose, whip-like, leaves inflexed on the dorsal margin, the inferior ovate, and quite entire, superior rounded ovate, mucronate. J ungermannia decipiens^ Hook. Br. Jung, t. 50, Eng. Bot. t. 2566. Plagiochila decipiens, Dum. Rev. p. 15 ; Gott. and Rabh. Exs. 213; Cooke Hep. f. 31. Adelanthus decipiens, Mitt. Linn. Journ. VH., 244; Gott. and Rab. Ex. No. 474 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 98, 99 ; Spruce Hep. Amaz. p. 404. On rocks. (Ireland.) Growing in small dense tufts. Root large and creeping, stems erect, thread-like flexuose, J to li- inch long, simple or rarely divided at the base, sometimes two or more arise trom the creeping ii8 HANDBOOK OF I'.RITISH HEPATIC^. root. Leaves alternate, bifarious, smallest at the base and most distant, ovate and concave, margins entire, adpressed to the stem or a little spreading ; the rest considerably larger, round- ish or subquadrate, spreading sometimes recurved, base decurrent, margins with one or two or three large spiny teeth, irregularly placed, so that no two precisely agree (fig. 82). Flowers dioicous. Perianth longer than the cauline leaves, emerging from the involucre, obovate pear-shaped, turgid ob- tusely, 3 (rarely 4-5) angled, mouth 82. at first connivent, at length rather toothed or ciliate. Calyptra pyriform, a little smaller than the perianth, enclosing twelve abor- tive pistillidia. Genus 17. HYGROBIELLA, Spruce. Stems with a rhizomatose base, fixed to the matrix by rooting flagella, without radicles. Flagelliferous branches postical, foliose lateral and axillary ; leaves transverse, complicately bilobed ; stipules small or none. Flowers dioicous. Perianth large, fusiform or oblong, obtusely trigonous above, with a very small mouth. — On Cephalozia p. 15. Spruce, in comparing the typical species, says, H. laxifolia recedes from Cephalozia in having lateral branches, and in being (normally) quite HANl^r.OOK OK I'.RIIlSil n i:i> \ I IC.K. 119 destitute of radicles, the stems rootiiiL^ at the base by means of sliort naked fla^j^clla. The leaves are comph'catc-bilobcd, and there is no capitate in- vokicre, the uppermost leaves beinir alternate, and often rather remote from the periantli. Moreover, the perianths are very narrow at the mouth, and almost closed — not from beinc^ plicately constricted, as is frequent in CepJialozia, but from the proper shape of the constituent valves. The stem innovates repeatedly (sometimes bilaterally) from the base of successive sterile flowers. HygTobiella laxifolia, Hook., Bum. Stem lax, nearly simple, leaves quadrifarious, incumbent, lax, ovate, acutely tw^o-lobed, peri- chaetial twice as large, stipules none, perianth terminal, fusiform, rather plicate, mouth con- tracted. Jnngermannia laxifolia, Hook. Br. Jung. No. 56 ; Engl. Bot. t. 2677 ; Gott. and Rabh. Exs. No. 345 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 68 ; Cooke Hep. f. 1 01. Gyniuocolea laxifolia, Dum. Rev. Jung. p. 17. Hygrobiclla laxifolia, Spruce on Cephalozia, p. 74. Beside mountain streams. (Fr. April.) Growing in small dense green tufts. Stems erect, thread-like, flexuous i inch long, slender, simple, or innovant, pale green. Leaves distant, alternate, arising on four sides, smaller towards the base, I20 HANDBOOK OF liRITISH HEPATIC.E. spreading or erect and spreading, ov^ate, slightl}^ keeled, cleft about one-third from the apex by an acute sinus, into two equal, sharp entire segments (fig. 83). Perichcetial leaves larger than the rest, and more distantly placed, sometimes leaving the calyx exposed. Fruit terminal. Calyx large, oblong ovate, increasing in size upwards, slightly plicate, mouth contracted and toothed. Calyptra membranaceous, wdiitish. Capsule spherical, browni, longitudinally and transversely furro\ved. Elaters bispiral. HygTobiella myriocarpa, Carr. Branches without leaves below, cauline leaves twice as small as in M. Stahleri^ which it resembles, always bilobed half wa}^ ; bracts rarely more than bijugate, quadrate, closely complicate^ always free ; lobes ob- tuse, entire ; perianth quite distinct from the involucre, emersed, compressed, acutely cari- nate. DiplopJiyllum myriocarpum Carr., in Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 96. Juiigermamna myrio- carpa Carr., Spruce Rev. Bry., 1881, 97 ; Carr. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin., V^ol. XIII., p. 466, t. 18, fig. 4. Hygrobiella myriocarpa, Spruce Cephalozia, p. 75. Creeping among spongy peat-like soil. — {P/ate 2, fig' 29.) Without stipules. Creeping at the base, rhizo- HANDBOOK OF liRITISH HEPATIC/?-:. 121 matoiis shoots entaiv^lcd, flcxuosc, polished, resembling pale brown horse-hair ; steins 2-7 mm. long, ascending, terete, rigid, interrupted, repeatedly innov^ant, ramuli springing from one or both sides of the old axis, either barren and setaceous, or fertile, and with rapidly accrescent leaves. Leaves on the lower portion of the shoots and flagella distichous, approximate, erect, and appressed to the stem so closely as to be readily overlooked, ovate, carinate-concave, cleft for half their length into two lanceolate lobes, sinus acute, texture thin, polished, punctate-areolate, cells subquadrate ; colour golden brown. Involucral leaves much larger, vertically spreading, lobes shallower and more obtuse, half hiding the perianth. Perianth at first turbinate, when mature roundish ovate, ventricosc, obtusely three cornered below, mouth contracted, bicristate in front ; in older specimens multi-plicate, minutely toothed. — CarringtoiL Hygrobiella Nevicensis, Carr. Shoots creeping, entangled, flagelliferous ; stems ascending, simple or irregularl}- branched, flexiiose, leafless below and devoid of rootlets. Leaves bifarious, alternate, scarce broader than stem, distant, vaginate, upper erect, roundish ovate, lower spreading, ovate quadrate, complicate, concave, rounded at base, bidentate, sinus acute, texture thin. With- out stipules. 122 HANDr.OOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC.^. Jitiigcniuvuiia Nevicensis, Carr. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin., XIII. , p. 464, t. 17, f. 2 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 85. Hygrohiella Neviccu- sis, Spruce Cephalozia, p. 77. On moist shelving rocks.— (Plate 2, fo^. 27.) Tufts cushion-like, pale green. Stems i to J inch long, mostly simple, recurved at the summit, naked below. Leaves alternate, remote, round, and sheathing at the base, shortly bidentate, sinus narrow, lobes connivent. Texture thin, translucent, marginal cells subquadrate, others hexagonal. The tufts resemble in size attenuate forms of /uuo-. bicuspidata, but the vertically patent con- duplicate distant leaves, and absence of rootlets, on all parts, distinguish it from that and other allied forms. The colour is pale lustreless yellowish green, stolons stramineous, sometimes the foliage is tinged with brown. Fructification unknown. Genus 18. PLEUROCLADA, Spruce. Glaucescent in colour, stem radicellose, throughout its length almost equally foliate, base not rhizomatose, and not llagelliferous, subpinnately branched, branches all lateral. Base of the cauline leaves difformed (uni- lobed), crov^^ded, leaves very concave, scarcely complicate ; perianth very fleshy, subfloral innovations none. — On Cephalozia, p. 77 . The Jiingcyinaiinia albescens of Hooker, which, HANDBOOK OF URITISH HEPATIC/t'.. 1 23 by its truly lateral and subpinnatc ramification — without a single postical branch — and by some other of its characters, including even its bluish white colour when dry, is perhaps as nearly allied to Lepidozia reptans and to AntJidia as to CepJia- lozia. I have therefore separated it as a new genus, under the name " Plcurodaday — Spruce on Cephalozia, p. 14. Pleuroclada albescens, Hook. Stem creeping, branched ; leaves incum- bent, concave, ovate, emarginate, perichaetial leaves everywhere imbricate ; stipules trian- gular ; perianth terminal on lateral branches, ovate. Jiuigcrmannia albescens^ Hook. Br. Juno-. No. 72, Supp. t. 4; Gott. and Rab. Exs. No. y^, 468 ; Cooke Hep. f. ']i. Cephalozia albe- scens, Dumort. Rev. Jung. p. 18 ; Lindb. Journ. Linn. Soc. XHI., 192. Pleuroclada albescens, Spruce Cephalozia p. 14; /^^ Carr. and Pears. Hep. No. 262. On mountains. Growing in large loose patches. Stems i to I inch in length, creeping, waved, thread-like, branched twice or thrice di- chotomously, and attached to the ground by tufts of radicles. Leaves rather dis- tant and alternate, very small, nearly hemispherical, half-embracing at the base, at the apex cut with 124 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATICyE. an obtuse notch, with the segments rather con- nivent (fig. 84). Colour pale green, becoming whitish when dry. Stipules distant, one between each pair of leaves, nearly the width of the stem, ovate - lanceolate, entire. Calyx oblong, even, mouth contracted and denticulate. Sub-tribe V. SCAPANIOIDE/E. Stems producing only a few lateral branches. Leaves complicately bilobed, antical lobe smaller. Perianth from the front compressed. Elaters dispiral. Genus 19. SCAPANIA, Dumort. Involucre bifoliate, conforming to the other leaves. Perichaetial leaves two-lobed, condu- plicate. Perianth compressed on the back, apex truncate, at first decurved. Capsule four- valved, coriaceous, not cellular, nor pellucid, decussate, naked. Elaters double, naked, deciduous. Dumort, Rev. Jung. p. 14 (1835). Dioicous. Perianth terminal, smooth, obovate, compressed from before backwards, from a con- tracted base, mouth truncate, bilabiate, entire or toothed, decurved. Involucral bracts two, free, re- sembling the ordinary leaves, capsule ovate, four- valved, cleft to the base. Elaters bispiral. — Carr, Hep. 73- ^ . , u Growing m woods, on moist rocks or boggy places, in conspicuous tufts. Leaves alternate, HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^:. 12 unequally two-lobed, inferior lobe larj^cr. Amphi- gastria wanting. Scapania compacta. Roth., Bum. Stem procumbent, nearly simple, leaves nearl}^ equally conduplicately two-lobed, lobes rounded, entire, perichaetial leaves toothed. Perianth with crenulate mouth. Jiuigcnnannia compacta, Roth. Germ. III., 375. J niigcnnannia resupinata, Hook. Br. Jung. No. 23. Scapania compacta, Dumort. Rev. p. 14; Gott. and Rabh. Exs. No. 143, 168, 445, 492; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 19; Cooke Hep. fig. 39. On loam}' and heathy soil. (Fr. May, June.) Generally in small dense tufts. Stems i to J inch long, simple, rarely once or twice forked, pro- cumbent, extremities erect when fruiting. Colour reddish brown. Leaves closely imbricated towards the extremities in fertile plants, more distant in barren ones, bi- farious, horizontal, roundish, divi- ded into two nearly equal lobes, each convex on the outer surface (fig. 85), in the lower part of the plant the inferior lobe is a little the largest, all entire, except that some of the terminal ones are micro- scopically crenatc, at the base de- current, and half-embracing, of a yellowish brown colour. Perigonial 85. caves similar, 126 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC.^. more crowded. Pcrichc\:tial leaves only slightly different, lobes faintly crenate. Calyx narrow at the base, cylindrical, becoming depressed, and at the extremity quite flat, incurved when young, mouth truncate, and minutely crenate. Capsule ovate, deep brown. Elaters bispiral. — {Plate j, fig' 32') lobes Peri- Scapania resupinata, L., Dum. Stem erect, rather branched, leaves un- equally conduplicately two-lobed, rounded-ovate, rather obtuse, toothed, anth with a dentate mouth. Jiuigermamiia resupinata, Linn. Sp. I599> Eno-. Bot. t.2437. Scapauia resupinata, Dumort. Rev. Jung. p. 14; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 16, 17 ; Carr. Br. Hep., t. 8, f. 26 (partly). On shady rocks and walls. (Fr. May, June.) var. p laxifolia, Lindenb. p. 53. Stem more lax, leaves more remote, lobule less obtuse. var. 7 recurvifoiia, Hook. Jung., t. xxi., f. 8. Lobes and lobules of the leaves recurved. — j^jj^^%/,ij/ Densely CiEspitose; ^ii/ shoots slender, of uniform diameter, radiculose, zonate, ochraceous, olive brown or olive ; leaves closely imbricated, equal. 87. HANDI500K OF IIRITISH HEPATK-K. I 27 pellucid, smooth, divided for one-third of thcii' length into two lobes ; inferior lobe roundish-obo- vate, obtuse or apiculatc, convex, strongly reflexed ; lobule half the size, obliquely reniform, crossing the stem, apex rounded, concave, incumbent or antiflexed ; margins equally dentate ; perianth ob- conic, truncate, inciso-dcntatc ; capsule small, oval, shortly stipitatc. — {^P late j, fig. jj). Scapania Bartling-ii, Nees. Ascending ; leaves shortly conduplicate, two- lobed, concave at the base and embracing, spreading at the apex, lobes equal half- rounded, subrepand, entire ; perichaetial leaves broader, rounded. Jungermannia Bartliugii, Hampe. Nees Eur. Leb. II., 423. Scapania Bartliugii, Nees in Syn. Hep. p. 64 ; Gott. and Rabh. Exs. No. 292; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 18; Carr. Brit. Hep. p. '^2)^ t- i-^-> ^- 27. On damp shady rocks by streams. Tufts depressed, scattered, of a sordid green colour, frequently creeping among other mosses and hepatics. Stems stout, pale brown, lower two-thirds creeping, upper third ascending. Leaves loosely im- bricated, alternate, with an upward and forward direction, when opened out cordate, the base saccate and embracing, divided for a short distance into two nearly equal lobes, apiculate or obtuse. The base of the leaf generally vaginate and erect, the upper por- 128 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATICy^'. tion spreading", texture thin. Inflorescence dioicous. Involucral bracts somewhat larger and broader, lobes obtuse. Perianth oblong, half-immersed, apex recurvate, obliquely truncate, entire. Calyp- tra obovate. — {Plate 3, fig. j^.) Scapania sequiloba, Schw., Dum, Stem erect, leaves conduplicate, two-lobed, lobes nearly equal, rounded ovate, acute, den- tate ; perianth with dentate mouth. Jungermannia cvquiloba, Schwag. Prod. p. 24 ; Ekart. Syn. Jung., t. ii., f. 90. Scapania a'quiloba, Dumort. Rev. Jung. p. 14; Gott. and Rabh. Exs. No. 89, 169, 331, 404, 408; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 159; Cooke Hep. f. 40 ; Carr. Br. Hep. p. 81, t. 8, f. 26 partly. Crevices of rocks in subalpine districts. var. a dentata, Gott. and Rab. Exs. 331. Leaves broader, irregularly toothed, apical teeth largest. var. ^ {nerinis, Gott. and Rab. Exs. 80, 404, 408. Lobes obovate, oblong, sometimes cultriform, en- tire. Stems shorter, gracile, loosely tufted ; leaves approximate, ^^" cqui - distant ; texture firm, olive brown, verrucose, divided for a short dis- HANDP.OOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC.E. 129 tance into two nearly equal subdentate lobes (fig. 88) ; inferior lobe roundish ovate from a contracted, rcflexed base, shortly pointed, apiculate ; lobule obliquely ovate, crossing the stem, spreading ; perianth half-immersed, obovate-oblong, truncate, inciso-denticulate ; capsule ovate. — ^Vzrr. "The papillose leaves separate 5. cequiloba not only from 5. rcsupinata, with which it was generally confounded, but from all other Scapanicey Scapania subalpina, N., Dum, Stem erect, forked, leaves two-lobed to the middle, denticulate, lobes nearly equal, rounded, toothed, narrowly incumbent. Jnngcrmannia subalpina^ Nees ; Lind. Sp. Hep. 55. Scapania subalpina, Dumort. Rev. Jung. :. 4 ; Gott. and Rabh. Exs. No. 465; Carr. and Pears. Exs. 226, 227; Cooke Hep. f. 41- In sub-alpine woods. var. undidifolia, Syn. Hep. p. 65. Stem more slender, radiculose be- neath, leaves broader, undu- late, lobes spreading. On rocks. Leaves denticulate towards the outside, equally distant, ., , ., soft, imbricate, bifid nearly to "-^^ — ^ ^^_^ ;j the middle, lobes rounded, ''^ obtuse, nearly equal, closely incumbent (fig. 89;. Perianth 89. 130 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. much lonerer than the involucre, obovate from a narrow base, compressed, truncate, and toothed. — {Plate 3, fig, 35.) Scapania nimbosa, Tayl Stem erect, leaves ciliately dentate, two- lobed, dorsal lobule oblique-ovate, exceeding the breadth of the stem, ventral lobule oblong- ovate, spreading. Scapania nimbosa, Tayl. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. II., p. 115. (Cooke Hep. fig. 46?) Amongst moss, on mountains. Stems growing up through tufts of moss, red- dish brown, 2 to 4 inches long, loosely caespitose, erect, somewhat branched ; leaves, except at the very base, nearly of the same size, the lower lobe patent, or deflexed, and so the shoots have a squarrose appearance ; their texture is of very minute cells. The lower lobe obo- vate, rather acute, spreading ; the upper lobe smaller, obovate, nearly erect, somewhat imbricate, adpressed to the stem, the connection between the upper and lower lobes very short, margins ciliate. 90. This was taken for 5. ncniorosa at first ; but it differs in the taller size, the more deflexed lower lobes of the leaves, the slight join- ing between the lobes, and the more considerable and more distant ciliae of their margins. — Taylor. HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^E. 131 Scapania undulata, Z., Dum. Stem erect, rather forked, leaves unequally conduplicate, two-lobed, lobes entire, rounded, anterior much the smallest. Perianth with entire mouth. JnngoDiannia undulata, Linn. Sp. 159^ J Hook. Br. Jung. t. 22; Engl. Bot. t. 2251. Scapania luidulatay Dumort. Jung. p. 14; Gott. and Rabh. Exs. No. 194, 34, 90, 91, 139, 260, 278, 291, 318, 1%'] ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. 21, 22, 160; Cooke Hep. fig. 42, 43. Wet places, among rocks. (Fr. May.) Growing in large closely-matted tufts. Stems I to 3 or 4 inches, simple, or once or twice (fig. 91) divided, with nearly erect dichotomous branches, dirty green, becoming almost black. Leaves bifari- ous, the lower ones small and more distant ; upper slightly imbricate, all spreading, decurrent, and half-embracing at the base, divided into two unequal vertical lobes (fig. 92) ; the lower one the largest, ad- pressed to the hinder part of the stem, the upper smaller by one-half, both 9i- roundish, sometimes a little pointed, slightly waved, margin entire, or obscurely crenate in a few terminal ones, thin and delicate, dull green with a purpHsh 92. K 2 T32 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC/E. tinge, to nearly black. Perigonial leaves almost the same, more crowded and imbricate, either entire or slightly crenate. Calyx narrow at the base, attenuate and cylindrical, compressed and incurved towards the mouth, which is truncate and entire. Capsule deep brown. Elaters bispiral. Scapania irrig-ua, N., Dum. Creeping, leaves deeply and unequally con- duplicate, two-lobed, lobes rounded, some- what mucronate, anterior twice as small, incurved at the apex, perichaetial leaves bifid, lobes equal. Jnngermannia irrigua, Nees Eur. Leb. L, p. 193. Scapania irrigua, Dumort. Rev. Jung, p. 1 5 ; Gott. and Rab. Exs. 3 1 7, 332, 383, 392, 454, 507 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. 93. Mixed with mosses. Stems creeping, leaves repand, rather rigid, deeply and unequally bilobate, lobes rounded and somewhat mucronate, the ventral adpressed ; the dorsal twice smaller, convex, incurved at the apex. Involucral leaves bifid, lobes nearly equal, denticulate ; perianth ovate, compressedly angular, mouth denticulate. — {Plate j, Jig. j 6.) Scapania umbrosa, Schr., Dum. Stem somewhat erect, branched, leaves un- equally conduplicate, two-lobed, lobes acute, serrate, the larger ovate, strap-shaped, the smaller ovate. Perianth with an entire mouth. HANDBOOK OF liRITISH HF.PATIC/K. '33 Jiingermannia iDiibrosa, Schrad. Samm. II., p. 3; Hook. Br. Jung. No. 24 and Suppl. 3; Eng. Bot. t. 2527; Gott. and Rab. Exs. Nos. 57, 355, 412, 425; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 20; Cooke Hep. fig. 51. Scapania umbrosa, Dum. Rev. Jung. p. 15. In mountainous districts. (Fr. April, May.) Growing in small dense patches, amongst mosses. Stem short, generally not exceeding 4 inch, erect, or ascendent, flexuous, pale reddish brown, simple, or once or twice dichotomous, with lateral innovations. Leaves bifarious, horizontal, imbricate, divided into two unequal adpressed vertical lobes, the inferior the largest, ovate, acute, recurved, and sharply serrated (fig. 93), serratures irregu- lar and half way down from the apex. Superior lobe not so large by two-thirds, rounded-ovate, acute, exterior surface convex, apex sharply and unequally ser- rated. Colour pale yellow-green, sometimes inclining to brow^n. Texture rather firm. Perichsetial leaves resembling the cauline ones, 93- but the inferior lobes more recurved, and the superior about half their size. Calyx cylindrical at the base, or ventricose, becoming depressed and quite flat at the mouth, which is truncate and entire. Capsule brown. Elaters bispiral. — {Plate j, fig- 37-) 134 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. Scapania nemorosa, Z., Dum. Stem erect, leaves unequally conduplicate, two-lobed, lobes obovate, rather obtuse, ciliately toothed, anterior doubly small, perianth with a ciliate mouth. Juugennaniiia nemorosay Linn. Sp. No. 1598; Eng. Bot. t. 607; Hook. Br. Jung. t. 21. Sca- pania nemorosa.DwmovX,. Rev. Jung. p. 14; Gott. and Rabh. Exs. No. 92, 224, 279, 331 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. 92. Shady banks and woods. (Fr. April, May.) Tufts 2 or 3 inches diameter, compact, but not mat- ted. Stems rather "stout, flexuose, brownish, nearly black, naked, creeping at the base. Shoots as- cending, I to 2 inches,simple or irregularlybranched, branches spreading, recurved at the apex. Leaves rather distant, bifarious, alternate, increasing up- wards, decurrent on both aspects, unequally bilobed, parallel with each surface of the stem. Lower lobe obovate, obtuse or bluntly pointed, decurrent for some distance ; lobule equal to diameter of the larger lobe, cordate, acute, concave ; margins of both lobes closely ciliate-dentate. Colour pale green, or yellowish green, lower leaves brownish. Inflo- rescence generally dioicous, rarely autoicous. In- volucral bracts two. Perianth conspicuous, obovate, thinner and broader to the truncate ciliated apex. Calyptra pear-shaped, white. Capsule large, red- dish brown. Elaters bispiral. Antheridia axillary, olive green. Gemmae frequently present, at the HANDROOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC/E. [35 apices of growing stems, and terminal leaves. — {Plate 3, fig. 38:) Scapania uliginosa, Sw., Dum. Stem erect, leaves unequally conduplicate, cordate, anterior reniform, reclinate. Perianth larger than the involucre, with an entire mouth, plicate, and triangular. Jungermannia uliguiosa, Sw. Lind. Syn. Hep. p. 59. Scapania iiliginosa, Dumort. Rev. Jung, p. 14; Gott. and Rab. Exs. 34, 193 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. 161, 228; Cooke Hep. f. 44,45. In sub-alpine regions, on rocks, &c. Leaves quite entire, rather rigid, deeply and un- equally bilobate, lobes rounded, ven- /^ ^"^\ tral lobe convex, f I somewhat trans- I / N^ verse, and spread- \i^__/ ing, dorsal lobe four [j times smaller, kid- ney-shaped, incum- ^'^' ^^' bent (figs. 94, 95). Involucral leaves similar to the cauline, with the lobes quite entire, closely pressed to the larger lobe. Perianth larger than the involucre, when young plicate, triangular. Stem sometimes floating. Scapania curta, Mart., Dum. Stem ascending, leaves unequally condupli- 136 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC/*:. cate, two-lobed, lobes ovate, acute, denticulate. Perianth terminal, mouth ciliate. Jiingcrmannia cw^ta, Ma.rt. Erl. p. 148; Ekart. Syn. Jung. p. 27, t. 11, f. 89. Scapania citrta, Dumort. Rev. Jung. p. 14; Gott. and Rab. Exs. No. 93, 393, 196, 382; Cooke Hep. fig. 52; Taylor Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. II., p. 115. In old woods on damp rocks. Stems subcaespitose, shortened, ascending, the lower leaves much the smallest, rather imbricate, toothed at the apex, the lower lobe obovate, nearly plane, the upper smaller, and acute (fig 96). Lower leaves rather square. Perianth terminal, compressed, and fringed at the mouth. 96- An extremely variable species. In Ireland it occurs in a great variety of situa- tions, on stones on mountain sides facing the north ; but its most favourite locality is in old woods on damp rocks. In some states it resembles vS\ ne- morosa. var. /? spiniilosa Nees, Gott. and Rab. Ex. 196. vShoots longer, erect, recurved at the apex; leaves yellowish green, more closely imbricated; lobes ovate, acute, distinctly spinu- lose-dentate; inferior lobe convex, slightly recurved ; lobule obliquely ascending, half as large. 7 rosacea Corda, in Sturm II., 22, 23, t. 29. Erecto-procumbcnt, claret-coloured, inno- HANDBOOK OF HRITISH HEPATIC^": 1 37 vant, furcate; leaves approximate, narrower; inferior lobe cultriform, shortly cuspidate, plane, or sliglitly concave ; lobule about a third as large, obliquely ovate to cuneiform, acute, ascending ; margins entire, repand, or minutely denticulate. Shoots minute, ascending, simple or innovant, fasciculate ; leaves distichous, approximate, cleft for half their length into two unequal lobes ; inferior lobe obliquely obovate, apiculate, nearly plane ; lobule much smaller, subquadrate, acute, erectly spreading ; margins entire or subdentate ; perianth half-immersed, ovate, compressed, subplicate, apex truncate, inciso-dentate. — Carrington. Seapania planifolia, Hook., Dum. Stem erect, simple, leaves unequallv two- lobed to the base, conduplicate, ciliatel}^ toothed, posterior lobe larger, ovate, anterior lobe cordate, twice shorter, perianth with entire mouth. J linger mannia planifolia, Hook. Br. Jung. No. 67; Eng. Bot. t. 2695. Seapania plani- folia, Dumort. Rev. Jung. p. 14; Carr. and Pears. Exs. Nos. 162, 229 ; Cooke Hep. fig. 50. Moist rocky places. Growing in closely crowded patches of a dingy 138 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC/E. brown colour, mixed with mosses. Stems erect, 2 to 3 inches long, thread- like, flexuous, for the most part sim- ple, now and then forked, rigid, and brittle. Leaves quadrifarious, and imbricate on both sides of the stem, 97- those at the back the largest, plane, distichous, vertical, widely ovate. Superior leaves scarcely half so large as the rest, obliquely adpressed to them, form nearly cordate, the whole are ciliately toothed at the margins, dark brown, the texture thin and membranaceous (fig. 97)- Scapania aspera, Miill. Dioicous. Stems simple, radiculose, leaves transverse, unequally bilobed, margin ciliate, epidermis minutely warted ; bracts larger than upper leaves; perianth projecting, compressed, mouth truncate, ciliate. Scapania aspera, Miill. and Bern. Cat. Hep. Sud-Ouest (188); Gott. and Rab. Exs. No. 602; Journ. Bot. Dec, 1892, t. 329. On limestone rocks. — {Plate j, fig. 3^^ Dioicous, loosely depressedly caespitose, of a reddish or olive brown colour. Stems 2 inches long, simple or slightly branched, firm, blackish, recurved at the apex, naked at the base, radi- HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^^l. I39 culose, rootlets few, whitish. Leaves transversely inserted, somewhat smaller and more distant below, contii^iious or imbricate above, subsecund, unequally bilobcd, margin ciliate-dentate, postical lobe more distinctly ciliate, about twentv-five cilia round the margin, antical lobe with five to ten more distant teeth, about half the size of the postical, convex, oval, triangular, rounded, or abruptly subacute, appressed to the stem ; postical lobe oval oblong, rounded or rarely abruptly subacute, reflexed ; texture somewhat firm, epidermis verruculose, several minute papilLx to each cell, cells small or minute, subquadrate. Bracts rather larger than the upper leaves, lobes more equal, antical lobe rounded. Perianth projecting half beyond the bracts, obovate, com- pressed, mouth wide, truncate, spinosely ciliate. ]\Iale stems more slender, perigonial bracts en- closing leafy paraphyses along with the an- theridia. Genus 20. DIPLOPHYLLUM, Dumort, Involucre smali-leaved, leaves conduplicate, bilobate, margin entire, conforming with the true leaves. Perianth sessile, erect, free, terete, toothed at the apex. Capsule four- valved, coriaceous, naked; elaters geminate, naked, deciduous. — Dumort. Rev. Jung. A 15. Leaves without stipules, complicate, bilobate, anterior lobe smallest. 140 HANDBOOK OF RRITISH HEPATIC^. Diplophyllum albicans, VailL, Dum. Stem erect, somewhat branched, leaves nearly bifarious, unequally bilobate, condupli- cate ; lobes rather acute, pellucidly vittate in the middle ; perianth terminal, obovate. Hepaticoides albicans, Vaill. Par. t. 19, f. 5. Jimgermannia albicans, Linn. Sp. 1599; Hook. Br. Jung. t. 25; Eng. Bot. t. 2240; Gott. and Rabh. Exs. 13, 233, 247 ; Cooke Hep. f 53. Diplophyllum albicans, Dum. Hep. Eur. p. 48 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 23, 24, 230. In moist woods, hedge banks. (Fr. Mar. Apr.) Growing in large and densely-crowded tufts, 6 or 7 inches broad, or straggling amongst mosses; stems I to 2 inches long, erect, simple, or once or twice dichotomous, often innovant, pale yellowish brown. Leaves in two opposite rows, more or less close, the lower part embracing and decurrent, divided to within one-third of the base into two un- equal vertical lobes ; in- ferior the largest, oblong, acute, plane, a little scimi- tar-shaped ; superior lobe about half the size, oblong ovate, acute, closely adpressed diagonally to the inner side of the larger lobe, both serrated at the point. Colour sometimes deep, more usually pale ycllowisl| green. Perichse- 98. HANDHOOK or I'.RITISH IIEPATIC/E. 141 tial leaves large, entirely sheathing with their base the lower part of the calyx, which latter is rather attenuated at the base, longitudinally plicate at the 99. 100- apex, mouth contracted and toothed. Capsule red- dish brown. Elaters bispiral (figs. 98, 99, 100).— {^Plate III, fig. 4-0) Hooker's variety, procuinbens, has a creeping habit, and grows on clay soil. Diplophyllum taxifolium, WahL, Dum. Stem nearly erect, somewhat branched ; leaves bifarious, unequally two-lobed, con- duplicate, rather acute, toothed, without ribs, vittate ; perianth terminal, obovate. Jungermannia taxifolia, Wahl. Fl. Lapp. t. 25, fig. A-C. /. albicans v. taxifolia, G. L. and N. Syn. Hep. 76. Diplophyllum taxifolinm, 142 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. Dum. Rev. Jung. p. 16; Carr. and Pears. Exs. o -I T o 1 o In mountains. — {Plate III., fig. ^7.) Diplophyllum Dieksoni, Hook., Dum. Stem ascending, simple ; leaves bifarious, unequally two - lobed, conduplicate ; lobes narrowly ovate, acute, quite entire ; perianth terminal, ovate, mouth scarious, somewhat ciliate. Jungermannia Dieksoni, Hook. Br. Jung, t. 48; Eng. Bot. t. 2591; Cooke Hep. f. 55. Diplophyllum Dieksoni, Dum. Rev. Jung. p. 16; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 25. In Scotch and Irish mountains. (Fr. Aug.) Growing in small and densely-matted tufts. Stems i to i inch long, thread-like, flexuous, a little procumbent at the base, the rest erect, un- divided, or rarely with a simple branch or innova- tion. Leaves more or less close, bifarious, spreading or horizontal, frequently sccund towards the apex, deeply divided into two un- equal lobes or segments, the inferior twice the size of the superior, both of the same loi. figure, narrowly ovate with acute apices (fig. lOi), margins entire, or slightly HANDBOOK OF BR I IIS H HKPATICt. •M3 and irregularly toothed. Yellow green approaching to olive, lower leaves inclining to dirty brown. PerichcX'tial leaves resembling the caulinc, erect, and embracing the lower part of the calyx. Calyx ovate, longitudinally plicate, mouth a little con- tracted, and toothed. Capsule ovate, longitudi- nally and transversely furrowed, pale bright red. Elaters bispiral. Diplophyllum minutum, Dicks., Dum. Stem erect, dichotomous ; leaves bifarious, nearly equally two-Iobed, conduplicate ; lobes entire, acute ; perianth terminal, subsphaerical. Jiiiigcnnannia nihiuta, Dicks. PI. Crypt. II., p. 13; Hook. Br. Jung. t. 44; Eng. Bot. t. 2231 ; Gott. and Rabh. Exs. 36, 270, 290, 429, 439, 464. Cooke Hep. fig. 83. Diplo- phyllum ijiiiintiim, Dum. Rev. Jung. p. 16; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 94, 95. Amongst mosses. (Fr. Spring and Summer.) In small loose patches, of a brownish green colour. Stems nearly erect, thread-like, flexuous, i to ij inch /^-v^c^^^- — ^ long. Simple, or once or twice XXZ^X^^^y dichotomous, with long undivided ^!X^ v — branches, with occasional innova- ^ ^ tions, brownish, brittle when dry. ^^-^-"^ Leaves rather distant, more so at the base, bifarious, horizontal, ^ subquadrate, the upper ones di- 102. vided into two equal rather acute Lower leaves, lobes, becoming more unequal and acute as they 144 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. recede downwards, so that the basal leaves have a different appearance (fig. 102, lower leaves). Colour yellow green. Perichaetial leaves large, roundish, divided into two or three acute lobes or segments, paler than the cauline leaves. Calyx globose, and concealed, then obovate, a little plicate above, mouth contracted, and minutely dentate. Capsule reddish brown, striate. Elaters bispiral. — {Plate 3, fig. 4.3^) Diplophyllum Hellerianum, Nees. Stem ascending, branched, leaves bifarious, tvvo-lobed, conduplicate ; lobes acute, with a tooth at the base, perichaetial leaves serrate ; perianth terminal, obovate. Jimgermannia Helleriana, Nees in Lind. Syn. p. 64 ; Ekart. Syn. Jung. t. 12, fig. 103 ; Gott! and Rab. Exs. 303 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 164. On trunks. Stems creeping, intricately interwoven. Leaves complicate-concave, lower spreading, somewhat as- cending, dimidiate, or bifid for a third part down, lobes equal, acute, entire or serrate ; involucral leaves bifid or trifid, spinulosely-serrate ; perianth ovate, contracted at the mouth. Stipules none. — {Plate 3, fig. 42.) Diplophyllum obtusifolium, Hook., Bum. Stem ascending, simple ; leaves bifarious, unequally two-lobed, conduplicate ; lobes HANDHOOK OF liRiriSH H ICl'ATIC/E. M5 falcate, rounded at the apex ; perianth ter- minal, ovate. Jiingermannia obtiisifolia, Hook. Br. Jung. t. 26; £ng. Bot. t. 251 1 ; Gott. and Rab. Exs. 149, 277; Cooke Hep. f. 54. Diplophyllum obtitsifoliuni, Dum. Rev. Jung. p. 16. In mountain woods. (Fr. Mar. Apr.) Growing in dense matted tufts, 2 or 3 inches broad, iirmly attached to the soil. . Stems ascend- ing, or when crowded erect, seldom more than three or four lines long, simple, with innovations, dirty green (fig. 103). Leaves in two opposite rows, horizontal, rather closely imbricated, entirely con- cealing the stem, smaller at the base, somewhat rounded, divided about half way down into two unequal vertical lobes ; the inferior the largest, oblong, a little curved on one side, thus scimitar- shaped ; the superior ovate or oblong-ovate, closely adpressed diagonally to the larger lobe, both obtuse at their apices, and rounded, margins entire, except in a few terminal leaves, which are microscopically crenate. Perichsetial leaves larger than the rest, more erect, a little waved at the margins, enveloping the lower part of the calyx, which latter is ovate or obovate, erect, plicate in 103. 146 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC/E. the upper half, mouth contracted, and cut into several sharp teeth. Capsule ovate, reddish brown. Elaters bispiral. Diplophyllum saxicolum, Schrad. Stem ascending, somewhat branched, leaves unequally two-lobed, entire, posterior lobe rounded, anterior three times smaller, acuminate. Perianth obtuse, 5-6 plicate. Jungermannia saxicola, Schrad. Samm. 97 ; Mart. Erl. t. 5, f. 34 ; Gott. and Rab. Exs. 12, 302 and bis; Carr. and Pears. Exs., No. 234, 235, 236; Diplophyllum saxicolum, Du- mort. Rev. Jung., p. 16. In sub-alpine regions. Stipules absent ; leaves deeply bifid, complicate ; lobes nearly equal, broadly ovate, entire, below closely imbricate, convex, rounded, apex of the stem innovant, with the leaves semi-terete ; fruit terminal on subdorsal innovations. Bracts two pairs, imbricate, a little smaller than cauline leaves, inferior pair broad, plicate, mostly trifid or subquadrifid, lobes sparingly and obtusely repand, dentate, superior ovate, acute, broadly rounded in the middle. Perianth ovate, obtuse, 5-6 plicate, W4th the angles between the folds rounded and obtuse, mouth laciniatc. — {Plate j, fig- 44-) HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC/E. 1 47 Sub-tribe VL EPIGONIANTHE^. Leaves succubous or transverse (never in- CLibous). Flowers acrogenous. Perianth, when perfect, normally compressed from the side. Elaters dispirous, rarely monospirous. Genus 21. LOPHOCOLEA, Dumort. Involucre small leaved, perichaetial leaves multifid. Perianth sessile, erect, cylindrical, three-cornered above, mouth three-lobed, cristate. Capsule four-valved, coriaceous, naked. Elaters double, naked, deciduous. — Dumort, Hep. Eur. 83. Plants stipulate, leaves subcurrent, bifarious, flattened, divided. Perianth cristate. Lophocolea bidentata, L. Stem procumbent, branched ; leaves accum- bent, obliquely-ovate, bicuspidate, acuminate, sinus sublunate ; perichaetial leaves bipartite, lacinise acuminate, dentate. Stipules lacini- ate, segments linear. Perianth terminal. fungermauuia bidentata^ Linn. Sp. 1598; Engl. Bot. t. 606; Hook. Br. Jung. No. 30; Musc.Britt. 235. Lophocolea Hooker iana, Nees Eur. Leb. II., 336. Lophocolea bidentata, Du- L 2 148 HANIJBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC/E. mort. Rev. Jung. p. 17; Cooke Hep. f. 109; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 184. var. /? ohtusata. Leaves obtusely emargin- ate, dark green ; stipules multifidly divided. 104. Jungermannia hidentata j^obtiisata, Hook. Jung, figs. 30, 12, 13. var. y gracile, Carr. Irish Hep. t. 2, f. 6. Fronds creeping, attenuate, not larger than in J. bicuspidata ; leaves narrower at the base, ovate, divided half way down into two slender, curved segments ; stipules slender, bifid (fig. 104). var. alata^ Nees. Some stems bear both entire and winged perianths, so that this state is not even entitled to rank as a variety. Plentiful in moist shady situations. — {Plate j, fig' 4-5) Growing in more or less crowded patches of some inches diameter. Stems i to i4 inch long, procumbent, flexuosc, branched, the branches often erect, towards the extremity simple, or with a short lateral shoot. Leaves close but scarcely im- bricated, in two opposite rows, plane or slightly HANOI'.OOK OF lU-lITISII HKF'ATIC/E. 1 49 waved, horizontal, broadly ovate at the base, half surrounding the sterii, the lower margin very de- current, divided at the apex for one-quarter or one- eighth of their length with a more or less acute sinus, into two equal sharp straight segments, the tips of which resemble cilia. Colour light green. Peri- cha^tial leaves, the first pair are twice the length of the stem leaves, quite erect and adpressed, deeply divided into two equal lanceolate segments, which are sometimes dentate at the margin. Stipules, one to every pair of leaves, adpressed to the under side of the stem, oblong, generally divided into two, some- times three, segments, here and there dentate. Calyx sometimes slightly incurved in an early stage, ovate-oblong, obtusely triangular, mouth slightly contracted at first, afterwards somewhat expanded, with a deep incision on one side, and bordered with numerous lacinise. Capsule ovate, deep brown, longitudinally and transversely furrowed. Elaters bispiral. Lophocolea cuspidata, Limp. Stem procumbent, branched ; branches as- cending or erect ; leaves acutely emarginate, bidentate; teeth elongated, acuminate; stipules quadrifid ; perianth terminal, tubulose, lacini- ate. Lophocolea hidentata p cuspidata, Nees in Fw. Herb. II., 327. Lophocolea Hookeriana y prolifera, Nees. Lophocolea cuspidata, Limp. Leb. Krypt. Schl. p. 303 ; Carr. and Pears. 150 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HF.PATIC.1^. Exs. No. 185. Jimgermamtia bidentata, Raddi. Etrusc. t. IV., fig. 6. On mountain rocks.— {Plate j, fig. 46.) (Fr. April.) Leaves with the teeth longer than in L. biden- tata, more acute and straight. There has been some uncertainty about L. Hookeriana. Gottsche says that : " Hooker's figure of L. bidentata (t. 30, f. 7) shows a deeply divided involucral leaf, each lobe bidentate, which I have never seen in British or German examples, and which must be of rare occurrence, or depend on some mistake. Our German forms have the segments of the involucral leaves either entire, merely elongated cauline leaves, or they have a small tooth on one side, and the adjacent stipule is quadrifid." It was probably a mere local variety of L. bidentata, and not the above species. Lophocolea spicata, Tayl. Stem branched ; leaves horizontal, ovate, apex two or many toothed ; perichaetial leaves many toothed ; stipules free, .bifid, dentate at the base, fruit terminal ; perainth prismatic, naked ; mouth torn and toothed ; perichaetial leaves two-toothed, serrate. Lophocolea spicata, Tayl., in Nees Syn. Hep. 167; Cooke Hep. fig. 113; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 263. AmonG[st mosses. lO: HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATICit. 151 Stem creeping, branched ; leaves ovate, some- what horizontal, diversiform, apex emarginately bidentate, or tridentate, with the middle tooth largest or multi- dentate (fig. 105). Stipules free, small, bifid, furnished with a small tooth sometimes about the base ; fruit terminal, perianth prismatic, the angles without wings, mouth laciniate, lacinia^ toothed, bracts larger, many toothed at the apex, sometimes with the dorsal margin serrate ; invo- lucral stipules ovate and bifid. Lophocolea heterophylla, Schr. Stem ascending, branched, leaves accum- bent, quadrate-rounded, entire, emarginate or obtuse ; perichaetial leaves external, two or three lobed, dentate ; stipules dissected ; perianth terminal, mouth cristate. Jiingermannia heterophylla, Schrad. Journ. Bot. 1801, p. 66; Hook. Br. Jung. No. 31 ; Mart. Erl. p. 140, t. 3, f. 12. Jungcnnannia biciispidata, Eng. Bot. t. 281. Lophocolea heterophylla, Dumort. Rev. Jung. p. 17; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 36; Cooke Hep. f. no, 1 12. On trunks. (Fr. Early Spring.) Growing in small loose patches, often amongst 152 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC/E. moss. Stems procumbent, i to finch long, flexuous, extremity with the bran- ches erect, pale green. Leaves more or less )i close, in two opposite rows, horizontal, plane or slightly concave, round- ish ovate, half embracing at the base,and decurrent, variable at the apex (fig. io6,after Martius). Those nearest the base acutely divided one-fifth down into two acute segments, slightly divaricate. Those in the middle obtusely emarginate, segments obtuse. Those near the apex entire and rounded. Sometimes all are nearly entire throughout. Colour, pale green. Perichaetial leaves remark- ably variable, in some they are entire, in others bifid, and entire, whilst others have the third pair obtusely emarginate, the second pair deeply emarginate, with acute points, and the first pair," varying with two or three acute ovate segments, unequally toothed. Stipules adpressed, oblong, bifid or trifid, segments divaricate, slightly toothed (fig. 1 08). Calyx obtusely triangular, mouth ex- panded and slit on one side. Elaters bispiral, cells compact (fig. 107). 106. Genus 22. CHILOSCYPHUS, Bumorf. Involucre scale-like, many-leaved, every- where imbricate; perianth erect, cup-shaped, HANDBOOK or ItRIIISli HKPMIC/K. 1 53 terete, smooth, laterally 2-3 lobed ; calyptra equal or shorter, torn at the apex ; capsule four - valved, coriaceous, naked ; elaters double, naked, deciduous. — Ditmort. Syll Jung. 67 (^1831); Hep. Eur. 100, t. 3,/. 24. Plants with subcurrent, flattened, undivided leaves. Chiloscyphus polyanthus, Linn. Stem creeping, branched ; leaves rounded- quadrate, entire and emarginate, imbricate ; stipules linear, forked ; perianth short, hence split; laciniae entire ; calyptra exserted. Jungermannia polyanthus, Linn. Sp. i597 i Hook. Br. Jung., No. 62. Marstipella polyan- tJws, Dumort. Comm. p. 114. Chiloscyphus polyanthos, Dumort. Syll. Jung. p. 67, t. i, f. 9; Cooke Hep. f. 106, 107. Moist and very wet places. (Fr. Apr. May.) The two forms of this species are : — var. ^ rivularis, Nees. The most common form and the most typical. var. y pallescens, Linden. Of which Dr. Carrington writes that he sees no valid dis- tinction between this and C. polyanthus. Jungermannia pallescens, Nees Hep. Jav. p. 25. Chiloscyphus pallescens, Nees Hep. 154 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC/E. Eur. p. 360. Jiingcrmannia polyanthus, var. ^ Lindenb. Hep. Eur. 30. Growing in loose straggling patches, easily de- tached. Stems procumbent, or only ascending at the tips, thread-like, flexuous, i to 2 inches long, simple or irregularly branched, frequently innovant. Leaves closely, and alternately in two rows, some- what imbricate at the margins, horizontal (fig. no), decreasing in size from the middle towards the base, as well as the extremity, nearly quadrate, angles obtuse, surface plane, or slightly convex, base decurrent at the lower margin, extremity entire in most instances,often emargin- ate, especially on the inno- vations, notch varying from obtuse to acute, pale green. Stipules narrowly lanceolate, divided nearly to the base into two entire subulate seg- ments (fig. 109). Perichaitial leaves small, ovate, obtuse, unequally serrate at the mar- gin, a few of these resembling scales at the base of the calyx. Calyx very short, scarce half so long as the calyptra, cylindrical at the base, compressed above, widely ovate, truncate, split into two lips, each of which laciniate at the margin, clefts unequal. Calyptra oblong-ovate, white, twice as long as the calyx. Capsule ovate, brown, furrowed. Elaters bispiral. 109. no. HANDBOOK OK IJRI'l ISH HEPATICit. 1 55 Genus 23. PLAGIOCHILA, Dumort. Involucre diphyllous, somewhat conform- ing to the leaves, but larger ; leaves simple, flattened ; perianth compressed at the sides, flattened, mouth oblique, truncate, dentate, or ciliate, somewhat lipped, hence split ; cap- sule four-valved, coriaceous, decussate, naked; elaters geminate, naked, deciduous. — Dimiort. Hep. t. I,/ II. Leaves dimidiate, not conduplicatc, nor auricu- late, without a dorsal lobule. Fructification terminal, or from the growth of innovations axillary. Autoicous or dioicous. Perianth laterally compressed, erect, or decurved at the apex; mouth obliquely truncate, bilabiate, entire, or ciliate. . Involucral bracts two, erect. Pistillidia numerous. Capsule thick, four-valved. Elaters bispiral. Andraecium spiral. Perigonial leaves smaller, closely imbricate in two rows. Primary shoots leafless, creeping, with rootlets. Leaves succubous, distichous, or subsecund, dorsal margin decurrent, entire, ventral arcuate, entire, or cut. Amphigastria inconspicuous. — Carr. Br. Hep. 51. Plagiochila asplenioides, Vaill., Dum. Stem ascending, branched ; vertical leaves subcurrent, rounded-ovate, convex, slightly recurved, dentate ; perichaetial leaves revolute 156 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. at the margin ; perianth terminal, oblong, mouth ciliate. Hcpatica asplcnioides^ Vaill. Bot. Par. p. 99. Lichenastruni asplenii, Dill. Muse. t. 69, f. 5, 6. Jnngermannia asplciiioides^ Linn. Sp. 1597; Eng. Bot. t. 106 1 ; Hook. Br. Jung. No. 13. Plagiochila asplenioides, Dum. Hep. Eur. p. 43; Gott. and Rab. Exs. 20, 271, 320 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. Zj ; Cooke Hep. ^' 36, Z7 ; Carr. Brit. Hep. p. 55, t. iv., ^g. 12. In moist woods, at roots of trees. var. a major, Carr. Shoots 2 to 4 inches; sparingly branched, leaves loosely imbricated, ^5^v)V)\)\}\jv: III. nearly horizontal, less rigid and convex, obovate, trapezoid, more or less closely denticulate; perianth obconic. — Eng. Bot. t. 1788; Hook. Jung. t. xiii. HANDDOOK OK HRITISM HKI'A'l IC/E. 1 57 var. ^ nu'jior, Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 88, 222. Shoots i to li inch, summit de- curved, densely caespitose, leaves erecto- patent, approximate, subsecund, roundish ; margins strongl}^ reflexed, ciliately toothed, entire or emarginate ; perianth oblong. Form (3' htmiilis, Linbenb. Shoots attenuate, leaves ovate, entire, obtuse, or notched. LicJienastrum asplenii, Dill. Muse. t. 69, f. 6., A. B. C. Jungermannia Dillenii, Ta}^. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. II., 316. Plagiochila asplenio- ides /? minor ^ form humilis, Carr. Br. Hep. p. 56. On sandy banks of streams in woods. Tufts wide, dark green ; stems about i inch high, sparingly branched, curved at the top. Leaves convex towards the anterior margin. Dillcnius distinguished this from F. asplcnioidcs. It may be recognised by the obovate leaves, which have no appearance of being truncate at the tips ; by their being more crowded, nearly vertical, dentate throughout ; by both their margins being recurved, and thence appearing convex in front, by their less patent position, by the greater length of their de- current bases, very essentially by their smaller cellules ; and by the mouth of the calyx having large crenulations, which are themselves denticulate. Besides the tufts arc of a darker green, and the shoots more slender. — Taylor. var. h devexa. Carr. Br. Hep. p. 56. Shoots 158 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC/E . compressed, subcircinate ij inch long, two or three times innovant-furcate ; leaves secund, roundish, ciliate-dentate, closely im- bricate, erect ; dorsal margin straight, strongly recurved, ventral projecting back- ward, so as to form a crest with the opposite leaves ; perianth short, oblong, scarcely ex- ceeding the involucral leaves, and like them densely ciliate at the apex. The typical form occurs — straggling amongst moss or forming dense tufts (fig. in). Primary shoots creeping, leafless, entangled. Secondary less rigid, paler brown, ascending, simple or dichotomous, innovant in older plants. Leaves bifariously im- bricated, alternate, horizontally patent, roundish, obovate, or trapezoid, with a broad rounded or truncate apex, dorsal margin decurrent, entire, reflexed, ventral rounded, dentate, or ciliate, superior aspect decidedly convex (fig. 112). Texture thin and semi-pellucid. Amphigastria general but distant and irregular, minute, subulate, bifid. Inflorescence normally dioicous, sometimes auto- icous or with male and fertile shoots springing from the same stolon. Involucral leaves slightly larger than those of the stem. Perianth laterally com- pressed, from a narrow base, curved to one side. Calyptra pear-shaped. Capsule ovate, purplish- brown, lustrous. Spores spherical. Perigonial leaves six to eight pairs, closely imbricate in two rows. Antheridia in clusters of two to four, greyish-green. HANDBOOK OF URniSH HKPATIC.E. 159 Plag'iochila interrupta, N., Dim. Stem horizontally branched, leaves imbri- cate, oval, repand, obtuse, quite entire, margin plane; perianth terminal, oblong, mouth repand, crenulate. Jungcrmannia interrupta, Nees Leb. I., 165. Plagiochila interrupta, Dumrt. Hep. Eur. p. 44; Gott. and Rab. Exs. No. 48, 136, 516; Cooke Hep. f. 35 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 86 ; Carr. Br. Hep. p. 52, t. 3, f. 1 1. . In mountain woods, on dry shady rocks. var. /3 pyrenaica.^ Spruce Hep. Pyr. No. 9. Pedinophyllum pyrenaicum, Spr. Trans. Bot. Edin. HI., 200. Barren stems humifuse,serpen- tine-flexuous, horizontally branched ; leaves ovate-oblong, obliquely truncate, two, three, or four dentate ; perianth obovate, mouth acutely dentate. Tufts broad, depressed, attached to the surface of rocks. Stems creeping, flexuous, simple or irregularly branched, olive-brown, purplish near the base, brittle when dry. Leaves elliptic, ovate, or subquadrate, distichous, alternate, horizontally / imbricate; apex rounded and ob- V, tuse, retuse, or emarginate, dorsal margin scarcely dccurrent (fig. 113). Amphigastria usual on the ^^3- barren shoots, minute, 1-3 partite, segments subu- late. Inflorescence autoicous. Fertile shoots rare. l6o HANDP.OOK OF BRITISH HEPATICt. Involucral bracts two, twice the size of ordinary leaves, ovate-oblong, emarginate. Perianth obovate, compressed, mouth broad, bilabiate, curved to one side. Calyptra campanulate. Capsule dark brown, spores reddish-brown, granular, 14/i. diam. Andra^- cium terminal. Perigonial leaves closely imbricate, bilobate. Antheridia usually solitary. — (Plate j, fig' 47') Plagfiochila spinulosa, Bicks., Bum. Stem erect, rather branched, leaves semi- vertical, obovate, recurved, dentately-spinu- lose ; perianth lateral and axillary, rounded- oblong, truncate, mouth spinulose. Lichenastrum pinnulis alternis, Dill. Muse. p. 489, t. 79, f. \\. J wngermannia spinulosa, Dicks. Crypt. II., p. 14; Hook. Br. Jung. t. 14; Eng. Bot. t. 2228. Plagiochila spinulosa, Dum. Hep. Eur. p. 45 ; Gott. and Rab. Exs. 500 ; Cooke Hep. f. 32 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 89 ; Carr. Br. Hep. p. 60, t. iv., f. 14. var. 8 microphylla. Stems filiform, densely pulvinate, all the leaves minute. Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 90. var. € procumbcns, Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 223. var. ppu7tctata. Carr. 1. c. Smaller, densely caespitose, repeatedlyramose, ultimatebranches flageliiform ; leaves punctate, loosely im- HANDHOOK OF URITISH HEPATIC^. 161 bricatc, divergent, ruundisii-ovate, lioni a contracted base, apex and ventral margin spinose-dentate ; perianth axillary, obcordate, truncate, bilabiate, alae distinctly toothed, apex densely spinulose. — JmigcrnKUUiia piuiclata, Taylor Trans. Bot, Ed. I., 179. Form * Jhigcllifcra, Carr. Most of the branches flagelliferous, intertwined, fastigiate, naked or microphyllous, leaves not much broader than the stems, obovate - cuneate, patent, recurvo-convex, scarcely decurrent, 2-3 dentate; amphigastria frequent. — PlagiocJiila punctata^ Tayl. Lond. Jour. Bot., 1844, p. 371. var. 8 iiicrniis, Carr. 1. c. Closely tufted, shoots slender, leaves roundish-ovate, ob- liquely retuse, or bidentate at the apex, mar- gins recurved, mostly entire. Either mixed with other hepatica;, and mosses, or forming dense cushion- like tufts on rocks, or invest- ing the trunks of trees. Rhi- zomes creeping, entangled, dirty brown. Stems upright or inclined, reddish-brown, simple or dichotomous, or in- novant from the axils of ter- minal leaves. Shoots i to 4 inches, with distant or closely imbricated alternate leaves. Barren shoots nearly equal 114. throughout. Leaves broadly ovate, or obovate, l62 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. rather distant, semi-vertically spreading, dorsal margin entire, decurrent, apex 2-3 dentate, ventral margin irregularly toothed, strongly recurved (fig. 114). Amphigastria usually present, distant and irregular. Inflorescence dioicous. Perianth later- ally compressed, bilabiate. Male shoots distinct, more slender. Andra^cium terminal. Perigonial leaves six to twelve pairs. Antheridia oval, greyish - green in small groups. Fructification has never been met with in this country. Dr. Carrington regards the P . punctata, Taylor, as the typical form. " Like most plants propagated chiefly by rhizomatous shoots or gemmae, it exhibits great variety of aspect, and in the form and toothing of the leaves." Plagiochila tridenticulata, 2^ayi. Stem nearly erect, flexuous, somewhat branched, leaves semi-vertical, accumbent, remote, wedge - shaped, 2-3 partite, re- curved. Jungermannia spinulosa /? tridenticulata, Hook. Br. Jung. No. 14. Plagiockila triden- ticulata, Dumrt. Hep. Eur. 45 ; Gott. and Rab. Exs. 212 ; Carr. Ir. Hepat. t. xi., f. 5 ; Cooke Hep. 3334 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 15. In mountains. Either creeping loosely amongst tufts of other HANDBOOK OF I'.RI'IfSFr FJKI'ATIC/K. 163 hcpatics, or forming dense fasciculate palclies of .1 dark i^reen colour. Stems about as thick as horse-hair, purplish black, rigid, polished, but flexuous ; shoots i to I inch, rarely 2 inches, long ; branches alternate, divaricate, of nearly uniform size. Leaves dis- tant, alternate, distichous, obovate, or wedge-shaped, contracted and scarcely decurrent at the base (fig. 116), bidentatc at the apex, terminal leaves only are erect, dark olive or indigo-green, blackish when dry. Amphigastria gener- ally present, minute, distant, bidentate. Andraicium spi- cate, ovate. Perigonial leaves three to six pairs, larger than those of the stem, closely imbricate, with many teeth. Antheridia one or two, pale olive yellow. Cells larger than in Plagiochila spinulosa (fig. 115). " This appears to be a very distinct species. The shoots are flagelliform, 116. nearly equal throughout, stems black and rigid, leaves distant, patent, wedge-shaped, from a narrow basis, easily detached, usually bidentate at the apex, with an obtuse sinus." Plag-iochila exigua, TayL Stem filiform, serpentine, leaves vertical, M 2 164 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. ovately wedge-shaped, spreading, divergent, subreflexed, plane, bifid, lacinise rather diver- gent, acute. Jnngcnnannia exigua, Tayl. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. I., 179. Plagiochila exigua, Dum. Hep. Eur. 46 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 15 ; Carr. Br. Hep., p. 65, t. iv., fig. 13. On trunks, parasitic on other hepatics. Forming minute scattered, or dense tufts. About \ incli high, hght green, usually ccespitose, but when growing amongst other species decumbent ; shoots minute, naked at the base. Leaves distant, alternate, erect, then spreading, from a narrow base, wedge-shaped or obovate, bidentate at the apex, with an acute shallow sinus, lobes acute, divergent. Amphigastria generally present, minute, subulate, toothed on one side, or acutely bidentate. Taylor says it is closely allied to P. bidcnticulata. from which it may be recognised by its smaller size, the shallower division of Ihe leaves, their less acu- minated segments, by their being shorter, by their far smaller cells, by the weak connexion of the leaves to the stems, by the paler colour of the adult plants, more spreading leaves, and by the roots occupying a greater length of stem.~(yV-r?/6' 4, Genus 24. APLOZIA, Dumort. Involucre two or three leaved ; perichaetial leaves undivided, entire, conforming to the stem leaves. Perianth sessile, erect, terete, HANDliOOK OK IIRIIISII 1 1 KI'A IIC/K. •^^5 inflated, with a toothed month. Capsule f'oiir- valvcd, coriaceous, naked. I'Hater.s double, naked, dcQiduous. — Diiniort. Syll. /uui^. 47 (1831), as a sub-genus. Leaves undivided, flattened, subciirrent, or some- times transversal. Some species stipulate, but for the most part without stipules. Perianth various at the apex. Aplozia cuneifolia. Hook., Dum. Stem creeping, leaves distant, wedge- shaped, plane, entire at the apex, or obtusely emarginate, stipules bifid. Juugcnuajiiiia cnneifolia^ Hook. Br. Jung, t. 64 ; Eng. Bot. Suppl. t. 2700 ; Carr. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. VII., 488 ; Cooke Hep. 91, 92. Aplozia cnncifolia, Dumort. Hep. Eur. p. 55. Colcochila cuneifolia, Du- mort. Hep. Eur. p. 106. Lcptoscyphns cuncifolhts, Mitt. Hook. Journ. III., 358. Parasitic on F. tamarisci. Very minute, resembling a conferva, scattered. Stems ex- tremely slender, thread-like, scarce exceeding \ inch, often smaller, undivided, brownish. Leaves throughout the whole plant distantly placed, s{)read- ing or erect, wedge-shaped, base dccurrent, apex l66 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC/I':. entire, or cut into a wide very shallow notch (fig. 117); margin c\'er}'\vhere entire, dull reddish olive or brown. Stipules closely appressed to the under side of the stem, small, ovate, divided more than half way down by an acute sinus into two sharp segments (fig. 1 18). Dr. Spruce believes that when the fructification has been met with this will be found to be a true species of Clasniatocolea. Aplozia Schraderi, Mart., Dum. vStem procumbent, rather branched, leaves bifarious, erect, orbicularly elliptic, entire ; perichaetial leaves undulate. Stipules trian- gular, awl-shaped. Perianth C3dindrical. Jnngcrmannia Schraderi, Mart. Fl. Erl. t8o, t, 6, f. 55 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 10 1 ; Cooke Hep. f. 58. Aplozia Schraderi, Dum. Hep. Eur. p. 56. In moist woods. Collected in dense tufts, stems creeping and flexu- ous, radiculose, ascending, here and there branched, V^- 119. Leaves densely imbricate, succubous, rather orbicu- lar, obliquely sessile at the base, or a little decur- IIANDIiOOK or I'.RIIISH IIKPATIC/E. 167 rent, (jiiitc rntirc (fii;-. 119). Stipules broadly subulate, in the older stems obsolete, hence sometimes described as absent. liracts lonijcr than the cauline leaves. Perianth cylindrical, sometimes slic^htly curved, mouth shortly lacinate. Aplozia crenulata, Sm., Dum. Stem creeping, branched, leaves rather re- mote, erect, orbicular, marginate, entire ; stipules none ; perianth terminal, obovate, compressed, quadrangular, mouth truncate. fiiugoinannia croiiilata, Sm. Eng. Bot. t. 1463 ; Hook. Br. Jung. No. 57 ; Gott. and Rab. Exs. No. 68, 172, 219, 360, 406 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 26; Cooke Hep. fig. 59. Aplozia crenulata, Dumort. Hep. pAir. p. 57. Bogs and moist places. Growing in densely- matted patches of considerable extent. Stems about i inch long, filiform, flexuous, rarely simple, mostly once or twice irregularly divided, innovant. Leaves rather distant on barren shoots, crowded and imbricated on fertile ones,erect, diminishing in size downwards, generally spreading, nearly orbicular, concave, with the margin plane, cells of the margin quadrate, forming a conspicuous border (fig. 120), colour green, dull olive, with the extremities and 120. l68 HANDIiOOK OF IJRITISH HEPATIC/E. ' terminal leaves purple. Periclia:tial leav^es similar, closely adpressed to the cal)'x, the calyx obovate, laterally compressed, with four longitudinal angles, which are prominent and acute when mature, mouth contracted and irregularly toothed. Capsule ovate, shining brown, longitudinally and transversely furrowed. Elaters bispiral. Aplozia g'racillima, S?n., Dum. Stem creeping, fertile branches erect, leaves alternate, remote, amplexicaul, rounded ovate, concave, rounded marginate ; stipules none ; perianth terminal, cylindrical. Jiingermannia gracillima, Sm. Eng. Bot. t. 2238 ; Carr. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. VII., 447 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. 248, 249 ; Cooke Hep. fig. 60. Aplozia gracilliuia, Dumort. Hep. Eur. p. 57. Jungcrmannia crcmtlata /3, Hook. Br. Jung. p. 37. Jungermaimia Gcn- thiana, Hubn. Hep. Germ. 107 ; Gott. and Rab. Exs. 68, 115, 384. On the ground. Not nearly so small as Lejeunia inimitissima, and differing in the stem, clasping leaves, and more essentially in its perianth, which is terminal, cylindri- cal, obtuse, surrounded by several imbri- cated leaves, which are larger than the rest, and these as well as the perianth tinged with red. Stems very slender and pellucid, branched, creeping, somewhat zig-zag, clothed with small scattered pellucid, apparently fleshy, leaves, of a roundish 121 IIANIU'.OOK OF nRIIISIl m:i'.\l"IC/K. 169 concn\'c inidividc'l fii^uro (fiL^. I2f), alwaxs more or Icss cinbraciiiij^ tlic stem with their base, ami desti- tute of any appendai^es. — {Plate ^,fy. 60.) Dr. Carrini^tc^n writes that : ** Hooker describes this as not differinc:^ from A. crciuilnta except in size, but all the specimens I have examined arc destitute of the conspicuous border cells, and the perianth is not compressed." Aplozia lanceolata, /., Du}n. Stem creeping, simple, leaves accumbent, oblong-elliptic, rounded, entire; stipules none ; perianth cylindrical, arcuate, apices depres- sedly plane. Jiivgcrmannia lanceolata, Linn. Sp. 1597; Hook. Br. Jung. t. 28 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 170. LiocJilcena lanceolata, Nees Gott. and Rab. Exs. No. 94, 438 ; Cooke Hep. f. 108. Aplozia lanceolata, Dum. Hep. Eur. 59. Woods and moist shady places. Growing in small dense clusters of a pale-green colour. Stems \ to ^ inch long, pro- cumbent, simple, or now and then with one or two short lat- eral shoots. Leaves rather close, always spreading or hori- zont a I , entire, ovate, with a broad and half-embracin1% 183 subquadrate, recurved, trifid ; pericha-tial leaves rather long ; perianth lateral, ovate, plicate ; stipules none ; fruit at length lateral. finioeniinmiia Lyoiiiy Tayl. 1 rans. Bot. S(jc. Edin. I., p. ii6, t. 7; Spruce Trans. V)oi. Kdin. III., 204; Carr. and Pears. Kxs. No. 31. Amongst mo.ss. — {Plate ./, fig. ^j.) Stems 2 or 3 inches long, erect, or ascending, with entangled short, flat, simple, pale yellowish roots, along the inferior side. Colour of stems dark chest- nut brown when dry, paler above when wet. Leaves pale brownish yellow, with a slight greenish hue when moist, rounded quadrate, half embracing, concave at the base, divided at the outer side into three (rarely four) lacinise, middle tooth usually smallest. Pericha^tium of two leaves,the lower quad- rifid, the upper five or six fid, both recurved ; calyx swollen and smooth, cylindrically obovate, about five plaits at the top, mouth shortly ciliate. Capsule oblong-rounded, pedicel short. Easily distinguished from /. barbata by the absence of stipules, more oblong calyx, less concave leaves, which are less imbricated, and subsquarrose. It differs from/, incisa by its greater size and ascend- ing stems, by the leaves being rounded anteriorly, and having the lower laciniae reflexed, by the more tumid and less plicate calyx, by the squarrosc pericha^tial leaves, by the greater distance between the leaves, and their paler colour. — Taylor. Jimgermannia socia, Nees in Syn. p. 111, appears in British lists apparently on 1 84 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^.. account of Jiingcrmannia Lyoni, 'V^y\., having been referred to it in the synopsis, whilst Dr. Carrington regards Ta3^]or's species as a form oS. Jitngennannia lycopodioidcs. We have been unable to trace the typical Jnngermannia socia as British. Jung-ermannia exsecta, Schmid. Stem nearly erect; leaves bifarious, spread- ing, concave, acute*, margin one -toothed, emarginate ; perichaetial leaves four-fid ; stipules none ; perianth terminal, plicate. Jungermannia exsecta, Schmid. Ic. 244, t. 62, f. 2; Hook. Br. Jung., No. 14, Suppl. t. i ; Gott. and Rabh. Exs. 130, 177, 358; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 108, Cooke Hep. f. 85. On boggy heaths. Forming small scattered patches, somewhat stcl- lately disposed, pale yellowish green. Stems pros- trate, \ inch long, fra- gile, simple, or rarely with a small shoot at the base. Leaves imbricated in two opposite rows, spreading or horizon- tal, gradually becom- ing smaller -towards the base, where the}' closely surround and 132. HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC/K. I.S5 embrace the stem, ovate in ficjiirc, concave, or con- cUiplicatc, \er)' acute at tlie apex, furnislietl in the middle of the upper marij^in with a stroni^ sharj:) tooth, pointing; a httle upwards (fig. 132). iMuit ter- minal. Calyx oblong-ovate, cut at the mouth into four obtuse teeth. Capsule ovate. lUaters bispiral. Gemma: abundant in December and Januar\', oi a deep orange colour. Jungfermannia alpestris, Sr///. Stems creeping, nearly simple ; leaves ac- cumbent, ovate, subquadratc, obliquely two- toothed ; laciniae acute ; perichaetial leaves bi- or tri-fid, erect, entire ; stipules none ; perianth oblong, terete ; mouth obtusely plicate. Jungcrmannia alpestris, Schl. Exs. ii., 59; Gott. and Rabh. Exs. 190, 264, 265, 304, 304/^ ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. 109 ; Cooke Hep. fig. 78. Densely caespitose in Alpine regions. var, gelida, Tayl. Hook. Journ. IV., 1S45, p. 277; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. wo. Stem ascending, i inch long, flexuous, apex innovant; leaves approximate, erect, spread- ing, secund, subrotund, bifid; lobes unequal, rather acute, incurved, entire. i86 HANDnOOK OF I'.RITISH HRPATIC/E. Juiigermaniiia gr/u/a, Tayl. Journ. Bot. Stems interwoven, creeping, ascending at the apex, flcxiious, bifidly-branched, and rather rigid ; leaves semi-vertical, secund, ovate, approaching quadrate, oblique, with a broad obtuse sinus, obliquely bidentatc (fig. 133) ; lacinia^ unequal, acute, or mucronate, distant, very much inflected in drying; stipules none ; in- volucral leaves broader, erect, bifid or trifid. Perianth twice as long as the ^^^' involucre, oblong, even, mouth obtuse, complicate, capsule oval. Male inflorescence spi- cate, involucral leaves saccate at the base, bidentate at the apex. Jung'ermannia intermedia, Z/;;^. Stem ascending, rather branched ; leaves bifarious, erect, suborbicular, acutely two- lobed, segments acute ; perichaetial leaves 3-5 lobed, incised, dentate, adpressed, connate at the base; stipules none; perianth terminal, obovate. Jungermminia cxcisa v. crispa, Hook. Br. Jung., p. II, Sup. 2. Jungennannia inter- media, Lind. Syn. Hep. p. "^^^ ; Gott. and l^ab. Exs. 60, 144, 312; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 30 ; Cooke Hep. fig 81. Stems creeping, simple or rather branched, the HANDnOOK OF I'.RITISH HRI'ATICVf-:. 1H7 short brandies tliickoncd at the apex, leaves semi- vertical, closcl)- imbricate, ratlier concave, quadrate, or roundish, loose, reticu- late, the lower lunately, the upper deeply and obtusely emart^inate, bi- or tri-fid, lacinia: unequal and acute (fig. 134). Bracts trifid or quadrifid, rather serrate, connate at the base, thus ternate or quaternatc. Perianth short, ovate-triangular, plicate, mouth denticulate. Stipules absent. 134- Jungermannia capitata, Hooke. Stem prostrate, simple ; leaves erect, rounded-quadrate, lower bifid, the rest and perichaetial leaves 3-4-fid; stipules none; perianth terminal, ovate. Jtingermannia capitata^ Hook. Br. Jung., t. 80 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 242 (variety). On turfy soil. Growing in small pale-grccn patches, stems \, rarely 2) inch long, almost always simple, greenish, with numerous pellucid radicles. Leaves rather closely ranged in two rows, sometimes spreading or nearly horizontal, general 1}- nearly erect, roundish, approaching quadrate, those at the base smallest and bifid, the rest increasing in size upwards, and trifid or quadrifid, segments unequal, a little waved and acute. .\t the very i88 HANIJIJOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC/E. apex, particularly of the sterile shoots, the leaves are collected in a head or cluster, colour pale \'el- lowish green. Pcricha^tial leaves larc^e, with four or five very unequal, incurved segments. Calyx oblong-ovate, greenish, diaphanous above and pli- cate, mouth somewhat contracted, and unequally toothed. Capsule ovate, dark brown, four-valved. Elaters bispiral, attenuated in both directions. —{Plate 4, fig. 34.) 3-4- Jungepmannia ventricosa, Dicks. Stem ascending, rather branched ; leaves accumbent, subquadrate, obtusely emarginate, concave ; perichaetial leaves adpressed, fid; stipules none; perianth ventricose. J It 11 germ a n n ia veil tricosa , Dicks. Crypt. II., p. 14. Hook. Br. Jung., t. 28; Gott. and Rab. Exs. 184, 185. ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 171 ; Cooke Hep. f. ']']. In woods. (Fr. Spring.) Sometimes growing in dense patches, at others scattered amongst SpJiagnitvi. Stems \ to | inch long, procumbent, rarely simple, more frequently once or twice branched, the branches bearing in- novations. Leaves rather close, but scarcely imbricate, in two op- i35- positc rows, spreading, with the lateral margin HANDBOOK OF nRITISH HEPATIC/E. 1 89 more or less incurved, subquadrate, widely and obtusely notched at the apex, with the points acute, and sometimes involute (fig. 135) ; the lower ones cleft into three, or more rarely fom', teeth, which are frequently unequal. Perichcutial leaves closely embracing the calyx, cut at their apex into three, four, or five acute, unequal teeth. Fruit terminal. Calyx at first spherical, and afterwards oblong-ovate, plicate towards the apex, mouth contracted and minutely toothed. Capsule deep brown, lurrowed ; elaters bispiral. Dr. Gottsche says that this species may always be distinguished from its allies by the violet colour of the cortical layer of the stem. >:; Jung-ermannia porphyroleuca, Nees. Stem creeping, rather rigid; leaves ovate, bifid ; lobes unequal, rather obtuse ; peri- chaetial leaves multifid, attenuated at the base, subconnate ; stipules none ; perianth club- shaped, plicate at the apex, mouth den- ticulate. Jungcnuannia cxcisa, Fl. Dau. t. 1715, f. i ; Ekart. Syn. Jung. X., f. 79. Jiuigennannia porphyroleuca^ Nees Eur. Leb. II., "]% ; Gott. and Rab. Hep. Exs. No. 184, 185, 288; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 172. * On trunks and amongst moss. Stem serpentine, creei)ing, radiculose, alternately branched, rather rigid, leaves semi-\'ertical, spread- IQO HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC/E. ing, or rather ascending, nearly plane, or rarely concave, oval, or quadrate, entire, minutely reticu- late, the lower lunately, the upper deeply and ob- tusely emarginate, two or three toothed, with rather obtuse, unequal laciniae. Bracts wedge- shaped, at the base convolute, and mostly connate, spreading at the apex, plane, palmately trifid, with the laciniae bifid, bracteoles small, linear, subulate, bifid or trifid. Perianth oval, plicate above, mouth denticulate. Stipules absent. — {Plate ^, fig. jj.) Jungermannia excisa, Blcks. Stem prostrate, simple; leaves accumbent, subquadrate, lunately marginate ; perichaetial leaves subtrifid, plicate; stipules none; peri- anth terminal, cylindrical, plicate ; mouth open, dentate, coloured. Jiuigermannia excisa, Dicks. Crypt. III., t. 8, f. 7; G. L. and N. Syn. p. 112; Spruce Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. III., p. 206. This species has long been a mystery, apart from Dickson's figure. Spruce wrote in 1849: "I fear /. excisa, Dicks, t. 8, f. 7, will have to be entirely erased from the list of Hepatica^. I have spent much time in the attempt to ascertain what it really is, but without success, &c." Subsequently Dr. Car- rington wrote: " I quite concur with Mr. Spruce that we have no such BT'itish species as J. excisa'^ He proceeds to enumerate, as Spruce had previously done, the varieties of other species, which were supposed to be referable to/, excisa. — (Trans. Bot. Ed. VII., p. 4^8.) HANDBOOK OF IlRniSH IM.l'A TIC -K. 191 Jungermannia bicrenata, Sclmi. Stem procumbent, subsimple, leaves erect, rounded-ovate, acutely emari^inate ; laciniae acute; perichaetial leaves subtrifid, adpressed, rather serrulate ; stipules none,, perianth oval. Jungcrtnannia bicrenata, Schmid Anal., p. 247, t. 64, fig-, i; Gott. and Rabh. Exs. 127, 187, 310, 411, 495; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. Ill ; Cooke Hep. f. 79, 80. Jiingcr- mannia cxcisa, Engl. Bot. t. 2497, Ekart. Jung, t. II, f. 93- On sandy soil c^c. Stem creeping, short, somewhat proliferous ; leaves semi-vertical, densely imbricate, connivcnt above, concave, ovate, or roundish, reticulatc,bidentate, with an acute sinus, the lacinia^ also acute, margins en- tire ; involucral leaves a little larger, adpressed, acutely bifid or trifid, some- what serrulate ; l)erianth terminal, 136. ovate, plicate, mouth ciliately toothed, cunnivciit (figs. 136, 137). 192 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATlCiE. Jungermannia turbinata, Raddi. Stems spreading on the ground ; leaves suborbicular, loosely reticulate, obtusely bi- dentate ; perichaetial leaves axe-shaped, bidentate ; perianth turbinate. Jungcrniannia turbinata, Raddi. Jung. Etrus. t. III., f. 2, 3 ; Dumort. Hep. Eur. 79 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. 103, 104, 240. Jiuigermannia corcyrwa^ G. L. and N. Syn. p. 103. In mountain regions. Stem creeping, ascending, loosely radiculose, somewhat branched ; leaves semi-vertical, spread- ing, orbicular, repand, and wavy, loosely reticulate, narrowly bifid, sinus obtuse as well as the lacinicC. Involucral leaves axe-shaped, unequally bidentate, spreading at the apex, convolute at the base ; perianth obconical or top-shaped, even, obtuse. — {Plate ^, fig. S6:) Jungermannia incisa, Schrad. Stem procumbent, nearly simple, com- pressed, leaves accumbent, concave, quadrate, undulate, subtrifid, incised; perichaetial leaves, 3-4-fid, denticulate ; stipules none ; perianth terminal, obovate, mouth torn. Jnngerrnaiuiia incisa, Schrad. Samm. 2, p. 5 Hook. Br. Jung. t. 10; Eng. Bot. t. 2528 Gott. and Kab. Exs. 228, 229, 407, 487 HANDliUUK Ul- IJRITISH IlLl'ATlC/t. 193 Carr. and Pears. Kxs. No. 241 ; Cooke Hep. fig. S2. In moist places, bogs, &c. (Fr. Winter and Spring.) Forming small dense patches o( pale green, firmly attached to the ground by num(>rous radi- cles. Stems prostrate, ^ inch long, generally simple ; leaves rather distant at the base, becoine larger and more approximate upwards, subquadrate, a little embracing and de- current at the base, an- terior margin a little involute ; apex three or four toothed, segments unequal, crisoed and dis- torted, their margins frequently toothed (fig. 138). Perich^tial leaves trifid or quad ri fid, the segments more equal than in the stem leaves. Fruit ter- minal. Calyx obovate and plicate, contracted, and torn at the mouth. Cal\i)tra » obovate, whitish. Elaters bispiral. Gemmai produced in December and January. Jung-ermannia Pearsoni, Spnne. Dioicous, small, stem furcate. Leaves dis- tant, transverse, broadly wedge-shaped, ccm- plicately keeled, deeply bifid, segments erect, parallel to the stem, ovate, acuminate. Male inflorescence in the middle of the stem or branches. o 194 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATICyE. Jungermannia Pcarsoui, Spruce Journ. Bot., Feb., 1 88 1, p. 33; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 165, 239. On wet rocks. — {Plate ^, fig. S7-) Dioicous, small, depressedly ca^spitose, lurid green, resembling CcpJialo::ia divaricata. Stem 8 mm. long, flaccid, twice, or rarely more, fur- cate, radicles very rare. Leaves distant, rarely con- tiguous, transverse, broadly wedge-shaped, compli- cately keeled, bifid three-quarters down, keel making a broad angle with the stem ; segments suberect, nearly parallel to the stem, rather plane, ovate, subacuminate, acute or rather obtuse ; cells minute, subquadrate. Andnecia placed in the middle of the stem or branch ; bracts few, three to four, larger than the leaves, crowded, base turgid, sometimes with an antical incurved tooth ; anthe- ridia large, solitary on long pedicels. Jungermannia orcadensis, Hook. Stem erect, nearly simple ; leaves bifarious, incumbent, appressed or rather spreading, ovate, obtusely emarginate, margin revolute ; stipules none. Jungermannia o)xadensis, Hook. Br. Jung. t. 7 1 ; Gott. and Rabh. Exs. No. 40, 399, 400 ; Cooke Hep. f. 76 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. 245. Mesophylla orcadensis, Dumort. Hep. Eur. p. 130- HANDBOOK Ol nuillsil HI I'VriC.K '95 In mountainous districts. Growin^^ in loose patches, a icw inches broad, or scattered amonc,^st mosses. Stems i to 2 inches lonf,^ erect, thread-Hke, flexuose, simple, or innovant towards the apex. Leaves close and subimbricate, widely ovate, approaching cordate, spreadiny; or erect and second, half embracing at the base and decurrent, at the apex with a rather deep obtuse notch (fig. 139). Margins recurved. Colour brownish green. 139. Genus 26. MYLIA, Gmy. Involucre small-leaved, leaves connate at the base. Perianth terminal, elongated, cylin- drical, longer than the calyptra, mouth com- pressed, two-lipped. Capsule four-valved, coriaceous. Elaters double, naked, deciduous. — Gray Arr. /., 693 (1821). Dioicous. Perianth terminal, laterally compressed from a subterete base, contracted at the apex, at length bilabiate, denticulate ; involucral bracts two, sprceiding from a clasping base. Leaves succubous, bifariously imbricated, alternate, circular, or ovate, and pointed. Amphigastria subulate. Elaters bi- spiral, deciduous. Plants forming dense tufts in Alpine bogs, or clinging to the stems of Sphaguiu/i. The com- pressed perianth of Plagiochila is combined with general habit o^ Jiingcniiaiuiia. o 2 196 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. Mylia Taylori, Hook. Stem erect, nearly simple, leaves bifarious, accumbent, rounded, concave, entire; peri- chaetial leaves oblong, connate at the base ; stipules awl-shaped ; perianth ovate, truncate, rather two-lipped. Jiingcnnannia Taylori, Hook. Br. Jung. No. 57 ; Gott. and Rabh. Exs. No. 14 ; Cooke Hep. f. 56, 57. Mylia Taylori, Carr. and Pears. Exs. 91, 224; Carr. Br. Hep., p. 68, t. 9, f. 30. Colcochila Taylori, Dumort. Hep. Eur. p. 106. Lcptoscyphiis Taylori, Mitten. Hook. Journ. HI., 358. Moist rocks and boggy places. (Fr. Spring.) Shoots densely caespitose, erect, innovant, leaves orbicular, coriaceous, horizontally spreading and reflexed from a saccate base ; perianth ovate, as long again as the roundish involucral bracts. Growing in rather large patches. Stems erect, 2 to 4 or 5 inches long, thread-like, flexuous, simple, or sometimes innovant near the extremity. Leaves ku'gcst at the ext.*'cmity of fertile threads, everywhere close and bifarious, slightly imbrica- ting, alternate, horizontally 140. 141. '^' ■,. , r ^/ sprcadmg, not unircc|ucntly erect and sccund, round or suborbicuku', plane or slightly concave ; margins entire, sometimes a little HANI»l:(K>K OF I'.RniSH [II.I'.\TFC/K. I97 w.'ivcd, slightly recurved .'it the extremity, base deciirrcnt, and obliquely half embracinc,^ (fic;. 141). Substance thick. Colour yellowish-careen at the base, assuming; a purplish tint towards the extremity. Stipules minute, widely subulate (fig. 140). Peri- cha^tial leaves one erect pair at the base of the calyx, margins a little waved. Calyx ovate, not plicate, cylindrical, but compressed at the apex, and truncate, obsolctely toothed, and two-lipped. Capsule dark brown, furrowed. Elaters short, bispiral. Mylia anomala, llook. Shoots scattered, creeping, mostly simple ; leaves rather distant, subsecund, diversiform, roundish-ovate, obtuse to ovate, acuminate, concave ; texture thinner than in M. Taylon. Perianth ovate-oblong, thrice the length of the involucral bracts, which are ovate. Jungermannia anomala^ Hook. Br. Jung. No. 34; Eng. Bot. t. 2518. Jungermannia Taylon v. anomala, Nees Eur. Leb. II., 455 ; Gott. and Rabh. Exs. 113, 236, 414, 415. Colcochila anomala, Dumort. Hep. Eur. 106. Mylia anomala, Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 225. Mylia Taylori anomala, Carr. Br. Hep. p. 70, t. 9, f. 29. In scattered tufts among Sphagnum. Sir W. Hooker states that the principal differ- ence between these two species consists in the 198 HANDl'.OOK OF P.RITISH HEPATIC^. ovate and acute leaves of IVI . ana mala, wliicli are wholly wanting in M. Taylori. Other marks, much less to be de[)endecl upon, may be found in the densely-crowded patches in whicli M. Taylori grow, so that the individuals are forced into a nearly erect position, and in the colour, which is far deeper and generally wath a purplish tinge through- out. Dr. Carrington recognises the two as sub- species. Genus 27. GYMNOCOLEA, Dum. Involucre small-leaved, distinct, conforming to the stem leaves. Perianth erect, stipitate, naked, terete, contracted at the apex, mouth denticulate. Capsule four-valved, coriaceous, naked. Elaters double, naked, deciduous. — Dnmort. Syll. 52 (1831). Plants without stipules, leaves subcurrent, flattened, two-lobed. Perianth exserted. Gymnocolea inflata, Huds., Du7?l Stem ascending, branched ; leaves bifari- ous, remote, accumbent, roundish, acutely bifid ; stipules none ; perianth terminal, pear- shaped. Jtingermannia inflata, Huds. Aug. p. 5 [ i ; Hook. Br. Jung. No. 38; Eng. Bot. t. 2512; Gott. and Rab. Exs. 145, 174, 253, 311, 390, 450, 482, 485, 494, .197 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs, No. 28, 29; Cooke Hep. f. 75. HANDi'.ooK nv I'.Riirsii iii'.i'A ric/K. 109 (iv/N/ioco/cd iiijlatii, Diiiiiuit. 1\(.'\'. Juiil;-. P- '7- Moist heatlis and boij^c^y places, {Vx. Mai*. Ai>.) var. a compacta, Carr. A curious variety with inflated unihilicate perianths, and very short tufted stems. var. y laxa, Carr. On heaths and bogs. Growing in densely-matted patches ot con- siderable extent, deep green, nearly black. Stems 5 to h inch or more, procumbent, filiform, simple, or with two or three scattered branches, now and then innovant. Leaves bifarious, distant in the lower part of the stem, imbricated above, horizontal, spreading or erect, frequently con- cave, divided less than half way by an acute sinus (fig. 142). Perichajtial leaves similar and smaller. Calyx terminal, at first nearly spherical, then pear-shaped or obovate, with a ^^' tapering base, somewhat plicate above, mouth con- tracted, with a few obtuse unequal teeth. Capsule slightly furrowed. Elaters bispiral. " The singular form of the full-grown calyx, the obtuse segments of the leaves, together with the deep olive, almost black, colour, are marks by which this may be known from every other species." — Hooker. 200 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC/E. Gymnocolea affinis, //'/A., Dum. Stem procumbent, without stipules, leaves rounded, hyaline, acutely bifid ; laciniae ob- tuse; perichaetial leaves spreading. Perianth pear-shaped, contracted at the apex, mouth dentate. Jitngcrmannia affinis, Wils. in Brit. Fl. V., III. Jnngcrmannia tiirbinata, Wils. Eng. Bot. Supp. t. 2744. Jungermannia Wilsoniana, Nees Eur. Leb. III., 548 ; Gott. and Rab. Exs. 447 ; Cooke Hep. f. 74. Gyinnocolea affinis, Dumort. Hep. Eur. p. 65. In moist shady places under banks. (Early Spring.) Stems procumbent, simple or branched, leaves roundish, concave, acutely bifid, coarsely reticulated, the seg- ments obtuse, those of the in volucrc larger than the rest ; fruit terminal ; perianth pear-shaped, plicate, contracted, and toothed at the mouth. (fi.?; 143)- Separated from J . i?ijlata, to which its trivial name applies, ^^^' by the procumbent stems, large reticulations, and less obtuse segments HANKI'.OOK or I1R1TISH HrrATIC/V.. 20I of the leaves, and, alcove all, the ph'cated upper portion of the perianth. Perii^onial leaves on separate shoots crowded, concave, sometimes three- toothed, anterior segment indexed, forming an auricle. Genus 28. HARPANTHUS, Necs. Dioicoiis. Involucre small-leaved, lateral, incurved from the interposition of two sti- pules, dissimilar to the leaves. Perianth fusi- form, terete, mouth three or four fid, laciniae unequal, entire, connate at the base with the calyptra, which is adherent up to the middle, apex free. Capsule four-valved, coriaceous, naked. Elaters double, naked, deciduous. — Nccs Eur. Lch. II., 351. Plants stipulate, leaves subcurrent, flattened, divided. Fertile shoots very short, ventral, at length sub- lateral. Perianth exsertcd, terete, the lower half thickened ; mouth contracted, three to four toothed. Calyptra fleshy, confluent two-thirds with the perianth. Involucral leaves one or two pairs. Leaves succubou.s, ovate, emarginate, semi-vertically imbri- cate, secund. Amphigastria lanceolate, connate with adjacent leaves, free margin reflexed, one- toothed at the base. ^lale shoots slender, peri- eon ial leaves terminal, enclosing one to two antheridia. — Can: Jh'. Hep. -//. 202 HANDBOOK OF PRITISH HEPATIC/^. Harpanthus Flotovianus, N'ees. Stem ascending, leaves approximate, or- bicular-ovate, obtusely emarginate ; stipules ovate-lanceolate, bifid or entire, equally acu- minate ; perianth cylindrical, subsessile. Ju7tgermannia Flotoviana, Nees Fl. Ratis. 1833, p. 408. Harpanthus Flotovianus, Nees Eur. Leb. 11. , 353 ; Gott. and Rab. Exs. 379, 417 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 265. Plciir- anthc olivacea, Tayl. Lond. Journ. V., 282 (1846); Lindb. Hep. Hibern. 516. Amongst Sphagnum^ on wet rocks. (Fr. Spr. and Sum.) Stems i to 2 inches, flexuous, procumbent, creeping amongst mosses, mostly unbranchcd, sometimes several stems from an old growth, of a delicate green or tinged with brown ; rootlets white, short. Leaves ovate, orbiculatc, horizontal, insertion of upper part in line with the stem, base dccurrcnt, curved forward. Apex contracted, emarginate, sinus small and shallow, segments rounded, upper tooth sometimes larger and acute, then overhanging like a claw. Young shoots light green or light olive, older plants often with a reddish tinge. Stipules large, very distinct, ovate, ovatc-lanccolatc, or lanceolate, acute, inserted obliquely, some entire, others with a tooth on the outer side about the middle, rarely toothed on both sides. Leaf cells hexagonal, Dioicous. Male II \NI)i:f)OK or I'.RITISH HF.PATIf/F.. 203 plants smaller, antlicridi.'i sinc^lc at the l^ase of eacli swollen leaf, rcriantli from the axil of a stipule, subcylindrical, sliL^htl)' sickle-shai)e(l, pale c;reenish, mouth pointed, at fu'st notched on one side, and finely crcnulate. Calyptra campanulatc. Capsule oval, brown, four-valved. h'Jaters Ijispiral. — {Plate Harpanthus scutatus, W. a?id Af., Sprmc. Stem ascending, simple ; leaves erect, rounded, concave, acutely emarginate, peri- chaetial 3-4-fid ; stipules triangular, acuminate, one tooth on each side ; perianth lateral, ovate. Jiingermannia scutata, Web. and Mohr. D. Crypt. 408; Hook. Br. Fl. V., p. 118; Mack. Hib. II., 64; Gott. and Rab. Exs. 218, 354, 466 ; Cooke Hep. f. 72. Jnngcrmannia stipu- lacca, Hook. Br. Jung. t. 41 ; P^ng. Bot. t. 2538. Harpanthus scutatus, Spruce Trans. Bot. Edin. III., 209; Carr. Br. Hep., p. 49, t. On rocks or trunks. var. imbricatus, Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 264. Growing in dense compact tufts, pale olive, olive-brown or brown. Stems decumbent, rootlets numerous. Leaves bifarious, imbricate, erect, loundish-ovatc, sharply bidcntate, with an acute 204 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC.^. sinus, margins entire (fig. 144). Amphigastria large, spreading, lanceolate-acuminate. Diocious. In- volucral bracts two, the upper one adnate at the base ; segments acute, sharply dentate. Perianth contracted above, at length faintly 3-4 plicate ; apex slightly crenate, splitting on one side. Calyp- tra connate. Capsule oval, deep brown ; spores spherical, ru- fous brown, lOft diam. Ela- ^^^- ters bispiral. Male plants dis- tinct, densely caespitose. Genus 29. SACCOGYNA, Dumort. Involucre none. Perianth affixed laterally by the margin of the apex, saccate, pendu- lous, naked, smooth, or everywhere pilose ; mouth circular, base connate with thecalyptra, not bearded at the insertion. Capsule naked, four-valved, valves straight. Elaters double, naked, deciduous. — Dumort. Comni. p. 113 (1822) ; Hep. Eur. t. 3,/ 33. Dioicous. Perigynium at first bud-like, inferior, proceeding from the axil of an amphigastrium, at length oblong, pendulous, fleshy, sublateral, shortly stipitate, surmounted by the remains of the in- volucral bracts. Perianth wanting. Calyptra con- nate, for most of its length with the outer walls, the dome-like apex alone free. Capsule oblong, quadrivalvate. Male spikes minute, inferior, rising HANDI'.OOK ()!•• I'-RIIISII II LTA 1 IC/K. 205 from the amphit^astria of separate individuals — Carr. Brit. llcp. //. Saccogyna viticulosa, Liim. Stem procumbent, branched; leaves accum- bent, ovate, entire ; stipules ovate-lanceolate, margin denticulate. ] nngcvrnannia viticulosa, Linn. Sp. 1597; Eng. Bot. t. 2513; Hook. Br. Jung. t. 60; Mack. Hib. II., 63. Saccogyna viticulosa, Dumort. Comm. p. 113; Cooke Hep. f. 115, 116, 117, 118; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 12, 13, 14; Carr. Br. Hepat., p. 47, t. 9, f. 28. Shady rocks in woods and heaths. Attached to Sphagnuni, or the surface of roeks, forming depressed patches several ^ inches in circum- ference. Stems filiform, slightly fl e X u o u s ( fig. 145). Innovations distant. Rootlets sparse. Leavesdis- tichous, closely i m- bricate, alternate, horizontal, plane, ovate, obtuse with a broad subdecurrent base (fig. \\7^\ margin 145. 146. 2o6 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC/E. entire. Green, ochraceous, or olive-brown. Amphi- gastria 2-3 den- tate (fig. 146). Dioicous. After impregnation the fleshy base of the receptacle elon- gates and des- cends into the earth as a hollow oblong pouch, attached to the stem by its upper border (fig. 148). Capsule reddish-brown, quadrivalvular. Spores i Sf^ diam., reddish-brown. 147- 148. Genus 30. NARDIA, Gray. Dioicous. Perianth connate with involucral leaves to form an urceolate involucre ; stoloniferous at the base. Shoots ascending or erect, innovations ventral. Leaves dis- tichous, subvertical. Amphigastria present only in species with round leaves. Andraecium terminal, subspicate. — Carr. Hep. 10. Gray Arr. B. PI. (1821). AliciilmHa, Corda Opiz. Beitr. (1829). Mesophylla, Dumort. Soiithhya, Spruce Trans. Ed. III., p. 197. Marsupdlay Spruce; see " Nardia " in Spruce Hep. Amaz. p. 518. Dr. Carrington, in referring to the ramification in this genus, says that, instead of the ordinary furcate division of the stem, the annual shoots spring from IIANDIJOOK ol I'.KIIlMI 1 1 1 1' A IIC/K. 207 the ventral aspect, and may be called adventitious. Thus, if we isolate one or two colesuliferous stems from a luxurious tuft, at first view the central axis appears continuous, and the shoots interrupted at pretty regular intervals, each of which bears an involucre at the apex. But on careful examination we find that the axis is not continuous, but that each younger stem originates from the axil of an amphigastrium beneath the involucre of the former season. Other innovations may spring from differ- ent parts of the ventral aspect, or very rarely from the axil of a leaf ; but only one of these is continued in the line of the main stem. Spruce contends for the separation of Marsupclla from Nardia, on the ground that the stem with the leaves is compressed from the/ront, and not from the side. That stipules are not present, whilst they are in Naniia. That the leaves are transverse, against succubous in Nardia. That the leaves are com- plicate or carinate in Marsupclla, but not in Nardia, and that the perianth is compressed from the /rout in Marsupclla, and from the side in Nardia. Sec Rcvuc Bryologiquc, iSSi,p. p2. Nardia sparsifolia, LiuS. Leaves scattered. Cortical stratum of stem simple. Leaves acutely incised. Lobes rather acute, margin straight. Bracts connate below the middle, lobes slightly inflexed, rather con- cave, lobes of involucre acute. Calyptra large. Nardia sparsifolia, Carr. Brit. Hej). p. 21. Sarcoscyphiis sparsi/olius, Lind. Musci. Novi., 2o8 HANDBOOK OF I5RITISH HEPATIC/K. 1868, p. 280. Marsnpella sparsifolia, Lind. Not. pro Fauna, &c., Fenn. IX., 1868; Pears. Journ. Bot. Aug., 1884, t. 248 ; Dum. Hep. Eur. 128; Carr. and Pears. Exs. 220. Nardia Funckii var. major, Nees. On rocks in Alpine situations. Paroicous, rather robust, few-leaved, cortical stratum of the stem simple, leaves acutely incised, lobes rather acute, margin erect, involucral bracts connate to near the middle, lobes slightly inflexed, very concave, those of the involucre acute ; calyptra large. Plants rather stout, densely caespitose. Stems ascending, entangled, slender, flexuose, fastigiately branched, radiculose at the base, and producing long stolons, few-leaved, cortical stratum simple. Leaves accrescent, margin erect, inferior ones patent from a somewhat contracted base, quadrate ovate, subamplexicaul, acutely emarginate, lobes rather acute, plane, superior ones with a broader base, sub- vaginate and saccate, broadly ovate, erecto-patcnt, bearing two antheridia in their axils. Involucral bracts resembling the upper leaves, erect, connate below the middle, lobes slightly inflexed, rather con- cave. Involucre four or five fid, lobes acute. Pro- fessor Lindberg thinks that Nardia adiisia and N. sparsifolia should be united in one species. — {Plate 5^ fig' ^-Z-) Nardia conferta, Spruce. Stems prostrate, simple or branched; leaves closely imbricate, secund, broadly oval, acutely HANDi'.OOK i)K I'.KriISjr H F<;PA'IIC/E. 209 bifid ; segments acute ; bracts larger than the leaves, innermost free, or sometimes con- fluent. Sarcoscyplius coiifcrtiis, Limpr. J ah res. Schles. Ges., 1880, p. 313. Gy/nnoiniiriiun confcrtinn, Limpr. Flora, 1881 ; Marsiipclla coiiferta, Spruce Journ. Bot., Sept., 1892, t. 327 ; Revue BryoL, 1881, p. 95. In Al[)inc situations. AutoicouSjCxspitosc or stragglingamongst mosses, pale yellowish green to reddish brown. Stems simple, i to i inch long, or branched, prostrate, flexuous, filiform, terete, dcnudate at the base, branches short, ascending, cortical cells with slightly firmer walls, radiculose, rootlets fasciculate, short. Leaves closely imbricate, bifarious from a vaginate base, appressed, erect, on fertile stems gradually ac- crescent, oval, bifid to about one-fifth, sinus and segments acute. Cells minute, or very minute, indistinctly 5-6 angled. Female flowers terminal on short branches, or on main stem, bracts larger than the leaves, oval or oval rotund, innermost bracts free (or sometimes united into a tube), small, tender, margin irregular. Archegonia five to ten, dispersed over the calyptra. Pedicel long, thick, capsule dark brown, almost spherical. Spores yellowish-brown, granulate. Elaters three to four spired, sometimes furcate. Andra^cia spicate on the main stem or short branches. Male bracts ovate, a little swollen at the base. Antheridia solitary, stipitatc. — {Plate 5, fig- 63.) 2IO HANDBOOK OF DKITISH HEPATICyt. Nardia Stabler!, Spruce. Dioicous. Stem creeping or erect, branched. Leaves subimbricate, erect, broadl}^ ovate, quadrate, complicate!}' keeled, bilobate ; lobes acute. Female flowers terminal, opposite in- novations. Bracts larger than the leaves. Perianth C34indrical, when mature half adnate; mouth fimbriate. Marsiipella Stablcri, Spruce ; Rev. Bryol., 1 88 1, p. 96; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 153. On rocks. Dioicous, small, densely csespitose, brownish green, becoming purple, resembling copper wire, at the head rosy-purple. Stem from a rhizomatose base, small leaved, rarely without leaves, somewhat erect or creeping, thread-like, J to § inch long, and branched ; branches fastigiate, equally foliose, female clavate, often dichotomous, or fasciculately innovant. Leaves subimbricated, subpellucid, erect, adpressed, broadly ovate-quadrate, complicatedly keeled to one-half or one-third, bilobate, lobes acute, rarely acuminate, entire or rarely with a tooth. Cells hexagonal. Lower cauline leaves and all those of sterile branches minute, closelyadpressed. Andrrecia terminal or median on stem or branches, bracts three, large, two to three times larger than adjacent leaves, ventricose, bilobed one- third. Female flowers ter- minal, opposite innovations, bracts much larger than the leaves, not crowded, adpressedly imbricate, broadly ovate, ventricose below, keeled above, bi- ITANDr.OOK OK r.RITISH HKI'A'I'KM".. 211 lobate, lobes plane, ovate, subacuminate,an{l denticu- late, exterior bracts much smaller, and less deei)ly cut. Perianth when younc^, ovate, tubular, turi^id at the base, nearly free, mouth rosyciliate ; when ma ture half adnate, mouth fimbriate. Caly[)tra not much shorter. Capsule oblonL,r-i^lobose on a short pedicel. Spores even. Elaters bispiral. — [Plate 6, fig' 77-) Nardia olivacea, Spnue. Caespitose, small, rhizome creeping, without leaves, apex erect. Leaves small, imbricate, oblong, concave, or keeled, bilobed, sinus and lobes obtuse. Bracts concave, shortly bilobate, larger. Perianth variable, concrete half way. mouth toothed. Marsiipella olivacea, Spruce Revue Bryol., 1 88 1, p. 97. Sarcoscypliiis Spnicei ^ decipiens, Limpr. Flora; Jahresber Schleis., 18S1. Sarcoscyp/itis adustiis, Gott. and Rab. Exs. 648 (partly). On rocks. Synoicous and parolcous, small, caespitose, olive green. Stem J to ^ inch long, rhizome creeping, subdivided, without leaves or with small ones, apex erect, simple or innovant, fertile clavate above, sterile thread-like. Leaves small, thick, opaque, subimbricate, erect, adpressed, the upper sometimes spreading at the apex, decurrent and vaginate at the base, oblong, concave or keeled, ^-^ bilobed, sinus obtuse, lobes obtuse, rarely abruptly subacute, cells minute. Invo- p 2 212 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC/E. lucral bracts terminal, fusiform, 3 -4 -jugate, broadly ovate, concave, very shortly bilobed at the apex, lobes incurved, obtuse, rarely rounded, larger than neighbouring leaves, base* slightly connate, apex cut down one-third. Antheridia solitary in the axils of the bracts. Pistillidia five, rarely ten. Perianth variable, now and then as long as the involucre, oblong, rarely closed at the apex, or one side shorter and gaping, mouth lacini- ate, concrete half way up with the involucre, rarely wholly free. Calyptra globose-oval, smaller, upper half bearing four to nine sterile pistillidia. Capsule oblong-globose. Nardia ustulata, Spruce. Paroicous, rhizome creeping, stems some- what erect, almost simple, clavate. Leaves imbricate, oval, bilobatC; sinus and lobes acute, subcomplicate. Perianth immersed, apex an- gular, concrete at the base, with the involucre at length lobed. Gyninoniitrium adustiun, Nees Eur. Leb. (partly). Marsupella ustulata, Spruce Revue BryoL, 1881, p. 100 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. 219. SarcoscypJius adustus, Spruce Muse, el Hep. Pyr. ; Gott. and Rab. Exs. 648 (partly). On rocks or stones. Tufts rarely green, for the most part purple brown, or as if scorched, becoming more or less black. Rhizome creeping, flexuous, stems somewhat erect, almost simple, rarely innovant. TTANDP.nOK OF r.RITTSIT TTKPATir/F.. 213 clavate and fertile, a few equal and sterile. Leaves of sterile stems smaller, less imbricate, spread inc^, broadly oval or roundish ; bilobate, sinus acute, lobes acute. Flowers terminal, paroi- cous. Bracts two to five, joined, rarely two, twice as large as the leaves, ovate, orbicular, sulv cordate at the base, ventricose, bilobcd. Antheridia twin, rarely solitary, globose. Perianth immersed, apex obscurely 4-5 angled, at length lobed, base concrete with the involucre. Calyptra glo- bose-oval, constricted at the base, with six to eight sterile pistillidia. Capsule four-valved, the valves sometimes bilobed. Elaters bispiral, obtuse. It grows, in broad low patches, of a reddish or purplish brown colour on the surface, as if scorched. The parts not exposed to the light paler and more tender. On stones in moist sites, under trees the plants are often greener, only the tips slightly browned, but on exposed sub-alpine rocks the whole plant becomes of a purple black. — {Plate <5, fig' 75') Nardia emarginata, Ehr., Gr. mid Benn. Stems rigid, simple or innovant from the apex ; leaves loosely imbricate, round or sub- cordate, base broad, embracing the stem, emargination shallow, lobes obtuse or apicu- late, basal margin reflexed, texture firm and polished ; involucre urceolate, connate for more than half its length, segments retuse. Jitugcrniauuia cjiiarginata, Ehr. Beitr. III., 214 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC.^. p. 80 ; Hook. Br. Jung., t. xxvii., Brit. Fl. v., I., p. 110; Eng. Bot. I., t. 1022. Junger- mannia fuacrorhiza, Dicks. Crypt. II., t. 5, f. 10. Nardhis onarginatiis, Gray and Benn. Arr. I., p. 964. Navdia emarglnata, Carr. Br. Hep., p. 13, t. 2, f. 7; Carr. and Pears. Ex. 77^ 7^j T54> ^55, 156 (van); Mass. and Ces., t. X., f. I. Saixosyphtis Erhardtii, Corda Sturm, n., 19, 20, p. 25 ; Gott. and Rabh. Exs. 256 (form acuta), 255 (form obtusa); Cooke Hep. figs. 23, 24, 25. Common on borders of sub-alpine streams, in the spray of waterfalls. (Fr. April.) The following v\irieties and forms have been distinguished : — 149. 150. 151. var. a major. Shoots i^ to 3 inches long, compressed. Stems rigid ; leaves rather dis- tant, divergent, less concave, cordate, emar- ginate, rounded and reflexed at the base, olive, UANDItOOK OF liKIIISlI II KPA IICK. 215 olive brown or purple, sometimes nearly black. * Form acntinscula. Lobes divergent, abruptly' apicLilate. ** Form ohtiisa. Lobes rounded, obtuse. var. /? aquatica, Ldg. Shoots long, strag- gling, repeatedly innovant, naked or ramen- tose at the base, leaves irregular in outline, often erose, 2-3 lobed, undulate, sordid olive green. — Ldg. Hep. Eur. 75. In running water. var. 7 minor. Smaller. Shoots subterete ; leaves more closely imbricate, erecto-patent, subcomplicate, round or subquadrate ; lobes bluntly apiculate, margin nearly plane, olive brown or fawn-colour, sometimes livid green. — S. EJirharti y julacca, Nees. On exposed rocks. No short description can be given of such a variable species, consistent Vv^ith the bulk of this volume. It is one of the most easily distinguished of our common Hcpatics, Ehrhart compares the form of leaf to a heart cut out of paper. When occurring in mass on wet rocks by a moun- tain stream it is beautiful and conspicuous. The spores are round, fulvous 15/u, diam. Gemma: are occasionally met with at the apex of the stem and terminal leaves, they are elliptic, two or three septate, and of a pale brown colour. — ■ {Plate J, Jig. 6g.) 2l6 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATICiE. Nardia robusta, /^^^. Growing in tufts, stems erect (i| c. m.), in- novant at the apex, robust, leaves olive or rubiginous, circular when expanded, with an obtuse, rather lunate, shallow sinus at the apex ; when growing, loosely imbricate, dis- tichous, deeply concave. SarcoscypJius Ehrhardtii robustus, De Not. Comm. Ital. fig. iv. Nardia robusta, Lindb. Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 157. Dr. Carrington writes that : " N. robusta Lind. seems to me only a stouter variety of 7\^. einarginata with nearly black stems and more distant, cordate leaves, w^iich are seated at right angles with the stem, less concave, sometimes plane or slightly convex, and of firmer texture. The colour is an obscure indigo green, turning black, but otherwise scarcely altered when dry." Nardia alpina, Carr. Dioicious. Densely caespitose, stems rigid, leaves patent, approximate, orbiculate, verti- cally concave, lobes obtuse, connivent, sinus acute ; involucral leaves larger, convolute, in- volucre short, nearly immersed ; cells smaller, glossy pitch black. Nardia alpina, Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 79, I58<7, I58Z>. SarcoscypJius alpiuus, Gott. HANDBOOK OF liknisn ni:r.\ i ici-:. 217 and Rabh. Exs. No. 453, 535. Nan/id cnidr- o-iii(jf(j ^ picca, Carr. Br. Hep. p. 14. On rocks. var. laxior, Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 80. The plant is intensely black, a warm brown by transmitted light, barren shoots \ inch, pros- trate at the base, with pectinate pinnate leav^cs, exactly round indexed obtuse lobes, and acute sinus, equal to one-third or one-fourth of the length, very convex and narrowed at the base ; fertile shoots stouter, with large involute involucral leaves which nearly hide the short roundish involucre ; leaf cells smaller than in var. minor oi N. cniarginata ; the marginal ones more minute ; the perigonial leaves are fewer in number, and terminal. — Carr. I. c. — {Plate S^ fig' ^'} Nardia revoluta, N., Liudb. Stems matted and stoloniferous at the base, densely tufted ; leaves subcomplicate, erecto- patent, imbricate when dr}'-, rigid, round or elliptic from a narrower half-embracing base, deeply and acutely bidentate, margin narrowly reflexed throughout ; involucral leaves re- sembling those of the stem but larger. Sarcoscyphiis rcvolittus, Nees Leberm. II., 419) i^'-; 34- Jitugcnnauuia atrata. Mitt. Hep. E. Ind. p. 90. Nardia revoluta, Carr. Grevillea H., p. "^"^^ t. 18, f. 19-25. Gmu- 2t8 handbook of BRITISH HEPATIC.^. nomitniiin revolutiun, Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 217, 218. Densely caespitose in black tufts. Base stolonifcrous, dark brown, brittle, spar- ingly rooting ; shoots ascending, simple, h inch to I inch long, rigid, innovations from the apex, or axils of upper leaves. Leaves bifarious, imbri- cate, complicate-concave, bidentate, erect, roundish or elliptic-obovate from a rather narrowed base ; smaller and more distant near the base of the stem, gradually enlarging upwards. Lobes equal, acute, cuspidate, with a deep sinus, about one-third. Margin narrowly reflexed. Texture dense, polished, pitch-black. In size and emargination of the leaves it is intermediate between iV. einarginata and N. Fiiuckiiy but the narrow revolute continuous border will at once distinguish it from these. The leaves of A^. einarginata are usually reliexed at the base, but the lobes are blunter, and plane at the margin. — [Plate 5. fig' 7 1') Nardia Funckii, W. and M., Carr. Densely caespitose ; stems very short, erect, rigid, fastigiate-innovate; leaves approximate, erectly spreading when moist, erect when dry, subrotund, carinate, concave, acutely emarginate, lobes acute ; involucral leaves much larger ; involucre ovate, lower half connate, acutely bilobed, the segments in- curved ; two to four lines. HANDl^OOK OF I'.RI'I ISFI IIKPA'flC.'K. 219 Jinii^iinKvniia Fituckii, Web. and Mohr., p. 422. Kckart. Syn. Jung. p. 14, t. 13, f. 3, II 2- 1 13. Sn nosey pin IS Fi/Nckii, Nccs Lebcrm. I., p. 135; Gott. and Rab. Kxc. No. 86, 54, 461 ; Spruce Hep. Pyr. V., III., p. 197 ; Cooke Hep. fig. 26. Naniia Fiinckii, Carr. Brit. Hep. p. 17, t. ii., f. 6 (p.p.); Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 82, 83. Forming large dark patches on siliceous or argillaceous rocks. var. /3 robustior. Shoots com- pressed, stouter ; leaves approxi- mate, twice the breadth of the stem, elliptic-obovate, complicate ; lobes inflexed, dark-brown, pol- ished, two to six lines. •5^ diffusa. Stems longer, in- tricately and repeatedly innovant, fastigiate ; leaves more remote, subvertically spreading, not un- frequently subsecund, lobes di- vergent ; reddish brown, or dark brown, polished, ^ to i inch. Stems creeping, intricately matted at the base, which is naked or beset with remains of old lea\-cs, ascending, rather thick, rigid, at first simple, pro- ducing innovations from the terminal axis of the shoots, or axils of the leaves, brown or nearly black ; shoots slightly compressed, subclavatc, or when barren attenuate. Rootlets confined to the creeping portion. Leaves scarccl\ wider than the i;2. 2 20 HANDBOOK OF I'.RITISH HEPATIC/E. stem, somewhat smaller and more distant near the base ; round or subquadrate, sometimes round- ish-ovate, acutely emarginate, sinus one-third to one-fourth ; lobes equal, divergent. Leaves loosely imbricate, half embracing, very concave, inflexed at the base. Olive-brown, lurid-brown, or pale olive, smooth. Dioicous, Fertile shoots thickened upwards, shortened ; involucral leaves two or three pairs, suddenly enlarged, broadly ovate, lobes rather obtuse, sinus acute. Involucre conspicuous, ovate, of two convolute leaves, connate half their length ; lobes acute, at first connivent, then erect. Perianth adnate with and hidden by the outer invo- lucral bracts, apex at first entire, afterwards split. Calyptra obovate. Capsule very minute, pale reddish-brown, valves ovate, spores brown i^fx diam. Elaters bispiral, flexuous. This species is rarely met with in fruit. — {^Platc ^,fig. 6^) Nardia adusta, N., Carr. Paroicous. Shoots very minute, clavate, terete; leaves few, vertically imbricate, ac- cresent, subcomplicate, round or broadl}^ ovate, from a ventricose sheathing base, acutely bilobed, the sinus angular; cells large, hyaline ; involucre ovate, conspicuous ; segments erect, acute, lower half adnate. Gymnomitrium adiistum, Nees Leberm. I., 120; Cooke Hep. f. 15. Acolia bixvissima, Dum. Syll. p. 76. SarcoscypJins adnsfns, Spr. Hep. P3'r. p. 196. NanUa adusta, Carr. Brit. HANDHOOK OF I'.RITISH HKFA'lICyt:. 22 r Hep. 20, t. ii., fig. 6, in part; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 5. Nardia Spruce iy Mass. and Carr. Epat. Alp. 222. On sandstone rocks. (Fr. Early Summer.) Primary shoots stoloniferous, creeping, attached to the ground by numerous rootlets, mostly form.ing patches of a lurid brown colour, as if scorched. Stems ascend- ing,one or two lines high, thick, fleshy. Barren shoots scarcely one-third the diameter of the fertile ones, of nearly the same thickness throughout. Leaves increasing in size upwards, dis- tant, seldom more than five to eight pairs, bifariously imbri- cate, vertical, upper ones gradually enlarging, closely appressed, complicate-concave (fig. 153), elliptic- ovate or broadly ovate from a dilated saccate base ; apex acutely emarginate, lobes angular, sinus acute, one-fourth of the length. Texture firm, translucent, pale yellow or olive. Inflo- rescence paroicous. Antheridia occupying the same pericha^tium as the pistillidia, but arising from the axil of the lower bract. Fertile shoots clavate. In- volucral leaves half the length of the involucre, broadly ovate, lobes rather obtuse, connivent. In- volucre equal in length to the rest of the stem. Perianth half as long as the involucre, apex free, conical, at first contracted and crenate, afterwards irregularly lobed. Calyptra large, obovale. ^jj- 2 22 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HKPATIC^. Nardia Muelleri, Nees. Stems erect, branched, flagelliferous ; leaves subqiiadrate, obtusely emarginate ; laciniae ovate, obtuse : involucral deeply dis- sected, acutely bifid. Jitngermannia pnlvinata, Raddi. Etrusc. t. 4, f. 5. SarcoscypJius Muelleri, Nees Eur. Leb. I., p. 132. Nardia Muelleri, Carr. in Hep. Exs. var. ligurica-viride, Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 81, without diagnosis. — [Plate "J, fig. 85.) In the type the stems are erect, somewhat dicho- tomously branched, and flagelliferous, leaves ap- proximate, rather rounded or subquadrate, broader than long, rather spreading and concave, obtusely emarginate, with a rather acute sinus, involucral leaves similar, deeply and acutely bifid, with acute laciniae. Perianth terminal, ovate, immersed in the involucre; Nardia repanda, Lind. Paroicous. Stems more slender, fragile, ascending, innovant ; branches slender; leaves distant, subvertical, orbiculate, concave, saccate and embracing at the base ; margin erect, more or less undulate, emarginate ; texture thin, hyaline ; the cells larger, thin walled ; involucre obovate-clavate ; bracts MANDHOOR OK I'.RITISH HKPATICyt. 223 subreniform, repand-lobatc ; upper amphi- gastria ovate, 3-4 dentate; pale green. Juiigcnnainiia scaliiris (^ rcpanda, Iliib. Hep. Germ.^ p. 81 (partly). Juiigcnumima silvrctta\ Gott. and Rab. Exs. 470. NanUa rcpauda, Lindberg. Carr. Br. Hep. p. 27. Stems \ to \ inch. Professor Lindberg states that it is the "common form in Finland. It has been confounded with Juiigennaiinia capitata, the large form of which it resembles in the delicate crisped hyaline leaves, and large areola^.— (7^/^?/^ 6, fig. 76.) Nardia sphacelata, Gies., Carr. Stoloniferous. Stems slender, flexuous ; leaves rather distant, spreading vertically, obovate, from a narrower sheathing base, emarginate; lobes ovate, rounded; sinus acute ; margin plane or inflexed ; involucre oblong, connate at the lower third only ; segments deeply lobed. — Carr. Jnngermannia sphacelata, Gies. in Lindbg. Syn. Hep., p. 76, t. i., f. 9, 13. Sarcoscyphus sphacclatus, Nees Eur. Leb. I., p. 129 ; Gott. and Rab. Exs. 519, 255. Nardia sphacelata, Carr. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin., 1870, p. Z7^'y Carr. Brit. Hep., p. 11, t. 2, f. 5; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 4. Forming extensive livid tufts on the borders of Alpine streams. Scotland, Ireland. 2 24 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC/E. Stems stoloniferous at the base, erect, tender, flexuous, pale-brown. Shoots i to 3 inches, simple, appearing branched by the growth of inno- vations. Stolons creeping, naked, or with bundles of rootlets, which latter are rare on the erect shoots. Leaves smaller at the base, rather distant, obovate, or obcordate, bilobed, lobes equal, sinus narrow, margin plane, or undulate, inflexed at the base. Texture thin and tender, pale pellucid olive when moist, brownish purple at the apex. Dioicous. Fertile stem thickened at apex. Involucral leaves larger than the rest, spreading, cordate, deeply lobed. Involucre of two convolute leaves, connate at the low^er third, lobes acute, inflexed. Perianth with the apex free, divided into four or five broad segments, shorter than the involucre. Calyptra campanulate, pistillidia attached to the walls. Capsule small, blackish brown, spores reddish brown, 1 5/A diameter. Antheridia one to three, olive green, on slender pedicels. — {Plate j, fig. 6S.) Nardia Carringrtonii, Ba//. Primary stems rhizomatous, creeping ; branches erect, laterally compressed, re- curved at the apex; leaves of firm texture, secund, obliquely subreniform, approximate; concave, vertically appressed ; margins ap- proximate to each other. Anterior margin narrow and decurrent; posterior abruptly rounded. AdclajitJins Ccin'ingtouii, Balf. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. X., 380; Dum. Hep. Eur. 47; HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC/E. 225 Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 97, 233. Nardia Carnugtonii, Carr. Br. Hep. p. 27, t. x., fig- 31- In boggy places, Scotch Highlands. Stems two to four lines high, by a line in breadth, of a brownish colour, slender, rigid, flexuose, of a dense texture, naked, or a few scanty white rootlets. Barren shoots 2 to 4 inches high, simple, or with occasional innovations from the axils of amphigastria. Leaves nearly uniform, subvertically imbricate, appressed, obliquely or- bicular, or reniform, entire, or obscurely truncate, very concave, ventral border rounded, and inserted at right angles to the stem, anterior narrow and decurrent. Colour uniform straw, or pale olive green. Amphigastria rare, except at apex of young shoots, long and slender, subulate, erect. Inflo- rescence dioicous. Andr^ecium spicate, terminal. Perigonial leaves more rounded and convex, gibbous at the base, posterior lobe subquadrate, in- flexed. Antheridia two to three in each leaf, round, or obovate. At first sight resembling N. coinpressa, but quite distinct, which is supported by the cell structure.— {Plate fig. 7, 82.) Nardia scalaris, Schr., Gr. and Ben. Dioicous. Shoots creeping or erect, radicu- lose, slightly compressed; leaves subverti- cal, arcuately imbricate, orbicular, concave, Q 226 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. upper ones retuse ; amphigastria broadly subulate; involucre compressed, obovate, urceolate ; capsule oval. Jungermawiia scalaris, Schrad. Crypt. II., p. 4. Jungermannia lanceolata, Eng. Bot. t. 605. Nardia scalaris, Carr. Br. Hep. p. 23; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 6, 7, 84; Alicularia scalaris, Cooke Hep. f. 27, 28. Common on shady banks, rocks, and wet places. (Fr. Spring and Autumn.) Colour from dark brown to purple. Stolons mostly subterranean, viticulose, fleshy. Stems \ to I inch in length, or longer, stout, simple, rarely forked, innovations from axils of apical amphigastria. Barren shoots of nearly equal diameter, terete or laterally compressed, curved at the summit ; rootlets n um erous. Leaves smaller and more distant at the, base, distichous, scalately imbricate, erect, obliquely clasping, con- cave, orbiculate (fig. I54\ submarginate, terminal leaves emarginate. Amphigastria ovate ^5^" ^"" or triangular - subulate. Dioicous. Fertile stems ascending, trigonous in section. Involucral leaves two or three pairs, double the size of the ordinary leaves, entire or emarginate, vaginate. Involucre obovate, lobes HANDBOOK OF liRIi ISH HEPATIC^. 227 roundish-ovate or cordate, sharply emarc^inate. Perianth immersed and adnitte, apex cleft in five broad equal segments. Calyptra obovate. Capsule oval, chocolate brown, valves thick, annulate, striate. Spores dark brown, obscurely triangular, 15/X diam. Andraecium terminal on distinct shoots. var, a major. Stems incrassated, naked, for the most part erect ; leaves more distant, less convex, patent, and often recurved at the apex ; involucral leaves emarginate.; amphi- gastria distinct, triangularly subulate, entire. Deep green, sometimes red, or purplish. Jvingermannia scalarisy Hook. Jung. t. 6i; Brit. Fl. v., I, p. 116. var. a major. Gott. and Rabh. Exs. No. io6, 362. Alicularia scalaris, Corda Sturm. Fl. XIX., p. 32, t. 8; Cooke Hep. f. 27, 28. a* distans. Stems elongated ; leaves dis- tant, more convex, erect, spreading, ventricose, dingy green, shrinking when dry. var. /3 rigidula. Shoots rigid, creeping, subterete ; leaves roundish-ovate, closely imbricate, semi-vertical ; male stems terete, subspicate; amphigastria frequent, subulate; involucre half-immersed, olive green, brown, or purple. Alicularia scalaris, ^-^^ rigidula, Gott. and Rabh. Exs. No. 223. Q 2 2 28 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC.*:. var. (3* rigetis. Shoots erect, slender, inter- rupted, two or three times innovant from the upper amphigastria ; leaves adpressed, scalate, imbricate, entire ; amphigastria frequent, subulate. var. 7 compressa. Stems short, erect, rigid ; .leaves orbiculate, plane, more crowded and compressed near the apex ; amphigastria broadly subulate, patent ; involucral bracts larger, entire, connivent, pale green. " This species may always be distinguished from other entire-leaved Hepatics by the peculiar nucleate bodies, of two to four granules, arranged in a line, contained in the leaf-cells" (fig. 155). Nardia geoscypha, Not, Lind. Autoicous. Smaller than N. scalaris, barren stems very slender, terete, creeping, radicu- lose ; fertile stouter, ascending only at the apex ; leaves accrescent, lower ones entire or emarginate, orbiculate ; involucral leaves broader, repand-lobate ; amphigastria rare on the barren stems ; upper ones lanceolate, trifid ; involucre immersed, seated at right angles with the stem, gibbous at its base ; the cortical layer and rootlets purple. Alicularia gcoscypha, De Not. Alicularia sca/aris, /3 minor, Nees Leb. Eur. I., 281 ; Gott. and Rabh. Exs. No. 416. Nardia HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATICiE. 229 geoscypha, Lindberg Muse. Scan. ; Carr. Br. Hep. p. 27. On rocks, &c. Colour reddish brown or purple, from two to six lines. ^<^'=,Q,vi\hX\x\^ Juugeriiia7inia Genthiana in size and colour, but differing in the immersed colesule and peculiar structure of the involucre. Dr. Car- rington says that the position of the parts may be better understood if we compare the creeping shoot to the stem of a clay pipe, the head representing the involucre, and its tumid base the knob beneath. — {Plate 5, fig. 70) Nardia compressa, Hook. Stem erect, branched ; leaves closely ac- cumbent, bifarious, orbiculate, entire; peri- chaetial leaves kidney-shaped ; stipules on the stem none. Jiuigermaniiia compressa, Hook. Br. Jung, t. 58; Eng. Bot. t. 2587; Lib. Crypt. Exs. No. 211. Mesophylla compressa, Dumort. Comm. p. 112. Aliciilaria compressa, Gott. and Rab. Exs. 443,472 ; Cooke Hep. f. 9, 30. Nardia compressa, Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 8, 9, 221 . Borders of mountain rills, or in the spray of waterfalls. (Fr. Spring.) Stems ascending or erect, thread-like, flexuous, i^ to 3 inches long, or more, of a pale brown 230 HANDBOOK OK BRITISH HEPATICyE. colour, simple or proliferous. Stolons long, branched, bearing white hair-like rootlets. Inno- vations numerous, from the axils of the amphi- gastria, or rarely from involucral bracts. Leaves smaller at the base, terminal more crowded and larger, imbricating regularly (fig. 156), erect, ad- pressed, plane or slightly con- cave, orbiculate to reniform, entire, submarginate, at right angles or oblique, dorsal margin decurrent, ventral rounded at the base (fig. 157); pale green below, or yellowish - brown, purplish or maroon in upper portion. Amphi- gastria ovate, subulate. Dioicous. Fertile stems thickened above. Involucral leaves terminal, two or three pairs, larger and more reni- form, terminal pair compressed. Involucral amphigastria ovate, ir- Perianth immersed, at first entire, at length quadripartite. Capsule dark brown, on short pedicel. Spores reddish-brown. Male shoots slender. Perigonial leaves terminal, enclosing two to three olive antheridia. 156. 157. regularly lobed. Nardia hyalina, Lydl, Dum. Stem creeping, almost simple; leaves erect, spreading, imbricate, rounded, somewhat undulate, entire ; stipules none ; perianth ter- minal, ovate ; apex angular, mouth quadrifid. J iingermannia hyalina, Lyell, Hook, Br. Jung. No. 63; Gott. and Rab. Exs. No. 189, HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HLl'ALlC.t. 231 '>'^,4, 469; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 100; Cooke Hep. f. 61. Aplozia hyalina, Dum. Hep. Eur. p. 58. Nardia hyalina, Spruce Hep. Amaz. p. 5i9- , . On moist argillaceous rocks. (Fr. Early bum.) Formin- more or less dense, depressed tufts, on wet slaty rocks, or mixed with bog moss. Shoots i to I inch long, procumbent, densely rooting, simple or inno- vant. Branches springing from axils of the in- volucral leaves, or from the ven- tral side of the stem. Rootlets pale claret colour. , ^ u\- 1 Leaves semi-vertical, roundish, broad and obliquely decurrent at the base, plane and nearly horizontal ffio-. I c8), except on upper part of the stem. Margm entire, a little inflexed. Texture thin, pale glaucous crreen. Inflorescence autoicous or dioicous. i^ructi- fication terminal. Involucral leaves larger than the rest, sometimes emarginate, closely investing the perianth. One or two amphigastria adnate with the bases of the involucral leaves, absent elsewhere ; capsule globose, dark brown, shining. Spores round, yellowish-brown, ii-iS/-- E^^^ers bispiral Andra^cium on distinct shoots, or on special branches on the ventral surface of fertile shoots. Perigonial leaves smaller. Antheridia two or three together, axillary, deep green. 232 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^:. Nardia (Southbya) obovata, Nees. Stems ascending ; leaves rounded, obovate, emarginate, saccate at the base, squarrosely spreading, alternate, involucral opposite. Jungennannia ohovata^ Nees Eur. Leb. I., 332 ; Carr. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. VII., p. 447, t. xi., f. i. ; Gott. and Rabh. Exs. 266, 352 ; Cooke Hep. f. 62. Southbya obovata^ Dumort. Hep. Eur. p. 123. Forming compact tufts on damp rocks, of a deep green colour. (Fr. Early Sum.) Primary stems stout, herbaceous, creeping. Fertile shoots erect, simple, or innovant from below the apex, 4 to I inch long, clothed on the under side with purplish rootlets. Leaves rather distant, subvertical, distichous, spread- ing, roundish or ovate, upper half plane or recurved, margin entire, deep green, sometimes tinged with brown or purple (fig. 159). Inflorescence paroi- cous. Involucral leaves two pairs, larger than the ordinary ones, upper pair equal, obovate, nearly opposite, and connate for more than half their length, spreading at the apex. One or two amphigastria attached to involucral walls, but absent elsewhere. Perianth obovate- oblong, upper third free and HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC/E. 233 exserted. Calyptra surrounded by numerous abor- tive pistillidia. Capsule round, dark brown, on a long white pedicel. Spores yellow-brown, c^ranu- lose. Antheridia axillary, olive-green, shortly pedicellate. Genus 31. ACROBOLBUS, Nees. Involucre scale-like, of one leaf. Perianth terminal, affixed laterally at the margin ; stem descending below the apex, without radicles ; capsule four-valved. Elaters double, amongst the spores, deciduous. — Gott. L. and N. S^m. Hep. p. 5. Gymnanthe, Tayl. Dnmori. Hep. Eur. /. 3,/ 35- Plants without stipules, leaves subcurrent, entire. Involucre terminal, obovate, seated at right angles with the stem, bulbous and rooting on the ventral aspect. Perianth absent. Calyptra attached to the bulbous base of the receptacle, surrounded by, and concrete with, the entire portion of the involucre, and bearing around the apex the abor- tive pistillidia. Antheridia terminal on separate shoots. Plant small, creeping, semi- parasitic. Leaves succubous, ascending, two-lobed. Amphi- gastria absent from stems. — Carr. Hep. p. ^i. Spruce holds that Aerobolbiis is the direct con- tinuation of species of Nardia {^Uieidaria), whose gibbous rooting involucre is the precursor of the pendulous bulbiform pouch of Aciobolhus Wilsoni, 234 HANDBOOK OK IJRITISH HEPATIC/t. hilc the vegetative organs are the same type in w both genera. Acrobolbus Wilsoni, Nees. Stem creeping, leaves obovate-quadrate, bifid, acute, lacinia, ventral, large, often uni- dentate. Gymnanthe Wilsoni, Tayl. in Lehm. Fl. Nov. VIII., p. I ; Carr. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. VII., 452. Acrobolbus Wilsoni, Spruce Hep. Amaz. p. 52. In scattered tufts on Radula or Frullania. Stems i to i inch long, flexuous, creeping, olive or olive-brown, adhering by scattered fascicles of short pale rootlets. Leaves approximate, roundish or obovate, divided for a third to half their length into two acute lobes, ventral somewhat larger, sinus acute, margin entire, leaves inserted obliquely. Fructification terminal. Involucral leaves originally free, much larger than the rest, broadly ovate or cordate, 2-3 lobed, with the lobes dentate. After impregnation the bases of the adjacent leaves ::re combined into an involucre, the lower half of which projects below the level of the stem, and forms a kind of bulb. The mouth is sur- mounted by the connivent involucral leaves. Peri- anth wanting. Capsule oval, dark, brown, on a stout pedicel, bulbous at the base. Spores minutely granular Tir-rdru. Klaters bispiral. Male inflo- rescence autoicous. Antheridia one or two, oval. — {Plate 7, ng. 83.) HANDBOOK OF URITISH HEl'ATIC/E. 235 Genus 32. GYMNOMITRIUM, Corda. Involucre many-leaved, leaves imbricate, free, not adherent, involving the calyptra. Perianth none. Capsule four-valved, cori- aceous, naked. Elaters double, naked, deciduous. — Acolea, Diimort. Syll (1831). Diocious. Perianth wanting. Involucre double, the inner shorter, composed of two or more involute, deeply cleft, dentate leaves, which enclose the short campanulatc calyptra. Capsule globose, four-valved. Elaters bispiral, falling away. Antheridia oval, stipitate, in the axils of perigonial leaves. Stems fasciculate, ascending, leaves in two rows, closely imbricate, glaucous, creeping at the base, without stipules. — Carr. Br. Hep. p. ^. Readily distinguished by the rigid julaceous, thickly-matted shoots, resembling a plaited thong. Colour also characteristic, silvery, creamy-white, rarely darker grey or smoky. Gymnomitrium concinnatum, Corda. Barren shoots erect, simple or fasciculately branched, slightly compressed, thicker and obtuse at the apex ; leaves imbricated, ovate, bidentate, sinus and lobes acute, border narrow, membranous. Fertile shoots clavate; involucral leaves larger, with reflexed margins, upper connivent, irregularly dentate-lobate. Jungennawiia concinnata, Lightt> Scot. 11., 236 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATICE. 786 ; Eng. Bot. t. 2229, Ed. 2, 1820. Hook. Jung. t. iii. ; Brit. Flor. V., i., p. no. Gynuioniitriitni concinnatum, Corda Sturm., Fl. XIX., XX., p. 23, t. 4 ; Nees Leber. I., 115 ; Carr. Brit. Hep. p. 5, t. i, f. 2 ; Got. and Rab. Exs. No. 423 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 151, 152 ; Cooke Hep. No. 4, f. 19, 20. Barren spongy places in Scotch mountains. In sub-alpine northern districts of England. (Fruit, Summer.) Growing in thick matted tufts of consider- able size, of a silvery hue. Stems creeping, as- cending, rooting from be- neath, i inch long, simple, or with a few erect branches (fig. 160). Flagellae creep- ing, thread-like, interwoven, brownish, naked or scaly, at length ascending and proliferous. Leaves erect, bi- farious closely imbricated, ovate, concave (fig. 161), acutely emarginate, or 160. notched ; margin entire ; texture thin but firm, pale glaucous, silvery- olive, nearly white when old. Fertile shoots clavate. Involucral leaves, three to four pairs, larger than the ordinary ones, upper pair con- nivcnt, with two or three teeth at the apex. Inner involucre of two or three smaller leaves. Calyptra campanulate, six to eight barren pistillidia scattered HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC/E. 237 over the lower half. Capsule spherical, chocolate- brown, valves four, recurved when empty. Spores sphaeroidal, dark tawny, 15/u diani. Male shoots more slender. Antheridia one to three together, oval, axilliary, pedunculate. Gymnomitrium coralloides, Nees. Barren shoots irregularly fasciculate, much compressed, lanceolate, subfalcate, sometimes deformed ; leaves crowded, closel}' imbricate, roundish-ovate, retuse ; margin broad, scari- ose, seldom entire. Fertile shoots clavate ; involucral leaves obscurely emarginate ; margin plane, erose-denticulate. Gymnomitrium coralloides^ Nees Europ. Leberm. I., p. 418 ; Gott. and Rab. Exs. Nos. 79» 3^3- ^^Z \ Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 216 ; Carr. Brit. Hep. p. 7, t. i., fig. 4 ; Cooke Hep. f. 21, 22. Rare on Scotch mountains. Patches dark brown or nearly black, forming dense tufts. Stems ascending, rigid, irregularly branched. Fertile shoots strongly compressed, obtuse above, the remainder lanceolate. Flagellae creeping, inter- laced, dark brown, with paler delicate rootlets. Leaves closely imbricated and brittle (fig. 162), broadly ovate, obtuse, very concave, bluntly emargi- nate, sometimes nearly entire, sometimes irregularly eroded or crenulate, thin, glaucous, and delicate. Dioicous. Involucral leaves closely imbricated, 238 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATICiE. outer convolute, appressed, broader than long, margin entire or eroded, inner two, shorter, pellucid, margin lobate- dentate, closely embracing each other. Calyptra top-shaped, of thin texture. Capsule reddish brown. Spores brown, granular. Perigonial leaves terminal on more slender stems, broadly ovate, with a hyaline ragged margin. Antheridia roundish, one or two together, on slender pedicels. Intermediate be- 162. 163. tween G. concmnatnni and G. creym- laUim. The leaves closely pressed together, so as not to be easily detached, entirely, or almost, smooth at the edges, and with none of the cells pro- jecting beyond the others (fig. 163). Gymnomitrium crenulatum, Gottsche. Tufts depressed, lurid brown ; barren shoots slender, rather terete, acute and arcuate ; leaves broadly ovate, complicate-concave, closely imbricate ; apex bidentate, sinus narrow, lobes acute, connivent ; margin cre- nulate, hyaline. Fertile shoots ovate, acute at the apex, outer involucral leaves convolute- conoid. Gyninomitriuni crenulatmn^ Gottsche and Rab. Ers. No. 478 ; Carr. Glean., p. 18, t. i, f. 5 ; Carr. Brit. Hep., p. 9, t. i, fig. 3 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 2, 3 ; Cooke Hep. figs. 17, 18. HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC/E. 239 Ireland, in sub-alpinc districts, on walls and rocks, England. (Fr. May, June.) Growing in flat smoky brown or olive patches, 2 to 4 inches broad. Stems densely matted. Branches ascending, of nearly equal diameter, pointed at the apex, rigid, slightly com- pressed. Flagellae flexuous, at- tached here and there by tufts of rootlets. Leaves distichous, scarcely broader than the stem, imbricate (figs. 164, 165), ovate, acutely notched, margin narrow, crenulate. Texture thin but firm, dark olive brown. Dioi- cous. Involucral leaves three or four pairs, double the size of the stem leaves and less concave. The upper pair closely embracing each other. Inner involucre of two smaller leaves, with two or three dentate lobes. Calyptra obovate, reticulate. Barren pistillidia eight to twelve. Capsule buff coloured ; valves punctate,striate. Spores roundish, irregular, ii-15/a diam., reddish brown. Perigonial leaves on separate shoots, shorter than the ordinary leaves. Anthe- ridia axillary, mostly solitary, shortly pedicellate. Leaf cells minute and hexagonal, those along the margin transparent (fig. 166). Gymnomitrium obtusum, Lind. Dioicous. When tufts are crowded stems 164. 165. 166. 240 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATICiE. erect, J to J inch with branches, few assurgent, to height of chief stem ; when tufts loose, stems prostrate, creeping ; leaves closely clasping stem on both sides ; fertile stems increasing in size to apex, which is blunt and swollen ; barren shoots catenulate ; leaves ovate, roundish ovate, bidentate ; segments round and obtuse, finely crenu- late. Gymnornitrium obtusum, Pears. Journ. Bot., Nov. 1880 ; Pears. Journ. Bot., 1880, p. 337. Gymnornitrium concinnatum, Gott. and Rabh. Exs. No. 567. In crevices of rocks. In tufts a few inches in diameter, or less, of a silvery polished appearance, dark coloured where exposed, and, where shaded, greenish. Stems intricately entangled, J to i inch, almost round, rootlets few, hyaline, produced from the underside of the stem. Leaves ovate, roundish ovate, obovate, sometimes broader at the lower half of the leaf, sometimes broader at the upper, concave, bidentate; margin entire, except occasion- ally at the outside of the leaf a shallow hollowing out ; sinus shallow, one-fifth to one-fourth deep, sharp at the base, segments frequently slightly overlapping, widening out broadly, with the seg- ments broad, obtuse, nearly equal, each segment very concave, forming at the top of each leaf two spoon-shaped hollows ; segments finely rounded, crenulate ; leaves with a hyaline border. Marginal cells quadrate, small. Male stems swollen at the HANDBOOK OF nRITISFT HEPATIC/E. 24 1 ends, where are the antheridia, perigonial leaves but little altered, more swollen at the base, and rather broader. Antheridia few, oval, on a pe- duncle of the same length. — {Plate 6, fig. j8.) Gymnomitrium crassifolium, Carr. Pulvinate, stoloniferous, branches ascend- ing, fertile, clavate, without stipules, leaves imbricate, orbiculate, acutely emarginate, con- cave, segments short, acute, of thick texture, minutely papillose, margin entire. Outer in- volucral leaves much larger, free, cleft half way into two obtuse lobes, inner involucra shorter, three-lobed, connate, ciliate, dentate. Gyjnnomitriiiui crassifolium, Carr. Trans. Bot. Soc, Edin. XIII., 461, t. 18, f. 3 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 76. In Alpine situations. Forming broad shallow compact tufts of a dark olive brown colour, nearly black when dry. Stems 3-5 mm. long, simple, rhizomatous, stout, decumben-t at base, with tawny radicles on the underside, fertile shoots erect, sub- clavate. Leaves smaller at the base, of nearly equal size upwards, closely imbricate, erect, secund, embracing and hiding the stem, roundish, thick, very conv^ex, emarginate, segments and sinus angular, margin entire, surface minutely papillose, colour dull olive brown, subopaque. Dioicous. Male shoots erect, terete, apex obtuse. Perigonial leaves somewhat broader, tumid at the base, R 242 HANDBOOK OF P.RITISH HEPATICTE. closely imbricated. Antheridia numerous, oval, solitary in the axils of the leaves. Fertile shoots stouter, clavate, erect. Outer involucral leaves occupying one-third of the shoot, subquadrate, free from the inner, cleft half way into obtuse pointed lobes, sinus narrow, reflexed, lobes entire. Inner involucral leaves connate for two-thirds, trilobate segments irregularly dentate, one-third shorter than outer leaves. Calyptra campanulate. Capsule spherical, cinnamon brown, pedicel stout, one line long. Spores irregularly round, I2-i5ju. Elaters bispiral, narrowly fusiform. — {Plate 7, fig. 84..) From G. concinnatum and G. coralloides known by its smaller size, absence of the creamy glaucous colour, and the scariose margins of the leaves in those species. Sub-tribe VII. FOSSOMBRONIEJE. Plants foliose, or often frondose. Male flowers longitudinally marginal ; antheridia two to five. Genus 33. SCALIA, Gray. Involucre two-leaved, opposite, conforming with the stem leaves ; perianth none ; calyp- tra free, naked, exserted, elongated, cylin- drical, longer than the perichaetium ; capsule four-valved ; coriaceous, valves straight, bearing elaters at the apex ; elaters bispiral, persistent. — Gray Arr. Br. PL, p. 705. Spruce Hep. Atnaz., p. 531. HANDBOOK OF I'.KIl isn n r:PA irC/V, 243 Mfiiopsis, Dumort. Hep. Kur., p. 120, t. 3, f. 36. Bot Scalia Hookeri, Zylate 7, fig. 88), margins much reflexed, nearly meeting, so as to make the stems appear half-round when dry, subelliptic in transverse section, hairs very long, in twos or threes to- gether, spreading widely, and arcuately bent. This appears to be the M. furcata j3 elongata of Hooker's Jungermanniae, pi. 56, fig. 2. Metzg-eria conjugata, Und. Autoicous, robust, rather elongated, more or less dichotomous, or irregularly pinnate, or decompound, linear, but narrower in some parts than in others ; antically convex, in transverse section more or less semi-lunar ; hairs longish, singl}^, or often in pairs on the margin, and divergent. Metzgeria conjtigata (Dill.), Lindb. Hedv^-. 1876, p. 1 1 ; Dill. Muse, t. 74, f. 45, D.E. ; Gott. and Rahb. Exs. 119, 274/^ ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. 205 ; Lind. Mont. Metz. fig. 6. On hd.xV.— {Plate 7, fig. 8g.) The paucity of hairs and more horny substance of the stems distinguish this from any of the normal HANDBOOK OF HRITISH HEPATIC/E. 26 1 States of M. furcata, but the chief distin^^iishin^r character seems to be the autoicous inflorescence, which is remarkable in a genus where all the other species are dioicous. Genus 40. ANEURA, Dunwrt. Involucre cup-shaped, shortened ; perianth none ; calyptra exserted, smooth, naked ; capsule four-valved, coriaceous, valves bear- ing elaters at the apex ; elaters terminal, double, naked, densely spiral, persistent. Plants without leaves, frondose, fronds continu- ous, without costse. A. Phymatia. Calyptra tuberculate ; peri- chaetium submarginal. Aneura multifida, Linn. Frond rosulate, documbent, bipinnatitid, lobes dilated at the apex, horizontal, pinnati- sect ; involucre very short, mouth fimbriate ; calyptra clavate, tuberculate. J iingennannia itiultifida, Linn. Sp. 1602 Eng. Bot. t. 186; Hook. Br. Jung. t. 45 Aneura multifida, Dumort. Comm. 115; Gott and Rab. Exs. 463; Cooke Hep. f. 176, 177 Riccardia multifida, Carr. and Pears. Exs No. 62. In wet places on heaths, &c. 262 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH KEVATICJE. var. a major, Nees. On rocks in streams. var. /i? ainbrosioides, Nees. Rkcardia niulti- fida V. ambrosioidcSy Carr. and Pears. Ex. 'No. 63. Running among wet moss. var. fdiformis, Nees. Growing in loose balls in boggy places. Generally growing in thickly-crowded tufts. Fronds i to i^ inch long, half to three-quarters line broad, compressed, erect or decumbent, always branched, but variously (fig. 183), often twice or thrice divided irregularly, with narrow laciniae, at other times pinnate or bipinnate, pinnae distant, alternate, spreading or horizontal, be- set with remote pinnules, obtuse at the apex, rarely emarginate, fleshy, succu- lent, pale green. Calyx short, slightly attenuate at the base, mouth expanded and laciniate. Calyptra oblong, widening gradually to the apex, yellowish white. Capsule oblong, brown, striate. Elaters simple, attached at the apices of the valves. Aneura pinnatifida, Aees. Frond procumbent, linear, pinnatifid. HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HKI'MIiK. 263 branches horizontal, broader at the apex, pinnatifici or dentate, obtuse ; perichaetium campanulate, mouth laciniate ; calyptra cyhn- drical, even, downy. Jmigcrmajuiia piiiuatifida, Nees in Mart. Fl. Bras. p. 327. Aueiira piiinatifida, Dumort. Rev. Jung. p. 26 ; Cooke Hep. f. 175. var. sniitata, Dicks. Crypt. II., p. 16 ; Eng. Bot. t. 1476. Rather more branched, digitate- palmate. Jiiiigermamiia uuiltifida /? siniiata, Hook. Br. Jung. t. 45. yiiicitra siniiafa, Dumort. Comm. p. 115. Riccardia siiinata, Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 60, 61. Near waterfalls and mountain streams. It is recorded of the form sinuata that the fronds are larger and flatter than in A. nniltifida, as well as somewhat more compound, with un- equally cloven extremities, while the fructification is smaller and more scattered. — {Plate 7, fig. po.) Aneura palmata, Hec/w. Frond rosulate, ascending, digitate-palmate ; segments linear, unequal; perichaetium median; calyptra clavate, tuberculate. Jitugcnnannia pabjiata, Hedw. Theor. t. 20, f. 3-7, t. 21, f. 1-3. A Jieiira pahiiata, Dxxmovi. Comm. 115; Gott. and Rab. Exs. No. 43, 463. 264 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC.^>. Rkcardui palinata, Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 204. var. polyblasta^ Nees. On dead trees. var. 7 (?) conferta, Nees. On dead trees. Dioicous, small, opaque. Fronds vvkh a short and narrow stipe, divided into narrow linear palmate segments, very often gradually narrowed towards the apex, and rather acute, scarcely emarginate, biconvex, gonidia produced on both surfaces, but almost always on the superior parts. Cells small, rounded, perichsetial bracts numerous, Calyptra small and densely warted. Andrsecium WntdiY.— {Plate 7, fig- gi.) Aneupa latifrons, Lindl?. Autoicious, rarely paroicous, large, pellucid. Frond long and broad, divided into broad staghorn-like lobes, more or less oblong, wedge-shaped, very obtuse and emarginate, plano-convex. Cells large, oblong-rhomboid ; perichaetial bracts few; calyptra large and less verrucose. Andraecium narrow, oblong, almost always affixed to the side of the perichaetium. Ancura pabnata major, Nees Hep. Eur. IIJ., 459. Riccardia palmata, Carr. in Seem. Journ. III., 302; Hook. Brit. Jung. t. 45, fig. 4, 7 and 12. Riccardia latifrons, Lind. Not. Soc. HANDBOOK OF I'.RITISH HEPATIC/E. 265 Fl. Fenn. 13, p. 37- ; Gott. and Rahb. Kxs. 202, 493. Aiicnra latifrois, Carr. and Pears. Kxs. 288, 289. On the naked ground.— {Fig. 18^.) This has often been confounded with Aficura palmata^ but the fronds have divided lobes, branch- 184. ing in a "stag-horn," manner, and not paln:ately lobed as in that species. B. Aneiirotypus. Calyptra even ; peri- chaetium iniermarginal. Aneura pinguis, Li7i7i. Frond decumbent, oblong, smuately lobate, without nerves ; calyptra cylindrical, even. Jungcrniaiinia pinguis, Linn. Sp. p. 1602 ; Eng. Bot. t. 185 ; Hook. Br. Jung. t. 46. Aneura pinguis, Dumort. Comm., 115; Gott. and Rabh. Exs. 41, 103, 436, 427 ; Cooke 266 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC.^. Hep. f. 174. Riccardia piiigiiis, Carr. Pears. Exs. No. 59. In most places on marshes. and Growine in loose and straggling- erect, oblong, narrowest patches. Fronds i to 2 or 3 inches long, sometimes nearly at the base, thence gradually widening to the apex, which is rounded and obtuse, either simple, or with one or two large divi- sions or segments, and other smaller ones, plane or a little con- cave, and swollen (fig. 185); substance fleshy and succulent, opaque, yellowish green. Calyx nearly hemispherical, with an expanded mouth and fimbriate margin. Calyptra linear ob- curved at the base, red-brown, striate or 185. long, cylindrical, straight, obtuse. Capsule oblong, furrowed, four-valved. to each end. Elaters simple, attenuated Sub-order 2. MARCHANTIA CE^. Frondose, prostrate, areolate above, the areoli uniporose, amongst the radicles beneath, furnished with coloured seriate scales. An- HANDBOOK (')!• I'.RniSH HKPATIC/!<:. 267 draecium either peltate and stipitate, or discoid and subimmersed. Female capitiiluni on a stout peduncle, continuous with the rib of the fronds; two or many flowered. Capsule witli a short stem, globose, unistratose, circumscis- sile, or split four to eight times at the apex. Genus 41. MARCHANTIA, Mich, Fronds mostly fleshy ; scales beneath on each side 4-5 seriate, peduncle two, rarely three, channelled. Capitulum many-lobed, radiating. Involucre two to five flowered. Perianth three to five cut. Capsule stipitate. Apex cut in four to eight segments. Andrae- cium on long peduncle (fig. 194). Marchantia polymorpha, Litm. Fronds prostrate, overlapping, generally once or twice forked, i to 4 inches long, of a dull-green colour ; male receptacle stalked, flat on the top, cut into eight short, rounded lobes. Female receptacle stalked, hemispherical, deeply divided into eight to ten rays, covering as many involucres. MarcJiautia polymorpha, Nees Hep. Fur. IV., 61 ; Tayl. Linn. Trans. XVII., 376; Eng. Bot. t. I 10; Hook. Br. Fl. V., 102; Cooke Hep. fig. 186; Carr. and Pears. E.\s. 147. 268 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATITE. 1 86. In moist and wet situations. (Fr. July.) Fronds much imbricated, procumbent, only erect when growing in water, variable in size, rarely simple, usually once or twice dichotomous, i to 4 or 5 inches long ; laciniai mostly short, prominent dark midrib beneath, whence spring numerous silky radicles. Colour uniform dull green, between fleshy and membranaceous. Dioicous. Male receptacle greenish, pedunculate, springing from the base of a sinus, at the end of a frond (fig. 186). Recep- tacle, flat on the top, horizontal, papil- lose, fleshy, thin at the margin, cut into about eight short rounded lobes. Anthers equal in number to the papil- lae on the surface, and imbedded in it, opening by an orifice through the papillae. On the underside numerous imbricated scales, radiating so as to correspond with the mar- q:inal lobe. Female receptacle pedunculate, hemi- pherical, deeply divided to the base into eight to ten linear de- curved rays, covering as many involucres (fig. 187), which are united at the base, and mixed with minute chaffy scales. In- volucres oblong, open at the end and torn, enclosing an ovate quadrifid perianth. Calyptra obovate. Capsule ovate, pale greenish brown, protruded a little beyond the calyx, opening into about eight short segments. Elaters bispiral. Gemmae pro- HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATICi€. 269 duccd in cup-shaped processes on tlic surface of the frond, and on the midrib. Genus 42. LUNULARIA. J/a//. Male receptacle sessile. Margin membran- ous, elevated. Female receptacle divided into cells, the apex of which open by a longitu- dinal fissure. Calyx none. Capsule quadrival- vular, exserted. Lunularia vulg-aris, M/c/i. Fronds densely clustered, i to 2 inches in length, of a light shining green, divided into, three or four lobes with the margins waved. Male receptacle sessile. Female receptacle stalked, with four linear lobes. Capsules elongated, blackish, opening with four valves. Marchantia Icevis, Hook. Eng. Fl. V., p. 103. Lutmlaria vulgaris, Mich. Nov. Gen. t. 4 ; Tayl. Linn. Trans. XVII., 308 ; Cooke Hep. f. 185 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. No. 148. On road-sides or banks. Dioicous. Frond furcate, innovant at the apex, radiculose beneath from the effused median costa. Dorsal epidermis distinctly areolate and porosc, walls of the cells thick. Apex of the common peduncle incrassated, involucrate at the base, mem- branaceous involucre polj^phyllous. Partial invo- 270 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH HEPATIC^. lucre at the apex of the peduncle, quaternate, cru- ciate, spreading horizontally (fig. 188), apex vertically bilabiate, monocarpus. Perianth none. Calyptra included, crowned with a style, splitting above, pedicels the length of the involucre. Capsule exerted, thin, four to eight valved, valves spreading, somewhat twisted. Elaters bispiral, de- ciduous. Pistillidia four to six, in discoid receptacle, sessile, super- ficial, girt by paraphyses. Male 188. receptacle oblong, at the sinus of the frond, sessile on the upper surface, girt by an elevated margin. — {Plate 'J.fig. 93) Genus 43. PREISSIA, Nees. Female receptacle pedunculate, hemispheri- cal, four-lobed, rays of the lobes shorter, rib- like. Perianth obconically campanulate, angu- lar, unequally four or five parted. Calyptra persistent. Capsule shortly pedicellate, cut into four or eight irregular valves. Elaters bispira'. Male receptacle pedunculate, peltate, repand, lobate. Margin thin. Fronds sparsely forked, bearing the peduncle from a sinus of the ter- minal lobe. Preissia commutata, N. Male receptacle peltate, pedunculate; fe- HANDBOOK OK I'.RmSH HEPATICil-:. 271 male receptacles stalked, often with lour indistinct angles, marked on the top with a cruciate crest; frond obcordate, innovant from the sinus. Marcliantia commutata, Linden. Hep. Eur. lOi. MarcJiaiitia hemisphccrka, Hook. Br. Fl. \., 104. Marcliantia androgyna, Eng. Bot. t. 2545. Prcissia commiitata, Nees Hep. Eur. p. 117; Cooke Hep. f. i88 ; Carr. and Pears. Exs. 208, 209. Side of mountain streams. Fronds procumbent, imbricated, oblong, i to 3 inches, generally forked, rarely simple, waved and crenate at the margin, dark green above, frequently with a dark central line indi- cating the midrib, underside often Y^ purple at the margin, midrib promi- ^W nent, with numerous silky radicles, beset on each side with purple scales. ]\Ionoicous or dioicous. Male recep- taclewithshort pedicels springing from | S^^^ the midrib in a sinus at the end of ' ^'